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COMMANDER, now CAPTAIN, JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., F.R.S., F.L.S., &. AND mz mxm^tv^ of m ^.avxmn JWagnettc ^oU. LONDON; A. W. WEBSTER, 156, REGENT STREET. 1835. "' """"""'• "*'"'-.»r „|i irratificatiou wliich liiivi! welcomed the delivery of myself ami eompanioiis from four years' severe siitUriii^, lliere is mtthiiii;' (next after a jh'ej) sense of the niereifnl Providence wherewith we have been snrrounded in sucli great perils) which has excited in me so strong a feeling of gratitude, as the Inimaju; and generous symi)alhy of a nnndjer of persons who, at the chance of being instrumental in onr preser- vation, contributed, with the assistance of his Majesty's goverinnent, a sum, ample for the purpose of paying the expense of an expe- dition, which was so promptly and with so much judgment put in motion by your committee, and so wisely <'onii(Uid to the guidance of Captain IJack, whose known intelligence and intrepidity gave the committee a «.'ertaintv that all woidd be done which a sanacious mind and untlinching perseverance conld accomplish. It is my wish and duty to make the earliest acknowledgment, of this instance of wide-ext<'n(led compassion towards us, and I venture to rely on the favour of the committee, to receive with allowance, this imperfect expression of my feelings towards them, to his Majesty's government, to the contributors to the undertaking, and to the Hudson's Bay Company, for eflbrts \> hich might have ■•■jS PREFACE, VII proved, us ilesi^iud, the ineaiis of siiaUliinu inysririiiul my raitliliil coinitaiiioiis riom tlu* fmtlicr siWHrinifs uliicli, almost to the; last iiioiiu'iit, \\v. seemed dooitied to encounter. I have tlie liononr to be, (ienllemen, Your very lunnlde and grateful servant, JOHN UOSS, Caft. h.\. Arctic Land KvpcdUion. — Answer 21, Regent Street, October 22, 18.T). Sir, I have the honour to at.knou ledge the receipt of your letter dated the 'iOth inst. addressed to the Committee for manaiiintr the Arctic Land Expedition, and retnniini;- your thanks U> its members, to the Hudson's IJay ('(»mi>any, and to all the Sid)scribers towards the eqaij)meut of that expedition, for the exertions made by them in hopes of rescuing you and your brave companions from your perilous situation. In rejdy, 1 beg, in the name of the committee and of all the subscribers, to otter you our warmest congratulations on your safe return ; and although the main object of Captaiji Back's expedi- tion is thus attained without his assistance, yet we feel much gratified that it should have gone, inasmuch as it proves to all future adventurers in a like career, that tbeir country will not be unmindful of them ; while, on the other hand,^ your return also A 2 via PRRFACE. slions that no sitiiiitimi slioiiUl be considered too (iesptratc to be beyond the nach of a siniihir exertion. I have the hononr to be, Sir, Yonr most (»br(bent servant, CIlAItLKS (HiU:, ClIAIHMAN. To fiipLiin .luliii Il()*'<, Roy.il Niivy. The above rorresjMHuU'nee re<|uires no eonnnent, as they ninst fully convey to the jtublii' the feeliny^s of ixtth parties. I liave now to iiitroihiee tlie two folhtwinir letters, whi('h were originally intended to precede the narrative, but which were omitted for reasons already mentioned. 1 Vicloiy Discovery Sliip, Union Dock, London, March '28, 1829. Sin, T reqnest yon will have the a;oodness to submit to the Lords Comniissiouers of the Admiralty, tiiat I am about to undertake a voyage of discovery at the entire cost of myself and others, and in event of complete success in the discovery of a north- west passage, and subse«piently falling in with his Majesty's ships of war, (M- those belonging to foreign nations, it may be proper and necessary that I should have on board a document to pn V3 that my vessel is navigated, and my expedition undertaken with the approbation and good wishes of the Lords Commissioners PHKK.V( i: IX i I of llu' AdiniraUy, and iVrliiip; assmnl of tluir L.t «»li(difnt srrvanf, JOHN IJOSS, ('apt. K.N. To the Ri-lit Iloii. .1. W. Crokor, Ac. iVc. \c. .hisicrr Adniir.illv OHicc-, M,ury has been compiled by Commander (now Captain) James Clark Ross, whose acquirements in that branch of science are well known and acknowledged ; and it will there be found manifest that something has been done which must interest the naturalist. I '3 PREFACE. XI ■1 I liave preferred s^ivinn; my own ohservations on the Diurnal Variation and J)i|»ortlie Magnetic Needle, to lliose of Commander Ross, understanding that liis will appear elsewhere. The Cieol(»gy is somewliat detective, from the inipossihility of bringing home specimens from the most interesting places; but the Meteorological Tables, wliicli have been kept acc(jr(ling to the plan suggested by Captain IJeaufort, are submitted to the |)ublicas the most complete of the kind ever published. The Surgeon's IJeport, and the Analyses of several I'luids, and the State of the Provisions whii.'li we found, n-cpiire no comment. These, with the Philosophical Observation-^, will be read with interest. In the Tables of Latitude and Longitude of places on tlie newly- discovered coast, I have given in italics tlie names which the natives gave them, for whi<'h there was not room in the chart, and which will ett'ectual'y corre<;t the discrepanei's mul (►missions, whi(.h have been noticed by the subscribers, ))ut which was occasioned by my unavoidable absence, and by my not b»ing iii possession of Connnander Ross's i arrative until long after the chart was printed and a[)proved of by his Majesty; to whom it was submitted by Connnander Ross and niyselt*, on our arrival, with no names affixed. I ought also to observe that Sir Felix Booth, with whose .^' XII PREFACE. permission it was thus submitted, had, as the owner of the ship, tlie just and exclusive riglit of giving names to every place. In justice to the crew, I have added a short Biographical Sketch of each ; and I have concluded this work by giving a List of my generous Subscribers, with my most grateful thanks. I SKETCH OF THE ESQUIMAUX FOUND IN THE TERRITORY OF BOOTHIA FELIX. i\S it has appeared to many of my readers, tliat tlie account I have given of tlie natives of Bootliia in the Narrative of my Voyage was more limiteil than it ought, or wonkl have been, liad circum- stances permitted — and that correct portraits disphiying their features and dress — which I couhl not atibrd to uive at creater length in the narrative wouhl be acceptable in this portion of the work, I liave commenceil it, in tlie first place with a general sketch, and secondly with tlie incHvidual description and history to accompany and explain each of the drawings. I need not dwell much on their umnners and customs, nor enter into any great details respecting their arts and inven- tions; since I could add little to what is already well known, and need not repeat what can be found in many books. As t<, their personal appearance, including, with their stature, forms, B SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. and pliysiognomy, their dresses, it so accurately reseinldes that of the other tribes of Esquimaux su often described, that I may almost pass it over, nhile referring to the different phates in tliis volume, and their accompany in !•• explanations. I liad abun(Uint reason, in tlie first place, to believe that the natives of this spot, uniting with these a few with whom we had but a temporary and slender communication, were entirely unac- (piainted with Europeans : while the nearest approach to any knowledge of them was, to have conversed w itli some one who had conversed with a third person who had seen them at Igloolik, ami, possibly, elsewhere. Nor was this contradicted by their possession of a few European kni^es. Of these, they had indeed but three ; nor did those on which the maker's mark could be traced, permit our believing that they had been obtained from Sir Edward Parry. Ill reality, they admitted themselves to have possessed those for a " very long time," while unable to explain whence they had been obtained ; so that no conclusions of any kind could be drawn from this circumstance. Thus ignorant of civilized society, they were et^ually unac- quainted with the warlike tribes of America ; whether those of their own race, or the races which are included under the general term Indians. The peculiar insulation of the tract to which they confine themselves, is not only the cause of this, but is likely to operate henceforward, without interruption. \A'hile that tract is sufficient to give roouj for their summer and winter migrations, it supplies all their wants, and therefore leaves them no tempta- tion to wander eastward, where they might possibly hereafter SKETCH OF THE ROOTHIANH. 3 come into contact with Knropeans : while the nature of tlie country surroundinsj^ the isthmus which divides them from the larger mass of the continent of America, together with that of the country whi(;h must be traversed to reach this, as effectually precludes the visits of the Indians and the western Esquimaux, as it cliecks any desire on their parts to roam heyond their present limits. Excepting:, therefore, the people whom I found in 1818, and whom 1 termed Arctic Highlanders, the natives of this spot form the narrowest and most insulated tribe of men that has yet been discovered by naviirators : a fact which gives interest to whatever their characters may present. Here, if any where, we ought therefore to find how the human mind is developed under the narrowest education, in what manner the " light of nature" as it is termed, operates on the moral character and conduct, and how far human reason can proceed, under the smallest possible quantity of materials to act on, and under a very narrow range of application. If also there are peculiarities of character, whether for good or evil, the moralist and metaphysician may here speculate on what belongs to the original mental constitution of these people, and what is derived from their narrow and limited intercourse with their own species, in a society so restricted in numbers, and so incapable of changing customs or altering habits, where there is nothing beyond themselves to see, and no one to imitate. Whatever species of purity this may imply, the vices which they possess must, like their virtues, be those that originate n2 SKKTCII OF Tin: nOOTIIIANS. ainoiin tlicinsolves : the iiatiicnl produce of the human passions, actiiiu, wlicre there is no «'ontrol tVoni religion, from the belief of an omnipotent Creator and (iovernor ; and \\here eliecked, suljjeet to none but those cheeks uhich the mntual convenience of the society renders necessary. It is at least certain tliat tliey had never possessed tlie opportunity of ac(piiring the vices of civilization ^hen ^^(! first knew them ; hut I cannot contidently atlirm that they learned no evil from us. It the t'ondness of the Esquimaux race for their children has been noted by those who have preceded us in these regions, it. is a portion of their character Mliich has been amply confirmed by our ow n observations on the present tribe. The testimonies of this never failed ; nor could they be tiattered and gratified more than by the attentions and caresses bestowed by ns on their otfspring. It eipially confirms prior observations to say, that we never saw any chastisement administered, nor ever witnessed even harsh language to them ; while, in return, the children are aticclionate, attached, and obedient. 'To say more on this subject would indeetl be but to repeat what has already been noticed l)y Captain Lyon, in many instances, in his account of other tribes. IJut there was one material point in which I must difier from my predecessors : though indeed I cannot call this difli^ring, since each of us can but note w hat he has seen. It only follows, that from some cause, v\hich neither I, nor they, I imagine, can assign, the people of this district ditler in a very material point of character from those with whom they were so well acquainted ; as SKKTCll OF Tin: BOOTIIIANS. the suporioiily, in :i very Iiiuli (Ui^ice, !irs witli lliose wlmse feeliiijrs and pracfifcs \\v had occasion t(» sliidy. 'J'lie facts, on both sides, wen- noted ; and though I shonhl not make the deihictions niyseir, thev eonhl be made bv any reader. It cannot Ik* forgotten, by tliose who have interested them- selves in the history oC the jx-oidc oC Fij;h)idik, that the aucd parent was neglected, and that the helpless or uidowed females in particular, were not simply snfi'ered to starve, but robbed of their litth; |)roperty. U'e had not the means of stmlying a very numerous tribe, and, of course, many facts could not have come under our notice ; but, such as they were, they could not have been exceptions, since they seemed consistent with the whole feelings and course of the community, and may, therefore, be safely taken as instances of general character and practice. Not to name mere instances, we found the aged Illiktii «lrawn on a sledge by his companions, when the old man above alluded to was suffered to walk as he best could ; as was equally the case with Tulluahiu, whom we supplied with a wooden leg to replace his loss. If the ancient wife of the former was as well clothed and fed as any of the rest of the tribe, it was more remarkable to find two old and destitute females in the same good condition, and as well taken care of in every manner as if they were still of use. It this feature of their character removes from these people that charge of most disgusting selfishness and inhnmanity which rests with so much justice on those of Igloolik, according to the published accounts, I need but notice, that there exists here the 6 ftKETCII OF TIIK HOOTIIIANS. same ciistoni of adoption as in that tribe, with the same coiise- qnenoes and prartices, on both sides. If there was antfht of ditference, in any respeet, it did not fall nnder our eogni/anre. I do not know that there were any ditfertinees between the state of the connubial relations and praetiees in this place and at Tt;:loolik, or wherever else these have been remarked ; whihi there has been a little obscnritv in some of the accounts of this subject. It is my business, at any rate, to relate what came to our knowledge. A state of celibacy is unknown : the mere supposition of such a condition is treated as a chimera, nor did they know how to believe that any of us could be without wives. Every woman therefore finds a husl)aiid, as every man procures a wife : but, often, inevitably, under a system of polygamy ; since the sexes cannot always be erpial in nMml)ers. The rule also appears to be, if it be not rather a natural arrangement than a law, that the most expert hunters obtain the superfluous women, as best able to maintain them ; though we did not know of any instance of a man possessing more than two w ives ; of which the first, or eldest, is the senior in command and respect. In the .same way, it is the strongest or most useful woman who most readily obtains a second husband: while, under either n)ode of this polygamy, or, possibly, only bigamy, the most perfect harmony seems always to subsist among the parties. If, never witnessing any angry word between husband and wife, and seeing each for ever treating the other with indulgence and frankness, we were willing to conclude that these people had attained that perfection sKKTcii OF tih: huotiiianh. of duiiifistic happiness which is so rarely t'oiiiul any where, it is u tonclnsion, 1 tear, tliat reflection wcuihl not jnstify, and that a more mtuiiale experience perhaps wouhl nut have conlirnjed. The lorins of matrimony seemed here not to diller iVom whaf has been observed in other trib< s of the l'^s<|uimauv, t\(.eptini>- tliat th«' yonn.n female most make her ehoi(;e as soon as she is inarriai;eable — bnt, the contrarl, smh as it is, is settled between the parents lor their children, and often at a very early aije : the time <»f marria;jfe seems to be abonl the ajufe of lifteen ; and there is m) other f«»rm bnt that of the fcmalf ^oinj; to the hut of lier destined husband. I believe that the practice (»l npndiation and change, whether of husbands or wives, has been found in all the Esquimaux who have come under the notice of navigatcus. Jie that as it may, i( is the custom in this uistrict, liioui-h it was not easy to trace the extent to which it is carried. How far it may depend on .sati«'ty or disagreement, we could not disj'over, or on the desire of chan"-e, or on more improper feelings, on titlur side : but where the morals and the feelings are both so extremely lax on this •subject as we found them, it wouhl be an idle and silly defence of this or any other mode of the savage condition, to suppose thai vice, or what at least we must consider such, was a frequent source of this practice. It has been the custom, on one side, to overrate the virtues of savage nations, and, on the other, to exairi;eratc their vices. These things nuist be left to the novelist, and to the navigator who desires to emulate him, for the sake of producing an eifect ; to the false philanthropist, and the lover of 8 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. paradox ; and to liim wliose temper may have been soured by siicli collision, or who may have commenced with a prejudice distortini? all that he sa,/. But the passions of our nature will strive to break forth, uuiler all the restraints that society and religion can impose ; and how should they not actually reign, where there is neither to check their operation, where there is nothing to say, This is wrong ; still more, where there is no inconvenience contemplated, to balance that which is gratifying, and may also be convenient ? But if there is no vice where there are no religion and no moral law to say, Tliis is disobedience to God, and where custom and admission say that no injury is committed against our fellow- creatures, then is there also no vice in that want of chastity which is as remarkable here as it has been found among all the scat- tered tribes of the Escpiimaux on the American shores. Who is there among the moralists to settle this (piestion ? Be it deter- mined as it may, that " moral sense" on this subject, which is so generally diffused, is here deficient; since it is grossly unjust to attribute to selfishness alone, the respect entertained for chastity in the female sex ; in whatever manner the value of this in the other is judged of. The Esquimaux of IglooliU, at least, are proved to be in the last degree selfish : yet the virtue in question is held, by them, in no re[)ute. We at least must speak as we, under civilization, feel. The conduct of the present peoi>le, as of all the rest of this race, is not more pure than that of the brute beasts : it is far less so than that of the pairing animals. But I need not dwell on a disgusting SKETCH OF THR DOOTIIIANS. 1) and improper snliject : it has been told once ; and it must siiifice tliat it has been once told. If I have aheady noticed the custom of adoption, I need not dwell on it: the reasons are the expected services from the subsidiary chihl : and the new attachment, on both sides, is equal to that between the natural parent and progeny. Thus also it is, that the widow with children, most especially if those are boys, becomes a prize, be her age what it may compared to that of the suitor; since these beconie etjually the property of the husband and bound to support both. Respecting their treatment of dead relations, or of the «lead in general, we had a good opportunity of judging ; as two deaths occurred within our experience. lUictu, the old man, was long left in the hut where he died, and would have been devoured by foxes and bears, had we not interred his remains. The incision found in his abdomen was unquestionably made after death : but we never learned its purpose, and could not conjecture whether it was a superstitious practice. The boy who had been killed by a stone was not found, and we were ignorant what became of him, 13nt as we observed many graves in dif- ferent places, it is evident that those who formerly inhabited this country conformed, in lliis, to those of other tribes On his death, there was an a[)j)earance of much despair, ending in anger directed toward us : but we had reason to understand that their lamentations for death, though severe, were soon over, nor could we hear of any ceremonies used on this occasion or on that of a funeral, C 10 SKETCH OP THE nOOTHIANS. That these people are as egregiously conceited as all other savage tribes, can be no matter of snrprise, when it is the character, not of nations alone, bnt of individuals, to be conceited in proportion to their ignorance. The land which they inhabit was, of course, the best of all possible lands; and it was equally matter of course, that those who had been born at one spot should extol its superiority over every other in the same district. But this is the attachment to home: it is what no sound moralist should blame, notwithstanding its occasional inconveniences, political or otherwise; since it is that source of happiness and contentment which has been beneficently given to all mankind, in whatever situation necessity or expediency has placed them. We were quite content, ourselves, that they should prefer a covering of snow to the green face of nature, and should make themselves happy with blubber, oil, and sleep ; nor indeed would it be easy to dispute most of those puints with them, when they could travel easier than we, could house themselves with a hundredth part of the labour, could find delights where we experienced only suffering, could outdo us in killing the seal, could regale on abundant food where we should starve because we could not endure it, and found ours as nauseous to them as theirs was to us. That they have never known war, it is perhaps superfluous to state, but it was interesting to discover in what light they consi- dered the crime of murder, to which some punishment has been assigned by every people, in whatever condition. We could only, iiowever, hear of one instance on record ; where, in a quarrel f * SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. 11 about the division of a reindeer, >e of the disputants had stabbed tlie other. What we could iinderhtand was, that the murderer's punishment c«)nsisted in bein<>: banished to perpetual solitude, or shunned by every individual of the tribe ; insonmch that even his siglit was avoided by those who might inadvertently meet liim. When asked why his life was not taken in reiurn, it was replied that this would be to make themselves equally bad, that the loss of his life would not restore the other ; and that he who should commit such an act would be held equally guilty. To these arguments, I imagine, no reply could easily be made, where there was no positive law to cjuote, within the compass of their understanding : but it would not be easy to deny that they carried in them an air of reflection and of liumanity not undeserving of praise. It could not be conjectured tliat any one of the tribe possessed authority over the rest, that tliere was any one in tlie nature of a patriarch, where there was no chief [f superior age or talents commanded any respect, neither of these appeared to possess any influence. There seemed not the slightest aj)[)roacli, even to that insensible government, which, generally, in some manner, acts so as to unite a tribe in one common pursuit, or to combine them in a single society, so that the conduct of the whole, in their migrations and occupations, is similar and simultaneous. Here, every family decamped and travelled as its own views or caprices dictated ; all l»eing as independent as they seemed, since each could soon construct its own habitation without the aid of others, and proceed to procure its own sustenance without the help of society. c2 12 SKETCH OF Tllli IIOOTIIIANS. Tlieselfisliness of this race, as known to Sir Edward Parry, can- not be more strongly marked than lie has done it in his descrip- tion of his intercourse with them. Itadmitsof no dispute : yet such was not the character of the present tribe. I have already said that they paid as much attention to the aged and destitute as could have been done hy any civilized people : anil we had opportunities of observing, that so far from seeking the exclusive gratification of their own liunger or appetites, (the ever ready and most marked test of animal selfishness,) they were always ready to divide their provisions, even where the}' had not enough for the next day, with those who were in want. The striking; and most repulsive want of gratitude in those who came under the cognizance of that observer, was certainly not evinced by the present tribe. So far from this, our expe- rience led us to assign them a character the verv reverse: though the virtue of gratitude, if it be practically esteemed a virtue, as men may safely doubt, is not so very abounding or so much cultivated, even under civilization and the lights of morals and religion, as to have led to any great censure of these people had they been without it. If those against whom the charge of ingratitude has been, and with unques- tionable justice, brouglit, are what men ought not to be, there is that to be recollected, which, though not an exculpation, forms a solution of an imagined difficulty, which has possibly been overlooked : in civilized society, it is acknowledged and admitted that ingratitude is a vice: but it is a profitable or an advantageous one, and, while practised as such, it becomes SKETCH OF THE BOOTIIIANS. 13 necessary to conceal or suppress, as far as that is possible, the open and shameless display. The "children of nature," as they are, customarily, thouuh very idly termed, go direct to the mark "which others reacl» in a more circuitous and hidden manner : tliere is no check, from opinion, or usage, or morality: it is a convenient or profitable usage, and the shortest road to the desired end is taken. A\'here the extreme of self-love forms the basis of a character, whether it be that of a whole tribe at Igloolik, or of an individual in England, ingratitude becomes an afiliir of conrse : it is a portion of the same virtue, where it is the custom to consider selfishness as the most needful of those, and thus, under such a code of brute morality, the most laudable. Be the fact as it may, however, as far as these general views are concerned, we must liave been egregiously deceived, or, possibly, have contributed to our own deception, if the tribe of our acquaintance, here, did not display as much gratitude as could have been expected any where, if they did not impress us with the conviction that this formed a portion of a character which appeared in general so amiable, or, at the very least, so unexceptionable. It is not only, that, far exceeding the usual short and dry form of thanks, so general among this race, they seemed truly sensible of the favours conferred ; but the impression was found to remain. The thanks were renewed long after the services had been rendered, and when, according to the common course of things, these should have been forgotten ; while they were often 14 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. nm accompanied l>y a free gift of some kind. It is but a part of the same character, that they were ever ready to confess a fault, and to make reparation, as they best couhl, eitlier by apology, or restora- tion, or services; while ever seeming uneasy till they were forgiven and restored to favour. I may indulge in relating one petty history, by which this j)art of their «;haracter will be better illustrated than bv any ueneral statements, and E have no right to consider it the exception, rather than the rule, where no similar o[>portunity otFered ; sin(;e it seemed to be consistent with tiieir general character; and in other points than this. It had been settled, early in the spring, that Ocjblooria and Awa<3k, the son and nephew of Ikmallik, should provide them- selves with a sledge, dogs, and provisions, and accompany Com- mander Ross, who was to furnish Lis own supplies and carriage, and to proceed to Neitchillee, about lifty miles off, under their guidance. They accordingly came, at the appointed time, which was fixed by counting on the fingers, and by drawing on the snow the appearance which tlie moon would then present ; the stipulated quota of provisions being for five days. On arriving, however, they found that fovn* families, including some relations, were hutted near the ship, and had been unsuccessful in their hunting; on which they unpacked their sledges, and gave up so much of their stores as only to leave themsehes enough for two days. This was barely sufficient to carry them on to Neitchillee, yet not enough to maintain them during their rrt ;! r ; but they h.ad expected to find a deposit offish at that place. Unluckily, a storm SKETCH OP THE B0OTHIAN9. 15 of snow detained the whole piirty; and, in the oaUmlated time, the provisions of the gnides were exhausted. The needful supi)ly was therefore niven them from our own stores, which they promised to replace on their arrival at Neitchillee. Here, however, when tluy at length arrived, their remuneration. In a few days they returned with the manu- factured articles; nor did their gratitude end even then, since it was oilen expressed afterwards, and, even at the distance of four months, w ith a promise of a similar pair \vhen the ship should arrive at Neitchillee. If the Esipiimaux race has often been noted for cheerfulncs and good temper, we found that contirmed here. Under the latter quality, if kind in their domestic relations, as I formerly noticed, so were they to their dogs ; unlike to many of their fraternity, who have been noticed for their ill-treatment of these useful animals. 1(> SKETCH OF TIIK DOOTIIIANS, That these g,s were in l)iul traiiiiiiii', uas a natural consequence. Their cheerfiihiess was often vivacity, so that we miu^lit consider them a lightliearfetl people; and they seemed to [)ossess great command of tem[)er. The only show of resentment for what wiis thought an oftence, was silence, after which they commoidy left us and returned io their homes. The thievish propensities of savage nations are familiar: there is not a voyager's narrative which does not dwell on them ; and such excuses or defences have been made as these narrators could best contrive. I need not repeat tlu- satirical defence whi( Ii asks, what civilized Europeans, under equal temptations, and no restraints from divine or human laws, would act in a diflerent manner. It .seems a very simple question after all. Here, at least, whatever it may be elsewhere, tliere is no written divine law against theft, nor does there ap[)ear to be any moral sense whicli says that it is, abstract- edly, and universally, wrong. Human laws there are none; and there can therefore be no check but that of the inconvenience : as some modern pedants write, they are governed by the principle of utility. JJut while tliere is nujch convenience in acquiring the coveted property, there is no counterbahmcing evil : the society suffers nothing, whik' many oi- all may gain. The case of a wreck on our own shores is not essentially different: the resend)lance to an enemy's town subjected to jil under is still more perfect. The thefts of savages are a >\arfare on property which seems placed in their power; it has been open warfare and blooilshed whenever they have dared ; and when too feeble, it is such plunder as is attainable, without hazard, and by whatever dexterity. That SK'TIII OK TIIK HOOTIIIANS. 17 such is llic |)riii('i|)U; by wliich tlicy arc i,niulc(l in tins case of llicff, seems indeed fully jU'ovcd iiy the fact that they do not rob each other; the evil in such a case would be felt and remedied. The reasoning' of these Iurubh' light: hut while admitting that every man wished to possess, by j)un;hase, whatever his neighbour had obtained, we did not observe any workings of that bad ])assion in this desire. We «lid not ol)serve any propensity to falsehood, or disposition to deceive ; and, on ttvery occasion, there seemed a desire to com- municate all the information in their power, while, as far as we examined, this also proved correct. It was on the same principle, that we (.'ould always trust their promises ; there was the " point of honour" engaged ; and on the only occasion on which they broke one, in not keeping an appointment as guides, ihey long after accused themselves of " being very bad" for not giving notice; though, to have done so, would have been to lose a day of their hunting when they were without provisions. Such is the little we could discover or infer respecting the moral character of these people. It ought not to be an unexpected one, considering the mild dispositions of this race in general, and the circumstances in which they are placed in this narrow community and district. May I not say that it is a good one, and that the man of these lands may be considered a " virtuous savage ?" May I ask wliere are the civilized communities in which there is a more favourable balance of the vices and virtues ? since it is thus, and not by the varied action of either, that this question must be judged. This at least I may say, that the all-wise and beneficent Creator has not neglected this race, and that iii giving them the means of animal happiness united to the desires which prefer those means to 4.^ - aKETCII OF Tllh if »THIA!M» 19 all others, he has also, in liis own uay, instilled into them such principles as tend to preserve their moral happiness and order: while it is not tor man to say in what manner he will hereafter jud,i;t' those who have oheyetl the imj)nlses to good, and those who have indulged IIh' propensities to evil. Hut, ot'IIim, they have no knowledge : in this they resend)le all their nnconv<'rted brethren of the same great trihe; while 1 need not repeat the remarks so often made on this subject. Like ollicrs, we found nothing that even approximated to this wide-spread piece of knowledge; and could only conclude that their opinions respect- ing a future state coincided v^ ith those which prevail among the Esrpjimaux at large. Ff they wen; influenced by any superstitions which have ji reference to a Provitlence or a future life, we did not discoverthem : and though possessing an angekok, like all theothers, he did not seem to be treated with much deferei»ce or any respe<.'t. We discovered in them a strong ])ropensity to imitation and to mimicry: a property which they converted to innnediate use, in learning to ieei\ themselves in the same manner as we did, and with the same utensils; and under which also they sometimes anuised themselves in aping our gait and maimers: above all, in the English custom of uselessly walking up and down under the notion of exercise: a practice which they could as little compre- hend as the Orientals, to whom it is so often a subject of wonder. This principle extended also to drawing, in which, even with our pencils, they were speedily proficients: while further rendering this talent very useful to us, in delineating the geography of the country ; as has been found equally common in the other tribes of d2 20 SKETtll OK Tlir. IIOOTUIAXH. these people. All tlieir i;<'(>gi'iipliira] kiiuuhd^*: seemed very jie'eurate; iiiid, to every river, hill, bay, or lake-, there was a name: while? il seemed fo give IJieiii threat pleasure to he abL to eom- iiiiiiiicate this int'ormatioii. Notwithstaiuliii;; the \anity ^\hieh made them prefer whatever \>as there own, despisinii;, or atleetiiiii' to eat ; and the beds are not cold, except in very severe weather, though the temperature of the walls cannot be above the freezing point. The lamp is ever burning ; since it is the fire for cooking when not required as lio:ht. I SKETCH OF Till] HOOTIHANS. 23 Their snow huts have been so })arti(Mihirly ilescribed that it is su- perfluous to speak of them again : whik' I have also noticed their method of proceeding- with the construction in the course of the preceding journal. 1 need only name what has not yet been mentioned, namely, their method of procuring the ice window, which, in this country, is not to be found on the surface of a pond. For this purpose, a seal-skin is laid on the snow, so managed at the edges that it may contain two inches of water in depth, pro- cured by thawing snow before the lamj). This is immediately frozen into a transparent plate : and su(*h, 1 presume, is esteemed the value of the fuel used for tiiis piupose, that these windows are always removed and carried with them in their migrations. It is already equally known, tiiat when the roofs of the snow huts begin to melt under the influence of the sun, they are removed, and a covering of skins substituted, as the summer tents consist of skins raised into a conical form by means of a central pole, from which lines are extended, and surrounded at the base by circles of stones. The walrus does not frequent these straits : and whether it is that the whale is rare or not, we could not understauvl that they ever took any, and many had never seen one. The seal, the musk ox, the reindeer, the fox, and the hare, form their cpiatlruped game : they kill but iew grouse, m Inch, being considered delicacies, are reserved for the women and children ; but their supplies of fish seem to be very considerable. This last is eaten raw, if often half dried : the flesh of animals seems acceptable in any way, but it is always cooked, if possible, apparently for the sake of the oil soup. 24 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIAXS. Ill llie nu tliod of talking these several animals, there is nothing whieli has not been often described. The reindeer are generally shot by arrows, in the water, as is usual elsewhere ; and, in their canoes, tliere is nothing to notice, if I except their maimer of ferrying the women and children, by stuffing the latter within the skin of the boat, and making the former lie flat behind her husband ; in a rather dangerous position, when the least move- ment would upset the whole crew. Under the great scarcity of wood here, since very little is ever drifted on these shores, and in the want of the walrus and the whale, they are almost limited to the use of the reimleer's horn in the making of their spears and other weapons ; but these so nearly resemble those noticed by Crantz and others, that I need not describe them, unless indeed the tish-spear be not diflerent from any of which 1 have read. The sliaft of this, seven or eight feet long, is made of wood, if that can be procured; if not, of horn; and is furnished at the end with three points, so as to resemble a trident, of which, the central one is plain, and the two outer barbed, as may be seen by one of the plates. This want of materials compels them also to adopt a method of constructing their sledges, which tlift'ers very materially from all others hitherto describeil. A number of salmon are packed together into a cylinder about seven feet long, and wrapped up in the skins taken from the canoes, which cease to be of use when the frost is arrived. Being then well corded with thongs, two of tliese cylinders are pressed into the shape of the runners, and, having been left to freeze, are secured by cross r^ SKETCH OF THE HOOTIIIANS. ii-> bars made of the legs of the deer or mvisk ox, so as to form tlie bottom of the sledge. This being done, the bottom of the runner is covered with a mixture of mossy earth and water, whieh soon freezes, to the depth of two inches; after which comes the final process of plating the surface, that it may run smoothly over the snow. The operator takes some water in his mouth, and, when somewhat mixed with saliva, it is deposited on a bear-skin which is then rubbed over the runner, as by a brush, gradually, till a coating of half an inch thick is produced, when the work is finished ; the ice produced in this manner having an unusual degree of tenacity, and being also more slippery than the ordinary material. These carriages travelled much more lightly than our own, which were shod with iron ; but as the} cease to be of use as soon as the thermometer reaches the freezing point, they are taken to pieces; the fish being eaten, and the skins converted into bags, while the bones are reserved for the dogs. In the preceding journal I have noticed the sledges made of ice. In their miserable singing there is nothing which has not often been described ; and this is equally true of their dances, or rather dance, which seems intended to imitate the motions of a bear. r^ E f \ \11CTU AND KANGUAGIU. \ 27 li- ;r- 'S li- es id is is in le il It e y a e e r 1 S.^! (I I r SKETCH OF THE DOOTIIIANS. 27 ALICTU AND KANGUAGIU. • i' l^ ' Alictu and his wife are represented as clothed in seal-skins over deer-skins, and a statl'of bone in the hand of the former. This indi- vidnal was about seventy years of age, infirm, and bent so that his stature did not exceed five feet ; he was remarkable for being the per- son selected as a sacritice on the first day of our communication, being placed on a sledge about ten paces in front of the columu con- sisting of thirty men, three deep, who being armed with knives were waiting in breathless anxiety to behold the manner in which their aged companion would be treated, and on which depended their conduct towards us. He remained on the sledge with his arms folded, and with a countenance perfectly resigned to his fate, until Commander Ross approached and caressed him; even then he seemed to doubt that he was not destined to be the first to receive the poniard; and it was not imtil unequivocal proofs of friendship were interchanged with the whole party that he appeared satisfied his last moments had not arrived. He was much pleased to have his sledge drawn to the ship by myself and the sailors, and he was one of those first brought on board to see the wonders of the interior. He never visited the ship after the first day, and his death was announced to us on the second of March by an old woman and his eldest son Tiagashu, who took particular care of him, and who abundantly shed tears E 2 28 SKETCH OF THE BOOTIIIANS. on acquainting' us of Ins demise. He had four sons who all paid him great attention, and he lived to see his great-grand- children, lie left a widow about ten years younger than him- self On examining his corpse a large but not deep incision was found in the abdomen evidently made long after his death, and probably to prove that he was really dead. The whole of the party left the snow huts at North Hendon, where he died, on the following day, leaving a small piece of wood on the top of the hut, and, after the party had gone out of our reach, his remains were interred by us to prevent its being devoured by foxes. Before leaving Felix Harbour the surgeon procured the skull, which I intended for the Phrenological Society, but which was one of the many valuable specimens of natural history which was of necessity left behind when we abandoned the ship at Victoria Harbour — his eyes were black and very small ; his hair, of which I have preserved a specimen, was grey approaching to white, when he died he was corpulent, and seemed to have no disease but old age. Kanguagiu, his widow, was afterwards found in possession of Poweytak, whose kindness to her, although helpless from infirmity and old age, will appear hereafter. She was certainly above sixty, about the middle size, and rather corpulent, her hair was grey and her face much wrinkled as well as tatooed. She was triply clothed in reindeer-skins, and was never seen out of the hut within which she is represented to be sitting, excepting when the family were removing to another station. i ■I I 1 .- w ■ K ». W A L It A r I A O A S M U A DL U R A K ■ ■■■I ft .-TA. i SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. 29 KAWALUA, TIAGASIIU, AND ADLURAK. TiAGASiiu was the eldest son of Alictii, and who took particidar care of his father; lie was five f'^et six inches and five-eighths high, slender and weaker than the rest, liis eyes were very small, and he ap- peared to be of a mild disposition. He was extremely industrious, and anxious to support his family, whioli consisted of a wife, three children of his own, and one of hers by a former husband, besides his father: he was not very successful. In May, 1830, he was reduced to absolute starvation, when he was assisted by Ikmallik's party as long as they could, but afterwards by us, for which he was very grateful, but never had it in his power to make a return. He shed tears on his father's death, and seemed anxious that we should refrain from going to the hut where he was left. Adlurak, his wife, was one of the best looking; she was remarkable for having large eyes, while those of her husband were very small, and she was perfectly aware of the peculiarity she possessed. She was of a lively disposition and was proud of having four children, two of which were still at the breast; for some time she was a daily visiter, and was one of the most honest. Kawalua was about sixteen years of age, five feet seven inches high, and well made; he had neither father nor mother, but being nephew to Ikmallik, was an inmate with his family. This lad was one of the most inquisitive, and soon became a favourite with us all; 30 SKETCH OF THE BOOTHIANS. I therefore fixed on him to remain on board, with the intention of teaching him to read ; and having on board an Esquimaux bible and the grammar published by Fabricius, I had hoped to make him useful. For this purpose he remained on board, and I began to teach him his letters; but on the second day he came to me and sard, that Aglugga had told him that he was not to stay any longer, and nothing coidd persuade liim to remain. My good intentions were therefore completely frustrated, which I had subsequently great reasons to regret. On the second year we met with him several times, and he was always rejoiced to meet us, enumerating at each interview the presents he had received. I'M 3%ine Lv .■ iSi u. ni'l tr.-pn tii^ i LLl CT L O O T O O ti I A 1 1 SKETCH OP THE noOTIIIANS. 31 ILLICTU AND OTOOGIU. Arl .epresented standing at tlie pool of Sliagavoke, where both sahnon and reindeer are killed in the autumn ; the piles of stones are erected by the natives, for the purpose of preventing the rein- deer from passing along the shore when they wish to drive them into the pool. A man or a dog being sent among them make all to appear moving, which alarms the animals and causes them to take the water; where they are attacked and killed by men in canoes. Otoogiu was five feet three inches and five-eighths high, inclining to corpulency, his face broad ; he was always clad in deer-skin jacket and seal-skin trousers. He was called an angekok or con- juror, but no one had any faitli in his predictions, which were always a subject of merriment. He was among tlie first to show a disposition to possess himself of what he saw, and his taking out of my cabin the magnifying lens, which he is represented to be holding in his right hand, gave us a good opportunity of con- vincing him and his companions of the danger of meddling with what belonged to us— as related in the Narrative. Ilis wife's name was Kuauga, who had two children; she 'as five feet three inches and a quarter high and rather good looking. Illictu, the son of Kunaua was a very fine lad about fifteen years of age, five feet six inches high. He was one who accompanied Commander Ross on his expedition to the north. When two musk 32 SKETCH OF THE D00THIAN9. oxen were killed on tliis occasion, lie (leiiioiistrated that he was very fond of fresh beef, and that he could eat without being satiated for one whole day. We found him on the following year with liis father near Cape Lawrence, and very much improved. He had been successful in hunting both reindeer and seals, and supplied me with skins and oil for fuel on the journey in which the Magnetic Pole was discovered. Otoogiu is represented with the magnifying lens which he had stolen in one hand, and a knife made of bone in the other. Illictu has in one hand a rod made of reindeer's horn, used for probing the depth of the snow, and in the other a fish-hook made of bone, which I purchased of him, and which now is in my possession. AVhen we met him at Padliak, on the following year, he supplied us with about fifteen pounds of excellent venison, for which he was well rewarded. On seeing the surgeon with a swelled face, he ran suddenly to him, blew in his face, and hit him a pat on the face, which we understood afterwards, was a cure for every complaint; and as the surgeon very soon got well after that ceremony, his recovery was entirely attributed to that charm. At that moment he had suspended to his neck a small phial containing an emulsion which the surgeon had given to him six months before, which instead of taking inwardly, as intended, was hung to his neck as a charm. .-ribSSi&Ji"' ig ■.■.•;,ii!'-i;;- . MH .■ pv n-j K 11 N A N A . A^-'.. .■! .■Sft^/, ■,•.-, I ^i§ ■.I MKKTCII OF THE OOOTIIIANS. 33 K U N A N A. Tin? native, Imtli in ilutiires and <'liaracter, differed considerably from tb ' rest ; he measured five feet ei^ht inches and five-ei^htlis, was of a robust and healthy apixaranee; his forehead appeared lower thnn it retJly was front his eyebrows l)eing very nnich arched ; he was the most lecessful of all the hunters, particularly in killing- bears, and In was cou'^^antly clad in bear-skins, lllic.'tu, before mention' J, -. as his son 1?^ .t first wife, which he had probably spared to a friend. By his second nil vhich we saw at Cape Lawrence, he ha«l two young children. His hut was almost entirely covered with snow at that time, but he had a lari^e store of seal-oil, reindeer flesh, aad salmon, linried under the snow, also skins of every kind ; and from him I bought a very large deer-skin, which was my bed dining my fatiguing journey from Victoria liarbour to Fury beach, and is now in possession of Sir Felix Jiooth. He info. ;< d us that Kablala (a woman who had a club foot, and who was nighly respected by all on that a( < ount) had been with him, and had departed only a few days before with Tulooah, her inisband. Kunana was one of those who gave us many suppli^'s, consequently he was well stored with knives, spear-heads, hooks, &c., which he had received in exchange. On my return from Artists' bay, he convoyed us several miles, pointing out the names of the various capes, rivers, and stations, which we passed, and M SKETC, OP ™, noorun^,. ■■■" ""OTIIUNS. ■-"«i kindly directed ,„ t„ ,i. , -"•o..U.er„.,„ba„d. a! U.y e", " "" ^'""' »"" -- n^erinwant, ..or were they ■„, II ^ '""'' ""■'"""''"'' ""'y "ere ;^'"-va.f„,.,eet,,,,, ^ ~-r".cii..edt„pnre' „er I*»'^..oe Lealthy. gl.e I ad , '" ""'«■'' =""' ''er an- --...,yje.....aX:::--^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ •^vviictivas given tliem. I fsahflla and >> ami never I, tliey were pilfer. Her <^oinpIexion id lier op- des Illictu, tlieiD. ;5 7" ' J^^4^ ' -^' ' * ' ^^-sl H I B L LI N -K SKETCH OP THE BOOTIIIANS. 35 II 1 1? L U N A. (Owhee.J HiBLUNA was remarkable for being the plainest-looking woman in the whole tribe, and also for being the most lively; when a pre- sent was made to her of any useful article, such as a tin preserved meat case, her joy knew no bounds. Above, she is represented m one of her ecstasies on receiving a woman's knife which she holds in her right hand, and in her left a bone knife, while she is jump- ing up and exclaiming, Owhee ! Owhce! by which name she was soon known to the sailors. On this occasion, she had brought us u fine piece of a musk ox in a frozen state, and which we found to be most excellent food. She was one of our daily visitors, having with her an infant which she used to produce quite naked, even when the thermometer was 43" below zero of Fahrenheit. Her height was five feet three inches and a quarter, was near forty years of age, and extremely dirty and badly clothed; ho-, face was broad, her nose flat, and the want of her fore teeth, added to her unseemly appearance; her husband's name was Kunana (2d), and she had two young children ; however she was so good humoured and merry that she was a favourite among the sailors. Eringahriu, Hibluna's sister, was so extremely like her, that when they were apart it was difficult to discern which was which ; but when together it was more easy, as the former was only four f2 36 SKETCH OP THE BOOTHIANS. « feet ten inches liigli. She liad also lost her front teeth, and in habit and appearance was eqnally disgusting. Her husband's name was Ootoonina, who being as ill-looking as herself was an excellent match. They were both our guides and com[)anions during our journey in 1831 across the lakes to the western sea. She was also of a lively disposition, and the sailors, who could not pronounce her name, christened her Nancy, to which she answered with perfect readiness; and was likewise a favourite with the sailors. Her husband was a very successful fisherman, and they had always plenty ; but she seemed to be a very bad housekeeper, and was not so industrious as the rest, and was never neatly dressed or clean. One of her children was at the breast, and the other was about five years old, which in the summer ran about naked. i:^. M J V A IN 1. 1 L I A A D L 1. I 1^ . % '^1 <"-i } «P f I SKETCH OF TIIK IIOOTIIIAN8. 37 MANELLIA AND ADKLIK. Manellia was tlic wife of Nullniigiiik, and one of the prettiest of tlie females; her stature was only four feet seven inches and a half; her features were small and regular, and her hands and feet were in proportion, very little; and she was, notwithstand- ing her dirtiness, rather interesting. She is represented in the plate with a child on her hack, which was born at North Ilendon, but which died cm the following year. Iler manner was much milder than the rest, nor did she ai)pear to covet what she saw. Adelik is an old woman who was a daily visitor to the shi[). She appeared to observe with great attention every occurrence which took place, also to mimic or imitate people's actions. She is represented in the plate ludicrously imitating one of the officers who used to walk up and down near the shij)'s side for exercise, of whicli she could not see the utility. The staff in her hand is one of the spears with which seals are killed. She appeared about fifty-five years of age, and being rather bent was only about four feet seven inches in stature. She was supported by her cliildren, and she was daily employed gleaning at the place where sweepings had been previously deposited on the ice at a little distance from the ship. Her face was much weather-beaten, and had in it the delineation of care and anxiety. She was never detected in dishonest practices. 38 HKCTCII OF TIIF MOOmiANH. MuiK.'llia and licr Imslmnd rotunicd to Norfli Ilcndoii in tlio fol- lowiiii; or secoiul suiiiinrocure food >\ iiilst tlie utlier remained at home, and it was rather surprisini« to see liow clieerfuliy he would obey from time to time this, which a|)[)eared to n^, unfair c-'unmand, of a capricious or partial wife, and bring' home the fruits of his labours to be equally divided ! On one of these occasions, Poyettak was sent to guide Conunauder IJoss (o tjje Umingmak (nmsk ox) mountains, and was absent a whole week. Jl was this woman w ho had obtained some knowledge of t!i<' ships inider Sir J'^dward Parry, anil by whose advice the party ;i;hr,iiced to communicate with us; when Poweytag had lost liis adoi)ted cliild, tlie fury of the old man was appeased by her interfeniice, and she was one of the most nsi ful and intelli- gent in giving us information about the coast, rivers, stations, &c. Latterly she was not very honest, and Aknalua made her return a carpenter's rule which she had taken and concealed. She was about twenty- up the ladder, she was tumbled oft" by the siiri,-eoii, and ralliiis>- on lier back, i)rt tended to faint; i"roin whieh, althoniih all tht; doctor (.ould do could not recover her, she was restored by the otl'er of an enjpty tin case, \\hich had contained l)reserved uieat : a stratagem whicii she subsequently tried more than once without success. She was about sixty years of age, five feet two inches high, extremely ill-looking, and decidedly the most disgusting of the whole tribe. *■■■; IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. // ^ /A^ ""^^f^s y. u.. %0 1.0 I.I 11.25 ' IS 110 ii. Ill 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 W^\ '•ci^ ^^ ^ ^ '^U '-".^^ pc^ •■ ^ .. u. e ^t-'-l'w^ I KAN^^O^ E. I g2 1 SKKTCII OF Tin: IIOOTIIIANS. 4:i K A N A Y O K i:. Kanavokf. came lo lln' ship at IMiv liarhonr, in tlic spiiiii^ of IHf'JO; lie had winttind at Pa OOIJLOORIA, l»AMN(i\V()KE, AMIMiO, AM) NULLlMilAK. Amingo, tlie sixth wift- of Kaiiiiyokc, is icpitscnttd sittini; iit the tahU' ill the ciiliiii <»f tlu; Victory, hitunii litr two rhiUheii, and an infant on her shonhkr whose name was Aknallua. She was extremely well t'lothed in ellagliu, being Tnllnahin's sister. \Vv had no reason to donht that he was strictly honest, as also the uhole family, who were certainly, and very A R O h I It K N r i\ I 1 T SKETCH OP THE nOOTHIANS. 47 NEWEETIOKE AND KONVAKOKLrK. Nevveetioke was biotlier to IkinalliU, and certainly the tallest ot" the Jjootliiaiis, beiiin live feet ten inches hiuh, Ijut lie had been described to us mucli taller before he came to us the second year at Sherirt's harbour; but when he stood up beside 3Ir. Abernethy, wlio was six feet two inches, he looked so much shorter that his brother was quite astonished, lie is dressed in a bear-skin jacket with deer-skin sleeves, and his trousers were bear-skin. He had, of course, been told all about us before lie came, and his l)rotlier having- received a great many things, he was led to expect the same; he had, however, very little to gi^e in exchange, and consequently was disappointed, and when nothing else would do he fell on an ingenious stratagem to obtain a piece of wood which he had fixed his mind u[)on. Having consulted his companions, it Mas agree«i that tluy were to show us their method of killing seals, accordingly one personated a seal lying on the ice, now an\as rather more corpulent than the rest, probably from being unable to take exercise; his ilatures and costume are well represented, as also those of his wife and daughter. A\'hen we ajiproached them on the first day of (>om- munication, Tullnahiu was stationed in the middle of the column, standing on one kg, and supported between Ikmallik and another, and was armed with a long knife, which he kept behind his back until peace was established, llo was one of the first we ha eat favour. Auowahriii was her second son, and was also a cripple from accident; he had been a very powerftd man and an excellent hunter, and was remarkable for the nice order in which lie kept his spears, bows, and arrows. Jle was very dexterous at killing salmon, and in the numagement of a canoe; we met with him for the last time at the salmon fishery, at the mouth of Liiulsay river, ile had three children who had lost their mother. Naquassiak, the eldest, was about sixteen years of age, very tall and thin, but not very active; when he went to show Commander Ross the way to Shagavoke, he wris detected in telling a falsehood, and thereby obtained the nickname of Shaglo, which signifies a 56 SKETCH OF THE BOOTIIIANS, lie; but he never was ottlntled at this appellation, wliieh indeed was a source of merriment whenever it was mentioned. The other two chiklren were infants; but wlieu Tiagaslui died, liis widow Ahirak became the wife of Anowahriii, and took ehar'»'e of the children. This family were not covetous nor inclined to pilfer, and were therefore ah>avs in favour. SKETCH OF THE DOOTIIIANS. 57 NOYEXNAK AND IBLUSIIE, TIKATACaU. Thkse youiiu; men were hrolluTs of 'riau;;islni, Poyt.ttak, and Akiialliia, by the same mother, hut by a dirt'erent lather. Noycii- uak was about twenty-five years of aije, five feet four inches and three-eiglillis high ; liis comi)le\iou was lighter and more saUow tlian liis brothers, and lie seemed very » KSyulMAUX. ussaroininartoL. F.NCiLISII. DANISH. 1 i 1 KSQIUMAIX. 1 KMiLlSII. FiIIdw |I.\.MSII. I'.sgl'I.MAl'X. nxpluiiiii (III) it Ihiii liirkiariir di Sukuiarpa. Canmierad Ajpak. Exposes (he) it lliiii aalx'u- l)illi'r (let , Nii'lluni'jarpa. I'lTrynmn I'trtMc I'liTgeniand Frugtbar Ikaiirsiritok. Naursorik.tok. I'^xpresn, post Expris 1 I'aiirtok. | Fclclics (he) It Keiiter Ai.i. ExtciuJs ^lu') It Man iidstruk-^ kiT drt ^ Fc'ssipa. IVlltrs I'cw La nker I'aa KalliiiiniTit. Ikitut. Extinj^iiiahcs, a| lib'lit J IMslukkC!! Kaininiph Fisk AulisiDgak. Faith Faithful T Operni'k. Auiajaii^crsok. I'isli-liDok Fiskekrog [ Karasiirsak — 1 karssiirsak. Ordlonek, nak- Fit Tjenlig Ajungilsok. Fall (to) Falde karnck, ni- vernek, tam- {•"ix(to)aiiy thing (ijore fast 1 Aula;janger- 1 saiiiek. marnek. Flanii'S (it ) Liier IkiU'liavok. False Falsk ()|)('rnaiigitsok . Flannel, or ) I'Manel wadmel j Aiinoraksak j merkolik. Isarkellavok. Famine, hunger Hmi!,'cr Kangnek. wadmal ( M tiiatV'lf V* CI VAta • V i Famine llui.gersnikl Bortluk. Flaps (the bird ) Foagrer Famous Bekjcndt Tytsiursok. Fiat Fead Manitsok. Far (it is) fDi't er langt] \ borte j rilngesikpok, 1 anasikpok. Flea Flesh Loppe Kjiid Piksiksak. Nekkre. Farmer Bonde Naursoriksairsok. Flexible Biiyelig Kretuktok. Farther, again Videre Ania, amalo. Flight Fli.gt Kremaniarnek. Fat Feed Piu'llarsok, Flings (he) it Raster Egipa. Father Fader Atatak. Floats (it) Flol (er) Puktavok. Fathom Favn Issagak. Flogs (lie) him Pidskur Orpikpa. Fault Fejl Tanimartauzek. Flood, high water Flod Ulle (river kok, Fear Frygt CErkse(Uossvoy- ) ago, erkshe). Floor Flour Gulv Meel Neltek. Kajurscct. Feather Fjor Merkok. Flows (the river) Flyder Kokpok. Fee Bcliinning Akke. Flower Blomst Naursok. Fees (he) Betalcr Akkiok. Flag (a) Flue Niviugak. Feels (he) it Fciler Sauipa. Fog Taagc Pyok. Feeling Folelse Misbigirsak. Fold (on clothes) Fold Koglungnek. 70 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, KNGLISH. DANISH. KSyuiMAUX. • KNULISH. DANISH. ESQUIMAUX. Follows (he) him Fdlger Mallikpa. Fume Ri,g Issek. Folly Daarskab Siuiiekangitsusek Fun (to) Bcdrage Seglokrittainek. Food Fode Nerrirseksak. Furious Rasende Sekkunersok. Fool Nar Mitartok. F'urnace Ovn Kirsarsout. Foot Fod rIsikkEct(plur.of 1 isigak, a toe). Furnish Fur Meddele Foder Tunnirsinek. Illupak. Forbids (he) it Forbyder Prkkongila. Further ! Videre ! Ama ! Forehead Forhoved Kauk. Furthers (he) liim Hjilper Ikiorpa. Foreigner Freinmed Tckkornartak. Future Tilkommendt Pirsuksak. Forfeits (he) it Forspilder Tammarpa. Gains (he) at play Vinder Immiarsiok(NB) Forge (a) Fork Smedde Gaffel Saffiorfik. Ajeksautik. Gale (it is a) Storm ["Annordlersor- (^ sovok Forgets (he) Glemmer Puiorpok. Gall Galde Sungak. F'orgives (he) it Tilgiver Isumakoerpa. Game, seal, T Vildt Nekke. F'ortunate Lykkelig Pidluartok. deer, &c. (' Foul Smudsig Minguktok. Game, birds Vildt Tingmirsjet. Foundation Grundvold Tungavik. Garden Have Nautjevik. Fountain Kilde Puilarsok. Garment Klsedning Annorarsaet. Fowl Fugl Tingmiak. Garrison, soldiers Guarnison Sekkutout. Fox Raev Terienniak. Garter Hosebaand Navlokot. Frame Ramrae Innerfik. Gather Samle Kattersoinek. Fraternity Broderskab j Kattaenguti- 1 geengnek. Gay Generous (he is) Glad Hiiimodig Nuennartok. Ajungilak. Fraud List Pekkosersout. Gently Sagte Kigejtsomik. Free Freezes (it) Frie (Det) fryser Kivgaungitsok. Issekau. German, at ~| Baal's River J Tydsker Nourdlek. Frequent (to) | Besbge tit Tikerarajungnek. Ghost A and Annersak. Frequenter (a) Besoger Tikiukajuktok. Tarajorningit- Holy Ghost Helligaand rAnnersak illu- 1 artok. Fresh, not salt Fersk ■ sok (R. V. ta- Giddy Svimmel Uirpsartok. riornityoke.* Gift Gave Tunnirsut. Friend Ven Ikii:p;iit. • Erdlingnarto- Friendship i Venskab nkingutigeeng- ^ nek. Gilt Forgyldt. mik kajortomik . kallipautilik. Fright From (the fox) Frygt Era Erkse. Terienniamit, from: mit Gilt, subst. Ginger Forgyldning Ingefeer rKallipaun erd- 1^ lingnartok. Kassillitsok. Frugal Tarvelig lbleruktok(N.B.) Girdle Belte Kreterrut. Fruit Frugt Paurneet. Girl Pige Niviarsiak. Fry Rogn Suak. Gives (he) him Giver Tunnia. Fries (he) it Steger Syeppa. Glass Glas Imertarfik. Fryingpan Stegepande Syetsivik. Glazes (he) it Glaserer Krebleriksarpa. Fulfils (he) it Opfylder Erkorpa. Gloomy of face Mork Annuktok. Fully, he fulfils-! it fully J Fuldkommen JErkordluinarpa, [luinarpok: fully Glory Gloss JEk Glands Ussornarsusek. Kreblersusek. • Tarajomityoke, tomjornitsok — aalt. Not .salt, tari'jornin!rit. Inniik. Blikkc(l)an.) Blikkillivik. Kiingek. lilupak. Siiiiktartik. rPitl'.egcksauu- I gitsok. Kiglisioinek. Kiglisioirsok. fiMissigirsakan- I gitsok. Illaursak. Kangusintsok. Erngeinak. I Simnerdlunga I (a verb). Sennet. Miteklernek. Pionianek. Piomarsak. Instrument Forhaane Have i Sinde Hensigt Det Indvendige i I Una. Indvortes Fortolke Han begraver det ' lllia. Afbryder(han)det j Sorarup.'i. Mellemruiu Sanimenkomst rilkjendegiver Forsknekke llliianelok. Siikuiainek. j Akkiuiek. I Nellaiinek. Heel Oprigtigen Til Stov Biinfalde Forskandsning Opdager Jern Uimodstaaelig Opirrc 6e Nielluiiivrpa. Erksisaiiiek. llhiitsuk. I Pekkoserdluii- I liitsomik. Pyoala-miit' Maiiigorpa. Saliakot. Nerpsarpck. Savik. Arktornartok. Ningeksarpa. Krikcrtak. * Mut is " into )" every preftoiition is uffixed to the uud of its uouii. L 74 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, KXOI.ISII, j UAMSH. KsyriMAi x. KXGLISH. DAXISII. Kjijkken r.SQUl.MAUX. Itch Item 1 KlJie 1 Item Ungilek. A ma. Kitchen I'l'ak.v.paiigoak, 1 V. piusoak. Ivoiy of a wal-"| rus J Jacket ! I'.lefenbecii ! Tugak. Kitten of a hare Killing 1 llkalerak, kit- L ten erak. Triiie Torojo (Dan.) Knaps.iek Handsel Pok. Jaw Kjiebe Aglerok. Knecpan Knieskal Serkoak. Jawbone KJBebebeen Aglerok. Knife Kniv Sdvik. Jest, lie Spiig Seglo. Knit (a) Strikket Tiii Tessitsuarsok. Just now Just nu Tersa tava. Knock Banke Kassuktoniek. Jewel Juveel rUjarak erdling- [ nartok. Knot Knows (he) him KlHulc Kjender Kreieinek. Ilirsara. Joins (he) them Forencr Kattilipej. Knowledge Kuiidskal) Ilisimarsusek. Joiner Snedker Sennarsok. Knuckle Knokkel Napparsortak. Jokes (he) iipon'l him j Narrer Seglokrittarpa. Labour Lace Arbejde Snor Sulliornek. AkUniaursak. Jolly Glad Nuenuartok. Lad Dreng N'ukakpiarak. Journey Rojse Ingerdianek. Ladder Stige Majoartartik. Joy Giifde Tipejtsungiiek. Ladle Sliiv Alluksaursoak. Judge (a) Donimer Erkaitoursirsok. Lady, woman Dame .■\rnak. Judgment Dom Erkartout. rTcssek (large Jug Umik Marrak. Lake Soe • tessersoak, sin. Juice of fruits Saft Tungo. Llessingoak. Jump (to) Springe Pissingnek. Lame (lie is) Lam Se fee pok. Justice Retfairdighed ^Akkinnersidlu- 1 arsimarsusek. Lamp Land Lampe Land Kodlek. .Vuna. Justly Retfiurdigen llluartomik. Lane Gyde Akkosiningoak. Just so Knee Just saaledes Knw Taj ma ! Serkok. Language S])rog j Okauzit (pro- 1 prie words). Keel Kjiil Kyek. Lanthoni Lygt( ■NcMiiuruarlik. Keen Skarp ' Kenariksok. Laps (he) it Svober Imupa. Keeps (he) it Beholder Torkorpa. Larboard * Kernel Kjerne Saurnek. Lards (he) it Spa;kker Orksorpa. Kettle Key Kjedel Nogle Ounavik. Makpersaut. Larder, store- "l house ' j Proviantbod Augoarfik. Kicks (he) it Sparker Tukerpii. Large Stor Angirsok. Kidney Nyre Tarto. Laslies (he) him Pidsker Ipp(Martorpa. Kills (he) it Drwbcr Toko])a. Late (it is) Sildig Unuukpok. Kind Artig 1 Innuksiarner- [ sok. Laugh Law Lee Lov Iglarnek. Inneizisit. K indness Artighed rlnnuksiarner- 1 susek. Lawful (it is) Lovligt j Inneizisit pik- 1 kou't. King Konge Konge (Dan.) Lazy Lad ErkrEBJasuktok. Kiss Kvs Kunik. Leaches (he) it Siinderskjoorer Pillekpa. i • The translation hereof is determined by the position of the ship. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. KNGI.ISll. l.>ANisil. KSQriM.UX. Tessiorpa. r.Ntil.lSil. Lining (inside) D.AMSll. Det liidvendige i;>(i r 1 \i A i; \ . Loads ( lie) liiin Leder lllo. Leaf Blad Pillo. Lie Liign Seglo. Leakage Livkkage I Angniarnek Lion Liive L'ive (Dan.) 1 (N.B.) Lip Lebe Kardlo. Leaky (it is) Liek fAngmarpok 1, (N.B.)* Licpiid List of rontents"! Flydende Puilarsok. Lean Mager Selluktok. 1 in a book | Register Nmlhinserut. Leans on (lie) it Liener sig Egartign. Listen Lytic Siumiksarnek. Learns (he) it Lie re r Ilipa. Little Liden Mikirsok. Least , adj. Mindst Mingnek. Live Leve Innunek. Leather Lteder Aniek. Liver Lever Tingo. Leaves (he) it Forlader Kreniekpa. Load Byrdc NangmoBgak. Leaves (it) Ophiirer Sorarpok. Lock Laas Parnocrsaut. Lee La;e Orkoak. Lodging Logis I line. Left siile Venstrc side Saiiniiiet tunga. Lofty Hoy Kingiktok. Left hand Venstre haand Sanniik. Loin Lound Kretek. Leg Been Nio. Look See Tekkonek. Legal Lovlig pnnertersiman- Loose (it is) l.iis Pfcrpok. l^-gitsok. Loss Tab Tammarnek. Leisure (he is at) Ledighed fSullieksakan- Loud Lydelig Nipitok. 1 gilak. Love Kjerliglied Asseiiniisusek. Lends Laaner iid Attartorlitsiok. Lovely Elskelig. -Assanartok. Length Lsengde Tekkiisusek. Lover Elsker Assarse. Less Mindre Mingnerrursok. Louse Luiis Komak. Lessens (it) Forniindskes Mikliok. Lousy (he is) Luset (ban er) Komakpok. Lesson of a pupd Lectie Iliniscgeksak. Low Lav Pukitsok. Letter Brev Aglegak. Luncheon F.t Stykke Mad Nerriarut. Level land Jevn Manitsok. Lungs Lunge Puak. Liberty Frihed Kivgaungitsusek. Lustre Glimmer Kreblersusek. Licks (he) it Slikker Allukpa. Life Liv Innunek. Life Liv Innunek. Mad Gal Peblerortok. Lifts (he) it Lofter Kivikpa. Maid Miie Niviarsiak. Light, adj. Lys Kaumarsok Mails (he) it Beklffider Kadler|ia. Light, stibst. Lys Kau,v. nennerout Makes (he) Gjor Piok. Light Let Oketsok. Mall, hammer Hammer Kautak. Lightens (he) it Oplyser Kaumarsarpa. Malt Malt Imieksak. Lightens (he) it Letter Okedlia. Man Menneske Innuk. Lightning Lyn Ingnaglegiak. Man Mand Angut. Like (it is) to it Lig Arsiga. Man of war Orlogsskib Sekkutout. Likeness Lighed Arsigeeksusek. Manly Mandig Angutauserdlune Limb Lem AuBL't. Manner Maade lUerkok. Limp (to) Hake Sefeenek. Manure (to) Gjiide Orksoinek. Line (whale) Line Allek. • Better perbapt L Many " uvsingilak." 2 Mange Kapseet. 71) VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISir, KXGLISII. DANISH, Ksgi'iMAUX. KNGLISH. Misfortune DANISH. r.sQui.MAUX. Map Kort Arsilliak (N.B.) Ulykke Pertlout. Mark Mu-ke Niellunii>rkot. Misleads (he) him Forfiirer Asserorpa. Market Torv PissiniarHk(NB.) Miss Vildfarelse Tammartau/.ek. Marriage Marrow Bryllup Marv Katternavik. Patek. Mistake Tage fejl |Tammardluiig- |_ nek. Marsh Mose Pinguit. Mistress, wife Madame Nulliak. Match Lige Nelle. Misty,foggy(itis) Taaget (del er) Pyolirksovok. Matches (he) him Kr lige mcd Nedlerpa. Mixes (he) it Blander Akupa. Mate Styrmand Akkutok. Mocks (he) Spotter Miteklerpok. Matiiematics Mathcmatik Kissitsinek. i Moist Fugtig Isugutarsok. Matrimony .Kgteskai) Nulliareengnek. ' Moment (in a) I Oyeblikkct Tersugo. Matter (what is") the) ' J Hvad vil du ' i^yssavit ? Money Month and moon Penge Maaned, Maane Aniiingaursasi. KaumsRt. Mature Maxim((loctriiia) Moden Grundsaitning Enersimarsok. Ajokivrsut. 1 Moon (it is full) Deter fuldMaane [Anningat imik (_ siok.* Meadow Eng Pinguit. ; Morning .Morgen Udlak. Meal Meel Kajursopt. Mortar Morter Asserorterivik. Mean Ringe Nikkanartok. Moss (lich isl.) Moos Orksursak. Means Middelstand Akkudlek. Mother Moder Ananak. Means Middel Pirsut. Motion BevBcgelse Aulanek. ^leasles of a skin Narv Ekarte. Mould Skimmel Okok. Measure Maal Oktout. Mountain Fjeld Kakkak. Meat Kjcid Nekkriksak. Mouth Mund Kanek. Mediator Midler Sajmarsairsok. Moves (it) BexR'ges Aulavok. Medium, V. means Mud Mtiddcr Mauvak. Meet Modes Nellaunek. Multitude Ma>ngde Amerdlarsiisek. Member of it Lem Ilia. Murder Mord Innuternek. Memory Hukoinmelse Erkai'rsut. Musters (he) it MiJnstrc Tekkotipa. Mends (it) Forbedies Ajorungiioorpok. Mustard Senep Senei)e (Dan.) Mentions (lie) it Omtale Okautiga. Mutiny Opror Pikititsinek. Mercy Barmhjertighed Nakinningnek. .Mutton Faarekjiid Sana. Merit Fortji iieste Piksak. Mystery Mysterium Nicllunarlok. Merry Message Moei >oin Budskab Tivsinartok. Okalluktout. Nail, iron or "| copper J Nagle Kikiek. Midwife Mile Jordenioder Miil Ernisuksiortok. Mile (Dan.) Nail of fingers "| or toes J Na^gl Kukkik. Milk Melk riniuk; of a wo- 1 man, amaniak. Naked Name Nilgcn Navn Tamakangitsok. Attek. Mill Mind Molle Sind Asserorterivik. Isuma. What is thv ") name ? ' Namely rivadheddei du? rKannong, atte- 1 karpit? Minor Mindre Mingnernirsok. Nemlig Imejtok. Mischief Misery Fortred Elendighed Nagliut. Pidluejtsusek. Naps of cloth Liiug rMerkut, plura j of merkok. • It is new moon (" Xye Maaiie ") " ussiok ;" it is first (|uarter (" sidste Quaiti'er") " (" i'iirste Qunrteer ") " auningiit i^'cUoliarpok ;" it is last (juarter anningat ig(lloa;rui)oli." .M^^iou.wruiiMMi.A^iMiMtiHW^A'-'.ciwMWwaMria DANISH AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. ENGLISH. DANISH. KSyriMAUX. KXUI.ISII. DANI.SII. i;S(il'liMAl!\. Narrow Nasty Snial Skideii ' 1 Amitsok (lloss i 1^ voy.amityoke). h Ippertok. 1 North wind Oak (a log of) Nordenviiul Keg Auangnak. 1 Kri'ssuk m;in- 1 gortok. Naughty Unyts |Suksaiingitsok. j Oar A are l'"l)Ut. Navel of a child Naviu ' Kallisek. ij Obedient Ly.lig Nalcklok. Navy Near t Marine Noer rUmiarsoarperk- : Kannitok. Obeys (he) Oblong Lyder AHang Nalokpok. r.Angnialimg.i- 1 jfktok (N.li.) Neat Net Kursegunnartok. Obstacle Hindring Akkornut. Necessity (it is a) Ncidvendighed Pirsariakarpok. Obstinate Halstarriu' i'cikr(ts(ik. Neck, lat.collum Hals KongJEsek. | Obstruction (hc"| Forstoppeise |Tettuiuk (a Neckcloth Ilalsklitde Kongieserut. ; has) J 1 sickness). Need (to) Troenge t Ajorsarnek. | Obtains (he) it Erliolder Angnmera. Needle Synaal I'Merkut, plural \^ merkutit. j Obvious (it is) Occupies (lie) it Tydelig Besidder N'tclliinangilak. Piga. Neglects (he) it Forsommer Assiginnarpa. Occurs (he) him Miider Nellaupa. Neighbour, felO low inau J Neeste Innukate. Olid Offence Besyndei'lig Forbrydelse 'rupingiiartok. Pinerdhigak. Nests of birds Reder Innit. Offends (he) him Fornuirmer Ningeksarpa. Never (he comes) [Aldrig (hau 1 1 kommer) j ■Pinauvioengi- lak (piok, he comes; nauvi- Office of the "] church J Often Tjeneste Ofte Nalegiarnck. Kapseennik. [wngilak, never). Oil Olie Olie (Daii.i New Nye Nutak. Ointment Salve Tennirsut. Next to it (it is) Na>st ved (det er) Senniaiiepok. f (Man) utokak Nibble Bide Norritsiarnek. Old Gammel I (thing) Mu- Nice (he is) Vanskelig Ajornakau. Itaungitsok. Nickname Ogenavn Ajtseraut. Omits (he) it Undlader ! Pingila. Night Nat Unnuak. Once Engang Kanga. Nods (he) Nikkcr Sikkikpok. Only, adj. Alene Kissime. Noise Tunimel Perpalliingnek. Open (it is) Aaben Angmarpok. Noon Middag Udlub kerka. Opiate Opiat Siniksaut (N.B. Nose Nostril NiBse Ntrsebor Kringak. Kringak. Oppresses (he) 1 him j ' Undnrtrykker 1 Kunnutipa. 1 Nothing (it is) Notion Intet (det er) Mening Sungilak. Isuma. Opulent Formuende fPekkoutdirk- 1 soak. Novelty Nyhed Nutaursusek. Orders (he) it Ordner Arkriksorpa. Now Nu Mana. Ore /Erts 1 Kangusak. Number Tal Kissitsit, Oriental Orientalsk Pauangarnitsak Numberless Utallig Kissiksaungitsok Origin Begyiidelse N'jpggovik. Nurses (she) it Ammer Milluktipa Ornament Prydelse Arsut. Wet nurse Amme Milluktitsirsok Ostentation Pralerie Ussorsitsaut. Nutmeg MuskatnLd Kassilitsok. Otherwise .Anderledes 1 Adlamik. Nutriment Fiide rNerrirseksak, v. 1 innutiksak. Oven Over it Ovn Ovenpaa Kirkseksout. Kane. VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, KNlJI.Ksll. DANISH. I'de KS(a IMAUX. SilLiinepok. KXCiLLSM. Peasant IMNISII. KSyUlMAUX. Out (It is) Bolide Naursoriksair^'-ok- Outlet Afhib Akkiit. Peel .Skal Kaliipak. Outside Ydersiden Kaliek. Pen Pen Aglaut. Owe Skylde Akkeetsornek. Penetrates (it) it Gjennemtricnger Kiblikpa. Owl I'ule Opik. Pensive Tankefuld Isumatok, Own (to) Bekjende Niclluiiccrnek. People F.ilk Innuiejt. Owner (its) Kjer ("Innua (prop, its 1^ man). Pepper Perfect (it is) Peber Fuldkommen Kassilitsok. Namaksiok. Ox Oxe Umingmak. Performs (he) it Fiildfiirer Xainaksia. Pace Skridt Abloriak. fit is perhaps Pack Byldt Ersugak. Perhaps Maaskee ■ perfect, namak- Paddle, of a "| canoe, of a boat! A are Paurtik, epiit. Peril Fare L siiierpok.* Nauviiniartok. Padlock Hirngelaas Parntcrsaut. Perish in a canoe Omkomme Kajaunek. Page in a book Pail Sidu Spand Kopernek. Kattak. Perish in a wo- "l men boat j Permits (he) it Umionek. Pain Pine Annernartok. Tillader Akkoera. Paints (he) Afnialer Arsilliok. j Perpetual Bestandig Naksaungitsok. Paint (a) Malerie Arsilliak. ; Personal, self Selv Nangminek. Pair (to) Palate Parres Gane NuUiarnek. Krillak. Persuades (he)"| him J Pert Overtaler Kajumiksarpa. Pale Bleg Asiiigarsok. Munter Krelarsok. Palpable FiJlelig Mallungnartok. ! Peruses (he) it Gjeiinemleeser Attuarkriksarpa. Pan (frying) Stegepande Syetsivik. Pestle Stiider Asserorterut. Pane Rude Igalaksak. Pew Kirkestol Ivksiavik. Paper Papiir fPapire (Dan.) (^ erruktoriursa-t. Phrase Picks (the bird) Phrase Pikker Okauzek. Ikkiiksiok. Parcel Pakke Imntak. Pickles (he) it Salter Tarajorpa. Parchment Pergamcnt Unnek. Picture Malerie -Arsilliak. Parsley Petersillie j'Naursut, naut- Piece Stykke Asserkoko. Parsnip Part (to) Pastinak Adskilles 1 jeset. Auingnek. Piety Gudsfrygt I'Nalengnek Gu- 1^ dimut. Pass Gaae Ingerdlanek. Pig Griis Polekerak(N.B.) Path Stie Akkosiningoak. Pigeon Due Due (Dan.) Patience Taalmodighed Illelarnek. Pike of a soldier Spyd Sekko. Paw Pays (he) it Kloe Betaler Kukkik. Akkillerpa. Pillow Hovedpiide [Akit, V. akisin- i goak. Pay Pea Betaling JEti Akkiksak. ^Erte (Dan.) Pilot Lods [Ilisimarsok I (N.B.) Peace Fred Erkriksinek. Pin Naal Kukkilit. Pear, apple PEcre, JEh\e Paurnarsoak. Pincers Tang Pyssugutik. Perches (the ( bird) i Sffitter sig Mipok. • Perhaps, Pinches (he) him Pines (he) " nerpok," Kniber Tseres Pyssukpa. Uingffirupok. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAdFS. 7*1 KNUI.ISH. DANISH. 1;S(^U1MAIX. j [Giidiiiiut na- 1 lektok. KM.I.ISH. DANISH. Bratning Fortali' KSl.U IM Al \. Pious Gudfrytit; Pii'i ipi( u Pivface liiiiiak. Sjulclkot. Pipe for sniokiiiy; Pihe Pyortaut. Prefers (he) it Foretrokke .y|iin'4-inerrotip,i. Pit Mul Itersak. Prepare one's self l.ave sig lil I'llersarnek. Pitch (to) Styrte Oidlunek. Present (to) Foriere 'ruiiiilrsiiii'k Pitclior Leerkriikke Maiiak. Present (a) 1 I'orieriiig 'riiiinirsul. Pity Medlidenhed N'akiiinirsusek. Present(togive a) I'or'.ere I'unnirsimk. Place Plads Inne. Presently Stra.x I'Jiigeiiiak. Plain Sictte Narksak. Preserves Syitetiiy 'riirkii'^.ik ( N, 11. - Plains (lie) it .levner Maiiniksarpa. Press Pri'sse Nakkiill.Mit. Plank Planke Segliligarsoak. Plover, bird Brokfiigl Ka|iM'(llek. IMants (he) it Planter Ikiirsorpa. Prisume Foriiidde Isuinakaiiuk. Platte Pladc Sini^arttigak. Pretence Paaskud Pajtsisiksak. Play (to) with | cards J Spille Innuarnek. Pretend I'oregive 1 Pajtsisiksarsi- [ oriuk. Pleasant Forniiyelii^' Nuennersok. Pretension Fordring Pekkorsinek. Pleases (it) him Behager Nuennera. Prevalent (it is) Ovcrlegeii Siialukpok. If thou please \lm du behager Piomaguit. Prevents (it) Forekomnier Akkornolavok. Pleasure Forniiyelse Tipejtsut. Price Priis Akke. Plenty Ma-ngde Kiic. Pride Stoltiied Makkillarsii ck. Plows (he) it Plum, pear, &c. Pltiyer Blomme, pa'ie Kreporkarpa. Paurnarsoak. Prince Pniids 1 Rongiin eriieia 1 V. erkarcllia. Point of land Nu's Nouk. Prints (he) it Trykker •Vakkrittarpa. Poison Polite Gift Hiiflig Tokonartok. InniiksianierS'ik. Princess Pniidsessc 1 Uoiigil) p.Liniia 1 V. eikarillia. Pomatum Pomade Teiiiiiistil. Prison F;i'iigsel Panr.iTsorlik. Pond Park Tessingoak. Privy, a house I'rivet Aiiatartik. Poop of a ship Bagstavii Akko. ! Pri/e 1 Priis Akke. Poor Fattig Peetsok. Produces (he) it Freinstiiler Nuisipa. Pork Flesk Poleke. Produce Fru^■t Kinguniksak. Port Port Ueriarsirksoak. Progress Freinskridt Agilliartornt'k. Postpones (he) it OpsiEtter Kakugor|i(h'S (he) M. 1 l-inlik 1 Ho.r Iglolik iimiaga. Rubs ( liei Ituddcr ( iiiidcr Rocr Resi-iis (lie) it i )p;4i\e 1 lppcrar|.,i, v, 1 kiciiiik|ia. Itiidc la) man line ( to) I'vilklldr AiiLTe Resists (lie) it .Mo(l>l;iacr .Akkeiartiirpa. Rug IMdeiit Toy Resolves (he) Rests (he) Hesliittir llviler I'iom ivck. Kassii:rrsarpok. Hiiin (to) O.lcla^gge Restore ( Jive tin^mc I'tcrlilsinck. lillle (tn) Kegjcrc Retains (he) it Returns (he) Revelation of i St. .lohii 1 In'liolilir X'eiulcr tilli;i;;f AabeiibuiiiiL;- Illiimid-a. 1 rtcrpok, V an- 1 ui'iillarpcik. TcLl.oi(llo-ak. Kill!', for the neck Hum liuinoiirs (he) it Krave Rum I'lKpredcr Revenge llievue AkkiiiiaiiK k. Kiiiis (he) l.obir Reviews (he) it f i|eiiiiciiisccr .Missiliiiu-iilarpa. Rust Rust Revokes (he) it 'rilhagckaldcr I'tei'tipa. Sabre Sahol Reward Beliiiiniiig Akke. Sack Sal Rib Rihbeen 'I'ulliin.ik. .Safe Sikker Rich Riig I'issdk. Sail Seil Rid Ikf'rie Annigoiititsiiiek. Sailor Matros Rides (the ship) Aiikrer Kisarpiit. Salmon Lax Rises (the tide) Rigs (he) him \'andet voxer Pndser IMIilerpok. 1 Arsorjia. Salt Salt Right Ret Illuartok. Salutation Hilsen Right Ret Pirseksak. Salute Salut Right hand Hdyre Imaiid Tellerpik. Salvation Frelse Ring of the ear Orenriiig Siumio. Sample Prove Ringof the finger Fingerring A >-aiiiio. 1 Sand Sand Ripe Moden Enersiinarsok. | Sands Sandiirkener Rise, get up Hejse sig Makkiiiek. i Sauce Sauce River Road Plod Vey Kok. Akkosinek. i Saucy Xcesviis Roasted Stegi Syettak. Saviour Preiser Robs (he) him Plyndrer Pejarpa. Saw Saug \ >Q\ ' MAI \. Ikkaidlok. Kakkak. Drpik. Iiiiiiipiliik. Aiivek. Illlie. Tiiiigavik. Akiiiiiaursak. .Vlaiiretsdk. Aiialagiit. Siiak. .AllLii.Uok Akkout. Nalliirsok. Pcrkriksimiiiek. Mnkohk. I I'lonig rnitil^i- I ick. NiilcL^aunek. j Saliakul, V. knn- I girscrut. Sillakaiigitsok aiikpaill.ii'i'.k. lytsiotip I. Akpajiok. Maiimrtonirk. Panna. Pok. Nauvia^iian^itsok Tiiigcrdlaiit. Kiv^ak. I'.kalhik. j 'I'arajok (adject. I tarajornitsok). I liHiiidhiarkorsi- (_ nek, Aiiiiaursinek. .Missiligut. Siorak. Innuilak. .Missiigtitiksak. I Jiiiiiiksisiman- I gitsok. nnaursirsok. Pillektout. H2 VUCAnULAIlV Ol' Till; kngmsh, KNCJI.ISM. Says (he) Scair Scali'-;, oil i\>[\ Scaiily Si.if scarce Sriinol Sclioolt't'llow Si'ioiici' Scissors Sc(iliis(!ir )at liini Score, 'JO Scorns (lit ) it Scorn Scrapes ( liu) it Scratches (lie) Scream Screens (lie) it Screw Scri|)tiire Scurvy Si'a Seafariiii; man Soalingwax Seam (a) Searches (lie) Season (suiiinicr) Seat Secret Secure (lie) is Seduces (lie) him Sees (he) Seed Seeks (he) it Seems (he) Seizes (he) him Seldom Selects (he) it Sells (he) it DANISM. Silver V'.c-, Skpej Kna|i A I Sjelcjiii Skole Skolekaininerat X'idcnskali Sax Skjiiniicr paa Ell snces lieNpottel Spot Skiiihi'i Kradser Skriije liedi.kker Skriie Skril'teii Skjiirbu;; llav S(iel'areiide Lak S('iiii S(i;^er Soiiiiiiei Sicde H( niineli^ Sikker [■"(irlorer Seer Said Silger Synes Grilier Sjelden Va^lge Stciger ISglUMAUX. Okarpok. I'lsscrsaiit. Taptanisu'l. Krdliktok. Krelerok. I".iilliii'.;iiartuk. Illiiiarlik. Iliiiiarkatc. Ilisiiiianartok. Krejntik. Naiivicrp t. Iiiiiiik (a iiiaii'^ \0 liiim rs and 10 toes). .Mitekpa. iMitekhrnek. Killiiirpa. Kiikkillektiir- piik. Nihlernek. [Peidrprt.v. niat- ) toipa. s'knir(l)an.) A,i;lekka:t. Aincluk. Imak. Iniarsiortok. Nakrirsut. Kilhik. Ujardlerjiok. Aiirsak. Ivksiavik. Aiit;iorlok. Erkrikpok. j'Ajokiersoruerd- I lukpa. Tekkovok. Kiiigiiniksak. Ujarpa. rile seems to see, I Tckkokokaii. Ti-ua. Kakutigiit. Krenner] a. Tunnia. F.Mil.lSII. Seniii';lit Sense Sciitc nee Scparalis Sei ions Scrninii Ser|ient Servant Sets sail (he) DANISH. lie) It lUgfi I Fiilel-.!' j Dom JAdskiller j Alvorlig I l*rn I sl-^ll. 1 x.U IM \l \ Sick ''y^' N.ippar--iinar«ok. "^hiiidtli wall 1 >ok. Side (its) Sidi; Sciinia. ' Snare Sii.ire \i'.;ak. Sieve (a) Sold N'akkalalenil. Snatches (he 1 it ^nappi'i Kalliua. Si^'ii Tej^n Nil lliin.irkot. Siii'ives (liel Nysci Tali^ajorpok. Silent (he is) Tier \i|iaii;;'erpok. Siiori'S I hi;) SiKukir KinUDiok. Silk (adject) Silko Satok. Snow Sn,v Apiit f Solve ( Dan, ) SiMitr Suniisliikalv Siinnorsi' Silver N(dv kaie.;iisak erd- liiiunarliik ka- 1 S(i;ip ■>n|t Sii'lie I'do.l Kakon.iiit. Akil^ok. [ kcirtck. Sod Siniids •Mill.;!). Sill (to) Syiide 1 A{ rlidliiirnek 1 ( a »iii, ajurtc). Siikjur Soldat 1 Srkkutiik,\ . sol 1 Sllklllk^ak Since (here alter ) Sidcn Kin-oiiia. Soiiu'tinies I lldertiiirii rilaiie. Sincei'i' Sin"W t-'pri-ti- Sciic Illiiiincrsorldk. Yak,. Son S(U1 1 I'lrnrk, V. iiiai 1 nak. S111--1 (he) Syn'j;'er I\ ll^rrpllk. 1 SuiiM- San- 1 ^ ll.;iTlil. Sink Synke Ajtviii^iick. Sooths ( he) Sniii^rer Kii|ariiia\ok. Sister, or brother Niister Ivailieii'.'-ut. Sore liykl Ajn.ik. Sits (he) Slddrr 1 Ivksiavols, V. HI- ^ 1 ^ipok. Sorrow Sorry Sor'4 liidrovet \llir|sM|. AlliijMiktok Situation neli;.;i;enlied Suiuesnsek. Sold Sj„.l Tai'iiek. Skates (snow) Skier Sissoraulik. Soiinil 1 iioi>e ) Lyd l'ei|)alliiiiL;iiek. Skate Sketch Skojte Ski/zi' Saidliisaiit. Arsilliak. Sound (It has 1 good) 1 Lyler ^imIi Niplglkpok, Skill Skin Dy-ti-hed Skiiid riiikiirsiisi'k. Ainek. Sound ( It lias a | had) 1 l.ydeilklr N'ipiliikpok. Sky lliiniuel Krillak. Sour Siiiir Si'rnartok. Slc(lj;e Sliede Kaiiiutik. Sows (he) It Saaer Sianiinarlipa. Sleeps (he) Sover Siiiikpok. Spade Spade Tin.; cant. Sleepy (he is) Sdvni|f rernar|)ok. Spares (he) it Spaier Ibh'ra. Sleeve /I'rme Ak. Sparks (it) (Jiiistrer Ikiiilkkpok. Slices (he) Slides (he) (ijiir tynd Glider SeL;lileriok. Sissorar|)ok. Sparrow, Eiiib. | niv. 1 Spurv Kopiinaiiarsiik Sliijht Tynd Satok. Speaks (he) Taler Ukallnkpok. Skips (he) it Spikier paa Koia. Spectacles liriUer Iis,iiir-u;k. Slope Skak KiirksaiiLTarsok. Speech Tale Okalln/.ek. Slow (he is) Laii'^'soni Ki^eipok. Speeds (he) Her Tiioviorjiok. Slumbers (he) Slimirer Siniorarpok. Spells (he) Bogstaverer Taiorpok. Small Liden Mikirsok. Spice Kryderie Kassillitsok. Smart Smertefuld Annernartok. Spirit (brandy) Spiritiis Sillakaiii^ilsok. Smell Lngt I'Tipe (its smell, [ tivka). Koiii^djiikpok. Splendour Sjilits (it) Glands Splitter I\r.blfriksih,rk. Kopivok. Smiles (he) Smiler Spoils (ho) it Spolerer Asserorpa. Smith Smed SatKortok. Sport, as a child Lefje Piiigoarnek. Smokes (he) Ryger Pyorlarpok. M Spot 2 Plet Inne. 84 VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH, KNCI.ISll. Spoilt Sprciids (it) Spring Springtide (at) Spring! iilc (it is) Springtitlf (it isT n„t) J Springle Spunge Spurs, ot a slodge Spies (he) it iSipuu'e S(]iK'eze Stable Stair L^pstairs Downstairs Stalk Stamp Star Starch Start Starve State States, lands Statues, of men Staves DANISM. i:s(H'iMAi'.\. Stay (to) Steady Steal (to) Steam Steel Steep Steers (he) Step (a) Stern of a ship Stews (he) Sticks (he) him Stiff (it is) Still Rende Spredcs Foraar Spring I Snare I Svamp 1 ' ', 0|)stand(re I IJndcrsliijrr Fiirkantet j Trykke j Staid Trappe Oppe Nede Stilk Stainpc Stjernc Stivelso Forbauses Lide Nod Tilstand Stater Statucr Staver Blive Stadig Stjffile Damp Staal Brat Styrer Trin Spejl Stuver, koger Gjenneniborer Stiv Endnu Illulinek. Siammarpok. I'pernak. I Sarfariksimet,v. [ pet. Sarfariksiok. Kingoartalcrpok. Nigak. luniigut. Napparirsii'k. Kiglisiorpa. Koaksuklok. Nininernek. Nerssulin iiina't. Majoartarlik. KalliecMiu'. Samniane. Na-ggovik. Tukarnek. Udloriak (N.B.) Kreratakot. Annilarnek. Portlungnek. Kannong-esusek. Nunret. Innursoct. (■ Nappariaiirsa't, |_ N.B. UningM k. Aultcjangersok. fTiglingnek (lie j St. tiglikpok ; thou St. tig- likpolit). Isscriak. Sissek. Fmnarsok. Akkopok. Abloriak. Akko. Outsiok. Kappiva. Kreratavck. SuUe. KNCJMSll. Stiu''- of insects Stirs (he) him up Stitch, a ilisease S ocks (lie) it DANISH. Braad ( )|)inuntrer Sting Forvarer Mave Stcen Bukker sig Standse Forraad Storm Historic Sta:?rk I Lige i Anstrconger sig Besynderlig I Freninied bloiuach Stone Stoops (he) Stop Store j Storm 1 Story i Stout I Straight Strains (he) Strange Stranger Strap, belong iiigtotheblad- \ Kobbereiu der of a canoe J Stream Striini Strength Styrke Stietclu's (he) it ! I'dstrtekker Strikes (he) liim i Slaaer I String I Snor String (shoe) ; Skoetvinde Strips (lie) him | Afklucder Strong Stcerk Struggle (they) Strides Stu[)id Dum Subdues (he) him ' Undertvinger Subject j llmlersaat Subsist, live Succeeds (it) Success Succours (he)liiin Sucks (the child) Sues (he) for it Sutlers (he) Sufficient Sugar I'-rniere sig Fblger Lykke Hjelper Dier Silver om Lider Tilstriekkelig Sukkcr KSQUIMAl'X. f Kapput (when- •i is thy St. kap- L putet nau ?) Kajumiksarpa. Ka|)|)ortitsinek. Torkorpa. Nak. Ujarak. Pupok. Uiiingiiek. Koi'. Annorasuak. Okalluktuak. Nekkortok. Nardliirsok. Aksororpok. Tnpiiignartok. Tekkornartak. Akliinak. Sarfak. Nuke, v. tengek. Isuipa. Unatarpa. .Akliinaursak. Singek. Mattarpa. Pikkunartok. Panik|)ut. I'Sillakardluang- I itsok. Kunnutipa. Nalekte. Innunek. Tugliovok. Pidluarnek. Ikiorpa. Millukpok. Krenutiga. Anniarpok. Namaktok. Sukko (Dan.) tungosungnit- sok. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. 8.'". ENGLISH. DANISH. Sominer .Aiirsak. KNGIJSH. D.VM.sH. Frygtelig Ksgi IM \l \. Summer Terrible Eiksinartok. Sim Sol Sekkiiiek. Test I'riive Missili.j;ut. Sun (tiie) rises .Slaaer op Niiner])()k. Totil'y licvidiic riniipk.irnek . Sun (the) sets (iaaer ned Tarrilerpok. Thanks Tak KiijaiKik. Sure (to be) Sikkert lilonnit. Thaws (it) Tiler Issengiarpok. Surgeon Doctor Xekkursairsok Thick Tyk Irvsortdk. Surrounds (he) it Oiiiringer Ungalorpa. Thief Tvv Tigliktok. Surveys (lie) it Beseer det j Kreiiiierpa, v. (^ tagusarpa. Thigh Thiniljlc Laar Eiiigerbiil Ikpat. Tikek. Suspect Mistanikt I'assirsak. Thing Ting I'ik. Swallows (he) it Svtclger det Eia. I'hin Tyiid Satok. Sweats (he) Svcder Kieg.ikpok. Think TiiMike I'rkarsaruek. Sweei)s (he) it Fejer det Sengiarpa. Thirst Tiirst Inierosuiiuiiek. Swift of foot Let Okrillarsok. Thirsty Tilrsiig lmerosukt(jk. Swims (he) Sviimmer Nellokpuk. Thistle Tidsel Kenariksuk. Swings (he) it Swoons (he) Svinger det Besvimer .\ulapa Oiinarsiok. Thorn Torn 1 Kakkidlarjit k 1 otaur.-ak. Sword Sva'rtl Fii'p.p.a. Thought T.mke Erkarsaiit. Symptom Syintom Na'llunffirkot. Tluashes the ox Tiersker Tiikarpuk. Syrup Sirup Tungasungiiitsuk Thread Traad \ aluksak. Table Tail, of a dog Bord Hale Nekkrivik. I'Pamiok (not ol' 1 a bird). Threatens (he) i him J Thrives (a plant) Truer ham Vozcr Syorasarpa. Xauvuk. Takes (he) it Tager del Tigua. Throat Strube det Torkluk. Talk Talc Okallungnek. Throws (he) it Raster Nellukpa. Tall H.iy Tekkirsok. Thumb ToinmelHnger Kiidlo. Tallow Talg Tunno. Thunder Torden Iktolarnek. Tame Tain Nyoitsok. Tick (to) Borge Akkeetsornik. Tankard Kruus Imertarbik. Tide (the) rises Vandet vozer L'llilcrpok. Tar Tj-,i;re Uvserut. Tide (the) falls Vandet falder Tiimilerpok. Tarry Nijle Mullunek. Tie Baand Krelernt. Task Dagvaerk Sullieksak. Tight Ttct Sukangursok. Tastes (he) it Smager det Ursserpa. Till (a) SkuHe Anuirsariak. Taylor Skra:der Mersortok. Time (day ) Tid, v. Da- Udlok. Tea Thee The (Dan). Tin Tin Akkertlursak. Teaches (he) him Underviser ham .\joka'rsorpa, Tinder Tiinder Arksaligak. Tear Taare Kodlilinek. rinder-box Fyrtijndc Ikitsiiiiut. Teases (he) him Driller ham Iniuikotiga. Tires (it) him Flager ham iudlokopa. Telescope Kikkort Keriuit. Tiresome Kjedelig iMdlokrinartok. Tell Sige Okarnek. Toe Taae Isigak. Tempest (it is) Er Storm r Annordlersor- 1 sovok. Toil (to) Tolerable Slu'bo Taalelig Aksorornek. Arktornangitsok Tends (he) him Betjener ham Kivgartoiipa. Tomb Grav Illivek. Tender, servant Tjeiier Kivgak. Tongs Tang Pyssugut. Tent Telt Tupek. Tools Tiiy Sennetit. 86 VOCABULARY 01- THE ENGLISH, KXOI.ISII. 11 VMSII. r.s(ji;iMAUX. Kigut. KNGI.ISH. DANISH. J.S(iLI.\lAU\. Tontli Tand Twins Tvilliufier Mardlulliiek. Torcli Kirkolys Nenneroursoak. Twist Fleming Perdlak. Toiineiil Pine Anniaut. Tvpe Sindbilled Arssersout. Touches (he) it Heiiirer dot Aktorpa. IVly H-.eslig Pinnetsok. Tows (lie) Hon'serer Kallii)ok. I'ltimalely Tilsidst Kesa. Towards the trte Tower Mod Triret Taarn 1 ()rpin<;inui (to- 1 wards, mut). Kukkalliak. L'nd)rolla Inaecountable Skjierm Uforklarlig Ulle. [ Nudlunejeksa- 1 ungiisok. Town Traces (he) him Bye I'oluor ham Iglorperksoit. Mallikpa. rnaffectod 1 Ubevivget 1 Kibligunekan- L gitsok. Tia.le Handle Pissiniarnck. Liianiuious Samdru'gtige lllegeoglutik. Traiiis(lie)theiM 1 — dops j Over dem Sungiursarpoj. Unavoidable Uundgauelig J lugaleksaun- [ gitsok (N.B.) Train, of a biril Hale Fu-le Pavkit. Unbeooniing Usiimmelig linuudluktok. Train (.ii Transfers (ho) it Tran Sliort Brinjior dot Orksok. Xoksarpa. rnburdens it Alliesses I Ussierpok (a [ sledge). Translates (he) it Dversicttor tlot N'ukterpa. Unbuttons (ho) it Opknapper den Attesierpa. Transmits (he) it Ovorsender dot N'eksiupa. ! Uncertain Uvis Opernangitsok. Tiaji (I'ox) J'lulde Pudlek. j Uncivil Ul-.,lii, Imuiksiarnetsok. Travels (he) Travellers Uojser Rejsende Ingerdlavok. Inuerdlarsok. 1 Uncle, father's"! ! brother | Onk( Aka. Treacles (lie) it Treason Troder |)aa I'ornederie Tungnuirpa. Kiirlout. '. Undeniable Uuirgtelig 1 Missieksaun- [ gitsok(N.B.) Treasure Skat Akkiksaut. . Underneath it Underneden Attane. Treats (he) him liova^rter En Nerdlorpa. Understands (he) Forstaaer iSiunekarpok. Tree Tr;Tj Orpik. Understanding Forstand Silla. Trespasses (he) l-e|ler Kii;lornuvok. ; Undertakes(he)it Fursijger det Ursserpu. Trial Tricks (he) him Fristelse Bedrager ham rrssernartok. Se;;iokrittarpa. Underwrite j Skrivo under 1 Attane agleng- \ nek (N.B.) TriHe Tri})!es (he) it Smaating- Trodobbler Piungitsok. Pingaseriarpa. 1 Underwriter Undorskrevne J Attane agle- [_ gaursok. Trot Trouble Trav Besvicrlighed Pannalingnok. Erdlokirsut. Undone (I am) Odelagt (' Nicglingnak- j aunga. True (he is) Sandrue (or) Segiunjiilak. Undress Afkliede ALittarnek. Truth Saiidluid Sciilungitsusek. lindressed AfkUcdt ALittarsiniarsok. Trios (ho) it Priiver det I'rsserpa. Uneasy (ho is) Urolig Kollarpok. Tub Kar lukorsi\ik. Unequal things Llige Arsigoensitsuf. Tumour Svulst Pudlengnek. Uneven ground Ujevn Maneetsok. Tune, of a hymn Melodic I'.rinak. Unexpectedly Pludselig Tersaugainak. Turn X'ende si^j; Kaviiick. Unfair Urodelig Pokkoserdluktok Turns (he) it Dreier det Kavilipa. 1 Unlit Unyttigt -Attungitsok. Turner Drejor (en) Kavititsirsok. ' Uidblds (he) it Udbredcr det Issatikpa. Turnip ^ Turnip (S\ved.)( Roj Nautseiak. 1 Unfortunate L'ngratoful Uheldig Utaknennnelig Pidluangitsok. Kujasu'i'tsok. Twilight (it is) Tusniorke (er) Tarsarpuk Uniform things I'^rnsformige Arsigeeksut. I MMTBi-nfiTrrrT" itrrnfiin Uf««AUti3^ttff DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. KNCiLlSTI. Union Unknown Unlawful Unlimited Unlucky Unnecessary Unpaid Unpleasant Unreasonable Unreserved Unruly Unseen Unsettled Unshaken Unsteady Uiithought Until I die Until we rot urn Untruth Unusual Unwieldy Upright Urges (he) him Urn Use Useful Usual Utter (in the sea) Vain Vain (in) Valet Valley Value Vanity Vapour Various Vary DAMSIl. Forcening Ukjendt Ulovlig riifgru'ndsct Ulykkelig Unddvcndig Ubetalt L'fornoyelig Ufornuftig Aabenlijertig Uregjerlig Usyiilig Uhcsfandig Urokkelig Ustadig Upaatoenkt Til niin diid (Til \i koMinie t ig.ien Usandscd Usfi^dvanlig Tung RetskatVen Tilskyndcr Urno Skik Nyttig Sredvardig Vderst ForfuMigelig Forja'ves Tjener Dal VuTd Forfii'ngelighed Dunst Forskjellige Forandre i;sgilM.\i:\. F.NCil.ISH ■1 Illegeenguek. llirsaritigitsak. liuuTligak. Kiiiiikaui^itstik. I'idliU'jtsok. I'Pirsariakangit- [ sok. Akkectsiigak. j Ti|ii'jtsung- I nangitsok. Sillakaiigitsok. Pekkoserdlun- gitsok. l-'fcreetsok. Tekkuksaun- gilsok. Anlnjarsok. Auliijangcrsok. Aulajarsok. Erkarsautigir- saungitsok. Tokytserdlunrra. Utilcrserdhitii. Seglo. Attortangitsok. Oketsok. liluartok. Okaukriksarpa. Marrak. lileikok. Attortok. Attortartok. Anasiksuk. Piungitsok. Iinaghet. Kivgak. Korok. Akke. Piungitsusek. Pyok. Arsigeengitsnt. Adhmgortitsinek • Ajuiip:iliili, till' primitive of tlieae words sii^'aifies, he, she, the E.s(|uimaux language. Vault Vc':.;i'tal)les \'vt\ Vein Venal tilings Ventures (he) Verbal (with words) Verdict Verse Very N'esscl (whale boat) \'exes (he) him \'ice X'ictini Victory Vie, at ptdiing'l (see i)uil) I \'iows (he) it Vigour Miiegar Violates (he i it — a promise Violence V^irtue Virtuous Visible Voice V^omit \'ow V^oyage Vulneratcs (he) him Wade Wafer Waft Wan-es Waggon it IS good, or fit ; DANISH. Sciref, Locum (iriiiisager Shier A are I"ail)uiicii Viiver Med Onl lyientli Im' Vers .Meget Fartliy P lager iiain Last (Jtfer Sejer Kappes Besecr det Kraft Viintedike Krienker ham Voldsomiied Dyd Dydig Synlig Stem me Spye Liifte Rejse Saarer haiii Vade \'atrel Fiyde llyre Vogn riiiii|iLiiiiit. VciM' (Dan ) Aksnl. Uiniajtsiak. Naglcia. Vjurtidiioidiihi- tounik. Tiiniiirsiii ii>- koteksiik. Ajugaunek . l'"liiikaniim(k (kaniuiick i- L 10). Te,\kor(ilorpa. Nuke. Scrnartok. Uiiniorkolipa. Angntauscrsoii- nek, Aiiiiigitsnsek. ' Ajiingitsok. Tekkuksaiirsok. Nipc. Mcriarnek. Unnersiigak. Ingerdlanck. Ikkil('r|ia. Nellorarnck. Igalaiirsak. N.li. Puklanek. Kivgarloiil. Arksakaursolik. a word for moral goodness is vi-aiitiin; in 88 \OCABULARY 01- THE ENGLISH, KXC.I.ISIl. Wainscot Waist Waistcoat Waits (he) liiiii Wakes Wakens (lie) WakcDs (he) liini Walk (to) Wall Wander Want (a) \Var Warliles (it) Warehouse Warmtii Warns (he) iiini Warrants (he) it Wasp Wastes it Watclies (lie) Watch Watchmaker Water (fresh) Waterman Wave Wavers Waxes (it) Way Weak Weakens (he) Weakness Wealth Wealthy Wears it Weary Weather Weaves (he) Wedding Wedges (he) it Wedlock DANISH. Vognskud Midie Vest V'ent^r Vanger X'aagner Virkkcr Spadsere V«-g Vandre i\Iangel Krig Ba.vcr Provianthod Varme Advarcr iuim lickncftcr dct Vrs])c I'orgaaer Vaager rhr I'linuager V'and Fargeniaiid Vove, v. Biilue Vakier Voxer Svag Svii'kkcs Svaghed lligdoni Rilg Opslides Tru.t Vcjr Vu'ver lirylhip Kiiiver yEgteskab KSQt IMAUX. Segliligaknian- gertok, N.B. Krctek. Akangitsok. I'takkria. I'lrkomavok. Iterpok. Ilersarpa. Pissiingnok. Karmak. Ingerdlanek. Ajorsaut. Sekkuanfik. Aulavok. Angoarhik. Kick. Syorasarpa. Narkriksorpa. I'lgytsarsoak. Nungulerpok. Piuarpok. Xiellmurrkotak. I iVa'lhinan-kut- [ siortnk. Inu'k. Ikanrsirsok. Mailik. Aidavnk. AgiUiartnrpok. Akkosinek. Sengetsok. AjiiK'rpok. Ajidersusek. r Pckkouterperk I soit. Pekkontilik. Asseroriartorpok. Kassursok. Silla. Ikarti'.eriok. Xniiiartarnek. Kopiva. Nulliareengnek. i;N(il.lSll. DAMSH. i \\'eek 1 I W eep Weighs (he) it Weight Well Wet Wiieat Wheel Whel[) of a dog Wherefore Wliets (he) it While he \V(-eps Wiiip j Whiskers (beard; ii "hisper ' Whistle White Whitsuntide Whole Wholesome Wicked Wide Widens it Widow \\ idower Width Wife Wild Wilderness Wile Will (I) Wills (he) Wind Window Wine Wink Winter Wipes (he) it Uge (irsrdc Vejer Voegt Vel Vaad Hvedc Hjid llvalp Hvofor Hvu'sser den iMedens, lat.dnni Pidsk Hakkenhart Hviske Floyte Hvid Pindsetid Heel Sund Ryggcsliis Viid (Del) bliver viidt Enke I'.nkemand Vide Kone Viid Orken List .leg vil Vil Vind Vindue Viin Vinke Vinter Afttirrer KSQl IMAIX. Sabbatikakku- nerok, v. Ud- lut arbanek — mardluk. Krianek. Urssersarpa. IJrssersaut. Ajnngitsomik. Kausersok. Hvede (Dan.) Arksakaursok. Kreninu^rak. Saag ? Ipiksarpa. Kriamet.* Ipperantak. Umik. Issirvsornek. Uingiarnek. Kakortok. Pintse (Dan.) Illnitsok. Perkriksairsok. p\jortullioroma- |_ tok. Xi rotok. Nerotungorpok. Uiglarnek. Xullii'rnek. Xerotonrsusek, Xidliak. Nyoartok. Innukajnitsok. fPekkoserdlung I nek. Piomavonga. Piomavok. Annorc. Igalak. Vine (Dan.) Isingmiksainek. Okiok. Alierterpa. • While is tniiisliUed hv n mood of t)ie verb whereto it belongs. •«ni DANISH, AND FJ5QUIMAUX LANGUAGES. K9 ENUMSH. DANISH. KSQl'IMAUX. ENGLISH. DANISM. Stakkel ESQl'lMAl'X. Wise Viis Ilisimarsok. Wretcii Innukuluk. Wish Onskc Kiksarnek. Wretched I'^lendig Nagliuklok. Wit Forstand SiUa. Wrinkle Itynke Erkriuek. Withdraws Mie) Gaaer bort Audlarpok. Wrist Haandled Arksaul. Withers it Visner Tokolerpok. Writ Skrift Aglegak. Witness Vidne Narkrikse. Writes (he) Skriver Aglekpok. Wolf Ulv Aniarok. Writing-desk SkrivL'pult Aglektarbik. Woman Quinde Arnak. Wrong Feil Kiglok, Wonders (he) Wonderful Forundres Forunderlig Tupigosukpok. Tupingnartok. Wrong (I am) Jeg feiler C Kigioriuivont^ii, V. sej^lov ^^ ^™" "~"~ ^~ "^^~ g fc; '/. o o 'n c s ;« a s CA s Urn 2 o z c o o c s c o a .2 V s H <=5 O 1 o s o eft in ca c o S _o 0) c o 5 'i7j o c •rt o o 5 ''7 ii 2 o a; pa c CO CO 00 ..^ Oi c* ^ 1^ OO c J CO 00 •^ ■* >0 1 01 1 •s.ix.is iHoq JO imox X) o CO lO o TT "O 05 CT> O CO 1> "O UO CO O 1 1^ 1 o CO >.-l CO T< lO CO CI CI d »0 1 CO 1 ■^ 1 »o 1 1 "^ •P'lO.I. c>:> 00 ^H c-» CO Cl5 CO 1^ c -. 00 CO >0 01 -r 00 c a o ^.' ?^ CO : 05 : -f i-O CI ■^ CO i- .. ^ : 1.0 o 1 lO 05 CO — 'N <>» c 1 .- "• ^ CI 1 CO 1 5; " it CO o Tf t.-^ 00 Of -t ct c> - O Tf — o 1 •^ CD ■n lO 1 o c» c F^ ■* 00 a l^ - CI TJ< lO -. CI •* o o 1 18 ot -^ — 1 - 1 §^S 1^ c-> 1 CO o o CO OO ■^ CI c» — CI CO Tf t^ > — . 1 ^^ ■SMOpi_\\ CO lO 1^ _ .^ ^ 00 CO CO •^ t> i^ CO l^ O >* 1 1- 1 ■~o n c> (N CI CI "CI 1 o 1 1 CO 1 •p3lJiV.I\[ Kr- _^ CT) o c~- ■ CO o a-. o .7) Tf i> CO 00 Tf CO co tJ5 CO •i" l^ 00 CO - rf 1.0 CI 'i' 00 t- — 1 OO 1 •l«101 05 00 t^ CO "O CO 05 ■* 00 o t^ - CO O CO lO CO C5 - lO r- CO 1 00 CO CO "O 1 ^ - 2 CO Ci ^^ o CI o t^ - CI -^ l^ « CO rt< OO O 1 >^ a — -^ -^ 1 - 1 1=^1 >o t^ C2 lO CO t^ to CO .-o - . Tji t^ CO Ol 1-0 CI 1 lO I , , •* 00 l^ CI •^ CD Tf N ^ 1 d CI l> 1 CTl 1 rt ■^ S, *• — 1 CO 1 •sjaMopivY CO CO 00 d CO CO •* - < t^ — ; "^ CI t^ CI lO — CO •paijjBH ^H __^ t^ o •o 00 o CO t- CO O 00 t^ 00 00 oc 1 (>3 CO o ■* CO OO 1.0 - t" -f CM tT l^ 1 CO 1 — ' 1 1^ 1 ■I azilclnqnf) ^ - - CO CO i-O — CI c» f-^ OS o o i^ OO o CO 1^ rr ™ O 1 CI 1 ■pozudug 'O lO o Tf lO Oi Ol O CO i> »o ■O CO O 1 CI 1 o CO Tf >0 c C< CI p— CI lO 1 ■^ 1 1 -t , . ^_^ -~~- • • ..li: * "3 > — , ^ — ^ o C 2 o ^ 3 O I- s < -5 -n t 'a? o /— — c*. a Ui a. 3 0) O c u o -■ c ^ 3 £; o 1 c 3 Cm o ^ 'C w u. > c 0) 3 ■fe O Q u — > u s H 0) c s ♦J 3 S2 5 -a 0) o at tn 8 c pa a 4-) O c c a 1 bo ' t. O c 'B en a; c '6 en o 1 1) -a 3 n 3 J3 c c s > ca u ct c o c a; tn •a ,C 'C a. c 2 '? c > c c o B E ■< PH p^; O «] ffi u a: C c 1—3 US c rt a o -o "O -Q o u tj '« ■e ■TS ■e "« "« u s DIALOGUES ENGLISH, DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. N '2 DIALOGUES, &c. KNtiLlSll. Relating to Coasts, Land, &c. Have you seen tlie land ? How far is the land? How near is the land ? In what direction is the land ? Point to the land. Where is the water ? Point to the water. W hat is the name of the land seen ? What is the water's name ? Do you know the land ? Can we sail through this channel ? Is the water deep < How deep? How shallow ? Is there a river there? Point to the river. Which is the road ? Go before us. When is it high water? When is it low water ? Can we anchor ? Are you a pilot ? I want a pilot. Are you going on shore ? May we land ? Will you come back ? When will you? Come to us again. Do you sleep on shore ? Do you come to-morrow ? Come back to-morrow. Come in two days. Is there a good harbour ? Is the harbour bad ? Is the bottom locky ? Is the bottom mud ? Is the bottom sand? Is the bottom clay ? DANISH. Har Du sect Land? Hvor langt er Landet borte ? Hvor nier er Landet ? Hvor er Landet ? Peeg paa Landet. Hvor er Vaiidet ? Peog paa V'andet. Hvad er Navnet paa Landet, vi see? Hvad er Vandcts Navn? Kjender Du Landet? Kunne vi sejle gjennem dette Sund ? Er Vandet djbt? Hvor dybt ? Hvor grundt ? Er dcr en Elv? Peeg efter Elven. Hvor er Vcjen ? Gaae foran. Naar bliver Vandet hojt ? Naar lavt Vande ? Kan vi ankre? Er du Lods ? legvilde have Lods. Gaaer du i Land ? Maae vi lande ? Vil du konime tilbage. Hvor vil du hen? Kom igjen til os. Vil du sove i Land ? Komnier du imorgen ? Kom igjeu imorgen. Kom i overmorgen. Er der god Havn ? Er Havnen slet? Er der Steen i Bunden ? Er der Dynd ? Er der Sand? Er der Leer? KSyllMAlX. Nana tekkogalloarpiuk ? Nuua kannong ungesiksiga ? Nuiia kannok k. iinitiga? Nuna nau? Nuna tikoardlugo. Iniak nau ? Imak tikoardlugo. t Kannong-attekarpa nuna tekkur- \ sarput ( Imaug una kannong attekarpa ? Nuna ilirsaraiuk ? Ugoua ikkerasakut akkutiksakarpa ' Imak itisimava? Kaimong itirsiga? Kannong-ikkatiga ? Ouane kogejtsiakarpa? Kok tikoardlugo. Sukut pissaugut? Siulersortigut. Kakugo ullissava? Kakugo tintiissava ? Kisarsiuuavogut ? Ilisimarsovit ? Ilisimarsomik piomagalloarponga. Ikaissavit (siksamut) ? Ikarkovisigut, v. aposinnavogut ? Utissavit (taniaunga) ? Sumut jjissavit? Uterfigisigut. Nuname sinissavit? Akkago ikaissavit? Akkago ania ikkardlutit. Akkagoane ikarniarit. Ajuugitsomik kisarfikarpa ? Kisarfik ajorpa ? Nakka ujarakarpa ? Nakka mauvarnarpa? Nakka syorakarpa ? Nakka marrakarpa? 94 l)IAr,OnUES IN THK KNGLISH, I'.NOI.ISIl. DANISH. F.SQri.MAL'.S. What murk is that ? Hvad MuMke er dette ? Sunauna niulluniErkotak ? Is thiTc; a cMirirnt ? Er der en Strom ? Sarfakarpa ? Which way does it \^o ' Hvad Vey gaucr den ? Sunuit sarfarpa ? Is the riirrent strong f Er Strornmen stirrk ? Sarfarkulukpa? I shall ;;o on shore. ,leg vilgaae i Land. .Apossaunga. I shall not go on shore. Jcg gaaer ej i Land. Ap69sengilanga. 1 shall slei'|) on shore. .leg vil sove i Land. Nunanie sinissaunga. My boat is on shore. Min Haad er i Land. Umiajtsiara siksam(|wk. A man is on shore. En Mand er i Land. Siksame kivgakarpoiiga. Is the landing good ? Er Landeplasen god ? .Aponeng ajornangila ? Is there reindeer tiiere ' Er der Rensdyr ? Tnktokarpa ? Arc foxis there? Er der Rirve ? Terianniakarpa ? Are hares there ? Er tier Harer? Ukadlekarpa? Are bears there ? Ivr der Bjikne? Nennokarpa? I shall take a rope on shore. Jeg vil fiire en Line i Land ? Siksame pittukomarpaka. Make fast the rope. Gjiir Touget fast. Pittuta siikaglugo. Cut the rope. Kap Touget ! Pittouta kippivdliigo! Loose the rope. Los! Pittursardlugo! Make fast. Fast ! Pittuglugo ! ilr.LATiNci TO Wind AND Wkather. O.M VlND OO Vl'.lll. SlLLA.MIK AnNORK.MK.LO. What do you think of the weather ? Hvad tienker du om V'ejret? Silla kannong — essesugaiuk ? Do you think the wind will continue? Tienker du at Vinden vil blive ved ? Annorc tajmaeginnaissanerpok ? Will the wind change ' Vil Viiiden forandres ? (See, A) Shall we have rain ? Vil det regne ? Siedlilissaua? Shall we have snow ? V!l det snee? Apissaua ? Shall ii be calm ? Oliver detstille? Kaitsyssava? Shall it blow ? Vil detblwse? Annordlilissaua ? Will it be fair wind ? Faae vi god Vind ? Orkomiaissaugut ? Will the weather be good ? Oliver Vej ret godt ? Silla ajyssengila? Has there been snow ? Har det sneet? Aputekaralloarpise ? Has there been wind ? Har det bla>st ? Annordleralloarpa ? Has there been rain ? Har det regnet ? Siedleralloarpa? Has there been frost? Har det frosset ? Issekaralloarpa ? Does it freeze ? Fryser det ? Issekarpa ? It freezes. Det fryser. Issekau. It did freeze hard. Det frcis haardt. Issekulukalloarkau. Frostbitten. Som har Frost. Krerisimarsok. Are you frostbitten ? Hardu Frost? Krerisimavit? Is theie ice '!^"re ? Er der lis der? Tersane sikkokarpa ? There is much ice. Meget lis. Sikkokarkulukpok. There is little ice. Lidt lis. Ingmangoak. There is plenty of water. Vand nok. Akkutiksakarpok* (pa). No water. In gen Vand. Akkutiksakangilak. I way gaUaU'.tiM whI DANISH, AND KSQUIMAUX LANCiUAGKS, KNUIJSH. No ice. Icebergs. Is the ice broken ii|> f Is it frozen over ? There is no ice. The ice is not l)roken. There is no water. Tiie weatiier was l)a(l. The weather was good. The weatiier was Ibggy. Tlie weatiier was clear. In thick weather. In bati weather. In good weather. I think a fog is coming on. I think the weather \( ill continue a> we have it now. It is a fair wind. It is a fonl wind. It is a calm. A baffling wind. It is a hard gale This has been a nuld season. This has been a bad season. There has been much wind. There has been much cold. Is there ice there west ? Is there ice there north ( Is there ice there south f Is there ice there east? The winter was very cold. The spring was a bad season. AllMS, &c. Knives. Spears. Bows. Arrows. Guns. Muskets. Cutlasses. Books. Compasses. Sundries. DANISH. Ingeii lis. lisfirlde. l'"r iscn brudt ' I'.r dcr lagt til ' Dcr er iiigen lis. Isen er ikke brudt. Der er ingen V'and. Vejrct var ondl. Vejret var godt. Vcjret var taaget. Vcjret var klart. I tykt Vcjr. I ondt Vcjr. I godt Vcjr. Det bliver visi taaget. .IcgtiviikerVejretvilblivedetsamme. Det er god Vind. Det er Modvind. Det er Stille. Kaitsorpok. Det er omliibendc. Annore nellinginak. Det hlii'ser <)|i. Nektimalerjiok. Det liar vicict niildt. Kiekalloarpok. Det liar vieret uroligt. Annordleinaralloarpok. Det bar blicst nieget. Aiinordleinaralloarpok. Det bar vierct uiegct kolilt. Issekiilukalloarkau. Er der lis Vest pu' ' Samnianc sikkokarpa ' !•> der lis Nord paa ' Auane sikkokarpa? Kr der lis Syd paa? Kauane sikkokarpa f Er der lis Olst jiaa? Pauane sikkokarpa ' I Vinttr var detkoldt. Okiok issckulukalloaikaii. I Foraar var del uroligt Veir. Upernigavta annordler dloarpok Knive. Savect (one, savik). Spyde. Ivallugirsret. Buer. Pissiksit. Pile. Karksut. Kanoner. Auleirksoit. Flinte. Aulejsit. Sabler. Pienncet. AnsivU.LKiT. Nr.I.LlNGINAK. Boger. Attuaikkii't. Compasser. Ntelluneerkotit. KSyi IMAUX. Sikk(uigilak. Illulirsii't. Sikkou'ru|)a sikkoierupok f Sikkoinangolerpa ? Sikkokangilak. Sikkoierusiniangilak. Sikkoinavdk, v. akkutiksakaiigihik Silhi ajoralhiarpok Silla ajiingikalliiarpok. Silhi py()lirks()\(>k. Silla alaralloarpok. Silla pyorsorsomet. Silla ajornu't. Silla ajungiinet. Pyolissakokaii. Silla tajmaeginnaissakokaii. Arkomiarpogut. Arksorj)ogut. 98 DIALOGUES IN THE ENOLISII, KNOI.ISir. ClIIIVII!!. Casks. Sliucs. Bhiiikcts. Skill (outer jacket). Skill (iiiiicr jacket). Trousers. Huots. Shoes, Scissors. Razor. Needles. Thread. Corks. I wish to sell (it). I wish to buy (it). I wish to exdiange (it). I wont sell (it). 1 Wont buy (it). I wont ex('iiiini,^e (it). V.AIIIOUS. I want to borrow it. Will you lend ? I will lend it. I will nut lend it. How many ' Where are you going? When do you come again Are you going far away ? Are you going north ? .\re you going south ? Are you going east ? Are you going west ? Uo you walk '. Do you take a sledge ? Are you alone ? Who is with you ? What do you ask for '. What will you take for ? What news have you ? Very good news. Very bad news. It is war. DANISH. Sejldu^'. Iluer. Skoe. I.agencr. Yder Pelts. I'nder Pelt*. Duxer. Stovler. .Sax. Ragekniv. Synaale. Tniad. Pro|i[ier. Jeg vil srt'lge. Jeg vil kjiibe. ,Ieg vil bytte. .leg vil ikke sa-lge. .leg vd ikke kjiibe. Jeg vil ikke bvtte. Jeg viUle laane del. Vil du laane. Jeg vil laane. .leg vil ikke laaiie. Hvormange ' llvorhen vil du ? Naar komnier du igjen ? Skal du langt bort ? Skal du nord paa ? Shal du syd paa ' Skal du iister paa ' Skal du vester paa f Skal (111 gaae ? Skal du kjiire ? Er du allene ? Hvo er med dig? Hvad vil du ? Hvad vil du have derfor < Hvad Nyt har du ? Goilt Nyt. Onde Tidender. I Der er Krig, KSCjUIMAU.X. Tingerdlautiksak. Nesiet. Atteraiirau't. Tiiiigit. Nejtsek. TingmirsDGt. Kardleet. Kaiiiigit (sing, kannk). Si'c before, or isigaimet. Krejiitik. Ungiaiit. Merkiiiit. Yalursiet. Siineet. Ttiniiioinagalloari)aia. Pissiniaroinagalloarpara. Taiirsioinagalloarpara. Tunnioinangilara. Pissiiiiaioniangilara. Taursiiiiaroinaiigilara. Atlartoroinagalloarpar . Attorkoviuk ? Attorkoara. Attorkongiiara. Kapsit ? Sumut pissavit ? Kakugo utissavit ? Ungcsiksomiin audlaissavit ' Auonga pissavit? Kauonga ])issavit ? Pauonga pissavit ? Saininunga pissavit ? Pissyssavit ? Kremuksissavit ? Kissiiigorpit ? Kina illcgaiuk ? Siimik ? Suinik ? Sumik tussaralloarpit ' Tussu'kketin ajungilajt. Tusstekketin ajorpiet. Sekkuaursokarpok . r^<. DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. !>7 KNCiUSH. It is |)Ciicc. TlitTc in a 4uunt)l. They fight. Tiit-y hav(! fought. Will tight (thfy). Are you iirmed ? I iiuve been attuckcd. I IxMt him. I was beutt'ii. He is wounded. He is killed. \Viiere are you come I'l-.m ? 'V here do you belong lo ? ♦Vhere are you going ? When ar,' vou n .pig ? Wlicre are llirv going ? Where do thty belong tf ; When are they going ' How far '. Which way By water. By land. Stop while yon are till I come back Do not wait for me. Wait for niu heie. Wait for me there, Are you ready to go ? When will you be ready ? Do you believe it < Do you advise ? Why don't you answer ' Have you any thing for me, or any one else ? Do you like it ? Don't like it. What is the matter ? Where shall we meet ? Will you attempt, or try ? Is that true? Is that not true. A disturbance has broken out among the — . Send a party of men. I will send men. DANIHII. Der er Fred. Der er Strid. De slaaes. De have itlaaeti. De ville slaaes. Hr du heviebnet ? Jng blev anfaldt. .leg slog hau). Jeg blev slaaet. Han er saaret. Han er dnibt. Hvorfra er du f Hvor hiirer du hjentme ? Hvorhen gkal du ? Naar reyser du '. Hvor sklle de hen ? Hvor have de hjennne ^ Naar sklh^ de rejse. Hvor langt ? Hvad Vey ? Til Vand«. Over Li 'd Bie hvor (;'i ei til jeg kommer igjen. Die ikke efter mig. Bie her efter mig. Bie der efter mig. Er du fix-rdig at gaat' ? Naar bliver du fu:rdig '. Troer du det ? Mener du ' Hvi svarer tin ey ''. Hardunogettilmigcllernogenanden' Kan il lide det' Kan ). Sa'lhunde. Puirsit. Hooded seal (phoca cristata). Klapmyds. Nejtsersoak. Common seal (phoca vitidina). Spraglet Siclhund. Kassigiak. Harp seal (phoca Groanlandica). Svartisden. Atak. Great seal (phoca barbata). Renimesu'l. Takamugak, v. urksnk. Rough seal (phoca hispida). Fjord su'l. (Junior) millaktok. White seal (phoca leporina). Soeharen. Ukalerajek. Small seal (ph. barb, pidlus). Un Uksukunge. Terkigluk. FtKtus of a seal, or its unborn youag. Iblau ufodt Sal Iblau. Sea unicorn (nionodon nionoceros). Narhval. Kernektak. Dolphin (delphinis delpiiis). Marsviin. Nesa. Wolverine (gulo Inscus). Kaeweek. Whales, &c. (ccte). Hvalfisk. Arfek. (balena physalus). Finnefisk, Tunnolik. ,.-l x^' DANISH, AND ESQUIMAUX LANGUAGES. KNGLISH. DANISH. KSQIHMAI'X. Whales, &c. (balena musculus). Kreporkairiak. (balena rostrata). Svserdfisk. Tik;igulik. (balena myslietiis). Bardehvalen. Arl'avt'k, v. sokalik. White whale (delphinus albicans) Hvedfisk. Krelolluak. Fish (salmo rivalis). Bcekored. .Auui'irdk'k, v. ukalliiirak. Salmon (salmo scorpio). Krebseiiksok. (salmo al|)iniis). Ivisarok. Codfish (j^adusreglesinus). Kuller. Misurkoniak. (gadus callarius). Kabliau. Suraudlik. (gadus morpua). Skrijtersk. Sarndlirksoak. (gadus barbatiis), Torsk. Oirak. H allibut ( pleuronectes hippoglossus) . Helleflynder. N'ettarnak. Eel (angulla vulgaris). Aal. Ninieriak. Corriphine (coryphoena rupestris). Borglax. Ingniingoak. Mytilus edulis. Musling. Uid! '. Antique labrus (labrus exoletus). Blaastaal. t*'r iileniak. Sepia loligo. Blsekspruten. .Vniikuk. Lobster (cancer norvegirus). Hummer. Nauhrnak. A bee. En Die. Egytsak. Pike-headed whale (balacna boops). Butskop. Krepork&k. Gunnel blenny(blennius gunnellus). Tangsprel. Kurksaunak. Ascaris vermicularis. Barneorm. Koartak. Physeter macrocephalus. Eaciielot. Kigutilik. Aranea saccata. Edderkop. Ausiek. Rough seal (phoca hispida). Fjordsffil. Nejtsek. Areolated blenny (blenn. lumpenus). Tangspret. Tejiunak. Musca stercoraria. Anariak. Tabanus Graenlandicus. Vandbie. Miluiak. Musca vivax. "l Milniarsuk. Volucella lapponica. J Musca vomitoria. Spyfiue. Niviiigak. Pool salmon (salmo stagnalis). En 6 red. Ekalluki'ik. Mya hyssifera. Gaberskjael. Menningoak. Mya truncata. Sandskjffil Usursak. Avis. Faar. Sana. Capra. Duttn nu ring. Saiiaursak. Lernaia. Sililuluk. Massimio. Beroe. Uportaanligt. Ippiarsursak. Medusa. Wolf. Nuertlek. Medusa capillata. Nuertlersoak. River bullhead (cottus gobio). Grundling. Ujarangmio. White shark (squalus carcharias). Hay. Ekallurksoak. Lepus timidus. Hare. Ukalek. 104 DIALOGUES IN THE ENGLISH, &c. KNGLISH. DANISH. KSCJUIMAUX. ICE. lis. On salt water Paa salt Vand Sikko. On fresli water Paa serok Vand Sermek. Irpblink lisblink Sermersoak. Heiuy ice Storiis Sikkorsoak. New thin ice Tyndiis Sikkoak. On the earth Paa Jorden Niliersoak. Even ice Jevn iVIannerarsoak. Bine Blaa Annardlok. Bay ice Fjordiis Kaksuk. Lain in a kettle to melt Imiugak. Iceberg listjeld Illuliak. Small streaining Kavalerngit. Fast on the beach lisljor Kaingok. Moveable by the beach Ivksinek. Pieces at sea (cirii't) Navlornerit. Icicle listap Kussugak. Ou the inside of a window Illo. Produced when water from beiieathi SQprsernf»k goes over the fast ice of a river f k,7U^l ^Vrl IktIV • CHRONOMETERS. EvF.i: since tlic year 1794, my nttcntiou has boon much devoted to tlie practical use of ehronometors, botli whih; I belonged to the Honourable East India Company's service, and in the Royal Navy, where I had, when serving under the gallant Lord dc Sauniarez, the charge of the navigation of both the Channel ami the Baltic fleet. On taking counnand of the expedition fitted out for the discovery of a North-west Passage, my tu'st care was to obtain good chronometers, and also as many of them as possible. My own chronometer was made by th.e late justly celebrated Earnshaw, and was certainly a very superior one; I therefore took it as the standard for com- l)arison, with the whole thirteen. Several of these were the property of private persons, who cither lent them to the expedition, or sent them on trial : of the latter description were those sent by Jlessrs. Parkinson and Frodsham, who sent two with a memorandum that their rate would increase to fourteen seconds and then remain steady : a circumstance which actually took place, and which went to prove that they had discovered some nev/ principle, in their regulation or construction, and my report on them could not be but very favourable. Since this every expedition has been furnished by Parkinson and Frodsham with these valuable machines, and the reports on their performance have been uniformly llivourable. On this voyage I purchased of them the pocket chronometer 1081, which was distinguished as beinn- that made for Sir E. Parry, on his attempt to reach the North Pole, as well as for its uniform rate. These makers also kindly sent with me a box chro- nometer at their own risk, which could not but be a great acquisition. Both of these performed to admiration; the box chronometer, until we left Victoria harbour, where it was purposely allowed to run down that it might be more easily carried, and the pocket one during the whole time. On our arrival they were both returned to the makers, and being desirous to make public the principle on which these instruments p 106 CHRONOMETERS. have been hroii'^lit to .sucli ])erfection, and reserving my own observations on it for tlie conclusion of tliis article, I sliuU give their answer to my request in their own words. SlK, 4, C/i(uigc Alley, Mai/ 15, 1834. In compliance with your desire to be (urnishcd with a report of the condition of the two chronometers of our make, which you tcok with you in your late Ivxjjcdition to the Arctic Regions, we have examined them with the most careful and minute attention, and find them in an excellent state: indeed, very far more perfect than could have been expected after such u length of time, and the severe tiials wliich they must have undergone. With regard to their jieculiar construction, whicli you at the same time requested us to describe, as you were desirous of publishing it for the benefit of seieneo and navigation generally, we have no hesitation in complying with your wishes; so far as is consistent with justice to ourselves, and wc hope that our communication may prove useful. The ■peculiar principle which we have discovered is of the highest importance in giving the final adjustment to chronometers, as by it we are enabled, in all cases, to give permanence to their rates, within the limits of exactness requisite in navigation. We beg, in the first place, to disclaim all intention of insinuating tliat in the mechanical construction of our instruments there is any thing superior to, or materially different from, those made by other respectable makers ; for we are well aware, that all chronometers lately made by intelligent artists, are on the same mechanical principle. But the fact is notorious, that of several instruments made with equal care, reference being had only to their mechanical d instruction, some are found to perform well, and ethers indifferently; while nothing can be discovered in the workmanship whicli will in any way account for the variation. Chronometers in general, as at present const! iictcd, are found ]irogressively to accelerate on their rates, and in many instances this takes i)hice to such an extent, that a new rate is required, rendering them ill suited for long voyages; on the contrary, others have a continual disposition to lose on their rates, and are therefore equally imsuited to the wants of the seaman. But whether the rates of chronometers were accelerated or retarded in use, there existed no recognised or known remedy for the evil, until we madi: Tiiii imscoveky, which it is one object of this communication to record our claim to. Some artists have trusted to time for its correction; and a writer in a scientific journal* has recently • Nautical Magazine. s • CHRONOMETERS. 107 even assigned tlie period wlien the euro might he cxjjectcd to be comi)lcted : but time being no party to the bargain, generally left the instruments thus turned over ti) its benevolence to pursue their vagaries without interference. The cause, which the writer alluded to has assigned fortius acceleration, is the use of tempered balance-springs; now tempered balance-springs have been in use for more than half a ceutiay, and forty years ago they were made by ourselves. If time, there- fore, could have cured the defects of the teni])ered balance-spring, as stated in the paper above alluded to, these old chronometers would now have been excellent instrti- ments, which certainly they are not in general found to be. The consequence has been, that the rates of most of the chronometers at this moment in existence, can only be considered constant for short intervals of time. Many years have elajised since our attention was drawn to this peculiarity, from several mortifying circumstances which occurred in our own experience; and after satisfying ourselves tliat it was in vain to look for the cause of so perplexing a phe- nomenon in the mcchankal cunstniciioii of tiie instrument, we resolved to examine the p/ii^siail condUiun of the materials of which the balance and its spring are made : and we discovered that the greater part, if not the whole of the discrepances, were owing to circumstances in this physical condition. After many experiments and nmeh investigation, we had the good fortune to discover the means of correcting this physical peculiarity, either completely, or so nearly, that we can now undertake (after ascertaining the tendency) so to alter the physical pro- perties of the balance and its spring, as to make any chronometer, whose mechanical construction is otherwise satisfactory, perform with sufficient exactness for every purpose for which chronometers are generally required. The acceleration of chronometers on their rates, hitherto unexplained in the history ot chronometers, is i)r(jduced by the constant action of winding ami unwinding the balance-spring, which, in chronometers beating half seconds, takes place two iiundred and forty times in each minute, and it is thereby deprived of a portion of its elasticity. It becomes consequently stiller, stronger; and more stubborn ; and as the motions of the balance (the measurer of tune) are regulated by this spring, the vibrations become more rapid, and are performed in less time. The cause of chronometers losing on their rates, is also generally to be traced to the physical impertcction of the balance-and-spring; which, contrary to what takes place in the tempered s])ring, becomes relaxed by constant action, combined with other causes; and consequently has less power over the vibrations of the balance. But independently of all accidental circumstances, the chronometer is continually changing its rate, with every alteration of tension in the balancc-si)ring. p '-' 108 CIIRONOMETKRS. Tlic scientific, '.irtist may, iirJccd, i^ivc to tliis spiinn- tlic isoclironnl property, so far tliat imdcr ;:;ivon iuul constant circumstance*, tmcriual arcs of vibration in iIk; l)aiancc, will be pcifoinicd in ccjual time; but this adjustmont will in no dc^^ree counteract tliu cflect occasioned by change of tension to which we have been advertin;;;. We do n')t ailiule in the preceding; remarks to defective compensati(ni f .r chan;;e of tempciature, l)ul to tliat iirachial deviation from tlie nile wiiieh nii'.ny chronometers are found to cxinbit, and In au extent that often interferes witii tlu'ir usefulness. It is true that all chronometer makers do occasionally iiroduee instruments, which, for a ;-ullicient lenglh of time, keep steady rates ; but they do so only from accidenta! circumstances, of which the makers themselves arc not always aware. Tiiey aji- proxin'ate to the correction whieli we have discovered the means of makim;- in (ill iv/x's. In our researclujs on this subject, wo have found I'uat, the defect in tk.e eorrretioii l(>r change of temperature, is amon;.^st the least of the dillieuUies to be contended witii ; and the value of the ])rinci|)le of adjustment which we liave discovered has been eminently proved by the accurate performance of our chrononu'ter.«, which have been exposed to tiie severities of the arctic wintt'rs, in all th(! Polar voyages. In one of those voyages, eleven out ol' JiJ'leen chronometers stopped from the cold; whilst v m'U made by us, (all of ours that were sent) maintained the same rates at Melville island that they were found to have in Lon(U)n after the return of the expedition. The chronometrieal parts of our chronometers consisting of the compensation balance and the detached escapement, arc the same as invented before 1700, by tlw; eminently distinguished artist, JNI. Le Roy, of Paris, with the imjiortant im])rovenierit of the detant on a spring instead of on pivots, as made by the late Mr. Earnsliaw ; together with some minor but useful alterations in the execution and arrangement suggested by our own experience. We have said before, that chronometers made by the same artist do not always perform equally well, although the same workmen are emi)loyed, the same labour is bestowed, and the same attention j)aid to each. Several modern artists hav' endeavoured to remedy this defect by means of mechanical contrivances, some of which display con- siderable ingenuity and are apparently very plausible ; but, however beautiful in theory, these contrivances have produced no practical advantage ; no one has yet discovered the seat of the disease, or the cause of so remarkable an eflect. We reassert that no mechanical contrivance can remedy the defect: it is only to be remedied by a know- ledge of the princi])le which we have discovered. Le Roy's original inventions of the balance for compensating for changes of temperature, and the escapement, were entitled, from their beautiful simplicity, to the reward sc> justly bestowed upon hun ; and with the improvement above alluded cinu)xoMr;rRUs. 109 to, by our coiintryniiui j:anisli!i\v, loiitimic uiirivallcil : in llict they ui'o genenilly iidopted by all iaicllim'iit cluoiumnjter-makcis. W(! coiisi(l(n- that the best l)alaiice is that cduijioscd of laiuiiui; of brass and steel, when i)io))eily |»ioi)ortiniuHl, and worked so that the particles are placed under no par- tienlar or partial constraint, whieli nii-iit pnvent tin ir tree and natural action throughout th(' wliule perip!;ery of the balance. This we consider an inijiortant re((uisite; tor to the want of aliinily in the condition ol' the particles, uc attribute some of the irrei;ularitics observed in the rates of chrouonieters, when subject to the rigorous test of dmly comparir uii — more particularly alter sudden changes of tenip(>raturc. There are inherent defects in the shap-i; of the balance, which prevent its all'ording theoretically the means of a p.eai'eet ci in])f'usation ; but it is donlitl'ul whether other forms, which appear pnderable in the( opportunity thus afforded ns of having the effect of our successive alterations tested by daily obser\ation, enabled us to detect many minute sources of error, which we should otherwise most probably never have discovered. The opportunity, too, of returning for trial chronometers which, having performed unsatisflictorily we had endeavoured to improve, gradually led us to the (hscovery of the principle which enables us now to control at pleasure, and to countiract, any gcnaal tendency in chronometers to deviate from tlieir rates. We are, Sir, Yours, respectfully, PARKINSON Sc FRODSIIAM. To Cnpt. Sir John Ross, R.N., S,-c. tV'. '.^■c. 112 CHRONOMETERS. Those who have perused the above statement from Messrs. Parkinson and Frodsliam, and are at all interested in the improvement of navigation, cannot but be desirous that a fair trial should be given to this important discovery ; and if it is found that chronometers which are the production of respectable artisans, and which from causes hitherto unknown deviate from their rates, so as to be comparatively useless, can be cor- rected by the application of their principle, so as to become sufficiently perfect for the purposes of navigation, by maintaining the uniforia rate within the limits prescribed by Government, no one will deny, that this inn)ortant di>;covery shoukl be made public, and that such discovery is fully entitled to a liberal comjjcnsation ; and I cannot con- clude this article without recommending it to the serious attention of those whose '''ity it is to inquire into and reward merit. iMr. Murray, a very respectable chronometer-makor of London, being desirous to establish the excellent going of his chronometers, sent No. G20 eight day, 634 two day, and 558 one day, uU box chronometers, which could not be a great acquisition to us; and it is but justice tc say that they were excellent instruments, for although they all gained at first, they obtained a constant rate, from whicli they did not deviate whilst in my possession. I regret much that it was not in my power to bring them home, as I have no doubt they would have been found perfect, with tlie exception of one which met with an accident. In addition to No. 571, box chronometer, and of 1081 for the pocket, of Parkinson and Frodsham I purclnsed iN'o. 418, pocket chronometer, of Barraud, which I knew to be good, having it formerly in my possession ; but tiic main spring gave way soon after we sailed, which reduced my number to five. Tliese were under the charge of Commander Ross, until July, 1831, after which they were all under my own care, and the only two that were brought home were those by Parkinson and Frodsham. p ir : ' Jt \r } .."• I i; '^.'i^i;lmals4^ .■•'■.'.ii: » /i—'jl. *-'\M'-*-'\'?--,' ■!-. U''LV>>fjtJiLw fs\ ..FA':-M^f'-l/fatM.^] AURORA BOREALIS. NEW THEORY. m Many theories have been proposed during the last centnry, to account for the nature and appearance of this beautiful pheno- menon, but to each of these, and to all, objections have been made, that I think cannot be justly applied to the following, which has been founded on a long series of observations made carefully by myself on this interesting subject, and under circumstances pecu- liarly advantageous. IJefore I proceeded on my voyage of 1818, my attention was directed to the phenomenon of the Aurora by tiie late Dr. ^yollaston who had collected, with great pains, much information on the subject, which he kindly transmitted to me, as well as his own observations, from which, however, he came to no other con- clusion than a supposition that " the Aurora was beyond the atmosphere of the earth." As the expedition which I commanded in 1818 did not winter in the Arctic Regions, my observations during that voyage were confined to the months of September and October, durin«>- which time the ships were moving in a southerly direction from the Ill AURORA nOREALIS. m lutitiule of 74° to .)S' north, >vheii it was obstaved that from the latitude of 71 until (i(> , the |jh(iiointiiou was steu to the south- ivurd, particularly at Hiichiiiiht; but when the .shi[) liad passed to the southwaid (if tiie latitude of ()'(>', it was seen to tlie nuttlncurd. In several instances the ^lurora was distinctly observed to be between the two sh'ps, ;nid also between the sliij)s and the icebergs; proving 'uiquestionabl}' that it couhl not be at that time beyond th( atmosphere of tlie earth. Tiiis indeed was the only fact whiea 1 completely establislied during that voyage, but which was a conclusion that led nie to iiupiire how its proximity to the earth was to be accounted for. Hoth at my olfservatory in Scotland, and during my late and long-pro- tracted residence in the Arctic Regions, my attention has been particularly directed to this interesting subject, and my conclusions uit\ ihdt the splendid phe/ioiiienou, culled the Aurora, is cutirehj occasioned hi) lite aciiuu of the :;nus rays upon the vast hodij of icy and ofsnoivif plains and mountains which surround the poles. The rays of the sun, /// the Jirst inslance, are reflected, from uneven, plain, or variegated surfaces, of t'le coloureil, icy, or snow- clad sul)stances, which are [>resented to lliem at the jioint of incidence by the rotation of the earth, and passing over the poles reach and illiuninate clouds wliich are only rendered visible to us by siu.'h illumination, these clouds having positive, negative, and retle* ''Ug (jualities, possess the power of producing all the sur- prising effects which have been observed by distributing the rays they have received, and as they receive them, in every direction , and according to the state of the atmosphere, give additional *. AURORA nOREALIS. 115 variety to tlie orii-inal colours as rcflecfcd fvonx tie point of incidence; and inrtluMV, if due r<\i2:ii;d is paid to the proixrti* s of light, its connexion Ijotii with luaunetisni an tatal, the Aurora immediately disappears, becasi-i^ tht,'. rays are inter- cepted by an i!n[)enetrable cloud. In like juanner, when the spectator observes the Aurora bearing to tlie eastward or westward, if a cloud or f(»g intervenes between his ])Osition and the sun, it immediately disijppears. Tliirdly. When the spectator sees the Aurora to the northivunl, he is always to the southward of the icy regions, and at that time the sky in the direction of the sun is always clear; sliould a cloud Q 2 i IIG AURORA liOREALIS. intervene, eitlier above or below the j)oint of iiioideuce, the plieiio- luenon will disappear. ^Vhen the rays of the sun are reflected iVoni a vast plain of icy snbstance to stationary and to ns invisible clonds, it follows that the Anrora will remain a loni; lime withont changing, the rays being then reflected as from a eircnlar or j^lobnlar mirror, the angle of incidence and reflection remaining the same; bnt the moment that these rays arrive (by the earth's rotation) at water, or at some non- reflecting snbstance or snrface, the Anrora snddenly disappears, as it does by an intervening clond, which is a fact 1 have had ':on- firmed by many observations. With regard to the action of the Anrora on the magnetic needle, I need only say, that in common with every other kind of light, it has the property of aflecting the needle or ('ombining with mag- netism. The eflects of the Anrora on the needle were the same as the sadden a})proach of a naketl candle, or when the liglit of a knnp was concentrated by a lens on the needle delicately suspended at a distance of eighty-four yards : an experiment which I repeatedly tried at Sherifl's harbour. AVith regard to electricity, it is notorious that there is less in the Arctic Kegions than in any other place; and, during my flrst voyage, the electrometer was never moved by the electric fluid, although often tried. The position of the Anrora Borealis in the heavens, depends much on the depression of the sun below the horizon of the spec- tator, on its bearings, and on the nature of the surface which first receives the sun's rays, at the point of incidence, which if uneven will produce the capra sallaiis, or merry dancers ; if the surface is 4 t ■^. AURORA nOREALIS. 117 t'V(Mi it will produce tjie imhs, or lieum, provided the iilmuiiiatcd cloud is tnuupiii, but if uot it will i)ioduce the fiao-ifta, or faces (pencil rays, or torch); and ii'tlie rays are conveyed from thence by a second reflection, which is very often the; case, the holluniu, or cave, will appear with the pencil rays ascendin,n-; the covoiia and jntluxc depend also on the shape of the clouds as well as their positive aiul negative r:tn arliclc lie wrott; in llit- TJtivhnm Adrevlisc)', XovciiilMr, IH-'iO. Ill lliis case, llu' Aiiioia was seen at (Ilvim, i». M., \\\\v\\ it was <'(Misi(lc.ral)ly to llic M(sl\\anl «»!' north at twchc (mi(liiii;lil), tin? suinmitoftlK' li:!!sinousar(li was due north. lIcacMs, " Those who may have leiiiaiketl Ww ra()iatii»i:s of Ihi; Auioia have probably been striiek l)y their sisnilaiiiy to those beams of li^ht whieli radiate from tiie snn when partially obser\ed by a eioudy atmo- sphere. They may also have oliserved with us that the radiations for the most part a[»[)ear (o proceed from that spot under the horizon in which the sun would be seen, if not concealed by the body of the earth, and tliat the suimnits of the accompanyint;' arches <»!' lii;ht are always seen directly above the same spot. Is it not tlicn possi))le that the phi ncjmcna of the Aurora may oiiyi- nate in tiu' liyht of the sun reiVacted at an immense elevation above us, al"ter glancing over tlie nebulojis str..la of i? .listMi; part of the earth's atmosphere ?" — In like manner, the registers of t!ie Aurora in all the recent voyages to the l*olar iiegions corroborate my theory, altliough difiereut conclusions, or conjectures, were hazarded respecting its nature and origin, and to which I nmst refer my readers as they are too numerous for insertion. I may conclude by adding, that my thecuy has been sul):nitted to the celebrated I'rofessor Schumacher and others, who made no objections to it. JOHN iioss. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) m A :/. 1.0 I.I 11.25 hi 128 |50 ■^" 2,5 M 1.8 U IIIIII.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 Vi ^ f 120 AURORA DOREALIS. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. A — The snn as at the Equinox. B B — The points of incidence. D D — Positions of tlie spectators. C C — Clouds rendered visible by the reflected rays. E — The earth as at the Equinox. ¥ F — The rays of the sun. This diagram represents tlie sun's rays acting on the icy or snow- covered part of the earth, and l)eing reflected over tlie poles reach clouds which are rendered visible by illumination; and having themselves reflecting qualities, distribute them upwards, down- wards, or in any other direction, and owing to the rotation of the earth, are changing or steadfast according to the nature of the surface at the incidental point which first receives the rays. ■I 4 ACCOUNT OF THE OBJECTS IN THE SEVERAL DEPARTMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, TTE\ AND niSCOVF.UED DURIN'G THE I'UISEST EXPEDITION. BY CAPTAIN JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., F.LS,, kr Having placed the department of Natural History under tlif exclusive charge of my Nephew, Captain J. C. Koss, whose a. - quirements in this branch of knowledge have been hmg known ff. the public, from the results of the former voyages in which he uas engaged, I am indebted to him for the following pages; which have been drawn up by himself, with the assistance of those friends whom he has noticed in his own Preface. JOHN aoss A 2 o* M PREFACE. The recent piihlicatiun of the l''iuina IJonali AiiHri aiul hinis that were nu't uith in the eoiuse <»r our voyaue in tlir Victory ha\inii- tiillen nntler the notice ot" that (listine(l with aeeu- racy, an- brief notice the arranyenient of Cuvier, in the Keirne iVniinal. has been adopte Kichardson for his observations on four species of Salmon brouirht home by me : Ins intnnate acquanitance with the \anons species oi' that extensive and interestini;- t^enus inhabiting; the lakes and M PKKFACE. livers of the North Amtrinm Continent, will p:ive a high value to that portion of the noti«;e of the Fishes. The r<"st of onr collection having been necessarily abandoned with the Victory, a short an«l very imperfect acx'oiuit has been drawn tip from my rough notes taken at the time, which, from my being l)ut little acipiainted with that !)ranch of Natural History, is of coiuse very defective. To my friend Mr. Curtis, my warmest acknowledgments are iUxv for his valuable remarks on the few Insects which I was able to bring to England, and the very beautiful drawmgs and en- gravings which accompany them. The liberal and kind assistance I have received from Mr. Richard Owen, in drawing up the catalogue of the Marine Inverteljrate Animals, retpiires my best thanks ; particularly for his careful and elegant dissection of the new genns which he has named " Kossia;" peculiarly valuable at a time when the internal organization of the inferior orders of animated nature has become so extensively \ised in their classification. J. C R ,.- • .J t ZOOLOGY. BY COMMANDER (NOW CAPTAIN) JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., F.R.S., F.L.S Ar 1.— URSUS MARITIMUS (Polar Bear). Uhsus Mauitimus. — Cuv : Rtg. An. — vol. i., p. 137. Rich : Fiitin. Bur. Amer. — p. 30. Fall : Faun. Ciraiii. — p. '22. Is found in greater numbers in the nei<;hbourlii)0(l of Port Bo wen, and Hatty Bay, in Prinee Regent's Inlet, tlian in any other part of the Polar Regions that I have visited ill the course of the several expeditions of diseovery. This eireuinstanee, pro- bably, arises from Lancaster Sound being but s(.'ldoni covered by permanently ti.\( d ictr ; and therefore ailording them means of subsistence during the severity of an Arctic winter ; and also from its beiiu'' . u'St remote from the usual winter residence of any of the Esquimaux, who alone di^p .te the sovereignty of the north with thi> monarch of its ferine inhabitants. During our stay at Fury Beach many of these animals came abimt us, and several were killed. At that time we were fortunately in no want of provisions, but some of our party, tempted by the tine appearance of the meat, made a hearty meal off the lirsl one that was shot. All that partook of it soon after complained of a violent headache, which, with some, continued two or three days, and was followed by the skin pealing otl the face, hands, and arms ; and in some, who had probably partaken more largidy, of! the whole body. On a former occasion I witnessed a somewhat similar occurrence, when, on Sir Edward Parry's Polar journey, having lived for several days wholly on two bears that weie shot, the skin pealed ofl" the feet, legs, and arms of many of the party. It wa- NATIIl \I, HISTORY iIm'Ii ^ittril)iiti'(l riillirr to tlic qiinnlihi tli;iii llic i/iia/ili/ nf the mciit, nnd to our having 'qiiiiiiiiiix cat li ii'cii Ciir some lime previous mi very sliort iillnwiii iii'c III |)rii\ i-.i()ii. 'ii..- !•; ii» lli'-h witliuiit t'xprni'iK'ilm any ciit'li iik'diuciiIciicc ; Imt tliu liver ih always i:;iveii to (lie iln^s, ami that may piis^jlily i)e tlie iioMoiis |i;u't. 'I'lie I'isciiiiiiiaiix nl' Hiuitlua l''eli\ killeil several diiriuL: their stay in mir iieii^hhonrhood in \H'M) — all males. The males are consitleralilv hinder than the t'eniales, as will Ik? seen hy the (oilovvinL; iuea>iirements, beini; the averai^t! ul'uiue males and seven feiualus taken by myself : .Miilii. Femnle. I,eii<^th from snout to the end of tht; tail 91 inclifs 7H.7 inches snout to shoulder . . 3:}.,'i . . 26'.3 snout to occiput . . . IH.-J . , |;j.(j Circumference before the eyes . . 20.4 . l.J.8 at broadest part of the head . 3'2.2 . . 28 at lareest part of the abdomen . (Jo.2 . . 57. () I,en2;th of alimentary canal . . .01 feet 52 feet NVfight .... [)W lbs. . 7UU lbs. 'I'he weiiiiit varies very much aeeordinj;' to the reason and condition of the animal. The laigest of tlu; above measured lUl.vJ inches in length, and weighed lU28 lbs., nlthough in poor condition. 2.-^GrL0 LUSCUS ( Wolverene). GuLO I.T sris. — Ciiv: I{?;j^. An. — vol. i., p. 141. Rich: Fdiin. Bor. Anier. — j). 41. Sa/j. in Siijij). /(I App.i. In l*iiii|i .illii, llir -Ixlll- (if lui) (lid 1111(1 lv\(i Vdiiii.: (Ill;- were Ijioii'^lit In tlic ■.|ii|( |p\ llir ii iIinc-, who li.id l.ikcii tllCIII III tinjIS lllllh ol -lull"-', Diirinu' cicli (if till Idllnuiii'' wiiitci- ilini tiacis' wcr i;i«iiin.ill\ scrii, mikI it \'ict(i|lii II;;ili(iiu' llicy were \cl\ liniii('r(iii<. I'll ir, lii ll;'' iinddlc id' llir winlci, tun lIlK'C liidlltilH lii'liiiT SVC lllr.llldnlK (I the -III I, \\i- Wi'ic iiiic (\a\ -ui|)il-rd li\ \i \l-l trom (iiic, winch |ii'('>-('(l li^rd liv lii'iiucr, li.i I ( liniliril |||.' -unw w.dl iImI -uiinMiidd otir vcsscd, and caiiic luddls en d( i I., u licn' niir t lew wrrr widkiii^ Im (Acici-.-. I 'ndi>- inityt'd at tlu' iirc-riicc nl' twi Ivc m- roiirtriii iinn, lir -n/od ii|ii>ii ,i ( iiii-li i wlmii li.id some meat in it, and wa- in sn liiMiniii-- a -talc lliat wliil-l lin-iK cii.;aucd al In- I'ci-I lie sdllcn.'d I lie 111 |)a-- a ikki-c u\ cr In- I lead, hv \\ Inch he \\ a- iiinm iliali I v -ccincl and strani^lcd. 1?\ (li-char'^niu 'he (•ipiit(ii(- nf \\\n -rcictdi y ni .m-, il eiiiitlid a nio-l. iiisu|)]Miitalile -t( iich. These secicldiv \e--(l- are alidiil llic -i/e 111' a waliint, and dis(diai'e'e a liiiid ot a vcildW i-h-liinu ii ('iilnin, and nl llic cnii-i-tciicc nj linni \, l)\ the reclinii, will II hard |iic--cd liy il- cik inies. The dcscri])ti(iii- dl' aiilliiiis aic -iillicieiil l\ accniate; lint the I'lillnwinu diincn-iniis iiiav l)c n.-t,tiil : l.cn^lii Ifdni snniil Id the inscilidn iiT tin lad . J^. I inches dlllie tad ...... 1".^ (\citelii;c) (if the hair 111' the I III . . . . 'i A I. 'J iin lies Length li.im -nont hi shduldei . . . . I I. J inches to ocei|iiil .... ii."> I'-xlu'iiie bieudtli (if iiead ..... 11 ( iiTiiniCereiice at (■n-it'onn caitilauc . . ll.'> atiuek m.ii at broadest part id' the head . |:J Nerteliiii- — ( '('i\ieal 7 Dorsal l.j (10 line and 3 false lihs) Lunihral ■") Sacral 3 (lunv in one) Caudal ir> It was a feiiuile, and wxi'^lieil '271 lb. 'u NATURAL HISTOIIV [J.— MISTKLA r.U.MIM;A ^ />/////,.). Minima I''.I!M1.si'.\. -(//(■.■ /»'(.;. .\iiiiii.— \ii\.i.,\>, 110. liitli: i'tiini. lliir. \iiiir. — p. 'Iti, Till »i' lii'iuilifiil and rlciiuil I. tile uiiinnls wcic hy no inniiiN luiinciuus ; but lliuir fr.K'ks wi i(; iici'iisinnullv s<'rii diiiin.; tin winter, lullnuni^ lim^f ol' tiic Li'iuiuin;^s, u|iou wli'uli liny iliitlly >-nli-is| liniinu lliiit. ini 1( in( ill \* iind vicious natiu'e so (.'oiu|ili'tLly cvliaustcd it, that it died at the euil of 11 week or tin days. The I'ruiine a.-j.-uuies il> winter dress eaily in September, anil af^uia ihan;j;es to brown towards tlw end oi' May. It i> the j:;reat enemy of the Lemming, and ill its turn is prcyiil \i|)on l)y the I'ox. It 1- IH inches hme-, and wei^ihs fj-i- o/. .}._C.\MS l.l'Prs ()( (IDIl.NTAI.IS {Amniiiii, W,,//). Cams I,ri'is.--( //r/ lUij;. l/////(.— \ol. i., |i. 1,')0. Cams l.i its C)( ciuLsr.M.is. — Hi,/,: I'miii. lint. Anni. — p. t any number of I'lsciuiniauv dogs, and carry olf any one from amongst thcni without the others attempting to attack it. Such is their extreme dread of the Wolf, that they begin to tremble and howl whenever they arc aware of its aMproaeh. The \\'olf will seldom attack a man, except when starving; but if alone and Kiiiir/iH'd, it will not care to get luit of his way. on >H- IIC Its ,-k ill Mi \i fRCTIC roX ." ' , -i .NATURAL HISTORY. XI 5.— CAMS LA(JOins (1;,//, I'n Cams Ii.\i;ori s. — (' / I'u, Sitl/iiic, ill (inii. Jtnr. —p. s;: I) i!:/li !>/ .r iiiriici/ — ]i (i'jX. Ilicli : Apjiviidi \ In I (irni s -V In//.— Inhiibits (lie lii'j,hest, iiortlu-rn latitudrs tliiMii'jliout (lie wiiilcr, ami i-^ jinnidcd witli tlie liiicst and tliickcst fur, to ciialilo il to witlistiiid tlic in! 'n-e cnld oftho Tl ic vounu; iiciicrallv niiur.itc to tin- -^outlr.viird lat( (■ 111 tile aiitmnii sc rcu'ioiw. 'ollcct i vast iiudtitiidcs on tlio slion-s nt' 11 aloii"- the sea-coast to the nortli\v;a iiilson l);!V 11 ii'V 1. turn iMi'lv the )'( SpDU'. d si'ldiini aLTaiu leave tli A th di'it bro ediniL' Jilace. Tiie suiuiner fur of this beautiful animal i>; !uliuii-al)lv 'iil uliicii they projeel beyond the re-t. of the fur: this is particularlv the ca>e in the females. It brings forth IV oni -1\ t',) (lull hi i;!n\ 111 J. their jurrows was (iisco\crei on the saiiiiv i.i;'"uiii n[' a 1 ikr j)assa2;cs, each openiii;. llltr nuHKin (■( 11. 1) 'Vi'Ud whuii w ,e ilv, I ^;i, an inner c: il, kvh .'oloiir VOUIl'J th e VDunu', in iiiiiuber, were taken, 'fiiev were precisely of the sain. the old ones at that season of the vear. 11 I'anie sa\s, that '• ilr are all nvcr of a sooty black ;" this probably refers to the followiii'j, variety d tl of the Arctic Fox. In the outer c found L:,reat niiiubers of the two species of Lc uul 111 the several ])assap;es leadiULi- to il, wi mniiiuj sm'eial Eniiine, and the b( jf hares, tish, and ducks, in great quantities. Four of the v )llov oiiiiu' loxcs were kept alive till the end of the following winter, aiul were a great ainusenient to our crew by their playl'ulncss, as they soou became very tame. They never attained the pure whiti: of the old Fox, a dusky lead colour remaining about the face and sidi of the body. There is a remarkable diii'erence in the disposition of these animals, some being- easily tamed, whilst others remain savage and luitructable, notwithstanding the kindest treatment. The females are much more vicious than the males. A Dog Fox that lived several months became so tame in a short time, that he regularly attended our dinner-table like a dog, and was always allowed to go at large about the cabin. *ij2 XII AATl'RAL IHSTOin'. A |i;iir kciit fur the piirposc ot' watcliiiiij, the clianLics nf tlicir l"nr, tlin^w ofl' tlioir uiiitcr (licss (Itiiiujj. tlio iiist wi'ck in .lime; tlic t'ciiiiilc a I'rw days earlier tliau tlie male. 'i\>\\ar(l.> the iiul ot' Seplember the hrowii fur oC siuuiiier j;railuall\ Leeauie of an as^h coldur, and hv the middle of October was perfectly w hite : fioui tliat period it cou- limicd rapidiv tu increase in thickness until the end of .Xovendier, when tlie last of the two died, ha\in_ur table, and were always reser\('d for holidays and great occasions. We ate them boiled— or more frecpiently after being parboiled, ronslcd in a jiiteli kettle. Tiiey were taken by us in considerable luunbers, and formed a valuable addition to our pro\ibions when meat was verv scarce. The femah's are somewiiat smaller than the males, and jienerally in poorer condition. The average weight of twenty males being 7 lb. -1 oz. ; of twenty females, ,'> lb. 1 1 oz. ^lilies. Females. Length from snout to insertion of fail . "J'J.-l inches . 21.8 inches to end of vertebra' of tail oo . 33.5 Length of fur in each 2.7 inches b(>,yond the \ertebra: of tlie tail. Length of the head measured with callipers ,0.5 inches !Mean length of the alimentary canal . . 8t).7 of the inttstimnn ca?eum . 4.5 C— CAXIS LAGOPUS {Vai: i^. Fu/igiiiosiis), Canis Lagoi'us Fi'LiGiNosus. — 7i'/(7/; lutuii. Bor. Amer. — p. 89. Tiiis variety of the Arctic Fox is much more rare than the preceding, only three individuals Iiaving becu captured out of fifty of the pure white kind. Indeed iu a \ATURAL lUSTOUV. xiii coiiiitrv wliicli pnsoiitj; an uiivaiicd wlulf -iirfacc, tln'v inii>t liavo cxti-ciuc ditlicultv iii Ktirpii^iii'j; tlicir |)icy, ami lie niiicli imnv ('Xposod to tlio |)r>r>eciiti(iiis of its ciuiuies-. It is soinfwhat laimr in its iiK'asiiicnicnts lliau {\\v wliitc \aiiclv. Lt'iigtli i'lOiu snout to insntioii of tlic tail . 2\).~ iiirlu s to end of voitubric of tlic tad . . olJ.'J of llio head nicasincd with calhin'is ').~ 7.— ARVICOLA IIUDSOMA {lltuls!, was foiuid on IJlli .luly ; tliey abandoned their nest on tlie 22d. It is easily tamed, and tiiud oi' biing earesscd ; Diie tliat liad been Ijut a few (lavs confined, escaped during tlie niubt, and was found next moininu on llie ice alongside' tlu' sliip: on pultini;- down its cage, which it recouniscd in the si rvaiit's hand, it inune- diately went into it. It li\ed for several months in the cabin ; but (lading that, unlike V hat occurred to our tame hares un(l( sunuar ( ireumstanees, it retained its sunnner fur, I was induced to trv the cli'cct of ( xposing it fur a slioil time to the winter teinijciature. It was aecordiiiglv placed on deck tlu- 1st of rebriiarv nd next iug, after having been evjiOMtl to a Uiiiperature u lelow /ero. the f iir on the checks and a ])atidi on each shoulder had become perfectly wliite. On tlietbllowing day the patches on each shoukler had extended eoiisiderablv, and the posterior part of the bodv and Hanks had turned to a dirtv white: duiiiiLi' the next four ilaxs the ehaniic; eonlinue d but \\\\ and at tlie cud ot a week it was eiitirelv while, with the excel tion of a dark baiitl across the shoulders, proloii'i'ed posteriorly down to the middle of • of the fur had not idianireil in the the back, forminii a kind of saddle, where the er lallest deii'ii The theriuometer coutiiiued Letv.,en !!i)~' and -lu^' below zero until llu^ ISth, without producing an\ I'urtlier char.ue, when the poor little sulHrer perished fioui the severity of the cold. On examining the skin, it appeareil that all tlie white ])nrts of the fur were longer than the unchanged jKutions ; and that the ends of the fur only were white, so far as they exceeded in length the dark-coloured fur; and by removing these white tips with a pair mer dress but sHuhtlv chaniied in colour. seissar- it a'jain ap[)eared in its daik and precisely the same length as before the experiment. 8.— ARVICOLA TRIMUCRONATA {Back's Lemming). Arvicola TiUMTcnoNATA. — Ri'cfi : Apj). io Pani/'s 2d Voi/. — p. 309. Although seen by us on the coast of Roothia Felix in considerable numbers, it is not so generally to be met with in the Arctic Regions as the preceding species. NATURAL HISTORY, XV The individual spccinini from wliii'h Dr. Uicliuidsoii's vers aci-uratr doscriptiim \v;is drawn, was taken l)V C.'.iptain Ilatk (in limioiir dl wlmiu it lias bocii naiued) on I'oint Lake, in latitude V)o X. ll, was u (i'MiaK; nl' smaller (liniciisions than tlaisc wc iia\o iToncrally mot with; fm- Dr. Hii'hardsi.n states it to h' a little inl'cr/nr in si/c to the lludsou's llav l.eniunn;.L : wheieas a eompari^i.n of flie iiNera^e nuasurcments and weight ol"al)iive twenty nl eU'jh specie^ is in i'avnur ipftlie latter. IS'o speeimens III' this sjieeie.-; were iihtained (luring the winter ; hut i' is niori- than l)r()l)able (hat, like the preeediiiL;' speei, s, it is \;\\ar di liii'.', that s|.-,isou. The first I'lir ut' the yonn'^', as in the lliulson'.s iiiy Leniiuiny;, is rather more obseiirc than that of the parents; and i veil in this caiiv stati; the two speeies arc easily distiii- truialmhle by their eoloiir, the tiimueioiiate tliiimb not beine- at first so very ajipareiit. !).— ARCTOMVS PARRY I {Purr/s Marmot). AucTOMYS P.viuivi. — Sill/: ill App. In rriiiik/iii's ls7 Jounicij. Rich : ill App. to Pdnifs 2d Vui/. Hic/i : ill l\inn. Bur. Aiiwr. — p. 158. None of these animals were seen d milt!;- our late voytiec in the \'ictory ; nor do I believe they have ever been feaind far north of tlie Aiclie Circle. I notice it here merely to mention that soiuo of the dresses of the Jiscpiimanx who had latt'ly left Repulse Ijay were made of its skins. These people tuld us that it was very numerous in those parts. 10.— LEPUS GLACIALIS (i'o/«r JIarc). Lens Gi.ACi.VLis. — Jiic/i: i'duii. Bar. Aiiier. — p. 221. Lepis TiMiDLS. — FuIj: Faun. Granl. — p. 2.3. There is scarcely a spot in the Arctic Regions, tlie most desolate and steidl that can be conceived, where this animal is not to be found, and that too throughout the winter : XM \ATrRAL IIISTORV. imr ilocs it seek to >li(llfr itself (idin tlu' iiicleiiieiicy of tlic wcatliiT Ijy burniwiiii^- ia tilt; siKiw, lint is fiiuiid '^uncniUy sittiii;;- solitary uikIit tlic lii' of a hii'uc stone, where the snow -drift as it ])asses aloii'j,' seems in some iiieasnie to altoi'd a protection (Voin the liitteincss of the lilast tiiat impels il, by collecting; aroniul and half hiiiyiiig the aiiinial beneath it. It is aecordini;lv provided with a lemaikaldy line, thick, woolly far, ailinirably calcnlated to withstand the most intense (old. Ill summer it is luiind cliietly at the foot and sides of i;entle actdivities, where amoii'ist the large louse stones it linds some secure retreat to briii'j; i'oilli its yoiiiin'. A leniale killed by one of oiir jiarlv at Sherill' Harbour, on the 7lh of June, had four yoini^ ill iiliTii, perfectly mature, 5^ inches long, and of a dark gray colour. In one shot by us at Igloolik, on the 'Jd of .liiiie, six voiing were found, not (piite so far adxanced; and rabriiiiis, who states that he has hiinself seen eigiit young /// iilcra, says it brings forth inanv voiin^- towards the end of June. One taken by us on the 'JiSth of June a few da\s alter its birth, soon became sulliciciitly taine to eat tVoin our hands, and was allowed to run loose about the cabin. During the summer, we fed it on such plants as the country produced, and stored up a (piantity of grass and astragali for its wintei consumption; but it preferred to share with ns whatever our table could afl'ord, and wnuld enjov pease soup, plum puddiuL;', bread, ])arley soup, sugar, rice, and even cheese, with us. Jt could not ciiduie to be caressed, but was exceedingly fond of company, and would sit for hours listening to a conversation, whicli was no sooner ended than he would retire to his cabin : he was a continual source of aniuseiiient by iiis sagacity and playfulness, until in the middle of winter, when playing some of his pranks, he struck his head against one of the beams, and was ever after subject to fits. He lived and thrived nevertheless tlirouuhont the winter, and died in the following summer altiU- fd'tecn months' confinement. Although constantly in a temperature never much below the freezing point, its fur assuiiK'tl its white colour as eaily as those that were running wild, and expos(}d to the climate; and althoiiL;li it cast its winter coat early in May, it was replaced by a ]niro white fur; horn which, it is probable that the old males are not subject tcj the same change as the females in summer. Fabricius says, that "the Greenland Hare is white both in summer and winter." Amongst the inhabitants of CJreenland, one Es(juiinaux woman was fountl who spun some of the beautiful white; wool of the Hare into a thread, and knitted several pairs of gloves; one pair of which, notwithstanding the native Hlthiness of the Esquimaux, came into my possession beautifully white. It very mudi resembles the Aimola wool, but is still more soft. A NATI'IJAL mSTOUV. XVII 11.— cr.uvrs takandi's i n,;Urr). (.'liuvrs Tauamh s. — Cui': l{ii:. \nnii. \>>\. i., |i. Jtll. Hull: I'liiiii. r>iir. .{mrr. \k '2'.'iX. I\ic/i: l/'/i. I'dlli/'s '2(1 \ III/. — |i. DJ'i. Altlioui^li tins iiiiiiiiiil was seen in «^ieiil mimljcis uu tlir istliiinis oC Hdutliiii, nnly one iiulividuul was killed in llic course dt' onr late xdvai^^c. It was a line Imek, "f larger sizp than ordinai'v, and weii;lip(l 'i.OU 111. ; llic a\(ia;j,<' ul' tliosu killed at Sjiil/.- bcri^en and iMel\illc Island did nut exceed half that wcii^ht. The does arrived ahdiit the middle of Ajail, tlie huek'^ nearly a month later; and iierds of several hundreds were seen ahout the Isthnnis towards the end of .May. Numhers ol' the lawn--', which -.it that period are in a very weak slate, are kdled hy tile natives, who hunt them with their do^s ; and the does themselves often fall victims to their attachment to their oll'sprint:'. The natives of Boothia depend thietlv on the skins of these animals for their heds and clotliin'4 ; their bows and spears are principally made from their horns, which lieini^ softened by stcepinir in water are easily out into shape, even with their rude knives; and the sinews of tile Reindeer mak(^ the best thread. The ]);iiiiieli, termed bv them iivr-nnik-kdli, is esteemeil a ii real delicacy ; and its contents is tlu; only vegetable food which the iinti\('s e\er taste. It feeds on the usneio, alectoriir, cetraria-, -and other lichens in the early ])art of sprinpj ; but as the sinnmer advances, tlie youiej; and tender grass fattens it so (|uicklv, that in August they have been killed with several inches thick of fat on tlicir haunches. In this state the meat is equal to the finest linglish venison; but is most tasteless and insipid when in ])oor condition. Dr. Richardson loc. cit. has given a most detailed ami interesting arc. 137. Panwnl, Arctic £oo/.— vol, i., p. 9. Go niini^ inak. — Esrpiiniaux. Tlu! cii-cumstanco of this animal and llif Rciiulcrr liavin;.;- hccn found in Melville Island led to the belief tiiat a chain of islands, al no oreaL distance from each other, connected Mclvilic Island witli (he shores of (he c(intiniim.—\o\. I., p. 168. J'af>: Fdiiii. Gitviit. — p. 13. Rich: A J)/), to Ptiin/'s '2d \0i/.— \). liliJ. Rough Seal. — Penu : Quad.—\o\. ii., p. 27S ; mid Arctic Zou/.—\o\. i,, p. ]G0. Inhabits the seas both on the east and west sides of the Isthmus of Boothia, and constitutes the ])riiK:ipal means of subsistence to the inhabitants during eit;ht or nine months of every year. In July, Aui;iist, and September, the Reindeer and Salmon aflonl to the T>(|nimaux an agreeable and salutary change. The skins of the Rciiuleer siipjilv llicni with beds and clotlu's; but it is the Ronuh Seal on which they wholly (le|ieiid lor their winter's food; when ail other animals have retired to a more temperat<' cliinate, llie Seal is sout;ht by the Itlstpiiinuux, uliosc ilo^s are trained to hunt o\cr tiie extensive floes of level ice, and to scent out the conccaird breathin'4-lioles of the Rouuii >eal. So soon as one is discovered, a snow wail is hiiili round it, to protect, llic liiiiilsniun from the bitterness of the passinj;- breeze; wiicie, with his spear uplifted, he will sit for hours until his victim rises to breathe, and falls an easy sacriliee to his unerrin!^- aim. In this manner, a party of thirty hunters killed 150 of these animals during the lirst two months they remained in our neighbourhood ; the fishery for ten or twelve miles XX NATlJIfAL IIISTOIIY. roimd wiis (lu'ii coinplrtcly <'xliaii>l( i'il in viiiiiiii^ ilirc(Mii)iiH. In the nmntli (if May, llic Iloii^li Sciil, witli its y,vi'ial >kiiis of ilus SimI, wlii.li liny ijisciili.. ;is Ih'iii- Hdiiie- tiiiicw very iiiiiiicious on ih,. west siile i.f lli.. Istlimiis, |,iii i^ imicli moir m aivc than tlir pivcciliiio- spccii's. Tlii-y liavo licvi r ncch any ol" tins sp. I'lfs on tlif lust >ul,- ot tile Islliiiius 1)1' Mootliia. 15.— PIIOCA I5AIU5ATA ((Ircat Su,/). PiiocA BAnuArA.—( '//!•. • AVi;. ,'l//. lo. Oo f^o ook.- lvs<|iiiiiiaux. Is llio liirgpst of the Seals inhuhitin^r the Polar Seas. Ft is but seldom soii-lit aliur by tilt! natives of Boothia, as it npproaehes the shores only in (he Miininer season, when tile salmon fisheiy wholly cnsrossos th< ir attention. In winter it seeks those parts of the Aivtic Ocean wliieh are seldom, if ever, frozen over for any ien>;th of time. No specimens were obtained. 10.— TRICIIECIIUS ROSM Alius {Wairm). TiuciiEcnus UosMARi's. — Citv: litg. Aiti/n. — vol. i., p. 171. FaO: Faun. Vnanl. — p. 11. I we ak. — Eb(juimaux. Inhabits the west coast of Badin's Bay, and is occasionally seen in the northern part of Prince Regent's Inlet, but the natives of Boothia have never seen a Walrus; and XXll NATURAL HISTORY. althoiinli we found aniongst (Ik m several iiitiilcs niailo froui llif tusks of that animal, they wt'ic all l)i(iiiL;lit fVoiii Repulse Bay, wliure it abouinis. JVo specinions were obtained. 17.-1)ELP1IINAPTERIIS BELUGA {mUc Whale). DiaiMiiNArTKRus Biai GA.— C/a'.- Rtg. Aiiiin.~\o\. i., p. 290. Deli'iunus Albicans. — Fob: Fmui. (haul. p. ")(). Scoreshi/s A rctk Regions — vol. ii., pi. xiv. Seen abundantly in Prince Regent's Inlet, but none were taken by us. 18.— MONODON MONOCEROS {Narwhal). MoNODON MoNocEnos.— ('»/(;; V^V. Aiiiin.~yo\. I, p. '292. lab: luniii. Giaitl. — j). 29. Scarrs/ii/'s [relic l\cgii!iis—\(i]. ii., pi. xv. The Narwiial, or Sim Unieorn, tlidiinli occasionally seen in liieat iniml)ers in (ho upper part of IhWhi's Bay ami i'lince HeueiiCs lulel, are lint seldom killed, t]om Ihe great dillieiilty of siirin-isinn- them when sl,<'i.iiio ,„, the siirlaee ..ttlie waler, and (he very sliori time (hey remain up when tliev lise in hiealhe. The oil i)rodnccd t'lom its hliihlu r is coiiMdered siipuioi lo (hat of (he Whale; and tlie horn is valuable. Two (.r (hree years a^o, seveial Iniudreds of theM> animals were ionnd dead alonjj,- the west coast (d' Ballin's l?ay by ihesessels emploved in the whale- fishery; inid I was iid'enned by Captain lliiiii!ihreys, of the Is;ib(dla, that of a i;reut many examined by him, th(- males only have the In rn-sliapcd spiral tooth. Fabricius says, that both male and female have this horn; and that sometimes, but very seldom, the male lias two of equal size. A spc-eimen of this may b, seen in the NATURAL HISTORY. XXlll valuable niuscMim of ihr. Royal CoUo-ro oC Siir-ooiis ; and an account of u ffinale Nanvlial, wliicli had a hoiii similar to the male, is -ivcii in the llJtli volmno uf the Transactions of the Liimuan Socu'ty, p. fiJO; but both these cases are of rare occurrenco. The lai'uest horn I have seen measured H\ H et. In all the males the rudiments of ii Bccond horn or tooth is present; and in the female are two such nidnneiital teeth, each about S iiK hi's in leiiL^th. A female killed in June had one youn^- in idcro, nearly matured, of a bluish-brown colour, nearly '» I'eet lono-. Several skeletons t side of lialiin's l!ay, as far as llie 72 of latitude, abundance of Whales o( a larn-e size were to be found, some li'w yi'ars ago; but, like the fishery in the Spitz- bergvn Sea, this also was tleserted. The Whales retired to the westward of [he. then considered impenetrabh'. barrier of ice that occupies the middle of IJadin's Bay. In I.SIS that barrieruas jiassed by the (irst Expedition of Discovery, sent by the "-o- vernnient to those regions ; where the haunts of the Wiiale and the nursery for its young were laid open to the (isliermen, whose daring enteiprise and perseverance in following XXIV NATURAL HISTORY. tlic truck of till' (liscoverpis, were iimply lowiudcd for tlio first fuw years by most abundant success; since tlie produce tliat in any one year bas been brouulit to England from tln.se newly-discovered ])orfions of the Arctic Seas, is more tlian 'Suflicient to cover tiie wliole expenses of ail tlie Expciditions of Discovery that have been sent, during- the last twenty years, to those regions : and yet people, not aware of this circumstance, are perpetually asking what benelit can result to this country from such midertakings ! i'lie ■\Vhale, liowever, still continues to retire from the ])ersecutions of man; and the numbers of its young whieii are annually destroyed witiioiit remorse by the avaricious imt im])rudent jishermen, must soon exhaust the fishery ; and search must then be made far to the westward of Batlin's Bay, and to the eastward of Spitzbergcn, for their places of retreat. Wc found them in considerable numbers as low as the latituile of 'T X, along the western shore of Prince Regent's Inlet; and the whole line of coast is cn.wded with the rcnnrins of Esquimaux winter huts, which had been chiefly constructed of the crown bones of the young \\ hale. The natives of th(> Isthnuis of Boothia say, that it is but rarely seen either on the east or west side of the Islinnus; and they, not ijcing sulliciently well prepared, or in sufficient nuud)ers, never venture to attack it. Only two were seen by us during the three years we were frozen u]) in that neighbourhood. A most interesting account of the Whale fishery is given by Captain Scoresby, /nc. ciL, where its importance to CJreat Britain, as a nursery for seamen, employment of capital, and as a source of national wealth, is made sufficiently manifest. BIRDS. l.-FALCO ISLANDICrS (J,rJ'»lco»\ I-AI-CO ISLANDICUS.-7.',./, .■ ]■■„„„. /?„;•. J™,,-._vol. ,.., p. 27. Utk: Ind. ();vi.— vol. i., p. .T2. ('«f.- /{lir. .'unit. — vol. i., p. ;!i:i. Sah: CncnI. Hivds, in 'I'mu^. Lin. .S,i,-.— vol. xii., p. .V38. rrmm.—\o\. i.,p. 17. Wlirrr. .IEIU-AI.CON.-/.,,//, .• .Sv«.-vol. i., p. 83; ami N./,/,.-p. 21. Sevoial were seen about Victoria Harbour, pursuing- tlic packs of vounu,' Chouse, in August ami Scpf ember, 1832; and a pair built their nest a short distance to the south ot Felix Harbour. A'o speeiineiis, however, were ul)laiued bv us. ■J.— STRI.X NVCTEA (^Snom, Owl). STPvIX WXTI'.A — Ukh : Vuuv. Ii:ig). EMBERIZA NIA'ALTS.— K;,-/, .• rami. Itor. Amer.—\o\. ii., l>. -J ir.. iMt/i : hul. Or».— vol. i., p. :507. Cm:: 7^'^^ Aniiii. — vol. i., p. 40.'). Teiiiiii. — p. ;!iri. limcl. — vol. i., p. filiO. l'(di : I'unn. Cnirnt. — p. 117. Hah'nii, in Tnuii. l.inn.Soc. — vol. xii., p. 6J J. /i(V/( ; ill Ajip. Ill I'lirn/'s-Zil I'oijir^c. — p. :M:!. .SNOW llfNTlNi:.— yi,w7, /.H,l.^ vol. 1., ]). 4-11. .1;./. Z/,;/.— vol. li., p. :::,'.. l.iitli ; Si/ii. — vol. iii., p. 161. Abounds in all parts of tlie Arctic lle^iDn'^, between tlic middle or end uf April and tlie end vl' September. (l— PLECTROPIIANES LAPPONICA {Laplmul fuuh). T'I.I-.CTlU)riI.V.\i:S l.Ari'OMCA. — /i'".«, /« .I/71. '<■ PunynWit Cv/"-..'— p. 07. StH'i/, III 'I'luiis. Lin. .Siu'.— vol. Nv., p. l.Jo, pi. 1 (youii^'i. liiili : I'aiiii. I'uir. Aiiur. — p. !'•, pi. !■! uxculk'nt ;. I'Ll-.CTltorilAM'.S CAl.CAKATA.— .U, ;/,/.■ V.(m7(.— vol. lii., p. ITo. r.MHEHlZA CAI.CAU.VrA.— i',m/H.— vol. i., p. :!:J. IUdi : in Ap:i l.i I'linys -J,/ C^'W— p. :;l.>. I.Al'LA.M) IINCII.— .l/,7. Zh./.— vol. u., p. :;7-. I.al/i : .V,,.;.— vol. iii., ]k Jo). Ts by no means numerous in tlie hiobcr noitliern latitude,-. A nest with five e'.;'j;s was broiioht on board early in July, lh):)U. 7.— CORVUS CORAX {Ravai). COltX'US CORAX.— 7ia7/ .• Fiiun. Pmr. .Imiv.— vol. ii., p. 290. ImIIi : hid. 0™.— vol. i., ]). l.iO. Cut- : IKl'. Aiiiin. — vol. i., p. 420. — Tinim. p. 107. (i iiifl.—\o\. i., p. 304. Full : Fatw. Cra'ul.—it.Gi. Itic/i : J/i/i. to l'an-y')s2d Fuj/ugc — p. 343. Ross, App. to I'lin-i/'s 3d Foj/ugc — p. 97. HAVEN— X«(/i : Sv)i._vol. !,, p. 307. Arct. Zoo/.— vol. ii., p. 24">. This is one of the few birds that are capable of braving the severity of an Arctic *d2 XXMU NATURAL HISTORY. winter and cf (■iKlmiiig tlio scfircliiivj: vay- I'l' u (ixipiciil sim, witliniit any clmnac litin^ pruiliiL'Lil in its piuuiau't' l)y tlic cxlicnics i.f rlinialc ( 'uvicr luul otlicr autlioi.- n\L'iitioii, tiiat ill tliu iiortli it is t'ici[U('ii(lv IduikI iiioie or Irss white : \ve never saw auv tliin'ci(. Zool.—\iA. I., p. i;,")',', pl.;.r. I.alli: Si/ii.— \v\. IV, p. Til. Ani. Zyu/.— p. 315. Is not so numerous in tlie higlur iiorflicrn latitudes as tlio two foUowiiir.- species. A pair was shot on the east side of tlie Peninsula oC Loothia, in latitude 7P lunuly ; and three or '■ ur more v.ere obtained at Felix Harbour. !,•.— TETRAO LAGOPI'S SALICETI (Wi/hnr Croiisc). TETUAO I.ACOITS SALIC ETE—y^Wi; Fann. /.',■/■. J«/,r.— vol. ii., p. 551. TETU.U) SAElCl.Tl.— O/i.- 7u,!,'. J";///.— vol. i., p. lua.— YbHm.— vol. ii., p. 4ri. Siiliiic, Jjiji. Ill i'raiiUiii's ist Jounioj — p. OtU. Riih: Ajiji. lo Purvij's'2d Wiijiiisc — p. 347. TETU.VO XUyV^. — lMlh : Inil. Or».— vol. ii., p. mjo. <■;„,(/.— vol. i., p. 750. Uofi, App. lo rarnj's Ad Wiyagc—]). 101. ^^T11TE GUOL'Sl',.— Z.»//i : .S//H.— vol. iv., p. 74:3. Arcl. Zool.--\o\. ii., p. 300. \\ ILLUW I'AUTUIDCE.— i/(«r«c's 7V luuiv pvcliarly u,l:,;.tc(l Id the liahit^ (,!' tlif Rock (;ruii>e and the I'tanuiuan. ]().— TETRAO LACOPUS Rl"Plv>Tin;; (l{„ck (irou.c). TF.TltAO J,Af;f)PfS IM'PKSTItlS.— ;>•;,//; Faiui. Il;: .;,«,;■.— vol. ii., [u :).-,l, |,|. o-l, (Vm. TKTUAO Itri'J'.STUIS.^ .S,,^.; .V,v, ;.. ^, /',/,-;7,',s' i./ /;.,/,,.-,_,,. (xtv. /v;(7i : .//i/i. to I'liny's 2i/ riW/'-^i— p. :MH, /,«//(.■ //«/. ()/». vol. il., p. 1; 10. (illltl. vol. 1., p. 7.';1. UOC'K CIUJUSK. — .l;v/. /.oo/.—\o\. 11., .No. 1;M. /.,,/', .■ .S'^-,,. .S,,;,/;.— p. 217. Is much more numerous iu tlic liighoi- noilhrrn latitudes than citlicr \. i., p. -ll'ii. I'linWr, in Phil. T/iins. lioi/. .Sue. — vol. l.vii., p. '.'i^o. PASSKNGER I'lGI'.ON.— J;r<. Zw/.— vol. ii., p. ■A2i. A young male bird flew on board the "\'ictory during a storm, wliilst crossing EuHin's Bay in latitude 73V' N, on the 31st of July, 1829. It has never before been seen beyond tlie sixty-sccv. Oil I. Sil : Siijiii. til I'ani/'s \U i'onup- — p. cc, Unii : Jj'i:. Ill l',ui'/\ ■:■! /'.y/,/-, — p. ;lJ-2. TIUNSTOM:.— L;/,rar,/,v-pl. 111. Is still more rare th;-n the pree(>(hn<;-, tin 1 only one -specimen was obtained, earlv in ■Inly, at Telix llarlidiir; it was a Kuuile in I'ull breedini:- plumage. Som(> others were seen Ijy us, as we tnivclied ;i!u;i:^- tlie cuii^t In !v,een \'ieturia Harbour and I'liry Pcjint, about the uiidiUe and iouards the end i 1' Jeiie. K)'.— CiRUS {'AXADKXSIS (liromi Crane). (.la'S C'AXAnKX.SIS.— A'i,/, .• ;■■„«,,. /;,„■. .!,„, ,:—M,\. u., p. :!7.i. Cue : R.'i;. Anim.—\iA. i., p. :,l( . JlJtOWN CltA.\i;.-/'.H,,; Jr.7.Z,v/.-vol. ii., p. -l-U. .Se.'veral inilividuals ul' a species of Crane were seen by us ni the neighbourhood of Fury Beach ; they were probably of the abjveaanied species, but as no si)ccimen was obtained, it cannot be ideiitificd with certainty. XXXll NATURAL HISTORY. 17.— TRIXGA jMARITIMA {I'lirp/c Snmlpiprr). TIllNOA MAUITI.MA.— /^W, ; l\i:„i. I'wr. .Im,-/-.— vol. ii., p. ail'.'. Cm-: /;,V. .|„im.— vol. i., p. .VM. Su'' : I'niiii. I.iiiii. SiH\ — viil. xii., p. .V;.!. 'iiunii. — vol. li., n OIC. Sail : Siipp. til I'lirnj's \st Voij. — p. cii. UUh : .\ji;i. to I'urri/'s 'Ji/ Tui/.—p. ,jj4. STI!I.Vri-,|) SANDl'll'l'.l!.— .l/c(. Z,.y/.— vol. li., p. ■{•;. Lul/i : Sii„.—yu\. v., p. ITG. But lew iiulividuuls if t'lis sj)cc'ii.s wcro seen luiir our waloiin^' stations; wi; liuiiul thciii, liouevLT, in consiilcnibli' nunil)frs neui' I'uiy I'uiiit ; ami at Melville I.slantl, on a foriuci' voyage, tlu'v were very niinierou.--. IS.— TRINCiA ALPINA {Amrriran Dmilin). TRINCA ALl'LNA.— A',,/.; rami. lU. .Iwic;-.— vol. ii., p. :!:!;!. Siihiiii , Tniiix. I.niii. Sue. — vol. xii., p. .'lo;). TliING.V VAUIAlilLlS.— .S(iii«r, FnuilJin's Jnunui/ — p. lilii;. Tcmiit. — vol. ii., p. ijlQ. Sail : Siipp. Ill I'lirij/!: ]il l'oi/ai;i:-~\i. cc. liii/i : ^tpp.tii Piiny'i ■'(/ ('iiv«i;(,---i). .i'>3. DUNLIN.— JV/i«.- J/v/. Xfo/.— vol. ii., p iro. Is very abundant durino- tlic brecdi)!;;- season near Felix Harbour, building its nest iu (he marshes and by the sides of the lakes. Ii).— PHALAROPUS FULICARirS {Flal-hillcd Phahiropc). I'lIAI.AItOITS n I.lCAKllS.— /,V/, .- Imn. IW. J;«rr.— vol. ii., p. 407. I'lIAI.AUOlT.S I'LATVIMIVNC'lll^^. — C/n.- 7.',,-. .//i/m.— vol. i., ).. .v^il. 7Vmm.— vol. ii., p. ri2. Sal'iiic, Tiaiii. l.i/ni. Sue. — vol. xii., p. 530. Sal' : Siipp. til I'uni/'.i st Jui/diiC — p. cci. J\'/i7/; Jpp. to I'urn/'s 'ill I'l'i/ii^c — p. y.).") /uw,<, Ajip. til I'ltni/s 3d I'ltyage — p. IVi. Temniinck's and Sabine's dcseiiptions sire excellent. Dr. Richardson's is taken from aa individual killed iu the Columbia River, and is of unusually small dimensions : of XATIHAL ni>;TORV. , ^„ abi.vfi tuTiity inoiisiircl l,y mo, flir siiiiillcst cXiTcdcd 8 incli(>s iu leni:Ui, and tii,: avcraLjc of that lu.iulxi' was latlicr more llini SV IikIks; lie slali.'s llir cxtiviuu Uivzlh of his specimen to In; ouly T iiulics. The lliiiales iuv larger tliaii tlic males. Twelve (if them toLjethcr weighed 21 ounces, or li uuiiecs each. 20.— STi:ilXA APiCTICA (Arclir Ten,). SI I'.itXA AI;C riCA.— /lie/, ; l-'uiin. Ilnr. .I/,,,;-,— vol. ii., p. 111. 7i/h/h.— vel. ii,, p. ri.'. .Si/v(i,', Fruiililin'i J,iiinuij—i\ (I'.ll. Siil, : SiipiK lo l'uii>i\ \,l Cy/.— p. ecu. lUch: Jjip.lii I'urnj's'id I'oi/a^c — p. Li.'ji'). luiss, .\pl>. lo I'dny's 3,/ ('.'j/d-f— p. lO.i ; and .)/.,■). lo l',iin/\ l'.,!ar I'ojjugc — p. 194. \'ery scarce, both to the east and west of the Peniiisula of Boothia, only five or si.x havmy,- been seen by ns during the threi' years wc were in tliat iicighbourhooil. It has lately been found abunduutly on the west coast of Ireland, in the winter season. 21.— LARUS GLAUCUS {Ghtucous Gull). LAItU.S (".L.VUCl'S. — Uic/i: Faun. Bar. Aiiia:—\-o\. ii., p. 417. Cuv : Rcf^. Aiiim. — vul. i., p. ,'jju. Ttiiim. — vol. li., p. 7,)7. i>(ii : Tnuis. Linn. Sue. — vol. \ii., p. 54.J. Sab- Jjip. lo Parry's l.sf I'oi/iigc — p. cciii. lioss, Apii. to Parry's 3d Vai/cgc — p. 103. GI.AL'COUS Gl'LL.—Arcl. ZooL—\o\. ii., p. 032. Latli : Sj/ii.—\o\. vi., p. 374. Numbers of this magnificent species of Gull built their nests on the upper part ot the face of a high precipice, two or three miles to the south of Feli.v Harbour,- and the whole line of precipitous rock that forms the western shore of Prince Regent's Inlet, is anuuuUy resorted to by thcui in the breeding season. Although feeding chiefly on XXXIV NATUHAL IIISTOIIY. fi.4li tlio V0III1"- l)ir(l is s( iiicclv iiiCi'iinr citlicr in ilclicary df lliivour or ccilonr to tlio tcmli'ivst cliickeii; tlir nid :,■■',. I.iil/i: .S'/H.— vul. vi.,p. n7."i. JIKIUU.NG iiXLL.— Ant. X«ol.—\o\. li , p. .>::. 'riic iiidivitliials (if tlii.s .-aperies (il)laiiH(l diiriii'4 mir late vnva^c, a;j,r(('d >utlii'iLMitly witli tliu dcscriptiniis ulicnc rcl'onrd to, i'\(('|it pcrliaps tliat tin- markings on tlii> jirimary quill foatlicrs arc nut cpiitc sn dark as in I'uropcan s])vcinu'n<. Dr. Kicliard.son has rcferrod tiic cxaniiilt's cif this bird, hruujiht to I'li^land on our I'ormor voyai^cs from Mi'lvillc Island and .M(i\illc {"tiiiusMla, to the Larus Argentii- toidt'S of the I'rinct' of .Musiu^naiio. ( I'miii: Bin-. Ajiicv. — [>, -117.) 23.— LARUS I.F.rCOPTl'UrS (Whitr-ulngnl Silrcri, Gull). I.AItt'S Ll'.t'COlTI'.lM'S.— A'„A; Vaun. IW. .Im,7 .— vol. li,, p. 1 IB. l.AKl'S Al!(.|'.NT.Vri S.- \(/-; Tnnis. I.nni. ,S,.— v.,1. \u., p. .VHi. JARl'S XKCViCV-^.— MCUluniii, Wcr. 7/«/ii.— vol. v., p. -Jo!!. This bird abounds in (irceniand and Iceland, and was first de-cribed nianv yeais n|io bv Dr. Edmonstone, of Slutland, in the W'ernerian 'Iransactions, under the name f)f the " Less Iceland Gull," tVcmi its oen^ral resendilanee, except in size, to the L. G/(iiiciis, which he had before described under the name of Iceland (lull. Cajitaiii Sabine, in liis " JNIemoir on the Birds of Greenland,'' /uc. rit., was dispcsed to huve NATIHAI. IIISTOUV. x\.\v consitlired tins a lU'w and inulc-icnlnd >|h'( icn : l)iii in drf. itiuc to AIi. T. imnimk, will) coiici'ivcd tliut the uljM'ntc ol' llu; dark maikinns im the wni'^s mmlil. he ncia- Bioni'd by the >e\i'iily nf the' i liniatc in ulnili il v,a- luMnd, he ilns^cd it with the liivicdingspocii's. Its (li,tni(ti\c < liaiailia-. mi' niiu, hnuiAcr, .-.nlliiK.'inU will knuwn : lh(! s|]cciMicns ol)tain( il liv u-^ (Iuiuil; uur lali voyaLic, auni d nin-t r\;ii.ilv uilli ('.in- tiiin Sabine's drbrn[)lii)n alunc idrni'd to. Ft was I'unnd bnedin'^ on ihr lai'f nj' llic -;inu' pniiiiiiT wiili tin ( d.mc.ii-, Imt iil ;i imich Irss hciLibt, and in uitatn nnndnrs. It i- niil initivi|uriilly mil with at tlir Shril.ini! l-hmils in I hr w inlia >i a^nn, and may tlicrfliar br addcil to our i alajounr nf linii^ji IjihI-. 'J-I.-I.AIUS KIU'UMdS (lv„n, Hull). I.AUr.S l.lilKM'.US.— /{(,/, ; lonn. /)../. \,mr. -v.,1. ,, i i|'.». /'//i/i/n"s I'i'J/ll^i , .I/7I. 11. I'lr. (. //. /. Mil. 1., |1. 'iilo. I.i:lli : III'/. Oni. — vn!. II. [1. 'I'liiim, — \ol. 11., p. Tii". Sdl' : III I'niils. I.nni. .S.iC. — \ ML, p. .'lilt, .'. '.^H. I.alli : hul. Oni. — vol. ii., p. Ul". Si:h : Slijlp. Id /'r;)77/'.s \>l J'ulllip — p. CC\. yi(i/i ; J/iyi. (.1 I'uirij's ^d I'lii/diSC — [i. :i.')'.). Itoss, iit ,1/1/1. /ii I'lin i/'i 'id I'mj. — [i. 10.") ; ;inJ /'ii/»r Jouriuy — p, lOJ. KITTIWAKK.— i'lj,;, ; Jrcl. /.,vl.—uA. ii., p .VJ'J. lliil. Zuul.—\o\. 11., p, 1130. IaiIIi ; .*v/«. — vul. \i., p. :i'J3. .xxxvi iVATURAL HISTORY. Inhabits all ))aifs of tin- Arctic Rcgioiis, iind lias been met, witli in the liiglicst jatitiidi s vet attained l)v man. It is e\tvcnielv ninnenin.s duriivj,- the sinnnii'r seeisuu ;:!iinn' tlu; \ve>t coast of Prince Regent's Inlet; whc-rc, in si;veral [ilaccs that aie pecii- li'.rlv \\eli fitted for breeding stations, they congregate in inconceivable numbers. ^V'e killed ciiouuh to s'ani)ly ouv party witli several excellent meals, and lound tlirni deliLiou.> food, iJcrfoclly free from any unpleasar.t flavoiu'. 2ri.— LARUS ROSSII (Ciiiwalc-hiilcil Gull). LAltUS IIOSSII.— 7i/i7(; Van,,, ll'r. .liiin\—\o\. 'u.,\>. i:7. Iiic/i : Apii. Ill /'((Dv/'s '.'(/ ViiiKi^c — p. :).')'J. lioss, .Ipi). lo I'dnij's Polar Voijtf^c — p. I'.'.'i. inisiiu's llhi^t. Ziiol. — vol. i., pi. 8. I..M;rS ItOSl'.r.S.— ./«/c.—\v\. sii, [^. .;.,{ ; ;iu(l >',,„y. ^, l\,n'i''S l.\t I'at/n-r — ^t. tuv. Ji /(.■/( : .1/7). ^' I'diry'.s •.',/ Vni/in^t — p. ?,{]{). II iss, .-Ipji. til I'd,' iij's I'i'Lir Votj(r^c — \^. \'.K,. M-.-MA CUl.L.VUlS. — /.(,/i/,, ,11 llo.is's royfigi'jovl. udit.— vol. li., p. lol. Was discovered by Ciiptain Sabine on the tlirce ir^hinds of Ballin, during Captain Ross's first voyage, to these re-ions in 181S, and described by Mr. Sabine uilh nnnute accuracy in the Transactions of the Linniean Society, A/c. ci/. Since tliat period it has been found in many parts of the Arctic Reo-ions ; at Spilz- bergen, Tgloobk, und Behring's Straits; and loy our party as v. c travelled along the coast, a little to the southward of Cape Garry. I have no doubt that the low land where it was met with, is one of its breeding-places. I have lately heard tL't it has also been found on the west coast of Ireland, so tiiat It has a much more extensive range than was at first supposed ; and it is flie more extraordinary that it remained so long unknown to naturalists. Only one specimen was obtained by us at I'eii\ Harbour; it was shot by Dr. M'Diarmid, and was the oidy one seen during our three years' residence in that quarter. The Esquimau.\ iulbrnied me that it breeds in great numbers on the low land west of Neitvelle. Dr. Leach founds its generic distinction on the forcature of the tail: for a similar reason the L. Jio.ssii should also form the type of a new genus, no other known Gull having a cuneiform tail. 28.— LESTRIS POMARINUS {Pomaniw J„ger). I.KSTrJS POMAIIINUS. — Rich: I'liuii. Bur. Anicr. — vol. ii., p. 417. Tcmni. vo\. ii. p. 7D3. Sab: Siipj). tit Vurri/'s 1st }',n/agc — y. ccv\. liiiii : Api'.. to Parn/'i Id Vin/iiifc — p. 3t31. Ross,App. to I'arri/'s 2(1 ro)/agc—\^AOj iand Piirri/s I'olar Vot/iii^c— p. 100. Is a larger bird and much more scarce than tlie common Arctic Jasrer. It varies XXXVill NATURAL HISTORY, very n'iUcli in cfiloiii-, accorillii^- to w^i', sonu; liciiHj,- ciilircly of a iinifunu bluckish- brown, and otlicis more or less marked with liuhUr fokaus. A nest witli two eggs was found near I'nry Point, bv liie mar'^in of a ^-inall kike. o(j,_]j?s'i'pjs PARASITICUS (1 ;,//,- J,igcr). LESTKIS PARASITICUS.— /JiV/i; Faim. iJ,ir. J«/,v.— vol. ii., p. l.-iO. ri/ai;c — p. 19o. (•.VniAKACTA I'AliASITiCA. — /'../. ; lann.Craii/.—p. lOli. Tiio form and relative hiigtli of the central tail feathers of this bird vary so much su.'eording to age and other circumstances, as to have induced the belief of the existence of several distinct, but verv nearly edlied, sp(-eies, and the dillerenccs observed in tlie plumage of the lannature birds, nialerially tended to strengthen this idea. Teunninek and Sabine \vei ■ the first to jiuint out the mistakes that preceding authors had made, and by giving accurate descriptions of the bird in every state of plumage from the cig to maturity, have prevented a recurrence of similar errors. .10.— PROCELLARIA (iLA( TALIS (/'-//«.; rclnl). rROCELL.VUIA (.LACIALIS.— 7',h»». -vol. ii., p. ."O.'. J.alh .- I,„L ();■».— vol. ii., p. 82.3. I'lib : I'ltiiil. (inriil. — p. Bd. (iiiicl.\v\. i., |i. 'lUj. Sal': Sitpp, 1(1 Parry's IsY /V^^t'c -p. ecvi. lloss, Apji. to Pavrt/'s 3!. Ci'mi/.— vol. i., p. .-.tiT. ImIIi: Tnd. ();■».- vol. li., p. R-l.'.. Full : I'liiin. Giivnl. — p. (33. .S((/i : iiiTntus. I. inn. Sdc. — vol. \ii., p. .''.Vl. Sail : Siipp. /(I Piirri/'s 1st Tuyr/^'C — p ccvii. RUit : .Ijiji. lo I'lirry's -Id I'nijntc — p. Uri. Koss, .hip. to P(iii-i/\ '.id I'ni/ii'.'f— p. lOii. KINC WCK.— Vnm. lh-it.Zool.—\o\.'u.,\\2U>. -In/. Zuo/.— vol. ii., p. .j,yi. I.atli: ,s^».— vol. vi.,]). 17:j. ^'ast numbers of this beautifid duck resort anu\eallv to the shores and i- hinds of the Artie Reui(jns in the breeding season, and have on many occasions ali'ordcd a valuable and salutary supply ol' fre.-h provi^uoii to the crew,-; of the vessels employed mi those seas. On our late voyage, comparatively lew were obtained, although seen in very great nundiers. They do not retire far to the south during the winlei', but assemble in large flocks; the nrales by themselves, and the females with their young brood, are often met with in the Atlantic Ocean, far distant from any land, v\here tlui numerous crustaceous and other marine animals ail'ord them abundance (jf food. .'5:2.— SOMATERIA .MOLLISSniA {Eidrr Back). SOM.\TF.HIA :\I()I.I.1SS1MA.— iJi(7( : Faun. li«r. Jwt;-.— vol. ii., p. It. AXAS Mor.LISSlMA.— 7'1 NATURAL HISTORY, Is so siiuihir ill its luibits to the iireccdin;;- species, tliiit tlie snmo rcniaiks rqiially ap|ily to Ijotli. This is, liowcvci-, inoro •j.cncniliy known ;is ;i luiropeau hird, luul is ianiiiiis for tlic beautifully ch:stit; down iVom which it receives its iiauic. That of tiie .S'. SiH'cta()i/is is equally excellent, and is collected in p;rcat ruiantities hy the inlia- Jiitants of the Danish colonies in Greenland, and forms a valuable source of revenue to Denmark. Vast quantities of this down is also collected ou the coast of jN'orway, and in sonu' parts of Sweden. 33.— [lERALDA GLACIALIS {]M,g-l„Ucd Duck). III'.KALDA (iLACIALlS— ;,',;■/, : r„n„. /i,.;-. J,«tr.— vol. u., p. loO. ANAS CLACIALIS.— ;/'<«(/".— vol. ii., p. HGO. O'/hc/.— vol. i., p. ,520. I.„lli : Iml. ();».— vol. ii., p. niil. Sub: Tunis. lAiin. Soc. — vol. xii., p. oj.'i. .tjip. tn Purnj's \st Joi/iii:c — p.ccvili, l{i)-h : ^Ijip. Ill I'uni/'s itl lot/ugc — p. 373. A\A.S llir.MALIS.— F,/;. : I'mii. (;,a,il.—\^.7i. L()\t;-TAILr.n duck.— i',««. IhH. ^,ii. 6'wt/.— vol. i., p. TilS. Lutli : hut. Oni.— vol. ii., p. U-1-1. I'lih : Fiiuii, Groont. — p. 41. Sub: in Fruuktin'x Jiiur-iiii/ — p. GPl!. Sub: Siij'ii. U> P(irn/'s \st Voi/ii!^f — p. 207. Ricli : in App. to I'liny's 2d I'ni/uuc — p. 3(J7. liiis:t, I'lirn/s I'olur Voi/uiic — p. 19(3. BKKNT GOOSE.— i'fiui ; Ihit. ZmiI.-~\q\. ii., p. 151. Arct. Zool.—yol ii., p. 551 Ldtli : Si/n. — vol.vi. p, 407. NATURAL HISTORY. xli This wcll-kuDWii \ inter inliuiiitant of the lorlis and fViths dt' the Sentlisli const, is CouikI duriiiL;' tiie siiiinacr niontiis in the hiL;iu-t. noitiiern latitu(h' th.it has yet Ixi'ii reachetl, hut ill uu grea* mnub('rs. It did not remain in the neii:hhouilioo(l nt' l\liv Harbour to breed, but s 'veral laiu'e Hoeks were seen on their way to the noitliwaid, ot" whicli only u few we;e sliot. Me found tlieni in o'lcater nundjeis near I'urv Ponit, and along the low line of coast to the southward, which, abounding With extiiisive fresh-water lakes, is probaSly one of their breeding stations. 35.— ANSER HUTCHINSH {Tin- Lrss Vmuula dome). ANSKU IlUTCllINSII.— ii(i'<; l-aun. Bor. Ama:—\o\. ii., p. 470. ANAS UKUNICLA, /?. — Ricli ■ App. io i'dny's -Id l'oi/ag,c — p. JOt). These birds arrived in Hocks about the middle of June, in the neighbourliood of Felix Harbour, and soon after dispersed in pairs to their breeding places. At Igloolik, the only place where we had before met with them, their nests were found in the marshes near the sea; but on tliis occasion several pairs constiueted their nests on a ledge ol' rock near the foot of a high precipice ; iunncdiately above ;hem the dovekies, looms, several speci(!S of gtdls, and near its summit the jerfalcon and raven built their nests. From three to four eggs were found in each nest, vif a pure white, and of an oval form, measuring 3.1 inches by 2.1, and weighing from 1800 to 2000 grains. The female bird is smaller than the male ; to the measurements given by Dr. Richardson, which are very accurate, we may add that its extcut of wing is fifty-two inches, and that it averages about (bur pounds and a half in weight. Its flesh is of a most exquisite flavour. xlii NATURAL HISTORY. 36.— COLYMBUS GLACIALIS {Great Northern Diver). COLYMliUS (II.ACIALIS.— KiV/i. F,wn. /Jor. .Iwf;.— vol. ii., p. 474. Tiinm. — vol.ii., p. 910. Fub : i'uim. Gran. — p. 97. Sub : Fianlilin's Journey — p. 703. NOllTIIEKN 1)1\ Kit.— /V)m . Ihit. Zoo/.— vol. 11., pp. lu.i, liir, pi. M. Arcl. Zool.—vol ii., p. 518. Only tlirct; spcciimns of tliis niannificcnt bird were ol)taiiiecl, and in each of tlicsc a mo.st striking difi'eroncc uiis observed in tlie colour ol' the bill, from the usual desirip- tious of author.-j. In our spceinieiis the bill being of a very liy;ht liorn colour, whilist in the l^indpean iiird it i.s dcsiribed as bein;^ black. There are other dilli'rences in the relative iiieiisurcuients of our bird, v\iiicli will be more manifest by comparing the liiuu'iisions given by Dr. Iliihaidsun, /"c. lil., with the mean of the nieusurenients ol" our tliree specimens. E.xtreme length 3(i inches. I\lcan of our specimens 31.4 inches Tail . . . 4 , .... 2.7 Bill above 3.1 . 3.65 to rictus , 4.6 , .... 5.42 Tarsns . . 4.4 . 4.2 Extent of wins; 48 . . 58 Wei ght . 10 pounds. Thus it appears that our bird, tliough ibur inches and a half shorter, has a bill eiglit- tcntlis of an inch longer, and ten inches greater extent ol' wing than that described by Dr. Uichavdson. I should have been disposed to agree with Wilson in supposing that tluM-e arc two species, and have assigned to the Boothian Divers a new specific name ; but on communicating with my friend Joseph Sabine, Esq., whose ornithological expe- rience is only exceeded by the ready assistance he affords to whoever may wish to avail themselves of his high authority, I am now induced to concur with him in the belief that the lighter colour of the bill may be occasioned by age, more especially as no difference of any importance could be detected in tiic colours of the plumage. NATURAL HISTORY. xliii 37.-COLYMBrS ARCTICl'S {Hlack-lluvatal Diver). C0L\MI5i;S AK(;TICrs.-];,VA.- la,,,,. IW. ,-/„„, -.-v..!. ,,,,1,. i;-,, Tamil.— \ I, I u,, |). 91:i. iii.V, .- .1/,;,. i,, l>an:,\ -J,/ l'.,,/,,^,-—^,. :;7.;. BLACK-TIlllOATl-.I) i)i\ i;i;._/v„„ .. j,,^ y,,u,^.—^o\. n., p. .v:u. This beautiful species of Diver was but rarely met with by us, and Diily two spe- cimens were obtained. It is found abundantly in Greenland, which seems to be its cincf breediiio- place. The natives make an inner dress of the rieidy-coioured velvet-like pluma-je „f the throat of this and the following species, wliieli being worn next to the skm, is the warmest and most lu.xurious dress that can be made. 38.-COLYMBl,TS SEPTENTRIONALIS ( lird-tlnoutcd Direr). COLVMBUSSEPTENTR10NAIJS.-/^.A.7v.,„./J,„.../,„,,,_vol.u.,i,..ir,V 7;™,«.-v„l.n., p. Ol,;. Gmt/.— vol. i., p. 58(5. Lut/i: Ind. Orn.—\o\. ii., p. iiOl. Fub: I'iiuii.arwiil.—[,.r>\. Sah : Tntiis. Linn. .SW.— vul. Mi., p. ■'>-\2. Siijip. to I'ninj's \st Vi^rjagc — p. tcix. liUli : Al)}>. lo Parry's Id V„iji,i:c—i\ 3:J7. Jioss, Ajip. to I'nrn/'.i 3d ]\n/(igc. — p. 10(); and i'arnj's I'ular l',,iiii:;c—p. 197. RED-THROATED mVm.-Pcnn : Bnt. Z»../.-vol. ii., p. Uil). Ant. ZooL-mA. „., p. :,io. [.uth : Syn. — vol. vi., p. 344. Much more abundant in Boothia than either of the two preceding species, and has been found in every part of the Arctic Resnons visited by the late expeditions. *F 2 xliv NATURAL HISTORY. 39.— URIA IMlUNiMCIlII (Bninnk/is auil/aiwl). I'lMA lUMNNK nil.— />((7/ : Fmiti. Kir. .hHi/-.— vol. ii., p. 177. 7V(Hm.— vol. li., p. 02 I. .S»/» : 'rriiiis. Linn. Soc. — vol. xii., p. i:;!). Snpl). hi I'liin/'s 1st I'oi/. — p.ccix. liicli: .tip. lit /'«;■; v's 'J(/ ('hi/. — p. 37". liiiss, .ipji. to I'liny's '.id Vny. — p. IOj i aii'.l I'nrnj's I'lilur \'oijni:c — p. 197. C;ip'l;uii Siibinc, ill liis viihuihlo memoir on tlic bii'c1.> of Greenland, wa.s tlic (ir.st to ]i(iint out tile mistaken iiotiiins of preceding aulhor.s with respect to this bird, and to icseiK^ it from tlie confusion into which wrong synonyms and impeifectdeisciiptions liad involved it; and in distinguishing it by the name of Rrunnich, paid a well-merited tri- bute to the indefatigable research and accuracy in observation of that learned naturalist. It abounds in Ballin's Bay, and is found in most parts of the Arctic Seas. I have also met w ith it at Unst, the northernmost of the Shetland Islands, and in s( veral parts of Scotland ; but it has ever been confounded by authors, with the I'^ria Troille, wliich it so nearly resembles. Captain Sabine and Brunnich* have cle;"ly marked the distinctive specific characters of this species. 40.— URIA GRYLLE (,Black Guillemot). I'KIA (illYI.l.R. — Ricli: Vauii. ISor. Jmcr. — vol. ii.. p. 470. Tcnini. — v_ , ,.. „„,. i'ltb : Faun. Gnvnl. — p. 02. Sub : Trans. Linn. Svc- — vol. xii., p. ')40. .Snli : Snpp. to Purri/'s Isl Voy.^p.cci vol. ii., p. 02.' .■ — vol. xii., p. X. Rich : App. to I'arnj's iil Voij. — p. ,377. LU.ACK Gt ILl ."iHC . t'^npp. to 1 HI It/ » isi I lyy.-^p. uuix. ±\.iLit . ''pp. lo ± uri ij i 4U t uv. — n. Ross, App. to I'arry's od l'oi/>«.— vol. v., p. :J27. Collect during the breeding season in vast numbers along the north and east coast of Baflin's Bay, but arc seldom to be met with far to the westward of Lancaster Sound. A few were seen by us near Leopold Island, and two or three specimens weie obtained. FISH. 1— CYCLOPTERUS MINUTrS. CYCLOPTERUS MINUTl -I'dlliis, Spii-ii. Zonl.—v^^\. vii., p. 12, pi. 3, figs. 7—9. Fall : I'uwi. (ir(riil. — p. 13.'i. Pallas's description of this extraordinary and beautifid little fish is most |)orfcct. It is tlic Ci/c/o})ti'rc Menu of Laceprde,* the Boiic/icr Menu of Bonnaterrc',"!- and probably the small species of this p;cnus, alluded to by Mr. Couch, in his paper on the " Natural History of Fishes found in Cornwall," published in the fourteenth volume of the Transactions of the Linnrean Society, p. 87. It is found in many parts of the Atlantic Ocean ; Fabricius observed it in the southern parts of (Jireenland, ai.d great numbers were taken by us from amongst the extensive floatini;- patches of seaweed that are nut with off that coast; but it has never been seen at any great distance to the northward of tlie Arctic circle. It rarely much exceeds an inch in length, and is theiei;))'C not used by the natives of Greenland as food, but constitutes the chief means of subsistence to the several spe- cies of gulls which are seen hovering over those banks of seaweed in astonishing numbers. * Ilisloirc Naturelle des Poissons — tome ii., p. CO. f Planches dc rEncyclopi'die Mc'thodique. NATURAL HISTORY. xlvu 2.— LIPARIS COMMUNIS. LIl'AlUS ( ()M MUNIS.— .S»/..- in .Ipp. to Parri/'s ls< r,>i/rt^f— p. ccxii CYCLOl'TEltl S Lll'AlllS.— ;,„.,/„,/,, Ili>t. \at. /'oism.hs— vol. ii, p. 0. l-'dh : luiiiii. (iiiinl. — p. l:).'i, var. I. /i/()i7i.— pi. IJJ, li«. .i. Ildss, .1/./). /» I'liny'i I'olur 1',.^.— p. 109. i;vc:i.()i'Ti:iii s cki.atinosi s t—iwus, ,y,. 109. Ross, App. to I'urri/'a Polar Voyage — p. 199. This species, which was discovered several years ago in Prince Regent's Inlet, during Sir Edward Parry's third voyage to the Arctic Seas, belongs to XlVIII NATURAL IIISTOIIV. ([^■luicr,* Miliu'ciiiis /,i< /V('/7/lini4iii>lii'il liy tin; iilisciicc ul' " li(trliilliiiii mn iiim /niiri's."^ A Hiii'ih iiulividiiiil ol' tlii.s very nin.' s|i('iii's, not, fMccdini; lour inches iu Icnj^tli, WHS ('icctcil from the slonuicli of a i^luiicnus gull, >li(it \>y hs nc.ii' l"ili\ !Iurl)()iir. It agreed sullkiiutly well with tliu dfscripliou aiiovc (iiiotcd. 4.— OPIIIDFKM VIHIDE. oi'iiiDirM viiMDF,.— yv//,; /•«,,«. (;™»/.— p. m. Hiiss, .Ipii. Ill I'oni/'s '.III I'lOiiifiC—p. 110. Ol'UlDlU.M rNi:UNAk.— i,aa7..y ii.s ; a liw individuals were obtained I'miu among tlio putciifs of scawciid oil' tlu' west coast of (ireeiilaud, in July, 18:2!), agreeing very cxaetly with the excellent description of Otlio Fabricius, /oc. cit. 5.— GADUS MOKIIUA {Common Codfish). GADUS MOltlll A.— Cur; /i,-. Jmm.— vol. li., p. JIJO. Tele dc la MoniC—p\. 10. Laieixdc, lint. Mat. (Its I'nissoiis — vol. ii., p. 3(J9, pi. 10, fig. l- 0-wuk. — Ks(iui]iiiiux of Uoothiu. Becalmed off tlie west coast of Greenland, in latitude GGJ" N, a number of very fine codfish were caught by our crew. The bank on which they were tbund, consists of coarse sand, broken shells, and small stones, with from eighteen to thirty fathoms water over it, * Ilfcgne Animal— vol. ii., p. S.W. t Ilistoirc Naturdle des Poissons— vol. li., p. 270. mt mMi i t SE miSiffi i(lim U^ ^- NATIIIAI. IIISTOIIV. MIX Tllrff nrc si'Vcrill olliri- Imiiks oI'chIiskIci-.iIiIc rxt'iit illdli'^ lli:il (■ii;i>t, wIliU' llic ((1(1- tl.sll u>^s(iiilil(' ill llii' ailtiiitiii III ii>t()lU'\' (lie D.ilii^li ('(iliinics, lull lililc ;iilvini;;l^c i> dclMcd riniii lllii-i' li--liii;;», wlncli il [nn- |)i'rly iiiiiiiii'ii'(l «iiiil(l (li.iih'h ■-> jiKiNc III' \i r\ uiciit liiiiiTil In (lie iiiliuliituiils (il llial ();nl (iT tlic ( (jiinlrv , iis ;iii iiilulr dl I'uod, mid id' ((iii-idcndd.' valiit' l«i Diiiiniiik iii ,i coiuniciciid |i(iiiil ( r \ uw . We (p1)S('i\(iI iiiiicli dill'rrclli I' ill iIh" iiimiliir of llic i;.vs (if llic (liir>;d (in--, iVniii lluisc ';IMII liv l/,ici']irili'. Ill :ill I llu- >• (■\:i!iiil!ii| |,\ liic, Wlllnml ;i >.il!- li' i'\rr|,liiill, the scciiiid IkhL liii ciHiliiiiHil ii ui< ii'i'i 'iiii'd'i'i "I ra\ > lliaii citliiT llic liisl or lliird ; altlioiiuli tlici't; XMis (•iiM--idi'i;d)li' \ jrialion m iliox- u( sninc iiidiMdiinl-:, Tile IdlliiwiM';, diiiii'iisiciii:; arc luk( ii tViini an a\('riiij,(' of lil'li'i'ii dill'criiit lishi-;, varyiiiH' ill lcni;tli iVuiii twi'iily-iiiiic Ik lurlv-i-ix iiu.lii-, and in weight lium ci^lit k> tliirtv-livc iKiimds : Length rrnni llic tip nl' tlic >iiciiil Id llic end ol ilic tail . I'll. 7 iuclns dl' the licad Id llic |i()^lciidr pari ui' llic '^ill cdvcrs . . !).! dl' llii' lad (I'roiu its iii.^crlidii) . . , , . 'i.'l Drptll hi' Ihi tail 7.4 Average wriolii, liilb. 'J oz. 15 7. 1' IS. \- Ii. A lii, -JO. 1) II, 'JO, 17. (' u.S 10 40. Tliis li>!i liad !!.\ fV li. I'lii',' been rouial diiiiirj, anv dl ill'' pn ccdiiu;' .Arctic c\|icditidiis, altlidiiL,ii Ircfiuciil !\ >oiil;1iI I'nr : hiil dii i iir late \(iyai;c we purcl.u.-cd a iiniiiiicr dl' a .-mailer ^y/.v, iiiucli icsi'iniiliu'^' in cdidiu- tiii' rock cddliii'j: dl' our cda^f, IVdiii a. paitv df l'.s(piiniaii\, v.lid were li^lllllL; liir Ihcui lluoii'^h laics in the ice, that fdvc'.cd the inlet (jii the wc-t L-idc i -f llu' jii'iiinsul.i ol' Bddlhia, p.ear ('ape Isabella, in .lane, ISll. 'I'Ikj-c obtained I'ldm ilic natiM's \aiied I'mni t'diirteeii Id l\venly-fi\(; inches in h'li'.'lh, Iml we were lo!d b\- i!ie;.i thai tlu)>;e iakeii in llie aiiUnnn at a slmrt (iistaneo In tlie w.-t'.vard (i''len e\("i-'led three feet. The alinr.'iitarv canal nl the latest exaiuined bv lue rather exceeded twic^ the leii'.itli of the i)ody, anil was Curnished with two Inmdrcd and lil'ly simple cylinUrical cioca. NATURAL HISTORY. (!.— GADUS CAL.LARIAS. GADl'S CALLARIAS.— r.Hff/i.V,-, Hist. Nat. iles /'oissoni— vol. ii., p. 400, i'liv: lii'i;. .Iiiiiii. — vol. ii., p. 332, Full: Faun. (Inrtil. — p. 144. ll-lit-tokc. — ]'.S(iuini;»ux of l!oollii.j. This sjiocies of (.'odfish is I'oiiiul abuiulautly in tlic ]5altic, tlu; White Sea, and along tlic whole of tlie continental eoust line of the north of Euroi)e. Fahrieius describes it ; ;nul our havin"' found it on the aiouL!' tlie shores ot the inlet to the west of the as bcinjx very numerous in many parts of Green par norlh coast of the American continenl, peninsula of Boothia, is an interesting- leature in its history. At the same time, the fact that tile only four species of fish which were found by us in that inlet, being ulsd connnon to Davis's Strait and ikillin's Bav, may be considered an additional proof It is also ;t side (if any be still wantui'. ) a water t'omnuani'alion net ween liiese two .S(>as ivorthy of remark, that only two of these four species inhabit ll li till' Isthmus r^f Bootliia. le sea on tlie ea; 1 roiii tlir middle o I .Mav until near th( ciul nf .liiiic the sea l-lish ry is very unpro- ductive, and attended willi ureal lahoiir and ditiieullv ; the salinuu do not arrive until the rivers Ix^ein to pour their waters iiilo tlie sea; and duriiiii' the interval, the Esciiiimauv assemble alone- the slii of thai inlet, .iiul iiroeure a sure and abunilant su]iplv of this tisli. At that period of the vear it is in \cry poor I'ondition, and iKithmu but absolute neccssilv cjiuld ilidiu'e the native's to seek a kind of food which th (lislik( much. Our partv h;ui been on \erv sliorl allowance of prov sums jire- vious (:> nieeliii'. th lipplv III 'PI \ ideiitial it. excellent food -^ipiiiiKuiN w hi> were eiiuaucil in lis eajiture, and this pro- isioiis was of ess( ntuil beiielil to lis, and we all tlioULlht It i> not iiii|irol)ai)le thai the three specimens of bv (' iptain Sabi as haviiit;- bet n found ti-ozeii in the ies oi' l/(v/r/wii-(/.v r' mentioned that covered Winter Harbour, in Mebille Island, belongs to this species, altlioii'uh friiiii the mutilated state of the s|)e- ■inieiis, he was unable to determine their identity. ■f le number of liii rays ''iven bv him ai^rei' very ilea rly with the average of a number examined bv it seldom much * Supp. to r.irry'.s isl \'o)iigt' — ]i. ccxii. i " IIMITI ~^-" NATiniAL HISTORY. It cxceods fourteen inches in Icn;;!!!, 1)iit sonic s|)i'i'inii>ns were ubUiincd nearly a foot anil a half Ioul;-, from winch tlie following- (liniensii)ns are ':ivcn : Length from tlic tip of the snout to the end of the tad . IT.o inches of the h(>ad to the posterior jiart of tlie Liiil ci.ers . 4..'^ of the tail (I'cntn^ ravs) . . . . , l.'J from the tij) of tlio snout to the vent . . . H.ii Fin Rays: 1^7. IMil. V (J. A 'J-J, L''J. D 12, li), 2:]. C 40 to 44. Alimentary canal, fourteen inches. Ciecal appendages forty-two, varyini;- from ati inch and a half to half au inch in length. Cirrhus on the lower jaw 0.7 of an inch long. -MKRLAINGUS POLARIS. MKHLANGUS rOLARI.S.— .S'»/> ; Supp.'lo Parn/'s \sl (Vv",t'<'— p. ccxi. /vDS.s J/1/). /(I I'lurt/'s t'olur t'oi/ii^f — ]). 101'. This little fish inhabits the northern seas as far as we have hitherlo been able to penetrate towards the pole; having been found in lat. S'JJ' N, swinnniiig near (lie surface of the sea, amongst the broken fragmciils of ice, and alibrdiiig to tiic -nils and other seafowl tiieir chief source of subsistence. During our late voyage we found them wherever we went; great numlKn's were taken by us from between the cracks in the ice, which covered the harbour «.f Hatty Hay, m July, 1833, and contributed greatly to sui)porl the strength of our i)ai(y, when on a very small allowance of provisions. At that period of the year it is much infested with tlie l.niuru g I'nrn/'s Polar I'oj/age — p. 200. J). iiiil:eihis,ihiiiiis(iii(ili. aimhili, . li> I'ani/'s ',iJ (("/»:;(— p. 111. Blocli, /(7i.— vol. iii., p. 1 IG, pi. lOli. COTTl S SCOUl'OIDl'.S.— /•V,6: Faun. f;r,r«/.— p. 1,^.7. K;ui-iiy-yoko. — !'.,-quim;uix cl' Kootliia. Is abundant alou'j; the west coast of Greenland, l)ut is more riirely met with in the higher northern latituch's. Two or three indi\iduals were taken in a net in Felix Harbour, and seveial were ea.ptured bv the nadvi's on tl;e west siile of the iieninsula of Eoolhia, dillering in no respeet fr,.m iiie excellent description and plate in the Iclitholoiiy of Dloch. I-"abiicius observes of the ('dl/iis SVorpiii.f, tliat although in daily use, it is the favourite food of the (irecnlanders, and is considered wholesome for the sick; and of the Ciiltiis Sriirpnidi's, that it is less savoury; tlie nali\c's of Boothia, however, prize it very highly, p"ef('rring it (o ihe codfish or sahnon. It is also worthy of remark, that the Es(]uiniaux of Boothia a]iply the same name- to this fish that the Creenlanders do to the C. Scurpius of Fabricius. ,-Tl-TimT"i'-"""'^ NATURAL HISTORY. ]iii 10.— corrus polaris. COTTIS I'DLAItlS.— i'df) ; Siilip. to ]'arn/'s ls( I'v/ci,'!.— p. cc\iii. (^.imbirbis, ciijiitc spiiiis duubus, ojiercii/is iiiiiiis ijuuluor, aniiutii. (.Sabine.) Tliifl species of Coitus was tbiuid abuiidiintly in jiools of water, li'ft by llio falling of tiic tide, n(>ai- the nioutiis of rivers, or streams of fresh water, on the cast side of the istiimiis of Boothia, and particidarly so alonjj; the low s'.iores of Slicriil' Harbour. Those examined by uie ai;reed very nearly with Captain Sabine's description, exeeptiiiij:, only, some slight dili'erence in the lunuber of the tin ravs, which tVoai the average of a great many noted by nie, but varying considerably with each other, I I'ound to be as follow s : P 15. V 5. A 15. D 8, 13. C 12 to 14. It seldom exceeds two inches in length, and from its numbers, alfords a supply of food to the gulls, ducks, and other waterfowl that resort to those regions to breed. 11.— PLEURONKCTES IIIPPOGLOSSUS. ri.r.UIlONKCTi:S Iliri'UGLOSSlS.— /,/.— vol. lu., p. i;!4. The common Halibut of our shores is found abundantly near the west coast of Greenland, but it seldom attains to a very great si/.e. The largest seen by O. Fabricius did not much exceed four feet in length : those taken by us varied in this from thirty-eight to forty-four inches j and ui weight from twenty-two liv NATURAL fliSTORY. to forty-oro pounds. According to Lacopc'tlp, it lias been captured near the coasts of Iceliiud and Norway, ol' a most enormous ma2;nitude, rivaliiuij; in size some of the smaller species of the whale kind ; and Pennant, who had himself seen one that weighed three lumdred pounds, says, that much larger ones are fre- quently taken near Iceland. Tlie following dimensions arc tlu' average of ten, that we took off the west coast of Greenland, in July, 1829, from the same bank as the Gtidus Muihuu of this notice. Lengtli from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail . 43.1 inches of tlie head to the posterior part of the gill covers 10.7 of the tail (centre ray) 6.0 of the rays of the anal and dorsal fins . , . 4.3 Breadth of the tail 13.3 of the body 21,1 Average weight, 34f lb. Number of fin rays: B 7. P -J-f V G. D 99, A 77. C 17, •■Trf-T-nimn NATURAL HISTORY. Iv SALMONES, BY JOHN RICHARDSON, M.D., F.R.S., &c. Tho f'ullowing iKjticis of four specimens of tioiil, brought from Boothia Felix by Captain Jamv.s Clauk Uoss, are drawn up in very general terms, that they may not occupy more space than that a'-^signed to the other objects of Natural History, (leseiil)e(l in the Appendix ; but ligurcs, with the cluuiuters of tlie sj)eeies in minute detail, will be given in the third vdluuie of the " I'auua l?t)reali Auurieana,'' now ])repaiinfi for publication. 'I'lie iirst species is, as far as we know, peeidiar to tlie inlet in wiiicii it was found. It would have b(!(ni highlv interesiing to have detected tlu' same species of salmon in Coronation Ciulf and l!cgent"s lulel, hut llie Sn/mo llcuniii and Mdckviizli, and several sjjccies of I'urrii^iniiis, found ni the iunuer, were not seen in the latter; neither liave till' .V. sdhir, or connnon salmon, whieli fre([uents the rivers from l.abradcu' to the forty-second parallel of latitude, nor an luidescribed >pecies, reseud)iiuL;' the (imhiisr/ia of Kamtschatka, whieli aijounds in New (Jaiedonia, been hitherto detected in tlio American Polar Seas ; nor tloes ilu; S. iKin/ui/iih^/i (I'ennant), a, gigantic trout, which exists abundantiv in all tlie great. American lakes, appear to have been observed in liie waters of ])0othia Feli\. 'I'lut last sjiecies, however, tiuit, is mentioned in the following notices, is comnKjn in all parts ol' the fur countries ; and it is probable that .V. fi/lpcs and iiilidus liave also an extensive range, though want of more southern specimens have prevented us from ascertaining the fact. Ivi NATURAL HISTORY. SALMO KOSSII (lin.m»i). IC(.>S.— I\.„H. V.or. .\i,uT.—],\. 00. ;iiid tlie liwul pi. r,:., fiu'. -'. Tliis siilinon, naincd I'.ckiiidnl; hv tlu' l^:-(|uiiii:ui.\, wns roiiiul in ^■ast iiiimbci's*^ in llie sou nrar tin' iiiDiitlis ol' river:-, utid iiirnislicil nn iiurci'ahlc iirtick' df dirt to tlie inciiibcrs ol' the I'-xpcditioii. It is qiiitc! distiiut Iroiii iiiiv species that we liavt; liud an DpiKirliinilv of seeinu' in otlier parts of Amerieu, and it does not ai;rce witli tlie character of any of tliosu described in tiic History oi' Kanitschatka, as ([noted in " Arctic Zouhi<::y," except perhaps with tlie Salinu nidhiid (Stelier) ur Golvt of the Russians, whicli corresponds uitli it in its comparatively sleiuler cylindrical form, small scales, scarlet sjiots on the sides, and the colours of some other parts. I3ut the (io/ii, instead of Ixing found only in the sea, ascends rivers to their very sources, and does not coiiLirc^ate in shoals hke the Sohito liossii. Koiie of the Scaiidinaviuii salmons described bv Nilsson have any resemblance to S. iiow//. Tiie most remarkable ])rculiarities of this sjiecies, are the truncated ibrni of tlie upper jaw ; the lengtb of the lower one, w liich considerably exceeds the distance between fhe tip of the snout and naj)e of the neck; and the smalluess and form of its scales. These are iuibeddetl in a nuicoiis skin, which iiitircly covers them, except their small truncated tips, that project and feel yery roni;h to the touch in the dried specimen. Tlie scales are rather remote, bt'iui:- ncv. liere lileil. The teeth in the jaus are remarkably obtuse. In ailditiou to the row on each side of the toni^ue, whicli exists in all the other 'rniUff, tlu're are two or more rows of snialh-r teeth, crowded across the tip of that organ. Two drawings by Caiitain Uoss, with tl:,' inspection of the dried skin, enable us to describe the colouis as folK.ws: Hack, top of the head, ilorsal anil caudal fm,> intermediate lictucen ed-green and hair-brown; sides jiearl-urey and siKcry, with a blush of lilac, marked le ar tli- hifeial lir.e with seatleicil namd dots of carmine. The lielly varies from tili'-red to ai(( lial blood-nd : the sides of tlie lieati are iiacrv. When the fish is oi;t of season, the colour oi' the lower parts fades to a * Soiiic: idc'i may lie foiir.ed of the amazing muiibers in wliifli llie N«/h»i liassii vi^it the rivers of liootliia I'elix, 1)\- meutioiiii,^ lliat from a siiiule haul of a small-sizcil seine net, wc hindecl J.'iTfi silnum, vaiviiiL!; in wcij^lit from Iwo lo fuiirlcen pounds, and averaging something more than four; the wliole rather exceeded six tons weight. A great many more were enclosed in the net, hut escaped thiough some holes that were fur some time unobserved, and others by leaping over it. — .'. C. Koss. NATl'RAL HISTORY. IVIl (lusky-oran<;-e. The flesh is ivddisii, of (liU'ciciit tints in dilliTont iiuiiviilnuls, ijein'^ best fiavouroil wlicn tlie colour is most intense. Tile length of the specimen uhicii was brought home is tiiirly-four inches, of wliicii the head forms one-fifth. The following are tin; numbers of tin; rays of the fms : Br. 12, 13. D 13—0. V 14. V 10. A 11. C 21^. SALMO ALIPES {L„w^-funwd Char). ICON'. — I'ltun. Bor. Amcr. — pi. 81, and the head jil. 110,11.;. I. This species, which with several other kinds, is included by the Es(|uiman\- under tho general appellation of Eckdlixtk-jn'ctlcdul;, was found in a small lake, whose waters were discharged into the sea. by a rividet al)C)ut half a mile lonq,-. The smallness of its scales, and the vomerine teeth beinp; confined to the anlerior knob, characterize it as belonging to the subdi\ ision Sulccliiii or Chars of Nilsson. Its form is slender, its jaws are of nearly C(|nal length, and it differs from all its congeners, that wc have seen, in the great comparative length of its fins. The scales are small and crowded, but not tiled ; they are covered with a thin epidermis, and do not exhibit the jnojccting naked tips, which give so ])eeuliar a character to the skin of Suhnn Hossii. Even in tile dried sj)ecinien they are ])erfectly smooth to the touch. No description of the colours of this species was furnished to us, but as far as can be judged from the tints remaining in the prepared skin, the upper parts were hair-brown, the sides ])alcr, with yellowish spots, and the belly white or yellow ; the under fins more or less det^ply orange. The length ot tlic specimen is twenty-four inches, of which the lieatl measures one- fifth. Fins: Br. 11, 12. P 15. D 13—0. V 9. A 10 or 11. C lO^. SAL:\I0 NITIDUS {The Aiigmalonk). ICON.— I''«K». Hor. An;a\—\t\. 82, fig. 1, and head pi. 00, fig. J. This fish, which is also to be ranked among the Chars, was found in tlie same lake w ith the i)rcccding one, to which it bears much resemblance in the form of the parts of *u :>iii NATURAL HISTORY. the lir;i(l, and in llin si/c and general character of the scales; it differs from it, liow- evcr, in lia\inu,' u tliickcr body, a vcutricusc belly, and short fins. Its upper jaw, too, is eoMiparntivcly sliorter, the di^itancc IVom tlu; ti[) of the snout to the extrcmitv <^f the lalilals, when applied lo the lop of the head, lldliui;- aljjut an inch short of the nape instead i'veral rows of occellate red spots, confined chietly to the space between the lateral lin<' antlthe yellowi.^h-rcd of the belly, anil varying in size, the largest being as big as a pea. The dorsal (ins are of the colour of the back. The pectorals!, ventrals, and anals, arc dusky-red, their first ravs white." The length of the specimen is twenty inches, of which the head forms more than one-fifth. Fins: Br. 11, 12. P 17. D 14—0. V 10. A 12. C 21^ SALMO IIOODII {T/w MasamacHsh). ICON.— K(H». Bor. Aiiiir.—\-,\. iv:, fig. v>, pi, 83, lig. 2, and litMil pi. \S7, fig. 1. This Char is well known throughout the fur countries, biMiig found in every river and lake. Its Cree name is Masuw-mcecoos. It resendjles the two preceding Chars in its scales, but differs from them in the shorVness of its jaws, and from the n^stof the genus in the peculiar smallness of its hea■s; the bellv and under jaw are white, and there are a few bluish-Lii'ev dots in the latter -. there are also some small and regular dots on tlu; caudal and dorsal lins; irides honey-yellow, scales having merely ;i moderate degree of lustre; there is a row of teeth across the tip ol' the tongue, and a few scattered ones on its centre, as well as the usual row on each side. The length of the specimen from Boothia Felix is twenty-one inches. Fms : Cr. 10, 1 1. P 15. D 12— 0. V 10. All. C 19 i. INSECTS. DESCRIPTIONS, v^c INSECTS BROUGHT HOME BY COMMANDER JAMES CLARK ROSS, R.N., F.R.S., &c. BY JOHN CURTIS, ESQ., F. U S., .^c. However deliglited the naturalist may be willi tlio productions of liis native .sod, lie cannot fail to take a dcej) interest in ol^jects that are transported t'roni distant regions, possessing, as tliey do, tlie eliarms of novelty, and frequently presenting to liini new types of form, or at least species, that he has never before had the opportunity of investigating. The little collection of Insects lately brought from the Arctic Regions by Coni- itmnder Ross, is consequently highly interesting, and the observations interspersed through the following pages, from his notes, contain data and information that am very important to the entomologist. I may here brietiy observe, that all the forms in tiie collection of Insects an; strictly European, and the greatest variety, as well as nundjcr, was found amongst the Le))i- doptera, but this might arise from the insects of that order being la ger and more con- spicuous, and consequently more likely to attract the attention, than smaller and sometimes almost inanimate objects. I think it very probable, however, that the Coleoptera are less abundant in the Polar Regions than the Ilymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. Ix NATURAL HISTORY. O R D E l{ C O L i: O P T ]] R A. Fam.— DYTISCID.E. Gex. !)j.*— COLYMHETES. {C/,iln:) 1. Ahrsltis, naimw, oMitu, soiiit'wliut i>lct'ous, legs castuucous, feinule very finely sliagrceiuil. Length tlirrc lines, hiciultli one lino und ii half. Antonnaj ycllowish-biown, ocImcdus at, llu' base, lioplii oclucous, ])a![)i black, at the apex ; head with two fenuL^inous spots at the base, and au inipresseil line antl puncture on each bide the base of tile clvpeus; tliuiax with an impressed punctured line all round, deepest at the anterior margin, and a large puncture on each side ; elytra very long, slightly convex, piccous and shining, with a violaceous tint in the male, dull greenish and finely shagreened in the female; the lateral margins obscure ochre, a few punctures are scattered over them, forming two or tlnee indistinct lines; legs castaneous, inulerside of thighs and posterior tibiie ])iceous. This is tile only beetle contained in the cullection, and was foiiiul in the lakes not un- commonly; I l)elicve specimens are also in tlie cabinets of the Zoological Society, that were brought home by the latt; Captain Lyon. Two large beetles were captured on the 23d of June, 1831, and another on the 14tii of July; they were i'ound under stones, ijiit were obliged to be abandoned with other valuable portions of the collections in Natural History. ORDER DERMAPTERA. Gex. 442— FORFICULA. {Lh„i.) An earwig was taken on the 23d of June, 1S31, "they were scarce," Commander Ross adds, " but several were found under stones." * The numbers of the genera refer to Cutlis's Guide to an Arrangement of British Insects, i^i ly ho ikI <•; lie ii'e II- at er !f V ^ IMF y '^rr. "'.'/'/: •v^^ JJ^-' i^ — / .± *>' rN /O \\w> / \ m NATURAL HISTORY. ixi ORDER 1[ Y M E N O P T E R A . F AM.— ICHNEUMONIDvE. Gev. 481..— ICIINEUJION. {Uiai.) 2. Laricp. Antciinre cmlecl ; rufous, tips of antoiui-.v, Iu>;k1, luulciside of the trunk, with tlic coxEP, and a spot and a l)road stiipe on the abdomen black I'hUe A, fig. 1. Length five lines, breadth ten line*. Clotlied with very short brownish pubescence, pale castuneous, minutely punctured ; antennte and head black, the former filiform, the basal joint rufous, third and four following joints paler red ; trunk blaek, the upper surface of the uiesothorax. and scutellum rufous and shining, metathorax dull and darker above, witli a black furcate stripe down the back ; abdomen ovate, very thickly punctured^ a blaek dot at the base of the second segment, the third with a broad black stripe down the nnddlc, concave on each side, the remainder black with a rufous spot on each side, at the l)ase of the fourth segment, petiole rather short, narrowed at tiie base; wings tinged with yellowisli fuscous, nervures and stigma ferruginous ochre, areolet (ptinquangular ; legs ratlier stout, coxiu and trochanters black, th(' former willi a red spot on the upper side in the liinder pair. This Ichneumon infested the larviB of the l.nrin lio.ssii, from which it was bred early in July, another was taken on the 8th of tlic same month, but they were nt)t very numerous. Gen. 516.— EPIIIALTES. {Gruv.) A fragment only of a female was ])reserved, but from the existence of the specimen it might be inferred that fir trees or stumps were in the neighbourhood. The nu;ta- thorax, abdomen, sheaths of the oviduct, and posterior coxiv and trochanters are black the remainder of the legs red, tlie tarsi dusky at the apex; oviduct ochreous; inferior wings transparent, nervures ])iceous. It is similar in I'orm to E. Cuibumniun (Christ.), but considerably smaller 1 believe. Ixll NATURAL IIISTOTIY. Gen. 529.— CA:\irorLi:X > (Grav.) 3. Arr/inis. Black, logs fulvous. Lcii^tli four lines, breadth seven lines and a half. Black and ])ul)csccnt, ; antenna; us long as the insect, subsetaeeous and not very slender ; head and thorax thickly but minutely punctured, the Ibrincr short, the hitter subglobosc, abdomen shining, clavate, and slightly compressed at the apex, jjedunclo rather short ; wings transparent, areolet very sinull, suljtrigonate, with the base ungn- lated, and the nervures uniting at the apex l)elbre they reach the marginal cell ; nervurcs and stigma piceous, the hitter narrow ; legs fulvous, coxie, trochanters, and tips of tarsi black ; the spurs to the four posterior tibia; rather long and slender. Gen. 55t.— IVIICROGASTER. (Lai.) 4. Unico/oi; Black, wings nearly colourless. Length one line one-third, breadth three lines. Black, thickly and minutcb punctured, base of the tibi.v dirty ochre, spurs at the apex brighter ; wijigs transparent but stained with black, nervures and stigma ochreous brown, areolet imperfect.* A male was bred from a cluster of cocoons, enveloped in a silky ball, resembling those containing the egss of some si)iders. Fam.— FORIMICID.E. Gen. GGl.— MYRMICA. (Lat.) 5. llii/ini. (Linn.) " In great nundjcrs undi r stones." Fam.— APID.E. Gex. 723.— B0:\IBUS. {Lai.) G. KirliicHiis. Black, anterior and posterior margins of the thorax and base and apex of abdomen clothed with yellowish hairs. * \iiIo Cuiti-i's Driti^li F.iitoinology — \o\. vii., folio and piale 321. >iftilWWipce of tiie superior wings chestnut colour, and two red spots towards tiie apex, eaeli having" a white pupil and black ocellus; inferior freckled and variegatetl with oelue, forming several spots towards the base, and an indistinct l)and biyond the centre, on tlie external edge of whieii are four ochrcous dots; inside of four posterior legs pale ochr(!ous. /(7««/(' blackish, with an ochreous shade, tile rufexis spots towards the apex jialer, with the black pupil more or less distinct, and one or two smaller rufous spots between them and the posterior angle; the antenntB are dotted with black on the upper side, and the club is dark above and very much compressed; iiiiikrsidc with the superior wings more rust-coloured, and the two spots ochrcous ; the spots and fascia on the inferior wings more distinct, the margins of the latter, especially the hinder one, dentated. This very distinct Papilio, I have the pleasure of dedicating to my friend Com- mander James Clark Ross, F. R.S., &c., whose zeal fur natural history is (([ualled only by that enterprise and energy which liuve characterized all his undertakings, and carried him so successfully through his various voyages to tlie Arctic Regions. Five specimens only were brought home, "they were scarce, and frequented the pre- cipitous faces of dark-coloured rocks and loose stones. I never fo\md," says Com- mander Ross, " any of them on flowers of any kind. A few specimens were obtained on the 18th and '25th of July, 1830, and one on the 14th of the same month the year following." *i2 Ixviii NATURAL HISTORY. 1.3. SnhlniitHna. Wind's siMnitniuspaicnt, fusi.'Oiis, costa licckled witli black and wliitr, tuo siiuill Ijlack spots towards tlu; apex with white pupils, most distinct on the uiidcrside. JvNpaiision one inch eleven lines. Mult: black, antcnnie ocineous, (lie cliil) clonjj;aled ; \vin|j,s seniitransparciit, yAc fiiscdiis, neiNures nchvenus, cusla black, lieckled with white ; two indistiiut white dots towards tiie a[)e.s. wilii biackisli (icelli, cilia wiuti>Ji, spotted with black; luitlcrsidc ol' superior wings similar to ihe up[)er, but llie ocellated spots urc distinct, and the surface, e\ce[)tiiix ; inl'erioi wings spotted and mottled witli black and dirty wliiti', forming a waved and curved pale line beyond the nnddle, wiih three or four whitish dots beyond it. A single male was preserved, and probably was taken with the last species, of which, at first sight, 1 thought it had been only an old antl faded specimen, but on examination it proved to be in good condition. CiF.N. 77.5.— MELIT.EA. (l\,l>.) 14. I'd i(j II ill I IIS. \\'ings tawny, spotted with black, inferior wings beneath with seveial pearly spots edged with black, an irregular pearlv line beyond the nnddle, and seven s|)ots of the same on the niaruin. E\j)ansion from one inch six lines to one inch t(.'n lines. Black, anteniiiie with a large spoon-shaped elnb, the tip and underside tawny ; palpi somewhat ochreous beneath, freckled with scarlet outside; wings tawny oranne, black at the base, superior with three long black spots on the discoidal cell, and a waved Inie across tlie middle formed of black crescents, beyond is a row of six black spots, and close to the jiosterior margin a line of a's, alternating with the same n\miber of spots, which variegate the white cilia ; inferior similarly marked ; underside, superior wings paler, sometimes ochreous at the tip, variegated with ferruginous, the spots from the ni:|)er side apparent, but smaller and hunter; inferior wings reddish-brown, a little variegated with ochre, w ilh three pearly spots at the base, a v shaped one, and two larger elongatc-trigonate spots, margined with black beyond them, across the middle is a row of black a's, with an irregular line of pearly crescents, with six small black spots beyond it, and seven pearly spots on the margin, edged internally with black a's, the suj)erior margin is also pearly, the cilia pale ochreous spotted with black ; legs dull ochreous, tliighs scarlet on the upiierside. As this insect docs not agree with the P. TuUia of 0. Fabricius, and I have reason NATURAL HISTORY. i.xix to hnlievo that several species have been di'tectdd in the Polar Regions, I have caie- f'ully (Icsciihed it and L^iven it a name. M. 'rnn/iiiiiiiif! was an abundant spcoios, and like the Coliades was found (cedinii- on s|)i'cnncns were ( aptui' I'd on Int til the flowers of Ori/tntpis C>iiiii)cstris and (). Arrli lOtli of June, and between tlu; 2d and I4tli of July, lU.'JO, (liey W(mc most abundant; in 181)1 the lirst butterfly seen was one of this speci ith t\ I of ihirteen the second and twelfth seuinents will jiric klc h aiK 1 (1 ur, and all the other semnents of tlu; body with six isposed in rows and e(pndisfant on (.'aeh sidc^ of thi; back. Colour (lark brown, with a line of whiti: spots alon<;' each side. Some eaterpillai's I have seen entirely cjI' a blacJiish-brown, or rather brownish-black; one that was found under a stone in the midcUe of March, and of course perfectly bard frozen, showed sym])ti!nis of lili.' in half an hour after beini;- i brought into the cabin, and in less than an hour it was walking about the table. It is thus described in my note book, and ers so nuich from the others, that it probably belongs to another sjiecies. Length dill 0.' /o or an nu h ; th H'ec rows ot prickles oi n each side of the back ; twelve ribs or seg- ments and a white dorsal line along the back ur above brownish-blael L'ath clove-brown." It possibly may be the same caterpillar in an earlier stag diB'erent skins vary considerably. Gen. 770.— POLYOMMATUS. (Lai.) 15. IViDik/itiii. Silvery grev, with a black ocellated dot on the centre of each wing, beneath brow'n, with numerous white spots, those on the upper wing with large black pupils, in the under wings with oidy small ones or none. E.'vpansion from eleven to thirteen lines. PI. A, figs. 8 and 9. Black with bluish hairs, i)alpi bluish white, margins of eyes silvery Avhite ; antenna dotted with white, club orange, excepting the back ; wings greyish powdered with silvery green, especially at the base, the spots on the underside slightly visible, a black spot on the disc on each wing with a wliitisli margin ; the edges of the wings fuscous, Ixx NATniAL HISTORY. (he. postrrior with ti lino of indistinct wliitish (jcelli iilnnj; the ni;ir;^in ; ciiiii wliitc; utitli'rsidc, snpciior wiii^s with ;i wliitc spot towiirils the huso, mul anotlicr on tlio disc witli a long bhick pupil, hoyond them i.s ii curved hne of six black spots occUuted with white, iind near the posterior margin the same number of incHstiuct kidney-shajied blackish spots mar;j,inetl with white; inferior wings fuscous freckled with i^old, but blue at the base, five whitish spots towards the base, the three outer ones with black pujiils, four similar ones in a line beyond the middle, touchinii' n row of eiffht whitish lunules bearing blackish spots, two towards the centre being the largest, and sometimes crescent-shaped ; legs bluish-white. I have named this jjretty s])erie.s after Sir Jolm Franklin, whoso overland expeditions in the Northern Regions have so greatly contributed to our knowledge of the geogr.ipliy anil natural history of that part of the world. " Only two individuals of this species were taken; they were feeding on Aslragii/us .d/jiinas near the end of July." Fam.— IJOMBYCID.E, or, ARCTIID.E. Gen. mil— LAUIA. (Svlir.) Id. HosiH. Transparent grey, superior wings with two blackish waved lines forming a fascia across the middle, with a spot between them, and a similar sinuatcd line beyond them; inferior wings cream colour, ochreous inside with a blackish fimltria. Expansion of male one inch eight lini>, female one inch ten liuc.s. PI. A, fig. 10. Ma/c yellowi'sli-grey, a spot on each shoulder, and the abdomen darker ; siiperi(a- wings semitransparcnt, the costa blackish interrupted with grey, a waved blackish line before and another beyond the middle, with a crescent-shaped spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell, aiul a very sinuatcd and ilenlutcd line near to the posterior margin; cilia blackish, spotted with ochre ; inferior wings cream colour, the abdonunal margin ochnnuis, as well as the cilia, with a blackish fimbria. I'cinalc apparently paler, but very much injured. I have named this veiy distinct moth after Captain Ross, who first penetrated these inhospitable regions, and to whom we are indebted for many additions to our zoological collections. It is a very abundant insect, especially in the caterpillar state, for ab' i.t a hundred NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxi vvoit> rollccU'd on the IGth of .luuo, 1832, ncnr Fury Rciuli ; tin first lliat was Kccn in the lucviiius year was ciii tllr lOtll of Jlllic, and scvcial )n' oil tlic ','I](I. Tlie cater- pillar is larf^o ami liaiiy, of a hcuutiful sliiniiii;' velvety Mack, the liairs lioiiig soniiwinu, oclireoiis, tlicre are two tufts of black hair on the l)a( k, followed hv two of oran;j;e. A great number of them are destroyed by several kinds ol' flies and ichneumons, one of i(i(l at lit;. 1 ; but those that arrive at maturity spin a close web, about whic'h is reprc'-ei the si/e of the silkworm's, and eovered outside witli its h;iirs, tiie |ui|);i .1 slnnniL ihd llie baek thiekK elo'hed witli Uai" brow ni-h-oebrc liair- its wlmlr Icnnlli the nicitii appears about the beiiiiMiin.;' oi' Au'iiis men ts I h transiiiljed fruni ('mnnaiuler l!os>':^ MS^ Till' liiliowin;^' iiil(rr.stin'4 rxpcri- ' Abnlil lliillv v a wliole day vvalkiiej, aliuut ; they ,\eri im i\])(ised tl le air at. a tempi ralure of about -!() a weet helow zero, aiu I bet'imie im nediately hard fro/en; in tli'i> state tluy remained nd on beiii''- brou''ht ai tl lese \V( ■re at the end of four ho irs |)ut the e;d)iii, only twent v-three eanu' ti lUt, once more into the air, and hard frozen ; alk >tl er anotlier wei k they wer( kth b iht in, wiieii onlv eleven were restored to lill; ; a fourlii tinii; tiley were expo>e(l to tlie winter lemperal iire, and milv two returned to lili' on beiie'' a"'aiii broiieht into the eabin : llu'se twn survived (lie winter, rfeet l.'iria was produced I'lom one, and >ix Hies from the oilier; o perleet as iliilii and S. :uHt in :\i; iv an nuiier both of them formed eocuuus, but that whieli pruduee'd the tlies was not tl le oilier. Tile caterpillar ieeils mo: ;tlv Oil til ■Sill il ni'j^ii Iniiisjit iijipii^ilijh/ii, C.V.S. 8J0.— KVPREriA. (O,//..) 17. Ui/]H'i-horcits. Castaneous brown, superior win^^^s with a spot ou tlie cosia, and an interrupti'd strii)e towards the hinder maifin eream colour; inferiiji wiiij^s with an oraiiee band across the midtllc, bearing a brown spot ; the margin oraiigi' also. i'^xpansion one inch eleven lines. Miilc castaneous brown, antenna' black, the rays short ; the su[)erior \vine;s w ith a cream coloured spot at the niiddle of the cosia, and a waved stripe of the same colour near the posterior margin, nearly divided in the middle ; inferior wings ochrcous freckled with scarlet, castaneous brown at the base, an elongated sjiot at the middle, and a sinuuted fascia beyond it of the same colour ; margin of the abdomen, upper side of Ixxii NATURAL IIISTOKY. the tliigli.H, und muleisiilc of \viii|^H vermilion, vuiie<:;iitc(l with tlic oclire imd brown of the upper Miiliicc. On lilt! Nlli ol' August, this spk'iulitl niolli was brouglit on hoanl liy ttw of tlic men, it was tlu' uiily oik; scv.n, uiid too iiiucii injured for diiiwing. In it l()rini'r voyiigo a ninnhir insect was brought home liy Captain l.yon, this amy tlicrcluro be only u rcuKU'kablu variety. Fam.— NOCTUID.E. (ii:N. «H).— II.\DENA.* (,SV///.) IH. Iiiihin(h<>iii. Brown and pale gicy, the iipp( r wiiw;s wilii an tar-sliapcil and two other spots on tlio disc, and two dcniicniatrd striga; beyond tlieni ; inf'Tior, dirty white, tlie base and a tindaia fuscous. lv\|)ansi(in one ineii hve lines. Pi. A, (ig. 11. A/(//c pale grey, palpi and ant(nna' black, the latter ciliated l)cn(alh;i bead and thorax variegated with black; al)donien fuscous; su|)eriui' wings brown, the costa S|)otled with grey and black, two grey waved striga: near the base edged with black, with a small black o\al attaclied (d the second, above it is a small black ring united to a larger ear-shapeil s|)(jt, beyoi'd them is a curved (hmliculated grey striga edged inside Avith black, and a darker one near to the posterior margin; cilia whitish, j-potted with black ; iid'erior wings oehreous white, a Imudatt' sjjot on llie disc, the base and fnubria pale black; legs spotted with black; winus bi'neath yellowisli-wliiti', with a fuscous lunulate spot lai the disc of each, and -a llmbria of thesame coloui-. I have named this very di>tinct moth after Dr. Puchardson, the irieiul and cianpanion of Sir .lohn Franklin. Two males unly were brought home, they were captured on the 2.')th of .lalv, 1830, and it was by no means a numerous species. It considerably resembles the. Nocliiu Lap/io of Codart, but is at once distinguished by the white on the under wings, and it is worthy of remark, that the only specimen [ have seen of that moth wa captured in Forfarshire, Scotland, and presented to me by Charles Lyell, Esq. * For the thaiacler of tliis genus, i-co Curtis's Brit. J'.nt. — fol. 30U. t Tlie tips are represented as iu the spetinieii ; tlay appear to be broken off. NATURAL FIISTORY. IzxJi rvM.— rilALKNIDT:, (ii.N,— rsYciioriiouA. {Kirh,/.) Aiileniifi' rntlior slioii mid si'liu't'Diis, liiin'ctiir.itcd in tlic iniilc, ~iiii]ili' in tlir (i'liuilo; tlicravs \or\' slimt iit llu' Ijasc, itml Miiiisliiii'j; t(i\\:ii(l-i tin' ajx'X ; cacli juiiil jinKliuin.;- two, wliicli are clavato aiul iiiilicscciit (li'j,-. In) ; iiiaiilltr Vnvx aixl spiral ; jmljii [xn- icctt'il liorizonlullv, sliort and vciv liaiiv, |)rnjcctin;j; ii little bi'vond (lie Inad ; //(•(/(/ and ('//('.v rather sniidl ; l/mnii suhololiose and liaiiv ; iili(l(iiiirii slioit sul)ivlin line-; : underside whitish-i'iiicreous, with a fuscous spot on tli<> costa ; the cilia spotted I'liscoiis. Exjiansion I'loui one ini h to one inch and two lines. Plate A, fi--. I'J, male ; li^:. 7, the lead in profile. l\lr. Kiiby's description hciiej,- ineomplcle, from his want of jierfect specimens, I iiave endeavoured to supi)lv th(> deliciency by i^ivin;;- the <;cneric characters. When I published the'^eiuis Psodi s (7'/c//.*\ 1 thought, from the observations of Mr. Kiiby, that J*. Ifi'pidiiriii might be allied to his g(Mius Psycophora, if not synonymous, but I aiu now satisfied that it is consideiablv removed from it. It bears considerable rL'sem- blance to the; genus Theia (^7c), but is most probably allied to Zeryiithia.i- Gi.N. 915.— OPOllABIA. {Sic?) 20. Puitcli})cs. Cinereous, superior wings w ith an oblique fascia, and several pale waved striga'; legs spotted with white. ♦ Curtis's Urit. Ent. — vol. ix,, pi. 424. t lb.— vol. vii., pi. 296. bcxiv NATURAL HISTORY. Expaiii-ion one inch and two lines. AntciuKi- blaciiish, setaceous, pubescent beneatli ; maxillas long and spiral ; jialpi short, not very tliickly clotlied with scales; superior wings cinereous, witii a darker patch at the base, a faint oblique iiiscia acrt)ss the middle; narrowed towards the interior niariiin, the edges crenated, v,\l\\ two very wa\ed pale lines between it and tile base, and three beyond it, and a dot on tlic disc; ciUa spotted ; legs fuscous, tips ot all tlie joints of the tarsi, of the tibiie, and a spot on the centre of the latter, white ; the middle tibiie are spurred at the apex. An inij)erfect specimen, wanting the body and under wings, was brought home. Fam.— TORTRICID.E. *Gen. 9G0.— ORTIIOT.ENIA. {Sle.) 21. JJciit/i'i/diia. (Don.) Ochreous brown, superior wings variegated witli numerous wliitish silvery spots, forming irregular lines, with a distinct round one at the centre, the costa spotted brown' and white, each of the white dots bearing a brown one ; inferior wings pale fuscous. J^lxpansion from ten to twelve lines. Bentleyanu. Dim: Hi it. Lis. — vol. x., j)l. 357, fig. I. i'inetana. IIii// : Vo//.— pi. 10, fig. 67 .' I believe :-everal specimens were taken tlu' '2d of July, 1830, and the 14th of the same month die following year. This is an interesting discovery, as it shows the dis- tribution and times of a})pearanee of a small niotii. In ascending Sehichallien in company with iny friend ■Nlr. Dale, on the Uth of July, 18-'j, wi; met with this hisect ill great abundance on the iiortii side, near and at the toj), u[)on the turf amongst the rocks; we found it in a subsequent year amongst heath, at an elevation of about 1000 feet, on mountains in tiie neighbourhood of Ambleside in the middle of June, and afterwards at Traflind, near Manchester. 22. Seplentiioiiaiiii. Dark brown, siqierior wings with a darker oblique fascia, the costa spotted with white ; inferior wmgs t'"uscous white. Expansion seven lines. Blackish-brown, superior wings somewhat variegated with grey, with an indistinct obli(jue baud across the middle, narrowest at the costa, which is marked with six or * Curtis's Brit. Eut.— vol. viii., fol. 3C-i. NATITTIAL HISTORY. Ixxv seven silvery white rays, several of them dividoil by a darker line ; cilia ochreous white, spotted at the base with brown; inferior wings, legs, and underside, pale fuscous white. The box contained two specimens of this small Tortrix, which resembles a little the T. h)jhridami of Iliibner, \± 38, fig. 238. Gen. 9(i4.— AIKiYUOTOSA .' (.SV.'.) 23. Piirri/diii/. Grey, superior win^s with an ini'iuiidcd hrown band near (lie base, an incomplete one across the middle, and the apex of tiic same colour. I'iXpansion eight lini's. PI. A, fig. 13. Ib'own, head and sides of thorax inclining Jo ferruginous, ajiex of alxionu'U (ichreous; superior wings i)alc grcv, Willi a lilac tinge, and ddicatdy tcssfllatcd with lirowi:. an anguluted brown band near the base, indistinct, at the costa, and annther at tlie luiddic, vanishing at tli(> interior margin, very narrow at llie cosla, and aiigulated and tlilatcd outside at tlie disc, a round spot of liie same colour at tiie (ij), and three smaller (nies approaching it on tiie costa; inferior wings a little paler, tla- margin and cilia oclneuiis- fiisious. The antenna' were broken olf of the only s](eciineii preserved of this very distinct Tortrix, which I have named after Sir William Edward I'arrv. O 11 D E R XIII.— II E M I P T E 11 A. Fam.— ACANTHI D.E. Gen. 1094._ACANTIIIA. (Lnt.) 24. SteUaln. Blackish sericeous, elytra with a pale spot at the centre, and s(-veral at the apex ; legs ochreous. Length three lines. Black, clothed witji very short shining hairs ; thorax transverse ; the edges beneath siibochreous, as well as the centre of the antepectus ; scutcllum rather large ; elytra with the costa reflexed at the base, a semitranspurcnt spot at the base, anoth-ir on the *K 2 Ixxvi NATURAL HISTORY. disc, and ciolit or nine arraniiod in a ciiilo on tlie siibmcnibranoiis apex; niai'i^iiis of abdominal scgnii'nts beneath ociueoiis, and forming a row of dots down each side; legs dirty oclire somewhat freekleil witii piceous. The liead is wanting to the only specuneu I have seen; it most resembles A. Zostercc of I'abricius, but is very distinct liom my examples of that insect ; as some of its larvaj or pupie were found, it is probably not uncommon in the Polar Regions. Cir.N. I(i94«.— PEDETICUS? iJ.ap.) 2.J. V(nicif(iliis. Black, side, of thorax and niinierons spots on the elytra whitish ochre; legs spotted with \\\\\U' and ochre. Length two lines and one-tiiird. Elack, clothed with shining pubescence and black hairs; eyes large, very globose and prominent, subferruginous striped with black, the clypeus, excepting a stripe down the middle, apex of the labrum, internal margin of the eyes, and a triangular (■pot on each side beneath, ochreous; thorax trapezate, gibbose on the back, with a fovea at the centre, the base verv concave, the sides |>ale ochreous; elytra with ajiale ochreous ])atcli near the base, another beyond the middle, and a semiorbicular one at the apex, divided into several sj)ots by the black ncr\ urcs, each bearing a blackish dot; legs hairy; antepectus, coxa^ trochanters, and base of thighs, excepting the anterior, whitish ochre, the thighs stiipc (I beneath with black ; the tips, two broad bands on the tibipc, excepting the posti'.ior, and the apical portion ol' the basal joint of the tarsi, ochreous. O R D E R X v.— D 1 P T E R A . Fam.— CULICID.E. Gkn. 1137.— CULEX. (J.i/iH.) 26. ('(H^piiis. (Pall.) Black, liead and thorax griscous, abdomen with seven white bands. From two to three lines long, from four to six broad. C, Pi;..ens. Fab: Faini. (Jran/.—]). 209, n. 171. Several females, but not one male, were broughi home : this may be accounted for,, NATURAL HISTORY. IXXVIl (■itlicr IVoin the niiilcs aijpciii'ing cm licr (U- l;itcr, oi Irnm their luit beiii<; saiiuuiiiury ; I liavi! fVcquuutly I'oi- a week togetliei I'ouiid tliu tciiialcs ol' Cii/cr (tiinululiis cou- jiregiited in suniiuc'i--h()uscs in gardens, without hciiiL;- able to (hseuvcr a sini;k' nialu.* Comnuuider lloss remaiks, "Of this <:,(iius onlv unc species was t)l)scrveil. It first appeared about ilic 10th of .Iidv, oii the loth it l)ec,uue \erv nuuiciniis, and un tin; 2"2d so extremely troublesome, as to pi-event the necessary dniies of the slii[). They were in perfect clouds over the marshes, and their larviu coiislitntc the i)iinei[)al iood of the tront that inhabit the lakes. It was only in the beautiful sunnner of iSiJO that ■vve found tlieni so very numen •,;-. On the loth of Anixust of that year they came out anain alter the rain, but were no lou'^cr very tronble--oiiie, bein^■ ap|)areiitly ni|)ped bv the frost at night ; ind(H'd soon after this time thi> Liroinid was again co\eri:il with i^now, anil all entomological observations were terminated." T-,\M.— TIPULID.E. i-Oi-.N-. n^o -ciiiiioxoMUs. (.Iff/-.) 27. Pdli/ri-^. (Kirb.) IMack hairy, wings lacteous, iudesceut, the costa fu-eous, with (he nervures darker, halteres dirty ochre. Length three lines and three-fourths, breadth six lines. Ch. Polaris. Kiihi/ in Snpp. lo App. oj' ('apt. I'urn/'s lal Y'd'/dge — p. ccxviii. PI. A, fig. 14, female ; lij,. 2, head of same in profile. No males of this s[)ecics w(M(; brou'^lit home, ami only three females, none (if wliieh retained their first pair of legs, which are therefore merely sketched in tla.' plate to show their situation. 28. Boicalis. Black, liiorax grey, abdomen with seven whitish rings ; costa fuscous ; legs lurid. Length tiireo lines, breadth six lines. Black, b.isal joint of antenna; ochreous ; thorax hoary ; abdomen clothed with long subdejiressed yellowish hairs, the margins of the segments shining whitish or silvery ; wings lacteons, o})alescent, the costa fuscous, the nervures darker; halteres yellowish ; legs dull castaneous ochre, tips of the thighs and tarsi fuscous. Only one specimen has come under my observation, and that had lost its antcnnse and some of its legs. * Curtis's Brit. F.nt.— vol. xii., fol. 537. t lb.— vol. ii,, fol. 90, Ixxviii NATURAL HISTORY. Gen. 1160.— TirULA. {I.i/ni.) Division A with the foiuth ci U of tin; wings ])e(hnic'lc(l. 29. Aretha. Cinereous, winj^s clouded witli brown; legs subfeiniginous, tarsi fuscous. Lenn'tii ten hncs and a lialf or eleven lines, breadth one inch and seven to eight lines. IM. A, tig. 15, female ; fig. 4, underside of ajx'X of abdomen of the same. Silky slate colour; thorax with a brown line ('own the centre, a stripe of tlie same colour on each side, furcat(; at tlie base ; abdomen more cinereous, the incisures slightly ochn ouii, the apex hornv, with a large o\al jjiccous and shining shield above, ter- minated by two moveable, lanctolate, serrated, and ferruginous lobes, curved at the apex, the penultimate joint furnished with two long slender spines beneath (fig. 4) ; wiiiL^s clouded with brown, forming a spot on the stiuina and another behind it, and leaving several larje transparent, and irreaularl v-rnru.cd spots aloiiLi' the disc, the costa and base are ochreons, the mrvurcs (hnk bi'ov\ n ; liidteres dull and ])aie ochreous, fuscous at the ti[); legs dull ferrug-iiious, tips of thi^iis, tibia, and tarsi, black. Specimens only of the fcinah' were jir.'servcd, ai il none of them had anteniae, or the anterior feet. "They ajipearcd," savs CommaiKter Ross, " al)out the same lii'ie as the Culex, and were e([ually nuinero.is. 'flieir lar\',e are the principal food of tlu! plover aiul other birds tliat seek their prey in the nuiishcs, as was provc^d on the '27th of .lime, w li(Mi Lireat mind)ers of tlie lar\ ;e of the '!'ii)ula ? were taken from the stomach of a gull that had been feeding in the ninrshcs." This fine species of Tijuila is "eniarkable for the singular termination to the apex of the aljdoinen, being, I imagine, an extraordinary development of tlu; sexual organs. I have never seen any other s])ecies like it in this respect, excepting (jne lately described under the name of T. rnonldua,* which has the same horny shield and broad serrated forceps, and it is worthy to be observed tliat this s|)ei ies is attached to elevated dis- tricts in the north, havnng only been found on Skiddaw and mountains of Scotland iii July, by Mr. Dale aiul myself. Fam.— SYRPIllD/E. tGEN. 1245.— HELOPIIILUS. {Mcig.) 3D. Bi/iiieatus. Black, pubescent, two ])ale lines on the thorax, six lunulate spots on the abdomen, the first two yellow, as well as the base of the tibia;. * Cuni;i's Brit. Ent.~vol. xi., fol. 10:), no. 9rt. t lb.— Tol. ix., fol. 429. i>ii;iKtirirfctnafiiriiiiifri--f NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxix Length four lines and a half to six lines, biciulth nine to ton lines and a half. Black, clothed with short yellowish piibesceuce ; face vellow or wliite witli very short hairs, excepting a black shining space down llic middle; anicnna; brown c.vcept at tlie base, the seta oclucoiis ; thorax with two nurnjw yellow lines down the I'oiv part of tlio back ; sciitclhim dull oeliieous ; abdomen with a rather large bright, oeliieous tri"onate- lunatc spot on each side at the base, and eoloiiriiig the >i(lcs of the (ir>t sciiient beneath, the two following with a transverse yclli>w Innate spot on catli side, the iirst pair sometimes being bright ochreous outside ; base of wings and costa tm.j,cd with dull yellow, stigmatic spot fuscous, nervures black, alula; and haltcres ochreous; base of the tibiae, and sometimes the apex of the thighs, ochreous. Tlie box contains three specimens. Fam.— MLSCID.E. Gen. 127(J.— TACIIIXA. (///.) 31. liuld. Black, very bristly, face silvery, hairs on back of iicad grey, scutelluui subochreous. Length sis lines, breadth ten lines. J^lack, pubescent, and covered with long bristles, especially the abdomen; head tri- gonate, silvery-white, exceoting the crown, the hairs behind the eyes grey; eves naked; anlcniia; with tin; third joint long ■•aid e!li[itieal, seta stout at the ijase ; thorax with lliur indistinct \vhili-'i lines bel'ore ; sciitidluiu tawny except at the oase ; win^s similar tt lig. 23, tab. 41, o(' jMeiaeii, yellow'l:^h-br()\\ll at the base; sijuan uhe ochreous. A single specimeu ^v^is preserved, which I believe was bred from the Laria. G i-.N. ; 2:-7.— ANTl lOM VIA. ( J/c/-. !> 32. Dtilihi. Ciner .'ves luargiiied wii li white, thorax with three fuscous stripe.- Tw(i lines long, tnrec lines and a, half broad. (irey-;ish colour, sparingly pilose; antenna' with the basal joint minuti;, the second subtrigonate, third scarcely larger and oblong; eyes reddish-brown, face dull shining white, crown of head ash colour; thorax with three fuscous stripes down the back, and an iudi:;tinct one on each side ; wings rather broad, iridescent, the nervures and legs black. Ixxx NATURAL HISTORY. I have little doubt of this sniiill fly boiiig- an Anthomyia, but as neither oC the spe- cimens had any setae to the antennir, 1 cannot detennine the genus with certainty. ♦Gr.N. 1293.— SCATOPIIAGA. (lf(%.) 33. Apicalh. Cinereous, very ])ubeseent, ilice, ajx .k of aljdomcn, and logs, cas- tiiiieous. j\I(i/r, four lines Iwn-tliirds lonu', eleven l)road ; fcimtlr, i'ciur lines lows, nine broad. Mall'. (Jiiicreoiis, tliickly elotlietl witli fnie lonij,' biiiwii hairs, especially the abdonien and Irgs ; aiilcnna' blackish, two liasal juiuts rufous, seta sliglitly pubescent only; lip .'iiay and black; head with a i'mi'-te space before the c-'ivn, the face antl paljji reddis!i-t)range ; ihorax witii a double asii-c(jl()ured linr (im.-i the iniddlc, and an obsciui' one on each side ; abdomen elonuate-ovati', with the niar ;.ale castaneou< !\'His hairv, es])eciallv t'l" abdomen and legs, the former bi'ing ovate, th( second sei^iininit sometimes lia\in.; tiie margin ferru"Uious, and a greater portion of the thirtl, as well as the apex, of the same colour. A male and two females of tliis hantistime sjmcjos were preserved. 34. Fucunuii. (Fall.) " r.'bscure cinereous ; thorax with four black lines; palpi, antennae, and le^s, black." — Mci'^. Male, length three lines, br(>adtii six lines ; /(■««//' rather smaller. Mc/g ; Sii^! /ic>(7/.— vol. v., p. 253, n. 14; tab. 45, f. 29. This insect is coniiuvju in Sweden amongst seaweeds, from which circumstance Fallen has nan"(l it i'licuniin. Conunander Koss brouiiht home a ])air of flies that agree so wc'.' with the ab(n'e description of ]\!eig'ai, that 1 consider them identical. • Curtis's Brit. Eat.- vol. ix., fol. 405. MARINE INVEIITEBIIATE ANIMALS. Tiir. i'oUowiivj; account of the IMaiini' luverfvibvatc Aniaials, iuliabitinf; thoso parts of thu Arctic Ocean visited in tiu! roiuse of our lute I'xpedition, is very inconiiiK'tu owing to nearly tiie whole collection having been necessarily abandoned with the Victory. Some few, liowever, of tiioso that were considered to be most intcrestin::-, as forming the types of new genera, were brought by us to England, and specimens of each have been deposited in the valuable museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. The arrangement and ucneric characters adopted in this notice, is that of LatreiUe in the last edition of Cuvier's " Rogue Animal." J. C. R. CltUSTACEA — DECAPODA. 1.— CRANGON BOREAS. CRANGON RORE.VS.— L»<. Car: IIU'. A,iw,.~v(A. iv., p. (U. Lam: iltst. Nut. tin Aium.saii>i I'erl. — vol. v., p. 201. Sab: Siipi). to j'(irri/'s ls< Voyage — p. ccxxxv. Rosa, Api>. lit Pany'.-i 3(1 Vinfage — p. 1'20; and I'nlur I'oy. — p. 20.5. CANCER nORF.AS.— P/n/)/w"s Voyage, Jpiwndii—\->. 194, plate 11, fig, I. Zool. Dan. — vol. iv., p. M, plate 32, tig. 1. Several specimens of this very', fine species of Crangon were obtained, by means of Ixxxii NATl'RAL HISTORY. •a (Ircd'ic', near Felix lliirbniir. [| was also taken at a shoii, ili;;tance fioin the west coast 111' (iicenlaml, liut seems tu have entirely escape J tlie notice oC I'aljiieiiis. We liavc in I'ornier voyages found it al)ini(kintly in various othi r purls of tlie. Arctic Seas, l)ut iidwheie so numerously as near (lie Low Isl.uul (of I'hipps), Spitzber^en, wlien; it was lirst discovered. It lias recently been l)rouL;ht rrum the shores ol' Kanitscliatka and California, by Captain IJeecliey, as liave ;ilso scleral hitherto undescribed species of (,'rustacea, but ol' which no ai'count, it is nuu-h to be regretted, has yet been publisheil. 2.— SABINEA SEPTEMC ARI .\ATA. CiiAit. CtT.s.—AntcnvfV siiperiorcs setis duabus in cudem fL'l■^ linta liorizontali iiisertis : interiorc loiigiorc. Inftriofcs (nrpoit. bvcvicns, setaccac, squama ad apiccm extcrne unidciitat;1 peduiiculo adiiexil : ailiuulo pi'inio ad scjuaina; medium iion luoducto. I'ldpi pcdil'oriiui articulis quatuor exscrlis ; duobus ultimus biiigitudiiie ;i'q\iahbu3. Pahs decern ; par atUicum majus comprt'ssuiu subiiidactyluiu par secuiiduin lirciissimuin tcnue inwiiiuiculaluiii, par tertium teuuc iiracodculc longiore subcrassiore uiigue siiiiplici instruclum; pavia 4 et .') pracedentc crassiora unguil)us comprcssis instrut'a. CiiAi;. Sr. — Sdhiiiai tlioraco spptcmcarinato ; caririis serratis. CltANtiON SL:rTE,"\ICAUlNATL'.S.— >■»/..- S„jip. /o I'any's isl /■('////;.'('— p. ccxxxvi., pi. 2, lig. 11 — 13, Ixnss, .Ijiji. to PlVllj's I'lllu) l\:IJtli:C [). 20 j. Ov.iiig- to the [jeouliar fornr.ition of tlie second pair of leij,s, in this singular animal, it has iject)nie necessary to establish a new genus, of which it is the only known spe- cies ; and i have much pleasure in dedicating it to my friend, C;ipl;iin Edward Sabine, of the Royal Artillery, by whom it was discovered in the west coast of Davis's Straits, during Sir Edward Parry's lirst voyage to those regions. His very accurate descrip- tion is as l()llows : " Length four inches ; colour varied, red and white abovc^ white beneath; thorax seven carinate, the three lateral carime on each [side senate, the middle one with stron>^- spines; rostrum short, curving down betwec^n the eyes, grooved 111 the centre ; the five upper carinic carried on in very faint rudiments along the back ; the terminal seta; of the superior antenna^ inserted nearly in the same horizontal line, the interior one being the longest ; the first joint of the hiferior antemuv scarcely pro- duced beyond the middle of the srpiama; a strong spine iu the abdomen directed for- ward between the chelate legs ; the last joint of the pediform pulpi subacumiuatC; ' ^ ' "'^^ii i tij"!*" ' " /'//A jiijrHiimsaTiiia''iri7"^r"''-""'-"-^ ^^-.«. -■-.-=- — - I i; ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ Im IIP'^ U£ 1^ IIIIIM 1^ lb ■:£ IIIM ill '-8 U 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY MS80 (716) 872-4503 NATURAL HISTORY. ixxxiii riithcr loiifrcr than tlic pivcodiu'j: ; seauid ]>n\\ of legs slonder, very short, hristlod, and uimrnied, in wliitli last osseiilial jwiiit it ditKuis I'lom the runtojiliilns splinmis of Dr. Luaili, MtiL Pod. Brit., t. 37, to wliicli in otlicr rcspcits this sjx;cics l)ears a near resemblance." It is more rarely nietwitii in the Arctic Seas than the Crano;on Boreas, hut a few s])eciniens were ohtained near Felix Harbour. It was also found in a previdus voya"e iicnr the island of Igloolik in considerable numbers. 3,— IIIPl'OI.ITE ACTLKATA. ALl'llKLS ACl l.l'.ATl S. — Suti : Siipji. lo I'lun/'s ' st Wnjn^, — p. ccxxxvii., [il. i, ti"s. !> & lO. U^m, Ajip. Ui Parry's:),! r.ii/»i,'f— p. IJO; anil I'nl.ir J\,yagc—]y.2W}. CANCI'.K A( II. I'.ATIS.— ;■,. A. (H.) tlioracis t;iiiii;i (Iciililiiis (;ikvHioi-. iiiai^iin' niiiKO invpinoso, S(\Miiciitis iilniiqiie aculeutLs palpis pi-'dirnniiibus apic(.' spiinilusi>. {SnOiiu.) The Al|)hcus Aeu!( atus and A. I'ohiris of Sabine, beloiin- t,i llic ;;ciius IIip|)()li(e of Leaeh (Ma/. I'od. Ihil.), on account of the sccoml pair of claws l)eing simitiT tliaii the lirst. This anaii-cnieiit, w!ii
  • t.. bi' now uni\cr^ally a-recd to by naturalists, is adopted by I.atrciUe in the" U.-nc Aiiiinai," and is tiicreforc fullowed in tiiis notice. It is an abundant sitceies in tiie Arctic Seas. 4.— IIIPPOIJTE S0WERI5I-I. riatc B, tig. 2. IIII'I'OUTE Sn\VKItli!:i.-/,,«c//, Mula. Vod. lint.-i. 30. GAALMA1U.S .si'IN(_»SL'S.-.Suiit;/.v, Brit, .l/,*.— vol. ii , pi. 21. H. rostro alto obtuso supra multi-serrato, apice emarginato scrrulato ; subuis uiii-scrrato. (Lrach.) Tliis species was fn-st described by Mr. George Sowerby, in the "British Mis- *i, 2 Ixx xr\' XATrUAL HISTORY. cilhinv," A'C. ril. It \v;!s taken iir;ir llir Scdttisli coast ; and Dr. I, each received an iniiK rlict siiecinien liom tlie I'iitli vi' Vt<\\h, l)Mt it ajijiears to l)e of \ery rare iiccinicnce in tliose parts. Dnrinu' oiie ol' oar t'drnier v.iyai,a's, we li)uri(l it near llu' island of I;'lii(]lik in ('(Misiderahle lunnlxMS, associated with tlie prccedini;' and iol- Iriwinj.' s])((ics. Sunie specinu ns weru obtained l)y us, tlnou^li a liide in the ice, at I\ li\ Harbour, in the very depth l' the carina of tlie tliorax, exleiidiii^- aloUL; its wlude l( ni^th ; and in the upjier jiart of tlu! third segnieut uf the body bcin^- produced posteriorly in a >tronLr spine. .3.— niPPOLITE BOUEALIS. (;/. s.) Plate B, fig. 3. lliip. llioncis (limidio posleriorc kini, antcrlcie sub-carin.ito, margiric aiitoriore uliiiunie lji-spinoso. Tlio principal ditferences, as conii)ared with the A. (H.) Polaris of Sabine, consist in the absence of, or very sli'^htly marked, dentations on tla; thoracic carina ; in having only two spines, instead of tluee, on cither side of the anterior uiar;^in of the thora.x (that at the junction of the lateral nianj;in being wantiiiL; in H. Polaris) ; in the superior aiitenn.'i' being proportionally Ioniser; and in lieiiig of a [lalcr yellow colour, without the red s]iots and markings of the H. Polaris. As in the specimens of H. Polaris obtained by me, the middle lamella of the tail has from eight to ten minute spines along each side, and is terminated by several strong setie, the margins of the rest of the plates of the tail are beautifully ciliated, exce])ting on the exterior edge of the lateral plates, which are toothed at their posterior angle. Dr. Leach takes his specific characters from the rostral dentations, but these, as Captain Sabine justly remarks, in his description of A/pfieiis (Ilippo/ilc) I'o/aris, agree in no two specimens of that species, as to number, nor the rostrum as to shape. JI, liorealis was found associated with the preceding species, and was dredged up '>di*fe' NATURAL HISTORY. Ixxxv (Vom 11 (leptli of eighty fathoms oiY l-li/.i.beth Harbour. It was also found la coiisiderahlc iiuinbers near the i:,!aiul of l-lclik ,,ii a prwedin- voya;,'e. (i— IIIPPOLITE POLARIS. AI.l'lll.LS roI.AUIS.— ,S'«/..- Sii/ip. to Pant/s \st /'i.iyr/-,'— p. ccxwvili., pi. 2, I],-.;. ,',— B. y/ui'V, App. tu I'dirt/i I'dliir /'(ii/Ki'C — p. 206. A. tlionicis dimi.lin postoriore lirvi, aiiteriore r^riiiatu scrrato ; clitU* et ungmbus apice iiigiis. {S,ibiiu:) The excellent description and jilatc referred to above, render any further remark unnecessary, e.veept that the rostral dentations are usually more numerous, both above and beneath. It is an abundant species in tlie Arctic Seas. 7.— MYSIS FLEXUOSUS. AH SIS FLKXUO.Sl'S.— /.»;« ; llisl. Xnl. Anim. sans Toi.— vol. v., p. 200. CANCKU 1"LE.\L0.SUS.— .i:«//, ; ZuoL iJ««.— vol. li., p. ;J4, pi. 00. C'ANCKll -ML'LTU'KS.— .1/()H<«^'(«', in Tnnis. Linn. .Sec— vol. ix., tab. 6, fig. 3. CANCKK OCLLATL'S.— i'«/- .- K/»«. Gianl.—y. 24:., pi. 1, tigs. A and B. PRAUNLS rLEXUUSUS.— J.i«,/,, ui Edm. Encycl.—wl. vii., p. 401. Though but sparingly found in the .seas of Europe, it inhabits some parts of tli^i Arctic Ocean in amazing numbers, and constitutes the principal food of the prodigious shoals of salmon, that resort thither in the months of July and August, and upon which the iidiaLitants of Boothia depend, in a great measure, for their winter store of provisions. It is also the cliief food of the whale, by which such a prodigious quantity of fat is produced in the body of that immense animal. During the summer they assemble in vast myriads at the mouths of rivers, but in the winter arc more generally distributed along the whole line of coast, and, together with Ixxxvi NATURAL HISTORY. tlie Arironauta Arrtica, arc to bo seen in every crack tliat opens witli tlic tide, even at tlic coldest j)criocl of tlie year. It is called hy the natives Il-le-ak-kak. AMPIIIPODA. 8.— TIIEMISTO GAUDICIIAUDII. Til. corporc clongalo,lutco ; capitc globoso ; antciinis inft'iinrihus loiigioiiljus ; pcdiljiis iiKifpialibiH, q\iiiilo pari longissimo; cau(!;i- appoiiilicibu^ plains, (.iliati^. {(iiur.) This singular animal was first dcscriljod hy ^\. V. E. riiurin, in a paper entitled " Menidire sur le \ouveau (ienre Tlu'ini.^ti ," \c., eniiiniunicated to the Society (if Xatm-al History at Paris, Atigusl •-'!», IS-JS, and pulilished soon after in tlic fourth Aohuiie of the nienuiirs of tiiat soeietv. Till' sjieeifle ntunc is in honour of Dr. (iamlieliaud, one of the naturalists of the corvette J.n Ccijiiillc, during' a voyaizc romul ilie udiid, iiiulcr the eoiiiniaiid ot'Captuin Diiperrev, 1)V wlioni it was eollceted, tomtlii rwiili a iiiiinlu'r of other euiious specimens of marine iiuertelnatc animals, iM. CiueriiTs minute anti accurate deseription is exeeediiigiy well illustrated by a lithographic delineation of the various parts that compose this singular and interesting genus. The individual selected for description was smaller than those mot with by us during our late voyage to the Arctic Regions, our specimens being as larg(i as jM. tinerin's second or magnified figure ; in I'very other particular they agree with his descrii)tioii, of whieli the following is an extract : " Corps oblong, compose do douze seginens;* tetc' occupee entierement par deux ycux a rcseau, arrondic, non j)rolongec iiifcrieurenient en rostrc. (>>uatre antcnnes, les supcricures plus courtes que la tetc, courbees an bout ; les inferieures beaucoup plus longues. Quatorze pieds ; les quatro premiers courts, dirigcs en avant, couches sur la bouchc, et repivsentant les deux dernieres paircs di' pieds-machoires des crustaces suijcrieurs; les quatre suivans beaucoup plus grands, termincs par un crochet dirige * Not including the tieaJ. NATURAL HISTORY. Iwxvii n at vers |;i qiicili>; la cilKiuic iiic |i;uic tns-loii-uc (liii-(v v.T-, l;i l),]|iclic, ;iyaiit. l';i\;iiit- ilcriiitT iiriiclc -n Ic, (nil. Imh-, ..:;inu il'ii/incs cii (Ird.iiis 1 1. ininiiK' |i;ii- im cnjchri ; Ics (|iiutic ilciliifi-, (Ic iiioilu- j.|ii> ciiuiH, ,|iij., , ,L iLiiHaiiK'^ d,: uiriuc, mais ^uns (louts ;"i I avaiil-drrniir article. (Jiinir tmuii:!' \>:\\ -ix a; iiuinlic- iialati'iio l( .n-s, aplalis, JHlidr-, a !"( \trcmitc ; liuis pauv- dr li!, i , (■;,airiiu lit iialal.aii> ^uu- K'> ln,i.s luciliici- sc_;iii(iis dr la (|ii(iic." It i> uio-t nearly allied to iiypena el' I.ali-eille and I'liru.-iiia i,i' i{i>,M>,- Iai( dilil rs lioni the I'ornUM- in the i^ieat leii'j,lli of the lirih pair nl'hns, and in the inreiim aiUenuai bcini;- lonL;ur tluiu the suiieiior ; and tioin IMiidsina, in the "leatei len"lli tA' the antenna', and in the head nut heiiii; j)i(ilonu,ed iniiiiuily <■// /i/s/zc. It is II singulai- eircmnstanee iu the history of this animal, that it has hithertu lieen fdinul only in the vieinity of the Falkland Islands, and near the west cua:,L of the jieuiiisuhi vi Boothia. led Ay rth ho liii us 1(1 et h X s s 1 !».— (iA.AI.MAias M (iAX. CV.M.MAIM S MCAX.— ,S',.7. .- N»/,/p. /,, l\ini/'s \ii C'^/f/i,!— p. ccxxix. TAI.ITia S \l (.AX.— /;,.v-, .;,./.. /,, l>„nys :„/ l ,.y„-i--i.. ll'.i; ami i'.'/«c I oya^,:~Y,. Ju.. I'A.Nt Ki; M(.A\.— .•/;//). to ;'/,//./,j'i /hvhi,',— p. I'jj, pi. li, fig. 3. I!y ivasdii of the small sdju'radded setie on ihe nppei- anleniiie of the Cancer Xii2;n.K (I'/iipiis), I have ivferred il to the L^eniis (uuniiiiiiiis, allhoUi^h it duos not pailicijiatc' in nil the eharaelers assigned to that 'acmis hy l.atreille. The lower antenna' heiiii;- loii-er tliaii ihe iipiier, it l)elonL:s to Lamarck "s ^vnus 'iiilitiii'i. This last character, to'j,elliei- v.ilh the second pair of feci, lieiii- elongate, and ternmiatcd by a llalteneil setose articulation, without a claw, render the establishment of w new geuus necessary for its proper arrangement. It is a \ery mimerous inhabitant ol' the Arctic Seas. * C'tivier Kigiiu Aiiiuiul — vul.iv., p.. 117. Ixxwiii NATURAL HISTORY. 10.— GAMMARIS AMPl'LLA. GAM.MART'S .\Mri'I.LA.— .S'«/. .• Suj^p. to l',iny\ Mt ;.7/./i,r— p. ccxxix. HiKS, Ajiji til I'liinft I'liliir l'.y|/(/^>( — !>. 2('-l. C'ANCI'.ll AMITLLA.— /'/i,/)/)»'s I,;!/,/,-., .//./« 'k/m- p. I'.vi, |,i. i.., i,.^. i. In this sppcits tlu> sii])crior iuitciiii.i', wliicli Imvo also the Piiixriiildcil sctii, arc (iiic- hiilf shorter than the infeiior; the sueuiul pair of feet are niiine few specimens \v( re obtained near Felix Harbour. 11.— GAM-AIARUS 150REUS. GA.MMAllUS DUm:'JS.— .Sui; Supl>. to l\nni'i Ut r(.j/«^'e— p. tcxxix. Ross, Aiip. to I'liini's .id roi/'i^'c — p. IIP; and Polar Voyage— [), 204. SQIILLA VVLl'.X.— Digar, 7h,s.— vol. vii., p. i'2J, pi. 33, figs. 1 and 2. G. caudif dorso .spinoso, oculis iuiiatis, jitdilnis iiiialiior aniicis cliilati?, pari si'iitinin prwccdeiitibus iongiore. {Sabine.) Is found abundantly alon<,' the shores of the north-east part of the American contment, and its contiguous islands, but especially so near the estuaries of rivers, seeming to prefer the brackish to the salt water of the ocean. NATURAL HISTORY. IXXXIK 12.— GAMMA UUS LORIt ATI'S. (iAMMAUrs l.dlUrATI'S.— S,,/. • Sn],;,. t.i r„rn,'s\st r..//. scnaliis, when compared with the third and fourth pairs. In some specimens tin; rostrum was so very minute, as hardly to l)e distiiioinshabie, whilst in others it was very larj^e. It is an abundant species. 1:5.— GAMM Alius SABIXI. GAM.MAItl'S S.r- \l.— l.,iiih,'li, (japilc iiUcr anioiinas aciiniine iniiuito. | This species was found abiir.dantly in Prince Regent's Inlet, and near Feli.t: Harbour. • Fauna (.)ra>tilandica — p. 262. xc NATURAL HISTORY. 14— AAU'HiTllUE KDVAHDSI. TALlTUrS i:i)\AKl)SI._.s„/,; Suf,,,.to Vany-s l>t l'..//-/^'. -p. ccxxxii,., pi. 2, figs. 1-4. Rom, App. t^< P.irnfi .\d C.j,,;^.! p. mi; .uid /V«f /;,^ag,._j,, ^05, T.(.\OroslrocornHorini,iiiiiuiui>subu.(iualil)us, corpora o»utodtprts5o.c.uidatoinprcssalricarinaUuspmo Till! Talttnis Edvanisi of Suljiiic, Ixlunos to tho gfiiu.s Amphithijc uf Leach, wliich 13 adopted by Liticille. Tlio excellent descii|)tiou and lilatu above lelcned to, reader any liirtlier remuik uiiiieeessary. It IS ail ubmidaat specie.s in the Arctic Sca.s more especially near the island of Igloolik, where it was taken on ii former voyage in very great numbers. ISOv. CiLN.— ACA.\THONUTL'8, {(hrci, Ms.) t MAI!. CiN.— .\iiteim;i siil);iM|ii:il.s, 4-,irticiilal-,f, urliciilo ultimo e pluriiiii- segmcntis tfTormato, articulo leiti,. supcnaruni bnvissiin,.. IVdus .l-aiitui, mon.ulactvli. lil.turnR's, arliculo ultimo primi paris icrrato. Itostruiii pruductumacutuiii, mcurvatura. Oculi jjarvi. 15.— ACANTIIONOTUS CRISTATL'S. CuAi!. Si'.— A. stijinemis 4.;uilicis in crista .ontimia Mii)crnis tlevatis; loli.juis in spinis retrorsum iiicliiiatis jjioductis. Aaiiilliunoliix cristtitiis, which forms the type of u new genus, closely allied to Tt ])airs of Iciis are |)ro(liiccd jiKstiMiorlN into lonij "pine-', anil till' |)('nultnnat(' s('!:;nieiit has two spines. The fust and second joints of the .suj»erior antenna- are ternunatcd al)ove i)y a spine; the third joint is the sliortest. The toe of the first foot is serrate, havin'.; nbont ei'j;ht teeth, and the claw is clothed with fine hairs on the exterior surface, as represented, highly magnified, in fi'^. Id, plate n. Plate B, fig. H, represents a side view of Acaiitlioiiofiis ntstdtii'^ of the natural size. Fij;. 9, a niairuified view of tiie upper part of tiic head and antenna-. I'v^s. 10 and 1 1. Maunified view of liw- two first pairs of le'j,s : and ti'j,. 10 siio\\s the peculiar formation of thi; toe and claw of llie first jiair. Fig. 12. Magnified vi(-w of tin- three posterior sei^uients, and niiiidle plate uf the tail ; together with tiie lateral and turnnual stylifonn processes. Nov. (m:n.— ACANTliOSO.MA. (Oircn, Ms.) Char. (^iEN. — Antenna.- ineciualt-s, supcriorcs ilimidio brcviorcs, iirticuli) ultimo (,- iilurlmis sogiiiciitis ttTorinato, artitulis Icrtiis ct secumlis superiorum aqiialibiis. IVilcs l-iiiitici, nioiiudaityli, liliformcs, aiticulo ultimo priini paris unguiculalo. liostruni proiluctuiii aculuiu uiuUilatum. Otuli parvi. 16.— ACANTIIOSOMA HYSTRIX. Chaii. Spec. — A. segmcntis 9-anficis spinis spptem armatls. This very distinct genus is more commou at Felix Harbour than the preceding ; it was taken at Igloolik on a former voyage in considerable numbers. On each of the first nine segments of the body there are seven spines, forming iu the aggregate seven longitudinal rows, protecting the back and sides of the body ; in addition to these there arc two spines above the eyes, one on each side of the rostrum ; *m2 XCll N Air HA I. HISTORY. tliis ])iiit IS uliitc, curvcil liver tlic liiail, ami (lircctcd forwnnl ; the lycs arr small ami >\lii(('. Tiic liiitli scjinciit III till' liody lias only livi- s|iiii(s ; the ('diirtli and fit'tli (■a\idal scuiiHiits having tliicc, and tlic others only two spines. The I'vmiint «l' tlie tliree |)o>terior paiiH of li'j^s are each arniod with two stronj;' spines posteriorly, I'l' wineli liiosi; on llie last are the iari^i'st and strongest. The two posterior caudal s('j;nients ar(> eai li furnished with a doui)le styliforin jiroeess, of whieh the anterior is (he longer. The middle |ilate of the tail is truncate, with two stylilbrm processes, Hiinilar to those of the preceding genus. I'late H, fig. 4, represents a large-sized siiccinu n of the Aiiiiillntsonui lli/slrii. Figs, .'> and >>, a magnified view of the two anterior pairs of legs. I'ig. 7, the three posterior segments and middle plate of the tail, together with the lateral and terminal stylitbrm pruces8C8. M O L L U .S (J A — (J E V II A 1. 1) V O D A. Nov. Cr.N.-UOSSIA. (Oireii.) A single speeiiueii of a small species of C'eplialopoda was taken near tiie beach at r.lwin Bay, Prince Hegent's inlet, on the '2!Jth of August, IfiiJ'J. It was preserved in spirits, and hroiight to l'^n'j,laiid ; and 1 am indel)teil to tile i'lieiidship of Mr. Owen, Assistant Conservator of ilic Museum of t!ie Uoyal College of Surgeons, for the following aecomit of this reiiiarkahle animal, accom[)aiiied with illustrations cif his dis- ' been engraved by Mr. I. Curtis, F.L.S., Sic. .F. C. R. sections, which have " The sniall (Jcphaiopod wliicli you have brought from the Arctic Regions to this country, proves to be the type of a new genus. It diii'ers from i/oZ/'go and Sfjiidlrut/iis in tiie form, j)roportioiis, and position of its lateral fins, and in the extent of its horny dorsal style, or ix/ddiiis; * in these respects, it bears a closer adinity to Scpiii/ti (Leach); it diii'ers, however, fiom Sepiola generically in having tlic; anterior margin > f the mantle free in the whole of its circumference; its natural position is therefore iuternic- * This 19 tilt" toim \>y wliicli Aristotle ilesignutcs tli(> Jiorny plate of tli« l.oligines: — " 'I'l) ftiv otii' irii-jig, Kiii T)) ru'dict Kai Tto rtvOu) tiiriii; it( ru ffrfjini »r Tip irpiwii roi' awfiarof;, it KaXovat to fiiv aiiirtov, to Si 4(^of. Sub dorso lirma jiiirs scpiw loligiui uc lulio coiitinetur ; illius srpiitin, bgrum j^ljdium vocaut, — Iliit, Animal., lib. iv., «. 1, 12rao. Ed, Schneider. 111(1 fill "ij; wo id I iin» 111..' ill II, 'in le > 0^ ■■ /■ . l^^ NATrUAL HISTORY. \(.Ul diate to Svpiuht iiiid Sfiiinteitt/iis, w liicli it coniiL'cts t()'j;t'licr as well bv its iiitenue- diitto si/c, us i)y the pce'idiaiitics oC its structure. i propose to call the ;j;Liins li<)\siii, in honour ol' the Commaiulcr oi' an F-xpedition, at once so hououral)lo to tiie enterpnsin;j; ciiaiacter of the Biiii^ii seaman, and so interest- injj; in its scientitie results. C lass — C E 1' 1 1 A i.( ) I o I) A , ( C'(( vicr. ) Order — DiitUANCiuATA. Tribe — D i;c a ci:i! a. Family — Loi.k.inid.i;. Genus — 11- ssia. Cii.\n.Gr.N. — C'cr/JKs veiitricosum ; duabus ijiiiiiis lalis roUimUilis, subdurs.iUbus, antrorsuin posiiis ; marjiiif antico pallii bbero. lintcliia siibbrevia, trie.lra; aci-taljubs iieduiiculalis, peduncubs brevissiinis ; ad l)asiii bra- diionim ill duabus scricbus allornanubus, ad apiceiii hi pluriiuis sericbus aggre;^aUs. Ordo lungitu- dinis parium bracliioruni, 1, 2, 4, :i. Ttr.tuiutd loni;iUidiiio corpus icquanlia, ad apicem acetabulis peduiiculatis ininitnis obsila. (ittidius, foraeus, loiitiitudiiie Iin. Ix. icfiuans ; inferius paruni ddatatus. CjiAH. Sp. — Rossin paljicbnisii. From the obvious uncertainty of ;ledueing a stable specific character from the only known representative of its genus, I have limited myself to proposmi:; a ikiihcii Iriviii/c, taken from the remarkable development of the skin surrounding the eyeball, by means of wiiich this animal evidently ])ossesses the power of uei'ending the eye, as the pulmonated Vertebrata do by means of their more regularly-formed eyelids. The utility of this provision, in seas abounding with fragments of ice, is obvious. Fig. 1, pi. B, from a sketch by Caj)tain Ross, sliows the appearance of the eyes while the animal was alive ; fig. 2, pi. C, //, shows tlie closing of the eyelid after death. The admeasurements of the specimen were as follow, but it must be borne in mind that it had slirunk in all its dimensions in con-equeiice of having been macerated in spirit. Indies. Lines. Length from the end of the visceral sac to the end of the longest tentacle . . , . , . .50 Ditto from the end of the visceral sac to the anterior margin of the mantle 1 9 xciv NAT['RAL HISTORY. Inclips. Line:. I.cnatli from (lie I'lul of tlu> visronil s;ic to Hie iiitorspaco of tlio first or iiiiddlt' ])air of dorsal hnicliia . . . . '^ 2 Ditto of tlic tentacle . . . . . .42 Brciiiilli of the l)0(iv (ixrlii.-ive of the (ins) . . ..18 Ditto of the head, aeioss the eves , . . . I .') The specimen presented a