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J5 Henry Gnttam
Wii* Heniy Flood.

^ »

RlSfl

:\ Cydopedia of Race History.

\;'^NT'\IN!N<1 lilOGRArillOAT, SKETCH. fJS OF MORE THAN

FiKTEFN 1UJNJ)RE1) DISTINGUISHED IRISH CELTS,

^VITH A ClIRUNOUHSJOiL INDEX.

S^ir>

A MKMDJvR OF Jlih MliHlGAN BAR.

4"^ ■■■

.....rf^Ly-^f^^^^^'^^^"^'

Hciiiy Fli o'i.

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Irish celts.

A Cyclopedia of Race History,

CONTAINING BIOGRAFHICAL SKETCHES OF MORE THAN

FIFTEEN HUNDRED DISTINGUISHED IRISH CELTS,

WITH A CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX.

A MEMBER OF THE MICHIGAN BAR. /\\ .

ILLUSTRATED.

1 inn it^lU 01 6

DETROITi

PUBUSHBD »Y L. F. KlUlOY ft COMFANT.

1884.

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! I

INTRODUCTION.

The records of most people are embraced within a national
aspect, and they have affected the worId*8 history and their o\m
destiny mainly in their aggregate capacity ; but the history of this
race, the lives of a few of whose children this work records, is an
exception. It is in the lives of her children, scattered throaghout
the entire earth either by zeal or necessity, for a thousand years,
more, perhaps, than in the history of its is'land home, that we must
seek the glory and the achievements of a gallant race; the most
maligned, misunderstood and robbed, as to credit and character, of
any that history records. It has not only been the misfortune or
destiny of this race to be robbed in every conceivable way and
then slandered and oppressed by the robber at home, and this re<
suiting not from any want of valor, ability or manly spirit to
defend their own, but only circumvented by treachery, deceit,
perjury and fraud; but wnen away from home, carving out by
uneqaalcd valor and matchless ability, a new destiny, and creating
new nations, still robbed as a race, of the credit and name of the
work of their hands. "Ton have lost America by the Irish," rang
out from the lips of a British Statesman in the Imperial Parlia-
ment, as a warning to the Grovernment of the results of its Irish
policy about the time that glorious achievement was accomplished;
and is it not a glaring fact, to-day, -that there is not a colony of
Great Britain, of anv importance, that its Irish Celts mi^ht not pro-
claim independent it unitedly they willed it; and even in England
herself, the descendants of tne Irish Gelt are numerous enough to
shake the foundations of its Qovemment to their centre, if oiroom-
stances called forth such an effort ? Few Americans seem to know
how true was that declaration quoted above, as to the loss of
Amerioa through the Irish. It is true ^hat the historians of the
Revolution do not proclaim that fact ouu loud, but an examination
of the records of the army fully sustains it, and we have the unim-
peachable testiinony of Joseph Galloway, of Pennsylvania, before
a committee of the Imperial Parliament, during the progress of
the war (1780) to the same effect. Galloway haa been a meifiber
of the Continental Congress for nearly three yearp and up to the
time of the Declaration of Independenoe, and was one pf the first

^xi

-^~JL.

mTBODUOnOK.

! I

H';r

men in Pennsylvania. He favored resistance to the arbitrary acts
attempted to be forced on the colonies, bnt opposed separation
from the mother country, and after 1776 went to England. He
declares in his testimony before the committee referred to, that
"one-half the Revolutionary army were Irish! and one-quarter na-
tives of the soil." Of the latter, a portion must of necessity have
been children of Irish parents. We know that the Pennsylvania
quota was almost entirely Irish, or of Irish descent, from its gen-
erals down; and the same may be said of those from Maine and New
Hampshire, which were settled principally by Irish. The local lead-
ers too, almost everywhere throughout the colonies, were Irish, who
spurred on the laggards and fired the hearts of the people by that
burning eloquence peculiar to the race. Of this we have many
notable instances. In the South, the Mecklenburg Declaration of
Independence, which anticipated by some time the great Declara-
tion. Its members were almost entirely Irish from the interior
and southern portion of North Carolina, which was mainly settled
by them. A further indication of the spirit and zeal of this people
in the great struggle is well illustrated by an association formed
by the youns^ women of that section, to encourage their fathers,
brothers and lovers to fight for Independence to the last, and
pledging themselves to marry no young man who did not take up
arms in defense of liberty; ready and willing to bear the extra
home burthens themselves. In the northern portions of the col-
buies, Maine and New Hampshire, settled mainly by the same race,
we behold the same zeal; the Sullivans, the Langdons, the Starks,
the O'Briens, ever first to risk their lives and their fortunes in
the great contest for liberty. If this was the complexion of the
colonies at the breaking out of the Revolution, of which there
can be no doubt, it is easy to calculate how overwhelmingly the
American people must be of Irish origin; for after the Revolution,
for more than half a century, the emigration to the United States
was mainly Irish. We have the statistics of the port of Phila-
delphia, which show for a whole century including this
period, the arrivals at that port to have been, out of every ten, nine
were Lrish. The natural condition of things too is in accordance
with such a fact. The enmity between Great Britain and America
after a long and bitter struggle would naturally preclude the de-
sire or thought of emigration from the beaten to the victor; while
Ireland, still struggling as she had been through many long years for
liberty, was in strong sympathy with America, £nd America free,
freed too, mainly by the valor of her exiled childr>^n, was to them a
haven of peace and repose; and so they came in countless numbers.
The continental nations with the exception of Spain having lost
all their possessions in North America, nad also ceased emigrating
until it commenced with the Germans during the last half century.
Thus the American as moulded, and formed, and rounded out, is
mainly an Irish Celt developed in a free field of action through the
natural genius of the ra6e alone; and it is safe to say that you can
scarcely point to one representative American Statesman of the

-i:.4u.

IMTBODXTcnOlt.

past or present, whose blood and brain is not either entirely' or in
great part of Irish origin. And here one might well ask, how is it
then, if siich is the origin of this people, that we do not aee them
claim such origin and defend and honor the Irish name, but rather
that at times in the past a strong preiudice has been exhibited
towards the Irish, and the claim of sucn nationality tended rather
to injure than advance the prospects of an individual in this country.
This paradox is true, and it seems to have been, at least so far, one
of the accumulative misfortunes of that race, but it is easy of ex-
planation. It arose in the first place and mainly out of religious
bigotry, of which nothing is so olind, bitter or virulent, and sup-
plemented to this, the want of cultivation — ^but thank Heaven not
of virtue or genius — which poverty, brought on by robbery and
oppression, had entailed on the poor Irish emigrant at home, and
fldded still to this, a poisoned English'literature, filled with the most
infamous falsehoods which were ever vomited from a hireling press
against the good name of a people^ and which by its power and
influence poisoned the briarean arms of IHerature; but thank Heaven
also, whatever designs an all-wise Providence had in permitting
such poisoned shafts to wound and bear down a people, they are
fast becoming powerless to do : /il, and prejudices are being fast
dispelled in the light of honest investigation and the knowledge of
a true history. Now, the name "Irish/' does now, has always, and
probably always will convey with it the idea of "Catholic," not
alone because five-sixths of its people have always been such, but
also because the people or nation has suffered for being such. The
original emigration from Ireland, as is the emigration of to-day,
was from all parts, and the persecuted and hunted were more likely
to flee and seek a peaceful home than those who, at least, were less
so; consequently from the earliest period of colonial settlement
they flocked to America, Gatholio and Protestant alike and togeth-
er, out with this difference^ the Catholic fleeing from a persecution
which disorganized his church and made his pastor a hunted and
disguised refugee in his own land, broke away, isolated, so to.
speak, from ever threatening trouble, and brought with him none
of the access ries of religion except faith — no priest, no altar, no
organization. His Protestant neighbor came with all these, but
the antagonism which existed at home, and which is so foreign to
the Irish character, melted and disappeared when the foul breath
of their common enemy was not present to fan the devouring flame.
The result was, the Catholic being without the means to practice
his religion soon grew cool and indifferent, and if he himself did
nof lose the faith, his children did; but being not only of an intel-
lectual but also of a religious ra^oe, they attached themselves to the
established forms around them. From a lying and perverted
literature they also became tainted with bigotry, and being totally
ignorant of the grand history of their matchless race, they forgot
or felt ashamed of a race they knew only as poor, persecuted and
depressed, and whose nusfortunes were maliciously charged to
its religion, and so many thus oircumstaneed soon began to

tttTBODnOTKni.

<•'-

Pi^-

prattle abont their Anglo-Saxon blood and ancestry. This An^lo-
Saxonism is simply a great fraud, a pure myth, a shadowy thing
of evil, and the great American people are not only not Anglo-
Saxon, bnt (as was well illustrated and proven by an English
scientist and published in Appleton's Magazine many years ago,
under the heading "Are we Celts or Saxons?") neither are the
great hodj of the English people of to-day; but that even they,
phyiiologically speaking, are mainly Celts. Is it not a notorious
fact that if one should wipe out, not the achievc>aent8 of
Norman Celts, but alone the achievements of Irish Celts, from
the history of England for the past one hundred and fifty years,
the most splendid portions of her historv would be obliterated?
But America, immeasurbly more than England, is Celtic, and its
so called Anglo-Saxonism is but a myth of myths — a wholesale
robbery of Celtic blood, brains and achievements. One of the
objects of this work is to help and dissipate this phantom of
evil, this soulleHS idol, this myth with but little more real life
or progeny or ancestry than a wooden god, as far as America is
concerned, and to snatch away a few of the stolen garlands which
hide its emptiness. The time is come for the Iriim Celt to assert
himself; to defend his race from the rabid and false attacks of
such perverters of history as Fronde and like frauds; to see that the
credit of her children's achievements are not stolen and appropriated
by her enemies, or by a myth; to explode this An^lo-Saxonism,
and to make the history of his race as conspicuous as it is glorious.
In this field, (America) where the children of all nations have
a free field and equal chances, the Irish Celt has ever distin-
guished himself by his intellectual as well as physical superiority.
As there is nothing which better distinguishes the innate refinement
and nobility of a race than the character and beauty of its women,
so here in America we have the amplest means of comparing
them with those of other nations; and what a contrast! The daugh-
ter of the poor Irish emigrant, whose people for hundreds of years
perhaps, have been battling with the greatest adversity, no sooner
secures a little of the means to indulge in the refinements of life
than she steps forth, not as an isolated case, but almost universally,
like a queen, grace and dignity in her bearing, brightness and in-
telligence in her eye, commanding respect as well as admiration by
the strength and charms of her cnaracter, and equal to any dig-
nity which fortune may elevate her to. We need not say that such
can be said of the other races whose children seek America as a
home. Oh, if the children of this matchless race. Catholic and
Protestant alike, would unite in a common bond of brotherhood in the
spirit of its Plunketts, its O'Connells, its Wolfe Tones, its Emmets,
its Mitchells, its Martins, and take pride in the honor and exalta-
tion of the race — ^powerful as they are beyond all calculation, spread
out over the whole earth — how soon, even by moral force alone,
could they not redeem the glorious old land which nurtured their
race, from the bonds of the oppressor. The object of the wprk is
oot only to trace a history of tne race at home by sketches of its

■ ■ * ,. I —^iw^^fip I t I II

more illur tr Kings, Saints aAd Sages of ancient times and pat-
riots and buobv smen of modern, but more especially to indicate its
extent and greatness in Ameriea; to show the honest student of
history what an immense influence this little down-trodden island
must have had in moulding and making modem history through
the achievements of her children. We speak not of her Wellingtons,
and Wellesleys, and Napiers, and Do} les, and Blakes, and Burks,
and Cannings, and countless others, who make the history of her
oppressor rich in human glory; but just let him oast his eye on the
continent when the old order of things was breaking up; when
feudal institutions were struggUng to maintain themselves against
modem civilization; when the map of Europe was permanently
altered, almost substantially as it is to-day, say especially during
the stormy and long reign of Louis XIY oi France; and let him
calculate if he can what results the death of the 600,000 Irish Celts
who fell in the course of fifty years, as historv records, fighting
with matchless gallantry in the French wars, had in moulding mod-
em Europe and infusing into it a spirit of rational liberty; that
absolutism which many of the continental nations or people ac-
cepted or submitted to, or even that modified form, elevated if
not ennobled, called feudalism, never having had a foothold or a
habitation among the free but cultivated people or Ireland; its
children were from the earliest times the representatives and
apostles of a true rational liberty, ever recognizing the rights,
the freedom and the equality before the law of the individual. It
was not only at Fontenoy where their irresistible dash snatched
victory from their ancient foe and put an end to English dominion
on the continent, but in a hundred other battles of great impor-
tance were they leading factors in securing victory. It was
through their valor and daring that the ambitious schemes of Wal-
lenstein, the greatest general of his age, were fioistrated in Eastern
Europe, and the intej^rity of the German Empire secured; and from
that time to this, in Europe, America (North and South), Australia,
the world over, has the exiled Irish Celt played a conspicuous and
commanding part. These facts are well known and indisputable,
but they have been scattered throughout the history of the world.
We have labored in an imperfect way to bring them together in
one book in the way of biography, which is perhaps the most pleas-
ing form of history. Whatever errors may have crept into the
first edition, typographical and riherwise, of which undoubtedly
there are many, we will strive to correct, and in the near
future add a new volume of illustrious Celts from the vast array
living and dead, over whom for many reasons we had to pass fo^
the present.

THE AUTHOR.

Chronological Index of Contents.

UNDER SPECIFIC HEADINGS.

SAINfS.

^fM^:':

Adamnan a,

Ailbe

Aileram

Albin

Albuin

Arbogas^

Amicus :

Beniguus

Bieacs aud Burfan

Brendan

Brendan of Birr

Bridget

Brieuc

Cailan

Cellach

Christian

Clit-istian

Ooiman

Colman

Columba

Columbkill..

Conlaeth

Drclan

Desibod c

Dymplina

Eitline...

Elipli

Eiida,

Feantlial

Felix

Finochta

D. 680
600
600
780
700
600
4G0
480
475
488
686
468
460
647
1106
1160
1188
613
060
680
660
470
600
680
480
660
880
680
766
1170
676

Finian a.d. 660

Finian

FlorentinuB

Fridolinos

Gelaseus

Gilbert

Ounifort

Ibar

Ida

Jarleth

Eeyin

Kianm

Ellian

Livinus

Macartin

Malchus

Mannou

Mansunr . . . . ;

Mochelloe

Moloous

Muerdacli

Munchin

Navel

O'Toole, Laurence.

Patrick ,

Rumbold

^edulus

Benan;

Tisemach

Wiro

580

460
1160
1080
400
480
600
680
560
630
660
680
600
1130
1200
100
600
620
460
480
660
1160
460
750
785
640
660
640

KINGS.

Aiden... a.d. 757

Amergin b.o. 1000

Angus, or Bneati 800

Blathmac a.d. 660

Brien Boiroimhe 980

Obrbm Liffecliair 260

Cas Cormac 240

Oatbire More 140

Olxrimthon 860

Oonars tlie Great 10

Oonarr B.O. 460

Oongal A.D. 046

Conn Koadcaha 148

Oonquovar 810

Ocrmao of Munster 640

Oormac MoCulinan 870

Oormac Ulfada a.d. 270

Ohrintbam . . 60

Dathy the Great 420

Larmod 644

Domhnalllll 748

Edenkeal 1

]£nnall b.o. 600

Eiochall 500

Booha IX , 10

Eocha XII A.D. 850

Eocha Reuda 212

Fe&rdadaoh b.o. 600

Feargall a.d. 711

Feilin 180

Feargualll 665

Feigua 880

MMMMH«MH««MlMMgMH

OBBONOXiOOXGAIi LMUJU OV OOnTBinf.

QtS.

..A.D. 650
680

450
.. 1180
.. 1080
400
480
600
580
660^
680
650
680
500

... iiao

... 1208
100
600
620
460
480
560
1160
450
750
785
640
560
640

I....A.D. 270
60
480
644
748
I
..B.O. 600
600
... . 10
....A.D. 8M)
218
1. ...B.O. 600

1....A.D. 711

180
665

Fergus I (Scotland) aj>. 608

Fiach y 78

Flan(8ionna) 900

Flabwtoch 727

Heremon b.o. 1000

HughVX A.D. 797

Hughll 679

HughV 784

Kedlachan 920

Lao^nro 428

MacConn 224

MacColIenan, Cormnc 920

Maglochlin Moriertuch 1152

Malachi 840

Malachlll 980

Modh-Corb 288

ModhaNuagat 150

Muemnon b.o. 700

Niall, the Great.... t a.d. 880

Niall 888

0*61160, Ooachobar a.d.1140

O'Brien, Dermod 1070

O'Brien, Donough 1015

O'Brira, Morietach 1089

O'Brien, Theodore 1600

O'Brien, Turlough 1080

O'Connor, Roderick. . . ; 1170

O'Connor, Turlough 1180

OilioUOlum... 280

Olam-Fodla b.o. 720

Oleve Fola 680

Olohobhair a.d. 840

O'NeUl, John (Shane) 1560

Rorr the Great b.c. 87

Rotheactll 6G0

Sedua II 600

Tighermas a.m. 1085

Tuthal A.D. 100

XJgane-More b.o. 800

IRISH PATRIOTS.

Bamwall, Alex a.d.1670

BarriDgton. Sir Jonah 1782

Butler, Richard (Vic. Mount-
garret) 1600

Butler, Lieut. -Gen. Richard

(Ormond) 1610

BymcPatrick 1750

Carey, Mathew 1760

Davis, Thos 1814

Dennond, Garret, Earl of 1570

Desmotil. SirJohn 1570

Dillon, Count Arthur 1665

Dillon, Theobald. 1640

Duffy, Charles Gavin 1840

Emmet, Robert 1796

Emmet, Thomas Addis 18q0

England. Right. Rev. John. . . . 1786

Fitzgerald, LordEdwail 1796

Fitzgerald, Rt. Hon. James. . . 1760

Fitzmaurice, James 1574

Flemiiig, Chas. (Lord Slane). . 1600

Fleming, Christ. (Lord Slano). 1678

Fleming, Gen. Henry. 1665

Flood. Henry. 1740

French. Rt. Rev. Nicholas. . . . 1640

Grattau, Henry 1760

Grey, E. Dwyer 1884

Grey. SirJohn 1840

Hamilton, Lady Elizabeth. . . . 1650

Hoard, Sir Joseph 1780

Holt. General 1708

Hudson, Edward , t79d

Kiokham, Charles J 1846

Eildare, James Fitzgerald. . . . 1760

Lucas, Charles 1740

Martin, John 1848

Maxwell, Charles 1688

McCarthy, Gen. Justin 1666

McBIligot, Gen. Roger 1686

McGee, Thos. D'Arcy a.

McGeoghegan, Abbe J

Mc€kogh^mn, Kichard ,

McNe\in, Dr. W. J

McGuire, Prince Conn

Meagher, Gen. Thos. F

Mitchell, John

Molyneux. Wm

Momington, Garret, iSarl of. . .

Monroe, Gen. Henry

Murphy, Edmuhd

Nelson, Samuel

Nugent, Qen. Richard

O'Brien, Marshal (Lord Clare)
O'Brien, Murrough (Marshal). .

O'Brien, Gen. Charles

O'Brien, Daniel (Earl of Clare)

O'Brien, Wm. Smith

0'Bricn,Terpnce Albert(Bish'p)

O'Connell, Daniel

O'Connor, Gen. Arthur. ... ..

O'Dogherty, Cahiif

O'Doherty, Kevin Izod

O'Donnel, Hugh, Prince of

Tyrconrkel

O'Gara, Gdn. Oliver

0'Gormr.n, Richard

O'Mahony, Jeremiah

O'Mahony, John

O'Maddan, Edmond

O'Melkeron, Owen

O'Neill, (3en. Gordon

0'Neni,Hugh,Prince of Tyrone

O'Neill, MaJ Ghm. HugU

O'Neill, Owen Roe.....

Orr, William

O'Bhaughnessy, Roger

Pamell, Charles Stewart

Parsons, Sir Laurence

D.1848
1780
1600
1796
1600
1848
1848
1680
1750
1798
1688
1798
1686
1760
1686
1666
1688
1846
1650
1829
1798
1606
1848

1600
1700
1848
1600
1846
1686
1680
1688
1600
1640
1646
1796
1720
1684
1800

1 i

'."■v--.-.v''f;^-v

OHBOKOIiOOIOAL nfTDBZ OF OOKTBim.

Soott, Ool Edward i

Stuart, Mary

Sullivan, Alex. M

Bullivan, Timothy D

Talbot, Rich'd(BarlTyrconnel)
Tandy, Qen. James M upper. ..

lUrrell; Capt. Richard

Tone, Theobald Wolfe

Junket, Wm. a.d.1782

Ponsonby. Hon. Geo 1800

Powers, Qen. John 1688

Pender«tst, Ool Edward 1688

avinn, llev. Thomas. . . 1840

ochford, M 1648

Rothe, John 1688

Barsfleld, Pat., Earl of Lucan. 1688

Savage, John 1848 1 Woji^n, Col. Edward

IRISH DIVINES,

WHO TLOUBISHBD IN IBELAUD AND BNOLAin).
CATHOLIC.

Baron, Roland. A.D. 1520

Bernard, Hugh, D.D 1875

Brurke, Rev. Thonuua N 1880

Biadv, Andrew 1450

Brady, Wm. Maziere 1827

Brown, Thomas 1550

Callanan, Rev. Lawrence. .... 1729

Oassidy, Roderick 1580

Catholicus, Archbishop. 1195

Olynn, Jcun 1860

Colgan, John 1960

Conroy, Rt Rev. Geo 1832

Constantine, Bishop 1150

Creagh, Most Rev. Richard. . . 1570

Gullen, Cardinal Paul. 1803

Cusack. Chiistopher 1575

Doyle, Dr. James 1186

Egan, BoBtius 1600

Eusface. Maurice 1580

Pich. Thomas.... 1520

Field, Rt. Rev. Thos , . 1500

Fitzsimon, Rev. Henry. 1640

Fitzsimon, Most Rev. Patrick. 1750

Fitzsimon, Most ReV. Walter. . 1500

French, Rt Rev. Nicholas. . . 1604

Gibilan, Maurice 1800

Gilbert (Urgale) 1880

Godham, Adam 1840

Hiflgius, Dr. William 1720

3ggin8, Philip 1794

Hollywood, Christopher 1600

Joy, Most Rev. William 1480

Joyce, Most Rev . Koland 1800

Joyce, Most Rev. Wa'ter .... 1770

Koii Jog, Geoffrey 1580

Kirwin, Rt. Rev. Augustin. . . . 1780

Lincoln, Most Rev. Richard. . 1780

Leverous, Rt. Rev. Thos 1550

Lombard, Most Rev. Peter. . . . 1600

Lynch, Rev. John 1630

MacAed, Malachi . 1818

MaoAuley, Catherine ISO' >

MoOaghwell, Most Rev. Hti^h 1600

McFlin, Most Rev. Florence. . 1250

MoHale, Most Rev. John 1880

.D.1685
1620
1384
1884
1740
1708
1680
1798
1650

McMolisse, Most Rev. Nich. .. a.d.1292

McRonan, Most Rev. Thomian 686

Maguire, Rev. Charles 1460

Maguire, Rt. Rev. Michael. . . . 1410

Maguire. Rev. Thomas IMO

Maher, Rev. James 1870

Malone, Rev. William 1600

Matnew. Rev. Theobald. .. .. 1840

Miller, Rev. Peto- 1580

Moriarity, Rt, Ivcv. D^vld. . . . 1850

Murray,* Most Rev. Daniel. . . . 1830

Nagle, Nano 1768

Norris, Philip, D.D. 1100

0'Brien,Rt. Rev. Terence Albert 165o

O'Carrol, Most Rev. Thos 1850

Ookam, William. .1 1850

O'Connor, Rev. Charles 180U

Obugey David 1350

O'CuUennan, Gelasius 1580

O'Dowling. ' Thaddeus 1570

O'Fallon. Rt. Rev. Donald 1500

O Hurley, Most, liev. Dermod. 1580

O'Kelly, Most Rev. Ralph. . . . 1340

O'Lagknan, Most Rev. Mariau 12

O'Sbaughnesscy, Ool man 1740

O'Toole, Laurence, St 1160

Plunket, Most Rev. Oliver ... 1069

Porter, Mam-ice do 1250

Reginald , Archbishop 1250

Richard, Archbishop 18 8

Roth, Dr. David 1600

Russell, Dr. Charles W 1870

Russell, Most Rev. Patr*ck... 1685

Stapleton, Dr. Thomas 1565

Talbot, Most Rev. Peter 1060

Tanner, Edward, D.D 1635

Treguary, Most .»ev. Michac!. K60

Troy, Mo8t Rev. Johr^ Thomaj 1800

Usiier, Rev. Di- 1750

Walsh, William, Rt. Rev 1570

Waterford, Thos 1640

Wollesley. Rt. Rev. Wr.lter. . . 1580

Wesley, Edward, Rt. R w 1685

Wiseman. Nicholas, P. 8 1860

Wolfo, Rev. James 1660

PROTBBTAMT— OBUBOH OF SNOIiAKD.

Barton, Rev. Thomas s . a.d. 1720 1 Brady, Nicholas

Berkel^« Bishop Q«o :084 j Brooke, Bet. Stafford.

166l»
1888

ii.<^.. '

OHHOKOLOGICAL ISDBX OF COITTBNTS;

D.1685

1690
ld84
1884
1740
1798
1680
1798
1650

L.D.1292
686
1460
1410
IMO
1870
1600
1840
l.')80
1850
1880
1768
1400
1650
1850
1850
180U
1850
1680
1570
15()0
1580
1340
12
1740
1150
1G6U
1250
1260
18 8
1600
1870
1085
1566
1060
1636
K60
1800
1760
1670
1640
1660
1686
1850
1660

1660
1888

Butcher, Bt, Rey. Samud a.9.1811

Chandlnr, F^lward 1720

Clayton, Robeir. .... j 1819

Croly, Bev. George 1780

Delaney Dr. Patrick 1686

Do^ veil, Henry 1688

Fitzgerald. William. D.D..... 1814

Francis, Philip 1760

Gregory, George, D.D 1760

Hales, WUliam 1778

Hamttton, Hugh 1729

King, Dr. WiUiam 1700

Kirwin, Walter B 1780/

Leslie, Charles 1680

I'adan, Bev. Martin 1760

Madden. Dr. Samuel M 1700

Magee, Dr. Wm 1800

Magee, Dr. Wm. C 1850

Muniire, Bev. Bobt a,

MoHeile, Husli, D.D

Mossom, Bt Bev. Bobert

Murphy, F/ancis

O'Beime, Bt. Sev. Thos. L. . .

Pamell, Thomas

Bichardson, John

Sheridan, Thos. D.D

Shirley. Walter

Thompson. Bev. William.

Todd, James H.^ D.D

Traill, Bobert. D.D

Trench, Bichard C

Usher, James

Wall, Chas. W., D.D

Walsh, Bobert, D.D., LL.D.
Wolfe, Bev. Charies .h

D.1850
1840
16^
18S0
1800
1800
1650
1720
1840
1770
1860
1840
1865
1620
1850
1820
1820

PBOTEBTANT— DIBSEinnBS.

Arthur, Bev. William (Meth). . a.d. 1819
Carson, Bev. Alexander (Bapt) 1880

Clarke. Dr. Adam (Meth) 1760

Hincks, Bev. Edward (Presb). . 1792
Hutchinson, Francis (Presb). . 1700
Joyce, Jeremiah (Presb) 1770

STATESMEN, SOLDIERS AND LAWYERS.

EBELAND AND BNOLAin>.

Leland, John. , a.d.1720

Leland. Dr. Thomas 1760

Maxfleld, Bev. Thomas (Meth) 1751)

Moore. Bev. Henry (Meth) 1800

Walker, George, (Presb) 1680

Anhesley, Arthur a.d. 1614

Barnwell, Sir John 1640

Barnwell. Sir Patrick 1600

Barre, Qen. Isaac 1724

Barry, David 12«7

Belling, Bichard 1618

Beresford. Wm. Carr 1768

Bloomfleld, Benj 1762

Booth, Sir Bobert Gore 1806

Bourke, Bichard 1260

Boyle, Henry (£«t1 of Shannon) 1700

Boderick. Sir Allan 1680

Brown, Arthur, LL.D 1770

Burton, Bichard Francis 1821

Bushe. Charles Kendal 1767

Butler. James (Ormond) 1660

Canning. Bt. Hon. George. ... 1770

Carausms 360

Carlton, Sir Guy 1784

Charlemont, Jas. C, Barl of. . 1728

Chichester, Gen. Arthur ' 1660

OJark. MaJ.-Gen 1760

Cole. Gen. Galbraith 1776

Coqyngham, Francis N 2 ^'^^'^

Conway, Marshal Henry S. . . . _ 1721

Coote, Sir Byre "^"^^

Cowley, Henry W. . Baron. . . . 1778

Crocker, John Wilson 1780

Cunningham, Timothy 1780

Curran, John P 1760

Cusaok, Sir Thomas 1660

Daroy, tMr William 1680

Dawson. Arthur a.d.1706

Deasy. Bichard, LL. D 1812

Dillon. Lieut. -Ger . Arthur B. . 1780

Downes, William 1740

Doyle, Gen. Sir John 1756

Doyle, Mai-Gen. W. E 1760

Dunerin, Marquis 1860

Duffy, Charles Gavin 1848

Duigenan, Patrick 1796

Edwards, Bryan 1748

Emmet, Temple 1780

Emmet. Thomus Addis 1800

England. Lieut. Gen. Pichard 1740

England, Gen. Sir Bichard .... 1798

Evnns, Lieut.-Gen Sir DeLacy 1787

Esmond, Sir John , 1826

Eustace, James, Viscount 1670

Finglas. Patrick 1634

Fitzgerald, Sir Augustine 1760

Fitzgerald, Bt. Hon. James. . . 1750

Fitzgerald, John D. LL.D. . . . 1816

Fitzgerald, Marshal. Sir John T 1 786

Fit7i^rald, Nicholas 1686

Flli-ejerald. Percy H 1884

Fltzpatrick, Lieut. -Gon. B. K. . 1784

Fitzeimons, Most Bev. Walter 1500

Floyd, Gen. Sir John 1800

Francis, Sir Philip 1760

Foster, John 1740

Gore, George 1700

Gere, John 1780

Qough, Marshal Hugh 1806

■'( ■ ■-' :

■^V

OECBOiroIiOOIOAZi XTOBZ 09 OOHTIim.

Gray, £. Dwyer. a.d.

Oiay, Sir John

Hdy, Oen. Sir William O'G. .

Hamilton, James

Hamilton, Sir John

HamiltOB, Gtoi. Richard

Hogff, Sir James W

Howcien, Gen. John, Baron. . .
Hutchinson, Hon. John Hely. .
Hutchinson, Gen. John Hely. .

Jones, Mason ,

Eavanagh, Sir Hen^

Keane, Lieut -Gen. Lord John

Eotealy, Edwaxd, D.OX

Odare, James Fit^^erald. . . •

Eirkpatrick, Gen. Wm

Eing. 0«i. BobertE

Laniidown, Wm. P., Earl of. .

Loftus, Gen. Wm

Londonderry, Charles W

Londonderry, BohertS. (Oastle-

Taagh)

LoweTSir Hudson

Lucan, Gen. Geo. 0., Earl of. .

Lugadh, (General

Luttrell, Simon

Lynch, Sir Henry

lorndhuTBt, John S. 0. Lord. .

McArthur, Wm

Macartney, Geo., Earl of

McCarthy, Gen. Justin

McCarthy, Owen.

McDonnell, Sir B. G., LLJ>. .

Maguire, John Francis

Mahon, Gen. Stephen

Martin, John

Massey, Gten. l^re

Massey. Gen. Nathaniel

Mayo,Earl of (Rich'd S.Bourke)

Meade, Robert

Mitchell, John

Moles worth, Marshal Count. . .
Molesworth, Bobert, Count. . .
Monk, C*harles Stanley, Lord. .
Montgomery, Sir Heniy C. . . .
Montgomery, Sir R9bert^L.D
Napier, Lieut-Gen. Sir W.P.P

Napier, Wm. J., Lord

Nicholson, Gen. John A

Nolan, Chief Justice Michael. .

Nugent, Cten. Sir George

Nugent, Bobert Craggs

O'Brien, Murrough, Earl of

Indhiquin

O'Brien, Wm. Smith

880
866
850
700
706
670
8)0
800
760
780
840
800
800
860
760
.780
790
760
800
810

800
800
860
100
688
660
800
884
760
688
688
870
860
800
848
750
800
800
800
848
700
680
850
600
860
814
820
860
800
800
776

660

848

MILITARY AND

O'Callaghan, Cornelius. A.d.1700

O'Connor, Fergus E 1880

O'Dwyer, Andiew, Caruw. . . . 1870

O'Hagan, Thomas 1880

O'Laufdilin, Sir Coleman 1848

0'Ndll,Hugh,Prince of Tyrone 1600

O'Reilly, ^n. Hugh 1700

Ormond. John Butler, Earl.. 1460

Ossory, Thos. Butler. Earl of. 1660

Palmerston, Henry J. Temple, 1860

Lord I860

PameU, Charles Stewart 1884

Parsons, Sir Laurence 1800

Periy, Edmund S., Viscount. . 1780

Pigbt Gen. Thomas 1750

Pluntwt, Hon. Wm. C 1800

Ponsonby, Hon. Geo 1800

Pottinger, Sir Henry 1840

Rawdon, Francis H., Earl. . . . 1812

Rowan, Gen. Sir Wm 1850

Saurin, Rt. Hon. Wm 1800

Scott, John 1780

Shiel, Richard Lalor 1880

Shelbume,rWm. Fitz Maurice,

P. Earl 1765

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. . . 1800

Shiel, Sir Justin I860

Smith, John W 1830

Smith, Michael 1780

Smith, Sir Wm 1800

Staunton, Sir Geo. Leon 1780

Staunton, Sir Geo. Thos 1880

Strangford, Vic (P. C. Smytho) 1885

Sullitan, Alex M 1884

Sullivan, Sir Beni 1800

SuUivan, Denis B 1800

Talbot, Richard 1740

Taylor, Sir Meadows 1850

Temple, Sir John 1700

Temple, Sir William 1675

Tennent, Sir J. E. LL.D 1860

Tiemey, George 1800

Toler, John 1800

Tonson, Gen. Wm 1800

Torrens, Sir Henry 1830

Torrens, Gen. Robt. F. R. S. . . 1865

Torreno, Sir Robert R 1870

Torren's, Wm. McCullagh .... 1870

Wellesley. Richard C, Marquis 1888

WelUngton, Arthur W., Dukn 1840

Whiteside, James 1860

WUlis, Sir Joseph S., LL.D. . 1866

Wolseley, Sir G. I., Lord 1884

Yelverton, Barrr, Lord ISOq

Toui g, John (Baron Lisgar). . 18qq,

NAVAL HEROES.

VBOajXO AND BNGLAND.

Alleyn. Richard J A.D.178a

Ayutsr, Gen. Lord Mathew.. 1770
Baldwin, Ool 1790

Beaufort Sir Francis A.D.1774

Blake, Robert, Admiral 16SD

Blake. Sir Walter 1680

■MhriUki

'-■^•>'

ORB0NOIiOOIOAX< HTDBX OV COSTBNTB.

Blood. Thos A^D.ieaS

Borrows. Eildare 1780

Brown, John 1640

Cade,Jack 1460

Cteichton, John 1748

Creighton, Oen. David 1680

Dennond, Garret. 1570

Desmond, Sir John 1670

Despud, Edward M 1790

Downie. Comodore 1800

Fanner, Capt 1760

Fitzgibbon, Col. James 1780

Fitzmaurice 1674

Fletcher, Col Richard 1780

Forbes, Admiral George 1686

Forbes, Admiral John 1710

Gardner, Admiral Alan 1786

BandcocK, Col. R B 1780

Holt, General 1798

Kelly, Col. Edward 1800

Lynch, Capt. Harry 1860

McClintoch, Admiral 1860

McGeoghegan, Richard 1600

McClore. CapL tt J

gapier, Admiral Wm. J
olan, Louis B

O'Brien, Admiral Jas

O'Brien, Admiral Robert

O'Donnel, Hngh, Prince of

Tyrconnel

O'Kean, Gen. Daniel

O'Neill, Geo. Gordon

CNeill, Maj.-Gen. Hugh

O'Neill, Owen Roe

O'Bullivan, Prince of Bearre. .
Peckenham, Gen. Sir E. M. . . .

Pomeroy, Gen. John

Ponsonby, Gen. Sir F. C

Ponsonby. Sir Wm

Sheldon, Gen. Domenick

Stewart, Sir Wm. (Mount joy).

Stewart, Sir Wm

Taa£Fe, Gen. Lucas

Warren, Sir Peter

White, Richard, Earl of Bantry

AUTHORS.

BOlKMTlViO AND TjBABNUD.

Abemathy, John' A a.d.[

Aileran

Amergin

Amergln McAmalraidh

Anster, John, LL.D

Aongus Coledeus

Apjonn, Dr. James

Babington, Wm

Barnwell, Dr. Robert

Barry, Dr. Martin

Belling, Richard

Berkeley, Geo!, D.D

Black, Joseph

Blake, Robert, M.D

Borlace, Edmund

Boyd, Hugh MoAiiley

Boyle, Richard

Brady, Robert

Brown, Arthur

Burton, Richard Francis. .....

Caimes, John Elliot

Cobb, Frances Power

Darley, George

Dee, John

Dodwell, Henry

Donovan, Edward

Feltham, Owen «

Glenie, James.

Oodham. Adam

Gorman, Marianus , , . . .

Hales. Wm

Hamilton, Elizabeth

Hamilton, Sir Wm. Rowan. . .

Hinoks, Rw. Edward

Hudson, Edward

1768

666

660

600

1796

760

1796

1767

1700

180d

1610

1684

1728

1776

1610

17^6

1626

1660

1821

1824
1822
1786
1627
1641
1760
1600
1780
1840
1060
1778
1760
1806
1708
1798

Hutchinson, Francis

Kane, Sir Robert

KeUy, Patrick, LL.D

Eeneally, Edward, D.C.L.

Kirwin, Richard

Laffan, Sir Joseph DeO. . .

Leckey, Wm. E. H.

Long, St. John

Lucas, Charles

McClintock, Admiral

McCuUagh, James

McKenzte, Dr. Shelton. . . .

McCure, Capt. R. J

Maddan, Dr. R R . .

Maginn, Dr. Wm

Marsdep, Dr. Wm

Mathews, Geo., LL.D

Molyneaux, Daniel

More, Michael.

Murphy, James 0.
O'Cfery,

Peregrin

O'Clery, Bro. Michael

O'Ourry, Eugene

O'Donovan, Dr. John

O'Fihely, Donald

O'Hamn, Geoffry

O'Hailoran, Sylvester

O^Kennedy, Mathew

O'Meara, Dr. Barry Edmund.

O'Shaughnessy. Sir Wm

PaUiser, SlrWm. 0. B

Petrle. Geo., LL.D

Roohford, John

Rosse, Earl of, (Wm. Parsons)
Sabine, Gen. Sir Edwaid

1858
1820
1860
1818
1850

1600
1648
1685
1640
1648
1670
1800
1750
1818
1818
1688
1698
1720
1649
1746
1797

1700

1870

1780

1860

1680

1800

1880

1740

1860

1840

1844

1862

1840

1860

1800

1680

1600

1720

1800

1680

1860

1460

1860

1800

1700

1816

1860

1870

1850

1810

1860

1870

OHBOHOLOeiCAL IMDBZ OV OO^TBim.

Shea, David a.d.1890

Sloan, Sir Hang 1700

Smith, Sir ^m. LL.D 1800

Smyth, Andrew W 1866

Btanihurst. Nicholas 1660

Sterne, Dr. John 1660

Stokes. Geo. Gabriel 1870

Stokes, Whitley 1880

Talbot, James. LL.D 1880

Taltam, Heniy, LL.D 1840

TayR>r. Sir Meadows 1860

Taylor, Wm. Cooke, LL.D... 1840

Thompson, Wm 1846

Thompson, James 1880

ThomiiBon, Sir Wm ^ . . .a,

Todd, James H.. D.D

Todd, Bobert B., H.D

Toland, John

Torrens, Gen. Robert ^

Torrens, Wm. McC

Tuckey, Captain James H. . . .
Tyndall. John, D.C.L., etc. . .

Walsh, Dr. Edward

Ware, Sir James, LL.D

Wilde, Sfar Wm. Robert

Wood. Robert

Young, John Radford

Toung, Mathew, D.D

AUTHORS.

POBTIO ASD OBHBBAL.

Allingham, Wm.^ a.d.1828

Amergin 660

Anster, John. LL.D 1796

Banim, John 1798

Bauim. Michael 1796

BeU, Bobert 1800

Blake, EUzabeth 1780

Blessington. Countess of 1788

Boyd. Hugh McAuley 1746

Boyse, Samuel 1708

Brady, Michael 1660

Brooke, ITenry 1706

Brooke, Frances 1720

Bronte, Anna 18 lO

Broute, Charlotte 1840

BruDtd, Knily 1840

Browne, Finnces. 1818

Browne, Miity Anne 1812

Carlton, William 1798

Concanen. Mathew «... 1680

Cooke, William 1766

Cork, John Boyle, Earl of . . . . 1707

Costello, Dudley 1S08

Costello, Louisa, S 1816

Crocker. John W 1787

Crocker. Thos. Crofton 1798

Croly. Rt. Rev. Geo 1780

Cunningham, John 1786

Cusack, Mary, (Sister. Clare).. 1880

Dancer, John 1660

Darley, Geo.... 1786

Davis. Thos 1814

Denham, Sir John 1620

Denrody, Thos. :...., 1776

rerrick, Samuel 1784

DeVere, Sir Aubrey. 1787

DeVere, Aubrey 1814

Digby, K. Henry 1800

Doran, John 1807

Dubtach, McLugheir 460

Edgeworth, Mana 1767

Edgeworth, Rich'd L. 1744

Edgewor.h, Sheyd 1790

Eusden, Laurence 1700

Farley, James L a.

Fitzpatrick. Wm. J.

Francis. Sir Philip

Gage, ReV. Thomas

Goldsmith, Oliver.

Grattan, Thomas C

Grey. Sir George, L L. D

Griffin, Gerald

Hall, Mrs. Anna M

Hooke, Nathaniel

Hughes, Thomas

Jameson, Mrs. Anna

Johnson. Charles

Eavanagh, Julia

Eeaty. Annie

Knightly. Thomas

Lever, Charles

Lover, Samuel

McCabe. William B

McCormack, Charles

MaoFirbesey, Oelasius .......

McGeoghegan, Abbe J

McEensde. R. Shelton

McClure. SirR. J

Madden, Dr. R. R

McGuire, John F

Malone, Edmimd

MiUiken, Richard

Molyneaux, William

ttonck, Mary Molesworth ....

Moore, Thomas

Morgan, Lady Sidney

MuBgrave, Sir Richard

Norton, Hon. Caroline E. S. . .

Pamell, Thomas

Pembridge, Christopher

Suin, Michael J
eid. Mayne

Roche, Riegina Maria

Roscommon, Wentworth, Dil*

Ion Earl of,

Sheridan, Frances

Sheridan, Helen Selina

Shoridan, Thomai DJD

D.1670
1860
18S0
1700
1860
1876
1800
1880
18C0
1660
1860
1760
1880
1780

D1828
1880
1760
1640
1781
1800
1887
1810
1810
1760
1820
1797
1760
1840
1860
1840
1860
1860
1880
1760
1260
1780
1844
1862
1840
1860

,1780
1820
1680
1700
180O
1820
1800
1860
1700
1840
1880
1880
1800

1660
1764
1860
1780

/'.>',.

min

tiimmmmtmmi

«HROHOZiOOIOAL DTOKZ OF CONTBHTB.

8teele,81r Richud A.D.t700

Btepheiui, Edward Bell IdSO

Bterling, John 1840

Sterne, Lawrence 1760

Btranffford, Viscount, P. A. F.

Smythe 1850

StnL j^ord. Viscount, P. 0. 8.

^ythe 1885

SuUivan, Richard 1870

SulUvan, Timothy D 1884

Swift, Jonathan 1700

Taylor, &ir Meadows. 1850

ACTORS AND AUTHORS.

Tlgfae, Mary Blatchford a.d.1800

Trench, Dr. lUchardC...*;.. 1865

Tate, Kahum 1700

Wall, Charles W., D.D 1880

Waller, John, L.L.D 1850

Warburton, Eliot B. 1850

Warburton, George..... 1854

Weld, Charles Richard 1860

Weld, Isaac 1850

White, James 1760

White,Samuel 1800

Wolfe, Rev. Charles 1820

DBAHATIOAL Ain> MUSIOAL.

■ •«••••■

Abington, Frances...

Balfe. Michael WiUiam

Banim. John

Barry, Spranger

BeckerstafF, Isaac

Boucicault, Dion

Brooke, Henry

Brooke, Q. Vaughan

Brome, Alexander.

Brome, Richard

Brougham, John

Clive, Mrs. Catharine.

Congreve, William

Cooke, Geo. Frederick

Coyne, Joseph S

Cunningham, John

Darner, Anne Seymour

Dancer, John

Denham, John...

DeVere, Sir Aubrey

DeVere, Aubrey

Derby, Duchess of

Doran, John

Farren, Eliza(Duches8 of Der-
by

Farquhar, Geo

Faudt, Helen

Field.Jobn

Francis, Philip

Goldsmith, Oliver

Grif&n, Gerald

.D.1735
1858
1798
1717
1780
1880
1706
1818
1660
1650
1860
1710
1670
1766
1855
1780
1748
1650
1620
1787
1814
1775
1807

1775
1678
1816
1782
1750
1786
1810

Head, Richard i

Johnston, John Henry

Jones, Henry

Jordan, Mrs. Dorothy

Kelly, Hugh

Kelly, Michael

Knowles> James Sheridan

Mucklin, Charles

Madden, Dr. Samuel

Maturin, Charles R,

MoUoy, Charles

Momington, Garret, Earl of, . .

Mossop, Henry

O'Carolan, Thurlough

0'Hara,Kane

O'Keefe, John

O'Neil, Eliza »

Powers, Tyrone

Purcell, Henry

Qain, James

Shee. Martin Archer

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley... .

Sheridan Thomas

Southern, Thomas

SteiUng, John

Stephenson, Sir J. A

Tate, Nahum

Tobin, John

Wallace, William V

White, Samuel. . . .«

.D.1650
1800
1750
1782
1760
1785
1830
1750
1760
1800
1770
1750
1750
1700
1760
1780
1840
1840
1690
.1760
1880
1800
1750
1700
1840
1800
1700
1800
1860
1800

ARTISTS.

PAINTBB8, SOULFTOBS, BTO.

Barker, Robt A,

Barret, George

Barry, James

Byrne, William

Carey, WilliamP

Copley, John 8

Oosteuo, Louisa S

Cosway, Richard

Danby, Francis

Darner, Anne Seymour.

Doyle, John

Doyle, Biohaid /

D.1740
1728
1741
1742
1760
1750
1816
1780
1708
1748
1780
1826

Elmore, Alfred a.d. 1816

Foley, John Henry 1818

Ganaon, James 1740

Gilray, James 1770

Hennessey, William J 1850

Hogan, John 1800

Jarvis, John 1750

Jervas, Charles 1700

Maclise, Daniel 1860

Mulready. William 1850

Pelham, Henry 1785

Richardson , Jonathan. ...'..,, 1780

,i.f

-■l',>¥i

/ ."

CHBOMOLOOIOAL IHDBX OF COMTKKTS.

Bdley, John a.d.1680 1 Thompfloo, Launt a.d.1880

Shee, Martin Archer 1890 {Treaham, Henry 1800

MISCELLANEOUS.

JBMLkSD AMD BNOX«Ain>.

Brown, Sir William a.d.1784

Burke, John 1800

Burke, Sir J. B ,1880

Burke, Robert O'Hara 1831

Ck>bbe, Frances Power. .% .... 183S

Darean, William 1800

Davidson. John 1814

Delany, Mary. 1700

Oreatrakes, Valentine a. D.16S0

Maculla, James 1780

OlUeUy.John 1870

Piers, Henry 1600

RusseU, William H 1880

Sullivan, Sir Richard 1800

Welledey, Marchioness of. ... . 1840

CONTINENTAL.

STATESMEN AND SOLDIERS.

Acton, John a.d.1781

Alton or D' Alton, C!ount Ed. 1787

Alton, Richard..... 1782

Bamwall, Alexander. 1670

Barrot, Odillon 1791

Blake, Joachim 1791

Browne, Count Oeorge de.. . . . 1698

Bugeaud, Marshal 1784

Burke. Gen. Walter 1666

Butler, Gen. James 1750

Butler, Lieut. Gen. Pier 1700

Butler, Gen. Count Walter. . . . 1610

Cantwell, Gen. Edmond 1670

Church. Gen. Richard 1785

Clark, Marshal Count Henry J.. 1783

Conway, Marshal CountThos.. 1780

Darcy, Count Patrick 1737

Dillon, Gen. Count Arthur.... 1665

DUIon, Gen. Arthur 1748

Dillon, Archbishop 1740

Dillon, Count Edward. 1740

Dillon, Count James. 1740

Dillon, Marshal Count Robert 1700

Dillon, Count Theobald 1640

Dorington, Gen. William 1670

Fitzgerald, Gen. Nicholas. 1695

Fleming, Qen. Charles (Lord

Slane) 1680

Fleming, Christopher. 1673

Fleming, Gen. Henry 1650

Hamilton, Count Alexander. . . 1660

Hamilton, Count Anthony. . . . 1646

Kilmaine, Marsbt.1 C. J 1783

Lally, Count Thomas Arthur. . 1760

Lally. Toll^ndal. Marquis T.G. 1780

Lee, Col. de 1688

Luttrall, Gen. Simon 1690

Maguire, Gen. Prince Conn. . . 1600'

Haguire, Patrick 1498

McCarthy, Gen. Justin a.d.1690

McCarthy, Gen. Owen 1690

McDonald, Marshal Stephen. . 1795

McElligot, Gen. Rog(6r. 1790

McGeoghegan, Charles 1790

McMahon, Gen. Hugh 1790

McMahon, Marshal 1884

McNamara, Adml. John 1730

Nugent, Gen. Richard 1690

O'Brien, Marshal Charles 1750

O'Brien, Gen. Charles 1690

O'Brien, Daniel (Earl of Lis-

more) 1750

O'Brien, Gen. Daniel (Earl of

Clare) - 1690

O'Brien, Murrough, Earl of

Inchiqin 1660

O'Brien, Murrough, Mai-shal..

of France 1700

O'CanoU, CoL 1691

O'Carroll. Turrene 1696

O'Connell, Gen. Count Daniel 1800

O'Connor, Gen. Arthur 1816

O'Donnell, Lieut. Gen 1700

O'Donnell, Marshal Count

Leopold.: 1860

O'Gara, Gen. Oliver 1700

O'Eane. Gen. Daniel. . . . ; 1640

O'Mahon. Gen. Count 1800

O'Neill, Gen. Gk)rdon 1688

O'Reilly, Count Alexander. . . . 1765

O'Reilly. Count Andrew 1800

O'Reilly, Coant John ,,.. 1830

Powers, Gen. John 1700

Prendergast, Col. Edmond ... 1700

Rothe, Gen. John 1690

Sarsfleld. Patrick, Earl of Lu-

can V 1708

SootI, Gen. Edward 1798

\ '

OHROirOLOOIOAL IHDBX OV OONTKim.

Sheldon, Geb. Dominick a.d.1791

Taaif e, Maipbal Francis. 1680

Taafle, Manrtiai Count Nicho-

laa.... 1740

Taaffs, G«n. Lucas ▲. D.ldQO

Theasy, William. 1692

Ward, Benjamin 1740

ARTISTS, DIVINES, SCHOLARS AND SCIENTISTS,

Abadio, Antoine .▲.D.1885

Abbadie, Arnold Michael 1885

Albin 750

Albuin 760

Alton, J. W. Edward, de 1772

Anguilbert, Theodore 1600

Ba&e, William, D.D 1664

Bernard, Hugh 1876

BroDhy, Rev. George, 1776

Brown, Henriette 1.320

Clement, Claud i260

Cohnan, St 960

Cornelius (Historicus) 1200

D'Arcy, Count Patrick. 1727

DesJbold, St ' 620

DUlon, Archbishop 1740

Dillon, Peter. 1760

Dunn, Thaddeus . 1660

Duns, John (Scotus) 1800

Edgeworth, Abbe 1780

BIiph,8t 880

Erlgena(John Scotus) 860

Feardial, Saint 760

Perr£,Abbe 1760

Fitzgwald, Sir John 1680

Fitzirerald, Gen. Nicholas 1696

Florentius, Saint 40)

Isaac 1160

John (de Sacro Bosco) 1220

Joice, Cardinal Thomas 1800

Kearney, Abbe. 1780

Eilian, Saint 660

Lombard. Archbishop Peter. . . 1600

Lynch, Rev. John 1680

McCaghwell. Hugh 1600

McCarthy, Rev. Nicholas. 1830

Maculre, Abbe de Tulles. a.d.1680

Mafachi, Abbe 1800

Malone, Rev. William 1600

Marlanus, Scotus...^ 1060

Mehegan, William Alexan'r de 1780

Messingham, Dr. Thomas 1600

More, Michael 17!H)

Noris, Cardinal Heniy 1680

Nori8,M. T 1680

Nugent, Thomas. LL.D 1760

O'Malone, Dr. Daniel 1660

O'SuUivan, PhiUp 1620

Palmerston, Thomas 1260

Peter (Hibemicus) 1250

Porter, Rev. Francis 1680

Porter, Maurice de 1260

Qninn, Rev. Thomas 1660

Reginald, Archbishop 1260

Ri&ard. Archbishop. 1847

Roth. Dr. David 1600

Rumold, Saint 776

Scotus, Marianus , 1060

Scotus, John (see Duns) 1800

Sedulus. ' 488

Stannyhust, Richard 1600

Stannyhust. William 1660

Stspleton, Dr. Thomas, D. D. 1666

Tobin, A. M. de 1760

Tracy, Anthonv Louis de 1800

Tracy, Bernard, de 1750

Virdlus, Bishop of Salsburg. . 760

Wadding, Luke 1620

Wadding, Rev. Peter. 1640

Walsh, Peter 1650

Ward,Hugh 1620

William of Diogheda. 1876

UNITED STATES.

PRESIDENTS.

Arthur, Chester A a.d.1884

Buchanan, James 1858

Jackson, Andrew 1884

Polk, James E. . . . a.d.1840

Madison, James .. 1814

Monroe, James 1820

PATRIOTS OF THE REVOLUTION.

Armstrong, Gen. James a.d.1775

Armstrong, John 1776

Barney, Com. Joshua 1776

Bany, Com. John 1776

Brady, Capt. Samuel.

Brown, Andrew

Burke, iEdanus

Bums, GK>v. John. . . .

.A.D.1775
1776
1776
1775

OHBOHOIiOOIOAIi INDBX OV OOHTBHTa.

! J

Boiler, Gen. James

Butler, Pierce

CaUtoun, Jphn Ewing.

CSarroU, Oharles

Carroll, Biahop

Clinton, Col. Charles

Clinton, Ooy. George

CHnton, Qja: James

Conway, Marshal, Count Thos.

Conway, Gen. Robert

Conway, Gen. Henry.

Davidson. Gen. Wilfiam

Duane, William.

Delaney, Daniel

Dooley, John M

Duane, James

Dunlap.H

Fitzsimon, Thomas

Fitzgerald, M

Farelly, Patrick

FIndlay, George William

Findley. William

Floyd, William

Ford. Gov. Thomas

Giles, William B

Gillespie, James

Gilman, John

Gilman, Nicholas.

Goode, Samuel

Gordon, Patrick

Hall, DominickA.

Hamilton, James

Hand, Gen. Edward .

Harper, Bobert Gk)dlove

Hayne, Isaac

Iredell, James

Irvine, Gen. William.

Jackson, Andrew

Jackson, Charles

Kearney, Dyre

Eillen,Wimam

Knox, Gen. Henry

Logan, Dr. George

Lynch, Thomas

Lyon, Mathew

McClene, James

HcHenry, James

McE^ean, Thomas

A.D.1775
1775
1776
1775
1776
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1776
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1776
1775
1775
1776
1775
1775
1/75
1775
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1775
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1776
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775
1775

McKendree, William a.d.1775

Madison, James >. 1775

Martin, Alexander, LL. D.... 1775

Maxwell, Gen. William. 1776

Meredith,Samuel 1776

Monroe, James 1775

Montgomery, Joseph 1776

Montgomery, Gen. Richard. . . 1776

Morrow, Jeremiah 1776

Motte, Rebecca 1776

Ndson, Gen. Roger 1776

O^en, Capt Jeremiah 1775

O'Brien, Capt. Richard 1776

Orr, Alexander D 1775

Orr, John 1776

Patterson, William 1776

Patterson. Robert 1776

Patton, John 1776

Pickens, Gen. Andrew 1776

Pitcher. Molly 1776

Polk, William 1775

Porter, Gen. Andrew 1775

Ramsay, David, M. D 1776

Ramsay, Nathaniel 1775

Read, George 1775

Ross, James 1775

Rush, Benjamin 1776

RuUedge, Edward 1776

Rutledge. Hugh 1775

Rutledge, Dr. John 1775

Rutledge, John 1775

Scott. John Martin 1775

SmiUe,John 1776

Smith, James 1776

Smith, Jonathan B 1778

Spaight, Gov. Richard 1775-

Stark, Gen. John 1776

Stewart, Gen. John 1775

Sullivan, Gov. James. 1775

Sullivan, Gen. John 1775

Taylor, George 1776

Thompson, Gen. Wm 1775

Thompson, Charles H 1775

Thornton, Mathew. 1775

Tracy, Nathaniel 1775

Waddell, Gen. Hugh 1776

Wayne, Gen. Anthony 1775

Williainson, Hugh, L L. D. . . . 1775

STATESMEN AND LA'VSTYERa

Arthur, Chester A a.d. 1880

Atkinson, John 1841

Atkinson, O'Brien 1888

Barry, William T 1780

Beatty, liartin 1810

Beatty, William .. 1810

Blaine, James G 1880

Brady, JamesT 1815

Broderick, David C. 1818

Buobanan, Jwm.,,,, 1791

Caldwell, Joseph P.

Caldwell, Patrick C a.

Calhoun, John C

Calhoim, John Ewing

Carroll, Charles

Cass, Lewis

Chandler, Zachariah

Conness, John

Conway, Martin F.

Cox, Samuels.

1888
D.1850
1782
1759
1787
1782
1861
1850
1880
1884

' h^

CitRdHdLOGiOAL mftiKi 6f dovtttm.

Onitiii, OoT. Andrew G. a.d.ITOS

OntdMsoii, Sulliyaa M. 1882

DaUy. OhM.P 1816

Dar^ Bdward 8 180S

Danah, Oornelius 1805

DaviB, Thomas. 1808

Dellet, James. 1788

Dooley, John M 1772

Doane, James 1775

Emmets Thomas Addis 1830

Ewiiig,John. 1800

Ewiiu^ Thomas 1789

Fair, James 1845

Parrely, John W. 1800

Farrely, Patrick 1760

Findlay, James 1820

Findlav, John 1810

Pindlay, Gov. William 1776

Findlay, William 1740

Fitzgerald, John 0.. 1812

Fit^erald, WilUam 1800

Fitzpatrick, Benjamin 1802

Floyd, William 1784

Ford, Gov. Thomas 1776

Fold, Nicholas 1848

Giles, John 1785

Giles, William B 1760

Gilhooley, P. H 1850

Gray, William 1860

Grimes, James W 1861

Ha(^tt, JohnR 1820

Haines, Charles G 1800

HaU, Dominick A 1766

Henry, Thomas 1800

HiU,Ben1aminH. . 1828

Hines, Ittchard 1820

Hogan, John 1880

Hyde,John 1888

Iredell, James 1770

Iredell, George James 1790

Johnston, Wm. Freame 1860

Jones, Charles W 1884

Eavanagh, Edward 1820

Kearney, Dyre 1740

Kelly, James .... 1800

Eelly.John 1860

Kelley, WilUam D 1860

KeUy, William 1800

Eeman, Francis 1870

Eillen, William^ 1776

Lochrane, Osborne A 1850

McBride, John R I860

McCandless, Judge Wilson .... 1860

McCarthy, Jonathan 1880

McConnell, Felix G 1840

HcDuffle, George 1800

HoEeon, John 1860

McEennan, Thomas 1340

McLanahan, James 1840

McLane, Louis 1800

HoMahon, John A 1884

McGInnIs, Martin. a.d.1884

Magnider, Patrick 1800

Mahgum, William P. 1840

Manning, Richard 1 1880

Maiston, Isaac 1884

Martin, Morgan L 1850

Mathews, Vincent, L L. D. . . . 1840

Miller, Stephen D. 1880

MUligan, John, Jr. 1840

Morrow, Jeremiah 1770

Mullen, Joseph 1860

Murphy, Gov. John 1826

Murphy, Henry C 1880

Noble, Patrick 1880

Norris, Hon. M 1850

O'Brien, Jeremiah 1800

O'Connor, Charies 1880

O'Gorman, Richard 1884

O'NeiU, Charles 1884

O'Neill, John 1844

O'Neill, John B. , L L. D 18&)

Ormsby, Stephen 1820

Patterson, William 1776

Poland, Luke P. 1870

Polk, James E 1841

Polk,Wm. H 1861

Pollock, Gov. James, L L D. . . 1860

Pope. Patrick H 18i0

Porter, Alexander J 1880

Pugh, GeorgeE 1866

Pugh. John 1800

Rairden, James 1880

Ramsey. David, M. D 1775

Reid, Thomas B. 18^25

Ready, Charles 1860

Regan, John H 1870

Robinson. William E 1884

Rogers, Thomas J 1820

Ross, James 1780

Rowan, John.. 1800

Rowe, Peter 1864

Russell, Jeremiah 1846

Russell, William 1880

Ryan, Thomas 1882

Savage, John H 1847

Savage, Judge John 1820

Semmes, Benedict J 1816

Seward, Wm. H 1861

Shannon, Hon. Thomas 1825

Shannon, Gov. William 1870

Shiel, George E 1861

Shields, Benjamin G 1880

Shields, Gen. James ; . 1880

Smith, Gov. Jeremiah 1810

Spaight, Richard D. . . . . < 1840

Tomkins, Patrick W 1850

Walsh, WUliam, L L. D 1860

Walsh, Michael 1850

Wilde, Richard Henry 1840

WiUdns, WUUam 1860

WilkinB,RoB8 1870

' I

OfiBOHOLOeiOAL tMOX 0» COHTfeMTB.

SOLDIERS, STATESMEN AND PATRIOTS.

Amutrong, Oen. James a.d.1745

AnnstroDg, John. 177S

Baffley, C61. James 1822

Bimy, John 1746

Brown, Andrew 1776

Brown, Oen. Jacob 1743

Burke, iBdanus 1776

Bums, Gov. John; 1780

Butler, Oen. James 1772

Butler. Pierce ^... 1744

Butler, Pierce M 1798

Butler, Oen. William 17B1

Clinton, Col. Charles 1690

Clinton, Oov. DeWitt 1769

Clinton, Oov. Oeorge 1740

Clinton, Oen. James 1786

Chandler, Zachariah 1818

Conway, Marshal, Count Thoi. 1788

Conway, Oen. Robert 1776

CoDway, Oen. Heniy* • • • 1776

Crockett, David 1786

Davidson, Oen. William 1746

Dawson, William J 1780

Duane, William 1760

Duane, William J 1780

Dulaney, Daniel 1760

Dunlop,M ; 1776

Fitzgerald, Thomas H 1789

Fitzsimon, Thomas 1741

Oillespie. James 1776

Oilman, JohnT 1768

Oilman, Nicholas 1776

Ooode, Patrick 1820

Ooode, Samuel 1776

Ooode, William 1880

Oordon, Patrick 1700

Gorman, Oen. Willis A 1830

Oreeley, Horace. 1811

Hamilton, James 1776

Hand, Oen. Edward 1775

Hannigan. Edward A 1800

Harper, Alexander 1830

Harper, Francis. 1800

Harper, James 1806

Harper, Joseph M 1787

Harper, RobmOoodloe 1760

Harper, William 1719

Hayne, Arthur P. 1790

Hayne, Isaac 1776

Havne. Robert 1791

Irvine, Maj. Oen. William. . . . 1776

Jackson, Andrew 1812

Jackson, Charles 1775

Johnson, John 1880

Johnson, William 1840

Johnstone^ Sir William 1716

Kearney, Oen. Philip 1840

Ke^meyi Oen. Stephen 1812

Killeiv William 1776

Knox, Oen. Henry

Lo£:an, Dr. Oecrge

Logan, James

Ix^an, Oen. John A

Lynch, Thomas

Lvon, Mathew

McClene, James

McHenry, James

Mclntyre, Rufus

McEean, Thomas

McEendree, William

Madison, James

Mahone, Oen. William

Martin, Alexander, LL. D..

Maxwell, Oen. Wm

Meredith, Samuel

Monroe, James

Montgomery, Joseph -.

Montgomery, Oen. Richard. .

Motte, Rebecca

Nelson, Oen. Roger

O'Brien, Capt. Jeremiah. . . .

O'Brien, Capt. Richard

Orr, Alexander D

Orr,John

Patterson, William

Patton. John

Philson, Robert r

Pickens, Oov. P. W

Pickens, Oov. Israel

Polk, William

Porter, Oen. Andrew

Read, Oeorge

Rush, Benjamin

Rutledge, Edward

Rutledge, Hugh

Rutledge, Dr. John

Rutledge, John

Scott, John Moran

Sheridan, Oen. Philip

Shields, Oen. James

Sloane, John

Smitie, John ,

Smith, James

Smith, Jonathan B

Smith, Oen. Thomas A

Spaight, Oov. Richard

Stark, Oen. John

Sullivan, Oov. James.

Sullivan, Oen. John.

Taylor, Oeorge »

Thompson, Oen. William

Thompson, Charles H

Thornton, Mathew.

Tracy, Nathaniel

Waddell, Oen. Hugh

Williamson, Hugh, LL. D. . . .
Toung, Oov. Thomas L

!•••••

▲.0.1775
1776
1700
1884
177^
1776
1776
1776
1776
1812
1777
1776
1776
1884
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1775
1776
1776
1776
1776
1775
1776
1820
1860
1820
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1740
1776
1716
1884
1861
1862
1775
1776
1777
1861
1778
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1776
1770
1776
1880

OBBOHOtOGIOAL lAtlEX OlT OOimEtltB.

MILITARY HEROES.

BBA AND IiAHD.

Barner. Coin. Joshua A.D.17S9

Barrett, Com...., 1828

Barry, Com. John 1745

Barry. Gen. WUliam F 1818

Blakely. Johnson 1781

Brady, Gen. Hugh 1768

Brady, CapU Samuel 17S8

Brannan, Gen. Joha 1819

Brown, Gen. Jacob 1775

Buchanan, Thomas McKean.. 1887

Connor, David 1790

Corcoran, Gen. Michael 1827

Croghan, Col. George 1791

Downes, John. 1786

Pitzgerald.M 1775

Kearney, Com. Lawrence 1813

Lynch, Com. William F 1840

McCall, Edward £ 1812

McReynolda, Col. Andrew T. . . 1884

Minty, Col. R. H. G 1784

Mullen, Denis W 1880

MuUany, Admiral J. R M 1880

MuUigan, Gen. James A 1861

Murphy, Gen. John R 1861

Neill, Gen. Thomas H 1861

O'Brien, Capt Jeremiah 1775

O'Brien, Capt Richajd a.d.1775

O'Hara, Col. Theodore 1846

O'Kane, James 1864

O'NeiU, Charles 1860

O'Neill, Gen. John 1865

O'Rourke, Gen. P. H 1861

Partridge, Gen. Benjamin F. . . 1861

Patterson, Gen, Robert 1861

Patterson, Robert 1775

Pitcher, Molly 1776

Pickens, Gen. Andrew. . 1775

Ramsay, Nathaniel 1775

Read, George C 1812

Reid, Capt Mayne 1847

Rowan. Admiral Stephen 1861

Ryan, Commander George P. . 1861

Ryan, Gen. William A, C 1 870

Savage. Col. John H 1847

Semmes, Capt Raphael 1861

Sheridan, Gen. Philip 1861

Shields, Qen. James 1861

Stark, Gen. John 1775

Stewart, Admkal Charles 1850

Stewart, Gen, John 1775

Wayne, Gen. Anthony 1775

Wood, Commander G. W 1864

DIVINES.

CATHOLIC.

Brophy, Rev. George

Byrne. Rev. William

Carroll, Most Rev. John

Elliot Rev. Walter

EngUmd, Right Rev. John. . . .
Filzpatrick. Rt Rev. John B. .

Foley, Rt Rev. Thomas

Hendricken, Rt Rev. Thos. F.

Hughes, Most Rev. John

Eenrick, Most Rev. F. P

Eenrick, Most. Rev. P. R

Lynch, Rt Rev. P. N

McCloskey, Dr. John

McOloskey, Cardinal

Allison, Francis, D. D. (Presb.)A,

Allison, Patrick (Presb.)

Brown, Arthur (Presb.)

Campbell, Alexander D.(Presb.)

ElUott, Charles (Meth.)

Embury. Philip (Meth.)

Ewing, Rev. Finis (Presb.) '

Ewing. John, D. D. (Presb.). .
Fielding. Rev. J. H. (Presb.). .
Pinley, Rev. James B. (Presb.)

Finley, Dr. Samuel

Giles, Rev. Henry (Unlt'n). . . .

.D.1776
1780
1784
1842
1880
1812
1822
1827
1840
1850
1884
1870
1860
1884

McElroy, Rev. John A.

Moriarty, Dr. P. E. O. S. A. . .

O'Brien, Rev. John

O'Eeefe, Rev. Eugene

O'Reilly, Rt Rev. Bernard

Purcell, Most Rev. John B. . .

Suarter, Rt Rev. William
yan, Most Rev. John P

Ryan, Rt. Rev. S. V

Ryder, Rev. James

Starrs, Rev. William

Timon, Rt. Rev. John

Whelan, Rt Rev. Richard V. .

PROTEST Airr.

D.1705
1740
1730
1778
1792
1728
1778
1782
1796
1781
171C
1809

Gilraan, Rev. Tristram (Presb.)A.

Hall, Dr. John, (Presb.)

Hicks, Barbara (Meth^.

Hopkins, Jno. H. , L L.D.(Epis.)

Homes, William (Presb.)

Hunter. Rev. Wm. D

Eavanaugh. Hubbard (Meth.)
Eerfoot, John B. LL.D. (Epis.)
Macannally. Daniel R. QUeth.).
McCaine, Alexander (Meth.). .
McElroy, Dr. George (Meth.). .
McOraay, Rev. James (Presb.)

D.1820
1870
1870
1870
1850
1880
1850
1881
1880

law

1870
1860
1870

D.1760
1829
1780
1800
1715
1845
1880
1870
1840
1800
1840
1800

etaamoLOAiCAL moitx oy casiat»i6.

McEeodne, WllUam (ICeth.). . a.d.1800

McLaren, Edward (Bpis.) 1884

Mahon, Dr. Milo, (Bpls.) 1860

MeU, Patrick H.,LLD.(Bapt.) 1860

Morray, Rev. John (Presb.). . . 1775

Murray, Nicholas, D.D.(Presb.) 1860

Mosgrave, G. W. , L L.D(Pre8b.) 1860

Nail, Rev. Bdward (PresbJ. . . . I860

Ogelbey, Dr. Frederick (Epis.) 1870

Patton, Rev. William (Presb.). . 1850

Robinson, Stuart, D.D. (Presb.) 1880

Smith, Dr. John Blair (Pre8b.)A.D.1780

Smith, Dr. Robert (Presb.). . . . 1780

Smith, Samuel S,D.D.(Presb.) 1800

Tennant. Rev. William (Presb.) 1760

Thompson, Robert E. (Presb.) 1875

Toomath, Rev. John (Bapt). . 1870

Waddell, Rev. James (Presb.). 1800

Waddell, Rev. Mosen (Presb.). 1820

West, Nathaniel, LL-D^resb.) 1850

Wylie,>Samuel, D. D. (Presb.). 1866

Wylie, Samuel B., D. D.\, ^^resbO 1860

AUTHOR&

80IBNTIVI0 Ain> LBABBBD.

Barry, Patrick a.d.1816

Bushe. George Macartny 1797

Caldwoll, Dr. Oharles 1772

Caldwell. Green W 1811

Carey. HenryO 17»8

Carev. Mathew 1*760

Carey, William P. 1780

Carrigan. Philip 1746

Darby, William 1640

Emmet, John Patton 1794

Felton, Cornelius Conway. . . . 1807

Fulton, Robert 1765

Gillespie, William M 1816

Grogan, WiUiam M. 1880

Jackson, Charles T 1805

Jackson, Dr. James 1777

«•••••

)••••••••

EeUy, Robert

McCformick, Cyrus H. ,
M«Nevin, Dr. W. J..
Mahan, Denis H., L L. D.. . .

Murphy, John McLeod

Patterson, Robeit, L L. D. . .
Patterson, Robert M., M. D.

Ryan, Georfl»P

Shea, JohnD. G

Smith, Jeremiah, LL. D. . . .

Smith, Dr. Nathan R

Sullivan, John L

Twomey, ^chael

Walsh, Bobert. LL. D

Watson, John, M. D

Williamson, J>r. Hugh

AJ>.1880
1860
1880
I860
1840
1776
1886
1861
1880
1780
1880
1850
1850
1860
1860
1775

POBTIC A7!n> OBNBKAL.

Arthur, Timothy Shay a.d.1800

Bonner. Robert 1824

Brown, Charles Boockden. . . 1771

Browne, John Ross 1817

Burke, John Doly 1797

Buchanan, Margaret 1846

Conant, Mrs 1812

Con/ngham, David P l^VdO

Croly, Jenny Cunningham. . . . 1840

CuUen, William 1P36

Dee, Michael 1848

Parley, Harriet 1840

Gallagher, William D 1808

Gill.Thomas 1788

Kirwin, Daniel Joseph 1860

MacGahan, John 1870

McEenzie, Dr. R. Shelton 1870

Maturin, Edward a.

Meline, James F

Neal, John

Neale, Joseph C

O'Brien, Fitzjames

O'Callaghan, Dr. E. B

O'Connor, William D

O'Hara Col. Theodore

Read, Thomas Bv^hanan

Reid, Capt. Mayne

Ryan, Rev. Abram J

Badlier, Mrs. J

Savage, John, L L. D

Shea, JohnD. G

Walsh. Robert, L L. D

Warden. David B

Wilde, Richard H

D.1860
1866
1860
1860
1861
1870
1860
1846
1860
1880
1880
1870
1880
1880
18.10
1840
1840

ACTORS AND AUTHORS.

DHAHAnO AND MUSICAL.

Barretli Lawrence P a.d.1887

Boucic^Ult, Dion 1822

Brougham, John 1810

Burko, John Doly 1797

Campbell, Bartley 1848

Cooke, George Inrederick 1866

Daly, Augustin 1888

Finn, Henry J 1790

Olbaoro, Patricks. 1830

Hackett, James Henry. i.t>. 1800

Heron» Matilda 1880

Jefferson. Joseph 1820

Logan, Cornelfus A 1800

Lo^rain, Olive (Mrs. Sykes). ... 188 1>

McOuUough. John 1884

Whelley, William H 186 1

Williams, Barney ^. . . . 1860

;t;

' f

oAbonolooxoaXi nn>Bx of oontbhts.

.)a.d.1780

1780

) 1800

.) 1760

) 1875

1870

1800

1820

,) 1860

1866

) 1860

,AJ>.1880
1860
1880
I860
1840
1776
1885
1861
1880
1780
1880
1860
1860
1860
1860
1775

ARTISTS.

PAIKTBB8, GKnTLPrOBS, KTO.

, John Singleton a.d.1760 Ingham, Charles .a.d.1800

1814 Inman, Henry 1820

1820 Moran.Thomas 1880

1870 Muntky, Charles .... 1884

1820 Neagle, John 1080

1818 Pelham, Henry 1770

Read, Thomas Buchanan 1860

Copley,
Orawfo

Orawiord, Thom&s

Greatorez. Eliza

Oreatorez, Kate and Eleanor. .

Hainilton, James

Healy. George P. A

Henneasey, William J 1889

MISCELLANEOUS.

Boneparte, Mrs. Elizabeth Pat-A.D.

terson 1786

Brown, John A 1778

Brown. Sir William 1784

Callamore, John 1716

Gaines. Mrs. Gen. (Myra Clark) 1806

Haugherty , Margaret 1840

Hick, Barbara 1780

Hone, Philip 1800

Jackson. Patrick Tracy 1780

Johnston, John 1796

Eelley. William 1880

Kelso, Thomas 1800

McDonough, John ▲.D.1880

1884

1860

1870

1860

1800
1870

1884

1880

1870

1860

1880

1860

Mackey. John W.

Morrissey, John

O'Brien, Williams...

O'Fallon, John

O'Hara, James

Reilly. Charles Yal. . .

Sloan, Samuel

Smith, Richard

Stewart, Alexander T.

Stewart, William

Stuart. George Hay . .
Wilson, John

CANADA.

.D.1860
1866
1860
1860
1861
1870
1860
1846
1860
1880
1880
1870
1880
1880
18:»0
1840
1840

L.b.lSOO
1880
1820
1800
188 1
1884
1861
1860

STATESMEN, SOLDIERS AND LA"WYER&

Aiken, Hon. James Cox a.d.1840

AUeyn, Charles 1817

Anglin, Sir Timothy W 1848

Ardiibald, Cyril 1880

Aylmer. Gen, Lord Mathew. . 1776

Baldwin. Col 1790

Baldwhi, Hon. Robert 1804

Baldwin. Dr. William 1776

Blake, Hon. Edward 1880

Blake, William Hump 1820

Blake, Samuel Hume 1886

Bellingham, Sidney R 1808

Bunster, Hon. Arthur 1888

Glaxton, Hon. William 1810

Cochrane, James 1802

Cochran, Thomas 1777

Cochran, Sir Thomas 1800

Costigan, John 1886

Crawford, Hon. George 1860

Oreelman, Samuel 1860

Doherty, Judge 18 iO

Drummond, Judge L. T 184(i

Dunbar, Georse 1860

Dunn, Hon. Thomas 18i)6

EoolM,Coi 1786

SQolsi,Heniy 1885

Fitzdbbon, Col. James a.d.1780

Goodwin, Col. Henry 1820

Gowan, OgleR 1800

Handcock, Col. R. B 1812

Harrison, Judge 1888

Hidnbotham. Col. N 1880

Hill, Hon. P. C 1860

Hincks, Sir Francis 1821

Hogan, John Sheridan 1807

Holmes, Hon. Benjamin 1860

Johnston, Shr John 1774

Kavanagh, Lawrence ' 1 820

Kingsmill, Col 1860

McCarthy, Hon. Dalton 1880

McGee, Thomas D'Arcy 1860

Meredith, Hon. William R. . . . 1880

Monck, Lord Charles Stanley. 1861

Moss, Judge 1880

O'Brien, Col 1860

O'Donohoo, John 1884

O'RoiUy, James 1860

Patterson, Gov. Walter 1780

Power, Laurence Geoffrey. . . . 188 1

Ross, Hon. John 1860

Liowan, Gen. »ir William 1860

Bhanley. Walter 180S

f '*-.

OPBONOIiOOICAL INDBX OF OOimHTS.

Shaw, Hon. Jamen a.d.1840

Spence, Bobert 1865

Sullivan, Bobert Baldwin 1840

Waltei-8, Judge Charles. a.d.1875

Whelan. Hon. Edward 1860

WiOcodks, Joseph..... 1800

DIVINES.

Bennett, James (Presb) A.D.1817

Briggs, Bev. William (M.E.).. 1880

Brisay, Bev. Theophilus, ^ot) 1764

Burke. Dr. Edmund (B. C.). . . 1758
Connolly, Most Bev. Thos. L.

(B.C.)..... 1814

Coughlin, Lawrence (M. E.).. . 1760

Cronyn, Bt. Bev. Dr. (Epis). . . 1840

Fuller, Bt Bev. Tho's B.(Epis.)A.D.1810

Lewis, John T. (Epis.) ""

Lynch, Archbii^op (R. C.)...
McMurray, Dr. William ^pis.)

Potts, Bev. John (M. E.)

Bobb, Dr. John G. (Presb.). . .
Stafford, Bev. William (B. C.)

1860
1870
1870
1880
1876
1876

MISCELLANEOUS.

Armstrong. William.

Devine, Thomas

Hanlon, Edward

Hingston, Dr. William...,

Kane, Paul (Art)

Leprohon, Mrs. R. E. M. . .
Lett, William Pittman . . .

Lovell, John

McCaiToU, James

MoCaul, Dr. John, LL.D.. ,

.A.D.1832
1860
1880
1865
1850
1860
1860
1880
1880
1810

O'Brien, Dr. Lucius a.d.1887

O'Brien, Lucius (Art) 1870

Beade, John 1S80

Sadlier, Mrs. J 1860

Shanley, Walter 1868

Sparks, Nicholas 1860

Spence, Bobert 1860

Stephens, W. A 1860

Watson, Samuel J 1870

White, Thomas 1870

South America and Australia*

DIVINES, SOLDIERS, STATESMEN AND LAWYERS.

Barry, SirBedmond.

Field, Padre a.d.1660

Gage, Rev. Thomas 1626

Lynch. Gen. Don Patrick 1884

MacKenna. Gen 1814

O'Brien, Gen 1817

CELEBRATED FEMALES.

OF BOTH HBMIBPHBRB8.

A.D.1818

Duffy, Sir Charles Gavin 1850

Gray, Wilson I860

O'Shanassy, Sir John 188o

Abington, Frances. a.d.1785

Adams, Mrs. L. B 1860

Blake, EHzabetb 1780

Blessington. Countess of 1789

Bonaparte, Elizabeth Patterson 1800

Brooke, Frances 1880

Bronte, Anna 1840

Bronte, Charlotte 1840

Bronte. Emily 1840

Brown, Frances 1818

Brown, Henriette 1820

Browne, Mary Ann 1812

Buchanan. Margaret 1880

Clive, Mrs. Catharine 1710

Cobbe, Frances Power 1828

Costello, Louisa 1816

Croly, Jenny Cunningham. . . . 1840

CuBsack, Mary (Sister Clare). . 1880

Darner, Anne Seymom 1748

Duiany, Mary 1680

Derby, Countess of (Eliza Far-

ren) 1776

Edgeworth, Maria 1767

Fariey, Harriet 1840

Faucit, Helen a.d.1816

Gaines. Mrs. Gen. (Myra Clark) 1860

Greatorex, Eliza 1820

Greatorex, Eleanor 1810

Hall, Mrs. Anna M 1810

Hamilton, Elizabeth 1760

Haugherty, Margaret 1880

Hicks, Barbara 1780

Jameson, Mrs. Anna 1707

Jordan, Mrs. Dorothy 1788

Eavanagh, Julia 1860

Eeary, Annie 1860

Monck, Mary MoleswcM'th 1700

Morgan, Laay Sydney 1820

Motte, Rebecca 1776

Norton, Hon. Caroline E 1860

O'Nell, Eliza 1840

Boche, Begina Maria 1800

Sadlier, Mrs. J 1870

Sheridan, Frances 1780

Sheridan, Helen Salina 1860

Stuart, Mary 1684

Tighe, Mary Blatchford. ..... 1800

Wellealey, MarchioiMaa of . . . . 1840

!iii,'«i«ii

ftlMMM

...A.D.1875
1860
1800

>is.)A.D.1810

... 1860
1870

(is.) 1870
1880
1876

0.) 1876

.A.D.1887
1870
1S80
1860
1868
1860
1860
1860
1870
1870

YERS.

..▲.D.1818
1860
1860
1880

A. D. 1810
k) 1860
1820
1810
1810
1760
1880
1780
1707
1788
1860
1860
1700
1820
1776
1860
1840
1800
1870
1780
1860
1624
1800
1. 1840

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE X.

DANIEL O'CONNELL,
HENRY GRATTAN,
JOHN P. CURRAN.
HENRY FLOOD,
LORD E. FITZGERALD.

PLATE a.

JAMES MADISON,
JAMES MONROE,
JAMES K. POLK.
JAMES BUCHANAN.

PLATE 3.

ANDREW JACKSON,
BENJAMIN H. HILL,
JAMES F. MALINE,
HENRY GILES.
JOHN W. MACKEY.

PLATE 4.

DUKE OF WELLINGTON,
GEORGE CANNING,
LORD CASTLEREAGH.
CHARLES KENDAL BUSHE,
WM, C. PLUNKET.

PLATE 5.

JOHN C. CALHOUN,
LEWIS CASS.
ROBERT Y. HAYNE, ,
JOHN A. LOGAN.

PLATE 6.

OLIVER GOLDSMITH,
JONATHAN SWIFT,
ROBERT BOYLE,
LAURENCE STERNE,
SIR RICHARD STEELE.

PLATE 7.

RICHARD LALOR SHBIL,
THOMAS MOORE,
JOHN MARTIN,
DR. D. W. CAHILL,
WM. SMITH O'BRIEN.

PLATE 8.

MOST RET. JOHN HUGHE8,
RIGHT R'jiV. TH08. FOLEY.

PLATE g.

THOMAS F. MEAGHER,
ROBERT EMMET,
NAPPER TANDY,
JOHN MITCHEL,
T. D. McGEE.

PLATE xo.

RIGHT REV. DR. DOYLE,
FATHER MATHEW,
GERALD GRIFFIN,

D. P. McCarthy,

CHARLES GAVi2i DUFFY.

PLATE XI.

DeWITT CLINTON.
JOHN BOYLE O'REILLY,
J. GILMARY SHEA,
MATHEW CAREY.

PLATE xa.

MOST REV. JOHN MoHALE,
FATHER THOMAS N. BURKE

PLATE X3.

ABRAHAM COLLES,
GEN. J. HELY HUTCHINSON,
J. FITZQIBBON, (ClaAb.)
DR. PATRICK DUIGENAN,
JOHN HOGAN.

PLATE X4.

CHARLES CARROLL, .
AUBREY DbVERE,
Dr. E. B. O'CALLAGHAN,
BENJAMIN RUSH.

PLATE xs.

RIGHT REV. R. V. WHELAN,
MOST REV. J. B. PUROELL,

REV. JOHN Mcelroy,

VERY REV. JOHN MoCLOSKY

ILLirBTB^TIONS.

PLATE x6.

RIGHT REV. JOHN ENGLAND,
JRIGHT. JIEV. P, N. LYNCH.

PLATE If.

CATHARINE McAULEY.
CARDINAL McCLOSKEY.
RT. REV. THOS. L. CONNOLLY,
MARGARET M. HALLMAN.

PLATE i8.

CHARLES STEWART PARNELL,
EUGENE O'CURRY,
LORD O'HAGAN.
JOHN O'DONOVAN,
WOLFE TONE.

PLATE ig.

CHESTER A. ARTHUR,
CHARLES THOMPSON,
DAVID RAMSAY,
REBECCA MOTTE.

PLATE, ao.

COMMODORE BARRY,
GOV. GEORGE CLINTON.

PLATE ai.

CAPT. SAMUEL BRADY.
CARDINAL PAUL CULLEN,
REV. WALTER ELLIOTT,
ROBERT FULTON.

PLATE aa.

CARDINAL WISEMAN,

DR. CHARLES W. RUSSELL.

PLATE 83.

VERY REV. P E. MORIARTY,
MOST REV. JOHN CARROLL,
MOST REV. F. P. KENRICK.
REV. JOHN O'BRIEN

PLATE 34.

GEN. LORD WOLSELEY,
FIELD MARSHAL McMAHON.

mm.

, .■■■ '■■'<. }y\

BIOGRAPHICAL RECORDS

IRISH CELTS.

ABB.

ABBADIE, ANTOINE and AR-
NOLD MICHAEL, celebrated French
NaturalistB, were of Irish extraction.
They visited Abyssinia in 1886, and

Sent many years in exploring that and
e adjacent kingdoms, and published
an account of their explorauons, dis-
coveries and observations, on thdr re-
turn to Paris. They read papers before
the Paris QeograpMcal Society on the
sources of the Nue and other kindred
subjects, and were held in high esteem
for the solidity of their scientific ac-
quirements.

ABERNETHY, REV. JOHN, an
eminent Irish dissenting minister, bom
at Coleraine in 1680. After completing
his studies he was installed into the
ministry at Antrim, where he remain-
ed till 1780, when he removed to Dub-
lin. He was a noted contioversialist
and a prolific writer. His works were
held in high estimation by his brethren.
He died in 1740.

ABERNATHY, JOHN A., a cele-
brated surgeon, was bom in Ireland,
about 1768, was educated partly there
and partly in London, and became a
pupil of John Hunter, one of the great-
est anatomists of the age. He soon
rivalled his master in knowledge of the
hunum system, and ho applied his
knowledge with gi*eat success to £be

ABE.

treatment of disease, overturning many
of the theories of the profession, and
establishing ones more consistent with
the functions of tiie various parts of the
human system. He was greatly admir-
ed by his pupils, but his brusqueness of
manner, and bitter contempt of the em«
pirical practices of &e prof esMon gen
erally, in his day, made nim many en-
emies. He became at an early age sur-
geon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital,
and lectured in its medical schools. He
left important works on Physiology and
Surgery, and the treatment of various
dishes. His greatest merit was, how<
ever, in pointing out the true road to
advance the profession and give it the
character of a trae science. He might
properly be called the father %t the
moaem (allopathic) school of medicine.
He died in m.

ABINOTON, FRANCES, nee BAR-
TON, a celebrated actress, was bom
about 1780, of Irish parents, her father
being a soldier in the English service.
She supported herself as a child by mn-
ning errands. Being bright and witty,
she attracted attention, and entered
on her stage career under Cibber, in
1775. Sho immediately took an honor-
able position, and the next year appear-
ed at Dmry Lane, when, uter a short
engagement, she went to Dublin, where
she was enthusiastically received by her

ACT

IBISH CELTS.

ADA

countrymen. Here she remained near-
ly two years, when she again returned
to England, and drew crowded houses
atDrury Lane, where she appeared with
Oarrick, who gi'eatly admired her. She
was constantly engaged there for many
years, and was unrivalled, especially in
comic and lively parts. She died in
1815,

ACTON, JOHN, a celebrated states-
man of Naples, bom in 1881. He was
the son of an expatriated Irish physi-
cian, who settled in Besancon early in
1700. After completing his education,
he devoted himself to politics, and the
science of government, and rose by his
native talent and commanding ability
and energy of character to bs prime
minister. He was a bitter opponent of
the French Revolution, and of the am-
bitious designs of Napoleon. The mis-
fortunes of his coimtry probably hast-
ened his death, which occurred in 1808.

ADAIR, ROBERT, of Holybrook,
In the County of Wicklow, was aescend-
ed from Robert, elder sou of the fourth
earl of L'ildare, who, in a family quar-
rel, killed in single combat "The White
Enight," son of Gerald, Earl of Des-
mond, at a place called the Ford of
Ath-dare, in the County of Limerick.
He made his escape to Scotland, in the
reign of Robert Bruce, and then took
the name of Ath-dair, or Adah*. The
family assumed the title of Laird of
Kinhilt, in Qalloway. The principal
part of the family returned to Ireland
b 1580. Robert Adair, of Holybrook,
from whom Sir George Hudson, the
present proprietor, is lineally descended
18 the "Robin" of the song set tc the
muisic of the old Irish air "Aileea
Aroon." He was remarkable for his
convivial habits, as memorials of which
two claret goblets of mighty propor-
tions, yet exist at Holybrook, and the
recollection of his musical tastes is still
preserved in an Irish harp, of rude
workmanship but graceful proportions,
which bears his name. He died in
1787.

ADAMNAN, ST., a holy and learoed
Irish Abbot, successor to St. Columblrill,
was of kingly extraction, bom about
A. D. 680, in the Province of Ulster,
and early imbibed that love of virtue
and learning which afterwards distin-
guished him. While yet comparatively

young, he withdrew from the world
and with five companions sought a
lonely and deserted rock, where they
^ve themselves to study, contempla-
tion and prayer. • He afterwards be-
came a monk in the abbey of lona, and
about 679 succeeded as abbot. He be-
came the spiritual guide of Finnachta,
the Monarch, and exercised a powerful
influence in promoting good works and
preventing evil ones. Aldfrid, the
Northumbrian Prince, after being dis-
possessed by his brother Egf rid, a war-
like and ambitious prince, took refuge
for a while in his monastery of lona,
and became his warm friend. After-
the defeat and destmction of his
brother Egfrid and his forces, by the
Scots, (Irish) and Picts, Aldfrid return-
ed to his kingdom, and our saint
through his iimuence with him, re-
claimed many Celtic of Scotic captives
who had been taken and enslaved by
Egfrid in his excursions. Our saint
was ah indefatigable worker, and
wrote several works, one being a de-
scription of the holy places of Jerusar
lem, besides interesting sketches of
Damascus, Constantinople and ad-
joining places which he compiled from
the narrative of a Gallish Bishop
named Arculfe. The venerable Bede
refers to the incident, thus : " Arculfe
was driven by a violent storm on the
westem coast of Britain, and at length
came to the aforesaid servant of Christ,
Adamnan, who, finding him well versed
in the Scriptures, anaof great knowl-
edge of the Holy Land, joyfully enter-
tained him, and with much pleasure
hearkened to what he said, iiuomuch
that everything he affirmed to have seen
in those holy places, he coimnitted to
writing, and composed a book profit-
able to many, una especially to those
living far from thooe places, where the
Patrinr'^h and Apostles resided and
eould get knowledge of only from books.
Adamnan presented this book to King
Aldfrid, by whose bounty it fell into
the hands of more inferior people to
read." He also wrote a lijfe of St.
Columbkill, who was his relative, and
also an account of his prophecies. St.
Adamnan not only govemra the Abbey
of lona, but also one at Raphoe, which
he himself founded. He conformed to
the Roman custom of keeping Easter,
which was different from that intro-
duced by St. Patrick, and followed by
the Irish monks and prelates. Although

mmmtm

ADA

ntlBH CELTS.

AIL

he succeeded in having it followed at
Baphoe, the monks of i.ona -would not
depart from tha custom of their prede-
cessors. He governed lona for thirty
years and died in 704. His remains
were taken to Ireland in 727, but after
a few years were returned to lona.

ADAMS, MRS. L. B., a talented
writer in prose and verse, whose maiden
name was Bryan, was bom of Irish
parents in New York in 1818, and came
with them to Michigan when but an
infant. She taught school for a while,
but afterwards became a writer for the

Sress, contributing regularly t© the
[ichigan Farmer, and Detroit Adver-
tiser, file f orlner of which she edited for
some time, first as associate to B. F.
Johnstone, and was a valued corres-
pondent of the N. Y. Tribune. She is
the author of some exquisite little
poems, and was a writer of much grace
and finish. She died in Washington in
inl870.

ADBAIN, ROBEBT, a celebrated
Irish patriot, mathematician and
scholar, was bom in Ireland in 1775,
received his education in Dublin, and
became one of the United Irishmen.
He had to flee his country, and came to
the United States about the same time
as Thomas Addis Emmet. He shortly
afterwards was offered the chair of
mathematics in Columbia College,
which he accepted, and subsequently
he accepted that of Butger's, New Jer-
sey. He is the author of some able
scientific works, and was probably the
ablest mathematician of his day in
America. He died in 1848.

AIDEN, a King of Ireland, who suc-
cee'i ed Donchad, In the year 797. Dur-
ing nis reign, the Danes poured into the
country numerous powerful armies,
which our king fret^uently repulsed,
although not without great loss, and
much min and devastation. After a
reign of twenty-two years, full of
heroic effort and struggle, he was at
length killed at the battle of Da Fearta,
about 820.

AIKENS, HON. JAS. COX, a
prominent Canadian statesman, was son
of an Irish emigrant, and received his
education at Victoria College, Cobourg.
He first gave his attention to farming,
but his talents and natural abilities

soon led him into public life, and in
1857 was elected to represent Peel, in
Parliament. In 1862 he became a
member of the Legislative Council, and
in 1867, when confederation, which he
advocated, was secured, he was called
to the Senate, by Boyal proclamation.
In 1869 he became a member of the
McDonald government as Secretary of
State, which position ne held till
'73. He is a member of the Liberal
party, and is looked upon as a politi-
cian of broad views and solid abilities.

AILBE, ST., a cotemporary of St.
Patrick, and first bishop of Emly. He
was already a missionary in Ireland at
the time St. Patrick commenced his
mission, and accordino; to some authors,
even a bishop, but the date of his death
seems to preclude the idea. He was
more probably a disciple of Patrick, and
what is more certain founded the see
of Emly, and also a celebrated school
at which many of the great lights of
the Irish church were educated ; as St.
Colman, St. Molua and others. He
appears to have met, or was present
with St. Patrick at Cashel, at the time
of the conversion of ^ngus. King of
Munster, and certainly acknowledged
the authority of Patrick. He appears
also to have had considerable inliuence
with the king, for the abbot, Enna,
desiring to get a certain isle named
Ame, for the purpose of building a
monastery on it, begged St. Ailbe to
ask it for him, and it was given. It
was afterwards celebrated for the sanc-
tity of its religious. Our saint was called
the Patrick of Munster, and ranked
as an Archbishop. He was not only
renowned for his great sanctity of life,
but also for his wntiags and eloquence.
He died at a great age about the year
620.

AILERAN, suraamed the Wise,
sometimes called Aireran, and also
Erchan; a celebrated Irish schclar of
the seventh century, and head of the
great school of Clonard, in Meath. He
was cotemporary of St. Fechin, and
was a writer of great learning and
authority. He wrote lives of Sts. Pat-
rick, Bridget and Fechin, and an
"Allegorical exposition of the gene-
ology of Christ. This last work was
published in 1667. He died, according
to the annals of Ulster, in 665.

ALB

iBiBH onun.

ALL

i^XBIN, a famous Irish scholdr, who
flourished in the eighth centuiy, and
JTKL, oonspicu^ms in his age for wisdom,

get7 and leaniing. He went to France
company with his friend and coun-
tryman Clement, and was greatly es-
teemed by Charles the Oreat, or Charle-
magne. Notker Balubus, a French
wmer of that day, says, "They arrived
in France in company with some BritlA
merchants, and seeing the people crowd-
ing about the mertmutts to buy their
wares, Albin and Oldnent cried out,
if anyone wants wisdom, let him come
to us, we have it to sell." The King
hearing of it, sent for them, and asked
them what they wanted. They replied,
convenient appointments, with food and
raiment, to teach wisdom to ingenuous
souls." The Emperor being impressed
with their learning, gave them all they
required, and afterwards sent Albin to
Italy to spread learning amongst the
people, asmgning him the Monastery of
St. Augustm, near the present city of
Pavia; uiat all who desired, might re-
sort to him for instruction." There he
remained teaching and preaching tiU his
death. He is sometimes confounded
with the English Alcuin.

ALBUIN, ST., an Irish monk and
misdoner, was bom about A. D. 700.
Alter becoming noted for his learning
and virtue in l£e schools of Erin, he
left his country, says Trithemius, in
742, appeared in Thiuingia, Upper Sax-
ony, when he converted great numbers
to the Faith, and soon became famouf
by his apostlic works. He was called
to the See of Buraburgh, afterwards
Paderbom, which he governed with
great wisdom and success. Arnold
Wion calls him the Apostle of the
Thuringians.

ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD, D.
D., a celebrated American Presbyterian
divine, was the son of William Alex-
ander, who came from Ireland with
his father's family in 1786, and settled
in an Irish settlement in Pennsylvania,
from whence they removed to Virginia,
where our subject was bom in 1772. He
received Ms education principally at
the academy of Rev. Mr. Graham, and
was licoiBod as a preacher in 1701. In
1796 he succeeded Dr. Jno. Blair as Pre-
sident of Hampden Sydney College. In
1801 he went north, visiting New York
and New England, and there married

the daughter of Dr. Waddel the cele-
brated blind preacher, mentioned so
eloquently by mx. Wirt, who was also
an Irishman. He removed to Philadd-
phia in 1807, and in 1811 was elected
professor of Theology in the Presbyte-
rian seminary at Princeton, which posi-
tion he retahied till his death. His
works are numerous and held in high
repute by his brethren. Among them
" Outlines of the Evidences of Christi-
anity," " EEistory of African Coloniza*
tion," "History of the Isrselitish Na-
tion," "Moral Science, "Biographies of
Distinguished American Dmnea." He
diedatPrincetonhi 1851, and left behind
him sons, James, Waddel, and Joseph,
A., equally distinguished as divines
and scholars.

ALLEYN. CHAS., a disthiguished
Canadian le^lator, and son of the suc-
ceeding naval officer, was bom in Coun-
ty Cork, Ireland, hi 1817. He studied
in Fermoy, Ireland, under Dr. Hinclu,
father of Sir Francis Hincks, and also
at Clongowes College, County Eildare.
In 1884 he came with his father and
family to Canada, and settled in Quebec,
where he studied law, was admitted to
the bar, and practiced with great suc-
cess. In 1864 he was elected Mayor of
the city, and also to Parliament. In
1857 he was named a Q. C, and be-
came a member of the Executive Coun-
cil, as Com. of Public Works. The
next vear under the Cartier administra-
tion, ne was made Provincial Sec'y. He
continued for many years to represent
Quebec in Parliament, and was justly
looked upon as one of the ablest and
most honorable of Canadian statesmen.

ALLEYN, RICHD, I., a gallant
naval officer of the English service, was
born in Cork, in 1783, and entered the
navy in his thirteenth year. He distin-
guished himself on various occasions,
especially in the harbor of Muros, Spain,
when even under the protection of bat-
teries on shore, he cut out a French frig-
ate moored in the harbor. On account of
bioken health he was invalided, in 1834,
with the rank of commander, and set-
tled in Quebec with his family, some of
whom are distinguished citizens of the
Dominion to-day.

ALLISON, PATRICK, D. D., a

celebrated Presbyterian divine, was bom
in the Irish settlement in Lancaster

ATX

IBI8H 0ELT8.

ALT

County, Pennsylvania, in 1740, gradu-
ated at the Philadelphia College, and
entered the Presbyterian minist^atthe
age of twenty-two. His life was prin-
<^ally spent in Baltimore, where he was
hSd m mgh esteem for his learning and
eloquence. He died in 1802.

ALLISON, FRANCIS, D. D., one of
the first sdiolars of America in his day,
and vice-provost of the Philadelphia
College, was bom in Ireland, in 1705,
and received his education in Dublin
and Olasgow. He came to America at
an early day, and settled in Pennsyl-
vania. He may truly be called, one of
the fathers of American :^holdX8hip.
He edu<~iited many of the most distin-
guished men of the revolution, who
<!ame to him from all puis. For some
years after coming to this countnr, he
gave his time and knowledge freely
without charge to all who came, out of
pure love for the diffusion of learning,
not desiring to make it a profession. So
crude and imperfect however were
American schools in those days, and so
persistent were the demands of those
who desired to receive instructions at his
hands, that he at length was compelled
to ma^e it a life work. His success
was very great, and all his scholars seem
to have been ever afterwards deeply at-
tached toliim. He died in 1777 univer-
saUy regretted.

ALLINOHAM, WILLIAM, a talent-
ed poet, was bom at Ballyshannon, Ire-
land, about 1828. He received a liberal
education at home schools, and early
gave indications of literary taste and
ability. He became a contributor tu
various periodicals and magazines, and
in 1840 he produced a volume of poems,
dedicated to Leigh Hunt, and in 1864, his
"Day and Night Songs," elegantly iUus-
trated appeared, and&1864hepuDlished
his noem, " Lawrence Bloomfleld in Ire-
lana." Allingham is a poet of consider-
able taste and merit, and still gives to
the literary world many excellent lyrics.

ALTON, or D'ALTON, COUNT
EDWARD, a distinguished Irish officer
in the service of Austria, and a brother
of Count Ricluu^, was bora in Ireland,
1787. He greatly distinguished himself
in the seven year s war, and also against
the Turks, and rose to be a general of-
ficer. In 1702 ho was imprisoned for
writing X forcible and pointed defense

of the conduct and acts of his brother;
but was afterwards remstated in favor,
and commanded a division at the Siege
ef Valenciennes, and a corp at the Siege
of Dimkirk, where he fell, while gaUant- .
ly leading his men, Aug. 24, 1798.

ALTON, or D'ALTON, RICHARD,
Coiuit, a distinguished Irish officer in
the service of Austria, was bom in Ire-
land, in 1782. He entered the Austrian
service very young, and rose Itj his
bravery ana talents to a high rank, and
in 1788 became Feldzenjmeister. In
Nov., 1787, he was appointed to the
command of the Austrian Netherlands,
then in a state of insurrection, and his
vigorous measures produced the first
bloodshed at Brussds, June 22, 1778.
After the victory of the patriots at
Tumhout, Oct., 1789, he issued harsh
and severe orders. Finding the popular
movement was becoming vudversal, and
dangerous to the safety of his troops
after the outbreak in Brussels, he re-
treated to Leuxemburg, and was then
recalled to Vienna to be court marshaled
but he died or his way, at Triest,Feb.
19, 1790.

ALTON, JOHN WM. EDWD DE,
an able and learned German archseclogist
and naturalist, was of Irish descent, and
bom at Aquileia in 1772, and was edu-
cated in Vienna. He redded for a lone
time at Weimar and Wurtzburg, and
was afterwards appointed prof essor of
archseology and fine arts at the Uni-
versity of Bohn, where Prince Albert
was amongst the numbw of his pupils.
In 1817 and '18, with Pander he explored
France, Spain, Portugal and Oreat
Britain for scientific purposes. He died
in 1840 leaving amongst uthers, a work
on Comparative Osteology with superb

Elates engraved bvhimseH . which work
as been perfected and continued by his
son.

AMEROIN, sumamed Olungeal, the
White Eneed, the first of the Milesian
Kings or mlers of Ireland, and one of the
ancient heroes of IrisL History is com-
puted to have lived a thousand, or mora
years before the Christian era, and is
said to have been tb ■) son of Qolamh,
stimamed Milo, or the Milesian, and
Scota, a daughter of Pharaoh, King of
Egypt, in which land he was bom. He
was afterwards chief priest amongst the
Milesians of Spain, and accompanied

ATtfTG

nasa CBZ^n.

Airs

!l!

Hi i!

the exodus from that country to Ireland
as one of the leaders. At that time
three Damnonian pi;mces ruled the
country. They naturally objected to
the settlement of the Aulesian, audit
was decided to settle the dispute by a
fair and open fight in the field. A des-
perate struggle ensued, five of Ame»-
gin's brothers fell upon the field, but so
did the three Damnan princes, and
Amergin, and one brother who survived,
became rulers of the entire island.
Inbher Sceine, now called Bantry Bay,
Is said to have derived its name from
Sceine, Amergin's wife, who was drown-
ed there, and the name of his mother,
Scota, is supposed to have been espec-
ially commemorated in her burial place,
Olen Scota in Talee, and to have also de-
signated the Island and race. How-
ever much obscurity there may bd in
these ancient traditions of a gi'eat race,
they are altogether too numerous and
too definite to be cast aside as of no au-
thority.

AMERGIN, or AMALGAIDH, an
Irish poet and author, who lived in the
middle of the sixth century. Amongst
his works is the history of noted places
in Ireland, called the " Dim Seanchas."
This work has been published with ad-
dition as late as the eleventh century,
according to Ware and others.

AMERGIN, MAC. AMALGAIDH,
or eion of Amalgaidth, an Irish writer and
legal scholar of the seventh century,
who flourished during the reign of King
Finghin, of Munster. He published
a treatise on the privileges and punish-
ments of the different ranks of society,
a copy of which is amongst the Sea-
bright MSS. in Trinity CoU'^ge, Dublin.

ANNESLEY, ARTHUR, first Earl
of Anglesey, was bom in Dublin, in
1614. He was one of the loyal members
who met in Parliament, summoned by
Chas. II atOxf opd in 16^. He af tenvards
joined the opposition, and was oue of
the three commissioners appointed to
settle affairs in Ireland, in 1645. He
took an active part on the restoration of
Chas. n, and in 1661 was created Bar-
on Annesley, and Earl of Anglesey, in
the peerage of England. He was after-
wards made LordPriy Seal, and Trea-
surer of the Navy. He was dismissed
for favoring the exclusion of the Duke
of York from the throne. He publish-

ed several works on politics, constitO'
tional law, &c. He died April 8, 1686.

ANSTER, JOHN, L L. D., a dto-
tinguished author, poet and nmn of let-
ters, was born at CharleviUe, in Coun^
Cork, Ireland, 1796. He entered Trin-
ity College, Dublin, in 1810, and distin-
guished himself there by the exhibition
of those literary and poetic powers,
which has since placed him among the
best writers of the day. Subsequent to
his leaving college, he pubMiedaprize
poem on the death of the Princess Char-
lotte, and in 1819 a volume of poems
and translati^xis from the German. His
German translations from Goethe were
received with such great favor, that it
induced him to translate Faust entire,
which he did with great truthfulness
and vigor, and it is considered fully
equal to the original. ' This he publish-
ed in 1835. It still retains its popular-
ity, and is a standard work on the con-
tinent, several editions having appeared
in Germany. In 1887, Dr. Anster pub-
lished a small volume of poems entitled
"Geniola," which fully sustains his abil-
ity and merit. He was also a constant
contributor of the leading British peri-
odicals, especially the ' Dublin Univer-
sity Magazine, and The Nor^ Britidi
Review. He was a member of the Irish
bar and regius professor of civil law
in the University of Dublin.

ANGUILBERT, THEODOPJB, a
doctor of medicine in the University of
Paris, and a writer of learning and wit,
was the author of a book entitled,
"Mensa Philosophic ," a treatise on
table-talk, filled with wit and humor,
and printed in Paris in 1680. In the

i)reface the author says he is from Ire-
and, and this e^dent transformation
of his surname, gives some idea of how
the identity of the Irish Celts on the
continent is lost.

ANGLIN, TIMOTHY WARREN,
a distinguished Canadian statesman
and journalist, was born . in Ireland,
and settled in St. Johns, New Bruns-
wick, in 1848, where he started the
Morning Freeman, and soon won hon-
orable recognition by his ability. He
also became prominent in provincial
politics, and represented St. Johns
County in the Assembly, from 1861 to
1868. He ably contended for the policy
of confederation, and since the union

mmm

JENO

IBIBH CBLTB.

AEB

of the Canadian provinces, 1867. he has
sat in the House of Conunons, of which
body he was elected speaker in 1874.
He has also been a member of the
:aiimstry, and deservedly holds a promi-
nent place among the statesmen of
Canada.

^NGUS or ENEAS, called Oil
Huccagh on account of his victories,
was a warlike monarch of Ireland, B.
C. 800. He often invaded Albania,

giritain,) and defeated the Picts, and
ritons, in thirty battles, and obliged
them to pay tribute, a burthen which
had been imposed on them from the
days of Heremon, and which they
often tried to evade. He was killed at
the battle of Sliave Crea, in Munster,
while engaged in putting down a rebel-
lion of his own subjects.

AONGUS, KELIDE, or COLI-
DEUS, an Irish author of the Eighth
century, and a man of advanced learn-
ing and extensive knowledge. Ware
quotes from his Psalter, called "Na-
vian" written in Latin and Irish.

APJOHN, DR. JAMES, an eminent
Irish chemist, was bom Sept. 1, 1796,
in the parish of Grean, County Limer-
ick. He received his primary educa-
tion at the diocesian school of Tippe-
rary, dnder Rev. Marshal Clarke, and
entered Trinity College, Dublin, in
1814. He soon distinguished himself
there, and obtained a scholarship in
1816. He graduated in 1818, and ap-
plied himself to the study of medicine,
receiving his degree in 1821. pr.
Apjohn settled in Dublin, and soon be-
came noted for his talent and energy.
In company with Sir Henry Marsh and
others, he established the Medical and
Chirurgical College in Park Street, and
was appointed lecturer of chemistry.
To this branch of the profession he de-
voted particular attention, and in 1828.
he was chosen professor of chemistry
in the Royal College of Surgeons in
Ireland. In 1814, he was appointed
leturer on applied chemistry to Trinity
College, and in 1850, professor of that
chair and also of mineralogy. He was
a prominent member of the Royal Irish
Academy, and was awarded the Cun-
ningham gold medal for some of his
papers read before the society. As a
chemist, he ranks among me very
first, and has acquired a continental

reputation. He contributed largely to
the scientific ioumals of the day ; his
articles extend to j> very wide range of
scientific subjects, and are rated as ot
the first merit.

ARBOGAST, ST., a learned and

Eious hermit missionary of Alsace, was
om in Ireland about A. D. 600. He
became a monk and missionary, traveled
to the continent and preached the gos-
pel along the Rhine, in France and Ger-
many. He converted many pagans,
built an oratory, according to Gaspard
Bruchius within the confines of the
present City of Hagueneau, where he
devoted himself to prayer and fasting ;
but often left his retreat to preach
Christ crucified to the idolatrous tribes
around. King Dagobert had him ap-
pointed Bishop of Strasburg in 646,
which See he ruled with great zeal and
success for twelve years. In his great
humility he strove to imitate his Divine
Master, and requested that he be inter-
red at the place of public execution.
Mount Michel, out of his desire to imi-
tate the debasement of his Divino
Model. There, afterwards, a great
monastery was built, and called after
him, and around it grew the present
city, and its great church. He com-
posed a book of homilies, and commen-
taries on the epistles of St. Paul.

ARMSTRONG, GiiN. JAMES, a

Strict of the Revolution, was bom of
sh parentage about 1740, and distin-
guished himself at an early age, in the
uidian wars on the borders of Pennsyl-
vania. He early advocated resistance
to British Tyranny, and commanded a
regiment at the breaking out of the
war. In 1776 he was made a Brigadier
General, and distinguished himself at
Fort Moultry, and at Germantown. In
1777, he resigned his commi&diqn on ac-
count of dissatisfaction as to Iiis rank
and promotion. Subsequently he was
elected to Congress, and held other
positions of honor and tmst. ![Ie died
at Carlisle, Penn., March 14, 1795.

ARMSTRONG, JOHN, a patriot of
the Revolution, and brother of the fore-
going, was bom in Carlisle, Penn.,
Nov. 26, 1746. He entered the ranks
of the patriots at the breaking out of the
war, and served with bravery and dis-
tinction. He was a delegate to the
Continental Congress from 1778 to '87,

ARC

IBIBB CELTS.

ART

and was the author of the celebrated
Newburgh letters, settinc forth the

Sievances of the army officers, about
e close of the war. He was Adjutant
Gen. and Secretary of State of Fenn-
sylvania and commanded the State
forces during the Wyoming troubles.
He was U. 8. senator from 1800 to 1804,
when he resigned, and accepted Uie
French Embassy, and was also com-
missioner plenipotentiary to Spain. At
the breaking out of the war of 1813, he
was appointed a Brigadier General and
in 1818, Secretary of War. He was
blamed for the exposed condition of
Washington, which led to its capture
and burning, and in consequence re-
signed. He appeared no more in pub-
lic life, but resided mostly at Red
Hook, N. y., where he died, April 1st,
1843. He published a brief history of
the war of 1812.

ARCHIBALD, HON. CYRHi, a
prominent Irish Canadian politician
and statesman, who has succeeded by
his native energy and talents, in ac-
quiring a commanding position in the
affairs of the Dominion. He now rep-
lesents Stormont in the Parliament of
his country, and exerts great influence
and power.

ARMSTRONG. WILLIAM, a tal-
ented Canadian engineer and artist, was
bom in DubUn in 1822, and studied en-
gineering under Woodhouse. He emi-
grated to Canada, and was engaged in
many important public works. He had
the honor of first introducing photogra-
phy into Western Canada. His sketches
of Lake Superior scenery are highly
valued in Europe and exhibit conside-
rable power ana skill.

ARTHUR, CHESTER A., 19th presi-
dent of the United States, an Ammcan
statesman and politician of ability, was
bom in Fairfield, Vermont, Oct. 6,
1830, and was the son of Irish parents.
His father was a Baptist minister, who
emigrated when a young man from
County Antrim, Ireland, and was the
author of a work on "Family Names."
Chester was educated at Union College,
N. T., where he graduated high in his
class, in 1849. His father's means being
limited, our subject had to aid himself
by teaching while in college, and for
two years afterwards, being for a time
principal of an academy in Vermont.

Having determined to adopt the law as
a profession, he in the meantime pur-
sued his studies, and having by close
economy saved a few hundred dollars,
he went to N. T., and entered the law
office of Judge E. D. Culver. After
being admitted to the bar, he formed a
partnership with Henry D. Gtardner, a
young man like himself. They flist
made a tour west for the purpose of
settling in some promising town, but
findine nothing so attractive as N. T.
city, they returned and went to work in
earnest and soon acquired a fair share
of practice. Mr. Arthiu:, about this
time, married the daughter of Lieut.
Heradon, of the U. S. Navy. In 1852
Mr. Arthur was associated with Wm.
M. Evarts in the great Lemmons slave
case. One Jonathan Lemmons, of Vir-
gina, on his way to Texas, with eight
slaves, attempted to take tiiem by the
way of N. Y., and was there with them
awaiting transportation, when they
were released under a writ of habeas
corpus ; the Court holding that thev
could not be held in servitude in N. Y.
nor returned to it in the south under
the Fugitive Slave law. It was carried
to the Supreme Court of the U. S.
Chas. O'Connor appeared in behalf of the
State of Virginia, who took up the case,
and the decision was there confirmed.
Mr. Arthur also took up the case of
Lizzie Jennings, a colored girl, who
had been ejected from a street car in
N. Y. City, after paying her fare. He re-
covered |600 damages, and thus put an
end to disi'nctions of this kind in pub-
lic vehicles. These prof essional victories
brought him aiio public notice, and gave
him popularity and infiuence with the
Repubhcan party, then just struggling
into power. Mr. Arthur had entered
politics as a Henry Clay Whig, but he
was a prominent delegate to the Sarato-
go convention, which founded the Re-
publican party in the State of N. Y. It
may be easily conceived, that with such
a prior record, he was prompt in com*
ing to the support of the government on
the breaking out of the Rebellion. He
already was connected with the State
Militia, and was Judge Advocate of the
Second Brigade. At the breaking out
of the war Gen. Arthur was chief engi-
neer on Gov. Morgan's staff, and after-
wards Inspector General, and then
Quarter-master General of the military
forces of the state, which position he
held till the close of Gov. Morgan's

ART

IBIBH OBLTS.

ART

term, 1868. He discharged the various
duties of his office, in equipping, sup-
plying and forwardiag the great quota
of K. T. troops to the seat of war
'with marked ability and success, and
such was his care, in making close
supervision over contracts, that all his
accounts were allowed at Washington
without any deduction, although it
were otherwise as a gen«iral rule. And
jdthough he made imn.ense contracts,
which a slight 'percentage on as a bonus,
so often freely given by contrac-
tors for the granting cl the contract,
would have made him independently
rich, yet so conscientiously was his du-
ties^rformed, that not one cent stuck
to his hands, and presents sent or offer-
ed were rejected or returned. In 1860
he resumed his law practice, and soon
acquired a lucrative business in collect-
ing claims against the government. He
al^ took an active interest in forward-
ing and suggesting important measures
and was for a time counsel for the
Board of Tax Commissions. In 1871
he was appointed by Pres. Grant, Col-
lector of Customs in N. Y., and was
Te-ai>pointed in 1875. When in 1877
President Hayes promulgated his bun-
combe order forbidding persons in the
civU service from taking an active part
in political management. Mr. Arthur
as Chairman of the N. Y. City^ Re-
publican Central committee, paid no
attention to the order, and he was con-
sequently suspended from ofBce July
1878. An attempt had previously been
made to superceae him, but the nomi-
nee of the President was not confirmed.
Two special committees examined his
official record, but could find no ground
for censure, and both the President and
Secretary of the Treasury in connection
with his suspension admitted the purity
of his official acts, and a petition for
his re-instatement signed by the most
•eminent men, of all classes, in N. Y.
City, was suppressed by himself. He
also showed by the records of his offl-
•cial acts that the spirit of the civil ser-
vice reform was acted upon under him
in a manner not elsewhere practiced.
On retiring from office, he again resum-
od the practice of the law, and also took
an active part in the politics of his
state : supporting Mr. Cornell for Gov-
ernor, and also favoring Gen. Grant
for the Republican nomination to suc-
ceed Hayes in 1880, and worked with
Senator Conkling for that result. On

the defeat of Grant, and the nomination
of Garfield, Arthur was immediately
nominated as a peace offering to the de-
feated wing of the party. He took an
active part in the canvass that followed
acting as chairman of the N. i. Rep.
Cent. Committee. He took his place
as President of the Senate, at the ses-
sion commencing the 4th of March,
1881, and filled the position with dig-
nity and fairness, taking no direct part
in the controversy between Pres. Gar-
field, and Senator Conkling, as to the
senatorial right of appointments to
federal offices in the states. He how-
ever took an active interest in trying to
secure the return of Conkling, after his
resignation, and went to Albany for
that purpose. It was after this struggle
that the infamous lunatic Guiteau ass-
assinated the President. Arthur must
have felt keenly the unfortunate posi-
tion he was placed in, but he acted with
great dignity and consideration during
9ie long struggle which ended with the
death of Pres. Garfield. He was in N.
Y. City at his own house at the time,
and was telegraphed to by the Cabinet
to repair to Long Branch as soon as
possible. On the advice of a friend he
took the oath of office at his own house
the same night. It was administered
by Judge Brady, (another Irish Amer-
ican,) a Judge of the Supreme Court of
N. Y., Sept. 20th, 1881. He repaired
to Long Branch the same day, and ac-
companied the body of Garfield to
Wadiington, when he again took the
oath of office from the Cmef Justice of
the U. S., Sept. 22, and delivered a
brief address. President Arthur's ad«
ministration has not thus far been mark-
ed by any very memorable events. The
break in the par^, which led indirectly
to the death of Garfield by the hands of
a crazy politician, is not yet healed,and
seems now to threaten the discomfiture
of that party in the coming presidential
content. President Arthur has thus far
performed the duties of his great office
m an independent and praiseworthy
manner, and with general acceptance
to the American people. .

ARTHUR, TIMOTHY SHAY, a
talented Irish American writer of fie-
tion, was bom in 1809, and is the au-
thor of many popular works of fiction
which display much power and ability.

ARTHUR REV. WILLIAM, a noted

ASI

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iii^i'

ill

Irish Methodist Clergyman, was bom
in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1819. He
received a thorough classical training,
and made a specialty of Italian litera-
ture. After entering the ministry, he
went to India, where after three years
kbor and being threatened with blind-
ness, hu returned. In 1867 he was cho-
sen principal of the Wesley College,
Belfast, Ireland. In 1870, he was sent
to England, and was honorable Secreta-

Sof the Missionary Society of that
urch. Ho is the author of several
works.

ASICUS, SAINT, a disciple of St.
Patrick, and drst Bishop of Elphin. He
appears to have been an artist, and skill-
ed in working in gold. He early be-
came a convert, and followed Patrick
for bometime, increasing in grace and
fervor. He possessed an extraordirkanr
iroirit of self-denial, and Uved much
like the first hermits, fasting and pray-
ing ; living on berries and nerbs, and
performing extraordinary fasts. He
had a cell in the mountains of Slivd
League, Donegal, where he often retired
for penance and praver, and while there
was directed by a heavenly messenger
to join Patrick. He accompanied his
master into Connaught, and assisted him
in the work of converaion. Here St
Patrick founded the church of Elphin
and placed over it Asicus as its Bishop.
Asicus died about 470 at Bathcurge in
Tirconnel.

ATKINSOIT. JOHN, an able and
eloquent American lawyer and advo-
cate, second to none which the bar of
Michigan has as yet produced, was bom
In Upper Canada, of Irish parents, May
24, 1841. He received his education
partly at home, from his father, who
was a surveyor, and partly at the Pub-
lic Schools of Port Huron, Michigan,
whither the family removed from Can-
ada. His father dying when our sub-
ject was quite young, ne was necessita-
ted with his elder brothers to help and
support the family. At the age of fif-
teen he entered the law ofiice of Judge
Mitchell of Port Huron, and five years
afterwards the Law Department oi the
University of Michigan, where he grad-
uated after one session, being then in
his twenty-first year. He immediately
returned to Port Huron and formed a
law partnerp^'ip with his late employer
Judge Mitchell. The Rebellion at this

I time was at its height, and at every ham-
let was heard the martial drum calling
to the defense of the Union. The
charms of professional life, strong
though they were, failed to tie him to
the security of " Home Guard" and
Up defense, when the integrity of the
Union needed strong arms and brave
hearts in the field. Out of this Irish
family four sons volunteered for the
defense of their adopted country, one
of whom found a southern grave. Our
subject started for the ' front' in August,
1862, as a captain in the 22nd Michigan
Infantry, and soon distinguished himself
by his bravery and soldierly conduct in
the campaign in Kentucky and Tennes-
see. In 1864 he rose to be Major of his
regiment, and was called home to raise
and organize the 80th Regiment of
Michigan Infantry. When about seven
companies were full, the urgency for
men was so pressing that the authori-
ties ordered forward all enli'-ted men,
and those companies were aivided up,
and consolidated with the 8rd and 4th
Michigan Regiments then in the field,
and which &d been reduced by death
and sickness to less than half their num-
bers. Col. Atkinson was assigned as
Lieut. Col. of the Srd Reg't ana served
gallantly at the head of that regiment
in the campaigns in Tennessee, until the
close of the, war. After the war his
regiment was stationed in Texas, and he
was Judge Advocate attached to the
staff of Gen. Custer. In 1866 he W(u»
mustered out of the service, and about
thifi time gave a practical example of
how the union of the sections ought to
be cemented, by bringing home with
him a southern wife. He returned ta
his old home. Port Huron, ahd immedi-
ately commenced the practice of his
profession, and was also for a while
collector of customs under Pres. John-
son. In his profession he soon acquired
an enviable reputation and secured a
large and constantly increasing practice
in me courts of Northern Michigan. In
1870 he removed to Detroit, opened an
ofiice, and was shortly afterwards the
Democratic candidate for Attorney Gen-
eral of the State. There he formed a>
law partnership with Gen. L. 8. Trow-
bridge and was fast acquiring a leading
practice in this metropolis of the State,
when he for a time abandoned law, for
journalism. He became principal own-
er and editor of the Detroit Daily Ua>
ion. Although the paper was conduct-

ATK

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AYL

ed with an unusual amoiuit of vim,
power and vigor, it did not prove a
financial success, and Col. Atkinson re-
tired from the venture, not only bank-
rupt in pui-se, but heavily involved, be-
dctes creating not a few venomous ene-
mies, by his caustic and aggressive style
of journalism. He then returned to his
first love with renewed energy, and
quickly built up a reputation as a law-
yer and advocate second to none at the
Michigan Bar; and more admirable still,
he wiped awav to the last dollar, the
heavy liabilities which his journalistic
venture left upon him ;although he might
have cancelled them, without dishonor,
by tiie provisions of the Bankrupt Act.
As a lawyer. Col. Atkinson is equally
well armed in every branch of his pro-
fession, but it is more especially in the
trial of a case, that he stands pre-emii^-
ent, and may well rank among the
very first of this or any other country;
cool, watchful, quick to detect a flaw
in law or fact, dexterous to the last de-
gree and full of resources in an emer-
gency, with an admirable clearness of
statement, added to a singularly close
analysis of all questions at issue, he
could not try a case in any court, for
the first time, without attracting the at-
tention and winning the admiration of
his professional brethren, by his won-
derful combination of all the essential
qualities which go to make a great and
successful lawyer. As an advocate he
is not less strong, for he crowns all
those other qualities with an eloquence
at once simple, earnest, impressive and
pathetic, backed by an admirable com-
mand of choice and forcible language,
and armed too, like so many of his
race, with a never failing supply of
keen, sarcastic, penetrating wit, when
the occasion calls for it. He has well
earned the high position he holds at the
Bar of Michigan, not more on account
of his genius, than his indefatigable in-
dustry, and uniform modesty and fair-
ness in all his relations with his profes-
sional brethren. In 1888 he formed a
law partnership with his countryman
Judge Marston, and his law practice is
the most extensive of any in Michigan.
O'BRIEN J. ATKINSON, his broth-
er, is also an able lawyer, and ranks
with the first of Northern Michigan.
He was a prominent candidate for
Judge of the Supreme Court of Mich-
igan in 1888. He has a commanding
practice in the upper portions of that

State and resides at Port Huron. He
is older than the Colonel.

AYLMER, GEN. LORD MAT-
THEW, a brave and able British sold-
ier, and Gov. Gen. of Canada, was
bom at Balrath, County of Meath, Ire-
land, May 24, 1775, and succeeded to
the family titles in 1785. He entered
the army as ensign in '87, and first
served in the West Indies ; and on his
return there after leave of absence on
account of sickness, he distinguished
himself at the storming of Fort I'Acul,
Port Au Prince, and other affairs. In
1791 he was promoted to a lieutenancy,
and in '94 to a captaincy. In 1797, he
was on Gen. Lcland's staff, and in '98
was taken prisoner with a company of
grenadiers. In 1 799 he took part in the
attack at the Haider and on the British
lines. He next served with Gen. Lord
Somerset, and in 1800 was made a ma-
jor in the 85th. In 1805 he served un-
der Lord Cathcart in Hanover and after-
wards was at the siege of Copenhagen.
In 1809 he was Assist, Adj. Gen. under
Gen. Serbrooke in Portugal and in 1813
Dep. Adj. Gen. to the Army of the Pen-
insula. In June 1813 he was made
Maj. Gen. and served under Wellington;
was present at the passage of the Dun
and the battles of Talevera, Buosco,
Fuentes d' Onor and Vittoria and the
actions near Bayonne and was decorated
with the order of the Bath and made Lt.
Gen, In 1828 he was appointed Gov.
Gen. of Canada, which position he held
for five years, and was very popular.
He died m London, Feb. 28, 1850.

BABINGTON, WILLIAM, an emi-
nent Physician and Scientist, was
bom in Ireland, in 1757. After
completing his education and receiv-
ing his medical degree, he settled in
England, where he soon became noted
as one of the ablest scientists of his day.
He was the principal promoter and
founder of the Geological Society of
London, and its first president. He
died in 1888. «

BAGLEY, COL. JAMES, a promi-
nent Democratic politician of N. Y.
City, and Col. of the celebrated 69th
Regiment of New York Volunteers,
which so distinffuished itself in the Re-
bellion from 1862 to 1865. He was
born in Ireland in 1822 and emigrated
to America when comparatively young

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«nd settled in N. Y. City where he be-
•came noted for sterling qualities. He
behaved gallantly during the war and
made an honorable record. He died
Dec. 21, 1876.

BALDWIN, COL., a brave and cul-
tivated soldier in the service of Britain,
:and a man "sans peuret sans reproche,"
was born at Clohma, County Cork, and
was a first cousin of Daniel O'Connell,
and a nephew of Gen. Count O'Connell
of France. He first entered the navy at
the age of fourteen, but had to retire on
account of health, and then entered the
army. He served with honor and dis-
tinction on the Peninsular, and took
part in the battles of Talavera, Bir-aco,
Fuentes, D'Onor, Badaioz, Salamanca,
Vittoria, Neiva, Nevelle, Orthes, and
Toulouse, during which he was several
times wounded, and twice thrown from
scaling ladders while leading storming
parties. He afterwards served in the
West Indies, but at len^ res gned on
half pay on account of mactivity. He
then raised a regiment at Cork, and en-
tered the service of the Emperor of Bra-
zil. He however soon |became disgusted
with the mismanagement which char-
acterized things, as well as the illtreat-
ment to which the mer. were subjected.
The government ordeing the regiment
to the interior as settleib, Baldwin re-
sisted, and demanded that they be dis-
^arged and sent home, if not treated as
soldiers, which result he obtained. In
1888 he came to Canada and settled in
the Gore of Toronto. In the troubles of
'87 he raised a regiment for the defense of
the frontier. He was for many years a
magistrate but always refused, fees for
his services. Like Cincinnatus, he
tilled the soil for his bread. He died
at Toronto, Dec. 14, 1861. He was a
distant relative of Hon. Robert Baldwin,
the Canadian statesman, whose policy
he supported.

BALDWIN, HON. ROBERT, one

of the ablest of Canadian statesmen, was
the son of Dr. Baldwin, a native of
Cork, and Miss Willcox, his wife, also
from the same old city, and was born
in York, (Toronto,) 12th May, 1804.
He received his education from his
father, with whom he also studied law,
He was admitted to the bar in 1825.
«nd afterwards with his cousin, R. B.
Sullivan, formed a law partnership with
bla father, and the same year was elect-

ed to Parliament. He early advocated
a responsible government, and being de-
feated after the dissolution of Parliament
on the death of Geo. IV., he did not
seek office again until the Union. His
rational manly position, on this import-
ant question of government was de-
nounced by the fawners on power and
authoriv, as revolutionary, and Bald-
win did not sit in parliament for some
time; but he did not cease advocating
reform. In 1885 Baldwhi visited Eu-
rope, and while in England he sought an
interview with the Minister of the Col-
onies, Lord Glenley, for the purpose of
laying before the general government
the position of affairs in Canada, the
wants and aspirations of the people,
and the necessity of meeting them on a
rational and Constitutional basis. With
that peculiar arrogance with which the
English government ever treats the repre-
sentatives of manly independence among
its subjects, who may question the just-
ness of its policy, he was refused an in-
terview, but he came to be heard, and
standing on the " ramparts" of thd
boasted British Constitution, he inform-
ed the government, that the Canadian
people locally nurtiired in self govern-
ment would not accept or submit to sham
freedom in their general government,
but would have only the solid fruits of
the British Constitution which guaran-
teed a government subject to the will of
the people. On the advent of Sir
Francis Head, Baldwin was urgently
solicited by him to accept aplaceln the
Executive Council. Bald win expressed
his willingness, if a policy of responsible
government was aaoptcd, but Head,
while declining to initiate such, still
desired that he should enter the govern-
ment, and said that he would at least
have a better chance to work out hia
policy. Baldwin at length agreed, on
condition that some of his friends hold-
ing the same views were also given a
Elac«, which was acceded to. Gov. Head
owever pursued the old policy of ap-
pointing to responsible positions and
ordering important acts without con-
sulting nis council, who were held re-
sponsible for the same, or at least were
supposed to bo, by the people. Baldwin
infused into his associates, old and new.
a just conception of their position, and
its rights, and the result was that the
pounnil, as a body, remonstrated in un-
mistakable terms against a system in
which the sworn c junsolors of govern*

BAL

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BAL

ment were not consulted as to its inten-
tions or designs. The result was a break,
in whicii ue council resi^^ed. Mr.
Baldwin while taking a prominent part
in moulding the policy and acts of the
people, did not again hold office until
after the Act of the Union received the
royal assent, and responsible govern-
ment was apparently conceded. In
1841 we find mm a member of the gov-
ernment of Lord ^denham, (Thomp-
son,) as Solicitor General; R. B. Sulli-
van and Dom. Daly, also being mem-
bers. The election at this time was a
very stormy one. Lower Canada was
dissatisfied, and so were the Tories, and
things generally were confounded and
uncertam. Baldwin again resigned
having lost confidence in the sincerity
of the reform policy of the government.
This act brought a storm of abuse
from the toadies of the government, who
always imagine that, the powers that be
can do no wrong. Baldwin ably de-
fended himself and received the sup-
Sort of the House and the country,
ydenham the Gk)v. Qen., died in 1841,
and was succeeded by Sir Chas. Bagot.
Parties became somewhat mixed dunng
this time, but Baldwin remained the
firm and unflinched advocate cf respon-
sible government, and also of the rights
of the Lower Province to a jiist and
equitable share of the power and patron-
age of Government; and his straight for-
wurd, manly, "independent course, se-
cured to him the confidence and sup-
port of a large maj'^ritv of the people of
both Provinces. Baldwin at length
triumphed, and he was called by the
new Gov. Gen. to form a government,
which he did ia conjunction with La-
fontaine. In 1848 Bagot died in Can-
ada and was succeeded by Sir C. Metcalf ,
who struggled during his term of office
to carb or crush the just aspirations of
the Canadian people to a government in
accordance with the views of the ma-
jority. As might be supposed, a break
soon occurred between the new Gov.
Qen. and the Baldwin Ministry. Bald-
win, who was a liberal, enlightened and
able statesman, and who was attached
to constitutional liberty, with the uncom-
promising devotion of a true patriot,
would accept nothing but the real arti-
cle. The violation of those principles
by the representatives of the crown, by
acts, not words, brought matters to an
issue, and Baldwin and nearly all his
Msodates resigned, and the political

horizon of Canada was covered witb.
angry contending clouds. For nine
months the Gov. Qen. was unable to>
form a ministry. No reformers could
consistently accept a place, and without
them no ministry could cany a measure.
At length however a " piebald" minis-
try, as Baldwin termed it, was formed.
Parliament was dissolved, and after
a most exciting struggle in which it was
claimed by the reformers that the re-
turns had been tampered with by the
government officer, a majority of two <
vfca secured for the new combination. .
It existed during a session without
strength or character, and quickly earn-
ed the contempt of those who were-
induced to give it existence. Metcalf, at
length disheartened by his unpleasant*
surroundings, difficulties and disease,
resigned in the winter of 1845, and Lord
Cathcart acted as administrator. He
was succeeded by Lord Elgin, who-
arrived in Canada in 1847, and found a
ministry without any assurance of sup-
port. He tried to strengthen it by
courting the Lower Canadians, but they
remain^ faithful to their true friend,
Baldwin, and Parliament was dissolved.
The Baldwin party swept the country,
and the principles of responsible govern-
ment, advocated so ably and persistent-
ly by Baldwin, and supported almost
alone by Irish leaders, was at length
triumphantly and permanently establish*
ed. An act to make good the losses
caused by the Rebellion of '87-8, in
Lower Canada, now caused a howl of
vituperation from the ultra loyal tories,
who sought rather to oppress the French,
than do them justice. Lord Elgin how-
ever, supported by the Baldwin minis-
try and party, carried the measure, but
the consequence was that the Poi'lia-
ment House in Montreal was sacked
and burned, and the Gov. Gen. mobbed
by bigots. Baldwin successfully and
ably conducted the country through its
most stormy period, maintaining a>
consistent position on responsible gov-
ernment and British connection, as op*
posed to Tories, Independents and An-
nexationists. In 1861 however a resolu*
tion by the opposition to abolish the-
Court of Chancery having been support-
ed by a majority of the Upper Canadian
members, Baldwin, who oelieved in a.
"double majority — that is a majority
from each of the Canadas— resigned—
although the rest of the ministry (ud not,
at that time. He did not again enter^

^.---V', •-■^. ^.•'^::^^^^^c;:::-.

BAL

HUSH CELTS.

BAN

puUic life, but his able and disinterest-
ed efforts in behalf of his country are
still producing their beneficial effects,
and he is better entitled than any Can-
adian, past or present, to the lasting
gratitude of his country. He died in
1850 universally lameuted.

BALDWIN, DR. WM. WARREN,
an able Canadian statesman, was bom
at Knockmore, near Cork, Ireland,
whence he emigrated with his father,
Robert Baldwin, to Canada, in 1799.
Our subject had already commenced
the practice of his profession in his na-
tive land, but the state of the country
after the rebellion of '98 made liberty
80 insecure to any lover of his country
who was prominent by his talents or
influence, that the Baldwins preferred
to cast their fortunes in the free wilds
of Canada, rather than exist at the whim
of the tyrant in the dear old land of
their fathers. The father at first settled
«n a farm with his family, but after
Bonie yeais removed to (York) Toronto,
where he remained till his death in
1816. Our subject settled himself in
Toronto almost from the first, and com-
menced the practice of his profession.
He a'^ took up the study of the law,
and soon built up a dual practice. In
1808 he marriea Miss Willcooks, an
Irish girl from Cork, whose father
bad been Mayor of that city prior to his
coming to Canada. Dr. Baldwin grad-
ually rose to prominence by his ability
broad and liberal views, and the ener-
gy and dcuision of his character. He
became prominent in Parliament, and
early drew the attention of the people
to the anomalous condition of tnings,
and agitated a constitutional basis and
responsible government. He took a
prominent pait in the political move-
ments which led to, and shaped the
present condition of Canada, and he left
behind him a representative of rational
government, abler and more powerful
still, in his son, Hon. Rob't Baldwin.
The Dr. died in Toronto in 1844.

BALFB, MICHAEL WILLIAM,
one of the ablest and most popular of
lyrical dramatists, was bom in Dublin,
ueland, 1808. He early developed ex-
traordinary musical talents ; and at the
age of seven years, he appeared in pub-
lic, and played one of Vlotti's concertos
for the violin, with great skill and ap-
{ilaiue. At iha age of nine he wrote

the ballad entitled "The Lover's Mis-
take," which achieved great popularity,
through the singing of Madame Vestns,
and at sixteen he became conductor of
the orchestra in Drury Lane Theatre,
London. He is the author of the cele-
brated English opera entitled "The Bo-
hemian Girl," perhaps the sweetest and
most popular of any yet written for the
English sta^e, and which will probably
never lose its hold on the admirers of
this popular branch of the drama. He
is also author of many other works of
great merit. He died in 1870.

BANIM, JOHN, a talented Irish
novelist raid dramatist, was bom in
Kilkenny, April 8, 1798, and early de-
veloped literary tastes. He first went
to Dublin to seek employment for his
pen and was befriended by Shiel. In his
21st year he produced the famous trag-
edy of Damon and Pythias, which was
played at Covent Garden by Macready
ana Eemble with brilliant success and
established the reputation of the author.
In 1825 in union with his brother Mich-
ael, he produced "Tales by the O'Hara
Family," which was followed by "The
Bit of Writen," "Boyne Water, ** "The
Denoimced," "The Nolans," "The
Smugglers," and other popular tales, all
illustrative of life, methods and laws,
as seen and realized in Ireland.
Banim, however, did not, secure from
his writing the remuneration his talents
deserved, and depressed by misfortune
and want he died Aug. 1, 1842, in the
prime of life.

* BANIM, MICH'L, elder brother of
the foregoing, was bora in Kilkenny,
Aug., 1796, and was a writer of talent.
Besides the works he assisted his broth-
er in, he is the author of "The Croppy"
"Father Connell," "Crohoore of Bill,
hook," "The Ghost-hunter," "The
Mayor of Wind<3fap/' and many other
tales. As a writer he was less pleasing
and dramatic than his brother, but pos-
sessed an easy and natural et]rle, with
no disposition to exaggerate.

BARKER, ROBERT, inventor of the
panorama, was bom in Kells, Ireland,
about 1740, and was a miniature and
portrait painter of merit. It was while

Iracticlng his art tn Edinburgh, about
785, thatne conceived the idea of repre*
senting landscane ^nd scener/ bv means
of a moving picture. T>'.e iuea wm

BAR

nUBH CBLTS.

BAB

treated as chimerical by his cotempora-
Ties, but he persevered, and ultimately
accomplisheo what ma^ be considered
as the triumph of pictorial illusion. In
1787 his first work was exhibited, and
his exhibitions soon became very popu-
lar. He died in 1806, after having real-
ized a considerable fortune.

BAI^TEY, JOSHUA, COMMO-
DORE, a distinguished naval command-
UT in the service of the United States, of
Irish descent, was bom at Baltimore,
Maiyland, in 1759. He was bred to the
sea from childhood, and although only
a mere boy at the breaking out of the re-
volutionary war,he offered, hit -^rvices to
his coimtry. He received the appoint-
ment of Master's mate in the sloop of
war Hornet, and distinguished himself
through the war by his valor and enter-
prise. Desirous of active service, he
entered the French navy in 1795 with
the rank of captain, but dissatisfied with
its Inactivity, he resigned his command
in 1800, and returned to America. At
the breaking out of hostilities in 1812,
he promptly offered his services again to
his country, and was appointed to the
command of the flotilla in defense of the
Ohesapeake. In this impoi*tant position
he displayed his usual activity, and suc-
cessfully maintained the superiority of
American seamanship and valor. In
July, 1814 he was severely woiihded
whue aiding in the land engagement
near Blandensburg. in July, 1816 he
was sent on a diplomatic mission to
Europe. He died at Pittsburg in 1818.

BARNEWALL, ALEX., a dlstin-
guished Irish cavalry officer, who went
to France with Mountcashel's Brigade
in 1691, and served with distinction in
the reduction of Savoy, in the regi-
ment of Clare. He participated In
many important actions and earned a
proud reputation in the French army,
for dash and skiU.

BARNEWELL, ROBERT Baron
Trimlestown in the county of Meath, a
physician and scholar of eminence, was
bom in County Meath about 1700.
After his preliminary studies he went to
the continent to complete his education.
He afterwards took up the study of me-
dicine and pursued it with great suc-
cess. He remained for many years in
France in the study and practice of his
profession, and acquired high standing.

On his return to his estates in' Ireland
he gave his services free to all who de-
sired them. He died about 1785.

BARNWELL, SIR JOHN, a dis-
tinguished Irish lawyer, was bom in
County Meath, about 1640, adopted the
profession of law, and rose to eminence.
He was one of the Barons of the Ex-
checquerin 1688, and died about 1700.

BARNWELL. SIR PATRICK,

an able and learned lawyer of
Dublin, was bom in Ireland about 1600.
After completing his education he
adopted the law as a profession and soon
rose to eminence, was made solicitor
general, and in 1650 Master of the RoUs.
He died in 1562.

BARRE, ISAAC, GLN., a gallant
British soldier and an able, fearless and
patriotic statesman and a friend of
straggling America, was bom in Dub-
lin in 1726. He received his education
in the university of that city, and stu"
died law at the Middle Temple in Lon-
don, but did not practice. He entered
the army,and was soon after ordered to
Canada, and was in Wolf's command.
His talents and abilities soon attracted
the attention of that General, and he
became his friend, and was by him pro-
moted to the ranks of Lieut. Colonel. He
took part in the storming of Quebec and
was severely wounded, but was with
Wolfe when he died. After the sur-
render of Montreal, he was appointed
bearer of dispatches from Gen. Am-
herst to Lord Chatham. In 1761 he was
elected to Parliament for the borough
of Chipping Wycomb imder the patron-
age of the Earl of Shelbume and signa-
lized his advent into the House by a
personal attack on the Earl of Chatham
then in opposition, which was as bold
as it was unexpected. His regiment
was disbanded in 1768, and he received
the appointment of Adjutant General of
the Forces and Governor of Stirling
Castle, but at the end cf the same year
he was removed from his appointments,
having had the independence to vote
against ministerial measures which did
not receive his assent. In 1766 he op-
posed the American stamp act and made
a powerful and eloquent appeal to the
House in defense of the colonies. In
1766 under the second administration .
of Chatham, Col. Barre was appointed
one of the Vice Treasurers to Ireland

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and a member of the Privy Council. On
disciusing the question of reporting
Parliamentary debates Barre with his us-
ual independence opposed theministiy,
denounced in the sharpest terms the
corruptions then existing and held up
the corrupt members to the scorn cf
honert men. He then left the House
and '*alled upon all honest men who
loved country and purity more than
party to follow him. Throughout the
adnunistration of Lord North, Barre
continued the warm friend and ad-
vocate of the coloiales, and brought on
himself a kind of odium by his bold
sentiments and expressions of admira-
tion at their heroic stand. On the fall
of theNorthministry,Lord Shelbume be-
came Secretary of State for foreign af-
fairs and Barre became Treasurer of the
Navy, and on Shelbume becoming pre-
mier he was advanced to the poatof
Paymaster of the Forces. He reared in
1738 receiving for his services a pension
of £8,200 per annum. He remiuned in
Parliament till 1700, a terror to corrup-
tionists.when loss of sight, the result of
a wound received at Quebec, compel-
led him to retire. The letters of Junius
have been imputed to him, but whether
he wrote them or not, certainly the
House of Parliament never held a more
incorruptable patriot, or a more success-
ful exposer and scathing denunciator
of jobbery and corruption, than this
fearless friend of the then struggling
colonies of America.

BABON, HOLAND, an Irish divine,
was of the noble family of the Fitzger-
alds of Kilkenny, and was archbinnop
of Cashel, which he ruled with great
wisdom and prudence, in troublesome
times. He died in the first year of
Elizabeth's reign, and before her extei^
minating policy had commenced in Ire-
laud, 1561. .

BARRET, GEORGE, an isminent
landscape painter, was bom in Dublin,
about 172o, and by his own unaided
exertions early acquired a reputation as
an artist of merit. He gaiiujd prizes
from both the Dublin and London so-
cieties of art. British art and ortists
owe him a debt of gratitude, for it was
~ dcly through his exertions, pluck
and {Hirseverance that the Royal Aca-
demy was established. He died in the
year 1784. It is thus, as in innumer-
able cases* that England owes to the

genius of the Iribh Celt, works that re>
dound to her glory and fame.

BARROT, ODILLION. a celebrated
French lawyer and statesman, was of
Irish descent, bom at Yillefort in 1791.
He took a prominent part in th*^ rerolu-
tion of 1880, and was one of the Uireft
conimissioDers appointed by the proid-
sional government to accompany
Charles X to CLerboi^, on his embu-k-
ation for England. When Louis Phil-
ippe called upon Thiers to form a new
ministry, Barrot, was appointed itapre*
sident. He was also prominent among
the statesmen of republican tendencies,,
at the fall of Louis Philippe; and was
for a time a minister, imder the presi-
dency of Louis Napoleon. He remidn-
edin office till 18S1 when herethred
from pnblic life. He died in the year
1878.

BARRETT, COMMODORE, adls-
tinguished American naval officer, waa
the so? of Irish parents, and was bom in
New Orleans about 1828. He enlisted
in the xmvy when only thirteen,
served in vsurious parts of the world
and so distinguished himself by liis in-
telligence and good conduct that he waa
ordered to the naval academy at the
age of eighteen where he graduated
August, 1846. He was first assigned
to duty on the golf squadron, and was
present at the bombardment of Vera
Cruz being stationed on the blockading
ship John Adams. He had command
of the ambulance corps operating
with the naval battery which was
mounted for service in the field on the
advance to the city of Mexico, and par-
ticipated in the battle of Alvorado. In
1848 he was sent to tho African coast
in command of the Jamostown, and in
1854 was flag lieutenant to Commodore'
Buese. In 1861 he was appointed in-
structor in gunnery and he organized
the school s£up Savannah. In 1862 he
was court martialed for disloyalty, but
was honorably acquitted, and compli-
mented f Qr his patriotic services. H»
commanded the Massasoit in 1868, and
in 1864 the iron clad Catskill with which
he captured the Deer, the only prize
captured by a monitor. He was in the
first expedition that ascended the
Yang-tse-ldang as far as Haukow. His
was the first naval ship to test the
jetties at the south pass, mouth of th»
Mississippi. He died March, 1880.

PLATS NO. 8.

Jl TAMES MAI^SON.
|2 JAMES MONROE.

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BARRETT, LAWRENCE P., one
of the most accomplished and scholarly
of actors, was bom at Paterson N. J.,
April 4, 1837, of Irish parents. The
family removed to Detroit «7hen Law-
rence was about twelve years old, at
which time he was a bright, manly, in-
telligent ^oy, who had received, How-
ever, but little school training. His
father, who was a well-informed trades-
man (tailor and cutter) of good address,
' was entirely without book education, a
fact which he very singularlv took
pride in, as if to show how intellixent a
man might be without it, and in his case
it certainly demonstrated a peculiar ca-
pacity. Lawrence was eKtly sent out to
make a living, and engaged in light call-
ings, among them cash boy in a large
diy goods house. It is said that an ex-
hibiuon of his dramatic powers cost
him his place, for he was caught by one
of his employers mimicing his imperi-
ous ways and immediately decapitated.
B» was next engaged for a very brief
time in the printing business, on the
Daily Times, which was owned by
"Ed.," afterwards Col. Sherlock, who
fell ^llantly fighting at the head of the
SthRegt. Mich. Vol. in the Great Re-
bellion. Sherlock was also at this time
proprietor of the Metropolitan Theater,
ana our subject, who had a strong
penchant for the stage,had now a chance
to indulge it. Even at this time, al-
though only about 14 years old, he
seemed to have had fine conceptions of
dranuitic characters, especially Shake-
speare, as the writer remembers from
hearing him "Spout." He soon trans-
ferred his dunes from the printing
office to the stage, first as an assistant to
the scenic artist, and from that to tak-
ing minor parts, although it is said that
his first effort In a spcaldng part proved
a failure from stage fright. Be that as
it may he soon conquered it, and his
-first local success was gained when he
was about sixteen. It happened that
Caroline Richings, who was then on
, the stage starring with her father and
veiy popular for a young actress by her
di'amatic as well as vocal powers, was
playing an engagement at the Metro-
politan, Her father, who always sup-
ported her and played the lover in ti^e
society plays which they gave, was un-
well, anq contrary to his usual custom
on such occHsions, let young Barrett,
probably on account of his youth and
his gentlemanly bearing more than for

ability he had as yet shown, take hifi
place as Claude in the Lady of Lyons.
Barrett proved equal to the emergency
and carried the house by storm,
sharing the honors with his charming
and talented associate. From this time
forward he became a leading support
to the traveling stars, and played Romeo
to the Juliet of Julia Dean, then per-
haps the most popular of the American
actresses. In 1856 or 7 he went east to
seek employment and study his profes-
sion in company 'with 90. elder brother,
Joseph, who also had a penchant for the
stage. He secured an engagement in
Burton's Theater and played acceptably
as a leading support in every branch of
tJie drar" '^ . Aiter some time he paid a
visit ' J scenes of his first dramatic
effoi and with his brother Joseph
secured a hall and announced a drama-
tic reading. The result was that scarce-
ly a dozen came, and Barrett, disgust-
ed and hurt, shook the dust oi Detroit
from his feet and for many years after-
wards gave the city a wide berth. He
then returned to the East and secured
an engagement in the Howard Athen-
aeum, Boston, where he became popu-
lar as a leading support, and during all
these years he was an ardent and inde-
fatigable student. It seems unfortu-
nate, however, that Barrett so early
in life became acquainted with the stage,
and in acquiring a passion for me
drama imbibed with it false methods
an(^ that stiff and stagey declamation
\»ixi>jh may be tolerated when over-
shadowed by the most intense dramatic
power as in Forrest, but never other*
wise, and even then greatly offends
true taste. This style was the rage
when Barrett first saw the stage, and
it left its baleful results on the ardent
and Impressible imagination of the
charmed boy, that time, study, intense
and honest endeavor seems never to
have fully eradicated. Barrett was for-
tunate at this early stage of his career
in having been united to a very estimable
and cultivated lady of Boston, who is
said to have contributed largely in sus-
taining and encouraging his high aspi-
rations. He reems to have achieved
his first marked success in the South
and we find him very popular and high-
ly rated in New Orleans and other
southern cities before he gained his
spurs as a star in the East. The war
of the Rebellion saw him in the army
as a captain in the 28th Mass. Vol. and

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ill!

he Is said to haveacquited himself with
credit in many desperate battles. After
the war he tned Iiis fortunes in Califor-
nia, and in conjunction with John Mc-
Gullough he made a brilliant and suc-
ces^ul tour of the state, playing to
crowded houses, and everywhere
received with imbounded applause. In
1869 he visited England, and appeared
in Liverpool, but did not "draw" and
cancelling his engagement returned t«
New York. About this time there hap-
pened to be a number of distinguished
actors in New T«ik City, including
Booth, Barrett, Davenport, Lester Wal-
lack and Montgomery, when a kind of
Shakespearian carnival was given for
about a week. The house was crowd-
ed from pit to dome and perhaps never
was Shakespeare played by a galaxy of
such brilliant stars. On the opening night
Barrett was by no means among the
first hailed with loud demonstration of
applause, but before the iVeek was out
he had succeeded in establishing him-
self, in the judgment of all,, as second
only to their idol 1 and was greeted by
the most universal applause. The New
Tork critics, who had been slow here-
tofore in according to him great en>i-
nence in the profession, now admitted
his magnificent powers, and freely allow-
ed that in the rendition of some of
Shakespeare's greatest creations he was
equalled by few and excelled by none.
From this time forward Barrett's posi-
tion as a great tragic actor was conced-
ed and he has pursued a brilliant and
successful career, gaining in popularity
and power down to the present time.
In conjimction with Booth he gave a
brilliant and succe .iul Shakespearian
season in New York, alternating with
Idm in all the great characters, and shar-
ing with him equal praise and admira-
tion. In the great Dramatic Festival in
Cincinnati, in 1888, he appeared with
his old California associate, McCul-
lough, and shared with him the honors of
the occasion. Barrett is an indefatigable
and intensely earnest student, and what
he is, he made himself by persistent
and unceasing labor. He is not aided
hy so magnificent a physique as Mc-
CTuUough nor gifted, perhaps, naturally
with so great dramatic talent, nor like
him was he saved 'till his mind was
somewhat mature from seductive but
false and i>erverse stage methods and
declamation, yet he has overcome all
obstacles, and while competing with

his great rival in intei^reting all the
great creations of Shakespeare, he is held
by many to be his supeiior in at least
one. Besides he has earned & reputa-
tion for scholarly parts, and has been a
valued contributor to the dramatic liter-
ature of the day. His life of Forrest is
considered by the best critics as a model
of the kind. He is still gaining in
strength and naturalness and it is prob-
able that when the vicious results of
his too early stage impressions shall have
entirely passed away, he will universally
be accorded a place among the great-
est of tragic actors.

BARRINGTON, SIR JONAH, a

distinguished Irish patriot, and Legisla-
tor of 1783, and the friend and co-labor-
er of Gratten, and his corn-patriots who
so bravely and successfully secured
Irish independence that year. In the
early part of his career he held a gov-
ernment position, and was rather non-
committal. He became a member of
the Irish Parliament and uniformally
was foimd on the side of his coimtry,
and its entire people. Catholics as well
as Protestants. It was only, and alone
the blind and fatal bigoliy against
Catholics which characterizea many of
those who worked and defended Irish
autonomy that gave to the English
government the fatal lever which eventu-
ally overturned Irish independence.
Barriagton was an officer of tlie Volun-
teers and Commander of the Lawyers
corps, which position he resigned, lest
his sworn obedience as a soldier to a
government which he too plainly saw
was meditating its enslavement, would
clash with his paramount duty to his
country, its integrity, its mdepen-
dence and its autonomy. In resign-
ing he said, "I will never abet a
plan which aims to make religious feuds
a pretext for political slavery. Mechan-
ical obedience is the duty of a soldier,
but unflinching integrity that of a legis-
lator. I feel it therefore my duty to
separate those functions, when the pre-
servation of my co'ontry may be the
question." He had afterwaras to fly
his countiy to save himself from the
tyrant, ana he settled in France where
he acquired honors and distinction.
He there wrote the well-known work
"Rise and Fall of the Irish Nation."
He died in France at a good old age,
full to the end of an abiding trust in the
future of his country.

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BARRY, DAVID, an able and po-
litic Lord Justice of Ireland in the time
of Henry III. A. D., 1267. He was of
Norman Irish extraction and by his pru-
dence, moderation and firmness he suc-
ceeded in allaying for a time intestine
■wars which raged indiscriminately,
amongst the Norman and Irish nobles.

BARRY, JAMES, one of the greatest
of modem painters, was bom in Cork,
Ireland, Oct. 11th, 1741. His father
was captain of a small coasting vessel,
and when his boy was old enough to be
of assistance, he was taken aboard to
pursue for a living, the rough and dan-

ferous paths which his father had trod
eforehim. The boy however was a
natural artist, and with a piece of chalk
was continually sketching some design
or figure to the great disgust of his more
practical father. His sea faring duties
were so disagreeable to him, that twice
he ran away, and his father at length,
allowed him to follow the bent of his
fancy, under the care of, and at the en-
treaty of his mother. He at this time
acquired tbe foundation of his literary
education, was an apt and good student,
but far above all was his passion for
drawing, and at the age of seventeen he
drew and painted very correctly, with-
out instruction or model of any kind.
About this time he received some feir
practical hints from an art-instructor,
and by the year 1763 he had pro-
duced in oU "A Dead Christ," "Sus-
anna and the Elders," " Daniel in the
Lion's Den," original compositions, be-
sides innumerable drawings. In 1763
he came to Dublin with his paintings,
intending to try his fortune there, and
as there was about to be an exhibition
under the auspices of the "Society for
tiie Improvement of Useful Arts and
Manufactures," to which native artists
were invited to send their pictures, he
determined to take advantage of it to
introduce himself to the critical public
of the Capital. The subject of the pic-
ture which he exhibited was " St. Pa-
trick Baptizing the King of Cashel."
The picture attracted considerable no-
tice, and he might be seen, a pock-
pitted hard featured little fellow, prow-
ling among the crowd before the
pamting, listening to the praises and
criticisms bestowed upon the work,
with an eager himgry ear. One day at
the exhibition a crowd was around the
picture who were most flattering in

their admiration and praises, and when
one of them exclaimed, " Who can the
artist be?" the excited Barry said, "I
am; " but they, judging by hia anything
but artistic appearance, made fun of
him, and would not believe him.
Barry was so mortified, that bursting
into tears he rushed from the room. On
coming to Dublin Barry brouglit with
him a letter of introduction to Edmund
Burke who was then acting as Secre-
tary to William Gerard Hamilton.
Burke was pleased with the young ar-
tist, recognized in his pictures great abi-
lity, and secured him admittance into
the drawing school of the Society at
which he exhibited. Burke who never
suffered his interest in deserving talents
of a friend to slacken, considered that
a change to London would be advant-
ageous to Barry sent him on there with
his brother, Richard Burke, who was
about leaving for that metropolis. This
was early in 1765. After studying there
a year. Sir. Joshua Reynolds advised
him if possible to go to Rome, for the
purpose of studying the masterpieces of
art. Burke although far from wealthy
placed at the disposal of his poor friend
the necessary means, and fifty pounds
per anncm while he remainea tiiere a
student. Rome was to Barry a para-
dise, and he revelled in the wonderful
production of the great masters. His
disposition was unfortunately such,
that he did not probably profit as much
as with his great genius and capacity he
might have done, had he been other-
wiM constituted. He was over sensi-
tive perhaps from poverty, proud, iri-
table, full of originality and the posi-
tiveness of genius, ne haa a contempt of
all authority, and a x)erfect hatred of
the dogmatism of schools. Added to
this he had an unyielding disposition and
was combative to the last degree. It is
not strange, therefore, that he was con-
Vnually in trouble with both professors
and feUoW pupils; which fact must
have materially retarded and interfered
with the progress of his studies. Bmke
who was aware of his faults took oc-
casion to advise him with a fatherly
eamestness of the folly and ruin of such
a course and wrote to him thus, " Again
and again, my dear Bany must I insist
that we must be at peace with our
species, if not for thevr sakes, at least
very much for our own." He retumed
from Rome in 1770, and if not all that
his abilities might have accomplished

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at least greatly improved and cultivated
both in Uterature and art. He did not
in those five years paint many finished
pictures, but he was not idle. He
stored liis mind with the beauties, and
skilled his hand by innumerable
sketches of the best work of the best
masters. His conceptions of ait were
of the heroic mould, and he beheld in
the chef de ouvres of ancient art, the
living realization of his hopes and aims.
He sought to kindle in an unapprecia-
tive age and people an admiration for
true grandeur in art, and it was perhaps
as much the initation arising from the
hopelessness of such a task, as, an over
sensitive spirit, full of the pride and
positiveness of genius, which led him
into almost ceaseless bickerings with his
cotemporaries, and certainly must have
interfered not only with the extent of
his labors, but also with the grand pos-
sibilities of a genius, great and indefati-
gable as his undoubtedly was. He
loved, or rather idolized art in its high-
est forms, and so passionately, that he
looked with contempt on mere face
painting as he called it. He thought
little of pecuniary reward, but strove
rather to place on canvass living images
of grand thoughts, which might move
men like ceaseless tongues of eloquence.
He could use his pen, not much less
skilfully than his brush, in connection
with art. Among his productions in
this line, are, an able treatise upon
"Gothic Architecture," and an ' 'Inquiry
into Real and Imaginary obsti-uction to
the progress of art in England," which
is said to be one of the ablest essays that
ever appeared in the English language
on the subject of art. In this work he
overturned the visionanr theories of
Montesquieu and Winkleman on the
same subject, and triumphantly estab-
lished his own. His most laborious
work with the brush, was, the celebrat-
ed frescoes of the Adelphi; the assemb-
ly room of the society of arts, which
consumed six years of continuous labor.
The subject chosen by the artist, was
"Human Improvement," which he il-
lustrated in a series of pictures, com-
mencing with man in a savage state.
Johnson, that master Critic, who never
praised except when it was due, said
of this work on first beholding it, "Sir,
there is a grasp of mind there which you
find nowhere else," and Lord Aid-
borough, an art critic, wrote that "the
work combined all the excellencies of

the great masters." Barry was elected
professor of painting to the Royal Aca-
demy, but the unfortunate irritabUi^
of his temper, and his utter dislike for
restraint, involved him in constant bick-
erings, which ended in his being dis-
missed for publishing a letter which
was supposed to reflect on the integrity
of the members of the Academy. Barry
never married but lived for the most
part of his life in poverty and almost
want. Wholly devoted to his art for
itself, he never sought the means of
turning it to his aggrandizement. His
six years labor in the Adelphi was per-
formed without fee, he requiring only
that models should be furnished him.
Canova, the great sculptor, sflid, on be-
holding one of his paintings, that it was
well worth the trouble and expense of
coming to England. This talented but
unfortunate artist died Feb., 1806, in
the fifty-sixth year of his age, and is
buried in St. Pauls. His writings were
published in two volumes quarto.

BARRY, JOHN COMMODORE,
one of the most brilliant naval officers
of his day, and called the Father of the
American navy, was bom in County
Wexford, Ireland, 1745. His home
looked out on the grand Atlantic, and
the youthful hero early imbibed a love
for the sea. At the age of fourteen he
entered a merchantman which sailed
between Philadelphia and British ports,
and at the age of sixteen made America
his home. In his twenty-fifth year he
commanded the finest packet on the
Atlantic, the Black Prince, owned by
Mr. Meredith, of Philadelphia, and
about this time made the acquaintance
of Washington, who became his warm
friend. He early became noted for his
skill, coolness, care and courage, and
on the breaking out of the revolution-
ary war he abandoned his bright pros-
pects of fortune and offered his services
to Congress. Congress finding it abso-
lutely necessary to make some provis-
ion to protect her exposed ports and
vessels from the enemy, purchased some^
merchant vessels ana appointed Barry
to fit them out as war vessels which he
promptly did, taking command himself
of the Lexington 16 guns. With this
he captured the Edward, an armed ten-
der, which harrassed the coast, and
captured or drove off the enemy's smal-
ler cruisers which infested the shore.
This was the first capture of a Britidi

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war vesF^l by an American cruiser and
was hailed with joy by the American
people. He was next transferred to the
command of the frigate Effingham then
building in Philadelphia. When the
British held possession of Philadelphia
and the adjacent forts, the Effingham was
one of the vessels which had to ascend
the river for safety, and here she was ice
bouni during the winter of '76. Bar-
ly, however, could not remain idle ; he
served under Gen. Cadwalader in the
neighborhood of Trenton as an aid de
camp, and distinguii^ed himself by his
courage, coolness and tact. While here
he conceived and carried out suc-
cessfully a daring scheme of captiuing
some of the enemy's supply vessels.
Manning f om: small row boats with res-
olute and daring hearts like his own,
under cover of darkness, with muffled
oars he started down the Deleware from
Burlington and passing through the
most of the enemie's vessels which fill-
ed the river, he succeeded, although
two of his boats were injured during an
alarm on his passage, in capturing two
of the enemie's 8upj)lv shij and a
schooner, all loaded with provisions and
stores invaluable at the time to the Am-
erican forces. The two ships moimted,
each six guns, and the schooner which
belonged to the engineers department,
mounted eight double fortified four
pounders and 13 fourpoimd howitzers,
and was manned with thirty-three men
besides officers. Bany had onlv 28
men in his little shells, but the sudden-
ness and daring of the attack confound-
ed the enemy and they surrendered be
fore they knew the strength of their
heoric captors. Barry was compelled
to bum his prizes but not before he re-
moved to the shore and secured all their
valuable cargoes. It was about this
time that Lord Howe attempted to bribe
this sturdy patriot bv the oner of 15,000
guineas (about $80,000) and the com-
mand of a British ship of the line. But
there was no Arnold here, and the offer
was flimg back with scorn, and the as^
surance that Britain possessed neither
money or honors enough to buy him.
In Sept., 1778, Capt. Barry was ap-
pointed to the command of the Raleigh,
thirty-two guns. He sailed from Bos-
ton toward the end of the month with a
convoy of a couple of merchant ves-
sels. They were not long at sea when
they came in sight of two of the ene-
my s frigates, the Unicom of 28 guns

and the Experiment of 60 guns. He
ordered his convoys to crowd all sail,
while he engaged the attention of the
enemy. After a fight of seven hours,
during which he attempted to fasten
and board the Unicom, and being in
too crippled a condition to get away, he
determined to run his vessel ashore,
which he succeeded in doing. His loss
in killed and wounded was less than
the enemy. The loss of his vessel did
not prevent him from being actively en-
gaged in the service of his country. He
made several voyages to the West In-
dias in the interest and protection of
American commerce and was made a
commodore, being the first who had re<
ceived that honor. In 1781 the Frigate
Alliance was placed imder his com-
mand, in which he took Col. Laurens
with important dispatches to France.
On her return she captured two British
privateers, the Mars, 26 guns, and the
Minerva, 10 guns, and two vessels of
war, the Atlanta of 16 guns and her
consort, the Trepassy of 14 guns. In
the engagement with the last two, Barry
was severely wounded through the
shoulder. He greatly distinguished
himself in protectmg the supply ship Lu-
zerne with a large amount of specie
fromHavanna from a British fleet great-
ly damaging one of the enemy's war
vessels, Sibyl, 30 guns, killing 87 and
wounding 50 of her men, while he lost
only 8 killed and 11 wounded. It was
when hailed on this occasion that he an-
swered, "The U. S. ship Alliance, saucy
Jack Biarry— half Irishman— half Yan-
kee—who are you ?" After the Revo-
lutiou Commoaore Barry still remained
at the head of the Amencan navy and
during the misunderstanding with the
French Government >7hich occasioned
some naval conflicts, commodore Bar-
ry rendered conspicuous service in pro-
tecting th^ Amencan flagand commerce
from ue depredations of French cruisers
and privateers, capturing quite a number
The Commodore continued at the head
of the navy until his death, which oc-
curred at Philadelphia, Sept. 18, 1808.
It was mainly through his energy, ad*
vice, skill and discretion that the Am-
erican navy was created, and that it won
for itself in so short a time so proud a
place among the nations. Many of its
most brilliant officers learned their les-
sons of skill, valor and proud patriotism
under him, to whom they looke(? up as
the father of that navy, which Uiey

t--\

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IRISH CBLTS.

BAB

Berved with such pride and honor.
In private life Barry was not less ad-
mirable and loving than he was esteem-
ed and honored m public. Washing-
ton was his special friend, and placed
unlimited oonfldence in both his ability
and integrity ; and when his reputation
was questioned in ranning his vessel,
the Raleigh, ashore when crippled and
in the face of overpowering odds, he
warmly defended him, and said, he de-
served the gi-eatest praise instead of
censure. He died as he lived, a con-
sistent practical Catholic, and having
no children he left the bulk of his pro-
perty to an Orphan Asylum. His
tomb is in old St. Mary Church yard,
Philadelphia, and beneath it rest the
remains of a patriot second to none,
who aided in securing American inde-
pendence, for devotion and worth.

"There are gallant hearts whose glory,

Columbia loves to name.
Whose deeds shall live in story.

And everlasting fame ;
But never yet one braver.

Our slaiTy banner bore,
Than saacj old Jack Barry,

The Irish Commodore.

BARRY, MARTIN, an emineni

})hysiologi8t. was of Irish descent, bom
n England in 1803, and was best known
by his discoveries in embryology. He
was the author of a number of works
on physiology and kindred subjects, all
of which are of high repute. He died
in 1855.

BARRY, PATRICK, a talented au-
thor and practical agriculturalist and
horticulurallst, was born in Ireland in
1816, came to America when young,
and was ediMr of the Genesee
Farmer for many years. He afterwards
edited the Horticulturist, both of
which journals were of the highest au-
thority. He was part owper of one of
the largest nurseries in the world, situ-
ated at Rochester, N. Y., and has for
many years stood at the head of his spe-
cialties in the United B'ates.

BARRY, SIR REDMOND, a distin-
guished Australian statesman and law-
yer, was born in Cork in 1813. He
was 'educated at Trinity College, Dub-
lin, and adopted the profession of the
law. He emigrated to Australia, and
Mttled at Melbourne, where he soon be-

come distinguished in his profession,
ranking with the first. He became So*
licitor &en. of the Colony of Yictoiia,
and in 1851 one of the Judges of the
Supreme Court. He took a prominent
part in the educational prosperity of
thosr rising nations of the antipodes and
was t^e first Chancellor of the New
University of Melboimie. The honor
of Knighthood was conferred on him
in 1860, for distinguished services to
the educational and legislative well be-
ing of those great colomes.

BARRY, SPBANGEB, one of the
most eminent actors of his day, was
bom in 1717, at Dublhi. His father
was a silversmith and Spranger alsp
followed the business until he went on
the stage.' He first appeared en the
stage in 1744 — ^then in his 27th year.
He shortly afterwards made his first ap-
pearance in London, and at once step-

Sed to the first rank of his profession,
'or upwards of 20 years he was con-
sidered as the great rival of Garrick,
and shared equally with him tLo first
honors of the stage. He died in 1774.

BARRY, WILLIAM T. a distinguish-
ed American lawyer and legislator, was
of Irish descent bom in Virginia in 1780
He became a lawyer, removed to Ken-
tucky where he practiced with success
and was sent to Congress in 1810,but oni
the breaking out of the war of 1818,
like 80 many of his race, he immediate-
ly joined the army, and sen'ed with dis-
tinction. In 1814 he became U.S.sena-
tor from Kentucky and also served with
ability as Chief Justice of that statu.
He was appointed by President Jackson,
Post Master General, and as such be-
came a member of the cabinet, being
the first Post Master General admitted
to that honor. He was appointed MiaiS"
ter Plenipotentiaiy to Spain by Pros.
Van Buren in 1885, but died at Liver-
pool, while on his way to that country
August 80, 1885.

BARRY, GEN. WILLIAM P., a
distinguished American officer and stra-
tegist, of Irish descent, born in New
York, in 1818, and who greatly dis-
tinguished himself during the war of
the Rebellion. He was the organizer
of the artillery of the Army of uxe Po-
tomac, which did pach brilliant service.
After the close of the war, he was as-
signed to the command of the Northern

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Lake frontiers, and in 1867 to the Artil-
lery school at Fortress Monroe. He is
recognized as one of the most scientific
and skillful of American soldiers.

BARTON, THOMAS, a divine of
the Episcopal church, was bom in Ire-
land, about 1720, and educated in Dub-
lin University. He afterwards studied
for the ministry and came to America
as a missionary. In 1823, he accom-

ried the British armj^ as a chaplain
the campaign against Fort Du
Quesne, and became the friend of
Washington. He appears to have had
conscientious scruples as to the rights of
the Colonies to take up arms ; but re-
mained in America. He died in 1770.
He wrote an account of Braddock's de-
feat, besides sermons, &c.

BATHE, WILLIAM, a celebrated
Irish Jesuit, was born in Dublin, in
1564. His parents were non-Catholics
but our subject was educated without
bigotry. He received his early educa-
tion from an eminent Irish teacher at
home, and it is said afterwards became
a scholar at Oxford. Having become
satisfied of the divine mission of the
old church and seeing no hope of a free
exercise of religion under English au-
thority he went to the continent. In
1596 he entered the order of Jesuits in
Flanders and afterwards went to Padu
in Italy, where he acquired great repu-
tation for wisdom and sanctity. He
passed into Spain, and became head of
the Irish seminary at Salamanca. Here
he was indefatigable in all good works,
and was held in the greatest veneration
and love by all the people; by the
poor and unlettered, because of his zeal
for their welfare ; by the great, for his
learning and many admirable quelities.
He died at Madrid, whither he had

fone on business of his order. June 17,
614.

BEATTY, MARTIN, a prominent
nnd talented Kentuckian, was a native
of Ulster, Ireland, aud camo to Ken-
tucky at an early day, rose by his tal-
ents and industry and reoresented that
state in the tweuty-sccona Congress.

BEATTY, WILLIAM, a talented
legiHlaiur of Pennsylvania, was born in
Ireland, and emigrated to Pennsyl-
vania, at an early date, became cons-
picuous by his talenta. He represented

the State in Congress from the year
1837 to 1841.

BEAUFORT, ADM. SIRFRANCIS,
a distinguished naval officer and hydro*

Erapher, was bom at CoUon county,
outh, Ireland, in 1774. He' entered
the British navy in 1787, and served
under Admiral Comwallis, as a mid-
shipman, and in 1794, he took part in
the naval battle oflf Brest, under Howe.
In 1796, he was made Lieutenant for
good conduct and bravery, and in 1800,
was promoted to Commodore, for his
skill in the battle of Malaga, where he
was wounded. He had also a scientific
mind and gained reputation by hydro-
graphical labors on the coast of Asia
Minor, in 1811 and 1812, which he pub-
lished in London in 1817, and which
are of great authority. He was wound-
ed by Turkish pirates in 1812, and be-
ing compelled to return home, he spent
his time in drawing up valuable maps,
and was appointeohydrographer of the
admirality in 1832, which posi-
tion he held till 1855. He was made
an honorary rear Admiral in 1846, and
knighted in 1848. He died December
17, 1851.

BELL, ROBERT, a writer of great
versatility and talent, was born in Cork,
Ireland, 1800, and for a time was editor-
in-chief of a government organ, mis-
called "The Patriot." He was after-
wards editor of the Atlas, and in 1889
he started the Morning Chronicle, in
conjunction with Sir E. Bulwer Litton,
and Dr. Lardner. In 1858, he pub-
lished an annotated edition of the Eng-
lish PoetSi He received a gold medal
from the King of Belgium, as a reward
for his services to literature. He was a

S leasing, able and indefatigable writer,
[e died in 1867.

BEI<LING, RICHARD, a celebrated
Irish soldier and writer, was born near
Dublin, in 1618. He received his pre-
liminary education in that city, and
completed his classical studies under
an Irsh priest. He afterwards entered
Lincoln Inn, where he remained some
years, and came back to Ireland learned
in the l;iw, although he docs not appear
to have adopted it as a profession. In
1641 he linked his fortunes with the
Irish Catholic confederate chieftains,
and was a member of the Supreme
Council at Kilkenny, and its sccretaiy.

BEL

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He also took an active part in the field,
and distinguished himself on various
occasions. In 1645, he was sent to the
continent as an ambassador, and visited
the Pope and various independent
princes in aid of the Irish cause. He
returned to Ireland with Binuccini,
Archbishop of Fermo, as the Pope's
Nuncio, whose mission, however, was
productive of more evil than good, and
resulted in a split amongst the confeder-
ate chieftains. Belling soon after
made his peace, and became a supporter
of the Duke of Ormonde, who intrust-
ed him with many negotiations both be-
fore and after the restoration. Belling
went to France, when the faithlessness
of princely promises and the perfldioiis
designs of the English policy became
apparent. While on the continent, he
wrote several works in Latin, on Irish
affairs, especially relating to the rebel-
lion. He returned home on the Restora-
tion, and became repossessed of his
estates which had been confiscated. He
died in Dublin, Sept., 1675.

BELLINGHAM, SIDNEY RO-
BERT, one of the most prominent poli-
ticians and statesmen of his day, in
Canada, was fourth son of Sir Allen
Bellingham of County Louth, Ireland,
where ne was bom in 1808. He received
' his education at home, and afterwards
came to Canada, where he married Ara-
bella, daughter of Wm. Holmes of
Suebec. He adopted the profession of
le law, and was called to the bar, in
1841. Li the meantime he encaged iu
the political discussions which w>td
atdtating the Canadas, and became one
of the ablest and most prominent of the
newspaper writers of Lower Canada.
He was alsoprominently connected with
the milita of the province and active in
the Rebellion of '87. He was a mem-
ber of Parliament from '54 to '60, and
President of the St. Patrick's Society of
Montreal. He was also prominently
connected with the Repeal movement,
and a strong advocate of O'Conuell's
policy. He returned to Ireland a few
years since where he still residtss.

BENIGNUS, SAINT, BISHOP of
Armagh, and first successor of St. Pa-
trick in that see; was son of Singcn.one of
the chief men of Meath, and who hos-
pitably received Saint Patrick, when on
Lis journey to the court of King Lag-
haire in 488. ,Our future saint, then a

bright boy, was baptized by Patrick,
who gave him the name of Binen, or
Sweet, on accoimt of the loveliness of
his person and character. The boy be-
came so attached to Patrick that he
begged his parents to allow him to fol-
low him, but they, dearly loving him,
were unwilling, but Patrick told them
that it was the Divine will that the boy
should dedicate himself to Ood, and
tearfully they let him go. He quickly
increased in knowledge, and every
christian virtue, and became a great
assistance to his Apostolic master. His
zeal and example made many converts,
and he became, as it were, a substan-
tial image of his great leader. He was
perhaps the most beloved of all the dis-
ciples of Patrick, and continued with
him from the first to the last, his coad-
iuter as if it were, and he succeeded
him in the government of the See of
Armagh. Benignus resigned his See
after some years, for the purpose of
visiting Rome, and was succeeded by
St. Jarlath; another disciple of Patiic!:.
Benignus wrote in Latin and Irish,
amongst others, "Virtue and Miracles
of St. Patrick," Poems and "Munster
Book of Rights." He is said by some
authors to mive died in Rome, and by
others to have died near QIastonbury,
England, in the monastery of Ferling-
mere where he went to retire from the
world. William, of Malsmsbury, says,
"That the miracles of his former lue,
and those of his new translation pro-
claim in what high degreee he stands
with God," and ^ves the following ep-
itaph as being on his tomb at Feriing-
mere:
"Father Beonna's bon£s in this tomb

lie
Of old the father of the Monk's here-
by
Disciple to St. Patrick so much fam-
ed.
The Irish say he was, and Beon

named.'
Lanigan however thinks this must re-
fer to another saint of the same name.

BENNETT, REV. JAMES, an able
and learnod Presbyterian divl.r.; jf New
Brunswick, was born in Lisbum, Coun-
ty Down, Irnltind, in 1817 and received
his education in the classical school of
the Royal Academical Institution Bel-
fast, then under the charge of the father
of Sir F. Hincks. Ilavuigbeen * jstal-
led into the ministry of thePresbyteriaa

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IRISH CELTS

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Church, he was given a charge in
Annagli, 1843. In 1854 having received
a call from the Presbyterians of St.
Johns, New Brunswick, he sailed for
that province, and took charge in the
June of that year. Ho is a prolific
writer, as well as an able speaker, and
stands high amongst his brethren. He
was for a time ^itor of the Canada
Presbyterian and has acted as Moderate
or in the Synods of the Lower Provinces,
Amongst his work are " The Wisdom of
the iQng" and "The Divinity of
Christ." He is tindoubtedly one of the
ablest representatives of the Presbyteri-
an body in America.

BEREBFORD, WM. CARR, VI-
COUNT, a celebrated British General
And a Field Marshal of the Kingdom of
Portugal, was bom in Ireland, Oct. 2,
1768, and was the natural son of the
Marquis of Waterf ord. He entered the
army at an early age and served first in
the American colonies where he lost an
«ye. He served at the seige of Toulon,
in Corsica and both the Indies, and took
part in the conquest of Cape of Good
Hope. He gradually rose by soldierly
conduct, and in 1806 he was placed in
command of the land forces against
Buenos Ayres ; in 1808 he went to
Portugal as a Major General and was
instrusted with the task of organizing
the Portugese Army. He accompanied
Sir John More to Spain, took part
in the battle of Corunna and covered
the retreat and the embarkation of the
defeated army. In 1800 he was ap
pointed to the rank of Field Marshal in
tho Portugese army and was made Gen*
eralisimo of its forces, which he had re-
organized and made efficient. He
supported Wellington throughout the
Peninsular War and took part in all the
principle battles. In the Springof 1811
he laid siege to the fortress of Badajoz
which Soult compelled him to raise, but
whom he defeated a few days after-
wards at the battle of Albuera, nowever
more by the desperate bravery of his
troops than superior skill. He took
part in the victories of Salamanca, Vi-
toria, Bayonne, Othey and Toulouse
and was made Duke of Elvas and Mar-
quis of Santo Campo. In 1814 ho was
created Baron BercHfordand iiftcrwui'ds
Vlcount Dungannon in the peera,n;e of
Ireland, and whs sent on a diplomatic
mission to Brazil. In 1817 he sup-
pressed an insuirection in Brazil as un

officer of the Portugese Government.
After his return to England 1825 he was
made a full general and in 1828 was
Master General of the Ordinance. The
Portugese Government deprived him of
his marshal's baton for having assia*,ed
in forwarding English troops to assist
Dom Miguel. He married a daughter of
the Protestant Archbishop of Tuam. He
died Jan. 8, 1854.

BERKELEY, GEORGE, a noted
divine of the church of England, and an
eminent metaphysical philospher, co-
temporary with, and friend of Pope,
Swift and Addision, was bom at Kil-
krin near Thomastown, Ireland in 1684.
He was educated at Kilkenny and at
Trinity College Dublin. He resided for a
while in England, and was intimate
with the wits and great men of the day,
and by whom he was regarded as one of
the most brilliant minds of the age.
About 1720 he returned to Ireland, vnOx
the Duke of Grafton, then appointed
lord lieutenant, and became dean of
Derry. In 1728 he sailed for America
for the purpose of establishing a mis-
sionary college for the education and
conversion of the Indians, but after a
residence of two years he returned, the
funds necessary having been withheld,
through the opposition of Sir Robert
Walpole. In 1788, Berkeley was ap-
pointed to the Bishopric of Cloyne,
which he hold to the time of his death,
although offered a see of far greater
pecuniary value. He died suddenly in
January, 1768. His works were col-
lected in three quarto volumes. He la
best known in our times by his curious
theoiT of the non-existence of matter,
which he developes in his principles of
human knowledge. He wrote numer-
ous scientific works, and was one of the
ablest mathematicians of his day.

BERNARD, HUGH, known on the
Codtiucnt as Hugh of Ireland, was the
author of travels in various countries.
He became a Brother of the Order of Mi-
nors, and their provincial in Ireland. He
nourished towards the end of the four-
teenth ccnturv, and was distinguished
for his extensive knowledge.

BICKER8TAFF, ISAAC, a success-
f ul and talented dramatist, was bora in
Ireland, in 1780, and became attached
to the vice regal court in Dublin, when
Lord Chesterfield was in Ireland. He

BLA

IBIHH CELTS.

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m '

afterward received a commission in the
marines and became a lieutenant, but
became involved in troubles and had to
resign. He is the author of numerous
comedies, and comic operas, some of
which were verypopular in their day.
Among them, " The Maid of the Mill,"
"The Captive," "Love in a Village,"
" The Hypocrite," «&c. He died about
1800.

BLACK, JOSEPH, an emhient
chemist, was the son of a Belfast mer-
chant, who resided for some time in
Bordeaux where our subject was bom
in 1728. He received his preliminary
education in Belfast, and completed hu
studies at Edinbuigh and Glasgow. He
was appointed to the chairs of anatomy
and chemistry and afterwards of medi-
cine in the latter place, and in 1766 to
the chemical chair in Edinburgh. He
made the disco vrery of the cause of dif-
ference between limestone and quick-
lime showing that the latter is deprived
of a portion of its weight, in the form
of carbonic acid; and while yet a stud-
ent, drew attention to the use of weights
in analvzing chemical changes, some-
thing hitherto neglected by chem-
ists. He made important discoveries in
regard to steam, showing that when
water changed into steam, 140 ® of heat
enter into it -which is much more than
is perceptible by the thermometer. He
died in 1790.

BLAINE, JAMES G., one of the
ablest of American statesmen and poli-
ticians and a great leader of the Repub-
lican partv, was born in Washington
County, Pennsylvania, Jan. 81, 1830, at
the home of his maternal gmndfather
Neil Gillespie, a native of Ireland. His
paternal sioie were also descended from
Irish settlers in Pennsylvania, his great
grandfather Gen. Blaine, who was com-
missary General of the Revolntionary
Army from 1778 till the close of the
war, having emigrated from Ireland at
an early day. At the age of. eleven
years he was sent to school to Lancaster,
Ohio, living there with his relative
Hon. Thos. Ewing then Sec'y of the
U. S. Treasury, wlio was also a GlUes-

{)ie. He graduated at Washington Col-
ego in 1847. and was noted for his
mathematical as well as classical ability.
After graduating he taught school for a
while, wrote for the press and studied
likw, but never opened an office. In

1853 he went to Maine, where he edited
the 'Portland Advertiser' and the
'Kennebeck Journal' and entered into
politics with that vim which still char*
acterizes him. In 1858 he was sent to
the legislature, was re-elected and
became Speaker of the House. Before
he was a year in the State he was a re-
cognized leader amongst the Republic-
ans and a leading power in the councils
of that party. From 1858 he may be
said to have shaped and directed every
political campaign in that State, and by
his individual efforts and great magnet-
ism, secured Republican success down
to the present time. In 1862 ne was
elected to Congress and soon made hia
mark, and before he had served three
vears was recognized as the ablest de-
bater on the Kepublican side of the
House. His aptitude for business and
his celerity in mastering all the details of
any subject to which his attention is
directed is unrivalled, and this is partial-
ly due to. an amazing memory of both
persons and things. He became speak-
er of the House in the Forty-flrst Con-
gress and continued to preside diuing
the 42nd and 48rd, and it is said that
none more able and impartial ever held
the gavel in the House. In 1876 he
was appointed to the U. S. Senate in
place of Mr. Morrill who had accepted
the Secretaryship of the Treasury, and
the following year was elected for
the full term endmg in 1888. Mr. Blahie
was the ablest, most prominent and po-
pular candidate for the Republican
nomination for President in 1880, but
was opposed by those who favored a
third term for Gen. Grant and wha
under the leadership of Conkling sought
to establish that dangerous and unpatri-
otic precedent. The result was the
nomination and election of Gen. Gar-
Held of Ohio, under whom Blaine ac-
cepted the Sec'y of State, which he held
till the deatii of President Garfield by the-
hand of the cold blooded assassin,
Giteau. Mr. Blaine is still the most
prominent figure in the Republican par-
ty and his exertions have again (I882)<
succeeded in holding Maine for the Re-
publican party, alOiough the Demo-
crats, by powerful majorities, carried
Ohio, Now York and Pennsylvaniai .
in the fall of that year. Mr. Blaine is
a man of great intellectual power and
strength, with a vehement earnestness
in speaking that often seems like anger,
ever ready and full of resources, ana

BLA

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•II

bom to be a political leader, havine in a
lu'ge degree that magnetism which at-
tracts the people. In the life of Blaine
and a few ottier prominent American
statesmen of Irish extraction, like Se-
ward and DeWitt Clinton, we go one step
beyond our general plan to stop at the
sons of Irish parents. We do this sim-
ply to show how universally Irish blood
permeates the American people, and that
thf genius and vigor of intellectual
America is Irish and Celtic to the core,
and that Anglo-Sasonism is a fraud and
a deception.

BLAKE, HON. EDWARD, one of
the ablest of Canadian statesmen and
lawyers, was a son of Chancellor Wm.
Hume Blake,and was bom in the town-
ship of Adelaide, Ontario, in 1838, the
year after his parents settled in Canada.
He was educated at Upper Canada Col-
lege, and at the University, where he
was silver medalist in classics, and took
his degree of M. A. in 1851. After com-
pleting his collegiate course, he com-
menced the study of the law, and after
the usual course was called to the bar.
Here his career was most brilliant and
he was soon recognized as one of the
most promising members of the Upper
Canada bar. Indeed his success was
unprecedented, and especially as a
chancery lawyer, was he almost with-
out a peer. He was early offered a
position on the Bench, but was too
strongly wedded to his profession to ac-
cept. Still later was he offered the
Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court,
which he also refused and which de-
monstrates the high estimate put upon
his legal learning by his fellow citizens.
In 1867 he entered public life and was
elected to the House of Commons from
West Durham, and the same year to
tbe Ontario House for South Bruce, and
became head of the government for that
province. In 1873 he was re-elected to
the Canadian Parliament by his old
constitutents, as well as by those of
South Bruce, and decided to represent
tlie latter. In 1878 he was sworn a
member of the Privy Council, but re-
signed in 1874, was again elected
to Parliament, and re-elected on his ac-
cept^mce of tlie portfolio of Minister of
Justice in 1875, and afterwards became
President of the Council. As a parlia-
mentarian he was recognized as among
the ablest in the Canadian House;
full of resources, eloquent, logical and

at times bitter end sarcastic. As a law-
ver he is recognized as second to none
in the provinces in any of the ramifica-
tions of that learned profession, and
his practice is very extensive. Hois'
still m the Dominon Parliament repre-
senting West Durham in the liberal in-
terests, and if he lives, will undoubted-
ly play a prominent part in the future
of Canada.

BLAEE, ELIZABETH, nee Burke,
a lady of talents, was bom in Lyagula
Coimty Galway, Ireland, about 1780,
and early displayed exquisite taste in
poetry. She soon became celebrated in
that part of Ireland and her poems were-
very popular.

BLAKE, WM. HUME, a distinguish-
ed Canadian lawyer and scholar, was-
bom in the County Galway, Ireland,
and was educated in Trinity College,
Dublin, and married his cousin, Mit!3
Catherine Hume of Wicklow. He
studied surgery under Sir Philip Cromp-
ton, and m 1882, in conmany wim
his brother. Rev. D. E. Blake, and
others, chartered a vessel the "Ann of
Halifax," and set sail for Canada,
where tiiey arrived after a six weeks
voyage. Our subject first settled on a
farm at Bear Creek, near the present
town of Strathi'oy, but after two years
left it for Toronto, when he applied
himself to the study of the law. In this-
profession he soon acquired great dis-
tinction, and was made Professor of Law
in the University of Upper Canada.
He was recognized as a polished scholar
and one of the ablest minds in that pro-
vince up to his death. He has left be*
hind him sons equally distinguished.

BLAKE, JOACHIM, a Spanish Gen-
eral of Irish extraction, was born at.
Valez Malaga, and served fli-st as Cap-
tain and next as Major in the war from
1798 to 1795 between Fiance and Spain.
When Napoleon seized the Crown of
Spain, Blake organized his countrymen
against French occupat ion, and sustain-
ed through varying phases of fortune, a.
high character for military skill and in-
domitable courage. In 1810, he wa»
appointed one of regency, a'nd was-
afterwards elevated to that of Cap-
tain-General. Having been defeated at
Murvadro, he retired to Valencia, but
was at length compelled to surrender.
I On the establishment of the constitution

•rr

BLA

lAlSH CELTS.

BEN

of 1820, he was one of the council of
State, and his defence of that constitu-
tion subsequently exposed him to dan-
ger. He £ed at Yalladolid in 1827.

BLAKELY, JOHNSON, one of the
bravest and most talented of American
jiHval officers, was born in Ireland in
1781. When he was two years of age,
he came with his father to the United
■States and settM in North Carolina.
In 1796, he entered the University of
that State, but adverse circumstances
compelled his withdrawal, and he
sought a position in the navy towards
which his liking as well as talents led.
He was successful in obtaining a mid-
shipman's warrant, and entered the
navy in 1800. In 1813 he was appoint-
ed to the command of the Wasp, and
•soon afterwards captiired the British
Ship Reindeer of superior force, after
.a brilliant action of nineteen minutes.
On the evening of September 1st, 1814,
the Wasp fell in with a fleet of four
sail somewhat scattered, filakely im-
mediately attacked the first of these,
*he brig of war Avon, a vessel of sup-
erior force, and after a severe action
she struck; the other vessels in the
meantime coming up, he was unable, on
accoxmt of his crippled condition, to
'Capture her, and was compelled to retire.
The British reported that they had sunk
the Wasp bv a broadside, but this prov-
ed to be false, as she was afterwards
spoken by a vessel off the Western
Isles. As she was heard of no more,
«he Js supposed to have foundered at
sea with all aboard, and thus was lost,
at the early age of 88 years, one of the
most brilliant and promising of Ameri-
ca's naval heroes.

BLAKE, ROBERT M. D. a physi-
cian, and surgeon dentist of great sidll,
was born in Dublin, about 1776, He
studied dentistry under his uncle, the
€lder Hudson, and became the most
skillful and scientific dentist of his age,
and practiced with great success in Ecun-
burg and elsewhere. He published a
highly valued volume on the structure
and formation of the teeth in man and
various animals.

BLAKE, ROBERT, one of the most
•celebrated of British Admiralc, was a
descendant of the Qalway family of
Irish Blakes, (seeBurke'sPeerages,&c.,)
sand was born at Bridgwater, England,

and was educated at Oxford about the
year 1640. He was elected a member
oi parliament in 1640, and in the strug-
gle between Charles I. and the parlia*
ment, he espoused the liberal side, and
distinguished himself by his gallant
defense of Taimton. In 1649 he was
put in conunand of the fleet. His firat
achievement was the destruction of
Prince Rupert's Squadron at Malaga.
In 1662 and 1653,he four times encoun-
tered the Dutch in desperate engage-
ments, in which he defeated the cele-
brated Dutch admiral Van Tromp, with
great loss. His next exploits were in
the Mediterranean, to which he sailed
in 1764, and where he destroyed the
castles of Galetta, and port of Femo in
Tunis, and intercepted the Spanish
plate fleet. Receiving information that
another plate fleet was lying at Santa
Qruz, in Tenerifle ; he immediatelv
sailed for that port, and forcing his
way into the harbor, he destroyed the
ships, and retired without any loss.
His health having been seriously im-

Sdred by his arduous labors, he bent
s course homeward, Lut died before
reaching England August 27, 1657.

BLAKE, HOIT. SAMUEL HUME,
second son of Chancellor Blake, and
brother of Hon. Edward B., was bom
in 1885, and received his education at
Upper Canada College. He flrst enter-
ea commerical life, and subsequently
the law office of his uncle. Dr. Connor,
and was called to the Bar in 1860. He
entered into partnership with his bro-
ther, and acquired a flne reputation as
a lawyer, especially in chancery cases.
He was offered a position on the bench
as Vice Chancellor by the John A. Mac-
Donald Government, which coming
from a political opponent, is high testi-
mony ex his merit. This he accepted
and has achieved a reputation as a sound
and able judge.

BLAKE, SIR WALTER, a soldier
of the civil wars of 1686, was bom in
County Qalway, Ireland, about 1680.
He was the flrst Catholic gentleman of
distinctioa that joined me standard
of King William, having raised a regi-
ment and sustained it at his own ez«
pense. He died about 1700.

BLATHMAC, and Dermod, joint
monarchs of Ireland, were sons of Ha-
gue III, and ascended the throne A. D.

BLE

nUSH CELTS.

BLO

654. During their
pla^e depopulated

reign a great
the island, to
which th^fell victims. Bede, in his
Church History, speaks of this -me
plague as rava^g a great part of isrit-
ain, A. D. 664.

BLESSINGTON, COUNTESS of,
nee MARGARET POWER, one of the
most celebrated women of her age, was
horn near Clonmel, Ireland, Sept. 1,1789
When only 15 years old she married a
Capt. Farmer. The marriage was not
a happy one, and shortly after her hus-
band's death in 1817, she married the
Earl of Blessington. With him she
traveled extensively on the continent,
and being witty, lively and talented,
she soon became widely known
amongst the literary circles of Europe.
She became acquainted with Lord
Byron at Genoa, and afterward often
saw him at her house in Paris where
she resided for some time with her hus-
band. Here, too, she became acquaint-
ed with Count D'Orsay, who was a
kind of relative by marriage, having
married a daughter of Lord Blessing-
ton by his first wife. After the Earl's
death, which occurred in Paris in 1829,
Lady Blessington returned to England,
and resided at Gore House, Kensington,
where she soon became smrounded
by the most eminent and brilliant
society of the day, and where she shone
by her brilliant conversational powers.
Her expensive and generous entertain-
ments told on her means and she re-
sorted to her pen to fill up the gap.
Her first appearance as an author was,
however, in 1825, when she published
"The Mystic Lantern," this was fol-
lowed by " Traveling Sketches in Bel-
^um," but it was her "Conversations
with Lord Byron," published in 1832,
which brought her prominently out as
an author. This was followed by
" Desultory Thoughts and Reflections,"''
"Grace Cassidy," an Irish novel, "The
Two Friends,'^ "Meredith," "Strath-
em," "The Governess," "Victims of
Society," and many others, besides
poems and sketches of travel, all of
which was well received by the literary
public. She was also a contributor to
the ablest magazines of the day, show-
ing a mastery of all the live subjects of
the times, and a wonderful fund of infor-
mation. She was without doubt, one
of the most brilliant and entertaining of
women. She died in Paris, June 14, 184&.

BLOOD, THOMAS, > daring but
imscrupulous adventurer, was bom iu'
Ireland about 1628. He joined the par-
liamentarians, and distinguished him-
self by his reckless daring. After
the restoration he conceived, and head-
ed an insurrectionary plot, which was-
to begin ith the seizure of Dublin<
Castle, and of Ormond the Lord Lieu-
tenant. The plot was discovered, but
Blood succeeded in escaping, although
his prindpal assistants were caught and
hung. He afterwards returned to Eng^
land, and schemed with the "Fif&
Monarchy Men." Not succeeding he-
went to IreUnd, and was present dur-
ing the troubles in 1666. On the night
of Dec. 6, 1670, he planned and seized
the Duke of Ormond in his coach in St.
John's street, and placing him on a
horse hied away to Tyburn, but so well-
were his plans laid that he was not even
suspected in the matter. His next
scheme was to secure the crown and re-
galia, of England, and on the 9th oi
May, 1671, disguised as a clergyman,
he entered the Tower, and after nearly
murdering the ke£.)er of the jewels,
carried the crown off imder his cloak,
while his associate took the jewels.
They were however quickly pursued
and caught. The King nevertheless,
fearing the threats of a pretended secret
armed and oath-bound conspiracy, to-
revenge the death of any of its mem-
bers, pardoned Blood, and [gave him a
place m court and an estate of £600 a
year. He died in 1680.

BLOOMFIELD, BENJAMIN, a
distinguished officer and diplomat, was-
born in 1762, in County Tipperary, Ire-
land. He earlv^ entered the military
service as an offlcei in the artilery, ana
gradually rose by meritorious conduct,
to be colonel, and at length lieutenant
general in the army. He became a great
ifavorite of the Prince of Wales, and
while the Prince was Regent, Bloomfleld
was marshal and chief equerry. He suc-
ceeded Sir John McMahon as Receiver
General of the Ducliy of Cornwall, and
in 1824 was appointed minister plenipo-
tentiary and envoy extraordinary to
the court of Sweeden, which mission
lie held for many years. He wa^made-
a peer of Irelana in 1824. He died at
an advanced age.

BONAPARTE, MRS. ELIZABETH
PATTERSON, wife of Jerome Bon^

rf*

BON

nUBH CELTS.

BON

lIHi'il

parte, youngest brother of the great
Napoleon, was of Irish descent her father
William Patterson having emigrated
from Ulster to the U. 8, at an early day.
She was bom in Baltimore, Ma., m
1786. Her father had acquired for
those days a large fortune and was
among the citizens of Maryland sec-
ond only to Chas. Carroll of Carrollton
in wealth. He was an ambitious and
worldly man, and his lessons were not
lost on his beautiful daughter. At the
age of ten she is said to have known by
heart the worldly maxims of Rochefou-
cauld, and ^ew up highly accomplish-
ed and ambitious. She is described as
tall and graceful, fair of face with dark
eyes and hair. In the autum of 1803
Jerome Bonaparte arrived in this U. S.
in command of a French frigate and
came tc Baltimore to see Capt. Bai'ney
who had formerly served with him in
the French navy. The distinguished
stranger was feted wherever he went,
and at a ball given in his honor by
Samuel Chase, one of the signers of the
Declaration of Independence, he first
met Miss Patterson. The consequence
was that they became lovers. Her
father foreseeing the possible difficulties
in the way, forbade the courtship, and
sent her away to friends in Virginia.
The lovers were not however to be cross-
ed. They found means of correspcnd-
ingand soon became engaged, and Bona-
parte procured a marriage license, all
le^l formalities were carefully complied
with, and the contract was drawn up by
Alex. Dallas, afterwards Sec'y of the
Treasury, and the ceremonies were con-
ducted with becoming pomp in the
Cathedral of Baltimore, by Archbishop
Carroll in the presence ©f a distinguished
audience, includlnj the French consul.
To smooth the way of the young couple,
1p* ' ers were procured from Pres. Jeffer-
son and other distinguished America:>«»
as to the standing of the family, &c.,
and the American Embassador to France
was to present the case in the most
favorable light to the First Consul.
Robt. Patterson, her brother, who was
then traveling in Europe, a young gentle-
man of culture, called upon members of
the family in Europe and was received
and told by Lucien that the marriage
was approved of by his mother and all
the members of the family except Na-
poleon, and that the bride would be well
received and welcomed into the family.
Before the yoimg couple had departed

from America however they experieneed
the arbitrary and determined opposi-
tion of Napoleon. Orders were received
for French vessels not to receive the
bride on board, and a decree was passed
prohibitinj^ any civil officer in France
from receiving the transcrip+ion of the
marriage of Jerome. They however
took passage on an American vessel,
feeling confident that when Jerome
would see his brother he could smooth
over the trouble. This vessel was wreck-
ed on the coast of Deleware. F nally
they sailed in one of her father's vessels
for Lisbon, Portugal, and arriving, were
prevented from landing by a French
frigate. Finally at the suggestion of
Mad. Bonaparte, his mother, and Mr.
Patterson, Jerome went to Paris to
plead his case before the then Emperor,
protesting his determination to stand by
his wife in every alternative. The se-
paration ]:owever was final. The imperi-
ous will of Napoleon, and the gilded
hopes he held out to Jerom*> proved too
strong for a distant love, and he forgot
his oaths and stifled his principles of
honor and manly independence. His
yoimg wife about to become a mother
was forced to seek a landing place in
England, where her son Jerome Bona-
parte was born. Napoleon applied to
Pope Pius VH for a dissolution of the
marriage on the pretended religious
groimos that the introduction of a pro-
testant into this family was impolitic,
dangerous, and the maniage void, but
the heroic old pope although a prisoner
refused utterly. The Imperial Council
of State however found no difficulty in
pronouncingthe marriage dissolved. As
a reward for his desertion Jerome was
made an admiral and Prince of the Em-
pire, with the right of succession to the
Imperial throne, if Napoleon died with-
out male heirs. In 1807 Jeromo mar-
ried the Princess of Wurtemburg.
The marriage of Jerome dispelled the
delusion which up to that time blinded
the young wife as to the faitUesness
of her recreant husband, and poisoned
with bitterness, and a kind of cynicsd
pride, her whole life. After the down-
fall of Napoleon, Mrs. Bonaparte went
to Europe, and she now spent her en-
ergies in advancing the interests of her
son and aiding Bonapartism. When
Napoleon IH secured the Imperial
crown, she brought her case before the
Council of State, who decided that her
son was entitled to the name of Bona-

BON

miSH CELTS

BON

parte, although not a member of the
Imperial family. On the death of her
faithless husband she again brought suit
for her rights in his property, ard al-
though according to the laws of France
and Justice she fully sustained her
rights, yet inspired by the Government,
the decree was adverse to her, although
her son was acknowledged to be a
"Legitimate child of Prance." This
ambitious mother was disappointed too
in her son. He was recognized by his
grandmother "Madame Mere" and pet-
ted by Pauline Borghese, who at one
time named him her heir, and his moth-
er was desirous to make a distinguished
match for him, but the young man had
good American sense, and no special
ambition, and like his mother, he mar-
ried to suit himself, and that a simple
American girl. Miss Williams of Balti-
more, when his mother would have a
princess. She practiced the most rigid
economy in her expenses so that her son
might not be without ample means if the
situation required them, and actually
through ambition became penurious.
Although she did not receive from her
father an equal share of his estate on
account of her opposition to his desires,
yet at the time of her death she had ac-
cumulated a large fortune. She resided
a great portion of her time in Europe,
and especially in Florence, where she
usually passed the winters, and counted
with pride many royal and distinguish-
ed persons amongst her acquaintances.
She saw her husband, but once after
their separation in Spain in 1805, and
that was in the gallery of the Pittl Pal-
ace, where he came to visit with his
German wife, and where his lawful wife
happened to be at the time. He evinced
considerable agitation, and whispering
something to his companion, they im-
mediately left the gallery and the nert
day the city. The downfall of Na-
poleon in again revived her hopes, now
in the person of her grandson Col. Je-
rome Bonaparte, who had graduated at
West Point and afterwards served with
iistinction in the > rench army, and al-
though ninety years of age, such was the
flro of her ambition, that she put forth
the claim of her grandson, and prophe-
cied that he would be called to the Re-
gency, and perhaps to the Imperial
throne. This wronged but ambitious
woman died after a long life of disap-
pointment and restlesness, April, 1879,
at ti^e great age of 94 years.

BONNER, ROB'T., one of the most
successful of newspaper men, and pro-

Erietor of theN. Y. Ledger, was born in
reland, Apr. 28, 1824. He came to
this country when about 15 years of age
to an uncle living in Connecticut.
He entered the office of the Hartford
Courant shortly after arriving, and be-
came an expert and thorough workman.
He removed to New York in 1844, and
got a ' sit' on the Evening Mirror, and
became N. Y. correspondent for the
Courant, and subsequently of papers in
Boston, Washington and other cities,
and was an indefatisrable worker. In
1857 he foimded the iS". Y. Ledger, hav-
ing saved funr«i enough to purchase the
office of the Weekly Ledger, a commer-
cial p,iper. He turned it into a journal
f ". current literature and popular Action,
and his enterprise, good sense, great
busiLess tact and a quick appreciation
of popular wants soon made it immense-
ly popvdar. He spared no money to
secure the best and most popular writ-
ers to contribute to the different depart-
ments, and at the same time to let the
reading public know the fact. He soon
amassed a great fortune, the circulation
of the Ledger sometimes reaching 500,-
000 copies weekly, Mr. Bonner is also
noted for his fast and magnificent
stable of horses, for which animal he
has a passion, but although he has
some of the fastest trotters in the world,
he never allows them to enter a race.
He is still active as ever in 1883.

BOOTH, SIR ROB'T GORE, M. P.,
was bom in Ireland Au^. 25, 1805, and
was educated at Cambridge, where he
graduated in 1826. He was member of
Parliament for Sligo for many years,
and was a man of fine parts. He died
Dec. 22, 1876.

BORLACE, EDMUND, a physician
and writer of considerable talent, was
bom in Dublin about 1610, and was
educated at Trinity College. He after-
wards settled at Chester, England,
where he died in 1683. His principal
work is a History of the Irish Rebel*
lion

BORROWS, KILDARE, a brave
and gallant officer, was bom in Coun-
ty Kildare, Ireland, and served under
Welliagton, on the Peninsular, and af-
terwards with Packingham in America,
and was present ai the disastrous battle

BOU

IRI&n CELTS.

BOU

of New Orleans. He served also in
India with distinction, and died from
over exertion after tlie gallant capture
of a Burmese fort, in 1825.

BOUCICAULT, DION, one of the
most talented and prolific of modem
dramatists, and an accomplished and
highly popular actor, especially in Irish
clSirpcters, was bom in Dublin, 1822.
He early gave evidence of the bent of
his mind, producing his first dramatic
work before he was nineteen years old,
one too which proved a splendid suc-
cess, and still holds its popularity on
the stage, "London Assurance." 'Phis
was followed in rapid succession by
"Old Heads and Young Hearts,^'
"Love in a Maze," "Used Up,"
"Louis XI," "The Corsican brothers,"
together with a hundred others, in
every branch of the drama, comedy,
farce and melo-drama. In the mean
time he appeared on the stage in his
own plays, and became as popular an
actor, as he proved an author. In 1853,
he came to the United States, and re-
mained here till 1860, acquiring in-
creased fame, and scoring both nnan-
cially and professionally, a splendid
success. On his return to England, he
produced his first great Irish play;
"The Colleen Bawn," which proved to
be one of the most successful of modern
plays. Among other of his works are
"The Streets of London," "Flying
Scud," "After Dark," "The Shaug-
hraim," and "Rescued," all very pop-
ular, Ko dramatist in the English
language, if indeed any dramatist, either
ancient or modern, ever produced so
many popular plays, and although
some may cavil as to the orginality of his
conceptions, there is no doubt, as to his
unrivalled combination of talents in the
constraction of his plays. Brilliant,
sparkling, witty and natural in the dfa-
logue, combined with and supported by
such stage accessaries as demonstr-'^ie
him a master of the dramatic art in its
entirety ; and perhaps unrivalled on the
whole, amongst modem dramatists.
He still continues to produce new ef-
forts, and although above sixty years of
age, he appears on the . stage with all
the fire and vivacity of youth. Most
of his late years have been spent in the
United States, where he is highly po-
pular and esteemed, both as an actor
and a man of letters.

BOURKE, or DeBURGH, RICH-
ABD, Eail of Ulster and Lord of Con-
naught, a ^lant soldier, and who waa
called the Red Earl, was bom in Con-
naught about the year 1250, and was.
descended paternally from Charlem'^
agne and maternally from Cahil Croo-
day or the "Red Hand" king of Con-
naught. He was one of the most pro-
minent, able and powerful noblemen
at the court of Henry IH, and was dis«
tinguished, like so many of his race, for
chivalrous valor and soldierly ability.
He died in 1326.

BOYD, HUG. I Mac AULEY, whose
real name was MacAuley, was bom in*
Ireland, in 174ti, and educated at Trin-
ity College, Dublin. He became &
Eolitical writer of considerable note in
london, and wai amongst the ablest
of his day. Among others, the letters of
Junius were attributed to his pen. His
works were collected in two volumes.
He accompanied Lord MacCartney to-
Madras where ne died in 1791.

BOYLE, HENRY, Eari of Shan-
non, a prominerit Irish statesman, waa
born about 1700, in the county Cork,
and filled some of the highest politics^
offices in the kingdom. He was spea' .
of the House of Commons, Chanceuor
of the Exchequer, Lord Justice, &c.,
and was elevated to the peerage in 1756.
He died in 1764.

BOYSE SAMUEL, a poet of no
mean talent, was the son of a dissent-
ing minister, and was bom in Dublin
in 1708. He adopted literature as a.
profession, was a contributor to some of
the best magazines of his day, and em-
ployed on other literary work of merit.
His talents were unfortunately marred
by dissipation, which at len^h reduced
him to great povertjr and pnvation. He-
died In 1749 in a miserable lodging in
Shoe Lane, in the prime of life. Some of
his poems are to be found in the collect-
ed works of British poets. His prin-
cipal work is a religious poem, "The
Deity," which exhibits talents of a high
order.

BOYLE, RICHARD, Eari of Bur-
lington and Cork, was born in 1695,and
was a man of liberal mind and exten-
sive knowledge, with admirable teste
and talent as an architect. His archi-
tectural designs were much admired

BOY

IBIBH CBUn,

BRA.

for their originality and beauty. He
was the friend of ^ope and the first pa-
tron of the celebratea Bishop Berkeley.
He was made Knight of the Garter in
1780, and died in 1758.

BOYLE, ROBERT, one of th? most
eminent of modem philosophers and
scientists, ranking with Newton and
Bacon, was the seventh son of the cele-
brated Earl of Cork, and was bom at
^Lismore, Ireland, January 26, 1626.
He received his education partially at
Eaton, which was perfected by pnvate
tutors at home, and at Geneva, Switz-
erland. After travelling for some time
over the continent, he at length settled
in England, and devoted Qmself to
science, especially to chemistry and na-
tural philo80i>hy, and till the close of
his life unremittingly pursued his scien-
tific investigations. He was one of tiie
original members of the Royal Society,
and was elected its president, which
office he declirioi!, as he did the presi-
dency of Tlatoa College. The sciences
did not ^aoliy engross his time, he
wrote also on moral and religious sub-
jects, and unlike the latter so-called
scientists and philosophers, materialism
found no support in his consistent and
comprehensive intellect. Among his
many works of liberality, was the found-
ing of a lecture in defence of natural
and revealed religion. As an experi-
mental philosopher he was indefatig-
able, and displayed in that then almost
imexplored field, uncommon skill, pene-
tration, and u wonderful comprehension
of the hidden possibilities before him.
His investigations, discoveries, theories
and deduction imdoubtedly opened the
way to many of the great modem discov-
eries. As a man his character was of
the most estimable, kind, singularly
mild and courteous; he possessed reli-
gion, without bigotry, unbounded leam-
mg without arrogance or self-sufficiency
and chanty without a patronizing osten-
tation. He never muried, but resided
for nearly a half a century with his
favorite sister, Lady Ranlagh, to whom
he was so greatly attached, that even
death did not long divide them, she
prececding him by only a week. He
died on the 80th of December, 1681,
universally regretted.

BRADY orMcBRADY. ANDREW,
first bishop of Eilmore, A. D. 14S0
was of a noble family, and was appoint-

ed bishof of Brefny, which see he
had removed to Kilmore by consent of
Pope Nicholas V. He was a man of
great energy and talents. Ware names
seven bishops of this name who flourish-
ed about this time.

BRADY, GEN. HUGH, an Ameri-
cian officer of Iiish parentage, was
bom in Pennsylvania in 1768, and en-
tered the army as Ensign in 1792. He
served under Wayne in his campaign
against the Indians on the Maumee.and
was made a Lieutenant in 1794, and
Captain in 1799. He distinguished
himself in the year 1812 at Chippe-
way and Niagara Falls having at that
time risen to me rank of Colonel, and
was wounded in the last named battle.
Although nearly 80 T^rs of age he took
part in the Mexican War, and in 1848
was raised to the rank of Major-General.
In 1851 ho was thrown from his car-
riage in the City of Detroit, where he
had resided for jnany years, from the
effects of which he died April 15, the
same year.

BRADY, JAMES TOPHAM, one of

the greatest of American lawyers and
perhaps most successful criminal lawyer
that ever lived, was born in New York
City April 9, 1816. His father had em-
igrated from Ireland a few years pre-
viously and opened a classical school
there. He afterwards studied law
and became a judge. James T. was
educated by his father and studied law
in his office, and was so proficient at the
age of sixteen that he used to assist his
father in the trial of his cases. He was
admitted to the bar before he was of
age, and at once took a leading position,
not only as an eloquent advocate but
for legal accumen and the extent and
readiness of his resources in the trial of
a case. As a criminal lawyer he was
soon recognized as without a rival, and
such was his extraordinary success that
out of 62 capital cases in which he was
counsel, he lost only one, and that client
was a spy and a guerilla and was tried by
court marshal. He was also employed
in almost all the great civil cases of his
time, amongst them the great India-rub-
ber cases in which he was associated
with Dan'l Webster. He was a grace-
ful and eloquent speaker, and his power
to^ charm and electrify his hearers,
arose not alone from his irresistible
powers of convincing and great person-

■'l
^1

idi

BRA.

UUtUi 0BLT8.

BBA

al magnetisin but was, to the cultivated
hearer, increased by the charms of his
diction and the elegance of his lan-
guage. He took a prominent part in
Soliucs, as everjr true American should
o, but he invariably refused to accept
office, saving onl^ that of corporation
counsel, deeming it purely a professional
one. In 1860 he was made a candidate
for Governor of Kew York as a an ultra
states rights man, that is believing that
the reserved rights should be held in-
violate, but he gave a general support
to the administration of Lincoln in its
acts to uphold the union. He was one
of the commissioners sent b^ the gov-
ernment to New Orleans to investi^te
the acts of Gen'ls Butler and Banks. Mr.
Brady wrote much for the magazines
and periodicals and would undoubtedly
have become equally eminent in litera-
ture had he the leisure to give to the
creations of fancy, taste and beauty, as
he had a highly df ted as well as a pol-
ished mind in this respect. He died
suddenly in the very nudst of his fame
and usefulness, Feb. 9, 1869. He was
never married.

BRA.DY, NICHOLAS, a poet and
Church of England divine, bom in
1659, at Bandon, Ireland, was educat-
ed at Westminster, Oxford and Dublin,
held various preferments in Ireland and
England, among others was chaplain to
Wmiam HI, and became celebrated in
London as a pulpit orator. He trans-
lated the .£neid and wrote a tragedy;
but is chiefly remembered by his version
of the Psalms, executed in conjimction
with Tate. He died at Richmond in
1726.

BRADY, ROBERT, a physician and
Ihistorian of the reign of tfames U, was
bom at Norfolk, of Irish extraction, edu-
cated at Cain's college, Cambridge, of
which college he became master and
re^us professor of physic. He was al-
so keejjer of the records in ilxe Towers,
Physician to Jamss U, and one of the
representatives of Cambridge in porlia-
ment. He died in 1700. His principal
works, an Introduction to old Enghsh
History, History of England, and some
scientific works.

BRADY, CAPT. SAMUEL, a fam-
ous Indian fighter of the days of the
Revolution, was of Irish parentage, his
grand-father, Hugh Brady, having em-

igrated from Ireland with his family,at
an early period, and settled in Delaware.
The wilderness in which the family
settled, (five miles from where Shipp-
ensburgh now stands,) was at the time
thinly populated by Irish emigrants,
and there the father of our subject,
John Brady, grew up and married his
wife, Mary Quigly, a daughter of the
same fearless race. John Brady had
distinguished hhnself in the French and
Indian wars, and was a Captain in the
£*rovincial Line. Our subject was boni
in Shippensburg in 1758. In 1768 John
Brady, with his family, removed to the
westem branch of the Susquehanna,
where Samuel lived until the breaking
out of Ihe Revolutionary War, when,
like his race all over the land, he volun-
teered to fight the enemy of his race
and liberty, and forming a company of
rifiemen, he marchea for Boston.
There he distinguished himself by
many acts of daring in the face of the
enemy, and was soon commissioned a
first Lieutenant in Capt. Doyle's Com-
pany, which company was raised in the
Irish settlement in Lancaster county,
and composed of yoimg men. He par-
ticipated in all the principal engage-
ments up to and including the battte of
Monmouth, in all of which he was dis-
tinguished for coolness and bravery.
He was now a Captain, and was order-
ed with his company to the west. On
his way to the westem frontiers, he
visited his home and friends, and found
that his father, who in the meantime had
raised a company and joined the 12th
Regiment of the Pennsylvania Line,
had been dangerously woimded at
the battle of Brandywine. About this
time his brother, who was also in the
army, was murdered by the Indians,
and shortly afterwards his heroic father
metaUkelate. This so enraged our
subject that he vowed vengaence against
all Indians. He participated in the
battle of Princeton and greatly distin-
guished himst'Qf by the daring and suc-
cessful manner in which he extricated
himself and his colonel. Hand, also an
Irishman of Lancaster, when nearly
surrounded by the enemy. In 1780
he was stationed at a little fort
where Pittsburg now stands, under Gen.
Broadhead. All the west to the^ great
lakes was in possession of the iiritish
and their savage allies. Washington
felt the necessity of learning what for^
ces might be orgaifizing in that quarter.

BBE

iBiBH csvn.

BRA.

«nd wrote to Broadhead to send a reli-
able officer and a few men on a scout-
bag expedition aa far as Sandusky.
Broadhead at once selected Brady, who
with a few trusty and fearless men,
set out in May, 1780, on their perilous
expedition. He arrived safely in the
vicinity of Sandusky, made close ob-
aervations on a camp of 8000 Indians,
took a few prisoners, and started for
home. The distance and difficulties of
the expedition being greater than sup-
posed, provisions and ammunition both
were about out, and they were several
days yet from home. Brady had but one
charge of powder when he spied a deer,
his gun missed fire, and while following
the deer he suddenly came in sight of a
large Indian Chief on horseback with a
white child before and its mother be-
hind him, followed by a ntunber of
warriors marching in the rear. He de-
termined to save u possible the mother
and child; standing behind a tree he
awaited his chance to i^oot without en-
dangering the captives. At the click
of the rifle the Indian dropped from the
horse and with him woman and child.
Brady, with a whoop that made the forest
ting, called to his men in the Indian
language to surround the Indians, and
dashed forward to save the captives and
aeciu-e the Indians' powder horn. The
Indian warriors fearing to be surround-
ed dashed into the forest but not until
they had flred a number of shots at
Brady. His own men too, when they
lieard the whoop and shots made ofF,
liavine no powder. Brady arrived
at the Fort Mcintosh the next day with
ihe rescued mother and child. With
his men he now returned to Pittsburgh
by water to report, and was received
with an ovation, it having been report-
ed by friendly Indians that the party
were captured, Brady was the hero of
numerous desperate encounters with
the savages, in which he showed him-
self master of Indian strategy. He be-
came famous throughout the borders,
and was conceded to be the hero of
■Western Pennsylvania. Gen. Hugh
Brady belonged to the same far lily.

BRADY, WM. MAZIERE, a distin-
guished Irish divine and scholar, was
bom in Dnblin in 1825, and was edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, He
afterwards took orders in the Church
of England, was appointed chaplain to
Ihe Lord Lieutenant in 1851, and held

successively the benefices of Farrachy,
Newmarket, Eilberry and Downpat-
rick. Be astonished his hearers in the
Chapel Roval, Dublin, by boldly denoun
cing the Establishment of the English
Church in Ireland as a flagrant injus-
tice ; and was consequently dropped
from the list of chaplains to the Lord
Lieutenant. He of course favored the
disestablishment of the state church,
holding that justice required those alone
who believea in a religion to support it,
or be taxed for its support. In 1873 he
visited Rome and made his profession
of adherence to the doctrines and au-
thority of that church. He has been
an indefatigable worker and among his
works are "The Irish Reformation or
the Alleged Conversion of the Irish
Bishops on the Accession of Queen Eli-
zabeth and the assumed descent of the
present established Hierarchy in Ire-
land from the Ancient Irish Church."
"The McGillicuddy Papers," "Essays
on the English State Church in Ire-
land," "The Episcopal Succession in
England, Ireland and Scotland." He
still continues active as ever.

BRANNAN, GEN. JOHN M., a
distinguished American officer, who
served both in the Mexican and the
civil war, was of Irish decent and boru
in 1819. He rose by a career of honor-
able and brilliant services to the rank
of Major General. ,,^_

?':t|

BREACA and BURIAN SAINTS,
two holy maidens of Ireland, who were
greatly honored in Britain. The for-
mer was baptized by St. Patrick, be-
came a religious, passed over into Brit-
ain and established a community on the
bank of the river Hagle, now called the
Alan in Penrith. Her life was so saint-
ly that she was honored by the erection
of a church, which became famous for
miracles performed through her inter-
cession. Her companion was also held
in great veneration. King Athelstan
erected a church over her remains
which was privileged as a sanctuary,
and which had also a noted school of
learning attached. These holy womeu
died eariy in 500.

BRENDAN, ST., of Clonfert, one
of the most famous of the Irish saints,
not only celebrated for his missionary
labors but also for his voyages and dia»
cpveries; was born about 483 in Kerry,

BRE

IRISH csi/m

BRE

and as a child was under the care of St.
Ita, who devoted hei-self to the care and
instruction of children. He received
his classical education under Bishop
Ercas, and was raised to the priesthood.
He was noted for his zeal and apostolic
spirit, and desirous of spreading the
gospel among a neglected people he
made inquiry among the original in-
habitants (Tuatha — Danians) of the is-
land, who were always noted as a sea-
faring people, as to traditions of West-
ern lands that had been visited at earlier
periods. Among those he visited was
8t. Enda who had a monastery on one
of the Arran Isles, and who was well
versed in all the early traditions on the
subject, St. Brendian returned home
and prepared for his western voyage
fitting tut his vessel in the Bay, now
known by his name, and at length set
sail on the broad Atlantic, directing his
coui*se south-west. The accounts of
this voyage which are numerous, state
that: "After a long and rough voyage,
his little bark being well provisioned;
he came to summer seas, where he was
carried along without the aid of sails
or oars for many days (undoubtedly the
gulf stream). He at length reached
land, and with a portion of his com-
panions landed and pushed into the
wilderness to seek inhabitants. They
traveled for fifteen da^s, and then came
to a large river flowmg from east to
west, (probably the Ohio). They did
not penetrate the country any further,
nor does the traditions state what work
was performed or conversions made.
The saint returned after about seven
years, and undoubtedly must have been
actively employed during that time,
S< andanavian accounts of voyages and
attempted settlements in America by
princes of that race' from Qreenland
about the year 1000 are very definite,
and of undoubted authority. One of their
accounts translated and published by
Kafn, the Danish histoi'ian, admits that
the Irish had already settled on the
coast of America at more southerly
parts, before their time, and they called
the place "Ireland it Mekla" or Great
Ireland, Jand that some of the Norso voy-
agers visited them, " a white people
different from the Esquimaux of the
Dortn, having long robes or cloaks and
frequently bearing crosses in 'eligious
processions and their speech was Insh,"
Those undoubtedly were the remains
of colonies who settled in the days of

St. Brendan and prior to that time, and
indeed every little while evidences of tk
more cultivated race than the Indian is
found along the coast of the United
States, St, Brendan after his return
settled at Clonfert where he founded
one of the most eminent of the early
Irish schools, and which gave to Ireland
and Ji;urope many great saints and
scholars. Its schools were of vast ex-
tent and contained at times thousandH
of students, not only from all parts of
Ireland, but from Britain and the con-
tinent. He himself became famous for
his wisdom and sanctity, and was con-
stantly consulted by the most eminent
bishops and scholars. He was the au-
thor of several works, among them,
"Life and Mirades of St. Bridget." He
died about the year 577 at a great age,
(94 years,) and was buried in his Mon-
astery at Clonfert. In confirmation of
his voyage there are still many old MSS.
In the "Bibliotheque Imperiale" at Par-
is there are eleven Latin MSS., dating
from the eleventh century, besidea
many other scattered over the continent
in Latin and Irish, besides the confirm-
ation of the fact by the Scandanavian
MSS, according to the testimony of Prof.
Raf n, the Danuh Historian.

BRENDAN, SAINT, of Birr, a man
eminent for his learning and sanctity,
was the son of Loralgine, a member of a
distinguished family of Munster. He
became a disciple of St. Finian, of Clo-
nard, by whom he was held in the-
highest honor for his virtues, learning
and supernatural gifts. He was inti-
mate with tie great Coiumbkill ; and
foretold him on his leaving Ireland,
what some of his future labors would
be. He wrote some of his works in
verse, and founded a monastery and
school at Birr, He died in November,
671. A fact known to St, Coiumbkill
at the time, although ihen in lona.

BRIDGET, SAINT, one of the most
eminent of the Irish saints, was bora
about 468. Her father's name was
Dubtach and her mother's Brochessa,
and were said to have been Christians'
at the time of our saint's birth ; this Is
opened to doubt as according to the
most ancient authorities, Brochessa waS'
but a handmaid and slave, and it ap-
pears under the Druidical religion, sO'
among the Hebrews, it was permissible
for rich men to take a handmaid to>

BRI

ntlBH CELTS.

BRI

wife. It is stated that the wife of
Dubtach compelled him to dispose of
Brochessa, and that he sold her to
a Druid, but conditioned that he should
return the child which she was then
bearing in her womb. While the Druid
was on his way home with Brochessa,
he stopped at the house of a piouc
Christian, who, while {^raying, is said
to have received a divine intimation,
that the child of the slave was destined
for great things; and told the Druid
that he must treat her kindly, and that
innumerable blessings would come to
his house. Our saint was born at Fau-
gher, a village near Dundalk, but the
native place of the Druid was Oon-
naught, where St. Bridget spent her
early years and was rearei by a Chris-
tii^n nurse. Many wonderful things
are told of her infancy, which fore-
shadowed her wondenul gifts and
graces. She grew up full of every
grace and virtue, meek, kind and sweet
in manner, and so entirely unselfish,
that she gained the love and admira-
tion of all, under the careful training of
her mother. She developed a wondeii ul

Sirit •f prayer from her tenderest years,
er spirit of charity was not less mark-
ed, while her spirit of obedience was
not satisfied with carefully doing all she
was desired to, but in anticipating every
wish of her superiors. After some
years Dubtach demanded her from the
Druid according to agreement. Her
parting from her mother and from her
kind protector the Druid was her first

freat grief, but though most heart-
roken, she submitted with that meek-
ness and patience which never forsook
her during life. The Druid kindly al-
lowed her mother to accompany her
which was her only consolation. Her
father received her very kindly, but
her step-mother with coMness and con-
tempt, which she did not seek t« con-
ceal. She subjected her to ill-treatment,
and tried to humiliate her by requiring
her to do the most menial offices of the
household. As her virtue and the ad-
mhrable beauty of her character shone
out more from the attempted degrada-
tion, winning the love and admiration
of all, so did the malice of this wicked
step-mother multiply and increase, and
she tried to poison the mind of her
father against her, by putting wrong
constructions on all her actions. It is
said that about this time she accompan-
ied a plouB woman to a synod held in

the plains of Liffey, and that St. Iber
saw m a vision, one whom he supposed
was the Blessed Virgin, standing in the
midst of the Bishops, but on beholding
this child of grace, he recognized in her
the Virgin of his vision. She was
treated with great honor by the assem-
bled Bishops, and it is said that mira-
cles attested her great virtues and the
singular favor in which she was held
by her Divine Master. After this she
was allowed to visit her mother, and
while there, she had charge under her
mother of the Druid's daily. Her ever
burning charitv could not see want go
unrelieved, ana when she was asked to
make a return of all the proceeds, she
became alarmed lest trouble might come
from her generosity, and she fervently
implored God to aid her. Her prayers
seemed heard, for her gifts to the poor
did not reduce the property cf the
Druid. The Druid, seeing the tender
attachment of the mother and child,
and the pain that separation gave, was
moved with compassion and gave the
mother her fieeeqom, and told her to
go with her beloved daughter. Their
gratitude knew no bounds, and weep-
ing with joy they blessed him, and he,
it Is said, soon afterwards became a
Christian. It is recorded also, that
after returning to her father's house,
she took the jewels out of the hilt of a
sword which had been presented to
him by the King of Leinster, and sold
them to relieve the wants of Ihie needy.
This came to the ears of the King, and
being present at a banquet at her
father's house, he called the little maid
and asked her how she dared to deface
the gift of a King. She answered that
she did it to honor a better King, and
that rather than see Christ and his
children, the poor, suffer for want, she
would if she could give all that Aer
father and the king possessed, yen,
"yourself too," If necessary. The Kinf;
was struck with the answer of one ei
young, and said to her father, nbo is
priceless, let Qod work out in His own
way His holy w ill, and do not restrahi the
extraordinary graces conferred on her.
About this time, according to Jocylin,
Bridget assisted at an instruction ^ven
by St. Patrick and had a vision. Pat*
rick, knowing that she had a revelation,
asked her to relate what she had seen.
She answered, ** I beheld an assembly
of persons clothed in white raiment;
and I beheld ploughs and oxen, and

BRI

ntlSH CELTS.

BRI

Btauding com aU white, and immed-
iately they became all spotted ; and after-
waros they became all black; and in the
end I beheld sheep and swine, dogs and
wolves, all fighting and contending to-
gether," and St. Patrick said: The
whiteness represented the church of
Ireland as it ,it was then, for all the
prelates and servants of t!ie church
were pure and faithful and diligent in
all things. The things which were
spotted belonged to the succeeding gen-
eration, which would be stained by evil
works. The blackness represent^ia the
following and more remote times, V7hen
the world would be profaned by evil
and the renouncement of faith. The
contest of the sheep and swine, the dogs
and wolves, represented the contest of
the pure and unpure prelates, and good
and bad men, which in the lapse of
time would come to pass. Bndget's
step-mother having failed in all her evil
designs, urged her father to get her mar-
ried. As she was very beautiful, a most
desirable match could be easily arranged
but Bridget firmly refused and told her
father tluit she had long since resolved
to devote herself to God. It is said her
step-brother lifted his arm to strike her
for disappointing their wishes, when it
became paralyz^. Having communi-
cated her intentions of consecrating
herself to God to some of her pious
companions, thev resolved to accom-
pany her. Havrng arranged all their
matters, the band oi pious maidens di-
rected their steps to Ussna Hill, in the
County of Westmeath, where the holy
Bishop Maccaile was. He graciously
received them, and the next day they
made their vows before him, he
placed white veils on their heads and a
white mantel or habit to wear. This
took place in her sixteenth year, about
469. Some authors say it was St. Mell
from whom she received the veil,
but thev admit the presence of Bishop
Maccaile. Bridget's first community
was established at Bridget's Town near
Ussna Hill, under the spiritual direc-
tions of Bishop Maccaile. She govern-
ed her house with great prudence,
sweetness and firmness, and here her
charities knew no bounds ; the needy
never went empty away, and her char-
ity and miracles soon drew crowds to
receive benefits from her hands. Her
work partook of the nature of the apos-
tolic, for she is credited with the power
of casting out devils, which she often

used. She did not confine her lab03i
or good works to her convent, but went
about serving and instructing the poor,
and reproving and converting the pa-
gans, many oi whom she brought with-
m the fold.. The fame of her works
spread all over Ireland, and she was in-
vited by many pious Bishops to estab-
lish branches of her community in their
diocese. It is said that once while at
Ardagh the See of St. Mell, a great
banquet was given by the Prince of
Longford, at which a servant let fall a
vase of great value and it broke in
pieces. The Prince, in a rage, ordered
the man executed, and St. Mell was
called upon to intercede without avail.
When he ordered the fragments of the
vase to be sent to Bridget, when she im-
nediately restored it to its original per-
f/>ction, at which the man was pardon-
ed ?nd many conversions followed.
Stopping once at the house of a pious
family who had a deaf and dumb child,
and being alone with the child when a
beggar called, she asked the child where
the provisions were kept, who im-
mediately answered, and the parents
were filled with joy on their return to
find their deaf and dumb one perfect.
It is also related that she confounded a
wicked woman who made a false charge
against one of Patrick's disciples nam^
Bronus, by making the sign of the cross
on her lips, compelling her to speak the
truth. On this occasion St. Patrick
appointed the holy priest Natfroich to
be her chaplain and to accompany her
on all her journeys.

She visited the eastern part of Ulster
and also Mimster establishing convents
and performing wonderful works of
mercy, curing me sick, giving sight to
the blmd anaeven abating a pestilence.
It is said while in Limercik a female
slave fled to her for protection from her
mistress; Bridget pleaded for her libera-
tion, but the woman seized the slave,
who clung te the saint for protection,
and commenced to drag her away when
her arm became paralized. She became
frightened and begged the saint to restore
her arm which she did on release of the
slave. Bridget established her com-
munities all over Ireland, found-
ing convents, and placing over them
the most worthy of her disciples. She
spent much time in Connaught parti-
tfcular in Roscommon, and established
many convents throughout the province,
besides gaining many souls to the faith

PSI

iitmti OBLTB

BBI

by her miracles. Her fame was now
second only to St. Patrick's. He sowed
the good seed and she was cultivating
it to rich blossoms and an abundant
harvest. While she was thus engaged,
the people of hevown province Leinster
became uneasy lest they should not be
blessed with her ptresence again, so a
deputation of prominent men were sent
to invite her back to her native home.
She consented, and returned with them.
When they arrived at the Shannon
which they were to cross, no boats
were there, and some pagans who were
present taunted Bridget saying, "Why
don't you walk over, if your God is so
powerful? " Some of the men asking
uie prayer of Bridget and God's assis-
tance immediately proceeded to walk
across, which they did safely to the
great discomfiture of some pagans and
me conversion of others. Her tour
through Ireland, establishing houses
occupied about seventeen years, and
they rivalled the monast. iesinnumbers,
the sanctity of their inmates and the
abundance of their charity. St. Bridget
was received by the people of Kildare
with great afiection and joy, and a
large convent soon rose which proved
of mestimable benefit to its people; a
source of joy to the rich and benedic-
tion to the poor. The convent of Kil-
dai'e was erected about the year 487.
Near it stood a great oak, which Brid-
get blessed, and which stood for cen-
turies afterwards, giving the name to
the place which it retains to this day
Eil-dara, Church of the oak. It finally
yielded to time and relic hunters. Here
our saint was visited by pious souls
from all parts of Ireland, and even
Britain ana Scotland, to seek advice, to
abk her prayers and blessing. Saints,
bishops and nobles came; mothers
brought their children t* be blessed, the
poor to be fed and the sick to be heal-
ed. So great was the crowds that came
that the place soon xtew up into a large
town, the chief onein Leinster. Kings
and nobles vied with each other in fav-
oring it, and it was made a city of re-
fuge. Bridget desired that it might be
made a see and at her request, Con-
lailh, who was an humble hermit, was
made its first IMshop. It has preserved
an unbroken line ever since, and is wne
of the most ancient sees in Europe.
Bishop Conlaith aided by Bridget built
a Cathedral which in the course of time
became large and imposing. Cogitosus,

who wrote about 300 years after Bridget,
describes it as extending over a large
surface of ground and of an imposing
elevation. It was adorned with paint-
ings and contained under one roof three
spacious oratories separated by wooden
screens, while the wall at the eastern
end of the church ran across the whole
breath of the structure from side to side,
frescoed with holy figures and orna-
mented with rich tapestry. This had
two entrances, one at each end. The
one on the right was for the Bishop and
his regular college, and through the
other no one entered but the abbess-
and her community. This church con-
tained many windows and one orna-
mented 'door on the right, through
which the men entered, and another on
the left through which women entered.
St. Bridget was probably first amongst
the saints of Europe who gathered into-
communities holy women under certain
rules of obedience. The Abbess of
Kildare exercised control over all
the convents of the Bridgetatine Order
in Ireland, as is now the general custom
with religious communities, being all
subject to a mother house ; but inwose
days it was not so, as the Augustinian
nuns were subject only the superioresa.
of the house in which they lived. The
church of Kildare and its plate and pro*
pertv belonged to the nuns, and this-
mother house became in the course of
time very wealthy from the gifts and
largesses it continually received from the?
rich and noble. St. Bridget was held
in high esteem by the holy men of her
day, as well as by the kings and princea
of the land, who often came to profit
by her advice and instruction. She
stood sponsor for the nephew of Kinf
Echodius and prophesied that he would ,
be raised to the episcopacy. He after-
wards became bishop of Clogher, suc-
ceeding St. Maccartln. She also fore-
told of the birth and greatness of St»
ColumbkiU.

Bridget practiced the most severe aus>
terities, spending her nights in prayer
and contemplation, and as her body
was not vigorous she suffered severely.
St. Patrick highly extolled her virtuea
and mission, ana looked upon her as
one raised up by God to perfect the

f:ood work he had commenced. She
requently visited him for his blessing,
advice and encouragement. She waa
warned of his approaching end, and set
out with four oi her nuns to receive hla

H-
■''t

f-l

.'■I
Ml

'i-i

BRI

IBISH CELTS.

BRI

dying benediction and to attend his
ODsequies. Her life was filled with
acts of mercy and charity. She labor-
ed in every way to promote the glory
of Ood, and the good of souls. The
consolations of a life overflowing with
good works, was hers, as she calmly
and serenely awaited the inevitable call,
a call to her full of sweetness and hope,
as coming from her Divine Spouse for
whom she so ardently sighed. She was
forewarned of her approachingdeath,
and told a favorite nun named Derlug-
dacha of the event, who was distressed
at the prospect of losing her beloved
mother; but the saint told her to be con-
soled for one year from the day of her
death she would be united with her in
heaven. The prediction was fulfilled
and St. Bridget having received the
Blessed Sacrament from the hands of
St. Neunnidh, she soon after passed
away in the odor of san -Mty on the Ist
of February, 535, in the V2d year of
her age. The venerable St. Conlath
had died some time before, and was in-
terred on one side of the high altar. On
the other, the holy remains of St. Brid-
get found a resiling place. Her tomb
was the resort of pious pilgrims for
centuaries, and innumerable cures were
attributed to her intercession. During
the- invasion of the Danes, her remains
which had been enshrined were removed
to a place of safety. This church was
plundered by them in 881. The re-
mains were subsequently deposited
with those of St. Patrick in the Cath-
edral of Down where they remained for
nearly 400 years, or until the more bar-
barous reformers plundered and de-
stroyed the shrine. The relics or por-
tions appears to have been preserved,
for we find by Cardosus, that the head
of St. Bridget was in a church of the
Cistercian nuns near Lisbon, where her
festival and an office is yearly held on
the Ist of February, ana that outside
church door was a slab with this in-
scription, " In these three graves are
interred the three* Irish Knights who
brought the head of the glorious St.
.Bridget who was bom in Ireland, and
whose relics are preserved in this cha-
T)el. Erected in the month of January,
1288."

Few saints were perhaps ever honor-
ed during their lifetime as was Saint
Bridget. She was not alone regarded
as a model of all sanctity, but also as a
special friend of Ood, who could obtain

any favor asked. She was consulted
by holy Bishops, and it is said that her
opinion was asked for by an Irish Synod
and taken as authoritative and|the people
called her, "Altera Maria, another
' 'Mary and Mary r -f the Irish. " Churches
in her honor were xo^nded all over Eu-
rope. In Ireland, her name is justly
held in the highest veneration, and the
praises bestowed on her by the saintly
writers who were her cotemporaries,
show that she was indeed preeimnent for
saintly qualities, when so marked in
days m which the Isle was filled with
saints. The ruins of the ancient church
of Eildare still exist*

BRIEN, BOIROIMHE, one of the
wisest, and most celebrated of the Irish
Monarchs, was son of Eennede, Prince
of Thormond of the race of Heber,
who governed Munstsr during the per-
fidious imprisonment of Keallachan,
the king, by the Danes. It was Ken-
nede, who planned the expedition by
sea and land, which led to the release
of the king and the tragic death of
Sitrick, the Danish prince, byFiongall,
the commander of the Irish fleet, who
sprang with him into the sea, at the
bloody naval action in the Harbor of
Dundalk. Brien succeeded his brother
Mahon on the throne of Munster, A. D.
056. He had already signalized himself
against the Danes, as general of the
Munster forces, and on succeeding to
the throne, after chastising the murder-
ers of his brother and O'Faolan, prince
of Desie, who supported their quarrel,
he turned his arms against the Danes,
who bad made an alliance with the king
of Leinster, and defeated them in several
bloody battles ; compelling the Leinster
people to pay tribute, and scourging the
Danps out of those provinces. He also
declared war against the Danes of Dub-
lin and advancing against that city, he
defeated them with a loss of 6,000 killed
and after raising the walls he plundered
the city and took hostages. The leth-
argy, and criminal indifference of
Malichi, the Monarch, towards the
Danes, and their ravages, aroused the
indignation of Bricn, and calling to-
gether the princes of Munster and Con-
naught, it was decreed by them that
Malichi r' ould be dethroned and Brien
placed in his stead, as one who had
demonstrated his ability to curb the
insolence and aggressions of the Danes.
Bricn at once moiched with a powerful

they

BBI

XBISH OBVn.

BRI

-aiaj to Tara, and compelled Mallchi
to abdicate without a blow, who how-
e!7er retained his title of king of Meath,
his patrimony. The sceptre of Ireland,
which had been held by the descendants
•of Hermon almost uninterruptedly from
the advent of the Celto-Milesians, now
passed to those of Heber A. D. 1002.
Having received the homage of O'Con-
nor, king of Connaught, and the princes
of that province, he entered Ulster with
an army of 20,000 men, principally of
his own tribe of Dal-Cass. He was re-
edved with every mark of honor by the
people, and by Maelmury, Archbishop
©f Annagh, and was visited here by
Hugh O'lieill, king of Ulster, who ac-
knowledged him as Monarch. Having
thus without a blow, or a drop of blood,
established his authority, he repaired to
' Tara, where he was solemnly crowned in
an assembly of Bishops and Nobles.
He immediately set to work to put pub-
lic affairs into order, enacted new laws
which were necessary to meet the
changes in the times, and secure the
pubhc welfare, and saw that all laws
were strictly enforced, and respected.
He made the resident Danes rebuild the
-churches they had destroyed, as well as
the monasteries and schools of learning.
He re-established the great universities,
which the ravages of so many years of
war had ruined. He founded new
ones, all of which he liberallv endowed.
He encouraged, and honored all distin-
guished for their learning, making
science and knowledge flourish once
again, as It did before the barbarians
had visited the island, with their plun-
dering expeditions. He also restored
old proprietors to the possessions which
they had lost by Danish plunder, built
fortresses in every commanding posi-
tion, in which he placed garrisons for
the public safety ; repaired and paved
the public highways throughout the
kingdom, building bridges over the
rivers, and marshes, so that travel mi^ht
be easy and expeditious. He also
caused to be adopted the use of sur-
names, so as to more easily preserve the
genealogy of families; the governing
families taking the additional Mac. or
O' to designate their descent from a no*
ble and illustrious ancestor, O' mean-
ing of and Mac. son of. Brien resided
pnncipally at Kean-Coradh, on the
Danks of the Shannon, where he held
his court and transacted the affairs of
the kingdom, assisted by a great con-

course of princes f roqi all parts of the
kingdom. Peace which had now reign-
ed for about ten years, was unfortunate-
ly broken by an affront which Mac Mur-
chad, king of Leinster, and brother-in-
law to the Monarch had received from
Morrough, eldest son of the Monarch,
while attending Court. He suddenly
departed for his province without tak-
ing leave of any one, and determining
on revenge, he secretly made an alliance
with 8itrick prince of the Dublin
Danes, who privately sent an express to
the king of Denmark for aid. That
kin^ seeing a favorable opportunity of
again getting a footing and possessions
in Ireland, sent his sons, Charles Crot,
and Andrew, in a fleet with 12,000men
who were farther reinforced by 4,000
liwe^ians from the Hebrides. They
landed in Dublin, and were joined by
all tl^e Danes then in Ireland, together
with the Leinster troops making a formi-
dable army. The Monarch on behold-
ing the gathering storm assembled hia
gallant Munster men, who were flll^
with enthusiasm, the prestige of victory,
as they recounted the heoric deeds of
the past against these same enemies of
their country, and under the same
heoric leader who had led them twenty-
flve times to victory, and who, although
in his 88 year, was about to lead them
once again. He was joined by the king
of Connaught and Mulichi, late Moo
arch, king of Meath, with their forces
in all amounting to 80,000 men. He

Sbve the chief command of the array to
orrough his son, who led the right.
He himself with O'Kelly prince of Con-
naught headed the center, while Malichi
commanded the left. Everythinc: being
ready they pressed on towards l>ublin
and found the enemy aw£ ^ng them, in
a chosen jjosition, on thepiuinsof Clon-
tarf, two miles from the city. The
Irish troops, eager for the fray, advanc-
ed against the enemy at 8 o'clock on the
morning of Good Friday, April 28,
1014, when the most bloody and mem-
orable battle in Irish history was fought.
Malichi after the first brush on some
flismy pretext remained with his troops
an idle spectator of the conflict, but the
remainder of the Irisli forces made up
in valor what they lost or lacked in
numbers ; for after a most desperate
and sanguinary conflict, whicl>. lasted
untill 5 o'cloclc in the af terno m, they
gained a glorious and decisive victory ;
and crushed the hopes and the power

■M

BBI

nUBK GBIAVL

BBO

of the Danes in Ireland forever. About
20,000 men lay dead on the field of
battle, of whom 13,000 were Danes and
their allies, and among them the king
of Leinster and the two sons of the king
of Denmark, Bruadar Admiral of the
fleet, and many chiefs. The victonr
was not however cheaply purchased.
The gallant old monarch, after prod-
igies of valor, at length retired to his
tent to rest and pray, and although too
exhausted to fight, his arms were lifted
in prayer to the God of his fathers that
success might crown their efforts ;
while thus absorbed, he was noticed
and recognized by a retreating band of
Danes, headed by Bruadar, the Admiral,
who slew him as he knelt ; but every
man of them was put to the sword be-
fore they could reach their vessels.
Morrough son of Brien, and command-
er of the Irish forces, was also among
the slain as well as his son Turloii^h,
and O'Kellv, prince of Connaught, with
manv chiefs and lords. Thus ended
the life of this glorious Irish monarch,
who was as distinguished for' wis-
don, as valor ; for greatness of soul as
for military exploits.

BRIEUC, SAINT, was born in Ire-
land and flourished in the 5th century.
He went to the continent to preach the
gospel, and founded a monastery which
was the origin of the present town of
that name in the department of Cote-
du-Kord-France. He converted large
nnmbers of the Franks and other bar-
barians to Christianity, and established
schools where all the learning af the age
was taught.

BRIGGS, REV. WILLIAM, one of
the most prominent and able ministers
of the M. E. Church in Canada, was
born in Ireland in 1880, and became
connected with the Canadian branch of
his church in 1850. H was soon re-
cognized as one of its ablest membci-s,
and is highly esteemed for his learning
and eloquence.

BRISAY. REV. THEOPHILUS, a
protestant aivine, and first protestant
clergyman who was stationed on Prince
Edwards Island, was born in Tipper-
ary, Ireland, in 1764, and was appoint-
ed by Royal warrant to the parish of
Charlotte, in 1776. He was acting
Gov. of the island for a time, and was
an able supporter of educational and

other progressive movements on the is-
land. He died in 1828.

BRODRICK, SIR ALLAN, a law-
yer of eminence, was bom in County
Cork, Ireland, about 1680, and after
having filled the chair of the Irish
House of Commons, held successively
the ofllces of Solicitor and Attorney
General and Lord High Chancellor. Hie
was elevated to the peerage in 1715 and
created Vercount Middleton, in 1717.
He died in 1728.

BRODERICK, DAVID C, a talen^
ed American legislator and politician,
was bom in the District of Columbia,
December, 1818, of Irish parents. His-
father was a stone-cutter and worked
on the Capitol building, and it is said
that some of the columns in the old
Senate chamber, where his son after-
wards sat among the greatest of the-
land, were cut and placed by him. He
died when David was quite young, and
his widow, theninN.Y. City, had to sup-
port her young family by toilsome labor
of the humblest kind. Toung David con*
sequently received but a rudementary
education in the common schools of
that city, and while yet but a child,,
had to add his labor in aiding his moth*
er to support the family. Being quick,
bright and manly he soon puiuied hi»
way along, and when large enough he
engaged himself to learn the trade of
his father. As he advanced towards
manhood he took an active interest in'
politics, and his natural ability and en-
ergy soon gained him prominence in
local politics. Ward and municipal
honors were accorded to him, and he-
did not fail to cultivate his talents tO'
meet the positions in which he was
placed, and his mind, clear and capa*
cious, improved and expanded by his
contact with cultivated men of the
world. In 1849, when the golden vis-
ion of California's richness burst upon
the country, Broderick, like thousands
of others, was dazzled by the prospects
and he transferred his fortunes to the-
new "Eldorado." His habits and in-
stincts as a politician followed him to
his new home and he quickly became
identified with the active politics of the
new country, and was a member of the
convention which drafted the constitu-
tion of the new state. Bold, fearless,
energetic and talented, he was such a
man as the stormy elements of the time

•'\'

BBO

nUSH OOiLTS.

BBO

and place could admire. He became a
leader of his party (Democratic) and
was elected a state senator in 18/)0, and
president of that body in 1851 . In 1856
after a hot struggle he was elected one
of the U. S. senators from that state,
and the little orphan boy of yesterday,
struggling amidst the great sea of hu-
manity in New York City for bread, is
now the peer of Webster and of Clay,
whose genius and eloquence were
charming senates as he there started his
struggle for bread. A brilliant future lay
before him; he was but in the early
prime of life ; and yet through the force
alone of his character and commanding
abilities, he not only, unaided, but op-
posed by talented and cultivated states-
men, mastered all opposition, and won
a position which but few men of the
same age (37) with every advantage —
education, wealth and powerful friends
— seldom attain. Nor did he prove un-
equal to the high station, for although
the U. S. senate, at the time of his en-
tering, contained some of the greatest
min£ that ever adorned that Dody —
Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Cass, Benton
— and questions of the gravest impor-
tance were agitating Congress, yet the
young senator took a prominent part in
the great debates, and was not less not-
ed for his manly independence and de-
fiance of party dictation, especially as
to the slavery (question, than for his
commanding ability; earning the ap-
plause and admiration of his great co-
temporaries. On returning home in 1859
he became involved in some political and
personal antagonism with Chief Justice
Terry of that state, which ended in a
duel, in which he was unfortunately
killea, being at the time only 40 years
of age.

BROOKE, HENRY, a writer of abil-
ity and merit, was born in 1706, at
Kantavau, Ireland, and was bred to the
bar. He was the friend of Swift and
Pope, the latter of whom is said to have
encouraged, if not assisted him, in his
poem of Universal Beauty, which ap-
peared in 1782. Darwin seemed to have
made the versification of this poem the
model of his own. Brooke's next pro-
duction was the tragedy of Gustavus
Vasa, which in consequence of its sup-
posed political tendency, the licenser
would not allow to be acted. The
author however published it by sub-
Mription and gained a thousand pounds.

He soon after returned to Ireland, and
received a government employment,
which he held till his death, which oc-
curred in 1788. One of the most fin-
ished and popular of his works is the
"Pool of Quality." His dramatic and
miscellaneous works form four octavo
volumes.

BROOKE, PRANCES, whose maid-
en name was Moore, was the daughter
of an Irish clergyman, bom about 1720.
Her first published production was a
periodical called " The Old Maid, which
appeared in 1755 and '66, she wrote the
tragedies of "Virginia" and the "Siege
of Sinope ;" besides the musical drama*
of Rosinaand Marian, the novels "Lady
Julia Mandeville," "Emily Montague,'*^
&c., and the memoirs of the Marquis-
de St. Porlaix, also numerous transla-
tion of letters and history. She died
in 1789.

BROOKE, GUSTAVUS VAU-
GHAN, a celebrated Irish tragedian
who stood at the head of his pro-
fession in Great Britain. He was bom
in Ireland in 1818, and was an actor of
eminent naturalness and power and of
great popularity. He was second ta
none, perhaps, who ever trod the Eng-
lish stage.

BROOKE, REV. STAPPORD, a
talented divine of the church of Eng-
land, was born in Dublin, in 1882, and
was educated at Trinity College in that
city, where he graduated in 1853. He
subsequently received orders. In 1857
he became curate of St. Matthews,
Maiylabone, London, and became pop-
ular by his eloquence. He was after-
wards appointed rector of St. Jame'sand
Bedford Chapels and in 1872 was mnde
chaplain in ordinary to the Queen.
Among his works are Theology of the
.English Poets, " A Primer of English
Jiiteratiure," "Sermons," &c.

BROPHEY, REV. George, a noted
and learned Irish divine, was born near
Kilkenny, Ireland in 1776. His father
took part in the Rebellion of '98, and
was present at the Battle of Vinegar
Hill, he was afterwards captured and
executed by the British. Youni^ Brop«
hey who from an early age was destined
forthepriesthood,receivcd his education
at Carlow College and at the Irish Col-
lege in Paris, where he was ordained in

. I.

BRO

IRISH CELTS.

BRO

1789. Besides his classical learning he
'Was proficient at this time in the French,
^Spanish, Italian, English and Irish
'languages. While in France during
theKevolution he became personally ac-

Suainted with its leaders and considered
Canton, Robespierre and Marat human
fiends.. He had also many personal
conversations with Napoleon and when
Napoleon was taken prisoner by the
English and was about being sent to St.
Helena, Father Brr liey w"^ among
the vast concourse, -■... >». lif \...ic'l to ?us
last words on the sol,' ;;f S?rance. He
«lso assisted at the ;^'.n!:ul ;>: 3quies
held in 1883, whenthei«*>wirf«i,iUona-
parte were brought back io nis be "d
France for interment. He witne^^^e*'
the attempt on the life of Louis Philippe
by Fuschi, beholding the terrible ex-
;piosion and the havoc it caused. Fath-
er Brophey attended the illustrious La-
fayette in his last illness, assisting Arch-
bishop Duponton and was there at the
time of his death. In 1848 Father
Brophey came to America and was ap-
pointed pastor of St. Paul's Chiu'ch N.
X. City. During his ministry there he
built nine churches. Under his spirit-
ual instruction the late Archbishop
Bailey was converted from Protestant-
ism and by his advice went to Rome,
where he was received into the church.
He became personally acquainted with
many of the most eminent men of his
•day and amongst them he coimted Presi-
dents Tyler, Polk, Filmore, Pierce,
Buchanan and Lincoln. He removed
to Iowa in 1865, and although in his
^th year proposed to establish an Irish
College and for that purpose purchased
A large tract of land near Boone, but
for some reason the project was never
pushed forward. After some few
years more of priestly labor he removed
to Davenport, Iowa, and entered Mercy
Hospital to spend the remainder of his
days. There tenderly cared for by the
dsters he spent the last years of his long
iind eventful life, performing as he
could the divine offices and minister-
ing still to relieve the heavy laden. At
length worn out with age he layed down
his Durthen at the call of the Master
whom he had so long and faithfully
served. He died Oct. 16, 1880 at the
great age of 105 years.

BROME, ALEXANDER, a relative
«nd friend of the succeeding, was a
writer of considerable talent and spirit

Satires, songs and epigrams without
stint he poured out against the parlia-
mentary party, during the struggle be-
tween the parliament and the crown.
He also wrote a comedy, "The Cun-
ning Lovers," and edited an edition of
Richard Brome's plays. He died in
1666.

BROME, RICHARD, a dramatist of
considerable merit, and cotemporary
and friend of Ben Johnson, was a na-
tive of Ireland, and on first comingto
England hired out as a servant. He
wrote fifteen plays, some of which were
very popvilar m meir day. He died in
1653.

BRONTE, ANNA, one of the cele-
brated sisters of that nnme, whose lives
fill us with mingled feelings of sorrow,
admiration and regret. See the follow-
ing sketch of Charlotte.

BRONTE, CHARLOTTE, one of

the most celebrated literary notables of
her age, was the daughter of an Irish
clergyman, Patrick Bronte, who short-
ly before her birth became curate of a
poor English parish at Thorton, York-
shire, where Charlotte was bom, April
21, 1816, In 1820, they removed to
Harworth to which her father had been
appointed rector. About this time her
mother died, leaving a family of little
cUldren, who had in great part, to look
to themselves for occupation and
amusement. The limited resources
of their father, compelled the chil-
dren early to learn lessons of econ-
omy and thrift, and sharpened and de-
veloped the intellectual faculties of
these quick witted children, surrounded
as they were, by a people notoriously
dull and unimaginative. In 1824 four
of the sisters were put to school at a
place called Cowars Bridge. Two of
them died the following year from dis-
eases contracted there, more from neg-
lect, and bad and Insufficient food,
than any other cause. Charlotte and
Emily returned home, and for several
years attended to household duties, but
devoting much of their spare time to
writing, more to satisfy a desire, than
for any distinct motive. It tended
however to develope Uielr natural
powers and quickened their observation.
In 1886 Charlotte was arain sent to
school, where she remained two years.
At this time adversity, lack of proper

BBO

naBn OEiyrs.^

BRO

social surroundings, apart from home,
and the loss of two of her dear sister
companions, had made our little wo-
man serious, if not despondent; with no
desire for aught but serious' thoughts
and the acquirement pf useful informa-
tion. Although serious, her compan-
ions at school soon found her interest-
ing, as the developement of her ima-
ginative piower and its practical train-
m^ by writing had made her an inter-
esting story teller, and she was often
called upon to entertain them. In 1835
she was employed in this school as a
teacher, but the drudgery wore upon her
health and spirits, and she was com-
pelled to give it up. : She then tried ae
governess; but the family were unap-

Ereciative and uncongenial, and she
ad too much self-respect and indepen-
dence to be continually slighted by in-
feriors. The sisters then determined to
start a school of their own, and for this

Eurpose Charlotte and Emily went to
Inissels to perfect themselves in French,
&c. At the end of six months they
were employed in the school as teach-
ers. Emily remained but a year, and
Charlotte remained two. In 1844 she
returned, and they made arrangements
to open a school; sent circulars, and
secured many words of encouragement
but when the day of opening came, no
scholars appeared. Such was the hard
fortune of these Indefatigable girls.
They now divided their time between
household duties and literary labors,
and in 1846, produced a volume of
poems, under the names of "Carrier,
Ellis and Acton Bell." It did not prove
a paying risk, and then each of the
sisters set about writing a novel. Char-
lotte produced "The Professor," Emily,
"Welthering Heights," and Anne,
"Agnes Gray." Charlotte nowhere
found a publisher, but the other two,
were more fortunate, and met with fair
success. Charlotte, disappointed but
undismayed, went again to work, and
produced "Jane Eyre," which was
published In 1857, and met with un-

Erecedented success; and was translated
ito most European languages. Thus was
this indefatigable and herdc Uttle wo-
man at length rewarded. All this time
these modest but heroic girls were un-
known even to their publishers, and were
supposed to be men; especially as their
assumed names "Currier, Ellis and Act-
on," sounded that way, and before the
world knew their indentity two of them

had passed away, broken down by a hard<
fate, disappointment and labor. Em-
ily died in Dec, 1866 and Anne the fol-
lowing May. Charlotte's only solace-'
under her great afflictions was to write,
and in Oct. '49 she published "Shirley"
and through it her identity was dis-
covered. In 1853 she published "Vilet-
te" which was received with unbounded!
praise. In 1854 she married Rev. Aj-
thur NichoUs, her father's curate, and
in March, 1855 she died. After her
death, the "Professor," her rejected
work, was published, and proved near-
ly as popular as any. This family was-
certainly a most extraordinary one, pos-
sessing talents of a high order, deve-
loped under the most un^'vvorable cir>-
cumstances. Perhaps f r , .' 'ny work
of the imagination ever > ibh sd, had
as large a class of in+i'Mectv readers'
as Jane Eyre, or ere . ^ c ., ;«.fe pro-
found impression.

BRONTE, EMII Y, sis er of the
foregoing, and thr loving and loved
partner of her woi'. or Joys, and her
sorrows, was but liu j i any inferior to
her in genius. The almost uniform'
sadness of her life must bring tears tO'
every eye, and every generous breast
must feel regret and sorrow that she did
not live to feel the sunlight which her
countless admirers would so willingly
surround her with. See preceding.

BROUGHAM, JOHN, an eminent
Irish-American actor, dramatist and
scholar, was born in Dublin, May 8,
1810. He received his education at
Trinity College, Dublin, where he grad-
uated with honor. Chas. Lever, the
celebrated Irish novelist, was one of his
class-mates, and it is said his friend
Brougham furnished him the tnodel for
theonginalof 'Harry Lorequer.' Broug-
ham studied medicine but never prac-
ticed, his passion for the drama being
so strong that he finally adopted the-
stage, and made his debut in London,
1880, in "Tom and Jerry." In 1883 he
joined the company of Madame Yestris-
flrst at the Olympic, and afterwards at
Covent Garden as general utility man,
and in 1840 he launched out in the im-
certain sea of theatrical management
and met the usual success. About this
time too, he made bis first attempt as a
dramatist, and produced "Life in the
Clouds." In 1843 he came to the U. 8.
to better his fortune, and made his de>

■m

i If-

' 1.1 A

BBQ

IRISH CELTS

BRO

but at the Park Theatre, 1<. Y., as
"Tim Moore," in the Irish Lion, and he
■ever afterwards was a favorite with the
American public. His unlucky star
was a strong penchant for theatrical
management wh*ch repeated misfor-
tunes failed to cure. He founded
Brougham's Lyceum, afterwards con-
ducted by Lester Wallack, tried the
Bowery and then Fisk's 5th Avenue,
and lost money in every venture. He
produced many plays, burlesques and
adaptations, and was an elegant graphic
and natural writer and constructor.
Among his productions are, "The
Haunted Man," and "Gold Dust." The
most successful of his comedies, "Play-
ing with IFire," was a marked success
in l^ew York and Loudon. He wrote
the "Duke's Motto," for Fechter. In
1861 he went to London and played a
successful engagement, and returning
to New York resumed his labors in
both lines. The failure of the bank in
which he deposited, swept away all his
-savings, at a time too when he most
needed them, for his health was fast
becoming impaired. He however bore
bravely up against his misfortunes. His
great popularity with his professional
brethren insured him a magniflcent
benefit in which some of the most dis-
tinguished American actors took part,
and which realized for him $10,000.
He did not live long to benefit by the
kindness of his friends, for the disease,
inflammatorv rheumatism, which had
fastened itself upon him and had ren-
•dered it impossible for him to practice
his profession, soou attacked vital parts
^md he died June 7, 1879, in the seven*
tietii year of his age. Brougham was
not only an elegant writer and a polished
actor, but he was a scholarly and culti-
vated gentleman, and unrivalled as a
conversationalist, overflowing with wit,
humor and anecdote, supported by a
lively and brilliant imagination. It
may be easily conceived that he was
ever the welcome guest of the social
circle, as well as the idolized companion
of those who loved a feast of reason and
a flow of soul. He left an auto-biography
and an unpublished Irish play called
Home Rule. And here we must say
that in his Irish characters John Broug-
ham may be credited with having cre-
ated a new and more worthy standard
for the stage Irishman, discarding the
low buffoonery which had characterized
jthem b^ore liis time, he placed them

on the stage full indeed of their native
wit and humor, but with a dignity and
depth of pathos eminently characteris-
tic of that great and unrivalled race,
and for which he is entitled to the ben-
edictions of a people too long carica-
tured, defamed and robbed, by the
cunning of that huge fraud called An-
glo-saxonism.

BROWN, ANDREW, a patriot and
writer of note during the American re-
volution, was a native of Ireland, and
came to America, in 1773, as a British
soldier. He left the service, and es-
poused the cause of the colonies. He
fought at Lexington and Bunker Hill,
and continued with pen and sword to
uphold the cause. After the conclusion
of the war he opened a school in Penn-
sylvania, and some time afterwards
started the "Federal Gazette," which
he changed to the "Philadelphia Ga-
zette " so as to divest it of a partisian
appearance. His paper became very
interesting and popular, it being the
medium through which much <h the
political discussions of the period were
carried on. His death was caused by a
terrible calamity which befell himself
and family in 1797. His wife and three
of his children having been burned to
death and he himself receiving fatal
injuries in the destruction of their home
by fire. One son alone survived, who
succeeded his father in conducting and
editing the Gazette.

BROWN, CHARLES BROOKDEN
an American novelist and man of let-
ters, was bom in Philadelphia, of Irish
extraction, January, 1771. After a
good common school education he com-
menced the study of law, but having a
passion for literary ptu^uits he aban-
doned the profession and gave himself
wholly up to literature. His first pub-
lication was "Alcuin, or the Rights of
Women." His first novel was Miland,
published in 1798, a powerful and ori-
ginal romance, after which followed
"Ormond," succeei!«id by others in rap-
id succession. In 1799, he started the
"Monthly Magazine and American Re-
gister," which he edited for five years.
He also wrote about this time some able
political pamphlets, besides a series of
American annuals and left unfinished a
system of geography said to possess un-
common merit. He died in 1810. •

BBO

IBISH CEZiTB.

BRO

BROWN, JACOB, a Major General
of the U. S. army, was the son of Irish
settlers in Pennsylvania, where he was
bom in 1775. He first adopted the pro-
fession of land surveyor, and practiced
his profession in the wilds of Ohio before
he was of age. He went from thence
to New York, to study law, and taught
school to sustain himself. From thence
he went to the shores of Lake Ontario,
to work out his fortune. On the break-
ing out of the war of 1812, he entered
the service of his country as a militia offl-
cer,and so greatly did he distinguish him-
self in the defences of Ogdensburgh and
Sacketts Harbor, that he rapidly rose
in rank, and in 1814 was appointed a
brigadier, and afterwards a Major-Qen-
eral in the Regular Army. He was
placed in cbief command at Niagara.
He comiaanded in person at the battles
of Chippewa, Niagara, and Fort Erie.
At the conclusion of the war Gen.
Brown and Gen. Jackson were alone
retained as Major -Generals ; and on
the retirement of Jackson, in 1831, he
became sole commander of the TJ. S.
Army. He died at Washington in 1828,
aged 52 years.

BROWN, JOHN A., a noted Irish-
American philanthropist, was born in
Ireland in 1778, was a member of the
celebrated banking firm of Brown Bros. ,
and came to the U. 8. as manager of the
PliJladelphia branch of that firm. He
was distmguished for ability and cul-
ture. He died in 1872.
f

BROWN, THOMAS, an Irish divine
and writer of note in his day, was chap-
lain to the bishop of Loughlin, of
whom he wrote a life. He flourished iu
the early part of the 16th century,

BROWN, SIR WM., a distinguish-
ed merchant, writer, and public bene-
factor, was born in Ireland in 1784, and
In his 12th year, came to the U. S. with
his parents. Here he laid the found-
ation of one of the most extensive
mercantile firms in the world. Es-
tablishing the principal house in Liver-
pool, he oecame the leading importer
of Ajnerican Cotton. He was naturally
of a philanthropic mind, and took an
abiding interest in everything that re-
lated to the improvement of the masses.
He was a liberal reformer, an advocate
of free-trade, and an unceasing promotor
of the education of the people. He

contributed a series of letters to the
Pennsylvanian, an American news-
paper, which attracted much attention
and controversy. He also ably advo-
cated the general adoption of the
decimal coinage. In 1857, he muni-
ficently bestowed $150,000, for the es-
tablishment of a free public library at
Liverpool, and the magnificent build-
ing erected there, for that purpose, owes
its existence entirely to this Irish phil-
anthropist. He died in 1864.

BROWNE, ARTHUR, L. L. D.,

professor of Greek in Trinity College,
Dublin, was born in Newport, R. I.,
and was sent by his father. Rev. Mr.
Browne, a native of Ireland, who set-
tled in Newport, to Dublin College to
be educated. His father dying while
our subject was still in college, he re-
mained there ever after. He represent-
ed the University in the Irish House of
Commons, and was a man of extensive
leariiing. He wrote a compendium of
the civil law, besides two volumes of
miscellaneous papers. He died iu 1805.

BROWNE, ARTHUR, a learned and
eloquent clergyman of the established
church, was born in Ireland, and grad-
uated at Trinity College, Dublin, in
1729. He studied for the ministry, and
after his ordination, was sent to Amer-
ica as a missionary. He first located at
Providence, R. I., but in 1736 removed
to Portsmouth, N. H., where he re-
mained till his death in 1778.

BROWNE. FRANCES, an Irish

poetess of precocious talent, wasbom in
County Donegal, Jime 16, 1818. When
an infant, she lost her sight from the
effects of small-pox, and her education
was entirely acquired by hearing her
brothers and sisters instructed, and from
their reading. She early developed a
talent for poetry, making verses at the
age of 8eveu,and was almost constantly-
composing in verse till about her 15th
year, when hearing the works of Pope
and Byron read, she perceived her own
inferiority, and for some years could
not be persuaded to give voice to any of
her thoughts in verse. In 1841, she
began contributing to the Atheneum and
other periodicals, and iu 1844, she pub-
lished a small volume of poems which
was well received. Her next effort wa s
"The Legends of Ulster," and in 1847 a
volume of " Lyrics ; Miscellaneous

1 i, '

» -t,'

liM

f'i
I

'J,

BRO

IBIBH CKVSB.

BBO

Poems," and a novel called the "Enik-
■one." In 1847 she went to Edinburg
and afterwards to London with her sis-
ter, who acted as her amanuensis, and
there she still remains contributing
to the literature of the day. In 1861
she published " My Thoughts of the
World," and in mi, " TLe Hidden
Sin," a noyeL

BROWNE, OEORQE COUNT de,
an Irish exile, bom in 1698. On his
expatriation he went to the continent,
and at length entered the Russian ser-
vice. He saved the Empress Anna Iv-
anovna from conspiracy of the guards,
and served with distinction under Lacy,
Himich and Eeith. On the banks of
the Volga, with only three thousand
men, he Kept at bay the whole Turkish
army, and earned the praise and admir-
ation of his co-temporaries. He was
afterwards taken prisoner by the Turks
and sold as a slave ; but succeeded in
escaping. In the seven years war he
distinguished himself at uie battles of
Prague, Eollin, Jaegendorf and Zom-
dorff, and was rewanled with the gov-
ernment of Livonia. After holding this
administration thirty years he wbhed
to retire, but Catherine II replied,
"Death alone shall part us." He died
in the faith of his fathers in 1792, at the
age of ninety-six.

BROWNE, HENRIETTE, (Mme.
Desault,) a talentod French artist, bom
in Paris in 1829, is a descendant of the
celebrated Irish General Brown, who
setUed in France after the battle of Col-
loden, and distinguished himself in the
service of that country. Her produc-
tions are held in high repute in England
as well as France; She has produced
numerous works both in oil and etch-
ing. Among them, "The Puritans'"
"Consolation," "The Woman of
ElusiB," "A Court at Damascus,"
"Nubian Dancers," &o.

BROWNE, JOHN ROSS., an Ameri-
can traveller and Author was bom in
Ireland in 1817, and emigrated with
his father to the U. S. who settled in
Kentucky, with his family. When 18
years of age John went to Washington,
beingat that time an expert stenographer
and was employed as a reporter in the
U. S. Senate for several years. He,
however, had a passion to see the world,
and embarked on board a whaling diip

as his first venture, and on his return,
he published "EtcUngs of a Whaline
Cnuse," and "Residence on thelsland of
Zanzibar." He then became secretary to-
Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the
United States Treasury. In 1869 he-
went to California, conunissioned l^
the goveriiment, and employed to report
the debates and proceedmgs of the Con-
vention wnich framed a State Constlta-
tion. In 1861 he returned to Washing-
ton and then went to Europe as a
newspaper correspondent. He traveled
through Italy, Sicily and Palestine, of
which he published an accoimt in hJa
■ Yusef" in 1868. He returned, and
again was employed by the C^ovemment
as Inspector of Customs on the North-
em frontier and Pacific Coast, of wluch
he gave graphic sketches in "Adven-
tures in ue Apache Country." In IStit
he again went to Europe, and leaving
his ramUy at Frankfort on the Main, he
traveled through Algeria, Poland,
Russia and Iceland, of which he gives
an account in "The Land of Thor'^^and
other books, all of which are graphically
illustrated bv the author himself, ae
returned to the U. S. and was again em-
ploved bv the Government to examine
and report .on the mineral and other
resources of the region west of the Rocky
Mountains, which he does in his "Re-
port of the Pacific Slope" in 1869. The
same year he was appointed Minister to<
China, but was recalled in 1871. H»
is a man of tmtiring industry, exten-
sive knowledge and varied accomplishr
ments. His residence is at OaUaiul,
California. '

BROWNE, JOHN, an officer in the
service of King James, in Ireland, was
bom in County Mayo, about 1640. He
took part in the defense of Limerick,
and being originally a lawyer; he luid
the principal hand in drawing up the
celebrated articles of Capitulation,,
known as the "Treaty of Limerick,"
which were afterwaras so shamefully
violated, by the English. From him.
has descended the present Marquis of
Sligo. He died in 1705.

BROWNE, MARY ANN., (Mrs.
James Gray) a talented poetess and'
writer, was bom Sept, 24, 1812, of
Irish parents, in Berkishire. She early
developed poetic talent, and before she
was 15 years of age, published a vol-
ume, "Mont Blanc and other Poems."

PLATE NO. a.

!§

' -MB^-J

i T

'if'

.k^^

-•v^'v;'-!,.':!-.

•

This wa

"Repen

■ .,

ly religi

and Bin

"Ignati

1838. {

in Irelai

lin Uni^

things a

tions of

work w

In 1843

" Ettri<

Cork, J

BRO

and ph]

Crosbo;

studied

Forma

Jamaic)

History

works

. i

and die

BRO

protests

and ed

provost

wards j

wrote

"The ]

Humai]

He diec

BRO

IAN,

day, ar

Field :

expatri
in Basi

trian a)

way rn

his act

in the

cially

•

Guasta

in 178

in Itah
attliel

ly dist

1759,

of Pra

BRC

pom er

1748, t

•

was pa

and L

breaki

he sett

BRO

ntisH ctsLia.

BRO

i!> ■ i'h

This was followed by "Ada," In 1828,
"Repentance, and other poems," chief-
ly religious, in 1829. The "Coronal,"
and Birthday Gift, in 1883 and 4, and
"Ignatia," her most finished work in
1838. She resided, most of her time,
in Ireland, aiid contributed to the Dub-
lin University Magazine, among other
things a scries of prose tales, "Recollec-
tions of a Portrait Painter." Her last
work was a volume of "Sacred Poems,"
In 1842, she married a brother of the
" Ettrick Shepherd." She died in
Cork, Jan'y 28, 1846.

BROWNE, PATRICK, a botar^fat
and physician of eminence, was born at
Crosboyne, Ireland, in 1750, and
studied medicine at Paris ard Leyden.
For many years of his life, he resided in
Jamaica, and wrote a Civil and Natural
History of that Island, besides other
works of merit. He returned to Ireland
and died in Mayo in 1720.

BROWNE, PETER, a noted Irish
protestant divine and scholar, was born
and educated in Dublin, and became
provost of Dublin university, and after-
wards protestant bishop of Cork. He
wrote several works, amon^ them,
"The Proper Extent and Limit of the
Human Understanding," Sermons, &c.
He died in Cork in 1785.

BROWNE, ULYSESS MAXIMIL-
IAN, one of the ablest generals of his
day, and who rose to be an Austrian
Field Marshal. He was the son of an
expatriated Irish offlc , and was bom
in Basil, in 1705. He entered the Aus-
trian aimv at an early a^e and won his
wayrnpidly, distinguishing himself by
his acUvity, military skill, and daring,
in the wars against the Turks, espe-
cially at the oattles of Parma and
Guastalla. He was made field marshal
in 1780, and served with distinction
in Italv from 1744 to 1746, particularly
at the battle of Placentia, where he great-
ly distinguished himself. He died in
1750, of wounds received at the battle
of Prague.

BROWNE, WILLIAM, a celebrated

fem engraver, was born in Irelimd in
748, traveled on the Continent, ' and
was imtronized by Catherine of Russia,
and Louis XVI of Franco. At the
breaking out of the French revolution,
he settled in London, where he died in

1825. He produced many excellent
works of art, and ranked among the
first in his profession.

BROWNE, GEN. WILLIAM, aBrit-
Ish soldier and statesman, was bom in Ire*
land, 1791. He entered the army at an
early age, and served with distinction in
the wars against Napoleo^i, and rose t9
be a general officer. Hewasaiicrwaids,
for many years, liberal member from
Kerry. He died Aug. 4, 1878.

BRYAN, GEORGE, an American
Patriot, and Judge of the Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania, was born in
Ireland in 1780 and came to America
with his parents, at an earl^ age. He
took an active part in the discussions of
the difficulties with the Mother Country,
prior to the revolution. In 1765, ho
was a member of the Congi-ess which
protested against the arbitrary measures
of the British Government, and one of
tlie boldest opposers of Government
measures. In 1778, he was president
of Supreme Council of Pennsylvania.
In 1780, he was appointed a Judge of
the Supreme Court, and in 1784, one of
the council of censors. Like Patrick
Henry, however, he opposed the adop-
tion of the Federal Constitution, as be-
ing dangerous to free institutions. He
died in 1791, aged 60 years.

BRYAN, MICHAEL, an eminent
connoisseur of art, was bo»n in Ire-
land, in 1757, and was recognized as
one of the ablest of the art critics of
his day. He is the author of a valuable
Biographical and Critical Dictionary of
Painters and Engravers, in 2 vol. He
died in 1821.

BRYAN. REBECCA, wife of Dan'l
Boon, the celebrated explorer and Am-
erican pioneer, was born in N. Carolina,
of Irish parents, and was a worthy
mother of a hardy race of heroes, and
the brave sharer of the toil and dunsor
of her enterprising husband. She died
in Kentucky, after a lii'e replete with
danger and heroism.

BUCHANAN, JAMES, President of
the United States, distinguished as a
statesman and politician, was born in
Finnklln County, Penn., Sept. 22, 1701,
Ilia father emigrated to U. B. from Ire-
land in 1788, and settled In that great
hive of early Irish emigration, Pena*

^vy^f

'.f

BUG

XBISH CEIiTS

Buy

\y '

Wi m*

!W''

sylvania. There Is no race in the world,
•who will with such slendewtneans be wil-
ling and anxious to give their children
the best kind of an education, or will sac-
riflce so much for it as the Irish. It is pre-
eminently a nat'onal trait. James Bu-
chanan was seuii by his father to Dicto-
inson College, and graduated in 1809.
He commenced the study of the law in
Lancaster, where he was admitted to the
bar in 1812, and soon obtained a lucra-
tive practice. In tho war of 1813, with
Great Britain, he enlisted as a private
in a company, which went to the de-
fence of Baltimore, although, at this
time, he was a Federalist. In 1814, he
•was sent to the Penn. Legislafure, and
in 1831, to Congress, where he remain-
ed for ten years, and supported a tarlfif
for revenue only. In the grea; presi-
dential contest of 1831, he supported
Qen. Jackson, and was chairman of the
committee on judiciary in the following
Congress. Mr. Buchanan was one of
the managers in the impeachment of
Judge Peck, of Missouri, who disbarr-
ed a lawyer who had published strict-
ures on one of his decisions. In 1831,
Buchanan was appointed by Pres.
Jackson, as Minister Plenipotentiary to
Russia, and while there he concluded
the first commercial treaty with that
Country-, securing important privileges
in the Black ana Baltic Seas, to our
commerce. In 1833, he was elected to
the U. S. Senate and on his return
home he found the politics of the country
at fever heat; a rupture had occurred bet-
•ween Jackson and Calhoun, and the U.
S. Bank question was disturbing the
country to its very centre. Jackson was
fiercely attacked from all sides, and an
attempt was made to deprive the presi-
dent of the power to remove from office
without the consent of the Senate. Mr.
Buchanan took sides with the Presi-
dent, on all the issues, and ably defend-
ed him. He also, at this time, supported
the theory that Congress hud no power
to Legislate in regard to slavery, and
that the States alone had power to do
so in their individual capacity. He
also supported the Jackson Adminis-
tration in the French Indemnity question
and supported In a strong speech the
appropriotlon of $3,000,000 to put the
navy of the U. 8. on u war footing, to
support the claim, and Inforce It If
necessary. Ho sustained the veto power
in opposition to Clav, during the Tyler
Admmistrutlou, and opposed the ruli-

flcation of the Webster - Ashburton
treaty on our boundry line with Canada,
He also early advocated the annexaK:ion
of Texas, though his reasons on the
subject are somewhat specious, and
when that temtory was at length admitt-
ed just prior to the inauguration of Wfr.
Poik, Buchanan was the only member of
the Committee on Foreign Affairs who
reported favorably on the admission.
On Polk taking his«eat as president, Mr.
Buchanan was appointed Secretary of
State. England and America had both
claimed the whole north-western terri-
tory, and Mr. Buchanan, on coming
into power, felt himself obliged to offer
the compromise line 49 "^ N. , offer-
ed by the administration of Mr. Tyler
and [refused by England. This was
again rejected by Mr. Packenham on be-
half of England, when Mr. Buchanan
on behalf of this government formally
withdrew the offer, and claimed, witJi a
strong show of reason, the whole terri-
tory m dispute, advising our Govern-
ment to insist on the same. The Brit-
ish Government then offered to settle by
that line and the President left the
question to be decided by Congress,
who advised its acceptance. At the
close of Polk's administration, Buchan-
an returned to private life, but he took
a deep interest in the great questions
which were disturbing the Country.
During his seat in the Cabinet, he had
written his so-called "Harvest Home"
letter to friends In Pennsylvania advis-
ing the extension of the "Missouri
Compromise line" to the Pacific Ocean,
which however was voted down. The
uneasy and dissatisfied south, how-
ever, was looking for relief from the re-
strictions which confined the extension
of her peculiar system, and was becom-
ing restless and defiant. In 1860,
through an union of conservative
elements of the country, led by Clay,
Webster, and Cass, the compromise
measures of 1860 were passed, but no
half measures could ever settle the ques-
tion, or satisfy either section. On the
election of Mr. Pierce to the presidency,
Mr. Buchanan was sent as Minister to
England ; while abroad he took part in
several Important dlscuselons in rela-
tion te American Interests; notably that
with Spain in regard to the purchase of
Cuba, and the drawing up of the Ostcnd
manifesto, whicli, without doubt, was In
the Interest of tlie South rather than
the nation. His desire to protect the

BUG

IRISn CELTS.

BUG

South as thus exhibited secured for
him the Presideutial nomination at
the hands of the Democratic National
Convention of 1858. He was opposed
by a new party, the Republican,
formed in the Isorth by those who
were opposed to the extension of Slavery
under any pretext or theory, and who

S laced in nomination John 0. Fremont,
[r. Buchanan was, however, elected,
receiving 174 electoral votes against 114
for Fremont and 8 for Fillmore. The
vital question and perhaps the one alone
which could ever shake the unity of the
American States, and their identity of
interests, was now, with an energy that
would not he refused, demannmg a
final solution. Mr. Buchanan undoubt-
edly i-hcught that he would be able to
master the situation, and in an address
to the students of Franklin and Mar-
shall College, after his el'^ciion, he said
"That the object of his administration
would be to destroy any sectional party
whether North or South, and to restore
fraternal feelings between the sections."
On his taking his seat, the whole ques-
tion was at issue in Kansas. The ex-
tremists of the South had determined
that it should be a slave state, while the
North was unwilling to see another foot
oif territory devoted to slavery. Under
the squatter -sovereignty theory the
people of the territory had a right to
hola slaves, and to decide, on forming
a state constitution, either to prohibit
or establish slavenr. Each interest now
sought to secure the prize by coliniza-
tion. The South had the advantage
of being adjacent, but the North had
numbers. The Southerners sought to
forestall the nortJi by celerity in form-
ing a constitution securing slavery, and
applying for admission into the Union
to a Congress who might admit them.
In this way the Lecompton Constitu-
tion, made under the forms of law, but
In violation of the rights of the people,
was adopted, and admission into the
union under it was claimed; Mr. Buchan-
an made a fatal mistake in his message
to Congress, Feb. 3, 1858, in approving
of this constitution, and advising admis-
sion, only objecting to the validity of a
clause in the same, by which it required
a two-thh-d vote to change it ; asserting
the right of the people of Kansas to
change it, when tlie majority willed.
The measure failed as it should have,
and after considerable illegal interfer-
ence, the bona tide people of Kansas were

allowed to form a Constitution, and by
it slavery was prohibited. About this
time the Mormons, of Utah, were giv-
ing trouble, and dared to defy the au-
thority of the U. S., at the same time,
corrupting the good will of the Indians
towards the Union. Mr. Buchanan
secured submission without resorting
to violent measures. As Mr. Buchan-
an's term of office drew near its close, it
was evident that the " irrepressible con-
flict" was impending. Southern Sena-
tors and Congressmen were loud in their
determination to secede if the new Re-
publican Party succeeded in electing
their candidate at the coming election.
Unfortunately Mr. Buchanan's theories
of the powers of the Government to
coerce states, were not such as could
tend to arrest ao great a disaster as
secession, by any fear of punishment,
or resultant danger to the wreckers ' 1
the Union. In his last message, Dec.
1860, he deplored the situation, blamed
the unwarrantable agitation in the North
of the slavery question, and argued
that " the people of any state, who felt
themselves grieved by the Federal
power, had only the revolutionary right
of resistance." "That it was the duty of
the executive to see that the laws were
faithfully executed, but that the Con-
stitution gave no power to coerce into
submission, a state which is attempt-
ing to withdraw, or has actually with-
drawn from the Union." Such very
absurd theories would actually tie up all
the powers of the government and leave
it without means to protect itself from
dissolution or secession. About this
time. South Carolina had passed its act
of secession and had the audacity to
send commissioners to treat about the
transfer of the public property, and to
negotiate a treaty of amity between
their state government and the govern-
ment at Washington. Mr. Buchanan
instead of sending those lofty gentle-
men to a little healthy confinement,
actually, unoflicially replied to them,
that he could only submit the whole

auestion to Congress, and coulil meet
lem only as private gentlemen of the
highest standing, to hear their viows, &c.
His cabinet broke up in indignation;
Mr. Cass, the Scc'y of State, resigned,
because the President would not send
reinforcements to the forts in Charhiston
Harbor. Mr. Cobb, Sec'y of tlx? Trea-
sury, hod already resigned, while Mr.
Thompson, Sec'y of the Interior, left in

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disgust without the formality of resign-
ing, and Floyd, Sec'y of War, resigned
because the President would not with-
draw the forces already in South Caro-
lina. This indeed looked like dissolu-
tion, but happily for the conntry, those
who held these fatal doctrines of
passive resistance, were going out of

Bower, for it needed now, to save the
nion, positive principles of the par-
amount authority of the General Gov-
ernment, and its ri^ht to demand obe-
dience to its le^timate acts and au-
thority, and even if necessary, a Jackson-
ian Hand that would throttle with a
death grip, any power that would
threaten the existence of the Union,
even if the letter of the constitution it-
self might seem to be violated. In
January, '61, supplies and reinforce-
ments were dispatched to Fort Sumpter,
but they were prevented from reaching
there by rebel batteries, and Jan. 15,
Mr. Holt, Sec'y of War, by order of the
President, wrote to the Governor of
North Carolina, that the forts, arsenals,
&c., of the U. S., are in charge of the
President, and if assailed, it is his duty
to protect them, &c. Such manifestoes
in the face of passive right theories were
powerless to stop resolute men with
positive theories, and arms tn their
hands. It was but a repetition of the
old man throwing grass. Mr. Bu-
chanan, however, left to his lawful
successor the sterner duty of throwing
stones, and history gives us the same
result as the fa Die. Mr. Buc' jnan
may have been honest in his opinions,
and no doubt, entered on his adminis-
tration with tlie intention of preserving
the Union; but his idea was by concilia-
tion and compromise, and when this
failed, he was lost; his theories in regard
to federal authority, no doubt honestly
held, were fatal in the face of armed
violence. Holding as he did, that the
act of secession was revolutionary, it is
8ti-iiiige that he did not recognize the
rit^ht of the government to put down rev-
olution, as a supreme act of law,wheth-
pr writ ten in the constitution or not, but
mi i !>; :)ut of the very existence of the
go a cnment .; .d its right of self preser-
vaiitjn. Strange loo that a Celt, brought
vj*, ^'■♦ vu tpcak, under that ackson,
vho. u id'^r ilk" circumstai'oes had
j^' n SI cl» prcnpt evidence of his
:jt':.M(''lv style of tretitn^nt towards
••''1 ylli'-Ms states, and their ropresent-
ai'v '''. i liu ilit havy failed so signally to

profit by the lesson. Tn 1886, Mr. Bu-
chanan published a oook defending
his administration, and the position
which he took on the question of seces-
ision. He died in 1868.

BUCHANAN, MARGARET P.,

(Mrs. M. F. Sullivan) one of the most
distinguished female writers of America,
equally able as a journalist and mis-
cellaneous writer, was born in County
Tyrone, Ireland, in 1846, and emigrated
with her mother to the United States,
when she was about five years old,
settling in Detroit, Michigan, where
some of the family had previously
located. She receivea the principal part
of her education in the Public School?
of Detroit, graduating in the High
School, the curriculum of which is
Academical. There she was noted for
her thoroughness and the breadth of Iier
intellectual aspirations. It may be said
that while pursuing her studies at th^t,
time, that she made her first etXoits i-^t
journalism, having become a nuiea
contributorto the celebrated "Corner" in
the Boston Pilot, which Corner, it may be
said, at that time, developed somn very
brilliant talent among its fema'c con-
tributors. After leaving tht? iT?ijh
School, Miss Buchanan bee. .i' a
teacher in the Public w .•■ols, ,. aioh
position, she held for sev , :al years bvit
in the mean time, she commenced aa
active , ^urnalistic career, first by
coni;u.ii:!("g to the Advertiser and Tri-
1 iire, the : \ding Republican Journal
Ox ^^'-liibi^n, and at length, by holding
a position on its staff, which she filled
after her school labo'-s were over each
day. While here, she worked with a
method, storing her mind with solid
information in every field of journalism,
testing it in the crucible of public opin-
ion, and by the aid of eminently practical
sound common sense, distinguishing
popular methods, constructing them into
an harmonious theory for her guidance
and the best developement, and cultiva-
tion of her intellectual powers in that
regard. The result was, that striking
bravely into an intellectual field, into
which female writers scarcely dared to
look, she made a brilliant success, and
may be said to-day to rank witli the
first journalists in Amorica, and also to
hold an cnvinMe position, as a review
writer, in the deeper and more scholar-
ly walks ot literature. About the year
1871, Miss Buchanan removod to Chi-

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cago, as a field better adapted to her
aspiration.!, and chances for journalist-
ic employment and remuneration. Her
advent there was characteristic, and
afterwards graphically related by the
leading journalist of one of the great
Chicago Dailies, who was the party to
it. It is substantially as follows: He
said, "one morning a ^oun^ lady dressed
in plain, but neat attire, with a modest,
but reliant and self possessed manner

E resented herself before me, as I was
usily eugaged writing at my desk. In
a quiet and polite manner, she asked
me if I could accord her a few minutes
conversation on business. I asked her
to be seated, until I had completed
what I was engaged on, and at the
same time, I was trying mentally to
imagine just what literary purpose my
visitor was bent upon, but arrived at no
conclusion. After mechanically com-
pleting my work, I turned toward
her and said, ' Now Mademoiselle I am
at your service.' She quietlv Inform-
ed me that she called to see if she could
fet employment on the staff of the paper.
lentaUy both surprised and amused, I
asked her what position she thought
she could fill, when she replied in the
same easy confident manner, 'I think
almost any.' I then asked her if she
had any experience in journalism and
she said she had, on the staff of the
Detroit Tribune. Then I said I would
like to see what she could do, when, —
to my surprise, not less at the practical
maimer, in which she interpreted me,
than at the result of it — she quietly re-
moved her coat and hat, and and after
hanging them on the rack, she seated her-
self at a table, which had a supply of writ-
ing materials, and with great rapidity
dashed off 'Copy.' After completing
her work, she resumed her coat and
hat, and before bidding me good morn-
ing said she would return the next day.
— I picked up the ' Copy' with considei-
able curiosity and was not less surpris-
ed at the subject, than at the masterly
manner in whicli it was handled — it
was on 'Finance!' then especially a live
and absorbing question. She returned
the iipxt day, and in the same bu-
slneHH like way removing her street
garments, she seiited heisolf at a
table and again rapidly produced copy,
and after completing it loft in the same
manner as on the previous morning.
This proved to be a political article of
interest, ably handled, and thus fur

several days ^e continued taking up a
new but live subject each time, and
treating each and all in a clear, forcible
and masterly manner, and to my great
surprise and increasing satisfaction,
demonstrated that she fully appreciated
what she said at our first inte'^view as
to her ability to fill any position on the
staff." From that time forward she
has pursued a brilliant and successful
journalistic career, having been engn 'j;ed
on the leading dailies of Chicago in h6
mostimporiant journalistic capaci (3S,
from managing editor at times, to the
more ori^nal and ponderous duties of
the political or literary departments.
Besides her journalistic work, she has '
contributed largely to the general litera-
ture of the day, and has taken a
prominent position among the Cali>olio
writers of Ara;"tca; having written
many very acceptable articles for the
"Catholic Review," a very able quarter-
ly. She has still further increased her
reputation and popularity by her
articles on the "Irish Question," and
especially by her book, "The Ireland
of To Day," which is recognized
by James Kedpath and others as the
clearest and most forcible exposiiioa
and analyttis of the question yet p ■o-
duced. She still pursues lier higu
career with undiminished energy and
success, aud has in press a new work on
the great ([uestion of Ireland's status,
which qurjstion is attracting more (at-
tention tha world over than any other
issue whi'ih moves the nations to-day.
Miss Buchanan married some yeart
since Alex. P. Sullivan, a Chicago law-
yer, who has of late f^fjjured prominent-
ly in the organizati' :>f the Irish Land
League in Kmejna

BUCHANAN, I liOMASMcKEAN,
a distinguished nival officer of the U.
S. , of Irish descc born in U. S. in 1837,
served with distinction during the civil
war, taking a rilliant part m various
engagements, ui was killed at Bayou
Teche on the Mississippi, in 1808. llo
was an able and gallant officer. ^

BUGEAUD, IVIAESIIAL, an able
and celebrated French Marshal, and dis-
tinguiMhcd as an original tactician, >vas of
Irish descent by his mother, a daughter
of Count Dillo'^ born at Linioges,
France, in 1784 After a varied, out
distinguished chi> w on the continent,
he was, in 1840, appointed Governor-

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General of Algeria. He immediately
set about organizing tliat celebrated
branch of the French Army known as
"Zouaves," and in a few years, the
French arms were everywhere trium-

8 bant, and the Arab tribes brought un-
er subjection, principally through the
agency of the new tactics. He died in
1849.

BUNSTER, HON. ARTHUR, a

prominent Canadian statesman, was
Dorn in Queen's County, Ireland, in
1883, emigrated to Canada, and after-
wards settled in Vancouver, where he
acquired a prominent position by his
talents. He represented that constitu-
ency in the Dominion Parliament with
marked ability for some years.

BURKE, uEDANUS, an able Ameri-
can lawyer, jurist and patriot, was born
in Galway, Ireland, in 1743, and re-
ceived a classical education. He was
originally intended for the church, but
his own inclination led him to the Bar.
Being on a visit to the West Indies just
before the Reyolutionary War he went
from thence to South Carolina and
served in the Revolutionary army as a
volunteer. In 1 778 he was appointed
first Judge of the Bupreme Court of
that State. When Ciiarleston fell into
the hands of the enemy in 1780 he again
buckled on the sword, as he deemed it
the first duty of a citizen to exjicl the
merciless Invader from the soil. In
1782 he returned to the Iknch. Like
Patrick Henry he oppose d the adoption
of \\\(\ Federal constitutiou because he
feared the effects of consolidated power
on local self -government, which he held
to be the only security for true liberty.
He also wrote a pamphlet against the
aristocratic ^ atures of the society of the
"Cincinnati," which was translated into
French by Mirabeuu. He was a mem-
ber of the first Federal Congress, and
afterwards Chancellor of SouLli Carolina
for ii number of years. He possessed
in a high degree the native wit of his
rate, was highly accomplished and an
ardent lover and advocate of Republi-
can fciimplicity. No purer or more dis-
interested patriot drew a sword in be-
half of American liberties. He died
March, 1803.

BURKE, RT. REV. DR. EDMUND,
a learned and distinguished Canadian
Catholic divine, was born in County

Kildare in 1758, was educated on the
Continent and for some time taught
with distinction in the University of
Paris. He returned to Ireland, and for
a few years ministered in Kildare. In
1780, at the urgent solicitations of the
professors of the Seminary of Que-
bec, some of whom had known him in
France, he came to Canada and taught
in the Seminary the higher branches of
Mathematics and Philosophy, for which
he acquired a great reputation in Paris.
He excelled not only in mathematics,
but also in classics, especially Greek
and Hebrew, in which he had few, if
any, superiors in Europe. At the solici-
tation of Lord Dorchester, Governor-
General of Canada, he undertook the
task of reconciling the India', tribes
around Lake Superior and westward,
who manifested hostile dispositions to-
ward tlie British. He resided among
those savages for about seven years,
and succeeded in accomplishing his
mission, the results of which are still
apparent. The Government in acknow-
ledgment of his great services in this
matter, granted him a life annuity, and
so gicat a reliance was placed ou his
discretion and judgment, that he was
continu, My consulted on all important
questions by the successive heads of
the Canadian Government during his
life. The British Government also,
without his knowledge or desire, ex-
pressed to the court of Rome the satis-
faction it would give his Majesty's gov-
ernment to see Dr. Burke elevated to
the episcopacy, which desire was com-
plied with, as well on account of his
great abilities, blameless life, and great
and successful missionary labors. Ho
was made Bishop of Sionand Vicar
Apostolic of Nova Scotia.

BURKE, EDMUND, one of the most
illustrious of Statesmen, Orators, and
isci.olars, whose master mind ranks
second to none, of either ancient or
modern times, was the son of a Dublin
Attorney, and was born in tliat city
January 1, 1730. He recived his early
training in a private school, and enter-
ed Trinity College, Dublin at the age of
10 years, where he remained three years,
pursing, on a plan of his own, an ex-
tensive course of study. In 1753, ho
(Mitered a.s a law student at the Temple;
his luind, liowever, was bent on a broad-
er, and more exltuded acquisition of
knowledge, and so ardent and unremit-

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ting was Ms exertions, that he, at length,
injured his health. During his illness,
he became an inmate in the house of Dr.
Nugent, an Irish Catholic physician,
whose daughter afterwards became his
■wife, whose traits of character, he is said
to have desecribed in that beautiful little
sketch, "Burke's Idea of a Perfect
Wife." The Union was a happy one,
and he always dwelt upon it as the
chief blessing of his life. On his recov-
ery, he applied himself almost wholly to
literature, and his first acknowleged
work, which was published anonymous-
ly, was his "Vindication of Natural
Society," so admirable an imitation of
Lord Bolingbroke's style, as even to
deceive the 'best judges. This was
followed by his essay on the Sublime
and Beautiful, which was written some
years before, but likely retouched at
this time. This master piece, at once,
l)laced him, even in the eyes of his co-
temporaries, in the front rank of think-
ers and literary men of his time, and
brought him to the notice and acquaint
ance of the most eminent characters of
the age. Even Dr. Johnson, who, at
this tune, was the great giant of litera-
ture, in the zenitli of his power, and
before whose caustic criticisms the liter-
ary world trembled.acknowledged in the
youthful stranger of 26 years .^n equal,
whose mind was as replete with vast
stores of knowledge, and whose pene-
tration was as searching and as compre-
hensive as his own. Nor is it strange
that his admirers, and we might sa^
worshipers, were amazed to see this
literary Leviatlian, who heretofore
brool.^d no rival, listen with respect and
deference to this almost beardless
youth. The political career of Edmund
Burke, which fills so large a space in
the history of his time, did not com-
mence until 1701, when he took govern-
ment employment under the Irish Sec-
retary Hamilton. It was not, liowevcr,
untiriie attached himself to the Rock-
ingliam administration, and entered
Parliament as member for Windover,
in 1765, that his political career can bo
said to have actively commenced. From
this time forward, he took an active and
prominent part in the debates of the
Iloiise of Commons, aud«the vast stores
of knowledge, he had accumulated,
cave I'im a mastery over every subjeot
Drought before the House. In 1774, by
the sponlaneous act of the electors, he
was returned to parliament from Bristol,

but having offended the bigotry of his
constituents, by his liberality, in support-
ing Irish and Catholic rights, a crime
which the boasting liberty loving 1
Britton could not forgive, he lost his
seat at the next election. He was,
however, subsequently returned for
Malton. The same just and manly
spirit, which made him support Catho-
lic and Irish rights, called him forth
also in defence of the rights of the
American Colonies. His great heart,
which beat honestly for a true consti-
tutional liberty, and the just rights,
whether of the individual or the nation,
perceived and denounced, not only the
outrage against both constitutional and
natural liberty, which marked the
policy of the Mother Country towards
the American Colonies, but he also
foresaw and warned the government
against its inevitable results, — the loss of
the Colonies, — if persevered in. Burke's
position, on those questions, should
endear his name to every true friend of
liberty: Regardless of personal consid-
erations or popular clamor, he bodly elo-
quently and persistently defended the
rights of the Colonies, and denounced
the policy of the Home Government.
By such" acts, he demonstrated his
greatness of soul ; great, not only in the
capacity and grasp of his statesmanship,
but also in unselfish inte^ity of pur-
pose. Americaas especially should
hold his name and his efforts in their
behalf, in grateful remembrance. In'
the midst of their enemies, he was their
unbought champion. On the downfall
of Lord North's ministry, Burke obtain-
ed the olBce of Paymaster-General, and
a seat in the council, and by the aid of
this ministiy, he canied through his
celebrated reform bill, which he had
vainly stiven to do before. The prose-
cution of Warren Hastings, and his
opposition to Mr. Pitt's regency bill,
were amongst his next great parliament-
ary efforts. His efforts in the first of
thl'se brought down on him a load of
calumny and censure; for Hastings had
powerful friends eventothe throne itself,
who believed, or pretended to believe
him to be a persecuted and innocent
man. But the honesty and integrity of
Burke, in the matter, were beyond ques-
tion, even Hastings, whom lie lield up
to universal detestation admitted it,
and such, was the jiow (a* of the orator,
and such his classiticalion and graphic
presentation of facts, that even Hastings,

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himself said, that at times while listening
he was so carried away by the earnest-
ness and magic inflilcnce of the great
orator, as to forget liis identity, and
loath the guilty wretch, who was being
denounced. When the French revolu-
tion broke out, Burke early foresaw
the results, and in 1790, he produced
his celebrated Reflections on that event.
On this subject, he differed entirely
with his friend, Chas. James Fox, and
this difference created a breach in their
friendship, which was never healed.
Burke's horror of the Revolution was
thorough and sincere. A friend of true
. erty, he abhorred every species of
anarchy, and in the French Revolution,
he saw an anarchy, which threatened
the subversion of society itself. The
wisdom of his position in this, as in the
case of the colonies was sustained by
the result, and entitles him to be con-
sidered as one of the most wise and far
seeing of statesmen. In 1794, he retir-
ed, from Parliament, with a pension of
about $6,000 a year, but his literary
activity continued. With unceasing
pen, he opposed the spirit and tendency
of the French Revolution, and de-
nounced its doctrines as fatal to society
and order. The last works, which he
gave to the press, were two letters on a
Regicide Peace, and his concluding ones
were posthumous. He died on the 8th
of July, 1797. His works were publish-
ed in 16 Vc; Octavo.

In private life, Burke was among
the most amiable of men, natural, pleas-
ant and unassuming, his conversation
was varied, interesting, and instructive,
without labor or pedantry; culling from
his boundless stores of knowledge in-
teresting facts, or pleasing reminiscences,
often pointed by philosophical analysis.
In public lifr, he he was ardent, indefati-
gable and ^earless; above all chicanery,
meanness and injustice. He defended
the right, because be loved justice. As
an orator, according to Dr. Johnson, he
was unrivalled in either ancient or
modern times. As a writer, whether we
consider the beauty of his language,
the grandeur of his imagery, his just-
ness and grasp of tlioiii]rbt, or the vast
stores of learning displiiycd, he assur-
edly had no superior if any equal, in any
age or language.

BURKE, JOHN, author of Bnrkc's
Peerages of Great Ih'iliiin and Iniliiiul,
was boi'u in Ireland and having adopted

literature as a profession went to
London, where he was connected with
the London Press. He is best known
by his compilation of the History of the
Peerages and Baronetages of Great Brit-
ain and Ireland, which still under his
son, continues to be authority on all
questions relating to the nobility of
those countries. He died in London in
1848. ^

BURKE, SIR. JOHN BERTTARD,
a British Genealogist of authority, was
the son of John Burke, the first com-
piler of Burke's Peerages of Great
Britain and Ireland, was born In
London in 1815. He was called to the
bar at the middle Temple in 1839, and
was appointed "Ulster King of Arms
of all Ireland" in 1853, and in 1854,
was knighted. He succeeded his
father as editor of "Burke's Peerage
and Baronetage of the British Empire"
and also wrote the "History of Dor-
mant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages,"
" History of Landed Gentry," " Vicisi-
tudes of FamiUes" and other kindred
works.

BURKE, REV. THOS. N., a learn-
ed Irish divine, pati-iot and scholar,
and one of the most eloquent of pulpit
orators, was a distinguished member
of the Dominican Order, and was bom
in Gal way, Sept. 8. 1830. The first
language he spoke was the native lan-
guage of his race. He received his
early education in his native town at the
schools of Erasmus Smith, (so called,^
and seems to have loved study and
play equally well. In his seven-
teenth year he entered the Dominican
Order and was sent to Rome to com-
plete his studies in one of their semin-
aries in that citf. There he spent five
years, and gave evidence of his won-
derful capacity, energy and eloquence.
He was ordained priest at the age of
twenty-two, and sent upon the mission,
his flret priestly labors bein^ in Glou-
cestershire, England, where lie remain-
ed four years. His next labors were
in the dear old land of his fathers,
where he was sent to found a house
and novitiate of his order, which he did
at Tallasht, near Dublin. He soon
attiacted attention in Dublin by his elo-
quence, preaching in the old church of
St. Saviour, Denmark street In 1869
lie was asked to conduct a retreat for the
students of Llauooth College, and so

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transcendent were his powers, that even
here, in the shadow of walls that had
almost daily resounded with silvery
tongued orators, as eloquent as it is
often given to men to htiar, yet he was
awarded the palm over all. In 1866 he
was recalled to Rome, and appointed
Superior of St. Clement's, the oldest
basilica with'-: the Eternal City, and
was honored with the request to deliver
the Lenten sermons in English, succeed-
ing Cardinal Manning in that honor, and
earning for himself continental fame,
fully sustaining his high reputation as a
preacher of matchless power and elo-
quence, and before audiences as intel-
lectual and discriminating as ever
listened to, or were charmed by the
irresistible music of eloquence. In 1871
Father Burke was appomted visitor of
the Dominican Order in the United
States, and he arrived in New York in
the Fall of that year. There he won
increased fame not alone as an orator,
but as a master mind of unrivalled capa-
city and inexhaustible resources. He
was kept constantly lecturing on an
endless variety of subjects, and seemed
equally master of all. The people were
never tired listening to him, and the
halls in which he lectured were always
crowded. He tilled the Coliseum of
Boston twice in one day addressing over
40,000 people, the largest paying audi-
ence ever assembled to li:jten to one
man. His most noticeable and famous
efforts in America, however, were his
answers and we might say annihilation
of Proude, the celebratea English his-
torical dude, who came to America,
evidently at the inspiration of the Eng-
lish government, to set the American
Eeople right on the 'Hirish' question,
[is mission, however, ended in any-
thing but the desired result, for at the
very outset of his qua,si-learned disquisi-
tions he was met by the great Domini-
can, and his facts and theories alike
were torn into shreds and patches. The
plausible historical structure which he
had spent months, perhaps years of
labor in erecting, to be palmed off as
history, to blacken the Celt and exalt
the 8a.xon, was tumbled about his head,
and the wouUl-be champion of an in-
famous government that would pose
before the world as benign and just,
was (!xp(ised to the laughter and scorn
of honest Americans, and its luif ortunate
defender huriicd bark to his nuisier,
crest-fallen, defeated and disgi-aced.

Perhaps nothing better could show the
•wonderful resources of the great
Dominican than the readiness with
which he grasped the historical ques-
tion controverted in his discussion with
Froude. "Without any possible pre-
paration against a so-called renowned
Oxford scholar and historian, v/ho had
made special preparations and study on
the questions at issue, he confronted
him like a great sun, whose searching
rays penetrate every dark crevice and
corner, and while exposing his dissimu-
lations, frauds and distortions, built
up a citadel of truth, whose consistent
proportions fitted the evidences of his-
torjr, and silenced even the brazen
enfrontery of British conceit and fraud,
by driving it back to its native lair.
Yet no less wonderful was the
variety, ability, learning and elo-
quence of his other lectures in
America, which followed each other in
quick succession and which for re-
sources required, power and erudition
displayed, would have bankrupted the
capacities of a dozen of the best lec-
turers of the day. His manner and
methods as an orator are not less mar-
velous. With a voice of great compass
and sweetness he carries his fascinated
listeners along with him, regardless of
time. After a brilliant career as a
preacher and lecturer in America he
again returned to Europe. His health
became impaired by his indefatigable
industry and for a time his life itself
was in danger. He however, re-
cuperated, and was constantly en-
gaged in both England and Ireland in
preaching and other apostolic work.
IFnfortunately he never fully recov-
ered. A fatal and painful malady had
fastened itself upon him which he bore
up against with the fortitude of a hero
and martyr, preaching almost daily and
performing the other laborious duties
of his vocation to the very last. On
June 80th, 1883, when it might be said
he was almost in his last agony, he ap-
peared in the pulpit of the Jesuit church
in Dublin, to preach for the starving
children of Donegal. He knew it would
hasten his dissolution, but altho.igh in
an agony of pain he arose from his bed
to perform his promise, but had to be
carried back to it, on the arms of his
sorrowing friends, when he expired
a few hours afterwards, on the 2nd of
July, in the 153d year of his age. Thus
died this great Dominican, whose in-

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tellectual powers so much resembled
his great namesake, Edmund Burke.
As an orator he coualed him in chaste-
ness, beauty and sublimity of thought,
while he was his superior in simplicity
of style, as he was in the power to charm
and captivate his hearers. On seeing
him in repose one would not suspect the
wonderful powers that lay under the
plain, unassuming exterior. But he was
a born orator, and beneath the repose
burned fires of eloquence as irresistible
and brilliant when they burst forth, as
an eruption of Vesuvius. In the pulpit
you saw a new man, transformed by
his intensity of thought: dignity, power
and authority to command seemed to
belong to him as a garment, while a
voice of wonderful sweetness, power
and pathos, complemented this, and the
charm was completed by irresistible
bursts of eloquence, accompanied by
grand and imposing action which cap-
tured every eye and captivated every
heart. His greatness did not consist in
his eloquence alone, but rather in the
marvelous extent of his knowledge,
the grasp and force of his intellectual
powers, and the amazing quickness
with which he brought them to the
analysis of any subject. He ranked high
as a theologian, and was an accom-
plished linguist, preaching with equal
facility in a number of the modern lan-
guages, including Irish, while he ranked
high as a cxassical scholar. He was not
less noted for his wit than for his other
great qualities, and whether in conver-
sation or on a platform, could convulse
his hearers with laughter at his will.
He undoubtedly stands in the front
rank of the great minds of this, or in-
deed, of any age.

BURKE, JOHN DOLT, an histo-
rian and dramatic writer, was born in
Ireland and came to America in 1797.
He became editor of a political paper in
Boston and afterwards in New York,
which was conducted with abilitjr.
He was the author of a history of Vir-

g'nia and two dramatic pieces entitled
unker Hill and Bethlem Gabor. He
fell in a duel in 1808.

BURKE, ROBERT O'HARA, a cel-
ebrated Australian explorer and traveler,
was born in Ireland m 1821. He first
entered the military service of Austria,
but afterwards returned to Ireland, and
accepted a govenunent position. He

next went to Australia, and became
Public Inspector at Melbourne, but again
returned home, and joined the British
army in the Crimea, as a volunteer,
where he distinguished himself. After
the war he returned to Australia, was
appointed one of the leaders of the gov-
ernment exploring expedition and was
one of the first Europeans, who travers-
ed that continent from north to souUi.
It however, cost him his life, the priva-
tions and hardships being too much for
a constitution perhaps already weaken-
ed by Crimean privation. He died in
1860.

BURKE, WALTER, a gallant Irish
officer, born about 1665, in Athlone.
He early took up arms in defense of his
country's rights and afterwards raised a
regiment in aid of that imbecile, James
II. After the treaty of Limerick, he
went to France with his regiment and
gi'catly distinguished himself on various
occasions, especially at the battle of
Cremona in Feb., 1702, gaining the
credit of being mainly instrumental in
the defeat of the enemy on that mem-
orable occasion, and gaining the rank
of a general officer. Burke afterwards
served in Spain and still later, with his
regiment, signed permanent arrange-
ments of enlistment under the Span-
ish Monarch, and served with great
distinction in Sicily, Africa and Italy,
during the war of 1733. Burke's reg't
remained after the war in Naples, and
was called the " King's Regiment," the
King of Spain having transferred it to
his son, Don Philip, King of the Two
Sicilies. Burke acquired high distinc-
tion for skill, valor, and iiniform suc-
cess, and was held in the highest esteem
by his King.

BURNS, GOV. JOHN, an Irish-
American patriot and legislator, was
born in Dublin, about 1730, and em-
igrated to Philadelphia when quite
young. He took a prominent part in all
local as well as national questions, and
was honored by his fellow - citizens
with many positions of trust and honor.
He was the first governor of Pennsyl-
vania elected after the adoption of the
Federal Constitution, and retained in a
high degree the confidence and respect
of his fellow-citizens till his death.

BURTON, RICHARD FRANCIS,
one of the most celebrated explorers

BUR

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BUS

and authors of modem times, was bom at
Tuam, Ireland, in 1821, and entered the
Indian army as a lieutenant in 1842.
While stationed near Bombay, he spent
gome time in exploring the geological
formation of the Neilgherry Hills. He
served in Sinde under Sir u. J, Napier,
and wrote, while there , "Sinde, or the
Unhappy Valley", and also'Talconry
in the Valley of the Indus," and "The
Kaces that inhabit the Valley of the
Indus, 1850." In 1851, " Goa and the
the Blue Mountains." He also became
proficient in the Arabic, Afghan, Psr-
sian, Hindostanee and other languages,
and published ~ grammar of the
last namf ^ol he returned homo

and receivii^ga year's furlough, he start-
ed to visit Mecca and Medina, which no
christian was known to reach since
Burclchardinl815. At Alexandria he as-
sumed the character of a wandering
dervish and so natural was his language
and habits that he was never detect-
ed, and succeeded in reaching the "Holy
Cities" an account of which he publish-
ed in 1855, as "A pilgrimage to El Medi-
na and Mecca," which attracted great
attention. He also attempted to pene-
trate into East Africa, which he pub-
lished as "Footsteps in East Africa or
8n Exploration of Harron." During the
Crimean War he was chief of staff to
Gen. Beatson. In 1856 he again visited
Africa starting from Zanzibar with
Capt. Speke and penetrating the lake
regions, discovering Lake Tanganyika
which he describes in liis"Lake Regions
of Central Africa. He also visited Utah
and published "The City of the Saints".
In 1861 he was consul at Fennando Po,
on the west coast of Africa, where he
wrote "Abbeokuta and the Cameroons"
and a "Mission to the King of Dahom-
ey." In 1864 he was consul at Santos,
Brazil, and published "Explorations in
the Highlands of Brazil" and "Letters
from battle fields of Paraguay." In
1868 he was at Damascus as consul and
traveled m the Holy Land publisliing
"Unexplored Palestine." His "Anthro-
pological Collections in the Holy Land"
was published by a London society in
tliat interest. In 1872 he published ' 'Zan-
zibar City, Island and Coast" and the
same year was appointed consul to
Trieste. Among his other works is
"Viki-am and the Vampire or Tales of
Hindoo Deviltry." He is said to be

Sroficient in 35 different, languages and
ialects..'

BUSHE, CHARLES KENDAL, one
of the most brilliant of men, ranking as
an advocate, orator and statesman among
the very first which Great Britain or
Ireland has ever produced, was born
on the 13th of January, 1767, at Kil-
murry. County of Killkenny, Ireland.
His mother was a sister of Gen. Sir
John Doyle. His early instruction was
received in the same school which help-
ed to develop the youthful genius of
the great Edmund Burke, and he en-
tered Trinity College in 1782, where his
career was distinguished, obtaining &
scholarship at the end of his first year,
and carrying off the gold medal from a
host of able competitors. At this time
the Historical Society held its meetings
within the college walls which Bushe
joined and soon became one of its most
noted members; among its brilliant
speakers at that time were Plunket,
Miller, Graves and Magee. In 1790 he
was called to the bar and the principles
of the French revolution was at this
time attracting the attention of the
civilized world, and nowhere more than
among the ardent and liberty loving
young men of Ireland. Bushe, although
a patriot, was not attracted by its doc-
trines, but like Burke saw its delusions
and used his pen against its pernicious
theories. He looked upon its leading
principles as fatal to the highest devel-
opment of men's genius, and destructive
of a human infiuence, powerful in the
support of manly honor, and public
virtue. On this subject, in a pam-

Shlet in answer to Paiue's " Rights of
[an," written in his 24th year, and of
which Lord Brougham says, "It is no
exaggeration to say that it deserves a
place on the same level with Mr. Burke's
celebrated Reflections; audit would be
hard to say whether the sound and
judicious reasoning, or the beautiful
and chaste composition, most deserve
our admiration." He said, "There is a
principle in the heart of man which
any wise government will encourage,
because it is the auxiliary of virtue. I
mean the principle of honor, which in
those moments of weakness, when the
conscience slumbers, watches over the
deserted charge, and engages friends in
the defense of integrity. It is a
sanction of conduct which the im-
agination lends to virtue, is itself the
reward, and inflicts shame as the
punishment. The audacity of vice may
despise fear, the sense of reason may be

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BUS

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«teeled ; art and cunning may elude
•temporal, and impiety mav defy eternal
"Vengeance, but honor holds the scourge
•of shame, and he is hard indeed, who
trembles not under its lash. If the in-
stitution of hereditary dignities cherish
this sentiment of honor, and this senti-
ment cherishes virtue, it would be follv
to charge them with being either child-
ish or puerile. Virtue coldlv enter-
tained in any other comer of the heart
will take a strong hold in the pride of
man. She has often erected her temple
•on the coronets of a glorious ancestry,
and the world has been indebted to the
manes of the dead, for the merits of the
living." Fame and success in obtaining
practice at the bar has always been
slow, and Bushe's experience was not
an exception. His business for some
years was depressingly seamy, and he
sought a seat in parliament as a field
where his abilities might have a chance
to assert themselves. In 1799 he enter-
ed the Irish parliament as member for
C'allan, in his native county. It was at
-one of the most vital periods in Irish
history; the liberties of Ireland were
trembling in the balance, Pitt and Cast-
lereagh had determined that the Union
-should be carried, and the latter, armed
with all the means which the British
government could place in his Lmds
was seeking, by intimidation and bri-
bery, to bring to his support all those
whose vanity might be tempted by a
title and wealth, or whose conservative
fears might be gulled into beholding
Imaginary anarchy* in the future of
Irish independence. He thi'ew himself
into his unpatriotic work with that
reckless abandon and energv of pur-
pose, which throughout his career,
•characterized this great, but unscrupu-
lous politician ; and which afterwards
would have placed him at the head of
the Engl sh government, had he not
<:ut slior. his own existence.

Bushe t(»ok his stand among the pa-
triots of his country, alongside of Grat-
tan and Curriin, and there was none
more earnest or more able. If he did
not possess that fiery eloquence of
■Grattan which like the swift lightning
of heaven paralizcd and scorched the
min'ons of power who had been bought
for a price, and who shrank, cowed and
terrified before the velienience of his
denunciations, and the irresistible force
•of his arguments ; yet tbo keen odsre of
ihe polished wit of Bushe, like the

Damascus blade, cut deep, and opened
up to the shame and dismay of his op-

?}nents, the depths of their corruption,
he following is a E'pecimen of his el-
oquence taken from one of his speeches
against the union. "Let me ccajure
tms house to consider whether this is a
transaction on which they are willing
to commit themselves, their properties,
their characters, and their children.
Let me conjure them to weigh the ques-
tion well, if every generous feeling be
not banished from amongst us ; and if
private honor and public virtue be not
a name. Where is that spirit which in
'82 swelled the crest and ennobled the
character of the Irish gentry ? Which
achieved liberty for Ireland; extorted
justice from Eivglandt and adm ration
from Europe I Is it fl^ and extinguish-
ed forever I I will not believe it 1 But
were every appeal to everything human
fruitless and vain, I would invoke the
Providence which even in my short
life, has stretched a protecting arm
so often over my country 1 In my short
life, my country has been raisea from
a Province to become a Nation, has
been protected from a bloody rebellion
and a formidable invasion, and has seen
one desperate attack against her liber-
ties and constitution defeated and over-
thrown. I will rely on God to save
Ireland." Neither was his pen idle in
the defense of Ireland's integrity, and
in exposing the fallacy of her enemies,
and amongst the ablest pamphlets
which appeared, was his answer to Mr.
Ser-^etary Cook's "Arguments for and
against the Union Considered,* and
called "Cease your Funning." Its
style If comical and Lord Brougham
says it is fully equal to the very best of
Dean Swift's political writings. All
the effort! of the Irish patriots were
however unavaUlng against the elo*
quence of the 'Oastle,' which was pa-
tronage and title, and to the shame and
ruin of Ireland the union was carried.
Bushe felt keenly the degradation of
his country, which he Knew would
henceforth be only a province, and at
one period half resolved to abandon the
bar, and even the country. His pecun-
iary difllculties however determined
him to remain, and he devoted himself
closely and steadily to '*\ifl profesidon,
and he soon rose t'y splendid eminence,
and a lucrntive practice. In 180S he
wfl« raised to the nignlty of Sergeant at
Law and the same yeur was appointed

't'

BUS

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BUS

Solicitor General. This position he
held during one of the most turbulent
periods in the history of bis country;
the State prosecutious were many,
often unjust and vexatious, if not
iniquitous, and Bushe's position was
one it was diflScult to fill without incur-
ring censure. His honor and justice
cannot however be fairly impeached,
although without doubt, some of the

government minions associated with
im would hesitate at no iniquity
to carry out the wishes of the Castle I
A contest at this time between the
Crown 1. e. the 'Castle' and Chief Baron
O'Oradv, of the Exchequer as to the
right of appointing the clerk of that
court, a very lucrative position, was of
great notoriety. Plunket appeared
against the crown, and he made it the
bccasion of hurling all the thunders of
his wrath against the law officers of the
Crown, especially Saurin, the Attornev-
Qeneral, who was worthy of the seech-
ing. Bushe however answered hi \ in
a most masterly manner, and wnich
we give as a specimen of his style.
"The weight of the censure which uip
fallen upon us is increased in propor-
tion to the hight from which it has de-
scended. It has come from the counsel
of a Chief Judge of the Land, from the
lips of one of the most illustrious in-
dividuals in this country, from •» mem-
ber of the United Parliament ; from a
man whose inimitable advocacy is but
secondary to that high character for
integrity and talent which he has es-
tabirHhed for himself and for oui^ nation
— upon whose accents 'the listening
senate hangs, — with whose renown the
entire Empire resounds. From such a
man censure is censure indeed. I cnll
then upon him not to stop half way in
the discharge of his duty. If we are
tyrannical and oppressive — if we have
revived and transcended the worst pre-
' cedents of the worst days of prerogative,
I call upon him in the name of justice,
of our ancient friendship, and of our
common country ; I call upon him by
every obligation which can bind a man,
to impeach us. If ho be not our prose-
cutor, he becomes our accomplice. He
is bound to call us to the bar of that
senate where he shall be upon his feet,
and we upon our knees, nad if his ac-
cusation be true, our heads are due to
Justice. The character of the Chief
iaron has been redeemed bv me, I
have resoned the character of the Court

of Chancery; I have vindicated my
own — one yet remains, the character of
Mr. Plunket himself. And therefore I
call upon him in vindication to bring
us to Westminister, where impeachment
is constitutional, where he will hold
his high place, and the lofty port which*
becomes him. I call upon him to as-
sume the senator and the patriot, and'
assert his rank in that august assembly;
to none has that high station which he
holds in it given more delight than to
me. I rejoice in it as an attached and
ardent fnend, and as an Irishman, I
exult in a man who has exalted tb9'
character of our country in the Senate,
as high as another illustrious country-
man (Wellington) has raised it in the
Field. Let him not stop at the charge
he has made in this place. Let him
follow it up— 'non progredi est regredi'
he must either with shame give up thi»
unjust attack upon the servants of the-
crown, or he must follow up his duty
as a member of Parliament, and carry
us before the bar of the Commons. Let
him do so, we are not afraid, then at
least the judicial determination shalF
not be upon the hearing of one party.
Let him remember the charge is illegal-
ity, jacobinism, and revolution, and
that the crime is disrespect to what ho
call the adjudication of the Court of
Exchequer 1 The very neigh borhood of
Westminister hall ought to make him>
pause. What 1 state within its pre-
cincts that a court of Exchequer in Ire-
land has made a solemn determination
in a case where one party was not pre-
sent, and where the other presided I The-
very walls o fWestminister Hall would
utter forth a groan at sucu an insult to-
the judicial cTiaraoter, the very monu-
ments would deliver up thuii- illustrious
dead, and the shades of Mansfield and
of Somers, and of Holt, and of Hale,
would start from their tombs, to robuke-
the atrocious imputation." In 1832 he
became Chief Justice, and held it till
1841, when he resij^ned, the entire bar-
of Ireland joining in an address of re-

Sret, and of the highest praise. He
led on the 10th of July, 1848. We-
must judge of Bushe mainly by the es-
timate of his illustrious cotcinporaries.
His career was confined to Ireland, and
has therefor not given him that prom-
inence which some of his illustrious-
countrymen acquired. Lord Broug-
ham says of him, "His merits as »
spuukur was of the highest description.

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BUS

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BUT

His powers of narration has not per-
haps been equalled. If any one would
see this in its great perfection, he has
only to read the inimitable speech in
the Trimbleston cause, the narative of
Livy himself does not surpass that great
eflEort." An anonymous poetical
pamphlet published m 1805 ; thus de-
■ficribes his oratory :,

Sedate at first, at length his passion
warms,

And every word and ev'ry gesture
charms

Sunk to no meanness, by no flourish
swelled.

The copious stream its course majes-
tic held,

The Graces to his polished wit gave
birth,

Which wakes the smile, but not the
roar of mirth.

His le^ tenets stand on stable
ground.

His moral precepts, novel and pro-
found.

Well has he traced the law's unbound-
ed chut.

Well searched each comer of the
human heart.

In triumph his resistless march pro-
ceeds,

Beason and passion follow where he
leads.

Is justice his inalienable trust?

Or does he deem each cause he bat-
tles just?

Suffice it — ev'ry ener^ of zeal,

Marks that conviction he makes
others feel.

BU8HE, GEORGE MACARTNEY,
ra celebrated surgeon, was born in Ire-
land in 1707, and after completing his
education at home, and recei7ing his
■degree, ho came to New York and
commenced the practice of his profes-
sion. He soon acquired fame as a most
skilled and successful operator and ob-
tained an extensive and lucrative prac-
tice. He is the author of valuable sur-
ficnl works and papers. He died in
886.

BUTCHER, R. A., REV. SAM'L,
a learned prolcstnnt divine of the es-
tablished church and bishop of Meath,
was the son of Vice Admiral Butcher,
and was born in Ireland in 1811. He
received his education at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, and was elected a Fellow

in 1837, and Professor of Ecclesiastical
History in 1850. He became Re^us
Professor of Divinity in 1852, and in
1866, was named Bishop of Meatli. He
was a member of the Royal Irish Acade-
my and of the Privy Council in Ireland.
He was an author of some note in his
church but somewhat tinctured vith
bigotry. Amongst his works are ' 'Lec-
tures on the study of Ecclesiastical
Literature," "Relative value of Human
and Divine Authority," "Sermons on
the Crimean War," &c. He died July
22, 1876.

BUTLER, JAMES. VicountGalmoy,
a gallant officer of the Irish brigade,
nephew of Lt. Gen. Piers Butler. He
distinguished himself on many occasions
at the head of his regiment, particularly
under the celebrated Marshal Saxc, and
participated in the credit and satist'ation
which the Irish troops won, at the
celebrated battle of Fontenov, where,
mainly, through their irresistible
valor, the English suffered so disastrous
a defeat. He died in 1770, high in
rank.

BUTLER, JAMES, Duke of Or-
mond, was bom in County Killkcnny
about 1660, was appointed a lord of the
bed chamber in 1685 and serving in the
army tiad a share in the victory over
the imfortunate Duke of Monmouth, at
Sedgemore. He afterwards joined the
standard of the Prince of Orange and
was by him given the order of the Gar-
ter, and made High Constable of Eng-
land for the coronation. He took part
in the battle of the Boyne and afterwards
entertained his mojesty most sumptu-
ously at his castle in Killkenny. In
1698 he served at the battle of Landen,
where he received several wounds, and
had a horse shot under him. In 1703
he was appointed by Queen Anne com-
mander in 'chief of the forces sent
against France and Spain, when he de-
stroyed the French fleet, sunk the
Spanish ga'djone in the harbor of Viio,
and took the fort of Rcndondella, for
which he received the thanks of both
houses of Parliament. In 1711 ho was
appointed Captain General and Com-
mtuuler in Chief of the land forces in
Great Britain, which were to bo em-
ploved abroad in conjurution with the
Allies, which position he held till the
treaty of Utrech in 1718, which year ho
was made Warden of t ehOinque Ports,

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and Constable of Dpver Castle. Two
years afterwards, however, George I,
naving succeeded to the throne, he was
impeached of high treason and retired
to France. He wad attainted, his es
tates forfeited and $10,000 offered for his
apprehension, should he attempt to land
in Ireland. He resided until his death,
which took place in 1745, at Avignon,
in France.

BUTLER, JAMES, an American
patriot cf the Revolution, was born in
Virginia, whither his father had emi-

f rated from the troubles in Ireland. In
772 he removed to South Carolina and
on the breaking out of the war he took
up arms. He accompanied Oen. Rich-
ardson's "snow expedition," and also
Gen. Williamson's, the following year,
1776. When Lincoln was placed in
command of the Southern forces But-
ler joined him at Augusta. In 1780
Cornwallis issued an order requiring
every inhabitant of that state to swear
allegiance to the Crown, having previ-
ously to that time recognized neutrals.
Butler refused to take the oath and was
aiTested and lodged in jail, and after-
wards sent to Charleston harbor where
he was confined on a prison ship for 18
months. After his release he organized
a band of patriots to oppose a foray of to-
ries which threatened his neighborhood,
and was killed at Clowd's Creek, 1782.

BUTLER, PIERCE, a descendant of
the Ormond family, was born in Ireland
in 1744, and came to America as an of-
ficer of the British army previous to the
revolution. He resigned his commis-
sion and became an ardent supporter of
colonial rights. He represented South
Carolina in the convention which fram-
edthe constitution of the United States,
and in Congress in 1780, and as U. S.
Senator in 1789. He was a strong
whig, a bitter opponent of England and
a strong advocate of the war of 1812.
He died in 1822, aged 77.

BUTLER, PIERCT, or Piers VI-
count Galmoy and Earl of Newcastle,
a distinguished Irish officer who took
up arms to sustain James II, in Ireland,
and was one of the principal command-
ers at the battle of Boyne, lost by the
imbecility of James. He was also one
of the parties to the treaty of Limerick,
and under its conditions withdrew with
fiuch forces as preferred to accompany

him, to France, and entered the service
of the French Monarch. He gallantly
participated in many of the victories
won by the valor of the Irish brigades,
in the wars of Louis XIV, and rose to
the rank of Lieut. General. He died
in France in 1740.

BUTLER, PIERCE M., son of the
Senator, was bom in South Carolina
in 1798. He became a popular and able
politician of the Democratic party and
was elected Governor of South Caro-
lina in 1838. On the call for volunteers
for the Mexican war he raised a rogi ment
and greatly distinguished himself at
Cerro Gordo, and was killed while gal-
lantly leading his troops at Cherubasco,
1347.

BUTLER, RICHARD, VICOUNT
MOUNTGARRET, an Irish patriot
and soldier, was bom about 1500. In
1642 he took up arms against the crom-
wellians, whose fanaticism and heartless
butcheries threatened the extermination
of Irish Catholics. He obtained posses-
sion of the City of Killkenny, and was
appointed General of the Irish forces
ana President of the Supreme Coimcil
assenibled there that year. He contin-
ued an active leader and met with vary-
ing success (against the enemies of his
county) until, his death, which took
place m 1651. His wife was a daughter
of the celebrated Hugh O'Neill. Euilof
Tyrone

BUTLER, RICHARD, second son
of the 11th Earl of Ormond an Irish
soldier and patriot, was born in County
Killkenny about 1610. He was among
the leadjrs in the rebellion of 1641, and
was made acting Governor of Wexford
and a Lieut. General in the Irish forces.
He died 1701.

BUTLER. GEN. COUNT WAL-
TER, a celebrated Irish soldier in the
employ of the German Empire, was
born about 1610. The troubles and
misfonunes of his native land com-
pelled him to seek his fortune on the
Continent, and one of his family beiuff
in the service of the Empire as Colonel
of an Irish legion, ho joined him while
still a mere youth, and became an ollicer
under him. In 1631 he was captured
while conHpicuously fighting at the head
of his men in tlie defense of Frankfort
on the Oder, then besieged byGustavus

:*4

t1 n

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'^H*'

Adolphufl in command of the allies.
Gustavus was so pleased by the reckless
daring exhibited by the fiery vouth,
that he had him speedily released.
For his daring and gallantry, Wallen-
siein, then, (1683), in command of the
Imperial forces, appointed him Colonel
of a regiment of Dragoon, chiefly com-
posed of Irish and rewarded him in a
princely manner for his distinguished
ffallantry and skill in the Bohemian
Campaign, especially at the capture of
Eger, to which he greatly contributed.
Wallenstein, one of the greatest gen-
erals of his age, had been clothed with
almost imperial power by the Emperor
Ferdinand, and intoxicated by ambi-
tion, had long secretly designed to carve
out of the Empire aKingttom for him-
self, and sought bv his munificence to
attach his ablest officers to his interest.
Deeming the situation ripe for his
scheme ne entered into secret negotia-
tions with the leaders of the allies. The
death of Gustavus Adolphus, and the
defeat of tne Swedes and their allies in
some desperate battles, enabled Wal-
lenstein the more easily to approach
them on the subject, and he offered
them valuable concessions and his sup-
port to maintain the same if they m
turn would support his scheme of am-
bition. He now laid open to Colonel
Butler and other Irish officers, (as he
had previously to more intimate sup-
porters,) his whole scheme, holding
out to Uiem most brilliant prospects ot
dignity and power in the new kingdom,
not dreaming that these men who were
but soldiers of fortune would not gladly
support his elevation and their own.
Butler and his Irish associates, although
but soldiers of fortune had a principle
which Wallenstein did not know or ap-
preciate — honor — and being soldiers of
the Empire, although, technically
sworn to obey Wallenstein, to the
Empire would they remain faithful
while they wore its uniform. Butler
was now placed in a dangerous position
as umy be supposed. Wallcnstein's
power was about absolute, his decisions
were imperious and unalterable, and
his action prutnpt and merciless when
taken, as his men well knew from past
experleuce. Butlor, while astounded
at the greatness uf the treachery, so
well dissembled his thoughts as to excite
no mii»trust,while heseemingly acqulest
in the treason. No time was to be lost
if this great treason was to be averted.

Butler at once informed the mor)»
trusted of his officers of the situation,
and with secrecy immediately dispatch-
eda trusty messenger to inform the
Emperor of the danger, and to h&ve the

£ roper orders and authority to avert it.
a the meantime he counseled with
Gen. ]?iccolomini, whom he found
faithful, as to the best means to gain
time . Fortunately for them and the
Empire, the Allies were distrustful of
Wallenstein, and advanced cautiously,
fearing this alleged consphracy might be
only a trap to 1^ them to destruction.
Butler and Piccolomni suggested send-
ing some trusted officer to meet them
and hurnr them up, and two trusted
Irish officers were despatched,
one after anotlier, but thev had other
missions than seeking the Swedes,
namely, hurrying up faithful troops
that mi*;ht be needed in the emergency,
because Butler and his friends could
not know how wide-spread the con-
spiracy was, or who they migbt depend
on in the forces under Wallenstein.
They kuew that the principal com-
manders were with him and the others
they dare not question. Soon, bow-
ever, the orders came from the E0 per-
or to capture Wallenstein and his prin-
cipal supporters, dead or alive. The
time was short to act. The Swedes
were but a day's march away, the next
morning would perhaps find them
fraternizing with the troops o'l Wallen-
stein, and Uie true position of Butler and
Ids friends would be expos'jd and the
consequence they but too well kuew.
Butler could alone depend on his gal-
lant Irish dragoons, and be at first deter-
mined to capture the oor^pirators alive
and dash off with them in the midst of
his troops. Circumstances rendering
this too hazardous, it was decided that
they should be cut down, and to Capt.
Deveraux was assigned the duty of
forcing the house of Wallenstein, which
was well guarded, and of destroving
the traitor, which he accomplished on
the night of Feb. 25, 1084. The other
principal traitors were cut down fight-
ing lud some of thehr adherents escap-
ing t«) the Swedish camp gave the alarm,
but the conaplracy died with Wallen-
stein. But'ier was made a General and
Count of the Empire and presented
with extensive estates. He did not live
long to T>roflt by his good fortune, for
he died 'shortly after the Battle of Nord-
lingeo, where the Swedes suffered •

•re
n,
h.
■the

If:

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w'l
3'!

,.J5 George Canning. H — i— H3 Lord CMtlereagh.

*'"*,. Chns. Kendal Buscbe ' Duke of Wellington. » Wm. C. Plunket.

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disastrous defeat, and where Butler was
wounded whilst leading his troops with
Ids usual darinff and gallantry. He
died Sept. 6, 1634, and was biuied in
Bohemia. He bequeathed large sums
for religious purposes and also to mem-
bers of his family and to Col. Deveraux,
who succeeded him in command of the
Irish Dragoons. Accounts of him are
found in Schiller's "Thirty Years War,"
and he is one of the characters in his
great drama of Wallenstein.

BUTLER, GEN. WM. O., a promi-
nent American statesman and soldier,
was a son of Gen. Pierce Butler and
nephew of Gen's. Richard, James and
William, all of whom with their father
came from Ireland and served in the
war of the Revolution with distinction,
so much so, that Lafayette once said,
" If I want a thing well done, I order
a Butler to do it." Wm. O. was bom in
Jessamine County, Kentucky, in 1791,
his parents having just previously re-
moved from South Carolina. Our sub-
ject received his education at Transyl-
vania University, where he graduated
in 1812, and had commenced the study
of the law with Robt. WicklifE, at Lex-
ington, Ky„ when the war of 1812
broke out. He immediately enlisted as
a private, and accompanied the relief
force to Fort Wayne. He was soon
made an ensign, and was present at the
disastrous battles near the River Raisin,
Jan'y. 18th and 22, 1818. In this sec-
ond engagement he exhibited heroic
bravery. The Indians in possession of
a stable were pouring a murderous fire
from their shelter into the ranks of the
Americans, when the commanding
officer exclaimed, will no one bum that
barnl The youn^ ensign improvised
. a torch and crossmg tu3 open space,
which was swept by the rifles of the
Indians, succeeded in reaching the
cover of the savages, and igD'*'ng the
hay, compelled them to abanuv/U their
vantage ground. He was afterwards
wounded and taken prisoner, and suf-
fered greatly from cold, hunger and the
inhumanity of his captors. He was
soon afterwards paroled at Fort Niag-
ara, and amid perils and hardships he
traveled back to Kentucky. On reach-
ing home he was commissioned a cap-
tain, and raising a company was at-
tached to the 44th infantry, served with
distinction under Jackson in the south.
On New Orleans being threatened by

the British, he was ordered up to its re*
lief, and on the night of Dec. 28. 1814,
he was present at the first attack on the
enemy below New Orleans, in com-
mand of four companies of the left wing,
and drove the enemy before him with
great gallantry, and the strong force then
on shore, (8,000), would have been cap-
tiu^, but a dense fog came to their as-
sistance. This check, however, en-
abled Jackson to gain time to concen-
trate all his available forces and choose
his position. Butler was breveted for
his bravery, and his conduct at the ever
memorable battle of Jan. 8th, which
followed is thus reported on by his
great leader. ' ' He displayed the heroic
chivsdrv and calmness of judgment in
the midst of danger, that distinguishes
the valuable officer in the hour of bat-
tle." In the following year h i was one
of Jackson's staff, having tucceeded
his brother, Maj. Thos. Butler. He al-
ways remained greatlv attached to
Jackson, and afterwaras, when Jack-
son was fined for declaring marshal
law to save his country, at New
Orleans, Butler made a most ' ^'Miant
defence against the injustice auu mon-
strous ingratitude of such a decision
towards one who rather deserved a
crown for his great valor and sUlI.
In 1817 he resigned from the army
and resumed the study and prac-
tice of law, and shortl^r after was sent
to the Legislature of his state, and in
1839 was elected to Congress, and re-
elected in 1841, refusing a third nomi-
nation. While in Congress he took an
active part in the debates on all great
questions, such as the tariff act of 1842,
&c. At this time he was induced to
head the Democratic ticket, in his na-
tive state, that of Kentucky, although
the party was greatly in the minority,
having been beaten by 2,800 majority
the previous election by the jubilant
whigs. Although he did not carry the
state, yet he. reduced their majority
down to 600,' so popular was he with
his fellow citizens. On the breaking
out of the Mexican war, he again aban-
doned the unbloody strifes of the fo-
rum for the sterner ones of war, and was
commissioned a Maj. Gen. of Volunteers.
He reported to Gen. Taylor, and first
served in Texiis and Northern Mexico.
At Monterey ho was wounded while
heading a charge and was sent home to
recover. He jomed the army again and
took part in the capture of the City

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of Mexico. In 1848 he was senior Major
Gen., and for a wliile lield chief com-
mand. Both Congress and his native
state voted him swords for gallant
conduct at Monterey, and the same
year the Democratic National Conven-
tion placed him in nomination as their
candidate for vice-president. Gen. Cass,
another Irish American, heading the
ticket for president. He was tendered
the governorship of Nebraska in 1855,
but declined. He however answered
the patriotic call to the Peace Con-
gress, which assembled in Washing-
ton, in 1861, to wardoflf, if possible, the
terrible and dubious consequences of
civil war. Failing in this, the old
hero retired in sadness to his home, but
unalterably attached to the Union of
the States. Gen. Butler was a man of
commanding personal appearance, born
a soldier, still he was no less fitted by

{generous gifts to shine in all walks of
ife. His position at the Kentucky bar
was amongst the foremost, and he ac-
quired a large and lucrative practice.
As a speaker he was clear, forcible and
eloquent. He lived to a ripe old age,
dying Aug. 6th, 1880, in his 90th year,
having the satisfaction of beholding his
coimtry emerge from the dark abyss of
disunion and civil war, redeemed and
regenerated, "her flag still high, not a
stnpe erased or diminished, not a single
star obscured," enjoying a profound
peace, and a prosperity without paral-
lel among the nations.

BYRNE, PATRICK, an eminent
bookseller and publisher of Dublin, and
a man of talent and a patriot, was bom
in Ireland, about 1750. His store on
Grafton street, Dublin, was the usual
literary rendevous of the United Irish-
men; he himself being a member of
that body. He was! the first Catholic
admitted into the guild of booksellers
after the relaxation of the penal law, in
1798. The position of a patrotic Irish
publisher, in those times, was one of
trouble and danger. Byrne published
some of Wolfe Tone's pamphlets, Ha-
milton Rowan's Trial, written by him-
self, and many patriotic pamphlets.
The following dialoeue took place be-
tween Byrne and "the unscrupulous
Lord Clonmel, Chief Justice of the
King's Bench, in regard to some of his
publications. Clonmel — "Mr. Byrne I
perceive yo\j have advertised Mr. Row-
an's Trial?" B.— " The advertisement,

my lord. Is Mr. Rowan's, he has only
selected me as publisher, which I think
an honor, and I hope it will be profit-
able." Clonmel — "Take care, sir, what
you do — I give you this caution, for if
there is any reflection on the judges of
the land, by the eternal G — I'll lay you
by the heels." Byrne — •' I have many
thanks to return to your lordship for
your caution. I have many opportuni-
ties of going to Newgate, but I have
never been ambitious of that honor, and
I hope in this case to stand in the same
way." Mr. Byrne was arrested in 1798
as one of the United Irishmen, and after
suffering imprisonment for some time
he was released and oi-dered to leave
the country. He came to America and
we believe settled in Philadelphia where
he engaged in the book business, and
after some years died, honored and re-
spected by his fellow citizens.

BYRNE, WILLIAM, an artist and
enCTaver of talent, was bom in London
of Irish parents in 1743. He studied in
Paris under Atinet andWille,and on his
return to England, was held in great re-
pute. Amongst his principal works are
the Antiquities of Britain and Smith's
Italian Scenery. He died in 1805.

BYRNE, REV. WILLIAM, one of
those extraordinary men who in an or*
dinary way perform wonderful results,
was born in County Wicklow, Ireland,
in 1780. He was the oldest of a large
family, his father dying when our suo-
ject was comparatively young. The
care of largely providing for the family
devolved upon him, and although de-
siring to consecrate himself to a religi-
ous hfe, he neither shrank from, nor
abancloned the heavy burthen which
Providence had put upon him, so neith-
er did he abandon the idea of working
out the desire of his heart, although
hti had neither the opportunity nor
mcand of acquiring a classical educa-
tion, and for the little progress he could
make in the way of education under
his difficulties, he was indebted to tixe
instructions of a pious uncle. He re-
mained with his mother till his twenty-
fifth year, when feeling that he might
safely be spared, he determined to go to
the United States, as he thought he
might there more easily and quickly
carry out his desires. Not long after
his arrival he applied to the Jesuits at
Georgetown College for admission and

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was taken on probation; but after some
months at this institution, finding that
on account of his advanced age and
meagre studies, he could not expect for
many years to be ordained a pnest, he
resolved to so elsewhere. He apj^lied
to Archbiemiop Carroll who received
him kindly, and advised him to go to
8t. Mary's, Emmittsburg. Here Dr.
Dubois, the President, received him
like a father, pointed out to him his
future course of study, and encouraged
him to persevere. Fmding in him great
tact for managing boys he made him
prefect. Here he commenced ^e
study of Latin, now almost in his thir-
tieth year, but cheered himself with the
thought that St. Ignatius was as old
when he did the same. To prosecute
more rapidly his theological studies, he
repaired to the Theological Seminary
at Baltimore, which was then in a
flourishing condition. The faculty
were all Frenchmen, nd for some rea-
son Mr. Byrne did not entirely agree
with them, and thought it advi^ble to
leave. He had by this time been so
advanced in his studies as to have been
admitted to Subdeaconship. He im-
mediately proceeded westward, and
meeting Bishop Flaget at Pittsburgh he
tendered him his services for the diocese
of Bardstown, which were gladly accep-
ted. Here he was happy in meeting
Mr. Elder, who had been a fellow
student with him at Emmittsburgh,
and between whom a strong friendship
bad sprung up. After some further
preparation at the Seminary of St.
Thomas, he and his friend were both
elevated to the dignity of the priesthood
by Bishop David. They were the first
priests he had ordained m the Cathedral
of St. Joseph at Bardstown. Mr.
Byrne was put in charge of St. Charles
and St. Mary's congregations besides
adjoining missions, and although not
in very strong health, he pushed his
work with characteristic energy, and
left no duty, far or near, great or small,
u)idone. Although no orator, he was
tsminently practical, and a keen judge
of human nature. His sermons were
always effective, because pointed and
for a purpose. He scorched out evil
customs and encouraged pious and
charitable ones, both by word and ex-
ample* Having had so much of the
unpleasant dutv of Prefect in his college
experience, he had determined never to
have anything more to do with such

-f

work; but seeing the great want of
some institu'lon for the instruction of
the children in his various congregSr
tions, many of whom could not even
read, there being no schools of any kind
established, but especially were the
poorer classes, of which his parisliioners
were mainly composed, without any re-
source, he therefore determined to
make a sacrifice of his feelings, nnd es-
tablish some kind of an institution of
learning that might at least give a
medium education, and ground its

Supils in religion and virtue. The
imculties, however, seemed appalling;
no money nor means of any kuid, but
an indomitable will and a spirit of sacri-
fice. He laid his plans before the
Bishop, who too felt the need, and who
encouraged him to make the attempt.
There was a neglected farm near by,
upon which was an old stone mill which
had to be closed from failure of its
water supply, and this he determined
to purchase. He canvassed all classes
of his neighbors for advances to aid
him in purchasing the site, offering to
pay back in full in schooling at low
rates. He took all sorts of produce in
pay, converting it with much trouble
into cash, and at length succeeded in
raising enough to make his first pay-
ment on the purchase. He next had to
fit up the old mill, and transform it into
an academy. This he did by taking off
his own coat and laboring like the
lowliest of his workmen. Early in the
spring of 1821, was this inelegant seat
of learning opened with al^ut fifty
scholars. The energy and self sacrifice
of one man alone had accomplished it,
and after a period of sixty years,it still ex-
ists, and is to-day, one of the flrat institu-
tions of learning in the Southwest. It
has given to the country hundreds and
hundreds of men, illustrious for their
virtue and their learning, and among
them some of our most eminent bishops.
Including the ^eat Dr. Spalding, arch-
bishop of Baltimore, who was one of
the boys who sat on the rude forms on
that memorable opening, and who per-
haps, but for the work of this humble
priest, might never have been able to
acquire the education which enabled
himtmder God, to become the great light
he was. Father Byrne was the presi-
dent and faculty of his new college, and
besides he had to attend to his mission-
ary duty. But happily he was equal to
the emergency, and soon trained from

;'.i

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HUBH CBLTB.

CAD

among his boys, assistants, who develop-
ed in time into an able and trained body
of teachers, who, while pursuing their
own studies, taught others, and produced
their own successors, until the school
became noted throughout Kentucky and
the south-west. He soon had to enlarge
the institution on account of the increas-
ing applications, and had succeeded in
building a large addition which was
about to be occupied, when it was burn-
ed to the ground. He was absent when
it occured, and although sad at the sight
that met his eyes, he did not stop to
make regrets, but takingofl his coat,set
to work to repair the disaster,and he scar-
cely took rest day or night,until a new
St. Mary's arose, larger and more beau-
tiful than that destroyed. In a few years
he cleared off all the new obligations,
and as the applications for admission
exceeded the capacity still, he built
another large addition, and it was almost
ready for occupation when it also was
burned to the ground. Such misfor-
tunes would have completely dishearten-
ed most men, but Father Byrne was a
man bom to conquer. He rebuilt on an
enlarged plan, and so successful and
prosperous was the college, and so well
did he manage, that in a few years he
was again entirely out of debt, and his
institution placed on an enduring found-
ation. ' We now arrive at an act that
shows him to have been as great of soul,
and as disinterested, as he was able and
successful. This grand institution
which was the work of his unaided la-
bors, which he had btiilt up twice from
its ashes, carrying it through misfor-
tunes, less than which has ofen swamp-
ed institutions generously endowed and
backed up by influence, means and abil-
ty ; yet although it was a grand and per-
manent monument of learning and one of
great pecunary value, he freely offers
It to the Jesuit fathers, without consider-
ation! solely and alone, because he felt
that they had the material to make it
mi >re complete and perfect, than he alone
ever could expect to do I His intention
then, after a little rest, was to seek a new
location, where pople were in want of
educational facilities, and build up again
from the foundation, a new St. Mary's.
After seeine the Jesuit fathers installed,
he went to help his friena Father Elder
whose church was laboring under pecun-
iary ditllculties. While there, the chol-
era of 1884 broke out, and although he
was under no obligation to attend the

sick, and besides being subject to violent
cramps and spasms of the stomach, and
as a consequence predisposed to the then
fatal disease, yet the first call which
came — that of an old negro woman —
which found no priest to attend, was
immediately answered by him; although
he said while getting readv, "Itisproo-
able that this will be my death" and so
it proved. He died before noon the next
day, a martyr, not to duty, but great-
er still to disinterested zeal and charity.
What a life was this, in its means and
labor so simple, in its results so grand
and successful. In his youth an orphan
who had not only to take care of him-
self, but also of a large family, at
twenty five without education or means;
at nearly thirty commencing his class-
ical studies! and after completing his
education becomes the priest of a poor
parish, and while attending to these
duties, without money or aid, except in
the way of advances for which he gave
more than full value, he starts an in-
stitution of learning, and in the face of
appalling misfortunes, he sustains it,
unaided and alone, and placed it upon so
permanent a footing, that it stands today,
after sixty years, one of the great insti-
tutions of learning of the country! St.
Mary's of Bardstown, Kentucky. When
we remember that during those years
numerous institutions with magni-
ficent endowments, backed often by
wealthy and dominant religious bodies,
have arisen and flourished and failed,
we may form some estimate of the mag-
nitude of the work of this simple priest,
who had commenced his own education
when old! and yet, dying before his
prime! left behind him such a work ! 1
Truly "In a few years had he ac-
complished many."

CADE, JACK, a famous insurrec-
tionary leader of Kent, England, of
whose personal history little is known
except that he was an Irishman and
called himself Mortimer. In June,
1450, with from 15 to 20,000 armed
men of Kent he marched towards Lon-
don and encamped at Blackheath, from
whence he kept up a correspondence
with citizens who looked favorably on
his enterprise. The Court sent to know
why the good men of Kent had left
their homes. Cade in a paper entitled
"The Complaint of the Commons of
Kent,' replied that the men of Kent
were especially ill-treatfjd and overtax-

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6d by the eoTernment, and that the free
election of their knight of the shire
had been hindered — a just and honest
defence. The King, ifeniy VI, sent as
his answer an army, before which the
men of Kent retreated to Sevenoaks
where Jack Cade drew them up and
awaited the advance of theKing's troops,
whom he defeated. ' Tlie main portion
of the royal army sympathizing with
the grievances oi the men of Kent, re-
fused to advance against them, and the
King had to make some of the desired
concessions to Cade bnd4iis men. Cade
entered London on Julv 8, 14fi3, and
compelled the Mayor and Judges to try
and pass death sentence on Lord Fay,
one of the King's advisers and favorites,
whose head the men of Kent immedi-
ately cut off in Cheapside. The Court
now by fair promises and threats, sowed
dissension among Cade's followers and
exemption from pimishment being pro-
mised to all who immediately returned
to their homes, they commenced to dis-
perse, and a price was set on Jack
Cade's head. He attempted to reach
the coast of Sussex, but was killed on
the way, July 11, and his head stuck
upon London Bridge as a terror to trai-
tors. It is probable that the men of
Kent and their leader were better pa-
triots than their enemies, at least they
Bought but the redress of real griev-
ances.

CAIBRE, LIFPECHAIR, son of
Cormac Ulfada, a learned monarch of
Ireland in the third century-. He wrote
a "History of the Kings" his predeces-
sors, a copy of which was in the Abbey
of Icolm-kill in the 17th century and
which Sir George McKenzie in his "De-
fense of the Rojal Line of Scotland,"
refers to as havmg seen.

CAILAN, SAINT, first bishop of
Down was probabi^ a disciple of Pat-
rick, was for a time abbot of a monas-
tery at Neudrum, the situation of wliich
iei^ow unknown, and was placed over the
see of Down about the year 500, which
he governed for upwards of twenty
years. But little has come down to us
regarding his life and labors. He was
cotemporary of St. Macnisse bishop of
Connor, which see was united to that
of Down in 1441. He died in the early
part of the sixth century.

CAIRNES, HUGH MoCALMONT.
Lord, one of the most able and distin-

guished of living jurists, and equally
celebrated as an orator and statesman,
was bom near Belfast, Ireland, in 1819.
After completing his educatiop he
studied law and was admitted to the
Irish bar, where he quickly won recog-
nition for thoroughness and ability. In
1853 he was returned to Parliament for
Belfast, in 1806 was Attorney Gener-
al under Lord Derby, and in 1808 he was
made Lord Chancellor of England.
He is looked upon as the ablest of the
conservatives in the House of Lords,
and their recognized leader.

CAIRNES, JOHN ELLIOTT, one
of the able.st and most distinguished
political economists of the age, was born
at Drogheda in 1834. After leaving
school he first entered the counting
house of his father, who was an exten-
sive brewer, 'desiring howe er, to con-
tinue his studies, he was permitted to
enter Trinity College, Dubhn, and grad-
uated in 1848, and afterwards passed
the curriculum of Art. He then studied
law and was admitted to the Irish bar.
His mind, however, was absorbed in
questions of political economy, and he
became a contributor to the daily press,
especially on questions of this nature,
and soon acquired a wide mputation
for the depth and ability of his articles.
In 1856 he was appointed to the chair
of Political Economy at Dublin, found-
ed bjr Archbishop Whately, who was
his friend and admirer. His first pub-
lished work, 1857, was the "Character
and Lodcal Method of Political Econ-
omy." In 1861 he was appointed to the
"Professorship of that chair in Queen's
College, Galway, and the same year
appeared his work, "The Slave Power"
which attracted great attention, and its
predictions have been verified by the
results of the Great Rebellion. In 1866
he was appointed Professor of the sjime
chair in University College, London,
but his health failing he was compelled
to seek Italy to recuperate. He resigii-
ed his duties in 1873. In 1873 he re-
ceived the degree of L L. D. from
Dublin University. He continued to
write on his favorite subject till his
death, July 8th, 1875. tie is justly
ranked among the ablest writers ou
Political Economy who have yet ap-
peared.

CAISON, REV. ALEXANDER. L
L. D., a talented and distinguished

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Baptist divine, was born in Ireland,
1776. He was a man of great learning
and ability, and the recognized leader
of that liody in Ireland. He died in
1844.

CALDWELL. DR. CHARLES, an
eminent American physician, bom in
Caswell Co. N. C, May 14, 1773. He
was the son of an Irish officer who had
emigrated at an early day to America,
and who, like the rest of Lis country-
men, had supported by pen and sword,
the rights of the American colonies.
He received the best education his
neighborhood afforded, and in 1792
went to Philadelphia and entered the
medical department of of the Universi-
ty. The next year he was 6 istinguished
by his zeal, courage and bkill in an epi-
demic of yellow fever. He acted as
surgeon to a brigade during the Whiskey
Insurrection. He contributed to the
Medical literature of the times, trans-
lating Blummbach's "Elements of Phy-
dology" from the Latin. He also edited
the Port Folio, and in 1816 CuUen's
" Practice of Physic" and at this time
he was also profe'isor of Natural His-
tory in his Alma Mater. In 1819 he
published the "Life of Gen. Green" and
about this time filled the chair of medi-
cine and clinical practice at the Tran-
sylvania University, Lexington, Ky.
In 1820 he went to Europe in the inter-
est of that institution and purchased
books and philosophical tipparatus. In
1837 he establfshed in the city of Louis-
ville a Medical Institute, but in conse-
quence of a misunderstanding with the
trustees was removed from office in
1849. Among his works are a Persian
Tale translated from from the Ar-
abic; memories of Rev. Dr. Holley and
an autobiography. He died in Louis-
ville Tuly 9, 1868.

' CALDWELL, GREEN W., distin-
guished as a soldier, lawyer and doctor
was of Irish descent bom in North
Carolina, April 18, 1811, and after
completing his education took up the
study of medicine in which he acquired
reputation and standing. In the mean
time he read law, was admitted to the
bar, then sent to the State Legislature
and afterwards to Congress, serving
there at the same time his relative,
Patrick C, £rom Bouth Carolina did.
He subsequently held the position of
Supt. of the U. S. Mint at Charlotte

and still later participated with distinc-
tion in the Mexican war.

CALDWELL, JOSEPH P., of the
above Irish family, was bom in North
Carolina, in 1808, received his educa"
tion at Bethany Academy, adopted,
the law as a profession and rose to
distinction in its practice, was in
the state Legislature for a number of
years and afterwards in Congress, where
he exerted much influence by his
talents.

CALDWELL, PATRICK C, a dis-
tinguished Soutii Carolinian, was of
Irish descent and bom in that state.
He was appointed to many positions of
honor and tmst by his fellow citizens
and represented that state in Congress
in 1851, 2 and 8.

CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL,
one of the ablest and most eloquent of
American statesmen and vice president
of the United States, was born at Long
Cone, South Carolina, March 18, 1782.
His father, Patrick Calhoun was a na-
tive of Ireland, who emigrated -^'ith his
parents and first settled in Pennsylvania,
from thence they went to the border
settlements of Virginia, but the Indians
after Braddock's defeat being a con-
stant menace, the family moved to
South Carolina, on the border of the
Cherokee territory. Here Patnok la-
came commander of a body of liangers
raised for defence against the Indians,
prior to the Revolutionary war. The
Calhouns were amongst the boldest up-
holders of colonial rights and the haray
Rangers were upon the first alarm of
war in the active service of their coun-
ry, and whether against the savage al-
lies of tlie British who prowled about
their homes, or their no less heartless
instigators and employers, they made
themselves felt and feared duriug the
whole course of the struggle. Patrick
Calhoun was also for many years a
member of the Legislature of his state,
and encouraged, as well by voice as
sword his state to make every sacrifice
necessary to sustain the common cause.
He died full of years in 1796. Our
future statesman's education had not
been neghictcd at home, bvit it was not
for some time after his father's death
that he entered Yale College, in 1802.
Such good progress had he made before

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that he graduated in 1804, and then en-
tered the law school at Litchfield, Conn.
Having completed Uie course, he re-
turned home and was admitted to the
bar of Ids state. He soon becnme dis-
tinguished for the quickness and clear-
netts of his percepnons, and the fiery
impetuosity of Ym oratory. He was
sent to the legislature of his state in
1808, and in 1811 to congress: from
thenceforward up to the time of his
death, a period of 40 years, he pursued
a splendid congressional career, with no
superior, and rivalled only by Clay and
Webster. In 1817 he became Secretary
of War under Monroe, and in 1825 was
elected Vice President, and again in
1829. Having become involved m some

Sersonal misunderstanding with Presi-
ent Jackson, and also being opposed
to his administration on the State Kight
or nuiification question, he resigned nis
position, became United States Sen-
ator in 1831, and continued to occupy
his seat until 1848, when he became
Secretary of State under Polk. He re-
turned to the Senate in 1846 and re-
mained up to the time of his death,
March 31, 1850. As an able and pro-
found statesman Calhoun ranks amongst
the very first that America ever produc-
ed, and was recognized as the ablest of
the democratic leaders during his career
in congress, differing however with liis
party and with the great body of the
American people on the State Rights
question. As a parliamentary speaker,
(>alboim stands in the first rank ; in
force, second to none who have moved
senates i n any age or nation . He was not
noted like Burke for the magnificence
of his images or splendor of diction,
but rather for the sharp, well-defined
and logical compactness of his sentences.
Ho seemed rather to avoid all discui-
siveness of the imagination, but sv;ept
on straight to the ob;|ective point with
an irresistible flood ot logic and a sub-
tile power of decomposing arid analy-
sing all opposing obstacles that seemed
penectly overwhelming. His appear-
ance too at such times v.as an inspira-
tion and a power of Itself. His figure
tall, spare and commanding, his face
pale but awe inspiring by the intensity
of its expression, nis eyes flashing
with the light of genius, while the tor-
rent of his words cams forth with a
fiery vehemence supported by the dog-
matic authority of a prophet, that has
never been excelled in power. It was

this great earnestness, recognized as the
expression of honest conviction, which
secured for Calhoun the respect of the
nation, even in his dangerous advocacy
of extreme State Rights, and which re-
spect and esteem he retained till his
death: His cotmtrymen recognizing his
high integrity and admiring his fearless
independence ; characteristics, which
no matter what the mistakes, are after
all the best security for the perpetuation
of free institutions.

CALHOUN, JOHN EWING, a dis-
tinguished lawyer and orator of South
Carolina, was the son of Irish settlers
in that state and was born in 1759. He
was educated by his uncle, Patrick Cal-
houn, father of the still more celebrated
John C. Our subject graduated at
Princeton in 1774, adopted the law
a3 his profession, and soon became
noted. He served in the legisla-
ture of his ^3tate during the stormy
period of the Revolution and was an
ardent supporter of the popular cause.
He was elected U. S. Senator in 1801,
but died in November the followine
yea'*, aged 52 years. He was a man of
enlr.rged views and much independence
of character, which he exhibited by
voting against some of the measures of
his party, during his short ;)areer in the
senate. He was but little if any inferior
to his cousin in eloquence.

C ALLAMORE, JOHN, an early Irish
settler in New Hampshire and noted
throughout the state for his great age,
was born in Ireland in 1715, died in
Kersington, New Hampshire, in 1825.
A most singular thing in regard to him
was that im hair, which in the course
of time became white with age, regain-
ed its original color before his death.

CALLANAN, REV, LAWRENCE,
an able and pious Franciscan of the last
century, co * umporaiy and friend of
Father, O'Leary, was born in Cork in
1720, and educated at tlie Convent of
Bt. Antony, Louvain. He was for
many yeurs prior of his order in his
native city. By his advise and co-oper-
ation tie "Presentation Order" of Nuns
was founded by Miss Nano Nagle, and
the rule by wliich they are governed
was drawn up by his hand. With
talents of the first order, he was known
rather by the simplicity and sweetness
of his cltaracter and his efforts to bene-

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fit his fellow men. He died Jan. 29,
1818, leaving behind him not only the
memory, but the living virtue of his
good works.

CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER, D.
D., a talented and eloquent American
protestant divine and theologian, was
bom \a Ireland, in 1788. He came to
America, settled in Bethany, Vir-
cinii I, and became president of Bethany
CJollege, founded there. He soon ac-
quired fame by his eloquence as well as
his great controversial powers, and was
the recognized leader of a peculiar class
of Presbyterians, known afterwards as
"The Disciplesof Christ. " He was the
Protestant champion in the celebrated
(oral) religious diHcussion which took
place in Cincinnati, in 1886, in which
Bishop Purcell defended the Catholic
side, but the common verdict was thatMr.
Campbell met a more than Greek. He
continued.however, to wield a powerful
influence amongst his brethem till his
death, which occurred in 1866. He un-
doubtedly was a man of distinguished
ability and eloquence.

CAMPBELL, BARTLET, one of
the most talented and successful of
American dramatists, was born in
Alleghany City, Pa., Aue. 12, 1848, of
Irish parents, and received the ordinary
common school education. When
thirteen years o^ ^.^e he entered a law
offlco, but haeep skin covers had no at-
tractions for his dramatic soul and he
was soon disbarred from further prac-
tice and sent home. He next tried a
newspaper ofBrc, ^he Pittsburgh Leader,
and his native wit was soon sharpened
suflBcently to write for the press, which
he did in 1858. In the Presidential
campair-n of 1864 h^ took the stump
for McClellan, and in 1868 he tried his
hand at starting a newspaper, the Eve-
ning Mail, with the usual result. In
1869 he went to New Orleans and start-
ed the tjouthem Magazine and was
made official reporter of the Louisana
House of Hepresentatives. His first
attempt at the drama was "Through
Fire, thoroughly sensational, in 1871,
which was followed Ly "Peril," a com-
edy, and next "Fate, ''^ which Charlotta
LeClcrc purchased to take to England.
He then produced "Risks" puroliased
by Jno. T. Raymond, and then the
"Virginian," which was also produced
luEnglkHu and purchased afterwards

by Frank Mayo. In 1874 he produced
his first Irish play "Oran Uale," and
then "On the Rhine," this was follow-
ed by the "Big Bonanza" an adaptation
from the Qerman,which proved, in San
Francisco, hit first big strike. In 1876
he went to England, and while there
wrote "A Herome in Rags" Kud "How
Women Love," which latter play he
afterwards reconstructed as liie "Vigil-
antes." In 1878 he wrote "Clio'*^ a
poetic picture of Italy, and in '79 Fair-
fax, or Life in the Sunny South. "My
Partner" was brought out in 1879, and
proved a great success on the metropoli-
tan stage and throughout the country.
The "Galley Slave" followed, and "Mat-
rimony" about the same time, and during
the season of 1879, at times, three of
Mr. Campbell's plays were on the beards
at ths same time, in New York City,
which we surmise is the best indication
of his ability as a dramatist. He has
undoubtedly fine dramatic instincts,
and understands thoroughly stage art.
He has also appeared on the stage In
some of his own plays, and may yet,
like Boucicault, be equally popmar as
an actor.

CANNING, RIGHT HON. GEO.,
one of the ablest of British states-
men, and most polished of orators,
was the son of an Irish barrister, a man
of talent and no mean poet, was bom
in London, April 11, 1770. His father
died while our subject was still but a
child, and left his family in straighten-
ed circumstances. The future states-
man, who already gave indications of
genius, was placed at Eatori by his
father's rolbtions, and he soon distin-
guished blmself as a classical scholar
and was uie of the principal contribu-
tors to the Microcosm. Prom Eaton he
went to Oxford, where he quickly dis-
tinfniishv-id JLJrraelf and took several of
thb prizes. Alter leaving Oxford he
entered, himself a member at Lincoln's
Inn intending like Burke to adopt the
Law as his profession. The persuasive
el'-quence of his friend Sheridan, how-
ever, ind jced him to relinquish the
"dry drujery" and enter the more ex-
citing one of politips. In 1798 he first
obtuin<^,d a seat in the House of Com-
mons as a member for Newport, in the
Isle of Wight, and in 1796 he was ap-
pointed Uiuler Secretary of State and
returned for the treasury borough of
Weudover. during this time hupen

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was not idle, for Jie contributed liberal-
ly to the party literature of the day
amon^ which were New Morality,
parodies on Darwin and Bouthey, and
many other brilliant satirical articles.
In 1799 he married Miss Scott, sister of
the Duchess of Portland, who brought
to him an ample fortune. On the re-
signation of latt he also retired from
the ministry and proved himself an able
«nd formidable opponent of the Adding-
ton administration. Its existence was
not of long duration, and Canning again
took office imder Pitt as Treasurer of
the Navy, which he held till the death
■of that statesman, January, 1809. This
placed him again in opposition for a
short time, but he was soon again called
to fill a post in the Cabinet, as Secre-
tary of State for Foreign Affairs. In
180i9, however, the Waicheren exi)edi-
tion produced a quarrel between him
and Lord Castlereigh, which resulted in
a duel in which he was severely wound-
•ed, and also in his withdrawal from the
ministry. In 1812 he was elected one
■of the members from Liverpool, and
subsequently thrice returned after bitter
•cojitests. In 1816 l>o was embassador
to Lisbon, and in 1818 became President
«of the Board of Control, which place h3
relinquished and went abroad, not wish-
ing to tt.\ke pairt In the proceedings
4igainst tho Queen. In 1822 he was
appointed Oovernor General of India
^and was on the eve of embarking when
'the sudden death of Lord Londonderry
left vacant the po-jt of Secretary of
Foreign Affairs. This he held until the
Illness of the Earl of Liverpool dise^lv-
•ed the Cabinet, when he was raised to
the dignity of Prime Minister. He did
not, however, long enjoy this acme of
the hope, and aspiration of British
statesmen, for worn out by both mental
and bodily labor, he died on the 8th of
Augiist. 1827 in the zenith of his power
ana popularity. As an orator. Canning
ranks among the first of modern times,
and for elegance of diction, classical
taste, wit and sarcasm combined, has
never been excelled. j.^h .a statesman
he had broad and liberal views, and is
Justly ranked amongst the great stwho
«ver directed the destinies of the British
Empire.

CANTWELL, EDMOND, a gallant
officer of the Irish brigade who went to
France after the treaty of Limerick, in
1691. He served under Catenat in

Savoy, and participated in many of
theglories earned by the Irish brigades
in France. Onth> re-organization of the
Irish brigade in France in 1695 he was
major oi the Athlone regiment and was
afterwards advanced t« distinguished
rank for brilliant services.

CARAUSIUS, Emperor of Britai i,
was a native of Ireland, of phbiun
birth, but a daring and experiencod
seaman, was born in Manapia, Irelar d,
about A. D. 260, according to Camdt n.
He was employed by Dioclesian a:id
Maximian to defend ihe maratiuie
parts of Gaul against the Franks a:id
Saxons. Having abused bis power he
was declared an enemy to the State.
He then sailed for Bntain, where he
crushed Roman aiithority, hed himself
proclaimed Emperor »f that country'
and in the face of the Roman powei
maintained his position for seven years.
He was killed by Alectus who succeeded
him for three years and who was at
length crushed by the Romans imder
Constantine Chlorus.

CARET, HENRY C, an em lent
political economist, and the ablest writ-
er in advocacy of the American theory of
protection to home industries, that has
yet appeared, was bom in Philadel-
phia, 1793, and was a son of Mathew
Carey. He received a liberal educa-
tion and entered the great publishing
house of his father. In 1886, having
amassed an independent fortune he
withdrew from active business, to de-
vote himself to the preparation and pub-
lication of a work on Political Economy,
especially the advocacy and elucidation
of the protection system, which he
made his life work. Hiu discussions on
the relations of labor and capital, of
finance and other paramount questions
in that science soon attracted universal
attention at home and abroad. - His
works have been translated into every
European language, and are looked
upon by the advocates of protection as
unanswerable, not indeed according to
abstract rea8oning,but by the unanswer*
able arguments of stubborn and uncon-
trovertable facts. To the end of his
life he was the great champion of what
his genius had stamped as the "Ameri-
can JProtective System." His most im-
portant works are "Past and Present,"
8 vols.8vo. 1848. "Essay on Wages" and
his general works on the policy of Pro-

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jectJon. Hr. Carey was recognized the
world over as the leading writer oa the
protection system, and his works were
accordingly valued. In private life he
was highly respected and popular. He
died Oct. 18. 1879.

■^ CAREY, MATHEW, an Irish pa-
triot and author, and a distinguished
political economist, was a son of Wm.
P. Carey, the Irish patriot, and was
born in Dublin Jan. 28, 1760. He re-
ceived as good an education as the
academic schools of ^ native city af-
forded, and at the age ef 16 years began
to learn the business of printer and
bookseller. His first attempt at author-
ship was a pamphlet on the evils and
absurdity of duelling, then so prevalent
in Ireland. This was followed by an
address to the Irish Catholics on their
oppression by the Penal Code, so sharp
pomted, freedom li piring and defiant
that the outspoken and manly young
patriot had to fly from the gnp of the
oppressor and went to Paris. He re-
mained there about a year and then re-
turned to Ireland and edited the "Free-
man's Journal," and in 1788 he estab-
lished the "Volunteer's Journal" which
became very popular and was extensive-
ly circulated, it advocated a bold and
uncompromising stand for Irish rights
and legislative independence, which was
soon after recognized and acceded to
by England, probably by reason of the
convincing bayonets of the Irish Vol-
unteers. On account of an attack upon
Parliament n.nd the Ministry he was ar-
raigned before the House of Commons
for libel, and committed to Newgate in
1784. He was, however, soon liberated
and he sailed for Philadelphia where he
arrived Nov. 15, 1784. He was now
under a government more congenial to
his principles and where he could not
only express them without fear of pri-
son and chains, but with applause.
Shortly after his arrival he- started the
"Pennsylvania Herald," the first news-
paper in America which furnished ac-
curate reports of Legislative doltutes.
To Carev must be conceded the iionor
of starting the American newspapers
into exploring the great fields •f living
issues and passing events, and which
made them the first noted, as pre-
eminently the newspaper of the World.
Carey's enterprise involvei him in a
dispute with tne editor of a rival jour-
nal, and Ms Irish being stronger than

his theory, he fought his opponent,
Col. Oswald, a duel which nearly
proved fatal to Carey, he having been
confined to his house for sixteen months
after. About this time he commenced
the publication of the "American Mu-
seum," which he continued for six
years. In 1791 he married and settled
down to business in the book trade;
In 1798 he was a member of the Com-
mittee of Health when the yellow fevet
epidemic decimated Philadelphia,
and was heroic in his attention to the
sick. He also studied the disease and
the results of different treatments with
much accuracy and judgment, and
published his observations in "History
of the Yellow Fever in 1798." About
this time too he f oimded the Hibsmiaik
Society. He was also active in advanc-
ing the interests of religion, and was
earnest and zealous without bigotry. In
1810 he engaged warmly in the mscus-
sions concerning a United States Bank,
both in the public press and pamphlets.
In 1814 appeared his "Olive Branch"
or "Faults on Both Sides, Federal and
Democratic." This was a patriotic of-
fering, designed to harmonize and unite
the whole country pending the war
with Oreat Britain. It had a large cir-
culation, passing through ten editions
and is regarded as the highest authori-
ty on the political questions of the
period. In 1819 he published his
"VindecisB Hibernicise," an examina-
tion and refutation of the charges
against his countrymen in reference to
alleged butcheries, said to have been
committed in the Rebellion of 1641.
and which he proves to be the baseless
fabrication of bigots and enemies of
Ireland. Carey being a consistent and
high m nded Protestant, ought to make ■
his conclusions on this subject final.
About this time he withdrew from bus-
iness, having acquired an independent
fortune, and left to^his son, Henry C,
the largest book business in America.
From mistime forth he gave his princi-
pal attention to the politTco-economistic
policy best adapted for the develope-
ment of the great resources of the
United States. In 1820 he published
the "New Olive Branch," showing
from tlie invincible logic of facts how
harmonious were the real interests of
the various portions of society, and in
1822, "Essays on Political Economy,"
This was followed by a series of tracta
covering over 2,000 pages, all tending

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to show that the true interests of Amer-
ica lay in Protection. He was also an
active advocate for all beneficial public
works, and was one of the originators
ct the system of internal improvements
which resulted in the construction of
the Pennsylvania canals. He was also
an active promoter of education and bt
every philanthropic work which tend-
ed to help or benefit his fellow man.
He died in Philadelphia, September 16,
1889.

CAREY, WM. PAULET, a talent-
ed Irish portrait painter and engraver,
but more noted as a patriot ana politi-
cal writer and pubUsher. He edited
the Sentimental and Masonic Magazine,
published in Dublin before the Union,
and in 1791 established the "National
Evening Star," on the principles adopt-
ed on the foundation of the society of
the United Irishmen later, and so popu-
]ax was this paper that Carey was styled
"The printer of the People." The
matter was almost entirely contributed
by himself, the prose under the name of
"Junius Hibemicus" and the poetical
under "8. Murtaugh O'Pindar." Carey
became prominent by his decided opin-
ion on t&e national questions, and his
advocacy and defense of Napper Tandy.
In 1793 Carey was prosecuted for hav-
ing published certain documents issued
by the United Irishmen, and not being
supported in his defence as agreed upon,
he gave evidence against Dr. Drennan,
and appealed to the public in justifica-
tion. Carey came to the United States
and settled in Fhilahelphla, where his'
sons had established themselves as
booksellers and publishers, acquiring
extensive trade and wealth. They

Sublished In 1819 Mathew Carev's Yin-
eciae Hibemicee which echoed the senti-
ments of their father, who died there
at an advanced age.

CARLTON, SIR GUT, an able Brit-
ish General, was bom in 1784, at Stra-
bane, Ireland, and after pursuing a
regular cburse of studies he entered the
English army. He distinguished him-
self in America at the seiges of Quebec
and Savannah, was made Governor of
Qneboc in 1771. Successfully defended
Canada against Mo:itgomery and Ar-
nold, and succeeded Clinton (Bhr Henry)
as Commander-in-Chief of the British
forces in America ; was in 1786 created
a peer, and appointed Governor of

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
Canada, and died in 1808.

and

CARLTON, WILLIAM, a talented
and witty Iri^ novelist, was born at
Clogher, in 1798. He received a fair
education. When about twenty yeara
old he went to Dublin to try his fortune
at literary work, and after struggling
for some years writing fur the penodl-
cals, he at length attamed notice by hia
"Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasan-
try which he produced in 1880. He
followed this by "Fardorougha the
Miser," and in 1841 published three
vols, of tales and sketches, among them
"The Misfortunes of Barney Branagan"
His stories are all Irish, and some of
them give true and graphical pictures
of the misgovemment of his country,
among them "Valentine McClutchy or
the Insh Landlord," which exhibits the-
ucprincipled villany, heartlessnesa
power and vindictivcness of the agent
— "Rody the Rover," "The Black Pro-
phet, a tale of the Irish Famine," "The
Tithe Proctor," "WilUe Reilly," &c.
Carlton was a natural, graphic, and
elegant writer, full of pathos and
humor. His works are of a health-
ful and instructive nature, and wlU
continue to be among the standard
works of the imagination as long a»
correct taste, charming narative and
chaste matter will attract the readhig
public. Carleton died in Dublin Jan.
80, 1869.

CARRIGAN, PHILIP, an eminent
American physician, was bom in New
York in 1746, of Irish parents, wha
afterwards settled in New Hampshire.
After completing his education Philip-
took up the study of medicine and set-
tied to practice in Concord. For many
years he was recognized as the ablest
physician in the state. He died ia
1806.

CARROLL, CHARLES, of CarroU-
ton, one of the ablest of the statesmen
and patriots of the RevolutioD,and most
distinguished figures of the Declaration
of Independance, was born at .luinapo-
lis, Maryland, Sept. 20, 1727. He wag
a descendant from an Irish Catholic
family of some note, who had left the-
troubles and ceaseless turmoil of the un-
fortunate land of their fathers, to find a
quiet asylum and liberty in the new
world. It is not strange therefore, that

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they became distinguished and zealous
patriots and unflinching defenders of
the Peoples Rights in every ramification
and form. This colony itself — Mary-
iland — where our subject was bom was
settled at first in part by Irish Catho-
lics, under Charles Calvert, who first
and alone in the wilds of free America,
•^established a broad and true charter
of liberty, allowing and seeming to all
without any test or restriction, full
.and equal rights under their laws, and
yet they were doomed to suffer for
their justice from the hands of those
whom they made participators of their
^blessings, for even here in their new
.house as it were, did the strangers whom
they sneltered, deprive them afterwards
•of the rights of sufferage, perhaps, no
doubt, lest perchance they might abuse
itl They succeeded, however, before
the era of the Revolution, in recovering
their rights under the liberal charter
they had themselves promulgated, and
were thus doubly tramed for the fight
for National Independence. At a very
•ear'y age, Charles was sent to France to
be educated. After completing his edu-
•cation he entered one of the best insti-
tutions of France for the study of Civil
Law, and after becoming well versed
in this science he passed over to London
and commenced the study of Common
Law in the Temple. After completing
his studies and expanding his mind by
travel, he returned to his native land at
the age of twenty-seven, an accomplish-
•ed scholar and polinhed gentleman. At
.this time discussions on the differences
between the Mother Country and Col-
onies had already commenced, and our
young statesman fullv armed with all
the legal weapons of both the civil and
common law, entered the arena and was
quickly recognised as a champion of
popular rights, whose polished weapon
was wielded within the limits of the
English constiiution. His writings were
so able and scholarly that they attract*
ed the attention of the first men of the
day, and although under a non-de-
plilme, it was soon known who was the
author. He early foresaw that an ap*
peal to arms was inevitable, if liberty
was to be secured, and he was one of
the first to boldly declare its probabil-
ity, and the necessity and wfedom of
anaking preparations for the event. At
the commencement of the struggle he
was sent on a commission to Canada to
induce the people of that province tb

join their fortunes with the colonies.
The savage bigotry of Arnold had
however, preceded him, and the French
were unwilling to enter a struggle from
which they imght gain nothme, and
lose rights already guaranteed. Mr.
Carroll returned in June 1776, and find-
ing that the convention of his state had
instructed its delegates in congress not
to vote for independence, he mstantly
repaired to v^here the convention was
sitting and took his seat, being a mem-
ber. He immediately addr^ed the
members in a masterly speech, review-
ing the whole history of the trouble,
and proving that retreat then would be
the death knell of their liberty, that for
freemen, but one course was left. Inde-
pendence, and that they must withdraw
their instructions from the delegates.
He succeeded and was appointed to
join them with the instructions to act as
they thought best. On the 18th of July
he anived at Philadelphia, on the 2nd
of August attached his name to the im-
mortal instrument. It was said he
staked more than any man who signed,
being considered very wealthy for
those days. He was appointed a mem-
of the Board of War and continued an
efficient and valued member. He also
remained a member of his own state con-
vention, and continually spurred them
by word and example to heroic efforts
in the long struggle, his fervor, patriot-
ism and trust never slacking for a
moment. On the adoption of the
Federal constitution he was elect-
ed United States Senator from his
state and took his seat on the
organization of the government, and
was re-elected for a second term. He
never sought office, nor never flinched
from any public responsibility, even in
the darkest hour of the struggle. In
the year 1801 he retired from public
life as far as such a man could do
it. Totally disinterested and unselfish,
he desired rather to see the young men
of the nation take upon themselves the
duties and responsibilities of public
offices, loving to give any encourage-
ment or assistance m his power, feeling
amply repaid if to the ability requirea
they add the sterling honesty which
characterized the founders of the Re-
public, their predecessors in office.
Charles Carroll was an orator, not,
however, of the pronounced Irish
school, like Patrick Henry. His polished
education, acquired in the French

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IRISH CELTS.

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schools and amongst the ancient
nobleese, seems to have toned down the
vehemence of his Irish nature, and his
eloquence, though strong, was smooth,
graceful and convincing. With a master-
fy power over his subjects, he led cap-
tive hotii the understanding and the
sepses of his hearers. So dignified,
serene and placid, one woiild never sus-
I>ect the tireless ardor and irresistible
strength of the character beneath.
Though his weapons were adorned with
grace and beauty, like the Damascus
blade thev possessed strength more mar-
velous stul. His body and spirit seemed
proper counterparts, the one shadowed
lorUi the other. He saw all his cotem-
poraries pass away, and his stream of
life still moved on, gentle but strong.
For years he stood alone, the only liv-
ing actor that connected two gener-
eratioBs, who had lost no grace or
beauty by a^e and whose capital was still
crowned with the leaves of the laural.
The glory of past generations encircling
his brow, while the incense of another
was round about him. He passed away
full of years and honors, in the fall of
1882 universally mourned and regret-
ted.

CARROLL, MOST REV. JOHN,
First Catholic Bishop and Archbishop
of the United States, was of Irish des-
cent, bom in Maryland in 1784. He
was sent at the age of thirteen to St.
Omer's college, in Flanders, where he
remained for six years, and finished his
studies in the colleges of Leige and
Bruges. He was ordained priest in
1769, and soon after joined the Society
of Jesus. He returned to America at
the breaking out of the Revolution, and
like Ills cousin. Charles, was an ardent
supporter of American independence.
He exerted his influence to have Cana-
da join the confederation, and wo aid
probably have succeeded but for the
Digotry of Arnold and other pseudo
patriots of New England. The clergy
of the United States having requested
Rome to establish a hierarchv, John
Carroll was appointed first Bishop, and
the succeeding year, 1790, was conse-
ciated, in England, Bishop of Balti-
more. He was afterwards raised to
the dignity of Archbishop, and died in
1816, greatly regretted.

CARSON, REV. ALEXANDER.
D. D., an able protestant divine of the

North of Ireland, who was originally a
Presbyterian, but eventually became a
Baptist, and was followed by many of
his brethren. See "Caison," Rev.
Alexander, which is intended for 'Lar-
son."

CAS, CORMAC, or Cormac Cas, son-
of Oilioll Olima, a warlike King of
Munster. He defeated the Monarch.
Connac Ulfada, whose paternal uncle^
he was, and compelled him to make-
g;ood all the losses caused by his inva-
sion of Munster. He reigned about A..
D. 250. From him descended Brian'
Bom and many other illustrious
patriots.

CASS, LEWIS.a distinguished Amer-
ican statesman, was of Irish descent,
bom ki Exter, N. H., Oct. 9, 1783, his^
his father, Jonathan Cass was probably
bom in Ireland, although like Oen..
John Sullivan, he is credited in most
biographies with being bom somewhere-
in New England. However, be that as
it may, they belong to that great and
distinguished body of Irish emigranta
who settled the Northern parts of New
England, and gave to the Revolution
so many distinguished patriots and
soldiers. The name of Cass, like Sul-
livan is peculiarly milecian, and knowiu
only in Ireland. Cass' father served
witn distinction in the war of the Revo-
lution and rose to the rank of Maior,
and in 1799 was stationed at Wilming-
ton, Del., where Lewis found employ-
ment as a teacher, he having left Col-
lege before graduating. The following
year the family removed to Marietta,
Ohio, where our subject studied law^
and was admitted to the Bar in 1802.
He opened an ofi^ce in Zanesville, and.
by his ability and attention soon ac-
quired a good practice. In 1806 he
was sent to the legislature, and while
there drew up the address to President
Jefferson, embodying the views of that
body on Burr's expedition, and drafted
tne law under which Burr's boats and
provisions collected in Ohio were seized.
When the war of 1812 broke out he
immediately offered his services, and
was appointed Col. of the Third Ohio-
Volunteers, and placed under Gen.
Hull. On the surrender of Hull, Ca^
who was away with a portion of his
command on special duty, but who wag
included in the terms oi the surrender,,
was very indignant at the cowardly act^

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and rather than surrender his sword,
"broke it and threw it away. Shortly
-after Hull's surrender, on being ex-
changed he was made Colonel of the
27th U. S. Infantry, and shortly after-
wards made a Bngadier-General. At
the close of the Campaign he was in
command of Michigan, naving parti-
'Cipated in the movements unaer Gen.
Iterrison, which led to the recapture of
that territory, and in October 1818 was
appointed its Governor. He remaiAed
in this position for eighteen vears, at
the same time acting as Superintendent
et Indian affairs in that section. He
negotiated many important treaties with
the various tribes of the Northwest, se-
curing the best tracts of land, and open-
big them up to the settlers who were
conunencing to pour into the country.
H« also in the new territory laid out
ixmds, instituted surveys, built forts
and organized townships and counties.
In 18^, in company with Henry B.
Schoolcraft and others, he explored the
upper lakes and the head waters of the
Mississippi, travelling 5,000 miles, an
account of which he published in the
Korth American Review in 1828. In
1881 President Jackson appointed him
Secretary of War, and in 1888 he was
sent as Minister to France, in which
country he became very popular, and
succeeded in settling the indemnity dis-

n9, by obtaining the interest which
been withheld when the principal
was paid. In 1840 he published an able
and interesting account of his impres-
dons in *'King, Court and Government
of Fnuice." His attack on the quin-
tuple treaty for the suppression of the
Slave trade, created great comment in
diplomatic and other circles, and led
to his resignation in 1842. In January
1845 he was elected United States Sena-
tor from Michigan, and immediately
took a prominent place among the dis-
tinguished men of that body, and if not
ranking with Webster, Clay, and Cal-
h()un, standing first in the next rank.
In 1848 he became the candidate of the
Democratic party for President, and
would have been elected, but for the
defection of the Van Buren faction in
the State of New York, who through
Jealousy or some other cause put an op-

Sosition ticket in the field in that
tate, called "Free Soil" and succeed-
«d in throwing the State into the
hands of the Whigs, by which they suc-
ceeded in electing Gen. Taylor to the

Presidency. Gen. Cass, in the mean
time, had resigned his seat in the Sen-
ate, but was re-elected in 1849, and
strongly opposed the Wilmot Proviso,
although mstructcd by the Legislative
of Michigan to support the same, claim-
ing that his constitutional oath was his
guide, and that their instructions were
without warrant of law or reason. In
1850 he was a member of the Clay com-
promise committee, but did not vote on
the fugitive slave law. He was again
returned to the Senate in 1851, and was
also a prominent candidate for the
Democratic nomination for the Presi-
dency in 1852, but did not succeed, a
compromise candidate, Franklin Pierce,
receiving the nomination. In 1854 he
voted for the Douglas Kansas-Nebraska
BUI which abolished the Missouri com-
promise line, and established the doc-
trine first broached by Cass in his famous
"Nicholson Letter" and known as the
"Squatter's Sovereignty," which held
that the inhabitants of the territories
had the right to regulate their ovm
domestic institutions, subject alone to
the Constitution of the United States,
which doctrine was most certainly
sound. He again refused to obey
the instructions of the Michigan Legis-
lature in his vote on the Kansas ques-
tion. He declined to be a candidate for
the Presidency in 1856, and cordially
supported James Buchanan, who re-
ceived the nomination, and who on
taking his seat appointed Cass, Secre-
tary of State, 1867. This was the dark
ana stormy period in the councils of
the country which ushered in the
still more dark and disastrous one of
the civil war. Cass, throughout this
time acted the part of a patriot, per-
haps too desirous to concede to the
South in his fear for the Union, which
to him was paramount. In December
1860, however, when conciliation was
no longer possible, he indignantly re-
signed his seat hi the Cabinet on
Buchanan refusing to reinforce Sump-
ter at all hazards, and came home in
sorrow and dismay at the coming
storm. He, however, bid his fellow citi-
zens, who for a half century he had repre-
sented in various and important public
offices, hope, and support with all their
energy and power the Constitution
and the Union. Although home down
with age and public services, he hnppily
lived to behold the country emerge
from the storm, and that iJnion^ to

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which he was so much attached, re-
lieved from its greatest danger. Gen.
Cass was a man of commanding pre-
flence, of extensive knowledge, a fine
scholar, aa elegant writer and an effec-
tive public speaker. Among his other
works are, "History, Traditions &c. of
the Indians in the United States," 1828,
besides historical sketches and addresses.
He died at his home in Detroit, June
17, 1866.

CASSIDY, RODERICK, a learned
Irish divine and writer of the sixteenth
century. He as held in high esteem
as a canonist, theologian, philosopher
and historian. He was Arch Deacon cf
Clogher, and author of the last part ef
the annals of Ulster, called by Usher
"Ultonienses." This work commenced
with the year A. D. 444 and ends with
1641, the year Cassidy died. It is writ-
ten partly in Irish and partly in Latin
in the Irish characters of the tenth cen-
tury. ^

CATHIRE, MORE, a famous Mon-
arch of Ireland, who ascended the
throne A. D. 140. He was of the fam-
ily of Heremon and was Bang of Lein-
ster when he ascended the throne of
Ireland. He is said to have had thir^
sons, ten of whom left posterity, ae
reigned thirty years as king and mon-
ardi, and was killed at the battle of
Moyacha in Meath. His will, which
was preserved and seen by the author
of the "Ogygia," will give some idea
of the tastes and habits of the Irish in
that day, and is as follows: His eldest
son, was named executor. To Breasal,
a son, he left five ships of burthen,
fifty embossed bucklers, ornamented
wim borders •t gold and silver, uve
swords with golden handles, and five
chariots with the horses. To Fiacha,
another son, he left fifty drinking cups,
fifty barrels made of fern tree, fiity
piebald horses with bits and bridles of
brass. To his naphew, Tuathal, ten
chariots with horses, five play tables,
five chess boards, thirty bucklers with
gold and silver borders, and fifty polish-
ed swords. To Daire, another son,
one hundred and fifty pikes, the wood
of which was bound with plates of sil-
ver ; fifty swords of fine workmanship,
five rings of pure gold, one hundred
and fifty coats of fine texture, and seven
military colors. To Crimothon, fifty
bUliard balls of brass, with tables and

cues of the same material ; ten tric-tracs
of exquisite workmanship, twelve chess
boards and men. To Mogcorf , ion of
Laogare, one hundred cows spotted
with white and calves vrith yokes of
brass to couple them, one hundred
bucklers, one hundred red javelins, one
hundred fine lances, fifty saffron color-
ed coats, one hundred horses, one hun-
dred drinking cups, one hundred bar-
rels of yew-tree, fifty chariots, fifty
chess boards, fifty tables used by wrest-
lers, fifty trumpets, fifty copper boil-
ers and fifty standsurds, with the right
to be a member of the Council ef State
t« the Leinster King.

CATHOLICUS, (O'bXJBTHAY),
Archbishop of Tuam, A. D., 1165, was a
prelate noted for his great learning and
piety. He was a member of the Third
General Council of Lateran, and was
called Catholicus on account of the ex-
tent of his knowledge.

CELLACH, ST., an illustrious Pri-
mate of Ireland, bom about 1074, and
elevated to the See of Armagh in 1106.
In 1111 he held a great syn^ in West-
meath, which was attended by over
fifty bishops, and three himdred priests,
besides great numbers of the inferior
clergy. The Monarch and all the prin-
cipal princes of the country assisted, so
as to be able to carry out the reforms
necessary, and t* cure the evils which
two centmies of devastating war with
the Danes had entailed. In 1118 he
called another, at which Gilbert, Bishop
of Limerick presided, as Apostolic
Legate. In thu, the church lands were
declared free from tribute and rent.
Our Saint was author of a."Summa
Theologi^BB." "Testamentum Ecclesia"
and DeSuccessione Malachise." He was
anxious that Malachy O'Moore, (St.
Malachy) already famed for his piety
and wisdom, should be elected to suc-
ceed him, and he sent to him his staff
(St. Patrick's staff,) as an earnest of his
wishes, and also wrote to the Monarch
and Princes of th(, country on the sub-
ject. He died at Aidpatrick, in County
Limerick, April 1st, 1129, and the see
was usurped for a while by an ambiti-
ous prelate of noble birth, named Mau-
rice MacDonald, whom St. Malachy suc>
ceeded after a short time.

CHANDLER, EDWARD, a native
of Dublin, was educated at Cambridge,

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CHA

and became a prelate of the English
church, and a controversial writer of
30te. He was made Bishop of Litch-
field in 1717, and afterwards Bishopof
Durham. He was author of "A De-
fense of Christianity," in answer to
Collins, and many other works and ser-
mons. He died in 1750.

CHAin)LER, ZACHARIAH, one of
the ablest American politicians of his
day, and a great leader of the Republican
paity, United States Senator from Michi-
gan, and Secretary of the Interior
under Gen. Grant, was bom in Bedford,
Kew Hammhire, December 10, 1818,
and was of Irish extraction, more or less
on both sides, especiaHy his mother's
family, and as he married an Irish wife,
and was always a consistent opposer of
British designs, and aggressions, we
deem him to have demonstrated the
purity of his blood, and t« be entitled to a
place in our book. Chandler leceived
an academic education in his native
state and emigrated W<ist in his twentieth

Sear. He settled in Detroit, engi^ged
1 mercantile business, and by shrewd-
ness and energy acquired a leading
Elace in the Dry Goods trade. In 1851
e first entered the arena of politics and
carried with him into it business meth-
ods. He was the Whig candidate for
Mayor that year, and although the City
of Detroit was thoroughly democratic
he was elected bv a handsome majority:
His success and popularity maae him
prominent in state politics, and he was
the nominee of his part^ for Governor
in 1852. Although he fuled of success,
yet so strong a run did he make, that he
demonstratea the growing weakness of
the Democracy which the advent of the
New Republican party, which he was

{)rominent in organizing, and its popu-
ar advocacy of aee territory as against
the extension of slavery, completed, and
in 1856 enabled them to carry the state,
which they continued to d« up to the
vear 1882. In the winterof '66 and '67
he was elected United States Senator to
succeed Lewis Cass, one of the most
distinguished Democratic Senators of
his day. This was the stormy period
of American politics. The South, which
to a great extent had ruled the legisla-
tion of the country by its power and in-
fluence, was losing its hold, and was
struggling with the mighty energy of
despair, to extend its territories and
secure its predominating influence. Its

representatives in both houses of Con-
gress were bold, aggresBive and defiant,,
and threatened a dissolution of the-
Union if the pturty which advocated
free territories should come into power.
Chandler was one of tJie ftrst who re-
presented that partv in ttie Senate of the*
United States, and he was of the bold
masculine, defiant character well adapt-
ed to meet and hurl back with an easy
confidence, the threats and taunts of aa,
adversary. For four years this angry
clashing of irreconcilable politics con-^
tinned, when in the fall of 1860 the Re-
publican party succeeded in electing
Abraham Lincoln, President, and whic&
was soon followed by the secession of
the South. It was about this time that
Chandler gave expression to his famous
"blood-lettine" policy, which advoeat-
ed that a little blood-letting might be-
as beneficial to a nation insane with
political fever, as to an individual simi-
larly situated. In 1868 he was again
elected United States Senator and held
important positions on Senatorial com-
mittees, ana was one of the most ardent
and indefatigable supporters of mea-
sures of war, and for strengthening Uie- -
hands of the government. In 1869 he
was elected for his third term. During
the National reaction in which the Re-
publican party nearly lost power, and
{>robably, honestly did, Mr. Chandler
ost his place in the Senate, Judge
Christiancy having been elected to sue
ceed him, through a combination of
democrats and dissatisfied Republicans.
His friend. Gen. Grant offered him a
position in his Cabinet— Secretary of
the Interior— which he accepted, andi
his administration of that ofilce was
eminentiy satisfactory to the country;,
putting method into every part, and
otrrerang many gross abuses. This,
re-established Mr. Chandler's popularity,
and on the resignation of Judge Chrls-
tiancv, to accept the Mission to Peru, he
was for tiie fourth time elected United
States Senator from Michigan. In the
meantime, as President of the Nation-
al Republican Committee, he conduct-
ed tiie Presidential campaign of 1876,
whose complications nearly involved
the countiry in war, and was ref eiTed at
length to the United States Commission,
chosen from both parties, for decision,
and which gave the election, justly or
unjustiy to Mr. Hayes. The Republi-
can party, however, may thank the
politi(»ls8(gacity«f Chandler, if nothing:

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IRISH CELTS.

CLA

more, for the lease of power thus at-
tained. Had he lived he might proba-
bly have been the Republican candidate
for President in 188U, but he died sud-
denly in Chicago, after a great political
effort, November 1, 1879, He had ac-
quired a large fortune through his busi-
ness ventures, and left bchiad but one
daughter, who is the wife of Senator
Eugene Hale, of Maine.

CHARLEMONT, JAMES CAUL-
FIELD, Earl of, was bom in Dublin
in 1728. In his early years he traveled
extensively in France, Italy, Greece and
Asia Minor. In 1768 he was created
Earl of Charlemont. On his return to
Ireland he took an active part in the
politics of his country, and was a lead-
ing spirit in the organization of the Irish
Volunteers, of which he became com-
mander. He was a friend of Grattcn
and a co-patriot in supporting Irish
rights. Lord Charlemont was a man^
•f mere than ordinary culture, and dis-
cussed with his pen the leading politi-
cal events of his dav, always too, in a
dignified and masterly manner. It was
mainly through his exertions that the
Royal Irish Academy was established,
of which Institution he was annually
chosen president till death. He
died in 1799, and thus was saved the
mortification of beholding the bargain
and sale of Ireland's last arm for nation-
al protection — her own Parliament.

CHICHESTER, MAJOR GENER
AL ARTHUR, third Earl of Donegal,
was born about 1660, near Belfast, Ire-
land, and having eiitered the army soon
distinguished himself by his skill and
daring. In 1704 the Prince of Hessd
offer^ him the position of Major Gen.
in the Spanish forces, wliich he accept-
ed, and he fell, on April 10, 1706, mor-
tally wounded, at Fort Monjuich. His
wi^ was Lady Catherine Forbes,
daughter of the Earl of Granard, of
whom Swift wrote:
Unei-ring Heaven, with bounteous

. hand.
Has form'd a model for your land.
Whom love eudow'd with eveiy

grace;
The glory of the Granard race,
Now destined by the powers divine.
The blessing of another line:
Then would you paint a matchless

dame.
Whom you'd consign to endless fame,

Invoke not Cytherea's aid.

Nor borrow from the blue eyed

maid.
Nor reed you on the graces call.
Take quauties from Donegal.

CHRIMTHAN, a warlike Irish Mon-
arch of the race of Heber. He ascend-
ed the Irish throne, A. D., 860. He
carried his arms into Albania (Scot-
land), Britian and Gaul, and brought
home with him immense booty. He is
said to have been poisoned by his sister,
who thereby expected to raise one of
her sons to the throne, but tasting the
poison herself she also died and hor
wicked ambition was defeated.

CHRISTIAN, a saintly Bishop %t
Lismore, and apostolic legate, who was
so eminent for his virtues that Wion
and Minard place him in their Martyro-
logy. He lived about, A. D., 1150.

CHRISTIAN, ST., bishop of Clog-
her and broiher of St. Malachi, A. D.
1138, was according to St. Bernard
"A man full of grace and virtue and a
bishop who though inferior in reputar
tion to Malachi did not yield to him in
the sanctity of his life, nor in his zeal
for justice." The annals of the Four
Masters say, "He was an eminent Doc-
tor in wisdom and rehgion, shone by
his preaching and enlighiened both the
clergy and -people by his works and
woras. His feast is kept on the 12th
of June, the day of his death.

I •

CHURCH, GEN. RICHARD, a dis-
tinguished officer in the Greek service,
was born in Ireland in 1785 enter-

ed the British army at an early age,
and rose to distinction. In the Greek .
war for Independence he commanded
the land forces, and contributed great-
ly to the happy results of the war. He
afterwards was a Minister of State
under King Otho, and the recognized
chief or leader of the Auti-Russian
party. He died March 20, 1873.

CLARKE, DR. ADAM, a celebrated
protestant divine, and biblical com-
mentator of the Methodist church, was
born at Moybey, Ireland, in 1760.
Aftc completing his education, at the
suggestion of Wesley he became a
Methodist preacher, and was soon noted
as an oriental and biblical scholar of
great industry and learning. He le-

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IRISn CELTS.

CLE

ceived the honoraxy title of L L. D. from
the University of St. Andrews, and was
a member of many learned societies.
He died from an attack of asiatic chol-
era in 1882, in London. He is the
author of "Commentaries on the Bible,"
"Succession of Sacred Literatiu«,"
"Memories of the Wesley Family,"
"Fleury's Manners of the Ancient Is-
raelites," etc. His works are still held
in high esteem by his Methodist breth-
ren.

CLARK, COUNT HENRY JAMES
W., Marshal of France and Duke of
Feltre, a distinguished French officer,
was the son of an officer of the Irish
Brigade and was born at Landrecies,
October 17, 1762. He entered the army
at 8*1 early age, winning his way by
good conduct and gallantry, to the rank
of a general officer, before he was thirty.
In 1795 he was appointed by Carnot, —
who at that time, as one of the 'Direc-
tory,' had the control of the French
armies — chief of the topogrophical
bureau in the Ministry of War, and he
materially aided Carnot in organii^inff
l^e plans wh^ch led to the triumph of
the French armies. For this he was
made a General of Division, a just re-
ward for his skill and services. When
Napoleon was appointed to the com-
mand of the army of Italy, and his ex-
traordinary success, and independent
acts made him an object of Jealousy
to the Directory, Clark was sent to
watch his movements, but he was soon
fascinated by the geulus and brilliancy
of the young hero, and instead of in-
terfering with him, ^e gave him his
imqualiled support. For this he was
recalled and deprived cf his rank and
. office by the Directory, but after the fall
of Caruot, September 18, 1797, Clarke was
restored to his former position, and in-
trusted with important duties. In 1804
he was made a Courisellor of State, and
Private Secretary of Napoleon on Mili-
tary Affairs, ana in 1807 Minister of
War, which position he held till April,
1814. His celerity in raising an army
of 60,000 men and sending it to oppose
the English, who had landed on the
Island of Walcheren in 1809, procured
for him the title of Count of the Em-
pire, and Duke de Feltre. On the over-
throw of Napoleon, Clarke gave in his
adhesion to the new government, and
was created a peer of France and Min-
iflter of War, March, 1815. During the

hundred days Clarke remained faithful
to Loius Xvni, and was 'sent by him
on a mission to the Prince of Wales.
On the second restoration he was again
appointed Minister of War, and receiv-
ed the Marshal's Baton, July 8, 1817,
but shortly after resigned and retir«
ed to private life. He died at Neu-
viller, October 38, 1818.

CLARl MAJ. GENERAL SIR
WILLIAM, a soldier of eminence, born
about 1750, was the son of a Cork mer-
chant. After completing his education
he entered the army, ana was employed
mostly in India, and through gallant
services he rose rapidly until he became
a Major General. As a reward he was
made a Baronet in 1804. lie died at
Seringpatum, in 1808.

CLAYTON, ROB., a distinguished
Irish divine of the established church,
and Bishop of Clogher, was an author
of some note on historical and religious
subjects. Among others. Introduction
to the History of the Jews, etc. He
died in 1758, aged 63 years.

CLAXTON, HON. WM., a distin-
guished Canadian merchant and finan-
cier, was born at Dundalk, County
Louth, Ireland, in 1819, and losing
both father and mother before his
twelfth year, the orphan emigrated to
Canada to seek his fortune. Having
relations nearPeterboro, he joined them
on a farm, but soon left them to push
his own way, and entered a store in the
village. BIs intelligence and energy
soon led to promotion, and at twenty-
two he engaged in business for himseii.
In 1852 he was manager of the Petei-
boro branch of the Commercial Bank
of Canada, and was pushing his mer-
chantile business extensively through
Canada West, besides engaging in all
the prominent public improvements.
He has been President of the Midland
Railway Company, Mormora Mining
Co., and is still of the Lake Huron unU

Suebec Railroad Co., besides euioying
1 the local honors which his fellow-
citizens could bestow on him. In 1881
he was returned to Parliament for
West Peterborough, and is one of the
leading public men in his part of Can-
ada.

CLEMENT, CLAUD, a companion
of John Scot, and equally renowned for

lej

GLB

XBISH CKIiTB.

CLI

lion
for

learning, was also a native of Ireland.
He accompanied L';ot to Paris, and was
received by Charlemagne with great
distinction. Clement he asked to re-
main in Paris, to instruct all who de-
sir^, in wisdom and science, and John
Scot, he sent to Pavia, for the same
purpose. Most of the ancient writers
mention Clement as the founder of the
great schools of learning in Paris, and
prove that he was there before Alcuin,
the great English doctor; among them
'Notker.' ' The Chronicle of Aries,'
cjuoted by de Beauvais, 'Paulus Emi-
lius,' "Antonius Lupoldus' and others.
Pupils from all parts of Europe came
to hear his lectures and study under
him, and he left among them some
of the most illustrious of their age.
Ireland in those days was the foun-
tain head, and prolific source of
learning, sacred and profane. The
most profound and learned from all
over Europe flocked there to be made
pei'fect in learning and science. Alcuin
the celebrated English doctor received
his education principally from St. Eg-
bert, wh« received his education in
Ireland, and of whom he says in his
life of Willibrordus, "Because he (Wil-
librordus) heard that scholastic erudition
flcimshed in Ireland, and roused by
his intercourse with Egbertus, a most
holy father and bishop, and Wiebertus
a holy priest, both of whom for the
love of heaven left their homes and
friends, and withdrew to Ireland," and
he continues by saying, that Willibror-
dus did likewise, rumamiug there twelve
J'^ears, perfecting himself m virtue and
earning, that he would become a
preacher to many people." Camden
also acknowledges the pre-eminence of
Ireland in those days and says, "Our
Anglo Saxons at that time nocked to
Ireland as if to purchase goods. Hence
it is frequently read in our historians.
"He has been sent to Ireland to school"
and in the life of Sulgeniuswho flourish-
ed 600 years before, it is read "Moved
by the example of oiu" fathers for a
love of reading, he went to the Irish
renowned for tlieir philosophy," Camb.
Brit. Ed. P. 780. Bede also gives like
testimony in his "Church History B. 8,
O. 27, and says, "Many nobles and
gentry amongst the English went to
Ireland to attend the monasteries and
hear the professors or for the sake of
diviD3 study, and to lead more perfect
liyeB, and all of them the Scots mostfree-

ly admitted, and supplied them gratis
with daily sustenance, books and mas-
ters. Bede's Church History B. 3, C.
27. He also refers to many celebrated
men of learning and piety in those days
(English and Continental) who spent
vears in Ireland, perfecting themselves
in her celebrated schools; among them
— Agilbertus, afterwards Bishop of
Paris — Marcus, a British Philosopher, ,
noted for learning and piety — Petrocus,
the son of a British King, who spent
20 years in study in Ireland, preferring
knowledge and virtue to a crown, and
who came back to Cumberland te freely
dispense the treasures he had acquired
in Ireland, among his own people.
Also Alfred, King of the Northumbri-
ans, who spent some years in Injland,
to perfect himself in science and Phil-
osophy. This same testimony is also
found in Usher's Syllogisms. Ireland
in those glorious days, not only receiv-
ed all foreigners who sought her shores
for knowledge, sacred or profane, but
with an incomparable generosity which
stands without precedent or imitation,
she gave them all, even their support,
free! I Her children too, eminent for
their learning and virtue, went abroad,
over Britain and over aU Europe,
founding schools and houses of learn-
ing, and filling them with eminent
teachers like Clement, John Scot,
Erigena, Yirgileus and a thousand
others.

CLINTON, COL. CHARLES, yraa
a native of Longford, Ireland, born in
1690, emigrated to America, set-
tled In Ulster County, New York, in
1719, and took part in the capture of
Fort Frontenac, under Bradstreet, in
1758. Like the rest of the Irish settlers,
he was a strong advocate of Colonial
Rights, and died while the storm was
preparing to burst, in 1778. He how-
ever was represented by four sons, two
of whom became eminent in the history
of their country.

CLINTON, DbWITT, grandson of
the foregoing, and son of Qen. James
Clinton, was born in Orange County,
New York, in 1769, and graduated at
Columbia College in 1780. He studied
law in the office of Hon. Samuel Jones,
and afterwards became Secretary to
his uncle George, then Governor of New
York. lu 1799 he was elected Stat*

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CLI

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CLI

Senator, and in 1802 one of the United
Btatest Senators from New York. For
a number of years he was elected Mayor
of New York City, and in 1817 Gover-
nor, re-elected in 1820, and declined
a third nomination. In '23 and '24 he
was President of the New York Board
of Canal Commissioners, but through
some party feeling and petty spite was
unjustly deprived of his office by the
Legiylature. The people took up his
cause, and he was again elected Gover-
nor by an overwhelming majority, and
ngain re-elected, but died suddenly of
heart disease, February 11th, 1828,
while in efflce. DeWitt Clinton was a
statesman of enlarged public views and
great administrative ability, and to him
New York is largely indebted for the
commanding position which she now
holds among her sister states. He fore-
saw more vividly than any other of his
cotemporaries, the great strides which
the country would make, and pushed
his state on to what, appeared monster
improvements, so that she might be-
come the great thoroughfare and store-
house of the nation. Literature, science
arts, as well as internal improvements
engaged his attention, and New York
owes mainly to him, her Historical So-
ciety, her Academy of Arts, her system
of Canals, and other grand institutions
which gave to her prestige and the
commerce of the nation. One regrets
that his commanding abilities were not
employed in the wider field of the
whole nation, although it may perhaps
be doubted if he,, or any man could have
produced, even as President of the
United States, such great or beheflcial
results even as regards the whole coun-
try. DeWitt Clinton must ever be re-
giirded as one of the ablest of American
statesmen, and greatest of its benefac-
tors.

■^ CLINTON, GEORGE, a prominent
and able American statesman, Vice-Presi-
dent of the United States, and Gover-
nor of New York, was born in Ulster
('ounty, in that state, and was a son of
Col. Charles Clinton, and brother of
Gen. James Clinton. He served as a
lieutenant in his brother's company at
the taking of Fort Frontenac. He after-
wards aoopted the profession of Law,
and soon became noted for ability and
success. He was a member of the
memorable Congress of 1776, and voted
for the Declaration of Independence,

but being appointed to a command in
the army as Brigadier General, he had to
leave for headquarters before the im-
mortal document was r^y for sig-
natures. In 1777 he was elected Gov-
ernor of New York, and such was his
acknowledged ability and popularity
that he was continued in office for eigh-
teen years. After a retirement of five
years he was again chosen Governor
m 1801, and in 1804 was elected Vice-
President of the United States. The
name of Clinton is so identified with
New York, that the history of this Irish
American family for two generations,
is but the history of the state. Our
subject was at the hcim during most of
the stormy period of the Revolution,
and contributed greatly to the organiz-
ation of the resources of that state, in
the great struggle for independence.
Great administrative faculties, as well
as commanding ability, and inloniit-
able energy seems to have been charac-
teristic of this greai family, and there is
no name in the bright galaxy of illus-
trious Americans to which the country
is more indebted than to that of Clinton.
Gov. Clinton died at Washington, in
1812, aged 72 years.

CLINTON, GEN. JAMES, son of
Col. Charles Clinton, and brother of the
foregoing, was born in Ulster County,
New Ywk, in 1786. He served under
his fatlier as captain of a company at
the taking of Fort Frontenac, 1758, and
in 1768 was placed in command of the
forces raised in Ulster and Orange
Counties to punish the Indians for their
depredations, and push them buck from
within easy reach of the settlements.
He accompanied the gallant Montgom-
ery to Quebec in 1775. The following
year he was appoir ted Brigadier Gen-
eral. He was in command of Fort
Clinton, when attacked by Sir IlOnry
Clinton, with overwhelming numbers,
and fell severely wounded, narrowly
escaping with nis life. In 1779 he
served under Gen. Sullivan in his cam-

Eaign against the Inditins,and afterwards
ore a prominent part in the sie;:eand
surrender of Oornwallis, at Yorktown.
After the termination of the war he was
honored by Ids fellow-citizens, with
many dlsingulhjd positions in civil
life, and died the same year as his
brother George, IBVi, in the 76th year
of his age.

I!"

COB

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COO

CLIVE, MRS. CATHERINE, the
most cel»brated actress of her day, was
bom in Kilkenny, Ireland, about 1710.
Her flrst appearance on the stage was
at Drury Lane, in 1728, she having gone
t9 London v/ith a Miss Johnson, after-
wards the wife of Theophilus Cibber —
the dramatist. Her part, although but
a minor one, was so charmingly played
that instant recognition was accorded
to her. This same season she took the

Sart of Phillida in Gibber's "Love in a
liddle" <and although the play did not
Srove a success, the part she played was
etached and long continued as a
popular after-piece. By 1781 she
had established her reputation and
was acknowledged as being without
a rival in the lighter walks of the
drama. In 1882 she marriod Geo.
Clive, a lawyer, and brother of Earon
Clive. In 1740 she ably supported
Dunn in the legitimate revival of the
Merchant of Venice, and the next year
appeared in Dublin with great success.
In 174y she appeared in Covent Garden
Theatre, and the following year having
some difficulty with the managers she,
Wiis tendered a public benefit, under the
patronage of the Prince and Princess of
Wales. She appeared the next season
in Drury Lane, where she remained for
twenty-five years to charm and delipht
her audiences. She undoubtedly hud
no rival either on the English or Irish
stage, until the adveni of Mrs. Slddons,
whose role however, was of a different
kind. After her retirement from the
sta^eshe lived inelegant and hospitable
retu-ement, surrounded by a large and
distinguished circle of friends. She
died December 6, 1786.

GLYNN, JOHN, an Irish divine
and historian, was a member of the
Franciscan Order in Kilkenny. He
was authi)r of Annals from tlie
Christian Era to 1840, probably the
time of his death. Also Annals of the
Kings of England, from Hengist to
Edward III also, Wardens of his Order
in England and Ireland. These works
were extant in the time of Ware.

COBBE, FRANCES POWER, a tal-
ented authoress and writer of masculine
attainments, was born in Dublin in
1822. She early developed a strong
penchant for theological and other ab-
struse subjects, and became a great ad-
mirer of the philosophy of Theodore

Parker, editing an English^ edition
of his wot-ks. She traveled in Italy
and the East, and wrote "Cities of the
Past," and "Italics" (1864). She is
also noted for her philanthrophic ex-
ertions, and assisted Miss Carpenter for
some time in the Red-house reformato-
ry. She also gave the public the benefit of
her experience in this class of work,
which she collected from her contribu-
tions to the literature of the day, and
published in book form under the title
of "Studies, New and Old, of Ethical
and Logical Subjects," 1866, and
"Hours of Work and Play." Her
works mostly relate to Religious Sub-
jects — like "Broken Lights," which
contain a criticism of the different di-
visions of the Episcopal or English
church. She also controverts the argu-
ments of Spencer and Huxley and Utili-
tarinns generally, in her "Intuition
Morals." Her latest \jfork is "Darwin-
ism in Morals and other Essays." She
now resides in London and takes an
abiding interest in all philanthropic
works.

COCHRANE, JAMES, a prominent
and able public man, of Nova Scotia,
was a native of Granard,Co. Longford,
Ireland, where he was born in 1 802. He
emigrated to America in 1825, and set-
tled in Halifax, where he soon acquired
wealth and station by his ability and
enterprise. He married a Miss Walsh
of Wexford, in 1829, and entered into
the political struggles of his new honio
as a Reformer. He was a member of
the Assembly, and of the Executive
Council, and afterwards in the Legis-
lative Council. He was opposed to
confederation, but was held in the high-
est esteem by all parties for his integ-
rity. He died, aged about 70 years.

COCHRAN. THOS., a distinguished
Canadian jurist, was born of Irish par-
ents, in Halifax, in 1777, and was edu-
cated there and in Quebec. In 1795 he
went to England and entered Lincoln's
Inn, for admission to the Bar, to winch
he was called in 1801, He pra(;ticcd
for a while on the Chester Circuit, and
tiie same year was appointed Chief
Justice of Prince Edward Island , and
still later one of the Assistant Judges of
Upper Canada. He was lost on Luke
Ontario, October 7, 1804, while on his
way to Newcastle to hold court. Ho
was equally distinguished for ability

.'1 a '>-i

COL

IBISH CELTS.

and honesty, and was universally be-
loved.

COCHRAN. SIR. THOMAS, a dis-
tinguished Canadian statesman, and first
civil Governor of Newfoundland, which
position he held from 1826 to 1884, and
was re-appointed with more extensive
powers. He displayed great industry
and ability in his administration, and
great improvements sprang up under his
lostering care.

COLE. GENERAL GALBRAITH
LOWRY, a difc^ anguished and gallant
offlcer, was born in Ireland in 1776.
Entered the avmy and greatly distin-
guished himself aurin^ the Peninsula
War, for which he received the repeated
thanks of both Houses of Parliament.
He rose by gallant services to be a gen-
eral officer and was Governor of the
Island of Mauritius, and held other
prominent positions.

COLGAN, JOHN, a learned Irish di-
vine and antiquarian, was a priest of
the Oi-der of St. Francis, and was edu-
cated on the Continent. He was a co-
temporary of Ward and O'Clery, the
learned antiquarians, and a member of
the same order. He labored principally
on the Continent, in the Monasteiy of
St. Anthony of Paduu, and also at
Louvttin, where he was professor of
Theology. On the death of Dr. "Ward,
Colgan made use of the material col-
lected and in 1645 produced a folio
volume at Louvain, containing Lives
of the Irish Saints, whose feasts fall in
January, February and March. It is
entiiled "Acta Sanctorum Veteris et
Maioris ScotiflB." He published a sec-
ond volume in 1647, entitled "Tuadis
ThnnraaturgflB," containttig lives of St.
Patrick, St. Bridget and St. Columb.
He alfjo wrote a critical treatise on the
Lift! and Writin^js of Dr. John Scot —
Duns Scotus— his celebrated counlry-
mnn, called* "The Subtle Doctor," a
man ot universal knowledge and un-
rivalled penetration and powers of
analysis. The last was published at
Antwerp in 1855. He also left many
valuable MSS. in his monastery at
Louvain in referent ;e to other Irish
missioners and doctors who flourished
onthoC< tinent. He died about 1670.

COLLES, CHRISTOtxIER, an able
and original American engineer and

projector, was born in Ireland in 1738,
and educated under the care of Richard
Pococke, the Oriental traveler. After
the death of Pococke, young Colles
came to America, and in 1778 delivered
lectures in New York on inland lock
navigation, and was the designer of the
first steam engine ever built in this
country. In 1774 he submitted pro-
posals for the construction of a reser-
voir to supply New York City with
water. On the breaking out of the Re-
volutionary war, he offered his services
to Congress, and was appointed instruc-
tor to the United States Artillery, as to
the theory of projectiles, etc., in which
position he continued until Baron Stu-
ben re-organized that branch of the
service in 1777. In November 1784 he
presented a paper to the New York Af-
sembly on the advantages of connect-
ing the Hudson with Lake Ontario by
means of canals. He surveyed the ob-
structions iu the Mohawk River, and
published the results, and also an elab-
orate pamphlet on Inland Navigation.
The Revolutiou having prevented the
erection of the projected reservoir in
New York, he offered to undertake tbe
supply of the city with water from a
distance, by means of pipes, and was
the first to suggest such a course. He
explored the roads of the State, and
published the result with suggestions.
He was appointed Superintendent of
the Academy of Fine Arts in New York,
and was honored with the friendship of
the most eminent men of the day, such
as Jefferson, HamiltonfClinton, etc., and
received ;;redit for being the oridnal
suggestor of the canal system of New
York. He died m 1821.

COLMAN, ST., first bishop of
Dromore, equally renowned for his
learning and sanctity, was born about
616 in Ulster, and belonged to the sept
or clan of the Arads. He was also
first abbot of Muckmore, and was some-
times called Moclmlmore to distinguish
him from other St. Colmans, of
whom there are more than 200 in Irish
records. He died in 610, and his feast
is kept on the 7th of June. ^

COLMAN, ST., a celebrated Irish
divine and missionary, is Patron Saint
of Austria, was born about tae middle
of the tenth ceutury, and acquired a
great reputation for learning and
sanctity. Ue was gohig on a pilgrim-

COL

misn 'JEvn.

COL

I'im*

age to Jerosalem while Austria was at
war witli some of ttie Western Provin-
ces, and bdng suspected as a spy was
executed at Stocklieran, a town six
miles from Vienna, October 18, 1013,
on wliich daj his feast is kept

COLUMBA, SAINT, of Tirdiglas,
abbot and founder of a celebrated mon-
astery of tliat name, was the son of a
princely familyoj! Leinster, and became
disciple of St.Finian of Clonard. After
completing his studies he associated
with himself three other holy youths
named Coemharn, Finian and Mocu-
men, whom he directed in lemming and
the spirit of self denial. They traveled
about for some years studying the rules
and discipline of different religious
houses and doing good. They all be-
came heads of commvmities in due
course of time. Our Saint settling at
Tirdiglas, about the year 548, and died
there in the oder of Sanctity, Decem-
ber 18, 552. This institution flourished
and became one of the most celebrated
schools of learning in Ireland.

COLUMBKILL, ST., sometimes
called Columba, one of the most emin-
ent of the Irish saints and missionaries,
the apostle of Caledonia, was bom at
Garton, in Donegal, December 7, 521.
He was of royal descent, being of the
blood of Niall, of the nine hostages,
Monarch of Ireland. It is said that his
mother, before the birth of our saint,
had a vision symbolic of his future
work and destiny. An angel seemed
to give her a vail covered with most
beautiful flowers. Immediately the
vail seemed to be carried by the wind
and rolled out, covering hill and dale
and mountain. "This, said the angel,
represents the son who is about to be
born to you, who will blossom from
heaven, and be reckoned among the pro-
phets of God, leading numberless souls
to Him." He seems, indeed, to have
been a child of Heaven, from his earli-
est years, according to his biographer,
Adamnan, ninth Abbot of lona, (See
"Montnlambert's Monk, of the West,"
and Dr. Reeves, Protestant rector of
Ballymcna, translation of the old MSS.
life, of the Eighth century) who testifies
that his guardian angel was personally
visible to the holy child, and held con-
versations with him. The priest who
baptized him was his first instructor In
totters, and when old enough, he enter-

i^d one of the great monastery schools
wiiich abound^ then in Ireland. Under
his special master, St. Finian, found-
er of the great school of Clonard, he
advanced m knowledge and in virtue.
While here, still pursuing his eccled*
astical studies, and already advanced to
the holy orders of Deacon, the follow-
ing incident is said to have occurred.
An old Bard lived near the college, and
our saint who was a passionate admir-
er of poetry as well as highly gifted in
that art, used frequently to visit him
for study, and to perfect himself in the
noble art. On one occasion while thus
engaged outside the door of the Bard's
habitation,a young girl ran toward them
ciying for protection from a robber,
who was pi^Buing her, but before as-
sistance could reach her the robber
struck her vith his lance, and she fell
dead at the feet of the horrified Bard.
How long, exclaimed he, will God
leave unpunished this crime wT, "':■ dis-
honors us." "For this momeui, only,
exclaims Columbkill, with prophetic in-
dignation — for while the soul of this
innocent victim ascends to Heaven will
the soul of this wanton muiderer be
judged by an angry God," and the
words were scarcely uttered when the
assassin fell dead. The dignity of our
saints birith, together with the 'extraor-
dinary gifts wiui which he was endow-
ed, both by nature and grace soon
made his name famous throughout Ire-
land, and his influence proportionately
great in accomplishing good works. He
early founded monasteries, which in
those days were schools of learning, as
well as houses of prayer and charity,
tho most important of which, were
Derry and Dunow. He appears to have
traveled much in the early part of his
career, being equally celebrated as
Bard and Missionary, while he had a

f)assion for the collection of books of
earning, traveling far and wide to find
them and make copies. This passion
frequently got him into trouble, by
the refusal of those who possessed
rare books to let him see or copy them,
and which always made him indignant
at their selfishness, and at last compel-
led him so to speak — to take up the
f;reat work of his life. Our saint desir-
ng a copy of his old master's, the Ab-
bot Finian, Psalter, which was secur-
ed in his church, he secretly visited the
church in the night, when no one was
there, and succeeded in making a copy.

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Finian learning of the — as he termed
it — theft, demanded the copy which
Columbkill refused to give up. The
matter was referred to the Monarch,
who decided against our saint. He
strongly protested against the unjust
decision, and was still sore from the
supposed wrone, when an outrage oc-
curred which he bitterly denounced,
and threatened swift vengence on its
author— the Monarch. A young Prince
at court, son of the King of Connaught,
having offended the Monarch, sought
refuge with Columbkill, but was seiz-
ed by force and put to death by Dar-
mid the Monarch. "This was a viola-
tion of the laws of refuge, and the
sacredness of asylum. Columbkill
highly indignant denounced the Mon-
arch, and threatening swift vengeance,
said to him, "as you have humbled
me before the Lords and powerful ones
of the land, so will the just God hum-
ble you before your enemies in battle."
The Monarch sought to detain him at
Tara, but he escaped by night to Tyr-
connell, and his denunciation of the
Monarch stirred up the NortL against
him, and they defeated him in battle,
as our saint threatened. It was at this
time that he wrote his "Song of Trust"
one of the oldest and most authentic re-
cords of the ancient tongue. The Latin
Psalter, which was the first cause of
trouble, was afterwards enshrined in a
kind of portable altar, and became the
great race relic of the O'Donnell clan,
carried by them for a thousand years in
battle and still preserved. This con-
duct of Columbkill drew upon him
much cen8ure,and bis act was condemn-
ed, and he himself excommunicated bv
a synod at Teilta for causing the shea-
ding of christian blood. He was con-
demned before he arrived at the Synod,
and of course, without a hearing. He
having appeared soon after, the great
Abbot Brcndon advanced to meet him,
and gave him the kiss of peace, and de-
fended him in the Synod. When ask-
ed how he could meet an ex-communi-
cated man, he said, could you sec what
I do, you would not have ex-communi-
cated him. A pillar of fire goes before
him, and angels accompany liim, and I
dare not disdain a man whom God
honors, and who is destined for great
things. " The sentence was withdrawn,
but our saint was troubled on account
of the death of so many through his
acts. He sought consolation and ad-

vice for some time in vain, but at len^
a holy hermit named Abban, gave him
both, but as a penance condemned him
to perpetual exile. He accepted the
penance with a time spirit of humility,
and bidding adieu to all his relations
and friends, he s^led for Albania, or
the Northern part of Britain, now call-
ed Scotland, where the Picts had set-
tled, and which, at this time, wa> also
being colonized by his kinsmen of the
NorSi, who afterwards conquered it,
and gave it the name of Scotland. The
the Irish race of that day and for cen-
turies afterwards, being called Scots,
from the race of Scoto-Milesians.
The Picts who were by far the most
numerous, were still heathen, and to
their conversion our baint devoted his
life. Twelve of his disciples accom-
panied him from Ireland. He choose
a little island near the coast for his
home, which was called after him,
Colmkill, and known as lona, nere he
founded his first monastery, and from
this little island began the great work
of his life, the conversion of the Picts,
and of those of nis own race in Albania,
who had not as yet received the faith.
Into this, his predestined work, he
threw all his energy and power. Like
his Divine Master, to win ; oiils he hum-
bled himself as the servant of all, and
by constant prayer, humility and mor-
tification he armed himself with power to
confound the devil and all his followers,
and win the doubting to heaven by fear
if not by love. After establishing his first
monastery, he immediately set to work
to spread the gospel over all the land,
and from the first met with extraordi-
nary success, baptizing thousands, and
bending the stiff neck of the warlike
heathen to the humble yoke of the
cross. For over one-'hii'd of a cen-
tury did he traverse those wild moun-
tains of North Britain, established
civilization as well as Christianity,
building monasteries and churches m
every valley, filling them with pious
and learned men who dispersed knowl-
edge both religious and secilar, as well
as charity to the needy ar.d the trav-
elers. The extent of his works in this
way is attested by the remains which
still exist over all that land. Many
traditions exist of his extraordinary
acts in the conversion of that people
and the wonderful powers of miracles
and prophecy with which he was en-
dowed. He accomplished the con-

pa
bl,

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verpion of the entire Fictish nation,
and destroyed forever the authority of
the Druids in tliat portion of Britain.
He is also said to have blessed Aidan
in 614 and consecrated liim Einc
of the Scoto-Milesians, which is said
to have been the first consecration of a
christian King. Amfdst all his labors
And work, however, his soul ever
yearned for his native land, his lost
Erin was always before his eyes. "My
sad heart ever bleeds," he excl&imed.
"Thereis a gi'eyeye which ever turns
to Erin, which never in this life shall
it see — nor her sons nor her daughters.
I look over the sea and great tears are
in my eyes." The neatest penace
which to his mind, he could inflict on
the most guilty sinner amongst the
Scots, was that they should never re-
turn to their native land. The spirit of
prophecy with which he was filled ?,ow-
■ever, gave him knowledge of events
happening in his native land and which
he would speak of at the time as of
something present to him. It is said
that when absorbed in prayer, his peo-
ple often saw a halo of light sun-ound
Jiim. On one occasion of this kind his
face which seemed lit up with a super-
natural joy, was suddenly clouded
with sorrow. His companions begged
liim to tell them what made the change.
He said, "I have long prayed that my
exile might end with the thirtieth year
of my labors and sorrows, and 'my
prayers seemed to have been heard, for
A band of angels were coming to take
my longing soul to ita heavenly coun-
try, but they stopped yonder, for the
prayers of the churches which I have
established, asking Qod to retain me,
here, have prevailed and liiy exile is
•extended four years, but in four years
these holy angels will come back, and I
shall take ray flight with them to my
Lord." He continued his labors to the
la,'t day, and consciotis of his approach-
ing end, although without sickness, he
passed around the little island and
blessed the monks at their labors and
the island itself, which tradition says
freed it from all venimous reptiles.
Having done this, he said to his faith-
ful attendant, Dermid, "This very
night I shall enter into the path of my
Fathers. Weep not but console thyself,
it is my Lord Jesus Chriat who deigns
to invite me to rejoin him and who has
revealed to me that my summons will
<Come to-night. " He continued hi& custo-

maiy duties, transcribing at the time that
Psalter and as far as the 33rd psalm on
which he was engaged when he stopped
and said, "I must stop here, Baithen
will write the rest." When the mid-
night oell rang for the matins, the
almost glorified old saint, poet, priest
and apostle, went joyfully to the chapel
to tat-^ his usual place before the altar,
and prostrated himself in prayer and
thanksgiving for the last time, for when
his faithful disciple Dermid, reached
him, he was dying. He was soon sur-
rounded by his brethren, who, with
tears, beheld their dying chief and mas-
ter. Raising himself by the aid of
Dermid, he lifted his right arm in ben-
ediction, and the sanctified spirit im-
mediately took its flight to the arms of
the master he had served so well. Our
saint, was the author of mimerous

{)oem3 and religious hymns. Monta-
ambert says, "After Oisin (Ossian)
Columbkill opens a series of two hun-
dred Irish poets, whose memories and
names in default of their work have re-
mained dear to Ireland, and Dr. Reeves
says, three Latin Hymns of consider-
able beauty, are attributed to him, in
the ancient Liber Hymnorum" and in
the Irish "Farewell to Aran," a poem
of twenty-two staiizas, and the "Song
of Trust," of seventeen stanzas, besides
fifteen other poems in one of the ancient
O'Cleary MSS., preserved in the Bur-

f^undian Library, at Brussels, and a
arger collection still in the Bodlein
Library, Oxford. The so-called pro-

Ehecies of Columbkill are pronoimced
y the best authorities to be a forgery
of very modem date, no ancient bio-
grapher ever refer to them. His re-
mains were removed to Ireland some-
time in 800, on accoimt of the Danes
plundering the island and destroying its
churches and monasteries. Up to that
time it was the burial place of the
Scoto-Milesian Kings of Albania or
Caledonia.

CONARE, THE GREAT, a cele-
brated monarch of Ireland, who reign-
ed during the days of our Saviour, in
the midst of peace and prosperity. It
was in some respects the Augustin Age
of Ireland. His only war was against
an usurper, Naud-Neacht, prince of
Leinster, who had killed his father and
for six months held the throne. He
entirely defeated him at the battle of
Cleach, separated Ossory from Lein-

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ster and annexed it to i\Iunster. He
reigned thirty years, and was buried in
the desti'uclion of liis palace by fire.

CONARY, surnamed Boe-Aglach
(the fearlcs-i), a celebrated Irish Monarch
who reigned about B. C. 450. He was
noted for bravery, justice and the pa-
ternal character of his government.

CONANT, MRS., (Hannah O'Brien
Chaplin), a distinguished American fe-
male writer, of Irish extraction, was born
in Danvers, Massachusetts, in 1812, and
was celebrated for her great attainments
and scholarly tastes. She is the author
and translator of many works of merit,
among them a "History of the English
Bible. She died in Brooklyn, New
York, February 18, 1865.

CONCANEN. MATHEW, a talen-
ted journalist and author, was born in
Ireland towards tho end of the seven-
teenth century, and was bred to the bar.
Ke, however, had a stronger penchant
for literature, *nd removed to London
in company with a Mr. Sterling to carve
out fame and fortune. It is said that
they adopted the plan of writing on
opposite sides of the leading questions
of the day, one supporting the govern-
ment policy and the other opposing,
and thus secure notice and employ-
ment and each equally share the joint
results. Be this as it ma^, Concanen
defended the existing ministry and ex-
hibited consideral ability and boldness
as a writer, attracted the attention of
the government, and was recognized as
an able partizan, and was a welcomed
contributor to leading London jour-
nals. Among the others whom he at-
tacked ■m.-reBolingbroke and Pope, and
he was rewaitied by the latter with a
place in the "Dunciad." He however
gained tLe favor of the Duke of New-
castle, who procured for him the posi-
tion of Attorney General of Jamacia,
which position he filled with distin-
guished ability for upwards of 17 years,
when desirous of ending his days in
England, he resij^ned. He first returned
to London to visit his old friends, but
he was destined to go no farther. He
was suddenly attacked with a quick
consumption and died in a few weeks,
on January 22, 1749. Pie was the
author of several poems of merit, an'l
a play entitled "Wexford Wells," and

also a ballad opera in conjunction with
his countryman Richard iiroome.

^ CONQAL, a celebrated monarch of
Ireland, A. D. 945. He signalized his
advent to the throne, by defeating the
Danes in a desperate battle near Dublin
in which they lost 4,000 killed. He
captured the city and took immense
booty. The Danes being largely re-
inforced and eager for revenge, took
the fields the next year, 946. He de-
feated them again near Slane, in a de-
cisive victory, in which great numbers
perished both by the sword and drown-
ing. On the following vear, he slew
Blocar their chief, and about two
thousand of his men. Their new chief
Godfrid being largeh' reinforced, en-
tered the territory of Slane and marked
his path with fire and sword, but Congal
met them at Muine, where he slaughter-
ed 1,000 with one of their chiefs,
Imar. He was killed some time after-
wards at the battle of Tiguiran in
Leinster by this enemy he had chas-
tized so often and severely. It was
during the latter part of his reign that
Brien Boru ascended the throne of
Munster as successor to his brother
Mahou.

CONGREVE. WILLIAM, oneof the
wittiest of dramatists, was the son of
Dublin parents, who resided in Eng-
land when our subject was born in 1670.
They returned to Dublin where our
future dramatist and poet was educated,
graduating at Trinity College in that
city and studying law at the Middle
Temple. Like so many other Irish
children )f genius, the dry disquisitions
of the law had but few attractions for
his poetic and imaginative soul, and
he relinquished it for literature. In his
seventeenth year he had already pro-
duced the comedy of "Incognita, or
Love and Beauty Reconciled." His
comedy of the "Old Bachelor," was put
upon the stage in 1693, and placed him
at once in the front ranks of his co-
temporaries, and gave him fame and
affluence. Lord Halifax became his
patron and friend and secured him lu-
crative government positions. Between
'94 and '97 he produced ' 'Love for Love, "^
"The Double Dealer" and the "Mourn-
ing Bride, "all of which were eminently
successful, but censurable for want of
delicacy. In 1700 he produce his " Way
of the World," which failed to secure

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applause, and in disgust he resolved to
-write for the stage no more. He still
continued his other literary works, in
prose and verse, which, however,
added nothing to his fame. The latter
years of his life were clouded by mis-
fortunes. Hebecame totally bhnd and
too much confinement brought on
gout. He was at length fatally injured
by being overturned in his carriage,
and died January 19, 1729.

CONLAETH, SAINT, first bishop
of Eildare, The establishment by St.
Bridget of her own community at Kil-
dare, after her travels through Ireland,
organizing holy women into religious
commvmities, soon made the place fa-
mous, and it grew rapidly, especially in
religious importance, and at her request
it was placed under the rule of a Bishop.
Conlaeth or Conlian, a priest and her-
mit whose virtues were widely known,
was pointed out by St. Bridget, as a
proper person for the dignity, and con-
sequently, about the year 490 he was
consecrated, there being a large assem-
blage of bishops and ecclesiastics pres-
ent on tiie occasion. Conlaeth laid the
foundation of his Cathedral, which not
being completed till after the death of
Bridget, was dedicated to her memory.
He governed his see for twenty-nine
years, and was buried in his Cathedral
near the high altar. His bones were
placed in a silver case about the year
800. Many miraculous cures were at-
tributed to the saint while living, and
to his relics when dead. He died about
620. This see is one of the few ones
in Ireland, and in fact in any country,
which presents an unbroken succession
of prelates for nearly 1400 years.

CONN, KEADCAHA, a warlike
monarch of Ireland, who ascended the
throne A. D. 148, was the son of Fei-
lim, and of Ughna, daughter of the
King of Denmark, and succeeded Cathire
More. He was the victor of a hundred
battles. Gratianus Lucius calls him in
Latin, "Constantius Centiraacbus." His
reign was a most harassing and disas-
trous one to the unfortunate people
who had to suffer from the dire effects
of war. His great antagonist was
Modha, the valiant and warlike King
of Munster. whom Conn offended by
aiding Angus, a Prince of that province,
of the family of the Earnochs, whom
Duach, one of Modha's ancestors had

permitted to locate in their country, anA
whose leaders or princes, after a while,
seized on the crown of Munster, to the'
exclusion of the true line of the race of
Heber. Modha determined to break
thoir power, and hence the assistance-
furnished to Angus their leader, by
Conn the Monarch, of 15,000 men.
After defeating the Earnochs and their
allies, Modha turned his arms against
the Monarch, but Conn defeated him,
and he sought refuge and assistance in
Spain. There he formed an alliance-
with the King Heber More and mar-
ried his daughter Beara, and after some
time he returned to Ireland with his
Spanish allies, and re-commenced his
war upon Conn, whom he defeated in
several bloody battles, and compelled &
settlement, by which Conn resigned ta
him half the Island. Modha, however,
found fresh cause for discontent, and
the two kings met with their armies on
the plains of Moylen, to decide as ta
the sovereignty of the whole Island.
Before the en^gement began the King
of Munster, Modha, was murdered in
his bed by GoUe, a descendant of the
Kin^ of Connaught. Conn then re-
sumed without opposition, his j^vern-
ment over the monarchy. This mon-
arch at length fdl by the hands of as-
sassins, who, disguis^ as women, sur-
rounded and slew him near Tara.

CONNESS, JOHN, an Amerieaa
statesman and politician, was bom in>
Ireland in 1809. and came to this coun-
try with his parents in 1822. He im-
mediately sought employment, and was
variously engaged until the discovery
of gold in California, when he was-
among the first to start for the new
Eldorado. He there became connected
with both mining and merchantile in-
terests, and was also prominent ioi
politics, being a member of the legisla-
ture from 1852 until '61, when he was
the candidate of the Union Democratic
party for Governor, secession having
divided the party in that state. In 1883-
he was elected United States Senator,
and served with ability and distinction
to the end of his term.

CONNOR, DAVID, a brave and gal-
lant American naval officer, was of
Irish descent, and born in Hornsburv,
Penn., 1790. He entered the navy In
1809, with the rank of midshipman^
and served in various parts of the worl<C

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In 1813, was acting Lieutenant on the
Hornet, in its brilliant, action with the
Peacock, in which the latter struck her
•colors in fifteen minutes in a sinking
condition. To Lieutenant Connor was
Allotted the task of removing the wound-
ed and dying aftor the action, and al-
though he succeeded, three of his own
men went down with the sinking ship.
He was promoted to a Lieutenancy for
gallant conduct in this action, and re-
mnined on the Hornet. In the action
with the Penguin in 1815, he was dan-
gerously wounded, and was voted a
sword by his native state and a medal
bv Congress, for gallant conduct. In
March 1825 he was made commander,
And March '35 a captain. On the break-
ing out of the war with Mexico he was
in command of the West India squad-
ron, and he established an efficient
blockade of the Gulf ports, and No-
vember 14, captured Tampico. In the
spring of 1847 he directed the landing
•of the forces of Gen. Scott, at Vera
Cruz, but bad health compelled him to
return home. He was not able again
to take active service at sea, and his
last duty was in Command of the
Philadelphia Navy Yard. He died
there in 1856.

CONNOLLY, ARCHBISHOP, an

Able and distinguished Catholic prelate,
diviiie and political writer of Canada,
was bom in Cork in 1814, and received
bis education principally in Rome,
where he joined the severe order of the
Capuchins. Even while in the novi-
tiate he attracted attention by the
breadth and vigor of his intellectual
powers. After completing his studies,
he was ordained a priest, and shortly
afterwards sent to Dublin, where he
remained four years. In 1842 he ac-
companied Archbishop Walsh to Hali-
fax, and in 1845)was appointed adminis-
trator, and Vicar General of the Dio-
<;e8e. louring the years that the terri-
ble scourge of ship fever swept like a
blast of death along the Atlantic coast,
leaving horror and desolation in its path,
•cur young taissioner was unceasing in
in his ministraiion to the dying as well
as in hia efforts to prevent the spread of
' the malignant and destructive scourge.
In 1853 he was appointed Bishop of St.
Johns, New Brunswick, and before his
departure was presented by the people
of Halifax with a service of plate as a
tribute to his fearless and self-sacrific-

ing efforts in their behalf during the
scourge. In his reply he said, '"The
right of self-preservation under such
circumstances was foresworn in the
very act of assuming the ministry of
that first High Priest, who laid down
his life for Lis flock, and who bv ex-
ample and word had proclaimed the
universal law, that every good shepherd
must do the same." In his new charge
he remained seven years, and by his
energy and zeal, added greatly to the
institutions of religion and leaning in
that province. In 1859, on the death
of Archbishop Walsh, Bishop Connol-
ly was raised to the arch-episcopal see
of Halifax, and in that province he
made a record which leaves his name
first among the distinguished citizens
of the province, and an inspiration to
his brethren of the faith. Under his
care, institutions of all kind sprang up
in his large diocese; religious, charit-
able and scholastic, and buildings, the
pride of the commonwealth resulted
from his taste and energy. The great
cathedral at Halifax too arose, a lasting
monument to the ma^itude and grand-
eur of his conceptions being second
only to the great c^lkedral at New York
in size and magnificence. When the
confederation of the provinces was sug-
gested he immediately supported it,
both by word and writing, and ably
seconded Dr. Tupper in placing its ad-
vantages before the people of their pro-
vince, and was largely instrumental in
bringing about the desired result. He
w»". on terms of intimacy wiili all the
leading men of the Province, and held
by them in the highest esteem. His
house was the hospitable rendevous of
the wit and wisdom of the provinces,
and he himself was as noted for his in-
exhaustible fund of wit and chfuming
conversational powers, as he was for
broad culture and great ability. He
endeared himself to all classes of his
fellow citizens, and before the charms
of his cosmopolitan character and gen-
erous nature, bigotry itself forgot its
narrowness, and ^ve to him its tribute
of praise. He died July 1876, lament-
ed not only by his own people, but by
all classes. One of the ablest Presby-
terian ministers in Lower Canada, say-
ing of him, in a public letter. "I feel
as if I had not only lost a friend, but as
if Canada had lost a patriot." While
unflinching in his defense of Catholic
principles, lis possessed in a large degree

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lithe

held

His

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that discriminating charity which his
faith inculcated, and liv^ indeed all
things to all men, even to the risking of
his life.

CONQUOVAR, or Connor, Monarch
of Ireland, A. D. 819. He defeated
the Danes in o general engagement on
the plains of Tailton (Tara) but tney
came pouring into the country with
large reinforcements, and after defeating
the King of Leinster, and laying waste
his provmce threatened to overrun the
whole country. Connor finding himself
unable to stand the torrcnt,died,it is said,
of grief, and was succeeded by Niall,
son of Hugh IV., A. D. 838.

CONROY, RT. REV. GEORGE, an
able and learned Irish bishop, was bom
in Armagh, 1882, and received his early
classical education at home, but finish-
ed his studies in the College of the Pro-
paganda, Rome, where he took a Doc-
tors degree. On returning to Ireland,
he was appointed a Professor in the
Catholic College of All Hallows, where
he taught divinity for some years. On
the appointment of Archbishop Cullen
to the Cardinalate, Dr. Conroy was
selected as his Secretary, and held that
position till 1871, when he was raised
to the Episcopacy as Bishop of Ardagh.
Some difficulties having developed
among the* Canadian Heirarchy, Rome
commissioned Bishof) Conroy with the
delicate task of restoring harmony, and
he performed the difficult mission in a
manner which gave eminent satisfac-
tion to all, and wounded the dignity of
none. He then traveled through the
United States, under instruction to re-
port specially to Rome, on the state of
flie Church, and he left everywhere be-
hind him the strongest impressions of his
eminent fitness for his high position.
To commanding ability, he added simple
but impressive dignity of manners,
BO worthy of a bishop. He was on the
eve of his departure for home when he
was taken sick, and died at St. Johns,
Newfoundland, August 4, 1878.

CONSTANTINE. Bishop of Killa-
lor in Uie twelfth century, was a learn-
ed and saintly doctor of the church,
and was called to the third general
council of Latem, A. D. 1179, which
he attended with Catholicus, Arch-
bishop of Tuam, and was not less famed
for his great and good qualities.

CONYNGHAM, DAVID POWER,
a talented American journalist, soldier
and author, was bom at Eillanaule,.
County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1830.
His father was an extensive farmer, and
President of a Loan Fund Bank, and
our subject received all the educational
advantages which his surroundings in-
sured him. While still pursuing his
studies he engaged in the unfortunate
rebellion of '& under Smith O'Brien.
His youth saved him from serious
trouble, and in 1855 he graduated from
the Queen's University, Cork. His
national aspiration, however, again in-
volved him in trouble, and he found it
necessary to leave Ireland in 1863, when
he arrived in the United States, and
soon after joined Meagher's Irish Bri-
gade, and was commissioned as a cap-
tain. He also acted as war correspond-
ent of a Dublin paper. For gallant
services in the field he was brevctted a
major. He also served under Sherman
in Georgia, was wounded at the battle
of Resaca, and was congratulated on
the field by Gen. Schofield, for gallant
services. While here he acted as war
correspondent of the New York Herald.
After the war he devoted himself to
journalism and other literary work, but
subsequently joined Santa Anna in his
l£ .t attempt for power in Mexico. He
also served under Gen. Guieurrier, in a
Cuban effort for Independence. He
later became editor of the "Irish Peo-
ple," New York, then of the "State Is-
land Leader," and afterwards of the
' 'Democrat. " At the time of his death,
April Ist, 1883, he was editor of the
"New York Tablet." Among his pub-
lished works are, "Shermairs March
through the South," "History of the
Irish Brigade, and its Campaigns,"
"Lives of the Irish Saints and Martyrs,"
besides novels and miscellaneous works.
For his distinguished services to litera-
ture, the University of Notre Dame
conferred on him the degree of L L. D.

CONYNGHAM, FRANCIS N.,
Marquis of, a distinguished British
soldier and statesman, was bom in Ire-
land, June 11, 1797. He was educated
at Eaton, and entered the army as
ensign in 1821. He rose steadily by
soldierly qualities through all the grades,
till he became a Lieut. General in 1866.
He was also under Secretary of State
from 1828 to '26, and entered Parlia-
ment as representative of Donegal, in

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1825; and wac> one of the Lords of the
Treasury under Wellington, from 1827
to '80. In 1832 he took his seat in the
House of Lords. He became a Whis
■about this time, and held the office oi
Postmaster-Oeneral under Alelbourne,
.and afterwards Lord Chamberlain, of
the Household. In 1848 he was ap-
pointed Vice Admiral of the coast of
Ulster, and in 1869 Lord Lieutenant of
Mcath. He was noted as an ardent
sportsman, and his stable held some of
the finest hunters in Ireland. He was
•commodore of the Irish Yacht Club,
and indeed an en'Jiusiast in every com-
petative sport. He died July 17, 1876,

CONWAY, GEN. HENRY, a gal-
lant officer of the American Pevolution,
.^as bom in Ireland, and came to Am-
.erica at an early age. The troubles
with the mother country saw him a
'daring advocate of the Peoples Rights,
and from the opening to the close of
ihe war, he never shrank from duty or
Jhardship, and rose gradually by native
.merit to be a general officer. He was
;8tung to death by bees in East Tennes-
see, just about the time the war of 1812
mas proclaimed.

CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR, a
'distinguished military commander and
Field Marshal in the British army, was
the second son of Lord Conway, and
was born in County Antrim, Ireland,
4ibout 1721. He entered the arm^ at an
•early age, and rose rapidly by tL >
hibition of masterly ability. H<i was
engaged in the seven years war in con-
junction with the Allies, and command-
ed the British forces, serving under
Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. He
became a member of the Irish Parlia-
ment, and afterwards of the Engli^,
And for two years was a Secretary of
State. In 17^, for his independence
in voting a^inst the ministiy on the
great question of general warrants, he
was tyrftoitfaUy dismissed from aU his
•civil apdl^^tary honors. The next year
however, he was sworn a member of
the Prii^ Council, and Secretary of
State f(^ the Northern Department. In
1782 he became commander in chief of
the British armies, and that year made
"the motion in Parliament which termi-
nated the American war of the revolu-
tion, and finally he was raised to the
dignity of .Field Marshal. He died
in 1795. He was the author of

poems, political pamphlets, and a com-
edy called "False Appearances."

CONWAY, MARTIN F., an able
American politician and jurist, is of
Irish descent, bom in Charleston, SouUi
Carolina, in 1880, and there received
an ordinary education. He removed
with his parents to Baltimore in 18^,
and shortly afterwards entered a print-
ing^ office, which is always a valuable
training school for a bright and studi-
ous boy. He soon acquired standing
in the craft, and was prominent in or-
ganizing the the National Typographi-
cal Union. He subsequently studied
law and was admitted to the Bar, and
practiced with success. In IS^A he
went to Kansas, then seething with po-
litical strife, and was elected to the
Council of the first Territorial Legisla-
ture. Under the Topeka convention he
was chosen Justice of the Supreme
Court, and in 1856 he was President of
the Levenworth Constitutional Conven-
tion. In '59 he represented Kansas in
the Thirty-seventh Congress.

CONWAY, GEN. ROBERT, was
the son of Irish settlers in South Caro-
lina, and bred to arms from inftvn cy.
He early became noted for strati'gism
and bravery in tlie Indian raids, 8nd on
the breaking out of the 'Revolutionary
war, was an active organizer of the
South Carolina troops, and was appoint-
ed a General of the State troops. He
also served as a regular officer in the
Continental service, and did good service
until the end of the war. He died at
Georgetown, 8. C, in 1823.

CONWAY, MARSHAL COUNT
THOMAS, a geneml of the American
Revolution, and a Marshal of France,
and considered by many, the ablest and
most skillful soldier in America, was
born in Ireland, February 27, 1733. He
received his education in France, like so
many of his countrymen of liberal
means in those dark days. He entered
the French army and rose by his talents
and bravery to be a Colonel. He came
to the United States at the request of
Silas Dean, and was at once appointed
a Brigadier General. He participated
in the battles of Brandywine and Ger-
mantown, and was made Inspector-
General, with the rank of Major Gen-
eral, against the protest of Washington.
This created some feeling, and Con-

COO

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was
He
teso
beral
ered
ents
ame
St of
nted
)ated
Ger-
ctor-
Qen-
too.
Con-

way was charged with intriguing with
members of Congress to nave Gen.
Gates placed in the chief command.
Tliis becoming public, created con^der-
able feeling against Conway, and he
resigned. The result of this antagon-
isn was a duel between Conway and
Gen. Cadwallader, in which the former
-nas dangerously wounded. While
iius prostrate, and doubtful of recovery,
he wrote to Washington a friendly let-
tur expressing regret at the troubles
which had arisen between them, and
expressing great confidence in his in-
tegrity and ability. On his recovery
he returned to France, and again enter-
ed the army, rose rapidly, and was
made a Count, and appointed Governor
of Pondicherry, and all the French
settlements in India, with the rank of
Field Marshal. On the breaking out
of the French Revolution he was forced
to fly, and found refuge in British In-
dia. He died about 1800.

COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK,
one of the most acccmiplished of trage-
dians, and the great rival of Kemble,
was the son of an Irish Captain of
Dragoons, and was bom at Westmin-
ster April 17, 1755. He received an
ordinal education, and was sent when
a boy to learn the trade of a printer.
Becoming acquainted with the local
gods of the stage he conceived a strong
passion for the profession, and became
a skillful declaimer from practice, and
great natural ability before he ever
ventured on the stage. At length, in
1776 he appeared at Brentford as Du-
mont in "Jane Shore." In 1778 he ap-
peared in the Haymarket, but earned
no special praise, and made the tour of
the provinces for the next six years with
ordinary applause. His first great suc-
cess was at Manchester, in 1784, when
he became very popular. In 1794 he
appeared in Dublm and Cork, and was
received with great enthusiasm. He
did not appear m Covent Garden until
1800, when he captured the critics by
his masterly rendition of Richard HI,
and thence forward for ten years he
was recognized as the peer and rival of
John Kemble, and appefu*ed with great
applause in both tragedy and comedy.
In 1810 he sailed for America, and on
November 21, that year, appeared in
the Park Theatre as Richard III, amidst
storms of applause. He subsequently
appeared in the principal American

cities, and always to crowded and en>
thusiastic audiences, but as often annoy-
ing them by his capricious conduct, as
captivating them bv his astonishing act-
ing. This arose Iram an unfortunate
haoit of drink, which had been grow-
ing on him, and which at length hasten-
ed him to a premature grave, as it has
so many other brilliant intellects. His
most popular characters were Richard
III," "Shylock," "lago," "Sir Giles
Overreach,'* "Kitely" and "Pertinax
Macsycophant. " He died in New York,
September 25, 1812, and was buried in
St. Paul's church yard, where Edmund
Kean erected a monument to his mem-
ory in 1821.

COOKE. WILLIAM, a poet and bio-

Sapher, was bom at Cork, Ireland,
e settled in England about 1766, and
at first, intended to adopt the profession
of law, but soon abandoned this inten-
tion, and entered the more seductive
field of literature. He purchased an
interest in two newspapers and devoted
himself to general hterary work. He
died April, 1824. Amon^ his works
are, "The Art of Living in London,"
a poem, "Conversation, a diadactic
poem," "Biographies of Maclin and
Poote," "The Elements of Dramatic
Criticism," and a pamphlet on "Parlia-
mentary Reform.'^

COOTE, SIR EYRE, one of the
most able and successful of British
soldiers of the last century, was bom in
Ireland, in 1726. He entered the army
early and distinguished himself against
the Scotch rebels in 1745. In 1754 he
went to the east and quickly attracted
attention by his skill and bravery,
especially at the siege of Pondicherry.
In 1769 he became commander-in-chief
of the company's forces, but on ac-
count of some difficulty with the civil
power, he returned to England in 1770.
in 1'<S0 he was again despatched to
India with his former rank, Hyder Ali
being at that time in the midst of his
career of devastation; threatening the
whole country with fire and sword.
Coote's arrival was quickly followed by
a change. Organizing but a handful of
discouraged men, he infused into them
his own confidence and daring, and
placing himself in the pathway of the
destmctive hoard, he soon checked its
onward course, and taught the barbar-
ian t» fear th? powen and skill of the

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superior race. With scarcely one-tenth
the number, he defeated his antagonists
In several desperate encounters, and
established English power and author-
ity throuehrut the Camatic. He died
at Madrai in 1788.

COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, an
eminent American arti«t, was bom in
Boston, in 1787, and was the son of
Irish parents, Richard Copley and Mary
Singleton, who had emigrated from
County Clare, Ireland, the previous

?ear. Shortly after arriving in America,
is father went to the West Indies for
the benefit of his health, where he died
the same year, 1787. John early devel-
oped a passion for art, and without in-
struction or models, or any assistance,
either in drawing or coloring, but his
native genius, industrv and taste, he

Sainted a picture of his half-brother,
[enry Pelham — his mother having
married Peter Pelham, an Engraver, oi
Boston, after the death of his father —
which he sent to Benj, West, in 1760,
to be entered in the Royal Academy,
and which West declared was a marvel
of coloring, as well as artistic in design
and drawing. It was called "The Boy
and the Flying Squirrel." West wrote
to Copley a highly flattering letter, and
advised the young artist to come to
England, and invited him to make his
house his home. Copley was strongly
tempted to do so, but he felt it his duty
to remain and assist his mother, who
was again a widow, in maintaining and
supporting her family. In 1769 he
married Susannah Famum Clarke, the
daughter of a rich Boston merchant,
agent for the East India Company, and
the man to whom was consigned the
famous cargo of Tea emptied into Bos-
ton Harbor by the patriots disguised as
Iniiliins, on account of the obnoxious
tax, before the war. Copley now fixed
his residence in Beacon Hill, then a
charming suburban spot, which includ-
ed seven acres of what is now the most
densely populated part of Boston. Here
he pursued his art, and painted manv
of tliu most distinguished people of his
day, his brush being constantly employ-
ed. 1771 he visited New York, where
he painted a miniature of Washington.
In June 1774 his long cherished desire
to see art as develop^ in Europe, and
especially the works of the great mas-
ters, was at length gratified, and he em-
barked for Engmnd, leaving his mother.

wife and family in Iioston. He did not
remain long in England, but -a sufficient
time to become acquainted with its lead-
ing artists, and its works of art, and
then passed on to Italy. Here he wa»
charmed beyond measure with all he
saw, his artistic eye drank in with ex-
tacy ten|thousand beauties in nature and
art. In Rome h3 remained some time,,
and secured the most valuable speci-
mens of art, in casts of plaster. He re-
mained in Parma two menths, making
a copy of "St. Jerome," for Lord Gros>
venor, and studying otiier work of Art.
This copy is said to be the best ever
made. In June 1775 his wife and fam-
ily excepting an infant left with his
mother m Boston, arrived in England.
They sailed on the last vessel (The 'Min-
erva' Capt. Callahan) which left Massa-
chusetts Bay as a British colony. A»
the storms of war were about to burst
on the col''iiies, the devoted wife desir-
ed to be with her husband, and as-
she knew art could bave no home there-
during the struggle, she desired that
her husband should remain where his
geniuF, might be developed. Her father
too having gone to England, he remain
ing loyal to thp crown may have still
further induced her»to meet her hus-
band there. Copley, however, as all
his letters to his wife and mother show,,
was a strong defender of Colonial
Rights, and confidently predicted that
the issue, however it might at first ap-
pear, would eventually result in the
triumph of the colonies. Copley ar-
rived in London, from the continent,
shortly after his wife and family landed,,
and n-om thence forward that became
his home. He now commenced a bril-
liant career, both as a painter of por>
1 raits and historical subjects, and took
his place among the very first artists of
his day. Among his wor^>s are, "A
boy rescued from a Shark in the Har-
bor of Havana," a most thrilling and
life-like effort, which has been engraved
in Mezzotint, bvVal. Green, "The Red
Cross Knight, from Spencer's Fairy
Queen, "A Family Picture," represent-
ing his own family, including his father-
in-law, Mr. Clarke, an admiiable work,
and said by the best judges to equal
Van. Dyke's best. "The ■Western Fam-
ily," "The Three Princesses," daughters
of George III. "The Death of Lord
Chatham," engraved by Bartolozzi, and
which still farther increased the fam&
of the artist by its realistic impressive*

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ness and power. "The Siege of Gibr-
alter," painted for the City of London,
in 1790, and hanging in the Council
Chamber of Guild Hall. (In 1790 Coj)-
ley obtained the honors of an academi-
cian). ''Charles 1, Demanding the Im-
S cached Members," "The Death of
[aj. Pierson,* which the Duke of Wel-
lington said was the only battle pioce
which ever satisfied him, or faithfully
depicted the scene. "Abraham's Sacri-
fice," "Hagar and lehmael," "Saul Re-
proved by Samuel," "The Nativity,"
"The Tribute" Money," "Samuel and
Eli," "Monmouth refusing to give the
names of his accomplices to James II,"
"The 'offer' of the crown to Lady Jane
Gray," besides innumerable portraits
both in England and America, and
Family groupes so artistic in concep-
tion as to make them far more than
mere portraiture. Copley had hoped to
return to America and make his home
and end his days on Beacon Hill, but
his Boston agent having alienated
his property, Copley was unable to
again secure possession, his son after-
wards Lord Lyndhurst, coming express-
ly to America to recover his father's
rights if possible, but failed. This son
became a great lawyer and afterward
Lord Chancellor, and was raised to the
peerage. This gifted artist died in
London, September 9, 1816, aged 78
years.

CORCORAN, GEN. MICHAEL, a
noted officer of the early part of the
Great American Rebellion, was born in
Ireland, September 21, 1827, and im-
migrated to the United States in 1849.
He commanded the 69th New York
Volunteers at the first battle of Bull
Run, where he was taken prisoner. He
was exchanged after about one year,
and immediately raised the "Corcoran
Legion," of which he was made Brig.
General. He was killed near Fairfax
Court House, by being thrown from his
horse, December 22, 1868.

CORK AND ORRERY, JOHN
BOYLE, Earl of, was born in Ireland,
in 1707, and received tlie rudiments of
his education from the poetFent(jn and
completed it at Oxford. For a while
he was a member of parliament and an
opponent of Walpole, but literature
having more charms for him than the
forum, he retired from Parliament and
devoted himself entirely to hia pci^. He

edited the plays and state letters of his
great-grandfather. Memoirs of Earl
of Monmouth, Remarks on the Life
and "Writings of Swift, Letters from
Italy, and translated Pliny's Letters,
besides papers in "The World" and
"Connoissmr." He died in 1762.

CORMAC, a renowned King of
Munster, and great grandson of Niell
the Great, noted for both valor and
piety, was victor in 17 battles. His
wife Sabina, was revered as a Saint.

CORMAC, MAC CULINAN, King
of Munster, and Bishop of Cashel, was
a learned and munificent prince. He
wrote the Psalter of Cashel in the
Scolic language, and was celebrated
for every quality that might adorn a
prince and bishop. His death took
place A. D., 908.

CORMAC, ULFADA, a disUnguish-
ed and able monarch of Ireland, and
one of the first of its Christian Kings.
He was a brave and warlike prince, and
the victor of thirtj'^-six battles. In his
excursions he traversed the greater part
of Britain and Albania as a conqueror,
and returned with immense booty. He
was equally famous in peace, and was
a great patron of learning and learned
men; he enlarged the schools at 'Tara,
instituted schools for military discipline,
history and jurisprudence, and strictly
enforced the registration of families.
According to ancient records, lie re-
signed his crown after becoming a
christian, and retiring to a small collage
near Tara he proposed to devote the re-
mainder of his life to the service of the
true God, by meditation and prayer.
One of the principal druids named
Masilffam, being greatly annoyed at so
prominent an example of defection
from the belief of their ancestors, re-
proached him for his unfaithfulness,
and by persuasion and threats sought
to make him return. The King, how-
ever, told him he could only Avorship
the true God for the future, and not
the foolish inventions of men. Ho did
not long survive, but was said to have
been poisoned about A. D. 2C8. The
too general impression that St. Patricik
first brought Christianity to Ireland is
not at all in accordance with history.
The records of Rome itself, shows this
by the fact that others before Patrick
had been sent with Apos^olio powers to

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convert that Island, and while their
missions did not prove successful, there
cannot be any doubt but that many
scatteriog converts were made, as in
the case of our subject.

CORNELIUS, surnamed Historicus,
a celebrated historian and commenta-
tor, was bom in Ireland, about A. D.,
1200. Bale and Stanihurst give an
abridgment of his life. He was a man
of profound knowledge and many of
the old historians quote from him.
Amon^t his works is one entitled "Mu-
tai-um Berum Chronicon."

COSTELLO, DUDLEY, a talented
British author, was the i on of an Irish
ofScer, and was bom in Ireland^ in
1808. Reentered the army at an early
age and served on various foreign sta-
tions, and devoted his spare time to
literature, art and languages. He re-
cdgned from the army and went to
^ris, where in 1880, he labored with
Cuevier as a draughtsman and gener-
al assistant. In 1888 he went to Lon-
don and became a popular contributor
to many journals and periodicals, and
especially to the "Examiner," to which
he was attached for over 80 years,
i^mong his works of fiction are,
"Screen," "The Millionaire," "Faint
Heart never won Fair Lady, "afterward
dramatized, "Holiday with Hobgoblins'
besides "Italy from the Alps to the
Tiber."

COSTELLO, LOUISA STEWART,
a talented and accomplished writer and
artist, was a sister of the foregoing, and
was born in Ireland, in 1815. She was
with her brother on the continent, and
aftei-wards in Paris, and with him
studied art and literature. In Paris
she was known by her excellent por-
traits in miniature, butsherelinquisned
the pencil for the pen, and in 1885 she
followed her brother to London. Her
first book published that year was
"Specimens of the Early Poetry of
France," dedicated to Tom Moore.
She is the author of many popular
songs and ballads of which the "Queen
of my Soul," is the most charming, and
she largely contributed to the passing
literature of the day. Her principal
works of fiction are "The Queen
Mother," a historical romance of
Catherine De Medici and 'Clara
Fane" and among her greatest works,

"A Pilgrimage to Auvergne," "Beam
of the Pyrenees," "Memoirs of Emi-
nent English Women," "The Rose
Oarden of Persia," translations from
the most gifted Persian poets with
biographical sketches, "Memoirs of
Mary of Burgandy," "Anne of Brit-
tany," "The layof the Stork," "Jacques
Coeur, the French Argonaut," &c. She
died at Boulogne, April 24, 1870.

COSTIGAN, JOHN, an able and
distinguished Canadian Statesman, was
born in 1836, at Quebec, whither his
father with his family had emigrated
from Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1880. In
1840 the family removed to New
Brunswick, where our subject received
his education, graduating from Victo-
ria College. He began his political ca-
reer in 1860 and was elected to the
Provincial Asstmbly. He opposed the
Confederation scheme, but when it was
carried, he entered heartily into all
measures which could insure it success.
He is looked upon as the leader of the
Catholic element of that province, but
is equally popular with all classes of
his fellow citizens. He still represents
that Province in the Dominion Parlia-
ment, and is looked upon as one of the
leading men of Canada. He is a cousin
of the late Thomas Francis Meagher.

COSWAY, RICHARD, one of the
original members of the Royal Acade-
n^ of Art, was born in Ireland, about
iiSO. In miniature painting, which
he made a specialty of, he was without
a rival. Some of his larger and more
pretentious wo-ks in oil are not without
great merit. His wife was alsc an
artist of no mean power. He died in
1821, at the great age of 01 years.

COUGHLIN, LAWRENCE, a cele-
brated Methodist Divine, of Nova
Scotia, who for many years was leader
of that body in the province, was
born in Ireland, in 1700, an^^ f^^ed in
1884.

SAMUEL SULLIVAN, a
American lawydr, wit and
politician, is of Jrish descent, born at

COX,

talented

2ane8ville, Ohio, 1824. Ho graduated
at Brown University in 1840, studied
law « ' was admitted to the bar, and
soon bdcaiue a power in local politics,
and ^or a while edited a political paper.
In i868 he traveled in Europe, una in

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1866 was appointed Secretary of Lega-
tion at Peru. In 1866 he was elected
to Congress from Ohio, and served ei^ht
consecutive years, where he distinguish-
ed himself by his wit and ability as a
debater. During the civil war he was
the most able opponent of the policy of
the administration in the House. In
1866 he removed to New York City,
and was elected to Congress from that
city in 1868 and re-elected in 1871, but
was defeated in '82, as candidate at
large. Among his works are "The
Buckeys Abroad," "Ei^ Years in
Congress," "Search for Winter Sun-
beams ' Notes of Travel, Italv,
Corsica, Algeria and Spain (1870). Mr.
Cox is noted as an able and skillful
debater, full of wit, point, elo(]^uence
and repartee, and had no supenor on
either side of the House during his
terms of service in Congress.

COYNE, JOSEPH STYRLING, a
talented and witty "British" Dramatist
and writer, was bom at Birr, Ireland,
in 1806. He received a classical edu-
cation, and was admitted to the Irish
Bar, but like so many other talented
Irishmen, his passion for the drama and
literature drew him away from the dry
investigation of sheep skin covers, and
he devoted himself to literature and art.
His first effort, a farce, "The Phrenol
ogist," was produced in 1885 in Dublin,
in 1837 he went to London, where he
successfully brought out, "The Queer
Subject," "Everybody's Friend," "No-
thhig Ventured, "Nothing Won," "Pre-
senteid at Court," "The Woman in
Red," "How to Settle Accounts with
your Laundrees," all of which were
witty and popular, and some of which
were translated and produced on the
French and German stage with ap-
plause. Coyne was one of the original
projectors and proprietors of "Punch,''
to which he was a constant contri-
butor, and also contributed largely
to the current literature of the day.
For many years he was secretary of the
Dramatic Author's Society. Among
his other works is "The Scenery and
Antiquities of Ireland." He died in
London, July 18, 1868.

COWLEY, HENRY WELLESLEY
BARON, a British Btatesman, was a
•on of Lord MorDington,the Irlshpatriot
«nd younger brother of the Earl of
Wellesley, and of the Duke of Welling-

ton. He was bom in Ireland, January
20, 1778. He early entered the diplo-
matic services of the government, and
soon rose to offices of trust and distinc-
tion. He was raised to a British peerage
in 1828 for distinguished services, and
was for many years Minister plenipo-
tentiary to Vienna. He left a son more
eminent sti!l as a diplomat, viz., Henry
Richard, first Earl of Cowley, born in
1804, and who has long held the high-
est diplomatic positions in the gift of
the British Government; and has for
many years been Embassador to Paris,
and represented Great Britain at the
great congress of 1858.

CRAWFORD, HON. GEORGE, a

p'-cminent Canadian legislator, was the
son of Patrick Crawford, who emigra-
ted from County Cavan, and settled in
Canada West at an early day. He be-
came connected with many of the pub-
lic improvements of Canada, and soon
acquired wealth and influence, by his
energy and ability. He was elected a
member of the Canadian Legislature,
and was |distinguished for his business
capacity and efficiency. The family is
a very prominent one in Canada.

CRAWFORD, THOMAS, the dis-
tinguished American sculptor, is of
Irish extraction, bom in s^ew York,
March 23, 1814. After his artistic taste
was developed, he went to Rome, and
studied under Thorwaldsen, and soon
acquired a reputation. He executed
the equestrian statue of Washington,
for the State of Virginia, now in Rich-
mond. Among his works are a colos-
sal statue of America, on the dome of
the Capitol at Washington. "Orpheus"
and many other works of great merit.
He died in London, October 10, 1857.

CREAGH, RICHARD, a learned
Irish divine scholar and confessor, was
educated at Louvain, and was consecm-
ted in Rome Archbishop of Armagh.
He was the author of "Treatise on the
Irish Language," "Ecclesiastical His-
tory," a controversal work, "Chronicle
of Ireland, and Lives of Irish Saints,"
etc., etc. He was at length nireHted
under the pemecution of Elizabelh, and
imprisoned in the Tower. He was of-
fered his liberty, and a substantial re-
ward if he would consecrate some of
the reformed bishops, but he firmly re-

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fused, and at length died in the Tower,
from neglect and suffering, A. D. 1685.

CREELMAN, SAMUEL, a promin-
ent and able citizen of Nova Scotia, is
a scion of an Irish family of that name,
who settled in Nova Scotia at an early
day. He has held many important
positions in that province; Finardal
Secretary, Member of the Executive
Council from 1851 to '56, Chief Gold
Commissioner. A member of the As-
sembly and of the Legislative Council,
and other impoitant positions. He is a
Liberal in politics.

CREICHTON. JOHN, a brave and
dashing soldier of fortune, was born in
Donegal in 1748. He entered the Horse
Quards in the time of Charles U, and
served with distinction a^inst the Cov-
enanters of Scotland. When William
III succeeded in ousting James II
from the throne Creichton attempt-
ed to raise tha Scotch ' against the
new King, but was arrested and
imprisoned in Edinburgh. After
some years ho was released and return-
ed to Ireland, where his "Memories"
revised by Swift, were published in
1781, and contain many curious v. vents
relative to the reigns of Charles II, and
James II, with graphic sketches of
public characters who participated in
the trouble of those times, and out of
which Walter Scott secured material for
"Old Morality." Creichton died in
1738.

CREIGHTON, GEN. DAVID, a
gallant soldier, was born in the County
of l^'crmanngh, Ireland, and espoused
the cause of King William, became cel-
ebrated for his gallant defence of ais
castle against a large body of King
Janies' troops. He rose to be a Major-
General in the army, and also was, a
member of the Irish Parliament.

CROGHAN, COL. GEORGE, a gal-
lant American soldier, was of Iriah de-
scent, born in Louisville, Ky., Novem-
ber 15, 1701. He CTaduated at William
and Mary College, Va. On the call for
Volunteers to oppose the, designs of
Tecum»eh and his allies, he joined the
army, and was present at the battle of
Tippecanoe, where he distinguished
himself. In 1813 he was made a cap-
tain, and the following year a Maior,
and appointed on the staff of Gen. Har-

rison. He greatly distinguished him-
self ic the defense of Fort Meigs, and
on August 1st and 2nd he covered him-
self with glory, by his gallant defence
of Fort Stephenson, near Lower San-
dusky, Ohio, where, with but 180 effec-
tive men in a stockade fort he refused
to surrender to Gen. Proctor, who, with
6,200 men, about one-half British regu-
lars, and the balance ferocious Indians,
stormed for several days the little fortress
and its gallant band of heroes without
success. The gallant defenders killed
more than their entire number, of the
British regulars, who lay dead in the
ditch, and on the line of advance to the
fort, lyssides a considerable number of
Indians and proportionate numbers of
wounded, and so completely demoraliz-
ed this host that anticipated an easy
capture, that they abandoned a large
quantity of baggage. Our young hero
for this was made Lietit. Colonel, al-
though but twenty-one years of age,
and Congress many years afterwards
voted him a gold medal. He was in-
trusted with other important services
in this war, and he continued in the
army after it close. He was made In-
spector General with rank of Colonel
in 1825, and served under Gen. Taylor
in Mexico, in 1846-7. He died at New
Orleans, January 8, 1840.

CRINTHAM, a warlike Irish Mon-
arch, wno repeatedl invaded Britain,
from which he brought immense booty.
He died from effects of a fall from his
horse, A. D. 66, after a reign of 16
years.

CROCKER, JOHN WILSON, an
abi'^ British statesman, author and polit-
ical wiiter, was bom in Galway, Ire-
land, December 20, 1780, and received
his education at Trinity College, Dublin,
when he received his degriee of B. A.,
and was called to the IrisL Bar ir 1802.
He, however, "»vas a devotee to litera-
ture, to which he devoted all his leisure
time from the first, and in 1804 publish-
ed anonymously, "Familiar Epistles on
the Irish Stage," and in 1805 "An In-
tercepted Letter from Canton." In
1807 he producisd an able and elaborate
pamphlet on the "Past and Present of
Ireland," in which he advo(!ated Cath-
olic Emancipation, and the same year
was returned to parliament for Down-

Satrick. When, in 1800 charge of
[aladministration of army affairs was

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brought against the Du..:» of York,
through Ihe connivance of an offended
mistress, Crocker so ably 'efeuded him
that he secured his lasUii<^ friendship,
and the appointment of Secretary of the
Admiralty, which position he held for
over twenty years. He sat in the House
of Commons for eight successive parlia-
ments, or until 18B2; sometimes repre-
senting an English and sometimes an
Irish Constituency. He strongly ad-
vocated Catholic Emancipation, hut
was so bitterly opposed to the Reform
Bill, that he declared that be would
never sit in a reformed parliament, he
looking upon it as a blow at the founda-
tions of the country. He kept his word
and ever af terwara devoted himself en-
tirely to literature. He was one of the
founders of the (Quarterly Review, and
so able and caustic were his criticisms
that he usually got credit for all the
sharp and scathing reviews that appear-
ed in that able periodical for many
years. Besides his labors on the Re-
view and political pamphlets and speech-
es, he is the author of "Talarera," a
poem, "Songs of Trafalgar," and a
number of lyrics.amongthem "Lines on
the death of Ciinaing" "Military Events
of the French Revolution of 1830,"
"Letters on the Naval War with A-
merica," "Stories from the History of
England for Children," which Scott ac-
knowledged to be his model for "Tales
of a Grandfather." He annotated with
copious notes, "Boswell's life of John-
son," which was severely reviewed by
Macauley, for which he had ample
revenge in his effective criticism upon
the volumes of "Macauley's History of
England." He also had a bitter feud
wim Disraeli, whose political preten-
tions he assailed. He also had a con-
troversy with Lord John Russell, in re-
gard '^ "Memories and Correspondence
of Moore." He was undoubtedly one
of the most able and learned critics of
his day, but like all political critics. In-
clined to be too partial with friends,
and too unsparing and severe to enemies.
Crocker died in London, August 10,

less.

CROCKER, THOMAS CF.OFTON,
a talented and patriotic Irish author,
was born in Cork, January 16, 17f8.
He received a good common school
education, and when about fifteen, was
articled to a merchant. He had a pas-
sion for the exercise of walking, and

acquired the habit of making long ram-
bles on foot, whenever business or
leisure gave him the opportunity. On
these occcasions he stopped wherever
nightfall found him, the proverbial
hospitality of the Irish peasantry al-
ways securing the traveler a hearty
welcome and the best their wealth or
poverty afforded. Crocker's admirable
social qualities, extensive information
and inexhaustable fund of anecdotes,
stories and legends, would have made
him.a welcome guest in any circlo. It
was during these excursions in the
south of Ireland that he collected from
the best traditions of the people, the
material which he so graphically
fashioned in his "Researches in the
South of Ireland," and "Fairy Le;^cnds
and Traditions of the South oi Ireland."
For over thirty years he held a position
in the Admiralty, retiring with a pen-
sion. In 1836 he published "The
Legend of the Lakes," and "Rhymes
of a Pantomine," and "My Village."
In 1838 he published Memoirs of Jo-
f eph Holt, General of the Irish Rebels
in 1798; and in 1839 he edited "The
Popular Songs of Ireland." He died
in London, August '81, 1854.

CROCKETT, DAVID, a noted
American backwoodsman, and member
of Congress from Tennessee, was born
at Limestone, Tenness % August 17,
1786. His father was en Irish emi-
grant, who had opened a ^:avern on the
road from Abington to Euoxviile, and
where our subject grew up from his
seventh to his ninth yttar. He was
sent about this time to e school opened
in the neighborhood, but on the fourth
day he quarrelled with the school-
master and then playel truant in the
woods for a '3W days «nd when found
out and being threatened with a flog-
ging, both from his father and master,
he ran away from h itne, and roamed
about with drivers and mail carriers
'till his eighteenth year, when he re-
turned home and amended school for
two months, which was the extent of
his educational advantages. After
leaving school he g ot married and set-
tled in the wildest portion of the State,
where he distinj^uished himself as a
hunter. The wa • of 1812 found him a
volunteer and he served under Jackson
against the soutl ern Indians, and par-
tl^ipati>d in the f,lories of New Orleans.
After Uxe war h' < returned to Tennessee

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and settled at Shoal Creek. The com-
munity was a rough one, and it be-
coming necessary to estAblish a le^^
tribunal, Crockett was elected a magis-
trate. He was soon afterwards a candi-
date for the Legislature and made his
speeches with his rifle, that is, became
fiopular by his skill and success at
shooting-matches, and his ability to
tell a good yam. He was twice elected
to the Legislatme, hi^ only other busi-
ness being bear hunting. In 1827 he
had the ambition to represent his con-
stituency in Congress, and thither he
was sent, and was re-elected for two
morn terms, but havine opposed Gen-
eral Jackson, he found nis influence too
much even for his riflle, and he sought
a new field of glory in Texas, which at
this time was fighting for independence.
Here he distinguished himself by his
daring and skill in irregular fighting,
and was en^ged in many warm en-
counters. His last exploit was in de-
fending a little fort in San Antonio de
Bexar, called Fort Alamo, against
great odds, and which after a long
siege, surrendered, there being only six
survivors. They were ""ll shot as
rebels, by the order of Santa Aima.
His autobiography was published at
Philadelphia, in 1884.

CROLT, REV. GEORGE, D. D., a

talented and eloquent Irish protestant
divine, poet and writer, was bom in
Dublin, August, 1780, and was educat-
ed at Trinity College in that city. After
graduating he took orders in the Epis-
copal church, and soon became noted
for his eloquence as a preacher, and his
classical and polished style as a writer.
In 1886 he was invited to London and
presented with the rectorship of St.
Stephens, Walbrook. His first elaborate
poem was "Paris in 1815," which is
descriptive of the works of art collected
in the Louvre from all the giiUeries in
Europe by Napoleon. This was fol-
lowed by an Arabian tale, "The Angel
of the World," and stories and lyrics.
In x324 he produced his Comedy of
"Pride shall have a Fall," which was
put upon the boards at Covent Garden
with great applause. In 1827 appeared
"Salethiel," founded on the tale of the
"Wandering Jew," followed by "Tales
of Mt. St. Bernard," and "Marston."
He also edited the works of Pope and
Jeremy Taylor, and contributed to gen-
eral literature, "PoUtical life of Burke/'

"Historical Sketches, Speeches, Char-
acters," &c., and many of a prof essional
kind, such as "New Interpretation of
the Apocalypse," "The True idea of
Baptism," ''Scenes from Scriptures,"
"The Proposed Admission of Jews to
Parliament," &c. He was an doquent
speaker, a chaste and classical writer,
and an eamest worker, but was not de-
void of bigotry. He died in London,
November 24, 1860.

CROLT, MRS. JENNY CTJNNINa-
HAM ("Jenny June"), a talented and
sprightly American female, writ' and
editor, is of Irish descent, bom ' 1840.
She still contributes larcely to the cur-
rent literature of the diay, and is de-
servedly popular.

CRONYN, DR., a prominent Can-
adian divine, and first Episcopal Bi^op
of Huron, Ontario, was bom in Kilken-
ny, and educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, emigrated to Canada and was
stationed in London for some years.
On the division of the diocese of On-
tario, he was chosen bishop of the new
diocese of Huron, which he governed
till his deatii in 1871. He was held in
high esteem for his talents and elo-
quence.

CULLEN, CARDINAL PAUL, a
leamed and eminent Irish prelate, was
hem in the County of Kildare, April
27, 1808. After receiving his prelimin-
ary education at home he entered the
CoUe^ of the Propaganda,Rome, where
he distinguished himself at an early
age, received his degree and graduated
a doctor of Divinity. He was raised to
the priesthood, and made professor of
Hebrew in that celebrated institution.
He afterwards became rector of the
Irish College in Ronie, and when Pius
IX was complied to escape from the
violence of the Revolutionaiy mob, as
all the rectors of Colleges in Itome, who
were not foreigners, had to leave the
city. Dr. Cullen was left In charge,
temporally, of their interests. He ex-
hibited great tact and energy in dealing
with the Revolutionary rulers of Rome,
and saved both the Propaganda and the
Roman College from plunder, and mth-
less destmction at a critical moment, by
placing them nnder the protection of
the American flag,' through the consider-
ate kindness of Lewis Cass, Jr., then
Charge de Affairs at Rome, and with

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a blush mupt it be said, that for thid act,
both in the interest of humanity as well
as civilisation itself, Mr. Cass was de-
nounced by American bigots.. The
death of Archbishop CroUy, primate
of Ireland occurring about this time.
Dr. CuUen was chosen by Pius IX him-
self , ovet the candidates sent from Ire-
land, and named as successor to the
see of Armagh. He was consecrated in
Rome, February 24, 1850, and he went
to Ireland w^.th the additional title of
delegate apostolic. Archbishop Cullen
immediately set to work to organize
effectively, Catholic education, and
make it complete and thoroi' <. by the
establishment of an Univr so that

the dangers to those C oiics who
sought a higher education in> the state
institutions, which was completely un-
der the control, and in the mterests of
the religion by law established, might
be avoided, and a place provided for
the Catholic youth of Ireland, where
they might be strengthened rather than
wesikened in the glorious old faith of
their ancestors, which the enemies of
Ii-eland has so long and so vainl;^ tried
to degrade and destroy. For this pur-
pose he called a synod at Thurles, and
effectual measures were there taken to
insure an Irish Catholic University.
Measures were also taken to secure a
proper system of primary and secondry
education, as steps to tt:i University.
In 1852 Archbishop Munuy of Dublin,
dying, Dr. Cullen was transferred to
that see, which, although secondary to
the see pf Armagh (the latter being the
see of St. Patrick, takes precedence over
all Ireland) is in many ways a more im-
portant one, as the great Catholic insti-
tutions of Ireland are in Dublin, and
immediately under its jurisdiction. To
make amends for this, and secure Dr.
Cullen the headship of the Irish prelacy,
the Pope conflrmea for life his position
of Delegate Apostolic, which carries
with it precedence, regardless of tbe
position of the holder. The special ob-
ject of the change was therefore to en-
able Dr. Cullen to carry out personally
the plan, and establish a Catholic Uni-
versity in Dublin, which was deemed
preeminently the place for it. To this
purpose he bent all his energies, pur-
chased a proper site and secured the
erection oi a building worthy of tne
purpose. In 1854 the University was
opened under the Rectorship of the
great Dr. Newman, in temporary quar-

ters, and in 1862 the comer-stone of the
New University building was laid at
Drumcandra, an outskirt of Dublin,
Archbishop Hughes of New York
preaching on the occasion. In June,
1866, Dr. Cullen was created a Cardi-
nal, being the first resident Irish prelate
ever elevated to that position. In Octo-
ber 1881, the Hierarchy of Ireland met
in National Council under his presid-
ency, and among other acts, paired re-
solutions condemning mixed education,
and secret societies, which was especially
aimed at the Fenian organization. Car-
dinal Cullen was not very popular w^tii
the National party, they considering
that he attempted to push tha condem-
nation of secret societies farther than
reason or religion or the doctors of the
church indicated, or perhaps rather that
he attempted to include within the pro-
hibition, patriotic societies, which,
under a just and fair test, were not open
to censure. That at times he acted as a
man favorable to English domination,
can scarcely be doubted, or at least he
looked with doubt and distrust on the

Kssible results of Irish independence,
the Council of the Vatican, he took
a prominent part, and was a strong ad-
vocate of papal Infallibility. It is said
that he was the onlv Cardinal present, ,
educated in the college of the P^pa-
ganda, out of numerous prelates who
called it their Alma Mater. Dr. Culien
also assisted at the conclave that elected
Leo XIU. As a scholar he was pro-
found and thorough,as a preacher, able,
logical and earnest, as a divine, full of
zeal and practical piety. He died Oct.
24, 1878. at Dublin, m the 76th year of
his rcgd

CULLEN, WILLIAM, a prominent

{lolitician and journalist, of Northern
Ilinois, was bom in Ulster, Ireland,
March 4, 1826. He came to the United
States with his parents when a boy, and
settled in PillMburgh, Pennsylvania,
where he received an ordinary educa-
tion. Removed to Illinois in 1846, and
became prominent in local politics, and
was sheriff of La Salle county. He is
chief editor of the "Ottawa Republican"
and highly esteemed by his fellow cit-
izens for ability and worth. He was
elected to the 47th Congress by a large
majority.

CUNNINGHAM, JOHN, a poet and
dramatic writer of merit, was born in

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Dublin 1785. He early acquired
a passion for the stage and dramatic
composition, and at the a^e of seventeen

£ro<hiced a farce called "Love in a
[ist," which was well received. He
tried the stage as a profession, but seems
never to have risen to any great emi-
nence, appearing only in the Provinces.
With his pen, however, he was more
successful, and received considerable
praise and distinction by the sweetness
and beauty of his poetic productions,
which were published in several small
volumes. They have been admitted
entire into the collection of the British
Poets. He died in 1778.

CUNNINGHAM, TIMOTHY, an

able British lawyer and law writer,
was born in Ireland, about 1780, and
was called to the English bar and
at length established a lucrative prac-
tice. Among his publications, which
were authority in his day, were "A
Treaty on the Law of Titles,"— 1747,
4th edition in 1777 ; "Law of Bills of
Exchange, Promissory Notes, &c.,"
—1761, 6th edition, 1778 ; " The Mer-
chant's, Lawyer or the Law of Trade
in General "—1772, 8d edition, 1778;
"Practical Justice of the Peace," 1762;
"New and Complete Law Dictionary,"
1764-1788; "Maxims and Rules in
Pleading in Actions, Real, Personal and
Mixed, 1764-1788; "Introduction to
the Knowledge of the Laws and Con-
stitutions of England ;" besides numer-
ous important law works and reports.
He died in 1789, leaving a bequest to
the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, of
£1,000, to be laid out for the Improve-
ment of natural knowledge, besides his
valuable law and scientific library. He
was one of the ablest and most volum-
inous law writers of his day.

CURRAN. JOHN PHILPOT, one

of the greatest of forensic orators, and
most distinguished and fearless ot pa-
triots, was born in Newmarket, County
Cork, Ireland, July 24, 1750. His
father was a petty judge of no especial
note, but his mother was a woman of
deep feeling, full of the traditions and
the genius of her unfortunate country,
characteristics which her son not onlv
inherited from her, but which were cul-
tivated in him by her fervid words, her
burning enthusiasm, and her exalted
hopes. He was early sent to school to
keep him out of mischief, for what be-

came unrivalled wit in the man, was
gushing in uncontrollable pranks and
trickery in the boy. He had as com-
panions in this little village school. Bar-
ry Yelverton, afterwards Lord Aven-
more and Lord Chief Baron of Ireland,
and Robert Day, afterwards a judge
and M. P., botli of whom were also
children of the struggling poor. About
this time be attracted the attention of
Rev. Mr. Boyse. by his exhibitions of
wit, and quickness of apprehension,
who invited him to visit in his rectory,
and there taught him ^mmar, and the
rudiments of the classics. His irresist-
ible propensity for fun, and natural
ability, were exhibited about this time in
a manner that almost cost him a broken
head. There was a Punch and Judy
show in town, probably during a fair,
and it may be easily conceived that our
young trickster took it all in with en*
thusiasm and delight. It happened that
the operator became ill, and the show
consequently closed. Our young mad-
cap immediately tendered his services
as operator, and demonstrating his abil-
ity, was accordingly put in charge. Ho
went on, for a while, with the regular
order of courtship and quarrels between
Punch and Judy, but he soon com-
menced to improvise new matter, and
Judy was compelled by her husband to
let out all the local gossipings, which
proved to be full of point, ridicule aaJ
fun, and all of which was highly ap-
preciated by the audience. The hidden
prompter had the boldness, at last, to
quiz the priest, when the show-box,
operator and all, was tumbled into the
gutter. It is probable that he gave the
performance in Irish, as many of the
people, at that time, spoke no other lan-
guage, and our young comedian was
equally familiar with both languages.
Mr. Boyse's protege, although full of
mischief, was an apt scholar, and the
old gentleman soon found he could ad-
vance him no further, and so he advis-
ed that he be sent to the "Middleton
Preparatory School," and he generously
charged himself with part of the ex-
penses' : perhaps more especially asCur-
ran's mother designed him for the min*
istry. His teacher, Cary, was a man
well versed in Greek and Latin, and
Cur ran soon imbibed there a taste for the
classic authors, which never left him.
It seems even to have been a solace to
him in after years, when sick with the
uncertainties, misfortunes and hollow-

CUR

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Hess of public life, for Phillips says he
fiaw him in his later years, absorbed in
itbe Mneid, while crossing the channel
in a packet, when almost every one else
was deadly sick. He was suflSciently
advanced on leaving Middleton for
Trinity College, Dublin, to obtain a
'Sizarship there. This was in his seven-
teenth year, and in 1770 he obtained a
scholarship. In college he was said to
be the wittiest and dreamiest, the most
classical and ambitious, of all his cotem-
poraries. His clerical aspirations did
not survive the ordeal of college inspir-
ations, and bis ambition changed to a
profession more consonant with his
•character, tastes and ambition. On com-

Sleting his education, he went to Lon-
on, entered the Middle Temple and
spent the iisual time there ; mornings
often in hard study, the afternoons in
Court ; and all the time studying, read-
ing, and absorbing the great book of
human nature in its countless phases
■everywhere spread out before him in
the great city. Too social to be a
-drudge or a persiitent student, yet such
was the character and grasp of his
comprehensive mind, that he complete-
ly mastered the great princi|jl?s of con-
stitutional law and equity jurisprudence
And laid that foundation of legal lore
which, all through life,* stood him in
good need, in the face of his contempt
and neglect of precedents and the
decisions of constituted authorities.
What he must have overcome to have
attained such irresistible power and
magnetism, as a si)eaker, is evident
from the fact that his first nick-name
was "stuttering Jack Curran," and his
manner was equally open to ridicule.
His first attempt in a public debating
society, was amount "The Devils of
Temple Bar." and it amounted to say-
ing "Mr. Chairman," when he com-
pletely broke down and sought his
•chair in mortification and fright. He,
however, felt the divine spark within
and persevered. He became more used
to the scene of debate, and more bbld
in passing remarks, half aloud, on the
arguments of the speakers, when a
stupid block-head, who had more brass
'than brains, sought to crush him by
calling him " Orator Mum." CuiTan.
at the time, was after "dining well"
with two boon companions, Apjohn and
Duhig, and rising, filled with contempt
and wrath at bis adversary, he opened
upon him such an avalanche of sarcasm

and ridicule as to astonish all his asso-
ciates, demoralize his victim, and sur-
prise himself. Thence forward he mver
was at a loss for words to express his
thoughts, nor of confidence t'^ .<;'ye
them utterance in the face of friciids or
foes, in his club debates, Curran
was admitted to the bar in 1774. Arm-
ed with wit. logic and law, highly cul-
tivated in classic lore, and trained in the
art of oratory, Curran came to Dublin
to seek fame and fortune in the pre-
cincts of the "Four Courts," and to
test his intellectual strength with a best
of as brilliant young giants as Ireland
ever produced. His first suit was in a
chancery mattcr,and so overcr me was ho
by nervousness, that on being nqu steJ
to speak louder, on appearingin support
of some trivial motion, he became c n-
fused and had to sit down, leaving his
associate to finish it. His modesty and
sensitiveness did not tend to accelerate
his acquiring business, but altbongh
slow at first in gaining recognition with
the public, he soon impressed his asso-
ciates witli the marvelous and varied
powers of his mind. At last a public
outrage occurred which filled him with
intense indignation and at once m de
known the character and the caliber of
the man. This was a wanton and outra-
geous assault upon an aged priest, )>v a
ruflSan called Lord Doneraile. Tais
brutal coward; whose power and author-
ity made him almost absolute over the
poor in his section of country, called to
sue the priest in regard to a base men-
ial of his, who was under religioas
censure for some public scandaC nnd
who was consequently shunned by his
associates. When this lordly wretch
saw the poor old priest, he ordered him
to remove the censure. The aged and
venerable priest told him it was not in
his power to do so ; that the Bishop of
the diocese alone could remove the cen-
sure; when this inhuman minion of pow-
er struck the aged minister of God ever
the head with hik whip, and drove him
stunned and bleeding into his liumUle
abode 1 Yet such wms the savage bigo-
try of the times, and the weakne s of
the laws to punish a powerful brute,
together with the fear to ofCeud and
awaken the enmity of such a man,
that no lawyer would dare to call down
on the felon the poor justice wl ich the
laws meted out, or were supposed to,
for such acts. Curran, however, prov-
ed an exception. He came forward and

ti-

^ m'

i 1"

'. -KM

CUR

XBISH CBLm

CUR

offved his seryices to plead the canse of
the weak and oppressed and he did l\
in a manner that showed how little he
cared for the bloated aristocrat. He

grasped the sacreilgious wretch in
is iron grip and poured upon him a
scathing torrent of righteous indigna-
tion, pulling him down from his sup-
posed elevation, exposing his brutal and
degraded character, and trampling him
in the mire, as a very brute and a dis-

grace to humanity. He succeeded in
aving him fined for the outrage, and
also in earning the malignant enmity of
this powerful orute and his friends, one
of whom, an officer named St. Ledger,
who was present at the outrage, and also
a witness.at the trial, challenged Curran
to fight a duel for the scathing he re-
ceived at the hands of the advocate.
Curran accepted, and noticing his ad-
versary's pistol wide of the mark, before
the word "fire" was given, gave the
order himself, which so startled his
nervous antagonist that he fired without
effect. Curran declined returning the
the fire, and St. Ledger dying shortly
afterwards, the elat^ peasantry said
"that he died from the report of his
own pistol." The aged and venerable
victim. Father Neale, whom he had so
gallantly and generously defended, also
died soon after, but before he died he
sent for his heroic defender, and being
raised from his couch, he placed his
consecrated hands on the head of the
young advocate, and with a heart filled
with gratitude, gave him all he had,
the dying blessing of a faithful minister
of Qod's church. His patriotism, manly
independence, and burning love of jus-
tice, involved him almost contmually in
altercations with the bench, even from
the very commencement of his career.
The firat time, notably, was with a
Judge named Robinson. In combatting
some legal principle laid down, he ob-
served "that he had in vain consulted
his books in search of such theory,"
'When the Judge sneeringly remarked,
that ' 'he presumed his library was rather
contracted," The young advocate

Eromptly replied "that it was true that
is library was not large, but hu felt
sure, at least, that the aiithors were
standard; that he had striven rather to
imbibe his law principles by the reading
of a few sound books, than by the pro-
duction of worthless ones — the Judge
wan an author — and that if he had the
misfortune to be poor, that, at least, he

was honest." The Judge interrupted
him and said, "Sir, you are forgetting
the respect due to the dignity of the
Court. '^ • • Dignity I " repeated Curran.
"on that point I shall cite you a case
from a book of some authority. (Rod*
eric Random.) 'A Scotchman, just ar-
rived in London, thinking himself in-
suited by some remark. sought to punish
the offender, and handed bis coat to a
bystander to hold, pending the work.
He. however, lost tne battle, and. gath-
ering himself up he sought his coat, but
its keeper had decamped — that, too.
was lost.' So, my lord, when a judge
lays aside his dignity and wantonly en-
ters into a personal contest, it is vain,
when he finas himself worsted in the
encounter, that he seeks to resume it,
and shelter himself behind an authority
which be has abandoned." The Judge
threatened to commie him. when the
Advocate replied, "that it would be
the best thing he had committed during
the term. " Curran 's fame as a fearless,
patriotic and eloquent advocate soon
spread wide and far, and from this time
forward he never wanted for employ-
ment. In 1783 Curran entered the Iriaa
Parliament., just then commencing its
short career of independence. He had
not been an idle spectator of the gallant
efforts of Giiittan and his senatorial
compatriots, and of the "volunteers"
in securing the freedom of Irish legisla-
tion, but had mingled in the clubs and
with the people, and his eloquent tongue
was never silent in advocating the
rights of that country to which hia
whole soul was so ardently attached.
His talents were undoubtedly as well
fitted to shine in Parliament as at the
bar, but while his part and influence
were undoubtedly great, the peculiartty
of his position prevented him from ac-
quiring that brilliant reputation in that
field, which he did at the bar. The
reason was that he was during the time
in constant practice in his profession,
and as many of his able and eloquent
compeera were occupied only with par-
liamentry duties, they had more time to-

grepare for the advocacy of measures,
ut, nevertheless, it was usually left to
the masterly ability of Curran to grap-
ple with, and answer the arguments of
the minions of the Castle. He undoubt-
edly must have given expression to
many brilliant bursts of eloquence, but
his own carelessness to preserve, together
with the fact that his efforts wen wu*

CUR

ZBISH OSLTB

CUB

:i?

ally at the latter end of a debate, or
towards morniug, when the reporters
were tired out or gone, that we have
but very few scraps of bis parliamentary
eloquence. He supporfod with match-
less wit and eloquence ail the patriotic
measures which were brought forward
to secure the independence and purity
of lite Irish Parliament, and especially
on the question of equal rights to his
Cat'iolic fellow citizeus, in which, with
his broad and honest statesmanship, be
saw the peace and security of the na-
tion. For his manly and incorruptible
stand, he secured the enmity of the gov-
ernment and its corrupt minions, espec-
ially Lord Clare, with whom, in Parlia-
ment and on the bench, when he (Clare)
became, by his servility and venality.
Lord Chancellor, Curran had many bit-
ter and sarcastic altercations. It was on
him he retorted in the House of Com-
mons, (1785), "I am not a man whose
respect in person and character depends
on the imf u-tance of his office. I am
not a young man who thrusts himself
into tlie foreground of a picture, which
ought to be occupied by a better figure.
I am not one who replies with invectives
when sinking under the weight af ar-
gument. I am not a man who denies
the necessity of parliamentry reform
at the time he proves its expeaiency by
reviling his own constituents, the parish
clerk, the sexton and the grave diggert
And if there is any man who can apply
what I am not to himself, I leave him
to think of it in the committee, and to
contemplate upon it when home." Clare
by his enmity, however, ruined CuiTan's
practice in the High Court of Chancery,
where, as Chancellor, he was all power-
ful, but not without feeling the wither-
ing sarc:;3m of the advocate. It was in
the Court of the King's Bench, how-
ever, that Curran shone forth — a great
luminary — perhaps, as an advocate, un-
equaled in any age or nation. He had
all the elements of a great advocate in
the highest degree: — wit inexhaustible,
pathos the most touching, sarcasm the
most withering, with a heart overflow-
ing with an ardent devotion to liberty
and justice, and an universal .sympathy
for the wrongs of his fellow men, with
a boldness and a total absence of ft-ar
in the face of danger, and a fiery defi-
ance to the threats of the minions of
power, backed by an eloquence intense
and logical, an exuberance of fancy the
most chanitng, apt and poetical that

ever awayed or led captive the minds of
men. The first great political trial ia
which be was engaged, was that of
Archibald Hamilton Rowan, the pub-
lisher, who was prosecuted for seditiotis
libel, for publishing a patriotic addresa
to the •' Volunteers." Mr. Rowan was-
secretary of the Society of United Irish-
men, 1794. This was not the same so-
ciety that Wolf. Tone and Emmet be-
longed to, but one which sought con-
stitutional reform through the channels
of legislation and agitation, which free-
men had a light to use; but the govern-
ment had but to construct treason out
of the most loyal acts, and it had a sub-
servient Bench of Judges, who were
not the dispensers of law, but only the
creatures of its will, to interpret laws
apparently intended for the protection
of the subject, into shackles of slavery,
and, as if this were not enough, the
armed minions of power, hired to
butcher, surrounded the "Temple of
Justice!" so-called, to intimidate the
little manhood which might be left ia
the hearts of the packed jury, as in
this case, and which is referred to by
Curran in his opening, as follows:
" When I behold the extraordinary
safeguard of armed soldiers re-
sorted to, without doubt, for the
preservation of peace and order —
when I catch, as I cannot but do, the
throb of public anxiety that beats
from one end to the other uf this ball-
when I reflect on what may be the fate
of a man of the most beloved personal
character and of an honored family, I
can say, that I never rose in a court of
justice with a more oppressing sense of
my re^sponsibilit}', than on this occa-
sion." When he came to the analysis
of that part of the "treasonable" publi-
cation which advocated "universal em-
ancipation" he said, "Do you think
that a victory obtained by justice over
bigotry should have a stigma cast upon
it by an unanimous sentence upon the
men bold and honest enough to propose
the measure ? — the redeeniing of relig-
ion from the abuses of the church — the
reclaiming of three million of men from
bondaue, and giving libi rty to all those
who have a right to demand it ? — Giv-
ing, I say, in the " treasohable" words
of the address, "Universal Emanci-
pation." I speak in the spirit of the
British law, which makes liberty com-
mensurate with, and inseparable from,
British soil ; which proclaims even to

v..

.:»*(.

CUR

IBIKB CKLTSi

CUR

the stranger and sojourner, the moment
he sets his foot upon British soil, that
the ground upon which he treads is
holy, and consecrated by the genius of
universal emancipation. No matter
what complexion iac( ipatible with
freedom, an Indian or an African sun
may have burned upon him; no matter
in what disastrous battle his liberty
may have been cloven down ; no mat-
ter with what solemnity he may have
been devoted upon the altar of slavery;
the fli-st moment he touches the sacrud
soil of Britain, the altar and the God
«ink together in the dust; his soul walks
abroad in her own majesty' his body
swells beyond the measure of his chains
that burst from around him ; and he
standi redeemed, regenerated and dis-
«nthn)l!ed by the irresistible genius of
Universal Emancipation I" After
showing further on how the liberty of
the Irish subject was confined and
straitened on every side by oppression,
■unjust and tyraniilcal legi8lation,he pays
this glowing tribute to the last bulwark
Against tyranny, " the liberty of the
press." " What then remains ? — The
liberty of the press alone ! — that sacred
pallaaium which no influence, no pow-
•er, no minister, no government, which
nothing but the depravity, or folly, or
•corruption of a jury can ever destroy.
An what calamities are ^e not saved
from, by having the press left open to
us? If you doubt the horrid con-
«equence of suppressing the expression
of even individual discontent, look at
these enslaved countries, where the pro-
tection of despotism is supposed to be
secured by such restraints. Tven the
person of the despot there is never in
safety. Neither the fears of the despot
nor the machinations of the slave have
any slumber ; the one anticipating the
moment of peril, the other watching
the opportunity of aggression. The
fatal crisis is equally a surprise upon
hoth; the decisive instant is precipitated
without warning, by folly on the one
«ide, and by frenzy on the other ; and
there is no notice of the brooding cat-
astrophy until the traitor or the tyrant
strikes. But if one desires a nearer and
more pointed example, you have it in
the history of your own revolution;
when the monarch found a servile acqui-
escence in the minister of his folly —
when the liberty of the pro8s was trod-
den under foot — when venul sheriffs re-
ttirned packed Juries, to carry into effect

those fatal conspiracies of the few
against the many — ^when the devoted
benches of public justice were filled by
some of those foundlings of fortune, who
overwhelmed in the torrent of corrupt
tion at an early period, lay at the bottom
like drowned bodies, while soundness
or sanity remained in them, but at length
becoming buoyant by putrification, they
rose as they rotted, and floated to the
surface of the polluted stream, where
they were drifted along, the objects of
terror and contageon and abommation.
In that awful moment of a nation's
travail— of the last gasp of tyranny and
the first of freedom, now pregnant is
the example ? The press extinguished,
the people enslaved, and the pnnce un-
done. As the advocate of society, there-
fore, of peace, of domestic liberty, and
the lasting union of the two countries,
I conjure you to g ^rd the liberty of
the press ; that grand detector of pub-
lic imposture — ^uard it — because when
it sinks. th< c smkswith it, in one com-
mon grave, the liberty of the subject
and the security of the Crown." If to
such exalted ideas and thrilling senten-
ces, we unite the person of the great
orator, fired with indignation and burn-
ing with zeal for outraged liberty and
justice, hurling defiance at those who
sought to debase and shackle the free-
dom loving spirit of his country, and
in the presence of the armed and threat-
ening minions of tyranny, with a face
beautified and almost transfigured by
the intensity of the grand passion in
which he was lr,A, or rather which he
personified with a power and
vividuess almost beyond conception,
we can form some idea of the

?;randeur of this matchless orator. Un-
ortunately, Curran was careless of
fame, and took no trouble to correct
the very imperfect reports of his eflorts.
The verbal clothing o? all his orations
was entirely extemporary; he never
committed to memory, or wrote down
anything but brief notes. He finished
this greitt forensic effort with the follow-
ing beautiful language: " I will not re-
linquish the confidence that this day
will end the period of his sufferings ;
and however mercilessly he has been
pursued in the past, that your verdict
will send him home to the arms of hit
family and the desires of his country.
But if (whiwh Heaven forbid) It hath
been unfortunately determined that, be-
cause he has not bent to power and va.'

CUR

IBISH CKLT8.

COB

thority, because he would not bow down
before the Golden Calf and worship it,
he is to be bound and east into the fur-
nace ; I trust to God, that there is a re-
deeming spirit in the constitution, which,
will he seen to walk with the sufferer
through the flames, and to preserve him
unhurt by the conflanution." He re-
signed his seat in the Irish Parliament
in 1797, on the failure to carr^ Catholic
Emancipation and the extension of the
elective franchise. Until such a consti-
tution could be secured, he felt sure
that his beloved country would be torn
to pieces by factions and her liberty
wrecked; while in the face of revolution,
goaded on by a corrupt and brutal gov-
ernment, he could take no part, bilt
simply stand idle, filled with grief. The
last words of his last effort in this noble
cause are worth reading, and exhibit
his broad statesmanship, as well as his
great liberty-loving heart. " As to the
svstem of peace now proposed (Hon.
W m. B. Ponsonby's bill,) you must take
it on its principles; the^ are simply two
— the abol{tion of religious disabilities,
and the representation of the people.
I am confident the effects would be
everything to be wished ; the present
alarmine discontent will vanish, the
good will be separated from the ill in-
tentioued ; the friends of mixed gov-
ernment in Ireland are many — everv
sensible man must see that it gives all
the enjovments of rational liberty, if
the people have their due place in the
state. This system would make
us invincible against a foreien or do-
mestic enemy ; it would mafie the em-
pire strong at this important crisis ; it
would restore to us liberty, industry
and ijeace, which I am satisfied can
never by any other means be restored."
On the trial of Finnerty, for a libel on
the government, 'rbich consisted of his
publishing a correct account of the trial
and execution of the unfortunate Orr|;
Curran, althouia:h cfdled into the case as
it was proceeding to trial, acd conse-
quently without preparation, made a
magnificent effort. On referring to the
case of Orr, he said: " Let me suppose
that you hud, at least, seen him brought
to trial; that you had seen the vile and

ftorjured luformer deposing against his
ife, that you had seen the drunken
worn out, and terrified jury, give in a
verdict of death; that you bad seen the
same Jury, when their returning sobriety
had brought back their reason, prostrate

themselves before the humanity of th*
bench, and pray that the mercy of th^
Crown might save their characters from
the reproach of an involuntary crime;
their consciences from the torture of
eternal self-condemnation, and their
souls from the indelible stain of inno-
cent blood." After referring to repeat*
ed respites, he ends the reference "Often<
did the weary dove return to the window
of his little ark; but the olive leaf was
to him no sign l^hat the waters had sub-
sided. No seraph Mercy unbars hls^
dungeon and leads him foith to light
and life; but the minister of death hur-
ries him to the scene of suffering and
shame, where, unmoved by the hostile
array of artillery and armed men col-
lected together, to secure, or to insult,
or to disturb him, he dies with a solemn
declaration of his innocense, and utters,
his last breath in a prayer for the liberty
of his country." After charging the-
govemment with fostering and breeding
the petileniial informer, as he says,
"digging them up from the catacombs of
living death, where the wretch that It
buried a man, lies till his heart has had.
time to fester and dissolve, and then is
unearthed as a wUneM]" be goes on to-
describe him: " Have you not seen him
after his resurrectiou from the tomb,
make his appearance upon your table
(the witness, in those davs, sat on a
table) the living image of lire and death,
and the supreme armter of both ? Have
you not marked, when he entered, how
the strong wave of the multitude retired
at his approach ? Have you not seen
how th(* human heart bowed to the-
awful supremacy of his power, in the
undissembled homage of deferential
horror 7 How his glance, like the light-
ning of heaven, seemed to rive the body
of the accused, and mark it for the
grave, while his voice warned the de-
voted wretch of woe and dealh— a death<
which no innocence can escape, no art
elude, no force resist, no antidote pro-
vent ? There was an antidote— a jur-
or's oath I but even that adamantine
chain that bound the integrity of man
to the throne of eternal jucitico, is solved
and molten in the breath thai issues from
the mouth of the in/ormer t Conscience
swings from her mooringsl the appalled
and iiffrighted juror speaks what his
soul abhors, and consults his own safety
in the s\u-rendet' of the victim." Some
of his most eloquent efforts in behalf of
state prisoners were suppressed by the-

■ . ';■-[■■■*,'
. .illji

> 4n

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V- fl

CUR

niBH CKt/n,

OUR

H^overnment, and indeed, his own safety
was more than once imperilled. At
length, the bloody era, in which so many

fnllant and chivalrous lives went out in
lood, was ended, and almost utter pros-
tration followed. Curran now attached
himself to the party (Whigs) from which
he expected the fairest treatment for his

f>rostrate country, and when they came
nto power, after the death of Pi t, 1806,
I'.e was made Master of the Rolls. His
friends were anxious to see him appear
in the Imperial Parliament, where, they
felt sure, an exhibition of his ma^c
power as an orator, would insure him
the reputation he deserved; but grief at
the prostration of his country, together
with domestic misfortunes, which pois-
>oned and destroyed the happiness of his
home, and the great labors and anxieties
which he so generously burdened him-
self with, in striving to serve the gal-
lant and brilliant young patriots, who
were so often fore-doomed and condemn-
<ed to death, in violation of law, human-
ity and justice, in those dark days of the
Rebellon and Union, undermined his
•constitution and left him but little am-
bition to seek simply personal exaulta-
tion. In 1814 he felt compelled, on ac
count of continued ill health, to resign
Jiis place. "The Catholic Board," at
the time, presented him an address, ex-
pressive of their high appreciation of his
ability, patriotism, integrity and disin-
terestedness, especially in behalf of
•equal rights and Cathouc Emancipation.
In answer he said: " To our unhappy
•country Iga7t what I bad. I might have
•often sold her — I could not redeem her.
I gave her the best sympathies of my
heart, sometimes in tears, sometimes in
Indignation, sometimes in hope, but of-
tener in despondence, I am more than
repaid; for what reward can be more

{n'ecioun that the confidence and affect-
on of those for whom we could not
think any service too great ?" "In view
of those awful scenes that are daily
marking the interposition of Providence
in punishment or retribution; that teach
'rulers to reflect and nations to nope,
I cannot yield to the infidelity of aea-
pair, nor bring myself to suppose that
we arn destined to bo an exception to
the uniformity of Divine justice, and that
in Ireland alone, the ways of God shall
not. in His good time, be vindicated to
pxMX, but that we are to spend our valor
and our blood in assisting to break the
•ohains of every other nation, and in riv-

iting OUT own." He did not long snr*
vive; grief at the continued misfortunes
of his beloved .country, evidently has-
tened his death. He was admonished
by several slight strokes of apoplexy,
and was at length stricken down as he
was preparing to visit the South of
France for his health, October 14, 1817.
From his great co-temporaries, rather
than from the imperfect remains of his
efforts, must we judge Curran. The
history of the world does not present us
in any age or nation, laree or small, the
array of magnificent forensic talent
which graced and dignified the bar of
Ireland at that day. Plunket, Bushe,
Burgh, thetEmmets, the l^onsonbys,
Saurin. Avonmore, and a host of others
to whom, when known abroad, in Eng-
land and America, the highest places
are awarded; yet, all alike conceded to
Curran the highest nich— the advocate
par exceUene«, peerless and unrivalled.
Byron said of him, as a conversational-
ist, ' • I have heard Curran give expres-
sion to more true original wit in an hour
than I ever read," and Home Tooke,
who passed an evening where both Cur-
ran and Sheridan were present, said,
" Sheridan's wit is like steel highly pol-
ished and snarpened for display and
use, but Curran's is a mine of virgin
cold, incessantly crumbling away from
its own richness." And the celebrated
Madame de Stael, says that Currran
impressed her more than any other
by his intellectual powers. He was con-
spicuoiM for the possession of that no-
blest trait of true greatness, unobtrusive
simplicity of manner, which asserted no
superioritv, but bowed to no bogus gods
and was far above servility or patronage.
In person he was thort, slight, and un-
graceful in form, with a face homely in
repose, but when his large dark eyes
were lighted up in controversy or con-
versation, the beholder forgot the imper-
fections of the figure, In a face illumi-
nated by a soul wnich at once impressed
him with its power aod charmed him by
the beauty and variety of its gifts. As
might be supposed, Curran was a poet
as weP. I ' an orator, and although he

Save the art no special attention, ho gave
irth to some beautiful, as well as some
witty strains. But more than orator, or
advocate, or wit, or poet, was ho, the
patriot of mankind, with a broad and
generous humanity. which scourged big-
otry, injustice ana partiality, and chain*
pt.oned " Universal Emancipation."

n^.i-

cus

IBISH CELTS.

CTJS

CTJRTIN, GOV. ANDREW G., a
distinguished American statesman and
legislator of Pennsylvania, was the son
ofRoland Curtin, who emigrated from
Ireland to Pennsylvania, in 1793, and
became one of the early developers of
the iron interests in that state. Andrew
was born April 32, 1817. He received
a thorough education, and studied law
in Dickinson College. In 1844 he com-
menced his political career, by stump-
ingthe state for Henry Clay. In 1854
he became Secretary of State, and in
1860, Governor of his native State. He
displayed gi'eat energy and promptitude
in organizing the state troops during
the Civil War, and succeeded himself
as Governor in 1863. In 1869 he was
appointed Minister to St. Petersburg.

CU8ACK, CHRISTOPHER, a
learned and patriotic Irish divine, was
a native of Meath. When the perse-
cutions of England in Ireland rendered
it difficult to acquire a religious educa-
tion, he sold his patrimony, and with
the contribution of his friends, he
founded the College of Douay in
Flanders, (A. D., 1596), for the educa-
tion of Irish priests. He also assisted
in founding similar houses at Lille,
Antwerp, Tournay and St. Omar, and
was president general of all.

OUSACK. MARY, (Sister Mary
Frances Clare), a talented and patriotic
Irish reigieuse. historiai; and writer,
was born In Dublin, in 1832. She re-
ceived the usual training of an English
boarding-school, and as she said her-
self, "graduated with the usual accom-
plishments, without one particle of
solid instruction." She however, pos-
sessed a sound ludgment, as well as
native ability, ana on leaving school,
commenced to educate herself by solid
reading. Her parents belonged to the
Church of England Episcopal) and our
subject took a deep interest in the re-
ligious movements of the day. The
new sisterhoods which sprung up in
the High Church or Ritualistic branch
of this Dody attracted the sympathies of
Miss Ousack, and feeling a veaming
for a higher and holier vocation than
the ordinary duties of life, she joined
them. Five years of devotion to the
duties required, and of study as to the
spiritual wants and relations of this
state, convinced her that the proper
helps were not to be found In the f aSith

she prof essed, to carry out properly the
noble objects to whim she desired to
dedicate her life, and these considera-
tions led her to examine the Old Church,
and her religious orders, which they
were but barely attempting to copy.
The result was that she became a
Catholic, returned to her native land,
and in 1861, joined the Order of Poor
Clares, at Kenmare, taking the name of
"Sister Mary Frances Clare." This
house had just been founded by Mary
O'Hagan, sister of Lord O'Hagan, and
into it these good ladies put all their
wealth, to be used for the cause of re-
ligion, education and charity. In her
cloister she soon commenced her re-
markable literary labors, and rapidly
produced many works, historical, bio-
graphical, religious and imaginative.
Among them, "The Illustrated History
of Ireland," "The Life of St. Patrick,*'
"The Life of Daniel O'Connell," "The
History of the Irish Nation, Social,
Ecclesiastical, Biographical, Industrial,
and Antiquarain." Her works number
about fiity volumes, many of them
large, and produced in an incredible
short space of time. John Mitchel,
himself, author of a history of Ireland,
pays her's a tribute of admiration, and
Denis Florence McCarthvsays of it:

"Thou hast done well, thou gentle
nun.
Thou in thy narrow cell hast; done

Work, that the manliest heart might
shun —
The histoiT of our land.

'Twas love that winged that pen of
thine,
'Twas truth that sanctified each
line;

'Twas an ambition so divine.
That nothing could withstand."
This highly gifted and patriotic lady
still continues her labors, adding eacii
year valuable historical matter to the
solid literature of the day.

OUSAOK, SIR THOMAS, an able
legislator and writer, of Norman-Irish
extraction, was a native of coimty
Mcath, Ireland. He held important
positions in Ireland, under Edward the
Vl, and Mary, and was the author of
political works on the state of the
rountry and its causes. He succoss-
fullv held the offices of Master of the
Rolls, Keeper of the Seals, Chancellor
and Lord Justice. He died eaily tioi.
1 the reign of Elizabeth, and before »

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6 ■"■U'iiilil

Still more barbarous jjolicy was inaug-
erated for the subjection of Ireland.

CUTCHEON, SULLIVAN M., a
prominent lawyer of Micliigan, is of
New Hampshire Irish descent, and
born in that state October 4, 1838. His
father was a Baptist minister, and our
subject was educated at Darmouth Col-
lege where he graduated in 1857. About
this time he accepted the principalship
of the Ypsilanti High School, which he
held until 1858, when he accepted the
Superintendency of the Schools of
Springfield, 111., and during his spare
hours pursued the study of law. In
1861 he returned to Ypsilanti and was
admitted to the Bar. Here he soon ac-
quired a lucrctive practice, and was
elected by his fellow-citizens to various
positions of honor and trust. He was
speaker of the Michigan House in
1863-4, and President of the Constitu-
tional Convention in 1873. In 1877 he
was appointed United States District
Attorney for the East. District of Michi-
gan, and then formed a law partner-
ship with Judge Beakes. He is prom-
inent in the political circles of the Re-
publican Party and stands high in all
his relations with his fellow-citizens,
political and civil.

DALY, AUGUSTIN, a distinguished
and successful dramatist and theatrical
manager, of Irish descent, was bom in
North Carolina, in 1888; came to New
York, and in 1859 commenced his liter-
ary career, and in 1863 produced his
first successful drama, "Leah the For-
saken," which was a brilliant success.
He had a previous introduction to the
stage in a farce, the "Bachelor's Ward-
robe," which had received the wannest
Emise from the celebrated hu..iori8t,
lurton, and since then Mr. Daly
has given to the stage a great number of
pinys, both original and adaptations,
with eminent success, and in almost all
walks of the drama, and is probably
only excelled by Boucicault, among
all the living dramatists, in the number
and popularity of his productions.

DALY, CHARLES P., LL. D., a
distinguished American lawyer, and
writer, and Chief Justice of the Court
of Common Pleas, City of New York,
is of Irish parentage, born in the City
of New York in 1816, and was admit-

ted to the Bar in 1889. He is one of
the Law lecturers at Columbia College,
N. Y., and President of the American
Geographical and Statistical Society,
and a scholar of varied and extensive-
leamfng. He is the author of valuable
articles in the "New American Cyclo-
pedia." "A History of the courts of
New York," "Memoirs of Chancellor
Kent," and many scientific and legal
papers.

DAMER ANNE SEYMOUR CON-
WAY, only child of Field Marshal Con-
way, of the British service, was bora
in 1748, and was highly accomplished
in both literature and art. She traveled
in Italy, and took lessons in sculpture-
from celebrated masters, among them
Cheracie, and Bacon. She l,1so posses-
sed fine dramatic talent, which she cul-
tivated alone for private circles. She
produced numerous works of art of
great merit, among them a bust of
Nelson, now in Guild Hall, besides some-
colossial heads of great strength. She
died May 28, 1808.

DANBY, FRANCIS, an eminent
"British" artist, was bom in Wexford^
Ireland, November 16, 1798, and early
gave evidence of his artistic talent.
After practicing for some time at home,
and studying in the school of the So-
ciety of Arts, Dublin, he exhibited hi»
first works of merit, in the Dublin Ex-
hibition. He at length went to England
where he acquired fame by his original-
ity and genius. Among his earlier works
are "Christ Walking on the Sea," the-
embarkation of "Cleopatra to meet
Antony," "The Opening of the Seventh.
Seal," and later works, "Ship on Fire."
"Departure of Ulysses from Ithica,"
and "Marius among the Ruins of Car-
thage." His pictures are among the
most prized of those produced in Eng-
land. Two of his sons seem to inherit
the talents of their father, and stand
high among cotemporary artists. Dan-
by died February 17, 1881, in England,

DANCER, JOHN, a poet, historian,
and dramatic writer, was born in WaU^r-
ford, Ireland, about 1650. He wrote a
complete History of the Times, a chron-
icle of the Kingdom of Portugal. A
romance. The English Lovers, besides
a number of plays. He died about
1700, in the prime of life.

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DARBT, WILLIAM, one of the
ablest cf the rly American seograph-
en, was a Surveyor by proKssidn, of
Irish descent, and bom in Pennsylvania.
He was author of statistical and geo-
graphical treatises. He died in 1654.

DARCY, COUNT PATRIOK, one
of the ablest and most orieinal mathe-
maticians of his day, as well as a brave
4md distinguished officer, was bom in
Galway, Ireland, in 1727, and was sent
by his parents, who were Catholics, to
Irance to be educated. He studied
mathematics under Clairault, and at 17
years of age he gave a new solution of
the problem of the cause of equal
pressure in a resisting medium. This
was followed by the solution of the
principle, why a budy sliding bv its
own weight along a movable plane,
at the same time causes, by its
pressure, a horizontal motion of thn

Elane, and this in a manner peculiar to
imself, and entirely original. He early
entered the French army, and distin-
guished himself on various occasions,
and was taken prisoner by the English
in 1744. His military duties however,
did not prevent him from pursuing his
scientific investigations, and we find
two valuable memoirs contributed to
the academy, one a general principle of
mechanics, "The Freservation of the
Rotary Motion," by a method simple,
ori^iial, and ingenious. In 1760 he
vroduced an essay on artillery contain-
ing various experiments on the effect
of different charges of powder. In
1765 be published his memoir on the
"Duration of the Sensation of Light,"
the most insenioiiB of his works, and
an admirame exponent of the inductive
^ system of investigation. He also wrote
on hydraulic machines, and it may be
said of him that whatever subject his

genius grappled with, he left behihd
im valuable advances on the subject.
He was an ardent lover of liberty and
independence, and had a mind as gen-
erous, as it was broad, gifted and culti-
vated. He died of cholera morbus in
1779.

DARCY. SIR WILLIAM, an able
and leamea -legislator and writer, was a
native o' Plattin County Louth, Ireland,
and rose by his talents to important
positions. He was the author of "The
Fall of Ireland and the cause wiiich
Produced it." He died in 1640.

OARGAN, EDWARD S., an emi.
neat Irish American jurist, was bom
in Montgomenr County, North Carolina,
April 15, 1805. His father was a Bap-
tiiit minister, who emigrated from Ira-
la nd at an early day. His father dyine
when Edward was quite young, he left
him little else than lessons -^f advice
for his guidance. He, however, by his
industry, perseverance and talents, suc-
ceeding in educating himself, and ac-
quired a more than average collegeate
knowledge of Greek, Latin, and Eng-
lish. He was engaged on a farm unUl
he was twenty-three, when he entered
the law office of Joseph Picket at
WadesboTO, in his native State. In
a8SI9 he went to Alabama and taught
Mchool for a few months. He then be-
came a Justice of the Peace, and '- the
neantime continued his study of the
.aw, and acquiring some practice. In
1888 he removed to Montgomery, the
capital, where he opened an office and
30on acquired a good practice and stand-
ng in the prof ession. In 1841 he was
sleeted to the bench of the Circuit
Court of the Mobile District, and re-
moved to that city, in 1844 he was
elected a State Senator, and in '45 was
elected to Congress, and made an able
speech on the Oregon boundary ques-
tion. In 1847 he was elected by the
Legislature to the bench of Supreme
Court of the State, and in 1849 became
Chief Justice, which he held till 1863,
when he resigned and resumed the prac-
tice of the law. In 1861 he was a
member of the convention which passed
the ordhiance of Secession, and was
Qlected to the first Confederate Congress,
but declined a re-election and resumed
the practice of the law. He died No-
vember 22, 1879.

DARGAN, WILLIAM, an enterpris-
ing contracting engineer, was born in
County Carlow, Ireland, about 1800.
He was contractor for the first railroad
'jver built in Ireland — from Dublin to
Kingston.and was afterwards interested
in aU the great transit undertakings in>
that country — Railways, canals, tunnels,
;)tc. He was a large owner of railway
. md steamboat stock, besides largely in-
'..erested in flax growing and other farm-
ing work. He planned the great In-
(lustral Exhibition of Dublin, in 1868,
md it was mamly carried through by
Lis energy and means. It was opened
ly the Lord Lieutenant and visited by

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DAY

the Queen and Prince Albert.. At this
time he declined the honor of Knight-
hood offered by the Queen. He was a
practical patriot.and was highly esteem-
ed and popular. He died in 1867.

DARLEY, GEORGE, a learned
"British" author, poet, critic and
mathematician, was born in Dublin, in
lt85, and graduated with distinction
at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1811. He
became a contrihutor to various peri-
odicals and journals, and became noted
for the variety and extent of his learn-
ing. In 1825 he went to London, and
became attached to the "Literary Ga-
zette" and also the "Athenmm." His
criticism on poetry and the fine arts
made him noted on account of their
fairness and discrimination. Among
Ws work are "The Labors of Idleness,"
"Siberia," miscellaneous works, phi-
losophical and poetic, besides mathe-
matical and dramatic works. He was
certainly one of the ablest and most
scholarly men of his day. He died in
London, in 1849.

DARRAGH, CORNELIUS, an able
Irish- American politician, of Pennsyl-
vania, was bom in that State, of Insh
parentsabout 1805, and raised himself
oy native ability to a prominent place
among his fellow citizens, holding va-
rious positions of trust and honor, and
representing his state in Congress from
1848 to '47.

DATHT, a great Monarch of Ire-
land, was a nephew of Niall the Great,
whom he succeeded, and was the last
of the Pagan Monarchs of Ireland. At
the time of his accession he was king
of Connaught. During Dathy's reign
the Roman Empire was assailed on all
sides. Gratiac had himself proclaimed
in Britain and Gaul as Emperor, but
bein§ shortly afterwards killed, Con-
Btantine assumed the imperial power in
the west, and finding it necessanr to
concentrate all his forces, he drew from
Britain all the Roman troops. Dathy
now invaled Britain, and aided by the
Picts and Scoto Milesians of Albania,
he devastated the whole countjr, and
crossing over into Gaul he carried his
arms to the foot of the Alps after de-
feating all who opposed him. He was
there* Killed bv lightning and his bod^
brought back by his victorious soldiers,
and Duried at Cruachen, where the

kings of Cnnnaught were interred. Of
tlie»e invasions, Guildas, an ancient
British author writes, "Britain being
stripped of her forces, and the people
being without a proper leader, and un-
skilled in the practices of war, was now
trampled upon by two nations, the Scots
from the west, and the Picts from the
north, and this state of things has con-
tinued for many years, and Usher after
Gildas observes: "The second devasta-
tion which Gildas remarks to have hap-
pened in Britain about 430, Sabellicas
thus describes, Altius being forced to
recall his troops from Britain to oppose
the Burgundi, the Scots and people of
Albania sweep the country with fire
and sword," and Bede thus refers to
them, "When these enemies discovered
that the Romans had withdrawn, they,
aided with their fleet, invaded the coun-
try, and mowed down and trampled
upon everything in their devastating
march. The Britons dispatched em-
bassadors to Rome, supplicating aid
with tears and lamentations, asking not
to let their imhappy country be entirely
blotted out, which had so long borne
the name of a Roman province." fiede's
His. Bl. Cia.

DAVIDSON, JOHN, a brave and
indefatigable explorer and traveler, was
the son of a Dublin merchant, and bom
in that city in 1814. He early devel-
oped a passion for traveling and a love
oc danger and excitement. Before he
was twenty he had traveled extensively
throuhout Europe and the East, be-
sides widely in North and South
America. He was killed in an attempt
to reach Timbuctoo, in 1836, before he
had reached the twenty-second year of
his age.

DAVIDSON, GEN. WILLIAM, a

f gallant and fearless patriot of the Revo-
ution, was of Irish parentage, born in
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1746.
When he was about four years old, the
family removed to Rowan county, North
Carolina. Our hero was educated at
the Queen's Museum, afterwards
"Liberty Hall," in Mecklenburg Co.
It was this vicinity which first sounded
a united and formal note of defiance
against British tyranny, in the docu-
ment known as the "Mecklenburg Dec-
laration of Independence," ana it is
note worthy that it was mainly Irish
and their descendant who thus com-

DAV

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DAW

a
levo-
rn in
1746.
the
forth
Id at
Varda
Co.
Inded
lance
iocu-
I Dec-
it is
Irish
(com-

mitted themselves. Even the women,
•with the same spirit as "Molly Pitcher,"
formed aso^omn leugiie against laggards
and dastards, and urged forward their
husbands, brothers and lovers, to go
and defend their liberties with their
lives. It was this heroic Irish spirit
which animated even the women with
more than Roman spirit, that gave
strength and backbone to the Revolu-
tion, and sustained it in its darkest
trials. Davidson was among the first
t:) organize when men could strike, and
was made a Major. He fought at
Monmouth, Brandy wine, Germantown,
and attracted the attention of "V.'ash-
Ington, and was soon in command of
his regiment. At Calson'o Mills he was
sho*; through the body, but recovered,
and was made a Brig. General. He
was ind^fa^gable in organizing, and
arousing the people to recewed exer-
tions, especially in the dark'^^st hour of
the great struggle. After Morgan had
d^eated Carleton, who had been sent
by Lord Comwallisto capture him, and
who in turn was compelled to make a
quick retreat to escape from the over-
whelming forces of Curnwallis him-
self, who was making forced marches
to overtake him; our subject was con-
spicuous by his exertions to retard the
advance of the British.and was gallantly
defending the fords of the Catawba. Un-
der the cover of a dense fog the enemy
determined to cross at Cowan's ford,
which was a kind of a forked ford;
the General in person keeping guard at
one, and a younger brother, Lieut.
Thomas, having command at the
other. The enemy took this latter and
were almost across before being dis-
covered. The General hastened to the
defense. The enemy were already
strongly formed when he arrived, but
he attacked them, and fell mortally
wounded, and expired almost instantly,
February 1, 1781, a hoUcaust to his
country and freedom.

DAVIS. THOMAS, a talented and

Patriotic Irish poet and journalist, was
om at Mallow, Cork, in 1814, was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
and Immediately after leaving college
dashed into literature and politics, and
connected himself with the patriotic

{)ress of his native land. On the estab-
ishment of the "Nation" newspaper
he became one of its principal writers.
Its staff was composedof the most brilli-

ant array of youthful talent that per-
haps ever labored on a single news-
paper, including such men as Thomas
Darcy McGee, John Mitchell, Devin
Reilly, Thomas Davis, Meagher, etc.,
all fired with enthusiasm and hope, in
the struggle in which they were eii^a^-
ed. It was while thus employeu Hi.
stirring the heart of Ireland that Davis
first tned his hand at National ballads,
knowing how potent patriotic songs are
to stir the masses of a nation. Altijou'rh
he seems not to have known his natui-.il
gifts for such a task, his efforts soon
developed the wondrous powers with
which he was endowed, he thence for-
ward gave voice to patriotic songs, in
the columns of the "Nation," which
are not excelled by kindred productions
from any pen in any age c. .lation, and
which made the name of Thoniai
Lv'vis a household word throughout
Ireland. Davis did not live to see the
misfortunes which befell his beloved
country and friends in '48, He died in
in the si)ring time of life, still full of
the poetic fire, being only 30 years of
age. His death occuraed in Dublin,
September 6, 1845.

DAVIS, THOMAS, an able politician
of Rhode Island, was bor^ in Ireland
about 1808, came to America with
his parents at an early day, and settled
in Rhode Island, where he finished his
education and soon acquired promin-
ence by his ability. He was elected to
Congress in 1852, and served with honor
to himself and his state.

DAWSON, ARTHUR, an .minent
Irish lawyer, wit and conversationalist,
was born in Dublin about 1706, educa-
ted at Trinity College, and called to the
Bar in 1723. He soon rose to eminence
and acquired a lar^e and I'lcrative prac-
tice. He was appointed baron of the Ex-
chequer in 1741, and wds one of the
Judges \^ho tried the celebrated case in
ejectment of Annesley vs The Earl of
Anglesey. He was also for many years
a member of the Irish Parliament. A
wiiter who knew him well tells us that,
"The baron was of grave, reserved and

Eenetrating aspect, though extretnely
andsome, and had an unbounded flow
of wit and humor,8aid more good thin^
in half an hour than half the comic
writers have introduced into their plays,
and while his hearer sat
"Laughing holding both his sides,"

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at his irresistible conceits, he remained
himself as composed as if on the bench.
Bis character, too, was so simple and
natural, that without losing either his
dignity or propriety he would join in
tho sports and couvenr^tions of his boys
and their companions. He also courted
the muses and wrote a famous drinking
song on Squire Jones of Money Glas,
intended as a surprise to the celebrated
Carolan the harpist and poet with
whom hewaq enioyingan evening, and
who was deputed to compose a song in
lienor of their host, Squire Jones. He
was one of natures true noblemen,
whose commanding abilities were equal
to any station, but whose rare simplici-
ty seerr ed to bring greatness down to
the ordinary level. He died in Dublin
in 1775.

DAWSON, WM. J., an able Irish-
American patriot of the Revolution,
distinguished himself by his devotion
and ability in the cause of freedom in
North Carolina, and was a representa-
tive from that State to the third Con-
gress.

DEASY, RICHARD, LL. D., a

prominent and able British statesman
and jurist, was bom in Ireland in 1812,
educated at Trinity College, Dub-
lin, and was called to the bar in 1835.
He became Queens Counsel in 1849, and
Sergeant at law in 1858. The following
year he was made Solicitor General for
Ireland, Attorney General in 1860, and
Baron of the Exchequer in '61. He
represented the County of Cork in
Parliament, and although a Catholic,
was not noted for his patriotism.

DECLAN, SAINT, a contemporary
of St. Patrick, and Bishop of Ardmore.
He was a son of Ere, a chief of Water-
ford. It is said that his future holiness
was i^redicted by Coleman, a holy mis-
sionary, who happened to be preaching
ill the neighborhood at the time of his
birth, and who had converted his par-
ents, and also baptized the child.
His education was committed to the
care of a Christian priest called Deinma,
under whom he made great progress in
sanctity and learning. It is said by
Usher that he went to Rome and was
ordained there. On his return he con-
verted his house and place into a church
and school. Es met St. Patrick at the
Synod, or meeting in Cashel, and was

recognized by him as the chief bishop
of the Disies. He was greatly attached
to Saints Ibar and AllDe, two of the
early missionaries. His school became
celebrated and attracted students, not
only from all parts of Ireland, but also
from the continent. ' Like all his saintly
contemporaries he was remarkable for
his piety and zeal. The ruins of those
monuments of zeal and learning are still
visible, and near by one of those cele-
brated round tower-), which are supposed
to have been belfries to cathedral church-
es. It was surmounted by a cross, which
was shot away by the Cromwellian
pagans. In the churches are carvings
m bass-reliefs of scriptural subjects.
St. Declan died about 626.

DEE, JOHN, a mathematician and
man of learning, but of an erratic
character, was born in London, of
Irish parentage, in 1627; studied at
Cambridge and afterward at Louvain,
where he took the degree of LL.D. He
pretended belief and skill in astrology
and alchemy, and was patronized by
^ueen Elizabeth in this capacity, in
aid of her schemes, as well as employed
personally as a political agent. He had
a companion, na' . Kelly, in con-
junction with whom he professed to
evoke spirits. He was feared and per-
secuted by the people as a sorcerer, and
consequently went to the continent
where he remained 'till 1583, when he
again returned at the wish of his royal
patron, and was again employed by
her. He wrote several mathematical
works. He died in 1608.

DEE, MICHAEL, a prominent jour-
nalist of Michigan, was bom in Ireland
about 1843, and came at an early age,
with his parents, to the United States,
who settled in Detroit, Michigan. He
received the ordinary English education
in the schools of the Christian Brothers
in that city, and at the age of four-
teen entered a printing office, that col-
lege of so many eminent men. After
learning his business, he, in ci/mpany
whh a fellow compositor and old school
companion, started a Catholic news-
paper. "The Western Catholic," which
was edited by Dee. After a few years
they transferred it to Chicago, ana met
with fair success, but made no great
strike. While in Chicago, Dee, who
felt a stronger penchant for seculurthan
religious journalism, sold out, and after

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some little expeiience on the great
Chicago dailies, he came to Detroit and
cecured employment on the "Daily
Union," then under the management of
Col. Atkinson. There he developed
Chicago journalistic methods, and was
as well, making it lively for the paper
as helping to make it a lively paper.
The Detroit "Evening News" was start-
ed about this time, and Dee became its
local editor, and gradually became its
inspiration and substantially directed
its journalistic policy, writing most of
its aggressive articles, and pushed it
quickly into notoriety. The policy has
scarcely ever left the paper free from
libel suits, some of which have become
famous, but the success of the paper
has been a marvel. Dee has developed
fine journalistic powers, and is a
ready writer on all live subjects, dis-
playing tact if not power. Ha is a
pronounced ' 'Free Trader," and a ready
and plausible expounder of its princi-
ples. He is recognized as one of the
leading journalists of Michigan.

DELANT, MART, wife of Dr.
Patrick, and daughter of Lord Lans-
down — an ancient Norman-Irish fami-
ly. She was a lady of rare talent and
accomplishments, and an intimate
friend of the celebrated Madam D'Aub-
ly, and was bom about 1710. Mrs. De-
lainy was a great friend and intimate
of Queen Charlotte, and was honored
by the King and Queen, socially, in the
most inark«i manner. Besides being
a lady of great dignity and refinement
of manners, she excelled as an episto-
lary writer, and was highly cultivated,
possessing also exquisite taste, and a re-
markable facility in the forming of
artificial flowers from colored papers,
which was rare in that day. She formed
a Flora of this kind of nearly a thou-
sand subjects, which was greatly admir-
ed for its truthfulness to nature. Her
character was loveable in the highest
degree, totally unselfish and devoid of
ambition, ana eminently practical. She
died at an advanced age, in 1788, sin*
cerely mourned.

DELANT, DR. PATRICK, a divine
of the Church of England, was born in
Ireland in 1686, and died at Bath in
1768. He was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, r id was chancellor of
Christ church, and a prebend of St.
Patricks cathedral, and afterwards dean

of Down. He was a man of letters,

and an intimate friend of Swift. Among
his works are a "Life of David," "Reve-
latiuns Examined with candor," "Re-
ma'-Ivs on Orrery's Life," "Life of
Swift," &c.

DELLET, JAMES, a talented Ameri-
can lawyer an(i politician, was born in
Ireland, 1788, emigrated to the
United States with his parents and set-
tled in South Carolina. He completed
his education in the University, of South
Carolina, and was among its first gradu-
ates, and was called to the Bar in 1813.
He removed to Alabama in 1818, where
he became Judge of the circuit, and
twice represented his adopted state ia
Congress. He died at Claiboume, Dec.
24,1848.

DENHAM, SIR JOHN, a poet and
dramatic writer of merit, was the son
of the chief Baron of the Irish Ex-
chequer, bom in Dublin, educated at
Trinity College, and studied law at
Lincoln's Inn. In 1641 he published a
tragedy called "Sophy," and in '43
' 'The Coopers Hill. " In the Civil War
he espoused the cause of Charles I and
lost his estate in consequence. After
the restoration he was knighted and
made surveyor of the Royal Buildings.
He died in 1688. His poems are fre-
quently elegant, spirited, and possess
much felicity of expression.

DERMOD, Monarch of Ireland, A.D.
544. According to Gratianus Lucius
he was every inch a king, of command-
presence, skillful and brave in combat
and wise in legislation.

DERMODT, THOMAS, a poet and
most precocious scholar, was the son of
a schoolmaster, and was bom at Ennis,
In the South of Ireland, 1775. He
made such early progress in learning
that he assisted his father in teaching
Qreek and Latin, when only eight years
of age. His extraordinary precocious-
ness proved his ruin for it, early led
him into habits of dissipation. He was
patronized by the most distinguished
personages of his neighborhood, an^
even received a commission in ilie army,
but nothing could wean him from the
accursed habit, and he died in 1802, in
Sydenham, Kent. His poems mostly
written nnder the pressure of neces-
sity, exhibit great powers of fancy

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•nd elegance of ezpresdoa, but are
oiarred by carelessness.

DERRICK. SAM'L.. a well known
literary man in his day, was bom in
Ireland in 1724. He received but an
ordinary education, and was a clertt in
a store in Dublin till 1761, when he set
out for London to seek fame in a liter-
ary career. He first tried the stage with-
out success, and then devoted himself
to literature. He succeded Beau Nash
as Master of Ceremonies at Bath and
Tunbridge, and like him was of lavish
habits. He was the author of ' 'Cylla."
He died in 1760.

DESIBOD, ST., was bom in Ireland,
of noble parents, about A. D., 620. He
was educated under the most famous
mtisters, and soon became celebrated
for his great talents and profound
learning. He became a pnest, and
shortly after was made bishop of
Dublin. After governing this church
for ten years, he resigned, and with
several holy companions, he went to
the continent, and preached the gospel
in different parts of Germany. He at
length settled on a lofty mountain for
retirement and prayer, which was
called after him Mont. Desibod, now
Disingberg; and was joined by several
monks and a monastery was founded.
Here he lived a mortified life for
thuty-seven years, dying at an advanced
age, on the 8th of July, on which day
h& feast is kept. His life was written
by Hildigardls, a nun of Disinberg,
and pubmhed by Surius.

DESMOND, GARRET, Uarl of, a
gallant and patriotic Irish nobleman,
was a brother of Sir John, and engaged
with him in most of his efforts against
the enemies of his countnr and religion.
Weakened at length by the .'oss of his
gallant relative, and the perfidy or
craveuness of so many, who kihould
have sustained to the last their rights,
he became a fugitive in his own'joun-
try, and was hi kist killed in the woods
of Kerry, A. D., 1588.

DESMOND. SIR JOHN, a valiant
Irish patriot and successful soldier, was
a brother to Garret, Earl of Desmond,
and with him was sent to the tower by
Elizabeth, because they would not ac-
knowledge her spiritual supremacy.
They were, however, released to secure

peace with James Fitzmaurice, their
cousin, who successively defeated all
the royal troops sent against him, and
made it warm for the English in
Munster. Outraged by the perfidy of
Elizabeth, who had designed lo capture
and behead the three brothers when the
conditions of peace were to be signed in
Dublin, they escaped her coils and took
up arms again. After the death of
James Fitzmaurice, Sir John took com-
mand and defeated the deputy Drury
near the forest of Blackwood, Limerick,
with heavy loss. The enemy being re-
inforced, advanced again under Gen.
Malby, and after a desperate battle near
the Abbey of Nenay, Desmond again
routed them, capturing all their can-
nons and baggage. He shortly after-
wards defeats the garrison of Kilmal-
lock, and again met the enemy at Gort
Na-Pissi, when ten battal ions of Eng-
lish troops were cut to pieces. He
afterwards captured the fortitied town
of Youghal, and defeated a body of
troops sent to its relief, Desmond being
encamped on the Blackwater, with his
brother the Earl, and some misunder-
standing having arisen between David
Barry and Fitzgerald of Imokilly, then
confederates who were encamped on the
other side, Desmond went over to re-
concile them, and not suspecting the
enemy to be near, was captured in a
woods through which he had to pass,
by a concealed party, but only after
a desperate resistance, and not till mor-
tally wounded. Thus died one of the
bravest of Irelands defenders in the
bloody days of Elizabeth, A. D. 1581.

DESPARD, EDW. MARCUS, an
Irish soldier of fortune, was born in
the Queen's County, Ireland, about
1755. and after perfecting his educa-
tion, entered the British army and
served with distinction on various oc-
casions. He attained the rank of Lieut.
Colonel, and became Supt. of the Eng-
lish colony in Honduras, but on ac-
count of complaints made against him.
and having no friends in high places,
he was recalled in 1790. He could
never procure an investigation into his
administration, or any satisfaction,
which so provoked him that he was ar-
rested foi scaitious threats, but was
liberated without trial, a: id more em-
bittered than ever. In conjunction
with some privates of the guards and
others, he is said to have 1 3rmed a plan

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to seize the Tower and the Bank and as-
flassinate the King on his way to open
parliament, for which, he with nine
others, was tried 'by special commis-
sion, and beheaded February 21, 1803.

DeVERE hunt, sir AUBREY,
a man of talent and a poet, was bom in
County Limerick, Ireland, August 20,
1787. He was the author of numerous

Soetical works, among which was the
rama of "Maiy Tudor." Hayes says
of him, "that he was distinguished for
his high poetic genius, and depicted the
tragic passions with great power and
naturalness, and that his productions
are characterized by grace and feeling."

DeVERE, AUBREY, son of the fore-
going, and one of the most gifted poets
of 19th Qentury, was bom at Curragh
Chase, Limerick, Ireland.. January 10,
1814. He was educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin. His first published effort
was "The Waldenses or the Fall of
Rosa," a lyrical tale which appeared in
1842. The next year he gave to the
world "The Search after Prosperine,"
"Recollections of Greece and other
poems." Like most poets, being a true
patriot and lover of his countiy, he
gave much attention to her wants and
her history, and in 1848 he published
"English Misr\ile and Irish Misdeeds."
After traveling on the continent he
published "Picturesque sketches of
Greece and Turkey," and in 1856 "Po-
ems, Miscellaneous and Sacred." In
1857, "May Carols," and in 1861, "The
Sisters." "Inisfail," and other poems,
and in '61, "The Infant Burial." De-
Vere was strongly opposed to the exist-
ance of that crying wrong the church
establishment in Ireland, and was one of
the most energetic and persistent of its
opponents, and exposers of its gross in-

Justices to the people, until it was at
ength abolished. On the establishment
of uie Catholic University, 1854, Au-
brey DeVere was appointed honorary
professor of Political and Social Science.
After his efforts towards the disestab-
lishmer t of the church by law created
in Ireland, were crowned with success,
he retired from politics and gave him-
self to the more genial inspirations of
his muse, and in 1869 published "Irish
Odes," and other poems, in '72, "The
Legends of St. Patrick, in '74, "Alex-
ander the Great," a dramatic poem, and
in '76, "St. Thomas of Canterbury," a

dramatic poem of great merit, and in
1878 a kind of miscellany of Religious
and Philosophical subjects, under the
title of "Proteus and Amadeus," and
later still a volume of poems, "Irish
Legends." Aubrey DeVere is without
doubt one of the ablest and most cul-
txu-ed of our modem poets, and one of
whom Ireland may well feel proud.

DEVINE, THOMAS, a talented top-
ographer and engineer of Canada, was
bom in Westmeath, Ireland, and studied
his profession in that country. He was
employed for ' jme years on the ord -
nance survey of Ireland, and after its
compl' :tion came to Canada. His work
there in the Crown Lands Department
of the government, har received the
highest praise, and earned for him a
reputation in Europe and America. He
is a fellow of the Royal Geographical
Societies of London, of Berlin, and of
the American Society. He is now head
of the Govemmeut Surveyors of
Canada.

DERBY, Counless of (See Eliza
FaiTcn).

DIGBY, K. HENRY, an author and
man of extensive and varied learning,
was the son of Rev. Wm. Digby,
protestant Dean of Clonfert, Txeland,
and was born in th** year 1800. After
receiving his prelimii; /TV education at
home, he was sent to i rinitv College,
Cambridge, where he took his degree
in 1823. There he formed the acquain-
tance of Ambrose Phillips, and they pur-
sued very earnestly together the re-
ligious qjiestions, which at that time,
agitated the university, and with his
friend Phillips, he afterwards became a
catholic. In the mean time, he pub-
lished his first work, "Broadstone of
Honor," which received the praises of
JuUus Hare, and Wordsworth. It treats
of chivalry and the knights of old.
His next work was "'The Ages of
Faith," published in li volumes, which
were republished in this country by
3ishop Purcell. He published many
other works, both in prose and verse
among which are "Evenings on the
Thames," 2 volumes; "The Chapel of
St. John," written in memory of his
wife, whose maiden name was Dillon;
and other treaties of merit. Mr. Digby
was also an artist of some merit, and
painted a great niunber of altar pieces

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tOT churches unable to bear the ex-
pense. He (lied May 22, 18dO.

DILLON, COUNT ARTHUR, sec-
ond son of the first Count Dillon, was
bom in Sligo, Ireland, about 1(165, and
was an officer under his father in de-
fending his country's rights, and also
in sustaining the embeclle James II.
He was also one of those who went to
i'rance before the treaty of Limerick,
with Lieut. Gen. Justin McCarthy, who
commanded what was called Mont-
cashel's Brigade. He succeeded his
father in command of Dillon's Regi-
ment, and greatly distinguished him-
self under Marshal Catenat, in Savoy,
especially at the battle of Marseilles,
1698, and that of Cremona, 1702,
which victory was won in great part
by the valor of Dillon's and Burke's
regiments. IIq also held civil offices of
distinction; was Governor of Toulon,
and held the rank of Lieut. General in
the French armies. He died at St.
Germain-en- (Laye, 1734, leaving behind
him worthy sons, who continued to add
lustre to the name.

DHiLON, GEN. ARTHUR, son of
Henry Viscount Dillon, and a direct
descendant of Coimt Theobald, was
bom in Ireland in 1748, was educated
in France, and entered the army and
rose gradually by soldierly conduct
and skill to the ranK of General. He
was not carried away by the wild
theories of the Revolution, and conse-
quently soon became its victim, dying
by the guillotine, April 18, 1794. He
was the father of the celebrated
Madame Bertram.

DILLON, ARCHBISHOP AR-
THUR RICHARD, a distinguished
, French divine and scholar, was the son
of Count Arthur, and brother of Coxmts
James and Edward; was educated at
the Irish College- in Paris, where he
was distinguished for ability. He
chose the better part, and continued
his studies preparatory to entering the
religious state, was ordained priest and
became noted, for his ability, eloquence
and learning. He was raised to the
episcopacv, lllHng first the Archepisco-
pal See of Toulouse, ho was afterwards
transferred to that . of Narbonne
which is cloihed wiih the Primacy of
the Gauls. He was als a commander of
the "Order of the Holy Ghost," and

President of the State of Languedoc
He was held in the highest esteem
throughout France, for his piety and
learning, and left behind him many
works of a religious nature.

DILLON, GEN. ARTHUR RICH-
ARD, a distinguished officer in the
Britidi service, was a son of Sir John
Dillon M. P. ; born about 1780, and en-
tered the army at an early age. He
rose by merit and marked ability, serv-
ing on the Continent and in the East,
and reached the rank of Lieut. General.

^DILLON, COUNT EDWARD, a
gallant French soldier, was a younger
brother of Count James, and his suc-
cessor in the command of their gallant
regiment, equally renowned for bravery
and skill. He participated in the latter
glories of the Irish brigades in France,
serving in the Netherlands asrainst the
Allies, and securing additional fame
for his name and regiment after Fon-
tenoy, where his gallant brother fell.
He greatly distinguished himself at
Roucoux and Lafeldt, in which last
battle he fell, like his brother, in the
moment of victory.

DILLON, COUNT JAMES, a tal-
Cfltcd French soldier and a knight )f
Malta, was the son of Count Arthur
Dillon, and was born in France. He
entered the army early and served in
the Irish Brigade under his father.
His last campaign was under Marshal
Saxe, in the Netherlands, where he dis-
tinpiished himself at Menin, Ypres
ana Fumes, and was now Colonel of
the famous Dillon Regiment. He com-
manded for the last time at Fontenoy
where he fell as he led his gallant col-
umn in their irresistible charge, which
snatched victory frobi their Baxon foes,
and secured the ascendency of France,
May, 1745.

DILLON, PETER, a noted naviga-
tor, was born in Ireland, 1755, and re-
ceived a fair education. He early em-
braced a seafaring life and gained a
reputation for skilland daring, and was
gvadually advanced to respoDsible po-
sitions. When Lieutenant of an East
Indiaman, he had a narrow escape from
furnishing a feast to tlie Fegee
Islanders. In 1826 he met three of his
former shipmates on an island in the
South Seu where they had been for

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thirteen years. One of the men had
some information in resard to a vessel
lost on one of the Yanikow Islands and
had some articles from the 'wreck.
Dillon suspected they belonged to the
expedition of La Perouseand returning
to PondicheiTy, was put in command
of a vessel of search, which reached the
Vanikow groupe of Islands in July,
1827, and on one of them, Whannon,
secured positive traces of the unfortu-
nate expedition of La Perouse and its
fate. Dillon reached France on his re
turn In February 1829, and received
from Charles IX, a gift of 10,000
francs, and a pension of 4,000 for his
flervices. Dillon wrote a narrative of
it under the title of "Voyage Aux iles
de la Mer du Sud, 1827 et 8, et relation
de la de'converte du sort de La Per-
ouse." Dillon died in 1847.

DILLON, COUNT ROBERT, Earl
of Ros common, and Marshal of
France, a diotinguished and gallant
soldier, was bom in Ireland, about 1700.
He was educated pi incipally in France,
and entered the French army at an
earlv age, where his relatives had al-
ready so distinguished themselves; he
rose rapidly by skill and daring, first
serving as an officer in one of the Irish
regiments. .He fought against the
Allies in the Netherlands anoGermany,
and participated in manj of the great
battles of that period, nsing at length
to the dignity of Marshal of France.
He died unmarried, in 1770.

DILLON, THEOBALD COUNT, a
distinguished Irish patriot and soldier,
was bom in Ireland, about 1640, and
was distinguished in defense of his re-
ligion and country. He supported the
worthless "Shamue Ahocha" — James
II — when he came to Ireland to seek
support for his throne, and some time
before the treaty of Limerick, he went
to France with his regiment — part of
Mountcashel's Brigade, who were ex-
changed for French troops in 1600. He
participated in many brilliant engage-
ments, and so conspicious was the
valor and iiiuccesd of those Irish troops,
that the pay of both officers and men,
was advanced beyond their grade.
Dillon was declared an outlaw and his
property in Ireland confiscated, but in
the lana of his exile he won distin-
guished honors, and became a general
officer. He was succeeded in the com-

mand of his regiment
thur.

by his son Ar*

DODWELL, HENRY, a learned
critic and theologian, was born in Dub-
lin in 1641, and educated at Trinity
College, was choeea Camden professor
of History at Oxford in 1688, but being
a non-jutor he lost his place by the Re-
volution. Dodwell was an able and
prolific writer, but addicted to para-
doxical and oddly ascetic practices for a
sectarian, usujilly going without food
for three days out of the week. His
most curious theological theory was,
that the soul was naturally mortal, but
immortalized actually by the pleasure
of God. He died m 1711.

DOH.'iiRTY, HON. JUDGE, an able
Canadian lawyer, was born in County
Derry in 1880, and emigrated to Canada
with his father. Ho was educated at
St. Hyaclnthe and in Yermont, where
he graduated. He adopted the profes-
sion of Law. and entered the Lower
Canadian Bar, where he soon acquired
distinction and lucrative practice in
Montreal. He was at length offered a
place on the bench, which he accepted,
and has filled in a distinguished man-
ner.

DOOLf, JOHN M„ a distinguished
Irish American Ipwyer and wit, l)orn in
1772. He rose to distinction at the bar
in Georgia, and became a Judge. He
is however, more celebrated for his
matchless wit. His sayings and repar-
tees form the raciest bar anecdotes
throughout the South for the last half
century, and are likely to be handed
down to many generations. He died
in 1827, much lamented by his fellow-
citizens.

DOMHNALL, HI, Monarch of Ire-
land, A. D. 748, had *> long and peace-
ful reign. The Picts, however, under
their King Cahasach, made an incur-
sion Into Leinster, but were totally de-
feated by the troops of that province,
and their king slain.

DONOVAN. EDWARD, a cele-
brated naturalist and ethnologist, wan
born in Ireland about 1760, and from
his earliest years exhibited a passion foi
the investigation of natural subjects.
His first publication was a "Natural
History of British Insects," In 16 vols.

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DOW

London, 1703, "Natural History of
Birds," 10 vols., 1794, "Fishes." 6 vols.,
1803, "Shells," 6 vols., 1803, "Quad-
Tupeds," 8 vols., 1820, and besides an
"ijpitome of the Insects of China,"
1788, "Insects of India," 1800, &c. He
also wrote a book of instruction and
"Taxidermists Manual," besides many
other works. He was a careful and
scientific investigator, and an indefati-
gable worker, and his books are high
autljortyon these respective subjects.
He died February 1, 1837.

DONOVAN, MICHAEL, M. R. I.
A., a distinguished scientist and chem-
ist of Great Britain, was bom in Ireland
about 1790. As early as 1813 he ob-
tained a prize from the Royal Irish
Academy for the Lest essay on "Galvan-
ism, its Relations to Chemistry and as
an Experimental Agent." His discov-
eries in electricity and galvanism at this
early day, were acknowledged by Sir
Humphry Davy to be a valuable advance
in t^e knowledge of those subjects at
the time. Scientific papers on a great
variety of subject are to be found in
the MSS of the Royal Society of
London, from his pen. As late as 1875,
this aged but able and indefatigable
worker produced a valuable paper on
the comparable self-acting Hygrometer.
Besides innumerable papers he pub-
lished a number of scientific works,
among which are a "Treatise on
Chemistry, Domestic Economy," &c.,
besides lieing the inventor and intro-
ducer of many pharmaceutical prepar-
ations, the most important being "Ar-
senical Solutions," "Syrup Cinchona,"
&c. He died in 1816, with a mind
active and vigorous to the last.

DORAN, JOHN, Ph. D., a cele-
brated writer of fiction and miscellan-
eous author, was bom at Drogheda,
Ireland, in 1807. He afterwards re-
sided with his parents in France and
Germany, where they lived for some
years, and was educated principally by
his father, but took his degree of Ph.D.,
at the University of Marburg. He
early developed wonderful literary and
dramatic powers, and in his fifteenth
year produced the Melodrama of the
'•Wandering Jew. " He settled in Lon-
don and became editor of various peri-
odicals. At the age of 20 years he be-
came editor of the Literary Clironicle,
and afterward chiefly confined his la-

bors to the periodical press, to whiclk
he was a popular and valuable contrib-
utor, and eaited "Notes and Queries."
He died January 36, 1878. Among his
works are "Ta.le Traits and Something
on Them," "Habits and Men," "Lives
of the Queens of the House of Han-
over," "Knights and their Days,"
"Saints and Sinners," "New Pictures
and old Panels," "History of Court
Fools," "Lost Journals of Horace Wal-
pole," and many others.

DORINGTON, WILLIAM, a gal-
lant Irish patriot, and a distinguished
officer in the service of France, in the
days of Louis XIV; was born about
1660, and early took p;irt in defending
civil and religious liberty at home.
Like so many gallant Irish patriots, he
was induced to aid the deceitful and
cowardly James II, and still fought for
him after he shamefully ran away.
When the treaty of Limerick, 1691,
which guaranteed much to Irish Catho-
lics, but produced nothing but bad faith!
— was signed, our subject elected to go
to France, where he became Colonel of
the Ein^s Regiment of guards in the
Irish Brigade, and greatly distinguish-
ed himself, winning rank and dis-
tinction. His regiment and commands
participated in many of the grand ac-
hievements, which made the reign of
Louis XIV, so famous, and always con-
tributing materially to the success of
the French arms.

DOWNES, JOHN, a galland and
able American Naval officer, was of
Irish descent, born in, Canton, Mass.,
in 1786, and entered on a seafaring life
at an early age. In 1803 he became a
midshipman, and was on the frigate
New York, during the war with Tripoli.
In May 1803, he distinguished himself
in conunand of a boat attack }n some
Tiipolitan Feluccas, and in March 1801
he became a Lieutenant. In the war of
1813 he served on the frigate Essex,
Capt. Porter, in the Pacific. In 1818
ho was made master commandant, and
commanded the brig Epervler in De-
catur's squadron, employed against
Algiers, and assisted in the capture of
the frigate "Mashouda" and the Estido
of twenty-two guns. He afterwards
served on the Gurrier, and in 1817 was
made Captain, and commanded the
frigate Macedonian in the Pacific from
1810 to '21. In 1828-9 he commanded

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IRISH CEXJtB,

DOT

the Java, and in 18884, was in com-
mand of tlie Pacific Squadron, and
summarily punished tlie Sumatrians
for'an outrage on an American vessel.
From '37 to ^42, and from '50 to 52 he
-was in charge of the Boston Navy
Tard.

■ DOWNES, WILLIAM, a distinguish-
ed Irish jurist, born in County Kildare,
Ireland, 1740, was called to the bar in
1766, elevated to the bench in 1793 and
made Lord Chief Justice of the Kings
bench in 1808, which seat he held about
twenty years. He died March 1826.

DOWNIE, COMMODORE, a brave
and able British naval officer, was bom
in County Ross, Ireland, and entered
tlie English navy at an early age, as a
midshipman. He served on board the
frigate Circe, at the battle of Camper-
down, a. id afterwards in the West In-
dies, where he was promoted for good
conduct. He next served with Captain
Boyle on the Sea Horse, 86 guns and
saw considerable service in various
ports of the world. In 1812 he was
made Commodore of the fleets on Can-
adian waters, and commanded on Lake
Cliamiilain in 1814, when he was killed
while gallantly fighting his brother Celt,
the American commodore McDonough
— for the possession of those waters.
He was a daring and gallant officer.

DOYLE, DR. JAMES. Bishop of
Eildare and Leiglilin. This illustrious
Irish prelate and patriot was born in
New Robs, County Wexford, Ireland, in
1786, He gave promise from his earli-
est years of the great powers which
characterized the mature development
of his mighty intellect, the proper direc-
tion of which was carefully and anxious-
ly guarded by pious parents. He received
as good a preliminary education as his
country, then about emerging from the
gloom of a more than Egyptian bond-
age, could afford to the proscribed Catho-
lic. Under the penal laws just passing
away, it was felony to educate for the
priesthood in Ireland, and as a conse-
quence, difficult, if not impossible to
acQuire the necessary education at home,
ana although at this time the Catholic
College of Maynooth was established,
more for state policy than an expres-
sion of good will towards Catholics,
and for this reason looked upon with
audi distrust and suspicion by many

patriot Catholics that they would not
trust the priestly training of their chosen
children to its untried influence.
Among such were the parents of James
Doyle, who accordingly sent him to the
Catholic College of Coimbra, in Port-
ugal. The young Irish boy soon dis-
tinguished himself, and completed his
course in a brilliant manner, and in less
than the usual time. He then entered the-
novitiate of the'Augustinian Order.
This period of hs life he tells us was a
most critical one, and pregnant with
greater dangers than his good parents
sought to avoid at home. Europe at this
time was possessed with the plausable
but peniicious spirit of the revolution
which pretending to champion human
rights and human liberty must have
had a most alluring attraction for a.
generous and patriotic yoiing Irish heart.
On this subiect he says in one of his
letters on the state ot Ireland. "I had
scarcely finished my classical studies;
and had entered college when I found
myself surrounded by the admirers of
D Alembert, Rousseau and Voltaire.
At that time the ardor of youth, the
genius of the place, the spu-it of tlie-
time as well as the example of my com-
panions prompted me to inquire into-
all things and to deliberate whether I
should take my stand among tlie infi-
dels or remain attached to Christianity.
I recollect with fear and trembling the
danger to which I exposed the gifts of
faith and christian morality which I
had received from a bounteous God,
and I have not ceased to give thanks to-
the Father of mercies who did not de-
liver me over to the pride and presump-
tion of my own heart. But even then,
when all things which could have in-
fluenced a youthful mind combined to>
induce me to shake off the yoke of re-
ligion, her innate dignity, her grandeur
and solemnity, as well as her sweet in-
fluence on the heart, filled mo with awe
and veneration. I found her presiding
in every place glorified by her victories
and respected or feared by her enemies.
I looked into antiquity and found her
worshipped not only by Moses, but by
Numa and Plato, although in darkness
and error. The ancient philosophers
and law givers too paid their homage to<
her as the best emotion of one invisi-
ble supreme and omnipotent Qod. I
concluded that religion sprung from the
author of our being, and that it conduct-
ed man to his last end. I examined alk

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IBISH CELTS.

DOT

■systems of religion, and I did not hesi-
tate to continue attached to the religion
of our Redeemer as alone worthy of
'Qod, and being christian, I could not
fail to be but a Catholic, and I have y, -^n
exclaimed with Augustin. "Oh beauty,
ever ancient and ever new, too late have
I known thee, too late have I loved
thee." Dr. Doyle remained in Portu-
gal until after the retreat of the Fi-ench
m 1812, he having served in the Por-
tugese army as a volunteer, until the
invader was driven from the soil. He
returned to Ireland in his twenty sixth
year, and shortly afterwards was ap-
pointed Professor of classics in Carlow
College. He successfully filled all the
higher chairs in that institution with

freat success, exhibiting a profound
nowledge of profane as well as of
■sacred science. His ideas and system
•o. education were eminently practical,
and its fruits were quickly visible in
the character and training of the men
whom he graduated. On this subject
he says in one of his letters: "Next to
the blessing of redemption, and the
graces consequent upon it, there is no
Jift bestowed by Qod equal to a good
•education; other advantages are en-
Joyed by the body, this belongs e»tirely
to the spirit. Whatever is great, or

rod, or glorious in the works of men,
the fruit of educated minds. Wars
without ferocity, conquest without
slavery, commerce, all the arts of in-
dustry and peace, all the refinements of
life, all the social and domestic virtues,
all the refinements and delicacies of
mutual Intercourse, in a word, what-
ever is estimable among men owes its
origin, inci-ease and perfection to the
exercise of those faculties, whose im-
provement is the object of education.
Keligion herself loses half her beauty
and influence when not attended or as-
sisted by education; and her power,
splendor and majesty are never so ex
alted as when cultivated genius and re-
fined taste become her heralds or her
handmaids. Many have become fools
for Christ, and by tlieir simplicity and

Siety, exalted the glory of the cross,
utFaul, not John, was the Apostle of
the nations, and doctors more even
than prophets, have been sent to declare
the truths of religion before kings and
princes, and the nations of the earth.
Xlducation draws forth tlie mind, im-
proves its faculties, increases its re-
;SCOurces, and by exercise, strengthens

and augments its powers; I consider it
therefore as of inestimable value, but
like gold, which is the instrument of
human happiness, it is, and always must
be unequally distributed among men.
Some will always be unable or un-
willing to acquire it, others will expend
it prodigally or pervert it to the worse
ends, whilst the bulk of mankind will
always be more or less excluded from
its possession." His virtues and abili-
ties were so marked that on the death
of Dr. Corcoran, Bishop of Kildare and
Leighlin in 1819, he was the unani-
mous choice of the clergy of that dio-
cese as successor, although he had not
reached his thirty-third year. The
happy choice was endorsed by the suf-
f regan Bishops, and confiimed by the
Sovereign Pontiff, and in November of
the same year, he was consecrated. The
splendid administrative talent of the
new bishop was not long in manifesting
itself. Nothing that could advance his
clergy, elevate religion, or benefit his
people, seemed to escape him. To his
clergy he was kind and considerate,
but strict as to the performance of their
priestly duties, and the exhibition of
priestly virtues, but he required nothing
that he did not furnish an example for.
He infused or compelled method into
every department of his administration,
and made himself familiar with the
position, wants and means of the low-
liest members of his flock. He was in-
defatigable both by word and act, in
{)romoting every good work, and made
t obligatory on every parish priest to
establish and promote by every possible
means, schools for the poor. And to
this end encouraged the establishment
of convents and monasteries, knowing
them to be the best and most consid-
erate educators of the poor. Wnilo
striving with all his energy to promote
everything that could elevate his peo-
ple and add to the dignity of religious
worship, yet he was more especially the
father of the poor, he believed with
other saintly sons of the church that
"There was no reason the senseless
temples of God should abound in
riches while men, the living temples of
the Holy Ghost were ready to starve." A
bishop in Ireland in those days had
often to bn more than a bishop, he
required to be a statesman, not to pro-
mote any wordly ambition, but to teach
his people their rights as well as their
duties, and put Uiem on their guard

DOT

IBIBR OBLTS

DOT

against supporiing delusive laws and
dangerous tbeories. No man was more
admirably adapted than Dr. Doyle to
perform this impoiiant function. Of
vast and profound knowledge and great
familiarity with all theories of govern-
ment, with gi'eat expeiience, a cosmo-
Eolitnn in spirit, and in the breadth of
is views, and a patriot of mankind
blessed with a clear and logical mind,
he was a safe adviser of a people, aliens
in their own coimtry, and a keen and
searching analyzer of the designs, snares
and hypocracy of their enemies, who
would misrepresent and degrade them
in the eyes of the world. In 1821 Mr.
Plunket introduced in Parliament his
celebrated bill to remove ','atholic dis-
abilities with its appendages of boards
veto, &c., and which no doubt some
toady "Kawtholics" advised him would
be acceptable. Dr. Doyle immediately
denounced it both by speech and letter,
and being called before a committee of
the Commons to be questioned in re-
gard to it, said that even if the Pope
agreed to vest a power of veto in the
appointment of Irish bishops in the
King of England, he Catholics of
Ireland would never consent, and rather
than submit, he, and he hoped every
Catholic bishop in Ireland would re-
sign. He also oi)posed the provision
for feeing, or bribing as he called it, the
Bishops, Dy a State provision. In 1828
Dr. Doyle addressed his celebrated letter
"Vindication of the religious and civil

Srinciples of the Irish Catholic," to
[arquis Wellesley, Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland. The following will give some
idet of the styii of this, "The unequal
state of the laws had created among us
many interests, whilst it destroyed
others; it raised one class to a degree of
eminence seldom attained to, even in a
conquered country, whilst it depressed
another far below ihe condition of free
subjects, it reduced them to a certain
degree of slavery. The privileged
class were few in number— they ac-
quired immense possessions, and am-
assed enormous wealth — they labored
unceasingly tc secure both the protec-
tion and aid afForded them by England,
often purchased at too dear a price, and
in order to be more independent of the
mother country, they employed all the
resources furnished by her, as well as
by their own skill and power as by
those of others.to reduce the nation with
Vl>lck they sUuggled, to a stale of utter

darkness, and the most abject want."'
' 'If the population of a district in which,
until a few years, the laws made it fel-
ony to educate them, were ignorant,
this was imputed to their faitn. If a
ferocious or vindictive spirit appeared
among rude clans who had been en-
slaved by the laws of centuries, thia
was said to be the fruit of their creed,
and if men writhing under wrong and
oppression, struggleu a^inst the chains
which bound them, their violent efforts
for relief, were construed into acts dic-
tated by their religious profession.
Look to the North, said the calumin-
ators where the people are protestant,
and see them employed in industry and
works of peace; but turn to the south,,
and view the scraes of blood and dev-
astation, but do not investigate the-
cause — no, it is so obvious — the popula-
tion is Catholic. They feared the legis-
lature would have time to reflect tii&t
the North was inhabited by a race of
freemen, who enjoyed all the blessings
of the constitution, whilst the South
was the refuge of slaves, who had
never tasted the sweets of liberty — who
had until lately, groan %i beneatJi a
bondage more cruel than that of
Pharaoh." * * * The writer of this let-
ter, may be considered as expressing the
opinion and feelings of every well edu-
cated Catholic in the empire; he has-
teen from his infan cy and is still con-
nected with Protestants by ties of
friendship, of affection, of good offices,
of blood; he has been attached to them
with all the sincerity which could flit
an Irish heart. In his intercourse with
men, he has never distingxiished them
by their . '^eds i in the discharge of his
ministry ud has never preached a ser-
mon upon controversy still less has he
at any time used arguments or influence
in private, to maKe converts to his
creed, and though from time to time he
has received many individuals to the
profession of his own faith, he has
■ought their conversion only by ex-
pounding the truths of the gospel in
public, and endeavoring aj far as God
enabled him, to exhibit ft in his conduct.
Why those who think and act thus
should be arraigned for intolerance, it
is diflicult to understand." Dr. Doyle,
while indefatigable in tlie performanco
of his multifarious duties, was also as-
siduous in exposing the caluminators of
his religion, and although as a chrisUaa
bishop he found his mst duty in de-

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DOT

XRI8H CELTS.

DOY

fending it from its enemies, he did not
forget that he was also a citizen, whose
^uty it was to improve his country
and to better the condition of its peo-
ple, especially those who from poverty
or any other cause, were the less able
to defend themselves. He therefore
not only joined the Catholic Association,
and subscribed to the Catholic rent, but
he advised every man to do the same.
In 1825, at' the request of a friend in
England, he wrote his twelve celebrated
letters on the state of Ireland, imder
the initials J. E. L. These letters alone
would place their author among the
able men of that or any age. They can
be read at all times, in all countries,
with profit, for they are as broad as
humanity itself, and grasp the whole
<;[uestion of ^vernment, and the re-
ligious and civil rights of the people.
This year also he was summoned before
« committee of the English Parliament
to giye evidence on the religious and
political difBculties in Ireland. The
evidence and arguments of Dr. Dovle
had a powerful effect in disabusing
many honest minds from preconceived
and deeply rooted prejudices in regard
to Catholics and Ireland, and some of
the most bitter opponents became warm
supporters of Catholic rights. The
London Evening Post of June 17, 1884,
thus comments: "And yet upon read-
ing these examinations one is not more
struck with the extensive knowledge
«nd power of argument which they dis-
play, than wim the propriety, the
pointedness and felicity of thdr diction. "
O'Connell, who in hu desire for Cath-
olic emancipatjpn, was willing to ac-
cept "the wings," as they were called,
and gave it to be understood that the
Catholic's Bishops of Ireland had sanc-
tion it, was immediately corrected by
Dr. Doyle, who denounced the scheme.
These "wings," as they were called,
were the pensioning of the clergy, and
the disfrancliisement of the 40 shilling
freeholders. Dr. Doyle said that while
he did not wish to stand in the way of
any measure of relief for the Catholics
of Ireland, yet "if the prelates approved
of a provision emanating from the
Treasury ,if the ministers of Christ were
to be paid by the minister of State for
dispensing the mysteries of God, in that
case I would not create dissention
among them, but that sooner than my
hand should be soiled by it, I would lay
4own my office at Uie feet of him who

conferred it, for if my hand were to he
etaiaed with government money, it
should never grasp a crozier, or a mitre
ever afterwards, be fitted to my brow."
He was equally opposed to the dis-
franchising the 40 shilling freeholders
as cutting off the great arm of protec-
tion from a majority of the people, and
he was right in both positions. He at
this time also denounced and exposed
to deserved infamy, the so-called Bible
Societies of Ireland, and especially the
infamous workings of the Eildare street
society, showing that they caused more
wickedness and trouble in Ireland than
the Orange and Ribbon Societies to-
gether, tn this he was sustained by
some of the most influential Protestants,
including the Duke of Leinster, Lord
Cloncurr^ and others. In 1826 he pub-
lished his famous essay on Catholic
Claims, in letters addressed to the Earl
of Liverpool. This able exposition of
the position of Catholics in relation to
their secular and spiritual rulers, covers
the entire question, and is a complete
and unanswerable justification of Luth-
olic loyalty. In answer to the persist-
ent charge that the spiritual authority
of the rope interferred with or over-
rode the secular authority of prince
or government, he gives m thet^e let-
ters the oath taken bv the Irish
clergy and by the French, viz:— "I,
A. B., do take Almighty God, and
his son, Jesus Christ, my Redeemer
to witness— and I do swear, that I do
renounce, reject and abjure the opinion
(if any such there be) that Princes ex-
communicated by the Pope and council
or by any authority of the See of Rome,
or any authority whatsoever, may be
deposed and murdered by their subjecta
or oy any person whateoever — and I do
declare that I do not believe that the
Pope of Rome or any other foreign
prince, prelate, state or potentate,
hath, or ought to have any
temporal or civil jurisdiction, pow-
er or superiority or preeminence di-
rectly or indirectly ,'witbin this realm."
About this time, 1827, he paid his at-
tentions to the celebrated Dr. Magee,
the Protestant Archbishop of Dublin,
who attempted to champion the Kil-
dare Street Society, and completely ex-

Eosed the weakness and wickedness of
is position, with crushing as well as
cutting lotdo. In 1881-2 he published
letters advocating the establishing a
legal provision for the poor, and pomt>

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DOT

ISISH CELTS.

DOT

Ing out that there was certain public
funds, a portion of which the law origi-
nally destined for the support of the
poor, but which was illegally preverted
to other uses. This brought a storm of
abuse from interested parties who
maligned his motives. He had also
some discussion on the policy of such
laws, with O'Connell.whom he partially
convinced of error, but who afterwards
relapsed. He also addressed at this
time a letter to the Earl of Anglesca, on
the tithes question, and in it proves that
it is not only no crime to evade unjust
laws, but an actual duty. He was also
called to give evidence before a Parfia-
menl committee on the subject, to whom
he summed up by saying: "May their
hatred to tithes be as lasting, as their
love of justice." His incessant labors
In preaching, in the confessional, in
visiting hia diocese, in writing for the
defence of religion and the poor, etc.,
at last broke down his constitution.
He was implored to take a rest, to go
to the continent, but he answered like
the true apostle that he was, "Why did
I take the office if not to lay down my
life for my flock? Was I not sent to
preach to the poor, to seek the sheep
that were lost? Wo, is to me if I preach
not the gospel." His strength gradu-
ally failing him, he asked the Holy
Father to allow him an assistant, with
the right of succession and Dr. Nolan
■was appointed. A few weeks after,
this great bishop and doctor breathed
his last, June 15, 1884, surrounded by
his clergy, whom he edified equally by
his death as he had by his life. He was
flUll in the prime of life, being only in
the forty-eighth year of his age. As a
writer of pure, magnificent, classic
English, clear, forcible and eloquent,
he never had a superior. Intellectually
he was one of those master minds,
whose grasp of thought seems unbound-
ed, ana^who would shine as a sun in
any walk of life, but more than all, ho
"Wis a true Christian philosopher, whose
sole ambition was to love God and do
his holy wiU.

DOTLE, GEN. SIR JOHN, a dis-
tinguished British soldier, and an Irish
patriot of '82, was a native of County
Carlow. born in 1756, entered the army
early In life, .and saw considerable
Bwvice In the different colonies, and
rose to be major; resided for a time in
Dublin, became a member of the Irish

Parliament, of the patriotic Knights of
Bt. Patrick in Dubhn; strongly opposed
the Union, in the Irish Parliament, and
remained faithful. He afterwards serv-
ed on the continent with distinction;
was created a Baron of the Isle of
Guernsey, in 1805, and rose to the rank
ol' Lieutenant General by well earned
laurels, won by masterly ability. In
1834 he was a full General, Governor of
Charlemont, and died at an advanced
age at his residence in London.

DOYLE, JOHN, an eminent British
political caracaturist, was born in Ire-
land about 1780, and received a fair
education, which, added to wit and
artistic talent, led him into the profes-
sion of journalism. Like countless
ho.sts of literary Irishmen, for the last
three hundred yeara, he sought London
for remunerative employment, and his
pen and pencil soon found active work
in the arena of politics. He was soon re-
cognized as the ablest and most pointed
caracaturist of his day. His work was
natural, irresistibly humorous, aE.d
while extravagant, was free from those
abortions with which some of our
"gi'ea.t" caracaturists abound, and
which is, in truth, without wit or
art. Doyle died in London.

DOYLE, RICHARD, son of the pre-
ceeding, a talented "British" artist, and
one of the greatest of caracaturists, was
born in London in 1826. He received
a liberal education, and developing
kindred talents to his father, he had the
exceptional advantage of his instruc-
tion and experience in ilie rare art of
naturally delineating the ridiculous,
and humorous in nature. Doyle w.^s
eng&ged on "Punch" almost from its
commencement, in fact its projectors
and contributors were mainly Irish
from the first, such as Coyne and oth<
ere. His caracatures contributed hirgely
to give character and inflnence to that
paper, which soon became a power in
politics. Doyle's political designs were
singularly free from all personalities.
He was an artist in the true sense, and
to his mind, 8,rt, like eloquence, should
be devoted to illustrate piinciples, to
extol virtue aud condemn vice. His
humorous illustrations of London life
are full of the ridiculous in every day
life, and the lessons they gave white
pungent, holding the mirror up truth-
fully that the victims could recognize

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themselves, yet so full of good-natured
and irresistible humor, that no sting
was left, but neither was the lesson for-
gotten. The series entitled "Manners
and Customs of Ye Englyshe," although
called caracatures on account of the
ridiculous, absurd and laughter provok-
ing situations, are in fact but true and
natural sketches of every day life, seen
by an eye appreciative of the ridiculous
aud grasped by \.he skillful hand of the
hi lorous ''' "st. The continental tour
ot . .'. isr X jwn, Jones and Robinson,
illi< : uiv:^ b- its most absxurd and laugh-
able i<::rt>x, t ubles and. mistakes of
Euroj. t ui'dta. In 1850 he with-

drew froai all c>. ^ction with Punch,
having become disgusted with the un-
principled truculency of the managers
in pandering to the insane bigotry of
the English people in regard to the re-
establiahment of the Catholic Hierarchy,
and the insulting abortions which it
printed to further bigotry and make
their sacred office the subject of con-
tempt. From that time he constantly
employed his great talent in illustrating
works of all kinds, including "The
Newcombs of Thackery," "Fairy Tales
from all Nations," Leigh Hunt^ "Jar
of Honey," Ruskin's "King of the
Golden River," and other works too
numerous to mention.

DOYLE, MAJ. GEN. WELBORE
ELLIS, a distinguished officer in <the
British service, was a younger brother
of Sir John and Colonel of the 53rd
Regiment, born in Ireland in 1758, and
entered the British service about the
same time as Sir John, and was equally
distinguished for valor and ability. He
rose rapidly, and was entrusted with
many posts of responsibilUy was a Ma-
jor-General before tie was forty years
of age, and at the >.imt <>i his death was
Commander in nhiei and Governor of
the Island ut Ceyluo, 1797.

DRUMMOND. JUDGE L. T., a dis-
tinguished i lunmlian jurist, was born in
Ireland, early the present century, and
emigrated to Canada, adopted the pro-
fession of law, and entered politics as
an advocate for responsible government.
He soon earned great distinction, both
at the bar and in the halls of legislation.
He was at length tendered a ludgeship
of the Supreme Court, which he accept-
ed, aud thence forward applied his

commanding talents to the duties of hia
high position.

DUANE, JAMES an able Iiish Am-
erican lawyer and patriot, was foremost
among these oppostd to British tyranny
in New York, and was sent to the Con-
tinental Congress of 1774, remain-
ed almost continuously until '84, and
was a signer of the articles of Confeder-
ation. He w(U3 Judge of the District
Court of New York, in 1789, and held
other positions of trust and honor»
among them, first Mayor of New York
City after the evacuation of the Britisli.
He died in 1797.

DUANE, WILLIAM, an able Am-
erican politicanand journalist, was born
in New York, of Irish parents, in 1760.
He was taken to Ireland by his mother
when about 11 years old, and received
there a classical educatior*. He, how-
ever, having married at thd age of nine-
teen against her will, she would give
him no assistance, and he took employ-
ment in a printing office, where he
learned the business. In 1784 he went
to India and engaged in printing and
newspaper business, and amassed a
large fortune, and became editor and
proprietor of a journal called the
"World." Having- taken sides against
the local government in some trouble
with its troops, he was seized and sent
to England, and his property confiscat-
ed. He in vain petitioned parliament
and the East India Company for redress.
He became editor of the "General Ad-
vertiser," siding with the policy of
Home Tooke towards the East India
Company. In 1795 he came to America
and soon after became editor of the
"Aurora" of Philadelphia, making it
an influential organ of the Democratic
party. He served with distinction dur-
ing the war of 1812, in the North and
East. In 1822, Duane traveled through
the Republics of Soutu America, and
on his return published an account of
his travels. He was appointed proto-
notary of the Supreme Court of Penn-
sylvania, for the Eastern District, which
Elace he held till his death. Among
is works are "A Military Dictionary"
1810, and a "Hand-book for Riflemen," '
1818. He died in Philadelphia, No-
vember 24, 1885.

DUANE, WILLIAM J., a distin-
guished Irish American lawyer and

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DUP

IBIP:i CELTS.

) DUP

Btatesman, was bom at Clonmel, Ire-
liuad, in 1780. He came to Ametica
and was educated in Philadelphia,
where he was admitted to the Bar in
1808; soon acquired distinction in
his profession, and was honored by his
fellow-citizens with many positions of
trust. He was appointed by President
Jackson, Secretary of the Treasury in
1883, but was removed for refiising to
«bey the President in regard to the
keeping of the United States funds. He
was the author of a work entitled "The
Laws of Nature investigated in a popu-
lar manner." He died at Philadelphia
in 1834

DUBTACH, MACLUGHEIR, acele-
brated Irish poet or bard of the time of
St. Patrick, whom Ware styles "Poeta
egregius Hibernicus." He was con-
verted by St. Patrick to Christianity,
and afterwards devoted his talents to
Hie praises of God and his saints.

DUFFERESr, MARQUIS of, an able
and distinguished Bntish statesman
and diplomat, is the head of the Irish
House of DuSerin and Claneboyne of
Ballyleidy, in the County of Down,
Ireland, his mother being one of the
accomplished Sheridan Sisters, cele-
brated for their beauty. Our subject
was partially educated at home, and
succeeded to his father's titles as Baron
of Duflerin and Claneboyue, before he
was of age. His first goremment em-
ployment was under Lord John Russel's
administration as lord in waiting on
the Queen. He traveled on the con-
tinent and made a voyage to Iceland,
of which he published an account as
"Letters from High Latitudes." In
1860 he was commissioned by Lord
Palmerston to make inquiries in regard
to the massacre of the Christians in the
East, and for the thorough manner In
which he did his work was made a
E. C. B. He was made a knight of St.
Patrick in 1863, and a privy counsellor;
and in 1871 he was made an Earl of
tlie United Kingdoms. In 1872 he was
made Govenor General of Canada, and
his administrations of the provinces
were eminently successful and popular,
and the scheme of the 'Dominion' was
developed and successfully accomplish-
ed unapr his guidance. Howard Uni-
versity conferred on him the degree of
LJj. D. He was recalled to Europe
and sent as embassador to St. Peters-

burg, and at the breaking out of the re-
cent troubles in Egypt, under Araby
Pacha, he was sent to Constaotinopfe
as the British representative at the con-
ference of the great powers, and there
disi)layed his usual skill, foresight and,
genius, and has been rewarded for his
great services by being made a Marquis.
Thus this last great success of British
diplomacy and aggression is due, like
so much of the past, to Irish brains and
Irish valor — in the council an' in the
field — Dufferin and Wolseley. When
shall the genius of her children, like
those of other lands, redound to the
glory and prosperity of their own land?
"How long, oh Lordl how long." Duf-
ferin is undoubtedly one of the most
accomplished diplomatists of the age,
and being yet but in the prime of life,
it is probable that if he lives, a few
years will see him reach the acme of
the British statesmen's hopes— Uie pre-
miership.

DUFFY, SIR CHARLES GAVIN,
a noted Irish patriot, statesman and

gumalist, was bom in Ulster, in 1816.
e received a classical education, and
entered the arena of journalism at an
early age. He was at first connected
with a Belfast paper, and while editing
it he pursued the study of Law, ana
was called to the Irish Bar. In 1842 in
company with a number of other young
talented and enthusiastic patriots he
established the "Nation" newspaper in
Dublin, and it first strongly advocated
the course and policy of O'Connell, in
his efforts at "Repeal," and in 1844 he
was imprisoned with O'Connell and
others of the Repeal leaders. O'Con-
nell's passive policy at length became
too slow to satisfy the ardor and fiery
patriotism of the young leaders of the
"Nation," and not being able to shape
the policy of the Repeal movement to
meet their aggressive ideas they broke
loose and established what they termed
the "Young Ireland Party". 'The result
of this was the "Rebellion" of '48 which
resulted so disastrously to the patriots.
Duffy, among others was arrested for
sedition but was acquitted, In the
meantime the brilliant young editorial
staff of the "Nation" was scattered,
some by flight to America, some by
packed juries to the penal coi ties of
Australia, and the patriotic voice of the
"Nation" was silent. After Duffy's
liberation he revived the "Nation" and

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nUBH 0KLT8.

DUN

advocated various social reforms and
other beneficial measures for Ireland,
and was elected to Parliament from
New Ross. In 1856 he emigrated to
Australia, where his talents soon raised
him to conspicuous positions. He be-
came a member of the T.e^slature, then
one of the Ministry, and in 1871 head
of the government or Prime Minister of
that great colony. In 1873 he was
knighted by the Queen for valuable

Eublic service in his new home. He
as since returned to Irelaud and raised
his voice in favor of Home Rule and
Tcnnnnt Right, and 1= holds his county,
while relieved from some grevious
burthens, and more prosperous than he
knew her in other days, yet, still strug-
gling for the same rights which inspir^
Eis voice and pen ii the days of his
youth. Duffy,, however, seems to have
erown somewhat cold with age, and
Has become like all good men who ac-
cept the honors of the
fully conservative.

stranger — care-

DULANEY, DANIEL, a disting-
uished American jurist and patriot,
antecedent to the Revolution, was the
son of Irish parents, bom in Maryland,
received a good education, studied law,
and was admitted to the Bar. He
quickly won practice by the display of
more than ordinary ability, and at the
time of his death, 1775, was at the head
of his profession in Maryland. He
entered zealously into the dispute be-
tween the colonies and England, and
took strong grounds in favor of the na-
tural rights of the people. He pub-
lished papers oti the questions in dis-
pute, which were marked by ability
aud learning, and attracted much at-
tention. He died as the storm was
about to burst upon his country and
friends, a storm which, before it passed,
stilled many gallant hearts, and called
for many heroic sacrifices. He was
buried at Annapolis, where he resided.

DUIGENAN, PATRICK, a naiive
of Ireland, bom in 1705, of humble
parent^, and acquired his education as
a sizer at Trinity College, Dublin,
where he obtained the degree of LL.D.
He possessed great industry, which,
with fair talents, ensured him consider-
able success at the bar, he having
adopted the law. He was a member
of both the Irish and after the union of
the English parliament, and was dis>

tinguished more for his bij^otry and
virulent opposition to Catholic emanci-
pation than for anything else. He was
the author of some political pamphlets,
besides Lachrymse AcademicsB. He
died April, 1816.

DUNLOP, M., the first American
journalist who edited and published a
daily paper — the "Pennsylvania Pack-
et," and who also printed the Declar-
ation of Independence, was a native of
Ireland, having emigrated to Pennsyl-
vania to escape from the troubles which
surrounded the independent thinker
and writer at home. It was an Irish-
man also. Col. John Nixon 'who first
read the Declaration to the people. In
fact, the fighting element m Pennsyl-
vania in the days of the Revolution,
may be said to have been exclusively
Irish, the celebrated Peimsylvanian
line being Irish almost to a man. In
1729 the Irish emigrants who landed
in Philadelphia, which was then the
principle port of entry, was ten to one
of all others and this proportion varied
but little from the commencement to
the end of that century. It is easy to
understand that such a stock in the
midst of the grand free forests of Am-
erica would quickly and willingly
spum the hand of the oppressor which
had cmshed his energies in another
land, but which he here determined
never would in this, and so the Jack-
sons and Butlers and O'Briens and
Sullivans and Starksand Jaspers and
Thompsons and Johnsons and the
thousand other Irish nam6s conspicu-
ously to the front from the commence-
ment to the end of the great struggle,
were but the natural results of British
tyranny in Ireland and America.

DUNBAR, GEORGE, a distinguish-
ed Canadian lawyer and advocate, who
stands among the first of the Lower
Canadian Bar, is a native of Iceland.
After completing his education he
adopted the profession of the law, and
after his admission soon acc|uired a
leading practice by the exhibition of all
the essential qualities which go to make
a great lawyer. He has been retained
for the last twenty years in the most
important causes m that province.

DUNN, THADDEUS, an Irish phy-
sician and author. He practiced his
profession at Locomo, Switzerland, and

DUN

nUBH CBLTS.

DUN

was an exile on account of religion. He
was the author of a work on Medicine, of
a chronological treatise on the sojourns
of the Israelites in Egypt, printed in
Switzerland about the middle of the
BiKteenth century, which was about the
time he flourished.

DUNN, HON. THOMAS, an able
legislator and jurist of Lower Canada,
was a native of Ireland, and came to
Cacada at an early age, where he was
educated and was called to the Bar,
and soon became noted for ability. He
afterwards was a member of the Pro-
vincial Legislature, and still latei* of the
Executive Council, and as senior mem-
ber, in 1805 became Administrator of
the Government of the Province, and
also agiun in 1811, in which capacity
he displayed great administrative pow-
ers by preparing the county for the
threatened war. He also took an en-
lightened stand in regard to the status
of the Catholic bishop of Quebec, and
supported him in his rights and pri\ i-
t>ge8 against the bigots headed by
Byland, Sewell and Monk, who en-
deavored to declare the ordinance of
1701 void, as conflictingwith the penal
statutes of Elizabeth. He was a judge
of the court of the Kings Bench and a
Lower Canadian seigneur.

DUNS, JOHN, one of the greatest
minds of any age, and usually Known
as Duns Scotus, was imdoubtedly bom in
Ireland, that island being better known
on the continent for hundreds of years
as Scotia, Both England and Scotland
however, lay clain: to his birth. It is
most probable too, that he received his
education in Ireland, which also is
disputed, because for hundreds of years
her schools were the best protected and
encouraged of any in Europe. The
fact that Ireland or Scotia was in great
part less subject to the depredations of
the Northern vandals, the Danes hav-
ing been confined mainly to the vicinity
of Dublin, allowed her schools to de-
velope, and in fact, we find her children
as misfclonaries and scholars spread all
over Europe from the year 500 down
to the time of John Duns of Scotia, our
subject. Even from the da^s of Bt.
Patrick we find the Irish missionaries
building or establishing monasteries in
Britain, which were almost invariably
but schools of learning, and at the time
of Alfred, the celebrated "Erigena/'or

John of Scotia was made professor of
mathemyifics and astronomy at the
founding of Oxford, and that this same
celebrateid scholar at one time was head
of the University of Paris. Our sub-
ject, who was a Franciscan was also a
professor f ' Oxford, and on the conti-
nent was renowned for his great learn-
ing and wonderful powers of reasoning,
so that hewasstvled "Doctor Subtilcs."
In 1807 he was lecturing in Paris wfth
immense success, thounands of students
flocking to hear and study under him.
In 1808 he was sent by the general of
his order to Cologne to lay the founda-
tion of a new school or University there.
He was received by the citizens with
the greatest honors, having been met
b^ them on ul' way, and placed in a
triumphal car, ^ tu drawn into that
ancient city like a conqueror. He was
noted as bieing a powerful defender of
the dogma of the immaculate concep-
tion of the Blessed Virgin Mary,Mother
of God, which he expounded with in-
vincible force and reasoning. Duns
excelled in all branches of learning,
both the civil and common law, phil-
osophy, mathematics and theologv. His
mind was eminently fitted for the dis-
cussion of obstruse subjects, acute, sub-
tle and penetrating to tbe last degree.
He undoubtedly wasted too much time
on useless metaphysical distinction,
which was however, rather the fault of
the age than the Doctor. Hypothesis
supplanted investigation and the ques-
tion was not What is? but rather What
is possible? Duns in some ways was
the great rival of St. Thomas Aquinas,
and perhaps his equal in intellectual
power and learning, but he has left no
such impression on the ages. The dif-
ference of the men was that St. Thomas
learned the wisdom of humility and
labored not for fame, but only that
truth might prevail to the glory of God
alone. Duns undoubtedly was affected
by the praise and plaudits of the world.
Like bis great rival, he was an indefa-
tigable worker, for, although dying at
the early age oi fa. fy-three, he left be-
hind hin> a large collection of MSS.
He died of apoplexy, N';v ember 1809,
at Cologr 6. Luke Wadd: n^ Ws country-
man and a member of .hi same order
(Franriaciins) edited bio ' 'O^ra Specula-
turn" which he published at Lyons, in
1689 in twelve folio volumes. In regard
to his nationality, we have the fact that
all the contineutol writers who were his

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contemporaries when they mention his
country, invariably refer to Ireland.
The modem Scotch authors have a
habit of claiming all those learned men
known on the continent from A. D.
600 to 1800 as Scots, as their country-
men, when the fact is beyond dispute,
as all cotemporary history shows, that
Scotland was not known as such to
Europeans till the twelfth century,
while it is just as certain that the in-
habitants of Ireland were known as
Scots. It is however true, that at that
time, there was but little difference be-
tween the inhabitants of the two coun-
tries, as the governing race in Scotland
were but the Scoto-Milesians colonists
from Ulster, the clans of the O'NeiU'B,
O'Donnell's and their kindred, who had.
settled in North Britain and "Albania,"
or "Caledonia," and after conquering
the earlier inhabitants (Picts) in the
tenth century, aided b^ their brethren
in Ireland, (see the testimony of Bede,
Gildas and other early British authors)
gave the name of their race to the whole
country. The modern Scotch there-
fore only differ from the Irish by being
diluted by a mixture with an inferior
race — the Picts.

DYMPHNA, SAINT, a holy virgin
and martyr, was a daughter of Onel,
pagan king of an extensive territory,
comprising Louth and Monaghan, and
was a maiden of wondrous beauty.
Her father was an obstinate pagan, but
the daughter and mother embraced
Christianity. The mother dying, and
the father conceiving an unnatural pas-
sion for his daughter, desired to make
her his wife, there being nothing in
the Dniidical religion opposed to it, as
instanced, also in Persia in its proudest
djiys. The Christian maiden was hor-
ritfeil at the proposal and informed her
spiiitual director of her danger. He
told lier to explain to her father that it
was contrary to the Christian religion,
anil besides was wicked and unnatural,
but her trouble was vain. He appoint-
ed the days for the ceremonies. Her
director, a venerable and holy priest,
knew that her only safety was in flight,
and made arrangements for conveying
her and some of her intimate compan-
ions over to the continent. The old
priest accompanied them, and they set-
tled near a small town called Oheel,
cow Brabant. She and her companions
led holy and religious lives, and con-

verted by their good works and ezam<

§le, many from paganism. The old
ing at length found their retreat.
Her faithful old protector, although in
feeble health and worn out with labor,
denounced the infamy of his intentions,
and was slain by the enraged pagan,
who looked upon him as the cause of
his daughters disobedience. The young
girl was horrified at the savage butchery
and denounced the wickedness of her
father with an heroic courage, and told
him that she detested his gods and their
vile works, and would never return with
him. In his blind fury he ordered her
beheaded, but none of his soldiers
would execute the order, and in his
fury he did it himself. The bodies of
the two martyrs were i)iously preserved.
Dymphna's in a collegiate church called
in honor of her at Gheel, and her fes-
tival is kept on the 15th of May. Her
death occurred about the year 600.

EAGAN, B(ETIUS, a heroic bishop
of Ross, was born in the County Cork,
in the latter part of the sixteenth cen-
tury, finished his studies on the conti-
nent, at Louvain, where he joined the
Franciscan Order, he was the friend
and co-laborer of Colgan, Fleming and
others of the famous scholars and patri-
ots of that day. He returned to Ire-
land about 1680, and was tireless in ad-
ministerins: to the spiritual wants of his
people. He was appointed Bishop of
Ross in 1648, although stroncly opposed
by Ormond, Muskerry and their par-
tizans, who strove to withhold his tem-

{)oralities from him. He was forced to
eave his see when the Cromwellians
ravaged the country with fire and sword
and was captured by Broghill who
was besieging a town near Clonmcl,
in 1650. He offered the heroic prelate
his liberty if he would advise the gari-
son to surrender, and he was brought
out in front of the walls. The fearless
old man told them instead to to bold
out for their king and country to the
last, reminding them of the savage
violation of faith, and of every sacred
obligation which had characterized
these ferocious fanatics at Drogheda
and elsewhere. Broghill learning what
his advice was, in his rage ordered him
to be dragged to pieces, November,
1660.

ECCLES, CAPT., a gallant soldier
and politician, was born in Wicklow,.

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nUSH CELTS

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1786, and educated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he gradiiatea B. A. in
1802. He immediately entered the
Army and served with distinction
tbroughout the Peninsular War, and
was promoted for gallant conduct at
Oorunna, where he was twice wounded.
His arm was afterwards shattered, and
after the downfall of Napoleon ne re-
tired. During the great reform move-
ment in England he took an active part
as a liberal, and was sent to Canada by
the Earl Gray's government in connec-
tion with land for emigrants. He op-
posed the scheme of Admiral Vanset-
tart and Capi. J)xor>, B. N., and de-
nounced the idea of allowing the public
lands of Canada to be controlled by any
priva<::e corporations. He decided to
settle with his family in Upper Canada,
and did so in 1886. He took an active
part in suppressing the Canadian Re-
bellion of 1887-8, commanding a re-
giment on the Nia^ra frontier, and
doing valuable seyvice by his military
skill, daring, and foresight. He also
took an active part in all matters of
public interest in Canada until his
death, which occurred in 1858, in his
82 year.

ECCLES, HENRY, one of the most
brilliant of Canadian advocates, was a
son of the foregoing, and came with
his father to Canada m '85, was admit-
ted to the Upper Canadian Bar and ac-
quired an enviable distinction as a
powerful and eloquent advocate. He
was made a Q. C. He died in the
prime of life and entry of a moat brilli-
ant career.

EDERSKEAL, King of Munster,
and Monarch of Ireland, reigned at the
birth of our Savior, according to the
book of Lecan. He was succeeded by
his son, Conare the Great.

EDGEWORTH, ABBE, a pious and
faeoric divine, was born in Ireland about
1780, and received his education in
France, where he was ordained to the
priesthood. He was in Paris at the out-
break of the Revolution, in the dis-
charge of his priestly duticH, und among
his penitents was the l^incess Eliza-
beth, sister of the king. When all
others had fled or were cowed by the
savage brutality of the sans-oulottes of
the Revolution, he remained to minister
to the doomed king, and give him the

last consolations of religion in the face
of almost certain death. He accom-
panied Louis on to the very scaffold,
with every prospect of being seized by
the bloody and ferocious mob, whom
the sight of a priest of God seemed to
madden with rage. As the doomed
k'ng was about mounting the scaffold
the Abbe Ed^worth is said to have
encouraged him with tiiose memorable
words "Fils de Saint Louis montez
au ciel," (Son of St. Louis, ascend to
heaven). He was assisted by a brother
priest and Irishman, the Abbe Kean, y,
who was also present at the exocuti'n,
but in a less formal manner. The ALbe
Edgenorth had to hurry away, disguis-
ed by the cloak of the coachman of
Malisherbes, the celebrated advocate
who defended Louis, and to escape his
pursuers, had to pass through a little
shop in the Rue du Bac. After the
death of the king he still remained in
Paris, in hourly danger of death, en-
couraging and consoling the faithful
and breaking to them the bread of life.
He found means also to console his ad-
mirable penitent, the Princess Eliza-
beth during her long imprisonment, and
up to the time of her execution. Some
time after this he went to Germany and
attached himself to the little army of
French refugees, who fought under the
exiled Princes. He died about 1807
at Mittau, Courlaud, of malignant fever,
caught while attending wounded French
soldiers.

EDGEWORTH,' MARI^., one of

the most talented and popular of female
writers, was the daughter of Richard
Lovell Edgeworth, an Irish patriot and
author, and was bom on New Years
Day, 1767, in Berkshire, England,
where her father for a time resided.
Her father having succeeded to the
family estates at Edgeworthstown,
County Longford, Ireland, they took
up their permanent residence there in
1782. Onr subject was educated prin-
cipally by her father, who, among other
things, gave great attention to methods
of education. She loined with her
father in the production of a series of
essays entitled, "Practical Educat'.on,"
and also a series of story books f ^^r the
young, with the same useful object. In
the meantime she was engaged in her
more pretentious works, commencing
in 1801 with "Castle Rnckrent," which
was followed by " Belinda," "Leonora,"

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IRISH CELTS.

ELI

"The Modern Griselda," "Popular
Tales," the "Tales of Fashionable Life,"
and "Patronage." "Harrington" and
"Ormond" appeared in 1817, and in
18'W "Helen/' Our venerable author-
eb. closed her labors as she began them,
with a story for children called "Or-
landino." Her works are noted for
their chasteness, beauty and simplicity
of language, truthfulness to nature,
originality, and the charming and re-
freshing mterest wilh which she invests
them. The can be read with both
pleasure and profit by young and old,
and are models. It would have been
well for society had her sister authors
morj generally imitated her as regards
delicacy and prop.'iety. This admirable
woman died full of years and honors
in May, 1849, at Edgeworthstown, Ire-
land, the seat of the family.

EDGEWORTH, RICHARD LOV-
ELL, an Irish patriot, an elegant wri-
ter and an ingenious mechanic, was
born in 1744, at Edgeworth town. Coun-
ty Longford, Ireland, was educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, and at Oxford.
Being of a mechanical turn of mind he
spent much time in experiments, and
in 1767 invented a telegraph. He was
a member of the Irish Parliament, and
with the other Irish patriots opposed
the Union. He gave great attention to
education, and the most practical modes
of diffusing it. In conjunction with
his talented daughter, he wrote a series
of essays on "Practical Education" and
also published a scries of stories for the
young with the same view. He wrote
a work on Kouds and Carriages, and
was the inventor of many ingenious
devices. He wrote his own memoirs,
which were finished by his daughter.
He was a man of varied talent, great
practical knowledge and philanthropic
aims. He died at Edgeworthtown in
June 1817.

EDGEWORTH, 8HEYD, son of

the foregoing, and brother to Maria,
was boru in Ireland and was an author
of fine attniuments. He was the author
of several popular works of fiction, be-
sides a life of the Abbe Edgeworth, the
heroic confeusor of the unfortunote
Louis XVI, and who was a relative of
the family. Mrs. Edgeworth, the
mother of this admirable Irish family,
was rot its least talented member. Hue
took her share in the literary work pro-

duced as well as the more onerous du>
ties of training and educating her chil-
dren. She was the author of the ' 'Good
Wife," a work highly esteemed. Of
this admirable family the Halls say in
their "Travels in Ireland," "Whatever
be the result of the system of education
which the Edgeworth family have
recommended, I must say I never saw
such marks of filial regard, parental
affection, and domestic happiness, as at
this house. To reside at it is to see al-
most realized such scenes of happiness
as nowhere exists, but are sometimes
presented in the descriptions of enchant-
ed castles.

EDWARDS, BRYAN, was bom In
England, of Irish parents, in 1743. His
father dying before he completed his
education, he went to live with an uncle
in Jamaica, and there completed his
classical studies. ^Having become weal-
thy by the inheritance of two fortunes,
he returned to England and was elected
to Parliament, and took an active part
in measures looking towards the aboli-
tion of the slave trade. He wrote a
history of the British colonies in the
West Indies, and a history of San Do-
mingo, and is the authorof some poems
of merit. He died in 18C0.

EITHNE, Mother of St. Columba or
Columbkill. She was the aunt of St.
Couan and sister of St. Feargue or Virg-
nous. It is said that before the birth of
her saintly son, she made him the sub-
ject of constant prayer, and that one
night she had a dreum or vision of an
angel coming to her, and bringing a
most beautiful garment of varied hue.
This the angel afterwards took away,
and as he sped through the air the gar-
ment kept unfolding and exteniling
over mountain and plain until it was
lost to sight in the distance. She
thought that she grieved at the loss when
the angel returned and comforted her
with the asrurance that the garment
was a symbol of the influence her child
would exercise over Ireland and Alba-
nia, (Scotland), bringing multitudes of
souls into the fold of Christ.

ELIPH, ST., an Irish missionary and
martyr, was, according to his acts writ-
ten by Rupert Abbot of Duitz, near
Cologne, the son of the King of Scotia
(Ireland), and having resigned all his
possessions and ambitions to serve God,

ELL

IRISH CELTS.

ELL

he came to Toul with a number of dis-
ciples, when they were cast into prison
as spies, but were delivered in a mirac-
ulous manner, when our saint preached
with great zeal and fruit everywhere
the word of God. In a short time .he
baptized over 400 persons, which com-
ing to the knowledge of Julian the
apostate he ordered him beheaded,
which happened on the 6th of October
on the banks of the river Vere, near
Toul, toward the end of the 4th century.
He was buried on a mountain called
after lum, Mount St. Elph, and was
afterwards transferred by Bruno, Arch-
bishop Ox Cologne and deposited in the
church of St. Martin Major, which
formerly belonged to the nation of the
Scots. Rupert also mentions as a
brother Euchar who was a bishop, and
was also martyred with their sisters,
Meuna, Libaria and Susana.

ELLIOT, CHAS., D. D., a promi-
nent American Methodist divine, was
born in Donegal, Ireland, May 16, 1793.
He studied for the Methodist ministry,
and in 1815 came to the United States,
and proceeding to Ohio he joined the
conference in that Stale. He was con-
nected with the Indian Mission at Lower
Sandusky for some years, and presiding
elder of the Ohio district subsequently,
and was afterwards professor of Lan-

fuages at Madison College, Uniontown,
'a., where he remained four years. In
1883 he was presiding elder of the
Pittsburgh district, and became editor
of the Pittsburgh Conference Journal,
and subsequently of the Western Chris-
tian Advocate at Cincinnati. He was
afterwards, from 1847 to '60, President
of the Iowa Wcsleyan University, and
professor of Biblical Literature, and
from thence he went to St, Louis as
editor of the Central Christian Advo-
cate, and in its columns strongly sup-
ported the cause of the Union. lie was
again connected with the Iowa Uni-
versity, wilhdriiwing in 1866. He died
at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, January 6,
1869. He wrote a number of works,
mostly in relation to Methodism,
and not altogether devoid of bigotry.
By his co-rellgious he was always held
in high esteem, and was a man oi learn -
ing and talent.

ELLIOTT, REV. "WALTER, an
able and eloquent Catholic divine, of
the order of "Paulists," was born in

Detroit, Michigan, of Irish parents,
Jan'^ 1848, received his early enucation
in hu native city, and entered the Uni-
versity of Notre Dame, Indiana. De-
siring to see Western life, however, he
did not remain to complete his course,
but with some of his classmates he
sought the gold fields of the West. The
reality not proving as glittering as the
picture, they returned after a limited
experience, and our subject settled in
Cincinnati, where he commenced the
study of law under Warner M. Bate-
man. He was prepared for admis-
sion, awaiting only the legal age to
apply, when the war of the great Re-
bellion broke out. He immediately en-
listed in the Fif thOhio regiment and took
the field, serving without intermission to
the end of the war in the South West, and
although repeatedly offered a commis-
sion oh account of capacity and fine
soldierly qualities he always refused,
serving from first to last as a sergeant,
and not only noted for his bravery but
also for his dexterity in the use of arms.
He was wounded and taken prisoner.
Out of this Irish family two other bro-
thers served in the defence of the Union.
Col. Robert T., who fell in the last ad-
vance on Richmond, while gallantly
leading his regiment against the enemy,
and Capt. William R., of the cavalry,
in the pursuit aftc. the desperate battle
of Gettysburg. After the close of the
war our young soldier returned home
to Detroit, and immediately gave at-
tention to his neglected profession. He
was admitted to the Bar, formed a law
partnership with Otto Kirchner, after-
wards Attorney-General of the State
and commenced the active practice of
his profession. He was pushing his
way steadily towards the front, when
he was destined to make a new depar-
ture. Father Hecker, one of tlie foun
ders of the religious association or
"Order of St. Paul the Apostle." a So-
ciety of priests, peculiar to the United
States, and whose particular work ii
giving "Missions," was in Detroit, en-
gaged in his missionary labors, and
while there explained to some young
men the grandeur, the hopes and the
consolation of the work to which their
lives were devoted, which so moved the
chivalrous soul of our soldier advocate
that he declared his intention to make
it too his life work. He immediately
ioincd the novitiate of the "Paulists*
In Now York, and commenced Ma

,C9

1
I

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IRISH CELTS.

•pMTvr

ecclesiastical studies. He soon proved
himself eminently fitted for the work,
into which he threw himself with all
the ardor of a true soldier of Jesus
Christ, although young he soon had
charge of a band of missionaries and he
is known and famed from the Atlantic
to the Pacific for his zeal, success and
eloquence. Father Elliott, as he ap-
pears on his platform pulpit, presents a
commanding figure, which is sustained
by a fine voice, appropriate and impres-
sive action, and earnest and eloquent
diction. He is still gaining in effective-
ness and strength, being yet but in the
prime of life, and the full vigor of his
mental and physical manhood.

ELMORE, (more properly Aylmer.)
Alfred, one of the most distinguished
artists of our day, was the son of an
Irish surgeon, and was born in County
Cork, Ireland, June 18, 1815. He early
displayed artistic talent of a high order.
His father removing to London when
our subject was about twelve, he be-
g&n his active career, by drawing from
antique models in the British Museum.
He became an indefatigable worker,
and his works were both original and
of striking merit. Many of his pic-
tures were exhibited at the Royal
Academy and at the "World Expositions
of London, Paris, aud Philadelphia.
Among his works ai > the "D atli of
Thomas A. Beclict." whic'u n«i. piir-
chased by the great O'Crincil (or f5,-
000, and prest'.itod to tic W ; .and
Row Chapel, Dublin, c "orucilixion"
also in the same church. "The Inven-
tion of the Stocking Loom," "The
Death bed of Robert King of Naples,"
* 'Hotspur and the Fop," "Griselda,"
*'A subject from Pepy's Dairy," "Maria
Antoinetta in the Temple, "Within
the Convent Walls." "Ishmael," "Louis
XIII and XIV," "Across the Fields,"
"The Virginians," "Ophelia," "Mary
Queea of Scots and Darnley at Jea-
hurgh," "Pompoei," "John Alder and
Priscilla/' "An Eastern Bath," "On
the Brink of the Abyss," "Leucretia
Borgia," "Leonore," and many others.
He died January 7th, 1881. According
to a distinguislied art critic his method
of handling r id coloring was refined and
Indicate aj\il liia drawing full of grace,
SAtural and artistic.

EMBURY, PHILIP, noted as the
founder of American Methodism, was

bom at Ballygarane, Ireland, in 1728.
He was a carpenter by trade, but had
the Irish gift of ready speech. He be-
came a member of the new departure
from the Established church* which
being more democratic had more attrac-
tions for the poor, and he soon was re*
cognized as the local leader or preacher
at Court-Mattress. In 1760 he emigrat-
ed to America and settled in New York
City. He organized a society in his
own house where he held forth, and as
it increased, they removed to an old
rigging loft, and finally when they felt
able enough, he started the construction
of the "Old John Street Church,"
which he as boss <'fnpenter labored on
till completion, and October 30, 1 768, he
preached the opening sermon. He after-
wards settled in Salem, New York,
where he also labored for Methodism
and where he died in 1775.

EMMET, JOHK !A.TTON, a talent-
ed American phy-,i. inn and scientist
was born in Dublin April 8th, 1797 and
was son of Thomas Addis Emmet. He
came with his parents to the United
States and vftm partially educated in
West Point :m(f resided one year ia
Italy. On hi^ r -Uirn tv:> the United
States >^ v'udivv iodicino. After com-
pleting hi(j couvsc he went South for
the benefit of his health, which was
much impaired, and in 1823 settled la
Charleston, S. C; here he began prac-
tice. In 1824 he was elected Professor
of Chemistry aud Natural History in
the University of Virginia, and during
several years was a contributor to Sill-
man's Journal. He died in New York
August 13, 1842.

EMMET, ROBERT, one of the most
eminent of Irish patriots and orators,
was the son of a physician, and born at
Cork in 1780. While still a boy he
took an active part in discussing the
condition of affairs in Ireland, became
associated with the United Irishmen,
and wan an ardent advocate for the ab-
solute ii\dependcnce of his country and
the establishment of an Irish Republic.
When tliese attempts failed in '98, Rob-
ert Emmet escaped to France, where he
remained till the winter of 1803. It
was about this time that his brotlier
Thomas, who had been imprisoned for
his connection with the Society was re-
leased and came to France. In the
MMinter of this year Robert again return-

EMM

IRI8K CELTS.

EMM

lob-
cbe

It
ther
I for

ra-
the
uru-

ed to Ireland, and commenced to or- -
ganize once again. In July 1803 a
.rising took place in Dubhn, but it
proved an undisciplined mob, who
utterly disregarded order or authority
of leaders, and would bring ruin on
friend and foe alike. Emmet utterly un-
able to cope with the discord, or to
^iape it to any good end, abandoned in
disgust the rabble route, which might
htive' possessed themselves of Dublin, if
coolness, order and respect of others
Tights had ruled them, for the govern-
men! troops seemed to hesitate for some
time as to how they should act, Emmet
•escaped to the Wicklow Mountains and
remained for a short time concealed,
but he unfortunately again returned to
Dublin, was apprehended, tried and
convicted of treason. He was executed
on the 20th of September, 1808. He
met his fate with the couiage of a
christian and a hero, and his memor-
able speech before the debased and
heartless so called ministers of Justice,
who, shamefully tried to brow-beat the
jouDg but indomitable patriot and to
cover him with the stigma of criminal-
ity, \7ill thrill the hearts of patriots in
«ges I'o come, by the inspiration of its
maaly and magnificent eloquence, when
the ciaven tools of the bloated govern-
ment who transgressed both the Taws of
humanity and decency in the trial of
this foredoomed young patriot, will be
forgotten, or remembered only by their
infamy. His closing words, after re-
peate<i interruptions, was in this beau-
tiful language, "Let no man write my
epitaph, tor as no one who knows my
motivi^i dares now to vindicate them,
let not ignorance or prejudice asperse
■them. Let them and me remain in ob-
scurity and peace, and my tomb re-
main uninscribed, until other men in
other times can do justice to my charac-
ter, when my county shall have taken
Jher stand among the nations of the
earth; then, and not till then, let my
epitaph lie written."

EMMET, TEMPLE, eldest of the
celebrated Emmet brothers, and per-
haps the most talented of this extraordi-
nary family, was born in Dublin, and
educated in Trinity College in that city.
He was enrly distinguished for the bril-
liancy of his genius and commanding
ability. He studied law and was ad-
mitted to the IrisI- Bar, and it was said
of him at the time, of his admission,

that he was probably more profoun^y
read in law than any judge of the courts
in which he was admitted. He was not
only gifted with a clear and compre*
hensive mind, but also with a wonder*
ful memory, which was the astonish*
ment of his associates, who were also
highly gifted. He seemed to have re-
tained eveiythinp: of value he read,
and he was c dited with havine
read almost ev' ything. His mina
was highly poetical, and filled with
the most brilliant imagery, so much
so that his early speeches in Col-
lege were delivered in a kind of blank
verse. But the reputation he was fast
making at the Bar, was rather toe the
soundness of his law, and the prof oucd-
ity of his reasoning, and he was surely
pushing to the head of his profef^sion
when he died in 1788, like Robert, in
the morning of life.

♦ 1;

EMMET. THOMAS ADDIS, one of
the most able of lawyers and advocates;
was bom in Cork in 17ft4. He gradu-
ated at Trinity College Dublin, and
studied medicine in tb ■ Univeraily ef
Glasgow, where hj gradutiteu. Th«
death of his elder brother, wLo ■ft'*]« a
member of the bar, [however, cuauged
his intention, and he ccnmenced the
study of law, and efter t«o ye; i-s f< • the
Temple and the courtrj of ~^ estrr^nmar
he returned to Dublin, a'.; wa"? ( Irnit-
ted to the Bar in llii. la souii rose
to distinction and acqi '.cd an extensive
and lucrative practice. Ir 1798 he was
arrested and committed tr.- prison on ac-
cou? if his well-known patroij •. prin-
cip' and supposed connec " u with
th( lited Irishmen, and remained in
cu viy of government till 1803 About
%h\H time he desired to come io America,
ai I communicated with Rufus King,
then American minister at London, but
^ireived an insulting rebuff from that

uaaent patriot! He then removed
with his family to BrusseLi, and after-
wards to Paris,' and from thence by the
advice and urgency of Iilsh Ameiicau
friends he sailed for the United States
in 1804. The arbitrary acts of the
Government, which, through the instru-
mentality of a packed jury, put to
death his brother,had materially impair-
ed ''is fortune, and after anlving in
Ai .rica with his large family, he de-
libernted for some time as to which of
his professions it would be most pru-
dent to adopt. Happily he determined

ENG

IBI8H CELTS.

ENG

in favor of the Law and at once com-
menced a most brilliant career, soon
rivalling in reputation and extent of
practice the ablest of American lawyers.
He was thus spoken of by a cotempor-
ary at this time, himself an able West-
ern lawyer. "Thomas Addis Emmet
is the great luminary whose light pene
trates our Western mountains, anrl we
hail his exertions with a kind of local
pride." In 1813 he was appointed At-
torney-General of the State of New
York. His death took place suddenly
in 18.37. As a lawyer, or advocate in
days when the American Bar had some
of its most illustrious lights, he had no
superior.

ENDA, SAINT, of Arran, was des
cended of the princely house of Orgiel,
and was brother-in-law to King AengU9.
He was in his youth a disciple of St.
ratrick and also received instructions
from at. Ailbe of Emly. Pe also trav-
eled to Rome and is said to have been
ordained there. King Aengus at the
request of St. Ailbe, gave him the Isle
of Arran on which to found a religious
house, sometime after his return in 480,
nnd he immediately set to work with
other pious associates and established a
monastery and school which even in
his life time became a celebrated seat of
learning. The Isle became dotted with
retreats of piety and learning, and stu-
dents caiT\e t'roia all parts of Ireland,
Brit ii A and the continent to drink at its

Eure founts. This saint was held in
igh esteem and was eminent for learn-
ing as well as virtue. The great St.
Brendan of Clonfert visited him before
sturting on his voyage to the Northern
Islands and New World, a little after
which time our saint died about 540,

ENGLAND, RT. IlEV. JOHN, one
of the most able and illustrioufi of the
Catholic Lishops who ever adorne4 the
Church in America, was born at Cork,
Ireland, September 23, 1786. He re-
ceived his early education in a Protes-
tant school, Catholic schools in that
day being not fully reheved from the
oppression of the Penal laws. After
leaving sclwol he at first delermined to
adopt the profession of the !aw, nnd
with that view spent two years hi the
ofticdof an eminent barrister. Provi-
dence had, however, better and greater
designs in his regard, and he felt called
upon to devote liiraself to a r» 'igious

vocation. His pious iiarents seconded
his desires, and he entered Carlow Col*
lege and began his theological studies.
Here he soon displayed thoae command^
ing talents which afterward made him
M eminent in his future home. So re-^.
markable were his talents that his bishop.
Dr. Moylan, called him home before he
was twenty-two, and appointed him
President of the Diocesian Seminary of
Cork, and shortly afterv«-ard he was
ordained by dispensation, October, 1808,
he wanting several years of the cano-
nical age. His was a day of struggle
in Ireland, for both the Catholic and
the patriot, and the young priest, full
of genius and inspiration, and the manly
independencj of his race soon became
marked, as he was a fearless leader of
the people, and consequently persecuted
and hated by the mino'is of power.
He became editor and proprietor of the
Cork Chronicle, and it blazed and scin-
tillated with the ardent patriotism,
cutting logic, and eloquent appeals of
its fearless editor. The bigots and
tyrants, whom he arraigned, smarting
under the lash, Tised every engine which
a government constructed,for supplan-
tion and oppression placed in their
hands, to crush their undaunted de-
nouncer, and he was one time fined
£500 for his timerty. As might be
supposed, he was a strong advocate of
Catholic emancipation, and an intimate
friend of the great lay leader, Daniel
O'Connell. In 18/7 Dr. England was
appointed parish priest of Bandon, a
place of unrivalled bigotry, and famous
for its inscription of welcome to "Turk,
Heathen or Jew," but of warning to the'
papist to keep without its gates. Father
England, who knew no fear, entered
on his appointed mission. Strange as
it may appear, the savage inscription
was no idle one, for the heroic priest
had narrow escape from death, from ani
enemy more wanton and savage than
the untutored Indian. In July, 1820,
he received notice from Rome or hispp-
pvMntmcnt to the Sen of Cha/leston,
South Carolina. His name had pre-
viously been mentioned for an Irish See
but he declared that he never would
wear a mitre in a See subject to the
liritish flag. He W)'s consecrated in
the city of Cork, September 21, 1820.
The uaual oath of allegiance |admini«-
terod at consecration to bishops, who
were British subject', bo^ng proposed
to him by the consecrating bishop, he

ENG

IRISH CELTS.

ENG

declined to take it, ttie consecrator hes-
itating at first to proc ed Dr. England
said he would seek consecration else-
where, as he was determined t« take no
oath of that kind, but the one required
by the laws of his future home, the
United States, to make him a citizen of
that country. He was at this time in
the thirtjr-fourth year of his age and
the twelfth of his sacred ministry. He
immediately made preparations for his
departure, and after a long and tedious
voyage he arrived in Charleston Decem-
ber w, 1820, and the next day, Sunday,
the last of the year, he celebrated his
first Mass in America, took possession
of his diocese and preached his first
sermon. Rev. Benedict Fenwick, S. J.
afterwards bishop of Boston, was in
charge of the Charleston mission, and
became Bishop England's Vicar Gen-
eral. The prospects before the new
bishop were not very encouraging; three
large states, North Carolina, South Cur-
olina and Georgia, or rather one great
■wilderness stretching over them, was
the extent of his See. Over all this
ground was thinly scattered the flock
which he was sent to direct and govern.
Many of them had not seen a priest for
years, and their cliildren were brought
up without any religious instruction,
except in rare cases, and they them-
selves had almost lost the faith, and this
was not helped bj the ignorance and
bigotry of their neighbors. But God in
his mercy had sent a man equal to the
emergency, the difficulties only inflamed
his zeal. He found only two churches
and two priests in his vast diocese. He
immediately set to work; he organized
his scattered flocks, or rather it might
be said, he discovered, he found them,
for indeed they were astray, "but the
good shepherd knoweth his sheep and
tliey heareth his voice," and so it was
here in truth, he brought them together,
he instructed, enlightened, encouraged
them. He suggested and promoted the
establishment of permanent places of
worship, where they should meet on
Sundays and holy days of obligation,
and join together in prayer and the
recitation of holy oflices and pious read-
ing, until sucli time as a church could
be built and a priest given them. To
do this he traveled thousands of miles
on foot and on horseback, in All kinds
of weather, and over roads almost im-
passable, with an unlliigiug spirit full
of cheerfulness and hope In the midst

of poverty, and often want, so much s#>
that at times his b ar feet were blistered
by the burning flagstones in the streets
of Charleston, the soles of his shoes be-
ing worn off and no others to replace
them. After making this first visita'
tion of his diocese, with almost incred-
ible labor and hardships, organizing his-
scattered people and putting them in
the way of instruction and the practice of
their religion, he returned to Charleston
and immediately commenced a course
of lectures on the piincipal truths of re-
ligion. This course attracted great at-
tention from all classes and was crowd-
ed with non-catholics. Seeing the want
of a proper book of instruction for his
people, he immediately set to work and
produced a catechism to meet the want,
and also organized a book society for
the production of such literature as
would be most beneficial for his people.
Bishop England soon gained the respect
and admiration of all classes. He was
a man of commanding presence, great
dignity of character, added to this he
was a scholar of varied parts, profound
and logical, and more still, he possessed
that Irish gift of irresistible fei"vid elo-
quence which especially claims the ad-
miration and wins the Southern heart.
He was often invited by the ministers
of other congregations to preach or
lecture in their churches, which he
usually accepted under proper condi-
tions. His fame as a preacher of un-
equalled power and eloquence, was
recognized from his first appearance
among them, by all classes of Chris-
tians in his vast diocese, and was soon
heralded abroad over tne whole country.
So strong was this desire to hear liint
preach that he was contiiuially stopped
m his visitations through his diocese,,
and requested to preach in a public
hall, court house, or some church of his
separated brethren. This model bishop
was sleepless and indefatigable in every
thing that could promote the well-be-
in^ of his people, and tlie good of re-
ligion. When he came to Cliarleston
there was no classical school or college
where a young man miglit receive a

t)roper education to tit iiim for the
earned profession. He determined to
supply the want, as well for I is own
necessities in preparing studenlj» foi* the
pi-iesthood, as to m<iet the general want.
To do this lie trained up his clerical
students as professors, while they pursu-
ed at the same thuir ecclesiastical siudieg.

■iL

.,u iMi

ENG

IRISH GBLTB.

ENO

He also, !n conjunction with his Book
Society, establislied the Catholic Mis-
•cellany in 1822, and was truly the
founder of real Catholic journalism in
■the United States. This in his hands
became a popular and powerful aid in
•deceminating Catholic principles and in
'defending Catholic interests and truths.
His' powerful and trenchant pen for
twenty years filled its columns with
wisdom, logic, and eloquence, making
it feared and respected by the bigot,
:»dmired and sought after by the se^er
of the good and the lover of justice,
liberty and truth. His gr^At popular-
ity, unexampled energy and success in
i)romoting the cause of his religion, at
ength raised a storm of bigotry against
him, and for a while press and pulpit
learned with tirades abuse and slander
^against popery, its objects and dangers.
But although this may have prejudiced
the ignorant and spurred on the bigot,
it fell harmless at the feet of this great
Bishop. The majesty simplicity and
truthfulness of character, his patriotism
■and unrivalled eloquence, the generos-
ity and matchless unselfishness of his
•every day life, had justly earned hosts
of admiring friends among the most in-
telligent and cultivated of his dissent-
ing brethren. He had first won their
admiration by his eloquence and learn-
ing, their respect by the dignity and
nobility of his character, their love by
his unselfish life and heroic devotion to
duty. They had seen him in the midst,
•of that ten-ible scourge, the yellow
fever, where victims were often aband-
oned by their nearest friends, ceaseless
and tireless in helping and consoling
them by day and by night, snatching
an uncertain rest to recuperate exhaust-
ed nature, and risking his own life each
and every moment of his labors tiuring
■the existence of the scourge — ever the
priest, the consoler and the friend. In
this fit of fronzy referred to, the bigots
threatened to bum the Catholic Con-
vent of Charle&con by the hands of a
lawless mob. Happily they had to
deal with n man who was fearless of
'death, either in the face of pe.*iilence or
the dagger of the assassin — of a patriot
who utterly despised a mob. He gath-
ered around the threatened building a
handful of gallant men with rifles in
their hands, each of which he inspected,
to be sure that they were fit for prompt
use, and let the raoble know that they
•were men who, while they loved and

obeyed the the laws of their country,
knew their rishts and were determined
to maintain mem, and that any mob,
on any pretext, would interfere with
them at the peril of life. The bigots,
as such usually are, were cowards, and
concluded that discretion was the bet*
ter part of valor. On invitation, the
Bishop once preached before Congress
in the Hall of the House of Represent-
tives, and impressed his distinguished
audience by the greatness of his ability.
He also established in Charleston an
anti-dueling association of which Qen.
Pinckney was the first President, and
delivered before them an eloquent and
masterly address on the wickedness of
this evil practice. His good works were
not confined te his own diocese, but
were asked for and freely ^ven in
other sections of the country. In 1841
he went to Europe in the interests of
his diocese, and returning in the spring
of the following year on board a vessd
in which malignant dysentery broke
out .especially among the steerage pas-
sengers. This good shepherd labored
incessantly in attendance upon the vic-
tims, acting as priest, physician and
nurse. When they arrivea in Phila- <
delphia he was completely worn out
with labor and want of rest, and the
seeds of the fatal disease had fastened
themselves on his weakened system;
yet he thought not of himself, took no
rest, but continued to labor and preach
on his way home, preaching five times
during the four days he remained in
Baltimore. He arrived at home still
more weakened, yet he sought no rest,
but would give an audience to the
humblest who came to see him. His
death was worthy of his life and labors.
He called his clergy around him and
asked pardon for any seeming harsh-
ness and want of kindness which he
might have been guilty of in his govern-
ment of them, expressed his great love
for all his people, and his regret that he
could not have known them all more
intimately. He expressed his great
solicitude for his infant institutions
which were the fruit of charity, and
therefore be bulwarks of faith, and re-
commended them especially to the zeal
and care of clergy and people. He
died on the 11th of April, 1842, in the
very prime of life and vigor of his in-
tellectual powers, and with him passed
away a mind second to none, which
ever adorned the Catholic history of

EOO

IBISH CELTS.

ERI

labors,
im and
harsh-
lich he
govem-
eat love
that he
ai more
great
itutions
ity, and
and re-
the zeal
le. He
, in the
his in-
1 passed
, which
itory of

America. His polemical efforts have
been likened "to a straight bar of pol-
ished steel, connecting his conclusions
with his premises, the light of Heaven
blazing and flashing aromid it."

ENGLAND, LIEUT. GEN. RICH-
ARD, a distinguished British soldier,
was born at Liflord, County Clare, Ire-
land, about 1740, entered the army at
an early age, and served with distinc-
tion in various places, and rose to a
Colonelcy. He came with his regiment
to America in 1775, and served through-
out the war. He commanded the
Western portion of the British Cana-
dian provinces, and was stationed for
some years at Detroit, now the beauti-
ful metropolis of Michigan, and was
very popular among the settlers on ac-
count of his kindness and consideration.
He returned to Ireland where he died.

ENGLAND, SIR RICHARD, an
able and accomplished British [soldier,
was the son of the foregoing, and was
bom at Detroit, Michi^n, in 1798. He
entered the army in his fifteenth year,
, and in 1809 saw active service at the
seige of Flushing, was a staff o£9cer in
Sicily the next year, and served with
distinction throughout the Napoleonic
wars; where he was promoted to the
command of the 75th Regiment. He
held command in Caffraria in 1882-8,
and distinguished himself in the war of
1885-6 in that country, and also in the
Affghan war at the relief of Candahar,
where he commanded the Bombay col-
unm, and was knighted for gallant ser-
vices. In the Crimea he commanded
a division, and was present at Alma,
Inkennann.and all the operations before
Sebastapol, and x-^as made a Lieutenant
General in 1856 for gallant services in
this war. He was also created a grand
officer of the Legion of Honor, and
was also invested by the Sultan with an
honor of the flirst class.

ENNA, II, a wise and able monarch
of Ireland, who reigned about B. C.
600. It is said that in his reign money
was first coined in Ireland at a place
called Airgiodros. .

EOCHA, II, a warlike monarch 'of
Ireland, who reigned B. C. 560. He
often invaded Britain, and gave the in-
habitants a salutary fear of his prowess
and power. Gildas compiainingly re-

fers to his invasions, as he does to those-
of Aongus, Crimthan, Niall the Great
and Dathy.

EOCHA, IX, sumamed "Felioch"or
the melancholy, was mpnarch of Ireland.
He it was who erected the provinces of
Ireland into 8emi-indeper,dent king-
doms (a state in which it was said they
existed in a prior age), on condition of
the princes paying a stipulated annual
tribute, which policy was in all proba-
bility the great cause of all the future
misfortunes of Ireland; the retrospec-
tive shadows of which were enough tO'
make its authors "melancholy" indeed.

EOCHA, XII, Monarch of Ireland,
was the son of Muierdach, King of
Connaught and Monarch of Ireland,
whom he succeeded. He had four sons
by Mung-Fionn of the line of OilioU
Olum, viz: Brian, Fiachra, Fergus and
Oilioll. He had a fifth son by Carthan-
Cas-Dubh, a princess of Britain, who
became one of the most celebrated
monarchs of Ireland, viz: Niall the
Great. Eocha died A. D. 860.

EOCHA, Riada or Reuda, according
to Bede, was son of Conarell, Monarch
of Ireland. He established the first of
the Scoto-Milesians colonies in Albania
(Scotland) about A. D. 212, and gave
the command of it to Kinta, his son.
The venerable Bede thus relates it: "In
the course of time Britain, after the
Britons and Picts, admitted a third
nation, the Scots among the Picts, who
imder the guidance of Reuda, left Ire-
land, and claimed, from either friend-
^ip 07 by the sword, a sel,t]iement
among them, which they thus fur hold.
From that leader, they retain to this day
the name of Dalreudini. "Bede's Ch.
Hist. B. 1. C. 1. Reuda returned t&
Ireland and there died.

ERIGENA, JOHN SCOTUS. aleam-
ed scholar of the ninth century. After
completing the course of studies in the
most celebrated schools of Ireland, or
Scotia, as it was then called, he traveled
in the East and pursued his studies in
the cradles of learning. On his return
he lived for some years at the Court of
Charles the Bald of France ind was
heud of the University of P iris. He
afterwards came to England nt the so-
licitation of Alfred andassistei^ in form-
ing the University of Oxford, was it»

'1^-KI

i;ijt„.i«j

ESM

IBTSH CELTS.

EUS

Professor of Mathematics and Astron-
omy. He afterwards established a
School at Malsonbury Abbey where his
scholars are said to have murdered him,
but the most probable account is that
he again went to France and died there
at an advanced age. His treatise on
the nature of things was published by
Gale in 1681.

EVANS, LIEUT. GENi SIR De-
XiACY, a distinguished and gallant of-
ficer in the service of Great Britain,
was born at Moig Ireland in 1787. He
entered the army at an early a^e and
served for three years in India, and
subsequently in Spain and Portugal,
where he greatly distinguished himself
in the campaign from 1812 to '14. He
was then sent to America, and served
under Ross around Baltimore and Wash-
ington, and was at the battle Bladens-
burg, and was with PackenhamatNew
Orleans when the flower of the British
army was defeated by half their num-
bers, under Jackson. Here Evans was
wounded and sent home. He recover-
ed in time to participate in the battles of
Quarter Bras and Waterloo, where he
commanded a regiment and greatly dis-
tinguished himself, and was made Col-
onel of the 21st foot. In 1828 he pub-
lished a pamphlet on the designs of
Russia in the East, and in 1830 took
his seat in Parliament for Rye, and
from '33 to '41 he sat for Westminster.
In 1835 he commanded the auxiliary
forces in aid of the Queen of Spain
against Don Carlos, and for gallant ser-
vices was made E^night Commander of
Bath, and also adorned with Spanish
titles. In 1886 he was made Major
General, and again sat in Parliament
for Westminster. On the breaking out
•of the war with Russia (Crimean) he
was appointed to the command of the
2nd Division,|and made Lieut. General.
He greatly distinguished himself at
Sebastapol, gallantly driving back a
heavy sortie of the enemy made against
his lines, and received the .thanks of
Parliament, the Grand Cross of the Bath
and was made a grand officer of the
Legion of Honor. He died in London,
Jjmuary 9, 1870.

ESMOND, SIR JOHN M. P., was
bom in Wexford, Ireland, in 1820, was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
and was called to the Irish Bar in 1850.
He represented Waterford as a Liberal

from 1852 for many years. In 1866 he
was a Junior Lord of the Treasury.
He succeeded his uncle as Baronet of
Ballynostra in 1868. He died Decem-
ber 10, 1876.

EUSDEN, LAWRENCE, poet laur-
eat, of England, was the son of Dr.
Eusden, an Irish clergyman, who set-
tled in England and became rector oi
Spotsworth in Yorkshire. He early de-
veloped poetic talent, and was first
patronized by Lord Halifax, and after-
wards by the Duke of Newcastle. In
1718 he was made poet laureat, and was
satirised by Pope in his Dunciad for
no special reason. He left behind him
an annotated translation of the works of
Tasso, and a life of the great Italian
poet. Some of his best poems may be
seen in "Nichol's Select Collections"
He died in 1730.

EUSTACE, JAMES, Vicount Bal-
tinglas, an Irish patriot and soldier in
the days of Elizabeth. He took up
arms in defence of his country and re-
ligious freedom, and in conjunction
with Fiach MacHugh, he defeated Lord
Gray, the deputy at Gleandaloch, after
a desperate fight, in which the English
lost about a thousand men and were com-
pletely routed. After varying fortune,
this nobleman at length withdrew to
Spain, where he died about A. D. 1686.

EUSTACE, MAURICE, a youth of
noble birth and brilliant parts, honored
as a confessor and mar^, was the son
of Sir John Eustace of Dublin, born
about 1570, and was educated at Bruges,
and had commenced his novitiate with
the Jesuits intending to enter that or-
der, when at the request of his family
he came home on a visit, before taking
his first vow. He was not long in the
loved home of his youth when he was
seized by the emissaries of Elizabeth, on
the charge of correspondence with the
Catholic confederate Chieftains. The
young man calmly defied them to pro-
duce any proof, and said that his mis-
sion was rather one of love and peace;
that he was only at home to make his

Earents and family a visit before he
ound himself by vow to the priestly
order of Jesuits. The Judge then said
to him, out of your own testimony^ I
condemn you, for if you are a Jesuit,
it is prima facia evidence of your guilt,
and he was condemned to be hung and

PAI

HUSH CELTS

FAR

e was
th, on
I the
The
pro-
mis-

quartered. which sentence was carried
«ut July 9, 1588.

EWING, REV. FINIS, an able Pres-
byterian divine, and an associate of Mc-
vready in advocating the peculiar
branch of Presbyterianism known as the
Cumberland Presbyterian Church. He
was born in Ireland in 1773, and like
his associate was famous for his orator-
ical power. He came to the United
States at an early day, tind was held in
the his^hest esteem for his zeal and abil-
ity, lie died in 1841.

^WING, JOHN, a talented Ameri-
*;an politician, was born while his par-
ents were on their way to the United
States from Ireland, about 1800 and re-
ceived an ordinary education in Balti-
more, where he first gave his attention
te mercantile affairs. He afterwards
settled in Indiana, where he was hon-
ored by his fellow citizens with positions
of trust and honor; and became a writer
of considerable taste and culture. He
twice represented his fellow citizens in
Congress, with credit and ability. He
died suddenly at Yincennes, Indiana,
in 1857.

EWING, JOHN, D. D„ a celebrated
Presbyterian divine, was born in Ire-
land in 1733, and came when an infant
with his parents to the Irish settlements
in Pennsyl/a nia. He was a promin-
ent pastor in Philadelphia in 1759, and
a strong advocate of the Peoples Rights.
He became provost of the University of
Pennsylvama in 1779, and died in 1802.

EWING, THOMAS, LL. D., an able
and learned American statesman, was
of Irish descent, born in Virginia in
1789. He twice represented Ohio in
the United States Senate, was Secretary
of the Treasury under Tyler in 1841,
Secretary of the Interior under Taylor
in 1849. He was a man of solid ability,
extensive knowledge and great dignity
of character, and was among the ablest
American statesmen of his day. He
has left behind him sons of equal ability
and distinction. He died in 1871.

PAIR, JAMES G., a prominent pol-
itician and mining engineer of Nevada,
and one of the celebrated firm known
as the "Bonanza Kings" which includ-
ed Mackey, Pair, Plood and O'Brien,
all Irishmen, who were the owners of

the richest mines ever developed, whose
yield it is said exceeded the enormous
amount of $200,000,000. Fair was
bom near Belfast, Ireland, Decern*
her 8, 1831, and emigrated with his
parents to the United States in 1843,
settling in Illinois. He received a
thorough practical education, giving
special attention to scientific studies.
On the breaking out of the ' 'Gold Fever"
in 1849, Fair started for the front and
remained in California until 1860, ex-
periencing the usual vicissitudes of min-
ing life. The Nevada "finds" attract-
his attention, he removed there, and
soon became extensively engagefl in
mining, and the constructing of all the
various engineering work necessary to
successfully work on a large scale min-
ing operations; such as huge quartz
mills, the utilbing of water power, etc.
In 1867 he entered into the famous
partnership with Mackey, O'Brien and
Flood, who, combining their great re-
sources, secured the ownership of the
Bonanzas and other valuable mines,
which, under the direct supervision of
Mackey and Fair, yielded such amaz-
ing results. The firm did not confine
themselves to mining, but became ex-
tensively engaged in banking, manufac-
turing and real estate, and exerted a
powerful influence in all the affairs of
the "Pacific Slope." Fair was elected
United States Senator, as a Democrat,
and took his seat March 4, 1881. Like
his partner, Mackey, he is a man of
sound, practical common sense and
great experience in all the affairs of
life.

FARELLT, JOHN W., a talented
Pennsylvania politician and jurist, was
born in that slate of Irish parents, about
1800, received a fair education, studied
law, was admitted to the Bar of his na-
tive state, and soon made his mark.
He was entrusted with positions of
honor and trust, and in 1847 he was
sent to Congress from his district.

PARELLY, PATRICK, a distin-
guished lawyer and politician of Penn-
sylvania, was born in Ireland in 1760,
and received a classical education.
After emigrating to America he adopt-
ed the profession of Law, and soon won
honor and practice. He represented
His fellow citizens in the United States
Congress for several terms, and died

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Sciences
Corporation

33 WIST MAIN STMIT

WIUTM,N.Y. 14SM

(7U)I72-4S03

PAB

nusn CELTa

PAR

while in the active discharge of his
duties as such, January 13, 1826.

PARLEY, JAMES LOUIS, a pop-
ular joumaliatic correspondent and
author, was bom in Dublin, September
9, 1828. He was brought up to busi-
ness and after considerable traveling,
found hiniself in the East, and while
in Turkey, 1860, became accountant-
general 01 the State Bank of Turkey,
and while there became correspondent
of the London Daily News. In 1870
he became Turkish Consul at Bristol,
England. He is the author of "Two
Years vi Syria," "The Druses and the
Maronites,'^' "The Recources of Tur-
key," "Banking in Turkey," and
"Turkey."

PARLEY, HARRIET, a talented
American female journalist and writer,
of Irish extraction, bom in New Hamp-
shire. She became editor of the "Of*
f ering," a pa))er sustained by the factory
girls at Lowell, Mass. And among her
other works are "Shells from the
Strand of the Sea of Qenius," 1847,
and "Mind among the Spindles," Lon-
don, 1840.

PARMER, CAPTAIN, a brave and
intreprid officer of the British narv,
was born at Youghal County, Cork,
about 1760, and after completing his
education entered the navy, where he
soon won distinction es a brave and
skillful officer. His last memorable ac-
tion exhibits the character of the man.
While criUsing ofF Ushant with his ship
the Quebec, he came up with a French
frigate of greatly superior force and im-
mediately engaged her. The contest
was a desperate one, and victory almost
within his grasp, when his ship acci-
dently took fire. He had now two
enemies instead of one, but with en-
tripidity unrivalled, he continued the
deH})crute contest until the fire reaching
his mn.i;a/Jno his vessel was blown to
pic'cuH with himself and most of his
crew, 1779.

FARQUHAR, OEOROE, a dramat-
ist, was born in 1678 at Londonderry,
Ireland. He entered Trinity College,
Dublin, but did not complete his stud^s.
Ho went from thence on the Dublin
stage, which he soon quitted in conse-
quence of having dangerotnly wounded

a brother actor with a sword, having
used it instead of a foil. From Dublin-
he went to London, being in his eigh-
teenth year. His fine manly apear-
ance and talents caused him tooe much>
noticed, and secured for him the friend-
ship of the Earl of Orrery, who secured
him a Lieutenants Commission. At the
persuasion of his friend Wilkes, Par-
quhar tried his hand at the drama, and

f)roduced in 1690 his comedy of "Love-
n a Battle." The success which it ob-
tained induced him to continue, and
between 1698 and 1707 he produced
the "Constant Couple. Sir Harry Wild-
lair," "The Inconstant," "The Twin
Rivals," "The Stage Coach," "The-
Recruiting Officer," and the "Beaux's
Stratagem," some of which still have
the boards. He also published a vol-
ume of Miscellanies. He died in 1707.
His drama possesses much wit and
sprightliness, tinctured, however, with
the besetting sin of most of the early^
British dramatists.

PARREN, ELIZA, Countess of Der-
by, a talented and popular actress, and
celebrated for her great beauty and
charming manners, was the daugnter of
a Cc mty Cork Surgeon, who also had
a passion for the stage and appeared on
the English board*;. He was a man of
talent and jgeneral knowledge, butso'
changeable in his pursuits that when he
died he left his family in strai itened
circumstances. Eliza, who had liistron-
ic talent, whicL her father took pride
in cultivating, and exhibiting in social
circles, a custom at that time very popu-
lar in Ireland among the most cultiva-
ted society, determined to put it to use
in supporting herself and family. She
accoridingly appeared in Liverpool,
where the family resided when her
father died, in 1778; and immediately
became very popular, as much perhaps,
from her grace and beauty as from any
extra ability. In 1877 she appeared in
Jiondon successively in the Hay market,
Covent Garden and Drury Lane, and
every where with great applause. • The
most illustroun men of tlie time paid
homage to her surpassing beauty,
charming manners, and stainless char-
acter, if not to her great talents. In
May 1797, she was married to the Earl
of Derby, and left one daughter, who
became Countess of Wilton. She died
AprU 82, 1829.

PLATg 9.

I* Robert Gmmet.
'* John Mitchel.

"■"■ ^ '~~ [»P Napper Tandy.
Thos. F. Meagher. W T. D. McGee.

TEA

nUSB CELTS.

FEL

FATJCIT, HELEN, a celebrated Eng-
lish actress, of Irish parentage, was
born in 1816, made her debut in Lon-
don, at Covent Garoen in JanuaiylSSS,
as Julia in the Hunchback, with great
success, takine the leading position as
a member of Macreadv's company. She
was the first and perhaps ^eatest im-
personator of the heroines in Bulwer's
Lady of Lyons and Richelieu. In
1861 she married Thomas Martin, but
'continued to appear at intervals.

FEARDADACH, the Just and Feid-
lin the Legislator were distinguished
among the early Monarchs of Ireland,
B. C. 600, for their learning and dis*
tinguished qualities, and their patron-
age of leammg, and learned men.

FEARGALL, grandson of Hugh IV,
monarch of Ireland, A. D. 711. Dur-
ing his and the preceeding reign the
Bntons and Baxons made descents on
Ireland for plunder. This Monarch
chastised them as did also the princes
of Ulster, in a bloody and decisive bat-
tle at Cloch, in Ulster. He was defeat-
ed and killed in a battle with Morrough
MacBroin, King of Leinster, together
with 160 lords and nearly 7000 men,
owing to a sudden panic among his
txoops.

FEARGHAL (FARRELL), ST. an
eminent philosopher and divine of the
eighth centurv, was bom in Ireland
and educated in all the learning of her
schools. He then passed over to the
continent, whither so many of his
learned coimtrymen had preo eded him,
reviving learning amid the wreck of
the empire, tanung and civilizing the
Northern barbarian by the inculcation of
the divine truths of the Christian reli-
gion, and spreading the light of science
and philosophy. Our saint visited Pepin,
with whom he remained two years,
teaching science and philosophy, and
then passed over to Bavaria, where he
took ecclesiastical vows and was or-
dained priest. He continued to pub-
lically teach the sciences and was ac-
cusea before Pope Zachary with teach-
ing heritical doctrines. He was per-
haps the first, at least of the moderns,
who taught the sphericity of tlie eui lU,
the existence of antii)odes, and in fact
the solar system substantially as it is
held now. Pope Zachary, instead of
condemning him, acquitted him of any

violation of fait^, and was convinced
of the soundness of his scientific theories
as well as his sincere and uneifected
piety and learning, and made him bish-
op of Salzburg. Our saint was won-
derfully proficient in all the learning of
the day, and familiar with all the con-
tinental languages, as well as master of
the ancient classics, besides bein^ one
of the most profound and original
mathematicians of any age. His mis-
sionary labors were not less admirable.
He died in 784 amid the lamenta-
tions of a people to whom he had been
an apostle. He was canonized by Pope
Gregory IX in 1228. He was known
in his early life as "Virgil the Wander-
er," and at his death as the "Apostle of
Carinthia."

FEARGUS in, and Domnhall mon-
archs of Ireland A. D. 565. They were
skillful and brave princes of Ulster, and
having defeated the monarch Dermod,
they succeeded to the throne on hig
death as joint monarchs,.

FEILIN, siirnamed "ROCHTMAR"
a monarch of Ireland who ascended the
throne A. D. 180. He defeated and
killed Mel, king of Ulster, who had
usurped the monarchy 1[)y wresting the
throne from the father of Feilin (Tutlial)
four years before. Feilin established
the law of "Talion," which fixed a
money penalty for every crime called
"Ernie. ' A similar law is found in the
Bible, book of Kings. He reigned nine
years.

FELITHEM, cFeltham OWEN, an
Irish scholar, wit and philosopher,
bom about 1600, and whe resided for
many years with Murrogh O'Brien
of the Royal family of Thomond.
Feltham wrote "Resolves, Divine, Po-
litical and Moral," which went through
ten editions before his death, and which
has received the highest praise for its
wit, depth and subtlety of thought, play-
ful fancy, and sincere piety. He wrote
both prose and verse. He died about
1680.

FELIX, Bishop of Ltsmore, one of
the Irish prelates who took part in a
general council of the cliiirch, which
was held at Laterau in 1179. He was
a learned and holy doctor who edified
his people both by word and deed.

BiP- H'U

.f^ <

'ki

FEB

HtlBH CELTS.

FIA

PELTON.CORNELroS CONWAY
B distinguished and learned American
■cholar and writer, was bom in Kew-
Iraiy, Mass., of Irish parents, Novem-
ber 0, 1807. He graduated at Harvard
with distinction in 1827, and supported
hfanMlf while there by teaching, and
was one of the conductors of the "Har>
iwd Register" in his senior year. After
nttduatmg he taueht for twc years in
Qenesee, New York, and in 1829 was
appointed assistant Professor of Latin
at Harvard, and in 1882, Professor of
Oreek. In 1884 he was made Eliot
I^rofessor of Greek Literature, and one
of the Regents of the College. During
this time he published an edition (S
"Homer," which has jMissed through
several revised editions, and 1840 a trans-
lation of Menzel's work on Qerman
Literature In 1841 he published
"Clouds" of Aristophanes. He also as-
slsted in preparing a work on classical
studies, and in 1844 assisted Longfellow
tn "Poets and Poetry of Eiurope."

FERGUS, a prince of the Eamochs,
King of Ulster, and for a time monarch
of Iroland. He disputed the sovereign-
ity with Conaat Ulfada. and for a
while was in possession of Tara and de-
clared monarch, but he was at length
defeated and slain by Cormac, on the
frontier of Ulster. He was succeeded
on the throne of Ulster l^ Rosse, of the
race of Heber, in A. D. 384.

FERGUS, first king of the Scots of
Albania, was a prince of the Dalraids
of Ulster (and grandson by his mother,
of Niall the Great). On the successful
effort of the Britons to relieve them-
selves from the oppression of the Ficts
and Scots who overran Britain after
the withdrawal of the Romans, Eocha,
grandfather of Fergus, who was then
chief of the Dalraids of Albania, (Scot-
land) retreated to Ulster, the home of
their race. Under Ere, his son, with
largo additions of theur brethren, the
Dalraids, they returned to Albania and
other and powerful colonies Joined them
from Munster, A. D. 440. Those Ulster
and Munster Clans, idPter landing in
Albania, united with the Dalraids, their
brethren who were not driven out, and
not only sustained themselvM in the
territory which they had previously oo-
eupied, but afterwards, in the next cen-
turiei, they Buocessfully overran, not
onlj the wlkole Hotlah nation, ^inping

out the name, but they also annexed
large portions of Northern Brit'im,
wmch they successfully maintained, A.
D. 840. Those colonists sometime after
their permanent return determined to
to elect a king of their own, having
heretofore re';ognized tlie Monarch m
Ireland as their king. The choice fell
upon Ferirus, who at the time was in
Ulster. Tnis happened about A. D.
608, according ta Usher, Gildas and
Bede.

FERRIS, ABBE, a celebrated fight-
ing divine, was bom in Ireland about
1760, and educated in France for the
priesthood. It would seem, however,
that the army would have been a more

§ roper calling. He was stationed in
'ans at the brea&ing out of the Revo-
lution and emigrateul with the Princes.
He subsequently distinguished himself
in the campaign of /92, '98 and '94
under Conde, as :inentrepid Captain of
grenadiers. Some years later he re-
turned to Paris then under Napoleon's
sway>and was intimate with the promi-
nent Irish officers then in the French
service. On the restoration he was ap-
pointed President of the Irish College
in Paris, On the return of Napoleon
from Elba, however, he retired, and on
returning to Paris after the "hundred
days" he found a new Ftesident in
charge of the College. He however,
took his position again partly by force
and partly by influence, out aid not re-
tain it very long, for gettinc into a dif-
ficulty with Uie Minister of Public In-
straction, Hely St. OisoU, who was
also Irish, he was ordered to remove
hitnself sixty leagues from Paris until

Sermitted to return. We next find him
evoting himself to the law, and he
soon acquired a large and lucrative

Eractice, in adjusting the British claims,
1 which he Developed great tact and
talent. This talented but eratio man
died in Paris in 1829.

FIACH Y, a monarch of Ii^land who
ascended the throne A. D. 78, and was
killed with many of his nobles in a con-
spiracy and rebellion of the Plebeians of
Ireland whom the law excluded from
all part in the government of the King-
dom, and compelled them to follow in
the footsteps of their fathers. This re-
bellion succeeded, and the usurpation
continued for 35 years under Carbre,
who pknned % mi Elim who miooefld-

FIE

XBI8H CELT8.

ed him in the government of the island. '
It was a period of strife and devasta-
tion.

FICH THOMAS, an Irish divine
and writer of note, was sub prior of
Christ Church, Dublin, and the author
of local annals and other works. He
flourished early in the sixteenth cen-
tury.

FIELD, JOHN, an eminent musical
composer, was bom in Dublin July 26,
1782. His father was leader of the
orchestra in the Dublin Theatre, and
his grandfather was an organist in the
same city. From his grandfather he
received his first instructions on the
pianoforte and subst quently became a
pupil of Muzio Clementi, whom he ac-
companied on a professional tour on
the continent, visiting Paris, Vienna,
and finally St. Petersburg, where Field
remained after Clementi returned into
Southern Europe in 1804. At this time
he stood high in his profession, and was
patronized by the most distinguished
society, and his concerts were imif orm-

S' successful. In 1822 he removed to
oscow, where pupils flocked to him,
in great numbers, and his services were
rated at the highest figures. In 1882
he visited Paris and London prof ession-
ally, and in 1884 went to the South of
France for his health, which had been
undermined by the bane of so many
blight geniuses, strong drink. In '85
he performed in Naples, but for many
months was confined in the hospital,
and then returned to Moscow, broken
down in health and spirits, where he
soon afterwards died. As a pianist, he
was said to be without a rival for deli-
cacy, poetic feeling, and grace of style.
Of that form ot composition called
^'Nocturnes," he was the originator, and
whicli has become of late so popular
through the works of Chopin and oth-
ers. Among his chief works are Seven
Concerts for Piano and Orchestra, and
three sonatas dedicated to his old master,
Clementi, and 18 nocturnes. This bril-
liant, but unfortunate genius, died in
the prime of life. Januaiy 11, 1887.

FIELD PADRE, a celebrated Irish
Jesuit, was bom in Limerick about
1660, educated on the continent and en-
tered the order of the Jesuits. His la-
hom were principally in South America.
BewMone of the flnt three Jesuits

who undertook the conversion of the
savages of Paraguay, and was the com-
panion and co-apostle of the Venerable
Auchieta the Thaumaturgus of Brazil.
He died at the age of 88 years.

FIELD, THOMAS, an Irish Catholic
divine, and bishop of Leighlin, was
born in Cork about 1500, he became a
Franciscan friar, and was elevated to
the See of Leighlin by papal provision,
1655. He trovemed the See twelve
years, and died on Good Friday, 1507.

FIELDING, Rev. J. H., a celebrated
M.E. scholar and divine, was bom in Ire-
land 1796, came to the United States in
1814, was Prof, of Mathematics in Mad-
dison College, Pa., afterwards in Au-
gusta, Ky., and latter was President of
St. Charles College, Mo. He died in
1844

FIONAOHTA, ST., a celebrated
monarch of Ireland, A. D. 676, was
grandson of Hugue III, and was a wise
and able ruler. In the iwelf th year of
his reign he reti^d to a monastery with
the design of dedicating his life to the
special service of God, out the affairs of
the state becoming critical, he at the
solicitations of the principal men of the
kingdom res.umed the reigns of govern-
ment. He defeated the King of Leins-
ter in Meath, but at the request of St
Moling abolished the tribute which had
been for many years imposed on that
province, and which had caused bo
many wars. He had previous to his
retirement defeated the forces of Gen.
Berte. whom Ecgfrid, King of the
Northumbrians had dispatchra to make
a descent on the Irish coast, and who
plundered churches, monasteries and
villages, and of which mention is made
by Bede in his history. Cumasgaoh,
King of the Picts also invaded the Is-
land, but he paid the penalty with his
life, and the complete destruction of his
forces by Fionachta at the battle of
Rathmore. This brave and pious
prince was killed in battle A. D. 696,
and is honored as a saint, on Novem-
ber 14, his feast day.

FINDLAT, JAMES, a worthy mem-
ber of the succeeding family of
Irish Americans, was bora in Franklin
County, Pennsylvania. After complet-
ing his education he settled to practice
his professioh in Ohio, where he soon

>."-

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IBI8H CBLT8.

attracted attention by his ability, and
was for many years in Congress. He
died at Cincinnati, December 21, 1885.

PINDLAT, JOHN, a younger broth-
er of the foregoing, was bom m Frank-
lin Coimty, Penn., and received with
his brothers as thorough an education
an his native State afloraed in their day.
He possessed that ability which marked
the family and represented Ids State in
Congress for several terms, elected for
his &Bt term in 1828.

PINDLAT, GOV. WM.. a distin-
guished statesman of Pennsylvania, and
of the same family as the foregoing,
was bom in Pennsylvania about the
commencement of the Revolution, and
received a good education. He early
entered public life, became distin-
guished m his eloquence and ability,
and was elevated by his fellow citizens
to positions of trust and honor. He
was elected Governor of the State in
1817, and at the expiration of his term,
United States Senator, which he held
to 1827. At the same time two of his
younger brothers, James and John,
were members of the House of Repre-
sentatives.

PINDLET, orPindlav WILLIAM, a
distinguished patriot of tueAmerican Re-
volution and an honored citizen of Penn-
sylvania, was bom in Ireland about
1740 and emigrati-d to America early in
life. Like the rest of his countrymen
he opposed with zeal, eloquence and
determination the arbitrary claims of
the British Government to tax and co-
erce the Colonies, and with tongue,
pen and sword he fought through the
gallant struggle. After the close of
the war he settled permanently in
PennHylvania, and was a member of
the convention which formed the new
couHtitution. Like most of the Ameri-
can Irish, he supported the Jefferson
School of Politics and was almost con-
tinually in Congress from 1701 to 1817
and exerted a powerful influence by bis
ability and integrity both in Congress
and bis adopted state. He published a
Review of the Funding System in 1704
and a History of the Insurrection of the
Four Western counties of Pennsylvania
in 1706. He died at UnHy township.
Orunsbury, AprU 6th, 1821, full of
years and honors.

PINLEY, REV. JAMES BRAD-
LET, an eminent American Metho-
dist divine and writer, was bom
of Irish parents in North Carolhia,
July 1st. 1781, and received such
an education as his own energy secur-
ed. He joined the Ohio Methodist
Conference in 1800, and soon became
noted for earnestness and eloquence.
For a while he was atStubinville, Ohio,
in 1821 he was sent as a Missionary t»
the Wyandotte Indians and there he
remained for six years, and in 1845 he
became Chaplain of the Ohio Peniten-
tiary. Among his works are "Wyan-
dotte Missions," "Sketches of Western
Methodism," and "Life among Uie In-
dians." He died at Cincinnati, Sept.
6,1858.

FINLET, DR. SAMUEL,*a distin-
guished scholar and Presbyterian divine,
was bom a Armagh, Ireland, in 1715,
was educated for the ministry and emi-
grated to Philadelphia in his 10th year
and continued his studies ; was licensed
to preach, and was installed a minister
in New Jersey in 1740. He was after-
wards arrested in New Haven, Conn.,
for violating the law against itinerants
preaching in parishes of settled minis-
ters, and expelled from the State as a
vagrant. For nearly twenty years he
taught an acadamy at Nottingham, Md. ,
andin 1781 was chosen President of
New Jersey College at Princeton. He
is the author of sermons &c. He died
July 17, 1866.

FINIAN, ST., of Moville, founder of
the renowned Abby of that name.
County Down, was son of Cbrpreus, of
a princely house, and his mother was
Lassara. They placed their son when
very voung ander thecareof St. Colman
of Dromore, by whome be was sent
after some time to Caylan, Abbot of
Antrim. He finished Ins ecclesiastical
studies under St. Ailbe, of Emiy. He
then started for Rome, but stopped for
some time at the school of Nennis, in
Britain, on his way. He studied in
Rome seven years, and was then ordain-
ed priest. After returning from Rome
he speni ome yeorsin mis-sionary labor
and built his first mdnastery on the
banks of the Lagan, and others in dif-
ferent parts of his missions. He finally
founded the Abby of Moville, in the
County of Down, over which he mled
as Abbot and Bishop. This, under hia

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FIT

"wifle care, soon became a flourishing
community of religious, and a famous
school of learning, and around it rose,
as was usual in those days, a city.
These monasteries not only were great
schools of learning, free to those who
had no means, but they were also great
houses of refuge for the poor and un-
fortunate who always were sure to find
food and shelter within their open doors.
6t. Finian lived to see his school rank
«mong the foremost in Ireland, and
^ed udl of years and grace in 676.

PINIAN, SAINT, was the son of
<yhristian parents, and descended from
a noble family. Ware says he was bap-
tized by St. Abban and eaucated in his
youth under St. Fortkem, bishop of
Trim, who taught him the offices of
the churbh and other Biblical learning,
but as he was bom before that saint It
is not likely. His father's name was
Fintan, ana his mother's, Talech, na-
tives of Leinster. When about thirty
years of age he determined to devote
nimself to missionary labors amone the
heathens, and to prepare himself he
went some time with St. Caiman, near
Wexford, who was a disciple of St.
Patrick, and well calculated, both by
learning and experience, to instruct and
counsel him. After leaving St. Caiman
he crossed over to Britam and spent
some time with St. David of Wales,
and here acquired a knowledge of Sax-
on and Pictish tongues, his ambition
being to spread the gospel among these
people, most of whom were as yet pa-
gans. He preached the gospel among
ttiese people about ten years, convert-
ing many and founding monasteries
and churches. Many wonderful thmgs
«re related by his biographers as hap-
pening to him. He returned to Ireland,
and uter paying a visit to his old in-
structor Caiman, he went on to Wex-
ford and sent a messenger to ^ ^ inff
Huirdeach, who came to visit him, ana
knelt to receive his blessing, and offered
him any lands he would desire for the
foundations of monasteries and church-
es. After establishing several monas-
teries and schools, he established his
celebrated one at Clonard. Ware says
after returning home he was made a
bishop and fixed his See at Clonard, in
Heath, where he also opened a school
which produced men eminent for their
learning and sanctity, and he himself
got the surname of "Finian the Wise."

This was about the year 680. This
school became one of the most famous
in Ireland, and students from all parts
soon filled its halls, numbering at one
time as high as 3000. St. Finian him-
self led a most austere life, his food
consisting of but vegetables, and his
drink of cold water. After presiding
at this crowning work of his life for
twenty-two years, he was at length
called to his reward on the 12th of De-
cember (552), on which day his feast
is celebrated.

FINGLAS, PATRICK, an able leg-
islator and writer, was a native of Ire-
land, chief baron of the ex-chequer and
chief justice in 1584. He wrote a book
on the misfortunes of Ireland, and
their remedies.

FINN, HENRY J., a talented Amer-
ican comedian and author, was son of Ir-
ishnarents and was born at Sydney, Cape
Bnton about 1790. he afterwardfs came
to the United States and subsequently
went to England to reside with a ^va.
uncle who had settled there. Ot. ^e
death of his uncle he returned to Amer-
ica and in 1822 he made his first appear*
ance on the American stage in Boston
and soon became very popular by his
irresistible humor. His correct habits,
strict attention to his professional du-
ties and great popularity, earned for him
a handsome competency. He was re-
turning to his home at iT^ewport, R. L,
on the stesmer Lexington on the night
of Jan. 18th, 1840, wnen she took nre,
and Finn was among the lost. He Is
the author of the drama entitled "Mont-
gomery or the Falls of Montmorency,"
which proved a success. He also lett
behind him an unfinished tragedy.
He edited and published a Comic Aii<
nual and was Uie author of many hu-
morous pieces contributed to the litera-
tureof Uieday.

FITZGERALD, SIR AUGUSTINE,
a distinguished officer in the service of
Britain, was bom in the County Clare,
Ireland, about 1760. He entered the
army at an early age, and distinguished
himself on various occasions, and rose
to the rank of Lieutenant General. He
was rewarded with the title of Baron
for his service in 1821.

FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD,
a celebrated Irish patriot and soldier.

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was the fifth son of the Duke of Lein-
star, and was bom at the family red-
denoe, Dublin, October 10, 1768. He
was educated partly at home and partly
in France. He entered the British
annv at an early age, and was on the
staff of LordRaudon in America, where
he distinguished himself, and was
wounded at the Battle of Eutaw
Spring. After returning to Ireland he
became a member of of the Irish House
ot Commons, and after traveling on the
continent he again rejoined ms r^-
ment in Canada. In 1790 he returned
to Irdand and again became a member
of the Irish Parliament In 1793 he
-virited Paris, where he became acquaint-
ed with some of the leading Reyolution-
ists, and imbibed some of their radical
ideas. At a banquet given by some
Englishmen in Fans he is said to have
pubiically renounced his nobility and
toasted the success of the Bevolution,
and was in consequence dismissed from
the British army. About this time he
married Pamela, daughter of Madame
de Genlis. In 1794 he returned to Dub-
lin and joined the society of United.
Irishmen, of which he became Prudi-
dent in 1796, and was also connected
wiUi other patriotic organizations, and
defended his course in his seat in the
Irish Parliament. He entered into
secret negotiations with the French
Directory looking towards the inde-
pendence of Ireland, and being sus
pected an order was issued for his ar-
rest. He might have escaped, but he
refused to abandon his associates,
and secretly directed the movements
from a place of concealment in Dublin.
He was at length discovered and des-
perately defended himself, but was cap-
tured after being mortally wounded.
He died June 4, 1798, another victim to
the liberties of his unfortunate countiy.

FITZGERALD, RT. HON. JAMES.
an eminent lawyer and distinguished
Irish patriot, was bom about 1742, and
after completing his studies, was called
to the bar in 1769, and made a prime
sergeant in 1786. He acquired an ex-
tensive practice, and was probably the
most successful lawyer of his day in
Ireland, and such was his pertinacity
and le^ accumen that he seldom lost
a case. He was a member of the Privy
Coundl of Ireland, and held high gov-
ernment positions till '98. Government
having found that no bribe could induce

ntzgerald to lend his sanction to tlie

E reposed union, dismissed liim from all
is offices in 1798. The Bar of Ireland,
of which he was the recognized head,
however, passed a resolu^n thanking
the Prime Sergeant "for his noble con-
duct in preferring the good of his coun-
try to rank and emolument," and de*
termined to allow him the same pre-
cedence which he enjoyed by virtue of
his office of Prime Sergeant As a mem-
ber of the Irish parliament, he opposed
with all his strangth and energy, the
nefarious measure of the union, and
battied by the side of Grattan and the
Irish patriots, to the hist When the
straggle was over, and the dishonor
consmnated, he retired into private life.
His wife, Catharine Yesqr, was elevated
to tbe peer^ of Ireland June, lRa6,
as Baroness Fitzgerald and Yesey. This
noble old patriot died in 1886, full of
years and honor, having passed his 98d
year.

FITZGERALD, SIR JOHN,a gallant
Irish officer was born in Limerick
about 1660. He took up arms in the
cause of James II. After the treaty ef
Limerick he went to France and served
under Catenat and other distinguished
officers, and participated in many of
the famous victories, won often by Irish
valor, which added such lustre to French
arms in the days of Louis XIV. He
rose to be a General officer by his
bravery and talents.

FITZGERALD, JOHN C, an able
and prominent lawyer of Michigan, of
Irish descent, born in Ohio, his father,
Jer>miah Fitzgerald, served as an officer
in the war of 1812 and settiei at an
early day in Jackson County, Michigan.
Our subject completed his education
at Albion CoUegp, and was admitted to
the Bar hi.1858. He practised for a
number of years in Marshall, Mich,
and in 1878 removed to Grand Rapids,
where he has .icquired an extensive prac-
tice and rankii among the first lawyers
in Westem Michigan.

FITZGERALD, JOHN DAVID, L
L. D., a distinguished Irish jurist and
scholar, was bom m Dublin, 1816, edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, and
called to the bar hi 18^3. He rose to
beaO. C. hi 1847. and in 18C3 was
elected to Parliament for Ennis. In 1855
he became Solicitor Qt&u for Ireland*

FIT

miSlI CELTS.

PIT

and in 1859 Attorn^ General. Inl860
he was raised to the bench. He was
one of the Privy Council, and is devot-
ed to the powers that be.

FITZGERALD, SIR JOHN T., an
able British Field Marshal was born in
Ireland about 1785 and received his ed-
ucation partly at home and partly in
England. He entered the array at a
yenr early age and was a captain in the
46th foot at the age of 16 years. He
served with distinction on the Penin-
•ula and rose to the command of a bri-
gade. He afterwurds served in India,
and in 1880 had attained field rank, and
was made a Knight Commander of the
Bath in 1881, and Knight Grand Cross
in 1862. In 1875 he was ndsed to the
rank of Field Marshal. He also sat in
Parliament as liberal member for county
Clare, Ireland, from 63 to 67. He died
Harch 26, 1877.

FITZGERALD, M., an a/^ Irish
heroof the American Revolt ion whose
name is worthy of record, and whose
seal and disinterestedness in the cause
of American liberty was indicative of the
entire Irish element in the colonies, and
of the inspiration and force which they

give to it. The Historian of Wyom-
g says of him: The Indians and
their Tory allies took the old man prison*
er, and placing him in a flaxbrake, told
him he must declare for the King or
die. "Well," said the fearless old hero,
"I am old and have little tims to live
anyhow, and I would rathar die now a
friend of my country, than live ever so
long and die a Tory." With more hu-
manity than those allies often exhibited
th^ dfid not carrv out their threat, and
the old man lived to see the independ-
ence of that country he would not even
in the face of a cruel death, deny by a
word.

FITZGERALD, NICHOLAS, an
Irish officer of distinction, who com-
menced his military career in Ireland,
in defence of James II, and on the de-
feat of that incompetent, he went to
Fnmcewith his regiment. He there
participated with great credit in many
of the brilliant victories won by the
aid of Irish valor, in the reign of Louis
XrV, and rose to positions of trust and
honor, by his good conduct, militaiy
•kill and daring.

FITZGERALD, PERCY HETH-
RINGTON, a talented and popular
Irish lawyer and author, was born at
Pane Valley, Cotmty Louth, Ireland, in
1834, and was educated partly at Slony«
hurst College, England, and Triuity
College, Dublin; was called to the
Irish Bar, and practiced with success
in the Northern Circuit, in which ho
became Crown Prosecutor. Among
hi many works are, "Autobiography of
a Small Boy," "Pictvres of School Life
and Boyhood," "Romance of the Eng-
lish Stage," "Lives of Famous Men/'
"A Famous Forgery," "Principles of
Comedy," Biographies of many emin-
ent men, besides many popular novels,
among them, "Never Forgotten," "The
Sword of Damocles." "]mdrington the
Barrister," etc. He is still actively a(
work.

FITZGERALD, THOMAS H., a dis-
tinguished American citizen, lawyer and
soldiei, was of Irish extraction, and
bom about 1789. He distinguished
himself in the war of 1812, under Gen.
Harrison, in Michigan and Canada, and
after the war settled in Michigan, where
he rose to distinction in Jiis profession.
He represented Michigan in the United
States Senate hi 1848 9. He died at
NUes, Michigan, March 25, 1855.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM, a dfa-
tinguished Irish American jurist, was
bom in Tennessee about 1800, and after
receiving his education adopted the
profession of the Law, and soon attract-
ed clients by his abili^ and eloquence.
He represented his fellow citizens in
Congress from 1881 to '88, and was for
many years on the JudiciaJ bench of his
native state.

FITZGERALD, WILLIAM, D. D.,
an Irish Protestant divine and writer,
was bom in December, 1814, and edu-
cated at Trinity College, Dublin, of
which he became a fellow. In 1840 he
wrote in opposition to "The Tracts of
the Times, and in 1848 he was ap-
pointed professor of Moral Philosophy
in Trinity College, and in '68 professor
of "Ecclesiastical History." He has
3dited "Butler's Analogy" and "Con-
stable's Ethics." He was joint editor
of "The Irish Chmrch Journal." In
1851 he was made bishop of Cork, and |
in 1862 transferred to that of "Killaloe,
Kilfenora, Clonfat and Kilmacduagh.'* j

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XRI8H CELTBi

FIT

FITZGIBBON, COL. JAMES, a
daring and successful British soldier,
was born in Ireland about 1780, and
received onlv the ordinary education
which the Iruh poor might acquire in
that day. When a young man he
sought employment in England, and
then after failing to secure anything
permanent, he enlisted in the 49th,
which was composed mostly of Irish.
His first serTlce was in Holland under
Brock, where he soon distinguished
himself by his bravery, and was taken
prisoner, having pushed too far in ad-
vance of his men, and was promoted
for daring and good conduct in action.
His re^ment was afterwards placed in
the Fn^te Monarch, then with the fleet
under Nelson, where they acted as
marines. In 1802 he came to Canada
with his regiment under Brock. In
1800, he was promoted to a lieuten-
ancy, and when the war of 1813 was
Inaugurated he quickly gave evidence
of his skill, daring and r^y resouroes.
One of the most brilliant feats vf- (he
war was his capture of Col. Baerstler,
who had been dispatched from Fort
Oeorge by Gen. Dearborn, to capture
Lieut. Fitzgibbon, who was stationed
with a hanoFul of men (80) in a stone
bouse at Beaver Dam. Fitzgibbon got
Information of what was threatened
from the wife of a wounded soldier
(Maty Secord), who walked thirty miles
ovei a rough country on a hot day, to
warn him of the aaneer. Although
nearly 700 men, including 60 cavauy
and two field guns, were advancing
4u;ainst him, Fitzgibbon prepared for
fhe fray, and placing some Indian allies
in an intervening wood, the advance
was suddenly confronted by them the
nezt day, and fighting commenced.
Fitzgibbon soon jomed in the fight, and
fhe resistance growing moredetennined
and hotter, Baerstler, fearing an am-
buscade, withdrew, and sent back for
reinforcements. Fitzgibbon, on recon-
noitering, judged the position of things
and determined on a bold policy. He
quicldy made a strong demonstration
in Baerstler's rear, and boldly demand-
ed a surrender, and this dastardly
- American, probably a foreign martinet,
but no Irish, had the pusillanimity to
lay down hia arms I Fitzgibbon was
promoted only to a captiancy for this

gllant act, and the first thought of this
ily Irish hero was to obtain leave of
abeence so that he might hie to his be-

trothed (Mary Shea) and share with
her the fruits of his bravery and skill ■
by marrying her, so that, as he said,
"If I am killed she may get the pension
of a captains widow. Fitzgibbon
afterwards commanded a bc^y of

Sicked men, known as "Fitzgibbon's
freen Uns." being all dressed in green,
whoeamea for themselves a distinguish-
record during the war, being every-
where in the advance in storm and
danger. In the repression of the re-
bellion of 1887 he took a prominent
part, and the government voted him
6000 acres of land which was voted.
He was made a Military Knight of
Windsor, and spent the remainder of
his days on the other side of the At-
lantic.

FTTZMAURICE, JAMES, an Wdi

Satriot and soldier, who successfully
efied the power of England in the
Srovince of ;Munster, A. D. 1574, and
efeated llie royal troops at Eilma'ilock,
Sanid, Euillehu^e and Cluonie. Eliza-
beth alarmed at his success, told her
deputy that she did not desire to sacri-
fice her authority for religion, and to
make peace with Fiizmaiirice. Fitz-
maurice agreed ta lay down his arms if
his brothers, the Earl of Desmond, and
John were released from the Towe^
where they were lying prisoners, and
the Catholics of the province freed
from persecution. Elizabeth assented
to the terms, but enraged, she determin-
ed to destroy the three brothers, and
also with savage treachery worthy of her
gave orders that Desmond should be
retained on his arrival in Dublin, and
John despatched for his brother to come
to Dublin and sign the conditions, but

S,ve orders to the deputy that when
ey returned, to behead the three
brothers together. Happily however,
they escaped the snare. The Earl and
his brothers outraged at this perfidy de*
fied fhe government and renewed the
war. Fitzmaurice went to the contin-
ent to seek aid; visited France, Spain
and Italy. He succeeded in raising
large supplies of men and money.
These were to concentrate at Lisbon, in
Portugal, where Fitzmaurice was to join
them and sail for Ireland. The partiei
in command, however, being tempted
by the King of Portugal, who was fit-
tmgout an expedition for Africa, to
join him and ^are the riches to be
gained, who, on a promise that he would

. v\

FIT

nmH cxusB.

PIT

;■ l\

aasist h.sm, sailed with the Portugese
fleet before the arrival of Fltzmaunce.
He however, collected the remainder of
his forces, about 800 men, and sailed on
dx ships for Ireland. He arrived on
the coast of Derry near Dingle, where
there is a safe harbor, which he fortifi-
ed and provisioned, and put into it a
garrison of 600 men. He was here
foined by his brothers and •then, and
Tralee was captured. Fitzmaurice then
•tarted with a few men towards Con-
naught to aronse the friends of liberty
when he was intercepted by Theobald
Burke, with double the force. Fitz-
maurice resolved to conquer or die,
boldly charged the enemy, and although
wounded in the breast by a musket bful,
be urged on his men, and clearing a
passage through the foe, he cut off
Burke's head with a blow,*and put the
enemy to flight. He however, survived
the victory but a few hours, having been
mortally wounded, A. D. 1659.

FITZPATMOK, BENJAMIN.a dis-
tinguished American Statesman was
bom in Oreen County, Georgia, June
SOth, 1802 of Irish parents. He was
left an orphan at an early age, depend-
ing upon the older members uf the
family, with whom he removed to Al-
abama in 1816, and settled near Mont-
Smery. He received the best educa-
m his neighborhood afforded and
entered a law office in Montgomery for
the study of that profession. He was
admittea to the bar in his nineteeuth

J ear and was shortly after elected So-
dtor of the judicial district which he
held till 1829, when on account of ill
health he rdinquished his profession
and sought recuperation and rest on
his farm. In 1841 he was elected Gov-
ernor of Alabama and re-elected in 1848.
In 1852 he was appointed United States
Senator, and was elected his jwn suc-
cessor in 1865. His term ended about
the breaking out of the Rebellion, and
he seceded with his state, he died 1869.

FTTZPATRICK, JOHN B., D D.,
Bishop of Boston, an able American
Oatholic divine and scholar, was bom
«t Boston in 1812 of Irish mrents, and

girtially educated in the public schools,
e made his ecclesiastical studies with
the Sulpitians at Montreal and Paris,
«nd was ordained Priest in 1840. Four
years after he was named Bidiop of
Boston which See he governed with great

wisdom and prudence for twenty two
years, eaming the esteem of all classes
of his fellow citizens by his scholarly
parts, benevolence and affability. H!e
died in 1866.

FITZPATRICK,RICHAllD,aBritish
soldier and Statesman, was bom in Ire-
land in 1784 and finished his education
at Eaton. He entered the army, and
rose to the rank of Lieutenant General.
For nearly forty years he was a mem-
ber of the House of Commons, ^nd was
twice Secretary of War under Whig
Administrations. He contributed to
the Rolliad and the "Probationary Odes"
and is the author of varioiis snudl
poems. His greatest Senatorial effort
was on a motion to effect the liberation
of M. De Lafayette. He died in 181S.

FITZPATRICK, WJf. J„ an IxUx
author bom in 1880. Among his woiks
are "Lifetime and contemporaries of
Lord Cloncurry," "The friends, foes,
and adventures of Lady Morgan,"
"Memories of Archbishop Whately."

FITZSmON, REV. HENRY, a cel-
ebrated Irish Jesusit, who received his
education (tn the continent at the
Irish College of "Douay" where he be-
came profesor of Philosophy, and after-
wards was sent on the misson to his
native land. He was stationed in Dub-
lin about the time the Penal Code was
so modified that a priest might pursue
his holy vocation without Mins seized
as a felon. The celebrated Iri^ Prot-
estant Archbishop Usher, was at this
time at the bead of the Established
Church in Dublin, and ne issued a chal-
lenge to any of the Doctors of the old
church to (uscuss the points of differ-
ence between them. Father Fitzsim-
ons nndertook to answer the doughty
archbi^op and so successful and de-
morp.lizing was his trenchant pen in
answering the great Protestant contro-
versialist that a more powerful means
than the pen of the archbishop was
found to silence him. He was arrested
by the minons of the law, as a danger-
ous "controversialist!" and Imprisoned
in the Castle of Dublin. Singularly
enough, the reading of this controversy
by the grandson of the archbishop con-
verted him to the Catholic faith, and he
becune a priest and afterwards a Catiio-
lic ndsdonary in London. Father Fitz-
fdmons labored in Ireland and on the

I «

ill

( ),■

FLA

XBISH OBLTB.

FLA

oontlcent, and was held in hlghcsteem
ii^ his learning, eloquence and zeal.

PITZ8IM0N. MOST REV., PAT-
BIOE, Archbishop of Dublin, succeeded
Dr. Lincoln, and was a native of Dublin,
bom in 1698, and was educated on the
continent. He returned to his native
city when he enforcement of the Penal
Oode was relaxed, and become pastor
of St. Audeon's, and Dean of Dublin.
Cn the death of Bishop Lincoln, he was
raised to Archepiscopal See, and
evinced great independence, prudonce
and judgment in suppressing the circular
of the nuncio "Ghilliti," issued from
Brussels, condemning the "Test Oath,"

E reject J to be taken in view of conced-
ig Catholic emancipation, and which
at the time could have produced no
good results. He died in . Dublin 1769
Toling his church in comparative peace
for six yeais.

FITZSIMONS, THOMAS, a distin-
guished patriot of the American Revo-
mtion, was bom in Ireland in 1741,
CTolgrated to America, aiid was a mer
chant in Philadelphia when the Revo-
lution broke out. He immediately
raised a company and went into active
service. He represented his state in the
Continental Congress, 1782-3, and was
a member of the Convention which
a'loptedthe Federal Constitution, which
instrument he signed, and continued to
represent his state till 1795. In the
du-kest hour of the Revolution, 1780.
bis firm subscribed |26,000 to eupply
the troops who were almost in muimy
ttom want. He was very successful in
business, and was President of the
Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce,
and the North American Insurance
Company. He was among the mne*
generous, patriotic and influential men
of the Revolution. He died August,
i8Jl, deeply regretted.

FITZSIMONS, WALTER, an emfa-
ent Irish divine, and philosopher, was
archbishop of Dublin. He was deputy
Viceroy and Chancellor of Ireland and
accordmg to Ware, was a "Doctor of
Common and Civil Law, a subtle phil-
osopher and profound theolodan." He
governed the church of Dublin for 27
years, and died about A. D. 1013.

FLAHERTOCH, a pious and able
monardi ol Ireland, A. D. 737. He

punished Hugh Roin, King of the
Clanna-Nialls of Ulster, for the plunder-
ing of churches in Ardmach. After a
reign of seven years he resigned the
crown and entered a monastery, and
spent the last thirty years of his Ufe aa
an humble and austere m'^nk.

FLEMING, CHARLES, Lord Slane,
a military man of eminence, was bom
in Ireland about 1600, took part in the
civil tsDubles of the times, and greatly
distinguished himself in the Cromwdl
ian war in Ireland. He afterwards
served on the continent, and rose to dis-
tinction in the French army in the time
of Louis XIV. He died in 1661.

FLEMING. CHRISTOPHER, Lord
Slane, an Irish soldier, was bom in
1673. In the civil war of that period
he took part with the pudlanimous
James, and when only eighteen engaged
in the Battle of the Boyne, which waa
fought on his own demesne, and al-
most under the walls of his castle,
where James had been staying. On
the defeat of that cause, he was com-
pelled to leave Ireland, and his estates
were confiscated and sold. He entered
the service of Portugal, and rose to the
rank of Lieutenant General. Queen
Anne on account of his youth at the-
time of his attainder and in consider-
ation of his services abr(Md, restored,
him to some of his rights and created
him Viscount Longford. He died in
1738.

FLEMING, HENRY, a gallant Irish
officer was bom about 1665 and was an*
able and practical advocate of the policy
of the Confederate Chieftains. He com-
manded the grenadiers of the Duke of
Autum's regiment, and with Colonel
Sheldon successfully defended the-
town & d castle of Ardee against a^
vastly superior force under LordBlaney
After the treaty of Limerick he went to-
France and served there with distinc-
tion for some years, earning a high re-
putation and rank.

FLAN, sumamed Sionna, son of
Malachi, succeeded Hugh VII as
Monarch of Ireland. B^ had many
and desperate battles with the Danea
with varying success The Danes
themselves in conjunction with Irish
allies were engagedf in desperae quar-
rels. The Monarch's authority could

FLO

naSH CELTS

FLO

Im inf orced onljr by ann , whether against
invader or native prince, and general
anarchy prevailed dui-ing a great part
of this Monarch's reign. During
the latter part of his reign, however,
his authority was supported by the
native princes, and the Danes were held
in subjection, not, however, without
considerable trouble, on account of
repeated reinforcements. He died in
916 after a reign of 16 years.

FLETCHER. COL. SIR RICHARD,
a distinguished engineer in the British
service, was born in County Cork, about
1780, entered the army and greatly dis-
tinguished himself as chief engineer
during the Peninsular War, and was
rewarded by the title of Baron in 1812.
He fell before St. Sabastian, August,
1813.

FLOOD, HENRY, one of the most
illastrioufl of Irish Patriots, was the eld^
est son of the Right Hon. Warden Flood
Chief Justice of the Kii^B Bench, Ire-
land.^ He was educated at Trinity Col-
lege',' Dublin, and at Christ Church,
Oxford, where he spent two years. He
was first noted more for the elegance
of his person and the gaie^ of his
^nanner than for his scholarly attain-
mmts, but being somewhat mortified
on one occasion while visiting at Oxford
by his defective classical knowledge he
resolved It should no longer exist
and he thenceforward applied liimself
with singular assiduity and success,
and soon became one of the most cul-
tivated acd elegaLit scholars of his time,
and one of the most complete masters
of theOreek language in either England
or Ireland. In 1769 he was first chosen
a member of the Irish Parliament, and
his manly and patriotic spirit fretted and
chaffed at the humiliation and subser-
viency of a body, that was supposed to
represent the dignity and mannood of
the nation. Flood, however, was as
modest as he was fearless and able,
and he felt diffident in the presence
of so many older and more promi
nent men, in ekpressing his sense
of wrone and his indip^nHtion at
the degradation which the Parliament
of his countv submitted to. In 1761
being again chosen for Parliament and
having m the meantime bv earnest study
and thought, prepared himself to mas-
ter the situation, ne soon came promi-
nently forward as an expounder of his

country's rights. His firct efTort was
against the construction which for mors-
than a century had been put on the Poy-
ning Law which practically made the
Privy Council of Ireland the legislators
of the country, and left the Parliament
a mere cypher. The force and power
of his reasoning, his scathing denunci-
ations of this robbery of the rights and
dignity of Parliament, and his sarcastic
illusions to the supineness and imbe-
cility of the members of what should
be a great and dignitied body, whom he-
compared to puppies, at length aroubed
that body to a sense of the baseness and
subserviency of their situation, and al-
though the measure of rights was not
such as Flood demanded, and would
have insisted on had it been left in his
hands, yet the most obnoxious parts
of that law were repealed, and the

Sarliament by this step made a prece«
ent which led to greater and more im-
poitant changes In the near future.
His next opix^tion was to the daratioa
of parliament, which in Ireland contin-
ued during the life of the King, and at
length, in 1796, this wu accomplished
by the passage of th'j Octenniu Bill,
which is said to have been the first ste^
which ffiive the semblance of constitu>
tional right tc the Irish Parliament.,
This at length culminated, through per^
sistence demands uid the dubious tx)si '
tion of English affairs, brought about
by the ascendency of Napoleon, in the
celebrated disavowal by Xha Euglish
Parliament, of its claim of authority,
over Ireland, by the repeal of the 6th of
George the 1st, in 1782, which held
"that the kingdom of Ireland ought to-
be subordinate to and dependent upon
the Imperial Crown of Great Britain,
and that the Parliament of England hatb
power to nuike laws to bind the people
of Ireland." Mr. Flood, however, in-
sistad that this repeal was not enough,
thdt it gave no security or assurance
that the right was not still claimed and
riiight not be again enforced, and he had
the proud satisfaction to behold his
doctrine ratified by the ministry and.
Parliament of Great Britian, passing as,
act "forever renouncing the claim. '^ It
was about this time tjuit the celebrated
but unfortunate altercation occurred in
the Irish Parliament between Flood and
his great compiler Grattan, and whioli
augured ill for the security of Irish
rights as hope was alone in the
union and active co-ope^ntion of her

-III

4; if'' i

''^m

J. ^ ■ \

Wi'

■'',!,:,

FLO

IBIBS OBI^IS.

FOL

true friends and patriots. Previous to
tbis, in 1775, Flood was made a Privy
Counsellor in botli kingdoms, and one
of l^e vice-treasurers of Ireland, which
latter office he resigned in 1781, and
Ids name was soon after struck from
the list of Privy Counsellors. In ex-
cepting those government positions,
however, he had a distinct tmderstand-
.ing that the great principles which he
fought for and upheld, in regard to the
Irish rights, should he maintained, and
fromtms position he never departed.
His altercation with Grattan, and per-
liaps wounded pride, at a supposed
non-appreciation of the greatness of his
services for his couutrv, and perhaps
the ^eater popularity oi his distinguish-
ed rival led him to abandon his seat in
the Irish Parliament, and in 1788 he
was returned a member of the British
Parliament for Winchester, and subse-
quently he sat for Seeiorth. Here too,
he soon acquired standing and promi-
nence by his ability a&d eloquence, al-
though his first effort, if it might be so
called, was a little unfortunate. Hav-
ing arisen to make some few remarks
on a question before the House, but on
which his only iuformation was from
the speakers who had prece ded him,
he was induced by the attention of the
House and the cries to "go on," to enter
more into the question man he had in-
tended, and making some mistakes as
>to facts, he abrrplly stopped. He,
jiowever, afterwards amply redeemed
Himself, and was looked upon as one of
4he most eloquent and classical speakers
who ever awoke the echoes of the Eng-
lish Parliament Houso. Flood was al^
a cultured and elegant writer, and had
he been ambitious of fame, might liave
inade a record in that field perhaps
second to none. It is said that he made
most admirable translations of Uie or-
ations of Demosthenes and uEschines
on the crown, and of several orations of
Cicco, executed with a beauty and
felicity oi expression seldom, if ever,
equalled in the English langufige. He
was also author of an "Ode on Fame"
and some translations from Pindar,
which were much admirad for elegance.
As an orator, although not possessinff
the fiery and irresistible eloquence of
Qrattan, he ranks high among liis co-
temporaries, and to a mind dignified,
comprehensive and replete with knowl-
edge, he added ityle ardent, vigorous,
, cllipuit and argumentative, with a full

complement of wit, imagery and rar*
casmwhen the occasion called them
forth. Hitf daFsical ilhistrations were
always happy and pointed, and his
metaphors chaste, well dei9ned and
pure. He was not less happy in un-
folding and explaining his propositions
than he was able and vigorous in de-
fending his positions, always cool,
cautious and frank; he treated his op-
ponents' arguments with a fairness and
honesty that commanded respect and
which "demonstitited at the same time
his elevation of character and his con-
fidence in the stren^h of his position.
His memory was said to have been re-
markable and that frequently at the
end of a long debate he would rise and
answer the arguments and points of
every member -vvho opposed him, ro*
futhig their objection SMiatem without
'the ara of a single note. As a master
of the English language whether in
writing or speaking, and as a happy il-
lustrator of the richness and beau^ of
its power of expression, he perhaps
had no superior among his great co-
temporaries.

FL0RENTINU8, ST., a Priest and
confessor, who was, according to
Usher aad others, a native of Ire-
land and brought up carefully under
his parents Theophilus and Beni-
gna. He made a voyage to Pome,
and was thrown 'uto prison by order
of the Emperor Claudius. While in

{>ri6on he preached, and baptised near-
y one hundred persciis, includiiig his
jailor.

FLOYD, SIK JOHN, a brave and
meritorious Britifh officer, was bora in
Ireland, entered the army at an early
age, and rose to thp rank of OeneraL
was Colonel of tie 8th Regiment of
■Drogoont. and for distinguished servi-
ces in India, vas creat«>d a Baronet in
1 816. He d^ed January, 1818.

FLOYD, WILLIAM, one of the
signers of the declaration of Independ-
ence, and a dek^gate from New York
to the Continental Congress, was of Ir-
ish descent and I'om on Long, Island,
ia 1784. He was a zealous and faithful
public servant for upwards of SI years.
He died in 1821.

FOLEY, JOHN HENRY, one of the
most dlstingolshe( i ox modem soulpton*

FOL

ntlSII CELTS.

FOB

vas bom in Dublin, May 24, 1818. He
early developed a taste and capacity for
art, and when quite young entcrea the
flchool of art oi the Royal Dublin So-
ciety, where he made rapid progress.
In 1884 he went to London, and entered
the Royal Academy, laboring there for
several years, with great energy and
success. In 1839 he for the first time
entered models at the Society's exhibi-
tion, '•Innocence," and the ''Death of
Abel " It was perhaps unf ort anate for
his fame that his skill and taste in por-
trait statues filled him with orders in
that line, and while it insured him
wealth, gave him but little time for the
more ambitious and artistic works of
the imagination. Among his works of
this kind are Edmund Burke and Oliver
Goldsmith, for Dublin, and the colossal
statute of Prince Albert in Hyde Park,
London. Among his classical efforts
are, "Ino and the Infant Bacchus,"
"Lear and Cornelia," the "Death of
Lear," "Venus Rescuing ^Eneas," "Pro-
spero relating his adventures to Miran-
da" and the Allegorical Group of ' 'Asia"
In Hyde Park. Foley died in London,
August 28, 1874, lea\nng behind him no
superior among British artists, or
inaeed among living ones. He un-
doubtedly possessed tilent ol the high-
est order, and although tta<> slcuatiou in
which he placed himsell, limited the ex-
tent and grandeur of its possible flights in
the realms of art, yet any nation might
be proud of his work, and his statues of
eminent Irishmen are conceded a place
apart, in the sculptures of modem
times.

FOLEY, R^. REV. THOMAS D.D.,
an able and eloquent Irish American
divine, was born in Baltimore of Irish
parents March 6th, 1822. He was ed-
ucated at Mount St. Mair's College,
Baltimore, and at the Theological Sem-
inary of St. Sulpice when he was ele-
vated to the Priesthood Aug. 16th, 1846.
His first mission was in Montgomery
county, thence he was transferred to "t.
Patrick's Church, Washington, as as-
sistant pastor, and from there after two
years to the Cathedral Baltimore, where
ue labored for twenty-two years. In
1861 he l>ecame Secretary to the Arch-
bishop (Kenrick), and also Chancellor
of the Diocese holding the samepositioh
under x^rchbishop Spalding, wno suc-
ceeded Dr. Eenrick. In 1860 ho was
appointed co-adjutor Bishop ol Chicago

and administrator of the Diocse, Biph-
op Dug.&:an being incapable ob . cuunt ot
infirmity from attending to the dutlQs.
He was consecrated Bidiop of Parea*
mus with the right of succession to me
See of Chicago. Feb. 27th, 1870. H«
immediately took charge of his new
field of labor and soon put energy and-
order into every part of the work.
Churches and schools were added in-
quick succession as the wants of th<i
Diocese demanded and the great Cath>
edral of the Holy Cross, costing about
$300,000 arose from the ashes of the
one destroyed by the great fire; nor
were the institutions of charity neglect-
ed but arose up around to cheer and»
succor the unf ortunate. Bishop Foley
was of commanding statue, with a coun-
tenance full of kindness and dignity,,
added to easy and winning manners,
and wherever he resided won hosts of
friends from among his fellow citizens-
of every religious faith. As an orator
he was exce^ing impre^ive and con-
vincing, and was called upon on several'
important occasions of public interest
to represent his fellow citizens. He was
a polished writer and a scholarof varied
attainments, and in every relation of
life, whetl^er as bishop or citizen, moiL":
admirable. He died from the effects of
a severe cold, Februray '•Q, 1879, in the
prime of life and vigor of his intellectual .
manhood, and was universally re|^etted.
The Legislature of his state, which was-
in session at the time of his death,
passed resolutions of regret and sym-
pathy.

FORBES, GEORGE, Earl of Gran-
nard, a celebrated Britioh Admiral, was
born in Ireland in 1685. Heenter(xl
the navy and pailicipated in many of
the most celebrated naval engagements
of those active times, and rose to the ^
rank of senior Admiral. He was pleni-

fotentiary to the Court of Muscovy ia
788. He died hi 1765.

FORBES, ADmRAL JOHN, soa
of the foregoing, was also a naval offi-
cer nt gi-eat merit anri particularly dis-
tinguisued himself in the action against,
the combined fleets of France and Spain
off Toulon in 1748. He rose to be Ad-
miral of the fleet and General of Marines.
He died in 1706. His oldest trotlier,
George, Earl of Grannard, bora in 1710,
was a distinguished officer in the army
He was Colonel of the 20th Regiment.

Jtl-V MJ

•-1

V t

l^i

• ,1
J

.1* •

|:f^ ■ "M

FOS

IRIBH CELTS.

FRA.'

I^oot, and rose to the rank of Lieuten-
ant (General. He died in the year
1769. m

FORD, NICHOLAS, a prominent
politician and merchant of North West-
«m Missouri, was bom in Ireland, and
emigrated to the United States in 1848,
when a youth, and settled in Missouri,
where by his sterling worth and fine
natural ability he acquired a large for-
tune, and great local prominence as
41 Vigorous and independent thinker.
He was elected to Congress as a Nation-
alist in 1870, and reelected in '81.

FORD, GOV. THOMAS, a distin-
guished and able Irish American law-
yer and politician of Illinois, was bom
about 1776, and emigrated when a
young man, to the theu "Western
wilds," but afterwards great state of
Illinois. Being a mancn energy and
fine natural ability, he grew with the
growth of the country, and found a
natural development of his more than
ordinary talent in the profession of the
law in which he soon acquired high
standing and reputation. He became a
judge of the Supreme Court of the
state, flUine the position vith distinc-
tion and lability. He afterwards be-
came Govemor of his adopted state,and
one of its most honored citizens. He at
length retired from the active duties
of his profession, but not to rest. The
■character of his ml:id was to active for
so inglorious a state, but he gave the
declimng years of his life to the not
less active, though smoother pursuits of
literature. He wrote a most interest-
ing and instructive history of Illinois,
— ^where he had resided for more than
forty years— Enlivened bv wit and an-
«cdote, which is a valuable contribution
to the early history of that state. It
was published immediately after his
death, with a preface from his disting-
uished countryman and co-laborer,
Qen. Shields. He died in 1850.

FOSTER, JOHN, an eminent Irish
Statesman, born in Dublin in 1740,
was educated at Trinity College, Dublin,
then elected a member of the Irish Par-
liament at the age of eighteen and was
called to the bar in 1766. In 1785 Fos-
ter was unanimously chosen speaker of
the Irish House of Commons. Although
A bigoted protestant, he was a clear-
lieaaed Statesman on questions of mat-

erial interest to Ireland, and had a sur-
prising knowledge of Ireland's trade,
resources and capabilities. His re-
ligious bigotry seemed to have warped
his patriotism in the early part of his
career, but In the latter period;^ of his
life he became broader and more liberal
in his views and when too late saw the
error of his opposition to Catholic
rights. He strongly opposed the meas-
ure of Union, and his arguments point-
ing out the certain destructions of Irish
commerce and prosperity if the insane
measure should pass, were not only im-
answerable, but were verified by the
result. He saw when too late it was in
vain to contend for the freedom of a
country when the majority of her
people were practicalljr slaves, with no
rights. That its security was alone in
the union and harmony of all its people.
After the act of Union, Government de-
manded the speaker's mace from Fos-
ter, but he refused to give it up say'^ig
until the body which entrustea it to hu
keeping demanded it, he would preserve
it for them. He was appointed Chan- ,
cellor of the Ex chequer in Ireland in
1815, and made a baron in 1831. He
died Aug. 1828. -

FRANCIS, PHILIP, son of the Dean
of Lismore, Ireland, Iwas educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, and after hav-
ing taken orders in the Enslish churdi
he removed to England and established
an academy at Surrey and through
Lord Holland's influence he obtained
some church preferments. Francis
wrote the tragedies of Eugenia and
Constancia, and some political articles
in defence of the Govemment, besides
translations of Horace and of l^e ora-
tions of Demosthenes and .^schines.
He died 1778.

FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP, son of the
foregoing, was bom in Dublin, 1740,
and was educated at St. Paul's school.
I (e is best known now as the author of
the celebrated letters of Junius, which
at the time of publication attracted
BO much attention on account of their
boldness and ability, and perhaps still
more on account of doubt as to the
authorship, which was laid at the door
of almost every eminent public man of
the time, whose views were coincident
with anv portion of those letters.
FrandB u now almost universally con-
ceded to have been the author. He

FRE

IBIBH CBLT8.

FRE

commenced his i)olitical career as a
Clerk in the Secretary of States office
afterwards was Secretary of the Em-
"baaa y at Portugal, and an attache of
the war office, and in 1773 was sudden-
ly raised to be one of the Counsel of
Ben^. He remained in India until
1780, and proved to be an active o^pos-
«r of the policy of Warren Hastings.
Their antagonism at length ended in a
dud in which Francis was severely
wounded. In 1784 he obtained a seat in
Parliament and continued to sit there
for the greater part of his life. He
voted with the Whig and took a prom-
inent part in aU the great questions of
. tbe day, especially was he active in the
impeachment of Mr. Hastings and In-
dia affairs. When his friends came
into power he received the order of
Bath, and expected to be sent to India
aa Governor Oeneral, but the opposition
of the company was too strong, and
Francis was greatly chagrined and im-
bittered at his failure. He died in 1818.
Francis was an able political writer, full
of point and spirit and had his temper
been more congenial, would undoubt-
edly have been one of the most success-
ful, as ne was one 5f the ablest politci-
ans and statesmen of his day.

FRENCH. NICHOLAS, D. D., Bish-
op of Ferns, a learned and able Irish
divine scholar, legislator and patriot,
was born in Wexford, 1604, and re-
ceived his education on the continent.
He was one of the first pupils received
into the Irish College established at
Louvain, and even there greatly dis-
tinguished himself. After completing
his studies he was ordained priest, and
soon after returned to his native city,
where he devoted himself to the spiritual
wants of his people, and was soon dis-
tinguished for his zeal and eloquence.
In 1648 he was elevated to the Bishopric
of Ferns, and he took an active part
with the patriots of his country in de-
fence of their civil and religious rights.
In 1645 he was elected to the celebrated
Parliament of Kilkenny as a burgess of
the town of Wexford. His zeal, disin-
terested patriotism and n'eat ability
tsoongave him a commanding position
among the National Confederates. In
January 1646 a Synod of the Irish
clergv was held in Dublin, and also a
meeung of the Confederate leaders.
Bishop French boldly impeached the
good faith of Gen. Frai(on« who equal-

ly shared the command with Owen
Roe O'Neil, and moved that he be sus-
pended from his important trust. This
great bishop saw in Preston a traitor
whose designs, hidden under the bondb
of friendship and co-operation was far
more dangerous than an open snemy,
but he probably only faithfully repre-
sented tlie duplicity of his master, who
was lavish with good promises to Irish
Catholics when in trouble with his Eng-
lish subjects, but faithless to the last
degree, when such policv would sub-
serve his interests. Unfortunately all
the Irish chief tains could not agree as
to the policy to be pursued or to the iu'
tegrity of the doubted, and when miity
was essential to success, it did not ex-
ist. In 1647 the Bishop and Sir Nicholas
Plunket were accredited to the Catholic
govemmei ts of the continent from the
principal Irish Confederates, to ez«
plain their differences with the King,
(Charles). In the following year he fui*
tended a Synod at Jamestown, and re-

E resented the See of Dublin, as well as
is own, and again went to the contin-
ent to secure aid for the struggling
cause. It being tow unsafe for him to
return to Ireland, he went to Bnissels,
and devoted his time to refute the gross
slanders, which English hireling were
continually and industriously circulat-
ing, against the Irish race and church.
He published a work entitled "The Un-
kind Deserter of Loyal Men and True
Friends,'' and showed that not only the
misfortunes of the Confederates and
the ruin of their country came from the
counsels of Ormond, but also the ruin
of his masters cause. This course h«
attributes to the fear of Ormond that if
the Confederates were successful h»
might be compelled to disgorge a por
tion of his plundered wealth. 'This
drew from Clarendon— probably at the
request of Ormond and the King
(Charles II) a reply. The Bishops an-
swer was the preface of a work
which was printed at Louvian, call-
ed "Bleading Iphigenia." He next
went to Paris, wnen he was appoint*
ed Co-adlutor to the Archbishop.
Through the influence of Ormond and
his master he was again made a wand-
erer, but he received a home and place
from the Archbishop of St. lago and
he becamo his stiff r gan. Here he com-
posed a Latin work entitled "The Lu-
cubritions of the Bishop of Ferns."
The 'Restoration' of thiS ignoble house

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of Stuart, brought him ho hope. He ap-
plied for leave to return to his See, but
conditions were suggested which he
spurned. He at length sought the
happy home of his collegiate studies
at Louvain from whence he issued
tracts sustaining the acts of the Con-
federates and the Rights of the Irish
Catholics, and "Justifying the late
War." He aUo turned his attention to
the Stuart Dynasty and lays bare their
iniquity towards Ireland in his book of
"Sale and Settlement of Ireland," which
demonstrates that from the duplicity
of such a race, no good could have
been expected. While at Louvain he fill-
ed some of the most important positions
and he generously established a bourse
for the diocese oi Ferns, which he en-
dowed in perpetuity. He was after-
wards appointed Co-adjutor t» the
Archbishop of Ghent which position he
filled at the time of his death Aug. 23rd
1678. Bishop French was undoubtedly
one of the greatest and most illustrious
of Irish Prelates and patriots.

PRIDOLIITDS, SAINT, an eminent
Irish missionary, was converted in the
time of St. Patnck, and was the son of
an Irish King. After embracing a re-
ligious life and being elevated to the
priesthood, he traveled on the continent
preaching the gospel to the heathens.
He went througn France and Germany
preaching and building churches, and
founding monasteries, especially in Aus-
trasia Burgandy and Switzerland. He
was titular patron of the Swiss Canton
of Glaus, and was surnamed Viator on
account of his unceasing travels and
labors. He died about 4.ii8 at Sekingen,
ap Islond in the Rhine, where he aad
established a monastery.

FULLER, RT. REV. THOMAS
BROOK, a distinguished Canadian
divine of the Episcopal church, the son
of an Irish Major of the 4l8t Foot, was
born in 1810 in Kingston, Canada, where
his father was then stationed. His
father was of a well-known Cork fam-
ily, who died during the war of 1812, in
active service in Canada. Our subject
nceived his education in various schools
\n Upper Canada, and pursued his theo-
logy at Chambly, Lower Canada.
After his ordination in 1888 he was
stationed at Montreal, where he married
and was afterwards sent to Chatham,
whei'e he remained a missionaiy for five

yeara. By his foresight and energy he

fave direction to his associates and
rought about the first Synod at To-
ronto in 1858. In the meantime h&
was made Rector of Thorold, then
Dean, and where he built a fine church.
He was afterwards put in charge of St.
George's Church, Toronto, and in '67
made Archdeacon of Niagara. In 187{V-
a new Diocese was erected and he was
made Bishop of Niagara. He is the
author of some religious tracts and books
of devotion, and is held in. high esteem
by his brethren.

FULTON, ROBT., an eminent Am-
erican engineer and projector, of Irish
parents, his father having been a native
of Kilkenny, was born in Pennsylvania
in 1765. He first was apprenticed to a
jeweler, but displaying considerable ar-
tistic folents, he turned his attention to
miniature painting, and after securing
his mother a horae by his own labor, he
went to England and became for some
years a pupil of Benj. West, having
however, become acquainted with a
skillful engineer and inventor named
Ramsey, he became enarmoured of that
science, and eventually adopted the pro-
fession of Civil Engineer. Before he
left England he published in 1789i a
treatise on Inland Navigation in which,
he proposed to supercede locks by in-
clinal plains. He went to Paris this year
at the invitation of Mr. Barlow, United
States Minister, and remained seven-
years. In 1800 he introduced with
much profit to himself, the panorama
of the French capital, and ouring hiM
residence in Paris, he constructed a
steamboat which proved a success. He
also at this time for some years experi-
mented on a torpedo, which was intend*
ed for the destruction of ships of war.
After his return to America hepubliiih-
ed an account of several inventions,
among which was a machine for split-
ting and polishing marble, a boat to be
navigated under water etc. In 1807 he
completed a steamboat which success-
fully navigated the Hudson. He ob-
tained a patent in 1809 for his invent-
ion in navigating by steam, and another
in 1811. In 1814 he designed an armed
steam ship for the defence of the harbor
of New York, and a submarine vessel
capable of holding 100 men, the plans
of which being sanctioned by Govern-
ment he was ordered to construct them,
at Oovermnent expense. But before

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completing these works he died sudden-
ly in 1815. His death occasioned ex-
traordinary demonstrations of sorrow
throughout the country. He was the first
to Buccessfuly apply steam to naviga-
tion. He was justly considered as one
of the ablest scientists and mechanicians
of his age, full of enerey and re-
sources, and his death was looked upon
as a public calamity. ^

GAGE, THOMAS, a talented but
eratic Irish Missionary was educated at
St. Omers, and after umpleting his
studies, joined the Dominicans. He
was sent from Spain to Mexico in 1625,
one of a number of Missionaries destin-
ed to Philippene Islands, but not relish-
ing so distant a fieM, he separated him-
self from his brethren and went to
Guatimala where he acted as a mission-
ary among the Indians for upwards of
ten years. In 1687 he became tired of
his labors abandoned his work, return-
ed to England, and being suspended,
he acted as a Protestant Minister at
Deal. He published a survey of the
West Indies, giving an account of his
missions in New Spain, and his
travels in the New World, which was
both curious and interesting. He died
1655.

GAINES, MTRA CLARK, celebra-
ted for her ability, perseverance and
?luck, was born at New Orleans in
805, and eventually became the wife of
General Gaines, United States Army.
She was the daughter of Daniel Clark
a native of Sligo, Ireland, who died at
New Orleans in 1818, leaving a great
estate. Clark was privately married to
Myra's mother, Zuline des Granges, a
young French woman of remarkable
beauty, but who had been previously
married to an European who had gone
abroad and whom it was proved after-
wards had a wife at the time in Europe.
Mrs. Gaines became celebrated by the
tact, perseverance, success and talent
she display 3d in clearing up the cloud
upon her birth, and her right to an es-
tate which includes a large portion
of New Orleans, and is now probably
worth 150,000,000. She commenced
suits in Louisiana for the recovery of
her rights about 1885, and with varying
fortune and in the face of almost insur-
mountable obstacles she contested for
her birthright, and at length won her
cause in the Supreme Court of the

United States in 1867. She took an
active part not only in preparing her
cases for trial, but towards the end in
arguing their merits before the Court,
displaying great tact, good judgment
and ability. By 1874 she had received
abcul $6,000,000 from compromises
with those in possession, treatingall with
great leniency and fairness, but insist-
ing on the acknowledgement of her
rights. Although 70 year; of age dl
this time she was remarkable for her
youthful appearance, still beautiful and
full of animation and a brilliuut con-
versationalist.

GALLAGHER, WM. D., an Ameri-
can poet and editor of note, was born
in Philadelphia, August 21, 1808. His
father was an Irish patriot, who came
to tills country the end of the last cen-
tury, and died in 1814, leaving four
sons. The family removed to a farm
near Cincinnati, in 1816, where the boys
aided to work the farm, and at the same
time went to school. William subse-
quently went to Cincinnati and entered
Lancaster Seminary, and supported him-
self by working at printing. After
some years of this, mixed experience he
devoted himself to newspaper work,
both as printer and writer, and wrote
his first verses for a paper called tlie
' 'Emporium." In conjunction with his
brother he started a literary paper call-
ed "The Western Minerva.'^ He be-
came connected in the course of time
with various other literary and political
papers, being a Whig in politics. In
1885 he issued his first volume of poe-
try called "Erato," which was highly
praised. In 1840 he edited a volume of
selev-aons from Western poetry, and
was President of Ohio State Historical
Society. In 1853 he was offered an in-
terest in the "New York Tribune," and
also in the "Cincinnati Commercial,"
but declined, connecting himself with
Prentice on the "Louisville Courier."
Bein^ a strong anti-slavery man his
principles injured his prop^jects in the
South, and he disconnected himself
with the "Courier" after less than a
year. Prentice assailed him so outrage*
ously that Gallagher branded him as a
scoundrel and a liar, for which lie was
challenged, which bravado he answered
in a dignified and cutting manner. After
leaving the "Courier," he purchased a
farm in the Pewee Valley near Louis-
ville, Kentucky, where he still resides.

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enjoying the ever-changing beauties of
nature. During the war he was em-
ployef^ in some important duties as
commercial agent, and saved the gov-
ernment miluons. Such, however, is
his integrity of character, tliat when he
resigned his government trust he was
poorer tlian when he commenced.

QANDON, JAMES, an eminent ar-
chitect of Irish parents, was bom about
1740, but whether in Ireland or England
is not known. He was a pupil of Sir
William Chambers and was me first to
receive the architectural gold medal of
*he Royal Society. He resided in Ire-
land the most of his life, and designed
the Court House at Waterford. the Cus-
tom House, the Four Courts and the
g>rtico of tiie Irish House of Lords,
ubliii, besides many other elegant
strctures in both England and Ireland.
He died hi 1824.

GARDNER, ADMIHAL ALAN, a
«dknt naval ofBcer in the service of
Great Britain, was of Irish parents from
Golwaine, Ulster : entered tbe navy and
was appointed a Lieutenant of the Bel-
lona In 1725, and in 1760 was made
Post Captdn. In '85 he was commodore
and commander in chief of her Majesty's
lE^ps at Jamaica. In 1798 he was made
rear Admiral of the Blue, and the fol-
lowing year Rear Admiral of the White
and Major General of Marines. He
distinguished himself in the memorable
actions. May 29th, and June 1st in 1794
and was created a Baronet. He receiv-
ed the thanks of the House of Commons
for gallant conduct in the action off
Fort L'Orient where he was second in
command. In 1796 he was returned
to Parliament and in 1799 made Adniiral
of the fleet and elevated to the Peerage
of Ireland in 1800. He died in 18(W.

6ARTLAND,RT. REV. FRANCIS.
D. D. , an American Catholic divine and
first Bishop of Bavanah, was bom in
Ireland in 1805, emigrated to the United
States and entering the priesthood, be-
came noted for ability and zeal» In
1860 he was raised to the episcopacy,
and died Sep. 20, 1854.

GELASIUS, ST., Archbishop of
Armagh and pnmate of Ireland A. D.,
1160 was celebrated for his learning
and great sanctity. He lived a most
austere Ufe and aIthou!gh worn oat^by

age and fasting he was vigilant in every
apostolic duty till his death. His feast
is kept on the 27th of Mard'^

GIBILAN, MAURICE, an Irish
divine and philosopher, was a canon of
the church of Tuam, and was famed
for learning and poetry. He died A.
D. 1827.

GILBERT, called Urgale, a cele-
brated Irish ^vine and philosopher who
flourished about A. D. 1880. He be-
longed to the order of Carmelites and
was author of a summary of law and
one dt theology. • ,

GILBERT, Bishop of Limerick and
apostolic le«ite, a learned and holy
prelate. A. D. 1080. Was noted for
Ids zeal in promoting every good work.
He convened a council of Bishops and
princes to reform abuses, and addressed
a treatise on the Ecclesiastical Ritual to
the bishops of Ireland, and one also on
the state of the church. Worn out
with age and labors he resigned his
powers of legate to Innocent Ul, who
conferred them on St. Malachi,who had
been made primate against his will by
the persistence of Gfilbert some time
before.

GILES, HENRY, an able and distin-
guished American divine, bom iaCoun^
Wexford, Ireland, Nov. 1st, 1809. Bfe
received his education at home, but
amidst a conflict of beliefs he became
unsettled in his religious views and af-
ter various changes, he at length joined
che Unitarians and became pastor of a
church at Greenoch, England, and after-
wards at Liverpool. In 1841 he came to
the United States where his solid tal-
ents were soon recognized, and be
became very popular as a preacher and
Jec*urer. Among his worKs are "Irish
Xectures and Essays," "Christian
Thoughts in Life," "Illustrations on
Genius in some of its applications to
Society and Culture." GHIes is a clear
and powerful writer, and has written a

Seat deal for cotemporary literature in
e first periodicals of the country. He
resides in Quincy, Mass. ,

GILES, JOHN, a distinguished law-
yer of North Carolina, was a son of
patriotic Irish parents who settled in
in that State prior to the Revolution.
He waa bom in Rowan County, about

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1785 and educated at Chapel Hill Unl-
vendty. After graduating he adopted
the profession of the law, and soon
acquired a large practise. He was hon-
ors by his fellow citizens with dis-
tinctions he did not seek, and among
them was elected to Congress in 1829,
but did not take his seat on account of
ill health. He died March 2nd, 1846,
much lamented.

OILES. WILLIAM 6., an American
Statesman and patriot, was bom of Irish
parents in yirginia,about 1760, and was
an early and ardent supporter of the Rev-
olutiona- v struggle. He represented his
State in Cougress for many years, and
was a Senator from 1811 to 1815,
and in 1826 was elected Governor of
the State. He died in 1880.

GILHOOLEY, P. H., an able and
eldquent American advocate and jurist,
was bom in New York about 1860, of
Irish parents. His father, like so many
thousands of his race, stepped prompt-
ly to the support of the Union, when
the great rebellion broke out, leaving
the care of the family on the mother,
who then resided in Morris ania, a sub-
urb of New York City. To raise a boy
full of life and energy, and brains and
pluck, as is the average Irish boy, in
the shadows of a great city, is a respon-
sible and difiBcult task, with the most
favored, much more so is it to a poor
mother unaided, and in the case of the
poor, always with the most difficult
surroundings. Our subject consequent-
ly had as much of his own sweet will
as boys will have, who can, and in such
cases his companions are not always the
choicest. It appears that some of his
companions about this time purloined
some fruit and cake, and our subject
partook of the stolen feast; fortunately
or unfortunately the were "^thered m'
for the great crime I and as they were
poor and powerless, were sent to ^e
'Reformatory. ' Our subject's manliness
and good conduct, for he was no crimi-
nal, attracted the attention of Mie Sup-
erintendent, and he was apprenticed to
a New Jersey farmer till he was of age,
on condition that he was to receive four
months schooling each year, and two
auits of clothes, besides flOO at the end
of the time. He soon mastered the
manifold duties of his place and won
the r^ard and confidence of his em-
ployer, by hia, willingneas, promptitude

and care. In the meantime he did not
forfl;et those at home, having chances to
make profit of his spare time, he aided faJa
mother materially to sustain her heavy
birnlen. His quick mastery of the cur-
riculum of the school he attended, gave
him new ideas. At the age of eighteen,
desiring to adopt a profession he settled
with ms employer m an amicable way,
and engaged as a district school teacher.
He then determined to devote his spare
time to Law, and ultimately adopted
that as his profession, and succeeded in
being prepared for admission at the
earliest possible age, namely, twenty-
one years. He was admitted to the
New Jersey hai, and soon won recog-
nition by his ability, Zealand singular
integrity of character. In a few years
he bad a large practice in Elizabeth,
New Jenev, and ranked with the first
lawyers of the state. In his twenty-
eighth year he was appointed District
Judge, and he has given universal satis-
faction, not less by his considoration
and f aimiess to lawyers and clients than
by his judicial acumen and impartial
justice. He hot only stands high In
the confidence of his parly (Democratic)
and although comparatively youne is
looked to as their strongest candidate
for Governor, but also with his fellow
citizens of all parties, because he is
above a mere politician, for from such
materials are made true statesmen.

GILL, THOMAS, an able American
Joumaliist and one of the founders of
the New York Evening Star, was bom
in Ireland in 1788, and received a Cel-
lmate educ&tion ; entered the British
Navy as Lieutenant, resigned and came
to America ; joined the expedition of
Qfsa. Miranda for the liberation of
Columbia 8. A. from Spanish rule, was
taken prisoner, but escaped, returned
to New York and became business man-
ager of the Evening Post, till 1882, when
he|and Maj, Noah founded the Evening
Star. He died April 29,1889.

GILLESPIE, JAMES, an Irish Am-
erican patriot of the Revolution, who
settied with his parents in North Caro-
lina before the nreat straggle, and who
bore an honoraiile share in securing
American Indep^dence. He was a
member of the Provincial Congress of
that state before the war, and for many
years represented that state in the
United States Congress, of which he

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ma a member ivhen he died, January
lA, 1806, universallj regretted.

GILLESPIE, WILLIAM MITCH-
ELL, an able American mathematician
and author, was bom in New York of
Irish parents, in 1816, graduated at
Columbia College in 1884, and continu-
ed liis studies in Europe, where he resid-
ed for about ten years. He returned to
New York in 1^ and was appointed
professor of Civil Engineering in Union
College, a position which he held dur-
ing life. Among his works are, "Rome
as seen by a New Yorker," "Roads and
Railroads," "Philosophy of Mathema-
tics," translated from the French,
"Principles and Practice of Land Sur-
veying, "Leveline, Topography and
Higher Surveying.*^ He died January
1, 1868.

OILMAN, JOHN TAYLOR, an Am-
erican i>atriot and statesman, was bom
in New Hampshire in 1758, of Irish
parents. He early e8{K)used the
cause of the colonics, as did also his
father, and the fir news from Lexing-
ton saw him at the head of 100 men,
with whom he marched for Cambridge,
Mass., and served with distinction in
the army. He afterwards assisted his
father, who was made State Treasurer
during the war; and in 1780 he repre-
sented New Hampshire in the Conven-
tion called to devise additional measures
for the defence of the country. In
1797 he was chosen Governor of the
State and was elected two successive
terms, and afterwasds in 1813, '14 and
'16, and although a strong Federalist,
he was able to carry his state when his

Sarty were far in the minority. He
ied September 1, 1828.

GILMAN, REV.TRISTRAM, a cele-
brated Protestant divine of North Yar-
mouth, Maine, born in New Hampshire
and was the son of Rev. Nicholas Gil-
man a native of Ireland. Trii:trttm grad-
uated at Harvard in 1767, and was an
eloquent advocate of popular rights and
a preacher of considerable celebrity.
He died in 1809.

GILMAN, NICHOLAS, an Irish
American patriot, who served with dis-
tinction in the Revolution and repre-
sentee! New Hampshire in the Conti-
rsntal Congress from 1786 to '88. He
-was a member of the Convention that

formed the United States Constitution
signed that instrament, and con-
tinued to represent his state in Congress
as a member of the House until 1797.
He was elected United States Senator in
1806 and held his seat till his death
May 2, 1814, at the age of 62 years.

GILMAN, P. S., A celebrated Am>
erican musical conductor, was bora in
Ireland, and emigrated to America
when young; became noted for his
musical talent and as the organizer and
conductor of the great Boston Musical
Jubilee and other gigantic musical per-
formances. He was also the leader of
a famous band which won great ap-
plause in Europe and America. He
still resided in New York and is dis-
tinguished not only as being a fine
coronet player and musical director,
but also as a skilful and artisUc com-
poser.

GILRAY, JAMES, an eminent cari-
cature artist, was bom in Ireland about
1760, and early developed his peculiar
talent. He resided for many years in
London, and was without a rival in his
day. His sketches which were edited
by himself, were full of broad humor,
keen satire, originality, and artistic
skiU. He died in 1861.

GLENIE, JAMES, an eminent
mathematician was bom in the south of
Ireland and educated at St Andrews.
He entered the army and soon distin-
guished himself as an artillery ofHicer,
but having given proofs of his talents
as an engineer, Ifc was removed to that
corps. All his prospects of promotion
at that time, in the English army, were
however, cmsbed bv 'his earning the
enmity of the Duke of Richmond
whose pretentions as an engineer he
crushed by a seasonable pamphlet on
his proposed fortification, exposing
its weakness and alMurdity, and hold-
iqg it up to ridicule. His services to the
credit and skill of his corps were recog-
nized by the plan being dropped, Imt
he was rewarded by having to retire.
After many vicissitudes of fortune, he
died near Pimlicoin 1817. Ue was a
member of the Royal Society. Amonz
his works are a 'History of Gunnery,
'Observations on Const ruction, and the
'Doctrine of Universal Comparison, and
General Proportion' also one onCalcidus.

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OODHAH, ADAM, known as
Adam of Ireland, was a monk of the
order of St. Francis and one of the
most lear ned men of his dav. He was
• doctor of Theology at Oxford. John
Mayor says he was not inferior to Ock-
am in learning. He wrote comment
aries on tlie loxa books «-f Sentences
and other works, which were printed in
Paris in 1612.

GOLDSMITH, OLIVER, one of the
most talented of poets, miscellaneous
writers and dramatists which modem
times have produced, was l « son of an
Irish curate, and was bora m County
Ix>ngford, Ireland, in 1781. Through
the kindness of an uncle he was enabled
40 enter Trinity College, Dublin, where
he seems to have given but little atten-
tion to study. Alter this he was for a
«horttimea family tutor. His uncle,
desirous that he should adopt Law,
gave him the means to commence its
study, but it was soon lost by his care-
lefM and extravagent habits. He then
assisted him to go to Edinburg to be-
come a student of medicine, where he
•pent two years and then went to Ger-
many, remaining above a year at Lev-
den. . He quitM this latter place ab-
ruptly in 1755, and with no money and
no resources but his flute, he traveled
over a considerable part of Europe. In
>766 he came to London penniless and
became an usher in a school, and tlso
attempted medicinal practice in an bab-
ble way. He also appeared for exanw
nation before the College of Burgeons
to qualify for an appointment abroad,
but his forlorne appearance perhaps,
more than his want of sufficient know-
ledge, prevented him from passing.
He now turned his attention to litera-
ture, as the last resource left, and pro-
duced his £.rst work in 1769, an Essay
on the present state of Polite Literature.
He also drudged for the Monthly and
Critical Reviews, and other periodicals,
and compiled his Histories of Greece
and Rome, and his animated nature.
His works soon gained him consider-
able popularity, and he was constantly
employed, but his thriftless habits were
against him, and in 1761 we find him
confined for debt. It was while under
this cloud that he produced his unrival-
led "Vicar of Wakefield," and soon
after "The Citizens of the World."
These works placed hhn in the first
lank of the great literaiy men of the

dav, and he became the intimate of
Johnson, Burke, and Garrick. In 176S
"The Traveler," and the beautiful bal-
lad of the "Hermit," appeared, which
E laced hfm equally high as a poet, and
is reputation was still further increas-
ed in 1709, by the appearance of the
"Deserted Village." In the meantime
he attempted the drama by his comedy
of "The Good-natured Man," which,
although highly praised as a literary
effort, was not considered dramatically
effective. In 1763 he brought out ' 'She
Stoops to Conquer," which was receiv-
ed with universal applause and placed
Goldsmith in the front rank of drama-
tists. He did not long enjoy this new
source of honor and profit foi broken
down by troubles, biought on by his
improvidence and carelessness, he died
the following year. This highly gifted
man possessed strange and inconsistent
characteristics. 'With great simplicity
and benevolence of disposition, he was
at times both vain and jealous, and al-
though of varied and extensive knowl-
edge and unrivalled in the easy and
graceful flow of language which char-
acterize his writings, he was common
place and uninteresting in conversation.
As a writer, dramatist and poet, he
justly stands among the first of modern
times. His poetry, natural melodious,
touching and charmingly descriptiveu
captivates everv refined and cultivated
reader, while his prose rivalled only 1^
the very best of the English classics,
pleases not more by its gracefulness
and purity of style, than by its gentle
and engaging humor, and will ever be
considered as among the best of the
Eng H«^h classics.

GOODE, PATRICE G., one of the
same familv as Samuel of revolutionary
fame, was liorn in Vhrgina about IQm
and after completing his education, re-
moved to Ohio, to work out his fortune
in that new State. He rose to distinct-
ion bv his talents and energy.and was a
member of Congress from that State
from 1887 to '4S.

GOODB, SAMUEL, an Irish Ameri-
can patriot of the Revolution, who in
common with his race throughout the
colonies with fiery tongue and vigorous
arm sustained the cause of liberty. Ho
was honored by his fellow citizens ef
Yirghiia with positions of trust and

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bonor and represented his State In Con-
gnu from 1799 to 1801.

GOODE, WM. O., a talented Virgin-
la politican of the above family, was
bom in that State in 1798, and educated
at William and Mary's College. He ad-
opted the profession of the law,in which
he soon earned an enviable reputation by
his ability. He was repeatedly re-elected
to the State Legislature and was a prom-
inent member of tLe Reform Conven-
tion of 1860. He remained continuous-
ly in Congress from 1858 till his death
which occurred at Boydtowu, Yirgiuia,
July 8rd, 1869.

GOODWIN, COL. HENRY, a skill-
ed Canadian drill master, and military
orninizer was bom in County Tyrone,
Ireland, in 1795, and at an early age
(17) enlisted in the artillery to serve on
the Continent, when he quickly distin-

gcdshed himself by daring and skill.
[q was twice wounded at Waterloo.
He remained with the army iu France
iOl 1818, and while there he acquired
great proficiency in all the manual ac-
complishments of a soldier, and took
prizes in France, Spain, Italy, England
and Ireland, for his unequaled skill in
fencing and other military exercises.
He came to Canada in 1860, and took a
prominent part in infusing military
spbit into iis people and maintained
his military bearing and soldierly qual-
ities even as an octogenarian. II') died
in his 83 year.

GORDON, PATRICK, one of the
eaily governors of Pennsylvania under
the Pi-oprietors 1726-86, was a native of
Ireland, bom in 1044. He was highly
popular and was active and undefatig-
able in forwarding every colonial inter-
est. He also served with distinction
in the anny against the Indians and
French. He died in Philadelphia in
1708.

GORMAN, MARIANUS, m Irish
divine and writer of the eleveiifch cen-
tury. He was the authorof a "Martyr-
ology," which was first translated into
English in 1837, by Conall MacGeog-
higan.

GORMAN, GEN. WILLIS A., a

?rominent Irish American soldier and
olitician, was bom in Kentucky, of
jrish parents, January 16, 1816. He

began the practice of law in Blooming-
ton, Ind., before he was twenty years
of age, and was soon after a memlier of
the State Legislature. On the breaUne
out of the Mexican War he volunteered
and was appointecl Major, and af tet'
wards Colonel, and served with distinc*
tion. In 1840 he was elected to Con-
gress, and in '58 w s appointed by
Pres.Pierce,Govemor Ox the Territory of
Minnesota, and in '57 was a prominent
member of the first State Constitutional
Convention. On the breaking out of
the war of the Rebellion he took com-
mand of the First Regiment Minnesota
Volunteers; was promoted for good con-
duct at the unf oitunate battle of Bull
Run. After the war he resumed the
practice of law in St. Pauls, where he
died May 20, 1876.

GORE, GEORGE, an eminent Irish
lawyer, was bom in County Wexford,
Ireland, about 1700, and after complet-
ing his studies in Dublin, he adopted
the profession of Law, became Attorney
General, and one of the judges of the
Court of Common Pleas. He died
about 1760.

GORE, JOHN, son of the foregoing,
also an eminent lawyer, became Chief
Justice of the Court of the King's Bench,
in Ireland, and was created a peer of
the Kingdom, as Lord Annaly in 1766,
and on uie death of Lord Chancellor
Bowes, was chosen speaker of the Irish
House of Lords. He died 1783. ,

GOUGH, MARSHAL HUGH VI-
count a distinguished "British" gener-
al was bom at Woodstown, Ireland,
November 8, 1779. He entered the
army when a mere boy, and first saw
aervice against the Dutch, at the Cape
of Good Hope, and then served In tue
West Indies. In 1809 he was sent to
the Peninsula, and greatly distinguish-
ed himself at Talavera, Barosa, Vitoria,
Neville and other desperate battles, and
was rapidly advanced in command.
In the war with China in 1841, he com-
manded the land forces, and for his
services there, was made a Barouet.
His next services were in India, where
in December 1848, he gai*"id the battle
of Maharagpore, and on the breaking
out of the Sikh war in '45 he took the
field and defeated the enemy, Moodkee,
December 18, and again ou the 22nd,
and early the next season took their en^

Ity
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trenched camp, at Sobraon, noi however,
'Without desperate fighting and great
loss to his own forces. In acknow-
ledgment of these services he was raised
to the peerage as Baron Gou^h. In
1848-9 he again commanded against the
Sikhs and fought with them three des-

Cte battles, two of which were f ruit-
ol results, bui. in the last he com-
pletely routed them and took the town
of Gizerat. Age and long service were
telling upon the old hero, and it was
thought advisable to relieve him; Sir
Charles Napier was therefore placed in
command, and Gough was made a Yis-
coimt, thanked bv Parliament for his
great service and bravery, and given a
pension of £2000 a year to descend to
ma, two next iu succession. In 1863 he
-was made Field Marshal, and was com-
mander of the forces. He died March
2, 1869.

GOWAN, OGLE R., r prominent
Canadian statesman, and leader of the
Orange bodv in the Provinces, was born
}n Wexford, Ireland, in 1800 and re-
ceived a good education. He edited the
"Antidote," in Dublin, and removed to
Canada in 1829, was elected to the Cana-
dian Parliament from '84 to '41, took
rl in the "Patriot War" of '87-8. He
a man of ability, but whose useful-
ness is injured by the odium of keeping
alive recollections which only tend to
separate the Irish race engender violence
and oblique, and defeat the just aspir-
attoxis of every true lover of Ireland.

GRATTAN, HENRY, a most Illus-
trious Irish patriot and Statesman, and
the greatest of modem orators, was the
son of an Irish barrister and was bom in
Dublin. July 8, 1746. He was educat-
ed in his native city, graduating at Trin-
ity College, Dublin, in 1767. He enter-
ed the Middle Temple, London, and
was admitted to the Irish Bar in 1773.
The eloquence of Burke and Chatham
which he often listened to while a stu-
dent in the Temple, had inspired him
with the desire to move also the heart
of men by the charms of eloquence, and
he felt within himself the latent power
to do it. He trained himself by con*
stant practicoto give expression in burn-
ing terms to exalted thoughts of patriot-
ism, and so absorbed was he at times in
this, and the imaginary assembly before
him, that he would be often lost to
eveiything around him, so much so

that his landlady, where he was stopp-
ing for recreation in the country,
"tl^ought the young gentleman was out
of his mind, as he was most of the
time, when alone, addressing some
one, whom he called Mr. Speaker, when
no one was near him, and was con-
tinually talking to himself." Grattan,
however, was but giving birth to great
and patriotic thoughts, which a little
later, were to move and fire the hearts
of the Irish people, and secure for his
country a place among the nations of
the earth. In 1775 he eutered the Irish
Parliament as representative of Charle-
mont, and at once joined the opposition
at the head of which was Flood, then
In the zenith of his power. Grattaa
raised his voice in favor of building up
and protecting Irish industries, and he
soon became recognized as one of the
ablest and most eloquent of the patriotic
leaders of his country. April 19, 1780,
he introduced and supported with great
eloquence and logic, the famous declar-
ation of Irish Rights, denying the pow-
er of the British Parliament to legis-
late for Ireland. He lauded and sup-
ported the patriotic stand taken by the
American colonies, in support of the
same principles, and denounced the
tyranny that would crush a patriotic
people heroically battling for their
birturight as men,against the strong arm
of despotic power. Hif motion was
then lost, but Grattan earned the grati-
tude and support of the reople. Tlie
toady element in the Irish Parliament
who were but the creatuns of power
and patronage,brought forward another
measure worthy of the enslavers of
their country, and that was.to spare out
of the troops in Ireland 4,000 to assist
the Imperial Government in securing
"tranquility," in America. Grattan and
his compatriots denounced the measure
as an outrage on humanity, and a deg-
radation of the National character, but
the toadies were still in the ascendant,
however, out of this came the hope of
redemntion for Ireland, for to secure
Irelana from Invasion or rebellioa
which in those troubled times might
burst upon her at any time, it wan
deemed pmdent to organize and arm
the militia, to supply the departure of
the regular troops from Ireland. Then
were formed the famous Irish Volun-
teers whom the patriotism and eloquence
of Grattan, fired with zeal for the leg*
islative independence of theh: own cuun*

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tay, and havmg been called together at
Dungannon in February, 1782, they
passed unanimously the resolutions
drawn up by Grattan, and which two
years previously failed to receive the
sanction of the sycophantic parliament
of Ireland. ' 'That a claim of any body
of men other than the King, Lords and
Commons of Ireland, to make laws to
bind the kingdom is unconstitutional
illegal and a grievance." Backed now
by the people of Ireland, and the volun-
teers to the number of 8(1,000 with
arms in their hands, he apin brought
forward his motion for a oeclaration of
Irish Bights by Parliament, in behalf
of the nation, and in April 16, 1782, the
resolutions were carried by an over-
whelming majority. The government
of England decided to yield to necessity
and a Dill for the repeal of the act of
6th George I, by which the British Par-
liament daimed the right to bind Ire-
land by her acts, was at once repealed,
and Grattan farther insisting, the right
itself disclaimed. Thus dia this in-
domitable patriot by the fire alone of
his genius, and his transcendental elo-
quence inspire and arm an enslaved
nation to arise and seize the favorable
opportunity, and wring from the un-
willing grasp of its enslaver the rights
and liberties of the people. His county
^as now free and tLe exalted dreams
of his yo\ith,of a country redeemed and
disenthralled by the genius of an in-
vincible eloquence, was realized, and
Grattan became the idiol of the nation.
What an astonishing victory he gained
may be inferred from Burke's remark
when Grattan was thundering in a
threatening manner for Irish Rights,
"Will no one stop that madman, Grat-
tan . " Parliament proposed to vote him
^600,000 as a testimonial of a nations
gratitude. He at first absolutely re-
fused anything but the thanks of the
nation, but on the advice of patriotic
friends he consented to accept half the
amount. Ireland was now the arbiter
of her own destiny. Her people united,
ehe could defy all the power of England,
but unfortunately there was in her ele-
ments of confusion which her enemy
knew how to use for the destruction,
once again, of her liberties and indepen-
dence. The great body of the nation
was Catholic, and under the penal laws,
chey were iibsolutcly without rights and
without the protection of law. Al-
though at this time they were becoming

a more important factor in public af-
fairs, yet their rights under the laws
had improved but little, it was rather
necessity than law that gave them stand-
ing. The true patriots of Ireland, in-
cluding Grattan, from the first, saw that
necessity as well as justice, demanded
that the Catholics of Ireland should
stand upon the same footing as their
Protestant fellow-citizens,and he had ad-
vocated with earnestness and eloquence
the abolition of all penal enactments,
the declaration of perfect, civil and re-
ligious equality of ail men before the
law; but bigotry still warped the minds
and hardened the hearts even of somo
otherwise patriotic men, and the enemy
of Ireland was not slow to stir up the
gall. The consequence was that the
Irish Parliament refused the just de-
mands of the Catholic people of Ireland
who were the immeTise majority of the
nation, jealousy too was fomented be-
tween the leading patriots, the great
popularity of Grattan made others envi-
ous of his fame and power, and the
gurity of his motives was questioned,
ietween him and Flood a bitter and
sarcastic controversy took place in Par-
liament, which, while it illustrates the
scathing and cutting eloquence of Grat-
tan was tending to give the enem; of
the nation the means and power W de-
vide and destroy. In 1786 Grattan suc-
cessfully exposed the proposition of
Ord, in regard to the trade between
Great Britain and Ireland, which was
covertly in the interests of British man-
ufacturers, and which his exposure de-
feated. This too silenced the base ac-
cusations against Grattan that he ceased
to be a patnot since he got his reward,
and restored him to the full confidence
of the people. In 1790 he represented
the City of Dublin in Parliament, and on
the Earl PitzWiUiam becoming Viceroy
Grattan associated himself with that
honest statesman to devise measures for
the peace and prosperity of Ireland.
This however, was not a policy that the
English government now desired, and
the Earl was soon recalled. Ic was the
object of that government rather to
cre&te dissension, distrust and re-
bellion.so that the conservative elements
of society might support her schemes
of Union and destroy the autonomy of
Ireland forever. Among the results
was the formation of the society of the
United Irishmen and other patriotic or-
ganizations. Grattan, disgusted with

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I fit

hemes
my of
esults
of the
lie or-
wlth

the blindness of some and the unprinci-

i)led wickedness of others unfortunate-
y withdrew from Parliament, and the
enemy under the leadership of the tal-
ented but venal Castlereagh, who had
once been a patriot and supporter of
Grattan, was bribing by money, and
titles the representatives of the people to
sell the liberties of their country. When
Pitt developed his intention of securing
a union between Great Britain and Ire-
land, Grattan beheld with alarm the
intentions of the enemy, and again al-
though prostrated by sickness, sought
a seat in Parliament, and was returned
for Wicklow. He appeared on the floor
in time for the debate on the Union and
had to be assisted to his seat. The guilty
and perfidious betrayers of their coun-
try's liberties, as they sat on the treasury
benches, tremlBled as they saw, but the
remains as if it were, of the great orator
enter those halls, those halls which had
80 often echoed with his indignant and
fiery denunciations of the enemies of
liberty. One of the creatures of the
' government was put forward to make a
personal attack on him — Corry, Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer — but the light-
ning of Heaven could hardly have ex-
cormted him more swiftly or completely
tiian did the indignant orator, and he
learned too late what a contemptible
plaything he was in the hands of the
mighty Grattan. After giving his esti-
mate of the man and bis character in
the most withering sarcasm, he con-
cluded as follows: ''I have returned,
not as the Right Hon. member has said,
to raise another storm. I have return-
ed to discharge an honorable debt of
gratitude to my country, which confer-
red a great reward for past services,
\irhich 1 am proud to say was not
greater than my deserts. I have
returned to protect that constitu-
tion of which I was the parent
and founder from assasination at the
hands of such men as the Hen. gen-
tleman and his worthy associates. Tney
are corrupt — they are seditious, and
they at this moment are in a conspir
acy against their country. I have re-
turned to refute a libel as false as it
was malicious, given to the public un-
der the appellation of a report of a
committee of the Lords. Here I stand
ready for impeachment or trial I I
dare accusation 1 I defy the honorable

SentlemanI I defy the government! I
efj their whole phaliuizt Let them

come fQrthI I told the ministers I will
neither give quarters nor take it. I am
here to lay the remains of my shatter-
ed constitution upon the floor of this
house in defense of the liberties of my
country." If, as a writer said, "elo-
quence could have saved a parliament
Grattan would have succeeded, but his
hearers were bought, and dishonor al-
ready rested on their brows, and their
hearts were steeled to shame. Grattan
sad and despondent, determined never
again to appear in public life, and re-
tired to the bosom of his family, but
as long as he lived he could not cease
to love his country and his whole coun-
try. He had battled in the Irish par-
liament in vain with the bigots who
afterwards sold their country, for
Catholic emancipation. In the be-
half of his Catholic fellow-country-
men he could not refuse to battle once
again in the Imperial parliament, and
in 1805 he entered that parliament as
member from Malton, and represented
Dublin in 1306. Although broken
down by sickness and wounded in
spirit at the needless degradation of his
country, he soon made his mark in the
Imperial parliament. His fame had
long preceded him, and consequently
great ^\ere the expectations as the great
oratoi arose for the first time to address
the Imperial parliament, and if he did
not disappoint that most critical and
uasympathetic of audiences when but
the remains as if it were of the great
orator addressed them, what would
they have thought had they heard him
in the vigor of youth, inspired by the

Keatest of human moiivea, with kind-
ig eye and prophetic voice battling
for the liberties of his country. It S
said that when Grattan commenced to
speak his manner was invariably hesi-
tating, his gestures ungraceful, his words
disconnected and uncertain, and lie
would appeared ridiculous were it not
for the intensity of the expression
which illumined his face and filled his
eyes with more than natural brilliancy,
and which impressed on the beholder
an awe and respect for the thoughts
within struggling to be free, and soon
they came, breaking through the bar-
riers of nature, they burst out at length
like an avalanche, strong, impetuous,
irresistible, the man himself lost ana
carried away, and his audience with
him, in the inspiration of the orator,
his subject alone standing out, almost a

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^Ible incarnation! full of power and
life and attraction. Such was Grattan
even in his decline, and his British
jiearers accorded to him the palm over
>U others. Byron said of him, "that
uc was the only man of all whom he
bad ever heard who filled his idea of a
gieatorat)r, "with all that Demosthen-
ese wanted endowed, and his rival or
master in all he possessed." His char-
acter was not less grand than his elo-
quence. Sir James Mcintosh said of
him: "The purity of his life was the
brightness of his glory. Among all
men of genius I have known I have
never found so much native grandeur
of soul, accompanying all the wisdom
of age and all the simplicity of genius."
His efforts in the English parliament
were maiuly in reference to Catholic
emancipation. To this sacred cause,
to use his own words, he "clung with
desperate fidelity." He not only labor-
ed tor it because it was the first and
most essential to make his people an
tmited one and thus secure that strength
and unity of action through which
alone she could now, ever recover her
lost independence; but also because it
was an eternal principle of justice,— he
loved justice for itself. In his great
heart there was no bigotry against his
Catholic fpllow-countrymen, und he
xccoguized that his first labor and ef-
fort was due to them. It was in their
behalf that he last appeared in Parlia-
ment, and it might be said offered up
his life; for the corporation of Dublin
which for many years was controlled
by the blindest bigots, passed resolu-
tions against Catholic emancipation,
and Grattan, who represented Dublin
in Parliament, felt it his duty to coun-
teract their Mgotry by a Catholic peti-
tion, and although sick and warned
by his medical advisers that the jour-
ney to London might prove fatal, the
noDle and disinterested patriot said: "I
shall be happy to die in the perform-
ance of such duty," and such it proved
to be; he was prostrated after again
raising his now feeble voice in defense
of liberty and justice, and died in Lon-
don, June 6, 1820. His last breath was
rtill for his country. "Keep knocking
it the Union," ho whispered to Lord
Oloncurry, and Ii 'Sh patriots are still
knocking at the Union, and will con-
tinue to knock until Ireland is agam an
independent nation, and monuments
worthy of them be er ed in College-

green to Ireland's great patriots, and
Emmet's epitaph at last be written.

GRATTAN, THOMAS COLLEY,
an Irish historian, novelist and writer,
was born in Dublin in 1796, and receivd
a classical education. He became a
member of the Irish bar, and then for
a while held a commission in the army.
Marrying a lady of means he resigned
his commission and went to reside irt
France, and turned his attention to lit-
erature. His first work of preteutioa
was a metrical romance which did not
prove a success. He also began writing
for vaiious periodicals, and in 1838 pub-
lished his first series of "Highways and
Byways," followed by a second series
in 1834, and a third m 1837. He next
removed to Brussels, where he wrote a
number of works, of which "Facts of
Travel," 3 vols. 1839, "The Heiress of
Buyeo," "History ox the Netherlands,"
1830, "Jacqueline of Holland," 1843,
"Legends of the Rhine," 1849, are
among the most important. He took
part in the Revolution of 1830, and ac-
tively supported the candidacy of King
Leopold, and through his influence was
appointed British Consol at Boston in
1889, where he remained till 1853, when
he returned to England and accepted a
plac«^ in the Queen's household. In
1869 he published his "Colonized Am-
erica," which is not in the best taste or
free from prejudice. His last work is
"Beaten Paths," 1863. He died in
London, July 4, 1R84,

GRAY.E. DWYER, a distinguished
and talented Irish journalist and pat-
riot, son of Sir John Gray, and h's suc-
cessor as managing editor and proprie-
tor of the DuHin Freeman's Journal,
was bom in Dublin and educated ia
that city. Mr. Gray is a bold and fear-
less upholder of ma country's rights
and a powerful advocate for Home Rule.
Like his father, he has sulTered impris-
onment for his devotion to liis country's
cause, having been arbitrarily imprison-
ed for Lis advocacy of resistance to
rack rents, and the legality of bycotting
ing" etc. Although a young man he S
prominent among the leaders of Ireland,
and represents county Carlow in Parlia-
ment. He is very popular in his na-
tive city, and is at the present time
Lord Mayor of Dublin. He is a man of
great practical ability, thoroughly post*
ed as a statesman and legiuiator, and

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IRISH CELTS.

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an able debater. His paper is the lead-
ing catbuHu paper in Ireland and while
its stand is manly and independent, it
is marked by a just conservitism, and is
looked upon as the mort enterprising
and reliable news medium, poHtical
and general, in Ireland.

GRAY, SIR JOHN, a distinguished
Iriah joumalLt and patriot, was bom
about 1810 in Dublin, and educated at
Trinity College, and after graduating
took up tiie study of medicine and re-
ceived his degree. He however, did
not pi *otise long, for becoming deeply
interffited in the political questions
which agitated his country, he gradu-
ally became connected with journalism
and eventually, editor and proprietor of
the Dublin Freeman's Journal. He
took an active and leading part in the
Repeal movement, and was an honored
friend and co-laborer of the great O'Con-
nell. He was one of those arrested in
1843 with O'Connel for sedition and
went with him to prison. His paper
became the recognized organ of the
conservative patriotic element in Irish
politics, and always exerted a power-
ful influence It was always recogniz-
ed too as a Catholic organ, although
strangely enough Dr. Grey was a prot-
estant, but of broad and liberal views.
He however, shortly before his death
joined the Ancient Church, towards
which he had for ma^y years leaned.
He represented Kilkenny repeatedly in
Parliament and always with dignity,
ability, and in the true interests of his
countiy. By the people of Dublin he
was always held in the highest esteem,
and they have erected a statue to him in
Sackvilfe street, the principal thorough-
fare of that city. He was kniehted
some years before his death, for laiUi-
f ul public services. He was about 65
years of age at the time of his dea^h.

GRAY, WILLIAM, and WILSON,
younger, brother of Sfar John Gray were
born in Dublin and educated in that
city after which they came to the Unit-
ed States, about 1840. William the
younger of the brothers was at this
time about eighteen and he immedi-
ately commenced the study of law in
Detroit, and was admitted to practice
in his twenty-first year. He soon earn-
ed a fine reputation for ability and legal
acumen and secured a large practice.
Ht was at one time Atiomqr for two

large railroad corporation, and also City
Counsellor, and was rated second to
no practitioner at the Michigan Bar.
He was widely known for his native
wit, having no rival in this field among
his legal associates. He died in 1871 in
the prime of life and the full vigor of
his intellectual powers. Wilson Gray
was by two years the senior of William,
he accompanied him to Detroit, but re-
mained only a short time, when he turn-
ed his face towards the anti-podes and
made Australia his home. He alsO'
studied law, was admitted to the Bar
and won great distinction. He became
a judge, and took an active part In se-
curing legislative independence for those
great colonies. He becdme a Colonial
minister, and acquired much power and
influence by his ability. He died about
the same time as his brother. Thus,
like the race, was scattered this Irish
family. One remains in his fatherland
beside the graves of his ancestors, and
battled for the liberties of his country.
One in the far-off anti-podes successfully
asserts the individual supremacy of his
race, by the exhibition of masterly abil-
ity, while the youngest, in the "land of
the free and the home of the brave,"
made so mainly by the genius and valor
of his race, still illustrated the vigor of
the mother from which springs hia-
matchless race.

GREATOREX, ELIZA, an accom-

Slished and talented artist, was bom at.
[anor, Hamilton, County Leitrim, Ire-
land, December 26, 1820. She came to
the United States when young, and
having already displayed artistic talent,
she studied painting imderWithcrspoon
and Hart, New York, and afterwards
went to Paris and entered the studio of
Lamberiet. She traveled through the
art centers of France, Italy and Ger-
many, and became an associate member
of the National Academy of Desi^,
New York, in 1870. Among her prm-
cipal productions are "Bloomingdale."
"Chateau of Mad. Oliffe," "The Old
Porch," "Views of Amsterdam," "Old
St. Pauls," besides a large number of
pen and ink drawings, in which branch
she excelled; many of her drawings
have been reproduced and published by
Q. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

GREATOREX, KATE and ELEA-
NOR, daughters of the foregoing, ar*
equally distinguished as artists. Thdv

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paintings have been exhibited at the
Academy of Design, and at the Cen-
tennial, and possess great merit. Their
pencils are in great repute in the illus-
trators of elegant books, of which they
have embelliSied many.

GREATKAKES, VALENTINE, an
Irishman of means, bom at Waterford
in 1628, and became famous among the
Puritans in England, for his supposed
powers of healing bytouch. He served
:as an officer in the Parliamentary army
from 1649 to '56. and was afterwards a
magistrate in the County Cork. He
•died about 1700.

GREELEY, HORACE, a celebrated
American journalist, was born in Am-
herst, N. H., February 3, 1811. His
parents emigrated from the North of
Ireland, and are called in some his of bi-
ographies "Scotch Irish," which many
anti-Irish writers are in the habit of
calling all North of Irelanders. This is
but one of the absurd and fraudulent
ways by which Ireland is robbed, v»a- at
least striven to be, of the credit and
lienors of her children. But these hum-
bugs are fast being exploded and it is one
*f the objects of this work to help to-
^(r»7ds accomplishing that object. To
lihow bow absurd this Scotch-Irish term
1b, we need but remember that the re-
bellion of '98 was mainly supported and
maintained by the Irish Protestants of
the North, and it was these same Irish
Protestants,or their brethren,as devoted
and patriotic Irish as men could be, who
mainly settled the Northern parts of
New England before the davs of the Re-
volution, and who were with their Irish
fire and eloquence the great inspirers of
the American people in their determin-
ed and successful resistance to British
tyranny, and well they might, as they
brought over with them from the old
land an undying hate to English op-
pression and Euelish perfidy. We need
not say that such is not a Scotch fail-
ing, for they seem to take pride, as a
rule, in out doing Englishmen them-
selves in loyalty to the British crown.
Greeley's parents were poor, but the
very poorest of the Irish have a love
ana taste for learning, found in no
other people in so marked a manner,
and whatever faults they may have,
even among the poverty stricken, is
not found a want of appreciation for
tiie acquirement of knowledge. Horace

was early taught at home to read, and
he soon developed a passion for books.
In the limited schooling he could receive,
he surpassed all his associates. It is
said that some of his father's richer
neighbors offered to send him to Col-
lege, but either from pride or poverty
they did not accept the offer. His fath <
er had to abandon the farm on whicL
they lon^ struggled for a bare subsist*
ance, ana removed to West Haven, Vt.
Horace had a strong desire to be a prin-
ter, more an account of the advantages
it offered in acquiring knowledge thau
anything else, and in his 15th year his
desire was gratified, having become an
apprentice m the office of the "North-
ern Spectator." Here he quickly pick-
ed up the art, and became an expert,
and soon too, the extensive information
his industry had secured him becoming
known, he was called upon to use it in
assisting to edit the paper. In 18S0the
"Spectator" failed, and Greeley went
West in search of employment, and
worked for a time at Jamestown and
Lodi, New York, and at Ei1e,Pa., where
his parents then resided. In August,
1831, he turned his face towards his
future home. New York City, and
readied it on the 17th of that month
with $10 in his pocket. His first em-
ployment was not vary remunerative.
It was setting up the bible in very small
type, and it paid him but about one
dollar per day of fourteen hours. He
continued as a journeyman for about
two years, when he started business on
his own account, with P. V. Story as
his partner. They printed the "Morn-
ing Post," the first penny daily ev«ap
Eublished, owned and edited by Dr. H,
K Shepard. Story was drowned the
same year, and Jonas Winchester be-
came nis partner. They foUowJnj' year
they issued the "New Yorker," a <7eek-
ly and general newspaper, with Greely
as editor. It was continued seven years
and then discontinued. During this
time Qreely wrote for the "Daily »Yhig'*
and also edited the "Jeffersonfan.''^a

fiolitical paper published in Albany
n 1840 he issued and edited the "Log
Cabin," devoted to the election of HarrP
son for President, and which attained
the unprecedented circulation of 80,000.
On April 10th, 1841, he issued the first
number of the "Daily Tribune" as a
penny paper. Greeley was sole pro-
prietor and editor, but he soon took
Thomas McElrath as a partner, who

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immediately took charge of the business
interests of the concern. It started with
600 subscribers. The same year he dis-
continued the "Log Cabin" and "New
Yorker" and issued in tlieir place the
"Weekly Tribune," and now commenc-
ed his hfe work. Relieved of all care
as to financial affairs, by the fortunate
choice of a careful and able business
partner, Greeley was free to give his
entire attention to the editorial matter
of the papers and into this he threw his
strong convictions on ever^ subject
which demanded public action, or at-
tracted public attention. In 1848 be
was elected to Congress, and made him-
self conspicuous by his exposing and
denoimcing the abuses of the milage
system. He was connected about this
time and for several years with a social-
istic experiment called the "North Am-
erican Phalang" which formed on the
communistic plan near Red Bank,
N. J. He was a zealous supporter of
all efforts which tended to the welfare
of the poorer classes and from the be-
ginning a strong opponent of human
slavery. Ho also took a great interest
in agricultural affairs, and his paper al-
ways contained a special department in
this field, ably edited, and which
made the "Tribune" popular and influ-
ential among the farmers of the country,
and scarcelv a year passed by that he
was not called npon to deliver an ad-
dress before some State Agricultural
Society. In 1851 he visited Europe,
and passed through France, Italy and
Great Britain. In 1855 he again visited
Europe, and during his sojourn in
Paris he was arrested at the instance of
a conceited French sculptor, who claim-
ed $2,500 damages for injury to a statue
of his, which was on exhibition at the
New York World's Fair of 1858, of
which Greeiev was a director. During
the memoraufe contest for the speaker-
ship of the House, in the winter of
185o-6, when the Republican party was
first grasping for power, Greeley was
brutally ussaulted on the Capitol grounds
by Albert Rust of Arkansas, on account
of his strictures on the conduct of the
Ultra Southerners on the occasion. In
1859 he visited California by the over-
land route, and was received with dis-
tinguiHlied honors in the larce cities.
In 1860 he was present at the Republi-
can National Convention at Chicago,
and defeated the nomination of Wm.H.
Seward, who was the popular candidate.

by his opposition. His antagonism
arose from personal, rather than politi
cal differences. On the breaking out of
the Civil war, Greeley was favorable
to allowing the states who desired it, to«
go, fearing that gi-eater disasters might
result, but when hostiles actually began
he favored a gigantic effort, and raised
the cry, "On to Richmond." Such,
however, was his reputation for fairness^
and honesty, that although looked upon
and hated by the Southerners as one of
their most bitter antagonists, yet when
they desired to make overtures looking
towards peace, they communicated with
him, and he met their agents in Can-
ada, in 1864, with the unofficial sanction
of President Lincoln, but nothing came
of it. He was a presidental elector
again in 1864. After the close of the
wai he advocated kindness and clem-
ency towards the vanquished — a policy
of universal amnesty and universal suf-
frage. In May, 1867, in consonance
with this policy he signed the bail bond
of Jefferson Davis, and thereby greatly
offended many of his radical admirers.
In 1869 he was the Republican candi-
date for comptroller of the State of New
York, but was defeated, although he
ran ahead of his ticket. The next year
he ran for Congress, but was defeated
by S. S. Cox, in the Sixth District, New
York Citv. In 1873 he made a tour
through the South, and was treated with
much consideration. The same year
he became the nominee, first of the
"Liberal Republican" party, and then
of the Democratic, for President of the
United States. Mr. Greeley accepted
the nomination, and retiring from
the editorship of the "Tribune"^ he en-
tered actively into the struggle, speak-
ing almost constantly up to the time of
the election. His life-long,and at times,
bitter opposition to the Democratic
party, made his candidacy unsatisfac-
tory to many of the older members of
that party, who thought it a disgrace to
place a man in the post of honor who
had always fought them. This disaf-
fection proved fetal, and Greeley was
defeated. The canvass proved also too
exhausting to his physical strength, and
added to this the faithful partner of
his struggle, Iris sorrows and his ioys,
for so many years, was stricken down
during the last month of the canvass
and died a few days before the election.
Success or defeat was alike to his
wounded and bleeding spirit. She who^

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liad sLared with him well earned honors
for 80 many years, was now no more,
Bnd ambition itself was lost in the gloom
of the grave. A. few days more and
this indefatigable worker was prostrate
by a malady of tiie brain, and he rapid-
ly grew worse, expiring November 29,
1872. But a simple citizen, yet the na-
tion mourned the loss of a ^eat and
fiatriotic soul, and i)ens which but a
ew days before were dipped in gall to
secure his defeat, were now extravagant
in praises of the noble simplicity of his
■character, the honestv of Ms intentions,
.and the magnitude of liis labors. His
iKMiy lay in state in the City Hall, and
for a whole day an immense throng of
Jiis fellow-citizens passed before it to
honor the illustrious dead. The Presi-
dent, Vice-President, and Chief Just-
ice of the United States, besides pro-
minent men from all parts of the coun-
tiy attended the funeral obsequies.
Thus ended "a busy life." Among his
-works are "Hints towards Reforms,"
"Glances at Europe," "History of the
Struggle against Slavery Extension,"
"The American Conflict," "Recollec-
tions of a Busy Life," "Essays on Po-
litical Economy." His life has been
written by James Paton and others.

GREGORY, GEORGE, D. D., a
minister of the English Church, and
miscellaneoius writer, was the son of
the prebendany of Ferns in Ireland,
and was bom in that town in 1754. He
finished his education at the University
of Edinburgh. He removed to Liver-
pool after taking orders in the Church
of England, and afterwards to London.
He imxed somewhat in politics, and
wrote a defence of the Addington Ad-
ministration. Among his works are.
Essays, Historical and Moral, a Life
of Chatterton, a Church Histoiy, trans-
lations, etc. He died in 1808.

GREY, SIR GEORGE, LL. D., a

celebrated explorer and author of note,
was born at Lisbum, Ireland, in 1812,
find was educated in the Military Col-
lege at Sandhurst, and after graduating
entered the army. In 1887, being then
a captain he received permission from
his military superiors to explore the in-
terior of Australia, and in 1838 he ex-
plored the Swan River District. His
enterprise and knowledge of the coun-
try sectired his appointment as Gover-
nor of South Australia, and subsequent-

ly of New Zeland and Cape Colony.
He returned home in 1867. Amon^Ius
works are "Journal of Two Expeditions
of Discovery in Australia," "Mythology
and Ancient Traditional History of the
New Zeland Race," '•tc. Grey accumu-
lated a valuable and rare library, rich
in geographical and ethnological works.

GRIFFIN, GERALD one of the most
popular of Irish novelists, writers and
dramatists, was bom in Limerick, Dec.
12, 1803. He received a good educa-
tion and early developed a passion for
literature. His family emigrated to the
United States about 1820, but Gerald re-
mained behind, and in 1823 he went tc
London with some of his dramatic eff-
orts but he failed to find a manager
who would purchase his labors. One
of those was the tragic drama 'Gsipus,'
which was brought out at Drury Lane
after his death, and proved a great suc-
cess, and which stamps its author as a
dramatist of the highest order of ability.
With such powers, so classically develop-
ed at that age — he could scarcely have
been 20 years — it is impossible to say
what grand efforts the tragic drama
may have lost, in the ill success which
smothered his first efforts, and chilled
and paralyzed his dramatic aspirations
and made him doubt the sterling
worth of his own inspiration. He
was forced then to turn his attention
to the periodical literature of the day
for the means of subsistance, and after
struggling with a thousand difflculties,
he at length received recognition and
reputation for the hi^h order of his
work as a magazine writer. In 1837 he
published "Holland Tide" and "Tales of
a Munster Festival," both of which were
well received, next year his "Colleen
Bawn"or the Collegian8,which has been
so successfully dramatized by Dion Bo-
ucicault — this gave him rank as a
master In works of the imagination, and
this was followed by the "Invasion"
"The Rivals,"and the "Duke of Mon-
mouth, "Tales of a Jury Room," "The
Courier," «fec., all of which exhibit the
dramatic character of his mind. He
also produced poems of a high order, full
of natural sweetness and pathos. In the
very hedght of his success, with the most
brilliant prospects before him and'
scarcely thirty-flve years of age,he aban-
doned "the world,** and all its empty
honors and joined the humble body of
teachers known as the 'Christian Broth-

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ers' in Ireland, when he died at Cork,
ten years afterwards June 12, 1840,
leaving behind but few as gifted writ-
ers in the English language.

GRIMES, JAMES W., an able Anv
erican statesman and politican, was
born in Deering, New Hampshire, of
Irish parents, October 16, 1816. We
might here observe that a great many
American writers or biographers have a
liabit of calling prettv much all Protes-
tant Irish, especialfy those of New
Hampshire "Scotch Irish." Now, this
expression is a gross f ra ad, if it means
anything. If it referrs to the North of
Ireland people as Scotch, or of Scotch
extraction, it has ho foundation in fact,
for the great body of its people are as
thoroughly Irish as any people in Ire-
land, and the comparative handful of
Scotch planted in that part of Ireland
by James 1, hundreds of years ago (who
after all were only the descendents of
the Irish Scoto Milesians of Ulster, who
settled in Albania, or as it is now called
Scotland, and who subsequently con-
quered the Picts and deteriorated by
mixing with them) and who were quick-
ly agam regenerated by an overflow of
generous Irish blood. That this is so
18 amply demonstrated by the rebellion
of " '98," which proved the great body
of tlie Protestant population of the
North to be as htaunch Irish patriots
as were to be found in Ireland.
The character and histoiy of the
New Hampshire Irish show, that
like their brethern of " '98," and their
common ancestors before, England had
no more determined opposers. Of the
modem Sootch, we have only to say
that history shows them to be just the
reverse, and that the British Govern-
ment and British rule have no more ar-
dent supporters and admirers at home
or abroad. Let us hear then, mo more
of this insulting myth yclept 'Scotch
Irish.' We never hear of 'Irish Scotch'
and yet for the one Scotchman or his
descendants in Ireland, there are to-day
twenty Irishmen and their descend-
ants in Scotland. Our subject com-
menced his education at Hampton Ac-
ademy, and completed it at Darmouth
College, where he graduated in 1886.
Boon after he turned his face towards
the growing West, settled in Iowa, and
S)ecaine a member of the first general
assembly of that territory in 1888. He
frequently served in the different bran-

ches of the Legislature, Territorial and
State, and in 1854 was elected Govern-
or, which position he held until 1858. and
the following year was elected for a full
term to the United States Senate. This
was at the most exciting period of the
history orthe country, just as the dark
clouds of secession were overspreading
the horizon. Grimes took his stand
with those determined to maintain the
integrity of the Union, but with a
disposition to resort to every honorable
means to avoid the last desperate argu-
ment of States. He wbs a member of
the Peace Congress of 1881, which was
dissipated by the clash of arms. He
held the important position of Chair-
man of the Committee of Naval affairs,
during the Rebellion, and took a prom-
inent part in shaping the Government
policy. He was elected to the United
States Senate to succeed himself, and
was honored with the degree of LL.
D. by Iowa College. Grimes was a man
of massive mould, both mentally and
physically, full of sound common sense
and straight forward, direct energy,
despising ind:-ect methods and relying
only on the strength of his position and
the soundness of his reason. No States-
man which Iowa has as yet produced
is his equal in strength ana natural abil-
ity or so impressed their convictions
or policy on the people of the state, as did
Grimes. He died in 1871, in the prime
of life and the vigor of his intellectual
manhood.

GROGAN, WM. M., one of the most
talented of American Homeopathic phy-
sicians was bom in Ireland in 1835.
He came to the United States and has
made New York his home where he has
achieved great success and a most ex-
tensive practice* His reputation is nat-
ional.

GUINIFORT, SAINT, whose feast
according to the Roman martyrology
is kept at Pavia, August 1st. His acts
written by Mombriteus says he was of
noble parents in Scotia, where he was
converted to the christian religion with
his brother Guribald and two sisters and
came into Germany where they all seal-
ed theh: faith by martyrdom. They
were before the days of St. Patrick.

HACKETT, JAMES HENRY, an
eminent American actor of Irish descent
bom in New York, March 16. 180a Ha

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IBISn CELTS.

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received a fair education and entered
Columbia College, but did not complete
Uie course. In 1817 he entered a law
office but abandoned it the following
yetxT for mercantile affairs, probably
from pecunary reasons. In 1819, he
married an actress of the Park Theatre.
He remained in the merchantile busi-
ness till 1835, part of the time in New
York City, but not succeeding as he
desired he abandoned it for the stage,
and made his first appearance at the
Park Theatre in 1836 as 'Justice Wood-
cock.' He next appeared as 'Sylvester
Dagger wood,' and in this character
won unbounded applause. He then
went to England, when he appeared in a
number of characters winning fame and
money, on his return he appeared as 'Rip
Van Winkle,' and subsequently 'Monsie-
ur Mallet,' and then in his favorite repre-
sentation of 'Falstaff.' In 1829-30 he
attempted management at the Bowery,
and also at the Chatham Theatre in New
York. He visited England again in
1832 v/ith still greater success, and in
1837, he again tried management at the
National, and subsequently at the Astor
Place Opera House, when he lost $4,-
000 by tlie Forrest and Macready riots.
He continued at intervals to appear on
tL stage until 1869, when he appeared
for the last time in his great impersoni-
flcation of Falstaff. He projected a
monument for Shakespear in Central
Park, the corner stone of which was laid
in 1864. He is the author of 'Notes,
Criticism, and CoiTespondence upon
Shakespear's Plays and Actors.' He
died at Jamaica L. I., December 28,
1871.

HACKETT, JOHN K., a distinguish-
ed jurist and politican of New York City
was born there of Irish parents in 1820.
After completing his education he studi-
ed law, was admitted to the Bar of tlie
state and practised with success. He
was elected Judge of the Recorder's
Court which position he held for many
yeiirs with eminent success. He died
In 1879.

HAINES, CHAS. G., a prominent
poiiUcian and lawyer, of New York,
was born in New Hampshire, of Irish
ptu-euts, about 1797, and gradunted at
Jliddlebury College in 1816; commenc
c^ the study of law, removed to New
York in 1818, and soon acquired fame
^9 a successfuil practitioner. He also

became a political leader of note and
influence. He published "Considera-
tions on the Canal" and a "Memoir of
Thomas Addis Emmet." He died ia
July 1829.

HALES, WILLIAM, a learned Irish
Protestant divine, was a fellow of Trin-
ity College, Dublin, and Professor of
Oriental languages. Among his scien-
tific works are ' 'Sonorum doctrina ratio-
nalis," 1778, "Analysis iEquationum,"
"Analjrsis Fluxionura," 1800, "New
Analysis of Chronology," besides some
religious and historical works.

HALL, MRS. ANNA MARIA, nee
FIELDING, a talented and iiopular
authoress and traveler, was born in Ire-
land (County Wexford) in 1805. Her
first noted book was "Sketches of Irish
Character," published in 1829, which
was followed by ' ' Chronicles of a School-
Room," 1831, "The "Buccaneers," a
novel, "Tales of Woman's Trials,"
"The Outlaws," "Uncle Horace," and
"Light and Shadows of Irish Life."
She was was also author of a Drama,
"The French Refugee," besic'js numer-
ous other works, Historical, semi-His-
torical and Fiction. Among them "The-
Redderbox," "The Book of Royalty,"
"Characteristics of British Palaces, *
"Marian," one of her most finished
works, "Stories and Studies from Eng-
lish History," "Can Wrong be Right,"
"The Light of Faith," "The Rift in the
Rock," etc., ^tc. In 1852 she became
editor of "Sharp's London Magazine,"
and in 1860, of "St. James' Magazine."
She was an earnest and indefatigable-
worker, an honest and impartial chron-
icler, and a writer of elegance, beau^
and simplicity. Her husband, S. 0.
Hall, was also a well-known author,
and some of their works were prodiiced
in union. She died January 80, 1881.

HALL, DOMINICK AUG^JSTINE,
an able American jurist, was born ia
South Carolina, in 1765, of Irish parents.
He adopted the profession of the Law,
and practiced with success in Charles-
ton. In 1806 he was appointed United
States District Julge of Orleans Terri-
tory, which in 1812 became the State of
Louisiana, Hall continuing as Judg;e.
In March, 1815, New Orleans being still
kept under martial law, by proclamation
of Jackson, and in violation of the Con-
stitution, Judge Hall granted a writ of

PLATK II.

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Habeas Corpus for the release of Louis
Loneallier, who had been arrested on
charge of exciting mutiny amonethe
troops, on the ground of publishing a
statement that peace had been signed.
Jackson, instead of obeying the writ,
arrested the judge. When peace was

S reclaimed , Judge Hall summoned
ackson to appear before him for con-
tempt, and fined him fl.OOO, which
Jackson paid. Congress, however,
afterwards refunded it In 1845, with in-
terest. Judge Hall died in New Or-
leans, Decemljer 19, 1820.

HALL, DR. JOHN, an eminent Am-
erican Presbyterian divine and writer,
was bom in Armagh, Ireland, July 81,
1829. He entered Belfast College in
his thirteenth year, and although the
youngest in his class, took repeatedly
tbe Hebrew prize. After completing
his classical course he studied for the
ministry, and was licensed to preach
when twenty years of age, and went on
the mission to the West of L'eland. In
1852 he became pastor of the First Pres-
byterian Church of Armagh, and in
1856 removed to Dublin, to take charge
of Rutland Square Presbyterian Chiu-ch,
and was appointed Commissioner of
Education for Ireland. In 1867 he was
sent to the Uidted States as a dele^te
from the Presbyterian Church of Ire-
land, to that 01 the United States of
America, and left behind him when he
returned home, a favorable impression
on his American brethren, of his ability,
power and talents. The same year he
received a call from the Fifth Avenue
Presbyterian Church of New York City,
which he accepted, and entered on his
new duties the fall of that year. He is
noi, only popular with his own congre-
gation, but IS held in high esteem by his
brethren throughout the United States,
who look up to him as one of their
ablest representatives. His congrega-
tion, under his auspices, have built the
finest church structure owned by them
anywhere, at a cost of $1,000,000. As
a preacher he is noticed for the severe
chastness of his style which added to
his great ejimestnesa, makes him popu-
lar with -a thinking audience. He
speaks without notes, a style universal
in his native land, but his efforts for
that reasoii are not devoid of great re-
finement and finish. He is stiU in the
vigor of his intellectual powers.

HALPIN. CHARLES G., (Miles O'-
Reilly), one of the ablest and most witty
of modern journalists, was bom in Ire-
land in 1829, and received a classical
education. He came to this country
when a young man, and joined the
army of literary Bohemians in New
York City. On the breaking out of the
war of the Rebellion, he enlisted in tie
army, and first attracted special atten-
tion by his letters from the "front"
under the non de plume of "Miles
O'Reilly," which were both humorous
and pungently sarcastic, on some of the
would-be famous commanders, and
which attracted considerable attention,
both by their ability and wit. His iden-
tity being discovered by some of his
superiors, who smarted under the ex-
posure of his witty and sarcastic pen,
he was court marshaled and would
have been punished, but the matter was
brought to the attention of President
Lincoln, who sent for the disrespectful
subaltern and relieved him from his
trouble and ever afterwards was his
friend and admirer. He afterwards
commanded a regiment in the war, and
was a Brigader General at its close.
From this tune fofward his pen was in
active demanded, and it may be safely
said that he had no equal in America as
an able, original and prolific Joumalist.
He was equally happy both in prose
and verse, and dashed off a gem in the
latter with the same f acili^ that he
wrote a sparkling editorial in the former.
He was connected at times with the
New York Herald, Times, Tribun3,Bos-
ton Post and Carpet Bag, and finally
editor and proprietor of the Citizen.
He became a prominent Republican
politician and at the time of his death
held an important city ofilce. He was
personally very popular, and as a con-
versationalist was unrivalled in wit, hu-
mor, and anecdote. He is said to have
been an amaziug literary worker when
a demand for copy pressed upon him,
acd sheet would lollow sheet in quick
succession for hours, containing matter
on live issues, original, pointed, and pol-
ished. He died very suddenly from an
overdose of morphine taken to assuage
severe pains ; in the very prime of ms
life and the full brilliancy of gifted
hitellect. 1869.

HALY, GEN. SIRWM. O'GKADT,
an able and experienced British ofBcer,
was bom in Irelal^il, entered tiie

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army in 1833, and rose by good con-
duct till he reached the position of Ma-
jor-General in 1865. He served with

freat distinction in the Crimea, and in
873 became Lieut. -Gen. and General
by brevet in 1877. He was for some
time in command of the forces in Can-
ada, and in 1875 was Acting Governor-
General. He died March 19, 1878.

HAMILTON. SIR ALEXANDER,
a distinguished soldier and count of the
German empire, and a nephew of Count
Anthony, was born in Ireland about
1660, and having participated in the
civil troubles was compelled to expa-
triate himself. He settled in Austria
where many of his countrymen had
preceded him, and entered the army.
He participated in most of the great
battles of the Empire and rose to dis-
tinction, and became a Count of the
Empire. He died about 1725. An-
other brother of this same distinguished
family, Frederick, attached himself to
the Sweedish army of Gustavus Adol-
phus and became distinguished for
bravery and skill. He returned to Ire-
land and was compensated by new
Sants of land from Charles ll., for
ose con'flscated, and died there.

HAMILTON. COUNT ANTHONY,
a'witty writer, was born in 1646 in Ire-
land, was taken to France when a
mere child, returned at the period of
the restoration, fought for James U. in
Ireland, and finally settled in Franca.
He is the author of Count Grammont,
Fairy Tales and Poems, which display
wit and elegance. He died in 1720. *

HAMILTON, ELIZABETH, a lady
of great talents and extensive acquire-
ments, was boru in 1758 at Belfast. Her
parents dying while she was yet young
she was brought up mainly by an un-
cle, wlio resided in Scotland. She
early displayed remarkable capacity,
and soon became widely known for her
scientific acquirements. Among her
works are Letters of a Hindoo Rajah,
Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, the
Life of Agrippina, etc She died at
Harrogate in 1816.

HAMILTON, LADY ELIZABETH,
famous for her -beauty, spirit and ac-
complishments, was born in Tipperary,
Ireland, about 1650. She was as patri-
otic as beautiful and charming, and

took a chivalrous interest in the affairs
of her country. She married Philibert,
Count of Gramont.

HAMILTON, HUGH, and Irish pre-
late of the Established Church, and an
able mathematician, was bom in Ire-
land in 1729; and after completing his
education studied for the ministry. He
became professor of natural philosophy
in Dublin University. He is the au-
thor of several works on mathematics,
besides miscellaneous essays. He died
in 1805.

HAMILTON, JAMES, Baron, and
Viscount Strabane, Peerage of Ireland
and Earl of Abercom in Scotland, a
member of the above celebrated Nor-
man Irish family, was born in Ireland
and was better knovm as Captain Ham-
ilton. He first espoused King James'
cause, but losing faith in me honor
and ability of that weak monarch he
attached himself to William and took a
distinguished part in the siege of Lon-
donderry. He died in 1784.

HAMILTON, JAMES, a talented
American artist, was born in Ireland,
1819, and when a boy emigrated to the
United States with his parents, settling
in Philadelphia. He early developed
artistic talent and became a teacher of
drawing. He went to Europe in 1854.
where he remained two years working
and studying. He emploved himseS
mostly in illustrating books. Among
his best work in oil are "Capture of the
Serapis," "Old Ironsides," "Wrecked
Hope," "Egyptian Sunset," "Morning
of! Atlantic City." He died in 1878.

HAMILTON, JAMES, an American
statesman, patriot and soldier, was of
Irish descent, born in South Carolina,
May 8, 1776. He received a good edu-
cation and adopted the profession of
the law. The war of 1812 saw him in
the army, and he served with gallantry
as Major in the campaigns in Canada.
After the war he resumed the practice
of the law in Charleston, and was act-
ive in the detection and suppression of
a threatened insurrection of the negroes
in 1822, led by Denmark Vesey, a free
mulatto from Hayti. The same year
he was elected to Congress, where he
was a strong advocate of free trade and
state rights. While there he acted as
second to John Randolph In hils duel

HAM

HUSH CBIiTS

HAM

year
e he

and
id as

duel

with Henry Clay, and also was Qoy.
HcDuffie's second in his duel with Col.
Cummings. Jaokson offered him the
Secretaryship of War and afterward the
position of Minister to Mexico, with
authority to negotiate the annexation of
Texas, but he declined. In 1880 he
was elected Governor of South Caro-
lina, and re-elected the following term,
and recommended the passage of the
nullification act, which he advocated
by speech and writing, and was ap-
pointed to the command of the State
militia by his successor, Gov. Hayne.
He afterwards became interested in
Texas and her affairs, and was appoint-
ed her Minister to England and France,
and went abroad in that double capac-
ity to secure the recognition of her in-
dependence, in which he succeeded. In
1845 he was active in advocating her
admission into the Union, and on the
death of Calhoun he was appointed his
successor in the U. S. Senate, but de-
clined. In his efforts in behalf of Tex-
as he had seriously impaired his for-
tune and he was on his way to that
State where he had been just elected
TJ. S. Senator, to seek indemnity, when
he was lost in a collision of steamboats.
He might have been saved but he yield-
ed his means of safety to a lady who
was an entire stranger to him, and per-
ished in the seventy-second year of
his age. He was one of the ablest of
South Carolina's honored sons, full of
energy, vim and resources^ and an
earnest and eloquent orator.

HAMILTON, SIR JOHN, one of
the bravest and most distinguished of
British soldiers, and one of the most
honorable of men, was born in the
county of Tyrone, Ireland, August 4,
1755. This gallant officer entered upon
active service at an unusually early age,
and for a period of about fifty years
ending with the general peace of 1815
he was never unemployed, never on
half pav, and what is without parallel
in the British army, never during more
than half a century relieved from duty
by official leave of absence, with the
exception of one fortnight, when visit-
ing his parents. Having distinguished
himself by extraordinary intrepidity
and judgment at the escalade of the
fortress of Gualiar, the storming of the
strong forts of Lobar and Bunglore,
and in many other darins exploits, he
was alloTved wliile stul extremely

foung and only a lieutenant to raise an
ndian regiment, a favor never before
or since conferred on an officer less
than a colonel, and which shows the
estimate put upon his talents. In 1795
he commanded a brigade at the capture
of St. Domingo. While in Africa in
1803, as military commissioner, he had
the mortification to be present at the
surrender of that tei-ritory to the
Dutch. In 1801 he was on duty in the
North of Ireland, Londonderry being
his headquarters, and be gained the ap-
plause of all true Irishmen by his fore-
able suppression of all party displays
calculated to insult the religion of his
Catholic fellow-countiymen. In the
Peninsular War, under the Duke of
Wellington, he had command of a large
division of the allied army, and as In-
spector General of Portugal he made
the national forces of that kingdom as
effective and distinguished for discip-
line as any portion of the army, while
before it was the reverse; for this serv-
ice the King of Portugal decorated
him. Among the brilliant exploits of
the Spanish campaign none equalled
his gallant,desperate, but supcessf ul de-
fense of the unfortified town and dis-
mantled castle of Alba de Tormes with
only fifteen hundred men, already fa-
tigued by a retreat, against fifteen thou-
sand supported by twenty pieces of ar-
tillery, commanded by the celebrated
Marshal Soult. For this gallant act he
was created a Baronet. He died in
1809.

HAMILTON, GEN. RICHARD,'a
distinguished and able Irish adherent
of the pusillanimous James II. He
held the rank of lieutenant General in
the King's anr, , and was one of the
chief organizers of those Irish regi-
ments which afterwards won such
glory on the continent. In March,
T690, under orders from the Earl of
Tyrconnel he left Drogheda with but
2,000 of the newly organized Irish ad-
herents of James, and met Lord Hugh
Montgomery, who was posted near
Dromore at the head of 8,000 support-
ers of William of Orange, whom he
defeated after a desperate encounter,
and drove the shattered remains of
them into the fortified town of Color-
aine, to which he laid siege, and al-
though without the necessary moans
of attack, he so straightened the be-
sieged that they suddenly abandoned it

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in the night. He next advanced against
Major General Lunder, who was post-
ed at Clodybridge on the river Trim,
•with 10,000 men. On arriving oppo-
site the fort he found the enemy in the
act of destroying the bridge. He drove
them off, although of superior force,
repaired the bndge, and crossing,
dislodged the enemy and pursued them
to Raphoe. Here he received reinforce-
ments and found ample provisions and
was advancing on Derry when com-
missioners from that city arrived in his
camp and offered to capitulate on con-
dition that all rights would ue respect-
ed and the garrison allowed to evacuate,
to which Hamilton agreed, but James
who had arrived from France, coming
into camp next day refused to abide by
the conditions, aemanding uncondi-
tional surrender. This arbitrary and
unjust act probably cost that unfortu-
nate and contemptable monarch his
crown, for Deny held out till relieved
end the arrival of Schomberg, and the
cowardice of James completed the ruin
of his prospects and possibly added to
the misfortunes of Ireland, although
she could have ej pected but little from
so faithless a prinoe. He participated
in the unfortunate battle of the Boyne,
made so by the interference and imbe-
cility of James II.

HAMILTON, SIR W. ROWAN, one
of the ablest of modern mathematicians
was born in Dublin in 1805. From his
very infancy he was gifted with extra-
ordinary talents. When only 13 years
he is said to have been more or less flm-
iliar with thirteen languages. His earli-
er essays on curves grew at length in-
to an elaborate and able treatise on the
"Theory!of systems of Rays" published
by the Royal Irish Academy in 1828.
To this he at different times added
various deductions, in the last of
which ho indicated the existence
of the two kinds of conical^efraction,
the experimental verification of which
by Lloyd still forms one of the most
convincing proofs of the truth of the
undulatory Theory of Light. In 1884,
his general method in Dynamics was
published in the Philosophical Trans-
actions of the li. Irish Academy. In
1868 he published a volume of lectures
on the subject of Quarternions. which
exhibit an extraordinary amount of
thought and labor. Another volume
on the Mume lubjeot with liii improve-

ments in Calculus was published after
his death. He held important positions
in Dublin University even while he was
but an under graduate. In 1827 he
was appointed lecturer in the Andrew's
Chair of Astronomy, and Astronomer
Royal of Ireland. In 1836 he was
Knighted and delivered the address be-
fore the British Scientific Association
as Secretary of its Dublin meeting that
year. He was also President of the
Royal Irish Academy, and was an hon-
ored member of most of the great
scientific societies of Europe, and was
considered the peer of the ablest scien-
tific minds of his day. He died in
1865.

HAND, GEN. EDWARD, an Irish
American soldier and ]patriot of the Rev-
olution, who was distinguished among
his countrymen in Pennsylvania, for his
ardent advocacy of the American cause,
and his gallant services in the war.
he was a delegate to the Continental
Congress from that state, 1784-6, and
was held in high esteem by his fellow-
citizens.

HANDCOCK, COL. R. B., a brave
and heroic British soldier, was born in
county Westmeath, Ireland, in 1780.
His father, Matthew Hancock, was con-
nected witli the military of Ireland and
our subject, after graduating at Trinity
College, Dublin, entered the army at
the age of eighteen. His first active
service was in Egypt in 1801 when he
distinguished himself and was wound-
ed. He next served on the continent,
and in 1812 was sent with his regiment
to Canada. There he distinguished him-
self by his heroic defence of LacoUe
Mill, a fortified Hamlet situated on the
frontier near Rouse's Point, where with
scarcely five hundred men he success-
fully maintained himself against Gen.
Willdnson who invested it with about
6000, and vainly attempted to take it by
storm. This was the most gallant feat
performed by British arms during this
war. He died at Pisa, May 4, 1854.

HANLAN, EDWARD, the phenom-
enal Canadian oarsman, was born in
Toronto, of Irish parents, July 12, 1856.
Residing on an island near Toronto
from infancy, he may be said to have
been brought up on the water, and in
his sixteenth year was one of a crew iii
A rue of boys. In 1878 he o«me out M

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HAR

a single sculler, when he won the cham-
pion^p of Lake Ontario, and in 1876
he won the championship of America at
Philadelphia, and afterwards defeated
the most celebrated American and Can-
adian oarsmen with the greatest ease,
including Courtney, one of the most
graceful and swiftest of oarsmen. He
went to England in 1879, and he there
defeated their champions, Howdon and
Elliott, and the great Australian oars
man, Trickett, with ridiculous ease,
stopping often to wait for them, to the
utter disgust of their admirers and hack-
ers. He returned to America and again
defeated the ablest oarsmen, but was
defeated in a field of rowers at Provi-
dence, June 17, 1880, a sudden illness
causing him to stop, although in ad-
vance at the time. He, however, de-
feated the winner, Ross, with the great-
est ease, in 1888. He is, without doubt,
the most skillful oarsman that ever pull-
ed an oar. He is 5 feet 8 inches in
height, and weighs about 150 pounds
when in condition for rowing.

HANNEGAN, EDWARD A., an
eloquent and able American statesman
and lawyer, was born in Ohio, about
1800, of Irish parents, and received as
good an education as those early times
afforded in that section of the Union.
He studied law and settled in Indiana,
"wbere he soon acquired a high reputa-
tion for eloquence and ability, and was
sent to the legislature of the state. In
1838 he was elected to Congress, where
he remained two terms, and in 1848 to
the United States Senate, where he won
distinction by his eloquence. After the
expiration of his term he was appoint-
ed Minister to Prussia, and on his re-
turn home settled in Missouri, where he
died February 25, 1850.

HARPER, ALEXANDER, an able
and distinguished American politician,
was a native of Ireland, and emigtaU'A
to the United States when comparative-
ly young, and soon became noted for
ability and eloquence. He settled per-
manently in Ohio, and represented that
state in Congress at various times from
1887 to 1858, making an honorable re-
cord for ability and integrity.

HARPER, FRANCIS, an able and
prominent citizen of Pennsylvania, of
Irish descent, was born about the year
1800, received a good edwiiation, and

rose to prominence by his native ability.
He was elected to Congress in 1837, but
died shortly after.

HARPER, JAMES, was a native of
Ireland, born towards the close of the
last century. He emigrated to Penn-
sylvania, and acquired distinction by
his talents and capacity. He represent-
ed his state in Congress from 1838 to '87
and was respected for his ability and
standing.

HARPER, JOSEPH M., a disting-
uished politician and jurist of New
Hampshire, was born of Irish parents
at Limerick, Maine, June 21, 1787. He
was broughlf, up on a farm, and manag-
ed largely by his industry and persever-
ence to secure a good education, while
he helped to pay his way. He for a
while taught school, and during the
time studied lioth Law and Medicine,
and was admitted to practice in both.
He eventually became United States
District Judge of New Hampshire; was
acting Governor of the State in 1881,
and a member of Congress from 1881 to
'35. He died at Canterbury, N. H.,
January 15, 1865.

HARPER, ROBERT GOODLOE,
an eminent American lawyer was bom
in Virginia about 1760 of Irish parents
but lemoved with them- when very
young to North Carolina. His parents
bein^/; poor, his advantages up to his be-
coming of age were limited, but in the
face of many discouraging obstacles he
succeeded in acquiring a good solid ed-
ucation. At the age of twenty he went
to Charleston, S. 0., with the Intention
of commencing the study of the law,
arriving there with scarcely one dollar
in his pocket. He immediately com-
menced ^e study of his profession hay-
ing obtained a place in the office of an
Attorney; he applied himself with great
energy and was admitted to the Bar in
his twenty-first year, and successfully
undertook the management of u cause
in the courts of record. He soon re-
moved into the interior of the State, and
entered politics, by writing a series of
articles on proposed changes in the
State constitution. He was immediate-
ly elected to the Legislature and so dis-
tinguished himself that he was shortly
afterwards sent to Congress where he
became a prominent member of the Fed-
eral party, and a powerful advocate of

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the policy of Wasbington. In 1797 he
publishea a pamplet, 'Observations on
the dispute between the United States
and Firanee.' which attracted great at-
tention both here in America, and in
Europe. His speeches in mana^ng the
impeachment of Blount and defending
Judge Chase, are fine specimens of ar-
gument and eloquence. On the defeat
of the Federal party, Mr. Harper return-
ed to the practice of his profession in
Baltimore, he having marf ied the daugh-

ghter of Charles Carroll. His practice
1 the United States Supreme Ccurt,
was from this time till his death both
extensive and lucrative. His party hav-
ing gained the ascendency in Maryland,
he was elected United States Senator.
He, however, soon resigned his seat,
his professional duties being such that
he was not able to give to each such at-
tention as he thought they demanded.
In 1819 he visited Europe with his fam-
ily,andiemained abroad two years. His
family was allied at this time to some
of the first in Great Britain, one of
Chafles Carroll's daughters being Mar-
chioness of Wellesley. He died sudden-
ly hi Baltimore, m 1826.

HARPER, WILLIAM, an eminent
jurist of^uth Carolina, was born in
that State of Irish parents, January 17
1719, and was educated at South Caro-
lina College, he studied law, and quick-
ly acquired fame and a large practice
by his ability. He was elected to the
State Legislature and made a speaker
of the House. He removed to Missou-
ri for a few years, from 1818 to '28, and
was made Chancellor of that State. He
represented South Carolina in the Unit-
ed State Senate in 1826 and in 1880,
was elected Judge of the Court of Ap-
peal, and in 1885 chancellor of the State.
He died October IC, 1847.

HARRIS, WALTER, an Irish coun-
Bellor and historical writer, partly of
English descent, and was bom in Dub-
lin about 1700. He enlarged and am-
{ilified the works of Sir James Ware, on
rish History. The first volume was
grlnted in Dublin in 1729, and the second
I 1746.

HARRISON, Chief Justice of On-
tario, one of the ablest and most distin-
guiihed of Canadian Jurists, was the son
of Riohard Harrison who emigrated from
county Monoghan, Ireland, a short

time bef«re the birth of our snbject,
who first saw light at Montreal, August
8, 1888, and received liis education
at Upper Canada College. He early
gave evidence of unusual talent, ana
in 1865 he was called to the Bar, and
from the first he took a prominent posi-
tion. Naturo had bountifully supplied
him with aH the elements which go to
form a great lawyer, and to this was ad-
ded a tireless energy. It is not strange
therefore, tliat he soon acquired an ex-
tensive practice. "In fact,"sa3rs a sketch
of him, ' 'Since 1859 to his elevation to the
Chief Justiceship there has scarcely been
a case of ^public importance in which he
has not been retained." He was called
upon to defend the ministers when ac-
cused of violating the rights of Parlia-
ment, and at many of the assizes where
he practiced, would be retained in three-
fourths of all the cases both criminal
and civil. At some of the terms as many
as eighty rules have been moved by him.
He became Queen's Counsil in 1867,
and a bencher of the Law Society in '71
and has represented West Toronto in
Parliament for a number of years. His
despatch of business in his judicial cap-
acity was admirable, especially a? con-
trasted with his predecessors, beinsr
prompt but careful and deliberate, ana
consequently eminently satisfactory to
all who sought justice. His record,
both as an advocate and judge is second
to none who has yet appear^ in Cana-
da.'

HAUGHERY, MARGARET, a no-
ted philanthropist and woman of great
energy, enterprise and resources,
was bom in Ireland and came to the
United States at an early age with her

{)arents, whom she lost when a child,
eaving her without any means. She
was taken by an aunt Mrs. Richards
who although a Baptist had Margaret
brought up a Catholic as desired by
her parents. She married Charles Hau-

8 herv in her twenty -first year and set-
ed in New Orleans about 188S, where
he died a few years later. She always
possessed a laree share of practical be-
nevolence whicn she cultivated, her
sound common sense pointing out to
her that the best results could alone be
had through the cb»^ritable oitlers of
the Church. Sbd therefore, worked
mainly in conjunction with the Sisters
of Charitv; fin t in aid of the Poydraa
, Female Oiphai Asylum. In Imi skft

HAY

IHISn CELTS.

HAT

projected the Camp Street Asj'lum, in
conjunction with Sister Tlegls and suc-
cessfully built it. In 1852 she went into
the Dairy business on a large scale, solely
to gain means to prosecute her charit-
able works, and built successively the
"St. Vincent Infant Asylum," and the
"St. Elizabeth Asylum," all under the
charge of the Sisters, the funds in great
part .coming from her earnings. She
also greatly aided the Little Sisters of
the Poor, in establishing their Home for
the Aged and Infirm. In 1860 she sold
out he dairy and went into an extensive
bakery busiu. s, and although she had
the meagrest kind of an education, she
had wonderful business tact and method.
To judge from the amount of aid she
freely poured into all kinds of charities
her earnings mu3t have been very large,
although it is not probable that she paid
any attention to the amount. She not
only gave all her own surplus earnings
to charity, but she also by solicitation
received largely irom the wealthy mer-
chants of the city, who could not well
refuse one who gave them so bright and
munificent an example. It is said that
on one occasion an extensive grocer
on being applied to for assistance for

you

to the Asylum yourself." The offer
was promptly accepted, and Margaret
procured the most capacious barrow she
could get, and being blessed with a
large share of physical as well as men-
tal vigor, she took away a load that as-
tonished the givers, with the remark
that she would cheei fully do the same
every day for the orphan's. She con-
tinued her work up to the last, dying
full of yeo> and benedictions in 1882.
Her funeral wi»3 attended by all classes
of her fellow-citizens, the stores being
all closed, and by thousands who had
directly or indirectly been the benefici-
aries of her open handed charity. The
city is to honor her, or rather honors
itself by erecting a public monument to
her in its principal square.

HAYNE, ARTHUR P., an able Ir-
ish American soldier and politican, was
of Irish parentage, bom in South Caro-
lina, March 12, 1790, and after receiving
a fair education, entered as a clerk in a
Counting House. He had a natural
penchant for military affairs and when
the war of 1813 broke out he immedi-

ately volunteered and earned distinct-
ion at Sakett's Harbor, and afterwards
along the Canadian Frontier as a Major
of Cavalry. iHe subseqently joined Gen-
eralJacksou in his campaign against the
Creek Indians, when he held the impor-
tand position of Inspector General and
distinguished himself at Pensecola and
New Orleans. After the war he studi-
ed law and was admitted to the Bar iu
Pennsylvania. During the Florida war
he again joined his old commander and
fellow Celt, Jackson, and commanded
the Tennessee volunteers. He letired
from the army in 1820, returned to
South Carolina, and took up the
practice of his) profession, was elected
to the Legislature and was a
Presidential elector in the hot contest of
1828, supporting his old commander on
the stump as in the field. In 1858 he
was appointed United States Senator to
succeed Senator Evans. He distinguish-
ed himself in every position in ufe to
which he was called , and earned the high-
est respect and confidence of all around
him.

HAYNE, ISAAC, a patriot of the
American Revolution, was of Irish pa-
rentage, born in South Carolina, and at
the beginning of the American Revolu-
tion was a planter of wealth. In 1781,
in violation of all law and of human-
ity, he was taken prisoner and executed
by the British authorities on pretence
that he was found in arms against the
British Government after he had ac-
cepted its protection and became its
subject 1 This arose from an express
understanding for a time recognized by
the British tlmt "non-combatants were
not to be molested." Afterwards how-
ever Sir Henry Clinton issued an order
compelling all found within their lines
to take the oath of allegiance. Many
who Avere called upon to do so ref usea,
and instead of being ordered outside of
the lines were imprisoned, and Hayne,
who got outside and took up arms, was
executed when taken.

HAYNE, ROBERT G., one of the

most eloquent of American statesmen
and lawyers, was another scion of the
South Carolina Irish family of that
name, and was born in the suburbs of
Charleston, Nov. 10, 1791. He receiv-
ed as good an education as the limited
means of his poor but intelligent par-
ents would allow, and with a laudable

1 '.

< *

r.^ n

niw

IBI8H CELTSL

"HEN

ambition determined to conquer the
disadvantages of his position and make
his mark as a lawyer. Possessing the
peculiar talent of his race for flery and
oemest eloquence he* earned a reputa-
tion before he reached his majority as a
successful advocate of fine ability and

Seat eloquence. The breaking out of
e war of 1812 saw him in the field,
as it did the Irish element throughout
the United States, and the Irish ele-
ment mainly; and he won distinction by
his bravery. In 1814 he was elected to
ttie State Legislature, and was made
Hpcaker of the House and then Attor-
ney General of the State. In 1823 he
was elected United States Senator, re-
taining his seat till 1832, when he re-
signed to take the execiitive chair of
•Jouth Carolina. He was succeeded by
Calhoun, and like him he was an earn-
est and fiery advocate of State rights,
and was elected Qovemor to sustain
and defend nullification. The troubles
with the general government having
been settled by concessions, Governor
Hayne did not seek a re-election, but
was compelled by his fellow citizens to
become Mayor of hi? native city,
and was connected with the public
Improvements undertaken for the bene-
fit apd growth of the State. He died
September 24, 1839, leaving behind
lilm none more eloquent or alne among
his cotemporaries.

HEALY, GEORGE P. A., a distin-
guished American portrait painter, born
Ml Boston, of Irish parents, July 18.
1818, went to Paris in 1836 and altern-
ated between that city and the United
States for many years. He produced
portraits of many eminent men, among
uiem Louis Philippe, [Marshal Soulte,
Cass, Calhoun, Webster, Pierce, Thur-
man, Longfellow, and others. His
more important works were Franklin
urging the claims of America before
Louis XVI., the King of France, and
Webster's reply to Hayne.

HAWKEY, JOHN, a classical schol-
ar of great erudition, was born in Ire-
land, about 1700, WP1 a graduate of the
University, of Dublin. Among his works
are translations of Xenophon, Yirgilius,
Terentius, Juvenal et Persius. He also
edited editions of "Paradise Lost, and
Paradise Regained," which were held
In high esteem for their accuracy, be-
eides other works. He died in Dublin
in 1759.

HENDRICKEN, RT. REV. THOS.
F., D. D., a learned and able
Roman Catholic Bishop of Providence,
was bom in Ireland in 1827, emigrated
to the United States f^nd was educated
for the priesthood in which sacred pf9ce
he served for about twenty years, be-
coming noted for ability, zeal and earn-
"X piety. He was raised to the episco-
pacy as the first bishop of Providence
m 1872, and filled the position with em-
inent satisfaction, and lasting benefit to
the new diocese.

HEAD, RICHARD, an Irish dra-
matist and writer of talent of the 17th
century, was the author of some popu-
lar plays in his day and of other works
of merit. He died in 1678.

HENNESSEY, WM. J., a talented
American painter and artist, was born
in Thomastown, Ireland, 1889, and
emigrated to the United States when ten
years old, with his parents who settled
in New York City, where he received
his education. He early developed
unusual artistic talents .uid soon be-
came constantly employed in the illus-
tration of books and magazines. He
also produced works in oil and water
colors which were noted for their orig
inality and artistic perfection. In 1870
he went to London, where he has since
resided, his brush being constantly em-
ployed at high figures. Amongst his
principle works in oil and water colors
are: "In Memoriam," "The Wander-
ers," "On the Sands," ^'^ By-path in
Normandy," "Autumn on the New
England Hills," "A Summer Sea," "An
Evening (tn the Thames," "The Glean-
er's Retur*>," "An Artist's Holiday,"
"Drifting," "A Street Ballad," "New
England Blackberry Pickers." His
skin and fame are still increasing, and
his pictures promise to be among the
most prized.

HENRT, THOMAS, a distinguished
Pennsylvania politician, was born in
Ireland in 1785, and came to the Uni-
ted States with his parents at an early
age. They settled in Pennsylvania,
where our subject was educated and
soon became distin^ished by his abil-
ity and energy. He was intrusted by
his fellow citizens vrith many positions
of honor and crea.t, and for many

Sears represented his district in the U.
. Congress, where he acquired much

HER

IRISH CELTS

HIO

few

His

and

the

influence by his ability, integrity and
worth. He died in Beaver county, i'a.,
Feb. 27, 1843.

HEREMON, son of Milesius, tie
first monarch of Ireland of the Scoto-
Milesians.said to have settled in Ireland
«nd, with his brother, wrested its sov-
«Teignity from the Tutha de Danians, a
little after the time of Moses. Mile-
fliuB and his family, like Moses and the
IsraeUtes resided for a time in Egypt,
and, being compelled to leave, settled
in Spain, from whence, after his death,
his eight sons, with their mother Scota,
And numerous dependents, sailed for
Ireland in sixty ships, most of which
were wrecked in a storm, before land-
ing. Two only of the sons, Heberand
Heremon, with a portion of their fleet,
succeeded in making a landing, and
those at different points. Heber was
soon after attacked by the natives, com-
manded by the Princess Eire, wife of
MacGreany, one of the princes of the
Tutha de Danians; he defeated the
gallant princess, but at a sacrifice of
800 men, besides his mother Scota,
widow of Milesius. He shortly after-
wards found Heremon, with whom he
joined forces, and advancing into the
county met the enemy on the plains of
Tailton, where they utterly defeated
them, killing their three princes and
thereby becoming possessed of the king-
dom, which they divided between
them, Heber taking the southern part
and Heremon the northern. The am-
bition of Heber's wife was not satisfied
with the division, and she influenced
her husband to right himself by force
of arms. A bloody battle was fought
near the boundaries of Leinster and Mun-
ster, in which Heber and his chief offi-
cers were slain, and Heremon became
sole monarch of the whole island,
reigning for f-irteen years.

HERON, MATILDA, a celebrated
American emotional actress, was born
in Londonderry, Ireland, December 1,
1880. She made her first appearance
•on the stage at the Walnut-street Thea-
ter, Philadelphia, Feb. 17, 1851, as Bi-
anca in "Fazio," and made a starring
tour of the States in 1856-6. She ap-
peared in her great role of "Camille,"
which she adapted frotr the French of
Dumas in 1857, Mr. Southern appear*
ing with her as Armand. Her success
was marvelous, and it is said she real-

ized nearly $200,000 from that charac-
ter. She visited Great Britain in 1861
and appeared as Rosalie Lee in "^w
Years Eve," and other parts with ap-
plause. On returning to America she
renewed her triumphs in "Camille" and
also appeared in "Medea," wliich she
adopted from the Greek of Dripides.
Her last appearance was us Lady Mac-
beth in Booth's Theater in 1875, except
appearing at a benefit for her little
daughter Bijou Heron, who has adopt-
ed the stage and promises to rival her
mother in popularity. Matilda Heron
was, however, at this time broken
down in health. She died March 7,
1877.

HICK, BARBARA, one of the lead-
ers and first promoters of American
Methodism, was born in Ireland in 1784
and emigrated with her husband,
Embury and others from Ireland 1780.
They settled in New York, and most
of them becoming careless of all religi-
ous observances in their new home,
Mrs. Hick reproached Embury, who
had been a local preacher in Ireland,
with a neglect of duty and succeeded
in inspiring him with energy in the
work, and through her means princi-
pally was the first American church
built. She afterwards removed to Can-
ada, where she died in 1804. Her mem-
ory is held in great esteeem by her
brethem.

HIGGINS, DR. WM., bishop of
Ardagh, an able and patriotic Irish pre-
late, was bom in 1794, and, having
chosen a religious vocation, he was sent
to the continent to pursue his studies.
At the age of 21 he was a professor in
the Irish College in Paris, and three
years afterwards he obtained his doc-
tor's degree in Rome He was appoint-
ed by the Pope to examine the condi-
tions of the Catholic colleges of the
continent, which had suffered materi-
ally through the disastrous wars of Na-
poleon. Having reported to his holi-
ness in a full and Batisfactory manner,
he returned to his native land and was
appointed to the Chair of Dogmatic
Theology In Maynooth. He soon at-
tracted tne attention of his countrymen
by his patriotic advocacy of civil and
religious freedom, and ably supported
the illustrious Dr. MacHale of Tuam
in exposing and denouncing the policy
of the government in Ireland, ^egov-

" *i

HIL

nUSH CELTS.

HIL

emed his See with zeal and wisdom,
sad made man^^ improvements, among
them a magnificent Cathedral. He
died Jan. 8, 1853.

HIGOmS, PHILIP, a learned
Irish Franciscan, who flourished in the
middle of the fifteenth century. He
was educated on the continent, and be-
came noted as a poet and religious wri-
ter. He was the author of many sacred
poems, and other works of great merit
came from his pen. He di^ in 1487.

HIGINBOTHMI, COL. KATHAN-
lAL, a prominent Canadian politician,
was born in County Cavan in 1880, and
receivsd there a fair education. He
emigrated to Canada with other mem-
bers of his family at an early day, en-
gaging in business and gave consider-
able attention to chemistry. He has
long taken a leading part in public af-
fairs in his section of Canada, having
been clothed by his fellow citizens suc-
. cessively with all the local honors, and
'has been conspicuous in organizing the
military spirit and policy of Canada. He
was also a strong advocate of the con-
federation of British America. .'Te was
sent to ihe Dominion Parliament in
1872, and still represents North Well-
ington in that body. He is president
of Uie St. Patrick's Society of Guelph,
and is a representative Canadian Irish-
man. A part of this same family set-
tled in the United States, where they
and their descendants still reside.

HILL, P. C, an able and prominent
lawyer and politician of Nova Scotia,
was bom at Halifax in 1821; his father
was a Cork man, who settled in Hali-
fax after the war of 1812. Our sublect
was educated at King's College, Wmd-
sor, and was called to the Bar in 1841
and soon acquired distinction and a
large practice. He has held many im-
portant public positions, amongst tbem
Provincial Secretary. He married the
erand-daughter of Chief Justice Hall-
burton, author of "Sam. Slick," ect.

HILL, BENJ. HARVEY, an emi-
nent American statesman and orator,
was born in Jasper county, Georgia,.
Sept. 14, 1828. His father emigrated
from Ireland and settled in that State,
acquiring influence and wealth. Ben-
jamin entered the University of Geor-
gia, where he graduated with the first

honors in 1844, and immediately com*
menced the study of the law, was
admitted to the Bar the following year
and settled in La Grange, Georgia,
where he opened an office. The samo
year he married Miss Holt, a daughter
of Cicero Holt, a prominent lawyer of
Athens in that State, and soon acquired
a large practice and fame as a speaker
of great power and eloquence. In 1851
he was elected to the Legislature. In
1859 he was elected to the State Senate
as a Union man, and in 1860 he was one
of the Bell and Everett electors. He
was a member of the Secession Conven-
tion held in that State in 1861. In ur -
son with Alex. H. Stephens he oppc d
with §reat eloquence the ordinance of
secession, but when finally he found
his efforts were idle, he thought it his
duty to go with his State. He became
a member of the provisional confeder-
ate congress, and afterwards represent-
ed Georgia in the Confederate Senate
during the war. After the close of the
war in 1865 he was arrested and con-
fined in Fort Lafayette, but was re-
leased in July the same year on parole
and returned home. During the next
ten years he held no official position, .
but took an active interest in the politi- *
cal affairs of his State, writing and
speaking with great vehemence and
zeal against the reconstruction acts of
Congress. He zealously supported
Horace Greeley for President in 1872,
and was himself elected to Congress in
1876. The debate on the amnesty bill
brought him into prominence, notV/uiy
as a speaker of grcvit power and elo-
quence, but as a true lover of his coun-
try. In his speech he said: "Is the
bosom of the country always to b9 torn
with this miserable sectional debate
whenever a presidential election is pend-
ing? The victory of the North was ab-
solute, and God knows that the sub-
mission of the South was complete!
But, sir, we have recovered from the
humiliation of defeat, and we come
here among you and ask you to give us
the greeting accorded to brothers by
brothers. We propose to join you in
every patriotic endeavor, and to unite
with you in every patriotic aspiration
that looks to the benefit, the advance-
ment, and the honor of every part of
our common country. Let us, gentle-
men of all parties, in this centennial
year, have indeed a jubilee of freedom.
We divide with you the glories of the

I • ■ r

HIN

misn CELTS.

BOA

Revolution, and of the succeeding years
of our national life before that unhap-
py division — that four years night of
gloom and despair; and so shall we di-
vide with you the glories of all the fu-
ture 1 We are here! We are in the
house of our fathers, our brothers and
our companions, and we are at home
to stay, thank God! We come, charg-
ing to the Union no wrong to us. We
charge all our wrongs upon that higher
law — fanaticism — that never kept a
pledge or obeyed a law. Brave Union
men of the North — ^you who fought for
the Union, for the sake of the Union;
you who ceased to light when the bf
tie was ended and the sword was she;
ed — we have no quarrel with you,
whether Republicans or Democrats. We
felt your heavy arms in the carnage of
battle, but above the roar of battle we
also heard your voice of kindness call-
injj, 'Brothers, come back 1' and we bear
witness to you this day that that voice
of kindness did more to thin the con-
federate ranks and weaken the confed-
erate arms, than did all the artillery em-
ployed in the great struggle." In Jan-
uary, 1877, when the country was trem-
bling with uncertainty, he made an
earnest and telling speech in favor of
the Electoral Commission as a measure
wise and patriotic, and no man can tell
what dangers such patriotic coi^nsel
saved the country from. He \.. . re-
elected to the 45th Congress, but re-
signed to take a seat in the U. S. Sen
ate, March 6, 1877. When the Demo-
crats took control of the Senate he was
made Chairman of the Committee on
Contingent Expenses and placed on the
Committee on Privileges and Elections,
etc. His most important speeches in
the Senate have been on the remonatiz-
ing of silver, on the Thurman Pacific
Railroad Refunding bill, on the Union
and its enemies, and his defense of his
Union record in reply to an attack of
Senator Blaine, June 18, 1879. He died
of cancer, 1882.^

HINCKS, REV.EDWARD, an Irist
archaologist, bom in Cork in 1792. He
studied under his father, who was pro-
fessor of Hebrew and bead master of
the Belfast Academy, graduated at
Trinity College, Dublin, In 1813, and
studied for the ministnr. He gave great
attention to hieroglyphics, both ^gyp-
tian and Assyrian, and among histrans-
lations is a portion of the inscripUou of

Tijlath-Peleser, the elder, published by
the Royal Asiatic Society in 1857. Ho'
published a catalogue of the Egyptian
manuscripts in the Library of Trinity
College 1849, besides critical notes on
the Polyphony of the Assyrio Baby-
lonian Cuniforni writing 1863, and
some con^roversi al tracts. He has
been rector of Killyleagh, County
Down, for many years. ^

HINCKS, SIR FRANCIS, a promin-
ent Canadian statesman, brotlier of the
foregoing, was born in Cork in 1807, re-
ceivsd a classical education under his
ather. He came to Canada to seek hit'
fortime, and engaged in merchandise
pursuits, becoming interrested in poll-
ticial questions he entered into their dis>
cussion, and at length became editor
and proprietor of the "Toronto Exam-
iner," and a member of the Colonial
Legislature, where he soon became a
leader. He was Governor of the Wind-
ward Island in 1856, and afterwards of
British Guiana in I8i32, He was knight-
ed in 1869 for distinguished services,
and was again Finance Minister of Can-
ada for several years, up to 1878. He
was among the leaders to urge a respon*
sible ministry for Canada,, and although
opposed by the Governor General Lord
Sydenham, and other powerful persona
he secured its recognition by England.

HINES, RICHARD, an able and
prominent politician and legislator of
North Carolina, was of Irish descent,
and bom in that state. By his native
ability, energy and push, he raised him-
self to an enviable position, and repre-
sented his district in Congress for a
number ef years, commencing in the
year 1825.

HINGSTON, WM„oneof the ablest
of Canadian medical men, is of a Cork
family, and has acquired great distinc-
tion in his profession. He held a chair
in McGill College, Montreal, and- has
acquired an elusive and lucrative
practice among the best citizens, of that
ancient burg. He is justly held as one
of the most skillful and successful of
Canadian physicians. He has also
found time in the midst of his large
practice to add to the medical literature
of ttie day, valuable medical tracts.

HO ARE, SIR JOSEPH, M. P., an
Irish patriot was bom in Coimty Cork,

■'• -li

ll -
1. n

HOO

nUBH CELTS.

HOG

\*\

\^^

in 1788, took an active interest in the
affairs of his country, and was for many
years M. P. in tlie Irish Parliament for
Cork. He was created a Baronet in
1784. When the iniquitous measure of
the union was to be] decided, although
in his ninety third year, he appeared
in his place in Parliament and opposed
it by voice and vote. He died Decem-
ber, 1801.

HOGAN, JOHN, a distinguished
American politican, financier, and writ-
er was born in Mallow, county Cork,
Ireland, July 6, 1806, and emigrated to
the United States with his parents when
a boy. He first was employed in shoe-
making In Baltimore, and while earning
his livelihood, mabaged by industry and
perseverance to acquire a solid educa-*
tion. In 1881 he turned his steps west
ward and settled first in Madison
•County, Illinois, where he went into
business and soon attracted attention by
his practical views aqd extensive know-
ledge. He was soon sent to the Legis-
lature, and in 1838 made President
•of that body. In 1841 President Harri-
son appointed him Register of the Land
Office at Dixon, which he held till 1845.
He then removed to St. Louis, where
he again engaged in business, and soon
became promment in insiirance and
banking circles. In 1857, Buchanan
appointed him Postmaster of St. Louis,
and in 1854 he was sent to Congress
from that city, and was held in hign es-
timation as an able and enlightened
statesman. He is the author of tiie ' 'Re-
sources of Missouri," and "The Com-
' 3rce and Manufactures of Bt. Louis."

HOGAN, JOHN, an eminent sculp-
tor, was born at Tallow, County Water-
ford, Ireland, October, 1800. He re-
ceived a classical education, and was
intended for the Bar, and had entered a
Solicitor's office for that purpose, but
the instinct of the artist was too strong
within him, and he soon exhibited such
skillful modeling that through the liber-
ality of some admiring friends he was
ena'bled to visit Italy, and made Rome
bis residence while he caught inspira-
tion and art from its mate u less works of
the Masters. He returned to Ireland,
which he made his home,unlike so many
of hiscountrymen who gave their talents
and fame to strangers. His "Drunken
Fawn," exhibited at the World's Ex-
position, Paris, in 1851, was awarded a

medal of the first class, and was declar-
ed by Thorwaldsen, to be worthy of
an Athenian studio. He devoted his
labors in Ireland chiefiy to religious and
monumental subjects, of which hs has
left many, celebrated for taste and
beauty. He died in Dublin, March
27, 1858.

HOGAN, HON. JNO. SHERIDAN,
8 distinguished and talented Canadian
writer and statesman, was bom in IrO'
land in 1815, and emigrated to Canada
when a boy, to join his uncle, who had
preceeded him Not finding his new
home agreeable, the youthful wanderer,
then scarcely twelve years old, shoulder-
ed hi? little bundle and started for Ham-
iltcn. where he obtained employment
in a printing office. Here his natural
ability soon exhibited itself, and he ad-
vanced until he became foreman, and
associate editor. He studied Law for
a time, but both his fort jyid his fancy
was journalism. His first noted effort
was a paper contributed to Blackwood's
Magazme on "Canada," and what, per-
haps gave his name at this time still
greater public 'prominence, was his ar-
rest in the United States, as being con-
cerned with the burning of the '"Caro-
line," whi'ch charge had no foundation.
He obtained the prize for the best essay on
"Canada," awarded at the Paris Expo-
sition. He became chief editor of the
"Colonist," and had just been elected
to the Canadian Assembly for the Coun-
ty of Grey, when he was foully cut off
in the prime of life.and on the threshold
of a brilliant future. He was murder-
ed by a party of drunken roughs, to
whose demand for money to treat, he
had acceded, but who saw a roll of bills
in his hand when he gave them, and to
possess which, they struck him down
from behind, cold-blooded and coward-
ly, and thus fell in December, 1859,
one of the ablest of Canadians.

HOGG, SIR JAMES WEIR, BART.

a British statesman, was bom in Ireland
in 1790, and received his early educa-
tion in Belfast and finished at Trinity
College, Dublin. He took up the pro-
fession of law, and Was called to the
Bar. He went to India shortly after-
wards, and soon obtained great distinct-
ion and a lucrative practice in Calcutta.
In 1823 he accepted the appointment of
Register of the Supreme Court, which
I he held till he returned home in 1888. In

HOL

nUGH CELTB.

HOP

1834 he entered the House Of Commons
as member for Beverly, and continued
for many years a member of the House.
He was a director of the East India
Company, and its principal spokesman
in the House of Commons. He became
a member of the council of India when
that province was transferred to the
crown in 1858. He was made a Baron-
et in 1846. He died May 27, 1876.

HOILYWOOD. CHRISTOPHER,
an eminent Irish Jesuit was born about
1550, and educate on the Continent
The Irish missions received the atten-
tion of the Jesuits from the very estab-
lishment of the order, and especially
from the time of the generalship of
St. Francis Borgia 1565. Father Holly-
wood presided over the order in Ireland
for over twenty three years in constant
danger of death. He was specially de-
nounced by the King in his speech to
Parliament in 1614, but his shield were
a faithful people to whom he broke and
distributed the bread of life, any one of
-whom would have willing given his life
to save Mm. He died in 1626.

HOLMES, HON. BENJAMIN, an
able Canadian, politician, and financier
was a native of Ireland who emigrated
to Canada at an early day, settled in
Montreal, and soon rose to distinction
by his broad and liberal views, and na-
tive ability. He supported the cause of
responsible Government and was return*
ed to Parliament for Montreal in 1841.
His independent, manly course for
maintaining the rights of his people to
an administration representing the ma-
jority, led to a petty persecution of Mr.
Holmes by the Metcalf administration
which was, however, consistent with
the illiberal spirit and contracted views
of the minions of a selfish and f-^ogant
power. The Government deposiv.; which
were kept in the Bank of Montreal,
were removed because of Mr. Holmes'
connection as cashier, and its managers
were lick spittles enough to ask his res-
ignation, so that the Government pat-
ronage might be restored. Mr. Holmes
continued to advocate those reform
which at length prevailed, and was
honored by his fellow citizens with their
confidence and esteem. He was again
returned to Parliament for Montreal,
in 1848, and the progressive liberal
party of Canada, almost excluslveiv
under the leadership of Irishmen, such

as Baldwin, Sullivan, Blake, Aylwin,
Hincks. Holmes and others .succeeded
in establishing the principle of respon-
sible Government in Canada. Ilolines
continued to hold the confidence of his
fellow citizens to the end of an honored
and successful public life.

HOLT, "GENERAL," an intrepid
and skilfull irregular Chief of '98, who
defied all the power of the Government
for nearly a year, and was at length
guaranteed a safe conduct out of the
country. He was originally a farmer
and dealer in wool, and had taken no-
part in the troubles, but he was known
as a man of liberal mind and devoid of
bigotry. He refused to give aid or in-
formation gainst his neighbors, and
this was sufficient to justify his treat-
ment as an enemy. While away from-
home on business, his house was buru'
ed to the ground by loyal raiders, and
Holt immediately took to the mountains
of Wicklow, and soon had a body of
resolute men varying from one to five
himdred, with whom he kept at bay
and foiled all the Government sent
against him. He kept his men under
strict discipline, and levied alone on the
rich friends of the Government who
opposed them. Overtures were at
length made to him, which he accepted
and went to New South Wales. He
was however, soon allowed to return,
and he died in 1826.

HONE, PHILIP, a prominent 'mer-
chant and politican of the city of New
York, of Irish descent. To him is
mainly due the establishment of the
Merchantile Libraiy Association of
New York. He was mayor of the city
and held other positions of honor and
trust

HOOKE, NATHANIAL, a literary
man of eminence of the time of Pope,
was bom in Ireland. He received £5,-
000 from the Duchessof Mariborough for
assisting her in the memories of her life.
He also wrote a Roman History in four
volumes quarto, and Observation on the
Roman Senate, aud translated Travels
of Cy rus. He was a friend of Pope,
and attended him at his death. He
died in 1763.

HOPKINS, JOHN H., LL. D., a

prominent American Episcopal divine
and scholar, was born in Dublin in 1792,.

pj*|

HUD

IBIBE OUAIL

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and educated in that eitj. He came to
the United States, and was for some
years a professor in the Massachusetts
Episcopal Theological Seminary, and
afterwards removed to Vermont, where
he established the "Vermont Episcopal
Institute," of which he was President.
When that state was constituted a dio-
cese by his church, he was chosen first
bishop. He was a highly accomplished
scholar, and ranked amon^ the ablest of
his Episcopal cotemporanes. He died
in 1868.

HORNES, WILLIAM, a prominent
«nd talented dissenting minister, for
many years stationed at Martha's Vine
jraid, was a native of Ireland, bom in
1663, and emigrated to Massachusetts
in 1714. Hedaedinl746.

HOWDEN, GENERAL JOHN
FRANCIS. BARON, a distinguished
officer of ^he English army, was a son
of the Archbishop of Dublin, was bom
In Ireland, August, 1762, and after com-
pleting his education entered the army.
He distinguished himself on various oc-
casions, especially in Egypt, for which
he was raised to the Peerage and dec-
orated with several orders and rose to
be a Lieutenant General. He died in
1883.

HUDSON, EDWARD, the most em-
inent dentist of his day in Ireland and
distinguished for his liberal attainments,
was bom in Castlemartyr, County Cork,
and was the intimate and associate of
the most eminent men of his day. He
belonged to the celebrated Monks of St.
Patrick, of which Curran was the lead-
ing spirit. He was a great friend of
Curran's and aided and encouraged him
very materially in his struggles, with
both purse and sentiments, Uke the fol-
lowing: "Consider now and then Jack,
what you are destined for, and never
even m your distresses draw consola-
tion from so mean a thought as that
your abilities niay one day render your
circumstances easy or afiluenti but
rather that one day you may have it in
your power to do justice to the wronged,
to wipe the tear from the widow or
orphan." He wrote several treatises
both scientific and political. It was
through his talents mainly that dentis-
try was advanced to the dignity of a
|»rofession in Ireland. He died in 1821.

HUDSON, EDWARD, the younger
cousin of the forgoing, a skillful and
scientific dentist and a man of brilliant
and varied talents and a patriot, was
bom about 1776, in Dublin. He was
an intimate friend of Tom Moore, who
says of him, "that he had exquisite
taste, both in music and art. " "I attrib-
ute indeed a good deal of my own early
acquaintance with our music, if not the
warm interest I have since taken in it,
to the many hours I passed at this time
of my life wtth Edward Hudson. Now
sighing over the sweet melodies of our
country, now talking with indignant
feelings at her sufferings and her
wrongs." He was one of the United
Irishmen, and was airested while sit-
ting in council in March, 1798. After
beine kept in jail for some months, he
was liberated on condition of leaving
the country. He came to America,
where he married the daughter of Pat-
rick Bourn, the exiled publisher.

HUGHES, MOST REV. JOHN,
Archbishop of New York, the most il-
lustrious and (Bishop England except-
ed) the ablest of the CathoUc prelates of
America, was bom ih the County Ty-
rone, Ireland, June 24, 1797. He ^as
early destined for the priesthood, but
his family meeting a reverse of fortune
he was* compelled to leave school and
go to work. He did not, however, give
up his good design, or cease his effort to
acquire an education. The family at
length determined to emigrate to Amer-
ica, the father coming first, followed by
our subject and soon afterwards by the
rest of the family. This was in 1816,
and Chambersburg, Fa., was where
they located. John soon found hum-
ble employment and worked in the vi-
cinity of Emmetsburg, towards which
he was attracted with the hope that he
might be able to make some arrange-
ments to receive the necessary education
in this then humble seat of learning.
After waiting for some time, hoping
and persevering under discouragements,
he at length succeeded in gaining ad-
mittance as a scholar on condition of
superintending the garden work of the
college, 1819. He soon gave evidence
of those great abilities which so disting-
uished him in after life, and the year
after he was received as a regular stu«
dent. His college record was a highly
honorable one, and after having mas>
tered theology he was elevated to the

For

HUO

IBXSH 0BLT8.

HUO

?>rie8thood in 1826 by Bishop Conwell
n St. Joseph's Church, Philadelphia.
For several years he was stationed in
county missions and soon acquired a
reputation as a pulpit orator. Bishop
Conwell was greatly pleased with the
young priest and used to say, "We'll
make a Bishop of him some day."
In 1829 he founded St. John's Orphan
Asylum, and about this time his name
was snoken of for the vacant See of
Philaaelphia, but the choice fell upon
Dr. Eenrick. In 1832 he engaged in
the celebrated Hughes and Brecken-
ridge controversy. Mr. Breckenridge
was a Presbyterian divine of great learn-
ing and ability, and in the columns of
the "Christian Advocate" he r ia.de a
bold attack on the doctrine and prac-
tices of the Catholic Church, and chal-
lenged any priest or bishop to meet him
"on the whole field of controversy be-
tween Catholics and Protestants." One
of Father Hughes' parishioners having
en an occasion pledged himself that his
pastor would meet the great champion
of Protestantism, h, informed the young
priest, who said: "Since you have

Eledged me I will not fail ^ou." And
e did not, Mr. Breckennd^e having
retired discomfited from his chosen
field. This debate brought Father
Hughes into great prominence, and his
commanding ability was recognized on
all hands. About this time he started
and edited the "Catholic Herald," while
still performing all his duties as pastor
of a large and mcreasing con^egation.
His church — St. John s — built about
this time, was the finest Catholic edifice
in Philadelphia. In 1883 he was equal-
ly prominent with Dr. Purcell for the
vacant See of Cincinnati, and it was
only bv a mistake that he did not re-
ceive the appointment. He was reserv-
ed for a more arduous and prominent
position, and in January, 1838, he was
consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of New
York. Two weeks afterwards Bishop
Dubois was stricken with paralysis,
from which he never fully recovered,
and the administration of affairs fell on
the new bishop, The task before the
new bishop was no easy one. The
church in America on account of the
manner of its growth and the laws re-
lating tochurch]property, had permitted
certam customs to take root which were
already becoming the source of evil and
cause of scandal. This was especially
the case with the trustee system, which

controlling the funds of the church had
even gone so far in its anti-Catholic
spirit as to attempt to dictate to Bishop
Dubois who should be pastor of a
church, under threat of withholding
the necessary funds! Bishop Hughes
denounced the ovil from the start; with
it he made no compromise, but apply-
ing the knife cut it out. It created a
storm, but strong in the consciousnjss
of duty he heeded it not. He warned
priest and people who might be involv-
ed, of the consequences, and although
he had to silence priests and interdict
churches and face a hurricane of anti-
Catholic bigotry, he crushed the obnox-
ious system forever. When the moral
pestilence of Enownothingism swept
over the land shortly afterwards, its
representatives in New York passed
penal laws intended to embarrass the
Catholic system of holding church prop-
erty, but its venom was evaded, and
through the exertions of Bishops Hughes
and McCloskey it was superceded by
the present more acceptable and
just provision in that re^rd.
In 1889 he visited Europe in the inter-
ests of his diocese, and was received
with great kindness and consideration
whereever he went. He received valu-
able presents and substantial aid to-
wards institutions of learning, which
he proposed to establish, and made the
personal acquaintance of the illustrious
"Liberator^' of Ireland. On his return
he established St. John College, Ford-
ham, now one of the most eminent seals
of learning in the country. It was first
placed under the charge of the secular
clergy, and was called Rose Hill Col-
lege. In 1S45 it was placed in charge
of the Jesuit Fathers, in whose worthy
hands it has since remained. He also
establish( d at the same time, the ' 'Ladies
of the S'lcred Heart," who opened Fe-
male SeiT'inaries, which have since be-
come famous. The next year, 1841,
was made famous by the Public School
question. The schools up to this time
had been conducted in a way emin-
ently distasteful and unjust to Catholics
as well as anti-republican. They were
in the hands of what might be called a
close corporation, who were not respon-
sible tq the people, and who could use
the public funds to suit their own good
pleasure in the way of education. The
text books used abounded in falsehoods
and insults against Catholics and their
religion, and the teachers did and couid

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compel Catholic children to take part in
Protestant worship and prayers. The
Bishop boldly denounced the system as
unjust, outrageous, and anti-republican,
and as bein^ used by bigots as a means
of proselytism, and demanded is of
right a change to a system at least im-
partial and non-religious. This created
the most insane opposition, reason, jus-
tice, common sense, was lost sight of in
the torrents of prejudice and calumny
which poured down on the head of the
Bishop, but he met it with an undaunt-
ed front, and with arguments which
were as unanswerable as they were
American. The contest was a desper-
ate one, but the Bishop tired not; with
matchless ability against their ablest
defenders he battled for the Catholic, or
rather what sbi>uld be termed the Amer-
ican side, before the common council,
but although victor in argument, big-
otry and power triumphed. He appeal-
ed to the Legislature with like success.
He then addressed himself to the peo-
ple who loved justice and equal rights
before the law, and counseled them to
unite regardless of party and teach the
individual bigot a direct lesson of re-
sponsibility. The argument went
home, where reason and justice failed
interest triumphed, and the nefarious
system at length fell before the invinci-
ble persistency of the Bishop, and was
succeed by the present, not perfect but
more just, system. In 1844 ''Native
Americanism was rampant throughout
the country. It ran riot not only in Phil-
adelphia, where chiu-ches were burned
and institutions of learning were sack-
ed, and even the convents of the humble
Sisters of Charity, whose only work
was bringing relief and consolation to
the diflicted, were ravaged and destroy-
ed by liends more heartless than sav-
ages, and yet who were sustained and
defended by men who claimed to be
Christian and civilized 1 including min-
isters of the gospel I These fiends, still
eTculting in their savage deeds of mur-
der ana devastation in Philadelphia,
p, .^poKod to visit New York, where one
of the Harpers, a member of the secret
order, had just been elected mayor, and
proposed, as it was supposed, to give
the Catholics of New York a lesson
similar to the one their brethren had
iust received in Philadelphia. A meet-
ing of the "Native Americans" was
called in the City Hall Park to give a
suitable reception to their Philadelphia

"thugs." Bishop Hughes promptly
came to the front. He made it known
through the papers that the scenes of
Philadelphia would not be renewed
with impunity in New York; that if
the authorities did not 4ake the proper
precautions to prevent such unlawful
proceedings, the city itself would be-
come a second Moscow. He called
upon the mayor and warned him of the
danger of taking no precautioua^
measures to prevent the danger. He-
addressed a public letter to the mayor-
elect (Harper) full of manly dignity
and fearless denunciations of the dark
deeds of the scums of the party who-
had elected him, and warned him un-
less the leaders took measures to pre-
vent a renewal of such atrocities they
would be held responsible for the re-
sults, which might prove verv different
from that of Phi ladelphii It was
worthy of a Bishop and of an Ameri-
can who loved justice and was ready tO'
maintain it. It pre luced the desired
effect, the sleuth hounds were not anx-
ious to devour their prey unless they
could do it with safety, and knowing
that the Bishop had taken the precau-
tion to defend his position with arms as-
well as words, and that he waa a man.
who meant what he said, they deemed
it prudent to swallow their venom,
and give vent to its bitterness in words,
not deeds. Thus this danger was avert-
ed and the empire city, save the disgrace
and danger of riot. It was this Tetter
"that contained the famoue tribute to-
the American Flag "I can even now re-
member my feeling on first beholding
the American Flag. It never crossed
my mind that a time might come wheU'
that fiag, the emblem of the freedom
just alluded to, should be divided by
apportioning its stars to the citizens of
native birth, and its stripes only as the-
portion of the foreigner. I was of
course but young, and inexperienced,
and yet even recent events have not de-
minished m^ confidence in that ensign of
civil and religious liberty. It is possible
I was mistaken, but I still cling to th»^
delusion, if it be one, and as I trusted
to that flag on a nation's faith, I think
it more likely that its stripes will dls<
appear altogether, and that before it
shall be employed as an instrument of
bad faith towards the foreigners of
every land, the wUte portions will
blush into crimson, and the glorious
stars alone will remain." lu 1846 th»

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Hua

nusn CELTS.

HUG

diocese of New York was divided into
three sections, and Bishop McCloskey
who had already been consecrated was
assigned to the See of Albany and Dr.
Timon to that of Buffalo. About
this time also the Sisters of
Charity within this diocese were
separated from the general society and
formed into a distinct organization under
the rule and dress originally adopted
by mother Seaton, the distinction being
that this sisterhood can take charge of
male orphans, while the others cannot
by their rule. Pius IX, in June, 1847,
recognized the new organization and con-
ferred upon it all the rights and privi-
leges granted to the Sisters of Charity in
France or America. The mother house
is at Motmt St. Vincent on the Hudson,
one of the finest female educational in-
stitutions in America, and it enloys by
charter all the rights and privileges of
any literary college. In 1876 the so-
ciety numbered 600 members, in 87
houses and 48 dependencies, and had
charge of 16 female Academies, 48
schools, 18 orphan asylums, and 2 hos-
pitals. In 1850 New York was raised
to an Archepiscopal See, and the new
Archbishop received the pallium from
the hand of Pius IX himself . In 1854
he was present in Rome at the council
of Bishop when the decree of Imacu-
conception was promulgated. His ar-
duous duties, the constant care and so-
licitude for the welfare of his people
and the interest of religion told on
his vigorous constitution. Not the least
of those difficulties was the immense
debt he found hanging over the church
by the reckless management of trus-
tees and which equalled in amount the
whole value of the church property at
the time he took charge. Yet with all
this to fight against, with energy, system,
and economy he pushed forward, sup-
plying the ever increasing wants of his
growfng diocese, and placing the
churches on a firui financial basis. In
1861 he laid the corner stone of the
grandest relisrious structure in the New
World (St. Patrick's Cathedral), in the
presence of seven Bishops, 180 Priests,
and 100,000 people. For this purpose he
raised from one hundred subscribers in
a few houre, $100,000 to commence.
This magnificent structure is 882 feet
long, 174 feet wide, while its two mas-
sive towers reach the height of 828
feet. In 1859 he took a prompt
and active part In expressing the sym-

pathy of American Catholics toward
Pius IX in his troubles, and issued an
inspiring pastoral on the subject,
which the Holy Father ordered printed
in both English and Italian. lie sent
to him also substantial aid to the amount
$58,000. In 1861 on the breaking out
of the Southern Rebellion, he was fre-
quently consulted by Secretary Seward
and President Lincoln, and was sent
by the Government on a special mis-
sion to Europe in relation to the attitude
of England and France. So pleased
was the President with the result that
he oflBcially indicated to the Pope that
this Government would be pleased to
see Archbishop Hughes elevated to the
cardinalcy. His last effort at public
speaking was in July, 1868, during the
draft riot, when he counselled obedi-
ence to the law, and implored abstin-
ance from all violence. At this time ho
was BO weak tha't he spoke from his
balcony seated. He had fought the
good fight, he had defended the Faith
and he had lived to conquer even pre-
judice and bigotry, and then this great
{)relate departed form the scenes of his
abors and his triumph on the 8rd of
January, 1864. The Legislation of the
State and the Common Council of the
city passed resolutions of sorrow and
condolence, and testimonials of respect
were received from every quarter. The
life of such a man is a lesson for every
American. The steady persevejance
of the boy without means or friends,
toiling and hoping. The indominable
energy, manly independence and fear-
less bearing of the man under every
difficulty; daring to do right, to demand
justice and to threaten vengence on tne
murderer or assasin who would ride
over law and justice, although support-
ed oriwinked at by a blind bigotry in-
stalled in high places, and ever succeed-
ing, not more by the justness of his po-
sition, than by the determination, energy
and zeal with which he maintained it.
He was one of those men who seemed
especially raised up by a wise Provi-
dence for times of diftlculty and dan-
ger, who have all the great elements
combined to ride the storm, who become
masters of the situation, possedsing the
genius, decision and magnetism to ward
off danger or to guide it to a good pur-
pose. He will ever be recognlzea as
one of the ablest minds of his day, and
one of the glories of the CathoUo
Church in America.

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HUG

XBXBBL OBUrBi

HUG

HUGHES, THOMAS, a -witty wri-
ter, i)oet and mto of genius, was bom
In Ireland about 1810. After receiving
a liberal education he traveled on the
continent and resided in Spain for some
years. While there he acted as corre-
spondent of the "London Morning
Wit." He was the author of "Revela-
tion of Spain," "The Ocean Flower,"
and other works, both prose and poetic,
and was held in high esteem by the lit-
erary circles of London. He was a
genuine Irishman, as the foUowins
witty specimen of his song writing will
show:

Oh* the divil a wink I slept last night

For thinkin' of the Queen;
Sure a purtier, by this blessed light.

Was never seen.
'Twas Father Kearny, from EUlamey,

Her picture showed to me^
My blessin' on your purty face,

Vic. Machree.

Her f atures all is like a doll,

So genteel and so nate.
If there's deec^on in her at all

Faith she's a chate.
She has such sefaoolin' in her ruling

She hoalds bright lamin's key.
My btossin's on your purty face,

Vic. Machree.

There's Melboum, Peel, and Wellington

Is doing all they can.
But, troth, there's not a mother'a son

She loves like Dan.
That glory of the Emerald I ?k.

Oh, if 'twas only free.
How it would grace your diadem

Vic. Machree.

Don't mind the thl&irin' Parliament

Whatever they say,
But the Liberathor s speeches

Read at your tay.
'Tis they will introduce to you •

Our case without a fee.
Oh I read them at your coffee, too,

Vic. Machree.

'TIS there our wrongs Is tould In style,

And how we're fixed
Since first they sazed on our Green Isle

With Tory thricks;
An' how they won't concayde our rights

Tho' Wellington and we
Like hayroes fought to guard your
throne,

Vic. Machree.

Now would you like the King of France

To ax you for to wear
A dingy blanket while you dance.

An' you so fair?
Or would you like the King of Spain,

Who is 1 hear a she,
Should make you pay her tailor's bill,

Vic. Machree?

In troth you'd kick up If they did

A rumpus or a row,
AnWour army and your navy, faith.

Would make them bow.
Now we must pay the souls to save

Of eveiT Rappf 36,
Ohl to ould Nick the Bint Charge sind,

Vic. Machree.

There's two bad houses near your nose

In Ould Westminister,
Ohl can't you then be done with *hose,

My royal spinister?
We'd scorn to ax them, so should you.

Then grant us for to see
Our Parliament at home agin,

Vic. Machree.

Hughes died in London of consump-
tion in 1848.

HUGH, IV, Monarch 'of Irealnd A.
D. 797. It was in the reign of this
Monarch, that the Danes, or as they
were called on the Continent Northmen
or Normans, first invaded Ireland. The
Irish distinguished them as the Black
and the White Danes, the black or dark
complexion being from Denmark, and
the White or light complexioned from
Norway. They first made only preda-
tory excursions, and invaded the coasts
of Albania and the North of Ireland.
Their first attempt at permanent settle-
ment was in Munster, where they land-
ed a fleet of fifty ships. They were,
however, checked In their course of

{)lunder by Airtic, King of that prov-
nce In a bloody battle in which they
were defeated and made a precipitate re-
treat to their ships, leaving behind them
about five hundred dead on the field of
battle. TheDanes in 812 invaded Ire-
land at different points and fighting un-
der Turgesias son of the King of rTor-
way, committed great devastations,
plundering many Monasteries, churches
and schools, among those at Armagh —
the University or Principal School, of
which in those days often had as many
as 7,000 students irom all parts of Eur-
ope. Htigh seems to have been dead

HUT

IBI8H CBI/rS.

HYD

<nr Indifferent to the misfortunes and
dangers which threat ned the nation.

HUGUE II, Monarch of Ireland
was the sou of Ainmire, who had
also been monarch, and succeeded to the
throne A. D., 673. During his reign
an important general assembly of the
kingdom was convened at Dromkeat.
Laws were passed regulating the num-
ber of privileged banfo and restraining
fitrolling poets who, on account of their
numbers and supposed privileges, had
become a burden to the people. An
important question also came up in
re^rd to the ri^ts and relations of the
prmces of theDalraids of Ulster and
those of Albania (Scotland), who were
their brethren. Aiden, King of the
Scots, or Dalraids of Albania, was
present and claimed that he was ri^-
lul Bang also of the Dalraids of Ul-
ster, ^ter much deliberation it was
decided that the Daliaids of Ulster ow-
ed duly only to the Monarch of Ireland
and that the Monarch of Ireland should
relincuish his claims of tribute &c, as to
the colonies in Albania, who were
thenceforth to be considered as separ-
ate, except only as to laws which relat-
ed to blood. Hague was defeated by
the king of Leinster in a battle in Wex-
ford, in which he lost his life hi the 27th
year of his reign, and 66th of his age,
A. D., 659.

HUGUE,y, a learned and able Mon
arch of Ireland, of the race of Niall
the Great, A. D., 784. He defeated
the army of Colman, King ox Lein-
ster in a disastrous battle in which 9,000
of the Leinster troops, and Hugue, the
son of Colman was killed.

HUNTER, REV. WM., D. D., a
talented Methodist divine and journ-
alist, was bom in Ireland in 1811. He
was for many vears editor of the Pitts-
burgh "Christian Advocate," and was
also a devotional song writer of merit.
Be was one of the professors in Alle-
ghany College, Pa. He stands high
among his brethren for ability and
learning.

HUTCHINSON, RIGHT HON.
JOHN HELY, an eminent Irish law-
yer and a distinguished member of the
Irish Parliament, was son of Francis Ue-
ly, and added the name Hutchinson on
account of estates that came to him by

his wife, was educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, and admitted to the Irish
Bar in 1748. In 1759 he entered the
Irish Parliament, and in '62 was a prime
sergeant, and Provost of Trinity Col-
lege in 1754, became Secretary of State
for Ireland in 1777. He obtained a
peerage for his wife in 1788. He was
also offered on his proposed retirement
from office, an Earldom, and had actu-
ally chosen the title of O'Hely, when
death robbed him of all his honors,
1794.

HUTCHINSON, GEN. JOHN HE-
LY, Lord Donoughmore, son of the
foregoing, a distinguished officer of the
British army, was Dorn May, 15, 1757,
at Clonmel, Ireland. He distinguished
himself on various occasions, and rose
rapidly untU he beame a general officer.
In consideration of his bnlliant services
in Egypt against the French in 1801,
he was created Baron Hutchinson of
Alexandria and Enockloft, with an an-
nual pension of £3,000. His eldest bro-
ther, Richard, was also a distinguished
officer, and rose to the rank of Lieut.
General. General John died in 1825.

HUTCHINSON, FRANCIS, a phil-
osopher and writer of talent, was bom
in Ireland, Aug. 8, 1694, and finished
his studies at the University of Glasgow.
For many years he kept an Academy
in Dublin, and was afterwards pastor of
a Presbyterian Church in Ulster. In 1729
he went to Glasgow to fill the chair
of Philosophy, a situation which he
held till his death. He wrote a number
of works, among them, "A System of
Moral Philosophy," "An inquiry
into the origin of our ideas of
Beauty and Virtue," Dublin, 1820,
also, "Nature and conduct of the Pas-
sions and affections. Hutchinson was
a vigorous and clear thinker, and the
first to revive speculative philosophy in
Great Britaha.

HYDE, JOHN, a talented Jurist and

Journalist of Michigan, was born in Cork
reland, June 37, 1888, and received a
fair education in his native town. His
father died when our subject was but
five years old, and this compelled him
to seek employment when comparative-
ly young, when he was apprenticed to
the cooper trade. In 1857 he went to
London, and in 1863 emigrated to Can-
ada with his mother, and shortly after-

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wards settled in Bay City, Michigan.
He there worked at his trade fcrawUle
and then became engaged in business.
In 1867 at the suggestion of Judge Mars-
ton he entered his office for tho study
of law, and was admitted in 1869, and
in 1870 became the law partner of Hon.
A. C. Wixwell, and by his ability and
energy won an honorable position in
his profession. In 1881, he also enter-
ed journalism by becoming editor and
proprietor of the "Catholic Chronicle,"
a weekly journal in the interests of re-
ligion, wmch he has conducted with
inuch ability. He is still in the active
practice of his profession and ranks
with the best juiists in that section of
the State.

IBAR, SAINT, an abbot and bishop
was co-temporary with St. Patrick. It
appears that he was a missionary on the
coast of Wexford at the time St. Pat-
rick, came to Ireland, and for some
time refused to acknowledge his author-
ity, till it is said admonished by an an-
gel. That there was some converts in
L'eland before St. Patrick is evident
from tqe fact that Palladius was sent
to preach to the Scots — the ancient
name of the Irish — believing in Christ.
St. Ibar was of an illustiious family in
Ulster. The extraordinary success of
St. Patrick and the miracles he perform-
ed, must alone have moved St. Ibar and
forced him to acknowledge St. Patrick's
mission and autbority, and we find him

I)resent at the consecration of St. Con-
aith. He also preached before St. Brid-
get and her community. He founded a
celebrated monastery at Beg Erin, an
isle near Wexford, noted as a school
of learning and piety. He died about
604.

IDA, SAINT, or Ita called the Brid-

{jet of Munster. She was of theprince-
y family of Desie. Her father's
name was Eemf oeland and her mother's
Necta. She was born sbout 480. Her
parents were christians, and she was
trained up to the practice of every vir-
tue,and from an early age she exhibited
an extraordinary spint of fervor and self
denial. It is stated that while yet a
child, the little bed on which she was
asleep, was seen tu ulaze up as if on fire,
and when the observer in alarm rushed
up to save the child from the supposed
fire, she was found sweetly sleeping
with an ang^c expression on her face.

When she Indicated a desire to lead
a religious life, her father strongly op-
posed, and wanted her towed a power-
ful young prince who proposed for her
hand. After a special fast, she earnest-
ly besought God to change her father's
purpose, and it is said that, admonished
by a vision, not to oppose her de-
sign, he gave her full permission to make
her own choice. She soon after took
the veil, and proceeding to the terrritoiy
of Hy-Conaill, established herself
at the foot of a mountain called Lua-
chra. She was soon joined by many
other pioiu maidens, and thus was es-
tablished the first convent in that sect*
ion. She was offered large gifts of
lands, but she only accepted a, small
garden. Her great holiness ' made
the house famous, and many extraor-
dinary miracles are said to have been
performed by her, and she is even said
to have received knowledge of the state
of souls in the other world. She was
often visited by holy men for advice
and counsel, and she was said never to
be deceived as to who Ler visitors were,
although she might never have seen
them before. She led a life of great
austerity and foretold her own death
some time before, and gave her blessing
to all her nuns, the clergy, and thepeo
people of Hy-ConailT. Miraculous
cures were said to nave been effect-
ed over her remains, even before
burial. Her feast is kept on the 15th
of January, she having died on that
day in the year 569.

INGHAM, CHARLES, a talented
American artist and founder of the Na-
tional Academy of design, was born in
Ireland 1796. As a portrait painter,
he ranked among the first of his day.
He died in 1863.

INMAN, HENRY, an eminent Am-
erican artist, was of Irish parentage,
born in New York, 1801. He probably
had no living superior as a portrait
painter. His son, I. O'Brien Inman.
was a painter of merit in Geneva and
and Florence. Inman died 1846.

IREDELL, JUDGE JAMES, a cel-
ebrated American jurist and lawyer,
was born of Iri.''h parents at Lewert,
England, October 5, 1751, emigrated
with them to America while yet iii his
teens, and settled in North Carolina.
He had received a good education, and

ISA

IRISH CKLTS.

JAC

•while yet quite young became comptrol-
ler of customs at Port Roanoke, North
Carolina. He was admitted to the Bar
■when ninetet;u (1770), ■ ad four years
afterwards was assistant Attorney Gen-
eral of the State. In 1777 he became a
Judge of the Supreme Court of that
State, was Attorney General from 1779
to '82. Like the rest of his race in Am-
erica, he was a bold and determined ad-
vocate of colonial rights. In 1760 he
was appointed a justice of the United
States Supreme Court, and about this
time issued "Iredell's Revised Statutes
of North Carolina." His judicial opin-
ion in the case of Chisholme vs. Geor-
gia, containing the basis of all the later
doctrines of State rights. His Life and
Correspondence, were published in
New York, 1857, (2 vol. 8 vo.). He
died at Edenton, (Port Roanoke) Octob-
er 20, 1799.

IREDELL, GEORGE JAMES, son
of the forgoing, an able American law-
yer and statesman, was bom at Eden-
ton, (Port Roanoke) North Carolina,
November 2 1788. He graduated from
Princeton College 1805, and was admitt-
ed to the Bar shortly afterwards. He
served a number of terms in the North
Carolina House of Commons and was
twice elected speaker. When the war
of 1812 broke out he immediately offer-
ed his services to the State and raised a
company of volunteers. In 1819 he be-
came Judge of the Supreme Court and
in 1857 was elected Governor of the
8tate,the next year he was sent to the
North Carolina Senate, where he re-
mained till 1887, when he resumed the
practice of his profession at Raleigh.
He was an indefatigable worker and
published 13 vol. of Law, and 8 vol. of
Equity reports of the Supreme Court of
the State. He was one of the commiss-
ioners who collected and revised all the
statutes in force in North Carolina in
1888, and afterwards published several
text books of authority, &mong them
* 'Law of Executors and Administrators. '
He died April 18, 1858

ISAAO,a learned Irish, missionary of
the twelfth century, who, according to
Oratianus Lucius, was associated with
Gervasius and other Irish monks of
Ratisbon, and was sent to Ireland to col-
lect means to lebuild the monastery and
other religious structures in that city.
He and his assistants were magnificently

treated by Cor jhovar O'Brien, Monarch
of Ireland anu King of Munster, and
sent back loaded with presents of ^old
and silver to cany out their pious
work.

lilVINE, MAJOR GEN'L WIL-
LIAM, a distinguished officer in the war
of Independence, was born in Ireland,
and in 1754 was a Surgeon in the Ennr-
lish Army. In 1763 he settled at Cbi-
lisle, Pennsylvania, was a member of
the State Convention of 1774, and a
strong advocate for the maintenance of
colonial rights. In 1776 he served in
Canada and was captured at Three
Rivers and remained a prisoner till 1778.
On returning home he was appointed
to the command of the 2nd Pennsyl-
vania Regiment. In 1781 when the
frontiers of the Northwest were threat-
ened by the British and their worthy
allies, tl e Indians, he was entrusted
with the defence. He was a member
of Congress from Pennsylvania after
the war, and died 1804.

JACI.SON, ANDREW, seventh
President of the United States and one
of the most distinguished of American
Statesmen and Generals, was lorn 1767
in the wilderness of North Carolina, of
poor Irish parents who had just settled
there. His father, a native of Carrickfer-
gus, county Antrim, Ireland, and died
shortly after his arrival in this country,
and the young family had to depend on
the exertions of their mother, a woman
of solid sense and singular benevolence.
On the breaking out of the Revolution-
ary war, Jackson, who was but a boy,
followed his elder brother into thearmv.
They appeared to have been taken pris-
oners and confined on one of the prison
ships of Charleston Harbor. A British
officer throwing his shoes to the older
brother, told hfin to clean them, when
the young Irish patriot, only still but a
boy, spumed the job and told him he
was no hireling of his or his Govern-
ment. For which exhibition of man-
liness he received a cut on the head
from this sample of British chivalry,
from the effect of which, together with
bad treatment he is said to nave died.
Our hero was next ordered to do the
work, but with a spartan disregard for
the danger he answered like his brother
and would have received a like cut but
he protected himself by taking it on
the arm. It appears that another elder

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IBISH CELTS.

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brother also died in maintaining the ln>
dependence of the country of their ad-
option, and his brave and unselfish
Irish mother,not only^ gave her sons, but
her own life too, having fallen a victim
to malignant fever in attending to the
dying patriots who lav crowds in the
pestilential cells of Charleston prisons.
It mav be easily conceived that a boy
with such blood in his veins, and whose

Soung heart mourned such bitter losses
1 dei^nce of his country, would not lie
idle while the enemy cursed the soil of
that country with its presence. Conse-
quently we find him in 1780 when only
uiirteen, bearing his part as a soldier
in the army, where he remained until
the conclusion of the war, a brave and
active opponent of British pretentions.
The conclusion of the war saw the
youthful patriot alone, his dearest
friends gone, his education and means
small, but with an indomitable will,
an enterprising spirit, and considerable
experience for a boy of fifteen years.
His was not a spirit to remain idle, he
immediately sought such employment
as was to be had, and made use of his
spare time in the improvement of his
mind, reading history and acquiring
the fundamentals of an education. Af-
ter a while he commenced the study of
law with Judge McKay, and soon after-
wards removed to Tennessee with John
McNairy an Irish scion like himself.
In U& new home he rapidly advanced
to success, and although not polished,
soon established his leDUtation as a
sound, zealous and able lawyer, and we
find him in 1791 elected representative
and in 1797 Senator from Tennessee,
which position be resigned, and imme-
diately was elected one of the Judges
of the Supreme Court of that State. He
had no ambition to engage in the strife
of political life as one may judge from
his residing at such an bge so brilliant
a position as senator, but the fates
seemed to wiU otherwise as perhaps no
American Statesman ever had or per-
haps ever will have to paaa through so
stormy a political experience as dui An-
drew Jackson. In 1812 the countv
found itself again involved in war witn
England, brought on by continued prov-
ocation. General Jackson, who was a
Major General of militia in his State,
was immediately called upon to raise
and take command of the quota of Tenn-
essee. He was also commissioned a
Brigadier General, by the general gov-

ernment. He quickly set about organ-
izing tibe state forces and commenced
operations against the Creek Indians,
whom the British with their usual hu-
manity, had purchased for allies. This
powerful tribe of savages he pressed
through almost insurmountable difS-
culty and danger,into swamps and mor-
asses as wild and dangerous as the foe,
and at length completely subdued them.
In December, 1814, General Paekenham
appeared in the neighborhood of New
Orleans with fourteen thousand veteran
troops fully armed and equipped and
supported by a powerful flotilla. Gen-
eral Jackson, who happily was near by,
was orded to the relief of the menanced
city, which he obeyed with his usual
promptness. All the troops he could
muster at the very last was about six
thousand all militia, and the majority
of whom were raw recruits. However
with his present forces, he immediately
set to work to make the necessary prep-
arations for defence. The inhabitants
of NewOrleans were in a state of alarm;
the American gun boats which were to
guard the approach to the city, had
been destroyed by the enemy, and in
the face of such a force it was deemed
folly to make any defence. The Gen-
eral, as a matter of precaution, took it
upon himself to proclaim marshal law.
He put arms into the hands of the un-
wilhng citizens, and told them he ex-
pected them to defend their homes. His
first brush with the enemy was on the
evening of the J<3rd of December, when
Jackson with about 1,500 men attacked
a camp of the enemy numbering
about 8,000 and would probably have
captured it, had not a fog occasioned
some confusion, and it was deemed
prudent to withdraw. This was about
six mUes below the city. Jackson,
who was awaiting the arrival of the
Kentucky militia and such reinforce-
ments as could arrive in time, establish-
ed his camp about two miles from the
British, and between them and the city.
The nature of the ground is such — a
low dead level — that no defence of any
magnitude or especial strength could be
thrown up without great labor and ex-
pense. Consequently, a ditch, breast
works of earth and wood, and a few bales
of cotton were the formidable barriers
which the veterans of the peninsula,
the heroes of a hundred battles, were re»
quired to carry. Qen. Jhckson was fuU
ly aware of the magnita<^e of his task

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The enemy were double his numbers,
and the best soldiers in Europe, while
the only soldiers he had, was the little
band of about 2,000 he had made in his
Indian Campaiscn, the rest were only
Taw material. He therefore took every
precaution which the situation requir-
ed, and tried to infuse into the minds of
his men the courage and confidence
which an imated his own. On the 7th
of January, 1815, the movements in the
British camp, indicated to Jackson that
they were preparing to attack; and
as the ever memorable morning of the
8th broke, a shower of rockets illumed
the skv, and proved to be the signal for
tiie advance. A detatchment of the
enemy's troops on the right bank, pro-
ceeded to attack the works of defence
on that side, while Packenham, with
over twelve thousand men in two divis-
ions and a reserve, move swiftly on to-
wards the American entrenchments.
At ^e American lines reigned the e'dU-
ness of death, but everything war. pre-
pared to receive the enemy, una a
plain hero without an European name
or fame was calmly admiring the ap-
proach of the victors of the Peninsula
whom he was about to sweeplike chaff
before the whirlwind. No sooner had
tiiey come within easy reach of the
batteries, than there opened upon them
an incessant and destructive tide of
death, but with a valor worthy of their
fame, the enemy pushed on, and it seem-
ed but a few steps and the entrench-
ments would be won, but in that few
steps was opened a very floodgate of
destruction that swallowed them up.
Jackson had ordered his men to hold
their fire until the enemy were almost
within pistol shot, when ?very gun
would tm. 'Twas done, and so ternflc
was the result, that those veterans who
knew no fear, recoiled before the as-
tounding slaughter. Twice they rallied
and advancea to the assault, but no
Uving thing seemed able to pass
through the storm of death, and at last
they ^nd in consternation and dismay.
General Packenham, their brave and
gallant commander mortified at the re-
sult, fell mortally wounded while at-
tempting to rally them again to the at-
tack, and Generals Gibbs and Eean,
the next officers in command fell, one
mortally, the other severely wounded,
on the the third unavaihng attempt.
The plain in the front of the Americans
from the ditch to the British camps was

covered with the dfead, the wounded,
and the dying. Over two thousand
were killed which shows the bravery
and obstinacy of the attack, while the
Americans lost only 7 killed and 6
wounded. History furnishes no paral-
el to this battle. 'Every apparent ad-
vantage was on the side of those who
met so disastrous a defeat, numbers,
experience, and even valor ; the entren-
chments of the Americans were so insig*
nificant, as to be considered by engineers
as no especial obstacle, and yet the re-
sults were so amazingly out of propor-
tion the other way. Outside of a spec-
ial interposition of Divine Providence,
it can only be accounted for by the won-
derful military genius of Jackson, who^
knew so well how to turn his own weak
materials of war into towers of strength
and paralyze the strength of the en y
and render it powerless by surprwe.
This battle took place after peace had
actually been signed, but the know-
ledge of that fact had not yet reached
America. The news of this gi-eat vic-
tory spread fast and wide, and caused
umversal rejoicing all over the country.
A Te Deum was sung at the request of
Jackson, in the principal church of
New Orleans, in thaksgiving for the vic-
tory, at which the General, his staff, and
the entire population assisted. Congress
unanimously passed a vote of thanks to
the victor, and ordered a gold medal to
be struck commemorative of the event,
and given to the General. He was
made a Major General in the Regular
Army, the hijghest position then estab-
lished, and given command of the south
west. In 1817 Mr. Madison offered
him the position of Secretary of Wai-
which he declined. In 1817, theSemin-
oles, a powerful and warlike tribe of In-
dians on our southern frontier instigated
by white adventurers, and shield^ by
the Spanish authoritiesof Florid?., com-
menced depradations. Jackson, deter-
mined to put a complete stop to !c, and
to do so, in his opinion it wouM be ne-
cessary to follow them into Spanish ter-
ritory. He was nnwilling to go so far
without a tacit consent from the Govern-
ment and this was unequivocally given
him. Under this understanding with
about 3,000 men, regulars and militia
in March 1818 he commenced his opera-
tions against the Indians, followed
them into Florida, took St. Marks and
Pensncola, captured the white instigat-
ors of the trouble, a Scotch and an

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English flllibuster, tried them by court
martial and executed them. Finding
it once more necessary, he again entered
Spanish territorjr, captured Pensacola
and took possession of Carlos deBarnan-
ces and ended the war. Instead of receiv-
ing praise for freeing the frontier from a
dangerous enemy, Congrea.^ was discus-
sing whether he ought nott) be censur-
ed for violating the neutrality laws,
not knowing that he had fuU Gove-
emment consent for his acts. Even
the official, Calhoun, Secretajy of war,
with whom he corresponded as to the
policy he ought to pursue, advocated in
a secret cabinet meeting the trying him
by court martial. The House rejected
the ungrateful proposition by a large
majority. 8bortly afterwards, Florida
was purchajed from Spain, and Jack-
aon having betn appointed Governor
of the new territory, resigned his posit-
ion in the army. He did not remain
long in Florida, but soon returned to
Tennessee, and was again elected a
Senator from that State. In 1824 his
friends placed him in nomination for
President, and he resigned his seat in
the senate. Although receiving by far
the largest number of votes of any of
the four candidates who ran, he failed
to secure a majority of the electoral Col-
lege, and consequently the House of
representatives were required to make
& choice from the highest candidates.
The choice fell upon John Quincy
Adams through the exertions of Henry
Clay who had been himself one of the
candidates. The next contest, however,
saw General Jackson elected by an
•overwhelming majority. Mr. Calhoun
being elected Vice President on the
same ticket. His first message to
Congress took a strong and positive
^ound on some public questions of
great importance, and at once marked
broad and deep the lines which distin-
guished the two great parties of the
country. One, and perhaps the most
exciting at the time, w.o tne abolition
of the United States Bank, which had
become a powerful monopoly, and the
other, and the most important, was
free trade, with only tanflf enough for
necessary revenue. Jackson is looked
upon as the great founder of those
distinctive principles of the Democratic
Party. His administrations was mark-
ed by wisdom and moderation. The
ports of the United States were opened
lo Great Britan on condition of all re-

struction being removed from the Am-
erican trade with the West Indies.
During Hiis time also, happened his
rupture with Vice President Calhoun,
Jackson having been made aware of
Calhoun's duplicity towards him in re-

fard to his invasion of Florida. In 1832
acksou was re-elected by a still larger
majority than before, against his great
antagonist, Henry Clay. It was dur-
ing this second term that the Nulliflers
of South Carolina as they were called,
threatened the integrity of the union,
holidng that the State had a right to dis-
regard the acts Confess, and substant-
ially make itself an Independent State.
General Jackson, with the dignity be-
coming the head of a great nation, gave
them to understand that the laws of the
Union would be enforced and its integ-
rity ^roserved even if it required blood.
The following is an extract from the
proclamation: "I adjure you as you
honor their (The Fathers) memory, as
you love the cause of freedom to which
they dedicated their lives, as you prize
the peace of your country, the lives of
its best citizens and your own fair fame,
to retrace your steps. Snatch from the
archieves of your State the disorganizing
edict of its convention ; bid its members
to reassemble, and promv' te the decid-
ed expressions of your .ill to remain
in the path which alone can conduct
you to safety, prosperity, and hon-
or. Telithem that compared to dis-
union, all other evils are light, because
that brings with it an accumulation of
all. Declare that you will never take
the field unless the star-spangled banner
of your country shall float over you,
that you will not be stigmatized when
dead and dishonoied and scorned while
you live as the authors of the first at-
tack on the constitution of your country.
Its destroyers you cannot be, you may
disturb its peace, you may interrupt
the course of its prosperity, jou may
cloud its reputation for stability, but
its tranquility will be restored, its pros-
perity will return, and the stain on its
national character will be transferred
and remain an eternal blot on the mem-
ory of those who caused the disorder."
He also ordered the withdrawal of the
money of the United States from the
United States Bank, and their deposit
elsewhere, which act brought down on
him a storm of abuse f ron the friends of
that institution, and the excitement
throughout the country was intense

sti

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The opposition, led bv Webster, Clay,
«nd Calhoun, three of the ablest states-
men the country ever produced, attem-
pted to force resolutions through Con-
j^ess incondemnatiou of thePr^ident's
acts, but they failed. The President
defended himself with dignity, ability,
and success, and carried so to speak, the
■war into Af ilea. He showed the dan-
ger and rottenness of this moneyed mon-
opoly. That it had attempted to influ-
ence election bv its money. That it had
confiocated a large amount of dividens
on the public stocks. That it did other
arbitrary acts to its own aggrandizement
and the injury of others, and asked that
an act be passed authorizing the sale of
the public stock, and that the notes of the
bank in payment of public dues, be ac-
cepted no longer, and that all laws con-
necting the Government by any of its
officers with the bank, be repealed."
80 bitter was the feeling against Jackson
1/V the friends of the monopoly, that his
life \7as attempted by an assassin. The
oobi'ion taken by Jackson towards the
^auk was justified by the denoument.
The bank, left to its own resources had
toshow its hand, which revealed its un-
soundness, audit was declared insolvent
and went out of existence in dishonor
before the termination of its charter.
On the termination of his second term,
Jackson, like Washington, issued an ad-
dress of advice to the American people,
fuU of patriotic sentiments, and warn-
ing against the dangers of disunion. We
oannot do better than give a portion.
He said : "What have you to gain by
division and dissention. Delude not
yourselves with the belief that a breach
once severed, may be afterwards re-
paired. If the union is severed the
une of separation will grow wid-
er and wider, and the controversies
which are now debated and settled
in the halls of legislation, will then
be tried in the field of battle and deter-
mined by the sword. Neither should
you deceive yourselves with the hope
that the first term of separation would
be a permanent one, and that
nothing but harmony and concord
would be found in the new asocia-
tions formed upon the dissolution
of the Union. Local interests would
still be found there, and unchastened
ambition. And if the recollections of
common days in which the people of the
United States stood side by sic' > against
the common foe — the memories of vic-

tories wen by their united valor, the
prosperity and happiness th(iy have en-
joyetl unSer the present constitution ,
the proud name they boar as citizc-ns in
this great republic — if all these recollec-
tions and prooff ji common interest are
not strong enough to bind us together as
one people, what tie will hold united the
new divisions of empire, when these
bonds have been broken and this Union
dissevered. It If impossible to look on
the consequences that would inevitably
follow the distruction of this Govern-
ment, and not feel indignant when we
hear cold calculations about the value of
the Union, and have so constantly before
us a line of conduct so well calculated
to weaken its ties." General Jackson,
now in his seventieth year after active
service of sixty years; spent mostly in
the service of his country, in both peace
and war, was prepared for a rest, which
Lc nought in his loved retreat at the Her-
mitage, where he spent the eight remain-
ing years of his life. He died after a
short illness on the 5th June, 1845. His
is a character hard to j ustly estimate. If
we may so express it, he was one of those
ordinary extraordinary men who are su-
perior to every emergency, the simplicity
of whose character seems to reduce great-
ness down to the ordinary level. An
able, although not a learned lawyer. A
successful, although not an eloquent
advocate. A sound, rather than pro-
found jurist. A great and successful
political leader without ambition or art.
One of the most successful military
leaders the world ever saw, without any
special exhibition of science skill, or strat-
egy; he seemed to possess something
greater than all, an innate knowledge of
simple, direct and undisguised means to
encompass his ends, to whose chivalrous
nature deceit for any purpose, was not
only unworthy of a brave and true heart
but an actual 'dishonor. Trained in no
school of philosophy or political econ-
omy, he becomes by broad common
sense and intuition the statesman seer of
this great nation; enunciating those eter-
nal principles which alone can insure
constitutional liberty by perpetuating
this great republic, and which was its
battle cry in danger. "The integrity
of the union must be preserved." In
those few words are the epitome of
American statesmanship. No more en-
during monument can be erected to his
memory. This should give it a dwelling
place in the heart of every trucAmerican.

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JACKSON, JUDGE CHARLES, an
able and distinguished American jur-
ist, was the son of Jonathan Jaclcson,
a prominent and popular merchant who
had emigrated with his parents from
Ireland and settled in Newburyport,
Mass., where our subject was born
May 81, 1775. Charles was sent to
Harvard, graduating in 1793, and then
entered the law office of Theophilus
Parsons, where he remained for three
years. He then established an office of
^is own, in which he quickly acquired
a lucrative practice and an enviable rep-
utation for a young man. In 1803 he
removed to Boston and immediately
took rank with the leading members of
the profession in that cultivated city.
He then entered into partnership with
Judge Samuel Hubbard and their bus-
iness was said to have been the most
lucrative, up to that day, in New Eng-
land. In 1813 he was chosen a judge
of the Supreme Court of Massachu-
setts, which office he held for ten years
and then resigned on account of health.
In 1820 he was a leading member of the
convention which amended the State
Constitution, and in 1833 was one of
tiie commissioners to revise the general
statutes of the State. He published a
treatise on Pleadings and Practice in
Real Actions, besides contributing other
valuable matter to American jurispru-
dence. He died in Boston, Decembw
18. 1855.

JACKSON, CHAS. T., an eminent
American electrician and one of the first
scientists of the day, was bom in Ply-
mouth, Mass., June 21, 1805, and is of
Irish descent. He early developed both a
passion and talent for scientific
mvestigation and while still a mere
boy entered the office fif his
relative. Dr. James Jacksoa. and
./pursued the study of medicine &nd af-
terwards received his degree from Har-
vard. Prior to this he made a minor-
alogical and geological survey of No^a
Scotia in company of Francis Alger, of
Boston, which they published with a
map showing the geological strata of
that region. In 1829 he went to Eu-
rope to pursue his studies, which were
pnncipally made in Paris and which he
finished by a pedestrian tour through
Switzerland, Piedmont, Lombardy,
Tyrol, Bavaria and Austria, and also
visited the principal cities of Italy and
made special geological explorations in

Sicily and Auvergne in France. In
1882 he returned home bringing witb
him philosophical apparatus and elec-
tric instruments. Amongst the passen-
gers was Prof. Morse, and in a discus-
sion on the possibilities of correspond-
ence by electricity, Dr. Jackson asserts
tnat he then and there developed and
explained the peculiar plan among oth-
ers of the American Telegraph patented
in 1840 by Prof. Morse, and that in the
spring of 1884 he constructed and suc-
cessfully worked it in presence of Fran-
cis Alger and others, but that he did
not consider it as of practical use until
the invention of the sustaining battery
by Daniel in 1837, which furnished a
long continued current of uniform
strength. A controversy arose in 1887
between Jackson and Morse on their
respective claims to the invention, and
the evidence was used in subsequent
trials on this much contested and du-
bioiis question. Dr. Jackson did not
give much attention to the practice of
medicine, his mind was of too active
and analyzing a character to be content
with its unchanging duties, and he
abandoned it as a profession after a few
years to devote himself toscientiflcpur-
suits. In 1836 he was appointed State
Geologist of Maine and subsequently of
Rhode Island and New Hampshire,
and made geological surveys of each of
those States, which were published
with illustrated charts. He also sketch-
ed out a plan for a geological survey of
New York, which was adopted, and ia
1844 he explored the Lake Superior re-
gion of Michigan and published an ac-
count of its great mineral resources..
He visited it the following year and op-
ened mines of copper and discovered
mountains of iron ore. In 1847 he was
appointed by the United States to sur-
vey the Government lands in the Lake
Superior region, and spent two years
in that work, when in a change of ad-
ministration at Washington the posi-
tion was turned over to some greedy
office seeker. The results of his labora
were published in 1850, 1 vol. , 800 p. Dr.
Jackson was also, without doubt, not
only the discoverer of Anaesthetics, for
which he was awarded the prize by the
French Academy (2,500 francs), but
also of its applir>ation to surgical oper-
ation, for which the prize wt.s awarded
to Dr. Morton. In 1852 a memorial
was presenteil to Congress sigied by 148
physicians it Boston and v Icinity, as-

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Borting that the discovery was due ex-
clusively to Dr. Jackson. Dr. Jackson
receivea for his valuable discoveries to
medicitl science orders and decorations
from France, Prussia, Sardinia, Swe-
den and Turkey. His scientific discov-
eries have been many and valuable, and
he was an honored member of many sci-
entific societies of Europe and America
and a valuable contributor to "Scientflc
Journals" at home and abroad. Among
his works are: ''Chemical researches on
the cotton plant, the tobacco plant, In-
dian corn, and on 88 varieties of Amer-
ican grapes, "A Manual of Etheriza-
tion with a History of its Discovery,"

JACKSON, DR. JAMES, an emi-
nent American physician, was a young-
er brother of Judge Charles Jackson,
■was bom in Newburyport. Oct. 8,
1777, and was educated with his broth-
er Charles at Harvard, where he grad-
uated in 1796 and then entered theofiQce
of Dr. Holyoke of Salem, where he re-
mained two years studying his profes-
sion In 1802 he went to London and
took the position of dresser in St.
Thomas' Hospital, while he attended
the lectures at both that and Guy's
Hospital, remaining abroad about two
years. On his return he practiced his
profession in Boston. In 18iO he was
chosen professor of clinical medicine
in Harvard, and about this time in con
section with Dr. Warren he brought
about the establishment of an Asylum
for the Insane at Somerville and the
Massachusetts Oeneral Hospital at Bos-
ton, of which he was the first physi-
cian. In 1812 he waij made Professor
of the Theory and Practice of Medi-
cine at Harvard, and was for many
J ears President of the Massachusetts
[edical Society. He was author of
numerous medical works and papers.
Among them, ' *The Brunonian System,"
"On the Medical Effects of Dentition,"
1812, "On Cow-pox and 3mall-pox,"
"On Spotted Fever " 1816, "On Spas
modic Cholera," Syllabus of Lectures,"
"Text Book of Lectures," 1826," "Let-
ters to a Young Physician," 1866, &c.
besides an eulogy on Dr. John C. War-
ren, 1816, and "a Memoir of his son,
James Jackson, Jr.," 1826. In 1886
he resigned his professorship and other
positions and confined himself to his
private practice. He died in Boston,

August 27, 1867, full of years and
honors, and greatly lamented.

JACKSON. PATRICK TRACT, an
eminent American merchant, was th&
third son of Jonathan Jackson and a
younger brother of Judge Charles and
Dr. James Jackson,of whom see above.
He was also born in Newburyport,
Mass., the home of his Irish parents,
Aug. 14, 17S0. He received a solid
education and at the age of 15 he en-
tered the business house of Wm. Bart>
lett, a merchant of his r-itive tovrn.
Here he remained some years, but at
length established himself m Boston and
engaged in the India trade with singu-
lar good fortune, acquiring large inler-
est. In 1812, in company with his
brother-in-law Francis C. Lowell, he
engaged in the project of establishing
cotton mills end of introducing th&
power loom. Lowell had been in Eng-
land investigating as far as in his pow-
er, but the process and machine was
kept a secret. Jackson and himself
succeeded however in inventing a model
from which Paul Moody constructed a
machine, and in 1818 they built their
first mill at Waltham, near Boston,
which is claimed to have been the first
in the world that combined all the op-
erations of converting raw cotton into-
finished cloth. In 1821 Jacksoii or^n-
ized the Merrimack Manufacturing Co.,
and made large purchases of lanu on
the Merrimack River adjoining the-
Pautucket Canal, where a number of
mills were erected. This settlement
proved the germ of the busy city of
Lowell. A few years afterwards he-
formed another company, wno erected
a number of mills in the same vicinity,
and in 1880 he procured a charter for a
railroad between them (Lowell) and
Boston. He superintended the con-
struction of the road, which was com-
pleted in 1836, and was said to be the
most perfect of its kind then in Amer-
ica. His interests now were immense,
both in extent and value, but the disas-
trous financial crisis of 1887 which
caused almost universal bankruptcy,
proved too much for him and his mag-
nificent fortune was swept away in a
few months. His valuable services
were however appreciated, and he was
offered important trusts in connectioa
with those great manufacturing inter-
ests. His mind was broad and gener-
ous like his race, and. never became-

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-aelfish and warped in a greed for wealth,
but he ever manifested a great interest
in the welfare and advancement of his
operatives, and labored zealously for the
promotion of their moral and intellec-
tual improvement. He died Aug. 27,
1867 universally lamented.

JAMESON, MRS. ANNA, (nee
Murph\), one of the most cultivated and
-versatile of female writers, was bom in
Dublin, May 19, 1797. Her father was

{>ainter in ordinary to the Princess Char-
otte, and from him she inherited her
taste and knowledge of art. In her 27th
year she married Mr. Jameson, barris-
ter, who soon after received a govern-
ment appointment in Canada, to which
province they came. Their tastes and
characters proved uncongenial they
separated. She returned to Europe and
soon after made a tour of France, Italy
. and Germany, and published her Urst pre
tenteous work, "Diary of an Ennuiee,'
anonymously, (1726. This was follow-
ed by 'The lives oi Poets in 1829 2 vol.
"Lives of Celebrated Female Sovereigns
1881 2 vol "Characteristics of Wo-
men," 2 vol. containing a criticism of
female characters in Shakespeare,
"Beauties of the Court of Charles II,"
"Visits and Sketches at Home and
Abroad. " She made another visit to the
New World in 1836 travelling through
Canada and a portion of the United
States, and published "Winter Studies
and Summer Rambles in Canada," 8 vol.
1838, followed by "Pictures of Social
Life in Germany," 2 vol. In 1840, she
produced a translation ol the "Life and
•Genius of Rubens,"' by Dr. Waagen,
followed by "Memories of early Italian
Painters, and "Progress of Painting in
Italy from Ciambue to Basaano," 1845,
which she afterwards enlarged and pub-
lished in 1859. "Memories and essays on
literature and Social Morals,' appeared
1846. Her most elaborate work in this
line appeared in 1848, "Sacred and Le-
gendary Art," 2 vol. 800 p. In 1850, her
"Legends of the Monastic Orders," was

Sublished, and in 1852, "Legends of the
[adonna,"on which work she spent
many years. In those works she has trac-
ed the progress of sacred art, the highest
and most enobling, and analyzed tlio
grand conceptiras of the great masters
sliowing their re.ntionship to the symbol-
leal form in which they sought to embody
their inspired thoughts. Her works are
much increased in interest and value,

bv the beautiful and skillful etchings
of many of the pictures referred to
the work of her own hand, making them
one of the most valuable contributions
to art literature ever published. Among
her other works not named, are "Com-
mon place book of Thoughts, Memories
and Fancies," 1854, " Sisters of Charity
at^ome and Abroad," "The History of
Our Lord as illustrated in Art," &c.
She died in London, March, 17, 1850.

JARLATH SAINT, First Bishop of
Tuam, was son of Loga of the noble
house of Conmacnie and was bom
about the year 500. He is said to have been
founder of the Cathedral of Tuam, an-
ciently called Tuam-de-Gauland. It
was afterwards dedicated to his mem-
ory, and is called St. Jarlath's still.
Ware says that St.Jarlath wasadesciple
of Beniguus, from whom he received
holy orders. He is said to have been
fon'd of field and military sports when a
young man and much praised for his
skill and sagacity and looked upon as a
promising young warrior. Tf is said also
that he was moved to a religious life
by a young maiden, the daughter of a
neigbooring chief, to whom he was
deeply attached. She said to him on
hearing his declarations of love, "I re-
spect and admire you Jarlath, but I
am pledged to be the spouse of Our Di-
vine Master, to His services have I
vowed my life and virginity, for to en-
joy him in heaven is far preferable to
any fleeting vanity of the world. Give
your heart to him also, as I have done,
and ther we may indeed realize in time
what love and happiness means." They
both embraced religious lives with the
hope that they would be united in Hea-
ven. After a regular preparation he
received ordination nnd founded the
Monastery of Clounfois, near Tuam. It
soon became celebrated as a school of
learning, and had for its scholars many
holy and learned men, amoncst them
St. Brendan Abbott, of Clonfert, and
St. Cohnan, Bishop, of Cloyne. He
afterwards built a Monastery at Tuam,
about the year 545. He died about 560.
He was author of religious works, and
also, it is said, of a prophecy concern-
ing his successors.

JARVIS, JOHN, an eminent painter
and staincr on glass, was born in Dub-
lin in 1749 and practised his art In that
city for some years. He finally remov-

JOH

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JOH

ed to London where he became distin-
guished for his artistic skill. Among
others of his work are the west windows
of New College, Oxford. He died in
1804.

JEFFERSON, JOSEPH, the cele-
brated American actor who became fa-
mous by his rendition of Dion Boucica-
ult's play of Rip Van Winkle, is of Irish
descent by his mother at least, who was
a well known and popular actress, (Mrs.
Burke). He was born in Philadelphia,
November 20, 1829, and early developed
dramatic talent, became popular as
a comedian, but it was when he made
l^e above roll his own by making it an
original and masterly creation, that he
won recognition as a great actor, which
has been fully endorsed by the critics
and people of America, Great Britain Ire-
land and Austra lia. He has acquired
a handsome fortune and spends his
winter on his plantation in Louisiana
and his summer when not on the road
at his beautiful home in New Jersey.
He has also fine abilities as a painter,
which he cultivates at home, adorning
his parlors with the work of his hands.
He has a son who is following the pro-
fession of his father.

JERVAS, CHARLES, the most dis-
tinguished artist of his day in Britain,
was born in Ireland about 1('76, and
studied his art under Sir QoflEery
Kneller and afterwards in France and
Italy. On his return to England he was
recognized as at the head of his art in
that country, and was greatly patroniz-
ed although his merits were strong'y
questionea in his own day. Pope, who
was his pupil praised hiir. extravagant-
ly, while Lord Oxford says that "the
badness of the age's taste and the dearth
of good masters placed Jervas at the
head of his profession." He undoubt-
edly had some commanding uualities,
with perhaps serious defects. He died
in London 1789.

JOHN, surnamed "DeSacro Bosco,"
the most celebrated mathematician, of
his age (thirteenth century), was accor-
ding to Stanihurst, Harris and other
writers, born in Ireland at Holy-wood,
near Dublin. He taught principally in
Paris, and was partial tothephiloHophy
of Aristole. He wrote many treatises,
particularly one upon the Globe, which
was much esteemed and read for many

years in the public schools, besides math'
ematical works, and a law breviary.
He died in Paris in 1257, and was buri-
ed in the cloisters of the Maturins.

JOHNSON,OTHERWI8E JOHNST-
ON CHARLES, a novel wi ' ter of the last
centunr was born in Ireland about 1740,
and afler completing his studies was
called to the Bar, but on account of a
defect in hearing, he had to confine
himself to chamber practice. In 1782,
he went to Calcutta where he became
editor and proprietor of a newspaper.
His novels are spirited and full of pun-
gent satire, the characters having been
generally drawn from real life. His-
principal ones are Chrystal, or the ad-
ventures of a Guinea, and the Ravine.
He died about the year 1800.

JOHNSON JOHN, a distinguished'
citizen of Ohio, was born in County
Tyrone, Ireland, in 1808, and emigrated
to the United States with his parents in
1824 and settled in Ohio, He devoted
himself mainly to agriculture, but being
a man of ability, he was elevated by his
fellow citizens to positions of trust and
honor. He was a member of the Ohio
Senate, of the Constitutional Convention
and was a representative in Congress in
1851-2-3.

JOHNSON WILLIAM, a talented
American lawyer and politician, was
born in Ulster, Ireland, in 1819, and
emigrated with his parents to Ohio
when a child, received as good an edu-
cation as his neighborhood afforded,
and adopted the profession of the law,
and was honored by his fellow citizens
with the most prominent local honors.
In 1862,he was elected to Congress, fill-
ing the position with ability. He died
May 8rd, 1866.

JOHNSTON SIR JOHN, son of Sir
William, succeeded his father as Major-
General, in 1774, and on the breaking
out of the Revolutionary war, he con-
tinued in the service of the British Gov-
ernment. In 1777, he defeated General
Herkimer, at Fort Stanwix, but in
1780 was himself defeated by Gen.
Van Rensselaer, at Foxes Mills, He
was appointed Governor of Upper Can-
ada in 1796, and died in 1798.

JOHNSTON JOHN, a man of talent
and a leading merchant in the North-

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West, was bom near the Giant's Cause-
way, Ireland, in 1763. He was the
son of wealthy and cultivated parents,
but his love of libertjr and adventure led
him to America during the Presidency
«f Washington, of whom he used te say
with pride, that he had taken him by
the hand. After many adventures in
Oanada and the United States, he
settled at Sault St. Marie, Michigan,
in 1798, as a merchant and trader. He
there married the daughten)f an Indian
Chief, celebrated for herMntelligence
AD.d beauty. In ^he war of 1814, his
property wasplundijred, in consequence
of whicb he went heme to Ireland, and
after selling his patrimonial estates re-
tmmed to the home of his choice, where
he remained until his d&'^th, honored
and respected. He was th? author of
Bome interesting jpapers on Tndian his-
tory. His daughter, also noiod for
beauty, was educated in Europe, and
became the wife of Henry B. School-
craft, the well-known historian.

JOHNSTONS JOHN HENRY, a
distinguished vocalist and comic actor,
was bom in 1760, inTipperary, Ireland.
Early in life he enlisted in a regiment of
Irish Dragoons and soon attracted the
notice of the officers by his wit and
vocal talents. The Colonel kindly
granted him his discharge and encour-
aged him to develop his powers. He
first made his appearance on the Dub-
lin stage, where he was well received.
He next tried London, and after some
time entered on an engagement in Cov-
«nt Garden, where he soon became
eminently popular and recognized as
the head in his peculiar rolls. He died
in 1828.

JOHNSON SIR WILLIAM, a cele-
brated colonial officer and Indian or-
ganizer, was bora at Warrentown,
County Down, Ireland, in 1716, and
was the younger son of an Irish county
gentleman. Christopher Johnson. He
received a good education and was in-
tended for a mercantile life, but some
difficulty with his parents In regard to
the lady of his choice determined him
to seek a home and fortune in America.
His uncle, Admiral Sir Peter Warren,
who though his wife a Miss De Lancy.
of New York, had acquired large pos-
sessions in the colonies, mainly on the
banks of the Mohawk, which he had
increased by purchase, finding his

nephew about to set Out for the New
World,he offered him the entire manage-
ment of his estates, which he desired to
colonize and improve. The offer being
a liberal one young Johnson accepted.
In 1788 Johnson established his head-
quarters on a tract of this land on the
Mohawk, about 24 miles from Schen-
ectady, which his uncle had named
Warrensburgh. Johnson early per-
ceived the advantage to be derived
from trade with the Indians and of cul-
tivating their confidence and friend-
ships. These latter he soon earned by
his honorable course in his dealings
with them, and was well rewarded by
their preference to deal with him. He
always treated them with perfect far-
ness and honesty, and Invaribly refused
to trade with them when under the in-
fluence of liquor, nor yield to them
anything he had once refused. This
course added to his easy and dignified
manners, his respect for their 'national
feelings and customs and his adoption
even of some of their styles of dress to-

g ether with uniform kindness, won for
im their admiration and deepest at-
tachment, and the infiuence he ac-
quired over them was greater than that
ever possessed by any other white man.
He soon acquired a thorough know-
ledge of their language and of all the
surrounding dialects, and was adopted
by the Mohawks as one of the tribe and
hamed Sachem or Chief. DifflcuHies
arising between the Indian Commis«
sioners and the tribes, which becoming
serious they were forced to resign,
upon which Gov. Clinton appointed
Johnson, Colonel of the Six Nations, to
the great satisfaction of the tribes. In
1746 he was appointed Commissary of
New York for Indian affairs, and as
such he organized his red associates for
their raids in the French war. In 1748
he was given the command of the colo-
nial troops for the defense of the New
York frontier and exhibited great en-
ergy, ability and foresight in preparing
for the campaign. The peace of Alx-
la-Chapelle however, happily closed the
struggle, and the settlers on both sides
were relieved from the bloody results
of a war in which savages were allied
to each. In 1750 he was appointed
a member of the Provincial Council.
It appears that the Government Con-
tractor and Indian agent were known
in those days as well as in our own, and
men were as anxious to superintend

JOH

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(he dealings of the colonies with their
Indian benificariesas now, and evident-
ly for the same reason — peculation.
This led again to a new board of Indian
Commissioners, which the Indians re-
sented, and it was fast culminating
through quarrels between the colonists
and Indians, to open hostilities. The
authorities urged Johnson to effect a
reconciliation, and in 1763 with full
power for the purpose he met the Coun-
cil of the Six Nations at Onondaga,
and succeeded in allaying the trouble
and quieting the storm, but declined to
have anything more to do with Indian
affairs. His residence which was op-
posite Warrenburgh on the Mohawk
was a large strong stone building,
which he strongly fortified in 1743,
against the possibility of French invas-
ion, and the main building still stands
in good preservation three miles west
of .the village of Amsterdam. In 1754
he represented New York in the impor-
tant Congress )f Albany, and was the
most influential factor in the great
council held with the Indians on that
occasion, and in which they strongly
insisted that he should again be ap-
pointed to have charge of their affairs.
At the Council of Alexandria, April,
1755, he was sent for by Braddock and
commissioned by him sole superinten-
dent of the affairs of the Six Nations
their allies and dependants, and was also
made a Major-General by the Council
and Commander-in-Chief of the forces
destined to be employed against Crown
Point. This confidence was well
grounded, for at the head of the colo-
nial forces Johnson set out in Septem-
ber, and meeting the French and their
dusky allies under Baron Dieskau, at
Lake George, he inflicted on them a
disastrous defeat, completly overthrow-
ing their designs, saving Oswego from
attack and possible capture, and the
colonies from ravages of their French
and Indian enemies, and gave hope
and confidence to the colonies after the
disastrous defeat of Braddock on the
Monongahela. For these services John-
son received the thanks of Parliament,
was voted £5,000 and created a baronet
01 Great Britain. In March. 1756, he
was c'tmmissioned bv George II. as
Colonel, Agent and sole superintendent
of the Six Nations and other Northern
Indians, with a salary of £600, paid
out of the English Treasury, which po-
sition he held lutil his death. In the

war of 1756-7, he was foiled In his at-
tempts to relieve Oswego and Fort
William Henn^ with his ^rces, noainly
composed of Indians. In 1758. he was
engaged on the assault on Fort Ticon-
deroga led by Arbercrombie in which
that commander was repulsed. He
also took part with his Indians in the
expedition against Fort Niagara in
1758, led by General Prideaux, as se-
cond in command, Prideaux having
been killed in one of the assaults, John-
son assumed the command and contin-
ued the seige with great skill and ener-
§y. A large force under General Au-
ry sent to its relief, he met and de-
feated, after which the garrison sur-
rendered at discretion. The following
year he was again in the field with
General Amherst and was present at
the capitulation of Montreal and the
surrender of the entire Canadian Pro-
vince to British Arms in 1750. John-
son was rewarded by a grant of 100,000
acres of land north of the Mohawk,
known as the "Royal Grant." In 1763,
his influence over his Indian friends
again saved the British power from
great disasters, for it prevented the
great body of the Six Nations from join-
ing in the conspiracy of Pontiac, who
organized a grand plan of simulta-
neously attacking all the British posts
on the line of the great lakes from
Macknaw to Oswego. In 1764, Sir
William erected Johnson hall, a wood-
en structure still standing near the vill-
age of Johnstown, which had already
been laid out. The new village thrived
and numerous settlers took up the
lands, attracted bv the popularity of
Johnson and his liberal treatment. Sir
William himself gave great attention to
agriculture and imported the best stock
in sheep, horses and cattle from the
mother country. He lived in the style
of an Irish country gentleman and was
unbounded in his hospitality. He con-
tinued bis supervision over the Indians
up to his death, and made his last
treaty with them in 1768. He married,
shortly after coming to America, Cath-
erine Wisenburgh, a country girl oi
German extraction, who died in a few
years, leaving three children, a son, Sir
John, who succeeded to his father's es-
tates and title, and two daughters. He
is also said to have afterwards married
" Molly" Brant, sister of Joseph Brant,
the great Mohawk chief, who lived
with him for many years and up to.hii

'■.^'

JON

IRISH CELTS.

JOR

death.They were probably married after
Uie Indian fashion "wbich was not recog-
nized as le^l, where whites were m
question. He had eight children bv
her, whom he provided for in his will.
He died July 11, 1778, in the midst of
the excitement preceding the Revo-
lutionary war.

JOHNSTON, WILLIAM FREAME,
a prominent legislator and lawyer of
Pennsylvania, was born at Greenbuiy,
in that State, of Irish parents. He studi-
ed law, was admitted to the Bar, and
won reputation for financial ability.
Became interested largely in the Iron
and Salt interests of the State, and was
elected Governor in 1849. He died at
Pittsburg, October, 1872.

JONES, CHARLES W., a distingu-
ished American statesman and lawyer,
of Florida, >. so born at Ballybriggan,
near Dublin, ire land. In 1834, and came
to the United States with his parents in
1844, He received only the ordinary
education which the children of the
struggling emigrant can at best receive,
and Rarly in life had to earn his support
by the labor of his hands. He learned
a trade, but he had a desire for more
knowledge and cultivation, so inherent
in the Irish character, and possessing an
apt and inquiring mind and much nat-
ural ability, he soon made up for the
lack of school instruction, and quickly
became possessed of more than an ordin-
ary education. In 1854 he settled in
Pensacola, Florida, studied law, and
was admitted to the Bar in 1857, soon
won practice and distinction by his abil-
ity and thoroughness, and also became
prominent as one of the ablest of the
Democratic leaders. He ran foj Con-
gress in 1872 as a Democrat, but was
defeated and the same year was a
member of the Democratic National
Convention. He served in the State
Legislature, and in 1874 was elected to
the United States Senate as a Conser-
vative Democrat, and re-elected iu 1881.
He is a man of acknowledged ability, as
well as being a thorough Irishman,
taking a strong interest in the Land
League agitation, and all matters relat-
ing to Ireland's welfare.

JONES. HENRY, M. R. 0. S., atal-
ented Irish poet and dramatist, who
wrote under the non de plume of Cav-
endish, was born in 1720, and like most of

the Irish literati, drifted to London, to
find a profitable market for his talents.
He was the author of a number of pop-
ular plays, and a poet of no-mean parts.
He died in 1770,

JONEb, MASON, a brilliant Irish
orator was born about 1835, and reciv-
ed his education at the Dublin Univer-
sity, where he became noted for his or-
atorical powers. He served in the Ital-
ian war against Austria, which resulted
in th« unification of Italy. He travelled
through the United States during the
early part of the war of the Rebellion,
delivering lectures principally on emin-
ent men although some were in advocacy
of the abolition of slavery. He sustained
his high reputation in his American ei:-
forts and was everywhere recognized as a
master of the art of oratory. He after-
wards entered Parliament as a liberal
Irish member, but died before he reach-
ed the prime of ife. He undoubtedly
had no living superior in the power to
electrify and captivate his hearers by
intense and brilliant bursts of eloquence.

JORDAN, MRS. DOROTHY, one of

the most celebrated of actresses, renown-
ed alike for beauty and talents, was born
in Waterford, Ireland, in 1763. She-
was the daughter of an Irish gentleman
named Captain Bland. After the death,
of her father, who it appeared left his
family without means. Miss Bland ad>
opted'^the stage as a means of supporting
herself and mother. Her first appear-
ance was in Dublin, in the character of
Phoebe in "As you like it," which prov-
ed a success, she also during the engage-
ment gained considerable applause as ft.
juvenile tragedian. After some time she
went to England and made an engage-
ment in the York Theatre under the-
name of Miss Jordan, which continued
three yeara. She next made her debut
in London in the part of Peggy in the
"Country Girls" with immense success,
and thenceforward she appeared in all
the leading rolls with increasing appl-
ause and reputation. She lived for some
years in great splendor, but became in-
volved in debt and trouble, so that the-
latter years of her life is left in doubt
and obscurity, owing to having to hide
from the harpies of the law. Her the-
atrical career, however, was one of the
most brilliant and successful of any ac-
tress, who Jippeared on the English
I stage. Her style of acting wa»

a GEN. T,
3 J. FITZ

t, t

PLATE 18.

II I

JOT

IBISn CELTS.

KAN

remarkablti in those days for its nat-
uraliless and freedom from allstaginess
and received the highest praises from
the best judges. As a woman she was
noted for her kindness of heart, and un-
selfish devotion to the best interests of her
family, although it is said that her life
was not free from reproach. She died
about the year 1820.

JOY, OR JOYCE, MOST REV.
WILLIAM, Archbishop of Tuam, an
able Irish divine of the fifteenth cen-
tury, was elevatei to the See of Tuam
May 17, 1485, whicn See he governed
for sixteen years, with ability and zeal.
He died December 28, 1601, his next
Celtic successor being the celebrated and
learned "Maurice de Portu," (OFihely)
one of th(^ ablest divines of the age.

JOYCE, JEREMIAH, a dissenting
minister and a man of extensive erudi-
tion, was born in Ireland, 1764. After
completing his education and joining
the ministry he went to England, the
only resort in those days for Irishmen
who desired to make literature their
profession. In 1794, he was one of
the persons accused uf high treason,
but was not brought to trial. He was
the principle compiler of Gregory's and
Nicholson's Encvclopedias and author
of many scientific works, among which
were dialogues on chemistry, letters on
natural philosophy, &c., &c. He died
in 1816.

JOYCE ROLAND, brother of the
Cardinal, also a Dominican, was ele-
vated to the See of Armagh in 1318,
over which he presided for upwards of
eiglit' years, when he resigned in
March, 1821.

JOYCE, THOMAS, CARDINAL of
St. Sabina, a learned Irish Dominican
divine and scholar, was a pupil of Al-
burtus Magnus and a contemporary of
St. Thomas of Aquinas. Three brothers
of this family were members of the Do-
minican Order and renowned for their
fenius and Icarnlne, two havine becL
•rimates of Ireland, and our subject a
Cardinal, elevated to the college in 1805
by Pope Clement V. Haruiman, of
Qalway, gives a history of the family.

JOYCE WALTER, brother of the
foregoing. Archbishop of Armagh in
1806, was a member of the Dominican

Order and was noted on the continent
for his great learning and| piety. He
was consecrated to the primacy of Ire-
land at Ostemo in 1306, by the Cardi-
nal Bishop Nicholas. He resigned hia
See after five years and settled in a con-
vent of his order at Genoa, where he
devoted himself to study and contribut-
ed largely to the literature of his time.

KANE, PAUL, the most veri?atae
and distinguished of Canadian artists,
was the son of Michael Kane, an Irish-
man who accompanied George Siraco
to Western Canada. He settled in York
(Toronto) where our subject was born
in 1810. The surroundings of a new
settlement were not well calculated to
foster artistic tastes. The stem necessities
of life without flavor or ornament, were
what the comparatively rich as well as
the poor, alone valued, and when there-
fore our growing artist sought to devel-
op his natural tastes at school, he was
looked upon as beings inclined to squan-
der valuable time. The passion of art
was, however, strong in the boy, and al-
though at first put to work in a cabinet
shop, which in uncultivated Canada of
that day, was neither a school for taste
nor art, yet he sought to increase the beau
ty of the wares by ornamentation. la
the meantime he became better inform-
ed of the nature, extent and develope-
ment of art.by reading everything in that
line which he could reach, and he de-
termined to revel in the contemplation
of the work of the great masters
some day, and draw from them in-
spiration and skill. His father promis-
ed to assist him, and our young artist
sought the United States as a prepara-
tory field where he might increase his
means and experience. His father,
however, was unable to give the desir-
ed help, and our aspiring artist strug-
f;led to accumulate, and at last sailed
rom New Orleans for Marseilles, in
1841. He spent four years in Europe
studying and copying the great masters,
and visiting all the great galleries of
Europe. He also made excursions to
Asia and Africa, and returned in his
84th year, with a mind enlarged, refined
and cultivated. With the true instincts
of a creative artist, he determined
to devote his skill to illustrate a field pe-
culiar to America, namely, that relatins ;
to Indian life and customs. With thS
wild child of the American forest * he
had been familiar, from his infancy.

•ifei,

KAN

IRISn CELTS.

KAV

He therefore crossed the Continent,
traversed the vast prairies and the
Rocky Mountains, navigated the Col-
umbia River, explored Puget's Sound,
in fact every spot where anything new
or striking, relating to the Indians
might be seen, His pencil and brush
were constantly engaged in sketching
chiefs, medicine men, women, games,
dances, rites, costumes, hunting scenes
and the ^rand scenery wnich surround-
ed the wilr hildr**' * *^* tnroat Wo
returned to i^rc
George Sinn, r.
Bay Conipanv. >;>■
mission to pait

tht forest. He

la 1818, and Sir

yernorof Hodson

h isx a dozen com-

lii. itJ2 the Legisla'

ture of Ottawa gave hb a i order to
execute a series of Indian pi,;tures for
the Parliamentary Library of Ottawa,
and which are now the most interesting
feature of art in that Capitol. He pub-
lished a most interesting account of his
wanderings, "Among the scenery and
tribes of the North West," dedicated
to the Honorable G. W. Allan, who
possesses a splendid collection of 'Kane's
paintings. Many of his works have
been chromo-lithographed in Europe,
and are ver^ popular. His eye sight
at length failed him, and he was sorrow-
fully compelled to relinquish the prac-
tice of his profession, for which he had
made so many sacrifices, and endured
80 many privations. He died February
20, 1871.

KANE, SIR ROBERT, one of the

most eminent of living chemists and
scientists was born in Dublin 1810. He
early devoted himself to chemical stud-
ies, and in 1830 obtained a prize for the
best essay on the "Pathological condit-
ion of the fluids in Typhus Fever." In
1832 he received the degree of M. D.
from Trinity College, Dublin, and the
same year established the Dublin Jour-
nal or medical science. In 1841, he
published his first part of Elements
of Chemistry, the third part appearing
in 1843, and it was almost universally ad-
opted as a text book in the United King-
doms and the United States. In 1844,
he published "Industrial Resources of
Irelpnd. In 1847 the Ro^al Academy
awarded him the Cunningham Gold
Medal for useful discoveries in chemis-
try. In 1846 he was knighted. In 1849
he was appointed President of Queen's
College, Cork. Among his other works
is "Elements of Pracucal Pharmacy,"

1831, besides many valuable papers to
scientific societies and journals.

KAVANAGH, EDWARD, an able
Irish American lawyer and politician, of
Maine, was born in 1795, and after
completing his education adopted the
profession of the laiv, and was for a
number of years in ^he State Legisla-
ture and afterw%rds represented
his state in Congress from 1831, to
1835, when he was appointed
Minister to Portugal, where he re-
mained till 1841. In 1842 he was
one of the commissioners to settle the.
North- West boundary, and was acting
Governor of Maine in 1843, and died at
Newcastle, Maine, January, 20, 1844.

KAVANAGH, JULIA, one of the
most talented and pleasing of female
writers, was bom at Thurles, Ireland,
in 1824. She resided for many years
in France, with her parents, where she
was principally educated, and where
she produced many of her popular and
charming novels, which are read ^and
admired equally in Great Britain, France
and America, and rank with the stand-
ard works of the imagination. Among
her most popular works are 'Nathalie,
'Madeline,' 'Daisy Burns,' , 'Grace Lee,'
'Rachel Gray,' 'Adale,' '^ueenMab,'
•Sybil's second love,' 'Sylvia,' and 'Be-
trice.' She is also the author of many
miscellaneous works, Historical, Bio-
graphical, &c., including 'Woman in
France in the 18th century,' 'French
Women of Letters,' 'English Women ^
of Letters,' &c. &c. She died in France
in 1877.

KAVANAGH LAWRENCE, an
able and prominent citizen of Nova
Scotia, who protested against Catholic
disabilities in that colony and refused
to take the oath required under the
British Constitution against trans-sub-
stantiation. He was returned to the
assembly at Cape Breton in 1821, but
refused to take the oath. He was again
elected and in the meantime agitated
Catholic rights, and drawing up a pe-
tit; -n in conjunction with Lawrence
O'C. Doyle, presented it to the As-
sembly and agitated it throughout the
colony. It was supported by Judge
Haliburton and Mr. Uniacke in the
assembly. The test was abolished
and Mr. Kavanagh took his seat in
1827. This was a colonial precedent

EEA

misn CETLTS.

KEA

for O'Connell and Catholic emancipa-
tion in tlie mother countries.

KAVANAUGH SIR HENRY, a
celebrated military officer, -vpas born in
Ireland about 1780. He went to the con-
tinent to prosecute his studies and af-
terwards entered the army of Austria.
He became chief of the military de-

Eartment of the Council of War, Cham-
erlain to the Emperor of Austria, and
a Baron of Hungary, and was held in
the highest esteem by the government
which he served.

KAVANAUGH HUBBARD H., a

prominent Methodist bishop and divine
of the United States of Irish descent,
was born in Clark county, Kentucky,
January 14, 1802. His parents were
in humble circumstances and his school-
ing limited. At the age of fifteen years
he was apprenticed to a printer. He
early developed an aptitude for study
and soon acquired a fair education and
a large stock of information. He pos-
essed also the genius of his race for ora-
tory, and before he was twenty years
of age, he was licensed as a Methodist
preacher and the next year joined the
Kentucky Annual Conference and was
given an extensive mission, 200 miles in
length with twenty-five stations to be
visited within the month. After hold-
ing many important trusts amongst his
brethern, he was elected a bishop of
the southern branch of the Methodist
Churchin 1854 and is held in high es-
teem by his co-religious.

KEALLACHAN, King of Munster,
A. D., 920, was a brave and skillful
prince. He defeated the Danes in sev-
eral engagements and swept them from
his province, but became a prisoner by
the bad faith and deception of Sitrick
one of the most unprincipled and able
of the Danish invaders. This Danish
chief or king made proposal-i for an al-
liance by mannage, and when Keal-
laclian came with' a small body of at-
tendants to the place of meeting, he
was made prisoner, not however with-
out a struggle. The perfidy, however,
proved the death of Sittrick and the de-
struction of the Danes, for the forces of
the province under the command of
Gsneral MacKeefe, prince of Fear-
moihe, an able officer, immediate-

ly marched to the rescue. He met the
enemy near Armagh, and totally de-

feated them, but the regal prisoner
had previously been removed to Dun-
dalk, twenty miles distant, and put on
board the Danish fleet. The Munttev
generals had, however, provided for
such an emergency by fitting out their
fleet, which under the command of
Fionn Prince of Desmond, soon appear-
ed before the Danish fleet. The Irish
fleet, although inferior in number and
force, made up for the deficiency by
desperate valor, and the most bloody
fight which overtook place on the Irish
coast, then occurred. The Irish com-
mander, Fionn, bore down on the Dan-
ish Admiral's flag-ship in which was
Sittrick c his royal prisoner fastened
to the mast. . -^inst desperate odds he
boarded th ec . / and succeeded in
reaching the mf, to which the king
was tied, I cui ', the cords with his
sword, li.or..3d liim. He was exhaust
ed how . . b, ihe heroic efforts which
had accc m. V ^n* d the valorous deed,
and hp feU covered with wounds.
Fionfff who succeeded him in com-
mand, : *g the overpowering odds
against him, and the danger of recap-
ti'./e of th? king, resolved on a desper-
ate expedient to insure victory to his
people, and security to his king. Be-
holding Sitrick, who was the soul and
inspiration of the Dines, pressing for-
ward at the head of his men and en-
couraging them br his valor. Fiongall
advanced against' him personally, and
coming in close coi^tact with him, he
suddenly seized him aronnd the body
and sprang with him into the sea. Two
other chiefs, Seagda and Conall, in-
spired by this heroic example, seized
the two brothers of Sitrick, Lor and
Magnus and followed their chief. All
perished, but the Danes became demor-
alized by the los' of their king and the
reckless valo" of the Irish, abandoned
the flght, and all the vessels which were
free escaped. Keallachan after resting
his forces proceeded to free his pro-
vince of the remainder of the enemy
and defeated them in two other battles,
one near Limerick and the other near
Cashel. He died shortly afterwards
greatly regretted.

KEANJ:. LIEUTENANT LORD
JOHN, K. C.B., an able and gallant
officer in the British service was bora
at Belmont, county Waterford, Ireland
1781. He entered the army as an En-
sign in his thirteenth year, and flrst dis.

iii'^l

i(k^i'''

■i *. 1

> V

vfUr

' ^

■-k- ■

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IRISH CELTS.

KEA

tinguished himself in E^j^t as aid to
Lord Cavan ; rose by brilliant conduct
to be Colonel of the 94th foot, serving
■with distinction on the Continent, and
at length r isina: to the rank of Major
General, in the Spanish Campaigns.
He accompanied the expedition agamst
Ntjw Orleuns under General Packen-
ham, as second in command, and fell
snverely wounded on that memorable
occasion, Januarys, 1815. From 1823
to '30 he was Governor of Jamaica, and
afterwards served in India during the
Afghan War, where he distinguished
himself bythe capture of the fortress of
Ghuznee, till then deemed impregnable.
For these services he receivBa from the
East India Company a pension of £2,-
000 and was created a peer of tho Realm
in 1889. He died in 1844.

KEARNEY ABBE, a heroic priest,
was bom in Ireland about 1758, re-
ceived his education in France and was
there raised to the priesthood. He was
in Paris at the breaking out of the Re-
volution and remained th6re when
nearly all others had fled, and in con-
stant danger of the guillotine. He was
present with the Abbe Edgeworth at
the execution of the unfortunate Louis
XVI., but without special permission
and being known to the king gave him
all the consolation in his power. The
two Irish priests who braved death to
offer the last consolations to the doom-
ed monarch were advised after the exe-
cution to quickly and quietly withdraw,
which they did, and escaped from dan-
ger although not without pursuit by the
sans-culottes — Abbe Kearney was sub-
sequently arrested, and passed three
years in the Temple, but fortunately
escaped death. On the fall of Robes

1)iero he was released. On the explos-
on of the Infernal Machine, intended
to destroy Napoleon, he was again ar-
rested, and confined in the Temple,
simply because he was known to be a
friend of the Bourbons, and in fact on
the supposed discovery of every con
spiracy against the governing power,
he seems to have been arrested as a
matter of course, only to be released
again, as he never had the least con-
nection with anj — attending alone with
the greatest siraplicity of life to his
priestly duties After the restoration
he was appointed president of the Irish
College in Paris, m which city he died
in 1827.

KEARNEY COMMODORE LAW-
RENCE, a distinguished Americaa
naval officer of Irish panentage, was
bom in Perth Amboy, New Jersey,
November 30th, 1789. He entered the
navy at an early age, and was a mid-
shipman in 1809. When the war with
Great Britain broke out in 1812, he was
First Lieutenant of the Enterprise,
which was unfortunately wrecked on
her first cmise. After the war he distin-

f:uished himself in clearing the West
ndies and the Gulf coast of pirates,
chasing them into their secret strong-
holds and utterly scattering them, tn
1832 he became a captain, and was in
command of the East India Squadron
in 1841 and greatly forwarded Ameri-
can interests in China. He was made
a commander in 1866, and died at his
home on November 29, 1868.

KEARNEY DYRE, an Irish Ameri-
can patriot of the Revolution, was born
about 1740, and was an early and de-
termined advocate of colonial resistance
to British oppression. He represented
his state (Delaware) in the Continental
Congress during its last years of exis-
tence, and was a man of much ability
and influence.

KEARNEY GENERAL PHILIP,

one of the most dashing of American ca-
valry officers, was born in New York, of
Irish parents in 1815. Served under
Scott in Mexico where he greatly dis-
tinguished himself by his gallantry and
his daring cavalry charges upon the
powerfully supported batteries of the
enemy on the advance towards the city
of Mexico, in one of which attack he
lost an arm. He served as a volunteer
in the Franco-Austrian war and was
with the French at the battles of Ma-
genta and Solferino. During our own
civil war he early distinguislied him-
self and was promoted to the rank of
Major-General. He was killed, unfor-
tunately, at the battle of Cbantllly,
1862, vhile leading his men with liis
usual gall.: olry and daring. He is said
to have been a magnificent horseman,
and his appearance in a charge with
the light of battle flashing from his
eyes and his sword, held between his
teeth, as it often was on account of ids
single arm, while he led his men
through paths of danger to glory, was
both grand and ini>piriug

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f ill

KEARNEY GENERAL STEPHEN
TV., a distinguished American officer of
Irish descent, was jborn in New Jersey
1794. He served gallantly in the war
of 1813, and distinguished himself in
the war with Mexico as the conqueror
of New Mexico, was Military-Qovemor
of California in 1847 of Vera Cruz
andafterwards of the city of Mexico in
1848. He died the same year.

KEARY, ANNIE, one of the most
talented and elegant female writers of
the present century, and not less con-
spicuous for the unselfishness of her
character, her great practical benevol-
ence, and the Christian beauty of her
life, was a native of Ireland, where she
was educated and early developed those
graceful talents with which she was
endowed, and which has since charmed
thousands of delighted readers. Among
her- works of the imagination are
"Castle Daly," "Janet's Home." "Old-
bury," "Clemency Franklin" and "A
Doubling Heart." She was one of the
most gifted and valued oi the contri-
butors to "Macmillans Ma^zine."
She was also the author of historical
and educational works of great merit,
besides charming tales for the young.
Among those the "Heroes of Asgard,"
the joint work of herself and sister, is
said to be the best epitome of northern
mythology published. "Early Egyp-
tian History," "The Nations Around,"
being a descriptive of those people sur-
rounding the Israelites. Her life was
filled with good works, and devoted
with an unselfish and ceaseless devo-
tion to the assistance, elevation and
Christian refinement of the poor, the
needy, the disheartened and the strug-
gling of the world around her, especi-
ally those of her own sex. Everyone
who came in contact with her was
charmed by the sweet simplicity of her
character. She seemed to exist only
to do good. She died in 1879,in the prime
of life, deeply regretted by thousands
who knew her only by ner works,
which still give us the sweet oder of
the virtues which beautified her life.

KEATING, GEOFFRY, an Irish di-
vine and historian of Norman Irish
de&ccnt, born about 1560, and on ac-
count of the unsettled state of Ireland
tind the persecutions of Catholics by
Elizabeth, went over to France to ac-
quire liis education, and received the

degree of doctor in theolo^. He wrote
a history of Ireland. His history has
been mucL criticised on account of his
insertions of legendary lore, not
qualified, and which some of his
thoi ghtless translators put down as of
history, and which undoubtedly the
author never intended as such,
any more than Homer did his actions
of the gods, but which were founded
in historical facts only metaphorically
embellished. Dr. Keating died about
1630.

KELLY, EDWARD, a brave and
heroic officer of the British Life Guard,
and known as Waterloo Kelly, was
born on the Curragh of Kildare, about
1770. He entered the British Army
and served with distinction during the
peninsular campaigns, where he gained
an enviable reputation for bravery. On
the afternoon of Saturday June 15, 1815
when Wellington was moving to the
position intended to be occupied on the
ever memorable field of Waterloo, the
British rear were severely pressed by
the li^ht cavalry of Marshal Ney.
The Life Guards brought it up, and
Kelly was the rear of his troop. Lord
Uxbridge, afterwards Marquis of
Ayrlesey, with his regiment, 7th Hus-
sars, were skirmishingon the flanks in
the rear. Suddenly, Kelly heard an un-
usual shouting, and lookmg, saw Ux
bridge alone in the middle of the road,
shouting and gestulating as if in great
anger, he also saw that his troop of
skirmishers were bom down by super-
ior numbers, and retreating, and alar^e
body of lancers forming, apparently
for the puropse of attac^g the rear.
Kelly, seeing the danger, gafioped back
and said: "My Lord, no time is to be
lost. That regiment is forming and
will be on us presently, return with me,
and I will halt the life guards and we
will charge under your orders. " Do so I
Do sol said the Earl. Kelly leaped
across the ditch and took a short cut to
his troop, there bein^ an angle in the road
at this point, and arriving at his troop he
cried out: "Haiti They immediately
obeyed. The Major who commanded
the rear squadron, and who was the su-
perior of Kelly, said: 'Who cries halt'.
'I,' cries Kelly, 'Look, Lord Uxbridge
is being overpowered, and that boclv of
Lancers is forming to bear down o^ us
in close column.' 'The Life Guard must
continue their march. The Huzzars

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are to cover the retreat, not we,' said the
Major." "But observe the danger, unless
those fellows are broken. The safety
of our army depends upon us.' 'That s
notour business. Forward t said the Ma-
jor. Kelly impressed with the absolute
necessity of prompt action, and indig-
nant at the unreasonable prudence of
his superior offlcer, and feeling too for
the reputation of the Regiment, he cried
out with a voice like thunder: "Life
Guards, halt 1" and was again obey-
ed. Rising himself in his stirrups
and holding his sword to the
utmost stretch upward, with flaring eyes
he cried out again in a voice which
made his men's hands intii. ctively
reach for their swords, while he brand-
ished his own. 'Men, will you follow
me.' With a cheer and a wheel they
responded, and were soon at the side
of Uxbridge. The Lancers were al-
ready moving on them. Uxbridge and
Eelly, placing themselves at the head of
the Guards charged down on the advanc-
ing Lancers with such impetuosity and
valor as to break through them and shat-
ter them to pieces, Kelly killing the Colo-
nel with bis own hand. He was warmly
thanked by Lord Uxbridge for his tim-
ely aid, and again resumed his place at
the rear of the still retiring army. In this
encounter Kelly had a narrow escape
from death. The instant after his suc-
cessful struggle with th0 Polish Colonel
he was attacked by a lancer, whose
lance he shattered by a powerful l)Iow,
but the lancer, quick as lightning drew
his sword and as they were each in rap-
id motion passing each other, the Pole,
with a backward sweep struck him
on the back, cutting his cartridge
box, which was of heavy silver, in two,
but Kelly escaped without a scratch.
The box was not in its proper place,
and how it happened so was as follows;
The order for change of base that morn-
ing was very sudden, and Kelly finding
his cartridge box out of order borrowed
that of a brother officer who was sick.
Kelly was a large man, while the sick of-
ficer was a small one. In the hurry of
]eaving,and the excitement of the march,
Kelly did not notice that his cartridge-
box, instead of being in its place, was
near his shoulder-blade and fortunate-
ly in a position to save his life. He 'so
distinguished himself the following day
at Waterloo that he was ever after-
wards known in the army as "Waterloo
Kelly. ".He afterwards accompanied the

celebrated cavalry officer Lord Comber*
mere to India, as Chief of Staff, where he
died. That Kelly had a true Irish heart,
as tender as it was heroic, may be
learned from the fact that his death
was attributed to grief for the death of
his son, a gallant young officer, who
preceded him but a short time. His
talents and character were held in the
highest estimation by his brother officers
and.his death was sincerely lamented.

KELLY :HUGH, a dramatist and
miscellaneous writer, was bom in 1789,
near the lakes of KUlamey, Ireland.
He received such an elementary edu-
cation as the children of the poor could
in those days acquire in Ireland, and in
his youth was apprenticed to a trade.
He afterwards entered an attorney's
office and hia spare hours were devoted
to writing in both prose and poetry for
the press. His success as an author
gave him the means to prosecute his
studies and he entered the Temple and
was called to the bar in 1774. He was
however more noted for his literary
work than for his legal efforts.
Amongst his dramatic works are the
comedies of "False delicacy," "A
Word to the Wise," "The School for
Wives," " The Romance of an Hour,"
"Clementina a Tragedy," " Thepsis
and other Poems," " Louisa Mildmay
and the Babbler." He died in 1777.

KELLY JAMES, a talented Irish
American, was bom about 1760, and
held many important positions in his
state (Pennsylvania), and represented
her with ability in the United States
Congress from 1805 to 1809.

KELLY JOHN, one of the aLjest of
American politicians, was bom in New
York city, April 21, 1821, of Irish par-
ents. He received an ordinary educa-
tion and learned the trade of a mason.
He was gifted with fine natural abili-
ties and becoming interested in politics,
he had a chance to exhibit them. He
soon became a leading local politician
and one of the organizers of the gr( at
Tammany Society. In 1854 he ■was
elected to Congress and was re-elecied
to the thirty-fifth Congress, and in It 68
was elected High Sheriff for the cily
and country of New York; perhaps the
most lucrative position in the United
States. He still remains the power in
the Tammany Society which althougb

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antagonized on all sides, still exerts a
powerful influence on the results of
elections, and which defeated by its de-
fection, the election of Tilden to the
Presidency of the United States. Kelly
has been subjected to many and bitter
denunciations, but whatever faults may
be charged to the Tammany Society, its
methotLs or some of its members, it
is patent that Kelly himself can be
ch ""ged with no wrong, peculation or
deceit, that the integrity of his per-
sonal character is above reproach, and
he is universally conceded to be
an able and fearless p|olitician
with all the characteristics of
a great and successful leader.

KELLY MICHAEL,, a composer and
singer of talents, was born in Dublin
in 1762, and early displaved a taste for
music. He stuaied under the best in-
structors of his native city, among
whom was Rouzzini. He afterwards
went to Naples and completed his stud-
ies under Finaroli and Aprili. He ap-
peared upon the Italian stage with dis-
tingmshed success. He also appeared
in Germany and was for some time
employed by the emperor Joseph. In
1787, he made his first appearance at
Drury Lane theatre in Lionel and
Clarisso with great applause. Among
his many compositions are " The Cas-
tle Spectre " and " Blue Beard." He
also published a volume of very inter-
esting reminiscences. He died in 1826.

EELLY ;PATRICE, L L. D., one
of the most distinguished scholars and
mathematicians of Great Britain or
Ireland, was born in Ireland in 1756.
and early distinguished himself in col-
lege by his extensive and thorough
mastery of all the branches of human
knowledge. He resided and labored
most of his life in England, and was a
constant and valued contributor to lit-
K>. ary and scientific journals. Among
hl» published works are " A Practical
Introduction to Spheres and Nautical
Astronomy," "Astronomical Computa-
tions,'' "Metrology, or an Exposition
on Weights and Measures," besides
many others; bat his great work was the
"Universal Cambist," which was con-
sidered the most valuable contribution
to the literature of the day, and a stan-
dard authority on all subjects treated.
All his works are noted, not less for the
soundness of bis positions, and the uni-

form reliability of his facts, than for the
simplicity and clearness with which he
handles every subject touched upon.
He died at Bri^rhton, England, April
6th, 1842. in the 87th year of his age.

KELLY ROBERT. L L. D., a dis-
tinguished American niorchant, lawyer
and pliilanthropist of Irish descent,
was born in New York city, December
1898, and graduated at Columbia Col-
lege 1826 at the head of his class. He
entered the mercantile firm of his
brothers John and William as a part-
ner, but retired in 1837 to give more
attention to education ai^d public af-
fairs. He was mainly instrumental ia
founding the Free Academy, was Presi-
dent of the Board of Education, and Re-
gent of the State University, besides pro-
minently connected ,r'*t\ other educa-
tion institutions. He was u ' "holar of fine
attainments, and master of many lan-
guages. He was City Chamberlain at
the time of his death, April, 1856

KELLY WILLIAM, brother of the
foregoing, was bom in New York city
in 1807. Their father dying in 1825,
the two older brothers John and Will'
iam, while yet minors had manage-
ment of an extensive mercantile busi-
ness, and were known as " The Boy-
Merchants." John died in 1836, and
the other brothers, William and Robert,
retired. William became a leading far-
mer and President of the State Agricul-
tural Society and was prominently con-
nected with many leading interests in the
State. He was a state senator in 1855
and Democratic candidate for Governor
in 1850. He died abroad, January,
1872.

KELLY, WILLIAM D., a promin-
ent and able American statesman and
i}olitician of Irish extraction, and wide-
y known by his advocacy of protection
by a high tariff, for American industry,
was b^m in Philadelphia, April 12,
1814, and received a good fundamental
education. He first entered a printing
oflice, but gave it up to learn the jew-
elry trade and after completing his
time went to Boston where he worked
as a journeyman for five years. Jj the
meantime he improved his roin'> by
reading and study, and returKii.,; to
Philadelphia he entered a law < ifice
and was after n brief but eai-nest course
admitted to the Bar. He Improved his

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spare time by writing for the press on
live issues and soon acquired a reputa-
tion for ability. His first entry into
politics was in the line of his profession
as prosecuting attorney for the city
and county of Philadelphia, to which
position he was elected for a second
term and he then became Judge of the
Court of Common Pleas in that city,
which position he held for ten years.
He was sent as a delegate to the Repub-
lican Convention in 1860, and was
elected to Congress from the Fourth
district of Pennsylvania and has been
re-elected successively for eleven terms
which makes a continuous service of
twenty two years. He is one of ^lie re-
cognized leaders of his party in the
House, and the great advocate of a high

Protective tariff, or the "American
ystem," as it is called, and which was
first advanced, and advocated by Ma-
thew Carey, the Irish patriot, who
settled in Philadelphia, and who, with
a powerful array of facts and figures,
demonstrated the wisdom of this policy.
His descendants are still its great ex-
ponents, and Kelly, from the same hive,
one of his ablest political children. The
signs of the times are that it will be
the prominent political issue whch will
divide the great American parties in the
next National struggle, or at least in
the near future. Kdly is very popular
in his district and is identified with
many of the great industries of the
state.

KELLY WILLIAM, an able Irish
American statesman, was born about
1775, settled in Louisiana soon after
its acquisition. He soon earned dis
tinction in the polit! s of the
state by his ability and eloquence, and
represented Louisiana successively, in
the House in the sixteenth, and the Sen-
ate of the United States in the seven-
teenth Congress.

KELSO, THOMAS, a successful
American merchant andphilantrophist,
born in Ireland, and came to the Unit-
ed Stotcs with bis parents and settled in
Baltimore, where he afterwards engag-
ed lu mercantile business, and became
very wealthy. He was also a shnreholder
ana director of the Philadelphia and Bal-
timore K. R. Co. ,-President of the Equ-
itable Insurance Co., Director aud Vice
President of the National Bunk of Bal-
timore. He was also a prominent and

influential member of the Methodist
Church and donated over $120,000 in
founding the Kelso Orphans Home for
that body, besides many other charit-
able bequests. He died July 28, 1818.

KENEALY EDWARD, V, H.-D. C.
L., a celebrated British barrister and
scholar, was bom in Cork, Ireland in
1819. He was a popular translator of
songs and was familiar with thirteen
languages. He became widely known
as being the chief advocate of the
claimaint in the Tichborne case. He
was editor and proprietor of the Eng-
lishman, a paper of strong liberal senti-
ments. He died in 1880.

KENRICK, MOST REV. FRAN-
CIS PATRICK, one of the most emin-
ent of American Catholic Prelates, was
bom in Dublin, December 8, 1797. He
received a classical education in the
schools of his native city, and at the age
of eighteen went to Rome to complete
his studies, with the intention of em-
bracing a religious life. He spent two
years there in ,the house of the Lazar-
ists, and four years in the college of the
Propaganda, where he was ordained
priest. In 1821 he came to the United
States, having been recommerded on
account of his distinguished scholar-
ship, to the charge of a seminary just
established at Bardstown, Kentucky.
Here he remained nine years, attending
not only to his seminary duties, but
also engaged in missionary labor in the
scattered missions of the vast diocese.
In 1828, under the signature of "Omi-
cron," he published a reply to the
Rev. Dr. Blackburn, who had attacked
the Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist
under the signature of Ome^. June
6, 1880, he was consecrated Bishop of
Arath "in partibus infidelium" and
co-adjutor to Dr. Conwell, Bishop of
Philadelphia. On the death of Bishop
Conwell, ,1842, Dr. Kcnrick became
his successor. During the "No Noth-
ing" riots of 1844, which so disgraced
Philadelphia, he published an address
counselink all Catholics to preserve

f)eace ana to avoid all possible occas-
ons of trouble, and but for his exer-
tions, the gross outrages committed by
those destructive bigots would have
met a bloody retribution. About this
time he e8tal)lishcd the theological sem-
inary of St. Charles Borromeo in Phil-
adelphia and established many impor-

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tant institutions for the alleviation of
human miseries including a Magdelene
Asylum. In 1851 Bishop Kenrick was
transferred to the Arch-Episcopal See
of Baltimore, succeeding Archbishop
Eccleston,|and was at the same time ap-
pointed Apostolic legate to preside over
the first plenary council ever held in
America, and which convened at Balti-
more, May, 1853. In 1859 the See of
Baltimore was confirmed in its primacv
of honor, which gives its prelate preced-
ence over all others in Ajnerica, unless
some special honor is conferred on
some other prelate, such as the Cardina-
late. During the Civil war and at its in-
ception Dr. Kenrick impressed upon
his people their obligations and duties
towards the Government and its laws
and justly constHuted anthorities, and
perhaps, fur the reason that he was in
a community of strong southern sym-
pathies — he preceded his principal re-
ligious services by public prayers for
the President of the United States aud
all public authorities, and continued
this custom up to his death. Dr. Ken-
rick was an indefatigable worker, a
{)rofound thinker, and the ablest theo-
ogical writer yet produced by the
American Church. His works in this
department, are considered classical in
America and are used as text books in
many seminaries. They are also high-
ly esteemed in Europe. . His principal
works are Dogmatic TTieolofflr, 4 vol-
ume, 800, 1841-3, Moral Theology,
8 volume, 800 p. "The Primacy of
the Apostolic See Vindicated," 1844.
"The Catholic Doctrine of Justification
Vindicated and Explained," 1841.
"Treatise on Baptism," 1848. ''Vin-
dication of the Catholic Church," 1849.
A translation of the New Testament
and a large portion of the Old one, on
which he was still engaged at the time
of his death, besides various papers for
reviews, etc. He died July 8, 1868.

KENRICK, MOST REV. PETER
RICHARD, an eminent and learned
Catholic divine of the church in Ameri-
ca, was born in Dublin in 1806. He
was educated in the Irish college of
Maynooth, where he remained for some
time as prefect and professor, and was
then ordained priest. Shortly after-
wards he came to America and went on
the mission in Philadelphia, where his
brother Francis was co-adjutor bishop.
Father Kenrick employed h^s spare

time here in literary labor, translating,
editing and writing religious works,
and was made one of the vicar Gener-
als of the Diocese. When Bishop Ro-
sati, of St. Louis, on account of grow-
ing weakness, was seeking a co-adjutor,
ho fixed upon Father Kenrick, who
was soon after consecrated Bishop of
Drasa in paribus and co-adjutor to the
See of St. Loui," with the ri^ht of suc-
cession, Nov. 30th, 1841. Two years
afterwards, by the death of Bishop
Rosati, he became bishop of St. Louis,
and in 1847 archbisliop. The arch-
bishop has been an indefatigable work-
er, and the great See of St. Louis is
filled with uie labor of his hands.
Schools, colleges, seminaries, hospitals,
asylums of all kinds and for every
human misfortune have been establishea
under his fostering care. It is even
said that he has been in all those years
practically his own secretary, keeping
and regulating all the accounts ana
affairs of this great diocese. He is a

Sfreat lover of science and his only re-
axation from the onerous duties of his
sacred office have been principally
given to such studies and investigations.
He is a man of extensive and profound
Jaarning. He has now been over fifty
years a priest and forty-one years a
bishop, and is still vigorous and full of
energy. The last few years he has had
a co-adjutor in the accomplished and
eloquent Bishop Ryan, but he promises
to live many years yet, an ornament to
the Irish race and to the Catholic church
in America.

KERFOOT, JOHN BARRETT, L
L. D. ,a distinguished American episcopal
divine, was born in Dublin, Ireland,
March, 1, 1816, came to America with
his parents, and was educated at St.
Paul's College, N. Y., where he gradu-
ated in 1834, and soon after entered the
episcopal ministry. He was president
of St. James College, Md., from 1842 to
1846 and of Trtnity College. Hartford
from 1S64 to 1866, which latter year he
was made bishop of Pittsburg. He has
been prominently connected with edu-
cational institutions of his church, and
is the author of many addresses and
sermons. He stands high with h<a
brethren.

KERNAN, FRANCIS, an able Am-
erican Stateman and lawyer, is of Irish
descent; born in Btuben county, New

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York, January 14, 1817, graduated at
Georgetown College and adopted the
profession of the law, in which he has
acquired a commanding position. He
has held various public offices and was
elected to Congress in 1861, and after-
ward? the United States Senate from
New York, and is held in the highest
esteem for his ability and integrity.

KEVIN, SAINT, a holy abbot and
bishop who was cotemporary with St.
Patrick. He was born in 498 and was
baptized by St. Cronan, and placed by
his pious parents, who were of high rank
under thetuition of a pious Briton,
named Petrocus, who came to Ireland
to profit by its institistions of learning.
He was afterwards under the charge of
some holy anchorites, Dogain, Lochan
tnd Euua, with whom he perfected
himself in the study of the holy scrip-
tures, after which he took the monastic
habit. He subsequently founded the
monastery of Glendeloch, which after-
wards grew up to be a large and religi-
ous city and See and which in 1216
was annexed to Dublin. The situation
of this church and abbey is one of the
most picturesque that can be imagined,
and here still may be seen the ruin of
its seven churches, its celebrated school
and abbey and the two round towers.
8ome of the legends regarding this
saint are immortalized in verse, especi-
ally one by Moore, when the saint flees
from the unfortunate love of a beauti-
ful maiden to a dangerous retreat in the
side of a cliff over the lake, now called
8t. Kevin's Bed, and when on awaking
from his sleep he finds her looking into
his eyes, and impulsivelv pushing her
away she falls into the lalce. St. Kevin
lived to a great age, and his school be-
came celebrated and extensive, long be-
fore his death. He was succeeded by
his nephew. Bishop Tihba. He died in
618, and his festival is kept June 8rd.

KIARAN SAINT, founder of the
celebrated Abbey of Clonmacnois, the
mngniflcen*^ ruins of which still attest
its greatness. Oursaint was born about
614 in the roign of the monarch Tua-
thal, and belonged to the Sept of the
Arads. His fatlier Boetius was a car-
penter, and the son for that reason was
called Mac Steir— i. e. son of the Arti-
ficer. He received his education at the
school of Bt. Fiuean, University of

Clona''d. After completing his educa-
tion lit. Kiaran for a time retired to a
cell or hut, in a solitary place on the
bankr. of the Shannon, the spot where
he afterwards built his great monastery
and school of learning. It is said that
Diarmid, afterwards Monarch of Ire-
land, who was a fugitive in his youth,
found with our Saint a secure retreat
from his enemies, and while here he
planned with his protector the future
monastery which he vowed to endow
when he succeeded to his rights. The
monarch fulfilled his promise to the
letter, and one of the most celebrated
schools and monasteries then in the
world arose around the hut of the her-
mit. In the height of its fame and pros-
perity it is said to have contained nine
churches with two round towers, and
over 3,000 students from all parts of the
Christian world were within its halls.
For a thousand years it was the burial
place of kings, and it was extended and
enriched by their endowments and
monuments many times. It waa
plundered during the intestine and
Danish wars, and afterwards in the
Norman invasions, until at last it was
utterly ruined by worse than barbaric
hands. Our saint died a year after
completing his great work in 549, and
his feast is kept on the 9th of Septem-
ber, and is yet celebrated with great de-
votion by pilgi-ims who still flock to
this ancient shiine

KICKHAM, CHAS. J., an Irish pa-
triot poet and writer of talent, wa»
born in the county of Kilkenny in 1828.
He early in life devoted his talent to
he cause of his country and freedom,
and was rewarded by an arbitrary im-

Erisonment by its oppressors, for his
old words for constitutional rights,
that Janus faced fraud, which on one
side guards English freedom and on the
other supports Irish oppression. Besides
poems of merit ho is the author of a
number of works of fiction written in a
patriotic vein. He continued his liter-
ary labors to the last, although for
some years prior thereto, ho luvfc been
afflcted by the almost entire loss of his
sight. His last words were consonant
with his life: "Let it be known that
I die in the Catholic faith, that I die
loving Ireland, only wishing that I
couldhave done more for her. He died
August 22, 1882.

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KILDARE. JAMES FITZGERALD.
Earl of an Irish patriot, and one of the
most refineci gentlemen of the age, was
born in Ireland, in 1723, and after com-
pleting his education traveled on the
continent. After returning to Ireland
he determined to erect a magnificent
city residence in Dublin, as he conceived
it to be the duty of the nobility to beau-
tify their own capital. In 1746 he mar-
ried Lady Emilia Lennox, sister to the
Duke ot Richmond, one of the most
celebrated becuties of the day. In 1753
the earl took a leading part in oppos-
ing the designs of the English ministry
in attempting to get parliamentary
recognition of the right of the King of
Englivnd to dispose of the surplus then
in the Irish exchequer, amounting to
£77,500. His action in the matter made
him very popular and a medal was
struck in commendation, representing
the earl sword in hand, guarding a sum
of money heaped upon a table, from
the clasp of a hand reaching from a
cloud, with the motto "Touch not says
Kildare." The earl resided in Ireland
almost constantly, either in his splendid
Dublin residence or one of his country
seats. In 1766 he was created Duke of
Leinst'jr. He was a member of both
the English and Irish House of Lords,
and performed his duties in every rela-
tion of life with rare dignity, and fideli-
ty. It was said of him that no man
ever understood his part "in society
better than he did. He was conscious
of his rank, and upheld it to the utmost,
but he was remarkable for the dignified
but attractive politeness of his manners,
loved justness and respected the rights
of all. He was a strong and unwaver-
ing supporter of the rights and inde-
pendence of his country, and opposed
the union to the last. He died in 1804.

KILIAN, SAINT, apostle of Fran-
conla, was a native of Ireland. He left
Ireland with two companions, Colonat,
a priest, and Totan, a deacon, and came
to Rome, by the way of Flanders and
Germany. Having been presented to
Pope Conon, and the holy father find-
ing him full of zeal and learning, ap-
!)omted him to preach the gospel to the
nfldels of Franconia. Going thither
with his companions, he converted the
Duke Gospert, and great numbers of his
subjects, and fixed his See at Wirtzburg,
of which he was the first bishop. Not-
ker in his martyrology says "In a dis-

trict of Austria, where stood a castle of
New Frani;e, nay a city us in the Ten-
tonic dialect, Wirtsburg situate near the
river Meuse, signifies the martyrdom
of St. Kilianus, the first bishop of that
city, and that of his two diciples,
Colonatus, a presbyter, and Totanus, a
deacon. They came from Ireland, the
island of the Scots. By the authority
of the apostolic See they preached the
gospel to the people of that district," and
Cardinal Bellarmini also alludes to him
as an Irish monk and apostle of the
Eastern Francks. The cause of his
martyrdom was that learning that
Gospert's wife, whom he married when
a pagan, had been his brother's wife,
Kilian insisted on a separation, which
so enraged the woman that she insti-
gated the assassination of Kilian and
his companions, July 8, 689, on which
day their feast is kept.

KILLEN. WILLIAM, Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court of Delaware and a
revolutionary patriot, was born in Ire-
land, and emigrated to America in his
youth. His talents and industry secured
him friends and he was enabled to
acquire a liberal education for those
early days. His progress in mathema-
tics was rapid and he first adopted sur-
veying as a profession, and held the office
of county surveyor for several years.
He, however, ultimately a. "opted the
profession of the law, and soon gained
a large and lucrative practice, especi-
ally in land cases. He took part in the
discussions of the great questions which
agitated the country, and was an earnest
and able defender of the peoples rights.
After the Declaration of Independence
he became Chief Justice of the State,
and in 1798 Chancellor. He was held
in high esteem both for ability and in-
tegrity.

KILMAINE. CHARLES J., Field
Marshal of France, a distinguished
and able leader of the French army, was
born at Dublin about 1750, and entered
the French army in 1765. He served
with distinction under Lafayette in
America, and in 1793 became a briga-
dier-general. He greatly distinguished
himself in the Vendean and Italian
campaigns, especially at the battle of
Jamappes. In 1797 he was appointed
general-in-chief of the army for the ia
vasion of England, which for an Irish
man nothing could have been more ao

is"*!

IF*''' -ir'H

b^-*,

EIR

XHISH CELTS.

KIR

•Ceptable. He died in Paris, Dec. 15,

1799, in the midst of a glorious career.

KING, ROBERT EDWARD, second
son of the Earl of Kingston, Vicount
Xorton, a distinguished general of the
British army, was born in the county of
Roscommon. Ireland, Aug. 1773.
After completing his education he en-
tered the army and soon became noted
for capacity and courage, and distin-
guished himself on various occasions,
rising to the rank of Lieutenant-
'General. He was created a baron in

1800, and a Vicount in 1806, and died
in 1845.

KING, DR. WILLIAM, a celebrated
Iiish divine of the established church,
was born in county Antrim, Ireland,
and entered the ministry as chaplain to
the archbishop of Tuam; he afterward
was bishop of Derry and archbishop of
Dublin. He is chiefly remembered by
treatise "De Origine Mali" — The Origin
of Evil — which produced a wide extend-
ed controversy into which Boyle and
Leibnetz entered. He was also author
of discourses on predestination. He
died in 1729.

KINGSMILL, COL., a distinguished
Irish Canadian, was the son of an
•officer, and was born in Kilkenny, in
1794. He was educated in Kilkenny
•college, and entered the army ■/ in
•early age. He saw his first re v;. ;: iU
the desperate camp ;-.i;<^us of th-^ Pe/iS'i
sular, having been engaged jU, T:.: .-3
Vedras, Badajoz, in the pusses of the
Pyrenees, and on many other desperate
occasions, and won promotions by his
bravery. His regiment (66th) for
awhile guarded Napoleon at St. Helena,
He at length resigned and came to
Canada, and in the rebellion of '87 he
took a prominent part. He was after-
wards perninnently connected with its
military and held positions of trust and
•honor, until his death in 1876.

KIRKPATRICK, WILLIAM, a
talented soldier and legislator was
jorn in Ireland iu 1753, and at an early
age went to India to seek his fortune.
By perseverance talents and industry,
he firraduully r^te to honor and distin-
tic a. flUing the most important posi-
tions in hou\ civil and military life, and
At the time of his death was a major
ijenfral. He gave to the press Bio-

Eraphies of Persian poets, Selection of
etters Oi Tipoo, Baib, &c. He died in

1812.

KIRWAN, AUGUSTIN. a gifted
and eloquent Irish divine, was Warden
of Galway, a clerical title which con-
ferred on the holder semi apostolic func-
tions. It was the cause of a great deal
of jurisdictional dispute during the
course of several hundred years, with
the archbbishop of Tuam, until abol-
ished in 1881, when Galway was ele-
vated into a full See or bishoprick. Our
subject was bom in 1725, and received
his education principally in Salamanca,
Spain, where he was ordained priest in
1747, by Bishop Gonpo^ez, of Arilia.
He returned to Ireland, und was noted
for every virtue which can adorn the
priestly character. In 1783 he was ele-
vated to the warden ship of Galway,
where he ruled with ^reat zeal until
1791, when he died, amidst the univer-
sal lamentations of bis ( k. ople.

KIRWAN, DANIEL JOSEPH, a
well known New York ioiu'nalist, was
born in Newtonbtary, Ireland, 1848,
and came to the United States at an
early age, and been *i'> connected with
the New York pr having been at-
tached to <' Woil<^ Tribuno and Her-
ald. He V s iho auf aor of "Palace and
Hovel," and was « koen and forcible
writer. He died Nov. 25, 1875.

KIRWIN, RICHARD, a celebrated
geologist, minerologist and chemist,
of Galway, Ireland, born about 1650. He
studied in Dublin and completed his
education at St. Omers. He soon ac-
quired a high reputation for scientific
knowledge and became a member of
the Royal Society, and of many conti-
nental "scientific bodies; and president
of the Royal Irish Academy. Among
his works are elements of rainerology,
geological essays, logic, metaphysical
essays, &c. He died In 1812.

KIRWIN, WALTER BLAKE, a
celebrated pulpit orator, was born in
Galway, Ireland, about 1754, and was
educated at St. Omers and Louvain,
became a priest and w»u» chaplain to
the Neapolitan Embasaador In 1787.
Being ambitious and somewhat vain of
his powers, he became discontented
with his humble lot as a poor Irish
priest, and having some trouble with

II-

KNO

IRISH CELTS.

LAO

■}kt

tioa of
died in

gifted
VV^arden
ch con-
ic func-
eat deal
ing the
rs, with
til abol-
Noa ele-
k. Our
received
amanca,
priest in
! Arilia.
as noted
lorn the
was ele-
Galway,
eal until
e univer-

lEPH, a
ilist, was
id, 1848,
es at an
ted with
been at-
and Her-
alace and
forcible

elebrated

chemist,

650. He

eted his

soon ac-

scientiflc

eml)er of

II y oonti-

jresident

Among

nerology,

aphysical

AKE. a
born in
and was
Louvain,
inplain to
in 1787.
at vain of
contented
loor Irish
ible with

his superiors in 1787 he conformed to
the established church and was ap-
pointed to a living in Dublin., and short-
ly afterwards made dean of Kildare.
As a pulpit orator he is said to have
had no equal amongst hiscotemporanes
of the English Church. He died in
1805.

KNIGHTLY THOMAS, a distinguish,
ed scholar and autlior of varied parts,
was born in Dublin, October, 1789,
graduated at Trinity College in that
city and adopted literature as a profes-
sion. He went to London early in his
carreer and assisted T. Crofton Croker
in the "Fairy Legends of Ireland." He
afterwards edited and published a ser-
ies of text books, including histories of
Rome, Greece and England. "Out-
lines of History," " Mythology of An-
cient Greece and Italy," "History of
India," " Scenes and Events of the
Crusades," " Fairy Mythology, "besides
editing the works of Virgil, Horace,
Ovid and Sallust. Life and poems of
Milton, and " The Shakespeare Ex-
positor." His text books were exten-
sively used in Great Britain and Ire-
land and even in the United States. He
died December, 1873.

KNOX, HENRY, a major general in
the war of the American revolution,
was born in Boston, of Irish parents, in
1760, and after receiving the ordinary
English education, he became a book-
seller in his native town. The troubles
with the mother country early engaged
his attention, and he was one of the
boldest and most outspoken in de-
nouncing the aggressions of the Eng-
lish government. The call to arms saw
voung Knox at the front, and we find
him as a volunteer at the battle of
Bunker Hill. For his services in plan-
ing the capture of much needed artillery
which were on the Canadian frontiers,
he was entrusted bv Congress with the
command of that uepartment with tlie
rank of brigadier general. He took a
distinguished part in the battles of
Trenton, Princetown, Gcrmnnlown and
M( nniouth, and contributed largely to
tlie capture of C-'ornwallis, and for gal-
lant services was raised to the rank of
major general. In 17N5 he succeeded
Gen. Lincoln as Secretary of War, and
after flllinsr that posiiion with honor
and crc'Ui, he obtained a reluctant ron-
eeut to retire to private life. In 17U8,

when our relations with France were-
becoming critical, he was called upon
to take a command in the army, but
trouble having been happily avoided,
he returned to private life. He died at
Thomastown, Maine, in 1806. In pri-
vate life he was affable and unasuming,
as a public officer thorough and capable,
as a soldier of unsurpassed daring.

KN0WLE8, JAMES SH IIIDAN,
one of the greatest of modern (i miatists,
was the son of James Knowles, a tal-
ented teacher, elocutionist and lexico-
grapher of Cork, who was a cousin of
R. B. Sheridan. Our subject was born
in Cork in 1784, and removed to Lon-
don wit!i his father. He early exhibit-
ed dramatic tastes, and at the age of
twelve coi i^osed a play which was
represented by his school-mates with ap-
plause. In 1806 he made his first ap-
pearance on the stage at Dublin. He
afterwards taught elocution at Belfast
and Glasgow, but created no sensation.
He also wrote several plays and a vol-
ume of poetry, but it was not until ho
produced his Caius Gracchui2 at '3el-
fast, in 1815, that his great dran.atio
powers were recognized. In .'820 his
Virginius was produced at Drury Lana,
and at once made famous by the master-
ly rendition of Macready in Eiixl nd
and Forrest in America, and otiil holds
its position as one of the most power, nl
of tracedies, especially as presei'ti^d b/
McCullough. Knowles himse/f ip-
peared in some of his plays, and u.r.de a
successful tour of the United Sti\l os.
His dramatic w '•ks were publisheii in
3 vols., 1843. 1 1845 he abandoned
the stage froi onscientious scruples,
as being injur s to sound morals, and
first devoted uunself to literature, but
eventually jomed the Baptists aud be-
come a rehp >us preacher and author.
He died Nov. !>0th, 1883. Among his
other prii I'lI works are "Willium
Tell," "'J Beggar's Daughter of
Bethna Creen," "Alfred the Great,"
"The Hunchback," "The Wife Chase,"
"Womens" Wit," "The Maid of Maricu-
dorpt," "Love," "John of Prooida,"
"Old Maids," "The Rose of Aragou"
and "The Secretary" — novels— "Henry
Fortescue" and "George Lovell," and
some religiou'i tracts which have not
added to his iUtation.

LACY, MAURK^E, Marshal, Count
de, a celebrated military commander of

■:«:■?"

LAL

miBH CELTS.

LAL

Austria, and son of the succeeding, was
bom in Russia in 1725, and entered the
service of Austria, at an early age, in
which country he received the principal

1)art of his education. He rose rapid-
y by his merit, and contributed largely
to the victories of Breslau in'lT57 and
Hochkirchin 1758, and was made Field-
Marshal for great and conspicuous ser-
vices and a count of the Empire. Maria
Theresa also made him a member of
the Aulic Council, and he was honored
by other enviable distinctions. He died
in 1801.

LACY, MARSHAL PETER, Count
•de, one of the mof t distinguished gen-
erals of his age, was bom m Ireland in
1678, and at 'an early age engaged in
attempts to relieve his country of its
heartless opprassors. His flrat foreign
service was in France, whither so
many of his gallant countrymen had
preceded him, winning fortune and
fame by their unequalled bravery and
military skill. Lacy soon earned a
brilliant reputation and his services and
sword were successively given to Po-
land Austria, and other governments,
ind he everywhere distinguished i-jm-
self '7 his skill and daring, Peter the
Great of Russia at length secured his
eervices, and his genius secured the
victorv of Pultowa in 1709. He re-
peatedly punished the Turks, and took
from them ?ome oi" iheir strongholds,
notably Azov. In 1733 he swept across
Finland, .securing it to the Russian
crown, and performed many other no-
table services under I'liter and Cather-
ine, who appointed him Governor of
Livonin with almost royal power. He
died in 1751.

LAFFAN, Sir Joseph De Courcy, an
eminent physician aua brother to the
Catholic Archbishop of Cashel (Robert),
was born in C'>;shel In 1786, and after
completing his education took up the
profession of medicine and afterwards
received an appointment in the army.
He became successively physician to
the forces and physician in ordinary to
his Royal Highness, the late Duke of
Kent. For his eminent skill and ser-
vices ho was created a biironet in 1838.
Professionally he was without a superior

LALLY, THOMAS ARTHUR.
Count de and baron of Tollcndal, Ire-
land, was u nephew of the first Cou'^t

Dillon, and one of the bravest
and most heroic of modern soldiers,
was born in Dauphine, 1702.
He began his military career in one of
the Insh regiments in the service of
France, commanded by his uncle,
greatly distinguishing himself at the
sieges of Kehl, M^nin, Ypres and
Fames, and especially at the great
battle of Fontenoy, which was won by
the gallantry of the Irish troops. He
afterwards supported the "Pretender"
in Scotland, and participated in several
battles, and finally at the unfortunate
one of Culloden. After many narrow
escapes in Ireland and England he
reached France. In 1756 he
was appointed commandant of the
French possessions in the East
Indies, with plenary powers and
the rank of Lieutenant- General.
On his arrival there, at the
end of April, 1758, war was declared
with the English, over whom he ob-
tained a series of successes, but was at
length repulsed before Madras, and
being left with insufficient men and
means, ultimately besieged in Pondl-
cherry upon which he had been com*
pelled to fall back. With less than one
thousand men (700) he here resisted the
whole English army of many times his
numbers (20,000), supported by 14 ships
of war, for several months, and only
surrendered when reduced to the last
extremity. Januaiy 11th, 1761. He
scon after obtained his release and re-
turned to France, where he was arrest-
ed ana wild charge of treason and con-
demned by a base tribunal. Thus was
he rewarded by a corrupt and ungrate-
ful government for all his exertions,
privations and toils. To hide its own
criminal neglect in failing to sustain
the heroic defenders of its colonies,
it arrests the hero wiio earned
more than a victor's crown, by des-
perate bravery, indurance and skill.
The infamy of its act was complete by
leading him to the scaffold gagged, so
as to prevent him from addressing the
people. He was executed May 9th,
1766. Louis XVI afterwards annulled
the sentence and restored his family to
all their honors, but could not restore
the life of the heroic vicMni, or wipe
away the stain of infamy from an un-
grateful and wicked government.

LALLY, TOLLENDEL T. GER-
ARD, Marquis of, son of the foregoing,

LAN

ntlBH CELTS.

LEE

OERr

•egoiiig,

a celebrated French statesman, histor-
ian and j)03t, was born in Paris, 1751,
and was ignorant of his parentage until
the eve of his father's execution; he
immediately devoted himself to the es-
tablishing of his rights and good name.
His efforts were finally crowned with
success in 1778, "ough the last judicial
form was never completed in conse-
of the troubles of the times. In 1783,
however, he obtained possession of his es-
tates. In 1789 he was a deputy of the
Noblesse to the Estates General, and was
one of the most popular members of
that body, when it changed its name
to the National Assembly, and com-
menced the construction of a constitu-
tion. In the fruitless labors to this end
Le was an able supporter of Lafayette,
but despairing both of the monarchy
and the constitution, he retired with
Necker in September, 1790, and pub-
lished an address to the French people.
After the insurrection oi the 10th of
August, 1792, he was arrested by the
Jacobins, but escaped the massacre of
September, and withdrew to England,
where as a royalist and a writer in the
interest of the emegres, he enjoyed a
email pension from the government.
On the proclamation io^ moderate meas-
ures by the First Corisul in 1801, he re-
turned to France, but took no part in
l>ub)\c affaira till after the restoration,
when he became a member of the privy
council, and in thai capacity accom-
panied Louis XVIII to Ghent during
the hundred days. After the second
restoration he was made a peer of
France. He remained true to constitu-
tional principles and resisted the at-
tempts of the Bourbons to resume arbi-
trary power. He died shortly before
the revolution of 1830. His writings
form several volumes and are of con-
siderable repute.

LANSDOWN, WILLIAM PETTY

(Fitzmaurice) IMarquis of, and Second
Earl of Shelburne, a general ofticer in
the army, and a distinguished states-
man in llie reign of George III., was
born in 1737 in Ireland. After holding
prominent positions under the Govern-
ment in 1768 and 1760. he was dis-
placed in 1768, and remained in opposi-
tion until 1782, when he was appointed
Secretai-y of State for foreign af-
fairs. On the death of the Marquis of
Rockingham ho succeeded him as Pre-
mier, but was soon afterwards ousted

by the combined efforts of Fox and
North. He died in 1805. He was also
one of those to whom the letters of
Junius were attributed.

LAOGARE, son of Niall. the Great
was the first christian Monarch of Ire-
land. He ascended the throne A. D.,428,
on the death of Dathy. It was during his
reign that St. Patrick came to Ireland
with his Apostolic mission. Laogare did
not immeaiately embrace Christianity,
his Queen and family having been first
converted. His reign was a peaceful
one,he having had but one war that with
the King of Leinster, about tribute.
Laogare was defeated and made a priso-
ner, and the unwilling tribute was abol-
ished. He was killed by lightning in
Kildare, A. D., 463.

LECKY, WM. E. HARTPOLE, an

able and learned philosophical writer
of the modern school, was born near
Dublin, Ireland, 1838, and graduated
at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1859. In
18*^1 he published anonymously "The
Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland."
He traveled extensively on the conti-
nent and then settled m London. In
1865 he surprised the learned world by
his "History of the Rise and Influence
of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe,"
written in elegant style and exhibiting
extensive research and deep study.
This was followed by the "History of
European Morals from Augustus to
Charlemagne," All his works are
translated into German, and some are
used as text books in their universities.
He is also author of a paper read before
the Royal Institution on the Influence
of the Imagination in History.

LEE, COL, DE, one of the most
prominent officers of the Irish brigades
ui the service of France, under Louis
XIV. He first served in Ireland against
the adherents of the Prince of Orange,
and went to France with Mountcashel's
brigade. He succeeded Col. Daniel
O'Brien in the command of the regi
nient of Clare. He had also command-
ed what was known as the Queen of
England Regiment (Dragoons), and
also Mountcushel's on the death of that
olllcer. He took part in many of the
famous victories gained by the armies
of Louis, and everywhere oistinguished
himself by his daring and gallantry.

LEP

nUSH CELTS.

LEV

He ranked as a general officer and was
inferior to but few in military ability.

LELAND, JOHN, a celebrated Irish
dissenting divine, was a native of
Dublin, born in 1691. He wrote several
works in refutation of the irreligious
and deistical writings of the day, and
was held in high respect for learning
and ability, especially by his Presby-
teiian brethren. He died in 1760.

LELAND, DR. THOMAS, a divine
and miscellaneous writer, was bom in
1733, at Dublin, and was educated at
Trinity College. In 1763 he became
professor of oratory in that institution.
He wrote The History of Ireland, Life
of Philip of Macedon, ADesertation on
the Principles of Human Eloquence,
and translated the orations of Demos-
thenes and Eschines, besides sermons,
&c. He died in 1785.

LEPROHON, MRS.. (Rosanna Ele-
nor Mullins), a talented female writer
of Canada, was born about 1830, at
Montreal, of Irish parents, and gave
evidence at an early age of that high
order of talents that afterwards distin-
guished her. At the age of fourteen
she became one of the most popular
contributors of the Literary Garland,
published bj^ Jno. Lovell, of Montreal.
Her tales written even at that age have
^.. grace and finish which place them
among the choicest literature of Can-
ada, especially "Ida Beresford," which
was also published in French. Among
her other works of tictionare "Florence
Fitz Harding" and "Eva Huntington,"
which are not excelled for literary
mer.t by any of her American cotem-
poraries. She also contributed largely
to American periodical lilelrature, ana
her productions were read with a
healthy pleasure. In 1860 she assisted
in conducting the Family Herald, and
about this time wrote her celebrated
Canadian tale of the "Manor House of
de Yilloini," which shows Canadian
manners, habits, tastes and customs,
prior to the American revolution. It
18 a work not only valuable as a liternrj-
eHoi't, but still more aa a faithful
record of manners, customs and times of
a period which has passed forever
away, and although treating of a
people in the wilderness, it otwns to our
gaze scenes full of the heroic, the ro-
mantic and the true, and a cidtivation

which might shame our own, by lt»
charming simplicity and its innate no*
bility. Mrs. Leprohon not only excelled
as a writer, but she was a musical
artist of rare excellence and a superior
linguist.

LESLIE CHARLES, son of the

Protestant Bishop of Clogher, was bom
in Ireland, in 1650, and became a min«
ister of the Established church. He
was an author of some repute in con*
troversial works, but being an out-
spoken adherent of the Stuarts he re-
ceived no church advancement. He
died in 1733.

LETT, WM. PITTMAN, an author
and writer of talent in Canada, is a
native of Wexford , Ireland, and emi-
grated with his father to Canada ia
1820. He received as good an educa-
tion as the country afforded in that early
day at Bytown, now Ottawa, and Mon-
treal. He early became connected with
the press and his facile pen is equally
at home in prose or verse, while the
characteristic wit of his race, he
possesses in no small degree. He is the
author of humorous letters under the
non de plume of Sweeney Ryan, and
"Recollections of Bytown and its Inhabi-
tants." The following verses will givo
some idea of his poetic talent, while
the sentiments are such as every true
Irishman must admire :

Come let us in this far off land,

From Erin's sea girt shore;

Onn blood, one race, in union stand

Round memories of yore.

To day we'll gently level down

The barriers that divide,

And close together, hand in hand

Stand brothers', side by side.

We ask not what may be your name,.
Come to us whence you may;
We ask not by what path you came,
Or whence you kneel to pray.
Your common birtluight of the land
Is all we ask to scan;
To-day we offer friendship's hand
To every Irishman.

LEVER, CHARLES, one of the
most popular and piolific of modern
novelist-j, was bo'n in Dublin, Aug.
31, 1806. Ho received his eihication
partly in Trinity College, Dublin, and
partly on the continent. He at first

the
em

ug-
lioa
and
arst

11/

■» * If

PLATE 14.

^N,

LIN

IKISn CELTS.

LOG

adopted the profession of medicine,
having taken bis degree at Gottingen,
and was attacned to the English Lega-
tion at Brussels, as physician. He,
however, resigned his position and came
to Dublin, where for some time he
edited the Dublin University Magazine.
His first published novel of any pre-
tentions was Harry Lorreqner, which
■was received with unbounded delight
and opened that brilliant literary car-
reer which lasted for thirty years, an
includes a whole library of 'the most
popular and amusing flctio-a produced
in our times, including "Charles
O'M" -, the Irish Dragoon," "Bar-
,..^," "Jack Hinton," "Con.
rjre^an," "Kate O'Donoghue," "Tom
Burke of Ours," Davenport Dunn,"
"Gerald Fitzgerald," "Lord Kilgob-
bin," "Maurice Tiernay," "That Boy r>f
Norcotl's," "Arthur O'Leary," Sec.
Lever spent most of his time
in France, and died at Trieste in
1872.

LEVEROUS, THOMAS, an Irish
divine and confessor, was bishop of
Kiklare. He refused to take the oath
of spiritual supremacy under Elizabeth,
and although an aged prelate, was ex-
pelled from his See and had to teach
school in Limerick to support himself.
He died in 1577.

LEWIS, JOHN TRAVERS, L L.

D., a distinguished Canadian divine, of
the Episcopal church, is a native of
Cork, where he was born in 1826. He en-
tered Trinity College Dublin, where he
graduated as senior moderator in ethics
and logic. He was gold medalist and
obtained the degrees of D. D. B. D.
and L L. D. He received ordination
in his 21st year and soon after came to
Canada. He first ministered in
Hawl-esbury and next in Brockville.
In 1802 he was elected bishop of the
new Diocese in Ontario, and took up
residence in Kingston, and afterwards
in Ottawa. He is the author of "The
Church of the New Testament." "The
Piimitive Mode of Ordaining Bishops,"
"Does the Bible Require l{etransla-
tion," and other works of high repute
amongst his bretliren. He is undoubt-
edly one of the ablest and most scholar-
ly of his churchmen in Canada.

LINCOLN, MOST REV. RICH-
ARD, Archbishop of Dublin, was born

in Dublin, about 1700, and was educat-
ed on the continent and embraced the
religious life, although full ol danger in
his native land. He returned to Ireland
and administered to his persecuted peo-
ple in the midst of the uncertainties of
an ever threatening penal code. He was
elevated to the See of Dublin in 1757,
and issued many noted pastorals in the
interest of peace and good-fellowship
with all, recommending due submission
and allegiance to authority, recommend-
ing prayers for the King and that a
solid and lasting peace might be had,
and the effusion of christian blood
be avoided. He also had some clashing
of authority with the Regular Orders,
which matters were adjusted in Rome,
and the privileges of the Orders closely
niarked and defined. He died Decem-
ber, 1762, and was buried in the family
vault, St. James church-yard, Dublin.

LIVINUS, SAINT and MARTYR,
Colgan says he was Bishop of Dublin,
and Meyerus calls him Archbishop of
Scotia (Ireland). He was of royal de-
scent, and born in Ireland in the reign
of Coleman Rimhe. He early embraced
a religious life and for some time lab-
ored in Britain, and after a few j^ears
returned to Ireland and became Bishop
of Dublin. He at length left his Sf;e in
charge of an Arch-Deacon " Sylo-
anus," and went to the continent, where
he preached with great Zealand success,
converting many. He was put to death
bv the Pagans,' November 12, 033, at
Escha, in the low counties. His life
was written by Boniface, Archbishop
of Mentz, Masseus and Molandus ii:
the Lives of the Saints of Flanders' give
similar accounts, and Bale speaks of
bis writings. Benedict XIV, in a decree
dated Jufy 1st, 1747 calls him Bishop
of Dublin.

LOCHRANE, OSBORN A., a dis-
tinguished American jurist and orator,
was born in County Armagh, Ireland,
August 22, 1829. While pursuing his
studies at college he was noted for his
fiery eloquence, and having indulged
in a public dispute gave voice to vio-
lent denunciations against English mis-
rule in Ireland. His father to save him
from threatened arrest placed him on a
vessel bound for New York, v/here he
arrived December 21, 1846. He at length
found his way to Athens, Georgia,
where he was engaged in a drug store.

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when he delivered a lecture on temper-
ance which attracted attention by its
eloquence and elegance, and he became
noted as the boy -orator. Here at the
suggestion of Chief Justice Lumpkin
he commenced the study of law, devot-
ins his evenings to the task, and was
a(Huitted to the Bar when twenty years
of age. In 1850 he opened an office in
Savannah, where he formed a law part-
nership with Henry G. Lamar, a distin-
guished lawyer, whose daughter he
married. He soon acquired a brilliant
reputation and a large practice, and in
1851 was raised to the bench of the
Macoi: Circuit. In 1855 he removed to
Atlanta, and in 1870 was appointed
Jud^e of f he Circuit, and in 1871 Chief
Justice of the State. He however re-
signed after a short time preferring tc
engage in tlie active practice of his pro-
fession to which his brilliant talents are
so admirably adapted. He probably
stands at the head of the Bar in his
state, aud his efforts, many of which
have been published in pamphlqt form
are greatlv admired for their classic
beauty and eloquence.

LOFTUS. GENERAL WILLLOI,
a distiuguished officer in the British
army, was born in Ireland in 1752, and
entered the army at an early age, was
at different times a member of both the
Irish and English Parliaments. He
died in 1881. He served with (Hstinc-
tion on the continent and in various
other places, and rose by skill and bril-
liant conduct to be a General.

LOGAN, CONELIUS A. . a talented
Irish American actor, dramatist and
anthor, was born of Irish parents in
Baltimore in 1780, and was educated
at St. Mary's College. After leaving
school he made several trips to Europe
as supercargo. He afterwards took up
journalism, first in Baltimore and then
in New York city. Possessing drama-
tic talent and taste he tried the stage
and displayed considerable aptitude and
power, and also produced several suc-
cessful dramas. He was also the author
of poems of merit, the most noted of
which is "The Mississippi." In 1840
he removed to Cincinnati. He was the
fatlier of the celebrated actresses "Eli-
ca and Cecilia Logan," and also of
••0Uve,""Mr8. Sykes.''

LOGAN, DR. GEO., an able Ameri-
can statesman and patriot, was a grand-
son of James Logan, first actinc gover-
nor of Pennsylvania, and was Dom in
Philadelphia Sept- 9. 1758. After com-
pleting his preliminary education he
studied medicine iu Edinburg, and re-
turned home in 1779. He served in the
Pennsylvania legislature several terms,
and was a strong supporter of Jefferson
and the "Republican" party. In 1798,
when a rupture seemed imminent with
France Logan went to Paris as a volun-
teer peacemaker, and was savagely de-
nounced by the Federalists for so doing,
who secured the passage of an act,
known as the " Logan Act," making it a
misdemeanor for a private citizen to
take part in a controversy between a
foreign power aud the United States.
Dr. Logan was elected XJ. S. Senator for
a full term in 1801, and iu
1810 he again went to Europe (Eng-
land) in the interests of peace. He was
a member of the Philosophical Society
and of the Board of A griculture, and u
the author of valuable scientific papsrs.
He died at Stentpn April 9, 1821.

LOGAN, JAMES.an able and learned
man, was born in Irelnnd in 1674, and
wh'^n a boy was put as an apprentice to
a lihen draper. H!s spare moments he
assiduously spent in acquiring knowl-
edge and soon became proficient in
Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Italian and
Spanish, besides an extensive knowledge
of mathematics. In 1699 he accom-

Eaniied Wm. Venn to Philadelphia as
is secretary, and afterwards filled the
office of colonial secretary, commissioner
of property, and governor of the prov-
ince. He was author of several learned
works, and his " Experimenta Melete-
mata de Plantarum Generatione is a
treatise of much reputation. He died
near Philadelphia in 1751.

LOGAN, GEN. JOHN A., an able
and prominent American soldier and
statesman, was born in Jackson county,
111., Feb. 9, 1826. His father, Dr. John
Logan, was a native of Ireland, wiio
emigrated to the United States in 1828,
and settled in Illinois soon after. John
A. 's early education was attended to at
home, the facilities for schooling I ains
in his early day, both precr rious and
meagre. On the breaking out of the
Mexican war he volunteeitd as a pri-
vate, was chosen a lieutenant in the

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First Illinois Infantiy, and served witli
distinction during the war, part of the
time as Adjutant of the Regiment. On
returning from the war he commenced
the study of the law. In 1846 be was
elected clerk of Jackson County. In
1852 he graduated from the law depart-
ment of the Louisville University,
was admitted to the bar, and commenc-
ed the practice of his profession. In the
fall of the same year he was sent to the
legislature, and the following year be-
came prosecuting attorney of the third
Judicial District, which he held till 1857.
He was a Presidential elector on the
Buchanan ticket; in 1856 and 1858 he
was elected to Congress as a Douglass
democrat and re-elected in 1860, and
supported Stephen A. Douglass for the
Presidency that year. On the election
of Lincoln he, however, declared his
purpose of shouldterin^ a musket if nec-
essary to have him inaugurated, and
in Julv, 1861, he took part in the disas-
trous batMe of Bull Run. having attach-
ed himself to Col. Richardson's regi-
ment as it marched to meet the enemy,
and was one of the last to abandon the
field. After the battle he returned
home, resigned his seat in Congress
and organized the 81st Illinois Infantry,
believing he could serve his country
in the field to more advantage than in the
halls oflegislation. His first encounter
with the enemy was at Belmont in [No-
vember, when he led a successful charge
and had a horse shot under him. He was
engaged with his regiment at Fort Henrv,
and at Fort DonaTson he was severely
wounded while gallantly leading the as-
sault. He reported for duty again to
Gen. Grant at Pittsburg Landing, and
March 6th, 1863, was made Brigadler-
Oeneral of Volunteers. In the move-
• ments nround Corinth he took an active
part, and subsequently at Jackson, Ten-
nessee, was in command, protecting
railroad communications. He was asked
by his constituents to stand again for
Congress, but he declined, saying, "I
have ei.tcred the field to die if nece&sary
for this government, and never expect
io return to pcnocful pursuits until the
object of this war of preservation has
become an established fact." In the
Northern Mississippi campaign Gen.
Logan commanded the 8rd Division of
the 17th Armv Corps, under Gen. Mo-
Phersoc, exhibiting a skill and bravery
which stamped him as a born soldier,
and justly secured for him promotion

as Major-General dating from Nov.,
1863. He participated with his com-
mand in the battles of Port Gibson, Ray-
mond, Jackson and Champion Hill. In
the campaign before Vicksburg he

freatly distinguished himself, and on the
5th of June headed the assault, his
column being the first to enter the cap-
tured city, and he was appointed Its
Military Governor. In Nov., 1863, he
was placed in command of the 15th
Army Corps, and in the spring follow-
ing he joined Qen. Sherman on his
move into Georgia. • At the battle near
Reseca he led the advance and repulsed
Hardee at Dallas, capturing the works
of the enemy at Kenesaw Mountain. At
the desperate fight at Atlanta, Julv, 22,
Logan greatly distinguished himself, and
when the gallant McPherson fell Logan
succeeded him in command of the
Army of the Tennessee. After the fall
of Atlanta, Sept. 1st, 1864, Logan went
home and took a prominent part in the
^ ' -jsidential campaign in Illinois. He
iri joined his troops at Savannah after
Sherman's "march to the sea," and re-
mained in active duty till after the sur-
render of the Confederate leader. Gen.
Jos. E. Johnson. As soon as active
duty was over he resigned and was of-
fered the mission to Mexico, which he
declined. In 1866 he was elected to
Congress, and was one of the managers
iir the impeachment trial of President
Johnson. In 1866 he was re-elected,
and was made chairman of the commit-
tee on military affairs and secured the
passage of the act for the reduction of
the army. He was re-elected for a third
time to the House, but before Congress
met he was chosen U. S Senator from
his native state for the term commenc-
ing March 4, 1871, and was chairman
of the committee on military aifairs of
that IxKiy during most of his terra. His
moat noted efforts during his term of of-
fice was the defense of Gen. Grant
against an attack of Chas. Sumner
June 8, 1872. reply to Senator Gordon
on the Euklux in Louisiana, Jan. 18,
1875. He failed to secure a re- election
in 1876, a popular current having set in
against the ultra views of the Republi-
can "arty, and after the expiration of
the senatorial term, ending March 8,
1877, he resumed the practice of the
law, opening an ofllce in Chioago. He,
however, was again returned as a sena*
tor in 1878 and took his seat March 18,
1870, and on the following June made

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his great speech, "Ou the Power of the
GovernmeDt to enforce United States
Laws." Gen. Logan is a man of strilting
personal appearance, of soldierly pres-
ence, dark complexion, w ith jet black
hair, and strongly defined features, giv-
ing an impression of CTeat energy and
determination, which n is reputation so
well sustains. He is a forcible and elo-
quent speaker, full of ma^netism.flre and
earnestness, endowed with all the great
qualities of a leader of men. In 1855
he married Miss May S. Cunningham,
a lady of superior accomplishments and
CeUic like himself. She has taken an
active part in advancing the political
aspirations of her husband, attending to
his large correspondence, receiving and
entertaining his friends, and attracting
them by her brilliant social qualities.

LOGAN OLIVE, (Mrs. Svkes), a
sister of Elizu, the popular and talented
American actress, and daughter of Cor-
nelius A. Logan, was born in New York
in 1841. Like her sisters she too made
her appearance on the stage, first in
Philadelphia in 1854. She went to Eng
land to pursue a course of study at a fe-
male college, and while there contribut-
ed to periodicals — both in Engiish and
French — and produced two novels. She
returned home, and in 1S64 appeared at
Wallack's, N. Y., in a play of her own
"Eveleen." and made a starring tour of
the States. In 1868 she retired from the
stage to devote herself to litprature and
the cause of woman's rights and kindred
"advanced" ideas. She has published
a couple volumes of "Lectures and Es-
says, and has acted as Paris correspon-
dent to American papers and periodi-
cals. She has spent much of her lime
of late years in France and also in
Wales, where her husband, WirtSykea,
is American Consul. As an actress she
never reached the prominence of her

gifted sisters, but as a writer, aside from
er hobbies, she displays considerable
ability and culture.

LOMBARD, PETER, a learned Irish
divine, antiquarian and historian, was
born in Waterford about 1550. He was
educated at Westminster under Cam-
den, where he distinguished himself.
He completed his education at Louvaln,
and there received the Doctor's Cap. He
was for a time provost of tlio Cathedral
of Canterbury, and afterwards was ap-
pointed Archuishop of Armagh and pri-

mate of all Ireland. He was also dom*
estic prelate to the Pope, Clement VIII,
and died in Rome in 1625. He wrote
in Latin a commentary on the History
of Ireland, which was printed in Lou-
vain in 1632, just after his death. He
must not be confounded with Peter
Lombard, who was Archbishop of Paris
about 1160.

LONDONDERRY.CHARLES WIL-
LIAM STEWART, Marquis of, and
half brother of Lord Castlereagh, an
able BriHsh diplomat and soldier, was
born in Dublin May 18, 1778. He early
joined the army and served on the Con-
tinent during .the wars 6f the French
Revolution. In 1801 he accompanied
Abercrombie to Egypt, and the same
year was elected to Parliament; l)ecame
aide-de-camp to the King, and in 1803
Under Secretary of the war department.
He distinguished himself under Sir
John Moore in Spain, 1808-9, and was
Adjutant-General to Sir Arthur 'Welles-
ley (Wellington), and for gallantry at
Talavera and other desperate battles he
received the thanks of Parliament, and
the order, of the Bath. He was sent as
ambassador to Berlin in 1818 and tx>
Vienna in 1814, and was a member of
tlie " Vienna Congress" in 1815. In the
meantime he became lieutenant-general
and Baron Stewart. In 1822, on the
death of his brother, he succeeded as
Marquis of Londonderry, and in 1828
was made Earl Vane and Viscount Sea-
ham in the peerage of the United King-
dom. He was made a full General m
1887 and a Knight of the Garter in 1852.
He died in London March 6, 1864. He
is the author of a "History of the Pen-
iusular War," 1801-'13, and edited the
"Correspondence of Lord ('u3tlereagh,"
his brother. He was a man of much
public spirit, and in developing the vast
estate of his wife in Durham he con-
structed at his own expense the harbor
of Seaham.

LONDONDERRY,ROBERT STEW-
ART, Marquis of, an ahle but unwTu-
pulous British stutesinan, better known
as Lord Castlereagh, and who possesHcs
the unenviable notoriety of being tlie
tool of the English Governmi-nl in
bringing about tlie denationalizuiion of
his country by the act of Union, was,
born in Ireland in 17t!0, and completed
his education at St. John's college, Can-
terbury. In his twenty-first year he-

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was returned to the Irish Parliament as
member for the County of Down. He
commenced his political career as a par-
liamentary reformer and a defender of
Irish rights, but it was not long before
he joined the opposite party. In 1797
he was appointed Chief Secretary to the
Viceroy of Ireland, and commenced his
scheme for the demoralization of the
Irish Parliament by intimidation and
bribery, which ended in the suicide of
the nation. Hewasafittool — brilliant,
talented, brave to rashness, full of im-
petuosity, and unscrupulous to the last
degree in the use of means to accom
plish his ends, and of fine personal ap-
pearance he combined all the requisities
to successfully accomplish his bad de-
signs. On the accomplishment of the
Union he entered the English Parlia-
liient, and in 1805 was Minister of War,
and afterwards in 1807, but having a
disagreement with Canning, which re-
sulted in a duel, he resigned in 1809. In
1811 he became head of the foreign de-
partment, and was looked upon as one
of the ablest and most promising Eng-
lish statesmen. In 1814 he was pleni-
potentiaiy extraordinary to the Con-
gress of Vienna, which decided the fate
of Europe. He continued in place at
the head of the foreign department up
to the time of his death, and would un-
doubtedly have reached the acme of
an English statesman's ambition, thQ

Eremievship, had he not put an end to
is own existence in a fit of insanity on
the 12th of August, 1822— a fitting ter-
mination to one who instigated the na-
tional suicide of his own country.

LONG, ST. JOHN, a celebrated
medical practitioner, was a native of
Limerick who acquirrd great fame in
London for his success in curing con-
sumption and other chronic diseases
He suffered considerable persecution
from the jealousy of the regular frater-
nity, (not being a regular graduate) hav-
ing been twice put on his trial for the
death of patients. On each occasion,
however, he had had the testimony of
over fifty persons of the highest stand-
ing in society, who appeared in his fa-
vor. Ho acquired a lai*ge fortune, but
died at the early age of 86 years.in 1884.
He published "Discoveries in the Art
of Haling."

LOYELL. JOHN, the most enterprising
and suceesaf ul of Canadian pubUshers,

is a native of Ireland, who built by his
tact, energy and foresight, in the midst
of mrny obstacles, a great publishing
house, and sustained for mai.y years the
only literary periodical worthy of the
name published in the English language
in Canada, the "Literary Garland,"
whose contributors were mostly Irish*
Canadians, such as Mr. Moodie, Mr.
Naill, Mrs. Leprohon. Mr. Lovell has
established branches of his house at
Rouse's Point on the American line and
in Toronto, The original house being
in Montreal.

LOVER, SAMUEL, a witty and
talented novelist and song writer, was
bom in Ireland in 1797. He first gave
his attention to painting and gained some
reputation as an artist, exhibiting at
the Royal Academy in 1833. During
this time, however, his pen was not idle,
and he published his first literary ven-
ture in Dublin, "Lesrends and
Shrines of Ireland," with illustrations
sketched by himself, which was well re-
ceived and brought to the author both
reputation and money. This was fol-
lowed by a second series 'published in
London in 1834. He afterwards per-
manentlv took up his residence in Lon-
don, and was a popular contributor to
the literature of the day, besides pro>
ducing some of the most witty and po-
pular novels in the English language,
among them "Handy Andy, one of the
mostmughable and witty of novels. He
also acquired 'a wide reputation as a
song writer, producing Rorv O'More,
MoUyBawn, Low-backed Car, Molly
Carew, and other popular Irish songs.
He paid a visit to the United States in
1847, and wa> well received. He died
in 1868.

LOWE. SIR HUDSON, a prominent
British soldier and better known by his
connection with Napoleon, as governor
of St. Helena during his entire impris-
onment on that island, was born in
Galway July 21, 1769. He entered the
armv and sei'ved on the continent and
in Egypt, and distinguished himself on
the Peninsular, also served in Naples
and Sicily; took pHrt in the conquest of
the Ionian Isles and became their first
governor; was employed in secret mis-
sions to Portugal and Sweden, and
participated in the battl^ of Bentzen.
He carried to London the first news of
the abdication of Napoleon, and was

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made a Knight and promoted to be a
Maior-General ; was Quartermaster-Gen-
eral of the army of the Netherlands the
following year, but was removed by the
Duke of Wellington. He was after-
wards appointed to take charge of the
prison of Napoleon, as Governor of St,
Helena, and the manner in which he
I)erfonnecI his task has been almost
universally denounced for its stringency
and want of feeling. He wrote a de-
fense of bis conduct in French in 1880,
and a "History of the Captivity of
Napoleon from his Journal " was pub-
lished in 1853. After the death of Na-
poleon he served in India, and became
a Lieutenant- General in 1820. He died
July 10, 1844, in London.

LUCAN, Earl of (George C. Bing-
ham), a gallant soldier in the British ser-
X N vice, was born in 1800 at Castlebar,

Ireland, and is of the same family as
• the celebrated Irish patriot, Patrick
Sarsfleld. Our subject early entered
the army, and became Colonel of the
17th Lancers. He commanded a divi-
sion in the Crimea, and participated in
the gallant charge at Balaclava where
he greatly distinguished himself.

LUCAS, CHARLES, an Irish phy-
sician and patriot, was born in 1713,
and after completing his education in
, Dublin he adopted the profession of

medicine. He early took an active
interest in the affair', of his country, and
became a member of the Irish Parlia-
ment, where he distinguished himself
as an able and ardent upholder of Irish
rights and a strong oponcnt of govern-
ment schemes. He aied in 1771.

LUGADH-LAIGHIS, a celebrated
soldier of the province of Leinster, was
born about A. D. 100. He defeated
the King of Munster in several bloody
encounters and compelled 'him to sue
for peace. He was rewarded by large
tracts of lands in the Queen's Connty,
which his descendants, the O'Mordhais
or O'Moore; held till the days of Eliza-
beth.

LUTTREL, SIMON, a brave and
able Iiish officer. He commenced his
military career by taking up arms in
support of JamesII, and went to France
with his regiment after the defeat of
that cause and the treaty of Limerick.
He became Colonel of the Queen's Re-

giment of Infantry, and gained honor-
able mention for skill and daring on
various occasions from 1691 !to '96, ris-
ing to the ranks of general officer. He
participated in many of the famous vic-
tories, which rendered French arms so
glorious in the days of Louis XIV, and
to the results of which Irish valor so
largely contributed.

LYNCH, ..RCHBISHOP, a distin-
guished Catholic divine and prelate,
of the Province of Ontario, Canada,
was bom near Clones, county Mona-
ghan, Ireland. After completing his
eclesastical ed ucation he joined the order
of the Lazerists and was sent to Amer-
ica on the mission, his first field being
Texas, where the labors of a true mis-
sionary were not only necessaty but la-
borious to the last degree. He visited
Rome severa times in connection with
his duties, find ij the mean time es-
tablished a House of his order at Niag-
ara. In 1859 he was appointed coadju-
ter to Bishop de Charbonel of Toronto,
and the following year succeeded to the
See. In 1862 he again visited Rome and
was made a prelate assistant to the Pon-
tificial throne. He was a member of
the Vatican Council and supported the
dogma of Papal Infalibility from the
first. In 1870 Toronto was raised to a
metropolitan see and he became arch-
bishop of the province of upper Cana-
da. The archbisliop is a very istrone
advocate for total abstainancc, and al-
ways took a prominent part in all dis-
cussions in which the interests of the
church or morality were concerned. He
was a great patron of learning, and un-
der his administration institutions of
learning sprang up and were fostered,
in 'his archdiocese, and the child of
genius was sure to receive encourage-
ment and help when needed from me
benevolent prelate.

LYNCH, DON PATRICK, a fam-
ous commander, both by sea and land,
of the Republic of Chill, and probably
the ablest which the South American
Republics have as yet produced, was
the son of an Irish emigrant who set-
tled in Chili, and who .acquired wealth
and distinction as a merchant, Our sub-
ect was born at Santiago in 1824, and
egan his naval cateer at the age of Id
years, when he accompanied the expedi-
tion which was sent ty Chili in 1887 to
liberate Peru from the tyranny of Santa

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Crux, a Bolivian, who had seized the
Peruvian government and annexed it
to Bolivia with the ultimate design of
establishing himself on a throne over
both. Our youthful hero served on the
sloop of war Libertad, and he exhibited
so much intelligence and pluck that the
Chilian government sent him to Eng-
land for a naval training. He served
under Admiral Ross in the war against
China on board the frigate Calliope,
commanded by a brother Celt, Sir
Thomas Herbert. While in the British
service he was repeatedly complimented
for gallantry and skill, and during his
stay visited all the celebrated ports of
the Mediterranean and many naval sta-
tions throughout the world, and being
a close observer and a thorough student
he became highly cultivated and exten-
sively informed on all the sciences of
peace and war. In 1847 ho returned to
Chili and entered \ he navy as a lieuten-
ant, and in 1850 was in command of a
fHgate. In 1854 he retired from the
service, desiring a more active life, en-
tering into the political and business
life of the Republic, and exerting a
powerful influence in public affairs. In
1865, when trouble again arose between
Spain and her old colonies Lynch again
entered the naval service, was made
Governor of Valparaiso, organizer of
the National Guards, and commander
of naval defences. His skill, enterprise
and genius soon placed the Republic in
a state of security. In 1872 he was made
Minister of Maritime A£Fairs. In 1879
Peru and Bolivia, forgetful of the good
offices which Oiili had repeatedly per-
formed for them when in di.stress, and
influenced by bad advisers, who un-
doubtedly had sinister puqxtses of their
own to work out, declared war against
O.ili. In this war Lynch has taken a
prominent part from the first; and it has
been mainly through his policy, plans
and exertions that It resulted so glori-
ously for Chili. He it was who "carried
the war into Africa," and although the
Chilians were inferior in numbers they
were superior in dlMcipliue, and by the
energy and skill of Lynch in a orief
time exclusive masters ot the coast. He
it was who planned the expedition
against the northern part of Peru,
which was the great base of supplies to
the allies. Placing his fleet in a favor-
able position he entered the country,
which up to that time had not tasted
the ravages of war. With a small body

of disciplined men he overrawed the
whole country, cutting off and capturing
supplies and taking cities of ten thous-
and inhabitants. He traversed through
the whole country, and at length reach-
ed the main army, which was about in-
vesting Lima. He took a prominent
part in the battles of Miraflores and
Chonilles where the Chilians defeated
nearly twice their numbers; the Peru-
vians being strongly posted and 40,000
strong, well supplied with all the mo-
dern appliances of war. Lima, the
capital, and Caliao, the strongest fort-
ress in South America, now fell into
the hands of the victors as the results
of those victories, and the war was prac-
tically ended. Lynch was subsequent-
ly appointed commander-in-chief of the
army of occupation, with civil as w«ll
militarv powers. He established order
throughout the occupied territory, and
supported the administration of justice
and law. He also favored the re-estab-
lishing of a |new government, with
which they naight make a treaty, and
which might be strong enough to carry
out its obligations. Calderon, a prom-
inent Peruvian, called a government
into existence, and Lynch gave it sry-
port and supplied it with a certam
amount of arms, which he at length
discovered were being used bygueml-
las with whom Calderon was conniv-
ing,, for a sudden massacre of the Chili-
ans. Lynch acted promptly, placed
Calderon under arrest, and stamped out
the plot and plotters. This act called
down a storm of denunciation on Lynch
by interested legislators and diplomats
in the United States and elsewhere, and
efforts were made to have the United
States interfere; but the action of Lynch
was lustifled by national law, and he
stood by his acts in a determine and
fearless manner. Lvnch is stili master
of the situation ana stands where his
talents and great abilities entitle him,
the most conspicious figure in South
America, and the leader In anew era of
developement and prosperity for the
Spanish American States. i

LYNCH, CAPT. HENRY B., a

talented and daring officer of the British
navy, was born in Ireland in 1798. Dis-
tinguiuhed for explorations in Africa,
and on the Dead Sea and commanded
the British squadron in India. He died
in Paris in 1878.

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LYN

LYNCH, SIR HENRY, an Irish
lawyer of eminence, whose father
was also a prominent lawyer and mem-
ber of the Irish parliament at the time
of the rebellion of 1640. Our sublect
was born in County Oalway about 1630,
and having adopted the law soon be-
came distinguished for his learning and
eloquence, and rose to the bench as one
of the barons of the exchequer. He died
about 1708.

LYNCH, REV. JOHN, and able an
learned Irish divine, was bom in Oal-
way about 1620. After completing his
education on the continent he became
a priest, and afterwards ai*chdeacon of
Tuam. In 1663 he was obliged to
abandon his native land and he settled
in France, where he devoted his time
between priestly labor and writing in
defense of his injured country. Among
otber works he published is a folio vol-
ume entitled "Cambrensis Eyersus,"
1662. He wrote under the name of
* ' Gratianus Lucius. "

LYNCH, JOHN, a prominent poli-
tician of Maine, of Irish descent, bom at
Portland February 16, 1826, received
an ordinary education and entered a
merchantile houie, was honored by his
fellow citizens with places of trust and
was elected to Congress in 1864, where
he was noted for ability espicially in fi-
nancial matters.

LYNCH, RT. REV. PATRICK
NIESEN, D.D., third Roman Catholic
bishop of Charleston, was born in Ire-
land 1817, emigrated to South Carolina
with his parents, who settled in Che-
aaw, on the Pee Dee river, in 1819. On
the advice of Bishop England the young
aspirant for eclesinstical labors was
Kent to the seminary of St. John the
Baptist at Charleston. So close was the
application of the young student that
he injured his healln and was reluctant-
ly compelled to return home, where the
fresh air and plenty of out door occu-
pation soon established his natural vig-
or, and he developed into that fine com-
manding physical presence which ever
afterwardB distinguished him. Having
recuperated, he again resumed his
studies at St, John's, and ultimately
went to Rome, where he entered the
College of the Propni^anda. There he
4istingiiished himseli by his superior
ability, and graduated with high honors,

taking the degeee of Doctor of Divioi>
ty. He was still under the canonical
age for ordination, but was ordained in
the Eternal city in 1840, and immedi-
afterwards returned to Charleston and
was stationed in the cathedral, where
he coatinued to perform the work of
the ministry till the death of Bishop
England and the consecration of Bish-
op Reynolds in 1844. By Bishop Rey-
nolds he was appointed pastor of St.
Mary's church, principal of the Colle-
giate Institute and vicar-general of the
diocese. The positions he held for up-
ward of ten years, till the death of
Bishop Reynolds in 1866, when he be-
came administrator of the vacant see.
On March 14, 1868, he was consecrat-
ed bishop of the diocese. The civil
war proved very disasterous to his flock
and the bishop spent much of his time
North in the interest of his distressed
church. He lectured and preached es-
pecially in the East very extensively,
and became very popular as an eloquent
and learned lecturer and preacher. He
was troubled for a number of years
with a paiuf ul and dangerous disease,
which his physicians said required rest
and a sedentary life, but the bishop
could not remam idle while any duty
remained unfulfilled, and to do this re-
quired constant labor and trial. In 1877
be underwent a painful surgical opera-
tion which ga^e but temporary relief.
He, however, continued his labors and
his trouble becoming exceedingly pain-
ful and dan^rous he at last consented
to go to Florida for rest and a change of
air. Rest however came sooner than
expected, for before he could complete
his preparations his strength gave way
and he gradually sank tilfhe died Sun-
day February 26, 1882. He was the
author of theolo^cal and scientific pa-
pers, and participated in the Vatican
Council supporting the doctrine of in-
falibility.

LYNCH, THOMAS, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, was of Irish parentage, born in
South Carolina in 1749. Was sent to
England to complete his education and
commenced the study of the Jaw in the
Tempi In 1772 he returned home and
was sent as a delegate to the Continen-
tal Congress, being one of the youngest
members of that famous body. Fail-
ing health making a change of climate
necessary he embarked in a vessel for

LYN

IBIBH CELTS.

MAO

iSua-
the

PB-

tican
Ifin-

St. Eustatia in 1779. The ship was
never heard of after leaving port.

LYNCH, THOMAS, a patriot of the
American Revolution, was born in Ire-
land, emigrated to the United States
and settled in South Carolina at an
•early day. He took a prominent part
in denouncing British assumption, and
was a delegate to the Continental Con-
fess from 1774 to 1776 and was suc-
ceeded by his son, the signer of that
name.

LYNCH, COM. WM. P., a talented
American naval oflScer of L'ish descent
born in Virginia in 1801. In 1858 he
conducted an official survey of the
Dead sci and the Jordan. In 1861 he
Attached himself to the fortunes ot his
state and was appointed commander in
the Confederate navy. He died in
1865.

LYNDHURST, JOHN SINGLE-
TON COPLEY, LORD, a distinguish-
ed jurist and le^slator of Great Britain
wau a son of Copley the Irish American
painter and was bom in Boston, Mass.,
May 21, 1772. He went to England
with his mother in 1774, his father being
already there practicing his profession.
Our subject graduated with high hon-
ors at Cambridge in 1794, and became
a fellow of Trinity college. He visited
America to see about the recovery of
his father's property which had been
hypothecated by an agent, but failed,
for which reason the family remained in
England. Our subject was called to
the bar in 1802, and soon won distinc-
tion. In lbl3 he was a sergeant-at-law,
and chiuf -justice of Chester in 1817. He
entered Parliament as a Tory in 1818,
aud was knighted and made solicitor-

feneral in 1819; was counsel of George
V in the trial of Queen Catherine, 1820,
and became aitoruey-ceneral in 1828;
represented Cambridge m Parliament in i
18:^6, and was made master of the rolls.
In 1827 he was appointed Lord Chan-
•cellor and raised to the peerage as Bar-
on Lyudburst. Was chief !>aron of the
Exchequer in 1880, and high steward
of Cambridge university in 1840. He
died in London October 12, 1868. His
character is sullied by bigotry, which
he exhibited by opposing Catholic
emancipation, and its narrowness equal-
ly shown in his political principles—
an ultra Tory, the son of a patriot.

LYON. MATTHEW, an able and
distinguished American patriot and
statesman, w«s bom in County Wick-
low, Ireland, in 1746, and emigrated to
America with his parents in 1759. He
received a fair education which he im-
proved by observation and study, aud
was early a strong opposer to British
claims. When the war of the Revolu-
tion broke out he took the field and
held positions of trust and importance
during the great struggle, among them
paymaster of the Northern army. In
1778 he was secretary to the governor
of Vermont, and ot the same time clerk
of the court of compensation. When
the war closed he settled in Vermont,
and there founded the town of Fair-
haven, where he erected saw and grist
mills and established ar iron foundry
and shops, besides issuliig a joum'U
called the Farmers' Library, and mai-
uf actured his paper from bass wood. He
was assistant judge of the couuty, and
represented the new town for many
years in the legislature. He represent-
ed the state in Congress from 1799 to
1801, and gave tr.e vote that made Jef-
ferson president, his first term. He alsc
had a difflculty on the floor of Congress
during hi3 first term with Roger Gris-
wold, of Connecticut, which his politi-
cal and personal enemies tried to use as
a lever to have him expelled, but failed.
He was re-elected by his constituents
for another term, and after its expira-
tion removed to Kentucky, where he
was immediately sent to Congress, and
where he remuiued continually till 1811.
After his retirement he petitioned Con-
gress to refund him a fine of which he
was mulcted in a prosecution under
the alien and sedition laws, for over
$1,000, in 1799, and it was while in pris-
on that he was first elected to Congress.
It was not, however, till many years
after his death (July 4, 1840) that jus-
lice was done by re-imbursing his fam-
Uy.

MAC AED, MALACHI, Archbishop
of Tuam in 1818. He was a man of
profound erudition. He wrote works
religious and historical in Irish, accord-
ing to Ware who saw the manuscripts.
He lived to a great age, and was suc-
ceeded by Thomas O Carrol.

MAOANALLY, DANIEL R., D.
D., a prominent and talented American
Methodist divine, ot Irish descent, was

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MAO

IBISn CELTS.

MAO

bom in 1810, and after preliminaTj stu-
dies was licensed as a preacher, and be-
came prominent for ability and power.
He at length assumed the editorship of
the St. Louis Christian Advocate, and
exhibited much journalistic ability.

McARTHUR WILLIAM, M. P.,
a prominent and popular British mer-
chant and philanthropist and Lord May-
or of London, 1881, was bom in Derrj',
Ireland, and was the son of a Methodist
minister. Having developed great capa-
city for business he left Derry for Lon-
don and soon achieved success. In 18G7
he was elected one of the Sheriffs of
London and Middlesex, and in 1868 he
was elected M. P. for Lambeth in the
Liberal interests, and was re-elected in
1875 and 1880. He is most liberal and
munificent as a public man, and is a
philanthropist in the widest sense, en-
joying the most unlimited confidence of
the people of the great city of his adop-
tion.

MACARTIN, SAINT, a disciple of
St. Patrick and flrst Bishop of Clogher,
was a descendant of the kingly family
of the Arads. He was one of the early
followers of St. Patrick and gave up all
things to devote himself to the work
of salvation. His great master was his
model, and he exhibited in his life Chris-
tian virtues little if any less wonderful.
He was placed by him over the See of
Clogher. which he governed for many
years with great wisdom and prudence.
He appears to have had the power of
working miracles in an extraordinary
degree, of which tradition has handed
down many example^;. He died in the
early part of the sixth century

MACARTNEY, GEORGE, eari of
an English statesman and diplomat of
great address and ability, was born in
County Antrim. Ireland, in 1727. He
graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, in
1759, and for a while acted as tutor to
the sons of Lord Holland. In 1764 he
was sent as envoy extraordinary to Rus-
sia, and in 1760 oecame secretaiy to the
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1775
he was appointed governor of Grenada
and Sobago, and from 1792 to '95 was
engaged in his famous mission to China,
an account of which was published
by the secretary of the Embassy, Sir
George Stanton, and which secured
great and valuable concessions to for-

eigners in trading with the Celestial
Kingdom. He died in 1806.

McAULEY. CATHERINE, the

saintly foundress of the Sisters of Mercy,,
was bom Sept. 29. 1787 at Stormans'
town House, near Dublin, Ireland. Her
parents, who were pious and exemplary
Catholics, belonged to the wealthier
classes. They died while Catherine was
a mere child. The children, after the
death of their parents, fell under the in-
fluence of Protestant relatives. Cather-
ine, when about sixteen years of age,
was adopted by distant relatives named
Callaghan, who were so bigoted in their
religious notions that they would not al-
low a religious picture or crucifix In
their house. Catherine, however, never
forgot the early lessons of her pious
parents, and as her mind developed, re-
ligion became the all important object
of existence. She placed herself under
the direction of the Rev. Dr. Murray,
afterwards Archbishop of Dublin, and
made her first communion, although
encountering considerable opposition,
which she met with sweetness but firm-
ness, allowed nothing to interfere
with the faithful performance of her
religious duties. The beauty and just-
ness of her character won the hearts and
admiration of her foster-parents, even
over all their preiudices against her reli-
gion, and she had the great happiness of
seeing them both die in the faith of their
as well as her fathers. When her fos-
ter father died he made her his heir, say-
ing he felt sure the large fortune he be-
aueathed to her would be put only to-
le best of uses. At this time she was
a woman of distinguished presence, tall,
graceful, of the most refined and ele-
gant manners, auburn hair, dark blue
eyes, a faultless complexion and a face
remarkable not only for great beauty
but made still lovelier by the sweetness^
amiability and intelligence of its expres-
sion. One may well conceive that with,
such quLlitles and a large fortune she
might have shone as a queen in society,
but a higher vocation was hers. The
goodness with which God had adorned
her heart happily was not warped by the
allurements of wealth and fashion, but
went out to all of God's creatures, es-
pecially to the poor and the orphan.
Perhaps her sympathy was more espe-
cially directed to the homeless servants
of her own sex, for whom no especial
provision was made by any existing

MAC

IBISH CELTS.

MA.0

charity. The splendid home left to her
by her fo8tcr;father " Cooloclc House"
Boon became a house of refuse for the
worthy unfortunates. Desiring to do
the greatest amount of good with tlie
means she possessed slie sold Coolock
House, and purchasing a more ample
piece of ground in a semi-rural part of
the city she erected thereon a large
building and established there a free
school and a temporary home for poor
servants out of employment. This was
in July, 1824. At first she had no idea
of founding a religious order or of em-
bracing a religious life under any spe-
cial rule or vow. But the conventual
spirit |;ir.dually and imperceptibly in-
fused Itself mto the hearts ana minds of
Miss McAuley and her companions, as
it already shone forth in their works.
They, therefore, generously resolved to
cut the last ties which, bound them to
the world and consecrate themselves by
vow to the service of God in t^'•, good
work which they were doing. 1 o carry
out this intention Catherine and two of
her companions entered the novitiate of
the Presentation Convent, Dublin, and
after one year's probation were profetRed
en December, 12, 1U81. Catherine was
then appointed superior cf her house by
the Archbishop. Seven other compan-
ions, who carried on the house during
her absence, were professed the follow-
ing month, receiving the religious habit
of the new order of the Sisters of Mercy.
One of those ladies is still living, head
of a house in one of the Southern
States. The three principal objects the
saintly foundress had in establishing
her order were the education of
tha poor, the visitation and atten-
tion of sick at their own homes,
(a want which had not been pro-
vided for in any of the previous charit-
able orders) and the protection of wom-
en of gooii character in distress. When
what was known as the first cholera —
1882— broke out in Ireland it was ex-
tremely fatal. The Sisters of Mercy,
under their heroic foundress, established
themselves in the cholera hospital of
Dublin, and labored day and night un-
til the fatal epidemic ceased its ravages.
She also induced the Dublin authorities
to open all the public hospitals to the
visitation of any of the charitable orders
who might wish to visit them. Our
saintly subject was not only eminently
pious but she was eminently practical.
Tlie women who found a safe retreat in

her home were not only instructed in
all the duties and obligations to which'
their state of life might subject them,
but they were trained to do well and
economically all the necessary practical
duties of every day life, and were spe-
cially instructed in that line to which,
they intended to look for a living, and
were also aided in finding fit and re-
munerative employment. Among her
earliest friends was Daniel O'Connell
and his family, and it was his custom
every Christmas, when in Dublin, to
preside at the Christmas dinner which
she gave to the poor children of Dublin.
The good work the new Order accom-
plished soon became widely known.
Many young ladies of distinction joined
the order, and the mother-house was-
continually appealed to from all parts
of Great Britain as well as Ireland to
establish branches. During Mother
McAuIey's lifetime ten bouses wera
established in Ireland and two in Eng-
land, and in the course of 40 years over
two hundred convents of fli3 Order,
numbering 8,000 sisters, have been es-
tablished amongst English speaking^
Catholics all over the world. In Ire-
land, during the first thirty years of it»
existence, over three and one-half mil-
lion ($3,500,000) dollars were expended
in the cause and sustenance of the poor.
Such a work, under God's blessing,
could only be accomplished by ceaseless-
labor and solicitude, and this at length
told on the health of our devoted and
saintly sister. On the 14th of Nov.
1841, she breathed her pure spirit into-
the hands of its creator, eager to be-
unitedto that Master whom she had
served so valiantly, and surrounded by
her weeping sisterhood, whom she
blessed and encouraged to continue th&
good work as long as suffering human-
ity needed their labors and sacrifices.

McCABE, WILLIAM BERNARD,
an able Irish historian and journalist,'
was bom in Dublin November 28, 1801.
He was early engaged on the Irish press
and was parliamentary reporter for the
Chronicle and Herald for many years,

Sinine a high reputation for accuracy.
1861 he became editor of the Weekly
Telegraph, a Catholic paper in Ireland,
and has, since 1826, written extensively
for magazines — essays, novels, transla-
tions from Greek, German and Italiun,
and is the author of a Catholic history
of Ireland and other valuable works.

..^•1

-T+-

MAO

IRISH OKLTB.

MAO

McBRIDE. JOHN R., a distinguish-
ed citizen of Oregon, was born in
Franklin county, Alissouri, of Irisli pa-
rents, August 22, 1882, and removed
-with liis |. arents to Oregon in 1846. He
received a fair education, and in 1854
-was chosen superintendent of public
schools in that territory. He was ad-
mitteil to the bar in I860 and in 1867 he
was appointed a member of the conven-
tion which formed a state constitution,
was chosen to the state senate on its
adoption and in 1882 was sent to Con-
gress.

MAC CAGHWELL, HUGH, a
learned Irish prelate and primate of all
Ireland in 1626, was a native of county
Down. He received his education at
the University of Salamanca, Spain,
where he earned the highest regard by
his humility, piety and learning, ae
joined the Frauciscan order and was in-
strumental in founding the Irish Fran-
•ciscan College of Louvain, over which
he presided with great zeal and success.
He was afterwaros appointed Superior
general of his order at Rome and pro-
fessor of divinity in the convent of
Ara-Caeli. Pope Paul III held him in
the highest esteem and in 1626 made
him ercli bishop of Armagh. He, how-
■ever, died in Rome as he was preparing
to visit his chiir^, September 22, 1626,
and Is Interred m the church of St. Isi-
dore, Rome.

McCAINE. ALEXANDER, an able
American Methodist divine, was bom
^n Tipperary, Ireland, about 1775, eml-
gi-ateu to America in 1791, became
a Methodist minister in 1797, and ac-
quired prominence and influence by his
zeal and eloquence. He was promi-
uent in advocating lay representation
and in 1829 caused considerable agita-
tion by his work " History and Mystery
•of Methodist Episcopacy.'^' which called
forth Bishop Emory's " Defence of oiu*
Fathers." lie rcnuincd one of the

Sromineut leaders of his church till his
eath, June 1, 1886.

McCALL, EDWARD R., a dlstin-

Suished American naval officer of Irish
escent, was bom in Charleston, South
Carolina, Augusts, 1790; entered the
navy early as a midshipman and be-
came a first lieutenant about the break-
ing out of the war of 1812. Was
second in comraaud of the Enterprise

when she encountered the British ship
Boxer, and succeeded Captain Barrows
when he was carried down mortally
wounded. He was successful in making
the enemy strike her colors, and was pre-
sented by Congress with a gold medal
for his giallantr/ on the occasion. He
became a full captain in 1885, and died
at, Bordentown, N. J., July, 81. 1858.

McCANDLESS, JUDGE WILSON,
a prominent politician and jurist of
Pennsylvania, of Irish parents, was
bom m Pittsburgh, Penn., June 10,
1810, and was educated at the Western
University, studied hiw, and was ad-
mitted to practice in 1881. He soon
earned a reputation for ability and elo-
quence and secured a large practice,
and also became prominent as a Demo-
cratic politician. In 1859 he was ap-
pointed U. S. District Judge, which po-
sition he filled with ability. He was
held in the highest esteem by all classes
of his fellow citizens, and ranked with
the ablest men of his native state. He
died June 80. 1882.

McCARROLL, JAMES, a talented
Canadian poet and writer, was bora in
county Longford, Ireland, August 8,
1816, and there received a classical ed-
ucation. He came with his mother and
family to Canada in 1881 and they set-
tled in the wilds of Upper Canada. Our
subject, liowever. had no taste for the
wilderness and he soon sought a more
genial atmosphere. He began to con-
tribute to the Provincial journals in
Erose and verse, and his talents soon
rought him into notice. He became
connected with i>er(Klicals and newspa-
pers in all capacities trom editor and pro-
I)rietor to literary critic. In the mean
time he produced popular stories,
among .them the " The Kew Guager,"
" The Adventures of a Night," "The
New Life Boat," besides poems of merit.

McCarthy, hon. dalton, an

able Canadian politician and lawyer,
was bora in Dublin, where he received
his early education. He emigrated to
Canada with his parents while yet a boy
and after completing his education en-
tered on the study of the law and was
admitted to the Upper Canadian bar,
where he has won an enviable position
by ills great ability. In 1876 he was
elected to represent Cardwell in the
Canadian parliament, and still contin-

MAC

miSB CELTS.

MAO

nroN, an
J law;^er,
Ireceived
ated to
Pet a boy
Ition en*
land was
lian bar,
1 position
I be was
In the
contin-

ues a . . . o^r of that body. His first
effort thek i establiHhed his reputation
as a parliameutnrian of whom great
things may be expected. He is a sup-
porter of the John A. McDonald policy.

Mo CARTHY, JONATHAN, a
prominent politician of Indiana, was of
Irish extraction, born in Tennessee, and
first engaged in merchantile pursuits.
His abifity soon attracted the attention
of his fellow citizens and he was elected
to positions of honor and trust, and rep-
resented his state in Congress from
1881 to 1887. He soon after removed
to Iowa where he died in 1855.

MAC CARTHY, NICHOLAS, an
eloquence, Irish divine and pulpit or-
ator, was born in Dublin in 1769, and
went .with his father, who was of
noble descent, and settled in France,
where they secured that peace and safety
denied them in their own land. Our sub-
lect studied with the intention of em-
bracing a religious life, and was or-
dained priest in 1814, and four years
afterwards joined the Jesuits. He be-
came a celebrated preacher and was a
Eower throughout Prance and Italy for
is unequalled eloquence and pathos,
and stood unrivalled as a pulpit orator,
in his day. He died at Anney in 1888.

Mccarty, lieutenat gen-
eral JUSTIN, (Count Mountcashel)
an able and gallant Irish soldier. He
early distinguished himself in the ser-
vic of his country's rights, and followed
in the footsteps of the confederate
chieftains. He was a lieutenant gener-
al under James II, and distinguished
himself in Ireland in 1688-9. In the
beginning of the year 169U he went to
France with his 'brigade in exchange
for French troops sent to Ireland. This
brigade consisted of three re^ments;
Mountcashel's, O'Brien's and D.iJion's
each consisting of sixteen companies of
one hundred men each. They greatly
distinguished themselves in bavoy,
whither they were ordered on their ar-
rival. MacOarty was fatally wounded
wliilo leading his brigade in one of
their famous charges during the tirst
ctvmpaign in Savoy, and died shortly
afterwards at Bauxe, at the threshold of
a military career of great prondso.

MAC CARTY, OWEN, a gallant
and distinguished Irish officer who par-

ticipated in many of the glorious victo-
ries won by Irish valor in France in the-
reign of Louis XIY, was a native of
Athlone. He defended the cause of
James II in Ireland and went to Franco
after the treaty of Limerick 1695, he-
was Lieutenant Colonel of the Athlon
regiment, and afterwards won by gal-
lantry the rank of a general officer.

McCAUL, DR. JOHN, L L. D., one
of the most learned and distinguished
classical scholars of Canada, was bom
in Dublin, Ireland, in 1807, was edu-
cated at Trinity college Dublin, where
he graduated with the highest honors
and became one of the examiners, and
classical tutor. In 1885 became to-
Canada as principal of the Upper Can-
ada college, and in 1842 accepted the
position of principal of King's college
and professor of classic "\ literature,
logic, rhetoric and belle letters. Still
latter he was named president and vice-
chancellor of the University of Toronto.
In 1879 he was superanuated, but as
none could be found to fill his place
with equal success he was recalled and
still, 1882, fills the position with undi-
minished ability and power. Among
his many acquii'ements the Doctor is an
able musician and a composer of great
merit. In 1845 he established the To-
ronto Philharmonic. In 1860 a vocal
society, and in 1875 a new Philharmon-
ic, in all of which he was president. He
has also published works on Roman
inacriptions and early Christian epi-
taplis, of great ability and credit.

McCLENE, JAMES, an Irish Amer-
ican patriot of the Revolution bom,
about 1760, distinguished himself by
his ardor in the cause of the colonies,
and represented his state in the Conti-
nental Congress from 1778 to 1780.

McCLINTOCK, SIR FRANCIS
LEOPOLD, LL. D., a celebi-aied ex-
plorer and scientist, was bom at Dun-
dalk, Ireland in 1819, and entered the
British navy at the age of twelve. He
accompanied Sir John Ross in his arc-
tic expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin in 1850, and at this time made
his famous sledge journey of nearly
eight hundred miles, along the north
shore of Perry sound: and was promot-
ed the following year to the post of
commander, and sent on the ( pedi-
tion under charge of Sir LawatcU

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Belcher. He it was who rescued Capt.
McClure from his ice bound imprison-
ment of three years near Melville Is-
land, after which he (McClure) pushed
•on and made his celebrated northwest

Sassage, McClintock, after relieving
[cClure, became himself icebound and
had to abandon his own bhip and
.others, butsavedone and returned, 1854.
In 1857 he took command of the expi-
>ditiou dispatched by Lady Franklin to
discover the fate of her '^ husband, and
for the results of which he leceived
great praise. In 1860 he was knighted
for his services, and in 1861 was com-
missioned to survey a route for a north
Atlantic telegraph. In 1871 he became
a rear admiral, and in 1872 was placed
in charge of the Portsmouth dock-
yard. He is the author of the "Voy-
age of the Fox in the Arctic Seas to
ducovei the fate of Sir John Franklin,"
.1880.

McCLOSKEY, DR. JOHN, a learn-
ed Irish American divine and scholar,
was born in Ireland in 1817, and came
to the United States at an early age
with his parents. Having a vocation
for the priesthood, he entered Mt. St.
Mary's college in 1880, and pursued his
•classical and theological studies t^ere.
He was raised to the priesthood in 1840
by Bishop Hughes, and returned to the
college as one of the faculty, in 4844
ihe became vice-president. He was
elected president m 1871. In 1877 he
resigned the presidency in favor of Dr.
Watterson, but |reF.umed it again when
Dr. Watterson was elevated to the epis-
•copacy. Dr. McCloskey was an able
theologian and a man of fine general
culture entirely devoted to his life
work, which was training voun<» eccle-
siastics for their high mission. He died
in the discharge of his noble and self-
bacriflcir'f duties, December, 24, 1880.

McCI-OSKEY, CARDINA L JOHN,

^n eminent Catholic .prelate, and the
first American bishop ever raised to the
Roman dignity of Cardinal, was born
March 10, 1810, in Brooklyn, N. Y., of
Irish parents, who had emigrated from
Derry. After mastering the rudiments,
at the age of twelve ne was sent to
Mount St. Mary's, Emmittsburg, where
he completed his classical course, and
after earnest deliberation and prayer he
auade choice of the ecclesiastical state
.and entered the seminary of Emmitts-

burg. January IS. 1884. he was raised
to the priesthood in St. Patrick's Cathe-
dral, New York City. He then went
to Rome and continued his studies for
two more yeara, and then made a tour
of Europe. He retur-'od home in 1888,
and was appointed pastor of St. Joseph's
church. New York City, and in 1843
became Rector of St. Joseph's Theolog-
ical Seminary. In 1844 he was conse-
crated Bishop of Axiern and co-adjutor
to Bishop Hughes of New York, whose
diocese then embraced the states of New
York and New Jersey. He still con-
tinued in St. Joseph's parish while aid-
ing Bishop Hughes in his apostolic func-
tions. In 1847 the State of New York
was sub-divided into different Sees and
Bishop McCloskey was assigned that of
Albany, very soon the new See was filled
with his good works. A jplendid cath-
edral church arose, second to none in
the United States, while academies,
schools, hospitals, uad other beneficent
works multiplied over the whole dio-
cese. On the death of Archbishop
Hughes in 1864 Dr. McCloskey was
transferred to New York, and became
Archbishop of that great province,
which he hafi administered for nearly
twenty vears with distinguished ability,
zeal and discretion. He has held num-
erous synods and has brought the ad-
ministrative regulations of his diocese
to the highest state of canonical perfec-
tion. In 1869 he was present at the
great Ecumenical Council of the Vati-
can, opened by Pppe Pius IX. at Rome,
and was there distinguished by his
learning, zeal and the soundness of his
doctrine, supporting the promulgation
of the apostolic doctrine of Papal In-
falilility from the first, andinsisnngou
its timeliness and necessity. March 15,
1875, he was named a Cardinal Priest,
und r the title of Sancta Maria Supra
Minervam,and a few months afterwards
the insignia of his new dignity was
conferred upon him in his Cathedral in
New York City. The great Cathedral,
which his illustriouspredecessor.Biehop
Hughes, commenced in New fork, and
which the breaking out of the great
Rebellion put a temporary stop to, was
renewed by the Cardinal in happier
times, and at length brought to com-
pletion at a cost of several millions of
dollars. It is the greatest ecclesiabtieal
structure in the New World. On the
death of Pius IX. the Cardinal was call-
ed to the Conclave at Rome; but before

MAC

IRISH CELTS.

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e was raised
rick's Cathe-
e then -went
i studies for
made a tour
lome in 1838,
if St. Joseph's
and in 1842
ph'sTheolog-
Q was conse-
nd coadjutor
York, whose
states of New
He still con-
sh while aid-
postolic f unc-
af New York
^rent Sees and
jsignedthatof
r See was filled
jplendid cath-
d to none in
le academies,
her beneficent
le whole dio-
if Archbishop
:cCloskey was
:, and became
eat province,
red for nearly
ruished ability,
has held num-
ought the ad-
of his diocese
uonical perfec-
tresent at the
_of theVati-
is IX. at Rome,
lished by his
.ndness of his
promulgation
of Papal In-
,ud insisting on
iy. March 15,
jardinal Priest,
Maria Supra
iths afterwards
7 dignity was
is Cathedrul in
.'eat Cathedral.
lecessor.Biehop
'ew STork, and
of the great
J stop to, was
lal in happier
lught to com-
•al millions of
it ecclefiabtieal
lorld. On the
•dinalwascall-
me; but before

he arrived there the work of appointing
a successor to the Chair of Peter was
happily concluded without interference
or influence from any earthly power,
and the most illustrious Leo XIII, wore
the Fisherman's Ring. On his Inst visit
to Rome the Cardinal was unfortunate-
ly attacked with malarial fever from
the effects of which he has never re-
covered. His health is still precarious,
but if the prayers of liis people may re.
store him to health then '^e may hope
that he will guide his people yet many
years before ne is called to the reward
of the faithful servant.

MAC CONN-LUGHAIDHE, a cele
brated monarch of Ireland, was a
nephew of Art and son of Save, after-
wards wife of OilioU Olum, King of
Munster. He was at flrst only a judge
of the province of Ulster, and was oe-
pi'ived of hisolBcebyArt, the monarch.
He withdrew into Albania (modern
Scotland), and there established a colony
over which he placed his son, Faha
Canan, ancestor of the Campbells, Mc-
Allens and other illustrious Scotch fam-
ilies. After some time he formed an
alliance with a British prince, and re-
ceiving assistance from him he landed
'^n the coast of Galway with a consider-
ali 'e force and being joined by a numer-
ous body of adherents and clansmen,
he marched to meet the monarch. Art.
A bloody battle was fought near Athen-
ry, eight miles from Galway. Art, the
monarch. Forgo, Kin^ of Connaught,
and eight sons of OihoU Olum, King
of Munster, were killed and the Royal
Army was defeated. MacConn had
himself proclaimed King of Ireland, A.
D. 334. He was afterwards defeated
and expelled from Tara by Cormac
Ulfada, son of Art, and retired to Muns-
ter, where he was said to have been as-
sassinated by a druid.

McCONNELL, FELIX G.. a talented

Eolitician and lawyer of Alabama, was
orn in Tennessee of Irish parents in
1810 received an ordinary educatiovi
and was apprenticed to a trade. Ho
was, howevci', possessed of much more
than ordinary talents, and improved his
spare time in cultivating them, subse-
quently he took up the study of law and
was aamitted to the bar , where he
qui';kly distinguished himself. He was
elected to Congress in 1848 and re-elect-
ed in 1840, but subsequently put an end

to his life September, 1846, in a fit of
mental aberration. ,

McCORMACK, CHARLES, anjrish
lawyer and miscellaneous writer of tal-
ent, was born in 1744. He is the author
of histories and other valuable contribu-
tions to the literature of the period. He
died in 1807.

Mccormick, gyrus h., the

celebrated inventor of the first re«!ly
successful reaping machine, wiis of
Ulster Irish extraction and was born in
Virginia in 1809. His father as early as
1816 had invented a reaping machine
which however, seems not to have met
any great success. In 1831 our subject
succeeded in constructing one which is
the foundation of all the present ma-
chines, and which was perfect enough
to be a great success. He patented it in
1834 and has since greatly improved it,
making i^, a thing of life beauty and
marvelous utility and stiil the most po-
pular of any in* use. McCormick won
many gold medals, botli in Europe and
America, and his worses in Chicago are
the most extensive of the kind in the
world. He is n public-spirited citizen,
and has been ^ eiy liberal in endowing
schools and religious institutions.

McCULLAGH, JAMES, an eminent
Irish mathematician, was born in 1809,
and early developed great mathematical
powers. He confined himself mostly to
abstract investigations, and was tlie
author of works of merit and original-
ity. He died in 1847.

MAO CULLINAN, CORMAC, a

celebrated Irish prelate, king and author
who fiourisbcd in the early port of the
tenth century. He was King of Muns-
ter and Archbishop of Cashel, and also
the author of the famous "Psalter of
Caffiiel," one of the beet known of the
crfIv Irish MSS. Ware mys that his
works were highly esteemecf, and that
he was well versed in the science of the
age and the antiquities of hif> country.

McCULLOUGH, JOHN, one of the

freatcst of tragic actors, was born in
relatul in 1837, aud came to America
when a mere boy (13 years) to seek his
fortune. This urave boy arrived in
Philadelphia — that port at which so
many thousands of his coUiitrymei; for
upwards of two centuries had entered

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HUSH CELTS.

HAO

the New World, and who by their valor
and magpanimity — more than all others
together — built up this great free re-
public, and stamped upon it the genius
and inspiration of the matchless Celtic
race — with onlv 37 cents in his posses-
sion but full of hope, knowing tlmt the
generous race from which he sprung
were as the leaves of the forest in the
new land, and that where they were a
generous helping hand would always be
Rtretched out. As the boy passed along
the streets, trusting to that Providence
whicli had already preserved him from
inuiiy dangers, be saw the name McCul-
lough on a store and with a national in-
stinct sought the owner as being pro-
bably nearer to him than any other in
this strange land. It proved correct for
in him lie found not only a friend but
also a distant relative, who cared for
him and secured him employment in a
furniture shop. Here our future tra-
gedian founa a fellow Celt named
Burke, who was much given to drama-
tic spouting, and as those were the days
in which the mighty Forrest electrified
the stage by the force and inspiration
of his undoubted powers, one may con-
ceive the energy with which the youth-
ful aspirers of drematic fame gave vent
to their overcharged feelings. McCul-
lough, in whom a genuine spark of true
dramatic fire lay donnant, soon took the
contagion, ana the glorious "pit" of
the dramatic past saw our youthful
artist drinking intbf> clangers and glories
of the stage. As soon as he was able
to bear the expense he joined a drama-
tic club, and he also succeeded in occa-
sionally appearing in public as a
"super," engaged at the standard price
of 25 cents a night. His aptiuule for the
stage soon attracted the attenlioi) of
managers, and after a counle of years
he became a member of the stock com-
pany of the old Arch street theatre. He
now gave close attention and study to
his chosen profession, atid rapidly ad-
vanned in power and capacity, fllJing
the most iiwportant parts with great cre-
dit and success. In his 22d year he won
the approbation of Edwin Forrest, then
the great exemplifler of the tragic drama,
who asked McOulough to travel with liim
as liis pria'.ipal support. He accepted and
won applause but little less than his
great master. A warm attachment sprang
up between them, arising partly from a
mutual admiration of each other's gen-
ius and power. He accompanied For-

rest to California in 1867, and there shar^
ed the honors with him. Forrest not
certain that he would again appear odp
his return to the east McCullough re«
mained in San Irancisco, and appeared
to overflowing and enthusiastic houses.
In 1869 he became sol? lessee and mana-
ger of the new California Theatre, in
which he was very succescful and wcs-
subsequently joined by Lawrence Bar-
rett, who also became very popular in
California. Subsequently McCullough*
came east and starred with gratifving
success, and in 1878 oi)ened the Olym-
pic Theatre in St. Louis, where he ap-
peared as Coreolanus with unbounded
applause. He is still starring, and is
received everywhere by crowa«d houses-
with rapturous applause. In all the
great creations of Shakespeare he un-
doubtedly to-day stands at the head of
his proteSoion. He is ^re-eminently^
gifted with all the requisities of a tragic
actor, a magnificent phvsique, witli a
face unrivalled perhaps by any of the
peat actors who ever trod the stage, and
IS powerf ul,arti8tic,dignifled and'natural
in his conceptions of the grt:nd&<<t drama-
tic characters. In the depth, breadth,
compass and Intensity uf his tragic
power he stands confessedly without a
rival to-day, and it may be doubted if
he ever had one either in • ancient or
modeiu times.

MACDONALD. STEPHEN, mar-
shal of France and duke of Torento,
was born in 1765 at Sedan of Irish (not
Scotch, as set down in some biogra-

§hies) parents who had -emigratea to>
'ranee to escape from the oppisssion
of their country. He entered tlie ai my
at an early age and gradually rose tO'
well earned rank and honors, and for
distinguished br.tvery at the battle of
Jemmappea 1702, he succeeded in gain-
ing tliij liead of hio regiment. In 1795
he wasn^ude i\ geii?''al of divisions for
the singular .^eat of capturing a fleet
with a lind p.rmy. This was the Dutch,
tleet which Uecitme ice-bound at Malial.
In 1798 bd distinguisned himself in
Italy, b'.;l having joined Moreau in his
opposition to the ;;jrowing power and
influence of Napoleon, Macdoniild was
allowed to remain inactive when Napo-
leon became tlta ruling influence. In.
1809 he was, however, again put in the
field and sustained his formt^ reputation
by his activity and ability and was
made a marshal and duke of Torento.

PLATS IS.

tl RT. REV. R. V. WHELAN.
e MOST REV. J. B. PURCELU

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nilBH CELTS.

MAO

He took a conspicuous part in the Rus-
sian campaign of 1812 and sustained
the falling fortunes of Napoleon up to the
peace of Campo Formo and his abdica-
tion, witli great skill, tireless energy and
unflagdng devotion; exhibiting all the

aualities of a great general ana earning
le unqualified praise and admiration
of his great commander. He died in
1840.

McDonnell, sir richard

GRAVES, L L D. , a distinguished schol-
ar, lawyer, explorer and statesman, was
born in Dublin in 181S, and educated
at Trinity College, of which his father
was Provost. He studied law and was
called to the Irish bar in 1888 and to the
English bar in '40. He was appointed
Chief- Justice of British Ouiena, Africa,
in 1848, and Governor in '47, and con-
ducted many successful explorins ex-
peditions into the interior of Africa;
was Governor of St. Vincent in 1853
and of South Australia m 1856, where
he also pushed explorations of discov-
u'y especially on Murray River. He
was made Lieut-Goy. of Nova Scotia in
1866 and of Hong Kong in 1865. and
stands high for administrative ability.

Mcdonough, JOHN, a distin-
guished American merchant of great
wealth, was bom in Baltimore, of Irish
parents, and after getting his start in life
settled in New Orleans wuere he develop-
ed a great and prosperous business and
acquired immense wealth. He left the
bulk of his property to be divided be-
tween the cities of his birtJi and adop
tion. He died in 1860, aged seventy-
two years.

McDUFFIE, GEORGE, an eloquent
and able American statesman and ora-
tor, was born in Columbia county,
Georgia in 1778, of Irish parents. He
at ilrtit received but an ordinary educa-
tion and after securing sufficient mians
by clerking, hi' entered South Carolina
college where ho graduated in 1818 and
was shortly afterwards admitted to the
bar. He was a member of the legisla-
ture for some years and gained a repu-
tation for oratory. He was sent to
Congress in 1821, where he remained
fourteen years, when he was elected

governor of the state. He was an ar-
ent and eloquent advocate of state
rights and ably supported Calhoun and
Bayne. In 1848 he was elected to the

tJnited States Senate, but had to r^ '
sign on account of ill-health, the result
of a wound which he received in a duel
with Col. Cummins. He was a worthy
compeer of his two Celtic contempor-
aries and was almost equally famed for
eloquence. He died Ik^arch 11th, 1857.

I
MAC ELLIGOT, GEN. ROGER, a
eallant Irish officer was born about
1660. He early distinguished himself
in the wars oi his country and was
commandant of the city of Cork in 1690
which he gallantly defended against the
Duke of Marlborough, but was com-
pelled to capitulate to a greatly superior
force. After the treaty of Limerick he
went to France and commanded the
regiment of Clancarthy and participat-
eain the glories of the Irish brigade.
He became a general officer and was
distinguished like his Irish compeers for
bravery ahd dash, and was hela in high
esteem in thi< country of his exile, and
well sustained by a brilliant career
the reputation of Irish Celtic bravery
and Military skill.

Mcelroy, dr. george b., an

able and distinguished Methodist divine
of Michigan, was born at Pittsburgh,
Penn., of Irish parents, in June 1824.
His parents being poor, our subject had
to labor with his father at an early aee.
He had, however, a strong desire for
knowleage and acquired much by his
industry, and at the age of eighteen he
commenced study for the ministry of
the Methodist .church. His first at-
tempt to preach after receiving his
charge was a complete failure from em-
barrassment. In 186 1 he became a pro '
fessor in Madison college, Penn., and
held the chair of mathematics and na-
tural science. He next was connected
with the North Illinois Institute, where
he remained five years. In 1864 he re-
turned to Penn.. and had charge of the
Alleghany Seminary, Pittsburgh, and
fro^ there he went to Adrian to take
the chair of mathematics in Adrian
College. In 1774 he became president
of the same, which position he still re-
tains. Dr. McEIroy is considered one
of the ablest representatives of his
church in the United States.

Mcelroy, rev. JOHN, a leamed
and zealous Catholic divine, was bom
in Inniskillin, Ireland, in 1782, and
came to American in 1808. He made

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MAC

his studies at Georgetown College,
where he was orduined priest in 1817.
He was for sometime stationed in Bos-
ton and built there the church and col-
lege of the Immaculate Conception. He
was one of the Catholic chaplains who
accompanied the American army to
Mexico and was highly esteemed by
the soldiers for his zeal and energy. He
was af terwanis stationed in Frederick,
Md., where he also built a beautiful
church. He lived to the great age of
ninety -five years, dying September 12,
1877.

MAC FIRBESEY, GELA8IUS, a
poet and historian of eminence, flourish-
ed about 1260. He is the author of a
chronicle of his times, besides poems,
etc., the manuscripts of which are still
in continental libraries.

McFLIN, FLORENCE, Archbishop
of Tuam, A. D., 1250. He was cele-
brated for his learning and his pro-
found knowledge of cannon law. He
wab a great patron of learning and

Skvt lectures himself in the schools,
e died at Bristol, England, A. D.,
1266.

MAC GAHAN, JOHN, a noted
American journalist and war corres-
pondent, was born in St. Louis, of
Irish parents, in 1846, and adopted the
profession of journalism. On tlie in-
ception of the Franco-Prussian war he
became war correspondent of the New
York Herald, and was with the army
of Bourbiaki on its defeat and retreat
into Switaerland, which he graphically
described. He afterwards accompan-
ied the Russian army in the expedition
to Khiva although against the '^ ublished
order of the Russian authorities, and
his bock " Campaigning on the Oxus,"
gives, probably, the only consistent re-
cord of the war. Subsequently he
joined the expedition to the north polo
on the "Pandora" and gives us his
experience "Under the Northern
lights. " In 1875 he severed his con-
nection with the Herald and joined the
stnff of the London Daily News, and in
the interests of that paper visited the
centre of war in Turkey and gave the
reading public the daily records and
varying fortunes of that war, excit-
ing the sympathie'< and indignation of
the English people by his accounts of
the BulgariaD outrages. MacGahan

became master of the French, German
and Russian languages, and quite pro-
ficient in Spanish, Turkish and B ;,^
rian- He was a keen observer and be-
came thoroughly acquainted with the
world in various phasis ; with versaiMe
powers and cosmopolitan instincts le
early adapted himself to the silun on
in which he found himself, and with
an easy confidence that knew no Fuch
word as fail, he ever succee<led in es-
tablishing himself in amicable relations
with those around him. He died in
Constantinople June 10, 1878, on the
threshold of a brilliant career.

McGEE, THOMAS D'ARCY, a cele-
brated orator, statesman, poet and pat-
riot, was bom at Carlingi'ord, County
Louth, Ireland, April 13, 1825. His
mother, who was a lady of superior
mind and attainments, although dy-
ing when our subject was quite young,
left such an impression of her pres-
ence and worth on his mind that he
cherished her memory, as of yesterday,
to the hour of his death. His educa-
tion was limited to what the ordinary
day schools of Wexford could affora.
The boy, however, had a poetic mind,
not of the sentimental but of the heroic
kind, an ardent paission for knowledge
and was also nn ea^er explorer of history.
Having relatives ^in America, and ad-
miring the patriots and institutions of
the great Republic, he determined to
cast nis fortunes in the new land, and
in company with a sister he came to the
United States in his seventeenth year.
After a short visit to his aunt in Provi-
dence he went to Boston June, 1842.
At this time the Repeal movement was
warmly agitated in this country. The
4th of July came and the poetic ima-
gination and patriotic heart of the young
exile was in a blaze of enthusiasm at
the scene around him. Being present
at a gathering of his countrymen, who
were celebrating v/ith speechesand song
the glorious day, he stepped to the front
on a call, and with his fresh enthusiasm
he burst like a metoft: on the astonished
hearers, encbantin^the multitude by
the brilliancy of lira eloquence, and
gained for himself the title of the "boy
orator. " A few days afterwards he was
offered a position on the Boston Pilot,
and in less than two years became its
editor-in-chief, being then but 19 years
of age. This was the insane period of
Native-Americanism, and the young

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years
fiod of
lyouDg

editor with pcu and voice denounced
this anti-Republican viper, and Puritan
New England echoed with his scathing
denunciations df its vile offspring. In
the Repeal agitation McGee also took a
leading part, and so much ability did he
display in his editorials on the Irish
question, that they attracted attention
in the ola country, and even the great
O'Connell paid him a public tribute of
praise. About this time he was invited
to tak editorial charge of the Dublin
Freeman, one of the ablest papers in
Ireland, which he accepted and immedi-
ately started back for the old land, being
then only twenty years of age. The
course of the Freeman becoming too
mild for him in the agitation of the
times, and being offered a place on the
Irish Nation, the organ of the Young
Ireland party, he accepted, and cast his
fortunes with the brilliant but unfortu-
nate leaders of that party. Perhaps
no paper ever had so brilliant a staff of
editors, Duffy, Davis, Mitchell. Devin,
Reilly and McGee, wnile it drew to it-
self the brightest and most enthusiastic
children of genius throughont Ireland
as contributors. The patriotic poetry
of Davis stirred and thrilled the heart
of Ireland as never before, .md the
most sluggish Irish blood felt its in-
fluence, while the fervid eloquence of
its brilliant young orators which was
echoed in its columns, inspired hope and
exaltation. They proved, however, but
ephemeral visions. The effort for in-
dependence which followed was pre-
mature, and disastrous failure followed.
McGee escaped from Ireland, and once
again cast his fortunes in the land of
freedom. He arrived in New York on
the 10th of October, 1848, and on the
26th of the same month appeared the
first number of the New York Nation.
McGee, sore from disappointment and
defeat, made a great and unjust blun-
der in attempting to explain the cause
which led to the failure of the rising by
charging it to the unpatriotic opposi-
tion of Irish prelates and priests. As
the Irish people, both at home and
abroad, were from the first divided as
to the policy of the movement, nearly
half and that the staider, believing
with O'Co.inell that peaceful means
unitedly pursued would succeed, the
charge againsj the Irish clergv was un-
just. Bishop Hughes immediatelv took
up their defense and maintained that
their action in the premises was both

just and patriotic and saved from indis-
criminate slaughter those who had no
means of either offense or defense. Mc-
Gee stoutly maintained his charge, and
the controversy being somewhat acri-
monious the result injured McGee's
standing and influence with the best
portion of his countrymen in A merica
and his paper was injured accordingly.
In 1850 he started the "American i'elt"
in Boston, but afterwards removed it to
Buffalo and eventually to New York
City. The tone of the new journal was
more conservative; difliculties and dis-
aster seemed to have toned down the
fiery impetuosity of his more youthful
aspirations and to bring deeper, more
mature and unbiased, thoughts to
the solution of political questions and
policies. He admitted the rashness
and prematurity of the movements
of the Young Ireland party, and the
dangers of the political theories by
which they were governed, and not be-
cause he loved liberty less but feared
license. The American Celt acquired
a large share of popularity, and was
foremost in i>rojecting works for the
social well being of the Irish race at
home and abroad. The colonization
scheme which has since, under the sup-
ervision of Bishops Ireland, Spaulding
and others, done such good work was
first projected by McGee, and well on
towards a thorough organization and a
substantial realizution, when it was de-
nounced by Bishop Hughes, who for
some not well defined reasons opposed
I u. McGee was undoubtedly sound and
i correct in his policy and had it been un-
I itedly supported and practically carried
j out at that early day, untold benefits
would have been confe.red on the Irish
immigrant and the Irish race in Amer-
ica. This opposition together with, per-
haps, financial difficulties, led McGee
in 1857 to accept an invitation of the
Irish in Montreal to come to reside
amongst them. They presented him
with sufficient real estate to entitle him
to be eligible to Parliament, and after a
hot contest they successfully elected
him. During this time he started a pa-
per, the New Era, and also applied him-
self to law, and after a due course was
admitted to the Lower Canadian Bar.
His position in the Canadian Parlia-
ment was at first apparently an nnoma*
lous one, and would have been full of
difficulties to a man whosa principles
were not well defined and firmly grotuid-

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ed. A reputed revolutionist and an ar-
dent lover of the rights of his native
land he had 'been supported by the
"Rouge" party of Lower Canada. But
this revolutionist, while he still ardent-
ly loved and desired the liberty of his
native land, had grown wise in the
crucible of adversity,^ and had become
thoroughly conservative, recognizing
his first duty as beins: to Ood and the
eternal principles which should guide
human actions as inculcated by the gos-
pel and divine authority. This mgh
plane of statesmanship to which he had
elevated himself produced its legi-
timate results, and he soon won the es-
teem of all his constituents, in fact the
Protestant element which first bitterlv
opposed him became his warmest ad-
mirers, and he was re-elected to his seat
for three consecutive terms, afterwards,
without opposition. But it vfoa not
bv principle alone that McGee won
place and fame; it was still more by
masterly abilities and breadth of states-
manship that he won a place above all
his Canadian cotemporaries. He com-
pleted the patriotic work which his
brother Celt. Robert Baldwin, had com-
menced, and we might say, perfected it
in detail. Baldwin roused the Provinces
to the assertion of constitutional rights
and self government, McGee advancing
a step further and securing a consolida-
tion of all into one Dominion. In 1865
McGee's constituents in Montreal pres-
ented him with a substantial mark of
their high esteem in the shape of a beau-
tiful residence in that city. In 1862 he
became President of the Executive
Council and was also Acting Provincial
Secretary. In 1867 he was sent to
Paris as one of the Canadian Commis-
sioners to the great Exposition, and
afterwards travelled over portions of
the continent. At this time he was
Minister of Agriculture and Emigration
and before he returned home he took a
leading part in the deliberations which
the representatives of the Canadian
government had with the "home gov-
ernment" in regard to the scheme of
confederation which McGee had de-
veloped, and advocated throughout the
Provinces. The project was sanctioned
and perfected, and the "Dominion of
Canada" was boin. McGee was offered
a seat in the Cabinet but he declined,
preferring to allow a fellow Celt from
Kova 8cotia have the seat. In the
meantime McGee'A modified course on

the Irish question had offended the
more extreme and radical of the Irish

Ktriots, and his denunciations of the
inians, especially those who advocated
the invasion of Canada, made for him
among the secret organizers of that
party deadly enemies. By them he was
denounced as a traitor to his country
and its causd, and his personal charac-
ter was bitterly attacked regardless of
truth or faMty. They succeeded in
inducing Barney Devlin, an able Mon-
treal advocate, to contest McGee's seat
in Parliament, and a bitter and accri-
monious contest followed. McGee was
returned but not by the majority of
his countiymen, and took his seat in the
first parliament of the Dominion govern-
ment. The anxieties, irritations, la-
bors and sorrows of these vears at
length impaired his health, and confined
him for some three months to his room.
Here away from the vortex of political
life and the ever seething caldron of
striving ambition, the great poetic mind
of McGee had ample room for reflection
and retrospection. Still in the very
prime of life he could look back over a
long and checkered career, a quarter of
a century of political strife in three
countries. In two his hopes and am-
bitions disappointed, but not devoid of
consolation and glory even if marred by
mistakes. In the last success, but not
devoid of bitterness and sorrow. He
seems to have said to himself, "And
what is all this worth !" The good God
who governs the Universe, and without
whose consent even the sparrow does
not fall, will attend to the affairs of
Nations; and right their wrongs and
give them good rules and just laws
without bringing bitterness and sorrow
to any human heart if each will only do
the will of the Father, and be not soli-
citous about the things of this world."
McGee's mind was eminently religious
and poetic, and it seems always to
have been the dream and desire of his
heart to cultivate the grand, sublime
and true in thought and give exprcnsion
to them in fit words rather than to strive
for the ambitious things of eiirt h. Such,
however, was not his fate, and even had
he lived it is not likely that he would
have been able to carry out his desires.
Be that as it may the band of the as-
sassin cut short all future purposes, and
Thos D'Arcy McGee, one of the bright-
est genius of thiH, or any other age, fell
by the btillet of a skijlkiug murderer

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April 7th, 1867, just after leaving the
Parnament House, Ottawa, after hav-
ing delivered one of bis characteristic
speeches. The career of this remark-
aule man, from its outset as a boy, was
unique and striking. As an unknown
boy he came to America, not even hav-
ing the advantages of a collegiate edu-
cation and only that training and ex-
perience which could be had in those
days in an unimportant town in Ireland.
Yet although but just seventeen, he leaps
AS it were, to aii important position in
the cultivated city of Boston, and de-
velopcs a pover, as s t.'ong, able, vigor'
ous and classical wriier that placed him
with the best in the land. Yet it was
but the unaided development of a mind
of an intellectual giant. Neither did
the promise of the boy fail in the fully
developed man. As a statesman, ora-
tor, poet or writer he has had few equals.
In everything he undertook the master-
hand was visible. A vast fund of
knowledge on every conceivable sub-
ject was supplemented by an inexhaus-
tible command of language, chaste, beau-
tiful, felicitous and pointed,illumined by
a brilliant imagination,filled with poetic
fancies. It is not strange, therefore,
that while he excelled in all these pub-
lic qualities which make men famous
he was also unrivalled as a conversa-
tionalist, overflowing with wit, humor
and anecdotes, and consonant with this
was bis wonderful popularity as an af-
ter-dinner speaker in which he was unap-
approachable, but while these qualities
gave softness to bis character they did not
take away from the intenseness of his
oratory, or the bread<<h, massiveness
and solidity of his political views. How
he had won the admiration of his fel-
low chizcns of Canada who had anta-
gonized him at first may be judged
from the following which was read at
a St. Andrew's society celebration after
his death :

" Ah I wad that he were here the nicht.
Whose tongue was like a faerie lute.
But vain the wish, McGe^t thy might
Lies low in death — thy voice is mute.
He's gone — the noblest of us a'—
Aboon a' care o' worldly fame.
An' who so proud as he to ca'
Our Canada his hame.

The gentle maple weeps an' waves
Above our patriot-statesman's heed
But if we prize the licht he gava

We 11 bury feuds of race and creed
For this he wrocbt, for this he died.
Ah! for the love we bear bis name
Let's live as britbers, side by side.
In Canada, our hame "

McGEOOHEQAN, ABBE J., a
learned and patriotic Irish priest and
historian was bom at MuUigar, in the
province of Leinster, Ireland, 1698. His
father was a comfortable farmer, and
his boy desiring to devots himself to re-
ligion was sent by him to the College of
Kbeims, France, asunder the "glonous"
constitution of England Catholic edu>
cation was felony in Ireland in those
days. At college the young Irish stu-
dent distinguished himself, and oh*
tained the first prize in the general ex-
amination in theology. He was then
ordained and continued in the college
for some time afterwards. In 1786 he
came to England as chaplain to an
English gentleman, and during this
time he was able to travel in Ireland,
and visited his native place. The
country in those days was in a wretch-
ed condition. The laws were prind-
pally under the administration of a bru-
tal soldieiy, and when not. of a not less
brutal ana unjust magistracy. In fact
they were then, as the illustnous Burke
describes them, "As well calculated to
oppress, impoverish and degrade a peo-
pie and debase within them human
nature itself, as ever proceeded from
the perverse ingenuity of man." And
this develish ingenuity of a government
which has not succeeded in its designs
by a contest of valor vs. valor (for the
brave and honorable are never cruel),
but by perjury and violated treaty,
were not sausfled with a relentless tyr-
er ly over ^er prostrate foe. but she
poured out infamous calumnies against
the beople whom they would have de-
graded if they could, to justify them-
selves and their infamy. But the ex«
lied brethren of this same people were
at this time bnilding up on the Conti-
nent a heritage of glory and heroism,
as unrivalled as it is immortal, and
which hurled back the fiendish lies of
the oppressors of their country into
their teeth, as they did their most val-
iant armies on the Continent, when they
snatched from the English crown, and
made worthless and empty, by the vic-
tory of Fontenoy, the title of "King of
France." One may well conceive the
feelings of this patriotic priest as he

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trod, after an absence of twenty years,
the loved hills of his native land, and
beheld the misery and humiliation of
her children, in so sad a contrast with
the glc.y and honor their brethern were
achieving in the land of their exile. He
returned to France and became chap-
lain of the Irish brigade. It was while
in this position, and mixing with its
chivalrous soldiers the O'Briens and
Dillons, the Purcells and Cusacks, the
Butts and Sarsflelds, that our historian
determined to write the history of his
country and rescue her glorious annals
f rom tne poisoned and lying 'pens of
her enemy. He wrote his work in
French, and in the libraries of the Con-
tinent, rich with Irish MSS., he found
the ample material which compose it.
He dedicated it to the "Irish Troops in
the Service of France." In this
work be tells us the astonishing fact,
taken from the rolls of the army, which
asan officer of, he had the amplest
means of knowing, that during a period
of flftv years preceding the time he
wrote bis history, nearly 500,000 Irish-
men had been enrolled in the French
army 1 Who can calculate the political
efleqt which this vast number of men,
unrivalled for bravery and dash in
battle, must have had on the condition
of Europe; many of the brilliant victor-
ies gained by French arms in the time
of Louis XIV. are undoubtedly due to
them, and it was in those years of al-
most continued aud desperate warfare,
more than any other, that the condition
and division of modern Europe were
defined and solidified. Another (juery
also presents itself, viz : What influ-
ence had this strong stream of Irish
blood whicn disseminated itself in
Fmnce in that and the succeeding gen-
erations down to the fall of Napoleon,
which aggregated more than twice
the above numbers ; had on the
character of the French nation ;
and who are the descendants of this
vigorous race in France to-day ? The
Abbe died in 1750, greatly regretted by
his countrymen in France, and is buried
in Paris.

MAC GEOGHEGAN CHAS., one of
a distinguished line of Idsh patriots
and soldiers, was a native of West-
meath. He learned the art of war in
France and with his father and six
brothers he fought with distinction
agains William of Orana^e in Ireland.

Five of the brothers fell In this war,
while two, Anthony and Charles went
to France and distinguished themselves
in the Irish brigades. They left be-
hind them worthy descendants, one of
whom, Alexander, son of Charles,
greatly distinguished himself in India
while in command of the regiment of
Italy, having won the battle of Yanda-
vichia against a much superior force of
English.

MAO GEOGHEGAN,RICHARD,the
heroic defender of the castle of Dun-
boy, and a fit companion of Leonidas,
the Spartan, was one of the Irish chief-
tans who fought under O'Neill, prince
of Tyrone, and O'Donnell, prince of
Tyrconnell. This castle was on the
coast of Munster and important as a
means of communication with the
Spanish. Mac Geoghegan occupied it
with one hundred and fifty -three men.
The Lord Deputy Carew determined to
reduce the place and invested it with
over six thousand men. He was com-
pelled to open trenches, and at length
established a battery within one hund-
red and forty paces of the castle. Hav-
ing at length effected a wide breach, he
attempted to carry it by assault, but was
repuL<^. After more effective can-
nonading another assault was made and
repulsed with heavy loss, cannonading
was again resumed after which a third
stomifng party rushed through the
breach, but were gallantly expelled
again by the heroic little garrison. The
English now kept an incessant cannon-
ade on the castle from five o'clock in
the morning till nine o'clock at night,
increasing the breach and ruin of the
castle very materially. This was con-
tinued the next day till one in the aft-
ernoon when a more powerful and des>
perate assault than any previously
made was commenced. Every inch of

frround from the breach was desperate-
y contested and night came and still
this band of heroes were not vanquish-
ed, but their valliant leader was desper-
ately wounded. Morning came and
the assault was about being re^sumed.
The English pretending, however,
to be desirous of sparing a useless sac-
rifice of life offered to let the gar-
rison march out if tbey would
surrender the castle. Those who
were left, being without their leader
and seeing no hope, were about agreeing
to the proposition, but the dying leader

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hearing of it refused to give his con-
sent and, seeing the English enter in
crowds, he snatched a burning brand,
and although exhausted, attempted to
reach a barrel of powder and involve
all in common ruin, rather than sur-
render. He was prevented by Captain
Power, one of his men, who toolc him
in his arms, when he was inhumanly
stabbed by one of the English soldiers.
This siege lasted fifteen days and cost
the enemy over six huudrca men killed.
McGeoghegan's estimate of his enemy
was correct, for of the gallant remain-
der of the band who submitted to the
perfidious Saxon not one escaped death.
This took place under Elizabeth, A.
D., 16Ct.

McGRADY, REV. JAMES, a fa-
mous Prsbyterian divine and pulpit or-
ator, was born in Ireland about 1765,
came to America and settled in Ken-
tucky, where he soon became famous
for his zeal and eloquence. He became
the leader of what are now known as
the Cumberland Presbyterian church,
a kind of independent organization,
and was held in high repute by that
body.

MAC HALE, MOST REV. JOHN,
Archbishop of Tuam, one of the most
celebrated and patriotic of Irish prelates,
was born at Tobernaven, county Mayo,
Ireland, March, 6, 1791. His early ed-
ucation was received clandestinelly from
the " hedge schoolmaster," it being
unsafe even as late as his early days,
for the Catholic teacher to practice his
avocation, although the more burbar
ous penal ItiMs had been repealed. He
learned the rudiments of the classics at
Castlebar, and in 1807 he entered the
Catholic college of Maynooth; religious
bigotry having been so far modified or
christianized at this time as to sanction
Catholic public education. He here
gave evidence of the great talents and
vigor which afterwards so distinguished
him in life. Before reaching the can-
onical age he had finished his- priestly
studies and was ordained ^by dispensa-
tion. He was immediately after made
assistant professor of dogmatic theolo-
gy in his alma mater, and some few
years afterwards became professor of
that chair. The young theologian did
not however confine himself exclusively
to the collegiate duties. A mind ardent
and i>atriotic as his could not be sUent in

the face of an enslaved country and a

{)roscribed and basely malign;jd relig-
on. He took up the pen in advocacy
of both. In his day the Established
church in Ireland had able and learned
divines, many of whom too were very
bigoted and inclined to be intolerant,
and with a government at their back
which liJid striven for three hundred
years to destroy the faith and wipe out
the religious traditions of the great body
of the Irish race, it is not to be wonder-
ed that they felt strong and aggressive
even in polemical warfare, hopeful and
desirous, too. to crush by reason, what
the government failed to destroy by
force. The result was an ocean of
"anti-popish pamphlets and books from
doughty champions of every caliber
who desired to share in the glory of de-
stroying "Jesuitism" in Ireland. Our
young theolo^an was not slow to give
a reason for tlie faith that was in him
in a series of newspaper articles, under
the name of Hierophilos, answering in
a clear, powerful and convincing man-
ner all the charges and objections
of his adversaries. He also became a
strong advocate of Irish rights and es-
pecially Catholic rights, and soon be-
came widely known and admired as an
able and valiant Irish leader. In 1825
he was named co-adjutor Bishop of
Killala. About this time he produced
his able and timely work on "The Evi-
dences and Doctrines of the Church,"
and which added to his reputation as a
sound, acute and learned theologian;
but his increasing duties did not deter
him from ably supporting O'Connell in
the battle for Catholic emancipation. In
1834 he was raised to the Archepiscopal
See of Tuam, and although he attended
to the multifarious duties of his great
office with scrupulous exactness and un-
ceasing attention, yet his ereat and pat-
riotic heart went out to all Ireland, and
his pen was maintaining with unan-
swerable arguments and burning words
the rights of the people, and exposing to
the gaze of the world the wretched re-
sults of laws made only in the interest
of the oppressors and administered too
often with the utmost barbarity. O'Con-
nell styled him the " Lion of the Fold
of Judah. The death of the Liberator,
the disruption of the Irish patriots and
the disasters of the Rebellion of '48, led
by the brilliant but unfortunate Young
Ireland party, together with the famine
which made ruin and desolation almoBt

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universal, brought untold aneuish to
the loving, fatherly heart of toe great
prelate. His noble spirit, however,
-worthy of the great race in which alone
he took earthly pride, rose equal to the
emergency. It never faltered, or failed,
or lost hope. A true soldier of his
Divine Master and a good shepherd he

Suarded, consoled and sustained his
ying flock. Night and day he roent
himself in ministering to the spiritual
and temporal wants of his starving peo-
ple, and while unable to save them from
*he relentless hand of death, he often
rescued them from the more cruel
temptations of the heartless geducer, who
held before their famished eyes bread —
bread as a barter for faith I Neither
-was his pen idle in the midst of this
avalanche of evils, df troubles, and of
accummulated labors. He exposed to
the eyes of the world the true cause of
the manifold evils that afflicted his coun-
try and tore away from the face of the
oppressor the thick veil of hypocrisy,
dissimulation, frr:,ud and deceit with
which it sought to cover it. He ar-
raigned him before the bar of public
opinion, convicting him before the na-
tions as the hideous prophet who fore-
told the disaster he had planned, and
•who glutted in secret over the destruc-
tion his wicked inhumanity had caused,
while with a more than heai-tless bar-
barity he sought to blacken and render
Infamous the victim, by distorted
facts and deliberate falsehood. John,
Archbishop of Tuam, was a signature
-which the friends of Ireland hailed with
delight, and which now continually ap-
peared in advocacy of questions ofvital
importance to the Irish people — the
PoorLaws, Tithes, National Eaucatioa
Bepeal, Tenant Rights— in fact every
question which affected the Irish race
was taken up by him and analyzed and
rigorously supported or denounced as
the case might warrant. His criticisms,
always honest and in the interest alone
of the people, were universally received
as correct conclusions on the sub-
ject matter discussed, and endorsed
as national and patriotic, the peo-
ple having an abiding faith that
" John of Tuam " was beyond the wiles
and deceptions of the enemy. The
great prelate and patriarch wielded the
XMWtoral staff for more than half a
oentury, and although he left his coun-
try still struggling for liberty, he had the
consolation to bwold great and benefi-

cent changes in her condition. He
attended all the great councils of the
Church in his day, including the Vati-
can Council, at which time he was the
oldest Bishop by consecration in the
world. He addressed this council mora
than once during the session, and was
the first to promulgate its decrees in Iro>
land. He continura to labor at his pas-
toral duties to the last, and performed
all the duties of hiis pastoral office in
his great See to within one year of his
death, never having asked for a coadju-
tor till that time, t^ing then in his nine-
tieth year. He died Nov. 7, 1881, at
the great age of 91 vears, with a mind
unimpaired, clear, keen and vigorous to
the last, and blest up to his last sickness
with corresponding bodily vigor. In
him Ireland lost one of the greatest and
most disinterested of patriots and most
illustrious of prelates.

MoHENRY, JAMES, an Irish- Amer-
ican patriot of the Revolution was bom
about 1766, received a liberal education
and studied medicine. On the break-
ing out of the war he volunteered and
served with honor en the staff of
Washington and afterwards on that of
Lafayette, and represented his state
nihlaryland) in the Continental Congress
from 1783 to '86 ; was a member of the
convention which formed the Federal
Constitution, and signed that instru-
ment. Was appointed Secretary of
War, which office he held till 1801, but
was dismissed by Mr. Adams for op*
posing his alien and sedition policy and
other like measures. He was held in
the highest esteem for integrity and
ability Dv all his cotemporaries.

McINTIRE, RUFUS, a brave and
talented citizen of Maine, was of Irish
descent, bom in that state in 1784; re*
celved a fair education, and eamed
enough by teaching school and other
industry to make his way through Dar*
mouth College. He graduated in 1807,
and then entered a law office and was
admitted to practice about the time war
was declared a^inst Great Britain. He
immediately offered his bervices, and
was appointed a Captain. He served
along the frontier till the close of the
war, and distinguished himself by his
bravery on every occasion. At the close
of the war he renewed the practice of
his profession, and on Maine assuming
state powers he became a meml^er of the

MAO

ntlSH 0KLT8.

MAO

ewar
He
and
erved
the
|y hig
close
ce of
iming
of the

first legislature. In 1826 he was sent to
Congress, where he remained continual-
ly for ten years, and was on thecommis-
non tt) settle the boundaries of Maine.
He held prominent public offices, among
them surveyor of the port of Portland
besides positions in connection with
education. He was held in high esteem
\)j his feUow citizens.

MACK, DR THE0PHILU8, one
of the ablest and most advanced of
Canadian physicians, was born in Ire-
land about 1820, and came with his
father to Canada a few years after-
wards. He received his education in
Upper Canada College. He took part
in the patriot war of 1887, and com-
jnandea an armed schooner in the de-
fense. He afterwards commenced the
study of medicine, graduated in
the United Stales in 1848, and com-
menced the practice of hia profession
at St. Catherines. He is said to have
been the first man who treated female
ailments surgically in Canada, and was
abreast of his profession in this regard,
adding valuable information to this
«cience by his operations and skill, but
meeting a bitter opposition by the old
fogy element of his profession. He
also brought into a just notoriety the
valuable curative properties of the St.
Catherine mineral waters, and under-
took to build a hotel and sanitarium, so
that proper accommodation and treat-
ment might be had by those who de-
sired to profit by the virtues of its wat-
ers. He received the appointment of
Professor cf Materia Medica in the
Buffalo College of Medicine. He also
established a marine and general hos-
pital at St. Catherines, after failing to
get government assistance for the pro-
ject. He sustained for ten years this
important and needful institution by the
assistance of the people on both sides of
the line, when the government ':^me to
' his aid and placed it on a permanent
basis. In 1874 he established the first
training school for nurses which British
America yet had. He was undoubtedly
the most foreseeing and progressive as
well as, perhaps, the ablest of his pro-
fession which Canada has as yet pro-
duced.

MoKEAN, THOMAS, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Indepen*
dence and an eminent American Judge,
was bom in the Irish .settlements in

Chester County, Pennsylvania, of Irish

{>arents in 1784, and after a course of
iterarv and professional studies was ad.
mitted to the bar at Mie age of twenty*
one years. He commenced his political
career in 1762 when he was elected a
meml)er of ths Assembly from thecoun>
tv of Newcastle. He was a member ef
the Congress which aasemt»led in New
York in 1766 te seek means of relief for
the colonies from the grievances under
which they were suffering, and was one
of the boldest members of that body.
In 1774 he was appointed a delegate to
the general Congress from the lower
counties in Delaware, and was the only
man who vdthout intermission was a
member diiring the whole period of its
existence. Of this body he was Pr«d-
dent in 1781. In 1777 he was appointed
Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, and dis-
charged the duties of his office with
both learning and dignity for twenty-
two years. In 1799 he was elected Gov-
ernor of Pennsylvania, and his adminis*
tration continued for nine years. In
1808 he retired from public life, and
died in 1817.

McKEON, JOHTt, an able New York
lawyer and politician, was bom in that
state of Irish parents about 1800, and
received a libeml education, studied
law and was admitted to the bar where
he soon acquired an honorable position
in his profession; was sent to the legis-
lature in 1882, and to Congress in 1886
and again in 1841. He was U. S. Dis-
trict Attorney for the Southern District
of New York for a number of years,
and*'was held in high esteem for inte-
grity and ability both as a jurist and
politician.

McKENDRBE, WILLIAM, a gal-
lant officer of the Revolution and a pro-
minent Methodist divine, was of Irish
descent, bom in Virginia in 1757. He
entered the ministry m 1788 and became
prcisfdiug elder of the Methodists in 1766
and Bishop in 1808. He was one of the
most energetic and able of the Method-
ist ministers of his day. He founded
the McKendee College at Lebanon, 111.,
and was largely instrumental in pushing
Methodism west of the Alleghanies.
He was an eloguent preacher and a
man of unlA)unaed influence amongst
his brethren. He died in 188S.

MAC

miBR CET^TS.

MAC

MACKENNA, GENERAL, a dis-
tinguished Soutli American patriot and
soldier, wns born in Ireland about 1790,
and emigrated to Cbili just prior to its
struggle for independence. When the
patriots organized under Carrera, Mc-
Kenna joined, and was soon accorded a
prominent position by )us bravery, en-
terprise and military knowledge. He
bore a prominent part in all the early
battles, "Yerbas Buenes," "San Car-
los," Ac, and when O'Higgins succeed-
ed Carrera in the chief command Mc-
Kenna was raised to the command of
the second division. On March 19, 1814,
with his command he defeated a greatly
superior force of the Spaniards at Juilo,
■and again at Membrilla. The misfor-
tunes, mainly caused by the want of
union, and the ambition of Carrera.
which overwhelmed the patriots in 1814
compelled McKenna to follow O'Hig-
gins over the Andes, and he aided in or-
ganizing the patriots, who under O'Hig-
gins and Snn Martin crossed the Andes
and re-established the fallqn fortunes of
the Chilians in 1817, and finally secured
the independence of Chili and Peru.
Our subject was not destined to take
part in the gallant struggle, he having
unfortunately been killeain a duel with
Luis Carrera, a brother of the General,
while they were organising in the Ar-
gentine Republic. His descendants,
however, are amon^ the most conspicu-
ous citizens of Chih to-day.

McKENNAN, THOS.. a distinguish-
eii politician of Pennsylvani!>. of Irish
extiaction, was born about 1790, and
received a good education: attracted at-
tention by his abilities, and after hold-
ing offices of minor importance was
elected to Congress in 1881, where he
remained for four terms, but was de-
feated in the great Whig inundation of
1840. He was. however, elected the
succeeding term. He died at Reading,
July 9, 1863.

MAC KENZIE, DR. ROBERT
SHELTON, M. D, LL. D., D. C. L.,
one of the most learned and versatile of
modern literary men, was born in Ire-
land, Juno 22, 1809, He studied medi-
cine, but never practiced it. He settled
afterwards in London, and became one
of the most prominent journalists and
writers of that metropolis. He was hon-
ored with the degree of L. L. D. by the
University of Glasgow in 1834, and with

D. C. L. by ©xfordin 1844. He final-
ly, inr 1852, took up his residence on this
side of the Atlantic, settling first in New
York City, then permanenUy in Phila-
delphia, and became connected with the
Philadelphia press. He is the author
of many able works, both literary and
scientific. He died Nov. 80, 1880.
Among his works are "Laws of Pales-
tine," "Titian and Art lleival," "Life
of Guizot," "Demi iracy and its Mis-
sion," also a legal commercial work,
besides 'Mornings at Matlock,' "Noc-
tes Ambrosiane, aud edited "Shiel'a
Sketches of the Irish Bar," Dr. Maginn's
works, &c.

MACKEY, JOHN W., the celebrat-
ed Bonanza King and head of the great
mining and banking firm of Mackev,
Flood, O'Brien and Fair, was born in
Dublin about the year 1835. He came
when a child with his parents to New
York City, where he resided until the
rich mineral discoveries of California
attracted attention, and be followed the
stream of adventurers to the Pacific
slo[)e. He there experienced the usual
ups and downs of miner life in this first
developed field of America's Eldorado.
(About the same time two other New
York Irish boys, who afterwards be-
came members of the famous firm start-
ed from New York as partners, O'Briea
and Flood.) Mackay at length left the
Pacific slope for the Nevada Mountain»
and here he met James G. Fair, a min-
ing engineer, the last of the famous
quartette, and like the rest a native of
tne little Island, whose children can
discount the nations for both brain and
muscle. Shortly after this change of
base these four men came together.
Flood and O'Brien, instead of pushing-
into new fields of mineral discovery, liaa
invested thc!r means in San Francisco,
and were fast increasing their wealth ia
the ordinary channels of business.
They, however, possessed true Ameri-
can enterprise and were no strangers to
the rich possibilities of mineral aiscov-
ery, nor to the men who proposed to
them to invest in the new fields of min-
eral wealth in Nevada. The great firm
was formed, Mackey owning two-fifths
and each of the other members one-fifth,
the Comstock ard other valuable mines
were purchased and Vacated, and at
length about 1870 the " big bonanza"
was struck in the Comstock lode. This
vein is said to have yielded the enor-

MAC

IRI8H CETiTB.

MAC

mouB amount of $111,000,000, and they
had other mines of great richii'^'ss. They
estahlishcd the Nevada Bank, und con-
trolled financial concerns of vast mag-
nitude in California. Mackey was
styled the "Bonanza King," and the
firm became a ruling power on the Pa-
cific slope. Mackey spends much of his
time of late years m Europe, but still
looks closely after his great interests,
and often visits the scenes of his strug-
gles and success. The mental cliarac
ter and caliber of himself and family
may be measured by the fact that they
have acquired a commanding social
position in the first society of £urope,
while he preserves the frank, manly
Bimplicity which should always char-
acterize the American. Considering
the struggles, activity and excitement
of bis life he is a man of extraordinary
cultivation, well read and aln'cast of the
current thought and literature of the
times. In a word he is a true represen-
tative of the Celtic-American and every
wayworthy of his great good fortune,
intelligent, frank, manly, courteous and
kind, with a true Irish heart,and prince-
ly in its generosity. He is still in the
prime of life and the vigor of manhood.

MACKLIN CHARLES, (whose real
name was McLaughlin), an eminent ac-
tor and dramatist, was bom May Ist,
1690, in the camp of James IL, in the
north of Ireland, his father having
atiuched his /orunes to that embecile,
his wife followed him to camp and en-
dured its pilvations rather than the an-
xiety of separation. After the Civil
war was over, the ^)arents of our sub-
ject went to reside m Dublin, when the
father shortly afterwards died, and
where ouf subject was brought up
and educated. He was noted as a
boy for his mimicing powers, and also
for his reckless daring and love of mis-
chief, and was known among his com-
panions as Wicked Charley. At this
time and for long afterwards there was
a passion for theatricals in Ireland,
which showed itself especially both in
private and school exhibitions. In a
play, "Tragedy of the Orphan" to be
given at an exhibition in his school, a
dihlculty was found in getting the char-
acter of "Moulmico, the heroine," pro-
perly taken. An old lady, much in-
terested in the droma, and who was a
Satron of the school, suggested that
LcLaughlin, who on account of his

pranks did not stand very well with hls-
teacher, should be given the part. The
teacher at first refused because he did
not consider liim capable. The old lady
insiatii'g and agreeing to instruct him
and get him up for the character, was
allowed to have her way., The boy de-
termined to disappoint his teacher's
prophecy of % failure, studied his part
with great care, and the result was a
complete success. This decided our
hero s course, he determined to go on
the stage. Shortly after this he bor-
rowed nine pounds from his mother's
till, and with two companions he left
for London. In a short time their
money was exhausted, and one of the
two proposed to go on the road and re-
cruit by forced loans. McLaughlin and
the other however, although reckless,
were not vicious, and indignantly
spurned the idea. The one wno pro-
posed it was some years afterwards
hanged at Tyburn, the other companion
cast his fortune in the army and rose
to be a commissioned officer of distinc-
tion, while McLaughlin's fortunes we
will trace. After Uie separation of the
companions our hero saw a dreary pros-
pect before him, a stranger without
money, friends or employment. While
beating around for something to do In
the dreary waste of London, he fortun-
ately came across an old servant of his
mother's, who accosted him as he was
aimlessly traveling the street. ' Al-
though poor sho offered him of what
little she had until he could do better,
and secured him lodging in a neighbor-
ing public house. Here he became
very popular by his wit, powers of
mimicry and humorous songn and the
landlady who was a widow seeing the
value of su(;h an associate proposed
marriage, although she was old enough
to be his mother. McLaughlin seeing,
nothing- more anvantageous, accepted.
He soon get tired of this sort of life,
returned to Dublin and became a
great favorite with Jhe Trinity College
boys. In hia twenty-first year, his
uncle who wa^ a captain in the Qerman
service being in Dublin on a visit, our
hero arranged to accompy him back to
Germany for the purpose of entering
that service. On arriving in London,
however, he changed his mind and
leaving his uncle he joined a company
of HtroTling players. At the solicitations
of Ills motlier ho again returned to Ire-
land, and pursued about the same rou-

'^4

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MAO

IBIBR CELTS.

MAO

■tine of life as before and remained for
'flve years. He again determined to try
England; this time the provinces, as an
actor. He sailed for Bristol, and some
.five days after arriving there, made his
'first appearance in the regular drama
^as Richmond, in Richard III. His next
five years was like a romance. The
•company to which he was attached
roamed through the provinces and Mc-
Laughlin was the star and soul of the
party. He wrote prologues and epi-
logues, songs and addresses, played
tricks, cracked jokes, ani rollicked as
it were in all the luxurious deceptions
•of the drama. McLavighlin became
very popular, not only on account of
his wit and sociable qualities, but be-
•cause he was also a splendid specimen
x}f manhood, tall, handsome, and skill-
ful in all athletic sports, manly and
generous. His character as well as
skill was shown in a champion game of
hand-ball between the Batn and Bristol
•clubs at which he happened to be pres-
ent. After the game Jbad commenced
■one of the three champions who repre-
sented Bath sprained his arm, and the
game was about to stop as no first class
player was at hand to take his place.
McLaughlin, whose prowess was not
then known, stepped from the gallery
and tendered his services to fill the
place, but he was objected to by both
sides, the Bath players fearing tbat he
.might be favorable to their opponents.
McLaughlin drew from his pocket his
ipurse and said, "Qentlemen, I have
four guineas in my purse, I am willing
to stake them on the side on which I
play, and I am williog to play on
eitheil side. This remov^ the aimculty
and he took the vacant place and won.
In 1743 he was engaged by the mana-
ger of Drury Lane. His first wife hav-
ing died, he had married an Irish widow
in Dublin some months prior to this
■time and removed to London with bis
wife and infant daughter in October of
this year, and on the 81st appeared for
the first time in Drury Lane, and was
received with a fair share of applause.
About this time he changed his name
to Macklin on account of tlie transform-
ations his own name underwent at the
hands or rather mouths of his English
friends. He trained his wife for the
stage and she appeared in the early part
of 1780 with gratifying success. About
this time Macklin's happy ca reer was
clouded by an unfortunate accident.

He got into an altercation with •
brother actor about a wig which he
had used in his make-up In a certain
character and which this party got pos-
session of. He asked as a favor that
he might have it, as he was to go on the
stage immediately and Le was afraid
his part would be spoiled without it,
but he got only imprdence, and lieing
much excited he struck at his opponent
with a light cane which was part of his
make-up. It by some means entered
the eye of the offender and he died next
day from the shock. Macklin was
tried and found guilty of manslaughter.
On his appearance again he assumed
all the leading charactera of the
popular plays, with distinguished suc-
cess. His crowning success was, how-
ever, in the Merchant of Venice, which
had long been neglected for a travesty
called the " Jew of Venice " by Lord
Lansdowne. He brought this out on Feb-
ruary 14th, 1741, in an entirely original
manner, his < associates, loth Mrs. Clive
and Quin predicting failure. It proved
however a grand success, and placed
Macklin at the head of his profession in
its highest walks. On the third night
of its representation, Pope, who was
then looKed upon as the great critic,
was present in a box, and as Macklin
passed him at the end of the third act
he leaned over the box and wb^npered.
out loud

" This is the Jew

That Shakespeare drew.**

From this time forward Macklin's
fame increased and he was in constant
demand as a star, playing sometimes In
the larger cities of the provinces and in
Dublin, under the management of
Sheridan, father of ' Dick .' He also
trained most of the promin'^nt actors of
England in his day, and brought out
his daughter at Covcnt Oardenln 1751,
asAthenais in Lee's ttagedy of Theo«
dorius. She was received wiih great
applause and increased her reputntion
by her charming representation of Polly
in the Beggars' Oi)era, she being also a
very sweet singer. Macklin now par-
tially retired from thn stage and opened
a lecture room, where he delivered
lectures on the Engliwh drnmntisis and
poets. In 1769 he produced his farce
of Love a la Mode, which met with
great success. Macklin playing Sir
Archy MacSwrcasm. He also produced

Wi*<-

HAC

HUSH CEIiTS.

MAO

it in Dublin and was received by his
townsmen with shouts of a})plause. In
1773, Macklin, now in his eighth-fourth
year made an engagement with Cole
man of Covent Garden Theatre to play
once again leading Shakespearian parts,
but an actor of some prominence
named Smith gave considerable trouble
claiming that he had an exclusive right
to play such parts in that theatre. Mack-
lin however appeared as Macbeth with
great success, and some few nights af-
terwards when about to play Shylock
Smith's friends filled the theatre and
made it impossible for Macklin to pro-
ceed. Coleinan then cancelled the en-
gagement and Macklin brought an ac-
tion against a Mr. James ana others as
ring leaders in the Court of the King's
Bencli before the celebrated Lord Mans-
field, in which he got a verdict for
£1,200 damages, £400 costs. He how-
ever let them off on their taking £800
worth of tickets for benefits to be given
to Coleman, himself and his daughter.
In 1181, this extraordinary old man
produced his comedy of '"The Man of
the World, which was remodelled from
one he had written some years previous
and played the principal charact«r of
Sir Pertinax Mac Sycophant himself,
although then in his ninety second year.
The character is a long and arduous
one yet he played it with great success.
He also appeared in Dublin after this
in August 1785, in his "Man of the
World, and also as Mac Sarcasm and
Shylock, and for tlie first time in his
life he exhibited the weakness of age by
a failing memory. In 1788 he appeared
at Covent Garden as Shylock, and af
terwards as Mac Sycopliant but his
memonr proved treacherous both times.
In ,1789, however, he took his part as
Shylock and Sir Archy with grunt

Eower and sMccess, being then in his
undredth yenr. This was the last ap-
pearance of this extraordinary man on
the stage. He often frequented the
scenes of his triumph as a spectator and
loved to recount tne memories of his
long and choquere*! life. He died on
thf nth day of July, 1707, in full pos-
session of his mental faculties. He
arose that morning at his usual hour
but shortly afterwanls retired to his bed
lying down, exclaimed, "Let me go I
let mo go I" and expired. His daugh-
ter wlio had acquired couRidcrabie cule
brity (lied in 1781 in her 48th year and
his only sun in 17U0. As anaclur Mack-

lin had great versatility and undoubted
genius. He was the first in order ot
time of the great natural actors of the
tragic school, and his personification of
Shylock has been the model of all his-

freat successors. As a dramatist, judged
y the plays he left, abounding as they
do, in genuine wit and humor, he is<
little inferior to the greatest of his suc-
cessors.

McLANAHAN", JAMES X., an able-
lawyer and politician of Pennsylvania,
was born in Franklin County in that
state, of Irish parents, in 1809; gradu-
ated at Dickinson's College, and com-
menced* the study of law m 1826. He
was honored by his fellow-citizens witli'
positions of trust, and was sent to Con-
gress in 1849 and re-elected in 1861
where he was chairman of the Commit- '
tee on the Judiciary and was Iiighly es*
teemed for inn talents.

McLANE, LOUIS, a distinguished'
American statesman, was of Irish des-
cent, born in Kent County, Delaware,
May 27, 1784 He entered the navy as .
a midshipman at the age of twelve years,
and having passed the regular course he -
retired in 1801. He commenced the
study of the law and was admitted to
the bar where he soon made his mark.
On the breaking out of the war of 1813'
he immediately volunteered and did
duty at Baltimore and other points
threatened by the British. After the
war h« resumed the pi-actice of his pro-
fession, and in 1817 he was sent to Con-
gress where he remained for ten years,
acquiring distinguished standing. From
thence he went to the United States sen-
ate in 1827 where he remained till 1829 '
when President Jackson sent him aa
Minister to England. In 1881 he was
called home to take a position in the
Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury,
and in 1882 was advanced to the head
of the Cabinet as Secretary of State. In
1884 he retired from the 'Cabinet, and
took up his residence in Maryland, and
became President of the Ballimoro and
Ohio railroad. He again accepted the
mission to Ettgland pending tlie Oregon
boundary question in 1847, and on his
return he consented <o sit in the state
constitutional convention, representing
Cecil County. He Justly holds a front
rank among American stateumen and
diplomatJB. Ue diod in Baltimore in>.
1857.

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MAG

HUSH CBLT8.

MAC

McLaren, edward w.. d. d.,

« prominent and eloquent protestant
divine, was bora of Irish parents at
Geneva, K. Y., in 1881- was educated
a Presbyterian, and entered tlie minis-
try of that church as a missionary to
South America, and was afterwards pas-
tor of the Fort street church in Detroit.
Subseouently he became an Episcopal-
ian aucL was made a bishop of that bod^
in 1875, being appointed for Illinois
where he still resides. He is a man of
miich independence of character and
of liberal mould.

MACLISE, DANIEL, one of the
most talented of modern artists was
bora in Cork, Ireland, Jan. 25, 1811.
He early displayed his artistic talent,
but was put to learn the banking
'business. His passion for art growing
with his growth he left the bank in his
sixteenth year and devoted himself to
art, in which he displayed an uncom-
mon versatility of gifts, combining in
the highest degree the humor of thccar-
icatunst.and the fire and soul of the his-
torical painter blended with the crea
tivie power of a poet's fancy. His fir^
successes were sketches of Irish scenery
and roadside pictures of Irish peasantry,
which were remarkable for their realis-
tic power. He, in the meantime, de-
voted himself to the study ef aiatomy,
both no lu posture and in the dissect-
ing room. In 1828 he went to London,
was admitted to the Royal Academy,
gained a medal in the Antique and a
membership iu the Life School, where
he also took a medal for the best copy
of Ouido. In his nineteenth year he
went to Paris, aad the next year, 188i
he won the gold medal of the Academy
by his historical painting, "The Choice
of Hercules," and from that time for-
ward devov^d his pencil principally to
works in the ]>iQ:hest walks of art, pro-
ducing "All Hallow Eve," "Henry
VIII. and Annie Boleyn," "Francis t.
and Diana of Poitiers," "Charles I.
and Cromwell," "Robin Hood and
Richard Coeur de Lion," "Macbeth
and tlu! witches," and "Banquet Scene,"
"Bohemian Gypsies," "Gil Bias dress-
ing as a Cavalier, ' "Origin of tlio
Harp," "Alfred in the Danuih Camp, "
and many others, besides sketches, il-
lustralioiiS, can uturcs innumerable,
and a volume ut outline portraits of
distinguished literary men of hL day.
He was an Acudcmlclun, and declined

the Presidency in 1860. He died in
1870j as he was about to frescoe the
Parliament House.

MACLURE, SIR ROBERT JOHN,
a famous navigator, the discoverer of
the Northwest passage, and the only
navigator who ever sailed a ship from
the Atlantic to the Pacific by the north-
ern passage, was born in Wexford, Ire-
land, in 1807. In 1840 he joined the
Rose expedition in search of Sir John
Franklin, and on its return home ho
was promoted to be a commander for
skill and good conduct. On the next
Franklin expedition being fitted out he
was appointed to the command of the
Investigator, one of the vessels, and im-
mediately set out alpne for ihe regions
of eternal ice. By the 2d of August he
was through Behring Straits, and on the
8th of that month he erected a cairn and
left a notice of the Investigator having
passed and of the direction taken. Thu
was near Point Pitt where they met
some Esquimaux. On the 81st of the
month he reached Cape Bathurst, and
continued to sail in a northeasterly di-
rection. About the middle of Septem-
ber the vessel became fixed in the ice in
Lat 73° 50' North and Long. 117® 55'
W. On the 22d of Oct. McClure set
out determined to,- reach the sea by a
sledge journey, if|possible. and after
suffering great fatigue and privations
was on the 25th of that month rewarded
by a view of the open passage. Mount
Observation, from which the glad vision
was seen, was ^L>und to be in Lat. 73 ®
80min. andSOsec. N. Long. 114© 89
min. W. After makine the discovery
the party returned to the vessel and
McClure awaited patiently the time
when he mig'^t be released from his icy
bonds; but summer c>>me and passed
and winter thrice returr-jd and still
the vessel was in bonds. At last a re-
lief party on board the Resolute ap-
peared, having discovert' 1 his where-
abouts by the Information at the cairn
near Port Pitt. He then abandoned th"i
Investigator, and tranisferred such arti-
cles and supplies as might be needed on
board the Re>3olute and then set forward
for the open passage which he safely
passed through into the Pacific, and
finally reached England Sept. 28, 1854.
He was rewarded by being commission-
ed a Post Captain, was knighted l)y the
Queen, and the officers andcrew of the

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IBI8H CBIiTS.

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Investigator received a gratuity of £10,-
000. McClure died in 1878.

MAC MAHON, HUGH, a brave and
distinguislied Irish officer wlio went to
France after the treaty of Limerick, with
his regiment (the Charlemont) where
he quicklv earned an enviable reputa-
tion for skill and bravery and rose to
prominence. He participated in many
of the important engagements in which
the Irish brigades so greatly distinguish
ed themselves, and at length became a
general officer.

McMAHON, JOHN A., an able and
distinguished lawyer and legislator of
Ohio, was bom of Irish parents in Fred-
erick County, Maryland, February 19,
1883. He received his education at the
Jesuit College, Cincinnati, where he
graduated in 1849, and in January '51
entered the law office of Clement L.
Yallandigham, who was related to him
by marriage. He was admitted to the
bar in his 21st year, and settled to prac-
tice in Dayton, Ohio. He became law
partner of Yallandigham, and ably sup-

J)ortcd him in all his political campaigns
n Ohio. In 1872 he was a delegate to
the Democratic National Convention,
and In 1876 at the urgent solicitations of
h^s fellow citizens he stood as the De-
mocratic candidate for the 4th Ohio
District, which had been strongly Re-
publican, and was elected to tlie 46th
Congress and twice re-elected, declining
further honors he retired from public
life to practice his profession. He might
have received the nomination for Gov-
«rno. or Ohio, and would undoubtedly
have been elected, as he has the confi-
dence of all classes of his fellow-citi-
zens, but he positively declined. The
same may be said in regard to the U.
S. Sentitorship. He says lie is too poor
to be a senator, and although some of
his associates in both the house and sen-
ate grew rich by "lending" their in-
fluence to securmg special legislation
McMnhon's hands are clean and his
vote beyond puruhnse. He is not only
I)osse8sed of a higli order of talents, but
more still he is a man of stainless inte-
grity and great nobility of character.
As a lawyer he ranks high, as a public
man ho possesses ia a marked degree
the higliest confidence and respect of
his fellow citizens of all classes "and
parties.

McMAHON. MARIE ESME PAT-
RICK MAURICE, Marshal of France,
Duke of Magenta and President of the
French Republic, and one of the most
illustrious of modern generals, was born
in Sully, France, June 13, 1808; was of
Irish extraction, his grandfather, John
Patrick McManon, naving been com-
pelled to forsake his native land with
his father, Patrick McMahon, on ac-
count of their connection with the civil
wars in Ireland, and to seek, like thous-
ands of his fellow-countrymen, his for-
tune in France. The army was usually,
if not their choice, at least the readiest
place of employment, and consequently
we find during those years not only '
the French army but those of other
continental nations, ti«mine with Irish
names, and illustrated by Irish valor.
The McMahon's wero among the most
noted of the Irish exiles who rose to dis-
tinction in France. His grandfather
rose to be a general officer and was made
a count for distinguished services; his
father and uncle were both general of
fleer, and they had cousins of the same
name not less distinguished. The future
marshal, being destined for the army,
his preparatory studies under the eye
of Ids father were made in conformity
therewith, and at the age of sixteen he
entered the military school of St. Cyr,
November, 1825. He was so well ad-
vanced that he completed his course in
less than two years and took his rank
as a sous lieutenant in the 4th Huzzars,
and joined the Staff School of Instruc-
tion. In 1830, desirousof active service,
ho changed into the 20th Re^iment,then
under marching orders for Algeria then
the theatre of war. On arrivmjj there
he was placed on the staff of Gen.
Achard, then in command of the French
forces. From the very first he distin-
guished himself for coolness and brav-
ery. Gen. Achard having been order-
ed to the Low Countries the following
year took with him McMahon, his fav
orite stuff officer, and we hear of him
in 1882 promoted to a Captaincy and
decorated with the order of St. Leopold
for gallant and meritorious services at
the seige of Antwerp, In 1836 we hear
of him again in Algeria on Mie staff of
Gen. Dainemont and of his being sev-
erely wounded in a desperate assault on
the city and fortifications of Constan-
tine. For his conspicuous daring on
tlii!^ occasion he was decorated
with the Cross of the Legion of

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Honor. Immediately on recovering
from his injuries he reported for duty
and was assigned to the staff of Gen.
Changarnier. In 1840, on tlie organ-
ization of the ChasseuK a pied, for
the African service, McMahon was of-
fered command of the 10th battalion,
which he accepted, and took a conspi-
cuous part in the campaigns which sub-
jugatpn the Arab tribes, ending with
the capture of tlieir great chief Ab del-
Eader. In 1848 he was made a briga-
dier-general and successively governor
of Tiemeen.Constantine and Oran.and in
July, 1852, became General of Division.
In 1854 the Crimean war broke out, and
McMahon was summond to France and
appointed to take command of the 1st
Corps d'Armee. and with a portion of
the Allied fleet ordered to the Baltic to
make a demonstration on the Russian
capital from that quarter. The British
admiral, however, finding Cronstadt too
strongly fortified, retired after a distant
bombardment, and McMahon was or-
dered to his future theater of glory, the
Crimea. Sebastopol, the principal po-
sition, and the key to the peninsula, was
the point of attack. It was supposcii
to be impregnable, and so it probably
was by the se *. The Allies then un-
der the command of Lord Raglan, de-
termined to invest it by land. The
work at first proceeded rather slowly,
and the Russians, un-Ier the cjlebrated
engineer Totleben, were constructing
mighty works for the land defenses. In
the meantime Raglan wassuper^eded by
MarshHl St. Armand, who pushed the
investing lines of the Allies, and gained
the battle of Alma, Sept. 20, 1854. Pel
lisier soon succeeded St. A^-mnnd and
McMahon relieved Canrobert in com-
ma d of the first division. Life and
activity now quickly characterized the
actions of the Allies. The battles of Bala
clava and Inkcrinann which soon fol-
lowed, completed die investure, and the
siege commenced in earnest. The Win-
tei' of '54 and 66 was intensely severe,
the besiegers suffered terribly, especial
ly the English, or perhaps, we should
ratlier say the poor Irish soldiers who
too often form the great portion of the
file of that army — ten thousand of whom
died, it is said, from want and exposure
through the incompetency of their com-
miseariat. During the summer of '55
the siege was carried on with vigor, and
the immense works in their front wer<3
at length deemed capable of being taken

by a desperate aasault. The greater and
stronger of the defenses was Mal.ikofl,
and the stormins of this was assigned to
the French under McMahon. Every
preparation being made, the 7th of Sep-
tember was destined for the&ssault, and
during the whole of the memorable-
morning the Allied batteries continued
to poiu'shotand shell on the doomed
forts. About noon on that day the bat-
teries suddenly ceased and the Russiana
were amazed to see masses of French
soldiers swiftly advancing up the slope-
in their front. Wonder and am.azement
at the apparent rashness of the attempt,
for a while seems to have kept the be-
sieged silent and inactive, but it was of
short juration. Every gun that could
be brought to bear on the advancing
columns soon be ched forth its destruc-
tive messenger of death, the earth trem-
bled beneath the mighty uproar and
the heavens were darkened with rolling
clouds of sulphurous vapor, it wasaa
if an earthquake beneath and a hurri-
cane of death from above hnd suddenly
burst upon the advancing columns to-
sweep or to swallow them up. But it
proved unavailing; though many fell the
columns pushed on with the irresistible
tread of fate, and so well prepared were-
they to overcome the obstacles in the'r
way, and so swiftly did they lessenthe
distance between themselvCvS and the
enemy, that l^fore a second dist^hargO'
could be trained upon them they were
across the dykeb over the chevaux de-
frise, scaling the ramoarts and
through the embrasures. I'hen came-
the desperate hand to hand encounter.
The Russians knew that if they lost then
everything was lost, and encouraced by
the voice and example of their ofiicers
they fought with a dogged desperation,
but nothmg could re ist the impetuosity
of the French. Having overcome, as if
bymngic. the appalling obstacles which/
lay in the path, tlierest seemed easy:—
with the light of victory upon their
countenances and its confident shout
upon their lips, they precipitated them-
selves like an avalanche upon the t'c-s-
perate but hop less foe. who fo? a
while contested the ground inch by inch
with the sullen energy of despair. Evea
then so doubtful seemed the reuult that.
FcUisier fearing that the works mivht
tie mined, cent word to McMahon tLafr
it was best to retire, but be briefly an-
swered, "I am in, and here I will re-
main." The result could not long b»

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doubtful. The Russians at length be-
gan tc give way, a dogged retreat soon
becanie a precipitate rout,and the Mala-
koff was won. The English and 'Ital-
ians, who stormed the Redau at the
same time, were not so successful; they
recoiled before the terrible reception
they met and lay cowering in the trench-
es. McMahon qu'ckly perceiving the
situation turned the captured guns of
the Malakoff on her sister fort, and un-
der cover of his Are the assault was re
newed and the Redan captured. The
Russians retreated within the city, but
resistance being now hopeless, the city
itself surrendered, aud tbd Russian army
became prisoners of war. For his gal-
lant conduct, McMahon was decorated
with the grand cross of the Le^on of
Honor, and made a Senator of France.
Peace was soon after concluded and
McMahon was again transferred to Al-
geria as commander-in-chief of the land
and naval forces of that Province. The
Franco-Itali>in war against Austria
breaking out in 1856 McMahon again
came to tlie front as commander of the
second corps. Napoleon and Victor
Emanuel bemg nominally the comman-
ders of the allied Army. The campaign
was short and decisive, five battles were
fought in the short space of thirty three
days — Montecello, May 21, Palestro,
May 30, Magenta, June 4, Malignano,
June 18, and Solferino, June 24. Mc
Mahon'b first great achievement was at
Magi-nta where he snatched victory
from the hands of the Austrians. The
Emperor Napoleon attacked the Aus-
trian'' on the morning of June 4th in
intrenchments around the village and
bridge of Magenta; the opposing hosts
were about equal in number:), one hun-
dred »nd fifty thousand men each. The
siniirgie was long, obstinate and doubt-
ful, but victory at lungth ceemed about
to crown the banner of the Austrian,
when suddenly MrMuhon appeared up-
on the tield, and swe<-ping down on the
flanks of the astonished Austrians, broke
through their column:^ and scattered
them Tike chaff. His appeirance, it is
said, was not only a surprise to the
Austrians but to Napoleon himself, as
he came without orders, pushing on
from his base at Navgra by forced
marches and guided by the distant din
of battle which fell upon his ears all
t' e morninj; he hurried forward, ar-
r^ 'iiig just m time to save the honor of
the^euch arms and perhaps change

the result of the war. The Emperor
expressed his thanks on the field of bat-
tle for this timely aid, and McMahon was
rewarded with the title of Duke of
Blagenta and made a Marshal of France.
The war ended with the battle of Sol-
ferino iu which McMahon, although
not first in command, took a most im-
portant part in determining the result.
Over three hundred and fifty thousand
men were engaged on the field on this
memorable occasion. The Austrians
although well posted, moved from their
works and took the offensive. They
moved down on the Allies with such im-
petuosity that both wings gave way.the
left under Victor Emanuel first; but
theirvery impetuosity proved their ruin.
Pushing on too far they weakened their
center, which Pellesier and McMahon
perceiving hurled all their reserved
forces upon it, pierced it, broke it
to pieces and utterlv routed it. The
Austrians retreated, leaving in the
hands of the victors thirty guns and
about seven thousand prisoners; but so
desperate was the engagement that the
loss of the Allies in killed and wounded
was even greater than that of the Aus-
trians, being about eighteen thousand.
In 1864 McMahon was Governor-Gen-
eral of Algeria, but shortly afterwards
resigned and returned to France. We
now come to the epoch of the unfortu-
nate Franco-Pi-ussiau war in 1871. and
of it we may safely say, whatever else
may be true or false, that France was
as unprepared for such a struggle as
Prussia was the reverse. Success seemed
to have lulled France, or rather its gov-
ernment,into an overweaning confidence
of its power, breeding carelessness and
corruption in both civil and military
circles. Prussia on the contrary was
not only perfecting her military re-
sources and discipline, supplying her
armies with the most destructive in-
struments of war, but she had also
throughout France a network of spies,
who had wormed themselves, it is said,
into every department of the civil and
miliUiry administration. We have.how-
ever, only to do with McMahon. He
had command of ond division of the
French army, the headquarters being
at Metz. Having been ordered to make
areooiinoisance m force towards the
German lines at the frontier.with 40,000
men he proceeded as far as Woerth
where be suddenly confronted the ene-
my under the Crown Prince with about

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four times his numbers. The Prussians
anticipated an easy capture, their num-
bers mailing the surrounding him a
fore.&fone conclusion in their minds.
]tfc!l)I)thon determined, if possible, to

get back to his base and the desperate
ut une<][ual contest commenced.
The Prussians, by their vastly superior
numbers, attempted to outflank and
surround him, but he defeated all their
efforts Again and again he drove them
back'and cut them down like grahi,and
el! day the desperate conflict continued.
McMahon was repeatedly in the heat of
the conflict, encouraging his men by
his presence to heroic eflort.his staff hav-
ing been all disabled and his horse shot
under him. Night at length gave the
combatants a rest. McMahon did not
succeed in opening his way back to
Metz, but neither did the Prussians with
four times his number gain anything
but a harvest of death. Feeling that the
attempt to reach Mctz by the contested
way would only entai' a still greater
loss and imminent danger of being en
tirely surrounded, McMahon under cover
of the night retreated on the road to
Paris, intending to unite with the large
body of troops collected there under
Trochee, hoping while covering the
capital he would secure time for the
concentration of all available troops and
be strong enough to force a juncture
with Bazaine. The government, how-
ever, fearful that it would draw danger
towards the capital, ordered him on to
Metz, without re-enforcing his gallant
little army with a man or a gun. Al-
tliough against his better judgment, he
pressed on towards Metz, taking the
precaution to send to Bazaiue full infor-
mation as to his movements and suggest-
ing the CO operation which might be
nectssury. That commander failed,
however, to make any diversion in his
favor for reasons best known to him-
self, and McMahon met the Germans in
overwhelming numbers at Sedan. Al-
though they were six or seven to one!
he drew up his heroic little army and
prepared for battle. The Germans,
fearful that he might escape from
them again, hurried on the conflict, and
then and there took place one of, the
most bloody and desperate conflicts for
Uie lime it lasted, which the world ever
saw. Again and again did the Germans
hurl themselv'son the French lines.and
again and again were they driven back
with horrid slaughter. There stood the

little army like a wall of adamant, en-
cournged by the example of their idol-
ized leader, who seemed always present
where most needed, and there they re
mained seemingly invincible, until their
guiding hero fell, as was supposed, mor-
tally wounded. Knovrlng it was a use-
less sacrifice to continue the struggle,
agairst such odds, after the ~fall
of McMahon, they surrendered. In
these two struggles the Prussians mp.st
have lost in killed and wounded mure
than McMahon's entire force, and al-
though victory was with the Germans
the meed of glory was with the van-
quished. McMahon, now wounded and
a prisoner, was treated with great cour-
tesy by his captors, and when the pre-
liniiinaries of peace were signed in March,
1872, he was released. Although de-
feated his skill and gallantry was so
conspicuous and so universally recog-
nized, that contrary to the usual rule he
neither lost cou'ldence, or popularity,
but quite otherwise. It was considered,
and justly too, that his defenses, both
at Woerth and Sedan, but added fresh
lustre to French arms. When he ar-
rived back again in France, Paris was
in the hands of the Commune, aud the
Provincial Assembly then at liordeaux,
as well as of the universal voice of the
French people, caMed upon him tu take
command of tlie army, and giving him
plenary powers, looked to him to rescue
them from the hands of the wicked.
His actions were prompt and decisive.
He drove this worse than German ene-
my from the fortification of Paris, and
entering .ne city swept this rabble
of sight forever, arresting over
thousand of the most prominent,
immediately announced the restoration
of law and order, and counselled mod-
eration, prudence and forbearance.
After establishing the civil power, he re-
sumed his position at the hexd of the
army, and- commenced immediately ita
reorganixation. In May, 1878 the
Provisional Assembly with M. Thiers,
at their head, who was a kind of quasi-
President of France, discussed the for-
mation of a permanent Kepublic, but
after an exciling debate it was rejected
byn majority of only fourteen. Thiers,
therefore, resisrned his position, and
McMahon was immediately called upon
to succeed him. He acceptetl the trust.
ConflHenee in the wisdom and stability
of his government became universal and
the era of prosperity commenced ia

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over ten
[nent. He
■estorati'^n
lUed mod-
frbearance.
. er, he re-
)>id of the
idiately its
1878 the
M. Thiers,
d of quiisi-
;d thefor-
,vil)lic, but
as rejected
Thiers,
^ition, and
;alled upon
i the trust,
^d stability
liversal and
menced in

France. On the reopening of the As-
sembly in the fall of 1873 McMahon in
bift mi-ssace ir.sisted that while it may
not be rolicy lodcfli i cly fix the form
of srovcrnmenr, it wa-t very necessary,
if confidence and security would
bo insured, to demand tliat the
head of the nation should have
a deflniti' vitality and positive powers.
Tlie gravity of the question was incon
testable, and after several days debate
his presidential torm was fixed upon at
seven years. All parties rejoiced at the
result.' Ills administration was wise and
liberal, and France prospered almost
magically. The great war indemnity
whi( h she agree(l to pay Germany was
quickly wipc.l out, and France resumed
her place as the most prosperous of
European nations. The radical ele-
Di'-ntever acrgressive and growing more
powerful, insisted on pushing lcgi«la-
tion into channels which McMSion dis-
api)rovid. he at length resigned before
the termination of his term, and retired
to rest, from a long and glorious career,
among the people he had served so well.

McMAHON, WILLIAM, D. D., one
of the most eloquent of Methodist di-
vines, was born m Virginia in 1685 of
Irish parents, and was licensed to

£ reach in his sixteenth year. He soon
ecame celebrated for bis eloquence,
and was renowned throughout the
South. He held important positions
among his brethetn and added largely
to tlie strength and reputation on his
oliurch. He died iu Tennessee in 1870.

McMASTERS, ERASTUS, D.. son
of the succeeding and equally celebrated
as a Presbyterian divine, was born in
Pennsylvania in '1806, graduated at
Union College in 1^27, was president of
t*outh Hanover College, Indiana, from
1888 to '45, and of the Miami Univer-
sity from '45 to '49, and Professor of
Theology in New Albany Seminary,
He is the author of several religious
works. He died in Chicago in 1866.

McM ASTERS, GILBERT. D. D.,

an able American Presbyterian divine,
was born in Ireland February 13, 1778,
and came with his parents soon after to
the United States, who settled in that

freat hive of the race, Pennsylvania.
le graduated iu .lefferson College in
180a studied theology and entered the
ministry in 1808. He wrote largely for

the periodicals and published several
religious works besides sermons and ad-
dresses, which were held in high es-
teem by his brethern. He died tit New
Albany, Indiana, Mar. 17, 1854.

McMASTERS.nON. WM.,an able
and public spirited Canadian statesman
and financier, was born in the county
Tvone, Ireland, in 1811, and emi-
dned to Canada shortly after reaching
nS majority. He immediately engaged
in busmess and soon by energy, fore-
sight and business tact, became one of
the leading merchants of Toronto, and
more perhaps than any other man. first
earned for it the reputation of a busi-
ness centre. In a few years he ac-
quired a large fortune for those days,
his business extending to every part of
Western Canada. In the meantime he
became connected with many promi-
nent financial enterprises, was a director
of the Ontario Bank and bank of Mon-
treal, President of the Freehold Loan
and Savings Company, vice-President-
of the Confederation Life Association,
and connected with other Insurance
Companies. He at length transferred
his great mercantile house to his ne-
phew, and gave his attention to hia
financial enterprises. He was founder
of the Bank of Commerce, over which
he presided for sixteen years, and was
chaiiman of the Canadian Board of the
Great Western Railway. In 1H62 he
was elected to the Legislative Council
of Canada and after tlie Confederation,
which he advocated, was adopted, he
was chosen one of the Senators to repre-
sent Ontario. He was also a member
of the Council of Public Insti-uction
and of the Board of the Toronto Uni-
versity, and has been a munificcjnt con-
tributor to Literary institutions in
Canada. In religion he is a Baptist and
his bequests to the diiferent churciies
and institutions of that body would ex-
ceed $100,000, and are a proof of the
generous Irish blood that courses
through his veins. He is one of the
most influential men of the Dominion.

McM0LTS3E, NICHOLAS. Arch-
bishop of Armagh, A. D. 1293. He
was celebrated for eloquence, wisdom
and zeal, and was the author of many
good works in those distracted times.

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He died A. D.. 1303.

MAO

nUSR CELTS.

MAO

McMURRAY, REV. DR. WM.,a tal-
ented Canadian Minister of the Episco-
pal Church, was born near Portadown,
Ireland, Sept. 19th, 1810, and came to
Canada with his parents who settled in
York (Toronto). He studied under
Dr. Strachan and was ordained in
1882, and soon after was sent as a mis-
sioner to the Chippewa Indians of Lake
Superior, and there married a daughter
of John Johnston (whose life see). In
1853 he was delegated to seek assistance
for Trinity College (Canada) in the
United States, and while there Col-
umbia College gave him the degree of
D. D., and Trinity College, Toronto,
the degree of D. C. L. In 1864 he
went to England in the interest of the
University, and was received there with,
great distinction by the most prominent
churchmen and other high oflScials.
Dr. Murray was eminently successful in
all his undertakings and ranks high
among his brethem for abihty and
scholarly parts.

McNEILE, HUGH, D D., an elo-
qent and able divine of the established
church was bore at Ballycastle, Ire-
land, 1795, and graduated at Trinity
College, Dublin in 1815. He at first
intended to devote himself to law and
entered at Lincoln's Inn, but he .aban-
doned it for divinity and took orders in
the Established church in 1820. His
first charge was in Donegal, Ireland,
but he soon received the appointment of
Rector of Albany, in England, and had
already acquired a fine reputation for
eloquence. He next received a call to
Liverpool, and in 1845 became an hon-
orary Canon of Chester and Dean of
Ripon in 1808. He published several
volumes of sermons, lectures and papers
on religious subjects, and ranked
among the most eloquent preachers of
his day in England.

McNEMARA, JOHN, a celebrated
naval oflicer in the service of France,
was a native of Munster, Ireland. The
misfortunes of his country drove him
to France and he entered tlie naval ser
vice of that country. He greatly dis-
tinguislied himself on various occasions
and rose to the rank of Vice- Admiral. He
was decorated with the military order
of St. Louis and was Governor of
Rochefort. He died in 1747.

McNEVEN, WM. JAMES. M. D.. a
distinguished Irish patriot and co-labor-
er of the Emmets, was bom in Gal way,
Ireland, March 2d, 1763, and was edu-
cated on the continent, at Prague and
Vienna, then studied medicine,graduat-
ing in 1784. On coming home he im-
mediately joined the patriotic soc.eties
of Dublin, and was one of the most ar-
dent members of the Society of United
Irishmen, and was arrested and impris-
oned for four years. He then went to
France and became a captain in an
Irish brigade, In 1804 he came to the
United States with Thomas Addis Em-
met. He was appointed professor in
the College of Physicians and Surgeons
also in the Medical School of Rutger's
College. He was a member of the
Medical Council during the cholera
of 1832. He is the author of "Exposi-
tion of the Atomic Theory," "Pieces of
Irish History," besides editini; some
scientific works. He died in New York,
July 13, 1841.

McREYNOLDS, COL. ANDREW
T.. a gallant officer and a distinguished
citizen of Michigan, was born at Dun-
gannon county Tyrone, Ireland, D( c 25,
1808. He received a good education
and in 1830 emigrated to the United
State*, and first settled at Pittsburg,
Penn. He had a strong military pen-
chant and was ensign of the "Du-
quesne Grays," the first volunteer com-
pany that was orgtinized west of tlie
Allt^hanies after the war of 1812,
whic' '•ompany offered its services to
GensiHl Scott to suppress nullification
in South Carolina. In 1833 McRey-
nolds removed to Detroit, Michigan,
and at once became connected with
the militaiy of the State. There he
commencea the study of the law, was
admitted to the Bar in 1840 and soon
acquired a fair practice. On the break-
ing out of the Mexican war he offered
his services to President Polk, who
commissioned him a Captain of Cav-
alry in the United States army. In
the war he greatly distinguishccl him-
self by his bravery and dash and in con-
1 unction with Captain, afterwards Gen.
'hil. Kearney earned the higliest
f raises and received the thanks of the
'resident and Senate on their brilliant
cavalry charge up to the gates of tlie
city of Mexico, wliere he was al-
most fatally wounded. After the war
MoReynoios returned to Detroit and re-

MAC

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MAD

nin-
con-

en.
liest

the

iHUt

the
al-
war
dre-

sumed the practice of the law, and be-
came prosecuting attorney of Wayne
county. He anerwards removed to
Grand llapids, and on the breaking out
of the Reuellion he was commissioned
a colonel and immediately organized
the "Lincoln Cavaliy," which took the
field in 1861. In 1862 he commanded
a bri ^dc and later a division. After
the expiration of his term of service,
thre«! years, he returned to Orand
Rapids and resumed the practice of his
profession. He was appointed United
States District Attorney for the West
District of Michigan and was the Demo-
cratic candidate for Congress in his
district in 1872. He still resides in
Orand Rapids highly honored and re-
spected.

MAC RONAN, THOMIAN. an il-
lustrious successor of St. Patrick, was
of royal descent and succeeded to the
Primacy aljout 636. The venerable
Bede speaks of him in reference to the
controversy about Easter. He was a

freat patron of learning, and equally
istinguished for piety, zeal and exten-
sive knowledge. He died September
2nd, 623.

McSPARRAN, JAMES D. D., a
learned and eloquent divine of the Es-
tablished, church, was bom in Ireland
about 1695, and after completing his
education entered the ministry of
that church. He was a friend
of Bishop Berkeley and at his sugges-
tion came to America in 1721 to engage
in missionary labor. He settled in
Narragansett, R. I., and became noted
for his eloquence and zeal. He is the
author of a historical and geographical
treatise called *' America dissected,"
Dublin. 1758. He was also engaged on
an extended history of the Colonies
when he died at South Kingston, R. I.,
December 1, 1757.

MACULLA, JAMES, a projector
and issuer of a copper currency in Ire-
land about 1730. He was a general
artificier in metals and the country suf-
fering for the want of a small currency
he prepared and issued a copper cur-
rency, on one side of which
was: "I promise to pay the bear-
er or demand 20 pence a pound
for these," reverse, "cash notes, value
received, Dublin 1729, James Macul-
la." He published two works on the

subject showing its benefits. Dean
Swift endorsed the enterprise as bene-
ficial under proper restrictions. He
issued them for several years, copies of
which are now very rare.

MADAN, MARTIN, a Protestant
divine, was born in the North of Ireland
about 1726 and was educated for the
Bar, went to England and shortly af-
terwards took orders and became a very
fopular preacher at the Lock Chapel,
n 1781 he drew upon himself a host of
assailants by publishing his Thelyp-
thora in which he excuses polyiramy in
certain cases. He also published* an
edition of Juvenal and Persius with
translations, besides other works. He
died in 1790.

MADDEN, RICHARD ROBT., M.
D., a talented Irish writer historian
and traveller, was born in Dublin in
1798, received a thorough classical
education and took his medical degree.
He afterwards travelled extensively in
Turkey, Asia Minor and Egypt, and
returning became a fellow of the Roy-
al College of Surgeons. He was sent
to Jamaica in 1833 in connection with
the emancipation Act. and became sup-
erintendent of the Africans in Jamaica.
He was also commissioner of Arbitration
in the Mixed Court of Justice in Jam-
aica from 1836 to 1839, and also of
Enquiry into the slave trade on the
we^i; coast of Africa 1840, Colonial
Secretary of Western Australia in 1847,
and Sec. the Loan Fund Board of Dub-
lin in 1850. Among his works are
"Travels in Turkey," "West Indies,"
"Life of Savonarola," "Galileo," "Lives
and Times of the United Irishmen,"
"Penal Laws against Roman Cathol-
ics" and "History of Irish Periodical
Literattu«."

MADDEN, DR. SAMUEL MOLT-
NEUX, an Irish divine, philanthro-

f)ist and scholar, was born in Dub-
in, December 25. 1n86, was educated
in Dublin Unversity and became a
clergyman of the Established Church.
He was the author of Themistocles, a
tragedy of great merit, but not well
adapted for the stage. A very curious
work entitled, "Memoirs of the Twen-
tieth century, being letters of state un-
der George 'VI.," and which he sup-
pressed immediately after issue . Re-
flections and Resolutions proper for

MAD

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MAD

the Oentlemen of Ireland," besides let-
ters on various subjects of public inter-
est and poems. He was also promoter
of the scheme for establishment of
premiums in Dublin University and
gave liberally to the same. He was also
a great promoter of all eocieties which
eL'ouraged arts, manufactures and
science, and gave liberally of both time
and money, his own premiums often
amounting to over $1,600 a year. He
was an ardent lover of his country al-
though somewhat bigoted toward
Catholics, and did as much as any man
could do toward her material prosperty.
He died December 81, 1766.

MADISON, JAMES, fourth Presi-
dent of the United States of America,
was bom March 16, 1751, at Port
Conway, the home of his mother's
(Eleanor Conway)^ family, who were
Irish settlers of Frince Orange Co., Vir-
ginia; his father. Col. James Madison,
was a wealthy planter of Orange Coun-

Sr. He received his preliminary educa-
on at home under the parish minister,
Bev. Thos. Martin, and graduated in
Princeton College after a two years'
course. He continued his studies and
pursued a course of reading under the
direction of President Witherspoon for
some months longer, but injured his
health by his almost ceaseless applica-
tion, allowing himself usually less than
four hours sleep. He returned home
in 1773 to commence the study of the
law, but he continued to read extensive-
ly in other branches. The Revolution,
which sooL after broke out, was al-
ready agitating the pople, and adding
to its intensity in Virginia was a local
question akin to it, viz., the legal do-
minance of the Church of England in
that state and the disabilities which
the evasion of its statutory rights
entailed. Madison entered heartily and
vigorously into the discussion of those

Questions, and was an ardent advocate
f civil and religious liberty, and the
equality of all before the law. He re-
peatedly appeared in court in defense
of Non-Conformists, who refused to be
governed by stato-cburch regulations,
and he gained great credit for hismanlv
and vigorous proteeU against such cei-
fish, tmchristian and barbarous enac^
ments. He was elected to the Virginia
Convention in the spring of 1776, and
distinguished himself there by his abil-
ity, boldness and liberal views. He pro-

cured an amendment to the "Bill of
Rights" as originally drawn and pres-
ented by George Mason, by insertine
the words "rel^ous liberty'^ in place ot
"toleration," which he deemed not broad
or emphatic enough. He was also elect-
ed to the Assembly in '77, and in '77 was
chosen one of the Council of State, and
in March, 1780, took his seat in the
Continental Congress where he first
gained prominence by his vigorous op-

Sositiontothe issue of paper money.
[e soon became chairman of the com-
mittee on foreign relations, and as such
produced an able document for the use
of American Ministers in Europe, assert-
ing and sustaining the claims of the
young Republic to the territory between
the Alleghany Mountains and the Mis-
sissippi, and the right to a free naviga-
tion of the same. He was the princi-
pal author of the system of revenue
adopted by the government in '88, and
was the author of the address issued by
Congress to the states on that subject.
He also took a prominent part in his
own state in having struck from its sta-
tute books all olegarchial and religious
distinctions and his "Memorial ana Re-
monstrance" against a state church was
the ablest paper produced on the sub-
ject. He was also prominent in calling
for a convention to cement more in-
timately the Union of the States, and
one af the signers of the call of the con-
vention of 1787, which resulted in the
E resent constitution of the United States.
[e was one of the prominent figures in
that convention and among the chief
framers of its glorious constitution, and
perhaps its ablest advocate with the
pen. He was a member of the first four
Congresses, and although not a pro-
minent partisan, at once favored the
policy advocated by Jefferson, or what
was known as the Republican party.
He was offered the French Embassy
and Secretaryship of State, both of
which he refused. As the party lines
became more defined he more strongly
identified himself with the Republican
party, and as early as 1793 was its ac-
knowledged leader. He was the choice
of his party for President on Washing-
ton declining a re-election, but refused,
favoring Jefferson. During the ad-
ministration of John Adams, Madison
remainwl in private life, but was not
idle, for he gave birth to the famous re-
solutions of 98, adopted by the Virginia
legislature, condemning the insane

MAD

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MAO

" Alien and Sedition Laws " passed by
Congress under the influence of the
Adams administration. He was also
author of the " Report " issued in de-
fence of the "Resolutions." which pa-
pers entitle him to one of the most ex-
alted places among American patriots.
The illiberal course of the Adams ad-
ministration and its treatment through
its representatives of such sterling pat-
riots as Thomas Addis Emmet threw the
Irish blood of the Republic — which al-
ways courses through hearts filled with
a warm and generous love of true liber-
ty — into opposition and the generous
Democracy, under the leadership of the
Jeffersons, the Madisons, the Monroes,
the Clintons and the Jacksons swept the
country and permanently laid the foun-
dation of that broad spirit of liberty
that still, and let us hope may ever,
characterize this great Republic. This
re-action placed Jefferson la the Presi-
dential chair, and Madison became his
Secretary of State, which he held to the
end of his term. Madison was chosen
to succeed him by an electoral vote of
128 to 63. and was inaugurated March,
1809. During the administration of
Madison the war of 1812 with Great
Britain broke out . It was the result
of the bitterness which filled the British
soul from iixe humiliating days of the
Revolution when she "lost," as she
heard it proclaimed in her own Parlia-
ment, "America by the Irish," and it
was the insolent persistence in claiming
Irish born Americans as British sub-
jects and forcibly taking them from
^^merican vessels in the high seas that
compelled America in self-defense to de-
clare war, which entailed upon England
the ever memorable defeat of New Or-
leans, still by the hands of those same
unconquered and unconquerable Irish
Celts. Pending this war Madison was
again elected President. The war lasted
three years without any special results,
unless it was that the boasted superiority
of British skill and valor on the high seas
was successfully disputed ,for the Ame-
rican ship manned mainly by Irish-
Americans, of any where near the same
capacitv, was almost uniformly the vic-
tor, and the most conspicuous instance
in which it was otherwise was the
"Shannon," which sailed from an Irish

£ort, manned by Irish (unfortunately),
during this war the English exhibit-
ed their venom by wantonly burning
the Capitol at Washington, and Uie same

Tory blood in America by the Hartford
Convention, which sought to embarra s
the government. Madison retired from
the Presidency March, 1807, to reside
for the remainder of his days among u
people whom he had so lotig represent-
ed. He still took a lively interest in the
development of educational and other
interests of his state. In 1829 he was
sent as a delegate to the Constitutional
Convention, where his appearance was
hailed with the greatest satisfaction.and
his presence looked upon as an honor to
the Convention. He came rather to en-
courage and counsel than to take a lead-
ing part. This was his last public ap-
pearance. He died at Montpelier, June
28, 1836. It is said of him that so ad-
mirably well balanced were his qualities
that he possessed in a greater degree than
any statesman of his day the respect and
esteem of all his cotemporaries.

MAQEE, WILLIAM, D. D., LL.D.
Protestant Archbishop of Dublin, an
able but bigoted Irish divine and schol-
ar, was born in County Fermanagh, Ire-
land, March 18, 1766, and graduated
at Trinity College, Dublin in 1785, was
elected a fellow in 1788 and entered
the Miixistry of the Established Church
in 1790, he having to support himself
in the meantime by teaching. He re-
mained for some time afterwards in Uie
University as Assistant-Professor of
Oriental languages and Professor of
Mathematics. He retired from those
duties in 1812 to accept a living and be-
came Dean of Cork in 1814. where he won
fame as a pulpit orator. He was a man
of brilliant parts and extensive learning
tarnished however by a bitter spirit oi
intolerance, not only agains Catholicity
but almost equally so against Unitar-
ianism. He was the author of a num-
ber of works, the best known of which
was "Atonement and Sacrifice," and
was noted for his controvertial encoun-
ters.

MAGEE, WM. CONNER, D. D.,
Protestant bishop of Peterborough,
England, an able Irish divine and ora-
tor of the Established Church, was boru
in Cork in 1821; received his education
at Trinity College, Dublin, and entered
the Ministry of ue Established Church,
becoming first a Curate in Dublin. He
afterwards went to Spain for his health
where he remained for two years, re-
turning he settled in Bath, England.

.'■■.i«

MAG

IRISH CELTS.

MAQ

where he took a leading part in the or-
ganizing of the Defence Society in op-
position to the Liberation Society. In

1860 he received a call to London, in

1861 to Inniskillen, in 1864 became
Dean of Cork, and shortly afterwards
Dean of the Chapel Royal, Dublin and
Donnellan Lecturer. He has acquired
a high reputation for eloquence and has
taken an active part in the debates in
the House of Lords, especially on all

?uestions touching the Established
Jhuch, and especially in oppesition to
the disestablistiment of the Irish
Church.

MAGINNIS MARTIN, an able and

Erominent politician of Montana, was
orn in Wayne county, New York of
Irish parents October 27, 1840, and re-
moved with his parents to Minnesota
when a child, where he received his
education, leaving Hamline University
before completing his course to take
editorial charge of a Democratic news-
paper. On the breaking out of the re-
bellion he immediately enlisted as a
private in the First Minnesota Infantry,
and was made Ist Lieutenant for gal-
lantry at the first battle of Bull Run.
He continued in uninterrupted service
during the entire war, bting present in
almost every battle cf the Army of the
Potomac until September 1864 when he
was transferred to the Army of the
Cumberland as Major of the 11th Min-
nesota Volunteers where he served un-
der Qen. Thomas until mustered out
of service in July 1866. He earned for
himself an enviaole reputation for skill
and bravery, and on every occasion
behaved in a soldierly and gallant man-
ner. In 1866 he removed to Montana
and engaged in mining, and subse-
ouently established and edited "The
Helena Daily Gazette." He has been
five consecutive times elected to Con-

f^ress to represent that territory, and is
ooked upon as one of the most promis-
ing and able legislators of that embrio
State.

MAGINN, DR. WILLIAM, one
of the ablest most versatile and
witty of modern literary men, was
born In Cork in 1794, where his fatlier
conduct 3d an academy. He entered
Trinity College at a very early age and
graduated in his seventeenth year. For
• while he took his father's place at the
beadof his academy, but his imagina-

tive mind and daring fancies were ill at
ease under the never varying drudgery
of pedagogery, even while here he how-
ever embarked in periodical writing
and doveloped that wonderful talent
which he afterwards exhibited. In
1819 he commenced contributing to
Blackwood's Magazine for which he
invented and sustained the character of
Morgan O'Doherty and wrote some of
the most spirited and attractive papers
that ever appeared in it. He was equal-
ly happy in prose and poetry but
it was especially in irony and
witty, sarcastic ridicule that he
was unrivalled. His mastery over the
classics was complete as well as his
knowledge of the Irish and Celtic, and
he often made use of his powers in this
respect to translate some of the best ef-
forts of cotemporary writers into some
of those languages, and then appear
with a bold and astounding charge of
plagiarism, with such abihty and well
sustained earnestness as to confound
both the author and the public. In
1823 he came to London and devoted
himself from thence forward to general
literature. His union of various schol-
arships with his ^reat talent for popu-
lar writing and his bold sarcastic style
secured for him constant employment.
For a while he was joint editor of the
Standard newspaper, but getting into
some misunderstanding with his asso-
ciates, he abandoned it, and in 1880
founded Fraser's Magazine, and for
some years sustained the principle bur-
then of furnishing it with literary mat-
ter. Unfortunately like to«> many
other great geniuses his habits became ir-
regular and as he increased with age their
Eower over him increased also, so that
e could not be relied upon for regular
work. The consequence was that being
reckless and improvident with money at
his best, he soon became involved ia
debt, when his recourses became pre-
carious from his Irregular habits,
and in 1842 he found himself
in the Fleet prison for debt. He haw-
ever soon obtained his release through
the Insolvent Debtors' Court, but bis
constitution was already broken, caused
by exposure and probably want of bet-
ter care and nourishment, arising from
his unfortunate hatit, and he died of
consumption shortly after his release.
He was then reduced to absolute beg-
gary, although Sir Robert Peel who
was his friend and admirer, sent him

roun

self.

and

ackt

host)

laws

civi

MAO

IRISH CELTS

MAG

relief on hearing of his forlorn condi
tion, which however came hut soon
enough to supply his iast wants. His
mind, however, amidst all the abuse
was active and viu:orous to the last, and
he dictated on his death bed the last
of his Homeric Hymns, the most pre-
tentious of his serious efforts inverse
Thus died this highly gifted man in the
very prime of life leaving behind him
no wt iter more able among his cotem-
poraries. As a master of the classics
in its broadest sense he undoubtedlv
was unrivalled in modem times. It fs
said of him that he wrote Greek and
Latin poetry with the greatest ease and
purity, and so perfect was his imitation
of the great classic masters that the
ablest critics were deceived. As a critic
he was most formidable; armed with
boundless stores of knowledge, in
science ss well as literature, with wit
keen, penetrating and searching, while
his inventive and humorous fancy could
transform into the ridiculous the most
solemn efforts or melt them by an irre-
sistible humor. Dr. Maginn rivalled
Dr. Johnson in power and magnitude
of resources, while in wit, as ordinarily
understood, brilliancy of fancy, and the
thoroughness and extent of his classical
and linguistic acquirements he far ex-
celled him.

MA6L0CHLIN, MORIERTACH,
King of Ulster and Monarch of Ireland
vras an able and warlike prince of
the tw»,.?fth conturv. After as-
cending to the throne of Ulster he re-
fused to acknowledge the authority of
O'Connor the Monarch and successful-
ly resisted him and compelled the sur-
rounding princes to do homage to him-
self. Alter the death of the monarch
he assumed the national sovereignty
and compelled all the provinces to
acknowledge his authority, exacting
hostages from them. He instituted wise
laws for the ecclesiastical as well as the
civil government of the Kingdom and
was instrumental in having the impor*
tant national council of Kells callea to-
gether, A. D. 1153. This council was
•called under the pontificate of Eugene
III., who sent Cardinal Papero to Ire-
land as legate with four palliums for
the four Archbisliops of Armagh, Dub-
lin, Cashel and Tuam. and who opened
the council and presided at first with
Christian O'Conarchy, bishop of Lis-
more, who was apostolic legate after

the death of St, Malachi. Mac Liah
(Gelasius), Archbishop of Armagh
(Primate). O'Lonorgain, Archbishop of
Cashel, O'Hossin, Archbishop of Tuam,
and Giegory, Archbishop of Dublin,
wore present, besides many bishops and
theologians. This council seems to have
been held open or prorogued for several
years and was convened at the Abbov
of Mellifont A. D. 1157, where the
monarch and many princes of Ireland
were present, when Dunchad O'Mclag-
len. King of Meath, was dethroned and
excommunicated. It is said that it was
about this time (1155) that Pope Adrian
IV. issued a bull transferring the sov-
ereignty of Ireland to Henry II. of
England. It is pretended that it was
done to promote and conserve religion,
and so it was placed under that eminent-
ly relidous prince. This seems so
absurd that it cannot be believed, espe-
cially as nothing was said about it at
the,time and not for many years after-
wards. The possibilities of such an un-
warranted assumption of power could
only arise from the fact of Adrian him-
seli being an Englishman. Magloch-
lin, jealous of his authority, at length
carried his severity too far in vindicat-
ing it. Eochad , a prince of Dalrieda,
having opposed liim, he devastated his
territories with fire and sword, but
peace was restored through the
exertions of the primate Gelasius
and OjCarroU, prince of Ergal-
lie, who stood as a guarrantee for his
friend. The monarch, however, for
some unknown reasons, seized Eochad
and barbarously blinded him and exe-
cuted the hostages. O'Carroll, iustly
enraged at the crossness of the insult
and punishment^ put himself at the head
of his troops and entering Tyrone heat-
tacked the monarch unexpectedlv and
killed him and many of his nobles A.
D.1166.

MAGRUDER, PATRICK, a pro-
minent politician of Maryland, was the
son of Irish emigrants, and was bora
in Montgomery County in that state in
1768; was educated at Princeton Col-
lege, adopted the profession of the law
and soon acquirecl liigh standing by his
ability. He was elected to Congress in
1804, and afterwards was secretary of
that body for many years. In 1810 he
settled in Virginia in the practice of his
profession and died at Petersburg in
1820.

:/',f^

MAG

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MAG

iiii

MAGUIRE, ABBE de TXTLLES, an
Irish (Mvine and scholar and one of the
founders of the Irish College in Paris.
The originai foundation was for the
Lombards, but the Italian students
having ceased to resort to the
estabhshmen*:, the trustees confer-
red it upon the Irish students in Paris
in July, 1676, which was confirmed by
letters patent. The buildtugs being in
a state of decay, the Abbe-s Maguire
and O'Kelly had them rebuilt in 1681.

MAGUIRE, REV. CHARLES, an
Irish divine, philosopher, writer and
antiquarian, was bora in Fermanagh,
in 1485. He was Prebendary of Ar-
magh and Dean of Cloghcr, and was
veiied in all the science of his day. Tie
was the author of notes and comments
on the ancient MSB., preserved in
the monasteries of that city, especially
the Register of Clogher. Ht wrote tlie
annals of Ireland down to his time. In
commenting on the ancient name of the
town he says it signifies "Golden Stone"
from a celebrated pagan altar stone or-
namented with gold and which was
Baid to give forth oracles before the
time of our Saviour. He says the stone
was still preserved in his day and stood
at the right of the church dour.

MAGUIRE (or MAC GUIRE) CONN
Prince of Fermanagh, one of the ablest
and most distinguished of the Irish Con-
federate Chieftains. He early took up
arms in the cause of his country and
religious liberty, and ably supported
O'Neill and O'Donnell in their long and
desperate struggle, He battled by their
side to the end, unflinchingly support-
lad by liis brave Ulster retainers, and
laid down his arms only to accept the
faithless promises and deceptive peace
of the false invaders. He was imi)li*
cuted by the perfidious Cecil in his in-
famous charge of «onopiracy and with
O'Neill and.O'Donnell passed over to
France A. 'D. 1606. Maguire served
with honor in the continental armies,
like so many thousand of his country-
men, and was on his way to Spain to
take service in that kingdom when he
died at Geneva A. D. 1619.

MAGUIRE. JOHN FRANCIS, an
able and patriotic Irish writer, legisla-
tor and Journalist, was born at Cork in
1816; received a classical education and
was called to the bar in 1848. He, how-

ever, devoted himself to jouraalism and
became proprietor and editor of the
"Cork Examiner." He was elected to
Parliament in 1852. and became a lead«
ing exponent of Irish interests. He was
an advanced Liberal in politics, and on&
of the most abl3 advocates of "Home
Rule." He was four times elected
Mayor of Cork, and was a man of em
inently practical views. He stimulated
the growth of Tiax in the south of Ire-
land by establishing linen mills in Cork.
He was an indefatigable worker and
besides his large amount of journalistic
and parliamentary work he was the
author of the "Pontificate of Pius IX,"
',Tub Industrial Movement in Ireland,"
"The Irish in America," "Life of
Father Matthew," "The Next Genera-
tion," a political novel. He died in
Cork in 1872, greatly regretted, and
Ireland lost a legislator and a patriot
eminently practical, disinterested and
honest.

MAGUIRE. PATRICK, an Irishmaa
who accompanied the first voyage of dis-
covery under Columbus, and who was
the first man who reached the shore of
the New World — having jumped from:
the small boat into the water and waded
to the land, according to an account
published in Italian in 1600 by John-
Baptiste Tornitori, a copy of which is
in the St. Louis University library. The
name is there given as "Patricus Ma-
guirus," and is but one of ten thousand
Instances of the ubiquitous character of
the race for the last fifteen hundred
years.

MAGUIRE, NICHOLAS, an emin-
ent Irish divine and writer, was bishop'
of Leighlin. He wrote annals and
other works, and died in the early part
of the fifteenth century.

MAGUIRE, ROBERT, a distin-
guished Irish divine of the Established
Church, was born in Dublin in 1826;
graduated at Trinity College with the
highest honors in 1846, and studied for
the ministry; became curate of St.
Nicholas in Cork in 1849, and going to-
England became vicar of Clerkenwell.
1857. He is the author of "The Seven
Churches of Asia," "The Miracles of
Christ," and other religious works.

MAGUIRE, REV. THOMAS, an
able Irish divine, controversalist and

MAO

IRISH CELTS.

MAG

pulpit orator, was a native of Con-
naught, Ireland, born about 1795. edu-
cated for the priesthood, and after or-
dination was stationed as a curate in a
poor country parish in the diocese of
Kilmore, County Leitrim. Those were
the days in which the "great Liberator"
was battling for Catholic emancipation,
and as the moral forces with which he
was battering the bulwarks of bigotry
and hate were gaining ground and the
light of victory was crowning his per-
sistent efforts so, too, the champions of
the state religion and its intolerance
were on the alert, and beheld the ine-
vitable with alarm ari dismay. As
their most successsful i.. id convincing
arguments in the annihilation of their
"Popish" adversaries — the penal sta-
tutes — were about being swept away, so
it seemed to them necessary to buckle on
their polemical armor.and with the aid
of the material vantage ground still left
them, to overwhelm by argument those
whom force had failed to conquer. The
co£,sequence was that the Island was
full of champions and challengers who
were spoiling to annihilate or convert
the Pope and his cohorts. Among the
ablest and most eloquent of those cham-
pions was the Rev. llichard T. P. Pope,
who was what might be called a latu-
denarian Church of England divine.
He was very zealous and confident in
his work, and hurled his polemical de-
fiances against all the supporters of
"Romanism." As the Catholic bishops
of Ireland were opposed to public dis-
cussions, especially oral ones, as lead-
ing rather to bitterness, that Christian
charity or any good result, so the most
prominent Catholic doctors were obliged
to let those challenges pass unnoticed.
Thomas Maguire, an humble, unknown
curate of the "bogs of Leitrim,', as he
expressed it, took up the challenge of
Mr. Pope, and they met in a public hall
in Dublin for a six days' discussion of
points of difference. John Lawless
acted for Father Maguire and P. A.
Singer for Mr. Pope, in arranging the

Eariiculars. The discussion opened in
>ubliu on the 19th day of April, 1827,
and lasted six days, Daniel O'Connell
acting as chairman for Father Maguire
and Admiral Oliver for Mr. Pope, James
Bheridan was the reporter for the for-
mer aud Phillip Dixon Uanly for the
latter, the contestants agreeing that
full reports of the debate should
be published with the endorse*

ment of both as to correctness. This-
discussion attracted great attention in
England as well as Ireland, and the
masterly manner in which the poor un-
known curate answered the renowned
and eloquent champion of Protestant-
ism.made him famous. Mr, Pope would
not limit or confine himself to a belief
;n any special form of Protestantism,
not even to the "articles." vvhich as &
Church of England minister he had
sworn to believe, but placing himself
on what is called the "Evangelical"
basis he allowed himself ample latitude.
The young curate, however, proved
himself at least equal to his famous op-
ponent in all the essential qualities of a
great debater, while he adhered more-
strictly to the rules agreed upon. That
the result was most satisfactory to Mr.
Maguire's friends is evident from the
fact that they alone keep the work as a
standard book in their libraries. Mr.
Maguire soon became noted as a pulpit
orator, and for many years afterwards
he preached the Lenten sermons in the
principal church in Dublin and made
manv converts to his faith. In social
life he was very popular, abounding in
wit and anecdote. He was also a noted
hunter and a daring and graceful horse-
man, and highly popular with all classes
of his Protestant neiahbors. Like all
of the patriot priests of Ireland he entered
ardently into all questions looking to the
welfare of his people and the civil and
religious freedom of his country, and
was prominent in the r<«'nvass of the
celebrated Clare election of 1828, in>
which O'Connell was elected to parlia-
ment, and refused to take the
test oath, which forced indirectly the-
act of Catholic emancipation the follow*
ing year. Father Maguire ably and
earnestly supported CrConnell in his-
life lon^ efforts for Repeal of the Union.
He retamed all his brilllAnt qualities up-
to his death, and was one of the best
known and popular of patriot priests.
His "Lenten Lectures," or sermons,,
which are of a controversial nature^
have been published in book form in*
Ireland and America, aud are an able
exposition of the claims of the ancient
Church, and is of standard authority.

MAHAN, DENNIS HART, L L.
D., one of the ablest of American civil
and military engineers, was of Irish ex-
traction, born in New York City, April
2, 1802. After completing his preftm-

->^; :.•-■■

MAH

nasn celts.

MAH

inary studies he took up medicine, but
succeeding in securing a West Point
cadetship he entered the military aca-
demy in 1810, graduating in 1824 at
the lieud of his class. This placed him
in the Engineer Corps, but he was re-
tained at West Point as assistant pro-
fessor of mathematics and ( ngineering
until 1826 when he was sent to Europe
•on professional duty, viz. : to s^udy u^
all that was valuable and new in the
engineering and military circles of the
old world. lie remained for four years,
being fifteen months of that time in the
•engineering school at Metz. Returning
home he was appointed Professor of the
Department of Civil and Military En-
gineering, which he held up to the time
of his death, Sept. 16, 1871. He was
'Of a nervous temperament, and during
his later years subjected to fits of melan-
choly, in one of which he jumped from
the steamer Mary Powell into the Hud-
■8on River as he was on his way to New
York City to consult his physic'an, and
was drowned. His reputation in his
profession was world-wide, and his
works are of the highest authority on
all matters treated. Among them are
"Field Fortifications," "Military, Mift-
ing and Siege Operations," "Perman-
ent Fortifications," "Course of Civil
Engineering," " Advance-guard, Out-

Eost and Detachment Service of Troops,
esides many other valuable additions
to science.

MAH AN, MILO, D. D., brother to
the foregoing, a talented divine of the
Episcopal church, was born at Suffolk,
Va., May 24, 1819, and received his
education at St. Paul's College, Flush-
lug. On completing his literary course
he studied for the ministry, and re-
ceived his functions in 1845. In 1851
he became Professor of Ecclesiastical
History in the Episcopal Theological
Seminary, New York; in 1804 rector of
St. Paul s, Baltimore. He is the author
of "The Exercise of Faith," "History
of the Church," "Reply to Colenso,^'
and other works. He died Sept. 8, 1870.

MAHEH. RE^'". JAMES, a distin-
guished Irish Catholic divine, controver-
sialist and writer of the early part of
the present century, was a parish priest
•of Carlow. He early became distin^
guished for his able and bold advocacy
«f both the civil and religious rights of
the Irish people. His scathing review

of Archbishop Whately's advocacy of
of the ''Nunnery Inspection Bill, "one of
those periodical ebullitions of defeated
bigotry in Great Britain," is perhaps un-
equalled in the whole range oj contro-
versial literatu^'e. He was also a preach-
er of great eloquence and commanding
presence. His letters were published
in Dublin in 1877, edited by Dr. Moran,
Bishop of Ossory. who was a relative,
as was also Cardinal Cullen. In his
defense of the conventual life he says
that two of his sisters and eighteen of
his nieces are members of religious or-
ders, which is the best indication of the
religious character of the Irish people.

MAHON, GEN. STEPHEN, a brave
and skillful officer in the English ber-
vice, was born in county Roscommon,
Ireland, Feb. 6, 1768; entered the army
and gradually rose by meritorious ser-
vices on the Continent and elsewhere
until he attained the rank of Lieutenant-
General. He died May, 1828.

MAHONE, GEN. WILLIAM, a dis-
tinguished politician and statesman of
Virginia and known a: "the ^reat Re-
adjustor," is of Irish extraction, bom
at Southampton, Virginia, in 1827, and
received his education at the Virginia
Military Institute, where he graduated
in 1847. He adopted the profession of
civil engineer and was engaged on the
construction of the Norfolk and Peters-
burg railroad. On the breaking out of
the great Rebellion he supported the ac-
tion of his State, and was prominent in
the capture of the Norfr>lk Navy Yard.
He organized and commanded the Sixth
Virginia Regiment, and participated in
almost all the great battles against the
Army of the Potomac, and earned a
fine reputation as a brave and skillful
officer, gradually rising until he was a
Major-General in 1864, and commanded
a corps in Hill's division. After the
war he returned to the practice of h' !
profession, and became President of the
trunk lines from Norfolk to Tennessee.
About this time he entered actively into

Eolitics, and became widely known bv
is famous manipulation of party poli-
tics by which he succeeded In ou^ting
the Democratic party from the control
of the state, by a combination of Re*
publicans and disaffected Deuiociats,
who were called "Re-adiustors," and
who succeeded to the fall of 1888 in
maintaining their control, when the

lulvocacy of
iBill,"oneof

of defeated
s perhaps un-
;e oj contro-
,lso a preach-
commanding
■e published
J Dr. Moran,
3 a relative,
len. In his
life he says

eighteen of
religious or-
cation of the
[rish people.

lEN, a brave
English ber-
Roscommon,
red the army
ritorious ser-
id elsewhere
f Lieutenant-
328.

,LIAM. adis-
statesman of
the §reat Re-
raction, born
, in 1827, and
the Virginia
he graduated
profession of
raged on the
k and Peters-
caking out of
ported the ac-
prominent in
c Navy Yard,
ided the Sixth
lurticipated in
) against tho
nd earned a

and skillful
ntil he was a
d commanded

. After the
•acticeof h'l
resident of the
to Tennessee.
1 actively into
ly known by
)f DHrty poll-
in ousting
n the control
jation of Re-
Deiuociats,

ustors," and
'' of 1888 la
when the

MAL

IRISH CELTS

.^lAL

Democrats again succeeded in oarryin";
the state. Malione was elected to the IT
8. senate in 1881 for a full term, and
has exhibited con!^i(1cl'able talents as a
btatesman and political manager.

MALACIII, King of East Meath,
afterwards andononarch of Ireland, A.
D. 840, was nephew of Conquovar, the
monarch. He defeated the Danes in
two bloody battles, in which they lost
upwards of 2,500 men, with Saxold
their leader. Turgesius, son of the
King of Denmark, who was head or
King of the Danes in Ireland at this
time and called himself King of Ireland
thought it politic to court the friendship
of Malachi. but being largely re-enforc-
ed from the nortliern hive tie aimed to
subvert the government of the King-
dom and to introduce Danish laws and
to place his adherents in power. Hav-
ing insulted Malachi by demanding his
daughter Melcha, who was a most beau-
tiful maiden, as a concubine, the Dane
already having a wife, Malachi dissem-
bled and hid his indignation, but with
great celerity and secretness organized
his people, oetermined to wipe out the
insult by the extermination of the Dan-
ish plunderers. On the very day on
which his daughter was to be presented
to the Danish tyrant he sent her with
an attendance of fifteen beardless young
warriors.disguised as maidens, who had
instructions to seize and secure the in-
sulter alive, and leave the rest to Mala-
chi. They seized Turgesius and tied
him with cords, while at the given sig-
nal Malachi with his troops poured into
the ciistle and put the Danes to the
sword. Turgesius was kept in chains
for a few days, was denounced by Mal-
achi for his tyranny, cruelty and in-
sults, and made aware of the general
disaster which had so suddenly fallen
upon his people, and was then con-
demned to be throwr -'iito Lake Ainnin
wliere he perished. Malachi's success-
ful effort was tue signal for a general
rising, and the Danes were swept
froni the Island. Malachi by universjil
consent was declared Monarch. The
Danes did not soon attempt to disturb
the island by force, but received per-
mission to settle at different points for
tlie purposes of trade. They gradually
increased in numbers and were again
becoming powerful when a jealousy
growing up between the black and the
white Danes, or.JSorwegians. who were

getting the cream of the traffic; a battle
took place between them in which a
thousand were killed and Dublin pil-
loged by the black, or Danes proper.
This brought the attention of Malachi
to them and he again curbed their
power and defeated them in battle.
Malachi visited France and Rome and
sent ambassadors to Charles the Bald,
and, according to Eginard in hi;, pre
face to the Life of Charlemagne, a great
intimacy and friendship existed between
that monarch and the Irish Kings, and
leltei's were extant which passed be-
tween them. It was during the reign:
of this monarch that Kenneth II.,
King of the Scots of Albania, with
the assistance of their Irish brethren,
totally crushed the Kingdom of the
Picts, and merged into themselves the
name and nation. It is probable that
Kenneth was assisted by Finolath, son
of the late monarch Niall,who was his
son-in law, and who succeeded Malachi
as monarch under the uame of Hugh
VII. For, according to Cambden, p.
83, "Tne Scots from Ireland pouring
in upon the Picts the latter were so-
overwhelmed in battle that they became
almost annihilated, and those who re
mained merged into the name and peo-
ple of the invaders. Malachi died A.
D. 868, and was succeeded by Hugh
VII.

MALCHUS, ST., bishop of Lismore.
St. Bernard says of him: "He was a
man eminent in virtue and possessed of
great wisdom, and was celebrated not
only for ,his life and doctrine but also
for his miracles. He flourished in the
twelfth century, dying about A. D.
1140.

MALACHI n., monarch of Ireland,
A. D. 980. This prince commenced his
career in a manner glorious to himself
and full of hope for his cotintry. He
defeated the Danes in a memorable bat-
tle at Tara, in which 8,000 of them with
the son of )heir king and many chiefs
lay dead on the field of battle. He fol-
lowed up his victory by sweeping
them from the territory of Fin-
gal which they possessed, and
at length appeared before their
stronghold, Dublin, which he took
by storm after three days, releasing
many prisoners, amongst them Dom-
hnal. King of Leinster, and O'Neill,
prince of Ulster. He, however, made
the fatal mistake of cot sweeping them-

$
Iff

itt

MAL

IRIBH CELTS.

MAL

from the kingdom, for having confined
them within a limited district and re-
ceiving tribute and an acknowledge-
ment of dependence from them, he per-
mitted them to remain. They, however,
grew strong by repeated re-enforcements
and at length commenced anew their
predatory excursions on their neighbors.
Malachi again attacked them and de-
feated them in two engagements,
'but he at last became supine and care-
less of the national interests
as long as he himself was
left undisturbed. In the meantime
the Danes were becoming formidable
and all parts of the Island were feeling
the weight of their arms. There was a
prince, however, who did not lie
supinely, while the robbers of his coun-
itry were spreading devastation far and
wide and threatening to subvert her an-
•cient institutions. This was Brien,
King of Munster, who soon taught the
Invaders to tremble at his name, and in-
dignant at the continued inactivity of the
monarch he marched upon Tara and
■compelled him to abdicate A. D. 1002.
'On Uie death of Brieu and his son Mur-
ough, at the battle of Clontarf, Mala-
<;hi again resumed the government of
the Island. This battle broke the ^ower
and hopes of the Danes, and Maachi,
■calling to his aid O'Neill, prince of
Ulster, marched on Dublin and after
defeating the Danes took the city which
he gave up to plunder. He also de-
feated them at Athimilachan and as-
sisted the princes of the provinces in
destroying the expiring power and ef-
forts of the warlike invaders. His last
years were more worthy of the promise
of his earliest ones, and he died at an
advanced age Sept 2, A . D. 1022.

MALACHI, ABBE, a celebrated
Franciscan friar, was born in Ireland
about 1270. He taught for some tipae
at Oxford and afterwards went to !Nap-
les, where he was highly honored for
learning and piety. He was author of
many valuable treatises, some of which
were published by Henry Stephens in
Paris.

MALONli EDMUND, a'well known
and talented editor and commentator of
Shakespeare, was the son of an Irish
judge, and was born at Dublin in 1741;
entered Trinity College, Dublin, and
after completing his education he was
called to the bar in 1767. But the bent

of his mind was literary, and having an
ample fortune he was not compelled to
drudge, He undertook, in conjunction
with Stevens, to edit an edition of
Shakespeare, but disagreeing in regard
to it, he published one of his own in
11 vols., 8 vo. 1780. He died in 1812.
Among his other works are a "Life of
Dryden," "Life of Sir Joshua Rey-
nolds," and an "Enquiry into the pa-
pers attributed to Shakespeare.

MALONE, REV. WILLIAM, an

eminent and learned Irish Jesuit, was
born about 1575, and received his edu-
cation on the continent when he en-
tered the Jesuit order. For upward-^
of twenty-four years he was on the Iri' i
mission, residing principally in Dublin,
and aided in the erection of their church
and college in Backlane in 1680, sup-
ported by the influence of Wentworth,
Earl of Eildare. The establishment
was, however, seized and sequestered
by the government in 1682 under the
Lord Justices Loftus and Boyle, when
they executed by commission the De-
puty's place, and the buildings were
transferred to Trinity College. In 1624
Malone published a controversial chal-
lenge, which was replied to by the Pro-
testant primate Usher, which reply
was answered by Malone in an able
controversial volume printed at Douay .
in 1627. Most of the copies, however,
which were shipped to England and
Ireland being seized bv the government
and supprea^. In 16§5 Father Malone
was called to preside over the Irish col-
lege in Rome, where he remained until
1^7 when he was again sent to Ireland
as superior of the misdons there. He
remained there in the ^discharge of his
dangerous and responsible duties until
his death.

MANGUM, WILLIAM P., a dis-
tinguished American statatesman, was
of Irish descent, born in Orange Co.,
North Carolina in 1792; was educateo
in the University of that State, and in
1815 commenced the study of law; was
admitted to the bar, and soon attracted
attention and a lucrative practice by
his ability and eloquence. He was a
member of the local House in 1818 and
in 1819 a Judge of the Superior Court,
and in 1828 was sent to Congress. In
the exciting contest of 1828 Le was a
Presidential elector and in 1881 was
elected United States Senator, which he

HAR

nUSH CELTS

MAB

d havin? an
smpelled to
coDiunction

eaition of
g in regard
lis own in
ed in 1813.

a "Life of
Qshua Rey-
ito the pa*
ire.

LIAM, an
fesuit. was
ed his edu-
en he en-
>r upward <^
ontheiri' i
in Dublin,
heir church
1680, sup-
Ventworth,
ablisbment
sequestered
under the
oyle. when
on the De-
lings were
e. In 1624
ersial dial-
37 the Pro-
iich reply
n an abl'e
at Douay .
however,
gland and
overnment
ler Malone
3 Irish col-
ined until
to Ireland
here. He
'ge of his
iities until

^, a dis-
sman, was
inge Co.,

educateo
!, and in

law; was
1 attracted
actice by
ie was a

1818 and
or Court,
rress. In
ue was a
1881 was
which he

held continuously until 1850, and was
for many years president or acting pre-
sident of that body, and ic 1887 was
honored with eleven electoral votes for
President of the United States. He
died at his home in North Carolina
Pept. 14, 1880.

MANNING, RICHARD I., a distin-
guisbed citizen of South Carolina, was
of Irish parentage and born in that
State May Ist, 1789; was educated in
the State University ■ at Columbia, and
on the breaking out of the war of 1812,
with the eclat of a true American Celt,
he raised a company of volunteers, and
served with distinction against the cnc-
mv of his race. After the war he serv
«d in both branches of the State Leg
lature, and in 1824 was elected Govei-
nor of the state. In 1884 he was sent
to Congress where his great abilities
were soon recognized, and a brilliant
future appeared before him when he
suddenly died while visiting in Phila-
delphia with his family May 1st, 1886.

MANNON, ST., A. D. 1202, was a
native of Ireland and a disciple of St.
Remulch. He is acknowledged as pat-
ron of Massoin in Ardenne where he
was buried. He was put to death in
the forest of Ardenne, and Molanus

Suts him amongst the saints of Flan-
ers.

MANSURY. orMANSUETUe. T.
a native of Ireland, is said by Usher to
have been a disciple of Peter and a na-
tive of Scotia. He preached the Gos-
pel in Lorraine, was first bishop of
Toul and was canonized in the tenth
century bv Leo IX., who had also been
bishop of the same See. Some place
his time a little latter.

MARIANUS, SC0TU8. a celebrat-
ed Irish scholar, and a man of learning,
called by some the most leained of his
age. was born in Ireland in 1028, ac-
cording to Florentius Wigornienses.
He was public professor of the liberal
Arts in lieginburg(Rati8bon) and Paris,
when he had amongst his pupils Nicho-
las Brakespeare, afterward Adrian IV-
the English Pope, who it is said trans,
ferred the sovereignty of Ireland to
Henry II. He composed many learned
works, amongst them an Universal
Chronical, a work of great repute, ac-
cording to Usher. Trithemiusinhis " Yir

riustr. says of him that he wc ually
celebraled for learning and virtue. " He
died at Mayence in 1086. The annals
of the Boii thus mention him and his
companions : "At this time also D.
Mananus Scotus, a poet and eminent
theologian, inferior to none in his time,
together with his brother philosophers,
John and Candedus. Clement, Murcher-
idacus, Ma;i;noaldus and Isaac, came to
Germany and then proceeded to Regic-
burgh ^Ratisbon). Ireland indeed was,
in the time of our ancestors, most fer-
tile in holy and learned men. " Bale
gives a partial list of his works,religious
and scientific.

MARSDEN, WILLIAM, D. C. L.,
.1 learned scholar and oriental historian,
was born in Dublin, Ireland, Nov. 16,
1754. He entered the service of
the East India Company in 1771,
and was sent to Bencoolen, Suma-
tra, where he became principal secretary
of the Colonial government, and ac-
quired a thorough knowledge of the
Malay language and literature, Re-
turning home in 1779 he published a
" History of Sumatra" and a " Gram-
mar and Dictionary of the Malay lan-
fuage " and other works. In 1795 he
ecame Chief Secretary to the Admiral-
ty and resigned in 1807 on a pension.
He secured a fine collection of coins and
medals which he donated to the British
Museum, and also a rare oriental library
which he left to King's College. He
died near London, Oct. 6, 1836.

MARSTON, ISAAC, adistin^ished
lawyer of Michigan, and late Chief Jus-
tice of the Supreme Court of that State.
Was born in county Armagh, Ireland,
Jan'v 2, 1889. His father dying while
the family were yet young, his mother,
although left with but slender means,
succeewcd by that energy and self -sacri-
fice peculiar to the Irish in such a case,
in securing a fair education for her chil-
dren. In his thirteenth year Isa^vc was
apprenticed to a grocer and after three
j'ears' service determined to seek his for-
tune in America and in 1856 came wiih
his mother and settled in Oakland Co.,
Mich. His first employment was on a
farm at nine dollars a month, but his
spue time was devoted to study and
the acquirement of all kinds of useful
knowledge. In 1859 he made his way
to Ann Arbor, enieringthe law depart-
ment of the University of Michigan, and

i»

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■

K",';-.*

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5';'

■Kl

If-

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MAR

IBISH CKLTS.

MAR

bis resources nvere an indomitable will
and thirty dollars in money. By the
kindness of Judge Cooley, he was ena-
bled to make his way, and he graduated
with honor in 1861. He immediately
afterwards opened an ofSce in Gratiot
county, but after six months he made
little else but friends, and to add to
his difflculties his office and contents
were consumed by fire. In 1863 he re-
moved to Bay City and in the mean
time he had formed a partnership with
Emily Sullivan, the basis of which was
love, esteem and mutual help. The
first few months in his new home were
not very encouragine, especially to a
man with a young wife, but he at length
won practice and appreciation, and in
1868 enterad into partnership with H.
H. Hatch. His advance was steady and
he successively became City.and Prose-
cuting attorney, and the firm acquired a
leading practice. In 1874 E. A. Cooley,
a son of Judge Cooley, became a mem-
ber of the firm, and about this time Mr.
Marston was appointed Attorney Gen-
eral of the State, which position he
filled with great satisfaction. In 1876 a
vacancy occurred on the bench of the
Supreme Court by the election of Judge
Christiancy to the United States Senate,
and Mr. Marston was a|)pointed to suc-
ceed him. He was elected his own
successor for a full term, and held his
seat until 1883, when he resigned and
removed to Detroit, where he settled
down to the practice of his profession
with Col. John Atkinson, and is fast
acquiring the practice which his talents
and industry entitle him to.

MAR'^'IN, ALEXANDER, LL. D.,
a distinguished American patriot and
legislator, was born in New Jersey, of
Irish parents, in 1740, and was edu-
cated at Princeton College, where he
graduated in 1756. He removed to
North Carolina, and was distinguished
by his bold advocacy of Colonialrights.
He raised a regiment for the "Conti-
nental Line," and served with distinc-
tion at Brandywine and Germantown.
He was also in the Colonial Assembly
of the State, and was acting Governor
In 1781 and Governor from 1783 to
1785, and again from 1789 to 1793. He
was a member of the United States
Constitutional Convention in 1787, and
was United States Senator from 1793 to
to 1799. He died at Daubury, N. C,
Nov., 1807.

MARTIN, JOHN, one of the most
disinterested and incorruptible of pat*
riots, was bom at Loughome, County
Down, Ireland, Sept. 8, 1813. His pa-
rents were Presbyterians, whose ances*
tors for many generations had resided
in that county, and whose immediate
relatives owned at this time the fee
simple of the townland in which they
lived, and were engaged largely in th&
manufacture of linen. His father be-
longed to the "Volunteers" of '83, and
was a strong opposer of the Union.
The boy at first had imbibed some rel-
igious bigotry from "Orange" compan-
ions, but the lessons of hu mother, a
lady of cultured tastes and patriotic and
liberal sentiments, and a rebuke front
one of his uncles, on hearing him give
expression to an unworthy and con-
tracted national sentiment: "Whatr
John, would you not allow your Catho-
lic fellow countrymen the same ri^^hts
that you enjoy yourself?" awoke m a
naturally generous and impaitial spirit
a sense of the narrowness and injustice
of the prejudices which he had thought-
lessly imbibed, and the foul exhalations
which would separate him from his
Catholic fellow countrymen were dis-
sipated forever. At the age of 13 he
attended school at Newry, where h&
became the associate of John Mitchcl,
and ever afterwards the firm friend and
co-patriot. After leaving Newry he
entered Trinity College, Dublin, and
took his degree of M. A. in 1883, and
then entered upor the study of medi-
cine. He had about completed hi»
studies when the death of his Uncle
John, whose heir he was, recalled him
home and made it necessary for him to
devote his attention to the manage-
ment of his estates. He soon became
very popular by his consideration,
kindness and benevolence to his ten-
ants and neighbors. He treated all
who desired his professional services
without fee or reward, and soon earned
a wide reputation for his skill and suc-
cess, while the poor from far and near
flocked to his door to receive advice
and medicine. In 1889 he visited.
America, his tour extending through
Canada and the Northern States, and
in 1841 he made a Continental tour.
He aided and supported the Reiwal
movement, his innate modesty, how-
ever, kept him from making any loud
demonstrations, but his influence was
undoubtedly more potential than m&ny

«'

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9 ^

* ' 'f. ' '^

I • H

PLATB N«. 17.

HAR

IBI8H CELTS.

MAR

l;>

who did. When John O'Connell com-
menced to assume the role of leader,
and when the difFerences between the
Old and Toung Ireland leaders became
pronounced, and fault was found with
the uiies to which the funds of the asso-
ciation were put, and a demand made
that a detailed statement should be
inade and published, Martin strongly
supported the same, as but lust and poli-
tic. His persistence in demanding it
ended in his expulsion. He joined his
fortunes to the Young Ireland party,
and afterward became a contributor to
the "United Irishman," and continued
until It was suppressed and Mitchel, its
editor, imprisoned. Each act of arbi-
trary power in suppressing the just and
honest aspirations of the people who de-
sired a government which would legis-
late for their interests, onl^ seemed to
inspire Martin with a more fearless and
outbpoken advocacy of the nation's
rights, and the prison doors had scarce-
ly closed upon Mitchel when Martin
took up the peon of freedom in the col-
mnns of the "Irish Felon." In
his opening he says * "I could
not live in Ireland and derive mv
means of life as a member of the Irish
community without feeling a citizen's
responsibilities. These responsibiliiies
involve the guilt of national robbery
and murder, of a system which arrays
the classes of our people against each
other's prosperity and very lives, like
beasts of prey, or rather like famishing
sailors on a wreck— of the attempted
debasement and moral ruin of people
endowed by God with surpassing re-
sources for the attainment of human
happiness. I cannot be loyal to a sys-
tem of baseness, terror and corruption.
So long as such a government presumes
to injure and insult me and my race I
must offer it all the resistance in my
power. That I do not exile myself be-
yond its reach is a proof that I hope to
witness and assist in the overthrow of
the most abominable tyranny the world
now groans under. To abolish the po-
litical conditions which compel the
classes of our people to hate and to
murder each other and execnite the
veiy name of English— to end the reign
of fraud perjury, corruption and gov-
ernment butchery, and to make law,
order and peace possible in Ireland, is
the holy object of the "Irish Felon,"
and in doing this I shall speak the
truth, the whole truth, and nothing but

the truth, so help me Ood I" He was
soon arrested and tried for treason fel-
ony. He denounced the fraud and
mockery on law and justice bv which
he was tried by a picked or packed jury.
He was sentenced to ten vears penal
service beyond the seas, and, shortly af-
terwards, in company with Kevin izod
O'Doherty^ he was transported to Van
Diemen's Land, Nov., 1849. In 1854
he was pardoned, as was also Smith
O'Brien and O'Doherty, the only Irish
patriots of '48 who remained in penal
servitude, the others having escaped to
America. He took up his residence in
Paris, intending not to return to Ireland
until she became an independent na-
tion. Family complications, however,
made it extremely necessary that he
should return to Ins old home, which
he did in 1868. In January, 1864, he
started in Dublin the National League,
as his patriotic npirit could not rest
without striving for the good of his
country. The judicial murder of Allen,
Larkin and O'Brien, the Irish patriots
in Manchester, aroused the indication
of Martin, as it did of all who admired
hei'oism and manliness throughout the
world, and Martin was the leading spirit
in getting up the great funeral demon-
stration in Dublin, Dec. 8, 1867, and ad«
dressed the assembled thousands in an
indignant and patriotic denunciation of
the government. For this he was again
arrested with Alex. M. Sullivan and
others, and althoueh a jury was care-
fully packed by the government, the
manlv and eloquent defences of Martin
and Sullivan, succeeded in awakening a
sense of justice in the breasts of some
of the jurors, and a disagreement was
the result. Martin continued to labor
for the land of hlz love till the lost, and
when at length he died, in sorrow that
bis eyes were not permitted to look
abroad over the lovely valleys and beau-
tiful waters of his native land, freed
from the laws and the avarice of the
stranger, for which he had worked and
hopeu uaceasing, there died a patriot as
pure, disinterested and unselflnhly de-
voted as ever raised a voice or arm for
••Holy Ireland,"

MARTIN, MORGAN L., was a na-
tive of New York, of Irish extraction;
received a fair education, and removed
to the Territory of V/isconsin at an
early day, and became prominent br
his ability and energy. He represented

■■■ ■*■*,

HAS

- IP-I

ntlBH CELTS.

MAT

the TerHtoiy in Contrrex from 1846 to
1847, and was held in highestesm.

MARTIN, WILLIAM D., ft talent-
ed South Carolina politician and law-
yer, was of Irish- extraction, bom in
1787, and educated in that State, where
he was admitted to the bar. H- early
distinguished himself by superior tal-
ents and energy, and was made Judge
of the Court of Common Pleas. In
1826 he wa& elected to Congress, where
he fully sustained his reputation, and
where he remained to the time of his
death, which happened suddenly at
Charleston, Nov. 11, 1888.

MASON, JEREMIAH, an able
American lawyer of Irish extraction,
was bom in Connecticut, April 27,
1778, and graduated at Yale in
his twentieeK year, after which
he pursued the study of the
law, and soon acquired an enviable
reputation as a profound and learned
jurist. He was admitted to the bar in
Vermont, and soon after removed to
New Hampshire, and in 1802 became
Attorney-General of the state, and in
1818 was elected United States Senator
from that state. He resigned in 1817
to apply himself to his chosen profes-
sion, and reunovedto Boston in 1883,
where he acquired a commauding prac-
tice. Webster considered him as
amongst the ablest of Americaii law-
yers. He died at an advanced age.

MAS8EY, GEN. EYRE, a distin-
guished officer of the British army, was
born May 24, 1719, in County Limer-
ick, Ireland, and entered the army at an
«arl V age, and greatly distinguishing hiu;
self at the battle of Culloden in 1746.
Hj subsequently comnmuded the
Oreaadiers at Havanna and In other
importnnt actions, and rose to the rank
of a general officer, and was elevated to
the parage ot Ii-eland as Baron Clarina,
in reward for yttlisnt service. He died
May 17, 1804.

MASSEY, GEN. NATHANIEL
WILLIAM, son of the foregoing and an
officer of equal merit, who fully sus-
tained the family name for bravery and
military skill, rising rapidly until he
was a Major-Qeneral at the time of his
death, which occurred Jan., 1810, at
the early age of 80 yean.

MATHEW. REV. THEOBALD, D.
D., known as the great apostle of tern*
perance, or total aratinence, was\ hom
in Tipperary, Ireland, 1790. After
completing his education for the sacred
calling to which he proposed to devote
his 11^, he joined the order of Capu-
chins, was ordained priest in 1814, and
was stationed in Cork. He proved a
most devoted and zealous missiooary,
and was ceaseless in promoting every
good Work, and' in devising means to
meet the temporal as well as the spirit-
ual wants of his people. It was main-
ly through his exertions that the relig-
ous brotherhood of St. Vincent dePaul
was first established in Ireland, and
which has proved a great assistance in
securing a Christian education for the
Irish people of to-day. He also found
ed separate schools for the education of
the young girls of. his parish, and la-
bored unceasingly in sustaining and
perfecting his good works. His great
work, however, was his mar v«j1ous tem-
perance reformation,especinry through-
out Ireland, in vhich hundreds of
thousands of his countrymen took the,
pledge of total abstinence, the majority
of whom kept it faithfully till death,
and an incalculable amount of good re-
sulted in many ways. He did not con-
fine his labors in the cause to In^nd
alone, but he advocated it with great
success in England and the United
States, which he visited for that pur-
pose. He was not only great in his
special work, but he was a learned and
aole man; but his life was more in work
than in words. He died ia 1866, uni-
versally lamented.

MATHEWS, JOHN, an Irish Ameri-
can patriot of the Revolution, was born
about 1744, and settled with his parents
in South Carolina, where he was ad-
mitted to the bar. Like the rest of his
race in America, he was an ardent and
fiery opposer of British tyranny. He
went to the breach at the erst sound of
the strife, where he distinguished him-
self by his bravery. He represented
South Carolina in the Continental Con-
gress from 1778 to 1782, and was a
signer of the Articles of Confederation.
He was elected Governor of South Caro-
lina in 1788 and in 1784 appointed Judge
He died In 1800.

of the Equity Court,
much lamented.

MATI

man dh

and hosj

Ireland a

liberal ed

travel anc

with mosi

On his est

niflcent n

sleeping

ing accon

in the n

which he

visitors w

consider i

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for their j

they were

were serv<

they migh

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guests. £

MATH]

talented la

York, was

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1766,recei^

law and \i

1790. He

House and

1809 to Coi

trict Attori

cm New Y

to Rochestc

practice. '

f erred on h

died at Us

SfATUR

an eminent

poet, was b(

educated at

though a m

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and gave alt

ture. Amo

Revenire, T

Milcgjan CI

name of Den

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and Women

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MAT

IBIBH CELTS.

MAX

con-

Judge

MATHEWS, GEORGE, LL. D.. a
man distinguished alike for learning
and hospitality, was bom at Thurles
Ireland about 1650. He received a most
liberal education enlarged by exteuKive
travel and observation, and was intimate
with most of the learned men of his day.
On his estate in Thurles he built a mag-
nificent mansion containing above fortv
sleeping apartmen,ts with corrcspondf-
ing accommodation for guests, fitted up
\n the most sumptuous manner, in
which he entertained his friends. His
visitors were informed t^ ..i. they must
consider thsmselves entire v at home.
That the place was erected especially
for their pleasure and convenience, and
they were expected to use it Meals
were served in the rooms of guests or
they might be taken at the table d'hote
at their pleasure. There were coffee
rooms, billiard rooms, salons and every
adjunct of a first-class hotel, Mr. Math-
ews and his lady appearing only as
guests. He died about 1720.

MATHEWS, VINCENT, LL. D., a
talented lawyer and politician of New
York, was of Irish extraction, bom in
Orange county, in that state, June 20,
1766, received a good education, studied
law and was admitted to the bar in
1700. He was sent successively to the
House and Senate of the state and in
1800 to Congress. In 1812 he was Dis-
trict Attorney for a large part of West-
ern New York, and eventually removed
to Rochester, where he acquired a larite
practice. The college of Geneva con-
ferred on him the degree of LL. D. He
died at his home, Aug. 28, 1846.

MATURIN. CHARLES ROBERT,
anemineht writer, divine.dramatist and
poet, was born in Ireland 1782, and was
educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Al-
though a most eloquent preacher he did
not receive much church preferment,
<ind gave almost bis entire time to litera-
ture. Among his works are Tiie Fatal
Revenue, The Wild Irish Boy and The
MiloB^an Chief, published under the
name of Denis Jasper Murphy; The Uni-
verse, a poem; the novels of Melmoth
and Women; the tragedies of Bertram,
MaL'uelandFredolpho Maturin was a
manof great ffenius, not always under
the control oipure taste. He died in
1881

MATURIN, EDWARD, a talented
Irish American scholar and writer, was
born in Dhblin, Ireland, in 1812, and
was the ison of Rev Chas. Maturin, tho
poet and writer. He received his edu-
cation at Trinity College, Dublin.where
he graduated with distmction. Edward
came to this couBtrv in 1832. bringing
letters from Tom Moore,the poet, Rich-
ard Lalor Shell and other eminent Irish-
men. Heentered the law office of Chas.
O Conor and afterward studied with Mr.
Logan, and was admitted to the bar.
Literature, however, had too strong a
bold on him. He was a fine Greek
scholar,, and on recommendation of
Prof. Anthon went to South Carolina
and accepted a professorship of that
chair in a college there. He resided
there for many years, and in 1842 mar-
ried Miss Gailiard. He returned to
to New York and for upwards of thirty
years filled professorships in Greek,
Latin and Belles Lettres. He was also
an elegant writer, and published several
romances and a volume of Lyrics,
among them Montezuma, the Last of
the Aztecs, Benjamin, the Jew of Gren-
ada, Eva, or the Isle of Life and Death,
Roman Tales, Lyrics of Spain and Erin,
etc. He was held in high esteem for his
great knowledge, and wat) one of those
selected by the Bible Union to translate
from the Greek the Gospel of Mark.
Hedied May, 1881.

MAXFIELD, THOMAS, one of the
early adherents of Wesley and the first
itinerant lay preacher of the Methodist
body, was bom in the north of Ireland
in 1720. He, however, developed some
points of difference witL his leader, and
receiving ordination from the Bishop of
Londonderry, he became minister of
an independent congregation and was
noted for his unpoliuied eloquence. He
died in 1785.

MAXWELL, GEN. WILLIAM, a
distinguished soldier and patriot of the
Revolution, waf> born in Ireland in
1785, euiigrated to America, joined the
Colonial troops and took part in the
' 'French war. " He was conntantly em-
ployed up to tho revolution, and was a
Srominent and fearless advocate in New
ersey of Colonial rights. On the
breaking out of the Revolution he im-
mediutely took the field with a regi-
ment of New Jersey troops and joined
Montgomery in the campaign agaiuit

'F 'if

!.■

.*<8:'^ ■.

MAY

IBISH CELTS.

HEA

Bs-

Canada. 1776. He was appointed by
Coiigreus a brigadier-general, and par-
ticipated in tbe battles of Brandywine
and Oermantown, and afterwards
headed the pursuit of the British
under Clinton through New Jer-
sey. He took a prominent part
in the battle of Monmouth, and
supported Sullivan in his cam-
paign against the Indians in 1779,
also participating in the battle of
Springtield, June 28, 1780. Heshortly
afterwards resigned, but was ev&r held
in the highest esteem by Washington,
both for ability and integrity. He died
Nov. 13. 1786,

MAXWELL, CHARLES, a brave
and skillful Irish officer, who served in
Ireland in 1689 90, in support of James
II., and after this monarch's inexcus-
able blunders and cowardice, went to
France, where he greatly distin-
guiuhed himself in the Clare
and other Irish regiments, and was held
in high esteem for skill and daring, and
rose to distinction.

MAXWELL, WM. HAMILTON, a
distinguished Irish writer and novelist,
was born at Newry, Ireland, in 1794,
he graduated at the age of 19, with high
honors from Trinity College, Dublin,
after which he spent some time in
Spain in the British army. He then
studied for the ministry, took orders in
theEs'ablished Church,' and was ap-
pointed to a rectory in Connaught in
which not one prot* tant resided. He
consequently had ali bis time to devote
as he pleased, and he divi<led it be-
tween field sports and literary labor.
Among his works are ''Stories of
Waterloo," "Wild Sports of the West,"
"The Dark Lady of Doona," "Stories
of the Peninsular War," "Life of the
Duke of Wellington." "Victories of
the British Armv.^' "Rambling liecol-
lections of a soldier of Fortune," "The
Fortunes of Hector O Ualloran," "His-
tory of the Rebellion of '»«," "Bryan
O'Lynu " He was also a constant con-
tributor to the Dublin University Maua-
zine and Bcntley's Miucelluuy. Ue
died Due. 20, IbOO.

MAYO, EARL OF (Richard South-
well Bcurke) a diHiinguisliud BriliNh
Btatesmau, was born in Dublin, Irelnnd,
Feb. 8, 1322, and was ediu uted at Trin-
ity College, Dublin, alter which he

traveled on the Continent, and pub-
lished his observations under the title of
"St. Petersburg and Moscow," 1846.
He sat in parliament for Eildare la
1847 and for Coleraine in 1852, was
chief secretary for Ireland under Lord
Derby, and was a member of the cabi>
net in 1366-68. He succeeded to his
title m 1867, and was appointed Yice-
roy of India in 1868. He there distin-
guished himself by his administrative
ability and reformation of abuses. He
was killed in the penal settlement of
Fort Blair, while on a tour of inspec-
tion, by being stabbed in the back by a
Mohammedan convict, Feb. 8, 1872.

MEADE. ROBERT, a general officer
of merit in the British army, was born
inTipperary, Ireland, Feb. 29, 1772.
He early entered his profession and dis-
tinguished himself on the Continent on
vanous occasions, rising at length to the
rank of lieutenant general. He had a
younger brother a general of equal cel-
ebrity, He died at an advanced age.

MEAGHER OEN. THOMAS
FRANCIS, otae of the most distin-
guished of the Irish patriots of '48 and
most brilliaot of modem orators, was
born in Waterford, Ireland, in 1828.
He was educated partly at Clongowes-
wood college and partly at the Jesuit
college at Stonevhurst, Lancashire,
where he was distinguished by his
poetic imagination, classical command
of English, and intense oratorical pow-
ers when moved. When he riBturned
home the repeal movement was at its
lieight, and the heart of the nation was
throbbing with hopes of victory.
Meagher^ father was locally prominent
in the movement, and was shortly after-
ward elected mavor of Waterford, and
was the first Catholic who filled the post
since the reformation. He was also an
ardent supporter of O'Connell, and our
young -patriot, with all the fervor of an
Irish heart, threw himself into the
movement. As early as 1843 when only
twenty year-* of age he became known
as a local speaker of talents and promi
nont euouu:. lo preside at repeal meet-
ings in hiH native city ; but it was not
till his advent in Dublin and his appear-
ance in Conciliation Hall that he rose
lo those splendid heights of eloqueuce
that electrified his countrymen and
earned for hin^ a place among the greaU
est of modern orators. Uls flrsl appear-

ance th(

audienc

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cept Sm

was acq

his proi

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ceived.

into hiss

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ength l
which a i
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appear at
to their
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and flasl
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bis subje
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of his hei
ble, and
down, th
tened to
of O'Coi
riods of
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mented
He at on
tion Hal
nounced
to its utn
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became f
of theme
Irelandei
neas of
•▼en insi

HEA

IRIBH CELTS.

MEA

ance there was in 1846, when the great
audience that crowded the hall one
«veniDg beheld a youthful stranger
aidse to address them ; few if any ex-
cept Smith O'Brien, the chairman, who
was acquainted with him and admired
his promising talents, ever heard of
him. Neither did he at first produce
a very favorable impression ; his words
were hesitating and indistinct ; his pro-
nunciation was somewhat strange on
account of his foreign schooling ; what
little gestures he made were stiff and un-
meamng, and even a certain confidence
in his bearing but gave to his impatient
hearers an impression of self conceit,
which his youth and a certain trimness
of figure confirmed, and it seemed for
a while as if the ambitious young
stranger was incapable of moving an
audience ever ready to applaud — was a
failure. But never were men more de
ceived. The orator, as he advanced
into his subject, warmed and expanded,
and his inspiration, like the Sybil's, at
length burst forth. All the defects
which a moment before seemed to weigh
him down even below mediocrity dis-
appear as if by magic, and he appears
to their wondering eyes as one trans-
figured, pouring forth a torrent of elo-
quence, a voice rich and resonant, giv-
ing utterance in classic language to in-
spired thoughts, while his eyes sparkled
and flashed with the light of genius,
and his whole face illumined by that
intenseness of expression which com-
pletes the power of the orator, and is
visible only when the orator is lost in
bis subject and is indeed the secret of
his power over the hearts and the wills
of his hearers. The effect was irresisti-
ble, and before the young orator sat
down, this audience, who had often lis-
tened to the bold and massive eloquence
of O'Connell and the more classic pe-
riods of Shiel, were loud and long in
their acknowledgments of the effort of
the youthful stranger, and Smith
O'Brien in their name warmlv compli-
mented him on his brilliant effort.
He at once became the idol of Concilia-
tion Hall, and ever when he was an-
nounced to speak, the hall was crowded
to its utmost capacity. When the I'u-
conditional puace policy of O'Connell
became futile, if not slavish, in the eyes
of the more ardent and irascible "Young
Irelanders," and the freedom and bold-
ness of their declamations in the hall
even insinuated a resort to arms as the

final remedy, if justice and right were
not otherwise attumable ; then gradually
resulted a divergsnce, which" day by
day became more marked, and an an- .
tagonism of views and policies which
in marking lines, naturally pusbed each
party to a radicalism which ended in an
open rupture, proving a stumbling
block to their common desire to benefit
their country and relieve her from the
most wicked and heartless of tyrannies.
O'Connell greatly admired Meagher
and strove to detach him from the "par-
ty of action," telling him they would
lead him into danger, "that may be
true" he applied, "but not to dis-
honor." It IS probable that if O'Con-
nell had not been weakened by age and
illness, but had retained the vigor and
strength of his early manhood, this fatal
divergence would not have taken place,
but his son John, whom the weakness
of a father's pride would exalt to a
place he was incapable to fill, precipi-
tated the catastrophe, and the friends of
Ireland were again divided. The re-
sult came when the "Peace Resolu-
tions", which asserted "that the use of
arms was at all times unjustifiable and
immoral I" were introduced to define
the policy of the Association, and as a
test of membership. The Lord Mayor
of Dublin was in the chuir, and the
resolutions were supported by John
O'Connell and Tom Steele, and vigor-
ously opposed by Smith O'Brien, John
Mitchel and others, when Meagher arose
and delivered his famous "Sword
Speech," which we here give as a speci-
men of his style, but not of his power,
for the magnitism of his presence is
lost. He said: "My Lord — I am not
ungrateful to the man who struck the
fetters off my limbs, while I was yet a
child, and by whose influence my
father, the first Catholic that did eo for
two hundred years, sits in the civic
chair of my native city. But, My
Lord, the same God who gave to that
great man the power to strike down one
odious ascendancy in this country, and
who enabled him to institute in this
land religious equality, the same
God gave to me a mind
which Is my own, a mind that is
not mortgaged to the opinions of any
man or set of men, and which I was to
use and not surrender." He then pro-
ceeded to say that while he believed in
astiictly legal course of action, he could
not support the resolutions because he

^ :!

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I I

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I' 5n;

«1

MEA

IBISH CELTB.

MEA

believed tuat there wore times when
srms alone could meet the emergency,
and that not only a drop, but many
thousand drops of blood were cheaply
and gloriously shed to obtain the result,
and Uien burst forth into the following
brilliant apotheosis of the sword :
"The soldier is proof against an argu-
ment, but he is not proof against a bul-
let The man that will listen to
reason — let him be reasoned with ; but
it is the weaponed arm of the patriot
that can alone prevail against battal
ioned despotism. Then, my lord, I do
not condemn the use of arms as immor-
al, nor do I conceive it profane to say
that the King of Heaven — the Lord of
Hosts 1 — the God of Battleo ! — bestows
His benedictions upon those who un-
sheath the sword in the hour of a na-
tion's peril. From that evening on
which, in the valley of Bethulia, He
nerved the arm of the Jewish girl to
smite the drunken tyrant in his tent,
down to this our day, in which he
blessed the insurgent chivalry of the
Belgic priests, His Almighty hand hath
ever been stretched forth from HJs
throne of light to consecrate the flag
of freedom — to bless the patriot's sword !
Be it in the defense, or be it
in the assertion of a people's liberty,
I hail the sword as a sacred weapon,
and if it ha^s sometimes taken the shape
of the serpent, and reddened the shroud
of the oppressor with too deep a dye.
like the annointed rod of the High
Priest it has at other times, and as often,
blossomed into celestial flownrs to deck
the freeman's brow. Abho/ the sword
— stigmatize the sword ? No, my lord,
for in the passes of the Tyrol it cut to
pieces the banner of the Bavarian, and
through those cragged passes struck a
path to fame for the peasant insurrec-
tionists of Inspruck 1 Abhor the sword
— Btigmati7.e the sword ? Nc, my lord,
for at its blow a giant nation has sprung
up from the waters of the far Atlantic,
and by its redeeming magic, and by the
quivering of its crunsoned light, the
weak dependent colonies became a dar-
ing free republic. Abhor the sword —
stigmatize the sword? No, my lord,
for it swept the Dutch maraudei-s out
of the flne old towns of Bel-
gium, scourging them back to their
own phlegmatic swamps, and knocked
their flag, their sceptre, their bayonets
and their laws into the sluggish waters
of the Scheldt I My lord, I learned

that it was the right of a nation to gov« .
em itself, not in this Hall but on the
ramparts of Antwerp. I learned the
first article of a nation's creed upon
those ramparts where freedom was just-
ly estimated, and where the possession
of the precious gift was purchased by
the effusion of generous blood. Mv
lord, I honor the Belgians for their
courage and their daring, and I will
not stigmatize the means by which they
obtained a citizen-King and a Chamber
of Deputies." The young orator was
here mterrupted by John O'Connell,
who ^f used to hear him further, and
said either he or .^'sagher must leave
the Association. O'Brien protested
against the attempt to silence him, and
the altercations growing warm O'Brien,
Mitchel, Duffy, Keilly and Meagher,
representing the paity of action, or the
Young Ireland partv, left the hall, nban-
doned the Repeal Association and
formed the "Confederation." The
storm of revolution which about this
time was giving evidence of its exist-
ence throughout Europe, and which
soon afterwards upheaved dynasties and
demolished thrones, found materials
ready to inflame in Ireland. The brill
iant young journalists of the Nation,
and many others of like stamp, urged
on by pen and voice the organization of
men determined to be free and willing
to purchase liberty with blood, while
the Old Ireland party deprecated the
resort to arms. Meagher was not as yet
eager for revolution, and when O'Con-
nell resigned his seat, Meagher, against
the counsel and policy of of his asso-
ciates, went down to Waterford to
stand for Parliament, and issued an ad-
dress, claiming to belong to no English
party, Whig or Tory, but to work alone
for uie legislative independence of Ire-
land. The Repealers, who had become
but an appendage to the Whigs, also
put forward a candidate, and the re-
sult was the election of a Tory. Mitch-
el and the ''party of progress rejoiced
at the result, as tliey were now opposed
to any compromise but absolute separa-
tion. The march of events hurried for-
ward. Europe was in the throes of
revolution, and in Ireland it prema-
turely burst forth. The result was, in-
decision and chaos marked its progress,
the leaders were arrested before the
outbreak was half organized, fail-
ure and ruin followed, and the Rebel-
lion of '48 passed without any good re-

MEH

IRISH CELTS.

MEL

suits. Meagher was tried for treason
and defended by Whiteside and Butt
before a packed jury and convicted, but
recommended to mercy on account of
bis youth. He was sentenced to death,
which wasf afterwards commuted to
transportation to Van Dieman's Land,
where he arrived with his companions,
O'Brien, O'Donoghue and MacManus,
October, 1849. After some disappoint-
ments he at length effected his escape
and arrived in New York in 1852.
There he entered journalism and started
the Irish News, whioh he conducted up
tu the breaking out of the Great Rebel-
lion, when ho raised a company,
joined the 69th New York Regt., and
fought gallantly at Bull Run, where so
many blustering heroes had disgraced
themselves and their country. He af-
terwards raised an Irish Brigade and
was appointed Brigadier General, serv-
ing most gallantly in the Army of the
Potomac, where his gallant men over
and over again gave exhibitions of cour-
age and invincible pluck which earned
for them the praise and admiration of
the whole army. He served with his
brigade, which had to be repeatedly re-
cruited, up to the taking of Richmond,
where it aid gallant work under the
eye of Sheridan, when, after one of the
most desperate engagements of the war,
that brilliant Celtic soldier cut off the
last line of communication which
the besieged had kept open with the
south, and thus compelled a capitula-
tion. After the war Meagher was ap-
pointed by President Johnson governor
of Montana, which position he held till
his death in 1867, when he was sudden-
ly cut off in the very prime of life and
the threshold of what promised to be a
brilliant civil career. He was coming
east on a visit from his government in
the Far West, and was descending the
Missouri a dark and stormy night on
board a steamer, when he went out on
deck, and never returned. He is bup-
posed to have been standing by the rail>
ing, which was low, when a sudden
lurch of the boat threw him into the
dark and angry waters, and he sank to
rise no more.

MEHEGAN, WM, ALEX. DE, a
celebrated French miscellaneous writer,
was descended from Irish ancestors, who
settled in France after the civil wars
Itetween James II. and William, was
born in 1701, and became distinguiahed

as one of the most elegant French
writers of the day. He died at the
early age of 45 years.

MELINE JAMES FLORENT, a tal-
ented American catholic writer, and an
accomplished scholar was Irish by bis
mother, Catherine Butler, whose broth-
ers. Revs. Thomas and James Butler,
were professors at Ml. St. Mary's Col-
lege, Emmettsburg, and men of distln-
euished abilities. Our sulnect was
Born at Sacketts Harbor, N. Y., in
1811, where his father, who was an offi-
cer in the Fifth U. 8. Infantry, of
French birth but Swedish lineage, was
then stationed. He was sent at an
early age to Mt. St. Maiy's, where he
soon distinguished himself by his talent
and industry, developing capacity of
the most varied order. Pecuniary mis-
fortunes and the death of his parents
made it necessary for him to commence
the battle of life on leaving college, and
he accepted a professorship in the Athen-
eum, a new Catholic college started by
Bishop Purcell in Cineinnati. His
spare hours were devoted to the
study of law, and he was admitted to
the Bar. Having by close economy ac-
cumulated some money, he determined
on a trip to Europe, for the purpose of
enlarging his views and becoming fam-
iliar wiuL the history, languages and
character of its principal peoples from
actual observation and study. He
spent three years in France, Italy and
Germany, becoming complete master of
their languages, and storing his mind
with the choicest studies of their litera-
ture and art. He returned to Cincin-
nati and resumed the study and prac-
tice of his profession. His talents and
culture, which were of a high order
and various, while admirably adapted
for the law, loved still more to explore
the general fields of literature and art,
and cultivate those home talents which
elevate, refine and charm social lil[e.
He possessed musical talents of a high
order, and the prominence which Cin-
cinnati has acquired for cultivation and
high culture in this art is largely due
to Meline. He also, in conjunction
with Father Young, edited the Cin-
cinnati Catholic Telegraph. He made
a second trip to Eui'ope, taking up his
residence at the University of Heidel-
berg, and studying important histori*
cal questions in the various capitals,
and returned home one of the most oul-

4
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MEL

IRT8II CELTS.

M£R

tured and brilliant of American belles-
lettres scholars. After his return he
gave lectures on "The Study of Mod-
em Laneuages," "Education in Aus-
tria," and dther popular subjects. In
1848 he answered, in a forcible and
pointed manner, the old calumny| about
Galileo, which was re-hashed by John

S, Adams in an address at the la^png
the comer stone of the Cincinnati ob-
servatory. He afterwards made it the
subject of a paper in the Dublin Re-
view. In 1847 be married Miss Rogers
of Cincinnati, and having during a
number of years received the appoint-
ments of ilot a few foreign consulates
at Cincinnati ,he relinquished the prac-
tice of his profession and started a
banking house, as a business which
would allov him more time for writing
and study. During the following
twelve years he had ample time to cul-
dvate his own tastes and add to the sun-
shine of those around him, but the
financial crash which preceded the
eat rebellion swept away the fruit of
lis labors and hopes, and after provid-
ing as best he could to meet the future,
he at first with pen, and then with
sword, stepped forward to the defence
of the Union. He became a major,
and was jud^e-advocate on the staff of
Gen. Pope in 1862 when that bun-
come soldier started on his disastrous
march to Richmond "without a base of
flupplies." Meline, however, behaved in
amllant manner, and was promoted to a
colonelcy and served with distinction
throughout the war. In 1865-6 he
made a tour of inspection with Qen.
Pope in New Mexico and Colorado;
which he published in an interesting
volume entitled "Two Thousand Miles
on Horseback." His health being im-

£ aired he resigned, intending to devote
imself to literature in New York, but
the military department still desired his
services, and he was appointed chief of
the Bureau of Civil Affairs in the Third
Military District, which position he
held until the organization of the state

governments south. In the meantime
e acted as correspondent for promi-
nent papers, and on retiring from the
public service he went to New York
and became a contributor of the Na-
tion, Catholic World, Qalaxv, his
subjects being most,,- historical. His
most noted work is "Mary Queen of
Scots and her Latest Historian." In
this work he exposes the bad faith and

falsity of Froude as a historian, and his
defence of the Unfortunate Queen was
indorsed by Agnes Strickland, Hosack,
Baird and other Protestant writers.
When Froude came to the United States
on his mission of slander against Ire-
land, for which he received such a se-
vere castigation from Father Burke, his
veracity on the above (]^uestion was
directly brought to his notice, to which
he Tfome a lame answer which was se-
verely replied to by Meline, who com-
pletely used him up, and the traducer
soon after slunk back to his master.
Although completely broken down in
health, Meliiie prepared and delivered
an able course of lectures on English
Literature at Seaton Hall College and
other institutions at the request of bish-
op Corrigan. He went South for his
health, without avail,|and returning died
at his home in New York Aug. 14,
1873, in a manner consonant with his
life.

MELL,PATRICK H., D. D. LL. D.,

a talented and able American baptist
divine, of Irish parentage, was bom in
Liberty County, Georgia, July 19, 1814.
His parents dying when he was a boy,
left him without any means but a brave
heart and willing hands to push his wav
in the world. Although poor, like Irish
parents generallv, they saw that their
boy had as good an eaucation as their
sacrifices would allow. Patrick had al-
ready imbibed a strong desire to secure
a complete education, and he soon had
earned enough to make the effort. He
entered Amherst College, Mass., where
he remained two years, applying himself
closely and without cessation. He then
became a Baptist minister, and soon be-
came noted tor talent. When Mercer
University became organized he was ap-
pointed professor of ancient languages,
and in 1857 was appointed to the same
chair in the State University, and after-
wards Vice-Chancellor. Dr. Mell stood
high among Southern Baptists, and was
looked upon as their ablest representa-
tive. He presided in their general as-
semblies for many years. He is the au-
thor of several works held in high re-
Eute, among them "Corrective Cimrch
Hscipline.'*^ "Predestination," Calvan-
ism," 'God'a Providential Qovem-
ment," etc.

MEREDITH, SAMUEL, an Irish
American patriot of the Revolution,

MES

naSH CELTS.'

MIL

"was a scion of a Leinster family who
earlj settled in Philadelphia, and was
born about 1760. Like his country-
men in general, he early and ardently
espoused the cause of tL 'Colonies, and
immediately faced the storm when it
came, acquitting hiiiself with great
credit in many desperate engagements,
and like the Meads and other wealthy
Irishmen of Pennsylvania, he liberally
gave of hb means to support the strug-
gling cause in its darkest hour, he and
Sis brother-in-law, Qeorge Clymer, giv-
ing $50,000 in coin, which in that day
and time was a large sum, in support of
the war. He enjoyed the confidence
and friendship of vvashinffton to an un-
limited degree. HeservM in his state
lecislature and also in the Continental
Congress in 1787-8, and on the adoption
ef the Federal Constitution was ap-
pointed by Washington Secretary of the
Treasury, which office he held till 1801,
when, differing v;ith the administration
of Adams on the Alien and Sedition
laws, he retired from the cabinet, like
McHenry and Pickering, and in fact al-
most the entire Irish Celtic element in
America, whose instinct for a broad and
liberal policy was stronger, deeper
and more generous than that of
any other American element. He died
in Wayne County, Fenn., in 18l7.

MERIDETH, HON. WM, R., a
prominent Canadian lawyer and politi-
cian, is a son of John Cook Meridith, a
native of Dublin, who emigrated to
Canada at an early day. Our subject
was bom at Westminster, Ont. , in 1840,
and completed his education at the To-
ronto University, was called to the Up-
per Canadian bar when he was twenty-
one, and soon acquired an honorable po-
sition in his profession. He was elected
a member of the Law Society in 1871,
and returned to the Canadian parliament
in 1872. He held other positions of
honor, and is considered one of the
most promising of Canadian statesmen.
The ladies of the family are as fimied
for their beautv and elegance as the
men are for ability.

MESSmOHAM, THOMAS, an
Irish divine and writer, was bom in the

Srovince of Leinster, Ireland, about
576. He received his education prin-
cipally in France. He was an Apos-
tolic Profhonota jr and Superior of a
oommunity of Irish ecoleiiastics in

Paris. Hepul'^^bed In Latin
ume contidninjT (ives of many

a vol-
^ of the
Irish saints. It was issued in Paris in
1624, and was entitled "Floreligium In-
sula Sanctorium."

MITjLER. bey. peter, an heroic
Irish priest and martyr, was bora in
Wexford about 16£0, and desiring to
devote himself to a religious life, went
to Hpain, where he was educated and
received the degree of doctor of theol-
ogy. Ho returned to Ireland in 1588
to minister to its persecuted people, but
was soon captured by the human blood-
hounds of Elizabeth, first cruelly tor-
tured to induce him to abandon hia
faith, and at length hung, cut down be-
fore dead and quartered Oct. 4, 1588.

MILLER, STEPHEN D., an able
American lawyer and statesmen, was
born 1789. in the Waxhaw settlements.
South Carolina, of an Ulster family of
that name wbd settled there before the
war. He received his education in the
South Carolina College was admitted to
the bar in 1812. In 1819 he was sent
to Congress, and in 1828 was elected
Oovernorof the State, and in 1831 was
elected to the TJ nited States senate, but
was forced to resign after two years, on
accountof his health. He removed to
Mississippi, where he died in 1838.

MILLIGAN, JOHN J., a distin-
guished lawyer of Delaware, was of
Irish descent, bom in Maryland, Dec.
10, 1795, was educated at Princeton
College, and studied law and was ad-
mitted to the bar in Delaware in 1818.
In 1830 he was elected to Congress, and
served with ability for a number of
of terms, and in 1889 was appointed
Judge of the Superior Court of the
State, which he held to within a few
years.

MILLIKBN RICHARD, a wit and
poet of talent, was born in Ireland and
was bred to the bar. Like so many
sons of the old land, his social and im-
aginative qualities predominating, he
turned his attention to literature, and
was held in high esteem by his contem-
poraries for his brilliancy and wit. He
was the author of the well known
"Groves of Blarney" and other popular
effusions of the day. The following is
a specimen of his wit and style <

' 7> 1

1 ? .-f

I L' ^

* 'it

• i

aim

XBIBH CKUn.

Had I the Tun which Bacchus used

I'd sit on it all day ;
For while a can it ne'er refused.

He nothing had to pay.

I'd turn the cock from mom to eve

Nor think it toil or trouble,
But I'd contrive, you may believe.

To make it carry double.

My friends should sit, as well as I,

And take a jovial pot ;
For he who drinks — aitliough he's dry —

Alone, is sure a sot.

But since the Tun which Bacchus used
"We have not here — what then t

Since godlike tippling is refused.
Let's drink like honest men.

And l3t that churl, old Bacchus, sit.

Who envies him his wine ?
While mortal fellowship and wit

Make whisky punch divine.

MINJY GEN. R. H. G., a distin-

Stished Union cavalry officer during
e war of the rebellion, was born in
county Mayo, Ireland, Dec. 4, 1831.
He entered the British seiTice in 1849
as ensign, and served with credit in the
West Indies, Honduras and on the
coast of Africa. In 1858 he resigned
bis commission and came to America.
After some time he settled in Michigan,
and on the breaking out of the war of
tiie rebellion he joined the Third Mich-
igan cavalry as major, and shortly after
was appointed colonel of the Fourth,
and promoted to a brigadier general
for gallant conduct and militarv skill
This regiment greatly distinguished it-
self during the war, and formed a part
of abrigaofe commanded by Gen. Minty
in the southwest, wbich bciime famous
for its many brilliant feats u£ success-
ful daring. The general received the
highest praises from his superior offi-
cers, and is rated as- one of the most
daring and brilliant cavalry officers of
tiie i^ar. He never followed but
always led his men into danger, and
where the fight was hottest, in hand to
hand encounters, there Minty was sure
to be found, ever an example and an
inspiration. He probably had no supe-
rior among the Federal cavalry officers,
unless it was the irresistible "Little
Phil" Sheridan, his brother Celt.

MITCHEL JOHN, an able and dis-
tinguished Irish patriot and writer, was
born in county Deny, Ireland, Nov 8,
1815. His father was a Unitarian min-
ister of talent. Our subject received
bis education at Trinity college, Dub-
lin, where he graduated in his twenty-
first year. He theu studied law and
was admitted to the Irisn bar, whei'e he
practiced for several years. In the
meantime he was a constant contribu-
tor to the local press, and entered with
ardor into the discussion of all ques-
tions which looked toward Irish inde-
pendence. He joined the repeal move-
ment, but its methods and theories be-
coming too slow and cold ior his ardent
nature, he became instrumental in or-
ganizing the Young Ireland party,
which soon gathered into its folds the
warm-blooded young hearts of Ireland,
and possessed far more talent than
iudgment or discretion. Mitchel first
attracted attention by his work "Hugh
O'Neill," which was intended as an
inspiration and an example. The Dub-
lin Nation was then established to ^ve
voice to the hopes and yearnings of the
young Ireland party, and Mitchel be-
came one of its chief editors. In 1847
he started the "United Irishman" which
promulgated the most advanced doc-
trines as to the ways and means to se-
cure just rights. In 1848 he was ar-
rested with a number of the other
leaders, convicted of felony and sen-
tenced to transportation for fourteen
years. He. however, escaped in 1853,
and came to New York city, where
he shortly afterwards started the "Citi-
zen," which, not receiving sufficient
support, he went to Richmond and
started the Southern Citizen which did
not prove a pecuniary success, when he
went to Pons, where he remained until
the great rebellion broke out \/hen he
returned to Richmond and edited the
"Enquirer" in advocacv of Southern
independence. After the collapse of
the "Confederacy," in whose cause he
lost two brave 'boys, he returned to
New York and started the Irish Citi-
zen, and traveled extensively through
the States lecturing on the cause of Ire-
land. His last journalistic venture
also failed, when he went to Ireland in
1874 and was elected to parliament
from Tipperary. He appeared to take
his seat, but he was declared ineligible,
but the patriotic people of Tipperary-
again returned him, and the question

HOD

HUSH CELTS.

HOL

u to what would be the result was cre-
sting warm discussion when death put
an end to the difficulty March 20, 1876.
He had long been ail;ng ; a species of
consumption had fastened itself upon
him, but his indomitable spirit held him
up to the last. His countrymen of all
classes mourned his loss, for indeed Ire-
land gave birth to no purer or more dis-
interested patriot than John Mitchel.
In his great and generous heart there
was nothing small, contracted or sel-
fish. He loved Ireland as he loved lib-
erty with an abiding and universal love,
and bigotiy of any «ind was a stranger
to his magnanimous spirit. Let us
hope that his life and example have not
been vain, but that his spirit may ani-
mate all his countrymen Catholic and
Protestant alike, and once united they
would be irresistible I

MOCHELLOE. or KELLOE, St.

A. D.6P0,a man celebrated in the ancisnt
Irish calendar for his learning and piety,
was a disciple of St. Declan oilArd-
more. lie founded a school and mon-
astery near the present parish of Mocal-
lop, near Lismore, and also the church
atKilmallock, County Limerick. He
died about the middle of the seventh
century. Mrs. Hall, in writing of this
latter place, says, "It was a walled town
before the Roman invasion. The re-
mains of the ancient houses are of hewn
ttone, genereiUy these houses are orna-
mented with anembattlement and taste-
ful stone mouldings; the carvings are
in a bold and masdve style, and retain
nearly their original sharpness." Sir

B. Hoare, an English antiquary, ob-
seryesofoneoftheruins, "It surpasses
in decoration and good sculpture any I
have yet seen." Such facts mtty im-
press the dubious more powerfully than
history or tradition of the advanced
state of beland in those early ages.

MODH, CORB, King of Munster,
son of Cormac-Cas, was a gal-
lant prince and chief of the Dalcasse.
In A. D. 288 he supported a revolt of
the national militia against the monarch
Oarbre Lefleachair supported by the
King of Connaught. He met the mon-
arch and his allies at Tara and defeated
them, the monarch behig amon^ the
slsin. He was, however, met agam by
the King of Connaught, Aidhe, at a
place culed Spaltrecn, where Modh
himself was defeated and slain.

MODHA-NUAGAT, a valiant and
wise King of Munster and monarch of
half Ireland, became King of Munster
about A. D. 150. His first warlike ef-
forts were in crushing the power of the
Deagades, a branch of the Earnochs,
who were allowed.many years before, t(v
settle in Munster, but who on becoming
powerful contested the right to the
crown of Munster as against the race-
of Heber, the legitimate line of princes.
Although Angus, head of this tnbe, wn*
supported by the monarch Conn, with
15,000 men, Modha cruslied their
power and compelled them to submit.
Angered against the monarch he turned
hii arms against him, but was at 1en0h
defeated and compelled to flee to Spain.
There he was received favorably, and
married Beara, the daughter of Heber-
More, a King of that country. After
somtime-he returned to Ireland Ih
troops furnished by his father-in-law.
and recommenced hostilities against the-
monarch Conn, whom he defeated at
Broisne and Sampaite in King's county,,
at Greine. Athlone, Gabhran, Usnigh'
and other places in different parts "of
the provinces, and at length compelled
him to divide the monarchy with him,
Modha taking the Southern part. Some-
fresh causes of trouble arismg Modha
determined to strike for the whole-
kingdom, and the two monarchs met
with their armies on the plains of Moy-
lena, but before preparations were-
complete Modha was assassinated while
lying in bed in his tent by Calle, son of
Mom, of the royal line of Connaught.
This decided the question, and Conn
resumed authority over the whole mon-
archy.

MOLESWORTH, RICHARD VIS-
COUNT, a Field Marshal in the Eng-
lish army, was bom near Dublin about
1680. He was educated for ibe law,
but ran away from the Temple an4
joined the army in Flanders .is a volun-
teer; was aid de camp to the Duke of
Marlborough at the battle of Romilies,
and saved Uie life of the Duke on that
occasion. He afterwards served with
great distinction throughout the cam-
paign in Flanders and against the Scots
at Preston, and rose to the rank of
Lieut. -General, Master General of the
ordinance and Field Marshal. He died
in 1758.

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MOLESWORTH. ROBERT. Vifl-
<»UDt, a statesman and diplomat, was
born in Dublin in 1656, ana educatod ( t
Trinity college in that city. He opposed
James II., wlio caused Ills estates to be
confiscated, but oa lie settlement of af-
fairs under William III, he was rein-
stated, made a privy counsellor, and
afterwards ambassador to Copenhagen,
where ho had some diflBculty with the
King which caused him to return home
very abruptly. He then published an
account of Denmark, which was not
very flattering, and was complained of
by the Danish ambassador as a libel on
his country. In 1714 he was made a
<:ommissioner of trade and plantations,
and two years later raised to the Irish
peerage for distinguished services. He
-died in 1725.

MOIiLOY, CHARLES, a political
■writer and dramatist of talent, was born
In Dublin in 1754, and educated at Dub-
lin University. He studied law at the
Middle Temple, but devoted himself to
politics and literature. He was editor
of a political paper called "Common
Ssnse, and among his dramatic efforts
are "The Perplexed Couple," "The
Coquet," and "Half-pay Offlcers." He
died in 1797.

MOLOCUS, SAINT, of Cong, foun-
der of a monastery atCouj^, a place, an-
'Ciently of note, and sitiiated between
Lough Corrib and Loiigh Maske, Co.
Mayo, residence of the Kings of Con-
naught, was also first bishop of a see of
the same name since joined to Tuam.
He was probably aided by Donald II.,
King of Irelana, whom Ware credits
'With founding the monastery. This
was one of the finest monasteries in
Ireland as its ruins plainly indicate. It
was here that Roderick O'Connor, the
last King of Ireland, retired to end his
days in peace. The architecture of the
Abbey, as it now appears, is of the de-
corative Roman style, and sorie of the
carvings even, as they now appear on
the ruins are rich and artistic. The
tronB of Cong, now in the possession of
the Royal Irish Academy, is a richly
wrought memorial of antiquity, and is
said to contain a portion of the true
cross. At the tf me this religious house
was confiscated it contained 700 monks.
Otir saint's name appears in the calen-
dar on the 17th of ApriL

MOLYNEAUX, DANIEL, M. P.

of the Irish Parliament, a celebrated
antiquarian and genealogist, was bora
about 1650 at Armagh, and was ap-
pointed in 1587 Ulster Eing-of-Arms.
His collection of Irish family history,
now amongst the MSS. of Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, proves him to have been an
accurate and very learned antiquarian.
He died in 1632.

MOLYNEUX, WILLIAM, grandson
of the foregoing, an Irish patriot and
writer, was bom in Armagh in 1656,
and represented the City of Dublin and
afterwards Dublin University, where
he was educated, in the Irish Parlia-
ment. He was the author of many ex-
cellent and patriotic works on Ireland,
among them one entitled "The State of
Ireland," dedicated to the Prince of
Orange. Il it he proves that Ireland
was never conquered by Henry II., and
by treaty between the two countries
made in his day, Ireland was to be
governed by her own parliament and
laws, and was entirely independent of
English parliament and laws.

MONCK, LORD VISCOUNT (Chas.
Stanley), an able British statesman and
Governor-General of Canada, » born
at Templemore, Ireland, Oct. xO, 1819.
He received his education at Trinity
College, Dublin, and was admitted to
the bar in 1841 He succeeded to his
title in 1849, and entered the House of
Commons in 1852; was made a Lord of
the Treasury in 1855, and Governor-
General of Canada in 1861, where he
became very popular, and displayed fine
administrative powers, and during his
administration the consolidation of the
British Provinces was accomplished; re-
turned to England in 1868 when hu took
his seat in the House of Lords, and be-
came one of the commissioners of the
Irish Church temporalities.

MONCK, MARY MOLESWORTH,
daughter of Lord Moleswo/th, a lady of
distinguished ability and culture, was
born at her father's seat near Dublin, and
became celebrated for her linguistic tal-
ents, great accomplishments and poeti-
cal genius. She was master of Latin,
and of all the modern Latin tongues in
which she conversed with flueucy. She
died in 1716.

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MONROE, JAMES, fifth President
of the United States, wan bom April
28, 1768, in Westmoreland county, Vir-
ginia, and was the son of an Ulster Irish
family in tlint state. He was educated at
William and Mary college, and left it
to take up arms in defense of his coun-
try in 1786, when he distinguished him-
self on various occasions by his bravery.
He left the army to recruit his health
and took up the study of the law. In
1780 we find him military conamissioner
for Virginia, and in that capacity visited
the Southern army. He served as a de-
legate to the Virginia Assembly in 1783,
and was a member of the Continental
Congress. After the adoption of the
Federal Constitution by a convention of
his state, of which he was a member,
he was in 1790 elected a U, S. Senator.
In 1704 he was appointed Minister
Plenipotentiary to France, but was re-
called in 1797. In 1799 he was elected
Governor of Virginia, and in 1802 was
aezit to France to negotiate thb Louisiana
paichase. In 18 8 he was appointed
Aiiuister to England, and in 1805 in con-
junction with Chas. Pinckney was sent
on a mission to Spain. He returned in
1808 and was again elected Governor
of Virginia, but he resigned shortly after
taking his seat, and took the helm of
state under President Madison. In 1817
he succeeded Madison as President of
the United States; was re-elected in 1821.
He died July 4, 1881, universally re-
gretted.

MONTGOMERY, SIR HENRY
CUNNINGHAM, a brave and dashing
cavalry officer, was bom in the County
of Donenil about 1768. He entered the
East Inma Company's service in 1783,
and served as a cavalry officer about
20 years. In the war with Tippoo, Sul-
tan, he was placed at the head of 6,000
cavalry, three battalions of Infantry and
17 pieces of artillery, and greatly aided
Sir John Floyd in the results of the war.
Upon his suli^quent departure for home

general orders highly complimentary to
is services were published to the army.
He afterwards entered Parliament for
the borough of St. Michael's, and was
created a baronet in 1808. He died about
1840.

MONTGOMERY, JOSEPH, an
Irish American patriot of the Revolu-
tion and an able advocate of the risrhts
of the people, was born about 1785, and

was educated at Pnhceton nnd after-
wards took a degree at Yale. He served
his country both by tongue and sword
with distinction, and was a delegate
from Pennsylvania to the Continental
Congress for several years.

MONTGOMERY, SIR ROBERT,
LL. D., a talented and able legislator,
was born in Londonderry, Ireland, in»
1809; was educated in that city and en-
tered the civil service of the East India
Company at an early age, and rose to be-
Commissioner of the Punjuub in 1&49.
He succeeded by tact and energy in dis-
arming the native forces at Lahore in
1851. He became head commissioner
of Ouda in 1848,and succeeded in restor-
ing order in that province, for which he
received the thanks of both Houses of
Parliament and was knighted. In 1850
he became Lieut. -Governor of Puniaub
and a member of the Indian Council ia
1868.

MONTGOMERY RICHARD, one
of the bravest and ablest soldiers of the
American revolution, was bom near
Raphoe, Ireland, in 1737. After hav-
ing completed his education at Trinity
College, Dublin, he entered the Brit-
ish army and fought with Wolf at the
capture of Quebec in 1759. He subse-
quently left the army and settled in New
York, where he married Miss Living-
ston, and was soon noted as being a
bold defender of colonial rights. He
was a member of the first provincial
congress, 1775. On the breaking out
of the war he immediately offered hi»
services to congress, and was appointed
to a command in the Northern Army.
He developed the scheme for driving
the British from Canada and of secur-
ing the co-operation of the Canadians
in the struggle for liberty, and would
have succeeded had not the selfish greed
for glory which distinguished Arnold

Eushed him forward too soon, and his;^
iind bigotry towards Catholics alien-'
ated the Canadians, destroying their
goed will, and making them suspicious
as to the security of their rights under
such men, thus placing fatal obstruc-
tions in the way, and resulting in the
death of a brave and gallant leader. As
it was Montgomery took Fort Chambly
and Montreal, and in the very midst of
winter (Dec. 81, 1775) appeared before
Quebec which he stormed at the head
of his men. He succeeded and had al-

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Teady entered the city with the prestige
of yfctoiy on his banners when, unfor-
tunately, he fell mortally wounded.
Arnold, who attacked another part of
the city at the same time, was woimded
and repulsed. The officer who suc-
ceeded Montgomery was so dismayed
at the death of his commander, that he
ordered a retreat, and all the fruits ef
Tictory were lost. No man fell during
the Revolutionary struggle whose death
was so lamented as this gallant officer;
talented, brave, patriotic and generous,
lie had all the qualities wldch go to
snake c great and popular leader.

MOORE, HENRY, one of the first
Irish Methodists, and friend and com-

Sinion of John Wesley, was bom in
ublin in 17S1: joined Wesley in 1799.
And became a noted preacher. He was
the confidential friend and associate of
Wesley during his later years, and was
the author ox a "Life of John and
Charles Wesley and Memoirs of their
Famfly," 1824. He died in 1848, aged
M years.

MOORE, THOMAS, one of the most
popular and talented of the modem

Stets, was bom in Dublin, Ireland,
ay 28, 1779. He early displayed marks
of that genius which af terwa^xis so dis-
tinguished him amongst the literary
men of his day. In his younger days
the upper classes of Dublin societv were
much given to private theatricals and
musical dramas. The young poet early
took part in these intellectual amuse-
ments and became quite a little lion by
his exhibitions of precocious talent in
both music and the drama. In 1798 he
entered Dublin University, and there
made a brilliant record in classical and
general literature. In the meantime he
wrote for the Dublin magazines, and
gained considerable local celebrity as a
poet. While in college he translated
irom the Greek "Odes of Anacreon. " In
1802 be published his "Poetical Works
of the late Thos. I Ittle," which were
well received. In 1803, through the in-
fluence ot Lord Moira, a friend of the
family he received a government posi-
tion at Bermuda and arrived there in
January, 1804. Tht place was not a
very attractive one at best, and the
young poet found it very uncongenial.
He, therefore, committed his official
duties into the hands of a deputy, and
started for the United States to make a

tour of that cotmtry before retum-
inghome. Whatever may have been
the reason, Moore was not pleased with
what he saw, and although in his
younger days m Dublin a r.iost ardent
patriot and connected with the patriotic
societies and press of his country, he
with bad taste and worse judgment at-
tempted to riaicule the institutions and
men of America. It may be that hav-
ing become a pet amongst the aristo-
cracy of Britain he had insensibly im-
bibed some of their prejudices and lost
some of the manly independence of
thought and manner which can make
a freeman dignified without arrogance
or presumption and obliging without ser-
vility. This inconsistency between pro-
fessed principles and the practice and
habit of his life was still more marked
afterwards. In his inspirations and
songs a patriot, in his pnvate life and
actions a toady to a proud, exclusive and
corrapt aristocracy and the fulsome ad-
mirer of the Prince of Wales (George
IV.), whom he styled "the first gentle-
tleman of Europe." A patriot who
could so stultify himself as to present
such a spectacle, and who could at-
tempt to ndicule the natural and mag-
nificent republican simplicity of Thomas
Jefferson, one of nature's giandest no-
blemen, a man as much superior to the
bloated aristocrat to whom he toadied as
can well be conceived, ought to have
lost even the instincts of a patriot, and
he probably would had he been any-
thing else than an Irishman. On hia
return to England he published odes
and epistles for which he Wiis sharply
criticized in the Edinburgh Review.
The consequence of this was a duel be-
tween himself and JeBiej, which prov-
ed harmless, but was the cause of a good
deal of humorous pasquinadery. espe-
cially by Byron. It. however, made the
two heroes fast friends ever afterwards.
In 1807 he commenced to produce his
Irish melodies, which he gave to the
world at various times up to 1884. In
1815. he married and went to reside in
Derbyshire.where he produced the 'Two
Penny Post Bag." In 1817 he gave to
the world his most famous work "Lallu
Rookh," which was received with the
greatest delight by the English read-
ing public, and u certainly one of
the sweetest and most briP.iant of poeti-
cal efforts. About this ume be went to
Paris where he wrote the "Fudge Fam-
ily/' which appeuredin IBU. The n( xt

MOB

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MOB

year he trayeled with Lord John Rus-
sell in Italy and visited Lord Byron at
Venice. He resided in Paris till 1822,
and while there wrote "The Loves of
the Angels," and the "Epicurean," a
prose romance, which was afterwards

Sublished in England. Byron left with
[oore, whom he greatly admired, a
manuscript autobiography, to use as he
thought fit after the author's death, and
over tne fate of which there was after-
wards considerable controversy. After
the death of Byron in 1U24 the manu-
script was destroyed at the request of
his relatives, and Moore wrote a life of
his friend, which was published in 1830.
Had Moore possessed less charming so-
cial qualities it would have been far
better for his fame as a poet and his con-
sistency as a patriot, for Moore undoubt-
€dly possessed abilities of the highest
order, but the best years of bis life, when
his genius burned brightest, were in ^reat
part absorbed by the social circles in
which he moved and delighted, but
which had they been given to heroic
work, for which his nature and instinct
were admirably fashioned, would have
placed him second to no poet in modem
times. As it is, his efforts will live and
delight future generations as long as
the English language endures. Moore
died in 1852.

MORAN, THOMAS, a distinguished
Irish- American artist, was born in 1837,
And early developed a penchant for art.
He adopted it as a profession, and, hav-
ing the passion as well as talent he, soon
acquired a wide reputation and has pro-
duced works of great merit. He is still
engaged in the active practica of his
profession.

MORE, MICHAEL, a learned Irish
scholar of the seventeenth century, was
provost of Trinity College, Dublin,
about 1685. Being a Catholic he had
to leave on the accession of William of
Orange, and went to Rome and after-
wards to Paris. He became rector of
the University of that city and president
of the College of Navarre, where he
died in the early part of the eighteenth
century. ,

MORGAKLADT SYDNEY, one
of the most distinguished female wri-
ters and conversationalists of the pres-
ent century, was born in Dublin about
the year 1788. Her father. Prof. Ow-

enson (MacOwen) was a musical com-

Soser and a man of culture, trnd his
aughter early displayed the germs of
those talents thai so distinguished her
in after life. At the age of thirteen she
produced a volume of miscellaneous
poems, and afterwards a series of songs
set to Irish airs. At the age of sixtcru
she had produced two novels which
were favorably received, but the pro-
duction of the "Wild Irish Girl" in
1801 at once raised her to a prominent
position in the literary world. TJiis
work passed quickly through, seven
editions, and brought its fair author to
the notice and acquaintance of the
leading literary men of Great Britain,
and alsoJntroducf'J her into the highest
society. She soon after married Sir
Charles Morgan, a physician of emi-
nence, and ooulinued her literary activ-
ity , producing "France," a critical re-
view of the stale of that country, which
gave such offence to that government
that she was prohibited from entering
that territory again. Perhaps she is
best known by her Diary, which is
syarkling with wit, wisdom and gossip.
Amongst her numerous novels Florence
McCarthy is the most finished and
famous. She died in 1859, leaving be-
hind her in literary annals but few fe-
males who were her superiors. Among
her other works are "The O'Briens and
O'Flahertys," "Tlie Pioneers," "Life
and Times of Salvator Rosa," "Woman
and her Master."

MORIARTY RIGHT REV. DA-
VID, R. C. Bishop of Kerry, was born
in 1810, and was educated at Maynooth
College, and raised to the priestliootl,
earning a reputation for scholarship and
piety. He was consecratal coadjutor
Bishop of Kerry in 1854, and succeeded
to the See in 1856. He was very popu-
lar with all classes, both Protestant and
Catholic. His sev. re aenunciation of
Fenianism, . however, made him very
unpopular witli the Irish Nationalists;
it is said of his even going so far as to
say that "Hell was not hot enough nor
eternity too long to punish them for
-misleading the people. He seems, how-
ever, to have been veiy considerate,
zealQUS and pious as a Bishop and held
in high esteem by personal friends. He
died Sept 30, 1877.

MORIARTY, DR. P. E.. O. S. A.,

one of the most eloquent of Catholic

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American divines, was bom in Dublin
July 4, 1804, recavied his early instruc-
tion in an academy founded by his
father. In his fifteenth year he enter-
ed the novitiate of the Augustlnians at
Callan at the instance oi Dr. Doyle,
who recognized in the boy the promises
of distinguished ability. He pursued
his course of studies in houses of bis
Order at Lucca, Perugia and Rome,
and when completed was ordained
priest. He then returned to Ireland,
and was stationed in Dublin. In 1885
he was sent to India with Bishop O'Con-
nor to assist him in removing the trou-
bles caused by the Qoa schismatics.
He became secretary and Vicar-General
to the Bishop, and chaplain to the Brit-
ish forces at Madrid, having been the
first Catholic priest appointed by
the government of iJngland and
officially recognized since the Re-
formation. On his return from
India he was the bearer of an
address of thanks to the Pope from
8,000 prominent Catholics of Madras.
In 1881 he was sent to the United Htates
and attached to the house of his order
in Philadelphia. Here he soon won re-
cognition as a pulpit orator of the first
order, and attracted great attention by
the eloquence and force of his contro-
versial sermons. He was also an elo-
quent temperance advocate, and was
was the first in this country to organize
a total abstinence society, 1841. He was
largely instrumental in starting and sus-
taining by his energy and zeal Villa-
nova Colloge, Pennsylvania, of which
he was president for manv years, as he
was also superior of his Order in Amer-
ica. He saw his brethren increase from
one house in 1889 to twenty four con-
vents and churches in the various States
at the time of his death, which occurred
at Villanova July 10, 1876. The Doc-
tor was also an eief^nt writer, and was
a frequent contribuior to the magazines
and papers of Philadelphia. His criti-
ciHms and castigations of bigots, wheth-
er with the tongue or pen, was always
scathinc and withering to the last oe-
grec. Among his works is a "Life of
St. AuguKtine. He was also a constant
contributor to the Catholic Record. As
a pulpit orator and controverRialist he
had few equals and no superior in Amer-
ica.

MORNING TON GARRETT
YfLLLEHLEY, £arl or, father of the

Duke of Wellington and of the Marquio
of Wellesley, was bom in Mcath, lre>
land, about 1720, acquired ^reat repu-
tation in Ireland for his musical talent,
and received the degree of Doctor of
Music from Dublin University. Ha
was a member of the celebrated Knights
of St. Patrick, a patriotic club, of
which Grattan, Curran, Plunkett and
other celebrated Irishmen were mem«
hers. Among his works were a num-
ber of pleading musical dramas. He-
died in 1781.

MORRISSEY JOHN, a famous
sporting man and democratic politician
of New York city, was born in Tipper-
ary in 1881, came with liis parents
to the United States when five years old
and settled in Troy. His educatioa
was of the most ordinary kind, and he
early went to work in an iron foundry,
where he developed into a fine specimea
of physical manhood. Becoming pop>
ular with the "Boys," he was tempted
into the liquor business. In 1849 h&
went with the tide to California, but
did not remain, his principal exploife
there being in the Prize Ring. He re-
turnen to New York, and had contests
with Yankee Sullivan, Pool and Hee-
nan, and then abandoned that kind of
business and invested in pools, rowing-
races, etc., establishinjg at Saratoga, N.
Y., gorgeous palaces for those kinds of
games, almost rivaling those of Baden
Baden. He afterwards entered politics
npd became member of Congress from<
the 5th New York district, 1861-'8.
Contact with the world had polishedi
and educated him, and it was said thafe
his word was as good as any man's
bond. He became an opposer of Tam-
many, and a leader oi the "Young
Democracy," and was supported by
the more respectable political elements
in sharp contests against Augustus
Schell and other strong men, and al-
ways elected. He died May 1, 1878, of
consumption.

MORROW JEREMIAH, a distln-

guished Irish American politician was
orn in Pennsylvania in 1770, of Irish
parents. After receiving a fair educa-
tion, he cast his fortune, wheu a young
man, in the wilderness west of the Ohio
river, and was chosen a member of the
Territorial Legislature in 1800. He was
the first representative of Ohio in Con-
greas, serving from 1808 to 1818, and

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fben became U. 8. Senator; was also
named a commissioner to treat with the
Indians. He was Governor of Ohio
from 1822 to 1826. seated again in Con-
gress from '81 to '88, and held other
Srominent positions. He died March
2, 1862.

MOSS JUDGE, a distinguished Can-
adian jurist, was the son of an Irish
emigrant, John Moss, and was bom at
Col^urg in 1886, received his prelim-
inary eoucation at Gale's institute, en-
tered Upper Canada College in 1860,
and flnisned at the University, where he
graduated with triple flrst-class honors.
In 1869 he took his master's degree, and
won the prize for the best thesis. He
was called to the Bar in 1861. His
brilliant college career, gave him a rep-
utation, and his rise at the bar was
rapid and his success was such as to
insure the confidence of his clients.
He was early Ap; tinted Equity Lec-
turer, and one of the eiAminers of the
Iaw Society as well as of the Univer-
sity of Toronto. He was named a
Q. 0. in 1872, and a bencher of his
inn about the same time, and was on
tiie commission to report on the merg
ing of law and equity. He was subse-

«uently named Vice Chancellor of the
fniversity, and still later a judge of the
highest court of justice in the province.
He is without doubt one of the ablest

Judicial minds Canada has as yet pro-
luced. He died in the prime oi life.

MOSSOM, ROBERT, a learned Irish
divine of the Established Church, who
suffered from the hands of covenanters,
but after the restoration was made
Bishop of Londonderry, and received
other Irish preferments. He was a vo-
luminous writer, and amongst his works
are "Life of George Wild, Bishop of
Derry," "The Preachers Tripartete,"
&o. He died in 1679 .

MOSSOP, HENRY, a tragic actor
of great eminence and a rival of Gar-
rick, Dun, &o., was born in Ireland,
and educated at Dublin University.
He made his first appearance on the
Dublin stage as "Zana" in the "Re
venge," After some time he removed
to London and appeared in Drury
Lane and Covent Garden, and soon ac-
quired an enviable reputation.

MOTTE, REBECCA, one of the
heroines of the American Revolution,
was the daughter of Mrs. Robert Bren«
ton. a beautiful, accomplished and pat*
riotic Iriflh lady who emigrated to Amer-
ica in 1783, and was married in Charles*
ton. South Carolina. Rebecca was bom
June 28, 1788, and in her twentieth
year married Jacob Motte, a resident of
French descent, who owned a rich plan*
tation on the banks of the Con^ree.
Here she became the mother of six phil*
dren where she resided with them and
her mother, when the storm of Revolu-
tion broke over the colonies. Both the
mother and daughter were ardent pat-
riots, and when Charleston fell into the
hands of the British in 1780, they x)ught
to overcome the entire state by the e»>
tablishment of fortified posts throughout
the Interior. Mrs. Motte's fine residence
was taken for this purpose and named
Fort Motte, the f atnily having to take
up their residence in one of the farm
houses. In May, 1781, Marion and Lee
appeared before the fort and commenced
a siege, but wanting proper guns they
made but little progress. Lee saw their
only hope was to burn the place, if pos-
sible, by means of arrows charged with
combustibles. He proposed to Mrs.
Motte, who immediately consented,
presenting him with a beautiful East
India bow and arrows, which had been
presented her son by an East India Cap*
tain. By this means they fired the dry
roofs of the building and compelled the
enemy to surrender, but at the total loss
of her beautiful homestead. Mrs. Motte
regaled the officers, both of victors and
vanquished, with a sumptuous dinner
after the hot work they had been en-
gaged in. She lived many years after
the Revolution, adorning the high circles
in which she moved by "her grace and
accomplishments. One of her daugh-
ters became the wife of Gen. Thomas
Pinckney. Mrs. Motte died in 1816,
after again seeing her country victorious
over its ancient foe and the children of
her banished race everywhere leading
the van.

MUEMNON, a celebrated Irish mon-
arch, who reigned about 700 B. C, and
who iiiRtituted a military order among
his subjects called the "Order of the
Golden Chain." The knights of the
the Order wore chains of gold around
their necks. The candidates for the
Order were required to give certain

■i

aiuL

IRISH 0BLT8.

MUN

proofs of military skill and also to prove
weir descent from a kingly or noble line.

MULLAN, DENNIS W., a gallant
American naval oflQcer of Irish extrac-
tion, was born in Maryland Nov. 10,
1848. graduated at the naval academy
in 1863; became a Lieutenant in '67, a
Lieut. -('Ommander in. '68. served in the
Mononghela at the battle of. Mobile Bay,
and was noted for gallantry.

MULLANY, J. R. M., a gallant
American naval officer of Irish paren-
tage, was born in New York Oct. 26,
1818; entered the navy in 1882; was
passed midshipman in 1888 and Lieu-
tenant in 1844. He distinguished him-
self at the taking of Tobasco, Mexico,
during the war with that country; com-
manded the "Oneida" at the battle of
Mobile Bay, where he greatly distin-

Suished h /^self. He was a comman-
er in 1861 a.nd a captain in 1866, a
commodore iu 1870 and a rear-admiral
in 1874. He lost an arm at Mobile Bayi
He ranks high as an able and skillful
offlcor.

MULLEN, JOSEPH, a prominent
New York politician, was a native of
Ireland, who emigrated to New York
when comparatively young, and suc-
ceeded by his native talents and energy
in raising himself to position and m-
fluence. Besides holding other posi-
tions of honor and trust he represented
his district in the 80th Congress with
credit.

MULLIGAN, COL. JAMES A., a
gallant officer of the great Rebellion,
was born in Utica, N. Y., of Irish par-
ents, June 25, 1880; removed with his
parents to Chicago, and was educated
at the University of St. Mary's, of which
he was the first graduate, 1850; com-
menced the study of the law, but inter-
rupted it by joining John L. Stephens
in the survey of the Panama Railway
and after returning to Chicago edited a
weekly Catholic paper, the "Western
Tablet." He resumed the study of the
law and was admitted to the bar in
1865; went to Washington in 1861 to
take a place in the Interior Department
but resigned on the breaking out of the
war and returning to Chicago soon
raised a fine Irish regiment, which was
quickly in the field, and made a gallant
defense of 'Lexington, Mo., against

vastly superior numbers, but after two
uionus was obliged to capitulate. He
was exchanged and reorganized his re-
giment and participated In a number of
severe actions, and fell mortally wound-
ed " t Winchester July 26, 1864.

MULREADY, WILLIAM, an artist
of great talent and celebrity, was born
inEnnis, Ireland, in 1786. His first
noticeable efforts were landscapes, prin-
cipally local views, which- displayed
Scat naturalness and undoubted merit,
e early went to London, and his first
works there were views around Ken-
sington and Lambeth, interior of cot-
tages, etc. He next essayed figure
painting with equal success, and pro-
duced many meritorous pictures of po-
pular scenes and customs in Endund.
He was elected an associate of theRoiral
Academy in 1816 and the following
year an Academician. His paintings
are held high,and are to be found in the
best English galleries. He died July 7,
1868.

MUNCHIN SAINT, first bishop of
Limerick, was born about the time St.
Patrick commenced his missionary la-
bors, and was the son of Sedun. * He
received a liberal education in one of
the monasteries and became Abbot at
Lumneach, Limerick. He built a cath-
edral church, which was subsequently
rebuilt and known as St. Munchin's

{)arochial church. Our saint was very
earned in scriptural lore, and was
placed by St. Patrick over the converts
of a part of Connaught. He died about
the year 500.

MUNROE, GEN. HENRY, a gal-
lant •ind noble-hearted patriot of 98,
was a native of County Down, born
about 1756. He was a merchant of
the town of Lisburn and a member of
the Volunteer Corps. On the disband-
ing of that body he was highly indig-
nant, and although a strong opposer to
illegal action, so perfidious and tyranni>
cal were the acts of the government,
aimed as they were at tlie rigiits and
liberties of the people, that wlien the
Rebellion of '08 broke out lie accepted
the leadership of the patriots in his sec-
tion. His men were almost entirely
without proper arms or means of war-
fare, ana he was defeated at Ballyna-
hinch Juno 18, 1798. He was a f^igi-
tivo for some time, but putting faith in

KUR

HUSH CSLT8.

MUR

ral-

s man named Holmes, whom he had of •
often be- friended, be was betniyed,tried
hy court-martial, bung and beheaded
within a few hours. It was remarked
that all those who had a band in his
death met miserable ends, especially
Holmes wlio was execrated by bis neigh-
bors while he lived and died an outcast
and beggar, Munroe was an Episco-
palian. '

MUREDACH, SAINT, a disciple of
8t. Patrick and first Bishop of Eillala.
Murdeach early became a follower of St.
Patrick, and although quite a youth was
of great service to him on account of
his knowledge of the countiy and his
connection with some formidable clans.
He took his master as his model in aim-
terhies, and with his companion, ou
Asicus, strove to make daily advances
in perfection, singing hymns and psalms
together, and encouraging each other
in mortification and self-denial. He is
said to have been miraculously saved
from a pack of hungry wolves who sur-
roundea him. He was an indefatigable
opposer of paganism and all its super-
stitions, freelv exposing his life amongst
the most {titter, threatening them
with divine vengeance ii they
would not give up their idolatry.
He destroyed their idols and de-
nounced their wicked practices.
He was also a stern opponent of slavery
and secured the freedom of many. A
pagan chief having captured in a raid a
beautiful Christian maiden he deter-
mined that she should submit to his
wishes. The saint hearing of it boldly
demanded her liberation, at which the
chief laughed at him as a meddling fool.
The saint, in his indignation, told him
that the moment he attempted to defile
the vessel of the H0I3' Spirit in that mo-
ment he should die, and it so happened.
The maiden was immediately let free
and returned to her rejoicing friends.
Our Saint, assisting Patrick in the con-
version of Connaught, was placed over
the See of Killala about 484. He died
in about 465.

MURPHY, ARTHUR, a dramatist
and miscellaneous writer, was born Dec.
28. 1727, nt Cloniquin, in Ireland, and
like all Irish Callioiics of those days who
desired a finished educatiuu had tu seek
abroad what the 'free' eoverninent of
England refused them at home, lie was
educated ut St. Omar's, and for some

time after completing his studies engag*
ed in merchanti e pursuits. He, how-
ever, soon turned his attention to litera-
ture, and became an author by profes-
sion. He established the Gray s Inn
Journal, and brought out the farce of
"The Apprentice and the Upholsterer."
These he followed by innumerable pieces
in all the walks of the drama, many of
which were popular in their day, and
some still keep the stage, such as "The
Grecian Daughter," "All in the Wrong,"
"The Citizen," "Three Weeks After
Marriage," &c. In 1762 he was called
to the bar, but his practice never became
large. He tried his powers as
a political writer by defending
Lord Bute in the Test and tlio
Auditor, but having been misled as
to some important facts he was exposed
to considerable ridicule. Among his
other works are Lives of Garrick John-
son and Fielding, and translations of
Tacitus and Sallust He was a pleas-
ing and able writer, and a man of varied
talents. He died in 1805.

MURPHY, CHA8., a prominent po-
litician of Georgia, was of Irish descent,
born in South Carolina about 1800; re-
moved to Georgia, where he held im-
portant public positions, and represented
that state in the Thirty-third Congress.

MURPHY, EDMUND, a gallant of-
ficer of the Irish brigade in the service
of France in the time of Louis XIV. He
served with great credit and distinction
and soon won honor and position by
gallantry and good conduct. Another
Murphy — Cornelius — who was a major
of the Clancarthy rt 'ment in 1685, also
greatly distinguished nimself and parti-
cipated in the glories of the Irish bri-
gade, winning a proud position

MURPHY, FRANCIS, a noted and
eloquent temperance advocate and
Methodist divine, was born in Ireland
in 1835; entered the ministry, and soon
became noted for his eloquence in the
temperance cause; came to the United
States and made an extended tour, and
fully sustained his reputation amongst
liis "Evangelical" bioihren as a pow-
erful speaker. He returned to Ireland,
and again visited the United States in
1883.

• ill

MUR

XRIBH CEXiTBL

HUB

MURPHY, HENRY C, a prominent
American politician, financier and writ-
er, was of Irish descent, born in Brook-
lyn in 1810, and educated at Colimibia
College: was admitted to the bar and
practiced with success. After filling
various positions of honor he was sent
to Congress in 1843. and remained there
for three terms. He was minister to
the Hague under Buchanan, and has
contributed largely towards unearthing
the early history of his state. He died
inthewinterof 1882.

MURPHY, JAMES CAVANAGH,
an architect and antiquarian of distinc-
tion, was a native of Ireland. He is the
author of "Antiquities of the Arabians
in Spain, "Travels in Portugal," be-
sides some architectural works of merit
all published in London. He died in
1816.

MURPHY, GOV. JOHN, an able
American, jurist and statesman,
was born in South Carolina
about 1795 of Irish parents was
educated at the South Caro-
lina College, and studied law; was hon-
ored by his fellow citizens with positions
ef trust and prominence. Removed to
Alabama in 1817, where he soon acquir-
ed a commanding position by his talents;
was Governor from 1825 to 1829, and
represented that state in the twenty-third
Congress.

MURPHY, JOHN McLEOD. U. S.

N., a celebrated American constructing
engineer, was of Irish descent, born in
Now York state in 1827. He served in
Mexico; was constructing engineer in
Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1866-7, and
with the Army of the Potomac and at
Yicksburg in the war of the Rebellion.
His great ability was universally recog-
nized. He died in 1871.

MURPHY, GEN. JOHNR.. a gal-
lant and able American soldier, was
bom in Ireland in 1796, and emigrated
ataneariyage. On the breaking out
of the war of 1813 he immediately en-
listed, although only 16 years of age,
and distinguished himself by his brav-
ery and g(K)d conduct. On the break-
ing out of the rebellion he raised a re-
giment and distinguished himself at
Winchester, where he covered Banks'
retreat, but was taken prisoner. He was
afterwards placed in the Yet. Reserve

Corps, and served to the close of the
war. He died in Philadelphia Feb. 10,
1876.

MURRAY, CHARLES, a talented
American artist, especially noted as a
designer and figure painter, was bom in
Dublin, Oct. 26, 1854, and early gave
evidence of the natural bent of his mmd.
He secured admission to the Royal Art
School in that city, where he distin-
guished himself, gaining high honors.
In 1871 he came to America. Here, as
soon as his ability became known in de-
corative art, especially in its higher
walks of figure painting, he gained con-
stant employment at high prices. He is
recognized as the most accomplished and
artistic designer of show work in Amer-
ica, and in this specialty America leads
the world. He is a hard student and
passionately attached to art. He was
engaged to paint the figures for the
scenery in the great Dramatic Festival
held in Cincinnati in 1888, which is in-
dicative of his standing in his profes-
sion. He has sensibly chosen these
paths in his profession which insiu'es
him remunerative employment ; hereaf-
ter he will undoubtedly be heard from
in the more pretentious walks of art.

MURRAY, DANIEL, Catholic Arch-
bishop of Dublin, was born in 1767, and
educated at Salamanca, Spain, where
he was ordained a priest in 1790. He
returned to Ireland, and after filling
various positions in his sacred calling
was in 1823 elevated to tlie Archbishop-
ric of Dublin. He took an active inter
est in Catholic emancipation, and in
conjunction with his brother prelates
supported O'Connell in his efforts till
crowned with success. In 1831 he was
joined in a commissson with the pro-
testant Archbishop of Dublin and others
for the purpose of promoting education
in a national system of which the Queen's
Colleges were the apex. Good faith,
however, having been violated, accord-
ing to the understiinding of Catholics,
in regard to considering their rights and
wishes, and the principal authorities of
the Church deeming the system as tend-
ing to irrellgion and unsafe, the Arch-
bishop withdrow. lie afterwards con-
fined himself to his sirictly nd minis! ra-
tive duties and was generally looked
upon, justly or unjustly, aa a govern-
ment bishop, f(0-cnlled in distinction to
those thoroughly Irish. He died in 1852.

HUB

XBI8K 01LT8

NAG

MURRAY, REV. JOHN, a Presby-
terian divine and one of the abletit and
most learned men of bis day in Amer-
ica was born in Ireland in 1742, and
after completing his education and be-
ing licensed to preach he emigrated to
America, and settled at Booth Bay, in
Maine, where he married. He repres-
ented his town in the provincial con-
gress which sat at Water town, near Bos-
ton, in 1775; acted as secretary and pre-
sident and was chairman of the commit-
tee for reporting rules and orders for
Congress. He was a strong Whig like
the rest of his countrymen, and an able
advocate of colonial rights. As a pulpit
orator he had no superior or equal in
his section,speakin)^ without manuscript
and with true Irish inspiration. He
was also a learned linguist, bein^ per-
haps the best Oriental scholar of his day
in America and a fine Greek one also.
Besides he had an eminently practical
and methodical mind. He was almost
worshipped by his parishioners, being
ever kind, considerate and self-sacrific-
ing. He had a namesake, who was a
Universalist preacher, who sometimes

§ reached in the same puli)it on the same
av. The people to distinguish them
called our subject "Damnation Murray"
and the other "Salvation Murray." from
the distinguishing principles of their
religious beliefs, He died at
Newburyport, on the Merrimac,
where he had resided for many years,
in the spring of 1798, leaving behind
him in America no scholar more pro-
found or universal.

MURRAY, NICHOLAS, D. D., an
able American Presbyterian divine, was
born in Ballynasloe, Ireland, Dec. 25,
1808; came in his youth to the United
Btates, and entered the printing office of
Harpei Brothers to learn the trade.
He secured sufficient means to enter
Williams College, where he graduated in
1826; studied theology at Princeton, and
became pastor of the Presbyterian
church at Wilkesbarre, Pa., and after-
wards of Elizabethtown, N. J. While
there he entered into a religious discus-
sion, under the signature of "Kirvvin,"
with Bishop Hughes, which attracted
great attention, but while it stamped our
subject as a man of ability it showed
him inferior to his powerful opponent
He is the author of a number of works,
some of which are marred by bigotry.
Among them are "European Sketches,"
"Happy Home," "Paiish and other

Pencillings. " He died at Elizabethtown,
Feb. 4, 18i91.

MUSGRAVE, G. W., D. D., LL. D.,
an able and distinguished Aiiiericau
Presbyterian divine, is partly or Irish
parentage, born in Philadelphia Oct.
19, 1804; received his education in New
Jersey college, studied theology at
Princeton, and entered the Presbyterian
ministry in 1828. He was pastor of the
Third Presbyterian church of Baltimore
for many years, and afterwards of the
North Tenth Street Church, Philadel-
phia. He has held prominent positions
in the assemblies of that tody, and is
looked upon as one of the soundest of
their theologians and ablest of their de-
baters. He was prominent in healing
the difficulties which existed in that
body, by his influence and discretion.

MUSGRAVE, SIR RICHARD, a
political writer of note, was born in the
County of Cork about 1740. Among
his works is a "History of the Rebel-
lion of '98'" which is chiefly noted for
its unfairness, bigotry and blind advo-
cacy of the Union. He died in 1818.

NAGLE, NANO, (Honora), the
saintly founder of the "Presentation
Order" of nuns, and the reviver in
modern Ireland of the conventual life,
was born in 1728 at Bally griffin, near
Mallow, County Cork. 'Her parents
were of an ancient Catholic family, who
had succeeded in preserving some por-
tion of their ancient patrimony amid
the ravages of the Stranger, perhaps as
much through Protestant relatives as by
any other circumstance. Her father.
Garret Nagle, sent her to the Continent
to be educated, and she entered one of
the convents near Paris, where she soon
acquired all the accomplishments with
which those famous schools clothed
their pupils. France at the time was
filled with the best blood of Ireland,
and the salons of Paris were often
graced with the gallant officers of the
Irish brigades who were as admired and
popular m the drawing-room as they
were brave and valiant on the field.
Among them and their families Miss
Nagle liad both relatives and friends,
and when she emerged into society an
accomplished and beautiful woman it
was into a circle in which everything
that could captivate the heart or daz7. e
the glowing imagination of those who

',:!'

■4''

NAG

IBIBH CELTS

NAa

desire the glittering things of earth that
she entered. For a brief period she re-
velled in the fascination with which
the most graceful and polished society
of the world charms its gay votaries and
almost forgot that the land of her fath-
ers was full of tribulation and woe.
Her attention was first seriously attract-
ed to the dark and dre?ry experiences
of human life by seeing at dawn, one
morning as she was returning in a car-
riage with her lady companion from
some brilliai-^fete, a c owa of apparent-

an.

Iv poor
the opening
they had hicx

«um'

people awaiting
irch door, whither

, i' the first mass,

and. thus bless *?& lair • of the day. It
made a powevx: impi'^ 'on on her
mind, and when she enu . ' into her
own frivolous life, and her want of
gratitude to the ^ood Lord who had
dealt so kindly with her and saved her
from so many hardships, she felt sick at
heart and utterly dissatisfied with her-
self, and from that moment resolved to
return to the home of her race and spend
her time in alleviating the wants of the
poor and afflicted, and aid them as God
might direct. She at once set about
her work by returning home to poor
Ireland, but so appalled was she at
the survey of the amount of misery
which stared her in the face in Cork, to-
gether with the discouragements she met
from her friends and with distrust in
her own ability to grapple so great an
undertaking, that she returned to her

£iou8 director and friends in France to
ly the difficulties before them, and seek
further counsel and advice. She was
encouraged to go on, with the assurance
that He who inspired the good design
could easily do great things by simple
means. She returned (at this lime her
father was dead and her home was
with her brother who was married) and
quietly set to work, first to aid and in-
struct a school of little girls. Through
the agency of her maid she rented a
house and had her gather together the

Eoorest children; these she visited and
istructed every morning, her family
supposing her to be visiting the chapel
for devotion. At length, however, her
brother became aware of it and was
greatly put out, and stormed about dis-
gracing the family and many other fool-
kh things; but the storm passed over
and the family became reconciled to her
and her noble work, and even an old
uacle whose aristocratic notions she

feared most to offend, and from whom
she expected a fortune to aid her in her
designs, to her great joy offered no ob-
jection, but assisted her materially in
carrying out her plans. Her school
prospered and in nine months she had
two hundred childrea in training. The
poor in another sec'Jon of the city beg-
ged her to open a school among them
and supervise it, promising they would
give her every assistance. She could not
refuse, and thus the good work went
on. She even opened schools for boys
separate, and it can be easily supposed
that this refined and delicate girl would
soon find this self imposed but laborious
task telling to her constitution and
strength, and so she did, but it only in-
spired her to devise means to perpetuate
the work. Her noble self sacrifice had
already inspired other young ladies with
admiration for her life and a desire to imi-
tate, but Miss Nagle saw that to insure
success it would have to be organized
self-sacrifice. Four young ladies tl ere-
fore, at her suggestion, went to the con-
vent of the Ursulines in France, where
they had been educated, and entered it
to make the novitiate and thus establish
a branch of that order in Ireland. They
were Miss Fitzsimons, a great friend of
Miss Nagle's, Miss Nagle's cousin, Miss
Coppinger, a cousin of the Duchess of
Norfolk, and Miss Kavanagh, of the
noble house of Ormond. At this time
it must be remembered that the Penal
laws were still in force, and the possi-
bilities of trouble were so imminent that
they had to send to Dieppe to find a
professed sister, Margaret Kelly, who
was willing to face the danger of re-
turning with them to Ireland to esta-
blish a house. This was happily done
in May, 1771. and on the 18th of the
following September the new convent
was opened. There was some indigna-
tion and talk among the low-minded
bigots of enforcing "the law, but the
high standing of the ladies who com-
posed the new bouse, and their connec-
tion with the first families of the king-
dom, very probably prevented an as-
sault. The good work once inaugurated
went on and these ladies soon after
opened one of their noted schools for
the education and training of young la-
dles. Miss Nagle after some time felt
that the rule of the Ursulines was too
circumscribed to meet great and crying
wants, because it must be remembered
that no other sisterhood filled the vari.

NAP

IBI8H CELTS.

NAP

ous wants, as to-day in Ireland, and the
constitution of the Ursulines was not
intended to cover wants, which, on the
continent, had other sisterhoods to care
for. Miss Nagle therefore separated
herself from the Urnulinea and taking
an vidjacent house, which she purchased,
she gathered around herself some pious
and devoted wom*.n,and organized them
into a society in honor of the • 'Presen-
tation of Our Blessed Lady in the Tem-
ple." The more special object of this
good sisterhood was to seek through the
city all poor girls, induce them to attend
school, instruct them in all their duties:
and preserve them from a thousand
snares, and also in visiting the poor and
sick in their own houses and in public
hospitals, or substantially such work as
is performed by the Sisters of Mercv
to-day, Christmas, 1777, saw the work
inaugurated with the sanction of Bishop
Moylan; fifty poor persons partaking of
aCnristmas dinner, presided over by
Miss Nagle. Thus was inaugurated the
"Presentation Order, "which is now
spread over Great Britain, Ireland, 0n
which there are over flftv convents),
America and Australia, daily doing in-
calculable good, and relieving every
species of human misery. In 1781, five
years after its inception, the society was
formed into a "Congregation" by a brief
of Pope Pius VI., directing the mem-
bers to follow the Ursuline rule as near
as possible, and sixteen years later it
was chaneed into an Order by a brief
of Pius yiL, under the title and in-
vocation of the "Presentation of the
Blessed Virgin Mary." The pious and
disinterested founder did not live to see
these honors conferred on her work; but
with hands full of good works to pres-
ent to herDivine Master, and amidst the
benedictions and tears of thousands who
had received blessings at her hands, she
sank to rest,, worn out by the multitude
and weight of her self imposed labors.
She died April 26, 1784, just one hun-
dred years ago, her last words to her
dear co-laborers being, "Love one an-
other as you have hitherto done."

NAPIER LIEUT.-GEN., SIR WIL-
LIAM FRANCIS PATRICK, K. C. B.
an able British soldier and historian, was
bom at Castletown, County Kildare,
Ireland, Dec. 17, 1785. and belonged to
a family distinguished for their military
tastes and talent. He entered the army
In his fifteenth year, and became a cap-

tain by 1804, served at the siege of
Copenhagen, 1807, and accompanie<l Sir
John Moore to Portugal, 1807; distingu-
ished himself at Almieda, 1810, where
he was wounded and at Cazal Nova,
1811. He greatly distinguished himself
in many desperate eng.vemfnts on the
Peninsula — Busaco, 1810. Fuontes de
Onoro, 1811: Salamanca, 1812;Bedassoa,
1813 and Orthes, 1814, besides many
m'.nor brushes and gradually rose to tie
a Colonel by his "soldierly conduct.
After the war lie wrote a "History of she
Penisular War," which attracted great
attention and violent discussions, but
it is considered as one of the most re-
markable of military histories. Napier
became a Major-Gcneralinl841, Lieut.-
Governor of Guernsey in 1842, Knighted
ill 1848 and Lieu« lenoral in 1851. He
wrote the lift >t ' 's brother "Sir

Charles Napiev, "'
Scinde." "Ar inis-
He died Feb, !«, 830.

3 Conquests of
on of Scinde."

NAPIER W." ' .AM JOHN Lord, a
distinguished nt. ul oflScer of Britain,
was born r Kinsale, Ireland, in 1787.
He entereu . ' ».val service at the age
of sixteen, and held the rank of mid-
shipman at the Battle of Trafalgar,
where he greatly distinguished himself.
In 1833 he v/as appointed superintend-
ent of the trade and interest of the Brit-
ish nation in China, and he arrived at
Macao in July, 1884. H^re some diffi-
culties arose, and the governor of Can-
ton seemed desirous of frustrating his
mission, forbidding him to sail for that
port until the emperor's wishes were
promulgated on that subject. Lord Na-
pier was not willing to put off attend-
ing to the interests which he had beea
appointed to protect, and lost no time
in sailing for Canton, where he arrived
on the ^th of July. The orders and
edict of the Governor that he should re-
turn to Macao were disregarded, and on
the i'urther edict of the Governor that
business should cease between the Chi-
nese merchants, he sent two vessels of
war up the Bogue river which were
fired at by the forts, 8nd which in return
opened upon them and quickly knocked
them about the heads of the Chinese
aggressors. This occurred on the 7th
of September, but on account of want
of wmd the ships had to anchor for
several davs. Lord Napier becoming
seriously ill about tfie middle of the
same month, he ordered the fleet to

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drop down the river; and he returned
to Macao, where he C'ed on the 11th of
Oct., 1834.

NAVEL SAINT, a son of the cele-
brated King Angus of Cashel, who was
converter" by St. Patrick, and is said
to have been one of twenty-four chil-
dren, most of whom became religious.
Our Saint \ras brought up in his father's
court, and was trained as a warrior as
•well as receiving all the advantages
which the growing schools of Ireland
possessed at that day. When grown
up he was placed in the care of St.
Ailbe bishop of Emly, with whom he
remained until he bad completed his
education for the holy office of the

{)ries*,hood. He had well imbibed the
essons of his saintly teachers, and as
his zeal prompted him to labor amongst
those not yet converted, he soon be-
came celebrated for his power and zeal
as a preacher. His ranlc, appearance,
eloquence and sanctity of life gave him
great influence, and his success was
marked. He established monasteries
and built churches amongst the com-
munities he converted. He traveled
into Ossory, where he converted many
from paganism. This was about 515,
and it is said that St. Canice, first bish-
op of Ossory, was placed under his
care. It is said that while traveling
through Kilkenny he stopped, at a
chief's house whose wife triea to tempt
the saint. He reproached her in such
strong terms that she determined on re-
venge, and on the return of her hus-
band made charges against the saint,
who had gone on his way. The chief

Eorsued him for the purpose of slaying
im. The saint asked to be con-
fronted with the woman, and if he did
not make her confess her falsehood ;
he was willing to suffer. He returned,
and the woman ^'oldly renewed her
charge, when the saint praying called
upon God to pass judgment betw3en
them, and that the lying tongue might
be paralyzed. The woman was In-
Btantly struck dumb, and throwing her-
self at the saint's feet, clung to his gar-
ments in terror. He then said to her,
"If you will confess the truth I will
release you," and making the sign of
the cross on her lips speech was re-
stored and she declared her falsehood,
and both she and her husband became
pious Christians. In the year 520 he
founded his most celebrated, monastery.

that of Kilmanagh. This became a
famous school, and its halls were soon
filled with students from all parts. The
place, which was a forest, soon became
cultivated, populous, and blos.somcd as
a garden. The monks were the first to
properly cultivate the the lands and
brin^ from them rich harvests. They
reclaimed marshy lands by draining
and barren lands by enriching, so tliat
abbey lands became a synonyme for
rich lands. He died about 564, and
his feast is kept on July 31st.

NEAGLE JOHN, an American
portrait painter of merit, was born
in Boston of Irish parents Nov.
4, 1799. He began life as an ordinary
coach painter in Philadelphia, and
gradually developed artistic talent,
and by 1818 was skillful enough to un-
dertake portrait painting as a profes-
sion. He soon won a fine reputation.
Amoi-.g his works are portraits of "Gil-
bert Stuart,". "Matthew Carey," "Hen-
ry Clay," and "Com. Barron." He
died in 1865.

NEAL JOHN, a talented Irish Am-
erican poet and literateur, was bom in
1793, and has contributed under the
nom de plume of "John O'Cataract"
many poems and sketches of merit to
the hterature of the day.

NEALE JOSEPH C, a popular
American writer of Irish descent and
author of "Charcoal Sketches." He
was bom in Pennsylvania, and for
most of his life was connected with the
Philadelphia Press, and was a writer of
much promise and ability. He died in
1847, aged 46 years.

NEILL REV. EDWARD D., apres-
byterian divine of abilitv was of Irish
descent, born in Pennsylvania in 1828 ;
was private secretary to President
Johnson and Consul to Dublin, Ire-
land. He is the author of several works
on American history.

NEILI. GEN. THOS. H., a distin-
guished A^nerican officer, is of Irish
descent, born in Pennsylvania in 1825.
He organized and commanded the 28d
Pa. Volunteers 1862, was promoted for
pliant and meritorious .conduct at
Fredericksburg and other important
actions, until he attained the rank of

NIA.

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KOB

Major General. He was commandant
at West Point in 1875.

NELSON GEN. ROGER, a soldier
of the American revolution, was of
Irish extraction and a resident of Mary-
land. Like the rest of his countrymen,
he was an ardent supporter of colonial
rights, and served with distinction dur-
ing the war. He was also a member
of congress for several terms represent-
ing one of the Maryland districts. He
died June 7, 1815.

NELSON SAMUEL, a prominent
Irish patriot, was bom in Ireland in
1769, and early entered into the discus-
sion of the wrongs and remedies of Ire-
land. In 1790 he edited the "North-
em Star" with ^eat spirit and effect.
On the suppi-ession of the rebellion of
1798 he was thrown into prison, where
he remained till he was released by
French interference at the Treaty of
Amiens, in 1802. He then emigrated
to America, where he resided ti!! ue
died.

NIALL, THE "GREAT" (son of
Eocha XII), one of the most famous of
the Irish Monarchs. He succeeded
Crinthon on the throne. His first war-
like act outside of Ireland was in sup-
port of the Scoto -Milesian colonies in
Albania (Scotland), who were princi-
pally of the family of the Dalriads and
who were looked upon as subject^ of
the Irish Monarchy. The Picts, appre-
hensive of the growing power of these
colonies, determined to subjugat'j them,
and they, greatly alarmed, sent to Niall
for aid. Niall crossed the channel, and
in a few decisive battles reduced the
Picts and compelled them to submit to
his terms. He extended the territories
of the Scoto-Milesians over Cantire and
Argyle, and formed a treaty of alliance
with the Picts. He then with his al-
lies passed the walls which the Romans
had erected to protect the Britains, en-
tering the country he swept before him
all opposition, A. D., 888. He
then crossed over to Armorica or
Gaul, traversed a large extent
of the country, and after cap-
turing immense booty was killed
on the banks of the Loire by an arrow
shot by Eocha, son of the Eine of Lim-
erick, for some slight, received. It was
in this excursion to the continent that
St. Patrick and his two sisters, Lupida

and Daverca were! captured and taken
to Ireland, according to Usher. It was
about this time, too, according to Cam-
b'-eaves, that the six sons of Muredus,
King of Ulster, with a large fleet seized
upon the northern parts of Britain, and
the people who are descended from
them are called Scotch. This was un-
doubtedly only additional colonies who
seized upon portions of that country
and settled as independent communi-
ties.

NIALL, MONARCH of IRELAND
A. D. 8«38. This monarch, unlike his
father, Hugh IV., made a gallant re-
sistance to Danish pretensions, defeat-
ing them in several important battles,
but was unfortunately drowned in a
frozen stream in Kilkenny, while striv-
ing to rescue a guide who had fallen
in. He evident^ was both generous
and brave.

NICHOLSON GEN. JOHN A, a
distinguished British soldier and legis-
lator born in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 11,
1831 ; entered the East India service in
1838, and' was engaged in the disas-
tritus campaigns against Afghanistan
1840-42, and was taken pris-
oner. He took part in tee Sikh
war of 1845, was assistant resident
at Lahore, distinguished himself in the
Sikh war of 18«, and became one of
the commissioners of the Puniaub,
where he acquired such extraordinary
influence over the natives that they in-
sisted on paying him the honors of a
prophet, or a Kind of worship, which
compelled him to resort to punishment
to stop I He secured Punjaub to Brit-
ish allegiance during the great mutiny
of 1857, and by his energy destroyed
the rebel forces between Lahore and
Delhi. He was mortally wounded
while leading the assault on the latter
place Sept. 28, 1857.

NOBLE PATRICK, an eminent
American lawyer and politician, was
of Irish descent and a native of South
Carolina. After acquiring a good edu-
cation he adopted the profession of law
and soon rose to distinction, and also
became a popular and influential poli-
tician. He was governor of his native
State. He died m 1840, aged 53 years.

NOLAN. CHIEF JUSTICE MI-
CHAEL, was an eminent British law-

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IBI8H CBVSU,

NUO

Ier, a native of Ireland, and after rals-
ig himself to a distinguislied position
at the London bar he was appointed
Chief Justice of the Bacton Circuit in
Wales. He published reports of cases,
duties, etc., of justices of the peace,
and many other practical law books of
great authority. He died in 1827.

NOLAN, LOUIS EDWARD, a gal-
lant Irish ofQcer connected with the
British light cavalry, and who was
killed by a shell while bravely lead-
ing his company at the desperate charge
of Balaclava. He was not only a
brave but also a skilful and sci^tific
soldier, and held in great esteem for his
brilliancy and talents. He was the au-
thor of a work connected with his pro-
fession. At the time of bis death he
was in his 86th year.

NORIS, CARDINAL HENRY, an
Italian prelate of great learning and
distinction, was the son of expatriated
Irish parents, and was born in Italy in
1681. He earl^ exhibited the great nat-
ural powers with which he was gifted,
and after completing his education he
embraced a religious life. He soon be-
came celebrated for his great and va-
ried talent and linguistic acquirements,
and was made chief librarian of the
Vatican. He was author of a History
Felagfanism and other works. He rose
to the dignity of Cardinal and died in
1704.

NORIS, M. T., a celebrated Italian
author and dramatist, was the son of
Irish parents, and probably a brother
of the Cardinal of that name, was born
in Venice about 1640. He acquired
distinction as an elegant writer and a
popular and witty dramatist. He died
in 1/710.

NORRIS M., a distinguished lawyer
and politician of New Hampshire, was
of Irish descent, born in 1799 and grad-
uated at Darmouth College in 1828. He
was shortly afterwards {ulmitted to the
bar and practiced with great success.
Held various state offices, and in 1844
was sent to Congress, where he served
two terms. In 1849, was elected U. S.
Senator from that state. He died in
Washington towards the close of his
term Jsa. 11, 1865.

NORRIS PHILIP, an Irish Catholio
divine and writer, was a doctor of the-
olo^ at Oxford, and afterwards Dean
of the Cathedral of Dublin. He was
the author of manv works and took the
same position against mendicant frinrs
as did Richard, Archbishop of Armagh,
the extremeness of which at lenj^th
brought him into trouble. He died
about 1415.

NORTON, HON. CAROLINE E.

S., a novelist and poetess of merit, was
the daughter of R. B, Sheridan, born
in 1808. Her principal works are the
Sorrows of Rosalie and the Undying
One. She was twice married, the last
time to Sir W. Sterling Maxwell. She
died in 1877.

NUGENT, GEN. SIR GEORGE,
born in Ireland June 10, 1757, and was
a son of Col. Nugent, and grandson of
Viscount Clare, and the scion of an an-
cient Irish family. His sister, Mary
Elizabeth, was Marchioness of Buck-
ingham. He entered the army at an
early age and greatly distinguished him-
self on the continent and rose to be a
general officer. On the 11th of Novem-
ber. 1866. he was created a baronet for
distinguished military services, and
was made a Knight Grand Cross of
Bath. ,He was also Governor of St.
Mawes, and held other important posi-
tions.

NUGENT GEN. RICHARD, a dis-
tinguished Irish officer, born about
1670. He fought imder Hamilton in
Ireland against the adherents of Wil-
liam of Orange, went to France lifter
the treatv of Limerick, and was Lieut.
Col. in the Lord Grand Prior's Regmt.
He was afterwards colonel of what
had been called the King's regt. of cav-
alry, but then known as Nugent's. He
participated in many of the famous
battles of the day and acquired an
enviable reputation for gallantry and
military skill. Especially did he dis-
tinguish himself on the Rhine, 1703, at
Friedlingen and Spires, at which latter
battle his brilliant and desperate caval-
ry charge secured victory for the French
at a moment when defeat seemed ine-
vitable. He became a general officer,
and was held in high repute in the
French army.

O'BE

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NUGENT, ROBERT CRAOGS,

Earl of, a poet of merit and member of
the British Parliament, was born in
Westmeath, Ireland. The family be-
ing Catholic, and he being brought up
as such, was ineligible under the pcnnl
laws to sit as a member of parliament.
The temptntion to seek glory and fame
in the council chambers of the nation
seems to have been too strong for our
subject, and he was weak enough to
for.'-ake his religion for worldly glory.
He was relumed to parliament as mem-
ber from Bristol three times, and in
1776 he was created Earl Nugent. He
was author of a volume of poems, and
other works of some merit.

NUGENT THOMAS, LL. D., a
learned and voluminous writer, was a
native of Ireland, and after completing
his ^education traveled extensively on
the Continent. He afterwards settled
in London and engaged from thence-
forth in an active literary career, pro-
ducing numerous works of great merit
and reputation ; among them a French
and English Dictionaiy, often since re-
printed. Travels in Cfermanv, 2 vols.
Observations on Italv and its inhabi-
tant*, 2 vols. The Tour of Europe, 4
vols, Henault's History of France, be-
sides many other translations and es-
says. He died in 1772.

O'BEIRNE THOMAS LEWIS, a
general writer of ccnsiderable talents,
was bom in Countv Longford, Ireland,
and being intendea by his parents for
the priesthood, was sent to St. Omer's
to be educated. He, however, lost
his vocation, if he ever had one aban-
doned the design, and came to London.
Being of good address, witty and tal-
ented, he soon attracted attention, and
made some noble and influential friends.
L e was offered preferment if he entered
the English church. He did so, and
was appointed chaplain to the fleet un-
der Lord Howe, then about to start
for America. In 1782 he accompanied
the Duke of Portland to Ireland as pri-
vate secretary, and obtained two Eng-
lish livings, viz., Cumberland and
Northumberland. He was afterwards
made a bishop of the church
of England, first of Ossery and
tiien of Meath. He was the au-
thor of poliUcal and other pamphlets.

sermons, etc., besides the comedy
of "The Generous Imposter" and a
poem "The Crucifixion." He died in
182».

O'BRIEN MARSHAL CHARLES,
Lord Clare and Earl of Tbomond, a dis-
tinguished Irish patriot and soldier, who
rose to positions of great dignity and
trust in the service jf France under
Louis XIV. He was born in France in
1710, and succeeded his distinguislied
ancestors in the command of the C;lare
regiment, wliich had retained its iden-
tity from its coming to France after the
Treaty of Limerick, having been con-
stantly recruited by the sons of Irish-
men or exiles from the old land. He
early entered the "Brigade," and par-
ticipated in many glorious victories, be-
coming at length Colonel of the"Cliire"
regiment, a part of the t \mous "Irish
Brigade," which had for so .nany years
successfully illustrated the charac-
ter of Iiish valor, and so often
won victory and added lustre to the
French arms. It was O'Brien who led
the famous charge of the Brigade at
Fonienoy, where they snatched victory
from the bands of their ancient enemy
and gave the coup de grace to the hopes
and efforts of British dominion on the
continent. Our distinguished subject
rose to be a marshal of France, and was-
held in the highest esteem till his death.

O'BRIEN GEN, CHARLES, Earl,
of Clare, a distinguished Irish patriot
and soldier, was born about 1T60, and
took up arms in defence of that imbe-
cile and fraud, James U., and com-
manded a regiment of dragoons at the-
battle of the Boyne. In 1691 he went
to France as captain in James' body-
guard, and soon distinguished himself
in the ranks of the Irish Brigade. After
the battle of Marseilli«, where he
greatly distinguished himself, he was
appointed to the command of the
Queen's regiment of dragoons, O'Car-
roll, the Colonel, having been killed.
It was thence forward called the Clare
regiment. Our subject participated
with ever increasing fame and credit in
all the actions of tlte Irish Brigade up-
to the battle of RamiHi&s, 1706, "x^here
he was killed while leading hif; men
with his usual i.r.prituo8ity ; ai d syas-
succeeded in Viis regiment by Mumigh
O'Brien, who Jifxerwardfi rose to distin-
guished eminence as a soldier.

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XBIBH OKSJtB

O'BB

O'BRIEN COLONEL, tt talented
•Canadian pioneer and equally distin-

Siished both on sea and land in the
ritish service, was the son of an Irish
officer and bom about 1800. He re-
ceived hts early education at Cork,
where his father was stationed, and
was almost constantly on the water
from his earliest years. Being destined
for the navy he passed a short prepar-
atory course at l*ly mouth, and when
•<Milv eleven years of age he went to sea
as a Middy on the frigate "Sybelle."
He afterwards served under his cousin
in the frigate "Doris," and won promo-
tion by skill and good conduct. After
the close of the American war he left
•the navy, desiring something more ac-
tive, and joined the army. His regi-
ment being ordered to the'West Indies,
he there lost his health and retired on
half pay. Change of climate having
restored hinf, he entered the merchant
service, soon acquired high reputation
for seamanship, and was about to take
^command of one of the first passenger
ships Jn the eastern trade when he was
again prostrated by sickness. He then
determined to seek health and fortune
in the backwoods of Canada, and as
soon as he was able settled with his
family on the North Shore of Lake Sim-
'Coe, Canada. Here he labored for
some years, and was honored with many
offices of trust by his fellow-citizens.
He afterwards removed to Toronto and
became editor and proprietor of the Pat
riot and also the Colonist. He took an
active part in all public questions, po-
litical and otherwise, and was one of
the original designers and prospectors
of a railroad between Toronto and Sar-
nia, and also organized the Provincial
Insurance Company. He was also an
enthusiastic lover of every manly sport,
'especially aquatic, and was the organ-
izer of the first Yacht club of Toronto.
He died in 1876.

O'BRIUi. CONCHUR or CON-
CHOYAR, a munificent and pious
prince. King of Munster, A. D. 1140.
This prince, who cultivated the arts of
peace and insured prosperity to his
kingdom, dispensed with a princely
hand. He not only built and endowed
churches and institutions of learning in
his own province, but the Chronicles of
Ratisbon, by Oratianus Lucius, c. 20,
p. 163, say that "Isaac and Qervasius
(Irish missionaries), who wore descend-

ed from noble parents, being endowed
with piety, learning and eloquence,
were joined by two others of Irish de-
scent, Conradus Carpentarius and 6ul-
ielmus, were sent by Dennis, Abbot of
the monastery of St. Benedict, estab-
lished by the Scoto-Milesians (Irish) at
Reeensbur/jh (Ratifibon), to Ireland to
solicit aid for their work, and who paid
their respects to Conchur O'Brien, %nd
explained to him their wants. He re-
ceived them hospitably, and sent them
back to Germany laden with gold, sil-
ver and precious gifts, which were so
ample that the abbot entirely rebuilt
his monastery, which was going to de-
cay, besides a magnificent church in
the city and costly veasels for the divine
service. This prince also sent a large
sum to Lothair, King of the Romans
and Emperor, to aid the expedition to
the Holy Land. He went on a pilgrim
age to Kildare, where he died in 1142.

O'BRIEN DANIEL, Earl of Lis-
more and Knight of St. Louis, a gal-
lant Irish officer and son of the mar-
shal of that name under whom he
learned the art of war in France. He
was made a peer of Ireland as Earl of
Lismore in 1747, and in 1750 was dec-
orated with the crand cross of the Roy-
al and Military Order of St. Louis. He
died at Rome in 1769.

O'BRIEN DANIEL, Earl of Clare,
a gallant Irish soldier and commander
of the regiment of Clare, distinguished
in French arms. He took up arms in
Ireland in support of the imbecile
James II, and in 1690 was sent to
France with his regiment in tlie brig-
ade of Mountcashel. He served with
distinction in Savoy under Marshal
Catinat, and received the credit, in
common with his Irish compatriots, of
contributing greatly to the rt-duction of
that province, and especially distin-
guished himself at the battle of Mar-
seilles, Nov. 4, 1693. He died shortly
aftetwards at Pignerul, greatly la-
mented by his compatriots.

O'BRIEN DiTRMOD, or DERiSIIT-
lUS, King of Leinater and Monarch of
Ireland. He was son-in-law of Don-
ough O'Brien, but denounced his con-
duct toward liis baother Thadeuu, and
look the son ef the latter under his pro-
tection. He defeated Donough and
his supporters in Munster in several

O'BR

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O'BR

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battles, and secured his dethronement,
placing Turlough, son of Thadeus, on
the throne. He also crushed the last
effort of the Danes of Dublin and be-
came their king, and compelled O'Con
nor, King of Connaught, to do him
homaire. He was, however, killed Feb,
7, lO'/S, in a battle with the king of
Meath. He was a disinterested and
i^unerous prince, with qualities every
way worthy of a king.

O'BRIEN, DONNOUOH (Denis),
son of Brian the Great, King of Munster
and Monarch of Ireland. He took com-
mand of the National forces after the
battle of Clontarf, and after thanking
the Connaught troops for their valor-
ous assistance, dismissed them. He
then marched towards Cashel with his
Munster forces. On the way a diffi-
culty arose as to the succession to the.
crown of Munster, as according to the
ancient constitution of the province, it
alternated between two branches of the
family of OilioU Olum. Dojnough,
however, was unwilling to forego
rights which his father and uncle had
asserted, and a battle became inmiinent.
Donnough drew up the domestic forces
of his family, the sept of the Dall-Caiss,
to assert his authority, when the
wounded, who were being sent to the
rear, protested, and asked that they
might be staked up in the line of battle
with swords in their hands to defend
the riglits of their house. The rebel
forces were won by admiration of so
desperate a resolve, and renouncing
their cliiims, Donnough was proclaimed
King of Munster. He also claimed su-
preme authority as Monarch, but was
not recognized by the entire kingdom.
Having been suspected as accessory to
the death of his elder brother Thadeus,
he was dethroned by an assembly of the
Nobles of the Kingdom, and reuuced to
the rank of a private individual. He
then made a pilgrimage to Rome, and
ended liis days in St. Stephen's monas-
tery at an advanced age, after, hav-
ing, it is said, preseuteu the crown of
Ireland to the rope.

O'BRIEN FITZ-JAMES, a brlllinnt
American journalist, poet and miscel-
laneous writer, was born in Ireland in
1829, came lo the United States iu 1850,
and soon became a popular contributor
to the best literature of the day. He
was the author of some exquisite little

poems and brilliant sketches in the-
Atlantic Monthly, Harper's Weekly,
and other journals. He volunteereci at
the breaking out of the great Rebel-
lion, and was attached to Gen. Lan-
ders' staff, when he was fatally wo\md-
ed in "West Virginia, dying of lockjaw
April 6, 1863.

O'BRIEN ADMIRAL JAMES, a*
distinguished naval officer in the ser-
vice of Britain, was born in Ireland in
1770, served with distinction in the Na-
poleonic wars and rose to be rear ad-
miral of the Blue.

O'BRIEN CAPT. JEREMIAH, a*
brave and distinguished patriot of the
American revolution, was born at Cork,
Ireland, in 1740, and emigrated with
his father and family to the Iribli settle-
ments of Maine. lie was the eldest, of '
seven brothers, all of whom, with their
aged father Maurice, entered ardently
into the defence of colonial rights. To-
them alone belongs the distinguished
honor of making the first naval capture
of the war, and under circumstances
that ordinarily would seem impossible.
It was the capture of the British armed
schooner Margaretta in Machias Bay,
she having been sent there to overawe
the settlements. This brave family,
under the leadership «f their brother,
determined to capture this vessel, and
securing an old cannon which was pos-
sessed by the village, they planted it on
a flat boat secured for the purpose.
With such formidable preparations, one
gun mounted on this raft flotilla, but
taking every precaution which their
limited means could supply, and the-
necessities of the situation demanded,
this band of heroes, supported by their
brave neighbors, pushed out to the at-
tack of this vessel of war, which car-
ried an armament of 10 guns, and
whose officers and crew viewed the
preparations with laughter and con-
tempt. They, however, quickly had to
change their minds, for, through the
skill and bravery of its leader inlioard-
ing the enemy, this crude armament
succeeded after a short and sharp strug-
gle iu compelling him to strike his col-
ors. O'Brien afterwards commanded
a privateer and made a number of cap-
tures during the war, but was at lengths
captun!d and kept prisoner in England
for a year. Some of tlie descendants of
this brave family still inhabit the hardy^

O'BR

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O'BR

North, or are scattered throughout the
'Oreat Republic whose independence
■was secured by the valor of their Irish
ancestors; but the name itself has lost
in most cases its distinguishing Irish
mark of "O" — reads Brian or Bryant.
Our hero d )d in 1818.

O'BRIEN JEREMIAH, son of the
preceding, was born at Macliias, Me.,
in 1768, and was a man of sterling char-
acter and sound judgment. He was a
successful merchant and very popular
politically. He served his fellow-citi-
zens in the legislature of Maine and af-
terwards in Congress from 1823 to 1881.
He died iu Boston at the age of 90
years.

O'BRIEN LUCIUS, a talented Can-
adian artist, was the son of Col. O'Brien,
andeariy developed a love and aptitude
for art. His pamtings, both in oil and
water colors, are highly prized, and
have placed his name amongst the first
of Canadian artists.

O'BRIEN DR, LUCIUS, a talented
Canadian physiciau and editor, was
a brother of the Culonel, and born in
Ireland in 1795 ; after completing his
education he studied medicine. He
Also entered tbe army, and was an ac-
tive surgeon during the rebellion in
Jamaica in 1831. Soon after he re-
signed and settled in Canada near Tor-
onto, where he soon acquired a large
practice. He also entered politics, and
with his brother edited the Patriot
for some years. In the rebellion of 1837
he was appointed chief military sur-
geon and removed to Toronto. He
was appointed to the chair of Medical
jurisprudence in King's College in 1845
and held it to '53. He died in 1870.

O'BRIEN MORIETACH, King of
Munster and Monarch of Ireland, suc-
ceeded bis father Turlough A. D. 1089.
He is styled by St. Anselm, Arcbbfshop
of Canterbury; "the glorious King of
Ireland," and he extols bim higlily for
his love of iustic?, peace ana kingly

aualities. His authority extended to
le Hebrides and Isle of Man, and one
of bis family was sent to rule thorn dur-
ing the minority of Olanus, sou of God-
red, according" to Camden. He was
solemtdy crowned at Tarn, and after-
wards at an assembly of lords and
bishops at Cashel, the usual residence

of the kin^;^ of Munster, he gave the
city and property pertaining to tbe
crown as a present to the arcbepiscopnl
see. He ulso, with consent of Pope
Paschal H, assembled a national coun-
cil of the clergy, at whicli fifty bishops,
three hundred priests, and three thous-
and inferior clergy were present, be-
sides tbe Monarch and several of the
cliief lords of the kingdom. Gilbert,
Bishop of Limerick, presided as apos-
tolic legate A. D. 1110. This counsel,
among many other things, reduced the
number of dioceses to 26(3 archbishops
and 24 bishops), defining tbe boundary
and limiting the jurisdiction therein.
During the prince's reign the Danes of
Dublin proclaimed Godfrid king. The
Monarcli crushed them in three battles,
and having driven Godfrid from the
country, had his own authority re-estab-
lislied. Magnus, King of Norway, hav-
ing received a proper rebuff through
his ambassadors for some insolence,
set out to conquer Ireland. Arriving in
the north he commenced hostilities,
but a quick stop was put to liis designs.
He was almost immediately surrounded
by the national forces and he himself
and all the troops which had landed
were put to the sword,and those on board
the fleet returned to Norway with tlie
unhappy news. According to Mai mes-
bury, a cotemporary writer, a strong
friendship existed between tills prince
and Henry I of England, and one of his
daughters was married to Arnulph de
Montgomery, eldest son of the Earl of
Arundel. This pious prince at length
resigned his crown and withdrew to a
monastery where he took minor orders
and spent the remainder of his life in
preparations for eternity. He died
March 6, 1120 ; and was the last King
or Monarch of Irelatid of his race.

O'BRIEN MURROUGH, Earl of
Inchiquin, a soldier of renown, was
born in Ireland about 1600. He first
served under the republican baunors,
but finding tlicm more abitraiy and
tyrannical in their treatment of Ireland
than even the "tyrant," he espoused the
royal cause and became an exile until
the restoration. lie was not however
idle in the meantime. He joined the
French army and rose to the rank of
Lieutenant General, and having aided
materially in tbe conquest of Catalonia,
he was appointed viceroy of that piov-

CBR

naSH CBLTB.

O'BB

ince in 1654. His wife was a daughter
of Sir William St. Leger, President of
MunsttT. lie returned to Ireland after
the restoration and died in 1674.

O'BRIEN MURROUGH, a cele-
brated officer who rose by his com-
manding ability to be a Marshal of
France. He was not of the same
hranch of the O'Brien family as the
Earl of Clare, but belonged to the no-
ble house of Carrigogoiniol. He was
born about 1665, and served with dis-
tinction in Ireland against the adherents
of William of Orange. He served first
in France in Hamilton's regiment, and
afterwards with Greder, a German.
On the death of Col. Daniel O'Brien,
Earl of Clare, he was offered the ma-
jorship of the Clare regiment by do Lee
who succeeded asColonel. On the death
of (Jol. Charles O'Brien, who fell at the
battle of Rami ies, Murrough, who
was lieutenant colonel, and who greatly
distinguished himself on the occasion
by the capture of two stands of colors,
succeeded as colonel. He afterwards
greatly distinguished himself by his
tskill, daring and address at Pallue in
which action he foiled the enemj', and
saved Cambray,for which he was made
a VIM Marshal of France. He re-
tained the colonelcy of his regiment,
which was called O'Brien's till his
death in 1720. This practice of a gen-
eral officer being still retained as colo-
nel of a favorite regiment being then
common in Franco us it is still in Eng-
land. Thomond says of him that he
did not receive that recognition which
his commanding talent entitled him to.
Nor is this strange; for it would be
impossible if some little jealousy did
not exist toward the promotion of
strangers to the most important posi-
tions m the army of ^ great nation.

O'BRIEN RICHARD, a patriot of
the American revolution and a success-
ful and gallant naval officer, was born
of Irish parents about llOO, probably
in Pennsylvania, and went to sea at a
very early age. During the revolution
he became a successfijl privateer and
afterwards distinguished himself as a
naval officer in the regular service.
Having fallen into the hands of the
Algerian pirates he was kept as a slave
for some time. After his release he
was appointed Consul General to tlie
Barbary States. On his reiurn to the

United States, he settled in Pennsyl-
vania and was for sompi ysars a member
of the Legislature for that State. He
died in 1824.

O'BRIEN ADMIRAL ROBERT,
a distingni'<hed British naval officer,
was a native of Ireland, and entered
the navy at an early age. He distin-
guished himself during the Napoleonic
wars and rose to the rank of captain.
He afterwards served in the East in
command of the frigate "Doris," which
became under his command one of the
crack vessels of the British navy. IIo
at length rose to the rank of Admiral,
and on retiring from active service he
settled in Canada, where his cousin.
Col. O'Brien, who had served imder
him in the "Doris," had previously set-
tled. He died there a few j ears since
full of years and honors.

O'BRIEN THEODORE or TER-
DELACH, King of Thomond, a val-
iant and warlike prince in the time of
Henry VIII. In company with James
Fitzgerald Earl of Desmond, he en-
tered into a treaty with Francis I, b}'
which Francis boimd himself to enter
into no treaty with Henry VIII with-
out including his Irish allies. He,
however, failed in his promises.
O'Brien was a life long opposer of Eng-
lish usurpation in Ireland, "nd fought
the enemy with varying success. Ho
died about 1530, greatly regretted by
his countrymen.

O'BRIEN TURLOUGH, King of
Munster and Monarch of Ireland, sue
ceeded his uncle Donnough as Iving of
Munster, and his uncle Dermod, I^ing
of Leinster, as Monarch. He was
grandson of Brien Boru and proved
himself worthy of his illustrious an-
cestors. Lafrancus, Archbishop of
Canterbury, bears testimony to his
great and kingly qualities. He was
afflicted during tlie latter years of his
life by a lingering illness which he boro
with truly Christian patience. He died
ut Kincora in the seventy seventh year
of his age and the 14lh of his reign A.
D. 1080.

O'BRIEN WM. SMITH, a promi-
nent Irish patriot and legislator, was
born in County Clare, Ireland, Oct. 17,
1808, and was educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, He first euleied pur-

O'ER

iBuu osvn

O'ER

lament for Ennis 1826, and was not at
that time noted for liberal or national
principles. He, however, soon became
a pronounced liberal and supporter of
Catholic emancipation, and afterwards
of the "Repeal movement. In 1846
he was confined for refusing to serve
on a committee of the House of Com-
mons, and eventually became identified
with the Young Ireland party, going to
Paris in 1848 as a representative of the
"Irish Confederation" to seek aid from
the French Republic. He was promi-
nent in seeking to call a National Con-
vention and was arrested for sedition,
but acquitted, and shortly afterwards
attempted to organize a rising in Mul-
linahone, July 1^, but had to fly. He
was captured and tried for high treason
with Meaeher and McManus, and sen-
tenced to \>e hanged, drawn, etc., which
was commuted to transportation for
life. He was pardoned in 1856 and vis-
ited the United States in 1859. He
died on June 17, 1864.

O'BRIEN WM. S., of the firm of
Flood & O'Brien, and one of the so-
called Bonanza princes, was born in
Ireland in 1825, and came to the Uni
ted States with bis parents when a boy.
' He went to California in '49, and for a
while tried his chances in the mines.
In '61 he went into the liquor business
in San Francisco, and then into ship
chandlery. Ic, '54, in company with
Flood, he engaged in the rest'^urant
business and continued in that for twel ve

J rears, but in the meantime they speM
ated in mines, both havin- had prac;;
cal experience. In 1867"they i^i acl
the great partnership with Fair and
Mackey in the Nevada mines, which
developed such enormous results and
made the firm a power on the Pacific
slope. O'Brien died at San Rafael,
Cal., May 2, 1878, worth from 16 to
$20,000,000. He was a man of consid-
eral)le cultivation, great business tact
and pleasing address.

O'BRIEN TERENCE ALBERT,
O. P., Bishop of Emly, a famous Irish
confessor and martyr, was born in Lini-
srick i;bout 1610, and was a scion of the
kingi .' house of Jlunster. His uncle
Maurice was prior of the Dominican
lif < .nastery at Limerick and tliero our
i V 're Cdfessor received a part of his
& '.i\: atioL The continual warfare and
jtvjiaiiicutiou whicb had harassed the

Island for so many years, devastated
and destroyed one by one the great
schools (Monasteries), which for ages
distinguished Ireland above all the na-
tions of the earth, and our young stud-
ent was compelled to go to a house of
his order in Toledo, Spain, in his fif-
teenth year, where he finished his edu-
cation and was ordained priest. After
eight years absence he returned to his
native city and busied himself in dispen-
sing the consolations of his priestly of-
fice to an afflicted people. In 1643 he
was elected provincial of his cder, at a
chapter of his order (Dominican) held
in the "Black Abbey," Kilkenny, wliich
the piinces of the Confederation had at
that time again secured to the rightful
owners. He also about this time attend-
ed a chapter of his order in Re t.ie. la
1647 he was elevated to the See of Em-
ly, which he foimdin a lamentable cou-
dition, after the ravages of the infamous
Earl of Inchiquin, who, although of
the same celebrated family as our heroic-
bishop, out did if possible, tl :; Crom-
wellians, his confreres, in aC: of bar-
barity and cruelty. Dr. O Br jeu became
a member of the CHtholicConfadenUiou
and supported the Nunc; ; in his con-
demnation and excommunication of the
general devastators. In 1%{) he was
compelled for a while to r i e to Gal-
way, but he reti,\'ricd ji' ■ .efore ?he
siege of Limerick u l(15i, aul mitiia-
tered in that unfoitunalc > ity, wiiich
fnmine, the treacuery of Col. Fennell
; \ the plague, at length after a heroic
n nI.' tance, compelled a surrender. The
ixrtj' as of surrender exempted twenty-
four persons from quarter, among whom
was our Confessor, but the conditions
were brutally violated and an indiscrimr
inate slaughter and butchery took place,
which included men, women and chil-
dren, and which out-rivnlled the most
wantor) excesses of the most unchris-
tianizcd savages of America. Irelon,
the worthy lieutenant of his master
Cromwell, had our saintly prelaie
brought before him, and first tried to
induce him to abandon his faith, using
tiireats and bribes, but finding him in-
flexible, he ordered him thrust into pri-
son, condemned by a court martial
and half naked, taken from his prison ta
the place of execution, where iie was
strangled, his body then riddled with
bullets and his head hacked olf. At
his mo';k trial he upraided Irelon with
hid huartleuB cruelly and violaiion of

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HUBE CELTS.

OBU

soldierly faith, and told Iiim to prepare
for death, for that in a few days he
would follow his victims and be tried
himself before a terrible and a just trib-
unal. It so happened, for ten days af-
terwards this wretched and heartless
butcher was seized with the plague
and grew rapidly worse. In his deliri
um, says "Sir Philip Warwick," who
was present, he shouted repeatedly,
" Blood 1 Blood! I must have more
blood I" while again and again in wild
tursts of frenzv he claimed to be inno-
cent of the Bishop's death, saying, "he
had no hand in it, it was the work of
the court martial"; and after eight davs
of this frightful terror and remorse, he
died. The venerable Martyr and Con-
fessor suffered on the eve oi All Saints,
16S1.

O'BRIEN GENERAL, one of the
ablest of the South American patriots,
was bom in Ireland and emigrated to
South America prior to the revolutions
iu the Spanish American states. He
served first with San Martin in the Ar-

gentine Republic, where he established
is reputation for military skill and
daring. On the defeat of the Chilians
in 1814, and the retreat of O'Higgins
into the Argentine Confederacy,
O'Brien joined the expedition destined
to secure the independence of Chili and
Peru. He distinguished himself at
Chicabuco February, 1817, after the
crossing of the Andes, and hi the sub-
sequent engagements ; but it was at the
battle of Imiypu, April 6th, that he cov-
ered himself with glory in snatching
victi^ry from the hands of the Spaniards
by his decision, quickness and valor,
and turning what might have proved a
crushing defeat into a glorious victoiy.
On the I8th of the preceding March the
Spaniards surprised the Patriots in their
camp at Canchayarada, while they
were celebrating San Martin s birthday,
and almost overwhelmed them with
destruction, O'Higgins having been
severely wounded. The Spaniards
were pushing on to the capital, Santi-
ago, flushed with victory, wben San
Martin met them at Maypu, where a
desperate battle took place. In spite
of all of San Martin's efforts, after a
struggle which had continued nearly
the entire day, his center and left wiiig
were giving way with the prospects of
a total rout, when O'Brien, who com-
manded a regiment of Hoitie Grena-

diers on the right, seeing the regiment
of Burgos changing its Tine to K>rm a
new front, quickly precipitated himself
upon them with desperate valor, and
reaching them before they were able to
form anew, shattered them to pieces
and drove the left wing of the enemy
into confusion. The Spanish center, '
finding itself exposed and flanked,
was immediately seized with a panic,
and soon the whole army was in a
headlong rout. The Spaniards never
recovered from the disaster, and from
that day forth they acted only on the
defensive. O'Brien was made a gen-
eral and continued to bear a conspicu-
ous part in the struggle until Spanish
authority sank to rise no more on the
Pacific coast. O'Brien married in
Chili, and his descendants are to-day
highly honored and prominent in the
land whose liberties he bore so conspic-
uous a part in securing.

O'BRIEN REV. JOHN A., an able
American Catholic divine and scholar,
was bom in Tipperary, Ireland July
27, 1841. He received a good funda-
mental education in Clonmel, Ireland,
taught for some time in his native
countnr, and afterwards was a profes-
sor at Liverpool. He came to the Uni-
ted States in 1863. In 1865 he entered
the seminary of Mt. St. Mary's, Md.,
and subsequently taught at St. Charles'
Seminary, Pa. In 1873 he was ordained
priest at the seminary in Germantown
Pa., and immediately after was offered
a position in the faculty of Mt. St.
Mary's. The next year he was ap-
pointed rector, which position he held
till '77, when his health failed and he
visited Ireland. On his return he was
appointed professor of Ecclesiastical
History and Sacred Liturgy, which
position he held till his death which
took place Dec. 6, 1879. He is the au-
thor of a valuable and able work "The
History of the Mass," which has re-
ceived the highest encomiums and has
already gone through many English
editions and been translated into the
different continental languages.

OBU GEY, DAVID, a celebrated
Irish divine and philosopher, who flour-
ished in the 14th century, was a member
of the Carmelite order, and was a pro-
fessor at Oxford, and afterwards at
Treves. He returned to Ireland as pro-
vincial of his order. He was considered

i'l

O'CA

XBJSR CELTS.

O'CA

S! I

a great philosopher, an eloquent orator,
a profound theolo^an and one of the
most learned men of his time in the civil
law. He wrote extensively on law,
theology and philosophy. He died at
an advanced age at his convent in Eil-
dare, where he was buried.

O'CALLAGHAN CORNELIUS, an
eminent lawyer and member of the Irish
parliament for Fethard, was bom in
Tipperary about 1680 and died about
1740. From him is descended the pres-
ent Viscount Lismore.

O'CALLAGHAN, DR. E. B..LL.D.,

an author of merit, and better known as
the historian of the state of New York,
was bom at Mallow, County Cork, Ire-
land, Feb. 29, 1797. He received a lib-
eral education, and having chosen med-
icine for his profession, he went to Paris
to finish bis studies there, and was pres-
ent when the Allies entered Paris in
1815. In 1823 became to America and
settled in Quebec, where he engaged in
the practice of his profession. After
some time he removed to Montreal,
where he became prominent in politics
and entered joumalism as the editor and
proprietor of a new paper called the
"Vindicator." He was elected a mem-
ber of the' Assembly and advocated the
policy of the "Canadien Patriots," . On
V.•^ defeat of that party, Dr. O'Callag-
h< a had to flee the county, his office
was sacked, type and presses destroyed,
and a reward offered by the Govern-
ment for his arrest for hieh treason.
Dr. O'Callaghan next settled at Albany,
and engaged again in the practice of his
profession. Etere, during the anti-rent
troubles he investigated the rights of the
Patroons, and to do so properlv had to
acquire a knowledge of Dutch. Thus
armed he examined the early records of
the Dutch in the State Department and
others in tlie keeping of $iome of the old
Dutch families, and was astonished at
the amount of informati'^n they con-
rained of the early history of New Neth-
erlands, which was a dead letter to the
English reader. He therefore deter-
mined to put it into a systematized Eng-
lish form, and produced his History of
New Netherlands in two octavo vol-
umes. His work placed the early Dutch
in a new light. He swept away the
Knickerbocker which English traditions
had made historical, and did what the
descendants of those settlers failed to do

for themselves, showed that the phleg-
matic Dutchman of the past was hut a
creature of Puritan imagination, and
that the Dutch settlers of New York
were as industrious, enterprising and re-
ligious as their neighbors, and establish-
ed as popular a form of government, and
as gooa schools for the education of
their children, without cant, hypocrisy
or slandering the good name of others.
This work brought the Doctor into

gromincnt notice, and he was emploved
y the state to edit its documentary his-
tory, which he did in eleven quarto
volumes. In 1870 he took up his resi-
dence in New York city, having been
solicited by the authorities to edit the
earlv records of the city. The troubles
of the Ring corruptions put a stop to
the work, and it was not resumed up
to the time of his death, which took
place in May, 1880. Dr. O'Callaghan
produced many other valuable works,
and was engaged at the time of his
death on Biographies of Early Ameri-
can Physicians of Eminence.

O'CAROLAN. THURLOUGH. a

celebrated harper, was bora in County
Leitrem, Ireland, 1670. He lost his
eight through small-pox and afterwards
roamed over the whole county on horse-
back, giving utterance to his effusions.
His cotempornries who heard him, de-
clare that his extemporizing was of
the most sublime character, well ar-
ranged and sustained. He died in 1738,
and was the most celebrated of his
race if not the last.

O'CARROL, THOMAS, a learned
Irish divine, was of a noble family of
Eile. He was Archdeacon of Cashel in
1348, and although not nominated by
the Canons, was raised by the Pope to
the Archbishopric of Tuam and conse-
crated at Avignon in 1849. In 1364 he
was transferrtd to the See of Cashel,
which he governed for right years witt
great prudence. He was greatly es-
teemed for wisdom and learning, both
at home and abroad. He died at Cashel
on the 8th of Feb., 1373, and was suc-
ceeded by Philip de Torrington.

O'CARROLL, COL., a gallant Irish
officer, who went to France after the
treaty of Limerick and became Col-
onel of the Queen's regiment (Irish Bri-
gade) of Dragoons. He distinguish'ad
himself on various occasions from lfi91

;;!(':•*.,.

O'CL

XBIBH CKUtB

O'CO

to Nov. '93, when he fell while gallant-
ly leading his ivgiment into the thickest
of the fight at the battle of Marsailles or
Marsaglia, in which Catinat defeated
the Duke of Savoy and reduced that
province to obedience.

O'CARROLL TURENNE, a distin-
guished Irish officer of the same family
as the foregoing, was lieutenant colonel
in Sarsfleld's (Earl of Lucan) regiment
of dragoons, and a worthy compeer of
that gallant patriot. He served with
distinction iu all the principal actions
in which the Insh brigade participated,
and sustained with distinguished credit
the high standing of Irish gallantry and
valor.

OCKAM WILLIAM, a divine and
philosopher, was a member of the order
of St. Francis and a disciple of John
Duns. He was called the Invincible
and Prince of Nominalists. Volateran
calls him an Irishman and Cardinal of
Armngh, under the pontificate of John
XXII^ and says he was a celebrated
logician and highly esteemed for his
learning and writings. O'SuUivan the
hifitorian says his real name was O'Ca-
hnn, but Ware thinks he was an Eng-
llBhman. He flourished A. D. 1850.

O'CLERY PEREGRIN, an Irish
scholar and antiquarian, one of the
"Pour Masters," was born about 1600
in'Ulster, and wrote on the antiquities
of Ireland, and a life of Hugh Roe
O'Donnell in Irish. He had a learned
and able co-laborer in Ferfessus O'Con-
roy and Peregrin O'Dubgennen, who
«dlted with him much valuable history.

O'CLERY BRO. MICHAEL, an em-
inent and learned antiquarian and his-
torian, was a native of Ulster and a
monk of the order of St. Francis. He
was educated on the continent, and was
a contemporary of Dr. Htign Ward,
who was his religious superior, and
who sent him to Ireland from their
monastery in Louvain to collect mate-
rial for projected Irish histories and
monuments of the past. On the death
of Dr. Ward, O'Clery continued the
labors, and produced an "Abridgment
of the Livfcd of the Irish Kings," with
their genealogies. Also lives of Irish
saints called "Sanctilogiura Genealo-
gium," and also a history of tht differ-
ent inhabitants and conquests of the

island, wars, and other remarkable ev-
ents up to the twelfth century . This
work is called "Leabhar Gabheltas."
He was also the principal author of the
"Annals of the Four Masters." His
assistants were his brothers Conary and
Peregrine O'Clery and Ferfessa O'Mul-
conry, or O'Conroy.

0,CONNELL DANIEL, one of the
greatest of popular orators and patriots,
and most illustrious minds of the 19th
century, equally distinguished for politi-
cal sagacity and unrivalled legul acu-
men, was born near Cahirciveen. coun-
ty Keriy, Ireland, Aug. 6, 1775. His
father was of an ancient Irish family
which had preserved some of its patri-
mony in the midst of the robberies and
pillage of the strangers. His mother was
a woman of high intellect, and to her,
according to the testimony of her illus-
trious son, is due the noble aims and as-
pirations which animated him through
li f e. He displayed an aptitude for study
from his earliest years and also an abid-
ing interest in the honor and welfare of
his race and country. He was living
with his uncle, the head of the family^
and whose heir he was, most of the time
in his early years, and wns an interested
reader of the Dublin Magazine, loving
to read sketches of distinguished men
and admiring their portraits, which of-
ten embellished the pages, and would
often think to himself, will my portrait
ever appear in this? One day when he
was about nine years of age the family
were discussing the merits of Burke and
Grattan, the young patriot was a deeply
interested but silent listener. A lady
present, noticed the glisten'ng eye and
intense expression which lit up the face
of the boy, and said: "What are you
thinking of Dan.?" whenhesententious-
ly replied, "I'll make a stir in the world
yet!" Young Daniel received a part of
his preliminary education in Cork, when
he was sent to the continent at about the
age of fifteen, studying successively in
Louvain, St. Omer and Douai. The
French Revolution was now fully under
way, and its career of reckless, blind
and savage barbarity notoniy cured our
young patriot of his admiration of it,
but it drove him from France. For
three years he pursued his law studies
in London, and was called to the bar in
that memorable but unfortunate year,
'98. The independence of his country
was now threatened by the venal but

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O'CO

fiery Castlereagh backed by British gold,
and although a young lawyers prospects
were almost hopeless if he opposed the
Government, O Connell hesitated not to
raise his voice in unison with Grattan
and the other illustrious patriots, in in-
dignant protest against the fatal and un-
holy union. His first speech was made
in the Royal Exchange, January, 1800,
and as he said afterwards, that first
speech contained all the principles of
his whole political life. His success in
his profession, which was due alone to
his unrivalled ability, was steady and
marked. He was no sycophant of the
Government, but on the contrary, its
determined, unceasing and unsparing
opponent. He asked no favors from
judges or high officials, but standing on
the ramparts of the British constitution,
he hurled his thunderbolts at its pretend-
ed defenders, stripping them of their
false garments of liberty and justice,
and exposing the infamy as well as
absurdity of their course. In a few
years his income reached $50,000 a year.
In 1809 he commenced the agitation of
Catholic emancipation, and his letters
address to the people were headed with
Lord Byron's couplet,

"Hereditary bondsmen know ye not.
Who would be free, themselves must

strike the blow."
To this great work and the repeal of the
ob.ioxious union he dedicated his life
and all his great energies. In season
or out of season, by letter, speech and
petition he almost alone stirred the hopes
and energies of a despondent people.
Ttie union was still fresh and seemed
like a pall covering the cold form of a
dead nation. The task of revivifying it
seemed almost hopeless, but the young
patriot went to work, before his eye was
the marvelous work of Grattan in es-
tablishing a nation's freedom without a
blow, in the very teeth of the tyrant'.
Surely the world was not ^oing back
wards argued the young "giant. The
same means, lawful combinations of an
entire people, can accomplish anything
if persevered in; let us set forward I and
so Catholic emancipation was the first
step. First, because religious is the most
outrageous and iTidefensible form of ty-
ranny; secondly, because it was indis-
pensable to form an united people to se-
cure nation al freedom. So thought Grat-
tan, and although he secured the liberty
of his country without it, it was lost be-
cause of its want, and to the day of his

death did he advocate Catholic emanci-
pation as the first essential step to secure
the liberty of his country, because it re-
quired tlie entire and united force of
the nation to secure even respectful con-
sideration to their just wants and righta
from the tyrant, whom fear alone would
make listen to reason. This could alone
be secured by the absolute equality of
all classes before the law. So too,
thought O 'Connell, and to its accom-
plishment he bent- all his energies.
When the English Government was at
work by its venal and underhand means
of bribery, deceit and intimidation ta
secure the passage of the Act Ctf Union
in Ireland, they sought to secure the co-
operation of tlie Catholics by promising
to pass a general act of Catholic eman-
cipation and made such representations
to the liberal lords of Ireland, but when
they secured the victim they utterly re-
fused to move in the matter. Grattan
and Ponsonby brought it up in the Eng-
lish Parliament, but in vain, bigotry-
blind even to dishonor, can be moved
only by fear. O'Connell early set to
work to organize and put life into the
Catholic body. He organized " The
Catholic Board" for the purpose of con-
solidating and directing Catholic action
towards an assertion of their rights.
Various schemes were proposed by the
liberal Protestant Irish leaders to secure
Catholic emanc.ipation, and among them
a pernicious one wliich came very near
being consummated. It was that the con-
cession of such rights should be pur-
chased by the right of veto in the Eng-
lish Crown, to the appointment of Cath-
olic Bishop. The English Catholics
were willing to submit, and one or two
of the Irish Bishops and even the Pope's
Nuncio, Quarantotti, committed Rome
to such an agreement ; but the Irish Bish-
ops entered a strong protest against it,
and Bishop Doyle declared that he (and
he hoped every Catholic Bishop in Ire-
land) would resign before he would sub-
mit to the compromise of Quar\ntotti.
Their language was strong, uncom-
promising and determinsd, and at length
was barkened to at Rome. As long as
Napoleon was a power, England was
temporizing, but in 1815 when his star
had set, the Catholic Board was sup-
pressed by proclamation, O'Connell re-
sorted to other means to keep the peo-
ple awake to the assertion of their rights,
aid as far as the Catholic "gentry ' of
Ireland was concerned, he was almost

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alone, but had gallant aid in some of the
patriotic prelates. It was at this time
that he was forced into a duel with one
D'Esterre, a member of the Dublin cor-
poration and a famous shot, who pre-
tended to have been personally insulted
by some sharp remarks of O'Connell on
the corporation, calling tbem.a ''beggar-
ly set." It is said be was put forward
with a promise of a liberal reward
if he succeeded in putting this in-
solent and troublesome papiiit out
of the way, and that in any event
his family would be well provided for.
O'Connell, although opposed to dueling
as a consistent and practical Catholic,
•^yp" nr 'aced in a position, if he re-
f , w/ be continually taunted with
cowardice, and insulted hj every swag-
gering bigot, and thus his power and
usefulness to his people utterly des-
troyed; for it must he remembered
that these were the days when dueling
was considered the test of true braverj',
and in Ireland there was scarcely one
prominent member of the bar or parlia-
ment but had fought one or more duels.
O'Connell accepted the challenge, and
D'Esterre fell. The "beggarly" cor-
poration to which he belonged took no
steps to provide for the widow and or-
phans, and O'Connell ever afterwards
charged himself with their support.
O'Connell durtng these years was mak-
ing rapid strides in his profession, and
although surrounded by as able and
brilliant a body of lawyers — such as
Plunket, Bush, Saurin and others— as
the world ever saw together, he soon
became recognized as without a peer.
He excelled not in one branch but in
all. Fully armed and equipped with
all the artillery of the law ; witty, in-
genious, penetrating, bold and eloquent,
he swayed the hearts and the minds of
his auditors with a matchless power.
It is hard to-day to conceive what he
had to contend with, the rabid bigotry
that sat upon the bench, as well as the
more dense and ignorant which monop-
olized the jury box, was to be overcome
and mastered. Yet so powerful was
his reasoning, so ingeniously did he
commit the court to the law, so with-
ering and sarcastic' his denunciation of
the violation of the British Constitu-
tion, which he so often made use of to
shield his client; now bursting into
strains of impassioned and patriotic elo-

auence. now rollicking in veins of irre-
stible wit and side splitting humor,

' and anon with a tear in his voice, hold-
ing before them some misfortune to
themselves or their country, he won
their sympathies against their preju-
dices, and often savtd a client already
foredoomed to death. The work which
he did, as it were, in the face of the op-
pressor, is the best evidence of the ex-
traordinary^ powers with v^ich he wau
gifted, and the restless energy with
which he labored. When the minions
of the tyrant strained and misconstrued
the laws, illiberal enough of themselves
in design, to defeat the just efforts of the
Liberator, he resorted to new moves to
keep alive the hopes of the people and
show to the civilized world the honest
constitutional struggle of an enslaved
people, desiring only equal rights in
their own land. In 1823 he organized
the Catholic Association, and founded
the Catholic Rent, which was to be used
in electing fair aud liberal men to par-
liament, and in the face of dinger and
strong government threats he struggled
on, keeping faith and hope alive in the
hearts of the people. In 1828 he took
a new, and to the amazed bigots, a
startling and revolutionary departure
which was no less than boldly to offer
himself — papist as he was — as a candi-
date for parliament for the county
Clare. This, to them, was a threat
against the British Constitution, tbd
Hanoverian succession and Protestant
ascendancy. Although threatened,
ridiculed and poohed, he pushed for-
ward and carried the elecdon. He next
presented himself in Parliament whv'^re
his fame as a bold and defiant paplt^t
rebel, rather than the matchless advo-
cate and orator, had preceded him, and
the house was crowded with the highest
in the land, to behold, if not the cham-
pion who came to break the bonds of
religious slavery which had long dis-
graced the land, at least to see how the
bold leader would conduct himself be-
fore the embodied wisdom and power
of the nation, whose statutes and cus-
toms he came to defy. On the 15th of
May, 1839, he appeared to take his seat
and was introduced by Lords Elring-
ton and Dungannon. As he came for-
ward the great audience beheld one of
the noblest specimens f God's handi-
work—a man of commanding figure,
whose dark curly hair covered a mas-
sive and highly intellectual head, with
an unmistakable Irish face, still fresh
and ruddy, although then in his fifty-

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fifth year, full of honest passion and
fire but softened by the sunlight of an
ever suggestive smile, carrying himself
Kvith that free, bold air of conscious
power and strength that feared no foe
intellectually or physically. He was
handed the oath required to be taken.
He read it over in an audible voice, es-
pecially the portion which reads "the
sacrifice ofthe mass, the invocation of
the Blessed Virgin Mary and other
saints as now practiced by the church
of Rome are impious and idolatrous,"
and other parts which contained charges
not true. He turned towards the
speaker and said : "I decline to take
this Oi;rh— part of it I know to be false,
and part I believe not to be true 1" He
was refused his seat and retired. A
new election was ordered and he again
presented himself to the electors and
was returned, in the meantime agitating
the cause throughout the kingdom.
The ministry was embarrassed. Eng-
land could not well play the liberal role
iMfuie Eun>pe and refuse to her Catho-
lic subjects rights that all over Europe
were mutually accorded. Besides, her
colonies, where the Irish element was
strong, had already set an example, so
that by the time O'Connell again pre-
sented himself the government abol-
Idied the odious test and proclaimed
Gatholic Emancipation . He was hailed
M the great "Liberator," but while
bigots were loud in their wail at this
pwtial concession to justice, the gov-
«mment and ita Catholic toady sup-
porters thought that a great debt of
gratitude was due to so paternal a gov-
ernment. O'Connell saw, however,
that it was only the first steps towards
the full emancipation of his country.
He now commenced the agitation of
the repeal of the union, forming a socl-
es calldd "Friends of Ireland." The
government, under the act to suppress
"Ille^pd Associations," proclaimed it;
he then formed the "Anti-Union Asso-
ciation." This was also suppreened.
In 1884 he brought forward an act of
parliament for the Repeal of the Union,
which was debated for four days, but
something far more potent than reason
or justice was requirad to secure even a
shadow of hope. Various acts and re-
lief— so-called— bills were enacted for
the benefit of Ireland bv pretended re-
toxmen, such as the '*]Poor Laws," the
**Tlthe Law," and "Municipal Re-
ionoM,'* all of which were the veriest

shams and frauds, and actually greater
burthens than the injustices to be re-
lieved, but very convenient and plausi*
ble matter for English statesmen and
lying historians to howl over and ex-
hibit as proofs of their generosity imd
of the perverseness of the rebellious
Irish. England lias never passed an act
yet that had not some sinister purpose,
and she never will. The little relief
from crying injustice which has been
accorded has been wrung from her by
fear or shame. Catholic or Protestant
she is the same, and it will be the weap-
oned arm of the.patriot Celt alone that
will make her drop her bold of the
throat of Ireland O'Connell continued
his agitation for repeal in and out of
parliament. His wonderful influence
as a popular orator was soon felt, and
the people of Ireland, and in fact the
Irish race throughout the world, were
drawn into an enthusiastic support of
the "Great Agitator." It culminated
in 1848 ; the greatest i)opular gather-
ings that the world e\ er saw were held
at different places in Ireland — Mallow,
Tara, Mullxghmast and other places — as
many as 200,000! b^ing present at some
of those peaceful and legal gatlierings.
O'Connell was sanguine that so unpar-
alleled an exhibition of a nation's just
de&'re would secure the object, and per-
haps it might Itave. if, like the volun'
teers, they held arms in their hands.
The government at length issued a
proclamation against these monster
meetings, and O'Connell and eight
others were arrested for conspii'acy. Of
course, as is s;ill the custom in all gov-
ernment cases, the jury was packed and
the verdict was a foregone conclusion.
If any reader doubts this, hear Lord
Brougham, indorsed by Lord John
Russell, on the subject, two witnesses
who cannot be impeached on account
of sympathy. Russell said about this
time in JParliament, quoting Brougham,
"Nominally, indeed, the two countries
(England and Ireland) have the same
laws. Trial by jury, for instance, ex-
ists in both countries, but is it adminis-
tered alike in both ? The law of Eng-
land esteems all men equal. It was
sufficient to be bom within the King's
allegiance to be entitled to all the rights
the loftiest subject of the land enjoyed.
In Ireland, however, the law heiu an
entirely opposite doctrine, 'x'he sect to
which a man belonged, the cast of his
religious opinion, the form in which he

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worshipped bis Creator, were grounds
«n which the law separated him from
his fellows, and bound him to the en-
durance of a system of the most cruel
injustice." O'Connell and his friends
were imprisoned for about three months,
when the verdict was set aside by the
British House of Peers on a writ of er-
ror. O'Connell was enthusiastically re-
oeived by the people, but his legal vic-
iorv was not due to any sense of wrong
or injustice committed, but merely the
expediency of party policy in the Whigs
sustaining on this occasion justice and
law for their own advancement. O'Con-
nell was now supported by the entire
nation, with the exception of a few Or-
angemen and Qovernmcnt toadies. His
great moral force policy, which sought
to redress a nation's wrongs without
the "shedding of a drop of blood" was
a grand Christian idea, but it was futile
against an armed and bloody despotism ;
tiie people while implicitly following
and supporting O'Connell and his peace
policy, still in their hearts, implanted
uieir by a just God, looked with an abid-
ing hope to a step farther, if stern ne-
cessity demanded it; independence,
equality and lust rights by the moral
force of armea organizations to support
them, out>»idethe ^icts of the tyrant, or
absolute independence by an appeal to
force. O'Connell, however, was now
getting old, and his magnificent physi
cal powers were breaking down under
the anxieties, cares and multitude of his
labors, and he was becoming morbidly
anxious about success, won exclu-
sively by the great and untried policy of
moral force, which he vainly hoped
might be done, and be a grand precedent,
an example for the world in the settle-
ment of national difficulties. Had
O'Connell been at this time in his prime,
backed as he was by an enthusiastic
people, with the assurance, from a long
and sad experience, that peaceable effort
was worse than vain against a treach-
erous, perjured and heartless tyrant,
urged on too, and supported by a mil-
lion ardent and impetuous youne Irish
hearts, ready and willing to spill their
blood to secure their country's freedom,
if he spoke but the word; it is probable
that he too would have been a young
Irelander, and that Ireland would have
been free. Who can doubt that he
would have cost aside his peace policy,
had he at this time beheld the thousands
slaughtered in cold blood the few fol-

lowing years by the premeditated and
flendiui policy of the tyrant, when the
highways ana bvwayp of Ireland were
strewn with the dead and dying, starved,
evicted and death devoted by this Mo>
loch of Nations. If Oarsfleld, in sorrow,
in a foreign land, exclaimed as his life-
blood flowed from his death-wound,
"Oh, that this had been for my coun*
tryl" how much more could not these
slaughtered victims have exclaimed,
"Why did I not die expelling those un-
glutted monsters from the land of my
fathers and the home of my race?" Un-
fortunately, we must believe, O'Con-
nell persevered in the peace policy, and
even pushed it to an extreme, not justi-
fied by reason or morality, sayingin the
"Peace Resolution" offered in Concilia-
tinu Hall, "that the use of arms was at
all times unjustifiable and immoral."
This extreme position resulted in a divi-
sion of the friends of Ireland, and those
who justified the use of arms as a last
resort, in securing the freedom of one's
country, separate from O'Connell and

Eursued a policy consonant with their
elief. They were cOmpoHcd of some
of t1«e most eloquent and brilliant young
men of Ireland, including Meagher,
Mitchell, McGee, Devin Reilly and
others. To add to the misfortunes of
Ireland, famine seized upon the land,
the result of the accursed legislation of
the enemy, and revolution, premature
and half organized broke out, leaving
the country in a state of hopeless chaos
and misery. O'Connell. already failing,
broke down amidst the accumulating
evils which befel his beloved counti7,
and while on his way to Rome to see
Pius IX. he died at Genoa, Italy. May
15, 1847. It is hard to overestimate the
great, the unrivalled abili^ of O'Con-
nell, both as a lawyer and a public lead*
er. It is almoFt impossible for one ia
this free country and in these times to
conceive the mighty and seeming im>
pregnable ramparts of prejudice he had
to break down and overcome to se-
cure—not success — but the shadow of %
fair show in his profession. Those pre-
judices had become hard as adamant,
and the favored few to whose benefit
they redounded stuck to them with an in-
solent and death-like tenacity. Six hun-
dred years of exclusive rightu in the
courts of Dublin had to be overcome,
when the stalwart young giant appeared
at the Irish bar ; yet, with a haughty,
defiant, impatient and. commanding

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nURH CELTS.

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meln, he entered the bulwarks of legal
bigotry, and with giant blows smashed
to pieces the barrier that shut out from
Catholics the benefits of the British Con-
stitution. Nothing short of the most
commanding ability could insure suc-
cess, where court, jury and every law
officer was arrayed against him and his
client, if a Catholic ; yet so universal,
politic and powerful was his use of the
matchless legal resource which he wield-
ed, that in spite of their iron prejudices
and one might say even of their wish,
he often wrune from them a verdict for
his client. Wit, sarcasm, pungent ridi-
cule, defiance, blarney, with irresistible
bursts of fiery and tempestuous elo-
quence were used, and court, counsel
and jury alike were arraigned before
the majesty of the Constitution, whose

f plainest behests they so often violated,
t was, however, perhaps as a popular
orator that he shone brightest ; as such,
he achieved more than any and all oth-
ers tog4ftier, who ever controlled the
tumultuous minds of men by the might
of their eloquence. He achieved much
for his Catholic fellow-countrymen, and
the result of his labors were truly gigan-
tic, and he but failed, when attempting
what the armed hand of united patriots
alone can accomplish against battalioned
despotism.

O'CONNELL GEN. COUNT, a dis-
tinguished officer in the service of France
and uncle to the preceding, was born in
Ireland about 1786 and received his edu-
cation in France, as in his day there
was no Catholic education to be had in
Ireland outside of the family. He early
manifested a military spirit and entered
the French service as a sous-lieutenant
In one of the Irish regiments which still
in his day flourished, sustaininff the an*
cient glory which their forefathers won
in the days of Louis XIV. He fought
through the active and desperate period
of the Bevolution, at which time he held
the position of General, earned by con-
spicuous services. He participated with
distinction in the defence of the Rhine
and along other parts of the frontiers,

{trotecting the soli of France from the
oreien hosts which beset it until Napo-
leon had seized the holm of state and
established an Empire. He lived to an
advanced age, highly esteemed and hon-
ored by his military associates.

O'CONNOR GEN. ARTHUR, a
distinguished Irish patriot and a gallant

officer of France, was bom at Bnndon,
near Cork, Ireland, July 4, 1767, re-
ceived a thorough education, and was
admitted to the bar in 1788 ; served as a
meml}er of the Irish Parliament from
1788 to 1796, and supported Grattan
and the other patriots in sustaining
Irish rights. He became a member of
the United Irishmen and was a member
of its directory, was imprisoned for six
months on the charge of publiuhing a
seditious pamphlet, and went to France
with Lorn Edward Fitz^'^erald to nego-
tiate an alliance for the securing Insh
independence. He took service under
Hoche in the invasion of Ireland, was
arrested in England, Feb. 27, 1708,
tried for treason and acquitted, re-ar-
rested before he left the court room on
other charges and kept four years a
prisoner at Fort George ; released in
June, 1808, on condition of perpetual
exile. He went to Paris, where he was
appointed by Napoleon a general of
division, ana was to take part in the
invasion of England, landing on the
coast of Scotland with the' Insh brig-
ade. In 1807 he married the daughter
of the celebrated Condorcet. He dis-
tinguished himself on various occasions
in the wars of Napoleon, and withdrew
from the army in 1816, when in com-
pany with M. Arago he edited the works
of M. Condorcet, liis father-in-law.
He was the author of many political
pamphlets, and continued till his death
to take an active interest in public af-
fairs. He died April 26, 1852, at aa
advanced age.

O CONNOR REV. CHARLES, a
learned antiquary and historian, was
bom in Ireland about 1750, and after
completing his education he studied for
the priesthood. He was afterwards, for
many years, a resident in the family of
the Duke of Buckingham as chaplain
and librarian, and where he devoted his
time to researches in Irish history. He
was the author of "Modern Irish His-^
tonr," "Ancient Irish Chronicles."
"Columbanus' Letters." etc. He died
at the seat of his bi other, the O'Connor
Don, at Balingar in 1828.

O'CONNOR FERGUS E, a cole-
brated Chartist leader in England, was
bora in 1796 in Ireland, and after com-
pleting his education drifted into litera-
ture and became a leading liberal edi-
tor. He was very popular with the

O'CO

I&UB OKun

O'CO

masses in Encland. The Chartbt trou-
bles broueht nim into serious difflcul*
ties, And He was arrested and thrown
into prison for liis democratic and sedi-
tious utterances. He died in 1856.

O'CONNOR HON JOHN, an able
and prominent legislator and politician
of Canada, was born in 1824 and re-
moved at an early age to Canada with
his parents, who settled near Windsor,
■Ont. He received only an ordinary ed-
ucation, but having lost a leg, he ap-
plied himself to mental improvement,
and for awhile taught school, but even-
tually took up the study of the law and
was admitted to the Upper Canadian
l)ar in 1864. He commenced practice
in Windsor with considerable success,
and held local positions of honor and
trust. He removed to Detroit, Mich.,
opposite Windsor, for a short time, and
was admitted to the bar of that state,
but he again returned to Canada, and
was returned to Parliament for Essex.
In 1867 he was returned to the Com-
mons and re elected the next term. He
became a member of the Privy Council
and President of that body in 1872 and
'78, and removed his residence to Tor-
onto. In 1878 he was appointed min-
ister of Inland Revenue, and was also
for a time a Senator of the Dominion.
He ia now engased in the practice of
his profession m Toronto.

O'CONNOR RIGHT REV.
MICHAEL, D. D.. an able American
Catholic divine, was bom in Cork, Ire-
hmd. Sept 27, 1810, nuule his prelim-
inary studies at Quecnstown, and in
1824 entered the propaganda at Rome
and was made a doctor in 1888. He
was ordained priest, came to the Uni-
ted States, and in 1888 was President of
the R. 0. Seminary of St Charles Bor-
Tomeo, Philadelphia. In 1848 he was
•consecrated Bishop of Pittsburg, trans-
lated to the See of Erie. Pa., in '58, but
Te-Iegated back in 1854, In 1860 he
resigned his oflSce of bishop, and en-
tered the Jesuit order in which he died
at their seminary in Woodstock, Md.,
Oct 18, 1872. Dr. O'Connor was a
learned and able divine,

O'CONNOR RODERICK. King of
Oonnaught and Monarch of Ireland,
■ucceeded Moriertach A. D. 1166. He
was at first opposed by Donald More
O'Brien, King of Limerick and others,

but he succeeded in compelling all to
submit to his authoritv. ae then
called a general assembly of the state,
ecclesiastfeal and secular, at which 1800
bishops and lords assembled from all
parts of the kingdom. They enacted
many wise laws and regulations, and
so complete was the protection afforded
that a lady might cross the kingdom
from sea to sea without fear of insult or
molestation. The national games were
again reestablished, learning encour-
aged and fostered, and a professor's
chair for strangers was established at
Armagh. That weakness in the con-
stitution of Ireland established by Eocha
IX, viz., its division into four semi-in-
dependent kingdoms, and which had
so often demonstrated itself bv wars
for supreme authority and divisions
even when the independence of the
kingdom was threatened by the stran-

§er, was now, at lost, to involve it in
isasters which, for eight hundred
years, has made it the victim of a sav-
age and relentless foe, and made of her
the Niobe of Nations ; only upheld by
indomitable determination to sustain
her individuality and an unquenchable
hope in the successful assertion of her
nationality. This disaster arose from
Dermod. King of Leinster, having been
deposed and driven from the kingdom
for his crimes. He took refuge in Eng-
land, and filled with a desire for re-
venge, he sought the King, Henry II,
who was then in Aquitaine. To this
monarch, as unscrupulous and wicked
as himself, he told his misfortunes,
offering, if he would assist him to re-
cover Ills throne, to acknowledge
him as his lord. This pleased Hcnrv,
as he was desirous of getting a foothold
in an island so rich and convenient, and
told him that although he was not able
just then to assist him personally, he
might get troops and adventurers to
assut bun in England, and issued au-
thority for that purpose. Dermod went
to England, and by promises of reward
if successful, succeeded in enlisting in
his cause.a number of adventurers, and
among them Richard, son of the Earl
of Pembroke, surnamed Strongbow, to
whom he promised his daughter Eva in
marriage. He also succeeded in hav-
ing Robert Fitzstephen, an experienced
general, who was in prison and dis-

{;race; pardoned on condition of his
eaving the country, and Maurice Fitz-
gerald his half brother. After making

O'CO

IBIBH 0BLT8

O'CO

all possible arrangements he quietly
went back to his province to secretly
organize and prepare Iiis adherents to
support his English allies when they
should arrive. May of 1160 saw the
arrival cf the first adventurers on the
coast of Wexford, who were imme-
diately joined by Dennod and 500
horse. Their first effort was agninst
Wexford citv, which was inhabited
principally by Danes, who acknowl-
edged Dermoa as their king, and over
whom he placed Fiizstcphen as their
lord. Being reinforced by new arri-
vals and strengthened by the submis-
sion of many or his old subjects, he ad
vanced against Fitzpatiick, prince of
Ossory, who was instrumental in his
downfall, and whose territories he laid
waste with fire and sword. The Mon-
arch, at length alnrmed at the progress
of the enemy, marched airainst them at
the head oi the national troops, but
Dermod and his allies, unwilling to risk
a battle, withdrew into marches and
inaccessible places near Fcarns. The
Monarch at length determined to reach
them at all hazards, was preparing to
surround and at the same time pene-
trate their fastnesses, when the bishops
of the provinces begged that the war
might be arrested by an honorable com-

Sromise. It was at length agreed that
Itermpd might resume his authority,
Ky homage to the Monarch, and that
tzstephen might be allowed to retain
his position as lord of the Danes in
Wexford, and that no more English
diould tie received in the province.
The treaty was, however, a delusive one.
A prince who had been expelled for his
crimes could hesitate but little in vio-
lating his oath. The arrival of Maurice
Fitzgerald, Raymond Le Qros and
Richard (Strongbow) with reinforce-
ments, encouraged Dermod to throw off
all restraint and disregard his sworn
obligations. He and his allies first
moved on Waterford, mostly inhabited
by Danes, and after a desperate siege
of several days captured it and treated
the conquered with a savage cruelty.
They next turned their arms against
the Danes of Dublin and besieged that
city. Asculp, their chief, mistrusting
his ability to hold out, sent Lawrence
O'Toole, the saintly archbishop of that
city, to negotiate a peace with Dermod.
While this holy man was stHviog to
avert from his people the horrors of
war, the I^ormans entered the city by a

breach Sept. 21, and spared neither age
nor sex, but the helpless and unarmed
as well as the defenders fell beneath
the sword of those heartless butcherH.
The inactivity of Roderick at this time
is unaccountable, unless it was that
those who suffered were mostly Danes,
who were even yet but dubiously at-
tached to the stcte. However the'dnn-
ger incrcising, he upbraided the Kinff
of Lcinster with liis perfidy and bna
faith, and tl?''eatcned to beiiead his son
Arthur whom he hold as a hostage.
Dermot showed that he was worth}' of
his brutal allies, for he answered that
•such a threat would not stop him and
that his intention was to proclaim him-
self monarch. The Monarch prepared
to take the field, but the season beinp; far
advanced nothing was dont', and before
operations commenced in the springthis
wicked cause of the misfortunes of his
country was dead. Ilichnrd tried to
have himself proclaimed King of Lciu-
ster as the son-in-law and heir of Der-
mod, as had been agreed upon, and he
led his forces towards Munstcr com-
mitting great devastation. He was,
however, met by Roderick, and Don-
nough O'Brien, King of Limerick, at
Thurles, and defeatea with a loss of 700
English dead on the field. Strongbow
fell back to Waterford, while the Mon-
arch swept his adherents out of Meath.
Roderick, however, met reverses th&
next year. Strongbow was ordered
back to England by his master, and
other difficulties gathering around him,
it was a matter of necessity to obe^, even
were he inclined otherwise. He re>
turned and found the king preparing^
to invade Ireland. The king at first
first pretended to be indignant at his
conduct in Ireland, but they soon came-
to understand each other, and Strong-
bow was received into favor, and prom-
ised to put Dublin and other sea port
towns into the king's hands. In Octo*
her, 1172, Henry landed at Waterford
with a powerful army and was joined
by all the English adherents in Ireland.
Dermod, King of Cork, was the first of
the native princes to acknowledge hia
claim of lord^nd he was soon after fol-
lowed by the King of Limerick as Henry
approached his territories, and after-
wards by others. Roderick, finding
himself but feebly supported, consented
to an interview on the banks of the
Shannon in the presence of both armies,
but no result was reached, and Henry

O'OO

JQUBH CKUn,

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1, - V

UiK II'

thought it too risky to attack an enemy
well posted and detennined. However,
some time afterward a treaty was made
through the intervention of the Arch-
bishops uf Dublin nnd Tuam, by which
Boderick acknowledged Henry as his
superior lord and agreed to pay a tribute,
but he was to be recognized as monarch
and all others subject to him. This
was productive of no good result, for the
English adventurers, anxious for an ex-
cuse to plunder, were continually guilty
of acts of aggression, and the authority
they recognized was not that established
bylaw, and consequently no justice
could be had but by retaliation, so that
tiie condition of the country under such
a false peace was even worse than ac-
knowledged war. In 1176 Strongbow
died in Dublin and was succeeds by
Fitz Adhelm. The same line of policy
continued, and the Enslish sought to
control the ecclesiasticif as well as the
civil power. The co\i\Ary was wrecked
with contending powers, the English
forming alliances now with one power,
now with the Danes and now with an-
other, but alternately; robbing all, and
keeping the country in a constant state
of oistraction . The Monarch, worn out
with domestic as well as alien enemies,
at length laid down his crown and en-
tercKi a monastery where he died after
aome time in ms 82d year. He was
flucceeded by his son Conchovar as
Elngof Connaught

O'CONNOR TURLOUGH-MORE,
King of Connaught, and Monarch of
Irdand succeeded Morietach -O'Brien
A. D. 1120. He compelled the
princes of Munster and Ulster to ac-
knowledge him by force of arms. He
established the national games at Tail-
ton, which had been interrupted for
many years. These games consisted of
races on foot, horsel>ack, wrestling,
tournaments, leaping, putting the stone,
throwing the javelin, and everv species
of military evolution. He also gave

Seat attention to all kinds of public
iprovements, and the restoration of
churches, religious houses and seats of
learning. He was royal in his munifl-
oence and inflexible in his enforcement
of law and the punishment of crime.
He imprisoned his son Roderick for a
publio violation of law, loading him
wiUi irons and keeping him confined
for 8 year, only releasing him after re-
peated solicitations of the ArohbishopB

of Armaffh and Ca^hel. The latter

Birt of his reini was not so prosperous,
aglochluin. King of the Northern Hy-
Nialls, became a formidable rival, re-
jecting his authority and securing the
control of a laree portion of the king-
dom. Tiirlough O'Connor died about
A. D. 1150, and was succeeded by his
rival.

O'CONNOR WM. DOUGLAS, an
American writer of talent, was born in
Boston of Irish parents, 1888. Having
artistic talent he at first intended to
adopt painting as a profession, but he
drifted into literarv habits and became
assistant editor of the "Boston Com-
monwealth" 1858, and then of the
"Philadelphia Evening Post" from
1854 to '60. He was connected with
the Light House department in Wash-
ington in 1861, ana Librarian of the
Treasury department in 1871. He has
contributed largely to the popular liter-
ature of the day in poems, tales, etc.
for magazines, and is author of "Har-
rington," a romance, and "The Good
Gray Poet," a vindication of Walt
Whitman, and the "Ghost."

0,CONOR CHARLES. LL.D.,
one of the ablest of American jurists,
and perhaps as erudite and profound a
common law lawyer as ever lived, was
bom in New York city of Irish parents-
in 1804. He was educated by his fath-
er, was admitted to the bar in 1826, and
was not long in earning recognition as
a young man of extraordinary legal ca-
pacity. By 1880 he had established a
fine reputation and practice, and waa
eminent then as a criminal lawyer. Be-
fore he was thirty years of age he had
established a national reputation, and
even then was considerea second to no
living lawyer in the extent and profun-
dity of his legal lore. From that time
to the present, a period of more than
fifty years, he haa remained unrivalled,
pursuing a splendid legal career and
not less renowned for the spotless integ-
rity and exalted dignity of his char-
acter, than for the greatness of
his legal knowledge. He never entered
the arena of politics, although always a
Democrat and a strong state right ad-
vocate. For a few months, under
Pierce's administration, he was United
States District Attorney of New York.
He was offered the attorney generalship
of the United States, but aecllned. la

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O'CU

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1808, on a ticket with John Quincy
Adams, 1r. , he was the candidate for pres-
ident of the United States, of the old
line Democrats, but it was against his
wish and more as a matter of consistency
than with any idea of succeeding in the
■election. During his legal career he
has been retainea in almost every case
in which great Interest were involved.
He was counsel for Jefferson Davis,
and appeared in the interests of the
Democratic party before the presiden-
tial commission in the great contest
between Tilden and Hayes, but party
was more potent tlian law, and o to 7
was the answer to all questions. Mr.
O'Cunor has retired from all legal prac-
tice, and is passing the evening of an
active and well spent life amid the

Eleasures of a happy home, surrounded
y fellow citizens who honor and ad-
mire the lofty character which he sus-
tained through his long and matchless
legal career.

■ O'CULLENNAN GELA8IUS, an
Irish divine and martyr, was a member
-of the order of St. Bernard and abbot
of a monastery in Boyle. He refused
to conform and acknowledge the virgin
>queen as his spiritual superior, and con-
sequently was thrown into prison, from
whence, after much suffering he was
taken and hanged, with others, in Dub-
Un Nov. 1st. 1588.

O'CURRT EUGENE, aleamed Irish
•rcheologlst and antiquarian, son of
Oweo O'Curnr or Brig Owen, was bom
atDunaha, County Clare, Ireland, in
1796, and was for many years employed
in the Arcbeological department of the
«rdnance survey of Ireland. His mas-
terly knowledge of the Irish language
secured for him the position of colla-
tor and transcriber of the ancient Irish
documents in possession of Trinity
College, Dublin and the Royal Irish
Academy, and under his supervision
these ancient Gaelic MSS. were cata-
logued and their contents made known.
Here were found and deciphered frag-
ments of the ancient Brehon Laws.
O'Curry, on the establishment of the
Catholic university of Ireland became
professor of Irish History and Arcbeol-
ogy, 1864. He continued his labors in
tms field with the ardor of a lover to the
very last, and to himself and Dr.
O'Donovan are we indebted for open-
ing up hidden Btores of Irish history

which had remained buried for a
thousand yean. O'Curry died in 1862;
his distinguished co-laborer having pre-
ceded him a few months, O'Curry
was undoubtedly the first and greatest
of modem Irish scholars. In 1878 his
latest researches into the ancient man-
uscripts of his country were published
under the editorship 'of Prof. O Sulli-
van, "The Manners and Customs of
the Ancient Irish," and forms the com-
plement of a former work, "The Man-
uscript Materials of Irish History."

O'DOGHERY CAHIR, a gallant
young Irish chief of Inishown, who
took up arms to defend his riehts, civil
and religious, during the early part of
the reign of James 1, A. D. 1608. He
captured Derry and took by storm tlie
strong castle of Culmer on Lough
Foyle. Field Marshal Ginkel was sent
against him with a large force, whom
he foiled with ereat skill and bravery
with a much inferior force, but at
length his great daring cost him his
life; and his troops losmg the inspira-
tion of their leader broke and dispersed.

O'DOHERTY KEVIN IZOD, an
able and talented young Irish patriot of
'48, was bom in Dublin in 1824, received
a collegiate education and was noted for
his ability, entered on the study of
jiedicine about the time the political
excitement culminating in '48 had com-
menced to agitate society. He imme-
diately threw himself into the struggle,
with all the abandon and ardor of a tme
Irish heart, and became an enthusiastic
member of the "Young Ireland Party,"
and was one of the principal founders
of the Students' and Polytechnic Clubs,
composed of talented and brilliant young
men. When Mitchell was arrested and
his paper suppressed, O'Doherty, in
conjunction with Richard Dalton Wil-
liams, immediately established the "Irish
Tribune." It was equally as bold in
asserting Irish rights ao was the sup-
pressed ' 'United Inshmen," and in about
a month O'Doherty was in prison,
charged with treason-felony. Three
times was he tried before the govern-
ment could find a proper jury to con-
vict. He was sentenced to transporta-
tion for ten years, and in company with
Smith O'Brien and John Martin he was
shipped to the penal colony of Van Die-
mens Land. He was pardoned at the
same time as O'Brien and settled in Par-

ODO

nun cum

ODO

is, when he took up hi« medical studies.
He made a secret visit to Ireland to
claim and talce away his devoted and
talented tethrothcd "Eva," one of the
sweetest aiid most talented poetesses of
the "Nation." In 1857 his pardon hav-
ing been made absolute, he returned to
Ireland and established himself for prac-
tice in Dublin. He soon acquired a fine
reputation in his profession, ranking
among the first surgeons. After some
years be again turned his face towards the
"Southern Cross," this time freely, and
settled in the new nation which Celtic
arms and brains (mainly) are building
up in the great continent. He has ac-

?[uired a commanding position both pro-
essionally and otherwise in his new
home, and one can feel assured that the
young scions of the house of O'Doherty
and his "Eva" will keep the Celtic name
and fame prominent and bright in their
home and among their race, until the
old land and the ^ant nations in the new
hemispheres which have sprung out of
her matchlesa race, will successfully as-
sert Irish Celtic superiority and autono*
my everywhere in its aggregated form,
as it is to day, and always has been, in
tiw hidividual.

O'DONNBLL LIEUT. GEN.
CHARLES, a distinguished Irish pat-
riot and soldier, who was the son of an
officer in Uie Irish brigades, who came
to tiie continent about 1700 to carve out
fortune with his sword. Our subject
also adopted amu as a profession, and
after serving in various countries he
settled in Spain, where he rose to dis-
tinction, became a Lieut. Gen., and
held many high positions. His descend-
ants are among the noblest of that land.

O'DONNEL HUGH, Prince of
Tyrconnell, the illustrious compatriot of
Hugh O'Neill, Princeof Tyrone, and his
precursor in the generous struggle for
Irish rights and re>igioiis freedom, was
the son of Magnus Donnell. Prince of
Tyrconnell; and was bom in 1678. H '
had reason early to mistrust English
faith. His father, refusing to give
hostages to the English, the depute
Perrot decoyed young CDonnell with
others on board a trading vessel that cast
anchor in Lough Swilly and was expos-
ing rare goods for sale, carrying him and
his oomiMmions prisoners to Dublin.
This young boy thus cruelly snatched
from his parents and imprisoned in Dub-
lin castle, was but thirteen years of age,

and here he was kept in dose confine*
ment for seven vears, when he escaped
in company with the sons of Shane
O'Neill, Prince of Tyrone, Henry and
Art, the latter of whom unfortunately
was wounded by the fall of a stonfr
from the wall as he was l)eing lowered
down, and from the effects of which he
died. This escape was planned by two
young friends, fiach O'Brien and Edu
Eustace, who furnished the captives
with a piece of linen which was torn
into strips. O'Donnel, when he arrived
at home, was received with great loy,.
and his father, who had grown ola by
sorrow, resigned his rights to l)is boy,
who was crowned Prince of Tyrconnel,
although but 20 years of age. His
first act was to drive from his territo-
ries an armed band of tax gatherers who>
came to force contributions. He then
called upon the different branches cf
his house to arm in defence of their
rights, and was joined by the Mao
Sweeneys, O'Doghertys, O'Buills^
O'Rourkes and others. Heimmediatelv
took the field arainst the enmies of hu
country, besiegeo and took the castle of
Enniskillen, and planned the def 3at of
Shr Henry Duke who was marching t.
its relief. He spurred on Hugh
O'Neill, Prince of Tyrone, to take up
arms, and participated in sjl the efforts
of that chieftain to establish the liber-
ties of their country. He was eneased
for some time in Connaught and fofled
all the efforts of Gen. Korris, and at
length compelled him to retreat with
considerable loss. He was equally suc-
cessful against Gen. Clifford, who
although aided by O'Brien of Thom-
ond and Burke of Clanricard and oth-
ers, he drove from the province. He
next foiled the efforts of Essex, who
sent Clifford with a strong force by
land and Theobald Burke by sea to
capture Sligo. O'Donnel met Clilford
between ^yle and Sligo, and com-
pletely routed his army, Clifford him-
self l)eing among the large number of
the slain. He next served near Lough-
foyle, keeping the garrisons which oc-
cupied the fort built by Mountjoy in »
constant state of alarm and destroying
large bodies which attempted plunder-
ing expeditions; but having no fleet and
no siege pieces he could only confine
the enemy. When the Confederates
became weak from the Ions struggle,
the defection of many chiefs, and
the aid which arrived from Spain, and

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ODO

which was hesleged In Einsale by the
English, being inadequate to produce
juiy positive lesults, O'Donnel went
to tne continent with Bedmond
Burke and Hugh Mostian to seek
substantial assistance, A. D. 1601. He
was received by Philip III and other
princes with distinsuished considera-
uon, and had every hope of returning
with powerful assistance. Fourteen
thousand men were assembled at
'Corunna and ready to sail when the
news of the surrender of Einsale
reached Spain and the order for sailing
was countermanded. O'Donnell still
continued active in urging the Spanish
«ourt to send an effective force to Ire-
land, and would probably have sue-
-eeeded had he not died in the midst of
his hopes and his patriotic labors. In
him Ireland lost a gallant chief, full of
^energy and determination, and a pat-
riot whose life was awilline sacrifice
for the civil and religious liberties of
his country. When Ireland shall be
free, as free she will, Hugh O'Donnell
deserves as proud a monument as tlie
most illustrious among her faithful chil*
•dren.,

O'DONNELL, MARSHAL LEO-
POLD, Count of Lucena and Duke of
Tetuan, one of the most celebrated of
Spanish generals, was, it is needless to
say, of Irish descent, and was the son
■of Lieut Gen. Charles O'Donnell, He
was bora at Santa Cruz, Island of Ten>
eriffe, where his father was at the time
.acthig as viceroy, Jauuary, 1809. From
his iuancy he was trained to the mili-
tary profession, and at the age of ten
years, having completed his primary
education, was commissioned a sous-
lieutenant in the Spanish army. This
was not a mere honorable title, but en-
tailed the actual duties of the position,
for we find him the next year at the
headquarters of his regiment at Ocana,
where the so called liberal Constitution
of 1812 was proclaimed by the Conde
del Abisbal, also an O'Donnell. The
parents of our hero being opposed to
the so-called liberal policy, his father
retired from the army and his mother,
displeased at the action of the govern-
ment, and also thinking that her boy
was too youne for the hardships and
temptations of a camp life, took him
with her and passed into France. For
being absent without leave, the little
lieutenant was court martialed on his

retura, but was honorably acquitted.
In 1828, when the French entered Spain
to support Ferdinand YII, O'Donnell
was at Yalladolid, and soon after we
find him a staff officer and aid t« the
commanding general at the siege of
Ciudad Rodrigo, where he so distin-
guished himself by his coolness and
courage under fire that he was made a
full lieutenant, and soon after was com-
missioned captain in the Royal Guards,
which position he held until the death
of Ferdinand VII.

The civil wars which followed this
event were the cause of untold misery
to that unfortunate country, reducing
her power and influence to a low place
in the affairs of Europe. The trouble
arose from chanj^es in the laws of suc-
cession, the "Salic Law," as it is called,
limiting to male heirs, beinc introduced
into the Spanish constitution in 1718.
Some steps were taken towards its ab-
rogation in 1789 and it was finally ab-
rogated by Ferdinand YII. The result
was that on the death of Ferdinand, Don
Carlos, his brother, backed by most of
the old nobility and their adherents, de-
termined to assert his riehts, claiming
that the abrogation was illegal and void.
The new Queen was assisted by Eng-
land, France and Portugal. O'Donnell
sided with the Queen lor reasons un-
doubtedly satisfactory to himself, while
his brother espoused the cause of
Charles Y and fought on the other side
in a manner worthy of an O'Donnell.
On the commencement of hostilities our
hero was sent to the defence of one of
the principal cities of Aragon, then
threatened by the insurgents. He ac-
quitted himself so well that he was im-.
mediately promoted. He continued to
be actively engaged in that part of the
peninsula till he fell severely wounded
at the battle of Erice while leading his
men to a charge. For pliant services
he was made a colonel January, 1880,
and when a )le to take the field again
he was put }n command of a brigade
with which he took possession of the
valley of the Err, and completely routed
a body of the enemy at Ronceavalles.
He was soon afterwards sent towards
Navarre to protect the flank of the
main army and keep open its communi-
cations with Madrid, and in doine so
took an important part in the battle of
Unza, March 19, 1886, contributing
greatly by his gallantry to the success
of the Queen's forces. For this he was

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cominlssioned a brigadier general, be-
ing only in his twentv-seventb year.
He was compelled te take an enforced
rest of nearly a year at this time, typhus
fever; together with repeated wounds,
having brought him to the verge of the
grave.

He aeain took the field as soon as he
was able to move around, against the
«amest remonstrance of his phvsician,
and joined the army at San tiebastian.
He was permitted to take a part in the
advance on the enemy's lines at Oria-
menti, the surrender of Hcmani and
the fall of Tuenterrabia. Some of the

Siieen's troops having mutinied about
is time he brought them to obedience
by his tact and great personal influence
without the use of force. He finished
the year by compelling the enemy to
evacuate Urrieta and Anoain, and was
raised to the rank of major general.
Early in 1838 he occupied with his
forces the defensive lines of San Sebas-
tian. On the 24th of June he engaged
the enemy and drove them f re n their
entrenchments and across the Oria, and
on Uie 25th he again routed them at
Oyarzun, capturing many prisoners
and munitions of war, and in the fol-
lowing October entered that city as a
conqueror. The following year lie was
appointed to the command of the Cen-
tral Army in place of Nogueras, and
made Captain General of the kingdoms
of Aragon, Yalentia and Murcia. The
The enemy's strongholds were then in
lower Aragon, and to these be turned
his attention ; before the close of the
campaign he had taken and destroyed
nearly all the enemy's works and swept
their defenders from tlie province. He
also during this campaign performed a
most brilliant exploit in the relief of
Lucena, then defended by only two
thousand men, and invested by a pow-
erful bodv of troops under Qfen. Cab-
rera, an able and experienced officer.
With but eleven battalions and 900 cav-
alry, he suddenly attacked the investing
force with great impetuosity, drove
them from the position, capturing
many men and guns and compelling a
precipitate retreat. For this important
service he was rewarded with the rank
of Lieutenant General and the title of
Count of Lucena. Us was now con-
ceded to be the ablest of the Spanish
generals, and had won his high position
by merit alone. The civil war ended
fbe following year, 1840, and the Car-

list were forced to abandon the lost
cause and flee the countrv. The unset-
tled condition to which it brought
affairs, and a general disrespect for law
and authority as wvU as tlie abuse of
the same by those in power, soon be-
came painfully evident. O'Donncll be-
coming dissatisfied with the intrigues
of tlie Queen Regent, he liecame in-
volved in an insurrectionary emeute in
Madrid in 1841, and pr(M-ec<'lin(^ with a
body of discontents to Pampeluna, he
was* threatened by overwhelming num-
bers of eovernment troops, and had to
seek safety in flight. This cost him
also his position in the army In two
years, however, he rcturnea to Spain,
drove Espartero, that wily, unprinci-
pled statesman, from power, and was
restored to his former rank and ap-
pointed Captain General of Cuba. This
latter position he held until 1848 with
equal fatisfaction to the Cubans and the
home government. On his return to
Spain he took his seat in the Alta Cam-
avilla, and became an active and influ-
ential parliamentary leader. The abuse
of power had, however, become chronic
in Spain, and there appeared no peace-
ful cure. The insurrection of 1854 took
f>lace, and O'Donnell headed it, unit-
ng the entire opposition. They de-
manded the re-eslablisliinentof the con
stilution of 1837, the dismissal of the
ministry, the banishment of Christina,
Regent Mother of the Queen, and the
reorganization of the National Guard.
Everything was conceded, and Espar-
tero returned from exile to act as regent
for the young Queen. A new ministry
was formed with O'Donnell in the
department of war. Espartero re-
mained but two years in power, and
was then banished, O'Donnell becom-
ing for a short time head of the govern-
ment. He retired in October, 1856, and
came into power again in 1858. In the
mean time he was elevated to the rank
of Field Marshal, and in 1859, on the
breaking out of war with Morocco, he
took command of the iavadlng army.
The campaign was short, sharp and
decisive, full of glory for the Spanish
arms, and reviving their old reputation.
O'Donnell, although in a strange coun-
try full of difllculties, surrounded by a
cunning and watchful foe, seems to
have pursued but a series of succesfies,
and by his skill and daring challenging
even the admiration of his foes. He
concluded a most advantageous peace

■I

O'DO

ntlSH OKAH

O'DO

far Spain, returned to receive the plau-
dits of a gratefid country with tlie title
of Duke of Tetuan. He was soon
reminded, however, not to put his
trust in princes, or rather princesses,
far more fcebk and unreliable, even
than princes, and he must have
reflected often in his last exile,
if after all, the Salic Law might
not be more advantageous to himself
and his country. Be that as it may, he
did not long enjoy his crown of laurel
at home, for scarcely had the huzzas
for his victories died away, than once
amin he had to flee from the country,
whose best wishes he had so Ions
and so ably served, and he died
in exile at Biarritz, France, at the
age of 68 years. His ilesth was
lunented throughout Spain, loi al-
though banished by the rulers of his
country, he had never lost his place in
the hearts of the Spanish people, who
looked upon him as one of the neatest
generals of the age, and an able and
' consistent defender of the people's
rights. So manifest was this f eeung,
; fmit the government itself pretended to
purtake of it, and the Queen ordered
his remains brought to the capital and
buried with regal pomp.

O'Dunnell had every element of a
great and popular leader. He was of
magnificent physique, being over six
feet in height and of conunanding pres-
ence, with courage never questioned,
and a skill and daring which made him
victor of a hundred fields. He was
descended, too, of one of the most illus-
trious kingly families of Ireland, that
of Tyrconnell, whose chiefs were ever
on the side of their country, who
fought the invaders for over five hun-
dred years, and gave to Ireland many a
gallant chieftain.

ODONOHOE, JOHN a distinguished
Canadian statesman and Senator of the
Dominion of Canada, bom in county
Galway. Ireland, and educated at St.
Jarlatli's, the celebrated school of Uie
archdiocese of Tuam. When quite a
young man he emigrated to Canada with
his elder brother Malachi, settling in
Toronto, engaging in the commission
business, ana amassing considering pro-
perty. In 1860 and thereabouts, the
fdah Catholics of Toronto, especiallv of
the ward of St. David, began to cuim

a share in the municipal government^
from which, through Tory-Orange big-
otry, they had been excluaed. Accor
dincly O Neill, the young editor of the^
"Mirror," the Irish organ of the day, a
resident of St. David^ contested that
ward, but was defeated. The follow-
ing year the Irish ^rded their loins to-
gether, and chose O'Donohoe for their
standard-bearer. He very wisely formed
an alliance with the liberal Scotch ele-
ment, and he was returned at the head
of the poll, for the ward of St. David,
in spite of an attempted riot. During
his career in the City Council he was
remarkable for his fine and carefully
prepared speeches, and the patriotic loy-
alty he displayed towards the men whoso
work placed him where he was. Re-
tiring from the council he continued his
political labors, entering zealously into
the support of Mr. D'i^cy McGeeln hia
various schemes, attended the Buflala
convention and favored the colonizing of
poor Irish of the cities on the Hastmgs
Road free grants in Canada, a project
which bore rich fruits, was an influen-
tial delegate to the London conference,
called by McQee for the purpose of re-
uniting once more the Irish Catholics
and the Reformers. In the mean time
he studied law, was admitted to the bar
and subsequently appointed prosecuting
attorney of York by the Reform Oovem-
ment. He soon won high standing in his

Srofession and was raiwd to the bench,
[e was, however, too fond of an active
life to l)e put away on the shelf at his age,
so he threw off the ermine and entered
the arena of politics once more, running
for member of parliament on the Reform
ticket for East Toronto, which Included
"Cabbage Town," the pet name for hia
old constituency of St. David's. On
his canvass he was received with enthu-
siasm by his old friends, and was elect-
ed by a rousing majority, defeating the
strongest man the Conservatives could
bring forward. After varying fortunea
he finally retired from the lower house,
entering the Senate, which is a seat
for life. O'Donohoe Is a man of warm
sympathies, fine oratorical powers,
strong in his antipathies, and hospitable
and entertaining in his manners. His
fine personal qualities had a good deal'
to do with his election, as he was the
first and only Catholic that ever sat In
Canadian Parliamemt for bigoted Tor-
onto, though the Catholic population !•>
more than one third of the city.

5 i'

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•■'. 'i

" ;"

OTA

UUBU CKUSB.

cmA

O'DONOVAN, DR JOHN, LL.D.,

a learned and distinguished Irish arch-
aeologist and antiquarian, was bom in
county Kilkenny, Ireland, July 9, 1809.
He was first engaged in the historical
dept. of the ordnance survey, and had to
consult old manuscript to settle names
of places, visiting every county* in Ire-
land in prosecution of his work. He
was called to the bar in 1847, but
did not enter into the practice of
that profession. He made the
translating and transcribing of Irish
or Oaelic manuscript his life-work, and
tinearthed much valuable historical mat-
ter from the musty and misty manu-
scripts of the past. He is the author of
several valuable works on the Irish lan-
guage, history and archeeology, among
fliem " The Book of Ri^'bts, " 1847,
"The annals cf Ireland by the Four
Masters/ 8 vol., 1848-61, and "Gram
jaarof the Irish Language." He was
professor of Irish language, history and
archnology at Queen^ College, Belfast,
1849, and was an intimate friend and
CO laborer of O'Curry. He died in
1861.

O'DOWLING, THADDEUS,aleam-
^ divine and autlior,was Chancellor of
fLe Church of Leighlin and doctor of
theology. He wrote "Annales breves
Hiberma," an "Irish Grammar" and
other works. He flourished about
1670.

O'DWYER, ANDREW CAREW,
If. P., a talented Irish patriot and law-
yer, was bom in 1800, and after com-
{iletinghis education was called to the
rish Bar in 1880. He became promi-
nent in the Repeal movement, ablv
seconding O'Connell in all his great ef-
forts, fie represented Drogheda for
for some time in Parliament, and for a
short time held ofiBce in the Irish Ex-
chequer. He died Nov. 16, 1877,

OTALLON, DONALD, a learned
and eloquent Irish divine and scholar,
was a member of the order of St. Fran-
cis and bishop of Deny. He was for
thirty years, famous throughout Ireland
M a preacher and was the most con-

Sicuous bishop of his time in Ireland,
e died about 1600.

OTALLON, JOHN, a distinguished
Amevioan merchant and philanthropist,
of Ir^ h descent, born in Kentucky,

1791, and served with credit in the wa '
of 1812. He subsequently removed to
St. Louis, when by energy, strict integ-
rity and industry he acquired great
wealth. Hegaveaway over $1,000,000
to public institutions, the principal beni-
flcaries being "The O'Fallou Polytech-
nic Institute and Washington Universi-
ty. He died in his 88th year.

OTIHELY, DONALD, an Irish his-
torian, was a native of Cork and flour-
ished about the middle of the fifteenth
century. He wrote in the Irish language.
Ware refers^to his annals.

O'GARA OLIVEli, oue of the Irish
soldiers of fortune which the civil war
sent to the continent, was bom in Ire-
land about 1675. On leaving bis native
country after the treaty of Limerick, he
at first served in France, attaching him-
self to the Duke of Lorraine. That
prince honored him witii the charge of
"master of the horse" to bis two sons.
He afterwards was made a privy coun-
sellor when that prince became Emperor
and received other marks of favor. He
had three othor brothers who entered
the service of ^pain, the eldest of whom
rose to the ranks uf Brigadier-General,
and the others to that of Colonel. Ho
died about 1750.

OGELBEY, DR. FREDERICK, a
distinguished Protestant Episcopal dl-
vipe was born in Ireland in 1814, was
connected with Grace Church, New
York, and the Church of the Ascension,
Philadelphia, and was held in high re-

Sute for leaining and eloquence. He
led in 1878.

O'GORMANHON, RICHARD, one

of the most eloquent of living American
lav/yeis, was bom in Ireland, and was
one of the Young Irish Patriots of '48.
See life in supplemental volume.

O'HAGAN GEOPPRY, a writer of
the fourteenth century, was a member
of the order of Minor brothers at Ne-
nagh, Tipperary. Hj wrote the annals
of his time from 1880 to 18''0, which
are still preserved in manuscript.

O'HAGAN, THOMAS, a distln-

fuished Irish Jurist and orator, was
orn in Belfast, May 29, 1812; He re-
ceived his education lu the Belfast
academy, where he distinguished him*

' '1

,1' » , ) J

Kii

]^\

O'HA

nUSH GBLTS.

O'HA.

self, and entering the arena of journal-
ism he attracted attention by his ability,,
In the mean time he studied law
and was called to the bar in 1886, then
in his twenty-fourth year. He early
seconded O'Cfonoell in his efforts, '^nd
in 1840 became prominent in the re-
peal movement. On the arrest of
O'Connell and his friends in 1843,
O'Hagan was one of his Counsel, and
appeared before the House of Lords in
the appeal. In 1849 he became
Queen's Counsel. He became Solicitor-
general of Ireland in 1860 and Attor-
ney-General in 1861, with the rank of
Fnvv-councillor. In 1868 he became
liOrd. High Chancellor of Ireland,
which position he held till 1874, having
been the first Catholic who held the
place dnce 1680. In 1870 he was raised
to the peerage as Baron O'Hagan. In
the House of Lords he sitb in the Su-
preme Court of appeals, as a law lord.
Baron O'Hagan, in the difficult posi-
tions which he held under the govern-
ment, always sustained the character
of a true lover of his country, and has
largely influenced honest legislation
for Ireland. The infamous jury sys-
tem of Ireland, by which the tools of
the Crowp pacliea the jury box and
thereby doomed many an innocent
man to death, was greatly modified by
his exertions and innuence. While his
positions compelled him to iie conserva-
wre, his fairness and houesty made him
the friend of all tbe best patriots of his
country, and in 1875, on tbe celebration
of the O'Connell centenary in Dublin,
he was called upon as the most fitting
living orator to pay a proper eulogium
to the Qreat Liberator. As a lawyer,
oratur or Icgiclator he ranks with the
first of his day in Oreat Britain.

O'HALLORAN, SYLVESTER, a
learned Irish historian, was born iu 1728,
and after completing his classical edu-
cation he took up a course of medicine
and surgery, which profession he prac-
ticed with great success. He was also
the author of several medical works of
merit. It is, howe^'or, as an antiquary
and historian that ho is best known. In
1772 he published an introduction to the
history and antiquities of Ireland, 4to,
and afterwards a general history of Ire-
land, in 2 vol., 4to. He died in 1807.

O'HARA, JAyTS, one of the foun-
dwi 6 uf Pittsburg, Peun., was a native

of Ireland, emigrated to America
and settled in Pennsylvania, the home
of so many Irish in tbeir exodus to this
country. This was shortly before the
Revolutionary war into which he en-
tered with heart and hund. He served
under his countryman, Wayne, and held
the responsible office of Quarter- master
Oeneial in hiu corps, which he filled
with great efficiency. After the war
he pushed west and became one of the
founders of Pittsburg. He died Dec,
1819.

O'HARA, EANE, a distinguished
burlelta writer and musical composer,
was one of the Munster family ol that
name, and was born about 1715. Hu
held a distinguished ptisitiou in the
fashionable and literary circles of Dub-
lin for many years, as a man of wit and
an author. It was mainly through his ex-
ertions that the Dublin Musical Acade-
my was founded in 1758. He was the
author of the celebrated burletta of Mi-
das, which he composed for private the-
atricals. It was first publicly performed
at the Crow theatre, and after-
wards at Drun Lane, and Co-
vent Garden, and was intended to
throw ridicule on the Italian burlettas.
O'Hara yr»? not only a wit and a fine
musician, but he was also skilled as an
artist. Amongst his other works are
"The Golden Pippin," a burlelta, "The
Two Misers," a musical farce, "April
Day," a burletta, and "Tom Thumb."
A recent English drama);ic critic says of
O'Hara: He was tbe verv prince ot bur*
ietta writers. His Golden Pippin in
whimsical, his lyrical adUilions to Tom
Thumb are every way worthy of that
inimitable burlesque, and his Midas Is
the most perfect tuirig of its kind iuour
language. O'Hara died in Dublin in
June, 1782, and was affiicted for some
time before his >iettth with total and
incurable blindness.

O'HARA, COL. THEODORE, a
gallant American officer, poet and jour-
nalist, was of Irish parentage, born in
1820. He served with Uisiinction during
the Mexican war. 7Jis life was spent
mainly in the south, and on the break-
ing out of the war of tlie Rebellion he
cost his fortunes with the state of ids
birth and adoption. He served on the
staff of Albert Sydney Johnson, and
that distinguished soutliern General died
iu his arms. CoL O'ilura was the au-

CHU

JBJBa.CKVtB,

O'KB

Ilia

the

abd

(lied

au-

tiior of thnt beautiful and Immortal pro-
duction "Tlie Bivouac of the Dead," the
authorship of which alone is enough to
stamp him as a man of great poetic gen-
ius and power. This song was written
in memory of his dead companions of
the Mexican war, and read at the erec-
tion of a state monument at the ceme-
tery in Frankfort, Kentucky, over the
craves of the dead heroes of that war.
After the late war O'Hara resided for a
timp in Georgia, afterwards was editor
of theMobile "Daily Register," and was
a popular and able writer. He died
in Georgia in 18G7.

O'HURLEY, DERMOD, Archbishop
of Cashel, a heroic Irish Martyr and
Confessor. He made his studies in Lou-
vain and Paris, and was Professor of
Law in the former. He also resided in
Rome, where he was appointed Arch-
bishop of Cashel by Gret^ory XIII. He
immediately set out for Ireland to min-
ister to his persecuted flock, although
the penalty was death. He visited, in-
structed and consoled his people, going
from house to house. He was at length
discovered, arrested and taken to Dub-
lin, tried before the Chancellor Lof-
tus. Archbishop (so called) of Dublin,
and every inducement offere<l him to
conform, but he remained raithf u), and
after the most cruel tortures were inflict-
ed on him by flre, he was hanged on the
7th of June, a. d. 1583.

OILIOLL-OLUM, King of Munster
and Monarch of half Ireland, was the
son of Modha, and succeeded his father
as King of Munster, about the
year A. D. 280. Being absolute
King of the whole province by
the crushing of Angus and the
Deagades by his fattier, he promul-
gated a law securing the crown in his
family, directing the succession to run
alternately between the descendants of
his two eldest sons Eogan-More and
Cormac-Cas, the latter of whom is an-
cestor of the O'Brien's and the f rmer
of the MacCarthy's. This la«v was re-
ligiously observed for centuries.

O'KANE, GEN. DANIEL, a distin-
gui^hed Irish soldier, was bo.n about
1600 in Ulster, the home of his race.
With the O'Neills and O'Donnells he
foufht the enemies of his rac<>, and when
mii^Torlune overshadowed their efforts,
be for a while sojourned on the contin-

ent, where he distininiished himself, es^
pecially in the Netherlanc: , at length
rising to be a general oflicer. When he
became aware of the gallant struggle in
which Owen Roe O'Neill was engaged
against the archenemy in the old land,
he resigned his brilliant prospects on the
continent and sailed for Ireland, 1642.
He became a Lieut. -General under Owen
Roe and threw his whole soul into the

{;reat struggle for freedom, and fell gal-
antly fighting the battles of his coun-
try. He was not only distinguish) d as
a brave and skilful soldier, but was also
a man of letters and noted for his lin-
guistic attainments.

O'KANE, JAMES, a gallant officer of
the American navy, was born in Indi<
ana. Nov. 11, 1889, of Irish parents, and
graduated at the Naval Acad<'my in
1860, served on the Brooklyn at the suc-
cessful running of Forts Jackison and
Philip in 1862, in which action he was
wounded. He afterwards led the sailor
infantry at the battle of "TuUflnty-Cross-
roads"," Dec. 6, 1864, and behaved on
all occasions in a manner to call for the
commendation of his superiors. In 1874
he became a commander, and is held in
high esteem by his associates.

O'KEEFE, REV. EUGENE, a le«-ned
and able Irish-American divine and
scholar, was born in Cork, Ireland, but
came to America with his parents when
quite young. He received his education
at the College of St. Francis Xavier and
afterwards at the Sulpicians, Montreal.
He was attached to the Diocese of Tor<
onto till 18Gx when he removed to New
Jersey, where he resumed his ministerial
labors. He was one of the ablest and
most profound linguists in America, and
became widely known by his elegant
translations from the Greek, Italian and
other languages. He died in New York
city, Sept. 32, 1880.

O'KEEFE, JOHN, a cehbrated Irish
dramatist and comedian, was born in
Dublin in 1748, and having considera-
ble artistic talent, at first determined to
pursue that profession. His love of
humor and his taste for theatrical
amusements proved loo much for his
art proclivities, and he abandoned the
easel for the stage. He obtained an
engagement on the Dublin stage undt^r
Mr. MoBsup, and for twelve years he
onterttdned the people of Dublin and

'■' V

O'KB

uasa CKvn

OTiO

tbe provinces, and acquired considera-
ble reputation as a comedian. Hiis li^
entry efforts were coeval with bis his-
tronic; at the age of fifteen he produced
a comedy in five acts. Amon^ bis ear-
ly productions was a bistronic mono-
logue called "lony Lumpkins' Ramble
through Dublin," which attracted con-
sideraole notice, not only |in Dublin
but London also, where it was received
with great applause on account of its
irresistible humor. About 1780 he left
Ireland with a view of trying the Lon-
don Si'age, but not succeeding at once
in securing an engagement, he applied
himself with great assiduity and success
to dramatic composition, and between
1781 and '98 he produced about fifty com-
edies, comic operas and farces, most of
which were produced w ith great applause
and many of which still keep the stasce.
Among which are "Wild Ont," "the
Castle of Andelusia," "The iigreenble
Surprise," "The Poor Soldier," "Peep-
ing Tom," "The Young Quaker," etc.
He at length, unfortunately, became
blind, and misfcrtune and embarrass-
ment overtook him. In 1800 he received
a benefit in Covent Garden, at wliicb ho
recited a poetical address full of liumor
and pathos. He subsequently dictated
and published his memoirs.

O'EELLY, RALPH, an able and
eloquent divine, was Archbishop of
Cashel. He was a native of Dro^heda
and became a Carmelite in Kildare
where he was educated. In 1886 he
greatly distinguished Jimself as an ora-
tor and doctor of civil law, was appoint-
ed Attornev General of Ireland un-
der Peter de Casa in 1845, and after-
WHrds was raised to tlte archbidhcpric
of Cashel by Clement YI. He wrote a
work on canon law, a "sacnd compen-
dium," and other works. He died at
Cashel in 1861, and was succeeded by
George Roach.

O'KENNEDY, MATHEW. a learned
Irish gentleman and Doctor of Laws,
JEiil aster in Chancery and Judge in Ad-
miralty. He wrote a volume of Irish
history and chronology, printed in Pa-
ris la 1705. In it he proves that the
royal family of the Stuarts are of Irish
descent.

O'LAOHNAN, MARIAN, Arch-
bishop of Tuum A. D, 1240. He made
a pilgrimage to Jei asalem, the particu-

lars of which he published for the edl*
fication and information of those des-
irons of making the voyage. He died
at Athlone in 1249 and was succpeded
by his chancellor, Florence McFlin, a
profound doctor of canon law.

OLAM FODLA, one of the ancient
monarchs of Ireland in the misty past,
is said to have lived about 720 years be*
fore the Christian era. He used to as-
semble a triennial assdmbly at Teamor
(Tara) in order to regulate the affaira
of state and preserve the genealogies of
families. He is said also to have estab-
lished schools for the cultivation of lit-
erature and philosophy.

OLAVE FOLA, one of the most
celebrated of the ancient Monarchs of
Ireland, reigned about A. M. 8324,
or B. C. 680. This monarch
was a great patron of learning
and science. He convoked a general
triennial assembly from the whole king-
dom to assem1»le at Teamor (Tara). Hia
was the beginning of a polished and
steady government, founded upon posi-
tive laws enacted for the whole King-
dom. He also founded a school of
learning at Tara called Mur-OUivan, in
which the wisest men of his kingdom
were gathered as instructors.

OLCHOBHAIR, a gallant son of the
king of Cashel succeeded his father
A. D. 840. He flourished at the
time Turgesius, son of tlie King of
Denmark and prince of the Irish
Danes, made pretensions to the throne
of Ireland. Our subject in con-
junction with Lochain, son of the Ring
of L<'inster, having joimd their forcea
together, defeated the Danes in a bloody
battle at Scia Naght, in which Count
Tomain, heir to the crown of Denmark,
with 1,200 of hi4 men lay dead upon
thn field of battle. The Danes being
reinforced, they mot again near Cashel,
when the enemy were again forced ta
retreat. Ochlobhair succeeded his
f 1 1 her as King of Casbel, and continued
to keep the desperate invader at bay to
the last.

O'LOUGHLIN, SIR COLEMAN, an
able Irish lawver and patriot, was born
Sept. 20, 1819, and was called to the
Irish bar in 1840. il-i won his fli-st
forensic honors as a junior associate to
the great O'Conuell. Having been left

]
i

OHUL

UUBH GBLTB.

O'MA

unsupported at acrltical moment in an
important trial, through some misun-
derstanding of counsel, he rose equal to
the emergency and so distinguished him-
self ^at thenceforward he held a prom-
inent position at the Irish bar and se>
cured a lucrative practice. He was
made aQueen's Counsel in 1852, and a
Sergeant at-Law in '65. In 1867 he was
appointed Judge Advocate General, but
resigned after some time. He repre-
sented Clare in Parliament for manv
years, and always on the side of his
country, being at the last an earnest
Home Kuler. He died July 22, 1877.

O'MADDAN, EDMOND, an Irish
officer of ability, who distinguished
himself under Hamilton in Ireland and
afterwards went to France and distin-

Sished himself in the wars of Louis
Y as commandant of a regiment of
the Irish brigade, participating with
distinguished gallantry in many of the
renowned battles of that exciting period.

O'MAHON, GENERAL COUNT,
one of the ablest and most brilliant of-
ficers of the French army, and one of
the commanders of the Irish brigade,
was born in Ireland in 1787. He en-
tered the French service in 1751, and
for over sixty years served with distinc-
tion and honor, leaving a record for
length and brilliancy of services second
to no officer of his time. He served in
America, Germany. Holland, Italy,
Egypt, Austria and Rus' ia, and succes-
sively under the Regency, Louis XVI,
the Republic, the Consulate and the
Empire. Amongst his innumerable ex-

Sloits was his novel capture of three
tutch Men-of-War with two battalions
of infantry and some artillery The
vessels were frozen in the Scheldt and
he captured them after a desperate en-
g •gcment of six hours. His last ap-
pearance in Paris was at the funeral of
Kapoleon, when he appeared in the
full dress of an officer of the Irish Bri-

ide, decorated with the orders of St.

>uis and the Legion of Honor. A
grand old man, then in the hundredth
year of his sge, still proudiv erect and
military in hts bearing. When recog-
nized he was saluted with the greatest
respect and enthusiasm, many officers
of distinction leaving the ranks to jtay
their respects to an officer who, when
they were young in the service, was to
them a model, a friend and an instruc-

tor. He had not been in the army a'*
ter the defeat and downfall of Napoleon,
having retired from the service and
lived as a private gentleman. He died
at Burges in 1844 at the great age of
107 years, and is buried at the convent
of St. John in that city.

O'MAHONY, JEREMIAH, a gallant
Irish officer, was a native of Limerick,
and took up arms in defiance of James
II. After the treaty of Limerick (after-
wards so shamefully violated), he went
to France with his regiment and partici
pated in the glories of the Irish brigade,
rising to places of honor and distinction
by his talents and gallantry.

O'MAHONY, JOHN, a learned Irish
patriot and scholar, was born in Mit-
chelstown, county Cork, Ireland, in
1816, and received his education partly
there and at Trinity College, Dub-
Lin. His sympathies were early enlisted
in the cause of his county and he cast
his fortunes and put his hopes in the
Young Ireland Party, and was leader of
the raiMng in Tipperary and Water-
ford. He came to the U. S. and engaged
in literary pursuits, but never lo^t sight
of the great work of his life: the liber-
ation of his country. In 1850, in con-
conjunction with Mitchell, he kept the
national spirit of his countrymen alive
in New York through the medium of
the Emmet Monument Association, and
in 1858 he was associated with James
Stevens in the orgauization of the Fen-
ian Brotherhood, O'Mahory managing
the American branch of the society.
During the war of the rebellion he raised
the 99th N. Y. and was commis.Mont'd
its Colonel. Disheartened at the divi-
sion within the Brotherhood and the
partial exposure of its plans either by
carelessness or design and its condem-
nation by religious authority, he re-
signed his leadership in 1866. In 1873
he resumed his connection to its molli-
fied form and continued througli it to
work for his country's good. He started
and edited the ' 'Irish People" for tv^o
years, and was connected with the
"Phoenix" and "Tlie Irish Citizen."
In 1857 he published a translaiioa bv-
biraself, of Keating's History of Irclanu.
He was a ripe Irish scholar, proliably
the best in America, and to be such was
a part of his ardent patriotism. As a

:-:r

OlIE

XBns OBIAI.

O'NB

patriot he was disinterested, honest and
consistent, and possessed a large and
generous Irish heart. He died in N. Y.
city. Feb. 6th, 1877.

O'MALONB, DANIEL, a learned
Irloh divine and scholar, was a Doctor
of Theology and a Professor in the Col-
lege of Boloene, Italy. He was a mem-
ber of the Order of St. Jerome. He
was the author of theological and other
works, published in Latin at Venice,
and afterwards reprinted at Antwerp
and Douay. He flourished about 1560.

O'MEARA, DR. BARRY ED-
WARD, celebrated as the medical ad-
viser and confidant of Napoleon during
a great portion of his last years at St.
Helena, was born in Ireland about 1778.
He was originally a surgeon in the Brit-
ish navy, and was on board the Beller-
ophon in that capacity on the 7th of
August, 1816, when Napoleon went on
boMd. Napoleon having observed his
skill in attending some of the crew, and
also his knowledge of Italian, made
oyertun'4 to him *o accompany him to
Bt Helena, his own physician not being
able to go with him. Having obtained
permission from Keith, Dr. O'Meara
consented and accompanied him to St.
Helena on the Northumberland, where
he remained till July, 1818, when he
was recalled and deprived of his rank.
He returned to -Ireland, practiced his
profession, wrote and published his book
"A Voice from St Helena." He took
an active part in the Repeal movenients,
and was a great admirer and co-laborer
of O'Couneli's. He died June 8. 1886, of
a cold caught while attending one of the
Repeal meetings. Souvenirs which
he left of Napoleon were eagerly sought
for And brought large prices, a ^w
lines in his handwriting bringing eleven
guineas.

O'MELKERON, OWEN, an Irish
pr!3st, patriot and martyr, was hung in
Uublin, Nov. 1st, 1588, for his devotion
to his religion and country. He refused
to conform to Elizabeth's behests again<-t
his religious convictions and for this
and continuing to administer to the
■piritual wants of bis people, he was
condemned to death by Loftus, Arch-
bishop of Dublin and Lord Clumcellor.

O'NEILL, CHARLES, an able
American lawyer and legislator, is of

Irish extraction, bom in Philadelphia*
March 2l8t, 1821 ; received his eauca*
tion at Dickinson College, and after
graduating commenced the study of the
law and was admitted to the Bar of his
native state in 1848. Hesoonwonrecog*
nition by his ability, and was successive-
ly elected to botli branches of tlic State
Legislature, and in 1862 to Congress
from tlie second Pennsylvanian district,
which position he has held with the ex-
ception of one term down to the present
time, 1883. He is a Republican in pol-
itics and highly esteemed by his fellow-
citizens.

O'NEILL, CHARLES, Licut.-Com-
inander U. S. N., a gallant Irish Amer-
ican navy officer, was born in England
in 1842, where his parents resided for a
time, and afterwards emigrated to the
United States. He entered the U. S.
navy and was on board the Cumberland
when sunk by the Meirimac in 1862,
and served with distinction in many oi
the coast battles. He became a Lieut.-
Commander in 1868.

O'NEIL, ELIZA, one of the most
famous and accomplished actresses who
ever illumined the|stage, was bom
in Ireland, 1795, and early entered
on an unrivalled career of professional
success, appearing in London in all the
great female roles, and noted equally
for the magnificence of her presence,
her charming manners and unrivalled
ability. She played in all the great
Shakesperean roles and was admitted
by the critics to be without a rival for
many vears. Her generosity and good-
ness of heart was as conspicuous as her
talent, and no appeal for assistance, en-
couragement or help was ever made to
her in vain by her co- laborers, or in-
deed by anyone in want. She died in
1872.

O'NEILL, GORDON, a eallant Irish
officer and a worthy scion of the famous
Hugh. He early took up arms in de-
fence of Irish riffhts, and gallantly sup-
Sorted James Ilin hopes of benefitting
is country. On the disgraceful failure
of that incompetent, O Neill went to
France with bis regiment (the Charle-
mont regiment), and greatly distin-
guished himself under Catinat in Savoy
and on various other occasions, raising
to the rank of General by his gallantry
and good conduct.

©•NB

IBISH CBJ/n,

ONB

O'NEILL, HUGH. Prince of Tyrone
one of the ablest and most patriotic
defenders of Irish liberties, was a grand-
son of Conn, who had accepted from
Henry YIII the title ^f Eari, and
• nephew of Shane or John, who resumed
that of King of Ulster and Prince of
Tyrone. He was partially educated in
England, nnd when a youn<; man was
for some time at the court of Elizabeth,
where he was a great favorite, and high-
ly honored. After returning to Ireland
and be. loldiug the destructive policy pur-
sued by the Euglisli, wlio seemed to
come but for plunder and rob-
bery, he determined to prepare for any
emergency, and took every means to
strengthen his resources and to train
his people to the new tactics which the
use of fire-arms had rendered necessary.
His fli'st trouble with Elizabeth arose
from his kind treatment to Spanish
soldiers who were wrecked on the
coast of Ulster. This, however, was
passed over, and amity was not broken
between him and Elizabeth. In the
meantime the arbitrary and persistent
efForts of Elizabeth to establish the new
religion in tliose portions of Ireland
which the English ruled were produc-
ing their natural results, persecution
and robbery on one side anr issistance
on the other. It was not alone the an-
cient Irish who resisted the establish-
ment of the state religion, but many of
the Norman Irish were as strenuously
opposed to the new religion as well as
to the arbitrary manner of propagating
it, and took up arms in defence of
tlieir natural rights. Maguire, Prince
of Fermanagh, O'Donnell, Prince of
Tyrconnell, Lord Walter Fitzgerald, of
the house of Eildare, were among the
principal leaders who were opposing
the English troops and their Irish al-
lies with varying success. O'Neill had
remained neutral for seven years, but
not idle, sometimes when called
upon making a show of assistance in
favor of the Deputy. Elizabeth, con-
tinually disappointed by the want of
Bucc(}ss of the many expeditions sent to
comjpel the Irish inside the Pale to ac-
cept her si)iritual supremacy, and those
outside to acknowledge her authority,
determined by one great effort to send
such an expedition as would ensure
certain sviccess. O'Donnell, who was
besieging Enniskillcn, wrote to O'Neill,
who was his relative as well as friend,
and told him be could no longer honor-

ably remain idle while bis religion toA
country were threatened with impend*
ing rum. O'Neill called his counsel to
discuss the state of affairs, but did not
immediately commit himself. He,
however, allowed his brother Cormac,
with 600 men, to strengthen O'Donnell
against an intended attack by Sir
Ileury Duke, who was marching to re-
lieve Euniskillen with 3,000 men, and
who met a disastrous defeat on the
banks of the Farna, by one-half their
number led by Jfngiiire and Cormac
O'Neill. The Earl" of Tyrone, whose

Eowor had been thus far contracted at
omc, by the assumption of a cousin to
the title of O'Neill or King of Ulster,
and who was supported by a large fol-
lowing of the family on account of their
aversion to any title which would sug-
gest dependence, died aliout this time
Hugh now renounced the title of Earl,
and declaring himself an independent
prince like his forefathers and an ene-
my to the oppressor of his countiy ami
the despoiler of religion, and was chosen
to head the Confederates A. D. 1605.
Elizabeth, Alarmed, now ordered veteran
troops from the Netherlands, and put-
ting at their head an experienced and
able general, Sir John Norris, with the
title of Captain Oeneral, sent them to
Ireland. Norris, at the head of ten
thousand men, and confident of vic-
tory, set out for Ulster. O'Neill also
took the field, captured an English foit
called Portmore on the Blackwater,
and laid siege to Monaglian, which
surrendered. In the meantime without
coming to a general engagement, a
truce of two months was agreed upon
to see if terms of peace co'uld not be
settled on.

The Catholics demanded, first, lib-
erty of conscience ; second, a full par-
don for all the past, and lastly, the en-
tire removal of all garrisons and Eng-
lisli olficers of any and all kinds from
Ulster except the towns of Newry and
Carrickfergus. No agreement was ar-
rived at. The deputy and Gen. Nor-
ris led their army to Dundalk, and af-
ter some time marched for Armagh,
when they were met at Killclunona, on
the way, bv ONeill, where after a
sharp conflict the English were com-
pelled to retreat to Newry, leaving 600
dead on the field. Norns being again
reinforced marched toward Monaghan,
but O'Neill intercepte<l him a short dis-
tance from the city, and after a dcspcr-

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t' r'

i: ■

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■■ 1

li, f

:'i

'r'K;=M

0*NB

ibue oBun,

o'lns

•te engaffement defeated him with the
loas 01 700 killed. This enttagement
was signalized by a hand-to-hand con*
flict tetween O'Neill and an Irish
knight of Meath named Secrave, who
fought on the other side. Two lances
were broken by each knight on the
shield of his opponent, when swords
were drawn and O'Neill slew his ad-
versary. Norris, desperate from mor-
tification at two defeats, sought to re-
trieve his fortunes by an unexpected
effort the next morning, but was again
foiled with considerable loss. The
ueen again desired to make peace, but
'Neill demanded as a pre-requisite en-
tire religious freedom in Ireland, and
no progress was made. In the begin-
ning of the next campaign, A. D. 1596,
Armagh was taken by surprise, and
Norris, after garrisoning it. encamped
with his army near by. O'Neill
brought him to an engagement and de-
feated him, but Norris retreated to
ArmajB;h, and O'Neill was unable to be-
siege It. After strengthening the gar-
rison Norris returned to Dundalk.
O'Neill being master of the open
country, intercepted all supplies for
Aranagh, which at length brought on
famine and the plague, and Stafford,
the English commander, at length sur-
renderM ^e city.

The Irish troops seemed averse to
being shut up in fortified towns, pre-
ferring to fight in the open field, and
consequently as soon as captured they
dismantled them, and on the first favor-
able opportunity the English again
seized them. Norris made a third at-
tempt to advance into Ulster, but was
affain met by O'Neill and defeated at
Molach, in the District of Prior, after
a desperate resistance in which he was
dangerously wounded. He died short-
ly after, hastened it is said by mortifi-
cation at the loss of the high military
reputation he had acquired abroad, and
the disgrace of repeated defeat. He
was succeeded by Oen. Burrows, who
came as deputy and brought with him
large reinforcements. Burrows, after
concentrating his entire forces, marched
for Ulster. He took possession of Ar-
magh and Portmore, which had been
abandoned by the Irish troops after
destroying the fortifications, ana seemed
to think that great advantages had been
gained. The garrison he left at Port-
more was quickly isolated, and he had
not yet reached Dublin in triumph

when he waft called on to return and
relieve them. He was met on the
wav by O'Neill at Benburb, when
a desperate battle ensued. Burrows
was mortally wounded in the earlr
part of the confiict, and the Earl of Eil>
dare, who succeeded him in command,
after several desperate efforts to force
the Irish line was also mortally wounded
and thrown from his horse. The
English were driven back with dreadful
slaughter and many of them drowned
in the Blackwatcr. Both Burrows and
Kildare died a few days after the bat-
tle. Butler, Earl of Ormond, was now
appointed Lieut. Qcneral, and he was
instructed to bring about a peace with
O'Neill, if possible. O'Neill would
consider no overtures which would not
as a pre-requisite guarantee entire re-
ligious freedom, and so nothing came
of it. In August, 1598. O'Neill sur-
rounded Portmore, which was again
occupied by the English, and at the.
same time sent 1,500 men to assist
O'Moore, of Leix who was besieging
Porteloise in Leinster. Ormond dis-
patched 8,000 to the relief of the latter,
while Bagnal, called the Marsha), who
was a brother-in-law of O'Neill and
an experienced ofilcer, with 5,000 men
was sent to Ulster. His first object
was to supply Armagh with provisions,
and he succeeded in doing this by de>
ceiving O'Neill as to his intended rout.
After this success he very nearly sur-
prised O'Neill's camp in the night,
O'Neill at first barely escajiing from his
tent, but having rallied his troops the
enemy were routed ard compelled to
precipitately retreat, leaving behind
them much'booty . Bagnal having been
reinforced, advanced again to the relief
Of Portmore, and was met by O'Neill
about a mile from Armagh. Here was
fought the most bloody battle of the
war. Bagnal, twenty-four principal
officers, and upwards of two thousand
of his men lay dead on the field of bat-
tle, the shattered remains of his army
makinar a precipitate retreat. During
the battle the powder magazine of the
enemy blew up, killing nearly all those
who were guarding the baggage. Be-
sides the killed the English lost all their
baggage, artillery and instruments of
WOT, thirty-four stand of colors, war-
like stores and 12,000 pieces of gold.
This victory cost O'Neill about 200 mea
killed and 600 wounded, and its further
result was the surrender of Portmore.

O'NB

nUBHCELTH.

OlfB

The state of affairs in Ireland at this
time, from the English point of view,
was deplorable. The splendid victor-
ies of O'Neill had aroused the hopes
and courage of other chieftains who
had submitted to the invader, and tliey
asserted their independence ; the Eng-
lish and their Irish allies were corre-
spondingly depressed. More troops
were sent under Sir Samuel Bagnal, and
Bingham, who had been removed from
Connaught for his cruelty, was appoint-
ed marshal. Ormond was blamed for
notopposing O'Neill in person. Eliza-
beth now seut her favorite, Essex, with
royal powers to secure ace and loy-
alty. A fleet and about 20,000 veteran
soldiers were placed at hfs disposal, and
be sailed for Ireland the end of March,
1599. He was not, however, more suc-
cessful than his predecessor. He and
his generals met a series of disastei-s in
Leinster and Munster. He says himsel f
"I am confined in Cork, where there is
an abundance of warlike stores ; but
still I have been unsuccessful ; my un-
'dertakings have been attended with mis-
fortune. I do not know to what this
can be attributed, except to an evil star
that has led me here." He also says in
a letter to the Queen. "The Irish are
stronger and handle their arms with
more skill than our people, and differ
from us in nb point of discipline, but
they are not well adapted to attack or
defend fortified places." Essex, after
receiving reinforcements, determined to
try his fortune in Ulster, but before
O Neill could arrive at the point inva-
ded. Gen, Clifford, who commanded
the main body of the invaders, was met
^ O'Donnel, Prince of Tyrconnel, near
Boyle, utterly defeated and slain,
O'Neil arriving two days after the bat-
tle. Essex being again reinforced,
inarched for Ulster and was soon con-
fronted by O'Neill near Louth. Essex
cent to O Neill saying he came to offer
terms of peace, not to invade, but no
terms could be agreed upon. He then
asked for a personal interview with
O'Neill. The chieftains met, and Es-
sex desired a truce for six months, but
O'Neill told him that his duty to his
allies rendered it impossible : he would
agree to a more reasonable time with a
condition of two weeks notice to ter-
minate, by either party. Essex spoke of
the ancient friendship which existol
' between his father and O'Neill when
the latter was at court, and his own

present misfortunes and the peril of his
position. O'Neill gave him salutary
advice, as one who, by experience and
age, had learned the uncertainty of
courtly favor in England, and warned
him to be most circumspect lest the very
authority with which he was clothed
might not prove Iiia ruin. Essex re-
turned to Dub'in, and leaving affairs in
the hands of Loftus, the Chancellor,
he hastened back to London. He was
received by the Queen with great
coldness, who ordered him to confine
himself to his room, and he was shortly
after committed to prison, from whence
he went to tlie scaffold. Mouutjoy was
sent to Ireland to succeed Essex. With
a large fleet he took possession of a lake
in the North of Ireland called Lough-
Foyle, and on its borders erected four
forts. His object was to distract and
harass the Irish chieftains separately,
and break the union between tbem by
offering inducements to make peace.
Unfortunately, too, some of the ancient
houses had submitted to English au-
thority and some even to the new re-
ligion, and accepted English titles and
favors from the first. Notably amone
them the O'Briens and McCarthys of
Munster, the O'Connor, Sligo, and
others ; not that large portions of those
families did not always support thepop?
ular cause, but the example of those
who should have been leaders and the
immunity it often gave them, was a per-
nicious example to those in misfortune
to redeem themselves by doing like-
wise. All these causes were producinir
their effects, and although O Neill and
O'Donnell, the heads of the Confeder-
ates, continued to sustain their reputa-
tion in the field, they gradually became
weaker.and were compelled to confine
thel" efforts mainly to their own prov-
ince. In October, 1660, Mountjoy en-
tered Ulster at tlie head of a strong
force, but he was promptly met by
O'Neill, who defeated him in two bat-
tles, one near Dundalk and the other
at Carlingford, in which the deputy lost
upwards of 4,000 men, and was himself
dangerously wounded. Ir the other
produces, however, affairs were not so
prosperous for the Irish. Many of the
nobles, tired out with continued warfare
and discouraged at the prospect of new
armies to face and conouer, and the
want of an acknowledged authority at
their head to concentrate their strength,
made their peace with the enemy wben

'-^m

-'-km

O'NB

ntnn cblt&

O'NB

ther could advantageously. O'Neill
had. promises of assistance from tlie
continent, but it came sparingly and
too late. In September, 1601, a small
Spanir 1 fleet and 2,600 men landed in
Kinsale, near Cork. It was only part
of a larger one which had been dis-
persed in a storm, and its more impor-
tant supplies of war were in vessels
which had not reached Ireland.

The English besieged the place bv
sea and land. O'Neill and O'Donnell
came to its relief in December, but their
united forces did not exceed six thous-
and men, while the enemy had sixteen
thousand. No general engagement was
fought. O'Donnell had a sharp cavid-
ly brush with the enemy, in which,
after a first success, he was driven
back and lost a couple hundred men.
O'Neill, finding himself unable to risk
a general battle, and the season being
far advanced, led his troops back to
Ulster, and O'Donnell was commis-
doned to go to the continent and hurry
up aid for the spring cainpaign. Be-
fore spring, however, the Spaniards in
Einsaie surrendered, much to the dis-

rof the Irish chiefs. One of the lit-
Forts or castles on the coast called
Donboy, which had been given to the
Spaniards to garrison, was included in
the surrender, but the Irish proprietor,
O'Sullivan Bearre, got possession of it
before it was delivered up, and put into
it a heroic little Irish garrison of one
hundredandforty men' who defended
it for fifteen days against over 5,000
men with artillery, and successfully re-

KUed four assaults after a breach had
en made and put 600 of the enemy
hors de combat. The fall of Einsaie
prevented for a time Spanish aid, and
O'Donnell dying abroad, O'Neill and
his friends having again been offered an
honorable peace, accepted and enjoyed
a much needed rest for some yeara. On
the death of Elizabeth and accession of
James I. O'Neill and Rory O'Donnell,
brother of Hugh, went to England and
were received with great honor, and
great hopes were entertained that the
new reign would give religious liberty
and peace to Ireland. Cecil, the dis-
coverer of his own ingenious gunpow-
dor plot, still drunk with avarice and
not yet glutted with the blood of the
innocent and the confiscation of their
property, beheld a good field in Ireland
to indulee Ids demoniac propensity, and
wing as iiis tool the one-eyed baron of

Louth, St. Lawrence, he instinted a
plot to involve O'Neil and O'Donnell
in rebellion. He failed to drag
them in, but in lieu boldly
charged them with conspiracy and trea-
son, and they were summoned before
the council. They appeared and de>
nounced the calumny, but no decision
was reached, and thev were ordered to
appear again. O'Neill and Tvrconnell
were advised by some false friends in
the council that their only safety was In
flight, as it would be easy to get more
false witnesses to testify against them,
and thev too readily listened, and de-
parted for France. This was what was
wanted, and sixteen counties were con-
fiscated for the benefit of the informers
and the supporters of the English
crown. O'Neill, now worn out by age
and the greatness of his labors, his
proud, unyielding spirit sad and de-
pressed almost unto death at the mis-
fortunes which overwhelmned bis be-
loved country, beholding the heroic
exertions of a life time full of brilliant
feats and almost superhuman exertions
against force, fraud, periuiy, weak-
ness and deceit, yet not witnout benefi-
cent results, although not equal to his
hopes, now lost almost beyond redemp-
tion, while the arm which so often cut
the way to victory was now powerless^
and the spirit whi^h animated his fol-
lowers with a gallantry and dash that
was irresistable, while still free and
unbroken was filled with anguish in a
forei^ land at the ruin of his country.
He did not long survive, but far away
from the land be loved so well and so-
faithfully, his gallant spirit burst its
fetters of clay and sought its native
freedom with the children of the Elng^
who decrees justice.

O'NEILL MA J. -GEN. HUGH, one
of the most skillful and distinguished
Generals of his day, was a nephew of
Owen Roe O'Neill, and learned the art
of war under him on the continent,
where he greatlv distinguished himself.
He returned to Ireland with his uncle
about 1640 and served under him at
Benburb and other places. After the
death of his uncle, he garrisoned Clon>
mel with 1600 Ulstermen and held it
against Cromwell, who beseiged it and
attempted to take it by storm with a
vastly superior force, a. D. 1649. Crom-
well, after haying made a breach in the
walls, ordered a powerful assault, but

07^

UUBH tMSjrt^

O'KB

After repeated efforts in which his butch-
ers were hurled back with ruin and
dismay by the gallant little garri-
son, ne was compelled to retire,
leaving 2,500 dead on the line of the as-
sault. He, however, continued the in-
vestment, and O'Neill's supply of pow-
der at length giving out, he quietly
croiwe<l the river with his gnllant little
band of heroes and retreated bevond
the reach of the enemy. The citizens
offered the next day to capitulate, and
Cromwell, not being aware of the re-
treat, granted easy terms. O'Neill sus-
tained the proud reputation which his
family had acquired as defenders of the
ancient rights and ancient faith, and
continued till his death one of the shields
and supports c? his struggling country.
He also made a gallant defence of Lim-
erick against Iraton, brother-in-law of
Oromwell, who was compelled to aban-
don it for a time, and whose vastly su-
perior forces lost far more than the en-
tire number of the besiegers during the
defence.

O'NEILL JOHN, an able American
lawyer and politician, was bom in Phila-
delphia, of Irish parents, removed when
a boy to Maryland with his family,
where he was educated at St. John's
College, and afterwards admitted to the
Bar. In 1844 he removed to Ohio and
there practiced his profession with dis-
tinguished success, and was sent to the
thirty-eighth Congress.

O'NEILL GEN. JOHN, a brave
American officer and noted Fenian lead-
er, was b6rn in County Cavan, Ireland,
in 1884. He served through the war of
the Rebellion with distinction, and In
1866 became noted for his invasion of
Canada and his rout of the "Queen's
Own." He was afterwards engaged in
lecturing and eventually In colonization
schemes for the benefit of his countoy-
men. He died at Omaha, Jan. 7, 187B.

O'NEILL JOHN B., LL.D., a dis-
tinguished American jurist and leg-
islator, was born at Bush River, South
Carolina, April 10, 1798. of Irish par-
ents ; graduated at South Carolina Col-
lege, 1819. Served in the war of 1812
with honor. Studied law, and was ad-
mitted to the Bar in 1814. He served
in the legislature of his state a number
of times, was speaker twice and became
a Judge in 1828 and Judge of the Cotut

of Appeals in 1880, and at length Chief
Justice of the State. He is the author
of a "Digest of Negro Law," "Bio-

g'aphal Sketches of the Bench and
ar," and other works. He died Dec.
27, 1868.

O'NEILL (SHANE) JOHN, King of
Ulster, Prince of Tyrone, a patriotic and
valiant soldier, was the son of the first
Earl of Tyrone. He made war on his
father for having sacrificed his indepen-
dence and accepting the English -title of
Earl, and carrira on a war against him
and his English allies for some yeara
with varied success. On Elizabeth at-
tempting to enforce her so-called refor-
mation on the Irish people, O'Neill, who
had spurned the English title, and on
the death of his father resumed the
titles of his ancestors (King of Ul-
ster), was the acknowleaged head of
the opposers of Elizabeth's designs.
He successfully invaded the terri-
tories held by the English adherents
in Ulster, when Sussex, in 1660,
having returned from England with re-
inforcements and cannon, took the of-
fensive, but the campaign was indecis-
sive. O'Neill and Sussex, having ar-
rived at an agreement, a peace was con-
cluded. In 1568 on complaint of
O'Neill's enemies, Sussex invaded Ul-
ster, and after some indecisive battles
he returned to Dundalk. The Earl of
Kildare, a near relative of O'Neill's, suc-
ceeded in again effecting a peace be-
tween the contestants. The inhabitants
of the Hebrides, having invaded h'.s ter-
ritories, O'Neil defeated them in a battle
and killed their chiefs, a. d. 1564. The
fact that O'Neill had to punish the plun-
derers who invaded his territories again
involved him fn trouble with ElizaTOth.
He had not only to contend with the
common enemy of his country, but he
had also to coutend with other princes
of Ulster, who were jealous of his auth-
ority and also with his Scotch neigh>
bors and kin, who were not adverse to
sweep down on a defenceless coast for

Elunoer. O'Neill was able to sustain
imself against all the efforts of hia
enemies, often defeating the English
and their allies and retaliating with
plunder for plunder. He also defeated
and dispersed a powerful invasion of
Scotch, Killing several thousand of them
and takin.^ their Chief, McDonnel, pris-
oner. Elizabeth sent Knolls to Ireland
to see if C'Neill could not be forced or

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penuaded bv titles and honors to relin-
quish his inaependecoe. but he replied
to the embassador, "If Jsdizabeth, Vour
mistress, is Queen of England, 1 am
King of Ulster; I never made peace
with her oul/ at her solicitation: I am
not ambitious of the abject title of Earl,
my dignity, birth, family, raise me above
It: I will not yield precedence to anyone;
I hold the Icingdom of my ancestors by
right, and by the sword I will maintain
It. Unfortunately the contentions of
the Irish princes secretly fostered and
instigated by the unprincipled invader,
gave him advantages that he, alone,
•could never have gained. O'Donnel,
one of the most powerful of the Ulster
princes, allied himself with the English,
and O'Neill fought them both with vary-
ing success, gaining; over them the cele-
bruted victory of the Red Sagrims, in
irhich 400 English soldiers in their
Ted coats lay dead on the field
of battle. The policy of the Eng-
lish Deputy in creating discord
among the Irish princes and in detach-
ing them from, and aiding them against
the King of Ulster, at length weakened
liis resources. He now thought of mak-
ing an alliance v^Hh the Scotu, and for
-this purpose ho released McDonnel.
whom he held as a prisoner, and with a
•mall attendance he set out for the
£cotch camp, which was under the com-
mand of Alex. McDonnel, younger
brother to the one about to be released.
O'Neill was apparently well received by
tiie McDonnelB, who pretended to enter
Into his views, but he was basely assas-
Inated with his attendants as they
were about to return to their camp.
Thus ungenerously fell the last of the
Independent Kings of Ireland, through
treachery and deceit, means which have
been used against them so often to their
•destruction, when their enemies found
their swords and their valor unable for
the task. Shane O'Neill, although the
last was not the least illustrious of the
Kings of Ulster, and had he lived in a
less demoralized age, or had he to con-
lend against arms alone, he might easi-
ly have swept the invaders from the soil
of Ireland.

O'NEILL OWEN ROB, prince of
Ulster and one of the most gallant
amongst the leaders of the Catholic con-
federate chieftains, and a worthy suc-
cessor of the great Hugh. He learned
ihe art of war on the continent, where

he greatly distinguished himself. After
returning, he commanded tiie Iridi
troops in Ulster, a. b. 1646. In May
he collected hU troops, consisting of
S.OOO infantry and GOO cavalry and
marched on Armagh. Gen. Monroe
led against him a much superior force
of English and Scotch. O'Neill en-
camped at Benburb, where he prepared
to receive the enemy. Monroe, although
much superior in nambers, sent to his
brother, who commanded a strong force
at Coleraine, to advance and co-operato
with him. O'Neill despatched Cols.
MacMahon and MacNenay to intercept
the younger Monroe, which they suc<
ceeded in doing, completely routing him
and dispersing his force. The main
forces engaged a couple of days after-
wards, and Monroe met a diaastrous de-
feat, leaving nearly three thousand five
hundred d(»d on the field and losing all
his artillery, arms, tents, baggage and
military supplies and thirty two stand
of colors. Monroe escaped with diffi-
culty, leaving everything behind him,
while Col. Montgomery and many offl>
cers were taken prisoners. What was
called the peace of "48" was now con-
cluded l«etween Charles I and the Irish
Confederates. January '49, they were
to support that unfortunate monarch.
O'Neill, however, not being fairly treat-
ed by the Earl of Ormond, who acted
for Charles, did not sign it. Cromwell
being now sent to Ireland with a stronjg;
force by the Parliament to sustain thev
cause, landed in Dublin and shortly af-
ter attacked Drogheda, which was held
by Sir Arthur iUhton, and after Uiree
desperate assaults he took the city and
slaughtered about three thousand. Or-
mond now appealed to O'Neill, whom
he had unjustly slighted, as the only
General who possessed the ability to
successfnily oppose the parliamentary
leader, offering him any terms he asked
to join them. Before any results were
reached, however, O'Neill died, and
Ireland in him lost the ablest of her
military leaders.

O'REILLY COUNT ALEXAN-
DER, a distinguished general of the
Spanish army in the time of Carlos HI,
was a native of Ireland, born in 1725,
and emigrated at an early age to Spain
to escape from the oppressors of his
country, whom he had fought until his
resources were wastefl. He entered the
Spanish army and fought in Italy dur*

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ing the war of AtutrUn inoceulon and
won dlstinguiahed honors. He served
in the Ausman army during the war
with Prussia from 17S2 to 17S8 and par-
ticularly distinguished himself at Hoch-
kirchby hisdanng, talents and military
skill. He returned to Spain in 1761 and
became a great fayorite with the King,
having saved his life when endangered
by a wditious mob in Madrid, 1765. In
1768 be was sent to take possession of
Louisiana, it having been ceded to
Spain by France about that time. He
was now, 1770, raised to the highest
military rank, and appointed Inspector-
Oeneral of all the Spanish forces in
America, and held in tne highest esteem
for his great ability and eminent servic-
es. In 1778 he was made Governor of
Madrid, but his honest and manly inde-
pendence of character at length lost him
the favor "of Princes," and he was in
his old age exiled to Gallacia on a poor
pension — the ultimate reward of his
great services. Well might he say. ' 'put
not your tnist in Princes." He died in
1794. still in exUe.

O'REILLY COUNT ANDREW, a

celebrated cavelry officer in the service
of Austria, was bom in Ireland. The
misfortunes of his country and his pat-
riotism made it necessary for him to
seek his fortune abroad, and he attached
himself to the Austrian army, where by
his dash, skill and great talent he soon
rose to distinction, oecoming a general
officer and commander of the Cavalry.
He took part in the fatal field of Auster-
litz, and it was b/ his coolness, courage
and skill alone that the remnant of the
army was saved from destruction. In
1809 he held the post of Governor of
Vienna and the difficult task of making
an honorable capitulation with the
French Emperor devolved upon him.
He died at the advanced age of 91 years.

O'REILLY RIGHT REV. BER-
NARD, D. D... an able Catholic Amer-
ican divine and second Bishop of Hart-
ford, was bom in County Longford,
Ireland in 1808 He received a thorough
classical education, and at the age of
82 he chose the ecclesiastical vocation,
and felt a desire to labor in America,
unless his parents would seriously ob-
ject. TThey, however, gave their con
sent and blessing, and in 1835 he em-
barked for the New World and soon af-
ter entered the Seminary at Montreal.

From there he went te St. Mary's, Bal*
timore. and was ordained in 1881. He
was stationed in New York, and the en-
tire city of Brooklyn was a part of hi*
charge, which he visited once a month.
The cholera of 1882 soon broke out, and
day and night the young priest labored
preparing ue dying, burying the dead,
and consoling the afflicted.' Twice he
wa* stricken down by the fell disease,
but Providence had still oiher labors
for him, and although he rose from his
bod only to fight the pestilence, he sur-
vived. In December, 1883, he was
sent to Rochester, where ho was con-
fronted with that bigotry which was
so common in that day in New England
and even in New York, and was but the
offspring of ignorance and misrepresen-
tation. Our subject labored there imtil
the fraits of his apostolic work was
everywhere visible around him, and
institutions of charitv arose to bless tbe-
unforiunate, and he lived to see the den-
sity of its bigotry dissipated. In 1847^
when Bishop Timon came to Buffalo,
Father O'Reilley became his Vicar-
General, and he greatly aided his saint-
ly leader in developing charitable and
pious works in the diocese. The ire of
the bigots was aroused bv the charitable
works of the orders, and the Sisters of
the Hospital became the object of a
slanderous attack from J. C. Lord,
which was answered by Bishop O'-
Reilly, and was followed by a lengthy
religious controversy, in which his op-
ponent was silenceid, and which our-
champion followed up by three masterly
articles entitled, "Catholicity, the
Friend of Civil and Religious Liberty,"
" PreSbyterianism, the Enemy of Civil
and Religious Liberty," and "The
Catholic Church, the Church of
Christ." In 1849 he was nominated
Bishop of Hartford, and consecrated in
1850. Here he encountered a more
virulent bigotry than that which he first
met in Rochester, and in 1855 when he
introduced the Sihters of Mercy, whose
only work besides serving their Divine
Spouse and Master, is to spend their
lives to assist the afflicted, a mob of those
dastardly fanatics threatened the Sisters
with death and their house with destmc-
tion. The Bishop fearlessly faced the
mob, and told them that those ladies
came to bring peace, and were going to
stay, and that he was there to protect
them with his Mfe if necessary, and the
mob at length dispersed. During hi»

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.fihort administration, he did a work
'Which has since borne abundant fruit.
In December, 1865, he sailed for
Europe to secure an order of teachers
lor boys, and to visit his parents, and
started the next month, Jan. 23, 1856,
on his return, taking the ill-fated "Pa-
•cific," which went down with all on
boarii, when or how none knew — and
thus perished one of the ablest and most
zealous of American Bishops.

O'REILLY, HON. HUGH, an
Irish statesman and writer, was bom in
County Cavan, about 1650. He was
Master in Chancery and Register to the
Council under James XL He followed
James in his exile and was nominally
his Chancellor for Ireland. In 1693
O'Reilly published a volume entitled
"Ireland's Case Briefly Stated." He
denounces in it Charles II. for his want
•of good faith towards the Irish and his
base and ungrateful conduct to those
who in Ireland supported his house at
the loss of their possessions.

C'REILLT, HON. JAMES, one
of the most talented, eloquent and suc-
cessful of Canadian lawyers and advo-
<!ate8, was bom in Westport, County
Mayo, Irelatid, 8ei)t. 16, 1328, and, emi-
grated to Canada with his father in 1832.
They first settled in Belleville, where
the father commenced business, and
•our subject received his preliminary
-education. In 1842 he commenced the
study of the Law, and was callod to the
bar in 1847 when he settled down to

Eractice in Kingston, whither his father
ad removed. Although this Bar had
ftt the time some of the ablest lawyers
in Cannda, O'Reilly soon acquir^ a
leading position and at one Assize held
eighty-seven briefs on the civil side of
the court, besides being engaged as
leading counsel in the principaTcriminal
ones. He was engeged on one side or
the other in the must celebrated criminal
cases in Upper Canada during his time,
and was iiniformly successful, notably
•on the defence in the Queen vs. Mrs.
Smyth, the Queen vs. Mrs. Far rally,
and as crown prosecutor in the Queen
vs. Whelan, for the murder of McGee.
In 1864 he whs appointed Queen's
Counsel, and was Recorder of Kingston
till 1869. He was a bencher of the
Law Society and a member of the Low-
er Canatiian Bar. Although often pre-
viously urged, he refused to enter poli-

tics until 1872, when he was returned
to Parliament for South Renfrew, but
on the dissolution in 1874 he refused to
stand aeain as it interfered too much
vrith his professional duties. O'Reilly
was not only noted for his eloquence
and commanding ability, but possessed
in a large degree the distinguishing wit
of his race, and aft( ■ drawing the tear
by his pathos, would f ten convulse both
bench and bar by hn irresistible wit.
He died suddenly in the very zenith of
his power and prestige, in the fifty-
fourth year of his age and the thirtieth
of his professional career.

O'REILLY, JOHN, the discoverer
of the celebrated diamond field of
Africa, was born in Ireland about 1830.
He was a trader and hunter in the
country called the Transvaal, inhabited
^a mixed race of Dutch and other
Europeans called Boers. In one of hia
trips into the interior he noticed the
children of one of the settlers playing
with stones that attracted his attention,
and after examining them he suspected
them to be diamonds, and taking some
with him to the coast town he found his
surmises to be correct. He returned,
and learning of a large one owned by
a native Kaffir witch doctor, and valu-
ed by him for its supposed magic
powers, he purchased it for, 500 sheep
and sold it for £56.000, or $280,000.
It weighed 84^ carats and is now known
as the Dudley diamond. Since then
immense numbers of diamonds have
been taken from the mines, which seem
to be limited to a few hundred acres in
extent.

O'REILLY, COUNT JOHN, a
distin^ished soldier and diplomat of
Austria, was a nephew of Count An-
drew, the celebrated Austrian cavalry
commander and diplomat, and was
born in Irelrnd about the end of the
eighteenth century. He joined his
uncle in Austria when a mere youth
and entered that service. His talents
soon won recognition and he quickly
rose to important positions both in ihe
civil and military services of that
country. He became Chamberlain to
the Emperor and Count of the Holy
Roman Empire.

ORMONDE. JOHN BUTLER,
EARL OF, was born in Ireland about
1420, and was a most learned and

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polished man. He was considered one
of tlie first g' ntlemen of the age in
which he lived. He was a complete
master of the languages of Europe, and
on different occasions was sent as British
embassador to its principal courts. He
d:ed in 1478 in the Holy Land while on
a devotional pilgrimage there. Edward
IV. is reported to have said of him,
"That if good breeding and liberal
qualities were lost to the world they
might be all found in the Earl of Or-
monde."

0RM8BY, STEPHEN, an Irish-
American jurist and politician setteld in
Kentucky at an early day and practiced
his profession with success, and was
made Judge of the Circuit Court and
afterward representative to Congress
from 1811 to 1817. He died at the age
of about 90 years.

O'ROURKE, GEN. PATRICK H.,
a gallant and talented officer of the
American army, was born in Ireland in
1885, and camn to America with his

Snrents who settled finally la Rochester,
r. Y., where our subject was educated,
and where he distinguished himself in
a public competition for a free tuition
in the University, which he won from a
host of competitors. He, however, wa£
anable to take advantage of his good
fortune, as his mother, who was then a
widow, needed his assistance toward the
support of the family. His ability and
the prominence given to him by the
public competition secured him many
friends, among them Maj. Andrews, a
school inspector, who by his influence
with Maj. Williams, member of Con-
gress from the district, secured for him
the position of Cadet at West Point, and
his generous Irish mother urged him to
accept, relying on the good God and
her self-siicriflcing efforts to sustain her
in procuring the necessities for her little
family, rather than have her boy lose so
ndvantxgeous an offer. His West Point
record demonstrated thnt he possessed
not only exinionlinary talent but a true
Irish spirit — manly, independent omi
courageous to the last degree, backed
by a muscular energy that made those
fear who did not love. He graduated
ut the head of his doss just at the
breaking out of the' Great Rebellion,
and served on the staff of Gen. Tyler at
the disastrous battle of Bull Run. He
was immediately afterward appointed

Assistant Engineer of the defenses
around Washington, and was also sent
to Fortress Monroe to look after the
defenses there, as engineer. He after-
ward accompanied the expedition to
Port Royal, and was appointed a Col.
of Volunteers in 1863, and distinguished
himself by his gallantry at Fredericks-
burg and ChanccUorsville, and v/as
brevetted Brig. • General. He was killed
at Gettysburg while gallantly loading
his troops, July 3. 1863, and was uni-
versally I'figretted. He was deservedly
held in the highest esteem, not only for
his great ability, but for all the sterling
qualities whicn go to make a man and a
hero. Had he lived he would un-
doubtedly have made one of the most
brilliant records of the war.

ORR, ALEX. D., was a scion of a
Pennsylvania Irish family, born in 1765,
and served with bravery in the Revolu-
tionary struggle before its close. Settled
afterward in Kentucky, where he ac-
quired high standing by his talents, and
represented that state in Congress from
1792 to '97. He died June 21, 1886.

ORR, JOHN, a revolutionary patriot,
was born in the Irish settlement in
New Hampshire of Irish parents, and
served under his countryman Stark.
Was distinguished for his bravery, and
was severely wounded at the battle of
Bennington. He was afterward repre-
sentative and senator for New H«mp-
Bhire, and died in 1822.

ORR, WILLIAM, one of the
noblest and most disinterested of Irish
patriots, and a martyr to the civil and
religious liberties of* his countrv, was
the son of a farmer and bleacher of
Ferranshnne , County Antrim, Ireland,
and was born in 1766. He received a
good education, and being blessed with
a genei'ous heart, he early saw the
causes which secured to tlie oppressor
of his country her life-devouring hold.
As he grew to manhood he presented to
the eye that noble type of a freeman
whose free limbs and proud bearing will
wear no chains of servility to power or
station. He stood six feet and two
inches in height, with strong but grace-
ful pro|jortions and was the admiration
of his associates, not only for his
strength and agility, but for every man-
ly and noble quality. He early joined
(lie " United Irishmen/' feeling that his

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countiy needed only the unity of all Its
people to secure the freedom, happiness,
anil greatness of the nation; that if once
unitra and working together the honds
of the cruel, bloody and heartless
stranger could be burst with ease. In
unison with this sentiment he always
wore a neck-tie of green as representing
the broadest expression of nationality,
and although a staunch Presbjrterian bis

generous Irish nature was not warped
y bigotry, but he desired and worked
with the generous resolve that
his Catholic fellow - countrymen
should participate in the full eujoyment
of their country's freedom. When
Parliament passed the act making the
administration of the oath of the United
Irishmen a felony, the government
looked abroad for a victim and an ex-
ample that might strike terror on all
sides. As the society was largely com-
posed of Protestants, a Protestant victim
could best serve to manifest the bloody
and merciless vengence of the govern-
ment, and Orr, the most poplilar, gener-
ous and freedom-inspiring Protestant
patriot of the north, was mnsled out as
the victim. A British soldier named
Wheatly was the paid informer who
falsely swore tliat Orr had administered
to him the oath of the United Irishmen.
He was defended by Curran before a
packed jury, the only evidence being
this peijnred hireling of the government,
which Curran so completely exposed as
false and perjured that a portion of the

Jury, includinc; the foreman, refused to
•ring in a veruict of guilty, until plied
with strong drink and threatened with
vengence. After an all night session they
came into cour at six o'clock in the
morning under the influence of liquor
and returned a verdict of guilty, with a
strong recommendation of mercy. A
motion was made by Curran in arrest of
judgment on the ground of drunkeness
and threats of violencct but it would not
be entertained. Sentence had scarcely
pHSsed when the wretched informer
made affidavit that he swore falsely and
that Orr was innocent, (he afterward be-
came insane and died by his own hand),
two of the jurors made fUffldavit that they
were induced to agree to the verdict
while under the influence of liquor, and
tw J others that they had beeu driven to
the saipe result by threats of violence,

Set in the face of tLisoverwhelmiug evi-
enoe of injustice and infamy, neither
the jadioiaf officers no? the Viceroy,

Camdm, who had been appealed to^ ,
would interpose to save an innnocent
man's life, or move in the mctter, but
more infamous and heartless than the hir-
edlnf ormer, they coldly and deliberately^
devoted an innocent man^to death— and
to infamy— as far as their malice could,
simply and solely because he loved his
country, but fortunately cot to infamy
but to glory and honor, for the infamy of
the gibbet stained not his glorious and

gen&ous record, nor reflected any dis-
onor from its dark and gloomy shadows
on the victim or his family, but its gloom
and infamy enshrouded alone the dastard
and brutal government and its vile and
dishonored tools. The following are
short extracts from his speech from the
dock: "My friends and fellow-country-
men — In the thirty-first year of my life
I have been sentenced to die upon the
gallows, and this sentence has been in
pursuance of a verdict of twelve men
who should have been frnpartially
chosen. How far they hare been so, I
leave to that country from which they
have been chosen to determine." "The-
judge who condemned me, humanely
shea tears; but whether he did wisely in
so highly commending that wretched in-
former who swore away my life, I leave
to his own cool reflection, solemnly as-
serting before him and the world with
my dying breath that that informer •;72«
foresworn." " My comfortable lot and
industrious life best refute the charge of
being an adventurer for plunder — but if
to haye luved my country, to have known
its wrongs, to have felt the injuries of the
persecuted Catholics, and to have united
with them and all other religious persua-
sions in the most orderly and just means-
of procuring redress — if those be felon-
ies, then ami a felon, but not otherwise. "
"To the generous protection of my
country I leave a beloved wife who has
been constant and true to me, and whose
grief for my fate has already nearly occa-
sioned her death. I have five living
children, who have been my delight —
may they love their country as I have-
done, and die for it if need be. " "I trust
my virtuous countrymen will bear me in
their kind remembrances and remain
true and faithful to each other. With
this last wish of my heart — nothing
doubling the success ot that causo for
which I suffer, and hoping for God'e-
merciful forgiveness wherein I may
have offended Him — I die in peace:'
and charity with all mankind."

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O'SHANASSY. SIR JOHN, a dis-
tinguished Australian statesman and
pamot, perhaps the most able who has
yet appeared in those great colonies,
was born in Ireland early in the present
century, and emigrated to that distant
colony when a youth. His native
ability he early displayed, and being a
bard student and a close observer, he
soon became distinguished. The arbi-
trary exercise of authority by the ser-
vants of the crown, early attracted his
attention, and irritated his free spirit.
He entered into the political situation
of the people, and strongly advocated
the assertion of those rights guaranteed
by the British Constitution. There,
even more than in the Canadas, wdre
the political rights of the people disre-
garded, i^ing, perhaps, from the or-
mnfd penal character of those colonies.
Be that as it may, O'Shanassy vigorously
denounced the arbitrary character of
the government, and aroused the people,
by tongue and pen, to assert their just
rights, which was nothing less than an
untrammeled legiskiture of their own.
His manly freedom in discussing the
independence and rights of the people
required no little determination, bold-
ness and courage. He was denounc-
ed by the government toadies, and the
hirelings of the crown, as a traitor,
but he moved on constitutional ground,
and he fearlessly and persistently agi-
tated the question, and organized the
Kiople to united effort, untiftheir legis-
tive rights were conceded bv the
'Home Oovemment." He held the
position of Colonial Prime Minister
several different times, and lived to see
the country* of his adoption making
gigantic strides in the way of power
and prosperity, due In great part to his
efforts, and that of his fellow Celts,
many of whom fill the most important
positions in the land, O'Shanassy was
a statesman of broad views, and com-
manding abilities, and secured for the
country of his exile, what his brother
Celt, "Baldwin," did for Canada—leg
islative independence. He was knight-
ed for his great services, (ostensibly)
and died in May, 1888.

O'SHAUOHNESSEY, OOLMAN,
an able and learned Irish divine of the
eighteenth century, was a member of
the Dominican order, and bishop of
Ossory, was of the noble family of
Qort, and was Lorn in Oalway, about

1685. He entered the abbey of Athen-
ry when quite young, determined to
embrace a religious life, and completed
his studies on the continent, at Lou-
vain, where he became a professor, In
1706. He soon earned a fine reputation
as a t)reacher, and returning to Ire<
land, Ibecame famous throughout the
province of Connaught for his zeal and
eloquence. He was raised to the epis-
copacy in 1736 by Clement XII, as
bishop of Ossory, and consecrated in
Dublfai. He governed his see for
twelve years, dying at Gouran, Sep-
tember 12 1748. His brothers, Roger
and William, sided with the pusillani-
mous James II in his struggle with the
Prince of Orange, and were deprived
■if their patrimonial estates. After
their death, the bishop instituted pro-
ceedings to recover the estates of his
ancestors, as the rightfu? heir, but the
incumbent being a irenator, and a Pro-
testant, succeeded in retaining pos-
session, the letter and spirit of the law
having to bend to bigotry and preju-
dice, to the violation of justice; but
this in Ireland was the rule, not the ex-
ception. Even still it bears its bitter fruit.

O'SHAUGHNESSY, ROGER, a gal-
lant Irish chieftain, and brother of the
foregoing, was bon~ in Galway about
1668. The family, whicn was an ancient
Irish one of noble lienage,had stillpre-
served a portion of their estates. Rog-
er, full of hope in the thought that his
country might secure just treatment
and equal rights, amid the difSiculties
and contentions which disturbed her
f aitlUess neighbor, espoused the cause
of the irresolute, ungrateful and faith-
less James II, who was full of promises
of good things in his necessities, but
who was so reckless about doing them
when it suited his interests. He gal-
lantly supported Sarsfleld, and the
other heroic leaders, with his follow-
ers, in the campaign against William
and his generals, in Ireland, and follow-
ed them to the last. On the defeat of
the cause, and the preferred exile of
many of the participants to France, our
subject lost his patrimonial estates. He
died about 1740. Another brother,
William, also participated in the same
struggle, and followed the "Wild
Geese" to France, where he dintinguisn-
ed himself against the ancient enemy,

gavticipatingin the glories of the "Irish
rigdde" in France. - .

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' O'SHAUGHNESSY. SIR WIL
LIAM B., a talented rargeon and man
of science, was bom in Ireland in 18(M.
Studied fertile medical profession and
xeodvedan appointment in the Bengal
irmy as Surgeon. He became identi-
fied with the telegraph (qrstem of ,the
East and superintendent of the India
])nesl8flK8. He was knighted for meri-
torious srarrices, and died in 1870.

OSSORY (THOMAS BUTLER).
EARL OF, son of the first duke of
Onnonde, was bom in the castle of Kil-
kenny, Ireland, July 9, 1684, early di»-
tingtushed himsdf in the great rebellion,
was taken prisoner and kept in the
Tower for seyeral months 1^ Cromwell,
escaped to Flanders, returned with
Charles II. and became Lieut. General
of the forces in Irdand 1660: contribu-
ted largely to the success of the great
naval battle of the Downs over the
Dutch, June, 1666, for whidi he was
made aBaron. He also held high com-
mand in the fieet, was Rear Adnural and
second in command to Prince Rupert
IVn. Commanded cheBritish troops in
the serrioeof dwFrinceof Oraiu;eto'77,
•nd contributed laraely to the defeat of
Ute French under lumbal Luxembourg
at Mons, 1678. Perished by shipwreck
July 80, 1680.

I O'SULLIVAN, PRmCB OF
BBARRB AND BANTRT, wte a
sallant leader amongst the Irish con-
federates in the days of Elizabetii, and
4 valiwQt and trusted associate of Hugh
O'Neill, Prince of Tyrone, ana O'Don-
nel, Prince of Tyrconnel. He continu-
ed the fight in Munster, of which pro-
vince he was a prince, to the veiy fast,
and was the owner of the Castle of
Dunboy, which made so famous a re-
sistance against an odds of fifty to one.
Be stood his ground with varying for-
tune against the ablest of Elizabeth's
generals and in a province too, in which,
unfortunately, the principal Irish fami-
lies had submitted to the relifdon and
ttie authority of the English from the
first. At length, forsaken by almost
all his provincial allies, who made their
peace with the faithless invaders on the
Xi^th 6f an honorable agreement, he
was afi lengUi compelled to forsake his
province, and with O'Connor-Kerry and
k few himdred brave men, he determin-
ed to seek refuge with Hugh O'Neill,

rather than submit. To do tUs he bad
to fight his way through the enemy's
country, and repeatedly defeated large-
ly superior forces, and at length ar-
rived at Brefny, where he was Kindly
received hj CRourke. Here he joined
Maguire, Prince of Fermannrh, and set
out with him to join O'Neffl. Peace
was, however, concluded, and when
O'Neill and Rory O'Donnel set out
shortly afterward to pay their respects
to James I., O'SuIhvaa Bearre accom-
panied them, '^e, however, was not
able to obtain his rights, when he
passed over to Spain, where l^e was
well received by Philip III. and ae-
quired honor and distinction by his
military skill and daring. He was
created a Knight of St Jago and after*
ward Earl of Beerhaven, and 'acted as
ambassador from Spain to the Catholic
Confederates of Ireland. He left be-
hind in Spain worthy heirs to his titles
and honors.

CSULLIYAN. PHILIP, an Irish
historian and writer, bom about ^680,
was a monber of the O'Sullivan Bearre
family, and was bom in Cork. The
troubles of the times compelled him to
fly the country and he settled in Smin,
where he completed his studies at Cknn-
postella He was the author of several
works in Latin, and amons them a
condensed history of Ireland entitled.
" Histories CathoIicsB Hibemia,'*
dedicated to Philip lY. of Spain. It
was printed i^ Lisbon in 1621. Its
credit was mjured l^ a fabulous
Spanish legend of St Patrick hiserted
in \t, and which brought down on the
historian just censure.

O'TOOLE, ST. LAURENCE, Arch-
bi Jiop of Dublin, the last of the canon-
ized saints of Ireland, was the son of
Maurice O'Toole, prince of Imaile,
County Wicklow, and was bom about
1120. He belonged to a brave and
warlike race, and his father having had
some difficulty with the King )f
Leinster, Laurence at the age of fin
years was put into the king^s hands,
as a hostage, and at length
treated by him with cmelty, his
father suddenly captured a number of

Brominent adherents of the king and
ireatened them with death if his son
was not immediately given up to him,
which was acceded to. Young Lau-
rence feeling a call for the ccdeuastlcal

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•tate hii father placed him with the
Bidiopof Olendalough, under whom
Che youug student made great progress
both in learning and the science of the
Saints. He was raised to the priest-
hood in due time and in his twenW-
fifth year was elected Abbot of the
Hontistery at (Qlendalou^, where he
had Tlnlsbed his studies. His heart was
overflowing with a boundless charity,
and he j^^ve so freely and abundantly
that the resources of the monast^
were tasked to its utmost, and the patn-
mony of his father was recoursed to,
to meet the cf^ of charity. The al-
most constant wars with which this
part of the country was troubled, aris-
ing from the Iwoken, divided and diss!-
Eted powers which Danish invasion
d entdltsd. created often extensive
suffering and want, and strained the
duffities of the monasteries, often
themselvi« pilliaged by barbarians and
reduced to distress. Our saint's hands,
however, wore always wide open, and
ceemed to bo gifted with never-failing
means to nearui out new resources to
meet prestrnt wants. So conspicuous
were his ifoirks that before he was
thirty he was nominated Bishop of
Qlendalough, but declined. In 1163,
however, tlie sea of Dublin became
vacant, and the cler^ and people with
one accord turned their eyes to-
ward the Abbot of Olendalough as the
one pre-emikiently fitted for the impor-
tant post. He declined and protested,
but the call 'vas persistant and loud,
And he at lenirth accepted and was con-
secrated Ardibishop by Gelasius, the
primate. Dairmaid, the infamous king
■of Leinster, who brought to his country
the foreign plague which still poisons
her soil— the faltkless invader— was at
this time on tiie throne of that province
and from the £rst gave our saint trouble
by his crimes and Kbubes of power.
Our saint however went to work with
4he fearless energy au<^ boldness of an
Apostle to reform abriFHBS, and he set
the clergy and people an example in
the holiness and aust«r{:,y of his life and
ihe humility and dii^iiitaredness of his
ceaseless labors. He Ijiecame a member
■of the canons regular of the Cathedral,
practicing all the austerities of the
4>rder, wearing the hair shirt and habit
beneath his pontiflcal robes, joining
them in the midnight offices and pray-
^rs, and often spending whole nighbi I
In us church In prayer and meditauon. 1

Often, too, when he could escape from
the cares of his office he would spend
days together in St. Kevin's cave in the
mountams in fasting, prayer and con*
templation. In 116? lie attended a great
synod at Athboy, called by Roderick
O'Connor, Monarch of Ireland, in which
veiy likely the affairs of Leinster and
its dethroned and banished king were
discussed. This wretched traitor and
outcast returned in 1169 with his Eng-
lish allies whom he had purchased by
the promise of plunder a^n his acknow-
ledgement of Henry H. Thus com-
menced the great misfortunes of Ireland
and greater troubles for our Saint,
whose see was to be the principle theatre
of war and carnage. St. lAurence
from the flrst energetically opposed the
invaders, and begged and prayed the
native princes to forget and lay down
all personal and provincial quarrels,
which unfortunately had become too
common, andtmite to oppose a common
danger He to a great extent succeeded,
and JRoderick the monarch had by 1171
cooped up the invaders and their allies
under Strongbow, in Dublin, (the
traitor king of Leinster, his father-in-
law, having died in May of that year),
and reducM them to the last straights.
The monarch, too donfldent of success,
became careless; and Strongbow, despe-
rate from the evils which threatened
him on all sides— he having been out'
lawpd by Henry U. for refiuing to obey
— made a sudden and unexpected sortie
at the break of day, almost capturing
Roderick as he was in his bath, ana
competing a complete rout of Rode-
tioka provincial forces. The other
Iridi princes, already dissatisfied with
the monarch's methods, broke up their
camp, and inarched back to thdr pro-
vinces. In 1171 Henry II. himself
landed in Ireland with a large army
and succeeded in securing the acknow-
ledgements of some of the Irish princes.
In 1176 Roderick and Henry came to an
agreement through the medium of St.
I^urence which seemed to promise
peace, and by which Roderick was to
be acknowledged Kins of Ireland, but
was to acknowledge Henry as his supe-
rior lord. St. Laurence was about this
time on a mission from Roderick to
Henry when he was struck down on the
altar steps in Canterbury by a minion
of Henry's who kueW his master hated
the holy prelate, because he oould not
use him as atooL The saint^ hcmrevsr^

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did not die, and through hii intox^easlon
the woald-be umumn wm pardoned.
Jn 1179 onr Saint attended the third
general council of Lateian where he
was greatly honored for his aancti^ and
learning, and on his return was ai^int-
ed by the Pope his legate in IreUuid. In
1180 he again went to Eutland to settle
some dii^ute between Roderlclc and
Heniy, but not agreeing to the wishes of
the tyrant he was treated wiUi severity
and ordert given that he should not be
allowed to return to Ireland. He, how-
ever, followed Henry, who had gone to
Normandy, hoping still to persuade the
tyrant to agree to just arrangements,
but he was taken ill of a fever, brought
on by anxiety and ill treatment, and
feeling that his end was approachhig he
enterM the monastery of Augum to
prepare for death. ^ hen the abbot re-
minded hiffi to make a will, he answer-
ed, "God knows that 1 have not at the
present time as much as one penny
under the sun." With his dyii^g breath
he lamented the unfortunate condition
^of his country, and the dreair prospect
which, with prophetic eye, he beheld
before her, exclaiming, "Who will cure
your misfortunes? Who will heal you?"
He died on Friday, Nov. 14, 1180, and
wascanonized by Honorius IIL in ISfiM.

OUSELEY, BEY. O., a prominent
Methodist divine was born in Ireland
ih 1762, and became very influential
amongst his brethren at homo. He
preached in Irish as well as English,
and was eloquent and popular. He
was also an authw, but his works were
more noted for bias than solidity. He
died in 1880.

PALLI8ER SIR WM. 0. B., a
talented British ofBcer, inventor and
military engineer, was bom in Ireland
In 1880. He retired from the armv in
1871 so as to be able to give his wnole
timr> to perfecting improvements in
her.vy arms, in wiiieh oranch he dd-
veloped great skill and abiliQr. .

PALMEBSTON, HENBY JOHN
TEMPLE, one of Uie ablest of moderh
British Btatesmai, was the eldest son of
Henry Baron Temi^e. Viscount Palm-
ct PMaunton, County of Dub-

lin. Ireland, and waa bom Oct. 80,
1784. He was educated at Oxford, and
his grest abilities were earlv recognized.
He succeeded to his father's titles in -
1802 and was elected to sit in the Lorda
as an Irish peer when of age, but hav-
ing been nominated by the T^ party U>
be their represMitative from his Alma
Sbter 1808. he having just taken hi»
^;rae of A. M., he selected to aconpt
thM honor, and succeeded Mr. Pitt In
rnneeenting the great uaiveni^, for
which he sat continuously for
twenty yean. In 1817 an attempt
was made upcn his life by an insane
officer named Davis* who fired at him
when he was entering the Horse
Quards. Tlie bullet, however, which
strack him, inflicted but a slight .
wound. He gradually rose tbrouf^
the various griMlatioiis of official posi-
tions — having been junior lord of the
Admirality in 18()7, Secretary of War
frqm 1800 to 1828 under five adminis-
trsiions, changing in the meantime
from a Tory to a moderate Liberal,
Secretary of State for Foreign Aifaira
from 1880 to 1834 and from 1846 to '63
— till he reached the acme of a
British statesman's desii^es— the Pre-
miership—not however till his 71st
year, but stQl in the vigor of mental

power and ability.

policy in

Europe was agnessive and' positive,
and he held fhehelm of State during
the Anglo-French-Bussian War. His
parliamentary career was long, able
and strong, and he displayed abilities
of the Ugnest order in Tjattling with hia
various political opponents, although
his iQethods were net, perhaps, alwaya
the most blameless. As a diplomat he was
equally'distinguished. He died in 1866,
and is Duriea in Westminster Abbey*

PALMEBSTON/THOMAS, known
on the continent as Thomas Hibernicus,
a celebrated divine and scholar, waa
born in 'Elldare, Ireland, about ▲. D.
1800. He received the Doctor's Cap at
the University of I^tris, and wi^ con-
sidered as one of the gnti nuuKers of
the Sorbonne. He resided for a
long time at the Monastery of
Aqualia, Naples, where he wrote many
important works, amongst them a.
treatise on the Christian reUgion, Some
of his manuscripts were publidied in
Bomeinl6S4k and some in Paris in

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1864. He died about 1870, and was re*
Bowned equally for piety and learning.

PARNELL. CHAS. STEWART,
an able and Mtute Iriah patriot and
■tatennan, was bom in 1846 in Ireland
HiB grandfather wm the lest Obaooeb
lor of the Exchecquer before the Union
«tMi wu a itronff oppoeer to that mea-
aure. His motner was a daughter of
"Old Ironsides," Admiral Stewart, of
the U. 6. Navy. He finished Us educa-
tion at Cambridge, and in 1875 was
elected to parliament for Meath, which
•eat he held 'till '80. Bi was from the
first a member of the party of Home
Rule and soon gained prominence by
his pronounced opinions. In 1877 he
was one of the seven members of the
party who determined to adopt a syste-
matic course t>f obstruction for the pmr-
pose of compelling the government to
Usten to Iruh grievances. This was
opposed however by Mr. Butt, then
the leader, and many of the most pro-
mineht members of the Home Rule
movement, but received the hearty en-
dorsement of the people. The Variance
between Pamell and the moderate
Home Rulers, was made more pro^
nounced by some words at a meeting
of the H. R. committee in 1870. Par-
ndl ureed that unless the government

KiUtea a substantial University Bill for
land, the votes for the Queen's Col-
lege should be opposed, which was re-
jected, and Pamell is said to have used,
in his disappointment and indignation,
insulting words toward the Catholic
members. This was denied by Pamiell
and his friends, but true or false it
gave rise to division and distrast, re-
sults which the government certainly
did not deplore, and an attempt made
by Pamell to call a national convention
to reconstract the Home Rule party
failed from opposition of the more con-
iservative members. He, however, suc-
ceeded in organizing what has proved
of much more impoitEince, a "National
Irish Land League," of which he was
chosen President, and which soon had
strong and helpful branches in the U.S.
and tA\ the British Colonies. The suc-
cess of this polic}' soon became mani-
fest. It was to band the tenants of
Ireland together to pay no rent until
they would be secured in the fruit of
thdr labor and permanent rights se-
cured to than in we soil they cultivated
hy the iweat of their brows, and that

the nmt should be a reasonable cms,
and aocordingto a fixed valuation. Thtf
Irish throuj^out tlie world seconded
the movement as the only one by which
a peaceful hut a mighty engine ai
power might be succeaBfully used to
compel permanent and valuable conces-
sions frofn the goverdinent and the
grasping and heartless landlord. For
no rent would be necessarily followed
by no taxes and (he clogging up of the
wheels of government, and meant, in*
deed, a peaceful revoluticn of the most

Sronounced kind. This step placed
[r. Parnell at the head of the Home
Rulers, and his influence and popu-
larity increased apace. To support
the tenant in carrying out this policy
the Land League was established, and
large sums oi money were contributed
to aid those who nught be ejected or
to defend them against eviction. The
Gladstone government pretended to
comprehend the justness and gravity of
the situation and brou^t rarward a
Land Bill which was a delusion and a
snare. It was opposed almost alone by
Parnell and denounced as a measure
calculated to afford no relief, bat
rather to complicate the situation and
add to the burthens of the tenant.
Great indignation( was exnrewed, even
by friends, of Ireland, agunst his oppo-
sition and caviling, arguing that the
ooncesdons, although not what waa
wished for, yet were important, and
all that poor good Mr. Gladstone could
wring from the bigotry of Parliament
and at least ought to have afair'trial. To
back up this concession, and to appease
as it were the bigotry of England, one
of the most infamous pieces of legisla-
tion was enacted to accompany this
fraud. It was substantially no less
than a univereal suspensiou of the
Habeas Corpus Act, allowing the arrest
of any man on mere suspicion (if not
friendly to English policy in Ireland, it
could mean nothing else), by any
magistrate, and his imprisonment with-
out examination or trial, as long, sub-
stantially, as the petty tyrants v^illed.
The great act of Tenant Belief when
tried in courts proved exactly as Par-
nell had predicted, a delusion and a
snare, and those who opposed him as
an irreconcilable and impracticable
revolutionist, conceded the soundnesa
of his views and the practical wisdom
of his polii^. The government tools
of Irehund were not fitow in mftUiig

''f":

J-*

PAR

XBIBH CELn

PAR

UMof the arbitrary powers placed in
fheir hands by the liberty-loTing Sax-
on I and the prisons were soon crowded
with suspects, and to such an arbitrary
extent was this infamous law carried
out, that among those arrested and
thrown into pri^n, without any form
of law, justice or right, were English
gentlemen travelers in Ireland, who
possibly expressed themselves in their
bold way about the policy of the
government, and whose only satisfac-
tion for the outrage inflicted on them
when tuey brought it to the attention of
the government was, "Ttey had better
stay at home and mind th^ir business."
Pamell and other promiuCLt leaders and
members of parliament were, under this
infamous act, arrested-and thrown tnto

{)ri8on and then after some time re-
eased wi^out examination, trial or
any pretext but "suspicion" that they
loved not English policy in Ireland.
Pamell came to to the U. S.
on a visit to his mothe.; who
is still living and residing at the old
home of her childhood. In 1880, so
well satisfied were the people with his
work and policy, that he was returned
to parliament freely by three constituen-
cies, Cork, Mayo and Meatn. The
sovemm^nt thus far have beentafBed
U) being uble to successfully cope with
the new line of policy adopted by the
friends of Ireland, and at this time it is
Idle to speculate as to the results. Par-
nell still pursues the same policy and is
thus far ably seconded by an almost
solid Irish representation in Parliament.
They propose to fight out Home Rule
on that peaceable line with every eneine
which the perverted laws of England
l^ves them, and if they fail it may be
that Providence may desire a still
more radical separation of those king-
doms which never have been united,
and that such a task may be reserved
for the Irish of America, whose strength
and power and standing is daily aug-
menting. They at least will not be
satisfied until the land of their fore-
fathers is once again amongst the
Brotherhood of Nations, free and un-
tramelled. They would behold her
standing proudly forth, her face, like
her children's faces, lit by the fire of
genius and softened bv the inspirations
of religion; wrapped m her mantle of
green illuminated by the sun burst
shining on a harp of gold, on her brow
the crown of victory, mounted by the

cross of invincible faith, while her
countless descendants from every land
under the sun hail her with words of
love, of joy, and exultation.

PARNELL, THOMAS, a divine and
poet was born in Dublin, Ireland, in
1769 and educated at Trinity College,
in that city; was an arch-deacon, and
held other preferments in the English
Church. He was the friend of Swift
and Pope, the latter of whom gave the
works of Pamell to the press. He died
in 1717.

PARSONS. SIR LAWRENCE.
LORD ROSSE, a distinguished Irish
patriot was bom in 1758, represented
the University of Dublin, and after-
ward King's County, in the Irish par-
liament, where he distinguished him-
self as an able and popular speaker.
He strenuously opposed the le^lative
Union and supported Grattan to the
last. He afterward represented King's
County in the Imperial Parliament.

PARTRIDGE, GEN. BENJ. P., a
distinguished soldier of the Great Re-
bellion, was from an Ulster Irish family,
and was born in Michigan in 1822. His
father died when our subject was but
two years old, and the conse<)uence
was that he bad early to battle with the
world for a sustenance. His schooling
was obtained at intervals, and it was
alone that strong instinct and great fa-
cility for acqumng knowledge which
the Irish race poss ^ds beyond all others,
as a whole, and which prompts them
so commonly to forego ease and plea-
sure to possess, that upheld our young
hero in his determination to become a
cultivated man. He was competent to
teach when eighteen, and while sup-
porting himself in this avocation he
cultivated and extended his field of in-
formation by mastering Mathematics,
Practical Engineering and Law. He
also learned the printers art, and became
familiar with practical shipbuilding as
well as construction generally, and
while engaged in mercantile business
he gave attention to engineering and
surveying, being the most proficient in
that section. His profession brought
hii9 into dealing in pine lands and
lumbering, and in 1864 he removed to
Bay City, where he built large steam
saw mills, and became exteni^ely en-
gaged in lumbering. The disastrous

PAT

IRim CELTS.

PAT

' ^•

year of 1857 was too much for his ex-
tended operations and the labors and
accumulations of years were swept
away in the financial hurricane. He
again took up his profession of surrey-
Ine and also dealing in pine lands, and
when the Great rebellion opened he
was still engaged laying the foundation
of a new fortune. The call for men
saw him recruiting for a projected regi-
ment of lancers, which, however, was
never organized, but the men whom he
enlisted were assigned to Stockton's
Begt. of Volunteers, one of the first
ralMd in Michigan, and afterward cal-
led the 16th Imchigan, and Partridge
was commissioned a First Lieutenant.
The regiment was soon at the front, and
our subject quickly advanced in rank
by soldierly conduct and ability until he
commanded the regiment. In January,
1865, he was breveted Brig.-Qeneral
and commanded a brigade at Quaker
Boad, where he was wounded. He

Sarticipated in fifty-two engagements
uring the war, thirty-six of uem being
heavy battles, and was several times
wounded. His record for bravery and
soldierly conduct is second to none.
After the war he returned to Michigan
and has been honored with various po-
rtions of honor and trust, both State
and National, and is held In the highest
esteem by his fellow citizens.

PATER80N, WILLIAM, an emi-
nent American statesman and patriot,
was bom at sea of Irish parents in 1745.
He graduated at Princeton and was
admitted to the Bar in 176i>. Ardently
supported the cause of the people; was
a member of the convention which
formed the first constitution of New
Jersey 1776; for ten years was Attorney
Oeneral of tiie State, and was one of the
first Senators from that State to the
Federal Government, and had previous-
Iv sat in the convention which formed
the constitution. He resigned his seat
in the Senate and was elected Governor
in 1790. which he held till 1794, when
he was appointed by the President a
Judge of the Supreme Court of the U.S.
He revised the laws of New Jersey by
authority of the Legislature:, and laid
the foundation of the methodical juris-
prudence of that State. He was honored
with the degree of LL.D. from both
Harvard and Darmouth, and was with
out doubt one of the ablest jurists of his
time. He died in 1806.

PATRICE, ST., the great apostle of
Ireland. We need not say that St. Pat-
rick was not a native of Ireland, but it
has so been claimed, and is just as likely
as that he was a native of Scotland, or
any other part of Britain, as has been al-
so claimed. He was, however, a Celt,
and no man in the history of the ages
ever so indentified himself with" a
country as St. Patrick did with Ireland.
Other apostles became great spiritual
benefactors of the countries which they
converted, and out of gratitude were
adopted as patrons; but St. Patrick be>
came as if it were a part of Ireland it*
self, united to it by an indissoluable
bond, the father of its people; the incar«
nation of its individuality, and biogro-
phies of its people would be incomplete
without him. If anything were wanting
to show how universal^ he fills the
hearts of the Irish race, the fact that
even the Presbyterian Irish claim him
as of themselves, would complete it.
St. Patrick hims3lf states in his confes-
sions that his father was Calpumius, a
deacon, son of Potius, a priest of the
town of Bonaven Tibernfa, being the
same asBoulogne-sur-mere in Piccardy,
France; his mother, Conchessa, was a
near relative of St. Martin, Bishop of
Tours. The clerical character of his
ancestors is explained by the fact that
it was very cc lamon in those days for
men who had been married to become
priests afterward, and for married per« '
sons out of religious motives to separate
for the purpose of embracing a religious
state, it was in a little village near
this place that St. Patrick was captured
by a predatory excursion from Ireland
under Niall of the Nine Hostages,
about the year 408, he being then six*
teen years of age. Little is Known of
bis early years, except what he tells us
himself. He himself tells us that his
captivity was deserved because he did
not keep the laws of God, nor hearken
to the admonitions of his pastors, and
that through his captivity he became
humbled and acknowledged the error
of his past life and became sincerely
converted. He was held as a slave and
put tending sheep on the mountains in
the County Antrim by his master,
Milcho MacCuboin. Of this he says:
" My business was to feed the flocks;
I was frequent in prayer; the love and
fear of God more and more inflamed
my heart; I said a hundred prayers by
day and as many more by night." Al-

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though arising before day for prayers,
and laboring In snow, and frost, and
rain, he says he received no damxge,
"for the spirit of God was warm with-
in me.'' He remained a captive six
years, and he tells us that he heard a
voice in his sleep telling him he would
soon go to his own country, and again
that ' 'a ship is ready for you. " He nad
to travel about 200 miles to go where
the ship lay, and on reaching the place
he was at first roughly refused a pas-
sage, when he prayed and was called
back and offered a passage on faith,
i.e.: credit. They were three days
reachmg land, and for many days
traveled through a desert, that is woods,
and became almost famished. The
others being Gentiles appealed to Pat-
rick if his God was so powerful to save
them, and he prayed and almost imme-
diately thev got succor in the appear-
ance of a orove of swine and the find-
ing of wild honey. According to two
ancient histories published at BMcms
the place they landed was at Tregnier,
Brittany, and it would take fully a
month for pedestrians to travel through
the woods, there, being no connecting
roads, and reach Patrick's birth place,
Boulogne-sur mere. He was received
with great joy by his family, they long
having given him up as dead. Soon
afterreturninghe entered the monastery
of St. Martim at Tours, and devoted
liimself to «tudy and preparation for
the priesthood. He spent four years
here and received tonsure and minor
orders, and then returned home, where
he remained practicing charity and
good works until he was again made
captive, by whom he says not, and was
delivered after two months, as had been
revealed to him. After his return his
parents, who were growing old, desired
that he should not leave them. It was
at this time that he saw in a vision "a
man coming as from Hibernia named
Victricius, who handed him a letter,
which contained the words ' The voice
of the Irish,' and at the same time he
heard voices of persons from near the
woods of Foclut, said to be in County
Mayo, who cried out, " We entreat
thee to come and walk still amongst
lis.'* This was about the year 418,
when Patrick was thirty years old.
Being filled by those and other visions
with an ardent desire to bring to the
Irish people the one only saving faith,
he took an affectionate leave of his

family and placed himself under the
instruction and discipline of St. G«r-
manus, Bishop of Auxerre, After re*
maining some time with him, by his ad-
vice he went to a celebrated school and
monastery on the island of Lerins.
Near this, on an island in ttie Tujcan
sea, lived a hermit called Justin, cele-
brated for his sanctity. Our sidnt
visited him and was received with
great respect. The hermit placed in
his hands a staff which he said he
miraculously received from our Lord,
and which was to be given to Patrick.
Patrick remained with the holy her-
mit some time, and when leaving took
with him the staff. This celebrated
staff, called "Baculus Jesu," is men-
tioned by many of the ancient Irish
writers, and St. Bernard speaks of it
in his life of St. Malachy, and says it is
one of the insignia of the See of Ar-
magh, and was used as the crosier
by his successors. In his day it was
adorned with gold and precious stones.
It was held as most sacred and |,was
used to give more solemn effect to
manv public acts. In the bag marked
"Irelaod" in the chapter houre of
Westminister Abbey, is a paper No.
68, "an examination of Sir Gerald
Mackshagne, sworn 19th March, 1529,
upon the Holy Massbooke and the
great relike of Ireland called Bachlum
Christi in presence, etc." The staff
was afterward burned by the Christian
Refcmers under Henry VIII. The
old ai lals in Trinity College, Dublin,
says, x'he staff of Jesus, which
wroV'ght so many miracles, and which
was in the hands of Christ himself, with
images, crosses, and sacred relics, were
all destroyed." St. Patrick, after leav-
ing I^ns, returned to St. Germanus,
and must have been ordained a priest,
for he appears to have been engaged in
performing the sacred duties of the
ministry, and while here converted
Mineria, daughter of the prince of that
district. He accompanied St. Germa-
nus and Lupus to Britain for the pur-
pose of preaching against the Palagiui
heresy, and while there sought infor*
mation in regard to the state of Ireland.
It was about this time that Pope Celes-
tine sent Palladius and companion*
there as missionaries, but t^ey seemed
to have met with poor success and gave
up the work. St. Germanus, knowing
St. Patrick's fitness for this mission on
account of his knowledge of the people

PAT

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«nd their language, as well as bis holi-
ness and zeal, .encouraged him in bis
desires to seelc the con version of the
Irish people, and save him strone let-
ters 01 recommenoation to the Pope.
In 481 we find St. Patrick in Rome.
Culestioe received him with great liind-
Bess and flndin f him well fitted for the
work, commissioned him to assist Pal-
lad^us, and in case of Palludius' death
or failure, to receive consecration and
'Cnter upon the missson himself. Hav-
ing received the papal benediction and
some relics of the saints and other
necessary presents for the establish-
ment of missions and churches, he re-
turned to St. Germanus, who also sup-
plied him with chalices, vestments,
oooks, etc. While nn bis way to take
shipping and join Palladius, he met
Augustine and Benedict, two of the
missioners who had accompanied Pal-
ladius to Ireland, and they informed
him of their misfortunes and the d^ath
of Palladius in Scotia .■ St. Patrick,
as instructed by the pope, immediately
sought consecration and received it at
the bands of Amator, Bishop of Ibeiia.
His friends tried hard to dissuade Lim
from so dangerous a misi^ion, but St.
Patrick was moved by a stronger
power and knew that that power which
filled his heart with an ardent love and
desire for the mission would work out
His holy will in his behalf. All things
being ready he gave his bles$>ing to his
friends and sailed. He landed in
Britain and passing through that
country and Wales, he preached by the
way, and is said to have built a monas-
tery in Cornwall. He landed in Ire-
land in 483 with about twenty com-
panions, the fourth year of the reign
of Laghaure, son of the NeiU who had
'brought him a captiye nearly thirty
years before. Ireland at this ume was
in the full tide of military enterprise
And success, the Britons were in con-
stant fear of them, threatened by them
from their colony in the north, Scot-
land, and from the coast, by their pre-
datory excursions by the sea, and even
the Romans in Qaul felt the power of
their arms. Dathy, the successor of
Neill as monarch of Ireland, carrying
his successful arms through Brittany
and Normandy to the very foot of the
Alps, when he was killed by lightning.
Laghaire, who succeeded him,|and who
ruled at the landing of St. Patrick,
compelled the Britons to purchase

peace by a heavy tribute, The religion
of Ireland was bruidical. the Pythago-
rean doctrine of the immortulity and
transmitigation of souls being taught.
It seems to have been of a more refined
and rational kind than that practiced in
Gaul, for there is no evidence of their
linving offered human sacrifices to their
idols or Gods. They seemed to honor
the sun and moon as lesser divinities,
and every spot around them seemed
hallowed by unseen beings of a
superior kind, such as Fairies,
etc. They were essentially a re-
ligions people. It is generally supposed
his first landing place, lubber- Dea, was
alx)ut the present town of Wicklow,
but he vva% compelled to leave, and the
next attempt was made at Anat-Cail-
trim, supposed to be between Navan
and Kells in the county of Meath, ,
which ali^o proved unsuccessful. He.
at length landed at Ulidia in the county'
Down, probably near the present (
Lough Strangford, and proceeded a
little ways into the county, when he
came across u herdsman who fled to his ;
master Dicbo. Dicho. on approaching, ;
was so impressed with the appearance ,'
of the saint that he invited bim to his'
house and paid bim the greatest defer-'
ence. St. Patrick opened to him his<
mission, and through God's grace hei
and his whole family were converted
and baptized. He gave to St. Patrick,
a piece of land on ~ which tc erect a
church, which received the name of
Sabhal Padruic. Here he afterward
built a church and monastery. This
Dicho had a brother, Rus, who up«
braided him for forsaking the Gods of
his fathers, and on whom our saint was
obliged to perform a miracle before he
would believe. From this Patrick
sought his old master Milcho, but he
was an obstinate heathen and refused
to see him, and was either by accident
or otherwise burned to death in his own
house. His daughters, as Patrick had
many years before foretold, were con-
verted and became nuns and his son, be-
came bishop of Granard. Our saint re-
turned to Lecale and preached the
Gospel with great success, and among
others converted Mochua. a young man
who followed him, and by his instruc-
tion afterward became a priest, abbot
and Bishop of the church uf Edrum.
St. Patrick's success was already mark-
ed, having converted several chiefs of
Dalradia and their followers but he re<

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solved to invest the stronghold of

Kganism at once, and as there was to
a great festival of the kings and
nohles at Tara about the season of
Easter he resolved to ailend. He land-
er, at Colbdi, mouth of the Boyne, and
leaving the vessel in charge* of his
nephew, Laman, with instructions to
wait for forty days, he pushed into the
interior parts of the country to preach
the Gc3pel, intending to celebrate the
festival of Easter on the plains of Bre-

gia, in the neighborhood of Tara. On
is way he stopped at the house of a
man named Segnen, v^ho received him
kindljr and after listening to his exhof-
horiations believed and was baptized
with his whole family, and amongst the
rest a little son whom the saint called
Benignus or Sweet, and who afterward
became his disciple and successor in the
See of Armaeh. On Easter Eve St.
Patrick arrived at Fearta-fir-f eic on the
north banks of the Boyne, and rested,
with the intention of celebrating the
festival in sight of Tara. It was penal
to Ught a fire within the province before
the Kings' bonfire was lit at the cele-
bration. St. Patrick, probably ignor-
ant of the law, caused a blazing fire to
be made in front of his tent, which, al-
tiiough eight miles away, was plainly
visible at Tara. This sight created
great indignation in the court, and con-
sternation amongst the Druids, who told
the king that unless the fire was that
night extinguished, he who lighted it
will reign over the island. Whether
this was to excite the king's anger, or
whether on account of some prophecy
amongst them, is hard to tell. How-
ever, the monarch was very indignant
and vowed to punish the intruder. Ac-
companied by a large retinue he hasten-
ed in his wrath to extinguish the fire
and punish the intruder. When the
Saint saw them approach he commenced
chanting a hymn. The Druids caution-
ed the king against Patrick's enchant-
ment. The king sent messengers ahead
to summon him into his presence, all
being warned by the king not to use or
show him any honor as he approached.
But when he came near with his disci-
ples a certain youth named Eric, the
son of Dego, rose up in sight of all and
did him nonor. St. Patrick immedi-
ately blessed him and prophesied for
him great things and eternal reward,
and he afterward became one of his
disciples, noted for his virtues and mira-

cles, and was ma^e Bishop of Slane.
Patrick boldly proclaimed the truths of
Christianity, and made such an impres> .
sion on the king that he invited him to-
preach his religion before the assembled
nobles at Tara the next day. St. Pat-
rick and his disciples spent the night in
prayer, begging Qod to open the hearts'
of the king and people. The Druids,
who saw the danger, were busy trying
to avert it and to harden the heart of the
king, and it is said the king, whose fears
were excited by their malice, had re-
solved to destroy Patrick and all his fol-
lowers. St. Patrick appeared the fol-
lowing day in court, dressed in the full
canonicals, with his staff or crosier,
and confident of the irresist ible power
which sustained him, he appeared the
prophet he was. TJie machinations
and snares of his enemies and the ene-
mies of his Master, dissolved before the
living light whose eflaigence he posses-
sed, llie contest, as related by the
ancient biographers, was like that of
Moses with we sorcerers of Egypt before
Pharoi^ It is related that me last test
was one of Patrick's disciples and tii3
arch-priest of the Druids entering a
house which was to be consumed by
fire. Patrick prayed, and the sorcerers
used all their malign powers, but the
Druid was consumed while the christian
was unharmed. The multitude imme-
diately acknowledged the (:k)d of the
ChrisUans, and the arch poet, Dubtach-
sang of the wonders of the occasion.
Common sense would indeed indicate
that something wonderful must have
been done to produce the results which
history tells us followed, for the field
which no christian heretofore could
penetrate, was thrown wide open and
Patrick was henceforth more honored
even than a king, and his preaching^
was crowned with a success that had no
parallel since the days of the Apostles,
neither has there been any since like to-
it. St. Patrick was indeed an inspire^
apostle, he labored with great prudence,
he did not rudely attack the pred judices,
or habits, or customs of the people or
even traditional ceremonies, where the
intended purpose was good, and they
might be directed to honor th« one true
Qm, where before they were misdirect-
ed by the arch enemy of men. King
Lagbaire, although granting perfect
freedom to our Sunt, does not seem to
have been converted, but the Queen and
Conall, his brother, were among the be*

PAT

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lievers, the latter giving the Saint lands
to build, for himself and people. The
next day Patrick attended the national
games at a place called Tailton, at
which assembled the chiefs, nobles and
immense numbers of people. Here he
also preached and was threatened with
violence by Carbre, one of the King's
brothers. The Saint built his first
church on the land given him by Con-
ell, and now called Donaghpatrick, and
with his staff marked out a plan for
Conall's dwelling .and blessed it, and
him, and his throne. The Saint remained
Easter week, during a great fair held at
Tailton, and foliowmg after the games,
and baptized many. Those who were
present at this festival were from all
parts of Ireland, and on returning
brought with them news of the great
things they had seen and heard. He
now visited other parts of Meath, ever^^-
where meeting success. Perhaps his
great success might be attributed in
part to the fact that no gi^t violence
was done to the religious Idlings of the
people. Their heathenism was of n
poetic mould, and contained many sug-
gestions or figures of the truth. Their
adoration of the sun, the great material
light of the world, which they mistook
for the true light which illumnes all
things; the immortality of the soul, cor-
rupted by transmigration, which but
only seemed to hide a truth that the
brave and good shall advance hi^er
and enjoy eternal blessings, and the
bad be transmitted down through brutes
to lower depths. The lesser dieties,
who were around them in a thousand
shapes, were only a mistaken concep-
tion of guardian angels, and thus the
substitution was easy. St. Patrick next
preached in West M!eath, and converted
and baptized large numbers, occasion-
all v meeting great opposition from some
chief. He erected churches also for
the celebration of the Divine Mysteries
and put in charge some of the priests
who accompanied him. He next pro-
ceeded to Longford and met with uni-
form success, preachmg, instructing,
baptizing and marking out with his
staff the sites for churches. These
churches were generally simple struc-
tures, about twenty-five by eighty feet,
and soon gave place to more imposing
ones as the people became universally
christians. Patrick next proceeded
toward the plains of Magh Sleacht in
the county of Oavan, where King

Laghaire and his people were worship*
ping the great idol, Crom- Cruach, or
head of all the Gods, and which was
said to utter responses. Around this
idol were twelve mferior ones made of
brass. Ours&int having failed to make
an^ impression on the worshippers, he
retired to a little distance and prayed,
and stretching his staff against it the
idol fell to pieces, and with the inferior
ones was swallowed up. This idol was:
supposed to be symbolical of the sun
and the smaller ones the twelve signs of
the zodiac. Many of those present im-
mediately acknowledged the Qod of
Patrick and were baptized. He remain-
ed three years in this part of Ireland
organizing the church, establishing re-
ligious houses schools of instruction,
etc. After this he set out for Connaught
He crossed the Shannon at Suav-daen,
probably Dunnanave in Leitrim. and
proceeded to Dumhagraidh, where he
ordained one of his followers St. Ailbe.
He then proceeded to the plain of Con-
naught, until he reached a fountain cal«
IcdCleback, near the royal residence
and rested for the night. In the morn-
ing two young daughters of King Lag-
haire came to the fountain with twa
druids, their teachers, and thev behold
with wonder our Saint and his com-
panions, who were singing their office
dressed in white garbs, and supposed
them to be some gods of the earth or
phantoms, and they ask, "whoareyef*
and Patrick enterea into a conversation
with them and exposed to them the
truth of Religion, and they, believing,
asked to be received, and were baptized,
as were also the druids. St. Patrick
menttons at this time having baptized
another illustrious young lady, who
some dajrs after came to him and said
she was admonished to become aVir-
ghi of Christ, and she received the white
vail, and he further says the number of
those who desire to consecrate them-
selves to Ood is great and increasing.
About this time he also converted Ono,
grandson of Bryan, King of Connaught,
who bestowed on him his place called
Imleaoh Ono, where the Saint founded
a church, which became the Cathedral
of Elphin, over which he placed Assi-
cus as bishop. This Assicus was an
artist, and worked in gold and made
altars and church services, and alse
beautified the staff of Patrick. Our
Saint next visited Cashel and Sligo,
where he converted,baptized,establi6hea

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lurches and placed over them his dis-
ciples. He did the same in what is now
Roscommon, Galway, Sligo and Mayo.
In the town of Carraghhe baptized
great numbers, planted a church, and
placed over it Conan, a priest; it was
here a pagan again attempted to take
liis life. He next entered *he territories
of the O'Malleys and founded a church
«t what is now Aghagower, and placed
over it Senachus, who wa3 elevated to
the Episcopacy. During the holy sea-
son of Lent Patrick retired for medita-
tion, prayer and fasting to a mountain
in Connaught called Mount Eagle, or
Croagh-Patrick. It was at this time, it
Is said, that he banished iue venomous
reptiles from the land. None of the
early writers, however, make allusion
to it, and others claim that the island
was free before the introduction of
Christianity. After the Saint left his
retirement he baptized many thousands
and built three churches in Toga, and
came to the fountain of Slane, which
'Was honored with superstitious practices.
Patrick exposed the absurdity and un-
truthfulness of its legend, converted
i^id baptiztd those who came to it in
great numbers. He went from here
northwards until he came to what is
now Tirauley, when the seven sons of
King Amalgaidh were disputing the
suc^ssion, which had been decided by
King Laghaire in favor of Edna Crom.
8t Fatiick went amongst them and
preached with such success that the
seven prioces, the king and twelve thou-
sand others were converted and baptiz-
ed, and St. Manchen wap placed over
the new church. He also founded a
<^urch at the present Donaghmore, over
which he placed Bishop Muena, and
another at Killalu, over which a dibcipte,
Muredach, was placed. Another at-
tempt at this time was made upon his
life by the instigation of two druids.
It appears from his own accoimt that
lie was imprisoned, robbed and threat-
ened with death, but after fourteen
days he was delivered out of their hands
by good friends, and his goods restored. It
was Conall, son of Edna, chief of the
territory who rescued him, and Patrick,
with his staff, stamped the sign of the
cross on his shield, and prophesied
that none of his race would be conquer-
ed in war who bore that sign on their
ahield. He at this time converted
Soohad, son of Dathy, former monarch,
and alio visited the Oregories in Sligo, |

but the druids compelled him to
leave. He. however, baptized many in
Sligo and erecting churches, placed
over them Bishop Brone. He returned
to Ma^o and built a monastery at
Drumlias over which he placed Benig-
nus, who governed it for twenty years,
and from ulshe went to Ulster, having
spent seven years in Connaught. About
this time, through the influence of Pat*
rick and other christians, the laws of
Ireland were revised and purified. The
work has been called "Senachus Mor."
lo Ulster he commenced his preaching
in the territory of Tyrconnel (Donegal),
and erected a church. He went to the
River Erne to meet Prince Conall and
blessed him and his son Fergus, and it
is said foretold the greatness and
sanctity of Columba, who was to de-
scend from him. After erecting and
Eroviding for a number of churches in
Donegal he passed into Derry, wh^re
he built seven churches, he returned
and founded a church at the foot of
Slieve Snaght, over which heplaced Mac-
Carthan. He crossed Lough Foyle, enter-
ed Londonderry, convened many, built
churches and established pastors, from
whence he pasted into Dalradia, where
he erected at least sixteen churches.
He was opposed by the chieftfdn
Cartben ana compelled to leave the ter-
ritory. He had, however, baptised his
brother and family. After making
man^ and important converts in these
districts he entered the present County
Monaghao,baptizing,erecting churches,
ordaining priests, consecrating Bishops,
and giving the vail to hundreds
of holy vir^ns.

He baptized Owen, son of Orian,
chief of this district, and in the next
district, over which ruled Victor, he was
equally successful, although at first
meeting opposition. Victor was after-
ward consecrated a bishop. He next
visited Meath and repeated his victories,
consecrating as Bishop, Secundinus, to

S reside over the church in these parts,
'rem this our saint went to Leinster
and baptized Ailid and Hand, sons of
the King Dunluny. In Wicklow, he
was badly received by the Prince
Duchir, son-in-law of Elng Lagbaire,
but hospitablv by a poor man named
Killan,whom he blessed, with all his sub-
stances, whichever afterward prospered.
He next went to Eildare where he con-
verted great numbers, erected many
churches and placed over them Isemiuf

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and Auxilius. From this he proceeded
to Queen's county where he was not so
well received but met Dubtach, the
poet, whom he had converted at Tara
and who had helped to spread the
faith around about in those parts. St.
Patrick raised one of the poet s disciples
named Fiach to the priesthood and
afterwards to be Bishop of Sletty, who
built a monastery and became famous
for his sanctity. In Ossoiy,the Saint re-
newed his successes. From this he
entered Munster and went at first to
Cashel, the spring of 446. Core was
king at this time. It appears that the
people here had a traditional prophesy
about the coming of Patrick; be that as
it may, he was well received, the king,
himself, having previously met him at
the council to revise the laws. It is
said that the idols in the temples fell
and were broken as Patrick passed.
The king and his son were soon after
baptized. Aengus, the son, became
fervent and zealous and anxious to
have the truth spread, and Patrick bless-
ed him and his race. The saint spent
seven years in this province and religion
was established evenrwhcre, churches
and monasteries dotting all the land:
The Saint occasionally met violent op-
position, but be usually conquered the
stubborn. Some of the people of Tho
mond (Clare) crossed the Shannon to
hear and see Patrick, for his fame and
wonders had long since spread to the
uttermosb parts of the Island. They
entreated him to visit their countv, he
could not then, but ascended Mount
Fintine and blessed Thomond and fore-
told the advent of St. Senan. He also
prophesied the birth of St. Brendan. He
did not enter Kerry, but blessed all the
county beyond Luachra. He next visit-
ed South Munster, founded many
churches and at Desii, Waterford, ar-
ranged the ecclesiastical affairs of that
terntory, he continued his preaching
along the Suir through Tipperary and
. brought both princes and people to the
fold. On leaving Munster, Aengus with
a hu'ge retinue of nobles and guards
accompanied him while the people fol-
lowed, thousands calling for his bless-
ing. While in Munster, Patrick was griev-
iously afSicted over a predatory descent
on the coast, by a British prince named
Oaroticus, who murdered some of his
convertd and took others as slaves. He
wrote to the pillager, who pretended
Christianity, and demanded the libera-

tion of the prisoners, but he refused with-
insult,and Patrick excommunicated him.
St. Patrick left Munster in 462. A little
before this occured the first death
amongst the bishops he had placed over-
the church, St. Secundinus, of Meath,
in his 75th year. Shortly after leaving
Munster his life was a^in threatened
by a chief, in the present King's county,
an obstinate pagan. One of Patrick's
attendants, learning of the desi^,
feigned sickness knowing the Saint
would place him in his conveyance, and
thus beine mistaken for the Saint, he-
was killed. But the vengence of Qod
fell upon the chief, the same day he was
struck dead. The Saint again entered
Ulster and a chief — a robber and desper-
ado — named Maccaldus, resolved to kill
him and with his band awiating him
on a lonely road, one of the robbers
was made to feign sickness and cover-
ed with a cloak. They were to ask Pat-
rick to heal him and when the Saint
would lift the covering, then to kill him.
But Patrick said to them, "he is sick-
indeed, and they, lifting up the cloak,
found him dead, and they were filled
with fear and the chief was converted,
and going to the Isle of Man to do-
penance, became renowned for his vir-
tues and was afterwards Bishop of
that Isle. St Patrick next entered Louth
determining to erect his jpermanent see
there, but receiving divine intimation
that he should fix his see at Ardmacha,
Armagh, he completed his work in
Louth and turned his face towards-
Armagh. He had now about complet-
ed hu missionary labors. He found
Ireland all pagan, a warlike but cbivil-
rous people, with a religion full of
poetry, to which its people were attached
as well by its weird and wonderful
tradition as by the skill and learning of
its priests, yet in the short space of
twenty -three years.directed by the finger
of God.bad he changed the whole face of
Ireland, exalted and purified a whole
people, so that they became not merely
Chnst!ans, but Saints. The whole Is-
land became dotted with churches and
monasteries, which were filled with holy
men and women. A Christian triumph,
the like of whjch has no parallell in the
entire history of Qod's dispensation to
men. St. Patrick having arrived at
Armagh asked from the Chief of the
District, Daire, a certain elevated piece
of land, which was at first refused, but
was afterwards freely offered. Patrick

■'' :

PAT

naSH CELTS.

PAT

bere laid out his dty, and built his
metropolitan cathedral, which was of
«tone, and 140 feet in length. Around
this sprung up the city with its great
religious houses and schools of learn-
ing. After completing his cathedral,
«nd arran^ng and defining the bounds
and relations of the various sees estab-
lished over the Island, |he made a jour-
ney to Rome to have confirmed au he
had done. It is said that he visited
Borne once before during his mission.
He was received with great kindness by
the Supreme FontifT, who confirmed all
ids acts and bestowed upon him many
marks of esteem, also precious gifts ana
relics for llie Irish church. On his re-
turn to Ireland, St. Patrick spent the
remainder of his life at his see of
Armagh, making occasional visitations
to other parts to entourage, strengthen
snd bless bis spiritual chlldrai. He
also held the first svnod called St. Pat-
rick's, which contamed thirty-one chap-
ters and the "Synod of Bishops Patrick,
Auxilius and Isiminus," whose canons
define bstter than ought else the con-
dition of the Irish church, its found-
ations, orders and also the social condi-
tion of the country. They also show the
relationship to the holy see, acknowledg-
ing its supreme authority. This was
held about the year 456. In his work
of conversion, St. Patrick chiefly trav-
eled on foot in imitation of the apostles,
his outer garment being a simple white
babit. He received for himself no gifts or
presents, but received them onlyas al-
moner for the poor or the church. His ap-
pearance was mild but dignified and
fifdnUy. He was exalted in his humility
and wonderful in his spirit of prophecy,
foretelling the advent of some of his
«aintly successors. He was also ex-
tremely mortified in his life, sleeping on
the bare eround and wearing hur-doth
around hb loins. His nights were most-
ly devoted to prayer and his days to
good works, and he observed the Sunday
with singular solemnity and devotion
never even traveling on that day. It is
said that having entered a harbor on a
Sabbath morning, he would not go
ashore, but celebrated the Divine Mys-
teries on board, being disturbed by
some heathens who were engaged in
building a fort on the shore, he asked
them to desist from labor.but they laugh-
ed at him, and he foretold them that
iheU: labor would be in vain; and so it
came to pas8 for the next night it was

entirely destrojred by the sea. St. Pat-
rick died at his monastery of Saul^ at
Ulidia, his favorite retreat, built on
land given to him by his first convert,
Dicho, as he himself had long before
foretold. His death was a glorious one,
surrounded by multitudes of holy men,
his children m Christ, and after receiv-
injg the bread of life from the hands of
Bishop Tassach, lifting up his holy
eyes in adoration, he beheld the heavens
opened, raising his hands he blessed
his people and giving thanks expired.
This event took place on the 17ih of
Martih, 456, according to the most prob-
f.ult authorities. According to the four
Masters, he built seven hundred'
churches, ordained 8000 priests and
consecrated a great number of bi^ops.
Some of his writings are still extant,
among them his epistle to Caroticus,
the robber prince, besides his canons
and jtroverbs. We will conclude with
a stanza from the sweet pen of Father
Faber.on

St. Patkick's Day.
All praise to St. Patrick, who brought

to our mountains
The gift of God's faith, the sweet

light of his love.
All prai^ to the shepherd, who showed

us the fountains
That rise in the heart of the Savior

above.
For hundreds of years
In smiles and in tears.
Our saint hath been with us, our shield

and our stay.
All else may have gone
St. Patrick alone,
He hath been to us light when earth's

lights were all set,
For the glories of faith, they can

never decay;
And the best of our glories is bright

with us yet.
In the faith and the feast of St. Pat*

ricks day.

PATTERSON, GEN. ROBERT, a
distinguished American soldier and mer*
chant, was bom in Cappagh, County
Tyrone, Ireland, Jan. 12, 1793. His
father was an active participant In the
rebellion of '08 and after its failure es*
caped to America, and settled in Dela-
ware County, Pennslyvania. Here our
subject received such an education as
the schools of the neigaborhood offered
supplemented, however, by instruction
from Ids father, trho was a man of more

PAT

HUSH CBLT8.

i»AT

than ordinary culture. For some time
Bobert assisK^d his father on their farm
and here he obtained a vigorous consti-
tution and became an expert in ptheletic
exercises, Uie Irish character of the
neighborhood making such sports pop-
ular. Young Patterson was especially
noted as a skillful and daring horseman.
After some time, he went to Philadel-
phia and entered the merchantile house
of Edward Thompson, the leading
American merchant in the China trade.
When the war of 1812 broke out, he
volunteered and was commissioned a
first lieutenant of infantry and served
on the staff of Of a. Bloomfleld. He
greatly distiuguishtv. himself by his
skill and daring in saving an American
vessel lying in the Delaware Biver, from
capture by a British seventy-four, one
of the blockading fleet at that point.
At the conclusion of the war in 1816
Capt. Patterson returned to mer-
chantile pursuits, and also took an
interest in politics. He was one of
the five "Col. Pattersons" who brought
forward the name of Andrew Jaukson
as the choice of the Pennslyvania con-
vention for the presidency,and support-
ed him in the state canvass with great
energy and success. In 1886 he head-
ed the Democratic electoral ticket and
cast the vote of Pennslyvania for Van
Buren. In 1883, when President Jack-
son visited Philadelphia, he was receiv-
ed and enteitained at the house of Qen.
Patterson; the municipal authorities,
who were whigs, having refused to
grant the usual courtesies to the chief
magistrate of the nation. Qen. Patter-
son publicly entertained in behalf of
the citizens^ and esco rted him through
the principal streets of the city at
the head of the finest military dis-
play ever organized in that city before
the civil war. Qen. Patterson by his
firmness and prudence as commanding
ofBcer of the state militia in Philadel-
phia, saved the city more than once
from riot and bloodshed. When the
Mexican war broke out in 1846,
td offered his services to the govern-
ment, was appointed a major-general,
and placed in charge of the troops
at Camargo under Qen. Taylor. He
was ordered to join Qen. Taylor at
Tictoria with his troops4.600, one-third
of whom were sick when he took com-
mand. To do this he had to cross a
desert of 260 miles without water, but
so judicoufl were his provisions, that he

succeeded without loss. From thence he
moved on to Tampico and captured the
town without resistance. He next
joined the move on the city of Mexico
under Qen. Scott, took part in the siege
of Vera Cruz and the subsequent en*

fagements, with credit and distinction.
Lfter the war he returned to his mer>
chantile pursuits, but still continued as
senior officer of the state militia. On
the breaking out of the civil war, he
was appointed to the command of the
Penn^ivania troops, and the next year
Qen. Scott placed him over the Depart-
ment of Washington, which included
the states of Maryland, Delaware. New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on account
of the gravity of the situation unlimit-
ed power was placed in his hands, even
to suspending the writ of habeas corpus.
He soon had tweuty-five regimenta of
Pennsylvania troops under under liis
command and immediately placed them
so as to overawe the turbulent spirits in
Maryland and Delaware, keeping open
the communication between Pmladel-
phia and Washington, and also between
Baltimore and the National Capital.
Mustered out of service at the expira-
tion of his term, he returned home to
find considerable prejudice arrayed
against liim on account of his positions
on the upper Potomac prior to the bat-
tle of Bull Bun. He, however, thought
it imprudent to then give the reasons
of his acts, and waited until the stona
of civil war had passed off, when he

{mblished his "Carnoaign in the Yal-
ey of the Shenandoah,^' which fully
vindicated his policy. As a merchant,
Qen. Patterson was eminently success-
ful. He built up immense cotton mills,
employing over 4,000 hands, and was
also interested in sugar refineries in
New Orleans besides seven cotton plan-
tations in Qeorgia and Tennessee, and
a large amount of real estate at home.
In all several million dollars worth.
He died Aug. 7, 1881 in his 90th year.

PATTERSON, ROBERT, LL.D., a
distinguished American patriot and
scholar, wac born in Ireland, May 30,
1748. He came to Philadelphia in 1768,
was an instructor in Wilmington, Del-
aware, in 1774, and a strong advocate
of colonial rights. On the breaking
out of the war of the Revolution, he
raised a company and served with
bravery. He afterwards became vice-
provost of the university ct Fennsyl-

I
M

I i

'I >

?AT

nUSH CELTS

FEB

va'Ia and its president from 1779 to
1814. Was director of the United
States Mint in 1805, and president of
the American Philosophical Society.
He died at Philadelphia. July 22, 1824.
He was the author of a number of
scientific ^orks. Among them are
"Newtonian System." text-l)Ooks; &c,
&c. He was greatly eF-teemed for bis
tahnts and scientific attainments.

PATTERSON, ROBERT M., M.D.,
son of the foregoing, was a distinguish-
ed scientist; born in Philadelphia 1786
and graduated at the University of
Pennsylvania in 1804, graduated in
medicine in 1808; studied chemistry
under Davy and l)ecame professor of
that chair and also of natural philosophy
in his alma mater, likewise In the Uni-
versity of Virginia 1828-35. He was
director of the U. S. Mint from 1835-58
and was the author of manr valuable
scientific papers. He stood m^^h among
the scientific men of the country.

PATTERSON, GOV WALTER,
first governer of Prince Edwards Is-
land, was a native of Ireland and was
uncle to Mrs. Jerome Patterson Bona-
parte. He arrived in the colony in 1770
and was one of its largest landed pro-
prietors. In 1880 he had an act i>assed
by the provincial assembly changing
the name, which was at that time caJled
St. John, to New Ireland. This having
been done without the sanction of the
home government, it was resented as a
presumption., and the act disallowed.
He then applied by potiLion, but no
direct answer was returned, and It after-
wards was changed by the home gov-
ernment to Prince 2!dwards Island.
This sefusal did not arise, as pretended,
so much from the forwardness of the
governor and assembly, as from the
name itself, and is but consistent with
uniform British animus to Ireland.
Qov. Patterson administered the ocffle
of governer of the Island for seventeen
years and was recalled in 1787. He was
succeeded by Gen. Edmund Fanning
also of Irish descent but bom in
America,

PATTERSON, WILLIAM,an Amer-
ican patriot, of Irish descent. Was born at
sea, but settled at an early age in New
Jersey where he studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1769 and soon ac-
quired an enviable reputation as a law-

yer of ability and success. In 1799, he
was U. S. senator, and in 1790, he wa»
governor of New Jersey. He was after-
wards judge of the supreme court of
the United States till his death. He was
amember of the convc.nt<<m which form-
ed the constitution of the United Statea
ir 1787. He died in 1806.

PATTON, JOHN, an Irlsh-Amerlcaa
patriot of the Revolution, was promi-
nent amongst the patriots of Delaware
in advocating ledstance to British
claims. He was sent as delegate to the
continental congress in 1785 and '86, and
a representative to the federal congress
from '98 to '97.

PAT/ON, REV. W, an Irish- Ameri-
can Presbyterian divine of note, wa»
bomin Pennsylvania in 1798. He was
theoriginator of the Union Theological
Seminary, and of the Evangelical Alli-
ance.

PECKENHAM. SIR EDWARD-
MICHAEL, a distinguished British gen-
eral, was born in Ireland about 1779. Dis-
tinguished himself in the Peninsular
war and received the unanimous thanks
of both houses. He fell in the action of
the 8th of Jan., before New Orleans,
while gallantly leading his men.

PELHAM HENRY, a talented art-
ist and engraver, and half brother to>
the distinguished artist, Copley, was
al^o born in Boston about 1740, of Irish
parents. After studying and working
with his brother in Boston, and acquir-
ing local fame, he went to London with.
hk brotlier's family June 1775. Here
in conjunction with Copley, he pursued
his work and study. His work appears.
in the catalogues of the Rojral Academy
but he confined himself principally to
miniature painting, in which he excell-
ed, and acquired reputation and fortune.
He died in London.

PEMBRIDGE. CHRISTOPHER, a
native of Dublin. He was author of
Irish Annals which ended with 1847,
and which are quoted by Camden.

PERRY, EDMUND SEXTON, VIS-
COUNT, was bom in 1719, in Clare
and was a prominent member of the
Irish house of commons and its speak-
er for over fourteen years, from 1771 to
'85. He was an able and popular pro-
siding officer and on his rctiremcntji.

FHB

IBISn CKLT8.

PIT

received the unanimous thanks of the
House, and at the express solicitalion of
that branch of the legislature, was ele-
vated to the peerage as a reward for able
service. He died in 1806.

PETER. 8URNAMED HIBERNI-
CUS, a celebrated philosopher, was
bom in Ireland about A. D. 1200. He
was invited by Fredrick II in the most
pressing terms to become a maoter in
the University of Naples which he was
about to re-establish, according to Peter
De Vincio, his chancellor. Hlbt-micus
presided over the department of PhilosO'
phy in that institution and had the un-
approachable Thomas A()uinae the "Aa-
geUc doctor" as one of his pupils.

PETRIE, GEORGE. LL.D.. a talent-
ed Irish journalist and antiquarian, bom
in Dublin 1790, was the son of a talent-
ed portrait painter and was himself first
noted for his skill in water colors, and
in much demand in illustrating works of
travel and topography, and by this em-
ployment first ^came familiar with the
arcuffiolocy of Ireland and soon attracted
the attention of antiquarians by the ex-
tent of his information and the correct-
ness of his views on this subject. He
became librarian of the Ro^al Hibernian
Academy 1880, was associate editor of
the Dublin Penny Journal 1883, and
editor and founder of the Irish Penny
Journal 1842; was the projector of the
museum and library of the Royal Irish
Academy for which he collected over
400 ancient Irish MSS. He was active-
ly engaged in the ordnance survey of
Ireland and had charge of its historical
and antiquarian department from 1888
to '46. He was secretaiy and president
of the Royal Irish Academy and pro-
cured for it the original MSS. annals
of the Four Masters. He was also au-
thor of many learned antiquarian pap-
ers. He died in L ablln, Jan. 18,1866.

PHELAN, JOHN D. an eminent
Irish-American jurist, was bom about
1808 and worked his way by industry
and fine natural talent; studied law, and
was admitted to the bar of Alabama;
became editor of the Huntsville Demo-
crat, and was elected to the legislature
1888. He was attorney-general of the
state from 1886-9, judge of a circuit
from 1841-61 and of the supreme court
in 1868; and afterwards professor of
law in the University of the South,
located in the state of Tennessee.

PHIL80N, ROBERT, a distinguish*
ed citizen of Pennsylvania, was a native
of Donerail, Ireland, who emigrated to
Philadelphia at an early day, and rose
to distinction by hisabilitV. He was
sent to congress in 1819 and held other
prominent positions.

PIERS. HENRY, an eminent travel'
er, was born at Tristeraagh county,
Westmeath about. 1670. He left ac<
counts of his travels in France, Ger-
many Italy, etc., a copy of which
was placed among the MSS of Sir Jamen
Ware, in the Chandois Library. He
died in 1623.

PIGOT, GEN. THOMAS, was bom
in the Queen's county, Ireland, Oct. 18,
1784, adopted the profession of arms,
and rose by meritorious service to the
rank of major-general. He was a mem-
ber of the Irish parliament for over
thirty years and died in 1798.

PITCHER, MOLLY (MARY Mc
CAULBY), a celebrated heroine of the
American Revolution, was a native of
Ireland. She accompanied her husband,
a voung and patriotic Irishman — Corp.
Pitcher, of the Artillery — into camp,
assisting and encouraging him in taiany
a desperate engagement. When Fort
Montgomery was captured by the
British, she was the last to retr^t and
fired the parting gun into the advancing
foe. At the BJEittle of Monmouth her
husband who, under Gen. Lee, was
serving his ^n in an important and
desperate position against overwhelm-'
ing numbers, was shot down while his
wife was bringing water from a spring
near by to reu-esh him and his gallant
comQules in their hot and desperate
work. The officer in command order*
ed the gun to the rear tc save it from
capture, as there was no trained hand
to work it. Mollv seeing hor hus-
band was beyond aid, rusiied forward
and seizing the rammer declared she
would defend the position, and avenge
the death of her husband, which she
did to the last, handling the gun with
great skill to the destruction of the en»
r>y. At this time she was but twenty*
two years of age, and the mother of
small children. The next day Gen.
Green presetted her to Washington,
who commissioned her a Sergeant and
afterward had her retired on half p^f

. }

A ,«

li,

< \

PIC

IBI8H CELTS.

PIO

PICKENS. GEN. ANDREW, a
distiDguished patriot of the AmericaD
Bevolution. and one of the most suc-
cessful and daring leaders in the South
during the war, was born iit Pazton,
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Sep*
tember 19, 1789. His paiients emigrated
from the west of Ireland to Pennsyl-
vania, and afterwards removed to the
Wtixbaw settlement, in South Carolina,
while our subject was still a child. He
early became inured to arras, the con
stunt dangor which threatened the set-
tlemeivt in those days, from their sav-
age nei<;hbors, early initiated the boy
in the u-^; of arms. His first military
experience in an organized and trained
body of troop, was as a volunteer, un-
der Lieutenant-Colonel Grant, in an ex-
pedition against the Cherokees, in 1761,
and among his associates were Marion
and Moultrie, who, like himself, after-
wards won fame and distinction in the
War of the Revolution. Young Pick-
ens was probably as handsome and
chivalrous as he was brave, for about
this time (1765) he won the hand of
Miss Rebecca Calhoun, who was famed
throughout the South for her peerless
b(»uty. She was a sister of Patrick
Calhoun, and aunt of the celebrated
American statesman John C. Cal-
houn.' So creatly was she admired,
and (localm so widelv known, that
"Rebecca Calhoun's Weddine" was
reckoned an epoch in the social history
of that section, from which, for many
years, old people used to calculate cotem-
porary events, Our subject early espous-
ed the cause of the colonies, and was
bold and pronounced in his assertion of
colonittl rights, and his determination
to sustain them by force, if necessary.
On the first souna of contending arms,
he girded on his sword, and tookthe field,
at the head of a company of volun-
teers. He soon became widely known
by his activity and daring, and was a
terror to the Tories, who gave aid and
comfort to the enemy. He rose rapid-
ly, and was commissioned a brigadier-
general, wbile his fame and success at:
traded the parMsaa warriors in num-
bers to his standard. His exploits were
mainly confined to the region watered
by the Savannah, in Georgia and South
Carolina, and he not only scourged the
British and Tories, but he also scoured
their savage allies — the Creeks and
Cherokees — from those regions, almost
annihilating them. He greatly distin-

guished himself at the battle of Cow-
pens, and the siege of Augusta, and
was desperately wounded at Eutaw
Springs, where, in conjunction with
Marion, he commanded the South Car-
olina militia. After the close of title
war, he became a member of the Leg-
islature of his state, and continued as
such uhtil 1798, when he was elected to
Congress. He, however, continued to
serve his state, and also acted as a com-
missioner to the Indians. He was also
offered the command of a brigade,
under Wayne, to act against the In-
dians of the North-west, but declined.
In 1801 he retired from public life to
enjoy the pleasures of a happy home
on his plantation, in the Pendleton dis-
trict. South Carolina. In 1812 he ac-
cepted a seat in the Legislature, and
the following year refused the nomina-
tion for Governor, desiring to spend his
declining years in the bosom of his fam-
ily, but lived long enough to see his
son elected to that honor. He died
August 17, 1817, aged 78 years.

PICKENS, GOV. ANDREW, son
of the foregoing, was bom in South
Carolina in 1766, and saw service under
his father, before the close of the Rev-
olutionary War. He became promi-
nent in his state, and one of its politi*
cal leaders for many years. He was
elected Governor in 1816. and held
other prominent state offices.

PICKENS, GOV. FRANCIS W.,
a scion of the above Irish family, was
bom in South Carolina, about 1800,
received a thorough education, and be-
came prominent m the affairs of his
state. He was a member of Congress
for ten years, from l835-'45. and Min-
ister to Russia, under Buchanan. la
1860 he was elected Governor of the
state, and supported the "Lost Cause"
with 'all the ardor of his race. He is a
statesman of fine ability.

PICKENS, ISRAEL, a distinguished
Southern statesman, was born about 1780
in Cabarrus County, North Carolina,
and was of the same Irish stock as the
foregoing. He represented North Car-
olina in Congress from 1811 to 1817 ;
removed to ine Mississippi Territory
and was elected first ffoveraor of Ala-
bama. 1831, and United States Senator
in 1827.

PLU

ntlBH CKLTB.

PLU

|k-M-

PLUNKET, KATHARINA, prior-
eas of Domibican Nuns on their revival
in Droglieda 1722, was educated in
Brussels. She died in 1757.

PLOWDEN, FRANCIS, a historian
and miscellaneous writer, was a native
of Ireland and by profession a barrister
and conveyancer. He was the author
of "Jum Arylorum," "Church and
State," a "Treatise on the Law of Usuiy
and Annuities," and "History of Ire-
land. " In consequence of an oppressive
suit against him by the minions of Gov-
ernment, for alleged libel in his history,
he retired to France where he ever after-
ward resided, and died at an advance'
age in 1829.

PLUNKET. SIR NICHOLAS, one
of the most talented and polished chiefs
of the Irish Catholic Confederation of
1642. This confederation was formed
by Irish Catholic chiefs to secure liberty
of conscience, and the parties to it were
sworn not to lay down their arms uhtil
such was accorded to the Catholics of
Ireland. The Catholics had been rob-
bed and raided in peace as well as war
from the days of Elizabeth, and the
free exercise of their religion prescribed
in as much as Engitsh law — so called —
or tlie agents of its power, could enforce
it Generals were appointed to orga-
nize resistance in the four provin^s.;.
Lord Thos. Preston, of the noble houde
of ' Gormantown, for Leinster; Col.
Barry, of Barrymore, for Munster; Col.
Burke, of the noble housfe of Clapricard,
for Connaught; and Owen Roe O'Neill
for Ulster. Plunket and Lord Muskerry
were deputed to visit Charles I. and lay
before him their grievances. Charles
seemed to recognize the justness of their
cause, but was too weak and vascillat-
ing to offer any assurance of relief.
Plunket atterward went as the embassa-
dor of the cause to continental princes
and to Rome, and was everywhere re-
ceived with honor and distinction. He
was not . nly an ardent patriot, but he
-was an able and polished diplomat, and
hiy mission was nut without fruit.

PLUNKETT, OLIVER, a celebrated
Irisli prela'e and martyr was of the
noble family of Fingai, born about
1680. He received his education nn
the continent and completed his theolo
gical course at Rome, lie became a
professor in the College of the Propo-

ganda in that city, which position he
eld for twelve years earning a reputa-
tion tor 'profound erudition and great
piety. la 1669 Pope Clement IX. ap-
pointed uim Archbishop of Armagh
and he soon after took charge of his
diocese. Burnet says of him "that he
was a wise and sober man, living in due
submission to the government." He
was however arrested on most absurd
charges made by a band of perjured
conspirators, viz: that he was in cor-
respondence with the French Govern-
ment, and that he was to join a body of
20,000 French troops, which were to
' nd at Carlingford, with 70,000 under
c> command. He was sent to New-
gate Dec. 6, 1679 and the following Oct.
to the Tower. So outrageous and im-
probable were the charges that the grand
iury refused to find a true bill against
lim. Insane bigotry however prevailed.'
Against his protest he was tried in Lon-
don, where he bad no means of defense,
and sufficient time would not be granted
him to send to Ireland for testimony to
show the infamy and absurdity of the
charge. The Earl of Essex was
so well satisfied of the enormity of the
injustice, that he called on the King to
interpose a pardon, for this charge
sworn to could not possibly be true.
Upon which the King in anger replied:
"Why did you not testify at the trial,
it might have done him good then, I
dare not pardon him. His blood be up*
on your head and not on mine." Such
is the fruit of bigotry. He was executed
at TybHm, July 1st, 1681, another vic-
tim whose innocent blood cries to Hea-
ven for vengence against the Moloch of
Nations. His head, which was severed
from his body, is preserved at Drogheda
in the convent of the Dominican Nuns,
and is still adorned with silvery locks.

PLUNKET, RT. HON. WILLIAM
CONTNGHAM. a distinguished Irish
jurist, orator, patriot and statesman,
and one of the ablest men of his day in
either the English or Irish Parliaments,
was born at Enniskillen, Ireland, July
1764 He graduated at Trinity College,
Dublin, where he distinguished himself
by his talent. He studied law at Lin-
coln's Inn, was admitted to the
Irish bar in 1787, and soon won recogni-
tion. He entered the Irish parliament
and ably supported Grattan. He op-

i)osed to the last the fatal policy of a
egislative union, and made oqe of the

'/ft]

■■■ - t'

rtuk

POL

IRISH OELm

POL

most powerful speeches ever heard in
the Irish parliament agaii6t its folly and
onconstituiionality. So incorruptible
and true was he to the best interests of
his country that he was suspected of
connection with the United irishmen.
He became King's counsel in 1798.
Although an uncompromising opponent
of the nefarious union, his commanding
ability and great legal accomplishments
inducied the government, after the
Union was » oonsumatcd, to offer
him the post of Solicitor-Oeneral for
Ireland, which he accepted, and its
dut'es, as prosecuting officer of the
Crown, compelled him to appear as
prosecutor of Emmet and the other
patriots who fell into the hands of the
government. For this he was subjected
to severe denunciations, and it was at
least to be deplored that it was not some
more fit instrument of a faithless govern-
ment, that punished patriots, less guilty
of a real violation of law, than the gov-
ernment which sought tneir death.
Plu'iket became Attorney-General in
1805, but in 1809 he entered the British
Parliament, where his brilliant talents
and great oratorical powers were quick-
ly recognized, and when he arose to
speak instant attention was ever accorded
to him, which he never failed to satisfy,
not less by the strength and clearness
of his statements, thnn by the charms of
his oratory. In the English, as he had
been in the Irish Parliament, he was a
conotant and strong supporter of Catho-
lic Emancipation, which is the strongest
evidence of the broadness, liberality
and true statesmanship of his principles
and view""^ In 1832 he again accepted
the posiiion of Attorney-General for
Ireland, and in 1827 was made Chief
Justice and Baron. He became Lord
Clmncellur in 1880, which position he
held until 1841. when he resigned. He
died Jan. 4, 1854.

POLAND, LUKE P., an eminent
American jurist was of Irish descent,
born in Vermont in 1815, received an
academic education, was admitted
to the bar at the age of twenty^one,
soon (liHtinguished himself by hisabiHty
and was elecied to prominent positions
in the line of his profession. In 1848 he
was elected one of the Judges of the
Supreme Court of Vermont, which po-
sition he held to 1865, when he was
appointed Chief Justice. He was ap-

-i4

Sointed to^ll the vacancy in the U. &
enate caused by the death of Judg*
Collamer.

POLE, JAMES KNOX, eleventh
President of the United States, was of
Irish descent, born in North Carolina
in 1795. His grandfather, who emi-
grated from Ireland with his familjr
early in 1700, was called Pollock, which
became corrupted to Polk. Although
his father was but a moderate well-to-
do farmer, he sent James E. to be edu-
cated at the University of N. Carolina,
and after graduating he entered the law
office of Felix Grundy, then an emi-
nent lawyer and statesman of Tenn.
Polk was admitted to the bar in 1820
and the year after he was elected
a member of the Leirislature of his
state, where he soon made his mark and
was shortly after elected to Congress on
the Democratic tirket. In 1886 he waa
chosen speaker of the House of Repre-
sentatives, a po!>ition he held for five
consecutive sessions, discharging ita
onerous duties with firmness and alnlity.
In 1839 he was elected Governor of
Tenn. and in 1844 he was put in nomi-
nation by the Democratic party as their
candidate for President, against Henry
Clay, the di-tingui-hed Whig leader,
and was elected. During bis term the
Oregon boundry was settled. The
annexation of Texas, which took place
in 1845, was immediately succeeded by
a war with Mexico, which country
was soon after iavaded by Gens. Taylor
and Scntt with about 60,000 voluntei-rs,
who after e numi)er of battles against
great odds, raptured the city of M< x<co,
Sept. 14, 1847. Peace was Soon after
declared, and the United States acquired
the territories of California and New
Mexico. Polk, having pledged hinseif
t«i a single term of office, refused a re-
nomination, and retired into private
life, where he died shortly afterwards,
in 1849.

polk; WHiLIAM, a Revolntion-
ary patriot and a prominent figure la
the Metrhlenberg Declaration of Inde-
pendence, was of the same Irish family
as the President, born in N. Carolina
in 1759, and was an active supported of
the great cause, advocating resistance
to British insolence and tyranny by both
voice and arms, till the fflorious 'result
was accomplished. He med in ISSSb

PON

- nUSH CELTS.

> PON

POLK, WM. H, an Americin
•tatesman, diplomat and patriot, iwas a
brother of James E., and was born
May 24, 1816, in Maury County, Tenn.,
"where bis father bad located in 1806.
He was educated at the Uniyeroity of
Tennessee, and was admitted to the Bar
in 1889; served in the Slate Legislature
and WHS appointed by President Tyler
Charge d' Affairs to Kaples, where he
nettotuited a treaty with the Two
Sicilies. He afterward served with dis-
tinction in the Mexican War, and was
fient to Congress from Tennessee in
1857 He remained faithful to' the
Union in 1861, oppo Ing the Qreat Re-
bellion in 1)18 state, but unhappily died
before pence and Union was again pro-
claimed, December 16, 1863.

POLLOCK, JAMES, LL.D., a tal-
ented and able Americnn lawyer and
legislator, was born in Milton, Penn..
S< pt. 11, 1810, of Irish parents, and
entered Princeton College where he
graduated with the first houors in 1881;
was admitted to the bar in 1888, and
was elected District Attorney in 1885
He was elected to Congress in 1843,
where he remained three years. In
1850 he became presiding judge of a
District Court ana in 1855 was elected
Governor of the State. He was also
director of the United States mint at
Philadelphia, and was' a man of exten-
sive learning and broad views.

POMEROY, GEN. JOHN, a dis-
tinguished British general, was bom in
County Kildare, Ireland, about 1*^;
entered the armv and participated in
many of the conflicts between the allies
and France. He rose to the the rank
of Lieut. General. < He was also a privy
councillor of Ireland, and died ' junar-
Tied.

PONSONBY, SIR FREDERICK
CAVENDISH, K. C. B., a distinguish-
ed cavalry ojQScer, and a Major-General
in the British army, was the second
son of the Earl of Besborough, and was
burn at the family seat. County Kil-
kenny, Ireland, in 1788. He entered
the armv at the age of seventeen as a
colonel in the 10th Dragoons. By gal-
lantry and good conduct he rose* to be
a major by 1807. In 1808 he was with
Wellington on the Peninsula and Boon

eatly distinguished

greatly di
looked ui

himself, being

Xn as the beau ideal of a,
er. He was present with
bis troops at Talavera, BHrrosa. Vimi*
era, Salamanca and Vittoria, and per-
formed some of the most daring and
brilliant exploits ever recorded to the
credit of the British cavalry. Hees*
peoially distinguished himself on the
retrograde movement of the army from
the Douro, and as it was his duty to
protect the rear, he was almost continu-
ally in conflict with the enemy's ad-
vance, and they were often made to feel
the danger of a too close pursuit. It
was, however, at Waterloo that he
crowned himself with imperishable
glory. In the absence of his command-
ing oflScer, who had gone forward with
a portion of the light dragoons, CoL
Ponsonby observed a French column
rapidly advancing in a small vallejr
which lay between the two arnaies.
Seeing thut not a moment was to be
lost, hie critd out to his men, "Come
on 12th 1" and dashed down the field at
their head and with a cheer charged oa
the advancing French and drove them
back into thuir Unes. Just as he was
about calling his men off, as the men
were fighting at learful odds, he re^
ceived a cut on his right arm which
caused his sword to drop, and imme-
diately received another on his left
which he raised to protect his head,
his horse now was without guidance
and plunged into the midst of the ene-
"^my, when he received another cut oi^
the head which brought him to the
esl'th^ insensible. There he lay all
night, and in the mean time was again
wantonly wounded in the back by a
lance plunged by a trail leur and rode
over by a couple of squadrons of Prus-
sian cavaly. He was at length accosted
by an English soldier whom he per-
suaded to stay with him till relief came
and he was conveyed in a cart to the
village of Waterloo next dny. He had
received seven wounds, but his vigor-
ous constitution and constant attention
bi'onght him through. Gen. Pon&onby
was a universal favorite, and consider-
ed one of the most brilliant officers of
his day in the army. His gallant bear*
ing bespoke the chivalrous bravery
which characteriz<'d him and whicli
was united to splendid military talents,
guided by a cool head and a correct
judgment. He was held in tiie hitdi-
est repute by his associates, an4 aii

/ '

I 'i.

'■^^

!.'?!

'•: !■

. :4 ]

\'.

POR

inmi CBLTV.

POR

. opinion on military mntters, especially
such as related to the cavalry, was au-
thority. He died Jan. 11, 1887.

PONSONBY, GEORGE, second
son of Rt. Hon. John (Speaker Pon-
sonby), and born in Ireland, March 5,
.1756; was educated at Trinity college,
.Dublin, after which he entered the
temple and completed bis course of
law. He quickly rose to distinction as
an able and successful counsellor, and
also distinguished himself in the Irish

Birliament. He ablv opposed the
nionto the last, as did also three other
members of this family who sat in the
Irish Parliament. He rose to be Lord
Hika Chancellor of Ireland in 1806. He
di^ in 1817.

PONSONBY, SIR WILLIAM, a
distinguished cavalry officer in the ser-
vice of Britain, and grandson of Right
Hon. John Ponsonby, Speaker of the
Irish House of Commons, Was born at
the family seat in the county of Kil-
kenny, about 1775; entered the army at
an early age, and rose by gallantry and
good concmct to be a general officer,
and, like his relative Sir Frederick,
especially distmeuished as a cavalry
](eader and tactician. He fell at Water-
loo while leading a brilliant and suc-
cessful charge, June 18, 1815.

POPE, PATRICK H., a prominent
Irish-American politician of Kentucky,
vraa born about 1790, and acquired a
high reputation for ability. He repre-
sented his state in the 28d Congress.

PORTER, ALEXANDER J., an
able Irish- American jurist was bom in
beland it 1786, and was the son of an
Irish patriot of '98 who fell a victim to
British inhumanity. Our subject emi-
grated to America with his mother and
family shortly afterwards and settled in
Tennessee. He tried the ministry,
commt'rce, and then the Bar, for which
his brilliant talents were admirably
adapted. He removed to Louisiana in
1809 and quickly acquired fame and an
extensive practice, and was at length
appointed a Judge of the Supreme
Court of the State, which position he
held fifteen years, and in 1838 was
made U. 8. Senator. He was again
idected In 1844, but died Jan. 18 of that
year at Attakapas^ Louisiana.

PORTER, GEN. ANDREW, »
soldier and patriot of the War of the
Revolution, was born of Iridi parents
in Pennsylvania in 1748; serv^
with honor during the Revolutionary
War, and was afterward Gen. of the
State MilDia and Surveyor-Gen. of the
State, 1809. He diedin 1818.

PORTER REV. FRANCIS, an Irish
divine and writer, was born in Meath,
Ireland, about 1650, and completed his
education oa the coniinent. He enter-
ed the Franciscan Older, and was fo;
many vears professor of Theology in
the college of St. Isidore, Rome, and
for a time its president. Among his
many works is a volume entitled,
"Compendium Annnlium Ecciiastica*
rum Regius Hibernias." published in
Rome in 1690. It contains, amongst
other things, a list of Irish Kings and
an account of the wars with the Danes.

PORTER. MAURICE DE. one of
the most learned men of Ids age, whose
name in Irish was O'Fihely, was a cele-
brated Archbishop of Tuam, and bom
near Baltimore in the county of Cork.
John Comussays of him. "Maurice a
Porter a native of Ireland, of the order
of St. Francis, was celebrated for his
profound knowledge in theology, loeic,
philosophy and metaphysics. It is im-
possible to give an idea of his polite and
at the same time holy and religious
conversation. He was not more noted
for great learning than for piety and
cliarming manners, and was called
'Flos Mundi,' Flower of the Earth.
HaviuE taught the sciences for many
years in the University of Padua, he
was appointed by Pope Julius II. Axch*
bishop of Tuam, and attended the
coundl of Lateran. He left many
monuments of his learning." Possivi-
mus says of him: "Maunce, an Irish-
man, a minorite and Archbishop of
Tuam, composed a dictionaiy of the
Holy Scriptures printed at Venice in
1603 by J. Anthony and J. Francis, at
the order of Mathew Zare, Patriarch of
Venice. Besides this he explains by
commentaries the whole doctrine of!
Scot (John Duns Scot), his countryman,
mrt of which was printed by Lucre in
Venice in 1500. In his exposition of
Scot, the theorems were published ta
Venice by Soael in 1614, and his "En<
chiridion of the Faith" was published
by Octavianus Scottu in 1609." Ho

POT

ntlBR OKLTS.

POW

aIao wrote a life of John Scot, besides
many oilier works. He died at Gnlway
on his return to his See from the Late-
ran Council, and was buried in the
church of the Franciscans in that city.

POTTINGER. SIR HENRY, an

able and successful British diplomat
and legislator, was bom in County
Down, Ireland, in 1789, went to India
In service of the Company in 1804, and
rapidly rose through all j^des of the
service by his tact, ability and skill;
was "resident" in Cutch and Siude from
1824 to '89, when he was mad&a baronet
for distinguished services. He was
sent to Chma as Ambassador and Supt.
of British trade in 1841, participated
in the capture of Amoy and other places,
also concluded the treaty of peace of
Aug., 1842, which opened five Chinese
ports to the commerce of all nations,
and became Governor of Hong-Kong
April, 1848. He returned home in 1844
and was made a privy Councillor, but
in 1846 was sent to Cape Colony as Gov-
ernor, and the next year to Madras as
Governor and Commander-in-Chief,
which position he held to the time of
his death, March 18, 1854. He is the
author of "Travels in Beloochistan and
Sinde."

POTTS, REV. JOHN, one of the
ablest and most popular of Methodist

Sreachers in Canada, was bom at
[aguire's Bridee, County Fermanagh,
Ireland, in 1888; he emigrated to Am-
erica in his seventeenth year, intending
to settle in the South, he, however,
stopped in Canada to vidt some relatives
ana afterwards det«rmined to settle
amongst them. He first engaged in
mercantile pursuits. His friends being
Methodists he joined that bodv and at
its meetings his natural gifts of oratory
and consistent successive thought was
first developed. He entered Victoria
College, Coboure, and yielding to so-
licitaUons, he jomed the ministry of the
Methodist body before he had com-
pleted his studies, at the early age of
nineteen In a short time he was re-
ceived into full connection as it is term-
ed, and was stationed in London, Ont.,
and afterwards in Toronto. It being
resolved to erect a commcmoratory
church of the centenary of Methodism
in America, Hamilton was chosen as the
place, and Mr. Potts as the pastor. In
every mission whiph he held his people

strove hard to have him retained for »
second three years, but the mediocre
element in the Methodist body are set
upon the triennial change, and ^o re»>
son is strong enough to make them alter.
Mr. Potts was for a while stationed in
Montreal where his fame as a powerful
and eloquent preacher was well sus-
tained. He is without doubt the ablest
and most eloquent of Methodists ia
Canada, or perhaps in America.

POTTS, RICHARD, an IrishAm
erican patriot of the Revolution, early
opposed British aggsession in Maryland
and took an important part in rousing
the people to resist ance. He was a dele-
gate to the Continental Congress and
also Governor of Maryland in 1781 and
1782, and on the adoption of the Federal
Constitution he became a U. S. Senator,
which position he resigned in 1796. He
was a man of great ability and extensive
knowledge, and received the degree of
LL.D. from Princeton College.

POWER, JOHN, a distinguished
officer of the Irish brigade, who went
to France after the treatv of Limerick
as Colonel of the Dublm regiment of
Infantry. He sustained the reputation
of the Irish name by his gallant conduct
on various occasions, participated
in the reduction of Savoy and in many
important victories, gained often by the
invincible valor of the Irish troops. He
had a namesake who was not less dis-
tinguished and acquired great credit
for ability and valor, both of whom
rose to the rank of General officers.

POWER. LAURENCE GEOP-
FRET, a pron?inent and able politician
and legislator of Nova Scotia, is the
son of Patrick Power, M.P. for Halifax.
Our subject acquired a thorough edu-
cation and soon became noted in his
native city for his ability and energ}\
Both father and son advocated conf^-
ration, and soon after its adoption,
Laurence Powers was nam^ a Domin-
ion Senator, which position he still
holds. The father for many years re-

f resented Halifax in the Dominion
'arliament.

POWER, TYRONE, one of the
most witty and taleuted of Irish comic
actors, was the son of rn Irish gentle-
man, and bom in Waterford, 1795. His
father having died while our subject

?■

POW

IRISH CKVta,

PUR

was yet in bis infancy, his mother re-
moved to Wales to be dear some rela-
tions who had taken up a resideuce
there. This was near the town of Car-
diff in which there was a theatre and
where young Tyrone first causht his
passion for the* st):ge. and wbei he
afterwards made his first appearance as
Borneo. His efforts for some time ap-
pear to have been inthe serious line, but
not succeeding to the extent of his aspi-
rations and hopes, and fearing his un-
suitability, he essayed the comic, and
tried his juvenile strength in "Mercu-
tio, Benedict. Charles Surface and
Belcover." After this he attempted in
both lines, loth to give up the senti-
mental. He made his debut at Dublin
in 1817 in Rom«?o, with Jeremy Didler
as an afterpiece. The next year he ap-

Eears to have abandoned the stage, dis-
eartened with its difficulties, and his
failure to make a great success. The
passion was, however, too strong in
bim and in 1881 we fln'^ him again on
the boards, and he appeared succeasive-
Ivat the Olympia, Astley's, and the
Lvceum. In 1828 he became Manager
of the Olympic, and about this time
made his first appearance at Drury
Lane, but made no sensation. He was,
however, soon to receive the applause
he so faithfully worked for. The next
year he openeii at the Adelphi in a new
part called Yalmondi, and was received
with applause. This was followed by
bis appearance as Paddy O'Halloran in
a neglected Irish farce in which he
achieved a triumph. He seems to have
undertaken the part with some un-
willingness, but it proved to be his road
to fortune and fame, for from thence-
forth he devoted his study and talent
to the Jelineations of Irish characters of
the comic style, with eVer-increasing
popularity and applause. From thence
forward engagements were open to him
in all the principal theatres of Great
Britain and Ireland, and he appeared
everywhere to crowded houses and
wati acknowledged as unrivalled in his
line. In 1840 he came to America and
was received in a highly flattering man-
ner; he made hosts of friends by his
geniality, wit and humor, and filled a
highly successful and profitable engage-
ment. He sailed from New YorK on
the ill-fated steamer President on the
11th March, 1841. A great storm aroHC
the next day, which continued for near-
ly tliree days with great violence, and

the steamship was never heard tnm
after, and is supposed to have founder*
ed with all on boud.

PRENDEROAST, EDMOND, a
{pliant Irish cavalry officer. He dis-
tin^ished himself in Ireland in 1689
ana '90, and went to France, after the
treaty of Limerick, in the Eine's regi-
ment of cavalry, of which Shelaon was
Colonel. He participated in many of
the famous battles won by the generals
of Louis XIV. , and contributed his share
to the glory earned by the Irish brigades
in that age and country.

PUGH, GEORGE E., an able
and eloquent American lawyer, orator
and politician, was of Irish descent, bora
in Cincfamati, Ohio, Nov. 28. 1822, and
was educated at Miami University. He
was admitted to the Bar of bis native
State, where he scon acquired i, itinction
by his ability and brilliancy. He vol-
unteered for the Mexican War, and serv-
ed with distinction. After its close he
was elected to the state legislature, and
afterwards was appointed solicitor for
Cincinnati. In 1861 he was Attornev
General of the State, and became U. S.
Senator in 1855, and served with dis-
tinction. His l£^t years were clouded
bv a misfortune, which too many men
of brilliant intellect have succumed to.

PUGH, JOHN, aa able Pennsyl-
vania politician, was bora about 1770 of
Irish parents, and acquired distinction
in his native State by his taleats. Here-
presented her in the Eighth Congress.

PURCELL, HENRY, a celebrated
musical composer, was bora in England
of Irish parents about 1658; developed
great musical talent at an early age, re-
ceived instractions from the best masters.
At the age of eighteen he was organist
of Westminster Abbev, and soon after
was made organist of the Chapel RoyaL
Among his works are the Opera of Dio-
clesian, Orpheus Brittanica, Anthems,
Sonatas, etc. He was considered to be
ranked by none in England or Ireland,
for the originality, force and beauty of
his compositions. He died in 1606.

PURCELL, MOST REV. JOHN
BAPTIST, one of the most eminent
and. able of the Catholic prelates of
Ameiica, was born at Mallow, Countj
Cork, Ireland, 1801. His parents wen

PUR

nUSB CELTS.

PUR

in humble circumstances but their
bright and pious boy had aspirations
for the priesthood, and thev would not
tee the favored call lost, if their labor
and sacrifices could aid their child in
securing it. Especially is this so with
Irish mothers. He was kept at school
In his native town until he acquired the
necessary mastery of the clasnics to pre-
pare for theological studies. His
mo^er hoped to see him enter May-
oooth to complete his studies, but it
was ordained otherwise, for a wise
Providence had a greater field for the
young Irish boy, and he came to Am-
erica in his eighteenth year, to enter
that great field of missionary labor
v here the laborers were few. He did
not immediately gain entrance to a
seminary, but secured employment as
a tutor, his fine general trafniuemaking
him a most desirable teacher. In June,
1820, he entered Mt. St. Mary's, Em-
mittsburg, that nursery of prelatiss,
which supplied the struggling American
Church with so many distinguished
«nd zealous'laborers. After three years
of study and teaching he received minor
orders, and was sent to France to com-

Slete his theological course, which he
id at 8t. Sulpice, Paris, and was or-
dained by Bishop Quelan, Archbishop
of Paris, in Notre Dame Cathedral,
May 21, 1826; three hundred having
been ordained at the same time. Father
Furcell immediately returned to the
United States and was ap|M>inted Pro-
fts^or of Philosophy in Mt. St. Mary's,
lu 1828 he was named President of the
institution, and as such received as a
student one who afterward acquired
even greater eminence than himself —
JohnMcCloskty, Cardinal Archbishop
of New York. In 1888, being then but
thirty-two. he was nominated Bishop
<of Cincinnati, to succeed Dr Fenwick,
And consecrated Oct. 18, 1888, by Arch-
bishop Whitfield of Baltimore. The
laew diocese was a vast one, comprising
the states of Ohio and Michigan, its
Catholic population widely and sparsely
dispersed, except perhaps at two cen-
tres, Cincinnati and Detroit, each of
which towns had one church and resi-
dent priests, as for the rest, the devoted
missionary had to travel on horseback
or on foot through rough and uncer-
tain roads seeking the scattered sheep
iu a gnat wilderness, and administering
the consolation of religion as best he
luight, amidst difficulties the most dis>

cnuraging. Everything was still to \fi
done to organize and systematize th*
forces of religion. The great Iiidi
emigration which was then pouring
into the country was more distinctly
Catholic than heretofore, for in Ire'and
itself for many years religion had again
become organized, and its ministers
could exercise their sacred office witli-
out halters around their necks The
early Irish emigration to America for
more than a century before the year
eighteen hundred, and which, especial*
ly after the revolution for half a cen-
tury was the main and almost the sole
emigration to the United States, was
largely composed of Catholics, but who
came, as if it were, without any of the
accessories of their failh around them,
and this arose from the unorcnitiized
and persecuted condition of the Church
in Ireland. The Irish protestants were
of course differently situated, and came
organized and armed with all the wea*
pons of religion. Consequently we see
them from the earliest times in the
Colonies make their mark, and the
Irish Presbyterian ministers were the
ablest, most eloquent and distinguished
of all the early Protestant missionaries
in America. This early Catholic ela*
ment, scattered and unorganized as It
was, with no priests or leaders, individu-'
ally isolated among their Protestant
countrymen, without the means of
practicing their religion, at length tor-
got it, and if they did not entirely lose
It themselves, their children did, and as
religion is an instinct in the race, those
children attached themselves to its or-
ganized communities or churches
around them. Thus it was that the
greater portion of the early Irish
Catholic emigration to the colonies, es-
pecially to New England, was lost to
the church, and to the faith of their
fathers, as instance, the O'Briens acd
SuUivans of Revolutionary fame, and
thousands of othero. So too, it was
throughout the west, perhaps in' a lesser
degree, when our zealouti missionary
bishop was called to preside over his
dispersed flock. What a marvellous
change has taken p^aoe during the hflf
century of his pastoral rule. Six great
diocese have grown up in place ot the
one needy and poor one, each with
hundreds of churches and attending
ministers dispensing the mysteries of
religiou to hundreds of thousands of
faithful, devoted and well-instructed

' ,«'

^11

t-lnj^H

PUR.

XBISH CELTS

PUR

members. At the advent of Bishop
Purcell there was nominally sixteen
churches scattered over his diocese, but
many of them were but an excuse for
the name, and little better than barns,
and worse still the name Catholic was
to many a term of approbrium, a stigma
and a reproach, Iguorancc and bigotrv,
if not always rampant, was still an ob-
stacle and a threat to Catholic advance-
ment, to such a degree that we of to-
day can hardly realize the moral courage
which it was niecessary to cultivate, and
live an earnest and devoted Catholic. A

{)riest, to the blindly deluded and grossly
gnorant portion of the community,
which generally included all the pious
and otherwise really good old ladies,
if not the devil himself, was very closelv
allied to his satanic majesty, and this
enlightened and charitable estimate was
encouraged by such eloquent lights as
Lyman Beecher and his ilk. Such a
state of things would seem almost in-
credible or even impossible in "free,
enlightened America,*' but it is never-
theless true. The Catholic and his re-
ligion was almost daily the subject of
attack, direct or indirect, in the "news-
papers," and always either ignorantly
•r maliciously misrepresented. Shortly
after the bishop had taken charge of
his See, Alexander Campbell, an able
and eloquent Presbyterian divine and a
champion of Protestantism who had a
powerful following in some peculiar
views of his own, challenged any Catho-
lic divine to meet him in an oral debate.
The bishop, although •-i}posed to such

Eolemical warfare, as leading to no good
ut rather as tending to put obstacles in
the wa}^ of calm investigation by stir-
ring up pride and a spirit of disputation,
thought that it might, under the cir-
cumstapces in which the church and
Catholics were placed, result in giving
those who were wall disposed, a cliance
to bear Catholic doctrine fairly stated
and explained, and be productive of
good results He therefore accepted
the challenge, and all the preliminaries
having been agreed upon it took place in
Cincinnati in a Protestant church, 1886,
continuing for upward of a week.
Campbell was allowed the advantage of
being the attacking partv. the Bishop
agi'eeing to defend Catholic doctrine
wherever attacked. This left Campbell
free to choose his point of attack and
make every preparation for it, while the
Bishop was compelled to rise immedi*

ately to defend without preparation, as
they of course spoke alternately, twice-
each day. The defense proved eminent-
ly satisfactory to the Catholic commu-
nity. The popular misrepresentations of
the Catholic doctrines of Purgatory,
Confession, Indulgences, etc., which
Campbell foolishly relied upon, were ex-
posed and denounced by the bishop, and
Its true teachings explained ana sup-
ported by Scripture, common sense and
apostolic tradition. Mr. Campbell
brought the discussion to a close, and
that It proved unsatisfactory to him, was
evincea by the fact, that he at first re-
fused to endorse as correct the report of
the stenographers for publication, as
had been agreed upon, unless he would
be permitted to add additional argu-
ments and explanations, which the pub-
lishers, disinterested Protestants, would
not allow, however after the book was ia
print and before publication, he,
endorsed the correctness of the report.
The young bishop was congratulated
ou all sides for the readiness and abHity
displayed against his able and practiced
antagonist and his name and f amebecame
widely known. The success and strengtb
of his defense opened the eyes of many
well-meaniug opponents to the claims
and consistency of Catholic doctrine,
while the discomfiture of so able &
champion doped the mouths of the-
most rampant bigots, and Catholicity,
in that community, from thence for-^
ward received an intellectual and social
recognition, so to speak, that was not
accorded to it before. Bishop Purcell
now pushed forward with all bis energy
the organization of religion throughout
his diocese, visiting, preaching, confirm-
ing and ordaining new laborers for the-
vineyard, whifh was fast growing and
becoming laden with fruit. Seminaries,,
churches adorned in a worthy manner,,
institutions of all kinds, to meet everr
human misfortune as well as to culti-
vate for the enjoyment of every human
blessing, soon sprang up under his wise
fatherly care. The beneficent orders,
which are the glory and tbe fruit of the
church, were seen jd by him to rear
and foster the peculiar works or charitiea
to which their lives are dedicated.
Jesuits, unrivalled in their schools,
Franciscans, Dominicans, Passionists,
and other orders and commnpities of
priests, while Bisters of Obarity. Ursu-
lines, Sisters of TAwcj, Ladies of the
Sacied Heart, Little Sbteraof the Poor,

PUR

naiH CELTS

PUB

and other noble societies of ladies, were
soon spread all over the diocese, dis-

Gnsing blessings and consolation to all.
1850 after sev««ral diocese bad been
erected within his original charge, the
See was elevated to an Archepiscopal
one. Bishop Purcell attended all the
ereat assemblages of the Catholic pre-
Uites of the world at Rome, and was
held in high estimation. His attitude
of semi-antagonism to the dogma of
Papal infalabiiity at the Council of the
Vatican is the only olflcial act which
cannot be admired and praised during
his long pontificate of half a century.
It Is true that he was not alone, for
other eminent Irish and French bishops
took the same weak and unstable ground
of "prematureness." Indeed it is not
strange that the American and Irish
church should have been affected with
what has been called Gallicanism of
what might be termed the negative
kind. The perverse doctrine of posi-
tive Qallicanism which had its birth in
France under that proud, imperious
and immoral monarch, Lonis XIV, and
with which even the great bishop of
Meauz, Bossuet was suspected of being
tainted, and which heresy was condemn-
ed in the Council of Florence, but for-
mulated in a kind of negative form as
substantially: "Let him be anathema
who says that the successor of Peter,
can teach error in faith or morals,"
which seemed to give those who loved
to make distinctions the liberty to say,
"We are not bound to believe that the
pope is infallible, but only that the
church, meaning the Pope and Council,
are infallible, but admitting that it was
not permissible to say that he could teach
error in faith or morals. Itwasinrealitv
a distinction without a difference, but It
hovered continually over a heresy by
the expressions used "We are not bound
to believe as an article of faith that the

S:>pe is infallible, but only that the
hurch is," which was well calculated to
mislead the weak. The Irish Church
cimght this lame theorizing from the
French, because from the time of Louis
and for cue hundred years afterwards,
the great body of the Irish priests re-
ceive their education in France, and
the American church was a growth from
both. Thus blame, if blame there was
in opposing the bold proclamation of
the positive doctrine, could not well be
imputed to tliose prelates who thought
It "inopportune," especially as all the

prelates, of those three nations, frHi17
gave in their adhesion to that great
fundamental doctrine of Papal inlalli-
bility and proclaimed it in their diocese.
It seems strange that brave ard valiant
soldiers of the church, who would free-
ly give their lives hi attestation of the
truth of their faith, should exhibit thia
seeminc moral weakness in opposing
the denning positively one of the great
doctrinal truths established by Jesua
Christ himself in founding his Church
on a Rock; on the ground too of "inop-
portuneness'M But after all it simply
shows us how weak and uncertain are
the greatest amongst us if he be not "con-
firmed." "Peter, Batan desired to sift
thee as wheat, but I have confirmed thee
that thy faith fail not — confirm thy
brethren," which is truly the only se-
curity we have, that Satan sifts us not
as wheat. The venerable archbishop
continued his labors with almost the
vigor of youth till within a couple of
years of his death, preaching, confirm-
ing, ordaining and performing all the
various duties peculiar to his omce, and
also daily hearing confession as faithful-
ly as the humblest of his priests, never
having put off the misdonary. Hia
death was undoubtedly hastened by a
great and unexpected burthen which
suddenly confronted him in his old age.
The causes which led to it were remote
and apparently devoid of any dangerous
complications, at least when limited,
but when aggregated into large propor-
tions could become, as it proved, an
avalanche of ruin. This cause was the
depositing of money with ecclesiastics
for safe keeping. This habit grew to
great proportions in the times of the
early settlements in this country, especi-
ally in wild-cat times, when many finan-
cial institutions, or what pretended to>
be such, were simply traps to steal.
Money for safe keeping was often there-
fore forced upon priests against their
strong protest. The clergy of Cincin-
nati, especially of the cathedral, wer&
early Bubjected to this often inconve-
nient confidence. The bishop thinking
that it might be profitable to the diocese
and the depositor to take such freely
offered deposits with the privilege of
using and allow a fair rate of interest
for the same, the secretary was there-
fore allowed to take money on these
conditions. The result was that in the
course of years large amounts of monfey
were received on Interest, loaned and

^Wil

■ ,'■■■ ■ s

''':: ' ■'>■-
. >■' ■''■

QUA

nuSH CKLT8.

QUA

to variooB purposes,

tne interest, which

for the

•1 1-

•devoted

purpose of meeting

at length, in the unsystematized man-
ner in which it was done, eat gradually
1>ut surely into the deposits themselves.
In other words, deposits to the amount
that would have required the skill and
system of a large bank to handle with
safety, were involved, handled without

3 'Stem or experience, and but one thing
1 the time certain — the foolish promise
to pay Jbterest. It is not strange then
that the secretary at length found him-
self seriouslv embarrassed, the cease-
less waves of interest which had gone
on for years had surely but impercepti-
bly washed away the financial founda-
tion on which he rested, and he found
himself overwhelmed with obligations
without the means to meet them. This
'blow was sudden and severe. The
venerable old prelate who had always
been a father and a benefactor to his
-people, and who had supposed that this
depository which he had encouraged
would also prove a benefit, now
that he beheld its appalling folly,
was overwhelmed with grief and dis-
may. He gave up all that he had, but
the Oak which for eighty years seemed
to defy the storms of life, grand and
vigorous as ever, bent beneath the
burthen, and he had to ask the Holy
Father for an assistant, which was ac-
corded to him. He did not long sur-
vive the blow, but lived to complete the
fiftieth anniversary of his elevation to
the episcopal dignity, at wh ch he re-
ceived many tender souvenirs from his
people, and shortly afterwards expired,
leaving behind him gigantic results as
the labors of a well spent and zealous
life, devoted to the glory of God and
the good of his fellow men. He died at
« convent near Cincinnati, July 4, 1883.

SUARTER, RT. REV. WILLIAM,
)., an able Catholic American divine,
was born in Killurine, Eiog's County,
Ireland, Jan. 24, 1806. Like so many
others eminent for piety and learning,
he was mainly indebted to a pious and
zealous mother for the early lessons
which moulded the future prelate. Out
of four sons, three devoted themselves
to the service of their Diviuo Master.
She instilled into their youthful minds
A high appreciation of the dignity of the
sacred calling, telling them that it was
more honorable than the highest place
tn a kingdom, for it was truly in the

service of God. Her words and ex*
ample produced golden fruit. At an
early age our sub^t gave evidence of
the bent of his mind. After receiving
his early instruction from his pious
mother, he made his preliminary classi-
cal studies ^n Tullamore, and so ex-
emplary and benevolent was his conduct
that he was called by his companions
the "little bishop," While taking a
rest preparatory to entering Maynooth,
Rev. Mr. McAuley, who was at home
on a visit from the American mission,
and an honored visitor at his father's
bouse, spoke often of the great wants
of missionaries in the vast out fruitful
field of America. It made a strong im-
pression on tbe mind of the future mis-
sionanr, and he determined to devote
his life to the work. His mother, al-
though gladly offering him to a relighus
vocation, did not anticipate so wide a
separation, and tried to dissuade him
from his purpose, as did also his illus-
trious bishop, Dr. Doyle, who regretted
the loss to his diocese. He was, how-
ever, firm in his impressions that his
work was in the new world, and with
the blessings of his parents and blsbop
he sailed for America April, 1823, being
then but sixteen years old. He landed
in Quebec and presented himself for ad-
mission to the seminary, but was refused
on account of youth. He next tried
Montreal, with like success, and then
turned hi^ face towards his future field
of labor. He presented himself at
Mt. St. Mary's, Emmittsburg, Maryland,
and was received most graciously by its
president and founder, Dr. Dubois. He
examined him, and finding him well
prepared in classical and mathematical
studies, he allowed him to commence
his theological studies. The next year
he became professor of Latin and Greek.
He soon became highly esteemed by
ooth faculty and students for his ability,
gentleness, and devotion to every duty.
On completing his studies, the college
was anxious to retain him, and made
him flattering offers, as did also the
Archbishop of Baltimore, who desired
to retain so able and saintly a worker in
his diocese, but gratitude to Dr. Dubois,
who was now Dishnp of New York,
induced him to accept a place in his
diocese. He left th^ seminary Sept 4,
1829, and on the 19th of the same month
was elevated to the priesthood and ap<
pointed assistant pastor of St. Peters
chui4tfi, N.T., where he remained three

QU^

IBISR CXXJtB,

QUI

Jean, and durine this time, 1881, he
itroduced the Sisters of Charity into
this parish to take charge of a female
free school, and who were the pioneers
of their order in New York. The next
year the terrible cholera scourge of 1882
visited the city, and Father Quarter was
laboring day and night administering
to the sick and dying and securing a
refuge and home for the numerous
orphans, who were so quickly deprived
of their parents. Four hours rest each
day was all he allowed himself during the
fearful season, the other twenty hours
were spent among scenes of misery and
agony that might appal the bravest. His
ceaseless devotion won converts to the
faith that could teach such heroic un-
selfishness. In 1832 he became pastor of
St. Mary's, N.T., which was heavily in
debt by reason of building a new
church, but Father Quarter went to
work with a will, and on his own re-
sponsibility, brought the Sisters of
Charity into the parish, and established
a free school, which had soon five hun-
dred scholars, besides a pay school of
one hundred. Father Quarter continu-
ed in this mission till 1844, establishing
all kinds of good works and edifying all
by his saintly example and drawing
many to his faith, amone them a Luthe-
ran minister. In 1848 he was nomina-
ted first bishop of Chicago, and conse-
crated in New York by Archbishop
Hughes, March 10, 1844. The new
bishop immediately entered with zeal
and energy in the work before him.
The future great city was just entering
on her unprecedented career of pros-
perity. Ten years prior to his entrance
a few houses comprised all there was of
Chicago. When he arrived there he
found a projected cathedral partially
completed with a debt of $6,000 on it,
and the means exhausted. The bishop
and his brother, out of their private
means, liquidated the debt, and his ex-
ample inspired bis flock to renewed ex-
eit ons fo ih it in a short time the church
was completed. After looking after
the most urgent spiritual wants of his
diocese and securing or ordaining priests
to supply vacant posts, be turned his
attention to the establishment of chris-
tian schools and also started the ''Uni-
versity of St. Mary's of the Lake," in-
corporated under a charter, laying the
foundation of the same Oct. 17, 1845,
and also providing a seminary for the
education of ecclesiastics. ]New life

was infused into every part of the dio>
cese by the example of the bishop, and
soon the diocese became dottea over
with institutiQUS of learning and charity.
The new university was opened July 4,
1846. So powerfully had he attached
his people by his ^ooa works and labors,
(hat in his visitation in 1847 he was re-
ceived in the various towns of his dio-
cese like a conqueror, amidst the ring-
ing of bells and the hymnsof the Catho-
lic school children. Bishop Quarter
introduced among bis clergy theological
conferences, said to have been the first
of the kind held in this country, and'
which proved very iniportant, and fruit-
ful of good results. During the Lenten'
season of 1848 he preached a controver-
sial course of sermons in his cathedral,,
the last being on Passion Sunday, de-
livered with more thnn usual eloquence
and fervor. It was his last, for after it
he felt indispos^, and although he at-
tended vespers in the afternoon and gave-
his blessing, his voice already exhibited
weakness. His health now rapidly
failed, and he expired the 10th of April,
1848, amidst the lamentations of his^
soiTowing people.

QUIN, JAMES, an actor and man of
talent, the son of an Irish barrister, waa
born in Covent Garden in 1693. His
father dying in Dublin — where they then
resided— before he had finished his edu-
cation, he was left without means. Con-
scious of histronic talents he went upon
the stage, and after some time went to
England, where he soon rose to high
reputation, and was a worthy rival of
Macklin and Garrick. He retired f rom-
the stage in 1761. While in England
he was for a time employed as instruc-
tor in elocution to George III., and ac-
cording to Smollett was one of the best
bred men in the kingdom. Thomson,
the poet, who was his intimate friend,
pays an elegant tribute to him in "The
Castle of indolence," and Churchill
Bt^s of him:
"But though prescription's force we dis>^

allow.
Not to antiquity submissive bow;
Though we deny imaginary grace
Founded on accident of time or place,
Yet real worth of every growth shall bear
Due praises, nor, must we, Quin forget

thee there.
His words bore sterling weight, nervous

and strong,
In manly tides of sense, they roiled along..

?:• 'i

■f

RAM

SUIB CESM,

RAM

Happy in art, he chiefly luid pretence
To keep up numbers,yet not forget sense.
No actor ever greater heights could reach
In all the Inbored artiface of speech."
^uin died in 1766.

QUm. MICHAEL J., a talented
-writer and loumalist, was bom in Ire-
land in 1796. He received a classical
«ducation and soon gained reputation as
a general writer, contributing extenrive-
ly to the periodical literature of Great
Britain. He traveled considerablv on
the continent and wrote "A visit to
Spain," and "Attteamer VovageDown
the Danube." He edited the Monthly Re-
view from 1825 to '83, and was the first
editor of the Dublin Review, He was
an able as well as a popular writer. He
died at Boulogne, France, in 1848.

QUINN, REV. THOMAS, an Irish
Jesuit and patriot, was ];K)rn in Dublin
About 1600 and educated in France,
where he was ordained. He subsequent-
ly returned to his native city, where he
administered to the spiritual wants of his
Catholic countrymen for many years, at
the risk of his life, having to adopt all
aorta of disguises to escape the vigilance
and suspicions of Puritan thugs. Father
4)uin wrote a report of the state and con-
■dition of the Catholics of Ireland from
1652 to 1656. He was subsequently re-
moved to Nantes, France, and from there
to St. Malo, where he died in 1663.-

RAIRDEN, JAMES, an endnent
lawyer and politician of Indiana, was
bora in Kentucky of Irish parents and
hlB schooling was mostly acquired at
home. The family moved at an early
day to the White Water Valley, Indi-
ana, where our subject grew up and
by his own industrv acquired a fair edu-
4:ation and knowledge of law, which
profession he adopted, and soon acquir-
ed eminence by his native ability. He
representated tJbiat state in the 25th and
26th congress.

RAMSAY, DAVID, M.D., a dlstin-

f;uished American patriot and legis-
ator, was the son of James Ramsay, a
native of Ireland who emigrated to
Pennsylvania at an early day, and was
born in Lancaster county, April 2, 1749.
He received his educati. i at Princeton,
where he graduated in 1765, then en-
tered the University of Pennsylvania,
irhere he took his medical degree and

settled to practice in Charleston, S. C.
1778. The w<tr of the Revolution saw
him in the field, as It did all the Irish
blood of the colonies, and he served
with distinction both professionally and
otherwise, ^ecially at the siege of
Savannah. He was a leading member
of the South Carolina legislature from
the commencment to the close of the
war, ever earnestly urging ceaseless ex-
ertions and sacrifices. He was also a
a member of the council of safety, at
Charleston 1780, and on the capture of
liiat city, he was among the number
taken prisoners and sent to St. Augus-
tine, Florida, where for eleven months
he, with his associates, were kept in
close confinement. In 1782 he i)ecame a
member of the Continental Congress,
and was its acting president while Han-
cock was sick, in '85-6. He published
a "History of the Revolution in South
Carolina" 1785, "History of the Amer-
ican Revolution" 1790, "Life of Wash-
ington" 1801, "History of South Caro-
lina" 1808 and an "Abridged Univfrsal
History, besides many medical and po-
litical papers. He died at Charleston
May 8. 1815 from a wound inflicted by
a lunaUc.

RAMSAY, NATHANIEL, brother
of the foregoine, a distin^ished and
heroic patriot of the American Revolu-
tion, was born in Pennsylvania. May 1,
1751, and graduated like his brother at
Princeton, X^. J. He adopted law and
had just settled to practice in Cecil
county, Md.,when the Revolution broke
out. Being an ardent advocate of the
popular cause, be immediately went to
work to assist in or^nizing the only
means to insure their rights — ^armed
men. At the battle of Monmouth, he -
commanded a Maryland Regiment.
Gen. Washington, with his staff, arriv-
ed at this point when the army had
commenced to retreat, through the al-
most fatal mistake of Gen, Lee, and
things were fast assuming the appear-
ance of a rout, when Washington, fill-
ed with chagrin and anger called to him
Cols. Ramsay and Stewart.alsoof Mary-
land,^ and said to them with gteat ear-
nestness, taking the former by the hand,
"gentlemen, I shall depend upon you
with your regiments to cherk this ad-
vance, until I CHU form the main army."
"We bhall check them," replied Riun>
say, and they did, but it was at the cost
of almost the entire command, include

BAW

ZBISHCBLTIt

RBA.

inff both commanding offloen, Stewart
falling early and Ramsay not until he
stiMxi almost alone falling in a hand to
hand flgbt with cavalry, ri was left
.for dead on the field, trashing,
ton acknowledged tbe heroic ef-
fort, and Ramsay was accord-
«d high praise for his despprote bravery.
He was afterwards appointed by Wash-
ington, naval officer at Baltimore, and
Was held in the bighpst esteem by his
fellow citizens. He died Oct. 28, 1817.

RAWDON, FRANCIS HASTINGS,
HHrquis of Hastings and Earl of Moira,
son of the earl of that name, was born
at Moira. Ireland, and was educated at
Oxford, entered tbe army at seventeen
and was sent to America in 1773, He
was present at the Battle of Bunker
Hill and afterwards became aid-de-
camp to Sir Henry Clinton, partici-
pating in the battles of Long lelaiui
and White River, the hot attacks on
Forts Washington and C'.inton and
was promoted to the rank of adjutant-
general. In 1778, he attempted to
attract the* Irishmen of New York
to the royal cause by organizing
the "Volunteers of Ireland" offer-
ing flattering inducements, but it did
not prove asucci'ss. He participated
in the battle of Monmouth, where he
distinguished himself and was rewarded
with the rank of General. He next
served with Cornwallis in the South
and took a prominent part in the battle
of Camden, 1780. He commanded the
southern forces after Cornwallis went
North,attncked and defeated Gen. Green
lit "Hobkirks HUl," April 26, 1781; re-
lieved "Fort Niuetjf Six," but incurred
iust obloque for his execution of Cul.
layne, Jtuy 1781. He soon after sailed
for England, but was captured by a
French cruiser and taken to Brest. In
1788 be was made Baron Rawdon, was
aid-do-CHmp to the King, and became
an intimate friend to Uie Prince of
Walts (Geo. IV). He succeeded to the
estate and title of his uncle, tbe Earl of
Hastings 17'<9, Succeded bis father as
Earlof Moira in 1798, and becnme a
major-general. He commanded the
forces sent to the aid of the Duke
of York in Flanders in 1794. and
the expedition to Quiberon 1795. In
1?08 he was constable of the "Tower"
and commander ^t the forces in Scot-
land, and succeded m affecting a recon-
ciliation between the King. and the

Prince of Wales, "^e was made Lord
Lieutenant of Irelt id in 1805; and Mas-
ter-general of the Ordnance in 1808.
On the assination of Mr. Perceval 1812,
he was called on by the King to form a
cabinet but did not succeed, and was
appointed governor general of India
1818. Shortly after arriving there he
changed the policy of non-intervention,
pursued by previous adminstrations, as
to wars between native princes, and
laid the foundation of the future Britiih
power in tk3 East. He was made a
marquis in 1816; successfully conducted
the Nepaul, Pimlaries and Mahratta
wars, and retired in 1823. He became

fovernor of Malta iu 1824, but died
Toy. 28, 1826 on board of the Revenge
near Naples, after an active life spent
in extending British power.

READ, GEORGE,, one of the sign-
ers of the Declaration of Independence
was born in Maryland of Irish parents
in 1784. He received his eriucation
from that celebrated Irish teacher, Dr.
Allison, ot Philadelphia. After leav-
ing school Y-i studiea law, and was ad-
mitted to the bar at an early age. He
began practice at Newcastle, Delaware,
in 1774 and soon became very popular
and was several times elected to the
assembly of the state. Being a strong
patriot he was sent to the Cuntinentu
Congress and remained there for many
years in succession. He put his signa-
ture to the great Declaration in 1776.
He w»s U. S. senator from Delaware
from '89 to '98 and chief justice of the
state from '98 till his death in 1798.

READ, GEORGE C.,a gallant Amer
lean naval officer, was b< >rn in Ireland
1788 and emigrated to the United States
with his parents when a child. He
entered the navy as a midshipman in
1804. was a lieutenant in 1810, distin-
guished himself by his bravery in the
war of 181'<} participating with praise in
the battle between the Constitution and
the Guerriere, became a captain in 1825
and rear-adm'ral 1862. He died the
same year at Philadelphia, Aug. 22.

READ, THOS. Buchanan, a talent-
ed Irish-American po(*t and artist was
born in Penosylvania in 1822. He was
the author of "Sheridan's Ride" and
many poems of merit. He resided

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prindpally, the hter yean of his life,
in Floreace and Rome, where he prac>
ticed and studied his art He died in
New York in 1872.

BEAD, THOS. B., an able American
statesman of Irish descent. He re-
ceived a finished education and settled
in Mississippi at an early day, there he
quidclyrose to eminence and became
U. 8. Senator in 1826. He died sud-
denly Nov. 26, 1820, while on his way
to Washington to attend his senatorial
duties, aged alx>ut 40 years.

READE, JOHN, a Canadian poet
and journalist of talent, was bom at
Bdl^sbannon, Donegal, Ireland and
received Ids education at home. He
emierated to Canada and adopted the
profession of journalist. His fine liter-
ary talents so<m brought him into no-
tice, and be quickly gained reputation
outside of his journalistic labors. He
is a poet of no mean merits His "Proph-
ecy of Merlin" and "Yashti" are
worthy of a master, and many other of
his effoxU reveal the master's hand. He
is counected with the staff of the Mon>
treal Gazette, and holds a well sustained
reputation as a litenuy man of great
capacity and merit.

BEADY, CHAS., an able Irish-Am-
erica n jurist and legislator of Tennessee,
was bom in Butheford coun^, Tenn.,
Dec. 22, 1802, educated at Greenville
College and Nashville University, where
be took the degree of M. A.; was ad-
mitted to the nax and soon acquired
distinguished success; was prominent
in organizing the judiciary of liis ntate,
and twice sat on the Supreme Court
Bench, and was a member of the thirty-
third, thirty-fourth and thirty-fifth U.
8. Congress. He cast his fortune with
the South in the Great ilAbellion.

BEGAN, JOHN H., a prominent
American politician of the South, was
bora in Tennessee of Irish parents, Oct.
8, 1818; rectived a liberal education and
was admitted to the Bar. He removed
to Texas at an early day; was made Dep.
Surveyor of the state iu 1840, and held
various other positions of trust. In 1847
he became Judge of the District Court
and a member of the 85th and 86th
Congresses. He joined the South in
the Great Bebellien, and l)ecame Post
Master General of the Confederacy.

He was flnhaequently confined in Foit
Warren as a prisoner of State, but re-
leased 1^ order of President Johnson.

BEGINALD, ARCHBISHOP OP
ABMAGH, and primate of an Iro'
land, a teamed t^nd apostolic Irish
prelate and misdonaiy, waa ft
member of the Dominican order, and
became famous in Italy and Switzer-
land. He was sent by the General
Chapter of Ids order, at which St. Do-
minick presided, to establish houses in
England. He also visited his own
country before he returned to the Con-
tinent. He renudned i^ Bome for some
time, when Gregory IX. appointed him
Primate of all Lneland. He retumed to-
Bome after some years; where he died
in 1256.

BEID, MAYNE, a noted and volum-
nious writer of fiction, adventurer and
soldier, was born in Ulster, Ireland, in
1818. He came to ^the United States
when he was twenty years of age, and
immediately turned his face towuds the
great West for adventure; ascended the
Bed and Missouri rivers to see Indian
and trapper life, and for the love of ad-
venture; afterwards traveled extensively
through the States and at length settled
in Philadelphia, where he gave vent ta
his teeming imagination in the produc-
tion of cmtracteristic works. On the
breaking out of the Mexican War, he
immedifttely volunteered, and greatly
distinguished himself at Chapultipec,
where he was wounded. He has since
devoted himself to literature, and be-
came the idol of the boys, by his West-
em stories, among wnich are "The-
Scalp Hunters," "The Bifle Rangers,"
"The White Chief," "Oceola," "The-
Castaways," and innumerable others.
He gravitates between London andi
New^ork and is very popular.

BICHABD, ABCHBISHOP OF
AIUIAGH, an able and learned divine,
was a native of Dundalk. He took his
degree of Doctor at the University of
Oxford, and was afterwards Chancellor,
A. D. 1888. In 1847 he was made
Archbishop of Armagh. He was an
able preacher and a learned theologian,
and preached extensively in England,
Ireland and France. Weir refers to &
collection of his sermons in manu-
script, and especially to one preach-
ed before the Pope, at a con-

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dstory held on the 6th of July, 1800.
at Avignon, In favor of Bishops and
parish priests. He had been summon-
ed to Avignon at the complaint of the
minor brothers of Armagh, the begging
friars, and others of the regular clergy
for his position as to the rights of the
Bishops and parish priests as opposed
to the regular orders. In his sermons
be drew the following inferences: 1st,
That our Saviovu* as a man was very
poor, but not that he loved poverty for
Itself. 2d, That our Lord had never beg-
ged. 8d, That he never taught men to
beg. 4th, That he taught the contrary.
6th, That a man cannot with prudence
and holiness confine himself to a life of
constant mendicity. 6th, That minor
brothers are not obliged by their rule to
beg. 7th. ThattheBullof Alexander IV.,
which condemns the Book of Masters,
does not invalidate any of the aforesaid
<^r?!Ubions, and some other inferences,
in regard to preferences which parish
pHebtj) tmd Bishops should receive. He
L. .J at Avignon before any conclusion
was reached on the merits of the dis-
pute. He was the author of a great
many \7orks. Among them a "Lue of
St. Munchin," "Praises to the Mother of
God," "On the poverty of Jesus Christ,"
etc., etc. His Ix)dy was removed to
Armagh in 1870 by Stephen, Bishop of
Meath, and numerous miracles were
credited to Ids intercession.

RICHARDSON, JOHN, a" learned
Irish prelate of the established Church,
and an author of repute in that church.
He published observations on the New
Testament and other religious essays.
He died in 1654.

RICHARDSON, JONATHAN, a
painter and author of considerable merit,
was of Irish extraction, bom in 1665.
Havine a fair education he became a
lawyers clerk, but abandoned it for Uie
more congenial occupation of painting.
Having developed considerable talent
in that line he determined to devote
himself to art, and became a pupil of
Riley, the portrait painter, whose neice
he married. He soon became noted in
his profession, and after the death of
Knrller and Dehl was considered as the
head of his profession in England. He
was author of The Art of Criticism in
Painting, Notes and Remarks on Para-
dise Lost, Drawings and Piuiurea in
Italy, etc., etc He died in 1746.

RILEY, CHARLES VALENTINE,
a distinguished American Agriculturist,
was bom in London, England, of Irish
tArentB, Sept. 12, 1848; cnii<^'ated to the
U. S. in his seventeenth year, and en-
gaged on a farm. His peculiar culture
was soon recognized and in 1868 he be-
came editor of the entomological de-
partment of the Prairie Fanner of
Chicago, and State Entomologist of
Missouri, 1868, He it was who first
recommended Paris Green for the de-
stractionof the "Potatoe.Bug" and the
cotton worm, and made many valuable
suggestions and discoveries in regard to
the destruction of insects. For hu great
services in this regard, especially as to
grape culture, he received a gold medal
from the French government in 1878,
and is justly regarded as one of the
greatest of public benefactors in this
department of industry.

RILEY, JOHN, an eminent painter, ,
was bom in London of Irish parents in
1646. Havihg adopted the profession
of portrait painting, he soon rose to dis-
tinction, and on the death of Sir Peter
Lelyhewas appointed painter to the
King. Contraiy to the general rule
among his profession, he was exceeding-
ly modest and distrustful of his own
merits. He died in 1691.

ROBB, DR JNO. GARDNER,

Krhaps tti'i most able and distinguished
esbyterian divine of Canada, was
b'brn in Belfast, June 27, 1888, and was
educated at (Queen's College, where he
graduated with honors in 1854, taking
first place in Metaphysical and Econo-
mical Sciences, in liogic, in Jurispru-
dence, in Common and Commercial
Law, and in Constitutional, Colonial
and Intemational Law. He took up
the study of Theology, and was licensed
to preach in 1851. He soon took a
prominent place amongst his brethren
m Ireland. In 1874 he accepted a call
to Cook's Church, Toronto, and has
now among his Canadian brethren a
foremost position, distinguished alike
for abilitv, eamestness and eloquence.
He is looked upon as authority in all
matters of moment relating to hu creed.

ROBERTSON, DR. WILLIAM, a
protestant Irish divine of talent,and an
author of much repute among the die*
senters. He received the degree of D.
D, from the University of Glasgow.
He died in 1788, greatly regretted.

■■d

BOB

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BOG

BOBINSON. STUABT. D. D.. an
able and learned Presbyterian divine
and flcliolar.wag born at Btrabane, Ire-
land, Not. 20, 1816, came to America
with his parents, entered Amherst col-
lege, where he graduated in 1886, stud
led theology at the Union Seminary,
Va., where he taught two years. He
was afterwards at Princeton and settled
as a pastor in West Virginia, 1841. re-
moved to Frankfort in 1847 and to Bal-
timore 18S3. He became a professor
in Danville Seminary, Ey. 1861 and
pastor of the second Presbyterian
church, Louisville. Kentucky, in 1858.
He also owned and edited the 'Tresby-
terian Critic," Baltimore 1855-6 and
"The True Presbyterian." Louisville,
afterwards called the "True Christian
Commonwealth" 1861-8. He visited
tlie Holy Land in 1878. and lias since
been noted for his discourses on the
"Pentateuch." He is held in high repute
especially ^y Southern Presbyterians.

BOBINSON, WILLIAM B.. a dis-
tinguished journalist and politician of
Kbw York was bom in tbe county Ty-
rone, Ireland, about 1820, revived
his academic education at Cookstown,
entered his collegiate course at Bel-
fast, when ill health compelled him to
abandon his studies, and his physician
reconunended as a last resort to recup-
erate his wasted system, a sea voyage.
He accordingly sailed for New York,
where he arrived after an eight week's
Vbyage, completelv restored to health
June 1886. The following year he en-
tered Yale college and graduated in
1841. He remained at Yale for two
years longer, connected with the law
department and in '44 took his degree
of A. M. About this time he became
assistant editor of the New York Trib-
une, and also its Washington correi-
pondent, tmder the rignatiire of Ricfae-
lieu, and while there also corresponded
with the Richmond Whig, th^ Boston
Atlas, the Louisville Journal and other
prominent papers. He also contributed
to the K. Y. Herald and various literary
Journals of the east Afterwards he
was successively editor in chief of the
Buffalo Express, tbe Newark Mercury,
the People and the Irish World. In 1854,
he was admitted to the bar bf New York,
and practiced with success in New York
Oitv. In 1859 he visited his old home
ana after his return in 1862, he was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln, Assessor of

I Internal Revenue for Brooklyn, and was
prominent in party politics in New
York. In 1866 he was elected to con-
gress as a democrat from Ihe fourth dis-
trict New York City, and in 1881 from
the second district Brooklyn. He ia a
man of varied talents and full of that
energy which insures success in aify
walk of life in wliich he may engage.

ROCHE, BEGINA MARIA, a pop-
ular and talented novelist, was bora in
Ireland in 1755 and developed at an
early age fine talents as a writer.
Among her works are the Chfldren of
the Abbey. 4 volumes, a justly popular
and elegant production both as regards
invention of plot, chasteness and
beauty of language. The Nocturnal
Visit, 4 volumes, the Monastery of St.
Columb, 5 volumes and numerous other
tales of a hif^h order of merit. She
died at Waterford, Ireland, May 1845.

BOCHFORD, JOHN, a natural
mathametician, of extraordinary in-

Sinuity and skill, was a native of
ilkenny and born about 1775. He flour-
ished in those days when catholic edu-
cation in Ireland was under a ban, or
just daring to assert itself. TLe little
instruction he received was from the
"hedge schoolmaster" those often un-
rivalled compounds of profound know-
ledge, limitless pretentions and singular
iniorance, whose knowledge someUmes
of the Latin ddssics and Euclid was aa
astounding as their non-acquaintance
with the modern industries and appli^
sciences was complete and universal-
Neither is this singular from the man:
ner in which the poor, per^secuted and
proscribed Irish catholic had to acquire
that knowledge, which had become aa
if it were a very part of his nature,,
inbred as it had been through many
generations of his scholarly ancestors,
whose schools for ages had been the
most renowned in Europe, whose peo-
ple the most universally cultivated, and
wltose traditions he knew so well. This
it was which inspired him to seek and
cultivate learning under circumstancea
which have no parallel amongst the
people of the earth. Who would think
of addressing the poorest of peasants
in the lancuage of Csefar and Cicero
and yet when, as burke said, the laws
were such as to "debase in them human
nature itself," it is said that even in
those darkest days of Irish learning.

BOS

niBE GBXiTI

,BOB

you mfcht have often found among the
poor Mtinstrr boys, as they trod their
native niouutains, those who could an-
swer you buck in the language of Tally.
The subjt ct of our ftketcn was the dis-
coverer of a simple process of lines
crossing each other, prefienting the ap-
pearance of a section of stairs, where
the lines of the steps are all projected
to meet the base and the extreme
vertical line, in connection with the
data given, by which he could solve
the most difficult problems in indeter-
mfaiate such ay can only be solved bv the
introduction of Xand T, which proauces
a Quadratic Ec[uation bythe usual mode
of mathematicians. Ha died about
1880.

BOCHFORD. M., an Irish patriot
and diplomat, was a member of the
JxUh. Catholic Confederate Chieftains
of 1642 and distinguished himself in
both civil and milita^ capacities in the
cause of bis country and religious lib-
erty. He went to France as the embas-
sador of the Irish cause and was flatter-
ingly received and promised assistance.
He was a polished and able diplomat,
and highly cultivated. He returned to
Lreland and aided Owen Roe O'Neill in
his gallant rei^istance to the enemy of
their race.

ROGERS, THOMAS J., a distin-
guished citizen of Pennsylvania, was
oorn at Waterford, Ireland in 1781, and
came to this country in 1784, with his pa-
rents, who settled in Pennsylvania, where
our sul^ect was educated. He repre-
sented Pennsylvania in congress from
1818 to 1824. He died in New York
ci^, Dec., 7. 1832.

RORY THE GREAT, a celebrated
monarch of Ireland, B. C, 87. He
was of the race of It. kings of Ulster,
and the first of th<»t family who became
monarch of Ireland. From his days
down,- his tribe or race was known as
Clanna-Rory (children of Rory).

ROSCOMMON, T.llNTWORTH
BILLON, JSarl of, an able poet and
-Writer of merit, whs born about 1638
in Ireland and received- his education
partly under Dr. Hall, and afterwards
on the continent. His youth was spent
in dissipation, but he reformed and de-
voted his maturer ye >r8 to literature.
Hu poems were once highly praised.

and still find a place in collections of
Britisli poetry, but are no longer popu-
lar. He died in 1684.

ROSS, JAMRS, an Irish-American

{latrtot of the Revolution, was born of
rish parents about 1760 in Pennsyl-
vania, received a good education and
was admitted to the bar. Was a strong
advocate of resistance, and served hu
country by boUi tongue and sword in
the great struggle. Was a member of
the convention which formed the con-
stitution of Pennsylvania in 1790, and
was U. S. senator from 1794 1^ 1803^
He died Nov. 24, 1847.

BOGS, HON. JOHN, a distinguished
Canadian Statesman and lawyer was
bom in Country Antrim, Ireland, in
1818, and emigrated with his parents to
Canada when an infant He received
as good an education as Upper Canada
afforded In those early days. He
adopted the profession of ue law,
was called to the Bar in 1889, and soon
acquired a fair practice, the most lu-
crative in the Province. He also took
a part in the political struggles of the
day, and attached himself to the Reform
party under the leadership of Baldwin.
He established about this time a news-
pap-^r devoted to the interests <*f reform
and became a candidate for the Cana-'
dian House. He obtained a seat in the
Legislative Council, and was aUK) offer-
ed a seat in the Executive Council, but
declined. In 1851 he accepted office
under the Hinck's administration and
became Solicitor General. In the great
interiml improvements of Canada he
took a prominent part, and was one of
the leading spirits in organizing a push-
ing forward to completion the Grand
Trunk Bailway, going to England in
1852 in its interests, securing the means
for its construction and becoming Presi-
dent of the great corporation. The
same may he said of his connection with
the Victoria Bridge, and indeed he took
a prominent part In all the great works
of improvement in Canada. He con-
tinuea to hold office under various ad-
ministrations, having, on the retirement
of Mr. Richard, and his elevation to
the Bench, become Attorney General.
In the MacNab coalition Government
he became Speaker of the Legislative
Council; in the Maodonald Ministry
of 1858, Receiver General,and President
of the Council under the Cartier ad-

BOT

IBZBH OKUm

BOW

ministration. Ha was a strong advocate
for the policy of confederation, and
ably supported McGee in popularizing
Uiat policy. His wife was a sister of
Hon. Root. Baldwin, that eminent
Irii^-Canadian statesman.

R0S8E, WILLIAM PARSONS,
EARL OF, a celebrated Irish astrono-
mer and the owner and constructor of
the most perfect telescope ever built,
was the eldest son of Sir Laurence Par-
sons (Earl of Rosse), the Irish patriot,
apd was bom in the year 1800. He
early showed a strong inclination for
astronomical investigations, and quickly
gained reputation for his skill and abili-
ty. By patient investigation and ex-
periment he overcame the two great ob-
ittiicles in the construction of large tele-
scopes, viz: spherical aberration and
the absorption of light by specula. The
metal for the speculum of his great
telescope, three tons in, weight, was
cast in April. 184^, and was polished
and mounted in his observatory, which
was situated in his park at Carson-
town, King's county, Ireland, and
cost upwards of £80.000. The ad-
justments of this celebrated instrument
are so perfect and well balanced, that,
although it weighs upwards of twelve
tons, it can be moved in any direction
with the greatest ease. This instru-
ment developed much astronomical
knowledge till then hidden, resolving
what were supposed to be nebula into
groups of well defined stars, and gives
a much more accurate knowledge of
Uie moon's surface. This able astrono-
mer and mechanician died in 1867, and
his SOD who succeeds him in his title is
following his footsteps in the investi-
gation of astronomical subjects.

ROTH, DR. DAVID, an Irish divine
and philosopher, and one of the most
learned and eloquent men of his age,
was born in County Kilkenny, Ireland,
about 1570. He finished his education
on the Continent and became Professor
and Doctor of Theology in the College
of Douay, and still later Bishop of Os-
sory. He was skilled in all the learning
of the day, and according to Usher was
unrivalled in the atent and profundity
of hit knowledge; a renowned orator,
a subtile philosopher, a profound theo-
logian and a learned historian; he wrote
<m all aubjeota, and contributed materi

ally to the mm. of human knowledge.
He was the author of many works in
Latin, and amonsr them "Hibonia
Resurgeras," which was printed •!&
Rouen and Cologne in 1631. and fdso &
work on the antiquities of Ireland.

ROTHE, JOHN, a gallant and ablo
Irish officer, who supported James II.
in Ireland against William of Orango
at the head of a gallant regiment,
which, with him, went to France after
the treaty of Limerick. He rose to Uie
rank of general officer by his valor and
skill displayed on various occasions at
the head oi his gallant Irish regiment,
adding lustre to the French arms and
reputation to Irish dash and valor.

ROTHE ACT H., an Irish monarch
who flourished about B. C. 660, was
said to have been the first to invent
cnariots, which he constructed to hide
the deformity of his legs, which the
sides of the chariot hid from view, thus
enabling him to appear in pubUo with-
out his defect being observed.

ROWAN, JOHN, an able American

Jurist, orator and statesman, was born
n Pennsylvania in 1748 of Irish parents,
removed with them to Kentucky when
ten years old, was educated at Bards*
town, studied law and was admitted ta
the Kentucky Bar, was a member of tho
State constitutional convention 1799,
and was ejected to the Legislature; be*
came Secretary of State in 1804; was
noted for his ability and readiness in
debate. As a criminal lawyer he rank*
ed perhap first in Kentucky in his day»
having all the popular requisites; pa^os,
wit.boldness andtempestuous eloquence.
He was elected toCongress in 1807, Judge
of the Court of Appeals in 1819, and
United States Senator for a full term in
1825, where he distinguished himself.
He was Commissioner of Claims against
Mexico, 1889, and held many other

Sositions of honor and trust. Me died
uly 18. 1848.

ROWAN, ADMIRAL STEPHEN
C, a distinguished American naval
officer, was bom iu Ireland about 1810,
and came to the U. S. with hlA parents.
Entered the U. S. Navy in ISM and
gradually advanced by skill and good
conduct. Daring the war of the Rebel>

BUM

ntiBH CKvn.

BUS

lion, he exhibited masterly abilities on
yarious occasions and rose lapidlv. He
-was honored after tbe war with the
dignity of Vice Admiral, 1870.

ROWAN. LIEUT. GEN. SIR WM. .
A distinguished soldier in the service of
Britain, was bom in County Antrim,
Ireland, in 1789; entered the army as
Ensign in 1808 and served with credit
in Surflr. Portugal, Spain, North Am-
«rica, Iranceand Belgium at Waterloo,
rising gradually by valuable services.
He was Civil and Military Secretary to
Lord Beaton in Canada from 1882 to
'89, and became a Maj. Gen. in 1846.
In 1840 he was Commander of the Bri-
tish forces in Canada, and for a time
acting Gov. -General. He was made a
Lieut Gen. in 1864.

ROWE, PETER, an able Irish-Am-
erican politician of New York, who won
influence and position Tiy bis native
ability, energy and force of character,
and at length represented his district
in the U. S. Congress, 1853.

RUMOLD ST.. bishop of Dublin
and afterwards of Malines in Brabant.
He was the son of an Irish prince and
was baptized by Gualafir, bishop of
Dublin under whom he was slso edu
cated. He embraced a religious life
and was nominated bishop of Dublin.
He set out for Rome but his zeal led
him to preach the gospel everywhere
on the way. He was received by the
Pope with great kindness. On leaving
Rome he started to return by the way
of France, and stopping at Malines he
was receivid with great respect by
Count Odo who prevailed on nim to
stay among them and gave him some
ground on which to build a mon*
astery. Sometime afterwards Malines
being raised to a bishopric, Rumold was
nnmed as first bishop. He was assasinat-
«d by two wretches, one of whom he
had repremanded for lending a scandar
lous life, and bis body thrown into a
liver, 776. Count Odo recovered the body
and had it interred in the church of
St. Stephen. A splendid church was
built in honor of him, iu which his
relics were deposited in a silver shrine
and which became the metropolitan
church of the Low Countries. Alex.
IV transferred his festival from June
S4, the day of hia death to July 1, on
account of Bt. John's day.

RUSSELL, DR. CHARLES WILL-
IAM, an eminent Irish divine and
bcholar was bnm May 14, lfti2 at Eil-
lough, cauuty Down, Ireland. He re«
ceived his primnry education at Drog-
heda and Downpatrick, and early cave
evidence of those distinguisr.pd qualities
which afterwards placed him among
the first scholars of his day. He also
early gave evidence of t&e religious
character of his mind, his piety and
love of the services and duties of relig*
ion foreshadowing the vocation for
which he was destined. In his four-
teenth year he was prepared to enter
Maynootb.and soon won the admiration
of students and professors, not less by
his brilliancy than by his suavity, al-
ways maintainia^ a foremost place
in all his classes. In his twentieth year
he was elected to the Duuboyne estab-
lishment and two years afterward waa
a prominent candidate for the chair of
Rhetoric, but withdrew in favor of the
Rev. Thomas Furlone, afterward Bish-
op of Ferns. After his ordination he
continued in the college as a professor,
filling various departments and in 1845,
when the chair of ecclesiastical history
was established in Maynooth, he was
appointed thereto. In 1857, on the
death of Dr. Renehan, he became pres-
ident of the college. Besides his col-
legiate duties, he v» as a regular contrib-
utor to the Dublin and Edinburg Re-
views, and his articles always attracted
unusual attention. In his younger days
he published translations from the Ger-
man of Yon Schmidt.and from Leibnitz's
system of Theologv. In 1859 he pub-
lished a life of Cardinal Mczzofanti and
other celebrated linguists, and was him-
self highly cultivated in modern lan-
guages. In 1869, Dr. Russel was ap-
pointed a member of the RoytNl Com-
mission on Historical Manu8cripit\ and
edited in conjuction with Mr. Prjnder-
gast several volumes of state payers re-
lating to Ireland. Dr. Russell also con-
tributed articles to the Encyclopedia
Britannica, North British Review, Eng-
lish Encyclopedia, etc- Dr. (Cardinal)
Newman was a great admirer and friend
of our oubiect, and says he had more to
do with bis conversion to catholicity
tiian anyone else, not as much by argu-
ment and reasoning as by the mildness,
gentleness and suggestivenei>s of his
ways. Dr. Russell was frequently of-
fered a mitro, and had some difBculty
in always avoiding the honor, but m

'i; -k

ft * ^t»
i

RUS

XBXta. OBLtBi

BUS

loTed rather the nnobtruslve life of the
icholar. His death resulted from an
accident which occured to him in
1877— a fall from his horse— which, al-
thoo^ it did not result fatally at the
time, gave himji shock which resulted
in undermining his constitution, and
after lonir suffehses, in death, Feb. 26,
1^ I^. Russell was not more dis-
tinguished as a scholar of varied and
eztensiye learning, than he was as a re-
fined and cultivated gentleman, impress-
ing, yet wlnniu^ everyone who ap-
proached him, by a sweet and benign
dignity, which axsiured the beholder of
the innate nobility and purity of his
character. His whs one of those rare
characters, like a Francis de Sales, that
are alone Uie production cf the Christ-
ian religion, and which, :f needs/ be,
give us a further assurance of its di-
vine character.

RUSSELL, JEREMIAH, a promi-
nent Irish-American politician of New
York, was l)om about 1780 and receiv-
ed a liberal education. He held many
local positions of trust, and was a mem-
ber of the 28th United States^ Congress.

RUSSELL, MOST REV, PAT-
RICK, an eminent archbishop of Dub-
lin; who suceeded Peter Talbot three
years after his death. Aug. 1688. He
was educated on the contment, where
he acquired fame by his great ability
and zeal. He returned to Ireland dur-
ing the cessation of violent persecution
in the days of Charles II, and was ele-
vated to the see of Dublin. He held
veveral synods, in Dublin, to correct
abuses and establish strict discipline,
which was of necessity.much neglected,
in the days of violent persecution.
Among the regulations he established
was that every priest having the charge
of souls shoiua provide a teacher to
conduct a parish school, and that he
should carefully inspect the school, and
i;emove the teacher if incompetent or
neglectful; and further, that every priest
should, under pain of suspension, give
a abort instruction or exhortation every
Sunday after the gospel, in explanation
of some essential point of doctrine.
On the overthrow of the Stuart dynas-
ty, he returned to France,but afterwards
came back, and ended his days and la-
bors in the land of his love, at the dose
of theyear 1699.

RUSSELL, WILLIAM, a talented
Ohio politician, was bom in Ireland and
emigrated to Ohio at an early dav. He
rose to prominence by his abilltv and
sat in the United States House of Rep^
resentatives for many ye^rs, commenc>
ing with the 20th Congress.

RUSSELL, WILLIAM H. LL.D.,
best known as the celebrated war cor-
respondent of the London Times, was
born in Ireland 1821. Was educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, stucfied the
profession of law and was admitted to
the bar in London. He however turn-
ed his attention to journalism and be-
came war-correspondent for the London
Times from the Crimea, the graphic
and pointed character of whicli, gained
him great celebrity. He was afterwards
employed as the war correspondent
of this same journal in all the great wars
which have since taken place. In 1868,
he founded the Army and Navy Gazette
which he still edits.

RUSH, BENJAMIN, one of the
most eminent of the Revolutionary
patriots and a signer of the Declaration
of Independence was bom at Byberry
near Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 174S, of
Irish parents, his mother being a sister
of Dr. Finley, the celebrated Irish di-
vine and teacher, who became president
of Princeton College in 1771, and under
whose eye he received a large part
of his fducation. When our subject
was but six years of age he lost his
father. His mother shortly afterwards

E laced him under the care of his uncle,
\T. Finley, who at the time conducted
a private academy in Maryland. Her
boy showing great aptitude for study
and flneability, like a true Irish mother,
as she was, should her little farm near
Phildelphia, removed into the city, and
ensagea in trade so that she migtat ac*
quire the means to secure him a collegi-
ate education. He entered Princeton
College in 1764, and so thorough was his
training under his uncle that ne gradu-
ated in two years, and then entered
upon the study of medicine under Doc-
tors Redman and Sbippen, eminent
practitioners. In 1766, ne was enabled
through his mother's generous exertions
to go to Europe to complete his educa-
tion, took his medical degree in
Edinburgh, 1768, and then spent some
time in Paris, returning home the fa^
of that year. He oooimenoed practioa

BUS

KBIBB CMtM,

BUT

and

Rep-

ienc>

in Pbiladelpliia and quickly acquired
an enviable reputation and an extensive
practice. His great skill, polished and
charming manuera, kindness and con-
sideration to all his patients, poor as
well as rich,, his unselfish devotion,
attention and generosity to the poor,
made him unusually popular. In
1760, he was appointed professor of
chemistry in the Phiiadelpliia Medical
College, but arduous as were his pro-
fessional duties, he was not a passive
spectator of public affnirs. His gener-
ous Irish blood gushed and pulsated
warmly for liberty, and in common
with his kindred and race in America,
with both pen and voice he advocated
boldly the rights of the people, and
their duty to assert those rights by arms
if necesary. So prominent was he in
his advocacy of the union and inde-
pendence of the colonies, that he was
urged to ta^e a seat in the first session
of the ConiLiental Congress, but he de-
clined on account of nis professional
duties, tut in 1776, when some of the
PeoniE^lvania delegates who were un-
willing to go so far as to defy all British
authority and declare for independence,
withdrew, he felt it his duty to accept
the post, to fill the cap, to give all his
energv, ability and effort to sustain the
just lights of the people; to accept the
full responsibilities and the dangers of
the cause he so ardently advocated, it
beinff a duty paramount to every other,
as it Involved more than any other the
happiness and well being, not only of
themselves, but of future generations.
He afllxed his name to the great charter
of liberty, the Declaration of Indepen-
dence. The following year Congress
appointed him physician-general of the
middle department, to the duties of
which he gave his special attention, re-
f usins all other public employment. In
1787, ne was a member of the Pennsyl-
vania Convention which ratified ue
Federal Constitution, in 1789, he was ap-
pointed professor of the theory and
{>ractice of medicine in the medical col-
ege of Philadelphia^ and in 1796 to the
same chair in the Pennsylvania College.
He was also officially connected with
thj U. B. Mint in Philadelphia for
many years. As a lecturer. Dr. Rush
was recognized as the first in his pro-
fession, and his popularity drew stu-
dents from all parts of the United States
to the colleges, in which he lectured.
He retained the three chairs to which he

was appointed until his death, which oe-
cured on the 19th of April 1818, in the
sixty-eighth year of his age. His death
was looked upon as a public calamity
in that city, whose people he had served
so well. Dr. Rush had well earned the
exalted place he held in the estimation
of his fellow citizens, for in every re-
lation of life he had exhibited the
grandest traits of character. ~Ai a pa-
triot, scholar, physician, scientist, he
took rank with the highest, while he
maintained the character of a model
Christian gentleman. In 1793 when a
malignant form of yellow fever broke
out in Philadelphia, causing many of
the craven members of his profession to
flee, he remained like a true hero, as
he Wii , and with son>e faithful students
whom he inspired with a just apprecia-
tion of the duties of their noble profes-
sion, he fearlessly battled with the dan-
ger, and aItho>iign prostrated himself by
the fell acourge. yet the moment he was
able to leave bis bed, he went forth to
save, inspiring his patients with hope
and confidence and saving hundreds.
It was by such acts that he endeared
himself to his fellow citizens and that
he demonstrated too, the nobility of his
character, and the grandeur of the
principles whicb governed his life.

RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, one of
the most eloquent and eminent patriots
of the American Revolution, was the
son of Irish parents who emigrated to
America with their family, and settled
in South Carolina shortly before his
birth, which happened in Charleston,
South Carolina, Nov. 1744. He receiv-
ed a classical education and wan sent to
England to study law in the Temple.
On returning, he ardently entered into
the discussion of colonial rights and
like the other members of his family
was an eloquent and fiery advocate of
resistance to British claims. He was a
member of the Continental Congress of
1774 and one of the signers of the Dec-
laration of Independence. He also, like
John, took a prominent part in the act-
ive measuren to resist British arms, and
distinguished himself by his bravery,
was taken prisoner at Charleston and
kept in confinement for a year. He
afterwards served in the state assembly,
and in 1798 was elected governor of
Soutli Carolina which office he held at
at the time of his death. He is said to
have been second to no orator in hia

#♦??-

iMi. •

RUT

XBISB OBUn

BTA

day in America, unless Patrick Heniy,
■whom he excelled in sweetness and
polish, if inferior in force. He was a
younger brother of John and Hugh.

BUTLEDGE, HUGH, brother of the
foregoing was Vom in Charleston, South
Cteurolina about 1740, studied law and
became, a judge of the admiralty court
in 1776, speaker of the legislativccoun
dl m 1777, was arrested by the orders
of the British commander in South
Carolina in 1780, and imprisimed at St,
Augustine, was exchanged in 1781, and
ivas speaker of the House in 1782, and
chancellor of the state from 1791 till
hiBdeath, Jan. 1811.

BUTLEDGE, DB, JOHN, father of
the celebrated American patriot of that
name, an early South Carolina physician
of note, was a native of Ireland and
emigrated with his family to America
•bout 1740. He was a sterling patriot,
also a man of culture, and acquiring
considerate means, he sent his son to
fhe "Temple" in London to study com-
mon law, that beingthe custom in Ire-
land in that day. He, however instill-
ed into their minds an ardent love for
liberty and the natural rights of men,
-which bore ample fruit in the days of
the Bevolution.

BUTLEDGE, JOHN, one of the
most eminent afiiong the American
statesmen and patriots of the revolution,
was bora In Ireland in 1789; emigrated
with his parents to America and settled
in South Carolina. He received a liber-
al eduoation. which he finished in Eng-
land, where he studied law at the Tem-
ple. He returned home in 1761,
commenced the practice of his profes-
sion with distinguished success, and in
the mean time was a stronc and eloquent
advocate of the rights of the colonies.
He fired not only the hearts of his
own countrymen but even the indiffer-
ent, by his irresistible eloquence,towork
and labor and risk for the common
cause. He was a member of the Con-
tinental Congress from 1774 to '76, and
in 1776, when action was wanted, he
was made President of the Colony of
South Carolina and Commander-in-
Ohlef of its forces, which he set about
organizing and equipping, and was ever
where dufy or danger called. In 1779
he was elected Gk>veraor of the State,
Chancellor of the State in '84« and a

member of the convention which form-
ed the Federal Constitution, and signed
that instrument. He was a member of
Congress from 1796 to 1800; afterwards
Chief 'Justice of South Carolina, and
then a «*»<.:: 'ce of Uie Supreme Court of
theU. S., and finally Chief Justice of
the U. 8 , which pontion he held until
his death, Jan. 28. 1800.

BYAN, ABBAM J., a distinguished
"poet-priest of the south/'widely known
by his devotion to the "Lost Cause,"
and by the beauty and poetic power of
his Southern war lyrics, is of Irish de-
scent, born in Mobile, Alabama about
1885. He early gave evidence of his
poetic imagination, which, however, was
lareely controlled by religious fervor,
and while still young, he felt a call to the
priestly vocation. He made his ecclesi-
astical studies and was elevated to the
priesthood at the canonical age, and at
once devoted himself with an unselfish
zeal and earaestness to the duties of his
holy calling, in his native state. It was
not till after the war of Secession broke
out, that his magical poetic powers be-
came widely known. He seems to have
been ardently devoted to the Southern
Cause, and 'the gallant and desperate
struggle which his Southern brethren
made seems to have called forth his
deepest admiration, sympathy and en-
thusiasm, which he gave expression to
in some of the most thrilling war songs.
He has not, however, confined himself to
such efforts alone. His most pretentious
ones are of the narrative form and exhibit
poetic fancies and inspirations of the
most exalted and genuine kind, as in
"A ^ystenr" and "Thdr Story Bun-
neth Thus." A short one to the mem-
ory of his brother, who fell in the South-
em cause, is very fine and we subjoin a
couple of verses as a sample of his style.

"Toung as the youngest who donned
the gxaj,

True ss the truest who wore it,
Brave as the bravest, he marched away

(Hot tears on the cheeks of his mother

Triumphant waved our flag one day-
He fell in the front before it.

Firm as the firmest where duty led,

He hurried without a falter:
Bold as the boldest he fought and Ued,
And the day was won— but the field wm
red—

BTA

IBUH 0XLT8

RYA

, And the blood of bis fresh young heart
WAS shed
On bis country's hallowed altar."
His poems have been published in
book form and have bad a very large
sale. He is also noted as a lecturer of
great power holdijig his audiences in
wrapt attention after be fairly enters
his subject, possessing that intense earn-
estness whicn loses the man in the sub-
ject, and which carries the hearers
along with him regardless of time. He
Is yet in the prime of life and the full-
ness of bis intellectual powers and it is
Erobable that he may yet leave behind
im e£Fort« still more worthy of his
bigh poetic gifts.

RYAN, GEO. P., a bravo and talent-
ed American naval officer, was hciA in
Boston of Irish parents. May 8, 1843;
was appointed a midshipman in 1857
and graduated in 1860. He was active-
ly en^iged throughout the war; was
commissioned a lieutenant in '62 and
liieut. Commander in 1866. From,
1867 to '69 be was Professor of Chemis-
try and Physics at the Naval Academy,
Annapolis, and in 1874 was made full
Commander. He was one of the Am-
erican commission to take observations
of the transit of Venus, 1874. He un
fortunately perished with his vessel,
U. S. Sloop of War Huron, in a storm
off the coast of North Carolina, Nov.
'24, 1877, in the prime of life, with a
brilliant future l)efore him.

RYAN, MOST REV. JOHN PAT-
. RICE, one of the most eloquent of
Catholic American divines, was born in
. Ireland about 1880 and early gave evi-
dence of those brilliant.qualities which
distinguishes him to-day. He made bis
•classical and theological studies at home
and graduated with a high reputation
for ability, eloquence and scholarly
parts. Having been destined for the
American miraion. he came to the
United States in 1852. and entered the
cliocese of St. Louis as a candidate for
the priesthood. He was elevated to
that dignity the next year and entered
at once upon the duties of his sacred
ealling in that city. His many brilliant
and graceful qualities soon won for
bim nosts of admirers and friends
among all classes of his fellow citizens,
especiiilly among his brethren of the
clergv. which is the strongest evidence
of ms priestly qualltlee. His bishop,
<h6 Most Rev. Dr. Eenrlck, was early

won by bis ener^, zeal and piety, and
honored bim with the mast important
trusts. He also soon established a wide
reputation as a pulpit orator, and
strangers sojourning in St. Louis were
invariably invited by their hosts to hear
him preach, as a rich intellectual treat
not accorded to them often. So con-
spicuous were his talents, so dignified
and blameless bis life, that more than
once was he selected for a mitre, but he

E referred to remain with his beloved
ishop. At length, at the request of
his archbishop, hie was named bis coad-
jutor and on April 14. 1872. was con-
secrated in St. Louis, titular bishop of
Tricomia and coadjutor to the arch-
bishop of St. Louis. He has ably as-
sisted his distinguished superior in
buildinsup the great religious institu-
tions which distinguishes this "Rome
of America," and since bis election to
the episcopacy, he has largely taken
upon himself the burthen of the more
laborious duties of his aged superior,
who has long since past the three score
and ten vears alloted to man. In 1888 be
attended the call to Rome of the higher
American prelates, in place of Dr. Ken-
rick who was excuiiea on account of
age. ' While abroad, he visited his na-
tive land, where he was received with
distinguished honor, and whei'e he in>
creased his reputation as a pulpit orator
bv some masterly efforts in Dublin.
Since his visit to Rome he has been
honored by the title of archbishop.
Dr. Ryan is a prelate of oommanding
presence and great dignity of manners,
which added to bis aceomplisbmeuts as
a scholar and orator, place him in the
front rank of living American prelates.

RYAN, RT. X.EV. BISHOP STE-
PHEN y..D.D., a learned American
Catholic divine, was a member of the
order of the "Lazerists," and was bom
in Upper Canada of Irish parents Jan.
1, 1826. The family removed to Penn-
sylvania when our subject was an in-
fant. He received his education in St.
Charles Seminary, Philadelpnia, and
made his theological studies ia St.
Mary's Seminary, Barrens, Mo., having
joined the reli^pous order which con-
ducted it. He was raised to the priest-
hood June 24, 1842, in St. Louis, and
for some years remained a professor in
St. Mary's Seminary. He was after*
wards Iresldent of St.Vincent's Collcj
Mo., and in 1807 was named Fro

■ ^

■fk

loiiegeL
vinoal

^(n

RTD

IBIBB CELTS.

SAB

of his order in the United States. He
was consecrated Bishop of Buffalo,
Nov. 8, 1868. succeeding Bishop Ti-
mon, and is a prelate more noted for pro-
found learning and piety than great bril-
liancy.

BYAN, THOMAS, a prominent
legislator and lawyer of Kansas of Irish
extraction, was born at Oxford, N.Y.,
Nov. 25. 1887. He receive! his educa-
tion (Academical) in Pennsylvania,
whither the family had rem07<>d;
studied law and was admitted to the
Bar in 1861. He volunteered in the
great Rebellion, served with credit,
and was severely wounded at the
'^Wilderness," fighting at the head of
his company. In 18^ he removed to
Kansas, successively held various
positions of trust, and in 1876 was
elected to the 46th Congress from the
Third District of Kansas, and has con-
tinued to hold the position to the pre-
sent time, 1888. He is very popular
and one of the most promising legisla-
tors of Kansas.

RYAN. GEN. WILLIAM A. C,
a gallant soldier, was born in Toronto,
Canada, of Irish parents. March 38,
1848. and educated in Buffalo, N.Y. On
tile breaking out of the War of Secession
he joined the army as a volunteer in
1861 and rose from the ranks to be
Captain in the 192d N. Y. Vol. In 1860
he joined an expedition to secure Cu-
ban independence, was Chief of
Staff and inspector General under Jor-
dim, and displayed grei^ bravery and
darhig. He repeatedly made descents
on the Island for the same purpose.
His last effort proved fatal, the vessel
on which he sailed from Jamaica Oct.
28, 1878, to make another attempt on
the Island, was captured by a Spanish
war steamer and all on board condemn-
ed by court martial to death, as pirates.
Fifty-four of them were shot, including
Gen. Rvan, when the British man-o^
war"Niobe" came into port, and her
commander interposed his objection to
a further slaughter.

RYDER, REV. JAMES, an able
and learned American Catholic divine,
wai bom In Dublin in Oct. 1800; came
to tiie U. B. when a boy with his parents;
waa educated at Georgetown College,
and there entered the Jesuit order as a
noflot, itu^ad his theology in Rome,

and was there ordained priest. H*
taught theology at Spoeleto. returned
to the U. S. ana became Vice President -
of Georgetown College, and President
from 18«)to 1845. He held pastorates in
Fredeiick. Md., and in Philadelphia,
and was President of the College of the
Holy Cross, Worcester. He was also-
Superior of the order in the U. S. Ho
was a man of profound learning, but
unostentatious and simple. He died at
Philadelphia, Jan. 13, 1860.

SABINE. SIR EDWARD, one of
the most scientific voyagers of the i^res-
ent century was bom in Dublin, Ire-
land, Oct. 1788. and was educated ia
the military schools of Marlow and
Woolwich. He entered the artillery
service in his sixteenth year and by
1818 was in command of a comp;iny
when he was ordered to Canada. He par-
ticipated in the campaign on the Niagarai
frontier, and commanded the artillery
at the seige of Fort Erie, 1814. After
the war ne retumed to England and
was detailed for the Ross and Parry
Arctic Expedition 1818 and the PHrrv
expedition the next year. During this-
time he made important investigations'
as to terrestrial magnetism, which he
laid before the Royal Society in an e Ae
paper, and also aided in preparing tlie-
"Natiual History of Parry's Expedi-
tion" 1834 From 1831 to '35, he mtido
extensive voyages to test the variations-
of the magnetic needle, the figure of
the earth oesides problems in meter-
ology, and in 1836, published "An ac-
count of Experiments to Determine the
Figure of the Earth." He became
secretajy of the Royal Society 1837 and
was afterwards on duty in Ireland. In
1886-8, he published valuable reports on
studies and experiments in magnetio
forces, which led to the establishment
by the govemmentof a system of mag-
netic observatories. He also published
many very valuable papers on the
magnetic phenomena from observationa
made in different parts of the earth,
besides contributing numeious memoira
to the British Association, of which ho
was president in 1868, and to the Royal
Society, of which he was also president
from 1861-71. He was made a Kniuht
of Bath in 1869, and a full Generalin
1870. He is a member of the French
Academy of Science and of many other
scienti^o locietiefl.

SAD

IBISH CELTS.

BAR

BADLIERi MRS. J. (MARY ANN
MADDEN), one of the ablest and
most proline of the female writers of
America, was bom at Cootehill. County
Cavan, Ireland, Dec. 81, 1820. The
death of her father hastened b^ pecun-
iary troubles which reduced his family
from competency to comparitive indi-
gence, induced our subject to emigrate,
which she did, accompanied bv a
younger brother, arriving in Canaaa in
August 1844. She had been carefully
educated and had already developed a
literary faculty of considerable taste
and capacity, having as early as her
eighteenth year contributed most ac-
ceptably to literal^ journals both in
Ireland and England, aitiong them the
"La Belle Assemblee." On her arrival
in Montreal she sought literary labor,
and became acquainted with James
Sadlier, the Montreal member of the
New York firm of D. & J. Sadlier, the
well-known publishers, whose wife she
became in 1946. In the meantime, she
labored at her chosen work, and was a
valued contributor of the "Literary
Garland," Montreal, besides making
translations from the French and doing
other literary work. From thence for-
•waid she led a most busy life, translat-
ing, composing and editing, giving to
the w^orld, and especially to Irish and
catholic literature, thousands of pages
of valuable, elegant, sound and int«rest-
ing literary matter. In 1860 she remov-
ed, with ner husband and family, to
New York city and there continued with
unabated zeal and industry to contribute
to the best literature of the day. Her
journalistic labor, especially editorial
matter, on the live issues of the times
was mainly on the New York Tablet
which she has edited for many years.
She has also, at times, largely contrib-
uted to the Boston Pilot, New York
Freeman's Journal, Montreal True Wit*
ness and other papers. Among her
chief (original) works are: "Willie
Bourke," "Alice Rio;xlon," "New
Lights or Life in Galway," "TheBlakes
and Flanirains,""The ConfederateChief-
tains," "Confessions of an Apostate."
"Bessy Conway," "Old and New or
Taste vs. FasMon," "The Hermit of
the Rock," "Con 0'Regan,""01d House
by the Boyne," "Aunt Honor's Keep-
sake," "The Hieress of KilorKan,""Mc-
Carthy More," "Maureen Dhu" and
"Life of Thos. D'Arcy McOee." besides
numerou* translations from the French,

numbering, altogether, over sixty vol'
umes'. Some of her oricinal produc
tions have received the highest encom'
iums from eminent conti mporaries such
as Dr. Brownson, T. D. McGee, and
others, who also held her personally ia
the highest esteem. She is not only
gifted as a prose writer, but she is also
a poetess of no mean order. She still
lives and labors, surrounded by a large
family, which she haa carefully brought
up.amidst her multitudinous labors, her
husband having been dead for many
years. One of her daughters, Anna,
se-ms to inherit her gifts, and has
already contributed a number of ac-
ceptable works to the literature of th»
day. If we consider the purport, the tone,
cbasteness, moral worth and literary
excellence of her labors, Mrs. Sadlier
undoubtedly ranle among the very first
at female writers.

SARSFIELD, PATRICK, EARL.
OF LUCAN. a distinguished Irish sol-
dier and patriot, was born in Ireland
1645, served early in life on the continent
under the English flag, and distinguish-
himself under the Duke of Monmouth,
against whom he fought afterwards at
Sedgemore. At the period of th6 Rev-
olution of 1688 he was in Ireland, a
member of parliament, and one of the-
ablest and most powerful of the Cath-
olic noblemen of Ireland. He offered
his services to the imbecile, James U,
1689 and fought at the Boyne, lost
through the shameless cowardice of
James. Sarsfleld compelled Willianv
to raise the seige of Limerick, and cap-
tured his artillery Aug., 1790, he was
in command of the reserve at the bat-
tle of Auehrim, July 12, 1791,nndat the
second siege of Limerick, compelled
William, by his gallant defence, to offer
the most liberal terms, by which all the-
Irish forces which desired to go, were
to be landed in France. The most im-
portant parts of the treaty, however, in.
the regard to the property and rights of
the Irish Catholics, were afterwards
shamefully violated. Sarsfleld, with
many distinguished officers and large-
bodies of men went to France, where'
many of them won tides and fame,
and shed upon the French arms an ad-
ditional lustre and glory. Sarsfleld, at
the head of his gallant Irish troops,
greatly distinguished himself at Stein-
kirk, Aug. 1693. His career in Fraoctt
was short but glorious; he f(^ at the-

■ "'" ■■si

.'ill

CniJ

SAY

jKoan cMun.

SCO

l»ttleof,Landen, Jaly 19, 1608. and
4M he beheld his life blood giuhinK from
the fatal wound, he lorrowfufly ex-
•claimed, "Oht that this had been for
Irdand."

. SAYAOB JOQK, an eminent New
Toik jurist, was the son of Irish emi-
grants, bom about 1790, received a lib
•iral education and was admitted to the
bar. In 1814 he was a ^necnbor of the
legislature an 'd 181^ ' it to Congress,
where he rem^ id terms. He was
distiict attor. . , ::<;:ur>t.Toller of the
state, chief juslv'* <.rf s^r: cipreme court
•of New York anc . .i^-toi .>f the United
States for New Yuis:, besw holding
other positions of trust and honcr.

SAYAGE. JOHN. LL.D., a learned
an able Irish-American writer and poet,
was born in Dublin, Dec. 18, 1828. He
received a good education and possess-
ing artistic talent he studied at the art
8(£ool of the Royal Dublin Society.
Full of youthful fire and patriotism, he
Joined the "Young Ireland Party" in
1848 and edited a journal in the inter-
'Cst of the movement. He was impli-
•cated in the rising, having organized an
4Uined band of peasantry. Ue escaped
to New York and first became a proof
reader on the New York Tribune, and
aoon was a welcome contributor to a
■number of popular publications, besides
ddng newspaper work in New York,
Washington, and New Orleans. He
edited the Manhattan, a monthly of
much literary ability, and was the au-
thor of a number of popular war songs,
having been active and energetic in
rapport of the Union cause during the
BeDellion. He was the author of "The
Starry Flag" and has published several
volumes of poems of considerable
merit, besides dramas, sketches and
biographies. He now occupies a lucra-
tive official position in New York dty,
but is still active with his pen.

SAYAGE, JOHN H., an able Irish-
American lawyer, soldier and legislator,
was bom about 1813 in Teimessee and
received but an ordinary education,
•erved before he was of age as a vol
nnteer on the frontier of Texas. He
afterwards on returning home studied
. kw and was admitted to the bar in
1887, and in 1841 was elected attorney-
federal. In 1847, he again took up
4uiDt and served gallantfy during the

Mexican war, was appointed major of the
14th Reg. U. S. Infantry by Pres. Polk
and served with bravery and distinction
at Conturas. Churabusco, Molina del
Hey and Cliapultepec, in which last bat-
tle he was wounded sad promoted for
gallant conduct, ^fter the war, ha
resumed the practice of his profession,
was elected to congress in 1848 and
served with ability for a number of
terms.

SAURIN. RIGHT HON. WIL-
LIAM, an eminent Irish lawyer, and
Attomey-general of Ireland for many
years, was bom in 1767. He was call-
ed to the bar in 1790 and soon made
his mark as an energetic and successful
advocate. In 1798, he received a p»t-
tent of precedence and soon after was
appointra solicitor general. He was
like all eminent lawyers of his day in
Ireland, a member of the Irish parliv
ment, where he displayed the sane
ability which distinguished him at the
bar. In 1807 he became attorney gen-
eral for Ireland which office he heM till
1822, when he resigned on account of
declining health and wassucceeded'by
Plunkeit. He died in 1840.

SCOTT, COLONEL EDWARD, a

distinguished Irish officer, in the ser-
vice of France in the days of Louis
XIY, was bdm in Ireland about 1660,
and fouffht under the catholic confed-
erate chieftains. He defended Kinsale
against the Duke of Marlborough, but
was obliged to capitulate to buperior
force. After the treaty of Limerick, he
went to France and was first Lieut. Colo-
net of the Olancarthy regiment. He left
behind him a brilliant record, having
distinguished himself on various occa-
sions, and won honor for race and
nameintheincountrjrof hisexiie. He
held important positions, won by
valor and skill, and was deservedly
held in the highest esteem.

SCOTT, JOHN, EARL OP CLON-
MEL, one of the government tools in
the denationalization of Ireland, was,
bom in Tipperary about 1720 and was
bred to the bar, where his caliber
soon attracted notice, as much bv an
overbea ing assurance, as by tafents.
Between the years 1744 and '88. he fill
ed the highest legal offices in Ireland,
was solicitor and attornev-general, and
prime sergeant of Irelana and in 1784

BED

IBIBB CBJJtB,

6EH

iMcame chief justice of the King's
BiSDCh. As ft reward for his devotion
to the government, he wa^ made a
Baron and Earl. He died in 179S.

SCOTT, JOnN MORIN, an Irish-
American patriot of the Revolution,
distinguished himself by his ability and
ardent advocacy of resistance to British
authority in New York and was a
member of the Continental Congress
from 1780 tQ 1788.

SCOTUS, MARIANUS a celebrated
chronicler, or historian and scholar of
the eleventh century, was a native of
Ulster and was bom early in that ce.i
tuiy. After becoming master of the
learning of his day, about 1056. he, like
so many of his countrymen, went to
the continent to spread the light ac
quired in the celebrated schools of his
native land. There he became widely
known and celebrated for his learning
and research. He is sometimes con-
founded with the other Marianus
Bcotus, the pious and learned prelate,
founder and first abbot of a celebrated
Irish monastery and church at Ratis-
bon Germany who lived about the
same time. Their real names, how-
ever, were entirely differnii

SCOTUS,
John.

JOHN DUNS, see Duns

SEDNA n, a wise and valiant mon-
arch of Ireland who lived about 600
B. C. He provided for and organized
a standing army. This body was com-
posed in times of peace of three legions
of three thousand men each, which
were increased in times of war to the
extent needed. Each legion had a com-
maiider whose rank was about the same
as a modern colonel, and who had a
competent number of inferior officers
under him. Three legions made a di-
vision of the army andwas commanded
by a general. The men received into
it had to underso certain tests as to
bravery and ability, and were required
to die rather than turn their backs to
the enemy.

6BDULIUS, ST., Abbot and Bishop
of Dublin was honored for his learn-
ing as well as virtues. Died in the year
786, February Id, on which day.his
f tait if kept.

SEDULIUS. a famous doctor of the-
church and author of great erudition,
who flourished in the fifth century.
He was not only celebrated as a theolo-
gian but also for poetry andprofac
learning. His own writings testify as
to his being a Scot, the name by which-
the Irish alone were known on the con>
tiuent until the eleventh century. ThlS'
is also confirmed bv Usher, Trithemius,
and John Sichara the latter saying
"Sedulii ScoU Hibemiensis in omn^
Epistolas Paul! coUectaneum." Trith-
emius says "from his earlier youth he
was a disiciple of Heiderbertus, Arch-
bishop of the Scots, and was very skill-
ed in profane learning as well as divine,,
and excelled 'n poetry and prose. He^
(raveled in avi Italy, Asia, Achaia,
and came t'« R 3 where he became
illustrious -irh. arning." He men-
tions sou <^i i)ii> works which he had
seen, " -'cL ' Poems and Paschal
feasts in 4 ' "> .i:s. 14 books on the epis-
tles of Paic , o'us on the miracles of
Christ 'tne to the Emperor Theodosius,.
oneK ": i^riscianus. and one on the
second cdiiion of Donatus besides many
o'liera." He says he was made a bishop,,
and flouriitbed about A. D. 488.

SEMMES, BENEDICT J, an able
legislator and physician of Maryland,
of^ Irish descent, w.is bom in 1788,
graduated at the medical school In Bal-
timore, in 1811, aid acquired an exten-
sive practice in his profession. He was a.
member of the legislature and speaker of
the House, and introduced and carried
a bill abolishing religious tests for offi-
ce. He was afterwards elected to
congress, but had to resign in his sec-
ond term on account of health. He-
was held in the highest esteem for his-
talents and high moral character.

SEMMES, RAPHAEL, a famous
confederate naval commander, was bora
in Charles county, Maryland, of Irish
parents, entered the United States navy
m 1826 as a midsbipiuan, served in the
Mexican war, and volunteered on the
staff of Gen Worth, so as to be actively
engaged in battle. 1847. He became a
commander in 1866,and was secretary of
the Light House board in 1859, resigned
in 1861 on the secession of the South
and joined the confederate navy,
soon gained worldwide notoriety by
his exploits as commander of the Sumpi-
ter, and afterwards of the Alabama, &

6EZf

IKUM CMVn,

capturing and destrojing American
yessels and property. After the war
lie became professor of moral pbiloso-

giy in the state seminary of Jjouisiana.
e is the author of "Service Afloat
And Ashore during the Mexican War,"
"Campaign of Gen Scott in Mexico,"
^'The Cruise of the Alabama" and
^'Memoirs of Service Afloat during the
War between the States." In 1867, he
brcame editor of the Memphui Bulletin
And also is a popular lecturer in the
South.

SENAN. SAINT, an abbot and
l>ishop, founder of a number of relig-
ious houses, honored as one of the great-
•est Saints of Ireland and whose birth
and work were foretold by St. Patrick.
He was born in Corcobaskin, Thomond,
now Moyarte, County Clare. His pa-
rents were Christians, his father's name
ICrcan, of a distinguisbed family.
Senan bad all the advantages which a
liberal Christian education could impart,
besides his mother was said to be a wo-
man of more than ordinaiy piety and vir-
tue, who did not fail to instil into his
joutbful mind the most sublime ideas of
the holiness and grandeur of a truly relig-
ious life. Young Senan was made
prisoner in an expedition into a neigh-
boring territory, having to accompany
his father who was chief of a clan. He
was, hcwever, soon released and be-
came a pupil of the abbot Cassidan with
whom he studied until he became noted
both for learning and piety, and after-
Wfuds took from him the monastic vow
And habit. He then visited other rellg-
iouB houses perfecting himself in wis-
dom and every Christian perfection.
He, after some time, made a journey to
Rome, then as now, the great heart of
the Christian world, out from which
the warm purified ¥ood of Christ-
ian faith and zeal is poured over tne
whole earth. It is supposed that he
received consecration while in Rome.
On his return he stopped for some time
with St. David at his monastery of
Menevia in Wales, and ever afterwards
kept with him an active interchange of
friendship. On his return he employed
himself in propagating the gospe.
among, the remaining heathens and
made many conversions. His first re-
ligious house was at Inniscarra on the
Lee, five miles from Cork, and here he
also erected a church. Some idea may
be formed of the fame and liberality of

the schools of Ireland even at this time,
when it is incidently, stated that a ves-
sel arrived in the harbor from the con-
tinent with fifty religious students on
board, who came to enter the Irish
schools. Our saint took ten of them,
and the remainder quickly found re-
treats in like institutions. Our saint
did not prosecute his work without
some trouble and vexation. The chief-
tain of the territory in which he estab-
lished his monastery, whose name was
Lugadius attempted to lyirthen h*m
with a tax, and that .acknowledgement
of dependency which the retainer paid
to his chief. This the Saint resisted,
and the chief threatened to root out
the community, and sent some of his
adherents for that purpose. The holy
abbot met them at the gate of his mon-
astery dressed in full canonicals and
threatened the vengeance of God on
the first man that would dare to put
violent hands on God's annointed.
These men, knowing from common re-

Eort the power and wonders that the
oly men everywhere around them
were daily doin^, were afraid to pro-
ceed, and the chief, himself relenting,
our saint was troubled by him no more.
Senan shortly after this, taking some of
his disciples with him, established a
•ew community at Inislum^e, supposed
to be an isle between LimericK and
Iniscathy, and also built a churcb after
converting many heathens. He also

Siive the veil to two daughters of Bun-
an the dynast of Hyfiginite. In those
days maidens often took the veil and
remained at home. They gradually
afterwards for their greater protection
were formed into communities. He
also founded an establisliment at Inis
Tuaiscert supposed to be an isle off the
coast of Kerry and also at Inis-Mor,
supposed to be Deer Isle at the junction
of the Fergus and Shannon, and also at
Inis Coarach, an isle off the County
Clare, besides manv others and lastly
he founded his celebrated monasteiy
and school of Iniscatery about th&year
687. Here the great St. Eiaran became
his pupil and wonderful things are re-
lated of the two holy men. Here also,
he had trouble wim a petty chief,
named Mactalius, who was a pagan,
and who laid some claim to the island.
He was instigated by the Druids to take
it by force and kill the Saint, but thefar
efforts were all bafiled, although the
Dmids used, all their evil magic, but

'i!

SEW

IBIBH'OBLn

SBW

the visible vengeance of God fell upon
tbem, and the chief, alarmed for his
own safety, interfered no more with the
8»int. This isle was covered with
wood when our Saint commenced his
work, but among his conventional rules,
manual labor for certain hours was one,
and the isle soon became highly culti-
vated and adorned, and its school be-
<»nie one of the largest and most cele-
brated in Ireland. These were indeed
the perfection of free schools, in com-
parison to which our boitsted system
of free schools are a fraud. They were
open alike to all, rich or poor, who not
only received tuition, but were taken
care of. The rich were expected to
give from their abundance to support
the school, the poor received all the ad-
vantages.perhapsonly helping by a little
heneficial labor, either intellectual or
manual. This was a free school system
which filled Ireland with holy men and
with educational advantages which no
government institution may hope *.c
equal. The rules of all those monas-
tmes and schools rigidly excluded wo-
men,even from entrance to the grounds.
8t. Senan converted many pagans and
jseems to have worked many miracles
in attestance of the Divine power and
authority of Christianity. Hie opposed
to the diabolical power of the Druids,
which they used to blind their dupes,
the Divine power which Christ placed
in the hands of his disciples to confound
the devil and his works, and he suc-
ceeded, before he died, in eradicating
the last vesiiges of paganism from the
territory over which he was placed.
He died in the odor of sanctitv, about
the year 560 and his festival is kept on
the 1st of March.

SEWARD, WILLIAM H., the cele-
brated American statesman and lawyer,
was mainly of Irish descent, born in
New York State in 1801. He was ed-
ucated at Union College and in 1819
went south as far as Georgia, where
he engaged in teaching. Returning
north ue same year, he commenced the
study of law and was admitted to the
bar in 1822, settled at Auburn, N. Y.,
«nd became law pnrtner of Judge
Miller, whose daughter he married.
He soon became noted for his abilities,
both as a lawyer and speaker and in
1818 was chosen president of a Whig
State Convention. This was about the

time 9t the great anti-mason excitement.
Seward, bdng opposed on principle to
secret organization was elected to the
N. Y. senate. In 1884, he was a can-
didate for governor of New York but
was defeats! by the Democratic candi-
date. In 1888, he was again put in
nomination and succeeded. His policy
was a broad liberal one, and he was per-
sonally very popular, but bis position
on the slavery question was more radi-
cal than his party. In 1849, he was
elected U. S. senator and became the
acknowledged leader of the party who
were determined to stop the farther ex-
tension of slavery, and in the debate on
the admission of California, he annun-
ciated what is called the Higher Law
doctrine, bv sirving there was a higher
law than the Constitution which regu-
lated the authority of Congress over
the public domain— the law of God and
the interests of humanity. In 1860 he
was the master mind and the acknowl-
edged leader of the Republican party,
but the ambition of would be leaders
prevented him from getting the nomi-
nation for president and Abraham
Lincoln was taken as a compromise
candidate. He. however, placed Mr. Se-
ward at the head of his cabinet — secre-
tarv of state — and he guided the nation's
poficy through the most perilous period
of her history, with great prudence,
energy and success, although not with-
out severe criticism. At the time of
the assassination of President Lincoln.an
attempt was also made upon i^^ecretary
Seward's life as he lay sick m bed. He was
wounded so severely that it was at first
supposed to be fatal, but he recovered
and continued to direct the foreign
affairs of the country througliout
Johnston's administration. It was dur-
ing this period he negotiated the pur-
chasing of Alaska. He resigned office
on the accession of Grant, and retired
into private life. Although his polit-
ical life was a busy one, it did not en-
engross his entire attention. He was
engaged in some of the most famous
law cases of his time, both criminal and
civil and his defense of Freeman will
always be considered as one of the
finest of forensic efforts. SewRrd,
without doubt, was one of the ablest
and most talented of American states-
mrn and orators. Besides his labors in
law and politics he was the author of
lives of .John Quincy Adams and De
Witt Clinton. He died in 1872.

^-1

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\ A

BHA

nuSR CBLTI

6HB

SEYMOUR, MICHAEL HOBART.
AD able and eloquent Irish divine of
thfi established church, perhaps not less
noted for bigotrv than talents, was bom
in Ireland in 18(». and educated at Trin-
ity College, Dublin, entered the estab-
lished church and held several curacies
in Ireland, He went to London, and
became noted as a lecturer at the Black-
friars, but while he had undoubted
powers of oratory, it was exhausted
mainly in tirades against his catholic
fellow citizens. He died June. 1874.

SHANLEY, WALTER, a dlstin-

giiished engineer and publi> man of
anada was bom in the County Leitrem,
Ireland, from whence, with his father,
an Irish Imrrister, he emigrated to Can-
ada in 1887. Our subject adopted the
profession of engineer and soon dis-
tinguished himself and became profes-
donally coiinected with the principal
public works of Canada from 1840-60.
Amongst them the Beaufaaraois & Well-
land Canals the Ottawa & Prescott and
the Grand Trunk Railways, the Ottawa
& French River Navigation Surveys,
and was general manager of the Grand
Trunk from 1858 to m He was also
endneerof the Great Hoosac Tunnel,
and was also a member bf the,Canadian
Parliament. He has a brother, Frank
Shanley. also an able engineer and an-
other, James, a prominent Canadian
barrister residing in London, Ontario.

SHANNON HON. THOMAS, a

Prominent Irish American politician of
^hiowho emigrated to that State at
an early day. He soon gained distinc-
tion by talents and energy and was
elected to the U. S. Congress in 1896.

SHANNON, GOV. WILSON, a tal-
ented Irish- American patriot was bom
in Ohio, 1802 and rose to be governor
of his native state in 1887, again in 1843.
Was minister to Mexico in 1844, elect*
ed to Congress in 18S8, territorial gover-
nor of Kansas in 1856. He died in
1877

SHAW, HON. JABIBS, a promi-
nent Canadian politician and military
man was bom in County Wexford, Ire-
land, and emigrated to Canada in 1820,
where his talents and energybrought him
Into prominence. He represented Lanark
and Renfrew in the Assembly, and in
1867, he was called to a seat in the Cana-

dian senate. He took an active part In th»
Rebellion of 1887 imd to prominently
connected With the Canadian military.

SHEA, DAVID, a leamed Oriental
scholar and professor of Oriental Ian*
euaees at Haueybury College was b<Hn
in Dublin in 1T73, and was educated at
Trinity College in that city. He first
devoted liimself to merchantile pursuits
and while chief clerk of an extensive
house at Malta, hd acquired a thorough
knowledge of the Persian and Arabio
tongues. He was afterwards offered
a professorship in the above college
which he accepted, and applied himself
to translation from those languages.
Among his works are "Mirkhoud'a
History of the early Persian Kings"
and at the time of his death had com*
pletcd a translation of the "Dabestan"
which was published by the Asiatic
Society after his death. He died in 1886.

SHEA, JOHN D. GILMARY,
LL.D, a distinguished author, historian
and philologist, was born in New York
City of Irish parents July 22, 1825. was
educated at Uolumbia College, studied
law and was admitted to the bar. He
however, devoted himself from the first
to literature, and may be said to have
been the pioneer in investigating, un*
earthing and translating the records of
the early French missioners and settle-
ments m this country. Among his
numerous works are "Discoveries and
Explorations of the Mississippi Valley,"
1858, "History of the Catholic Missions
Among the Indian Tribes of the United
States,^' "Perils of the Ocean and Wild-
erness," 1857, "The Catholic Authors
of America," "The Fallen Brave, "^
"Early Voyages Up and Down the
Mississippi,*^ Novum Belgium an Ac-
count of the New Netherlands in 1648-
4," • Operations of the French Fleet
under I)e Gras8e,""Thei Lincoln Metaio>
rial," besides translating or editing nu-
merous volumes, among them, Charle-
voix s History of New Prance," 6 vols. ,
"Documents on the Early History of
Canada and Louisana," "Washington's
Private Diaiy" "Colden's History of
the Five Indian Nations," besides gram-
mars and dictionaries of the Indian Ian*
guage and school histories. He also
edited the ''Historical Magazine, and
has also contributed largely to tha
Catholic periodicals of the day, besides
a large amount of work for Frank

BHB

niRB CVLTl.

flav

Leslies illustrated periodicRls. He It
not leas noted for the accuracy and fair-
neM of hia historical deductions than
he is for the extent and thoroughness
of his labors, and justly enloys a hisrh
xeputation among the schofars of tBe
country.

SHEE. MARTIN. ARCHER, a
talented artist and poet was bom in Ire-
land, about 1770, and was educated in
the art schools in Dublin under West
tod others. Ke earl^ exhibited mark-
ed talents and invariably took all the
medals for which he competed. He
went to England while yet young, at
the suggesUon of Edmund Burke, who
introduced him to Sir Job:. ua Reynolds,
under whose patronage he entered the
Royal Academy, and very soon acquire
ed an enviable reputation and a largn
patronage. His pictures were consid-
ered worthy of exhibition the next
year, and he was made an associate
member. He was intimate with all the
distinguished men of the day, and was
recognized as the rival of Lawrence.
He was elected president of the Royal
Academy, of London, 1880, and was
almost as brillisnt an orator as he was
a painter. At about this time, he was
made a baronet as a reward for his con-
tributions to British art. He died Aug.
19, 1860. He was the author of seveml
poems of medt, a tragedy and a novel.

SHEIL RICHARD LALOR, a dis-
tinguished British lawyer, orator, and
statesman, was born in Dublin, Aug.
17, 1791, and was educated at the Jesuit
College at Btonvhurst, England, and
Triniiy College Dublin, where he grad-
uated. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn
and was admitted to the Irish bar in
1814. He also devoted considerable
attention to literature and was the au-
thor of several successful dramas, and
ttmo contributed to the "New Monthly
Magazine," the very popular, "Sketch-
es of the Irish Bar.'' Hejoined O'Con-
nell in his efforts for Catholic eman-
cipation and became famous for
the elegance and eloquence of his pub-
lic speeches. He represented, with
O'Connel. the Catholic Association be-
fore the House of Lordsin 1825, and was
active in the political contest in which
O'Conneli was first returned to parlia-
ment, 1828. After the passage of the
"Relief Act" of 1839 he was returned
to parliament for Milburne Port; in

the County Louth, 1881 and for Tip-
perary in 1882, and he soon acquired a
a reputation second to none of his day
as a Parliamentary orator. He contin-
ued with O'Conuell to fight for Irish
rights through the "Repeal" of the
Union until 1838, wh<)n he accepted
ofllce from the govemmeot. He be
came Vice-President c' the Board of
Trade, member of the Privy Council,
and Judge Advocate-General, 1841.
From 18«h90, he was Master of the
Mint, when he was appointed Minister
to Tuscany, He died at Florence, May
38, 1851. Shiel was, without doubt, the
most polished and classical orator of his
day in Great Britain, and the moment
he arose to speak in the House of Com
mons, instant attention was accorded to
him. His memoirs were written by W.
Torrens McCullagh, 2 \v.^ , and a col-
lection of his speeches wu. published
in London, 1846.

SHELBURNE, WILLIAM PITZ-
MAURICE PETTY, Eariof,and Mar.
quis of Lansdown,an able British Prime
Minister and statesman, tiie friend of
struggling America, was bom in Dublin,
Ireland, May 25, 1787, and was the son
of Hon. John Fltz-Maurice of the an-
cient Norman Irish family of the Lords
of Kerry, who became Earl of 8hel-
buroe in the peerage of Ireland, 1758.
He received his early education at Lix-
naW, the home of his grandfather, the
Earl of Eerry. He entered Oxford in
1758, and, after completing his studies,
entered the army as an oflflcer in the
SOth Gen. Wolf's regiment. He served
in the expedition against Rochef ort, and
greatly distinguiBhed himself at Minden,
1769 and Kloster Hampen 1760, and
was made an aid-de-camp to the King
with the rank of Colonel. He entered
Parliament fdr Chipping, Wycombe in
1751, and about this time succeeded as
Earl, on the death of his father. May
10, 1761. He now became a member of
the Privy Council, and President of the
Board (Hf -Trade under the Granville
ministry 1768. ' He, however, opposed
the policy which led to tlie enactment
of the Stamp Act, and other measures
distasteful to the Colouies, and was tiia
personal friend of. Benjamin Fran^.lin.
For his stand on \ie3e questions lie was
dismissed from of 'Ice Sept. 8, 176.3. He
then attached himself to ?itt (Cimtliam)
and declined to enter the Rockingham
Administration 1766. He became Sec*

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ntary of State for the Southern Depar^
ment under Pitt (Chatham) 1766. and
exerted himself, without succeM, to mod-
erate the arbitrary Colonial policy,
of Orafton and Townaend, who shaped
the government policy during the long
illness of Chatham. He at length,
October '68 resigned his rost in disgust,
and became a determined and powerful
opponent of th>3 Grafton and ^orth ad-
ministrations, especially in regard to the
American poIicy,and was intimately as-
sociated withBarre and the other friends
of America. Shelburne was intimate
with all the distinguished literary men
of the day, and had a passion for the
collection of rare historical and other
HSS. and pictures. His library and
picture gallery at Lanesdown House,
became the most valuable in England.
Ht) was also well-known to the literary
and scientific men of the continent, ana
was a great friend of the Abbe Morrelet,
who converted him to the free trade
views of political economy. He was a
man of liberal mind, broad views and
varied knowledge, and seemingly de-
void of all bigotry. He became Secre-
taiy of State in the foreign office in the
Bockingham Admistration,1782, having
the grateful task of negotiating the pre-
liminaries of peace with America; be-
'came premier on the death of that min-
ister in 1782, but did not long hold
power. He called the younger Pitt
into his cabinet and appointed him
chancellor of the exechequer although
only in his 2drd year, and his estimate
of the young statesman was more than
lustifled. He was compelled to retire
Defore a coalition of Fox and North,
which, however, did not last long. Shel-
burne had, however, retired from the
field of political strife, but his young
Chancellor of the Exechequer succeeded
him, and defeating the coalition, came
into power, which he held almost unin-
terruptedly till his death, a period of
more than twenty years. In 1784, Fitz-
Maurlce was created Marquis of Lans-
down. He died May 3, 18U5. He was
married twice, first to Sopliia, daughter
of the Eur! of Qrauville, and secondly
to his cousin, Louisa Fitzpatrick,
daughter of the Earl of Ossory.

SHELDON, DOMINICK, a gallant
Irish p^trfot and soldier was born
about 1665 in Ulster and commanded a
troop of cavalry in the regiment of
Tirconnel in 1689. He succebsfully

defended the town of Ardee against a
large force under Lord Blaney and
served with distinction in the war be-
tween tames II and William of Orange,
in Ireland. After the treaty of Limer-
ick, he went to France and was appoint-
ed Colonel of an Irish regiment. There
he greatly distinguished himself by his
bravery,skill and dash, and participated
in some of ihe most renowned victoriea
which crowned the French arms in the
days o Louis XIV. He became a gen-
eral officer, and was ever held in the
highest esteem in the land of his exile.

SHERIDAN, FRANCES, wife of
T. Sheridan, whose maiden name waa
Chamberlain was born about 1724 in
Dublin and was a lady of fine talent.
At the age of fifteen she produced a
romance ' 'Eugenia and Adelaide. " She
wrote "Sidney Biddulph," a novel,
'*Nourjahad,"an Eastern romance, and
"The Comedies of the Discovery," and
the Dupe, and left an unpublished play
"The Trip to Bath," which formed the
basis for the "Rivals," which was dram-
atized by her daughter and successfully
brought out in Dublin.

SHERIDAN. HELEN SELINA,
Countess of Oifford, a talented poetess,
was a daughter of R. B. Sheridan, bom
In 1807. She early exhibited more than
ordinary talents which, were cultivated
with care and improved by the brilliant
society which visited her father's house.
In her eighteenth year, then celebrated
for her beauty, she married Capt. Price
Blackwood, an Irish officer, afterwards
Baron Dufferin. who died in 1841 . She
afterwards, in 1862. married the Earl of
Gifford who died shortly afterwards.
She is the author of many songs and
ballads, among them, '"I'he Irish Emi-

f rants Lament" aud "The Farewell of
"erence." The distinguished Lord
Dufferin, the celebrated British states-
man and diplomat is her eldest son.
She died June 18. 1867.

SHERID\N. GET^ERAL PHILIP,
one of the i.^ost celebrated and suc-
cessful General in the war of the
great rebellion, and especially distin-
guished as a brilliant and dashing
cavalry officer, was born in Perry
county, Ohio, in 1881; his parents hav-
ing emigrated from Ire and and settled
there a short time previously. The
family was large and not over burden-

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ed with wealth, and so young Pbil,
with a spirit of true mnniiness. while
yet a mere boy, souglit to make his own
way in the world, and for this purpose
traveled to Lanesville, where he found
employment. He must have acquired
In one way or another a fair share of
education, and undoubtedly improved
his time, for we find him, when only
sixteen years of age, of such brightness
and capacity as to attract the attention
of the member of congress of his dis-
trict, who appointed him a cadet to
West Point. He passed the preliminary
examination, which is as much as the
average boy with the best advantages
usual^ does. He entered West. Point
in IS^ and graduated "well up" in
1853. McPberson. Hood. Schofield
and other distinguished officers belong-
ed to the same class. His reputation
and standing in the Academy was first-
class; noted for his industry, his mftnli-
ness, his coolness, courage and his ex-
pertness and skill in the physicaltrain-
fng in which they were schooled. His
first military duty was at Fort Duncan,
in Texas, a post at that time surround-
ed by roving bands of Apaches, of
doubtful friendship. This the young
officer had soon reason to know, for
one day, happening to roam some
distance from th« fort with two com-
panions, they suddenly found them-
selves surrounded bv a band of Indians,
. hc»ded bv one of their most noted
chiefs. The chief called upon the little
party to surrender, and not dreaming of
anyatt^^mpt at either escape or resist-
ance, dismounted to disarm them and
hold them prisoners. Quick as thc^ught,
however, Sheridan vaulted into the
vacant saddle of the chief and flew for
the fort. As he approached the fort a
company was just marching out for
drill ana he ordered it to follow him on
the run. They arrived in time to save
their companions and to punish the
marauders, Sheridan himself striking
down their leader. This gallant action,
instead of bringing praise or reward,
was rather coiidemnea by the command-
ing officer of the fort, possibly because
lie ordered the company off the impor-
tant duty of drill, lo the timely aid of
two of their companions; be this as it
may, for the two yearM he was stationed
there, the able disciplinaiian in com-
mand made it as uncomfortable for the
dashing young officer as possible. In
1865 Shendan was transferred to the 4th

Infantry, then in Oregon, and for •
while previous to starling was in com*
mand ©f Fort Wood, New York Har-
bor. After arriving in Oregon he was
employed in various duties and in the
spring of '58 was with Major Rains in
the 'campaign against the Yokema In-
dians, distinguished himself in the
battle of the Cascades, and received
very special and honorable mention in
Gen. Scott's report. He became com-
mandant of the Yokema Reservation,
and ttie next three years of his life was
spent in this wild region, constantly on
the lookout for the wily foe, whose dis-
positions could never lie relied upon for
twenty-four hours. Early in 1861 ho
was commissioned a captain and trans-
ferred to the 18th Infantry, then com-
manded by Col., now Gen. W. T. Sher-
man, and ordered to report at Jefferson
Barracks, Missouri. At the breaking
out of the war he was appointed Quar-
ter Master General of the Army of the
South West. The position was a very
important one.for everything had to be
organized as of new, no provision having
ever been made for such a collossiu
emergency. Sheridan put order, life
and efficiency into the department, and
was retained in that line of duty much
longer than his marshal spirit wished
for. At the seige of Corinth, however,
where he was on duty, the necessity of
an efficient cavalry force became ap-
parent, and Sheridan to his great satis-
faction was chosen to handle it He
was commissioned by the Governor of
Michigan Colonel of the Second Volun-
teer Cavalry of that State. He was now
in his element, and his men and horses
got just enough rest to make it a luxury.
The enemy were soon aware of the
change, to their cost. They were con-
tinually barrassed; the young cavalry
leader would sometimes swoop down on
their convoys when least expected. On
the 6th of June, '68. he had his first en-
counter with the Forest cavalry near
Donaldson's Crossroads, and after a
sharp engagement routed them. On
July 1st, with his little brigade of two
regiments, he encountered the n bel
General Chambers at the head of nine
regiments, about 6,000 men, and charg-
ing down on them with that impetuosity
wiiich always characterized him, he
utterly routed them, pursuitig them for
twenty miles. For tnis gallant action
he received the hiehest praise from the
i General commauoing, and was recom*

( ■ vi'.V

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:l I

mended for promotion. He accordingly
was made a Brigadicr-Oeneral, and in
the September following defeated Col,
Faulkner at Rienzi. Hi4 uniform suc-
cess, ent -prise and daring made his
name widely known and popular, and
he was looked upon as the most promis-
ing of the cavalry officers of the North.
Alter this time his command was great-
Iv enlarged, and when Bragg's army
threatened Louisville, Sheridan was sent
to defend it, and he made the road so hot
for the enemy that Bragg felt compelled
to change his mind. He next distin-
guished himself at the battle near Perry-
ville, Oct Ist, leading the van of the
Eleventh division, and is credited with
saving the whole army fnim disaster by
his desperate daring and the skilful
manuvering of his troops, but it cost
him 400 of his men. We next find him
under Rosecrans at Murfreesborough,
one of the most desperately contested
battles of the war, where hCiWas in com-
mand of a division, and four successive
times, althoua;ii with far inferior num-
bers, he repulsed Gen. Hardee's troops,
when he at length received reinforce-
ments and immcdidtcly led a desperate
advance. Gen. Rousseau, who brought
up the reinforcements, thus humorously
describes the position at the time: "I
knew it was hell in there before I got
in, but I was convinced of it when I
saw Phil. Sheridan wilh hat in one
hand and sword in the other, flghtin,
as if he was the devil incarnate, or hai
a fresh indulgence from Father Tracy
every five minutes." Father Tracy
was Lhe highly popular and indefatiga-
ble Chaplain of Gen. Rosecrans. Sheri-
dan was now only just six months in
active service in the field, and yet such
was his dash, skill and success that be-
fore the year '02 ended, he was commis-
sioned a Major General. During the
winter of '62 and '68 Sheridan was not
idle. He devoted himself incessantly
to improving and perfecting his troops,
and kept their soldierly- experience
alive by an occasional raid into the
enemy's lines. Sheridan's division was
on the advance towards Chattanooga
and was engaged almost continually in
skirmishing with the enemy, and took a
conspicuous part in the battle of Chick-
amauga, Sept. 20th, taking prisoners
from five different divisions and captur-
ing one batle flag.t He also took part
in tho battle of Chattanooga or Mission
Ridge* Nov. 80) and Stone River, Jan.,

'64, his iivision always being in the
hottest of the fight and invatiably victo*
rious. l£a,r\j in '64 Sheridan was trans«
ferred to the East. Grant, having been
summoned to Washington in March,
was commissioned Lieutenant-General
and entrusted with the command of the
entire land forces of the United States,
and was to be left untrammelled as to
the movements of the armies and the
selection of general officers to cora>
mand. them. Sheridan was immediate-
ly assigned to command the cavalry of
the army of the Potomac. The advance
on Richmond commenced about 1st of
May. On the 8d Sheridan crossed the
Rapidan with his whole force and im-
mediately started on a reconnoitering
and raiding expedition in the rear of the
enemy, met the rebels at Gray's Church,
Parker's Store, Todd's Tavern, Fred-
ericksburg, Chilclsburg, and Beaver
Dam Station, and at the latter place re-
leased over 800 Union prisoners. He
destroyed large quantities of military
stores, bridges, and tore up rail by the
mile. On the 11th, when within six
miles of Richmond, he encountered a
superior force of the enemy under the
celebrated Gen. Jeb. Stuart, and a
desperate encounter took place, which
ended in the defeat and death of that
distinguished confederate chief and the
capture of several guns and many pri-
soners. On the following day he pushed
his raid to within a mile of Richmond,
and having succeeded in the object of
his raid, he returned to the main body.
He next crossed the Chickahominy and
found Meadow Bridge partially de-
stroyed and impassible for artillery and
cavalry, and the passage contested by
a large body of the enemy. The river
being fordable at that point he imme-
diately dashed in, in the face of the
enemy, and after a sharp conflict put
them' to flight. While thus engaged
the enemy threw a large force in nis
rear, and he found himself between two
fires; ordering a portion of his troops to
continue the pursuit, he turned the re-
mainder on the new assailants, and
charging them with his usual impetu-
osity, he utterly routed them— chasing
them through Mechanicsville, killing
many and taking several hundred
prisoners. He then pushed on with h'js
whole force, in the meantime seeing to
the reconstruction of the bridge, and
carrying destruction everywhere, made
the enthe circuit of the enemy's rear ia

DtlSH CELTS.

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an incredibly short space of time. On
the crossing of James' River, by the
Main Army, on June 14 and 15, Gen.
Sheridan guarded the flank, and it was
done without the loss of a man or gun,
in the face of the enemy. Grant having
failed to take Petersburg, which was
the key of Richmond, by direct assault,
commenced a regular investment of the
city. Sheridan now became indefati
gable. He was continually raiding
around the doomed city in force; his
first heavy brush was at Gordonsville,
where he almost literally destroyed a
body of the enemy's cavalry. He met
them again at Jones' Bridge and St
Mary's Church witL like success. For
a month he was scarcely ever out of the
saddle, often taking his scanty meals on
the road, his horse on a trot. The cele-
brated raid of the rebel Gen. Early up
the Shenandoah Valley almost to Har

{er's Ferry, took place about this time,
t was intended as a diversion in favor
of Lee's army in Richmond, by threat-
ening Washington, and to thus draw the
investing army to its defence. It was
the last vigorous exertion of the expir-
ing Confederacy, and created consider-
able excitement, carrying off and de-
stroying niueh booty. It failed, how-
ever in Its object, for the warlike states-
men who inuabited Washington were
poworless now to control the movements
of the troops, and consequently could
not call the investing army to their de-
fense, as they did once before. Gen.
Sheridan was despatched to attend to
Early and he was soon in front of that
enterprising Confederate. On the 19th
of Sept. he attacked Early near Win-
chester and defeated him after a bloody
and obstinate fight, capturing several
tiiousaud of his men. He followed him
closely and encountered him the next
day at Fisher's Hill, where he again
routed him, and pursued him through
Harrisonburg and Staunton. As a re-
ward for these brilliant services, he was
raised from Captain to Brigadier-Gene-
ral in the regular army. About a month
after Early^ final rout, Sheridan having
been called to Washington on business
connected with his command, left every-
thing serene in his front, his troops rest-
ing on their position near Cedar Creek
and Strasbourg. The enemy, learning
of his absence and being strongly rein-
forced, determined on an aggressive
move and suddenly on the mof bing of
the 19th of Oct. made a fierce and well

sustained attack on Sheridan's position.
It proved successful, tho Union forces
being driven back three or four miles;
guns, amunition and supplies, besides
many prisoners, were captured; things
were fust assuming the appearance of a
complete and disastrous route when as-
sistance came unexpectedly in the per-
son of Sheridan ana his stafF. He had
started early that morning from Wash-
ington, and was leasurly making for his
camp not dreaming of danger or dis-
aster, when after a while sounds like
the distant thunder of artillery could
be distinguished. He hurried forward
and at last became aware by the close-
ness and direction of the sonnds that his
troops had given way and were retreat-
ing before the enemy. It may easily
be imagined what effects this thought

Eroduced on the fiery commander who
ad never experienced defeat. He
dashed on with the swiftness of the
wind, his splendid charger seeming to
partake of his master's excitement, and
smelling the battle from afar seemed
anxious to mingle in the fray. To the
consuming anxiety of that master every-
thing seemed slow, moments were as
hours, but at length breathless and hat-
less, bis horse exhausted and covered
with foam, he dashes in amongst his
defeated and despairing troops, and witJi
a voice which rang out above the din of
battle, ordered a halt! ^'^stantly there
was a change. His very presence seem-
ed an assurance of victoiy . The broken
and disordered lines are quickly formed
and present to the enemy once again a
formidable front, while quickly behind
them officers are massing and reorganiz-
ing theshattered columns. The artillery
is In position and the cavalry arc in the
flanks with their front to the enemy.
And while the surprised enemy are
speculating over the change the angry
and ringing tones of Sheridan shout out
a charge, and away they go like tigers
for their prey, with shame in their
hearts before the angry face of their
fiery and fearless leader, but with a
burning desire to wipe out their dis-
grace and re-establish once again a claim
to their gallant leader's confidence and
praise. The struggle was not long, but
desperate and bloody; animated by the

f>resence of their, to them, invincible
eader, they pushed their foe with a
reckless daring which was irresistible
and before which they reeled, and broke,
and fled. Sheridan was everywhere.

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IRISH CKLTS

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bareheaded, with sword in hand, en-
couraging his men to deeds of valor;
and wiien the route commenced, bear-
ing down on the discomfited foe at the
h^uA of his cavalry, scattering them
like chaff in every direction, The vic-
tory was complete. Nenrly all the ar-
tillery and supplies of Early's formid-
able command tell into the hands of the
victor. The battle field and line of re-
treat was covered with the dead and
wounded, and over 1500 were taken
prisoners. This was undoubtedly the
most brilliant feat of the war. A dis-
astrous and seemingly inextricable rout,
turned into a^ most brilliant victory by
the personal exertions and wonderfully
inspiring power of one man, in the face
of a superior force, exulting in victory,
and led by a most skilful and able gen-
eral, is so extraordinary that it stamps
the man as one whose military genius
entitles him to rank with the greatest of
generals. For this he received the un-
stinted praise of his superiors, the thanks
of the country, and was rewarded with
the rank of Major General in the regu-
lar service. Thus, in a little over two
years, this modest little captain, without
political influence, family interests or

Stwerful friends, rose to the position of
ajor General. Another winter passed
over the expiring Confederacy, and
Sheridan took the field the end of Feb-
ruary, 1866. March 2d he took Staun-
ton and defeated Early once f'gaiu at
Waynesboroui^h, who then hastened OLt
of the valley with the miserable rem\ r)U.
of his forces, never again o appear. He
next turned his attention to the ^^pply
lines of the beseiged, destroying the
nilroads and canals, and thus contract-
ing their means of communication.
After resting his weary troops a few
days, he started from his base at
Whito House Landing with the 6th
Corps and 9000 cavalry for the purpose
of destroying the Danville and South
Side Rail Road, which was of vital im-
portance to the rebels, and about their
la^t and only line of connection with the
South. Of course it was always closely
watched and strongly cuaraed, and
(vhep ftheridan's designs oecame appa-
rent, I;.rge reinforcements were sent to
(^ard and make it secure from danger.
'i i\ > first conflict for iv. possession took
p.;a,r3 on '!"irch 8t.st ut Five Forks, or
6<m<ia Court House. It was a well
< c«»<»>fted action. Th3 enemy succeeded
*'\ sustainir)g themselves, and Sheridan,

finding that the opposing forces were
too numero^ for him, fell' a short dis-
tance back to Denwiddie, and deploy-
ing the main portions of his cavalry as
skirmishers, leaving only enough men
to take charge of the horses, he sent for
reinforcements, and the 2d Corps, com-
posed in ^reat part of Irish, was* tent
to his assistance. The following day
saw the battle renewed with increased
confidence and determination on one
side, and with all the stubborn energy
of despair on the other. If Sheridan
succeeded, the last ray of hope to save
Richmond, or even the Army of the
South, would be extinguished. It may-
well be conceived that no effort was
wanting on either side to se'^nre the de-
sired result. The battle •'^as fought
with equal valor on both sides. The
Irish brigades, pushed on by "Little
Phil" — who was everywhere in the
field, even personally puttiog batlallions
into position— out did, if possible, their
established reputatiun fx'- reckless
bravery and Irresistible cVuu, Sb^ri*
dan, by his example m well as words,
let his men know that the position mitist
be carried, and ere the .vinking sun dis-
appeared behind the tree tops, the ene-
my, sullen, discomfileil t<ia beaten, re-
tired within he lines A Richn.ond,
leaving in the Ji'' d'3 of .• j victora over
6000 prisoners, '. elides g<its and amu-
nition. The reiiult of liiis was that
Richmond was no longer tenable. The
.spirit of the Southern army was broken.
's'j.'i collapse of the Confederacy was too
^<!vdrent to the most confiding and
simple, to give the faintest hope that
farther resistance could produce aught
but increased disaster, and the g-allant
Lee beheld his once proud army hope-
lessly and utterly dispirited, melting
away beneath his eyes. He attempted
by a hasty retreat to escape 'with the
wretched remains of his throops, but
Sheridan was too watchful. He cut off
his line of retreat|on Staunton, and Lee,
finding himself hemmed in, had no al-
ternative but unconidtional surreuder.
And thus ended 'he war of the Great
Rebellion. Gen. Sheridan was justly
and universally recognized as one of the
great instruments, under a benign Provi-
dence, which brought about the glorious
result, and everywhere throughout the
country he was received with the high-
est houors, and with an unstinted meed
of praise. In 1807 he was appointed to
command the 5th Military Division,

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Comprising the States of Louisiana and
Texas. His administratioD, however,
clashed with President Johnson's wishes,
and he was removed, against, however,
the expressed wishes of the Command-
in-Chief, Gen. Grant, who supported
Sheridan in his line of policy. On the
resignation of Grant, when elected
President, and the promotion of Sher-
man in his place as General and Cora-
roander-in Chief, Sheildnn was raised
to the Lieutenant Generalship, which he
held until the retirement of Sherman
under the act of Congress, which retires
all officers at the age of 63 years, when
he became Generafand Commander-in-
Chief, which position he still holds.
Sheridan is undoubtedly one of the
ablest military officers that America
has as yet produced. Active, brave
and skilful, cool, but impetuous, and
possessing that maenetism which can
infuse into his men entire confidence
in his ability to lead them to yictory,
and is almost always certain to insure
the same.

SHERIDAN, RICHARD BRINS-
LET, perhaps the most brilliant mind
that ever swayed or charmed the Par-
liament of England, and who as a wit
orator, and dramatist combined, stands
undvalled either in ancient or modem
times, was u son of Thomas Sheridan,
the tragedian, and elocutionist
was bom in Dublin Oct. 81, 1751, was
educated at Harrow and in Dublin, and
studied law at Lincoln's Inn. Having,
however, made a romantic marriage
while yet young, and before he comple-
ted his studies, he had, to recourse to
literature for a mainten'mce. His first
dramatic attempt was the Rivals, which
was at the time but imperfectly suc-
cessful. The Duenna and the School
for Scandal, which soon after followed,
placed him foremost among living
dram^tiBts, and his reputation was fully
fiustamed by the Critic. In 1776 he
became one of the proprietors of Drury
Lane Theatre, and in 1780 he entered
Parliament as member from Stafford.
Here new and still greater fame and
glory awaited him. He was dis-
couraged by fricinds as to the possi-
bilities of Parliamentary success, and
warned that no man could acquire su-

{)reme abilHv in more than one of the
eadtng walks of life. He however
PMlcklyproved the f al lacy of such asser-
tions, and although launched in his

Parliamentary career into the midst of a
trio of Statesman and orators such as the
British Parliament, or perhaps the
world, before or since.has never rivalled,
yet such was the brilliancy of his genius
and the capacity and variety of nis in-
tellectual powers, that he was recog-
nized as second to none of his dis-
tincruished rivals (Burke, Pitt, and
Fox), as an orator or debater, and
for two and thirty years pursued a
splendid Parliamentary ca er, during
which time he was peerless n wit and
had but few equals in floquence.
Among his most brilliant efforts was
his speech on the impeachment of War-
ren Hastings. He was thrice In office,
for short periods, under the Rockingham
and Whig aiiministrations. The destruc-
tion of Dniry Lane Theat/o, of which he
was part owner, by fire, together with
lavish habits in his expenditures, invol-
ved him deeply in debt, and made ibe
latter years or his life full of trouble
and bitterness. His failure at last to
secure a seat in Parliament, deprived
hip of protection from arrest, and his
person was more than once seized by
the harpies of the law. Thus, in the
midst or difficulties, fears and^'nTowe,
this highly gifted mac fourd reliei in
death on the 7th of July, 1818. Hi>
Poems and plays were collected in two
volumes by Moore, who also « vote a
life of him.

SHERIDAN, THOMAS, s'^r .? the
well-known friend of Dean Pr it, and.
father of R. B. Sheridan, w<.-. born in
1721, at Quilca in Ireland, edur^^e*! a.%
Westminstf School and at TviiiUy Col-
lege, Dub' In 1743, he we^it iipoti
the stage, l soon ranked high as a tiiig-
edian. I lext became manager of the)
Dublin '1 1 leater, but was ruined by tMO
much competition. Ho subsequently
gavelet- ures on elocution, and was bi«>
manap«r of Drury Lane theatre. London,
for 81 (time. His chief works ere a
Dicti lary of the English Language
and a Life of Dean Swift. He died fa
1788.

SHERIDAN, THOMAS, D.D., an
Irish divine, scholar and wit, was born
in County Cavan, Ireland, about 1634,
educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and
entered *he ministry of the establirhod
church, lie taught a classical school in
Dublin, v^ecame chaplain to the Loi-d
Lieuteutaut, and was a friend of Dean

ir!

^«8

■''Wt.

*.■ Vi,

SHI

HUSH CELTS.

SHI

Bwitt through whose inflnence he ob-
tained "a living" in Cork, but subse-
?[uently taught in Cavan. He was noted
or his wit and extra vagance.qualities eo
conspicuously developed in his emi-
nent jfrandson. He is the auhor of
translations of Persius and of (Sopho-
cles. He died in Dublin, Sept. 10, 1788.

SHIEL. GEO. E., an able and influ-
ential legislator of Oregon, was a native
Ireland, and gained distinclion in hia
adoptf d stale by his ability. He has held
important positions in that state, and
was a representative to the STthCongress.

SHIEL, Sm JUSTIN, a distin-
guished British Soldier and diplomat,
was a youncer brother uf Richard Lalor
8. and was born in Dublin, towards the
close of the last century. He received
a thorough education, entered the
army and served with distinction in
various parts of the world, rose to the
rank of Major-General, and was knight-
ed. He also filled civil positions under
the ^overument, and was minister to
FersTu. He is the author, in conjunc-
tion with his wife, a lady of talent, of a
vair-ible woik on Persia, entitled
"Glimse^ of life and manners in Per-
sia" 18m.

SHIELDS. BENJAMIN G. a prom
Inent politician and advocate of Ala
bama, was of Irish pare at age, received
Ills education in the South and won
reputation I.;y bis conspicuous talent.
He represented his district in the United
States Congress in 1841, and was
bighly esteemed.

SHIELLS JAMES, a talented Irish
American politician who settled at an
early day in Ohio, and acquired dis-
tinclion by his ability. Hn was elected
to Congress in 1820, but deaiii, out an
end to his career iu 1831. He died in
Butler county in that State.

SHIELDS, GEN. JAMBS, a distin-
guished Irish-American soldier and
statesman, was born at Dungannon,
County, Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810. He
emigrated to the United Stares with his
parents in 1826, studied law and sought
the great West for fame and fortune.
He settled in Easkaskia, Illinois in
1882, and by his native energy and ster-
ling qualities, soon acquirea reputation
and practice in his profession, making

hosts of friends by bis genial presence
and happy, pleasing manners. In 1888,
he was sent to the legislature from Ran-
dolph county, where he made the ac*
quaintaneof men destined for national
reputiition: Stephen A. Douglas, Abra-
ham Lincoln, John J. Hardin, and wi^
recognized as their peer. In 1889, he
was state auditor, in 1848 made judee
of the state supreme court, and in 184S
commissioner of the land office. On the
breaking out of the Mexican war, he of-
fered his services, was appointed a brig-
adier general, bv James E. Polk, and
took command of the Illinois troops. He
served under Gen. Taylor on the Rio
Grande and afterwards joined Gen.
Scott on his march to t le City of Mexico.
At Cerro Gordo, he was supposed to be
mortally wounded, a ball passing
through his right lung and coming out
at his back, which wound was said to
have been clenned by a Mexican sur^on
passing a silk handkerchief entirely
through from breast to back. He soon
a^ain joined his command before the
City of Mexico and was again danger-
gerously -^vounded at Chapultc'pec, by a
ball in his stomach, and was brevetted
major-general for gallant services. In
1848 he was appointed governor of the
Territory of Oregon, but he was soon
after elected United States' senator from
Illinois and took his seat in that illustri-
ous body the following year. In 1855,
he removed to Minnesota and upon the
admission of that state into the Union,
he was again sent to the United States
Senate. In 1860, he removed to Califor-
nia, where he married. On the breaking
out of the war of the Rebellion, he o^
fered his services and was commissioned
a brigadier-general, joined the Army of
the Potomac and distinguished liimself
in the Shenandoah valley, having had
two desperate encounters with Stonewall
Jackson. He was the only Northern
general that ever succeeded in foiling
that able and wily southern leader in a

E itched battle. In 18C3 Shields resigned
is commission and settled first in Wis-
consin, but soon after removed to Mis-
souri, where he resumed the practice of
the law and was sent to the state legisla-
ture from Carroll County. In 1879 he was
again elected to the United States senate,
to serve out an unexpired term, being,
perhaps, the only man who represents
three states at different times iu that
august body. Geu. Shields was a man
of great practical eense and solid talents.

BLO

iUUtU CEI<T8

SMI

.As a soldier, he was brave, skillful and
aggressive. He died June 1st, 18 « 9, at
'OUumwa, Iowa.

SHIRLEY, RT. REV. WALTER
A. an eminent divine of the established
church, was born at Westport Ireland
1797 and was educated at Oxford. He

gained a prize for an able essay on 'The
tudy of Moral Evidence'and afterwards
becameone of the examiners of Oxford.
In 1846 he was selected as preacher of
the Bampton Lectures at Oxford, and
Afterwards appointed Bishop of Sodor
«nd Man. He died in 1847.

SLOAN, SIR HANS, an eminent
phvsician and naturalist was born in
1660 at Eillileagh, in Ireland, and fin-
ished his studies at Montpeliei settled
In London in 1684 and becam«. a fel-
low of the college and member of the
Royal society. In 1687 he went to
Jamaica as physician to the Duke of
Albermarle, and during the fifteen
months he remained there, he made a
valuable collection of objects of natural
history. The publications of papers
on various scientific and medical sub-
jects brought him promptly into no-
tice, both at home and o^i the continent
and he soon acquired great reputation
and an ample fortune. He was made
secretary of the Royal society, and on
the death of Newton he succeeded him
as president. He was also president of
the college of physicians, physicfan
general to the army and physician to
the King, and was by him created a
baronet. Sloan bequeathed the whole
of his immense collection of natural
curiosities, medals-, and books to the
public, on the pajrment of a trifling
sum, and it constitutes the basis of the
British Museum, His chief work is
The Natural History of Jamaica. He
died in 1753.

SLO ANE, JOHN.a prominent politl-
cinn of Ohio was of Irish descent born in
Pennsylvania 1789, removed early to
Ohio and was elected to the assembly in
1804, and Speaker 1805,served in the war
of 1812 as a soldier, was receiver of
public monies for eleven years, and
went to Congre-^s in 1819, where ho re-
mained ten terms. He held various
other positions of trust, and was Sec-
retary of the Treasury under Fillmore.
He died May 15. 1856.

SLOAN, SAMUEL, a distinguished
American financier and railroad pro-

gctor, was born at Lisburn, Ireland
ec. 35, 1817. He came with his parents
to New York in 1819 and receivwi a
good common school education. He
was industrious and energetic and held
several local oflices in Kings County,
New York. Having been very fortu-
nate in his investments, he became
wealthy, and invested largely in railroad
stock, and in 1855 was elected pres-
ident of the Hudson River railroad,
holding the position for ten years. Sub-
sequently he was commissioner for the
"Trunk Lines" west, and was generally
chosen arbitrator in railroad disputes.
In 1868 he was elected president of the
Delaware, Lackawana & Western Rail-
road Company, he also became presi-
dent of the Marquette Houghton &
Ontonagon, of Michigan, and of the
Oreat Northeren, Texas. He is prob-
ably interested in more railroads than
any man in the world, it being stated
that at the present time (1884), that he
is a director in thirty -eight roads.

SMILIE, JOHN, an able and
patriotic American legislator and poli-
tician, was born in Ireland in 1736, em-
igrated to Auterica and settled in
Pennsylvania with his parents, when a
youth. He entered ardently into the
controversy of colonial rights, advocat-
ing armed resistance, and was amongst
the first to organize and take the fleld'in
his adopted state. He held many im-
portant positions,civil and mi1itary,dur-
in^ the war, and was a member of the
third Congress, and again from 1799 to
1818. It was he who brought forward
the bill in Congress declaring war
against Great Britain in 1812, support-
ing it by an able and fiery speech, de-
nouncing the pretentious and arrog-
nance of England and calling upon
Congress to submit no longer to out-
rage on the high seas, but to teach the
blatant bully a lesson in the only way
it would be effective. His efforts con-
tributed largely to the position taken,
and to its results. He died during the
struggle with his harness on, in Wash-
ington, Dec. 80, 1818 advocating to the
last, resistance to the ancient enemy,
until every pretense of interference was
disavowed.

SMITH, JAMBfl, a patriot of the
American Revolution aud one of the sign*

r' il

SMI

mSR CELTS.

SMI

en of the Declaration of Independence,
was a native of Ireland.born in 1718, and
came to the colonies with his father at an
early age. He bad the advantages of the
best (Vacation the country afforded,
having been a pupil of his countryman,
the celebrated Dr. Allison, of Philadel-
phia. After completing his classical
education, he took up the study of the
law in Lancaster, and after his admis-
rion to the bar, settled for practice in
York, Pennsylvania. Like sm his race
be was an ardent advocate for liberty
and the rights of the people to legislate
for their own wants and well-being.
He zealously and ably , from the first,
opposed the claims of the English gov-
ernment to tax the colonies agunst
their wills, and boldly maintain^ the
right of the Colonies to resist, by force
of arms, if necessary, any attempt to
collect the same. He found willing
listeners amongst his countrymen, es-
pecially his race, who were even then
m Pennsylvania a powerful portion of
the people, and who, when the storm
burst, eagerly sprang to arms, mainlv
composing the celebrated "Pennsyl-
Tania Line," which did such gallant
work during the Bevolutionary War.
Smith was sent as a delegate from York
to tiie Continental Congre8S,and had the
honor of affixing his name to our great
charter of freedom, the Declaration of
Ivdependence. He was also active in
CL«^ field, having been one of the finst to
raise a company, serving gallantly in
the first actions, and was promoted to a
Colonelcy. He continued his activity
in raising troops during the war, and
at the same time filled important civil
position, both state and national. He
also acquired high standing in his pro-
jfession, and continued in active prac-
tice for over sixty years. He was also
one of the pioneers in the iron develop-
ments of Pennsylvania, owning large
interests in mines and works. In fact
he was a model, public-spirited citizen,
who by his energy, indust.y and ability
added material] v to the prosperity and
well-being of his state and country. He
continued vigorous, intellectually and
physically, to a green old see, being
eighty-seven when he retired from the

Jractlce of his profession. He died
uly 11, 1806, at the great age of ninety-
three. It was said of him by an emi-
nent contemporary that: "He united the
readiness aud point of Foote to the
ckaalcal taste of Sheridan, that he

spumed dullness and whipped pride;
but never assailed the timid, the humble,
or the modest." A glorious tribute,and
worthy of a father of the Republic.

SMITH, JEREMIAH, LL.D., aa
able and learned Irish- American scholar,
was born in New Hampshire in 1759.
He held many important positions and
at length became governor of his nativo
state in 1809-10, and was highly esteem-
ed.

SMITH, JOHN W., a distinguished
and able common law writer and re-
porter, was born in London. 1809,of Irish
Birents, who returned and settled in
ublin, where our subject was edu-
cated, at Trinity College, after which
he studied law, commenced practice
as a special pl^er and was called
to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1884.
He is the author of "A Compendium of
Merchantile Law," 1834; "An Element-
ary View of the Proceedings in an
Action at Law," 1885; "A Selection of
Leading Cases in Various Branches of
Law." His legal works are all held
as of the highest authority. He is also
author of poems of merit.

SMITH, JONATHAN B., a gallant
oflicer of the Pennsylvania Line, was
of Irish descent, born in Pennsylvania
1741, fought at the battle of Princeton,
and was a member of the Continental
Congi-ess in 1777-8. He died about
1800.

SMITH JOHN BLAIR D. D., son
of Dr. Robert Smith, was born in Lan-
caster county. Pa., June 12th 1756, re-
ceived his preliminary education from
his father, and graduated at Princetoo
1778, and from Hampden Sydney Col-
lege in theology, where his brother was
at the time President. In 1769 he also
became President of that Coll^, and
he was fdmous throughout the Virginia
Valley, for his eloquence as a preacher,
and his power as a revivalist, was called
to the Third Presbyterian church,
niiladelphial791, and was first Presi-
dent of Union College 1796. He agaiD
returned to Philadelphia when he died,
August 1799.

SMITH MICHAEL, a disHnguished
member of the Irish bar and also of
the Irish Parliament, was bom in the
Kings County, in 17M. He distinguish-

SMI

IBIBH CtUtB.

SHT

son

ed himself at n very earlv age, while In
college at Dublin, and was called to the
Irish bar in 1769 and soon after took his
degree of LL.D. In 1788, he took his
seat in the Irish Parliament, was after-
wards elevated to the bench as one of
the barons of the exchequer, still later
be WHS made Master of the Rolls, and
was also one of the privy council in
Ireland. He died in 1808.

SMITH, DR. NATHAN RYAN.
M. D., LL.D, a talented and skillful
Irish-American phynician, surgeon and
scientist, was born in New Hampshire
1797. He invented a safe method in
Lithotomy, a new suspensory apparatus
for fractured inferior extremities, and
was held as high authority by his pro-
fessional brethren in matters of surgery.

SMITH, RICHARD, a successful
and talented American journalist was
born in Ireland, 1828. He was super-
intendent of the Cincinnati Chamber of
Commerce in 1849, and became editor
and proprieter of the Cincinnati Oa-
zette, one of the mostlmpoitantRepub-
lician papors of the west, a position he
still fills with credit and ability.

SMITH, ROBERT, D. D., an able
Presbyterian divine, of Pennsylvania,
was bom in Ireland in 1728, and emi-
grated to America with his parents,
who settled in Chester county ; at an early
day. He was educated at the school of
Dr. Blair, whose sister he married, and
entered Uie Presbyterian ministry in
1761. He established a classical school
and a theological seminary in Lancaster
county, where he trained many distin-
guished men. He died at Rockville,
Pa.. AprU 16th 1798.

SMITH, SAMUEL STANHOPE,
D. D., son of Dr. Robert, and eminent
and learned Presbyterian divine, and
pulpit orator, was born in Lancaster
county Pennsylyania, March 16, 1760,
graduated in 1769, and returning home
studied theology and taught in his
father's Academy; was a professor at
Princeton from 1770 to '78 and entered
the ministry in 1774; was first presi-
dent of Uampden Svdney College 1775-
9 and then accepted the chair of moral
Philosophy in Princeton and that of
theology, 1788; vice president of the
College in 1786 and president in 1796.
He was prominent in the assemblies of

the church, and was distinguished for
his dignified manners and gracefu
oratory. He was the author of "An
Essay on the Variety of Complexions ia
the^ Human Speeds," "A Volume of
Sermons" "Lectures ou the Evidences
of the Christian Religion and Moral
Philosophy " "A system of Natural and
Revealed Religion'^ and History of the
United States. He died at Princeton
August, 21 1810.

SMITH, SIR, WILLIAM, son of Sir
Michael, he finished his education
and took his degrees at Oxford, was
afterward admitted to the Irish bar and
subsequently took his degi-ee of LL D.
He also became a member of the Irish
Parliament and sat there till thesuicidal
act of Union, became solicitor general
and accompanied his father in his Cir-
cuit as second judge and succeeded on
the election of his father to the Rolls;

SMYTHE, ANDREW WOODS,
M. D., one of the most eminent of
surgeons, was bom in Ulster, Ireland
Feburai^ 16, 1888, where he received
his preliminaiT education, emigrating
to the United States in 1849, he began
the study of medicine in New Orleans,
and graduated from the medical de-
partment of the University of Lousiana
1869. He earned reputation for skill
as a surgeon and became house surgeon
of one of the great charity institutions
of that ci^. There he made many
famous and successful surgical opera-
tions, and in May 1864 he performed
the first and only, successful one re-
corded, of tying the arteria innominata.
Up to that time, more than twenty of
the most eminent surgeons of the world
had tried and failed. His skill and
judgement is held as unrivalled by hi»
professional brethern.

SMYTH, THOMAS, D.D., an emi-
nent American Presbyterian divine,
was bom at Belfast, Ireland, July 14,
1808, where he was educated, came to
the U. S in 1880. studied divinity at
Princeton and became pastor of the
Second Presbyterian Church at Charles-
ton, South Carolina. He is the author
of many works in defense of his church
views, also "Unity of the Human Rac;
Proved to be the Doctrine of 8criptur i.
Reason and Science," 1860; and "Tlte
True Origin and Source of the Meckle >
, bury Declaration of Independence."

4.'

m: ,

■I :)■""']

SPA

IBUR CKLT8.

8TA

SMYTH, OENEBAL THOS. A., a
■nllant and able Union soldier in tbe
'Great Rebellion, was born in Ireland,
and came to the United States with his

Birenls, who settled at Wilmington,
elaware. He volunteered at tbe open-
ing of the trouble, 1861. and participat-
ed in almost all the en^gements in
which the Army of tl e Potomac was
engaged. He gradually rose by dis-
tinguished services, and was made a
brigadier-general for gallant conduct at
Cold Harbor, June 81st, 1864. He
commanded the 2nd division of the 2nd
army corps before Richmond, and fell,
mortally wounded, near Farmville,
and died April 7, 1865, at Peters-
burgh, one of the last chivalrous sacri-
fices of the war.

SOUTHERN, THOMAS, a dramatic
writer, was born in 1660 at Dublin, edu-
'Cated at Trinity College in that city.and
studied law at the Middle Temple; gave
it up for literature, and became a dram-
atic author, afterwards entering the
army he served with distinction. He
was the intimate friend of Dryden,
Pope, and that literary circle. Of his
works, the tragedies of Isabella and
Oronooka are still acted. He died in
1746.

8PAIGHT, GOV. RICHARD D., a
prominent Irish-American patriot and
fiiatesman, was born in Ireland about
1740, received his academic education
th'-re, graduated at the University
of Glasgow, and emigrated to Ameiica.
He took an active part in tne Revolu-
tionary struggle.flrst as aid-de-camp to
General Caswell, and became distin-
guished for his talents, ablity and
energy. In 1781, he was elected to the
KorUi Carolina House of Commons,
and from 1782 to 1786, he was a mem-
ber of the Continental Congress, and
the latter year was eI<'Cted a member of
the convention which drew up our
present Constitution. In 1792, he was
elected governor of his adopted state,
North Carolina, which position he held
for three years. He was in Congress
from 1798 to 1801. He fell in a duel
with the Hon. James Stanley, Septem-
ber 6, 1802.

SPAIGHT, RICHARD D., son of
the foregoing was born at Newbern,
North Carolina in 1796; graduated at |
the university of that state in 1816, and
early distiuguished himself by his talents I

and eloquence, was state senator ai a
very early age, serving from 1820 to '22,
afterwards continuously from 1824 to
'84, and in the meanMme served one
term in Confess, 1828-24. He was
governor of his native state from 1885
to '87 and held a distinguished place
amongst the ablest men of the state.
He died in 1850.

SPARKS, NICHOLAS, one of the
pioneers of the City of Ottawa, capital
of the Dominion of Canada, and most
munificient of its citizens, was born in
Wexford, Ireland, 1794. and emigrated
to Canada in 1816. He settled near tbe
present City of Ottawa, and by his fore-
sight and prudence, raised himself from
a poor boy, to wealth and standing, ex*
empUfyingtbe generous character of his
race by his public-spirited munificence.
He died in 1862.

SPENCE. ROBERT, a talented
Canadian politician and editor, was a
native of Dublin, and emigrated to Can-
ada when a youth, where he gradually
rose to distinction by the force of his
native talents and energy, and at length
became conspicuous as a political editor,
and supported Sir Francis Hinck's pol-
icy. In the Sir Allen MacNub coalition
government 1855, Spence became one
of the ministry as postmaster-eeneral.
He has uniformly acquitted himself
with marknd ability in all the positions
to which he has been called by his
Canadian fellow citzens. .

STAFFORD, REV. W., a distin-
guished Canadian priest, remarkable
for his eloquence and success in the
cause of total abstainance, was the son
of a Wexford emigrant and was bom
near Perth, Canada, March 1st. 1832.
He received his education at St. Theresa
College, where he spent six j^ears, and
studied theology at Regiopohs. While
there he used to visit the penitentiary
for the purpose of instructing the con-
vices, and became satisfied from his ob-
servations and enquiries that a lar^e
f)ortion of crime had its foundation m
ntemperance. This fact stimulated
him to continual, persevering and won-
derfully successful exertions in bring-
ing whole communities from the cus-
tomary use of liquors into strict total
abstainance, and in some instances,
making marvellous changes for the bet-
ter, in the wellbeiDg, peace and pros-

STA

IBISH CELTS.

BTA

tor at a
10 to '22,
1824 to
red one
He was
3m 1885
;d place
le state.

e of the
i, capital
nd most
born in
migrated
near the
his fore-
lelf from
dinir, ex-
ter of his
lificence.

talented
>r, was a
i to Can-
jradually
rce of his
at length
3al editor,
ack's i)ol-
I coalition
»me one
r-general.
himself

positions
d by his

a distin-
imarkable
ss in the
iS the son
was bom
Ist. 1832.

Theresa
rears, and
3. "While
nitentiary
; the con-
ra his ob-
t a lar^e
Illation in
stimulated
and won-

In bring-
a the cus-
itrict total
instances,
or the bet-
and pros-

perity of whole districts. In 1853, he
was ordained, and shortly afterwards
was made director of Regiopolis and

Erofessor of logic and philosophy. His
ealth becoming impaired by work and
study, he went south to recuperate and
whilespending the winter in South Caro-
lina, he was arrested for denouncing the
indecencies of the slave auctioc. He
was, however, released on claiming the
rights of a British subject. He visited
Ireland the next year, but he wai not
charmed with the distinctions in ',he so-
cial world which he saw, and naively
expressed it by saying "equality in this
CO'' "' .terthan quality in Ireland."
In . ., ne resigned his position in Regi-
opalis College and was stationed at
Wolf's Island, where his good work in
building up institutions of charity and
education is still evident. In 1868, he
was transferred to Lindsay, where his
marvellous powers in the cause of tem-
perance was exhibited. He was not
less zealous in the cause of education,
for he considered it a most powerful
handmaid of temperance, and his influ-
ence in both these respects was strongly
felt throughout Canada. He was offer-
ed the head mastership of the Ottawa
Normal School, but had to decline on
account of his more important duties.
In his district he succeeded in bringing
about the erection of a fine school build-
ing, and one of the most imposing
Young Ladies' Seminaries in Canada
was erected for the "Ladies of Loretto"
through his exertions. He was held in
the highest esteem by all classes of his
fellow citizens, for his broad liberality,
public spirit, energy and influence in
everything that tendered towards the
public good. His reputation as a pow-
erful temperance orator was not con-
fined to Canada. At the request of
Cardinal Manning, he lectured through-
out the United Kingdom on this subject,
with great success and applause. He
died afier a brief illness, Nov. 12, 1882,
in the midst of his labors and Ins suc-
cess, universally regreted by all classes
of his fellow citizens. The press of Ca-
nada, without exception, accorded to
him unstinted praise for his ability, elo-
quence, liberality and public worth, and
recorded his death as a public calamity.

8TANIHURST. NICHOLAS, a eel-
ebrated Irish physician and writer, was
bom in the early part of the sixteenth
century, and was the author of a num-

ber of medical works of great repute iO'
his day, among them, "Dieta Medicor-
um." He was in active practice about.
1550.

8TANNYHURST, RICHARD, a
learned Irish divine, was born in 1546.
He was uncle to the celebrated Arch-
bishop Usher and being connected with
influencial Protestants, he remanied for
some years in Dubhn, after pursuing a.
course of studies at Oxford. To bo-
more free to practice his religion, he,
however, went to the continent and set-
tled in the Netherlands, where his wife-
died, after which he took holy orders
and become famous for his great learn-
inir. He was appointed ( haplnin to
Albert, Archduke of Austria and Gov-
ernor of the Low Countries. He was
author of many works, among them
"On the affairs of Ireland," "Harmonia
sece catena dialectica in Porphir-
ium" printed in London 1570, and after-
wards in Lyons and Paris. Life of St.
Patrick, printed at Antwerp in 1587
"Hebdomala Mariana"(Week of Mary)
and Hebdomala Eucharistica" printed at
Doway in 1614. He translatea Virgil's
JEneia into heroic verse, printed in Lon-
don 1583, and David's Psalms into Latin
and English, bisides mi ny other valuable •
works. He died in 1618, and left be-
hind him few if any superiors in gea-
eral learning.

STANNYHURST, WILLIAM, son
of the foregoing and but little less cfcle-
brated, was born in Brussels, wm
educated by the Jesuits, and entered
that order at the age of sixteen. Like
his father he was a man of various and
extensive learning, and the author of a
great number of valuable works. He
died towards the end of the seventecth
century.

STAPLETON, DR. THOMAS a»
learned and able Catholic divine, was
born in Ireland in 1535, and educated in
France. He b<'Came noted for his con-
troversial writings and was one of the
ablest and most trench*) nt.disputants of
his -lay. He became professor of Divin-
ity at Louvain, and died in 1598.

STARK. JOHN, one of the bravest
of the revolutionary patriots, was born
in Londot'derry New Hampshire, August
28,1728. His parents emigrated from tho-
North of Ireland and it was among the-

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Irish set tiers of this vicinity, that the pota-
toe was first cultiyated as a general
article of food, and hence its name of
"Irish potatoe." The life led by the
hardy settlors of this section of America
was well calculated to produce heroes,
«8pecially from a brave rac6. The se^
tlersriflehad to be his constant com-
panion, as he was liable to interview at
any time, even up to the door of his
rune habitation, wild beasts and not less
wild, but more treacherous savages.
Every settler was not only a husbuid-
man but a hunter and trapper. Our
subject was note'l from early boyhood
for his skill in all the arts of the wood-
man as well as for his cool and un-
daunted bravery. When a mens boy.
while on a hunting excursion, he was
captured by a party of Indians, but
made them feel his prowess and darine
before they succeeded. In 1766 Stark
was appointed a lieutenant in Captain
Robert Roger's company of Rangers,
afterwards famous as Major lloeers of
the corps of Rangers. This body of
men were famous for their success and
bravery in the French and Indian wars.
They served the country all along the
'dangerous frontier, from Fort
Edward to Ticonderoga and Crown
Point. In 1757 they had a rash and
bloody battle near Lake George, with
« greatly superior force, all the
officers but Stark being wounded, he
had to conduct a reireat through
the wilderness in the middle of winter,
which difficult task he performed, with
l^reat skill and success, and by an
universal vote was promoted to be a
captain. On the attack on Ticonderoea,
in June of the following year, Stark be-
haved with distineuished skill and
courage. In this action fell the young
and gallant Lord Howe, k ho had be-
come a great friend and admirer of Stark,
and Stark himself warmly cherished
the memory of his noble friend, and
their campaign together, to the last hour
of his life. In the reductiou of Ticon-
deroga and Crown Point, by Lord
Amherst, he took a distinguished part.
After this, aliout 1760, he retired to
private life, and the cultivation of the
arts of peace. The troubles with the
mother country which bad long been
culminating found an intellii^ent in-
terpreter in the liberty-loving Siark.and
a bold and fearless defender of Colonial
lights. A large portion of the settlers
4>z this section of the country were Irish^

like the Starks, who had left their old
homes that they might enjoy the bless-
ings of lil}erty in the far off settlements
of the New World, and less if possible,
than any others, were they willing to
forego the treasure. Stark was a
whig from principle, and from the time
he left the army in 176(), to the break-
ing out of the Revolutionary war, he
was an apostle of liberty to the brave
young Irish scions around him, and they
instinctively looked to him as a leader
in case of trouble. The first sound of
war saw Stark in his saddle making
for the scene of action, followed by
hundreds of his companions. These
hardy patroits arriving near tiie field of
strife, jbut Stark at their head, and Gen-
eral Word considered him a timely
and able assistant. On the morning
of the 17th of June seeing from his
position that a battle was imminent,
without any orders he brought his men
up to the main body, ana about the
same time the enemy commenced their
advance. His conduct was the theme
of praise, he fouffht his men with great
coolness and skill, and was the last to
retreat when their ammunition had
given out. He retired in good order
across Charleston-Neck to Merlin Hill,
and joined the mainlK ly of the Ameri-
cans. After the evacuation of Boston
he marched his regiment to New York
and campaigned actively till May,
when he was ordered to Canada. His
troops were near Ticonderoga when
the news of the Declaration of Inde-

Eendence was received, and it was
ailed with regular Irish enthusisam.
He joined General Washmgton shortly
before the battle of Trenton, and led
the van on that memorable mornitg,
when the Hessians were surprised aua
captured.* and march' d with the com-
mander in chief to Princeton. In the
early part of the fol owing spring he
went to Exter to consult with Gen-
erals Sullivan and Porr for the next
campaign, but finding that he had been
superceeded he resigned his commission
and returned to his farm, but be did
not cease to support the cause, but
counseled wery young man to fight to
the last for country and home, send-
ing htsown young son. The loss of
Stark was soon felt. Ticonderoga was
taken and the American forces were on
the retreat. New Hampshire aroused
herself to renewed exertions, and the
cour oilof the State sent for Stark, but

STA

XBI8H CELT8.

BTA

he would not accept of any command,
unless he had entire freedom of action.
The troops would have no commander
but Stark, for in hhn they placed im-

SlfcH confidence, his leaderslMip alone
(Aug to them an assurance of success.
He was put in command, with general
<nrder8 to bang on the rear of Burgoyne's
army, and harrass his march. In
August he arrived with his troops
at Bennington and Count Baum was
detached from Burgoyne's army with a
laree force to forage for cattle, horses
and supplies, and to destroy tiie small
iNHly whioii had commenced to
threaten their rear. This proved
the commencement of Burgoyne's
misfortunes. Stark completely out-
generaled Baum. defeated him, and
captured the entire body. This was
the most decisive victory yet gained in
the war, but it produced results which
led to greater. It crippled and dis-
heartened Burgoyne's army, and in
the same ratio stimulated the hopes and
courage of the American forces under
Gates. Congress vecognteed his gal-
lant services and elevated him to the
place to which he was entitled by
service, skill and success. He was
henceforth one of the most active of
Che American geneials. Washington
placed the utmost confidence in uim
and gave him important commands.
His action was not less patriotic at
Newbern, where officers and men alike
threatened to resort to violence, because
being about to vetum to tueir homes,
they were suffering for clothing and
without pay. Stark hf his example,
his influence and his patriotic appeals
assistetl greatly in allaying and quieting
the trouble, saving the army from dis-
grace, heipineto preserve unsulUed the
reputalion wuicb men and «>fficers alike
so h 'Uorobly made, and the sacrifices
which gave to their country peace and
independence. Stark returned to his
farm and lived long to enjoy the rising
greatness and prosperity of his country,
and the respect and veneration of his
fellow citizens. He died May 8, 1822
in the ninety -fourth yebr of his age.

STARRS. REV. WILLIAM, an
able American Cntholic divine, was
born at Drumquin, county Tyrone,
Ireland about 1810, received a cbissical
education and entered Maynooth Col-
lege, where he read part of his theology,
€aDM to the United States in 1828, and

completed his theological studies with
the Sulpiciansat Baltimore, and was or-
dained Priest Sept. 1884, in the
Cathedral, New York City, of which
he was afterwards assistant pastor for
ten years.In 18R8 he was made vicar-gen-
eral the diocese and pastor ofthc Cathe-
dral. On the death of Archbishop
Hughes, he became administrator of
the diocese, until Archbisliop, (now
Curdinal McCloskey.) was transferred
to that see. Father Starrs continued
as vicar-general, and was 'theologiin
of the Archbishop in the Plenary
Council of Baltimore 1866. He was
indefatigable in all charitable works,
and was an able and eloquent preacher.
He died February 6, 1873.

ST AUNTON,SIR GEORGE LEON-
ARD, M.D.,LL.D., an able British din-
lomat, was born in Galway, Ireland,
April 19, 1787, received his education
in Dublin, and studied medicine in that
city and Montpelier, France, where he
took his degree. He returned home in
1760, wrote for London nerlodicals with
much favor, and secured the friendship
of Dr. Johnson and other eminent lit-
erary men. In 1763, he received the
appointment of physician in the Island
of Granada, and there held other public
offices of trust, among them attorney-
general, he havinc be»" admitted to the
bar. Here he acquired considerable prop-
erty, and in 1774 made the acquaintance
ana friendship of Lord Macartney.then

Sovernor of the Island, and with whom
e WHS taken prisoner and sent to France,
in 1779, on the capture of that Island
by the French. He accompanied
Macartney to the East, and became bis
secretary when Governor ofMadras, 1781,
and there displayed his promptness and
decision in the arrest of Major-Genrral
Stuart of the Madras Army, also in
treating with Tippoo dahib. He also
took a prominent part in the celebmtcd
embassy to China under Macartney, 1792,
of which he publi'^hed a very interest-
ing narrHtive. He died in London,
January 14, 1802.

STAUNTON. SIR GEORGE THOM-
AS, son of the preceding, was born in
England, May, 26, 1781. accompanied
his father to China when ten years old,
and learned the Oliine e laneuage; en-
tered the service of the East India Com-
pany in China, and rose to the highest
positions. In 1816, he was a member

"'Is

-h:

I
11

8TE

ntlBH CELTS.

STE

cf the Amherst Embassy, aud returning
to England.wasa memberof parliament
for over thirty years. He wrote "Mem*
oirs" of his father, and was the author
of translations from the Chinese, besides
an autobiograpby and other Work. He
died August 16, 1869.

STEELE, SIR RICHARD, one of
the lights of English literature, was bom
in 1071 at Dubnn, and was educated at
the Cliarter House and at Merton Col-
lege, Oxford. He first entered the mil-
itary service and ros3 to the rank of
Captain. He. however, sold out his
commission and devoted himself to
Nterature, for which his talents were so
eminently fitted. His first production was
"The Christian Hero, in 1701 ". It was
soon followed by the "Comedies of the
Funeral," "The Tender Husband" and
the "Lying Lover." In the begining
of Queen Anne's rciga, he obtained the
office of gazetteer and in 1710 was
made commissoner of stamps. The Tat-
ler,he began in 1700,and be subsequent-
ly was in part or in whole, author of
"The Spectator,' "auardian,""£ngli8h-
men," "Spintser," "Lover, ' "Reader"
and "Theatre." In 1718 he was elected
member of parliament for Storkbridge,
but was expelled for what the house was
pleased to call libels. He was after-
wards elected for Boroughbridge. Dur-
ing the reign of George I, he was
knighted, nude surveyor of the royal
stables, manager of the King'scompany
of Comedians, and one of the commis-
sioners of forfeited estates, and acquir-
ed a large sum from the play of the
"Conscious Lovers." His benevolence
together with his lavish habits kept him.
however, in a state of constant embar-
rassment. He was prostrated bv a par-
alytic attack which rendered him in-
capable of further work, and he retired
to Llangunnor where he died in 1720.
Steele's fame rests chiefly on his genius
as a writer. For chasteness, purity, and
classic simplicUy of language, he
remains unexcelled, and his works will
always be eoasideredas amongst the
best English models.

STEPHENS. EDWARD BELL, an
able correspondent, and man of letters,
was born in Dublin 1707, whei'e he wns
educate^!, and was for some time assist-
ant professor of chemistry |n the uni-
versity. He went to London aftersome
years and devoted himsdf tomagacine

writing, from whence he went to Spala
and acted as special correspondent for
the Times during the CarlJst War. lo
1887, he pubitohed his woric "The
Basque Provinces," and continued his
literary labors till his death, which took
place at Madrid, October 10, 1844.

STEPHENS, W. A., a Canadian poet
of talent was born in Belfast, Ireland,Ia
1800, and emigrated tc Canada with lids
father at an early day. He was th»
author of the first original volume of
poems published in Upper Canada ;
"Hamilton" and although open to criti-
cism for want of evenness,some parts ex«
hibit power and taste^ He also wrote
ccnsiderable for the press, both inprosa
and verse. In politics he is a reformer.

STERLING. JOHN, one of the
ablest of the modem school of ttdnkers,
was the son of Capt. Edward Sterling,
a native of Waterford. Ireland, and
was born at Eames Casile. on Uie Isle
of Bute in 1800. In 1814. the family
for hwhile resided in France, but after*
wards settled in London, where in 1824,
John was sent to Trinity Cdlege, which
he left without taking a degree. He at
firstlntended to devote himself to the
minlstTT of the church of Enirland. but
after a brief Mai, abandoned it and gave
his attention to general litemiure. He
became a contributor to the Athenoeum
and other periodicals, and became an
intimate of Coleridge, Wordsworth,
Carlyle and Fred Maurice, the sister of
whose wife he married. On account of
his health, he traveled in the West In-
dies, Maderia, France and Italy. In
1841, he produced his tragedy of Staff-
ord, but it did not prove a success. He
died in 1844 and his literary remains
were publiiiued by Arch-deacon Hare
and his life by Thomas Carlyle.

STERNE. DR JOHN, a learned
Irish physiciah, was a nephew of the
famous iTsherand was born in Meath
1622. He wrote more on theology than
medicine, and was oue of the ablest of
his creed in Ireland. His son. of the
same name, was protest ant bishop of
Clogher, Dr. Sterne died in 1669.

STERNE, LAWRENCE, a divine,
wit and miscellaneous writer, was bora
in 1718 in Clonmel, Ireland, and was
educated at a school nenr Halifax and
at Cambridge. He obtained a number

;■:•■<•

PLATi as.

STE

.IRI8R CKVn,

STE

of preferments in the church of E&g-
lana, but his character seems to have
not been well fitted for that state. In
1760 he published the first two volumes
of Tristram Shandy and the remainder
appeared successively in 1761-2, '65 and
'67. Some of his latter years were
spent in traveling on the continent and
his travels gave Inrth to the Sentiment-
al Journey. Besides the al)ove he wrote
sermons and various minor pieces. He
died in 1768. His writings are distin-
guished for wit, humor, and pathos and
exhibit genius of a high order; unfortu-
nately, however, they are sometimes
blemished by a too loose morality,
which coming from a clergyman is not
only without excuse, but somewhat
shocking

STEVENSON. SIR JOHN AN-
DREW, a talented Irish musician was
born in Dublin in 1700 and was the son
of a musical professor, became leader
of St. Patrick's cathedral, Dublin,
1788. He composed the music for some
of O'Eeefe's popular musical farces.
Dr. Holton's Opera "The Contract" and
Mrs. Atkinson's "Love in a Blaze." He
produced a number of original operas
and gises and the much admired orato-
rio "The Thanksgiving," besides many
pieces of church music. His most pop-
ular efforts were, however, his arrange-
ments of Moore's melodies. He was
knighted in 1802, and received the de-
gree of Doctor of Music from the Uni-
versity. He died at the seat of his
daughter, the Marchioness of Headford,
County Meath, Ireland, September
1888.

STEWART, ALEXANDER T., the
celebrated Amerian merchant prince,
was born near Belfast, Ireland, October
1808. He studied at Trinity College, Dub-
lin, but did not complete his course. In
1828, he emigrated to the United States
and settled in New York Citv. He at
first taught school for awhile, but in
1825 he commenced his famous merchan-
tile house, which under his shrewd and
far-seeing business tact, became one of
the largest in the world. In 1848,he built
the then great store, comer of Cham-
bers Street and Broadway, whioli he
afterwards made exclu.^ively wholesaJe.
His business advauced its proportion so
fast, that t^t length he purchased a
whole square, bounded by North and
Tenth Streets, Fourth Avenue and

Broadway, and built the immense iro?
buildine which now stands there, an^
occupied it as his retail store. It cost
him $2,750,000 and about 2,000 persons
are employed on its seven floors. At
times during the war, his income was
said to have been $2,000,000 yearly.
He was appointed, by Grant, secretary
of the treasury, but an old law prohibit-
ed such ofilcer from- being connected
with the importation of merchandise,
he was unable to hold it. Although
a close business man, he was munificienk
in his liequests. In 1847, during the
famine, he sent a ship-load of provis-
ions to his native land, and after the
Franco-Prussian war, sent like relief to
France. He subscribed $50,000 to the
sufferers of the great Chicago fire, and
at the time of his death he was pushing
forward immense charitable schemes
for the relief and assistance of the
worthy poor. At the time of his death
hn was said to be worth $50,000,000.
His real estate in New York City alone
being assessed at over $5,000,000 and
probably worth twice that amount. He
died without leaving any near relative,
and the bulk of his estate he left to his
wife, desiring her to carry out his hu-
mane designs. To his attorney and
friend. Judge Hilton, he left $1,000,000
and appointed him to '7ind up his
business. His private residence was
one of the grandest in America, and
contained a valuable art gallery. He
died April 10, 1876.

STEWART, ADMIRAL CHARLES
known by the appellation of "Old Iron-
sides, "a distinguished and gallant Amer-
ican naval ofBcer, was born in Philadel-
phia, July 28, 1778, of Irish parents. His
father, who was a mariner, made Amer-
ica his home when a young man, and
took part with the struggling Colonies.
He died about 1788, leaving a family of
eight children, our subject being the
youngesjt. When thirteen years of age,
he determined to follow his father's
vocation, entered the merchant service
as a cabin boy,and developing a natural
capacity for the sea. he rose to be a
captain, or master, when quite young.
In 1798, when a war with France seem-
ed imminent, and it was necessary to
strengthen the navy, young Stewart,
althougd only twenty, was commission-
ed a lieutenant,and made his first cruise
under Commodore Barney, a brother'
Celt The year 1800 saw um in com*

STE

IBUH OBIiTR

STE

mand of the war schooner "Experi-
ment" and early that year he captured
the French schooner "Two Friends,"
in an action of ten minutes. In the war
with the pirates of Tripoli, he greatly
distinguished himself , winning the praise
and mendship of Decatur. In 1804,
he became master commandant, and in
1806, captain, and was detached about
this time to superintend the construction
of gunboats. In 1812, he was placed in
command of the frigate Constitution,
which he made famous during the war
by Ills brilliant victories over British
f ngates of superior force and snatched
the boast and prestige of supremacy on
the sea from the red flag of Britain.
His Greatest victory was perhaps over
the British frigates "Cyane" and "Le-
vant" together, of greatly superior
force, lust before the dose of the war
1815. When he returned home he was
received everywhere with the greatest
demonstrations of jov and gratitude.
Kew York presented nim wiui a mag-
nificent gold box and gave hiin a pubuc
banquet. Pennsylvania, his native
state, returned him public thanks, and
presented him with a gold bilted sword:
nd Congress voted mm the thanks of
<jountryand a gold medal; his sturdy
old vessel became known as "Old Iron-
sides," and at length, the gallant com-
mander, himself, as he grew old, was
lovinj^y called by the same appellation.
Thus it was in this war, both by land
and sea, that the commanders who pre-
emtnently distinguished them8elves,and
ahed undving lustre on American arms,
were Irifu C^lta, Jackson and Stewart.
After the war. Stewart took command
of the new 74 gun frigate "Franklin"
with which he cruised in the Mediterra-
nean Sea. , He was afterwards in com-
mand of American squadrons at various
foreign port8,and in the Paciflc,and was
in acUve service up to the breaking out
of tiie Great Rebelllon.when he retired,
being in his eighty-fourth year, to give
way for younger and more actire men.
He spent the remainder of his dajrs on
his beautiful estate on the banks of the
Delaware, near Bordentown, New
Jersey, presenting almost the robust-
no» of youth when a nonogenarlan.
He died November 9, 1869, and was
honored with a grand and imposing
public funeral in Philadelphia. The
famous young Irish patriot and leader,
Charles Stewart Parnell, is a worthy
grandson of our illustrious subject.

STEWART, OEN. John, a oallant
soldier and mitriot of the Revolution,
was bom in Ireland, and emigrating to
America, settled among his coimtrymen
in Pennsylvania, where he married a
sister of Gen. Wayne.He was an ardent
patriot, and early entered the struggle
lor independence, commanded a corps
of light infantry, and had a desperate
engagement at Indian Field with Em-
mmck's command of Tories and In-
dians, greatly superior in numbers,
August 81, 1778; was with his brother-
in-law, "Mad Anthony," at the storm-
ing of Stony Point, displaying, if possi-
ble, equal recklessness, and also receiv-
ing from Congress a gold medal for his
gallantry on that occasion, July IS,
1779. He was afterwards killed by »
fall from his horse near Charleston.

STEWART, SIR JOHN, an emi-
nent member of the Irish bar, was ap-
pointed attomey-g«neral of Ireland in
1799 and also one of the privy councO,
was also a member of Parliament and
was created a baronet in 1808 for his
services against the liberties of Ireland.
He died in 1826.

STEWART, SIR WILLIAM VIS
COXTNT MOUNTJOY, a distinguished
oflScer in the English service, was bom
in Ireland about ?660. He served in
Hungary,and participated in the siege Of
Buda in 1676, and on his retum to Ire*
land was raised to the rank of brigadier-
general. In 1688, having undertaken a
mission from Lotd Deputy Tryconnel to
James II, then at Paris, he was thrown
into the Bastlle for his trouble, and was
confined there till 1692, when being re-
leased, he joined King William in Flan-
ders and lost His life at the battle of
Stelnkirk, August 24, the same year. '

STEWART, SIR WILLIAM, son
of the foregoing was born in Ireland
about 1676, entered the army a^ an early
age and rose to the rank of lieutenant-
general and was master-general of the
ordnance. He died in August 1741.

STEWART WILLIAM, a noted
nurseryman and agriculturist of Illi-
nois, was born near Belfaf^ Ireland, in
1802. He received a good education
and at the age of fifteen shipped, as a
sailor on a vessel bound to the United
States, and as he had studied navigation
acd kindred branches, he soon beoam*

8T0

IKI9H OKIiTS.

8TU

mate of his vessel. The ship, however,
was captured by pirates after a couple
years and our subject barely escaped
with his life. He then settled amonsnt
his countrymen in Maine, where ne
married in 1823. and some time after-
wards, in 1835, removed to Illinois and
settled in Adams County, where he
opened a nursery, and became noted for
his skill, enterprise and success in his
profession. He was the author of
many improvements that are fast com-
ing into general use,and are of acknowl-
edged value. He has received the highest
praise from the most cultivated and ad-
vanced of bis co-laborers. He died
December 18, 1866.

STOKES, OEORQB OABRIEL.
D. C. L., one the most able and noted
scientists of the age, was bom at Skreen,
Ireland, in 1819, and finished his educa
tion at Cambridge, 1841, as senior
wrangler, won the "Smith Prize," and
-was elected a "Fellow." In 1849, he
he became Lucasian professor of math-
ematics, and also a member of the "Roy-
al Society." and in 1861, made the not-
able discovery of the change in the
ref Tangibility of light, known as "flor-
escence" for which he was awarded the
Rumford Medal of that societv,in 1852.
He contributed papers on mathematical
physics to the transactions of the Cam-
bridge Philosophical Society, and made
by experiment the re-discovery of the
fact, that luminous either is, in relation
to the transmission of light, an elastic
solid, although a fluid in relation to
the motion of the heavenly bodies. In
1869, he was president of the British
Association for the advancement of
science, and has contributed to the tran-
sactions of manv of the first scientific
associations of the day.

STOKES, WHITLEY, a learned
and distinguished lawver, philologist
aod historian, was bom in Dublin about
1880, educated at Dublin Uni\ersily,
entered on the study of the law and
was admitted to the bar, settled to prac-
tice in London, and soon won an envi-
able place in the profession. He also
took a deep interest in philological stud
ies and became secretary of tne society
of that name. He held the position of
assistant secretary of the goverment of
India, home department, and legal ad-
visor of the vice-refl»l government of
India at Oalcutta^ He has given much

attention to Celtic and Oriental studiee
and is considered high authority on the

Shilology and history of those races.
[e is the author of "Irish Glosses,"
1860, "The Play of the Sacrament,"
"Old Irish Olossaries." "Gwreaus an
Bys," "A Cornish Mystery," "Indian
Succcession Act," "Hindu Law Books"
and translations of Gaelic manuscripts,
and many other kindred subjects.

STRANGFORD, PERCY C. 8.
SMYTHE, VISCOUNT, a distinguish-
ed British diplomat and man of letters,
was bom in Ireland, 1780. and educated
at Trinity College, Dublin. .He early
entered the diplomatic service of Britain
and in 1800, was secretary of the lega-
tion at Lisbon, where he became famil-
iar with the language and made a trans-
lation of the poems of Camoens. He
was embassador to Portugal in 1806, to
Sweden hi 1817, to Turkey in 1890 and
to Russia in 1826. He succeeded his
father as viscount in 1801 and in 1829
was raised to an English peerage as
Baron Penshurst. , He was a man highly
cultivated in poetry, art, antiquarian
lore and general literature, and was a
frequent contributor to the' 'Gentlemen's
Magazine" and to "Notes and Queries."
He died hi 1846.

STRANGFORD, PIERCY ALLEN
F. SMYTHE, VISCOUNT, second son
of the foregoing, a talented miscellan-
eous writer, was boru in 1826, and suc-
ceeded his elder brother as viscount.
He contributed lan;ely to the literature
of the day, and hu works appeared in
two vols, after his death, "Selected
Writings, Political, Geographical and
Social.*^ He died in 1869.

STUART, GEORGE HAY, a noted
American philanthropist, was born in
County Down, Ireland, April 2, 1816,
was educated at ^ainridge, Ireland,
settle in Philadekl^ia where he became
president of the Mechanic's National
Bank. During the civil war he was
president of the United States Christian
Commlasion, and subsequently of the
Indian Commission, and is a prominent
leader in all the "Evangelicar religious
and philanthropical liu>t)rs of the day,
and most munificent in his aid.

STUART, MARY, a young hero-
ine of the noble house of O'Donnd,
the daughter of Barj, Arince of T^

S(JL

IBIBH CELTS.

SUL

connel, was born in England whence
her mother had been sent a hostage in
1606, after her husband was obliged to
At to the continent from the conspiracy
of Cecil. The King, although perse-
cuting the father, took the infant under
royal protection and command her to
be called Mary Stuart. On the death
of her father at Rome, the Countess,
her mother, was allowed to return to
Ireland, when she educated her daugh-
ter, and filled her mind, which was of
noble mould, with grand and lofty
ideas of religion and duty. Mary,
when twelve years of age, was taken
by her grandmother, the Countess of
Kildare, to England, who presented her
to the E ing. whose ward she was. The
King was much pleased with the graces
of her mind and person, and ^ve her
a large sum as a marriage portion, and
the Countess of Kildare. wtio was very
rich, made her heiress to her fortune.
She had offers uf marriage from the
noblest in the land, and amongst them
one who was as persistent as he was de-
sirable to her friends. The only object-
ion our young heroine had was religious
differences, and looking upon marriage
as more than a mere civil union, and
one fraught with great difficulties and
danger, she would not consent to a
union not blessed by religion. Her
posidon was fast becoming beset with
diffculties, and becoming suspected also
of aiding the escape of two young Irish
noblemen, her relatives, who were sent
from Ireland, prisoners on account of
religion, she was called before the
the council. She then determined to
escape herself, and with a young lady
attendant, both disguised as boys, she
succeeded in reaching Flanders in safe-
ty, where she joined her brother and
was by him presented to the Infant:)
who received her with every mark of
distinction. Her name was in eveiy
mouth, and the Pope, Urban VIII, ad-
dressed to her a letter praising her hero-
ism and devotion, and giving her his
apostlic benediction.

SULLIVAN, ALEXANDER M., a
distinguished Irish orator, statesman
and writer was born about the com-
mencement of the second quarter of
the present century. After complet-
ing his education, he entered upon
the study of the law and was ad-
mitted to the bar. In the meantime, his
active and patriotio mind was not in-

sensible to the wrongs of his country,
his graceful and vigorous pen enriched
the patriotic literature of the time, and
he soon became recognized as one of
ablest and mdst polished contributors of
the Irish press. In conjunction with
his brother, he soon controlled and ed-
ited the Irish Nation and it became the
oracle of the conservative, but fearless
and aggressive patriotism of Ireland.
The political article of Alex M-, who
was the leading spirit of this disting-
uished family were characterized by
vim, power, and solid reasoning, and
charmed the senses while they convinc-
ed the intellect. His great talents were
not confined to the newspaper alone.
He was returned to I'arliament for
Meath, and his career there was n<>tles9
brilliant and conspicuous. As a parlia-
mentary speaker, he soon took rank
amongst the ablest in the House. His
style is earnest and graceful, and his
treatment of a subject original, com-
prehensive, perspicuous, anaembellish-
ed by apt and graphic illustrations,
drawn from a storehouse of general
knowledge. This general culture ac-
counts auo or his wonderful readiness
MS an impromptu speaker, thoroughly
posted on all living issues and questions
i)f the day, backed by an accurate
knowledge of history, he stood without
a rival among his contemporaries, in
ability to master a subject at a moment's
warnings aLd could talk by the hour
without any special preparation, and
move his hearers to the highest pitch
of enthusiam and interest. Even at
such time his oratory swept on, like
some majestic stream, from the com-
mencement to the end, no hesitation,
no trip or recall, all his energies seemed
awakened, his intellectual arms stretch-
ed orft on all sides, grasping in advance
the right ideas, the most forcible argu-
ments, the happiest illustrations, and
carrying along with him thu interest
and go«xl will, if not the reason of his
idversaries. He has for the present
abandoned journalism as a profession,
and having removed to the British
>f etropolis has taken up the practice
of the law. and is fast acquiring fame
and fortune, and winning a place and
reputation in the first rank of Britisti
lawyers and advocates. He is married
to an American ladv of Irish descent,
nee Donovan, and in the summer of
1881 he made a trip to this countiy witli
his vriffl and visited bar native citv,

8UL

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New OrleuiB. His commandiDg'abill-
ties are recognized on all hands, and in
the great fields of lonmalism, parlia-
mentary debate and law, he is second
to none of his contemporaries.

SULLIVAN. SIR BENJAMIN, a
distinguished jurist and diplomat of the
British East India Colonies, was bom
in Cork. Ireland, about 1748. He went
to the East Indies in the employ of the
company, and at length becam<< one of
the p>>3eion judges of the Supreme
Court of Madras, and received the.
honor of knighthood in 1801, for valu-
able services. He died 1806.

SULLIVAN, DENIS B., a distin-
guislied Irish lawyer and journalist, is a
younger brother of Alex. M. He was
also connected with the Irish Nation,
and was one of its most brilliant and
gifted contributors. As a political and
ceneral writer he was not perhaps in-
ferior to any of bis brothers, having a
graceful and classic style. He was ed-
ucated in the Catholic University, and
after graduating entered upon the study
of the law. In the meantime, however,
he entered the field of ioumalism and

E roved his capacity in that arena. He
as still later (riven up journalism, and
devotes himself entirely, of late years,
to the profession of the law, and has
acquired an extensive and lucrative
practice on the Munster circuit, one re-
markable for so young a member of the
bar. The last of this talented fam-
ily of brothers is Donald, who
is but little, if any, inferior
to the others in mental ability,
' but he has devoted himself moi-e to the
financial and business interests of the
great and oatriotic paper which this
gift^i family so ably conducts. It
may safely be said, that no one family
in the United Kingdoms, in their dav,
presented such an array of splendid
ability as does this family.

SULLIVAN, GOV. JAMES, one of
the most ardent and distinguished pat-
riots of the American 'Revolution,
equally noted for his masterly ability as
a lawyer, statesman and orator, was
the son of John Sullivan, an Irish
schoolmaster, who emigrated to the
colonies in 1728, and settl^ at Berwick,
Maine, where he opened a school and
taught for many years. His pupils
never lacked instruction in the rights of

the people to govern themselves, at he
was early a strong advocate of colonial
rights, holding it to be the duty of the
people as freemen to resist, by force of
arms, the imposition of taxes, other
Uian those imposed by themselves, and
for their own benefit. He lived to see
his descendants take a conspicuous part
in the great struggle of liberty, and a
new republic, gigantic in its propor-
tions, built and cemented in great part
by the blood and the sacrifices of his
race, arise in the home of their exile,
to bless future generations. He lived
to the extraordinary age of one hun-
dred and five years. Our subject was
born April 22, 1744, in Maine, was edu-
cated by his father and worked on the
farm. Nearly all the settlers in those
days having farms, even if tliey resid-
ed in the small towns. He was grow-
ing to be a fine, athletic young man
when he met with an accident while
felling a tree, which nearly cost him his
life, anJ ]eft him with one leg shorter
than the other. This necessitated him
to adopt a profession, as the weakness
of his limb precluded hard manual
labor, and he commenced the study of
the law, and was admitted to the bar.
He soon attracted attention and prac-
tice. He also early took strong grounds
against the claims of the Home govern-
ment, and was a determined and able
opponent to taxation without represen-
tation, and became conspicuous by his
ardor, eloquence and zeal in firing the
hearts of the people to resistance, as the
critical moment approached in which
the first blood was spilt for coimtry
and liberty. In 1776 we find him a
member of the provincial congress. In
1776 he had already acquired a leading
position at the bar, and we find him ap-
pointed a judge of the Superior court
of his State. He was also active in or-

Sanizing troops for State and national
efense, but his lameness prevented
him from assuming a role hisuraveand
generous spirit would have so willingly
undertaken. He was a member of the
Continental Congress in 1782, also a
member of the Executive Council and
Judge of Probate. In 1790 he was ap-
pointed attorney-general. When Maine
was separated from Massachusetts he
took up his residence in the latter and
was elected governor in 1807, and re-e-
lected the following year, but died while
in office, December 10, 1808. As a hw-
yer he ranked among the very first of his

"^4

SUL

IBISH CEX/Ok

SUL

day, In America, and was retained in
moat of the important cases whicli 'de-
manded the attention of the courts of
the commonwealth of Massachusetts in
hlfl day. His ability may be meuured
1)y the fact that be was generally suc-
cessful although bis opponents were
such legal luminaries as Dexter, Otis,
Dana and Parsons, to none of whom
was he second. He was favored by a
commending presence, while dignity
and thought illumined his fine, ex-
pressive face. The distinguishing
characteristics of his mind were force,
oomprehensiveness and repressed, but
intense, ardor; nothing escaped the
piercing intensity of his scrutiny. His
arguments were clear, close, pointed and
forcible, and always directed towards
pertinent results, no verbosity or clap-
trap for admiration, but aimed to se-
cure conviction. Whilst he but seldom
called up his pathetic powers, he did
not lack this characteristic of his race,
for it Is said that when he did re-
sort to pathos in his advocacy, it
proved as intense and irresistible as his
other masterly qualities. Among the
works which he left are "A Histoid of
the District of Maine," a "Dissertation
on Banks," and on the "Sueability of
States"; "Historyjof Land Titles in
Massachusetts," "The Constitutional
Liberty of the Press," "History of the
Penobscot Indians," &c. He was a
man of solid and [extensive acquire
ments, and was honored bv one of the
great seats of learning with the degree
of LL. D.

SULLIVAN, OEN. JOHN, a dlstin-
guished American patriot and soldier
of the Revolution, was of the same
family as Oov. James, and was bom at
Berwick, Maine, February 17, 1740, he
studied under his f athel* and worked in
his youth on the farm. When about
twen^-one, he commenced the study of
law, and after being admitted to prac-
tice he settled in Durham, Kew Hamp-
shire, opened an office and soon won
reputation, both as a lawyer and poli-
tician. He was an ardent advocate
of colonial rights and was one of the
earliest to defy by overt acts the min-
ions of power. As early as 1774 he, in
company with John Langdon, seized
the fort at Portsmouth, New Hamp-
shire, and carried off one oundred bar-
rels of powder and a quantiQr of arms,
which they Moored for future use by

the patriots^ He was chosen a delegate
to the Continental Congress in 1774, aud
when the Continental Army was organ*
ized in 177Q, he was chosen one of Uia
first eight brigadier-generals appointed,
and early the next year was made a
maj. -general and superseded Arnold la
command of the troops engaged in
Canada. Shortly afterwards be joined
Wasbinffton in New York, and on the
illness of Gen. Green, he succeeded to
the command of the forces at Brook-
lyn, who were held to repel the invad-
er, who had already landed on Htaten
Island. Unfortunately, by lack of vig^
ilance, Sullivan found himself sur-
rounded by Sir Henry Clinton, and he
was taken prisoner in the disastrous
battle of Long Island, which followed.
He was, however, soon after exchaneed
and placed in command of Lee's divi-
sion In New Jersey,af ter the capture of
that officer. In 1777 he was with
Washington at the battles of Brandy-
wine and Germantown, and the sue*
ceedintr year operated against the ene-
my in luode Island and besieged New*
port by land, but failed for want of
cooperation by the French fleet, under
D'Estaing, which had been agreed up-
on. In 1779 be made his memorable
campaign against the Indians of West-
em New York, and their British and
Canadian allies, and thereby gave »
death blow to the wily savage tribes,
which Iiad so long harrassed the fron-
tiers. Some diragreement with the
Board of War about this time led to his
resigning his commission in the army,
and ne was soon after, 1780, again sent as
a delegate to Congress, where he sat
that and the following^year. He was
also govemor of New Hampshire from
1786 to 1789, when on the adoption of
the Federal Constitution he was ap-
pointed United States District Judge
for New Hampshire, which office he
held until his death, which occurred
January 28, 179S, having only reached
his flf ty-flf th year.

SULLIVAN, JOHNL., a noted Irish
American engineer and inventor, was
bom about 17t)5. Hd was engineer of
the first -canal ever constmcted in the
U. S., the Middlesex, 1814. He pat-
ented a steam tow boat as early as 1804,
prior to tliat of Fulton. He afterwards
became a homceopathio phjiician, and
dledial868.

was

BUL

JBXtB. (MUn

BUL

SULLIVAN, SIR RIcmaRD JO-
SEPH, a traveler and \f riter of note,
was born in Ireland and obtained em-
plovment in the EaHt India Company,
while quite young, through the in-
fluence o{ his relatives, Lawrence Sulli-
van, then chairman of the company.
After some years he returned home and
made a tour of Qrcat Britain and Ire-
land, which he phblished in 2 volumes,
and also produced an Analysis of the
Political History of India and Philo-
sophical Rhapsodies of Abker of
Betlis. His most important work was
"A View of Nature in Letters from a
Traveler among the Alps," 6 vol. He
was a member of Parliament for Rom-
nvin 1*^, and for Seaford In 1802.
He was made a baronet in 1804 and
died in 1806.

SULLIVAN, mOHARD, a distin-
guished Irish patriot, scholar and
writer, was a brother of Alex. M., and
for a time one of the editors of the
Publin Nation. He was educated in
the Catholic University of Ireland and
graduated with high reputation for
ability and scholaiihip. He perhaps
was the ablest of the brothers as a
writer of fiction, and the columns of
the Nation were often graced by
charming and patriotic stories from his
gifted pen. Having a passion for
travel and adventure, he aocouapanied
his friend Dr., afterwards Bishop,
Quinn, to Tasmania, where for several
years he edited the Sydney Freeman.
He was outspoken in his paper as re-
gards the causes which led to the at-
tempted assassination of the Duke of
Edinburg in that country, and was sub-
jected to prosecution for the same. His
undying hatred to English oppression
and rule^ finally led him to seek a more
coLgenial atmosphere, when he crossed
the Pacific and landed in California.
There he became editor of the Monitor,
which, under his charge, became one
of the best written papers in America.
His constitution, never vigorous, was
graduallv undermined by incessant
mental labor, and he at length suc-
cumbed, in the very prime of life and
vigor of his mental powers. He died
in California, 1880. He was perhaps
the most scholarly and finished writer
of this talented family.

SULLIVAN, ROBERT BALD-
WIN, an eminent Canadian statesman

and lawyer, was bom atBandon.Coun*
ty Cork. Ireland, 1801, and emigrated
with his parents to Canada in 1819.
He received a good education and on
arriving in Canada, first engaged in
commercial pursuits. The death of
his elder brother, who was eogaged in
the study of the law, changed his in>
tention, and determining to adopt that
profession, entered the office of bis un-
cle, Dr. Baldwin. He was admitted to
the bar after a due course and soon es-
tablished an enviable reputation as an
advocate and lawyer. About 1884 he
first appeared prominently in Canadian

S)litics as an opposer of the policy of
r. MacKcnzie. The city of Toronto
had just been incorporated and Mac-
Kenzie became its first mayor after a
hot contest. The next vear, however,
Mr. Sullivan succeeded in carrying the
city against MacEenzie, and succeeded
him as mayor. Although he had not
committed himself to any of the old
purties, his opposition and success
against the extreme liberals, made him
the recognized head of the conserva-
tive party, for the time being, in upper
Canada. Sullivan was now called in-
to the Executive Council by Sir Fran-
cis Head, Ck>vernor General. Capt.,
afterwards Admiral Baldwin, his rela-
tive, being also a member. Sullivan
was soon afterwards appointed Com-
missioner of Crown Lands and also a
Le^iative Councilor. OnMr.Thomp-
son, afterwards Lord Sydenham, sue-
ceeding Sir Francis Head, in 1889,
the important question which now agi*
tated the Canadian Colonies and peo-

Ele after the MacEenzie- Papeneau re-
ellion of 1837 failed, was responsible
government, which the mother coun-
ty saw the necessity of, at length,
sanctioning. To this policy the
toadies and tories of Canada were
bitterly opposed, and the opposi-
tion in *he Legislative Council was
especially powenul. The new gover-
nor-general however found a powerful
and able advocate and supporter of the
new policy in Mr. Sullivan, imd he be-
came one of his most trusted council-
ors. Mr. Sullivan threw himself into
the contest with .all his energy and
zeal, and by his eloquence, earnestness
and solid reasoning succeeded in con-
vincing and swaying a majority of the
Le^slative Council He was. also a
strong advocate of the Legislative
Union of the Canadas, and at ue same

^'i

''Mi'

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nUSR OELSS.

BWI

tfme coQspicuouo for the broadness,
flnnness and liberality of his views on
the subject, as <M)ntrasied with the views
of the bigots of Upper Canada, who
were neither few nor weak, and who
were desirous of reducing the Lower
Province to a condition of servitude.
Sullivan's speech on the question in the
Legislative Assembly was not only
powerful and elegant, but unanswer-
able. Sullivan continued to be the
most eloquent and able supporter of the
* gov. -general's policy in the Legislative
Assembly. On the formation of the
Baldwin-Lafontnine Ministnr in 1848,
Sullivan became pi'esident of the Coun-
cil, and amongst his, Irish associates
were: J. E. Small, solicitor general,
west; Robert Baldwin, attorney-gener-
al; Francis Hincks, inspector-general;
T. O. Aylwin, solicitor-geueral, east:
D. Daly, secretary of the Province, anu
H. H. Killaly, president of the Board
of Works. On the return of the Bald-
win Lafontaine ministry to power un-
der the administration of Uie Earl of
Elgin, in 18^3, Mr. Sullivan became
secretary of the Province of Canada.
He had on the first retirement of the
Baldwin ministry resigned his place
and resumed the practice of his pro-
fession in Toronto, and again quickly
Acquired a large practice. On accept-
ing office again with his old associates,
he made arrangements to remove to
Montreal, then the seat of govern-
ment, but a vacant judgshlp be-
ibg tendered to him on the Up-
per Canadian Beneh, he accepted
the same, never having had much
relish for party strife. No Can-
adian statesman of his time entertained
broader or fairer views, or was less in-
fluenced by party bias. He looked on-
ly to Uie prosperity of United Canada,
and to sustainine and defending the
just rights of all her people against en-
croatjhme&ts from any quarter. He
did not long survive his retirement
from public life but, died in 1858, in the

{)rime of life and the vigor of his intel-
ectual powers. He was married twice
— leHving a numerous family by his
second wife, who afterwards became
Lady Hincks. Sullivan was undoubt-
edly one of the ablest men of his day
in Cenada.

SULLIVAN, TIMOTHY D., a tal-
ented Irish patriot, poet and journalist,
an Ider brother of Alex. M., and but

little, if any, inferior to him in ability.
He was associated with him in editing
the Nation, and was more especially
the poet of this gifted familv. He often
inspired his countrymen through the
columns of that paper with the choice
and patriotic effusions of his ^fted
muse, earning for himself a wide-spread
popularity among the most ardent
lovers of their countrv. He is hardly
as conservative a patriot as A. M., but
while being more enthusiastic, is neither
rash nor impracticable. He represents
Westmeath in Parliament, and while
he is not ns attractive or brilliant a
speaker as his brother A. M.. he com-
mands universal attention and respect
when he rises to address the House. He
is a worthy re^i'esentative of this tal-
ented and ' patriotic family, an elegant
and practicable writer, a gifted poet,
and a public speaker and debater of
fine ability. May he live to behold the
independence of his country.

SWIFT, JONATHAN, a celeorated ^
wit, writer and divine of the Church of
England, was bom in 1667, at Dublin,
and was educated at Kilkenny School,
Trinity College, Dublin «nd Oxford.
He lived for some years-with Sir WiU
iiam Temple as an assistant and com-
panion, and when that statesman died
he left Swift a legacy and his posthum-
ous works. He was disappointed in
his expectations of church preferment
in England and accompanied Lord
Berkeley, o.ue of the Lord Chief Jus-
tices to Ireland, as chaplain, and ob-
tained from him a Kving on which he re-
sided after marrying the lady whom he
celebrated under the name of Stella,
but whom he would never acknowledge
as his 7:i!i3. He had some other en-
gagement troubles about fliis time, not
altogether creditable, especially in a
minister. In 1701 he took a doctor's
degree, and on the accession of Queen
Anne he visited England. In the
course <of the nine ensuing years he
published several works, but it was not
till 1710 that he became active as a pol-
itical writer. Having joined the tories
he' became intimate with Ha^ley and
Bolingbroke, and exerted himeielf stren-
uously' iu behalf of his new allies. He
expected an English mitre but received
only the deanery of St. Patrick. He
returned to Ireland, but was exceeding-
ly unpopular on account of what was
oonsidei-ed an uniMttriotio course. The

ntlSH CELTS.

TAI

policy which he ever afterwards pur-
sued, however, soon wined out all the
faults of the past, and he lived to be
one of the most popular of patriots.
Among the writing which produced
this result the Drapier's Letters, pub-
lisled in 1724, stand foremost. In
17&1 he OTve "Gulliver's Travels" to
the s^oritf As he advanced in years
he suffered from deafness and other
causes, and at last his intellect was af-
fected. He died Oct., 1746.

TAAFFE, MARSHAL FRANCIS,
third earl of Carlingford and uncle of
tiie celebrated Count Taaffe of the Ger-
man Empire, was bom in the County
Sligo, Ireland, about 1640, and was
sent in his youth to Ulmutz to prose-
cute his studies. He early became one
of the pages of honor to the Emperor
Ferdinand, and soon after obtained a
captain's commission from Charles, 5th
duke of Lorraine, in his own regiment.
He was subsequently made chamber-
lain to the emperor, and rose by dis-
tinguished services to be a marshal of
the empire, a counsellor of the state,
and a cabinet officer. He was highly
esteemed by most of the crowned heads
of Europe, anu r'hen he succeeded to
his hereditary honors in Ireland, spe-
cial acts of Parliament were passed,
both in Finland and Ireland, to hinder
4iny outlawries or attainders from ef-
fecting the reversion of his titleo or es-
tates. He died in August, 1704.

TAAFFE, LUCAS, a major-gv?neral
in the British army, was born in Ire-
land of an ancient family, and was ap-
pointed Governor of Ross. In 1649 he
mDantly defended that place against
Cromwell, and was an araent support-
er of the House of Stuart. He was
subsequently obliged to expatriate him-
self, and entering the army of the
he served with distinction in Italy and
Spain. He afterwards returned to Ire-
land, where ho died about 1690.

TAA.FFE, NICHOLAS, nephew of
the foregoing, vicount of Corren, in the
county of Sligo, and count of the Ger-
man Empire, and one of the most dis-
tinguished soldiers of his day, was born
in County Sligo about 1680. No field
being open for an honorable ambition
t>J home, he turned his eyes towards the
continent whore so many of his coun-
trymen were gaining podtion and re-

nown, and entered the Austrian service
where he rose to the hiehest honors and
distinctions. He obtained the golden
kpy as chamberlain, from the Emperor
Charles VI, as he did from his succes-
ors, while as an oflQcer he gained great
credit against the Turks, and in 1788,
he achieved the renowned victory of
Belgrade. He married the daughter
and heiress of Count Spindler of Lutz,
and died on 80th December, 1769.

TALBOT, JAMES, LL. D. Baron
Talbot de Malahide, a distinguished
scientist and mathematician, was born
in Ireland, Nov. 22. 1805. He finished
his education at Cambridge, where he
obtained a scholarship and distinguish-
ed himself both in mathematics and
classics. He obtained a seat in Parlia-
ment in 1&33, but devoted himself to
scientific study and investigations in
geology, zoology and archeeology.
Was president of the Roy -il Irish Aca-
demy and of the Archeeological So-
ciety of Great Britain and Ireland, and
has added materially to the advance-
ment of those sciences to which he lia'i
given attention.

TALBOT, PETER, archbishop of
Dublin, a learned and able Irish di-
vine and confessor, was a nephew of
the earl of Tyrconnel, was born about
1620, and when a mere youth, feeling
a desire to embrace a religious life,
then full of danger in his native land,
he went to Portugal to be educated,
and in his sixteenth year entered the
novitiade of the Jesuits. He afterwards
went to Rome where he completed his
studies in one of their houses in that
city, and was then ordained a priest.
He again returned to Portn.^ul, wliere
he taught and was afterwards profes-
sor of moral theology in Antwerp,
where he published a treatise on "The
Nature of Faith aud Heresy— the Nul-
itv of the Protostant Church and its
Clergy." He is said to have been the
prelate whorcjceived Charles II into the
Catholic fold at Cologne, 1696, and was
commibsioned privately to intimate the
fact to the Court of Spain. On the
marriage of Charles II with the In-
fanta of Portugal, he was appointed one
of her chaplains, and after being re-
lieved from his vows as a -Jesuit, he
was consecrated at Antwerp, archbish-
op of Dublin, 1669. He repaired to
ok see and there found an assembly of

TAL

ibhh cbltb.

TAN

the ecclesiastics presided over by tbe
archbisbop of Armagh. Talbot
ddmed tne authority to oversee the
proceedu n:, which being denied, he ap-
pealed to Kome, which again confirmed
tiie pre-eminence of the see of Armagh.
Talbot returned to Dublin in 1670. and
waited on Lord Berkeley, the lord lieu-
tenant, who received him with honor,
and permitted him to appear before the
cduncil in his archepiscopal character.
The "ame year he commenced a synod
in Dublin, and enforced the publication
of the bonds of marriage and prohibit-
ing its contract? ug with Jews, Turks or
Moors. Lord Berkeley being removed,
the bigoted and tyrannical Essex suc-
ceeded, and forthwith proscription com-
menced. The archoishop was ac-
cused on trumped up charges of an in-
tent to introduce Gatholfcs into the
City Council, and judging the intention
cf the government by the sorrowful
aud blo<^y past, he quietly left the city
•ndwent back to the continent from
whence he addressed a pastoi^l to his
people, on their duty to bear with pa-
tience the threatening evils, 1674. In
1676 he came to reside with friends at
Pool Hall, England. His health break-
ing down he was permitted through
the duke of York to return to Dublin,
where, in 1678, he was arrested for
complici^ in that infamous and ddm-
erical " Popist plot." Although the
whole story proved to be so baseless a
fraud that it fell to pieces of its own
inconsistency, yet was this venerable
old man so broken down by labor,trial8
and infirmities, that he was unable to
perform his duties, cast into prison and
there kept for two years,until death re-
lieved htm from Us heartless perseou*
tors, 1680.

TALBOT, RICHARD, Duke of
Tyrcoanel, an Irisli patriot and soldier,
was bom about 1660. He was chief
governor of Ireland under James II.,
and served that unworthy monarch to
the last Lady Morgan says of him,
"Two qualities ho possesaed'in an emi-
nent degree, wit and valor, and if to
gifts so brilliant and so Irish be joined,
evotion to his country and fidelity to
an unfortunate royal family, with
whose exile he began life and with
whose ruin he finished it, it cannot be
doDied even though his course may
liave been a mistfuten one, whatever
«lement0 of evil it may have produced.

were counterbalanced by much sroater
and more striking good." He fe said
t* have be^n a man of magnificent
physique, with mai^uers both noble aud
reflneo. His wife was also a most
beautiful and brilliant woman, a sister
to the duchejs of Marlborough. After
the death of her noble husband she
bidlt a convent for Poor Clares in Dub«
lin, into which she retired and lived to
the great age of 92 years. His death
took place in 1760.

' TALTAM, HENRY, DD. LL. D.
F. R. 8., one of the ablest and most
learned of modem oriental scholars,
was born in Ireland, 1788, and was ed-
ucaied at Trinity College, Dublin, and
at the Universities of tiottingen and
Leyden, and graduated as a doctor la
law, theology and philosophy. He
gave great attention to the eastem lan>
guages, and became the chief modern
authority in matters relating to the Cop>
tic. He discovered in the east, at the
Netican Convent, the collection of the
manuscript, which have become the
basis of research in the Syriac, and
which are now in the possession of the
British Museum. He is the author of
numerous valuable archseological and
philological works, and desrrvedly
stood amongst the foremost scholars of
his day. B^ died in 1868.

TANDY, JAMES NAPPER, a cele-
br<»ied Irish patriot and one of th»
United Irishmen in '06, was bom in
1767, and was a merchant in Dublin in
1701. He became secretary of the
Catholic Association and was a bold
and outspoken leader in Irish rights.
Oa arbitrtry meastires being taken b;r
the government to put down the United
Irishmen he escaped to France and wai»
commisbioned a General of Brigade
in the exuedition against Ireland, fitted
out in '98, under Gen. Rey. A^'ter tlie
f dlure of this he took refuge in Ha'ji-
burg, but was delivered up to tbe Drit-
ish government and condemned to
death, but not executed, and after the
peace of Amiens, Napper Taiidy, was
liberated. He again tools service in tht*
French army and had command of a
vegiment when he died, in 1802, at
Bordeaux.

TANNER, BDMOND. a learned
Irish divine and doctor of theology waa
contemporaiyof lUchanl Creagh, arch*

TAT

IBIBH CELTS.

TAT

Ushop of Armagh, amoTig other works
he wrote commentories on the work of
St. Thomas, A. D., 1685.

TATE, Ki^iUM, a poet and dra-
matist of talent, was bom in Dublin, in
1663, and educated in Trinity College
in that city. He turned his attention
to literature, and sought London, where
alone in those days could the English
writer find sufficient pecunary reward
for his efforts. He soon gained notor-
ie^ and employment, aud <.n 1693 suc-
ceeded Sh> Jwell as poet laureate of
England. He assisted Dryden in the
composition of Absalom and Archi-
tophel, and also remodeled King Lear,
wldch adaptation long kept the stage.
He was the author of ten dramas, but
ir better known by his version of the
psalms, which he pat into verse in con-
junction with zncholas Brady, and
which are still used in the book of com
mon prayer. He died at Southwork
August 13, 1716.

TAYLOR. QEOROB, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Inde-

Eindence, was bom in Ireland in 1716.
e received a good education, and it
was his oniy capltfil on arriving in this
country. He took the first employ-
ment that presented itself, which was
that of a laborer. He however soon
got a situation more in keeping with
his training, a clerkship in an iron
works. His employer dying, he
some time afterward married his
widow, and became manager of consid-
erable property in iron works, which
he handiea with success. Before the
stamp act passed he had become a
member of the Legislature of Pennsyl-
vania, and was noted for his talent and
capacity for business. He displayed at
this time all the ardor of his countiv-
men in discussing the questions of dif-
ference with the mother country, but
the Quaker element in that common-
wealth was indisposed to any precipi-
tancy in a separation which involved
war. It was the Irish element, the
Waynes, and the Hoevs and the Tay-
lors which placed Pennsylvania so
Jutcklv and gallantly into line. In
776 Taylor was sent to the Continent-
al Congress and had the honor of affix-
ing his name to the great charter of
American Independence. Mr. Taylor
removed to Delaware the next year to
aoqage there in business, and did not

again during Us short life appear ixk
public, but supported the govemment
by every means in his power. He died
in 1781.

TAYLOR, SIR MEADOWS, a tal-
ented soldier, legislator, historian and
writer, was born in Ireland, 1810. He
entered the military service of the East
India Company when a youth, where he-
quickly distinguished himself, became
a colonel and was decorated with the
star of India knighthood. He married
an India princess and was president or
administrator of several native courts.
Be was a learned and able archaologlst
Oi* India remains. He is the author of
"Confessions of a Thug," 8 vol.; "Tip-
poo Sutaun, a Tale of the Mysore
War," 8 vol.; "Notices of Cromlechs,
Cairns and other Ancient Scytho —
Druidical Remains of India," "Tara, a
Mahratta Tale," 8 vol.; "Ralph Dar-
nell, a Tale," 8 vol.; "Manuel of the
History of India from the Earliest
Times." Col. Taylor was undoubted*
ly the best authority on India history^
and remains that ever wrote in the
English language. He died May,.
1876.

TAYLOR, WILLIAM OOOKB, L-
L. D., an author of extensile and var-
ie<^ l«Amiug, was bom at Youghal,
Ireland, in the year 1800, and grad-
uated at Trinity College, Dublin, witb
the highest honors. After finishing
his course he determined to devote him-
self to literature and sought the only
market which literary Irishmen had,to
find employment and compensation for
their labor— London. Here his ex-
tensive learning and great industry^
soon found employment and he was re-
cognized as imnvalled, if not for pro-
foundity, at least for variety and ex-
tent of knowledge. He was a great
promoter of education and gave much
attention to developing the best me-
thods, and his opinion on this subject
was eagerly sought and held as the-
highest In *he kingdom. He wis sent
by guvemment to the continent to in-
vestigate the educational systems, and
had returned and vas appointed on tLe
establishment of the lora lieutenant of
Ireland to carry out his educational
views, when he was cut ofF by the pes-
tilence that ravaged Great Britain and
Ireland, in 1849. Among his works-
are his manmls of "Ancient and ModU>

SiJij .'ii

TEN"

man CBL<r&

TEN

em History." "Ltfe and Times of Sir
Robert !*eel," "History of Mobaume-
danism/' "ReTolutlons and Remarkable
Conspiracies of Eurape," "Tlie History
of tbe House of Orleans," &c. He
died in 1840.

TEMPLE, SIR JOHN", nepbew of
Sir William, an eminent solicitor, was
bom In Dublin, about 1660. He held
the position of attoraey-general of Ire-
land, and was also speaker of the Irish
House of Commons. He died in 1704.

TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, son of
the master of the rolls in Ireland, and
grandson of Sir William Temple, Pro-
vost of Dublin UniTersity and member
-of the Irish Parliament, was bom in
Dublin, about 1625. and succeeded his
father as master of the rolls by rever-
sionary grant. He was educated part-
ly in Dublin and partly at Cambridge.
In his nineteenth year he be.s:an an ex-
tensive tour of the continent, remain-
ing for two years In France. On his
return to Ireland he obtained a seat in
its Parliament. Charles II employed
him as a diplomat, in which capacity
Temple displayed ablilities of the first
order. He was twice employed in se-
cret misrions, and as envoy extraordi-
nary to the Hague, he concluded within
the short space of five days the treaty
of the triple alliance. He was also one
of the negotiators at the Congress oj
Aix la Chapelie, and signed the peace
•of 1678, was appointed embassador to
the Hafue in 1674, and was employed
abroad in other important matters, m
1679 he was appointed one of the king's
new council, but was poon displaced
for too great freedom of speech. He
never afterwards took part in public
affairs, and died in 1698. His work
form 4 octave volumes.

TENNENT, SIR JAMES EMER-
SON, LL. D., a talented writer and
man of culture, was born in Belfast,
Ireland, April 7, 1794, and was the son
■of a wealthy merchant, William Emer-
son. He received his education in
Trinity College, Dublin, and traveled
on the continent and in the East, and
met Lord Byron in Greece, when he
became flered also with enthusiasm for
Grecian independence. He studied law
«nd was called to the bar in 1821. but
never practised, married the dnughter
•of William Tennent, a wealthy banker |

of Belfast, whose name he assumed the
next year by royal license, was chosen
as a Whig to tbe first Reformed Par-
liament, in 1882. from Belfast; subse-.
Quently withdrew from the Whigs wiUi
Sir James Graham and Lord Stanley,
in what was called the "Derby dllly,'*
became a supporter of Sir Robert Peel,
was president of the India Board, m
1843. He was knighted and appointed
civil secretary to the governor of Cey-
Ion, in 1851, was returned to Parliament
for Lisbura,Ireland,becamesecretary of
the Poor Law Board as a conservauve,
and secretary of the Board of Trade.
He procured the pas^ng of an act m
Parliament; securing copyrights on de-
signs. He is author of "Belgium." 3
vol.; "Christianky in Ceylon;" "The
Story of the Gens;" "The Wild Ele-
phant;" "Ceylon, an Account of the
island. Physical, Historical and Topo-
graph ncal. He also contributed large-
ly to "Notes and Queries" and other
standard periodicals. He died in Lon-
don, March 6, 1869.

TENNENT, REV. WILLIAM a
noted and able Presbyterian divine,
was bora in Ireland, June 8, 1705, and
emigrated with his father who brought
his family to America about 1720. His
elder brother Gilbert was ako a minis-
ter Lud under him he studied both
classics and theology in New Jersey,
whefe they resided. William was an
indefatigable student, and so ceaseless
was his application that his health at
length gave way. About this time he
had a very narrow escape from being
buried alive. One day he was convers*
ing with his brother in Latin, when
suddenlv he fainted and seemed to ex-
pire. He was all prepared for burial,
when his physician, who had been ab-
sent during this time, returned, and, on
examining him, thought he perceived
signs of life. His boriy, however, was
cold and stiff, and had oeen so for three
days. His brother delayed the funeral
for awhile, but at length Insisted on
burying him, when all of a sudden he
opened his eyes and groaned. He
slowly recovered, but for some time af-
terwards all tbe past was a blank, but
he at length came to a normal state. He
became widely known as an eloquent
preacher, and perhaps not less on ac-
count of his cataleptic experience, and
an imaginary view of the other world,
which was connected in his mind w^th

THO

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TflO

it. When the revolution burst in the
colonies he went to reside with a son in
South Carolina, where he died in 1777.

THESST, WILLIAM, a brave and
reliant Irish oflScer, in the service of
France in the time of Louis XIV. He
earned honor and distinctior by his
gallant conduct on various occasions,
and well sustained the reputation of
Irish valor. He served under Catinat
and other celebrated commanders and
participated in some of the great vic-
tories won through the aid of the gal-
lant Irish brigades in France.

THOMPSON, LAUNT, a distin-

Siished sculptor, was bom in Queen's
ounty Ireland, in 1888. Emigrated
with his widowed mother to the United
States, and settled in Albany, New
York, 1846, and after preparatory
studies he entered the office of Dr.
Ormsby to pursue a course of medicine.
Having a passion for drawing he, in
the meantime, developed no mean ca-
pacity, and giving up medicine he en-
tered the studio of Erastus D. Palmer,
a sculutor, as a pupil and assistant,
where he remained nine vears, and be-
came noted for his skill and accuracy
as a medallionist. He settled in New
York in 1808, and became a valued
member of the Academy of Design.
Among his works are busts of "Edwin
Booth, as Hamlet," "Gen. Dix," "Bry-
ant," the poet, and a colossal statue of
Napoleon. He afterwards went to re-
side in Florence, Italy, the home of
sculptors, where 'he still works with
high hopes and aims.

THOMPSON, ROBERT ELLIS, an
emineut American Presbyterian divine
and scholar, was bom near Lurgan,
Ireland, in 1844, and came to the
United States with his parents, who, in
1867,settled in Philadelphia. He entered
the University of Pennsylvania, where
be graduated in 1865, and commenced
the study of theology in a Reformed
Presbyterian Seminary, where he grad-
uated in 1867, and became assistant ed-
itor of the American Presbyterian, and
also assistant professor of mathematics
and Latin in the University of Pennsyl-
vania. In 1874 he became professor of
social science, and Just previously was
ordhined to the ministry of the Re-
formed Presbyterian Church. He has
iMen editor of the Pennsylvania Month-

ly for many years. Among his works
is "Social Science and National Econo-
my," 1875. He is a member of many
learned societies.

THOMPSON. REV. WILLIAM, an
Irish divine, and poet of considerable
merit, was educated for the ministry
and became Protestant dean of Raphoe,
Ireland. He died about 177U.

THOMPSON, WILLIAM, a cele-
brated Irish Naturalist, was bora about
1806. He undertook a complete Nat-
ural History of Ireland, but had only
completed and published the depart-
ment of birds, when he died in 1852

THOMPSON, GEN. WILLIAM, «
distinguished soldier and patriot of the
American Revolution, was bom in
Ireland, about 1780, emigrated to
Pennsylvania in early life and soon be-
came active in military aflairt-, and in
defense of the colonv aj^inst loth the
French and the Indians. He com-
manded a company in the French
war, 1759-60; and after its termina-
tion settled at Fort Pitt, (Pittsburg,)
and was one of the purchasers of the
old fort. He was also a strong ad-
vocate for colonial rights and legislative
independence, and on the breaking out
of the war of the Revolution he raised
a regiment of riflemen and took the
field, arriving at Cambridge.Mass., June,

1775. He bad his first brush with the
enemy at "Lachmere Point," Nov. 10,

1776. In Mnrch, 1776. he was appoint-
ed s brigadier general and succeeded
Oen. Leeln command of New York,
March 19, and atferwards join^
the forces invading Canada, un-
der Montgomery ancl Arnold; com-
manded the column that attacked
Three Rivers, June 6, and get-
ting in an exposed position, was cap-
tured. He was paroled in August, fol-
lowing, but was not exchanged 'till
1778. He died at or near Carlisle,
Pennsylvania, before the close of the
war, Sept. 4, 1781.

THOMSON, CHARLES, LL. D.,.
secretary of the Continental Congress,
one of the most distinguished patriots
of tue American Revolution, and called
the "bam Adams of Pennsylvania,"
was born at Mayhera, Derry, Ireland,
Nov. 29, 1729. The father and four
boys started for Amerioi, 1741, to seek

THO

ntXSH CSLTB.

THO

4hdr fortunes in the new world, where
«t least the fruits of their toil would be
thdbr own. The father unfortunately
died on the voyage, leaving his four
brave boys to push their way in the
new Uma. They landed at Newcastle,
Delaware, Charles, at the time was on-
ly deven, but the elder brother soon
found employment, and our subject had
the advantage of studying under Dr.
Allison, his countryman, the most
-coted classical scholar of his day in
America, who then taught an academy
at Thunder Hill, Md. Thomson him-
self became a teacher in Philadelphia
and the friend of Benjamin Franklin.
He soon was noted for his thorough-
ness, broad culture, and spotless In-
tegrity, and was put on the commis-
sions to treat with the Iroquois and
Delaware Indians, who soon learned to
place in him the highest confidence,
and gave him the title of "Truthteller."
He engaged in Commercial business,
:and marned Hannah Harrlsoni an aunt
•of President Harrison. He became
prominent in literary and patriotic as-
sociations, in fact in all public spirfted
•organizations, apd was an ardent ad-
vocate with tongue and pen of the peo-
ples rights. He was chosen Secretary
of Uie Continental Congress on its first
Assembling at Carpenter's Hall Phila-
delphia Sept. 6, 1774, and continued to
hold that important position uninter-
ruptedly till 1789, 01 until the Continen-
tal Cougress was superseded by the
Federal Constitution, and he it was
who was chosen to inform Washington
of his elevation to the office of First
F^esident of the United States of Am-
erica. Oluurles Thompson resided the
latter years of hit long and honored
lifA at Lower Morion. Montgomery
County Pennsylvania; when he died at
the venerable age of ninety f*ye, Aug.
16, 1824. Dr. Thompson wa» a ripe
scholar, and was the author of valu-
fible documents on the Indians and the
Bevolutionary troublra, a translation of
the whole Bible, the Old Testament be-
ing from the "Septuagint" also a q^-
opsis of the Four Evangelists, beluga
History of the Conception, Birth, Doc-
trine, Miracles, Death, Resurection and
Assension of Our Lord Jesus Christ,"
Philadelphia, 1816.

THOMSON, JAMES, one of the
leading scientists of the age and an emi-
nent civil and mechanical engineer, was a

brother of Sir William, and a son of
James Thomson, LL. D., afterwards
professor of matbenutics in the Univer«
slty of Glasgow. He was born at Belfast,
Ireland, 1816, and educated under his
father there, and afterwards in the Uni-
versity of Qlaseow, where he graduat-
ed, lw7, and then entered the Housley
Iron Works at Tipton, to become fam-
iliar with practical mechanics; later he
was employed by Sir Wm. Fairbaim,
the eminent civil engineer. In 1857 he
became professor of civil engineering in
Queen's College. Belfast, and in 1873.
in the University of Glasgow. He has
given great attention to practical me-
chanics engineering, especially in re-
gard to irrigation and water supply; he
invented the "Vortex Turbine,'' the
"Jet Pump," the "International Reser-
voir for Draining Swamp Lands." and
successfully ezpmined the problem of

Slacial action, by showing the lowering
y pressure of the freezing temperature
of water. He has contributed numer-
ous valuable papers to the transaction
of the leading scientific associations of
Great Britain and Ireland, including
phvsics. mathematics and mechanics,
ana undoubtedly, is one of the most
practical scientific men of the age.

THOMSON, WILLIAM, an able
and learned Irish scientist, was bom at
Belfast, Nov. 2, 1806, and became noted
for his extensive and exact knowledge
in every department of science and art.
He has associated with Professor Ed-
ward Forbes, and sent by the British
Government to the j£gean archipelago
and contributed nearly eighty papers to
the transactions of different societies on
scientific investigations, including bo-
tany, zoology and ornithology His
great work, however, was his "Natural
History of Ireland," 4 vol. He died
February 17, 1852.

THOMSON, SIR WILLIAM,

Jounger brother of James and son of Dr.
ames Thomson, b perhaps the ablest
scientific man of the age, at least of
those who speak the BnKlish language,
was bom in Belfast, Ireland, June,
1824, educated at; Glasgow under his
father, and at Cambridge, where he
graduated in 1846 as second wraneler
and was elected fellow. In 184o he
was elected to the chair of Natural
Philosophy in Glasgow University und
the same year be^me editor of the

THO

nusa CKLTI

TIO

"Ciimbridge and Dublin Mathematical
Journal." where he first published his
researches on the mathematical theory
ol electricity. He invented quadrant
and portable electrometers of extreme
delicacy and ereat accurHcy, the former
was adopted by the Kew Observatory
for the automatic registration of the
electric state of the atmosphere. He
was also inventor of the mirror galvano-
meter and the syphon recorder, instru-
m'nts of the greatest vplue in sub-
marine telegrophy, and wLich rendered
communication by Atlantic cable a
]X}8sibility. He made important ex-

E crimen ts in maenetism, especially in
eat, among which were those regard-
ing the conversion of water into ice, at
the freezing point, without the expen-
diture of force; the specific heat of sub-
etances; the relation between the force
expended and the heatproduced in the
compression of gas. He has published
many important scientific papers.
Among them none which attracted
more attention than that in 'the Philo
flophiral Magazine, 1863, in regard to
the "Universal tendency in nature to
the dissipation of mechanical energy."
In 1868. he delivered the Barkerian lec-
ture on "The Electro-Dynamic Proper
ties of Metals." He received the royal
medal of the L6ndon Royal Society,
ond the Keith prize of the Edinburgh
Royal Society. He delivered the "Bme
Lecture," 18io6, and the same year was
Imighted for his valuable discoveries in
the advancement of science. He was
president of the British Association and
of the Geological Society of Qlasgo^,
and Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cam-
bridge. He published in conjunction
with Tate an "Elementary Treatise on
Natural Philosophy." which became
the standard work on that subject, and
in 1872 issued a volume of papers on
electro statics and magnetism. He vis-
ited Canada and the United States in
1876, and about that time perfected a
Tide calculating machine. Thomson
undoub'edly stands at the front of liv-
ing scientists.

THORNTON, MATHEW, a distin-
guished patriot of the American Revo-
lution, and one of the signors of the
Declaration of Independence, was born
in Ireland, about 1714, and when about
three vears old, emigrated to America
with bis parents, who finally took up
llieir residence in Worcester, Manachu-

setts. After acquiring a classical eda>
cation he commenced the study cf med-
icine, and on being admitted to prac*
tice. he settled in Londonderry, N. H.
There he soon became proniinent,
and was active in the defense of the
colony against the French and Indians.
In 1746 hie accompanied the expedition
against Loiusburg as chief surgeon to
Ihe New Hampshire troops, and earn^
distinguished credit, both as a soldier
and physician. He early espoused the
cause of the colonies nnd was an able
CO laborer of his gallant countryman
Stark, and amongst the most fearless
and outspoken of the patriots prior to
the Revolution. In 1776 he was chosen
a dele^te to the Continental Coneress
and affixed his name to the great char-
ter of American Independence. He
must have, in the meantime, studied
law, for we find him, after the war,
holding important legal positions, hav-
ing been successively chief justice of
the Court of Common Pleas and judge
of the Superior Court of New Hamp-
shire. He was held in the highest es-
teem by his fellow citizens for his in-
tegrity and worth, and died full of
years and honors, 1808, being in his
90th ycv.

TIEllNET, GEORGE, a distinguish-
ed statesman and writer of Great Brit-
ain, was of Irish descent, bom in Lon-
don, in 1766, and after finishing his edu-
cation at Cambridge, commenced the
study of the law. He- however gave
himself up to politics and political dis-
cussions in the loumals of the day. He
attached himself to the Whigs and in
1796-8, was elected M. P. for South-
work . He afterwards represented Ath-
lone, Ireland, and subsequently Appleby
and other English borouu!hs. In the year
'98 he had a duel with Pitt, arising
from words in debate, which resulted
without injury. On the accession of
the Addington Ministry in 1802, he be-
came treasurer of the navy, and in
1806, under the Grenville, ue became
president of the Board of Control. On
the formation of the Canning Ministry,
he was appointed master of the mint,
but retired in 1828 with Goderich, and
died soon after in 1880. Tiernev was
one of the ablest debaters of his day,
and a formidable opposer of Pitt.

TIGHE, M^RY BLACHFORD, »
talented poetess and author, was bom

''1

TIH

ntUR OSLTf.

TIM

in Ireland, In 1T78. Uer most admired
production is Psycbe, a poem of great
mwit and beauty. She died in 1810.

TIOnERNMAS, king of Ireland,
who, according to the book of
"Lucan," was the first to introduce
idolatry into Ireland, the people
prior to that time having pre-
served to a greater or less degree the
ancient traditions and worship of the
only true God received from the Patri-
arch of old. He is also said to have
been the discoverer of the first gold
and silver mines in that county, and
also insMtuted the designation of differ-
ence of rank by the number of colors
worn in the clothes. By his decree,
the learned, ranked next to the king,
showhig at that early day the intellect-
ual character of the race, a trait, which
their accumulated misfortunes and the
consequent want of motives to foster,
has failed to weaken or lessen.

TIGERNACH, or TIERNE, ST.,
bishop of Cluanois or Clunes, and
apostolic legate of Ireland, was succes-
sor of St. Macartin, but made his cathe-
dral at Clunes. He founded an abbey
at Clune( in Monaghan.for regular can-
nons, under the title of St. Peter and
Paul. He died about ▲. D. 650.

TIMON. RT. REV. JOHN, D.D.,the
first bishop of Buffalo, an able and
learned Catholic American divine, was
born at Conewago, Pennsylvania, Feb.
12, 1797. of Irish parents, (James
Tlmon and Margaret Leddy.) who had
emigrated from County Cavan, Ire-
land. When John was five years old
the family removed to Baltimore, where
our subject entered his father's dry
goods store, and subsequently assisted
him in business in Louisville, 181 8-' 10.
and in St. Louis from that time until
he entered the preparatory seminary of
the Lazarists of St. Louis, April, 1828.
There he acquired a reputation for indus-
tnr, zeal, and above all humility. In
1824, while still pursuing his studies,
he acoompanied father Odin, after-
wards archbishop of New Orleans, on
an extended missionary tour through
Arkansas and Texas, preaching, m-
Btructing children and others, and pre-
paring them for the sacraments. So
earnest were his studies, and such
rapid progress did he make,that he was
raised to the priesthood in 1826, and

•con af tei became one of the prof e"8or»
in the seminary, and alio had mission-
ary duties to perform. Considerable
prejudice was exhibited in thoee early
days against Catholics, especially
priests, which the more ignorant Ugot*
would supplement with violence, which
at one time threatened his life. Oa
several occasions a number of sectarian
preachers of the out of -door order, as-
sembled before the seminary and chal-
lenged the fathers to a public discussion.
Father Timon thinking that the quick*
est wav to abate the nuisance was to
meet them and expose their ignorance,
was permitted to accept, and be met six
of the doughty champions on the stump,
and so completely did he expose
their ignorance and bigoUy, that they

Sve no farther trouble. He was inde-
ligable in the work of his ministry
and was soon famed far and wide for
his eloquence, zeal and devotion to
duty in the most trying ciicumstances.
He made many converts both by hia
examples and words. His zeal, energy
and prudence sustained his Order
in the United States through
many difficulties, and in 1886,
much against his desire, he was ap-
pointed oy the General Assembly of
the Order, held in Paris that year, the
first visitor of the order in the United
States. His personal as well as bis-
general work for the Order was now
simply herculean. In 1887 he visited
France, and brought back zealous la-
borers and substantial aid, and extend-
ed the field of his mission over the then
Republic of Texas, preached in its hall
of Congress, and celebrated the first
mass ever offered ub in Galveston. In
1889 he was appointed co-adjutor to
the bishops of St. Louis, with the right
of succession, but so great was his hu
mility that he would not accept. la
1840 he was appointed vicar apostlic of
Texas, which was still an independ-
ent republic. At the urgent request of
his brethren he accepted, and was re-
ceived in the young republic with dis-
tinguished honors, f>reacbing before
the House and Senate. The acting
president Judge Burnett highly com-
plimented his Sequence and success in
vindicating Catholic doctrine aUd he was-
tendered a public dinner. He then set
to work with his usual energy and soon
the results of his apostlic labors were-
everywhere visible, and many were
brought into the fold. lu 1844 he waa

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•ppoloted bicbop of Buffalo, «nd was
consecrated in New York bj Bisbop
Hugbes, Oct. 17. and was recdTed by
bis new flock witb every demonstra-
tion of joy. Tbe result of bis advent
among them was soon visible, missions
and spiritual retreats were given in
rapid succeRsion. the bishop preaching
often five times a day. In a cburcb
which hod about three bundred com-
municants when be came, soon after re-
corded 1 500, and this was but a sample of
the fruit of bis labors. He bad, bow-
ever, great trouble witb tbe St. Louis
Cburcb trustees, and at last excom-
municated them and interdicted the
cburcb. A violent blast of bigotrv was
the result, and tbe bigots in the L^;is-
lature of the State succeeded in passing
an act intended to embarrass the Catbo
lie cburcb in its property relations. A
legislative bigot named Babcock utter-
edan elaborate tirade of slander against
the church, which Bishop Timon ans-
wered in a withering, sarcastic and
crushing open letter, which met no re-
ply. Soon under bis fostering care and
through a tireless energy, schools,
foundling asylums, orphan asylums,
magdalen asylums and lunatic asylums
sprang up to give a home to every bu-
Uian misery. He also founded a semi-
nary at Nia^ra Falls, under the care
of the Lazarists, and also a college at
Alleghany, under tbe charge of tbe
Pranciscans. In 18S8 Bishop Timoif
visited Mexico to solicit from its
wealthy Catholics aid for a projected
cathedral, and on his way stopped at
Kew Orleans to learn the rudiments of
Spanish, and was able when he ar-
rived in Mexico to appeal with
fluency to the Spanish Mexicans in
their own language for his work.
He also visited Europe repeatedly in the
interests of bis diocese and took part
in the defloition of the doraia of the
Immaculate Conception at Home, 1854.
He was highly honored by Pius IX for
bis piety and sound learning, and re-
ceived with distinction in every part of
Europe, when he travelled in aid of his
cathedral. His last visit was in 1862.
He was ever on the alert in crushing
out unreligious pract'ces among the
fidthful, and although be met obstacles
that at first seemed insurmountable, he
triumphed over all. He was a true
bishop in its broadest sense, imitating
bis Divine Mastor in humility. In be-
coming a bishop, he tmly only became

the servant of servants, early and late
was he ready to meet every call, and
hear the confession of tbe lowliest. Tbe
dignity of bishop did not exalt him
above tbe humble missioner, as it im>
fortunately does so many, or into hedg-
ing himself around with fonnalities,
which are but htm to a free intercourse
with their flocks. One cannot but re-
flect on beholding such dignified pre*
lates, bow the apostles would have
looked, entrenched in such dignity.
Our bishop, apostle-like, never lost the
bumble missioner, and it was tbe bu-
milit*^ with which be was clothed as a
gariL. jnt, that gave bim the power and
grace to conquer. "For be hath put
down tbe mighty from their seat, and
hath exalted tbe humble." After un-
ceasing labors for upwards of for^
years, and hands filled with good
works, be at length went to meet that
Master for whom be had labored so
unselfishly and well. He died April
16,1867.

TIRRELL, OAPT. BIOHARD. one
of tbe bravest and most indefatigable of
the Irish confederate chieftains, was a
native of Munster, and bom about 1660,
was engaged in numberless encounters
against the enemy, undd* tbe leadership
of the princess of Tyrone, Tyrccnnel,
and O'Sullivan, prince of Bearre, and
highly distinguished himself on every
occauon by his military skill and dar*
ii^.

TOBIN, JOHN, a dramatic author
of talent, waa of Irish descent, bom at
Balisbuiy, England, and educated in
private schools; after completing nis
education be became a wlicitor. His
spare moments were however devoted
to dramatic composition, for which he
had a strong propensity. At the age of
twenty-four he bad written several
plays, and continued literary labor in
that line 'till death. He was not, how-
ever, successful during his life in hav-
ing his plays accepted by managers.
He was about dying when his play of
"The Honeymoon" was nrst re-
hearsed, but he did not live to witneaa
its success. He died of consumption,
December 8, 1804. Among bis other
plays which still keep the boards are,
"The Curfew" and '^'Tbe School for
AuthorB,"

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TOL

nuRH OBx/n.

TON

}■•

TOBIN, A. M. de, a cdebrated
Bpaoiflh painter of Irish descent, was
born in 1678, and rose to distingaished
•minence in art. He died in 1768.

TODD. JAMES H., D. D., a learned
Irish historian and archgeologist, was
bom in Dublin, Ireland, April 28,
1805. was educated at Trinity College
In that city, of which he became a fel-
low, and took orders in the Established
Church. He became Regius Professor,
of Hebrew. 1849, and was twice chosen
Donellian lecturer; was precentor of
St. Patrick's Cathedral ana one of the
Qhief founders of the Irish Archaeologic-
al Society, and repeatedly president of
the Royal Irish Academy. Among his
numerous works are "St. Patrick and
Archbishops of Armagh," "St.Patrick»
Apostle of Ireland," "Wars of the
Danes o* Ireland," "The Irish Version
of the Historia Britonum of Nunius,"
"The Martyrology of DonegaL" He
was also a valued contributor to the
transactions of learned sodetieB.. He
died at Rathfarnum, near Dublin, June
2^1889.

TODD, ROBERT BENTLET,
brother of the foregoing, an eminent
physician, was bom in Dublin, in 1809.
and educated at Trinity College. Dub-
lin, studied medicine and settled in
London for practice. 1881. Hia suc-
cess and skill soon earned for him an
eztendve practice and matchless repu-
tation, and he was elected to the chair
of physiology and anatomy in Kings
College. London, 1887, ana he took a
leading part in founding the Lospi-'
tal of Oiat name. In 1889 ne was made
professor of clinical medicine, which
chair he retained 'till his death, Jan.
20, 1860. He was joint editor with Dr.
Orantr of tbe Cyclopedia of Anatomy
and Physiology," 1886-'69. and with
Dr. Bowman of "The Physioloj^ical
Anatomy and Physiology of Man," be-
sides lectures, etc.

TOL AND, JOHN", a writer of genius
was born near Londonderry, Ireland,
about 1670 and was educatra at OIa»
gow. Edinburgh and Lyden. his faith,
which was originally Catholic, became
unsettled in these schools, and he became
naturally a free-thinker, the only ration-
al refuge left. He was einpluyed
while on the continent in secret missions
to the German Courts, and died in 17^.

He wrote a life of Milton, besldei other'
works of a semi-philosophical and n*
ligioQB nature, and created by his re-
ligious works, much disputation among
churchmen.

TOLER, JOHN, bettor known tn
Irish history as Lord Norbury. and
whose name among patriot Irishman is
but a synonyme for infamy; was bom
in 1745 in Tipperary, educated at Trin-
ity CollM;e and was called to the bar in
1770. He was eyer a toady to the goy«
ernment and receiyed the appointment
of King's Counsel, soon after Solidtor-
Qeneral, and Attorney-General in '98,
when he b«>came infamously notorious
for shameful abuse of the privelagea
of his high position, using his influence
in securing the condemnation of poliUc-
al prisoners, against all the rules and
forms of imparUal justice. He was ad-
yanced to the position of Chief
Justice in 1800, as well on ac*
count of his pliani^. as in reward
for his efforts in the destraction of the
indepoidence of his countij. and was
given a peudon of oyer £8,000 a year and
madea Vicountand Earl. Although de-
void of honest principle, he was not of
ability, but had a certain kind of rough
strengUiand coarse wit, which added to
a bold and positiye manner, backed by
imlimitable assurance, made him a
rather formidable opponent. He died
in 1881.

TOMPKINS, PATRICK W., a lead-
ing politician of Mississippi, was bom iu
Kentucky of Irish parents and received
a good education. He afterwards set-
tle in Mississippi and became promi-
nent by his talent and was a member of
the 80th U. S. Congress.

TONE, THEOBALD WOLF, one of
the most gallant and distinguished of
Irish patriots, was bora in Dublin in
1768. He early imbibed broad and
liberal views on both religious. and
political subjects, and was a strong ad-
vocate of Catholic emancipation and of
a united Ireland. Ho was elected to the
Irish Parliament and became a tnember
of the Society of United Irishmen and
an intimate friend of the Emmets; He
was at leneth compelled to fly to escape
arrest^ and went to France, men in the
throes of the revolution. He succeeded
in inducing the Directory to promise
assistanoe to the Irish patriotsi, tiie cU

TOR

IBISR CBLTIb

TOR

rec*ion of which wm placed In the
hands of the celebrated Hoche. The
expedition havinir been scattered In a
ftonn, but a small portion landed and
nothing much was attempted, owing to
the failure of the ship which contained
Qen. Hoche. iu landing. Tone waa at-
tached to the expedition as Adjutant-
general and was on one of the capturea
vessels, and after recognition, was held as
a prisoner of State, although at the time
a French officer. Every effort was
made to sliield him bv the French Qov-
«mment and by his friends, but he was
condemned. He, however anticipated
bis sentence by opening a vein and
bleeding to death. He was a worth v
compeer of Emmet, generoii.-. chivel-
rous, brave and talented In the highest
degree, with qunlities to shine among
the leaders of men, but living in a coun-
try wliere every noble aspiration was
crushed by the relentless hand of a for
eign tyrant; he craved and hoped to see
his country freer! from the savage, and
her children, of all creeds, united and de-
voted to their common country, and for
this he died.

TONSON, GEN. WILLIAM, a
military officer of merit, was born In
County of Cork, in May, 1724, was
Lieutenant-Qovemor of Cork and a
mbmber of the Irish Parliament, ele-
vated to the peerage 1788 as Baron
Iliversdale, of Uathcormac He died in
1810.

TOOM \TH,IIEV. JOHN, a celebrat-
ed Baptist divine, better known as the
"Blind Preach r," was horn in Ire-
land and came to this country about
1860. He gained considerable notice by
Jiis earnest and eloquent style, and lec-
tured widely in the Unitea States. He
died in Brooklyn^ March 18, 1874.

' TORRENS. SIR HENRY, atalented
and distinguiRhed general officer in the
service of Britain, was born at London-
.derry, Ireland, in 1779, received his edu-
cation in the Military Academy at
Dublin, and entered the British service
as an ensigd in the 63nd Regiment of
Foot, and saw his first active service in
the West Indies, where he distinguished
himself by bravery and a hardy endur-
ance. He afterward served in Holland,
where he was wounded, and on recover-
ing Joined the army In Egypt, and
servM with diatlnction aipunst the

French. He next embarked from a

Eort !n the Red Sea for Bombay, but
aving received a sun stroke, he was
obligM to return to England. The ves-
sel stippingatSt. Helena, he there cap*
tured the Qovemor's daughter. Miss
Patton, whom he took home as his wife.
His next service was in Buenos Ayres.
He was afterwsrds Secretary to Sir
Arthur Wellesley (Wellington) and
accompanied him to Portu-
gal. In March, 1820, he was
made Adjutan^6eneral, and immediate-
ly set to work to revise the army regula-
tJons and introduced many improve-
ments. He died in 1828.

TORRENS, MAJOR GENERAL
ROBERT. F. R S.. a distinguished
British soldier, political economist, legis-
lator and writer, was bom in Ireland,
1780. and entered the naval service of
Britain in his seventeenth year, as Lieu-
tenant of Marines, rose to be a Colonel
by 1887, and subseijuently served in
India, where he distmguisbed himself
and was made a Major-General. He re-
turned home and was elected a member
of Parliament, and became noted by his
vigorous support of the Reform bill, and
his clear andf positive doctrines of poli-
tical economy. Ambng his works are
"An Essay on Money and Paper Cur-
rency," 1»12; "Essay on the External
Corn Trade," 1815; "Essay on the Pro-
duction of Wealth," 1821; "The Budget,
a Series of Letters on the, Finanoal,
Commercial and Colonial Policy."
"Facts on Finance and Trade." Be
died Maya?, 1864.

TORRENS, SIR ROBERT R, a dis-
tinguished legislator and writer, was
bom in 1814 and educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, went to Australia in
the civil service, and rose to be Chief
Secretary and Register-General. He re-
turned home about 186S, and entered
Parliament for Cambridge, where
he remtiined from 1868-74. and
was knighted for important services in
1872. He is the author of a valuable -
work on Australia.

TORRENS, WILLIAM McCUL-
LAGH, whose real name is McCullagh,
a talented legisktor, philanthropist and
miscellaneous writer, was bom near
Dublin. Ireland. October 1818, and
graduated at Trinity CoUego, Dublin,
studied law and was called to the bir

' Tfl

f'si

TRA

iBna CBLin

TRii

fa 18M. He entered Fttrliament for
Dnndalk u an advanced Liberal in 1848
•nd wan an unaucceisful candidate for
Yarmouth in 1852* was afterwarda
elected, but unseated, and in 186S re-
turned for Finsbury. He was conspicu-
ous during the American dyil war, by
his advocacy of the Union cause; aided
Disraeli to cany his Household Suffrage
bill, to which he procured the addition
of the "Lodgers Franchise." In 1868
he introduced the "Artizau s Dwellings
bill," which he carried after a protractol
debate, and in 1869 he procured an im-
portant reform in the management of
Sauper children by the poor law guar-
ian in London; and secured in 1870
the adoption of the extradition treaty
with the Onited Btates, and se-
cured the creation of the London School
B<mrd. He still practices law in the
London courts, and is a member of Lin-
coln's Inn. Torrens is his maternal
name which he has added to McCul-
lagh. He is the author of "The Usoand
Study of History," "The Industrial His-
tory of Free Nations," "Memoirs of
Richard LalorSheil," "Life and Times
of Sir James Graham. Bart," "The Lan-
cashire Lesson," "Our Empire in Asf ,
and how we came by it. " He is a man of
great energy and indefatigable industry.

TRACT, ANTHONY LOUIS DE, a
celebrated French moralist, politician
and writer, was bom in France of Irish
parents in 1754, and acauired a high
reputation for learning and ability. He
died in 1886.

TRACY. BERNARD DB, a French
divine of ability, and learning, and a
relative of the foregoing, was
born in France in 1720, and entered a
religious atate, where ne became dis-
tinguished as an ascetic writer of great
influence and repute. He died in 1786.

TRACY, NATHANIEL, a distin-
guisbed, patriotic and generous mer-
chant prince of the American revolution,
was born atNewburg, afterwards called
Newburyport, in 1748. His parents
were Irish, his father, Patrick Tracy,
having engaged in business, became
opulent and with true Irish spirit, gave
bis sons the best education the country
aflordal. Our subject graduated at
Harvard in 1769 and commenced busi-
ness in company with Jonathan Jaclc-

sen, an aocompliah^d merchant and
thorough gentleman, who waa ahn ft
brother celt. The house was
prosperous and extended its trade to a
wonderful mMnitude for that day.
When the war broke out he turned lus
numerous vessels into privateera, and
they were eminently successful at first
He was a generous and patriotic citizen,
advocating the rights of the people and
assisting Uie sovemment liberally with
money, clothing and other sinews of
war. He lived in the most magnificent
style, and his farms were like the coun-
try residence of an old country noble-
man, with elegant lawns and fishponds,
having alsoan extensive stable ofsplen-
did horses and corresponding equipages,
and everything which a refined taste and
convenience could suggest. The last
yean of the war were, however, dis-
astrous for him, he lest many of his
vessels, the government was unable to
pay him large loans which he advanced,
many of his^heavy debtora were similar-
ly situated and could not pay, and in
1786 he was minus some millions of dol-
lars. Under the circumstances he could
not make good his cr^itsand he had to
succumb. His splendid estates were
sold for but a small portion of their
cost and he himself broken in spirit, re-
tired to a large farm which had been
secured to his wife and children in the
days of his prosperity. He died short-
ly afterward, but his wife, a most ele-
gant and accomplished lady, bore her
minfortunes with admirable fortitude,
exhibiting great tact and capac-
itv in husbanding her dimin-
ished resources, sustaining her
dignity to the last hour of her life,
and brinring up her children as intelli-
gent manly ana independent, as if she
still owned millions.

TRAILL, ROBERT. D. D., a talent-
ed church of England divine, was bom
at Lisbura, Ireland July 16, 179B,
graduated at Trinity College, Dublin,
about 1817, studied for the ministry and
took orden in the Church of England
1820; held a parish in Cork in 1880, and
was stricken with the epidemic fever
during the great famine of 1847, while
working to relieve his poor parishlon-
era. He had just completed an elegant
tiiinslation of the "Jewish War," nom
Josephus, -whidh was published with
notes, by Isaac Taylort

TRE

nun olism

TAO

TBEGURT. mCHASL, ui Iriflh di-
▼ine and scholar, wu born about 1880.
Be became ArohUdibp of Dublin, and
was a man of prof ound erudition. He
left lereral works quoted \fj Bale and
others. His death occurred in 1471.

TRENCH, RICHARD C. D. D., a

celebrated and talented divine of the Es-
tablished Church, was bom at Dublin,
Ireland, Sept 9, 1807. and recdTed his
education there, and at Trinity Coll^,
Cambridge, where he graduated 1889.
He then traveled on the continent, re-
turned to England and took orders, held
various livinffs and became select
preacher at Cambridge in 18S6, and
Archbishop of Dub!in in 1864. He is a
most prolific author, his works
besides including poems, contain re
ligious, historical and etoniological
works, among which are: "The story
of Justin Martyr," "Honor Neale,'''
"Poems from Eastern Boimies,"
"Miracles of our Lord," "Synonyms of
the New Testament," "Some Deficien-
cies in our English Dictionaries," "Lec-
tures on Plutarch," "Sermon Before the
University of Cambridge," "Sacred
Poems," "Latin Poetry," &c. Ac.

TRESHAM. HENRY, one of the
most eminent painters of his time and
a poet of merit, was bom in Dublin,
where he studied art under the elder
West, and Ennis, after which he accom-

Eanied Lord Cawdon to Italy, assisted
y the kindness of friends, and resided
there for manv years. On his retum
from the continent he finished several
very fine pictures; among which was an
Adam and Eve, now the propertv of
Lord Powerscourt. He also pamted
several pictures for the BoydeU-Shak*
peare Gallery, and was engaged bv the
Liongmans to edit their great publica>
tion of the engravines of the works of an-
cient nuisters, in the collection of the
British nobility and gentry. His draw-
ings with pen and mk, and especially
with black chalk, were admitted to
possess the highest excellence. He was
a member of'the academies of Rome,
Bologne and London. His critical ac-
quaintance with the history of fine arts
was very extensive, and he was regarded
as the highest authority of his day on
aU mattera of virtu. On one occasion
he purchased a quanti^ of Etrascan
vases, for £100, which had been set
wide as of little value 1^ an eminent

connoisslenr, for which he received
£800, and a life annuity of £800.
Amongst hla literary works are "TIm
Sea Sick Minstrel," a poem in six can*
toe, "Rome at the end of the Eighteenth
Century" and Britannicus to Boaa>
parte." an heroic epistle. He died Juna
14,1814.

TROY, MOST REV. JOHN
THOMAS. Archbishop of DubUn, was
bom at Portertown, Dublin County, in
1740. After making his preliminaiy
studies, be went to Rome at the age of fif-
teen, to prosecute his course and study
theology; then he Joined the Dominican
Order, was ordained priest and became
rector of St. Clement s in that city. On
the death of Dr. deBurgo, bishop of Oa-
sory, Dr. Troy was selected by the Pope
to fill that see. and was consecrated at
Louvain 1776. On taking possession ct hia
diocese he re-established eccledastical
conferences of the clergy, which had
been discontinued during the violence of
the penal days. He denounced "White-
boyfsm," then prevalent, and caused ex-
communication to be pronounced
against all who bound themselves to or

Joined such organizations. He pro-
libited the celebration of midnight
mass on Christmas, as leading to abtue,
and forbade any priest to assist at hunt^
dances or public concerts. He published
about this time, 1798, a pastoral in regard
to our duty to obey a de-facto govern-
ment, which was interpreted to advocate
Republicanism. In his condemnation
of strife and resistance to authority, he
went so far as to excommunicate those
of his flock in '98, who arose in arms
against the government, and act whidi
imuie him unpopular with the patriots.
It was in Dr. Troy's time, im, that
the Irish Parliunent founded Maynooth
College, as a matter of policy, so that
the Insh priesthood should not be com-
pelleot to receive their education on the
continent, and thus become to a certain
extent alienated from the institution of
their country by the bigotry and selfish-
ness of its government. It was cer-
tainly a wise step, and it would have
been wiser still if such a policy had
been adopted and continued in every re-
lation with Ireland down to the present
time, not from a policy forced oy ne-
cessity, but as a matter of justice and a
full recognition of eaual nghta; but
unfortunatdy it has been oftowise^
and even tliis petty grant to the Cwtho>

:*!'

TWO

cuss CKLTM,

TYN

liof, which was but as a drop in a
lain storm to the amount robbed
from Uiem, was bitterly and persistently
combated until Sir Robert Peel had
ihSt college endowed. Dr. .Troy was
perhaps the first of the prelates of this
see who could work for the material in-
terests of his diocese without fear of in-
terruption. In 1816 he laid the founda-
tion of a new cathedral, the ancient one
being in the hands of tlie onemy. He
also built up othc^ institutioas in aid of
education and charity. H** died in
Dublin.. May 11, 1828, in the 84th year
of hisfl^.

TUATHAL, son of Ficha V, ascend-
ed the throne of his fathers about the
▼ear A. D. 100. On the death of his
father through the conspiracy of Carbre
and the Pleblans, he fled to bis grand-
faibcr, by his mother Eithne, king of
the Picts of Albania, where he re-
mained with some of bis faithful fol-
lowers for about twentv-flve years. The
mMortunes which vuited the county
in the destruction of itsancient customs
and laws at htst openeti the eyes of the
people and a deputation was sent to
Tuathal to return. He did so, and te-
ing joined by a considerable force, he
marched on Tara. On gaining posses-
Aon of his kingdom he immeiiiately
had tJie ancient laws re-enacted,
amongst them the perpetuation of the
cro'wn in his own nunily. Ho pursued
the chiefs of the rebellion and defeated
them in many battles, and at length en-
tirely crushed them. The reign of this
Eince WM rather stormy, ana he was
lied at the battle of Moyline, in
Ulster, while fighting Mai, King of
that province, uter a reign of thirty
years.

TUCKET, JAMBS HINGSTON, a
talented naval officer, in the service of
Britain, war ^om in 172S, in Cork, Ire-
land, entered the navy at an early
age and served in India in 1794. He
n«?xtwent to New South Wales and
was engaged in surveying the coast of
that colonv when he was captured by
the French in 1806, and remained a
prisoner till 1814. He was men put in
command of an expedition to explore
the River Congo, wJ^en he died in 1816.
He was theauthor of a maritime geo-
graphy, 4 vol.

TWOMET. MICHAEL, a distin-

guished American scholar and seien*
ust, was bom in Ireland, in 1806, and
emigrated to the United States a poor,
friendless boy. Endowed with natural
ability and a strong inclination to ao>
quire knowledge, he soon possessed
sufficient to tench. He became notud
for his thoroughness and quickly earned
a reputation for solid learning and
scientific acquirements. He was an in<
defatigable student and pursued his
investigations into all branches of
knowl^ee. As a geologist he gsined
a nations reputation, and South Caro-
lina and Alabama are indebted to him
more than to anv other man, for reveal*
ing their mineral wealth. He was State
geologist of Alabama and professor of
geology, minerology, etc., in the Uni>
versity. He was licld in the highest
esteem by his fellow citizens, not less
for his nobility of character, thin for
his scientific acquirements. In social
life he was unassuming, agreeable and
interesting; full of genfne Irish wit and
humor. He died in 1867, while yet in
the prime of life, greatly regretted by
his fellow-citizens.

TYNDALL, JOHN. D. 0. L., LL.
D., one of the ablest of modern scien*
tists, was bom at Laugblin Bridge,
near Carlow, Ireland, Aug. 21, 18^0,
was educated under the direction of his
father, acquiring a thorough know-
ledge of mathematics and evangelical
theology. In 1889 he entered the Irish
Ordnancb Survey as assistant, became
draftsman, computer, surveyor and
trigonometrical observer. He devoted
five hours a day for twelve years to
svstenuitic private studies, chiefly scien
tiflc. He was transferred to the Ena-
lish survey, where he remained tiU
1844, when he proposed to try his for*
tune in the United States, but was in-
duced to remain by the offer of rail*
way engineer, which he filled fov three
years; taught physics in Queenwood
College, Hampshire, 1847-8, when he
went with Dr. Frankland to Oermanv,
where he attended lectures on chemis-
try by Buusen and on physics by Ger*
ling and KnoblHUch, and mathenuitica
by Stegmann, and worked with great
zeal in the laboratory, making import-
ant discoveries in magnetism, whidi he
published in the ''Phriosophioal Maga-
zine." 1860, and graduated in IbSl, pre*
senting a disoourae "On Screw Bur*
faces'^ In Qerman. He became' ao-

'M-

TJSH

ntlSH CELTS

USH

quainted with Faraday, vrho was so
taken by the ingenuity of his investi-

gations that he immediately proposed
im as a fellow of tlie Royal Society,
and in 1852 he became a member of the
"British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science." In 1853, was elected
professor of natural philosophy in the
Koyal Institution and in the Government
School of Mines, visited Switzerland^ or
scientific investigations in 1849 and
again in 1856 with Huxley, and dis-
tinguished himself b^ his investigations
into the rate of motion of glaciers, and
published the results of his observa-
tions, which brought out a prolonged
controversy with Prof. J. P. Forbes,
of Edinburgh. He became successor
to Faraday at Trinity House in 1866
and superintendent of the Royal Insti-
tution in 1867, and accompanied the
expedition to Algeria in December,
1871, to observe the solar eclipse; visit-
ed the United States in 1872, and was
flatteringly received, and delivered a
series of lectures which netted $15,000,
which he placed in the hands of a
committee to aid students who devoted
themselves to original research. He
has ottaicied the Rumford medal of the
Royal Society for his discoveries in ther-
mo-dynamics und has had the degree of
doctor of laws cojf erred on him by the
UnivM*sitie8 of Oxford, Cambridge and
Edinburgh, was president of the Brit-
ish Association at its session at Belfast,
in 1874. where his address called forth
some severe strictures on account of
evolution theories contained. He is the
author of a great number of scientiflo
I>apers. and is one of the most indefa-
tigable of scientific investigators.

UOANE MOOtlB, a celebrated
monarch of Ireland, who re igned
about 800 B. 0. On ascending the
throne he convened an assembly at
Tara and received hostages, and ad-
ministered oatlis of allegiance from
the chiefs of the kingdom. He also
had a law passed making the crown
hereditarv in his family, ~in order to
pi-event the wars consequent on its pre-
vious elective character. Hi^ wife was
Keasiar, daughter of a king of Qaul,
by whom he had tl>rcc sons.

U8H|JR, REV. DR., a talented Irish
Oatliolic divine, was born in Dublin,
about 1700, and was a grandson of the
celebrated Archbishop Usher, the graat

piotestant divine. He was educated for
this Esw^blished Church in which his
erand-father had so distin^ished him-
self, and the promise of a brilliant future
was before him. The perusal of the con-
troversy between his illustrious ances-
tor and the learned Jesuit father.fienry
Fitzsimmons, however changed all liiii
designs, for it convinced him of the
truth of the divine origin and authori-
ty of the old church, and be possessed
the Irish honesty and christian courage
to accept his honest conclusions, eyen
at the cost of all his brilliant prospects.
He determined still to pursue an eccles-
siastical life, and after the necessary
course of study entered the priesihood
and for many years labored on the
mission amongst his countrymen — the
Irish poor— in London, where he died
in 1772. He was an uncle of the cele-
brated abbe Edgeworth, who minister-
ed to Louis Xyi, on the scaffold, at the
risk of his life. He was the author of
"Clio in Taste." "A Refutation of
Locke," and other woiks.

USHER, JAMES, perhaps the most
distinguished protestant divine which
Ireland ever produced, was bom at
Dublin, January 4, 1580. He received
his education at Oublin University,
which he left with a brilliant reputation
for scholarship, and was complete mas-
ter of Latin, Greek and Hebrew, be-
sides extensive knowledge of literature
and theology. He early entered the
lists as a protestant controversialist, but
it must be adroittetl that in this field
the government churchmen in Irelahd
had the field all to themselves in his
day. for the Catholic existed, as it were,
in defiance of law, and his controver-
sial works dare not be published in
Ireland, and when published abroad
and sent over, were usually confiscated
before they reached their destination.
That was English fair piny then !
How much has it improved, to-da^
after three hundred years ? 1 1 His
ability being undoubtedly great, his pro-
motions were rapid, and Immediately
after taking orders he was app.inted to
preach before the government at Christ
Church, Dublin, in 1607 he was ap-
pointed pi'ofessor of divinity in the uni-
versity and chancellor of the Dublin
Cathedral, and about this time com-
menced his career of authorship; his
first work being a dissertation on the
government and discipline of liis

■ . J

■A

ftir^V- ; '■' > ,

VIR

1BI8U CELTS.

WAD

charch. This was pablif^hed in Lon-
' don and, the king (James) receiving a
copy, was highly pleased with its force
in sustaining his favorite episcopacy and
he loaded the author with every token of
his approbation, making him bishop of
Meath, which was then vacant and also
constituting him a privy councillor of
Ireland. By royal command Usher
now resided for some time in Bngland
t^ prosecute an inquiry into liie an-
tiquity of the British churches/and dur-
ing this time ihe see of Armagh becom-
ing vacant. Usher was promoted to be
Archbishop The results of his labors
were given to the world in 1682, when
Jie published an extensive collection of
lettera from ancient MSS.. extending
from the year 592 to 1180. Usher was
not a very strict churchman, but made
himself popular with the dissenters by
his liberal sentiments 'n that direction.
Hie rebellion of 1641 drove him from
his see lud heiemalned inEngland.and
he was consulted by his roval master as
to a uniform scheme of episcopacy
which was to be forced on the entire
kingdoms. The scheme did not work in
Scotland and gave rise to those religious
wars with which Scotland was harrass-
ed during a portion of the seventeenth
century. In 1660 Usher published his
annals of the Old and New Testaments,
» Chronology'bf the Bible, and numer
ous other works were also the offspring
of his pen. He died March 20, 1666.

VTRGILIUS, whose surname was
O'Farrell.a great and learned man, and
perhaps the earliest of modern astrono-
meri', who advocated what has since
been called the Coperoican System, was
born in Ireland, of a noble family, early
in 700, and embraced a religious life.
He was sent to the continent as a mis-
sionary, was distinguished for his piety
and learning and was a great promo-
moter of schools and colleges, and
highly esteamed by King Pepin. He
became bishop of Salzburs. He gave
considerable attention to scientific stud-
ies, and was charged with heresy for
his theories in relation to the solar sys-
tem, holding the modern theories of
its spherical form and diurnal ro-
tation. He had a dispute with
Boniface, archbishop of Mayence,
in regard to the validity of bap-
tism administered by a priest, who
was so unLwrned in Latin as to corrupt
the form by saying "In nomine Patna

et Fella, et Spiritu Sancta." BonilSaoe
holding the Baptiun invalid and Vlr-^
dlius the contrary. Pope Zachary set-
led the question by deciding that such
an accident could n<M effect the validi-
ty of the sacrament. Yiridlius was al-
so a great mathematician and astrono-
mer and held the world to be a sphere
and that every nation had its antipodes
and that people resided on the opposite
side of the earth. He was charged
with heresy bv Boniface, and nis
theory, through ignorance or otherwise,
was misrepresented to the pope, Zach-
ary, who said "If Yirgilius maintains
that there is another world, and other
men under the earth, another sun and
moon, he is guiliv of heresy and must
be suspended. As Yirgilius remained
in good standing, it followed that his
theories were correctly explained and
were not condemned. This fact is an-
other proof of the absurdity of the ^
"Qalileo persecution" for holding the
same astronomical theory hundreds of
years afterwards, and shows as a scien-
ti^c fact or theory it was not new
among churchmen, lone before his day.
It was held by other frish divines and
scholars, as well as by Copernicus, who
was also a priest long before the time
of Galileo, and tliat too without cen-
sure as to teaching it as a science. It
was only the effort to sustain it as a di-
vine revelation and as of faith that
was condemned.

WADDELL, MAJ. GEN. HUGH,
a prominent Irish Colonial officer and
patriot, prior to the Revolution, who
settled in North Carolina, and distin-
guiished himself in the military enter-
prises of the colony. He, like the rest
of his race, who were numerous in that
settlement, early opposed British dom-
inition. He it was who, ih company
with General John Ashe, resisted the
landing of the , British stamps at Old
Brunswick, 1766, several years before
the "tea steeping" in Boston harbor.
He died as the storm was about to
burst, with the consolation that he left
behind him a callant and determined
scion to strike down the invader.

WADDELL, JAMES, a celebrated
blind preacher of the Presbyterian
church of the United States, was bom
in Ireland in 1789— came to America
and became famous for his oritorinU
power. James Wiirt, ia an doquenl

WAL

nUBH CBLTa

WAL

«keteh s^vea a glowing description of
tbe preacher and his oratory. He died
1q 1805.

WADDELL. I(EV. MOSES, an Irish
American Presbyterian divine of great
ability and Influence in the South, was
iborn in 1770, became President of the
Univeraity of Georgia, and was an
■earnest and able educator. He died in
1810.

WADDING, REV. LUKE, an able
•an learned Irish priest, was born
October 16, 1688 at Waterford, and
like most of the Irish ecclesiastics of
those days received his education on
the continent, principally in Spain and
Portu^ with the Jesuists, on account
or the renal Laws which made it fe-
lony at home. He held a professor-
ship at Salamanca where he joined the
Franciscan order and afterward resid-
ed in France and later in Rome, where he
wrote with indefatigable industry, pur-
suing historical mvestigations. He
was author of a History of the order
•of Bt. Francis and edited the Opera Spec-
ulativa of his renowned countryman
Duns Scotus, which he published in 12
folio volumes, at Lyons in 1689. He
'was offered a Cardinal's hat, which he
declined. He also edited Calasio's Con-
cordance, besides producing many other
important works. He died at Rome in
1667.

WADDING. REV. PETER, a cele-
hrated Irish priest, was bom in Ireland
in 1680, educated on the continent, be-
came Chancellor of the University of
Gratz, in Stiria, and was the author of
many learned works, written principally
in Latin. He died in 1644.

WALKER, GEORGE, a Protestant
divine, was born in the County Tyrone
about 1640, and finished his education at
the Uuiversity of Glasgow. He became
Tector of Donoughmore after return-
ing to Ireland and taking orders. When
James II invaded Ireland Walker raised
a regiment and successfully defended
Londonderry against him, after the gov-
ernor had aoHodoned his post. He was
nominated Bishop of Derry, but was
killed soon after at the battle of the
Boyne.

WALL, CHARLES WILLIAM, D.
D., was bom in Dublin about 1800 and

educated in Trinity College ; became a
Senior Fellow, and took orders in the
Established Church ; was made Pro-
fessor of Hebrew in his Alma Mater,
and its Vice Provost. He is the author
of "An Examination of the Ancient
Orthography of the Jews and the
Original state of the Text of the He'
brew Bible" and kindred works.

WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT
a celebrated musical composer and dra-
matist, was bom at Waterford, Ireland,
in 1814. He early developed great
musical talent, which was cultivated
with care. Amongst his works are the
popular operas of Maritana and Luriiae,
which are admitted to be of the first
order, and places Wallace in the front
rank of cotemporary composers. He
died in 1866.

WALLER. JOHN F., LL D., a

talented miscellaneous writer and editor,
was bora in Limerick, Ireland, In 1810,
and was for many years editor of the
Dublin University Magazine Ho edited
the works of Goldsmith, and McEenzle's
Dictionary of Universal [Knowledge,
besides other works of merit, and is a
writer of great learning and ability.

WALSH, DR. EDWA.RD, an emi-
nent Irish physician and a man of talent
was bora at Waterford, Ireland, and
after completing his classical education
Le studied medicine, and graduated at
Edinburg. He commenced his profes-
sional career as physician on a West
Indian packet, and soon became noted
for his successful treatment of yellow
fever. He subsequently becamie an army
surgeon in Ireland, and was afterwards
very distinguished among his profes-
sional brethren for his skill and suc-
cessful advances in the practice of his
profession.

WALSH, PETER, an Irish divine
and wiiter, was born at Moortown,
County of Kildare, early in 1600. He
was educated on the continent, com-
pletiug his studies at Louvain, where
he joined the order of St. Francis and
became Professor of Theology. Among
his writings arc a number of historiciu
works printed in pGnglish, relating to
events of the day. He also wrote a
history of Ireland down to the twelfth
oentuiy, which was printed in London
in 16^ Towards the end of his liff

it'll

WAL

ntmc 0ELT8.

WAL

he resided fa Ireland and issued a de-
claration signed l^ maiiy Iristi priests
disclaiming tlie Pope's authority in
temporal afFairs, in contradiction to the
persistent lies on the subject continually
insisted upon by the enemies of his
creed and country. He died in 16b7.

WALSH, MICHAEL, a talented
Kew York politician, was born in
Yougliall, Ireland, and came to Amer-
ica with his parents, received an ordi-
nary education and learned the printer's
trade; started a paper in Mew York
-which at length brought him into
trouble by its personalities. He was
elected to the Sod Congress and subse-

Suently traveled iu Europe and Mexico,
[e was found dead in New York March
17, 1859. He was a man of fine nat-
ural talents and a good, speaker.

WALSH, ROBERT, LL. D„ an
eble and learned American Journalist,
historian and writer, was bovn in Bal-
timore of Irish parents in 1784, was
educated at Baltimore and at George-
town College, and then traveled in Eu-
rope. He returned in 1805 and studied
law with Robert G. Harper, but aban-
doned the profession on account of
deafness, and devoted himself to litera-
ture; became a writer for "Dennie's
Portfolio," and lu 1810 publishad a pa-
per on the "Genius and Disposition of
the French Government ; including a
view of the Taxation of the French
Empire," which in a few weeks ran
through 13 editions in London. He
s^rtea the pioneer quarterly of Amer-
ica, "The American Review of His-
tory and Politics," which he conducted
from 1811-18 almost entirely unaided
by any other pen; published corres-

Endence on Russia with J. G, Harper,
say on the "Future State of Euiope."
an edition of the British poets 60 vols,
with biographical sketches. He con-
ducted the "4'^6"<^'i Register" 181?
18, "The Museum of Foreign Litera-
ture and Science" 1 822, " The American
Quarterly Review 1827-87, "Select
Speeches of Geo. Canning" 1886, wrote
articles for the "American Encyclope-
dia," edited the "National Gazette"
1886. Ac., Ac. In 1887 he became T^
6. Consul at Paris, where he residi. l
until his death, Feb. 7, 1869, acting a^
correspondent of the " National Intelli-
gencer" and "Journal of Commerce"
and performing other literary labors.

WALSH. ROBERT, LL. D., »

learned Irish divine of the Established
Church, was born in Ireland in 1785
and educated at Trinity College, Dub-
lin, and afterwards took oi-ders. He
published a "Histoiy of the City of
Dublin " in conjunction with Warbur-
ton and Whitelaw. He was chaplnin
of the British Legations at Rio Janeiro
and Constantinople and wrote "Notices
of Brazil" and "A Residence at Con-
stantinople," also "Ancient Coins and
Medals Illustratine the Progress of
Ciiristianity in the Early Ages, besidea
other works of merit.

WALSH, WILLIAM, LL. D., a
distinguished lawyer and legislator of
Maryland, was born in Ireland May 11,
1828, emigrated to the United States
with his parents in 1842, and settled in
Virginia. He commenced his educa-
tion at Mount St. Mary's College, Md.,
and was admitted to the bar in Vir-
ginia in 1850, and opened an office at
Cumberland, Md. in 1862, and soon at-
tracted attention by his thoroughnesa
and ability. He wac a leading member
of the Constitutional Convention , of
his state held iu 18S1, and a presiiVn-
tial elector at different times, He re-
presented the sixth Congressional Dis-
trict of Maryland in Congi'ess for a
number of yeara, and was noted for
his scholarly ability.

WALSH, WILLIAM, an Irish di-
vine and confessor, was bishop /t
Moath when Elizabeth ascended the
throne of England. He refused to con-
form to the changes ordered by the
government in refi^ous matters, and
was thrown into prison, deposed and
banished by order of Elizabeth. He
died in Spain in 1677. He was suc-
ceeded by Hugh MacBrady, one of
Elizabeth's bishops.

WALTERS, JUDGE CHARLES,
an eminent CanadiHu lawyer and states-
man, was born in St. John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1818, of Irish parents who had
emigrated from County Wicklow, Ire-
land, a few years previous. He waa
educated in his native town, where bo
distinguished himself as a classical
scholar, winning the corporation gold
medal in thu* branch of study. In 184(>
he entered tne law office of Judge
Richie, became a barrister in 184%
:. id soon commanded a large practice.

.Ji

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WAR

In 1854 he entered the political arena
and the following year was elected to
xepresent the county of Victoria, and
naia returned in 1857. In the mean-
t&e, 1855, he was offered and accepted
a seat in the Executive Council, and
was the first Roman Catholic who en-
joyed that distinction in that bitted
Srovince. In 1867 he was appomted
olicitor General, which position he held
tauiny years. In 1861 he, in conjunc-
tion with M. Tilly, contested St. John
in the Liberal iDterest, and they were
successful. He also, in conjunction
with M. Tilly, stronjEly advocated the
policy of confederation. He was ap-
pointed a judge in 1867, and judge of
the Vice Admiralty Court in 1876 A
cotemporary says of him: "Through
his exertions the criminal code of New
Brunswick is now in an excellent state,
being almost the same as the Enelish
law, so that in its execution our judges
and legal men have the advantage of
the criminal judgments of the English
Bench." Many of the principal legis-
lative acts of that colony were the pro-
duction of his brain and pen. He is
justlv recognized as one of the ablest
minds whioi that colony has as yet pro-
duced.

WARBURTON, ELIOT, B. Q., a
talented and popular writer and novel-
ist, was born in County Galway, Ire-
land, in 1810, and educated at Cam-
bridge, studied law and was called to
the Irish Bar. He, however, did not
give his attention to law ; having lib-
eral means he traveled on the continent
and in the East, and was gifted with a
pleasing and fl;raphic style of writing
which he cultivated. Among h'js wortu
are "The Orescent and the Cross ; or,
Romance and Realities of Eastern Trav-
el," 1844; "Memoirs of Prince Rupert
and the Cavaliers," 1849 ; "Reginald
Hastings," "Memoirs of Horace Wal-
pole and his Cotemporaries." Darien, or
the Merchant Prince, " 1851. His life
was suddenly terminated as he was
about to visit the New World, by the
burning of the "Amazon" off Land%
End, Jan. 4, 1853,

WARBURTON, GEORGE, a
younger brother of the foregoing, was
Dom In Galway, and after flnishing his
education entered the army, and was
stationed in Canada for some years, hav*
, isg risen to the rank of Major. Ho

was the author of "Hocbelaga; on
England in the New World," 2 vols, j^
laW, and "The Conquest of Canada,'*
2 vols., 1849, which was edited by his
brother, Eliot. After the death of his
brotner he sat in Parliament for Har-
wich, and also wrote "A Memoir of
Charles Mordant, Earl of Peterbor-
ough," 8 vols., 1853. He died by his
own hands in a fit of despondency in
1857.

WARD, BENJAMIN, a celebrated
Irish political economist and writer,
was born about 1700, and settled in
Spain, where he rose to distinction and
was employed in important public ser-
vices in that country. He died about
1760.

WARD, HUGH, an Irish divine,
writer and antiquarian of the seven*
teenth century, was a native of Don-
egal and was educated at Salamanca,
in Spain. In 1616 he joined the Order
of St. Francis and was sent from Sala-
manca to Paris where he completed his
ecclesiastical studies. He was after-
wards Lecturer in Theology and War*
den at Louvain, Netherlands. He wrote
a number of works relating to Ireland*
and planned writing an Universal His-
tory of Irish Saints, and sent one of his
monks, Michael O'Clery, to Ireland to
collect materials for the purpose, but
died before the project was well com-
menced.

WARDEN, DAVID B., a talented
American writer and historian, was bom
in Ireland in 1778 ; came to the United
States with his parents, received a
classical education and studied medi-
cine, graduating at the New York Med-
ical College; was appointed Secretary
of Legation to France in 1804 and re-
sided there for the rest of his life, being
most of the time American Consul, and
devoting all his spare time to literature.
He is the author of a " Statistical. Po-
litical, and Historical Account of the
United States of North Aro'^rica," ft
vols., 1819, published also in French
and German ; also " Recherchcs »ur les
Antiquites de I'Amerique Septenti-ion-
ale," Paris, 1837, and many other kin-
dred worlcs. He collected two valuable
libraries of American books, which
were afterwards acquired by Harvard
College and the New York State Li<>
bnuy. He died at Fads Oeti, 9, laiBlr

'!'*?

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WABE, SIR JAipiS. LL. D., an

ilriah antiquary, was born in 1604 at

Dublin, and was educated at Trinity

•College in that city; succeeded lus

father in 1682 as Auditor Oenend and

Secretary to the Lords Justices; was

•elected representative for his native

place, and made one of the Privy Coun-

'Cil ; was/an active partisan of the Earl

of Stafford, and of Charles I, and twice

a captive of the Parliamentary forces ;

resided in France for some years after

liis liberation, and accompanied Charles

II to England. He was restored to his

posts and offered a baronetcy and a

-peerage which he declined, and died in

1666. Among his principal works are

•'De Scriptoribus Hibemia." "De

Hibemia^ et epis Antiquitatibus Dis-

Snisitiones," "Rerum Hibemicarum
^nnales." " De Praesulibus Hibemia,"
-snd "Hibernia Sacra."

WARREN, SIR PETER, a cele-
brated naval officer in the service of
Britain, was born in Warrentown, Ire-
'land, the seat of the family, in 1708.
entered the navy at an early age and
Boon became noted for his skill and dar-
ing, rising to the highest rank by con-
'SpTcnous merit. His most renowned
parformance was the capture of Louis-
Dourg ija 1745, and the total defeat and
•eapture of the French squadron sent to
retake it in 1747. He married an Amer-
ican lady. Miss DeLancey, of New
York, and was afterwards a member of
Parliament for Westminster, and died
in 1763.

WATBRFQRD, THOMAS, a learn-
■ed Irish divine and writer, was arch-
-deacon of Leighlin and wrote on po-
litical as well as religious subjects. Ihe
accumulating evils which were over-
whelming Ireland and fast reducing the
glorious remains of the scholastic days
to chaos, filled the thoughtful and ear-
nest lovers of their country with sorrow
and dismay, and they sought by their
writings and words to secure unity and
peace. Waterford among other works
published one on the state of the coun- <
try. He died about 15U0.

WATSON, JOHN, lii. D. an emi-
nent American surgeon, was born at
Londonderry, Ireland, A;pri\ 16, 1807;
emigrated with his parents to the United
■Btates. and settled in New York City
mhvn lie was eduoated, and gtaduatea

in medicine at the New York College of
Phydcians and Surgeons in 1882 ; was
connected with thie New York Hospital
and the New York Dispensary from
1882-'85, both as a surgeon and physi-
clan, and attending surgeon from 1889-
'62; Founded with Dr. Buckley the
"Broom Street School of Medicine;"
was one of the founders of the " New
York Medical and Surgical Society,"
the "American Medical Association,"
and the " New York Academy of Medi«
cine." He has published several medi-
cal treatises of repute.

WATSON, SAMUEL JAMES, »
talented Canadian poet, journalist and
writer, is a native of Ireland who emi-
grated to Canada, and soon became con-
spicuous as a ready and forcible writer:
having been engaged on the "Olobe"
and other leading papers. Amongst his
poems "The Legend of the Koses"
and " Ravlan," a drama, are the most
pretentious, and exhibit considerable
poetic fire, pathos and beauty.

WAYNE, GENERAL ANTHONY,
one of the braved and most brilliant of
the officers of the American Revolution,
was bom in 1745 in the Irish settlements
of Chester county, Pennsylvania, to
which his Irish parents had emigrated
some time before. His father became
a substantial farmer and was a man of '
sound sense and natural ability, and for
many years represented his county in
the General Asuemblv of Pennsylvania.
Anthony succeeded his father in 1778,
and was perhaps only distinguished
from the rest of his race by a still mora
intense and fiery advocacy of the peo>

{>le's rights. He took a prominent part
n preparing the way and deciding the
position which Pbnnsylvania took in the
memorable struegle. In 1776 he was
appointed to the command of a regi-
ment which he raised almost without an
effort in a few days amongst his Irish
associates in Chester county; the Irish
composed almost exclusively the fight-
ing element of Pennsylvania; the
Quakers being noncambatants, a large
portion of them too were also Irish or
of mixed Irish extraction, and usually
the Quaker faith was overruled by
Irish fervor and patriotism. He was
ordered to join Gen. Thompson in a
move on Canada, and was present at
the disaster in which Thompson was
made a primner. Wayne JioweTHi^

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althongh seyerely wounded, succeeded
in brining off tne shattered forces, dis-

? laying great gallantry and skill. In
77d he served under Gen. Gates at
Ticonderoga and not only displayed his
usual bravery but exhibited great skill
as an engineer, and was created a briga-
dier-general. At the battle of Brandy-
'V'ine he behaved with his usual bravery
and for a long time with far inferior
numbers and appointments, kept the
enemy at bay at Chadd's ford. In this
action the inferiority of the Americans
in everything that gives power and ad-
vantage was very marked, yet the
enemy gained noihing. Gen. Wayne
was then detached to harrass the rear
of the enemy, and he followed them
close and gave them constant troub]e.
On the night of the 20th of September
a powerful body of the enemy under
Gen. Gray drove in bis pickets and
charged down on him, and he was com-
pelled temporarily to give way, losing
about 140 in killed and wounded, but
formed again at a short distance. Some
attached blame to Gen. Wayne and he
demanded a court-martial, and was
honorably acquitted. Shortly after-
wards was fought the battle of Gor-
mantown in which he greatly signalized
himself by his spirited manner of lead-
ing his men. In this engagement he
had two horses shot under him and re-
ceived two wounds. In the councils of
war his voice was always for offensive
action. In the battle of Monmouth
Wayne was always in the van, and
where in Washington's despatch to
Congress, all were declared to merit
well of their country. Gen. Wayne
alone was mentioned by name as de-
serving particular commendation. In
July, 1779, Washington entrusted to
Wayne the taking of Stony Point, a
most foi-midable position, defended by
000 Highlanders under Col. Tohnson.
One side was protected bT the Hudson
Biver, which washes the base, and over
which the fort stands on a rock of con-
siderable height, and was further pro-
tected by vessels of war. On the land
side was a morass over which there was
but one crossing place, above which on
an eminence, stood the lort, with its for-
midable artillery commanding the only
avenue of access. On thv<) loth of July
lie led his troops to the vicinity of the
fort, and after quietly reconnoitring the
situation he made the necessary dis-
positions for the assault, and at half-

past-eleven the same night, with fi;:e^
bayonets, he quietly and quickly ad-
vancdd on the works and earned them
without firing a sinele gun. He him-
self was wounded In the head while
leading a regiment, and supposing it to-
be mortal, he desired to be carried for-
ward and die in the fort. The struggle-
was short, but sharp. Out of the 'or-
lom hope of twenty men under Lieu-
tenant Gibbon, who removed the
abattis, seventeen were killed. Of the-
garrison, about seventy were killed and
over 600 taken prisoners. For this
achievement, Wayne received a gold
medal, and the thanks of Congress. In
the campaign of 1781, which led to the
surrender of Lord Comwallis and the-
British army, he bore a conspicuous
part. He rescued himself at one time-
from a most dangerous position, by his
daring and bravery. Having been de>
ceived by false information as to the
crossing of James River by the main
body of the British army, he hastened
with a detachment of Lbout 800 mea
through a wood and morass to attack,
as he supposed, the rear guards. As
he emerged from the wora, he beheld
before him the whole British army. Ho-
saw his only hope lay in a fearless de-
monstration, and he immediately ad-
vapced and opened fire on the enemy at'
short range, and as quickly withdrew iif
good order. Cornwallis was afraid ta
puraue, lest it was a feint to draw him
into an ambush, and Wayne saved him-
self with the loss of about 100 men.
After the suiTcnder of Cornwallis,
Wayne was sent to Georgia, where the-
British had made considerable head-
way. After some desperate engage-
ments, he cleared the country and se-
cured the inhabitants from depredations.
For this service the legislature, as a
token of gratitude, presented him with a
valuable farm. On the declaration of
peace he returned to private life, but in
1789 we find him as a member of the
Pennsylvania Convention advocating
the adoption of the Federal Constitu-
tion, In 1792 he was appointed to suc-
ceed Gen. St. Clair on the western
frontier. The Indians at this time were
quite formidable and elated with a sav-
age victory they had won the preceding
year. Gen. Wayne, however, sooa
straightened them on every side, and as
he drove them before him beyond the
great lakes, he erected forts to hold the-
ground won, and thus prevent the returs

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of tbe nyageti. In Aueast; 1794, he met
them at thdr laat stand, near a British
fort on the Miami, where he utterly
routed them.deatroying their villages and
cornfields, w^th the loss of only about
one hundred men. The end of the year
aaw the savages completely broken and
disheartened, and anxious for peace.
Oen. Wayne concluded with them a
<leflnite treaty on the shores of Lake
Erie. There in December^ 1791, on the
frontier of his country, in a hut at
Presque Isle, this trusted and trusty sen-
tinel of his people, this intrepid war-
rior died, in the fifty-first year of his
Age. He was buried on the shores of
ue lake where his bones remained for
«ome years. They wero removed to
Ills native county by his son, Isaac, and
an elegant monument erected over him
by the Pennsylvania State Society of
the Cincinnati.

WELD, CHARLES RICHARD,
of the same family as Isaac, was born in
1818, and was educated in Dublin,
studied law in the " Temple," and was
called to the bar in 1844 ; was Assistant
Secretary to the Royal Society, and dis-
trict Superintendent of the International
Exhibition of 1863, and Assistant Brit-
ish Commissioner to tbe Paris Exposi-
tion in 1867. He became connected
^iththe publishing business in 1861,
and was a friend and assistant of Sir John
Franklin in his literary labors. He was
brother- in-law to Alfred Tennyson, and
among his published works are "His-
tory of the Royal Society, with Mem-
oirs of its Presidents," "Tour in the
United States and Canada," "Tour in
Ireland," &o. He died at Bath July 16,
1869.

WELD, ISAAC, a man of talent,
traveler and writer, was born in Dub-
lin in 1774, was educated in his native
city, and traveled extensively on the
, continent and in America, and was
secretary and vice-president of the Roy-
al Dublin Society for many years. He
is tbe author of "Travels through the
States of North Amorica," which was
considered as a stam'iard authority, and
was translated into other European
languages. "Scenery of Killarney,"
and "A Statistical Survey of Roscom
mun." He died in 1866.

WELLESLEY. MARCHIONESS
OF, wife of Richard CoUey, W. was a

grand-daughter of Chailos Carroll, of
Carrollton, and daughter of Richard
Caton, Esq., Marylfind. She was mar*
ried to the marquis in 1826, and was
noted for her beauty and accomplish'
ments. She died in 1863.

WELLESLEY, RICHARD COL-
LEY, Marquis of, a celebrated states*
man of England, and an accomplished
s(^holar, elder brother of the Duke of
Wellington, was bom in Dublin June
20, 1760. He was partially educated
there, and afterwards at Harrow, which
he had to leave on account of taking
part in a great rebellion that had weU
nigh proved fatal to that school. From
there he went to Eaton, where he was
distinguished above all his associates,
and left an accomplished scholar. On
returning io Ireland he become a mem-
ber of the Irish House of Commons
and joined the patriots under Orattan,
and distinguished himself by his lib-
eral views and eloquence. Orattan
held him in high esteem and they were
ever after fast friends. On the death of his
father he became a member of the Iri£^
House of Lords, as Lord Mornineton.
In 1784 he became a member of the
English Parliament, and a Lord of the
Treasury in 1796. and first came into
prominent notice by his views on the
Regency question, which pleased tha
king, and he was made a British bar-
onet in 1797. It was in this year that
the career in which he became most
distinguished was opened to him. He
had previously held minor government
positions although beneath his ac-
knowledged talents, when he was ..p-
Sointed Governor-General of India,
[ere he displayed remarkable adminis-
trative ability, and by his promptness,
and foresight defeated the plans and
combinations both of the native princes
and the French; and here too his broth-
er, Arthur, under his direction and en-
couragement, opened up for himself
that career which made him the most
celebrated general that ever commanded
an English army. His administration
was most fortunate for the British pow-
er in India, and at a most critical time,
and it may well be said, that, prob-
ably in conjunction wiih the military
genius of his brather, he saved it from
disaster, if not annihilation. He re-
mained there until 1808, although he
desired to retire earlier. He arrived ia
England just prior to the death of Pitt.

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He might have become Prime MiDister
on the death of Fox and the retirement
of the Whigs, but an attempt having
been made to impeach him .for his
India administration, which was stiil

ending investigation, and which ended
complete failure, he, out of a delicate
fgense oi propriety, would not entertain
the offer. In 1809 he accepted the em-
bassy to Spain, and the end of the same
year saw him at the head of Foreign
Affairs, which hs held until 1812, when
differing with Percival on his bigoted
policy towards Catholics, and his nar-
row views on continental questions, he
resigned. On the death of Percival
Lora Wellesley was commissioned by
the Prince Regent to form a govern-
ment, but findmg the Regent's sincerity
more than doubtful, he resigned the
task. In 1812 he brought forward the
Catholic question in the house, and lost
it by but one vote. Although a strong
Anti-Jacobite and supporter of Pitt, he
was opposed to renewing the war with
Fnmce, in 1816, on the reappearance of
Napoleon from Elba, being confident
that both the French people and their
ruler were entirely changed in their
feelings and views, and that it was a
'wastfoiil and foolish policy to again
idnstate a Bourbon against the will of
the S^nch people. In 182S Lord
Wellesley occupied the high position of
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and on ac-
count of his liberal view? towards Cath-
olics was bitterly attacked by the more
violent of the Orange party, and even
Ids liberal position has oeen questioned
and attacked by the other side. That
this latter was highly unjust, is evident
from the following extract from a dei^
patch to the home government, in
September, 1884, referred to by Lord
Brougham in his sketch of this states-
man : "I think it would be advisable to
open three seats on the judicial bencti
and t take one of the judges from the
Roman Catholic bar. This would give
the greatest satisfactiDn to the whole
Roman Catholic body. Tour lordship
I am convinced will concur with me
in opinion that the Roman Catholics
of Ireland have never been admitted to
the full benefit of the laws passed for
tbeir relief. Entitled by law to admission
to almast any office in the state they
have been, and are still practical! v « x-
duded from almost every branch o{ the
executive adminintratioi: of the' govern-
qpent- The few .Emitted into me sta-

tion of assistant barrister, or into the
police, only seem to mnrk the right of
admission, without any approach to
equitable distribution of oflScial benefit.
It is impossible to suppose that a whole
nation can repose coufldence, or act cor*
dially with a government, when so laree
a pwtion of the people are practically
excluded from all snare in the higher
offices of the state, while their right to
admission is established by law. I
therefore consider that one of the first
steps towards the pacification of Ireland
should be the correction of this defect,
and for this purpose I submit to your
lordship's judgment that it is expedient
to admit a certain proportion of Roman
CatlM)lics into the privy council, to the
liencb, to the higher stations of the law,
to other efficient civil offices, and to in>
crease their numlier in the police and
other establishments. I would also ap>
point some Roman Catholics of distinc<
tion to the privy council. This would
be a commencement which I can ven*
ture to assure your lordship would be
safe and most satisfactory to the whole
Roman Catholic body of Ireland."
This alone shows Lord Wellesley to
have been a statesman as far as the
dominant statesmen of England were
concerned, in advance of his age, and
not only of enlarged iilwral views, but
h'mest, clear-sighted, sound and practi>
cal. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ire-
land until 1828, and afterwards in 1888
and '84. Lord Wellesley was an ele-
gant scholar, familiar with all the clas-
sics, and a beautiful writer both in prose
and poetry, as well as one of the ablest
of British statesmen. He died in 18^.

WELLESLEY, RT. REV. WAL-
TER, an Irish Catholic divine, bishop
of Kildare and Leighlin, was burn
about 1490, and embraced the ecclc las-
tical state, became a canon regular and
prior of Conal in the County of Kil-
dare. He was elevated to the See of
Kildare by provision of Pope Clement
VII, 1531. and held it for about eight
years, when he died and was buried in
his own convent in 1589,

WELLINGTON^, ARTHUR WEL-
LESLEY, MARSHAL, Duke of, one
of the greatest and most illustrious of
modern generals, was born at Dargan
Castle. County of Meath, Ireland, May
1. 17G9. His father was Loi-d Morn-
ington, and the family was an old one

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of both Norman and andent iHsh
descent. This generation of the family
became most illustrious, and tiie
mother, daughter of the Yioount Dun-
ffannon of "^rone, lived to see four of
Eer sons elevated to the peerage of
Great Britain, not by influence, but by
their own native energy and talent,
namely: Richard, Marquis of Welles-
ley, the celebrated statesman; William,
Lord Maryborough; Heniy, Lord Cow-
lej. Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria,
ana Arthur, third and most illustrious
son and subject of oar sketch. With
an excusable pride she once said as she
was making her way, with difficulty
through a crowd who gathered around
her carriage as she was payiog a visit
to the House of Parliament, late in
life, "So much for the honor of being
mother of the Gracchi." Arthur re-
ceived the elements of his education at
Eaton, and was then sent to the Mili-
tary school of Angers in France, to be
educated in the profession of his choice.
His first commission in the army was
in the 88d Regiment, which still prides
itself on the honor. His first active ser-
-vice was on the continent, 1798, march-
ing from' Ostend under Lord Moira to
join the Allies in Flanders, and he dis-
tinguished himself in the campaign
that followed and w&^ ^n acting major
at its close. The campaign was di^
trous to the Allies, they having to re-
treat through Holland in 1794, but it
was a grand training school for the fu-
ture commander, for it gave him an in-
sight into the handling of large armies,
the fauUs and mistakes to be avoided,
the precautions to take, and the pru-
dence^ skill and experience required to
make them folly available and mutual-
ly supporting in every part. Nor
was it his fortune again to be attached
to so large a body.(nearlylOO;OOOmen,)
nor in fact to anything approaching the
same, until he himself took command
on the Peninsula to pursue his glori-
ous career of victory. After the aisas-
trous campaign in Holland, his regi-
ment was not again sent into active ser-
vice 'till 1799, when it went out to In-
dia, where his brother, Lord Wellesley,
was then governor-general, and the Brit-
ish power in India was threatened by
Tippoo Baib and the French in the East.
Arthur was now a lieut. colonel, and
his regiment, throush his soldierly dis-
dpline, was a modd of completeness in
all ita appointments, and quickly at*

traded the notice of Che commander In
chief. Gen. Harris. Our hero's flni
brush after arriving was unsucoessf uL
He was intrusted with a night attadc
on an out-work of Serioigapatum, then
besieged. The troops missed their way
and got entangled in a morass and deef^
water course which proved impassable.
The next day. however, they redeemed
themsdves by a successful capture of
the works. His regiment was not en*
gaged in the grand assault which took
plMie on May 4th, when the town was
taken, but he was appointed by the
commanding general as governor, un-
doubtedly to please the Gov. -General,
and whidi was looked upon at tiie time
as an undeserved slight to the gallant
soldier, who had led the attack. How»
ever unjust may have been the act.
Col. Wellesley gave decisive proof of
his fitness for the position. The town
was quicklvput into an admirable con-
diti<m for defense, order restored in the
civil affairs, and the administrative de-
partment of the new acquisitions put
upon the best footing. Col. Wellesley
was not long released from the' active
duties of his profession. Doondiah
Waugh, a noted freebooter, having col-
lected from the wreck of Tippoo's
forces upwards of 6,000 hoi'se, he com-
menced raiding the Upper Provinces
and levying contributions on the inhab-
itants. Col. Wellesley immediately
started for the scenes of plimder at the
head of only 1,400 horse, only partly
European, and following the path of
the Mysore chief, he at length su^^jeed-
ed in overtaking him and: compelled
him to engage. The result was decis-
ive, tiie Doondiah's forces was com-
pletely routed and he himself slain. In^
1808 war having broken out between
the company ana the Mahrattas, one of
the armies raised for the emergency
was placed under our subject, now
Gen. Wellesley. He lost no time in
making the eneiny aware that he was
in the field. He at first advanced
against the strong fortress of Achmed-
naghur, which he carried by storm, he-
next advanced with only 4,500 men, of
which less ban two-fifths were Eu-
ropean, and attacked the main body of
the enemy, 80,000 strong, strongly
posted at the village of Assaye. The
advance was in two columns, separated
by intervening hills. Having arrived
in the face of the enemy with his
moiety of the men, he deemed tin-

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most daring cnuiw the most prudent,
and immediately, without awaiting the
arrival of the other column, charged
down on the enemy at the head of the
74th Regiment, and after a most des-
perate struggle he routed this large
army of wh^h 18,000 were splendidly
equipped caTalnr, capturing a large
battery of artillery, 97 pieces, and
scattering its legions to the four
winds. This victory broke the power
of the Mahrattas and compelled ihem
to conclude a peace highly advantage-
ous to the Engifsh interests. For this
brilliant exploit he was made a knight
of the Bath and returned to England
with his brother who had resignea his
administration. His next service was
with the expedition under Lord Cath-
cart against Copenhagen, in 1807, when
he was in command of a division. Here
his principal work was the easy defeat
and di{ipersion of 12.000 Danes, who
were harrassin^ the rear of the besiegers,
with a few regiments, amounting to less
than 7,000 men. After the fall of
Copenhagen, he returned to England
and was soon ordered to organize and
command an expeditionary &rce to co-
operate with the Portuguese in rescuing
their country from the insatiable grasp
of the French emperor. This he did at
Cork, Ireland, raising about 10,000
men. It was intimated to him that he
would probably l>e superceded after his
arrival in Portugal by superior officers,
and was advised not to accept a subordi-
nate command, but he replied, "As we
say in India, I have eaten the king's salt,
and I will serve him in whatsoever po-
sition I am placed, be it inferior or su-
Ssrior." The expedition sailed from
ork in June, 1808, and apaounted to,
all told, 18,000 men. Almost immedi-
ately on landing they were assailed by
Junot, the French commander, who
marched out of Lisbon with 19,000
men, determined to drive them into the
sea. This was the first meeting of the
rival nations on the Peninsula, and the
conflict was viewed with intense in-
terest. The action was short but despe-
rate, and the French were compelled
to fall back. Sir Arthur ordered an
advance the same evening to Torres
Vedras, where he would be between
Junot and Lisbon, and compel him to
make a dangerous retreat or force him
to surrender, but just as the movement
was being made, Sir H. Bunow arrived
and took command. He belonged to

the old and slow school, with whom
one battle in adav was deemed enough,
and so he orderea a halt. Junot in con-
sequence, hastened back to Torres
Vedras and regained the capital. Sir
H. Dalrymple soon after arrived and
concluded the famous convention of
Centia, by which the French evacuat-
ed the whole of Portugal. This act
created unbounded indignation in Eng-
land at the time, but Sir A. Welles-
ley supported it, for the reason
that the chance to capture Junot
had been lost. and. this was the
next best move. Sir Arthur was now
appointed to the sole command of the
army in Portugal, and the greatest con-
fidence was reposed in his ability to
cope with the ablest of the French gen-
erals and win back the prestige lost bv
the defeat of Sir John Moore. His
first operations were against Marshal
Soult, one of the ablest of Napoleon's
generals, who had advanced to Oporto
with 20,000 men. and captured that
city. By a bold and skilful movement,
he crossed the Sagus, under ths very

fms of the enemy, and engaging the
rench with great impetuosity, drove
them to so precipitate a retreat that the
dinner served for Soult was partaken
of by Sir Arthur. The French genenl
was compelled to abaudon all his ar-
tillery and baggage, and saved himselt
by a quick retreat into Galicia. He
next turned his attention towards Spain
and formed a junction with the Span-
ish under Cuesta, at Estramandura, the
united forces being 60.000 strong, two-
thirds Spaniard)), poorly organized.
With these he advanced on Madrid and
was met at Talevara by King Joseph
with 45,000 of the flower of the French
in Spain. After a desperate action of
two day's duration, the blunt of which
was sustained by the English and Por-
tuguese,the French were defeated with
the loss of 8,000 men and 17 guns, but
the arrival of Soult and Ney with large
reinforcements neutralized all the fruits
of victory.and the .Allies were compelled
to retreat back to the Portuguese fron-
tier, but good results quickiy followed
from these campaigns. The people of
those countries saw that there was a
leader amongst them, who, if supported,
would inevitably relieve them from the
invaders, and it infused into them that
moral energy, without which success
was impossible. The year 1810 saw
the French make mighty efforts to re-

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gain ones again the whole peninsula
and Massena, one of the ablest of the
French marshals, invaded Portugal
with 80,000 men, and after capturing
Clndad Kodiigo and Almeida.pt-netrat-
Into the very hec * of that country.
Wellington, for our subject, had in the
meantime been made Vicount Welling-
ton for distinguished services, had only
85,000 men with which to pppose this
formidable host. While it was impos-
sible to relieve these fortresses, he took
up a strong position on the road to Lis-
bon, being the ridge of Busaco, and re-
T)ulsed with great elaughtsr direct at-
tacks on his position, but being out-
flanked by his more numerous foe, he
retired to a strong position at Torres
Vedras, thirty miles in front of Lisbon,
which was deemed impregnable from
direct assault. Six hundred guns were
mounted on its strong redoubts, and
here he wa^ able to concentrate 60,000
men. Belore this position Massena
wasted five months and was at length
forced to retreat back towards the
Spcnish frontier. He attempted to
bring away the sarrison of Almeida,
whidi was now invested, but he was
met at Fuentes d'Onore bv Wellington
and was forced to retire without effecting
his object and take up his position at
Cindad Rodrigo. In 1811 Wellington
laid siege to Badajoz and after making
some progress he was compelled to raise
the siege on account of the concentration
of all the French forces to the num-
ber of 60,000, who advanced to its re-
lief. He again retiring to the frontiers
of Portugal. The succeeding winter
did not see him idle for he' secretly pre-
pared a butterine train and suddenly ap-
K tared before Cindad Rodrigo while
armont's army, which was charged
with its defense, was scattered in winter

Suarters. and after a siege of a few
ays he took it by storm, January,
1812. He then immediately advanced
on Badaioz, which he also carried by
storm, -itior a desperate and bloody as-
sault, tv >ich cost the victors 4,000 men.
Concentrating all his available troops
he now directed his march North and
encountered Marmont near Salamanca,
whom he utterly d< feated, compelling
bim to make a precipitate retrc'it with
the shattered remains of his once flue
army, after losing 20,000 men in killed,
wounded and prisoners. The road to
Madrid was now open and he entered
the capital in triumph. The whole

South of Spain was now relieved from
the presence of the enemy and our vic-
torious soldier once more turned his
face to the North. He first laid siege
to Burffos. the castle of which he at-
tempted to cany by storm, but in vain.
While here, the French forces again
concentrated to the number of 100,000,
and he was agnln compelled to retreat
towards the Portuguese frontier, but
not without sustaining heavy losses.
The year of 1818 was one of continual
disaster to the French armies. Wel-
lington was reinforced from home
and saw himself at the head of 70,000
men, more than half of whom were
from Britain and Ireland. Early in
May he opened the campaign and ad-
vanced in the direction of the enemy,
who had concentrated an army of about
equal numbers, on the plains of Vet-
toria. The battle fought was obsti-
nate but decisive; the French under
King Joseph Bonapirte were utterly
routed, losing all their baggage, 166

{tieces of cannon, 416 tumbrils and aa
mmense amount of spoils, which had
been captured from the Spanish Na-
tionalists. The Frencn made a precipl'
tate retreat to the frontier, carrying
with them but a single gun, and utter-
ly cast down. Wellington immediately
advanced on St Sebastian, which ha
completely invested, and after two
desplerate assaults took it by storm and
turned his victorious arms against
Pamplona and defeated an army un-
der Soult, sent to its relief, with a loss
of 12,000 men. He next foiled the
French at St. Marcial, and crossing the
Bidassoa, stormed the wbrks they had
constructtid on the mountains, which
they considered impregnable. Winter
did not arrest his progress, but he con-
tinued his advance and after a series of
obstiuate contests he succeeded in com-
pletely investing Bayonne. Early the
following Spring Wellington advanced
toward Toulouse whither Soult had re-
tired, and again defeated that able
commander at Orthes in an open battle.
He then occupied Bordeaux by a de-
tachment of his army, and with his
main force continued the pursuit of
Soult, who rested on a fortified position
of great strength on the heights of
Toulouse, and after an obstinate and
bloody contest he carried the heights.
At the time peace had already oeen
signed for four days, but this was un-
known, to the contesting forces. For

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these brilliant cnmpaigns be received
the highest lionnrs, he was made a
duke and received the baton of a field
marshal ami the thanks of both houses
of Parliament, and grants from Parlia-
ment of £500,000 to purchase an es-
tate and build a palace. The remain-
der of the yexr he spent in Paris in
the negotiations of peace, and in the
Spring of 1815, when Napoleon again
suddenly appeared on French soil,
Wellington was appointed to the com-
mand of the British, Hanoverians and
Belgians, about 70.000 men, .whom he
concentrated in the Netherlands, to op-
pose the progress of the French Em-
peror. He had not long to wait Na
polpon having failed to secure recogni-
tion, on June 16 lbl6, crossed the fron-
tiers with 18,000 men, and defeated the
Prussians under Blutcher at Ligny,
and despatching Ney with 80,000 to
attack Wellington, a desperate en-
gagement took place at Quatre Bras, in
which Ney was foiled with a loss of 6,-
000 men. On the 18th Napoleon m
person advanced against Wellington
at the bead of 80,000 men,
Wellington defending his position a^
Waterloo with about 70,000, when one
of the most desperate and bloody en

gfigements on record was fought, Wel-
ngton with invincible firmness sue-
oeeded in maintaining his principal po-
sition during the entire day. At about
7 o'clock Blu'cher and his Prussians ar-
rived, when Wellington immediately
took the offensive, and bearing down
with his fresh troops on the fatigued
and depleted columns of the French,
utterly routed them with the loss of
^^,000 men and 166 guns, and ended
the military career of the greatest of
modern genenils. So fearful were the
sovereigns of Europe of some unfore-
seen danger from prostrated France,
that as a precautionary measure ihey
deteiTnined to occupy the frontier fort-
i-esses with an army of 160,000 men
during five years, the command of
whicti was given by general consent to
Wellington, thus recognizing him as
the ablest of the Alii* d commanders.
He afterwards succeeded in reducing
the time to three years, considering it
an unneces-ary and unjust burden on
the French people. In 1818 he re-
fiigned his position and returned to
England. In 1819 he was appointed
commander in chief of the British
army, and m November, 1827, he wu

cppointed prime minister of Britain,
which position he held 'till 1830. when
his administration was defeated on the
cry of reform. It was in the term of
1829 that the Catholic emancipation
was carried — a long deferred act of
justice. After some time he was again
appointed commander in chief of the
army, which position he held 'till bis
death. During these Intter years he di-
rected the military opera' ions of Eng-
land throughout the world with great
sagacity «and success. He was the
(treat advocate and master counsellor
f<>r peace, among the statesmen of
Europe, and an opposer to meddling
with the internal relations of other na-
tions where no outside interests were
threatened; and this peace be beheld
unbroken for forty years, to the time
of his death, September 18, 1852. Wel-
lington undoubtedly possessed all the
attributes of a ^reat and successful
commander, and \t is not to fortuitious
circumstances that he owes his victor-
ies and fame. He had measured him-
self with the ablest of Napoleon's gen-
erals in Spain, upon equal terms, and
uniformly proved the victor. The on-
ly advantage he could possibly have
had was in, if admitted, the superior-
ity of his soldiers, who were largely
composed of his own fellow country-
men, and whose irresistible dash and
reckless darine could find no equal
amons the soldiery of Europe. His
prominent traits were coolness and sa-
gacity, a comprehensive and unbiased
judgment, with great promptness, de-
ciKion and daring. He possessed also
that personal magnetism which tha
truly great almost always exercise on
their contempoiaries, and which wasas
visible in his civil as in bis military
relations. For the last twenty-five
vears of bis life he held, not by design,
but by bis natural force of character,
an. undisputed ascendancy in the House
of Lords. In private life be was ex-
tremely simple and uncstentatious, ab-
stemious and regular in all bis habits,
performing every duty with an unfail-
ing cert'iiuty. He was thoughtfully
consitierate and generous to those under
him, and prompt to recognize and as-
sist merit. He was without doubt the
ablest general that ever commanded an
English army.

WESLEY, EDWARD, bishop of
Eildare and Leigeiiln, a learned

1 ^

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Irish divine, was educated on th6 conti-
nent and returned to Ireland after his
ordination, where be labored aniidst the
dangers of persecution. He was ele-
vated to the See of Eildare and Leigh-
Un in 1685, which See he administered
for about fifteen years with wisdom and

Sirudcnce, in the midst of ever-present
anger.

WEST. NATHANIEL. LL.D., an
able American Presbyterian divine, was
born in Ireland in 1794, where he was
educated 'studied theology in Scotland
with Dr. Chalmers, and came tcthe Unit-
ed States in 1884; filled the pastorate of
various churches and was chaplain of
the "Satterlee U. S. General Hospital"
during the war of the Rebellion, up to
the time of his death, Sept. 2, 1864. He
is the author of a complete analysis of
the Bible, and stood high among his
brethren.

WHELLEY, WILLIAM H., a tal-
ented American actor, was born in Ire-
land about 1836, and emigrated to the
United States when a young man. He
excelled in the higher walks of the
drama, and was deservedly popular.
He died in New York City April ?,
1876.

WHELAN, HON. EDWARD, a tal-
ented Canadian journalist and poli-
tician, was born in County Mayo, Ire-
land in 1825, and received his education
partly there, and partly in Halifax, Nova
Scotia, whither his family had emi-
grated. He entered the printing office
of the Hon. Joseph Howe, in that city,
and soon attracted that gentleman's at-
tention by his natural ability as a jjour-
nalist, and was early engaged in giving
free scope to his facile pen in the col-
umns or his employer's paper. Such
was the confidence in which Howe held
his abilities, that even when still but a
mere youth, when he himself was un-
able by absence or sickness to edit his
paper, youna; Whelan was left to fill the
gap. So ably did he perform his work,
and grapple with the qaestions uf the
day, tliat few, it any, could discern the
absence of the master. In his eighteenth
year he went to Prince Edward's Island,
which was then ruled, or rather domi-
nated over, by men who cared but little
for the masses. Our young Journalist
soon came to the front, and bv the use
of his aaroaatio pen, pierced the armor

of their self-conceit and arrogance, and
marshalling the people, he organized
them into n-eemen who dared to assert
their rights. He was equally strong
with the tongue and pen, and represent-
ed his fellow citizens on the most im-
portant occasiontt under the various ad-
ministrations which held power in bis
day. He died at his residence in Char-
lottetown Dec. 10. 1867, in the very
prime of his life, and in the midst o*f
his usefulness, universally regretted.

WHELAN, RICHARD VINCENT,
D.D.. Bishop of Wheeling, Va., was
bom at Baltimore of Irish parents Jan.
29, 1809, received his education at
Mount St. Mary's College, Emmetts-
burc. Md., where he afterwards held a
chair, and was prefect of studies. He
studied his theology in Paris with the
Sulpicians and was ordained priest at
Versailles in 1881. He returned to the
United States and again was a professor
in St. Mary's College, and was on the
mission in Maryland from 1835-'40.
In 1850 he was elevated to the episco-
pacy as Bishop of Richmond, but on
the division of the diocese the next year
he chose to take the new bishopric of
Wheeling, and removed to that city -
where ho soon built up institutions of
learning and charity. He attended the
Vatican Council of 1869-70. and like a
number of French and American pre-
lates he did not think it necessary to
promulgate the doctrine of papal in-
fallibility at that time, but willinghr
bowed to the will of the majority. He
died at Wheeling July 7, 1874.

WHITE, JAMES, a talented mis-
cellaneous author and novelist, was
born in Ireland about 1780. and was an
autuor of much popularity in his day.
He died in 1799.

WHITEi RICHARD, Earl of Ban-
try, was born at Bantry, County Cork,
Aug. 6. 1767. He so greatly distio-

f^uished himself in successful y oppos-
ng the landing of the French fleet at
Bantry Bay. in 1797, that he received the
honors uf the. peerage and was created
Earl of Bantry the same year.

WHITE, THOMAS, a distlngutahed
Canadian politician and editor, is the
son of an emigrant from West Meath,
Ireland, and was born in Montr'Vil in.
1880, where h« received Jiis education.

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He first entered a mercantile house, but
left it for a printing ofSce. Witli tliis
office he removed to Quebec, in 1852. to
do the government priAting, and there
became assistant editor of the Quebec
Gazette. In 1858 he started the Peter-
borough neview, and after some years
of the usual struggle and worry of
newspaper life, he sold out and turned
his attention to the law, entering the
office of Hon. Sidney Smith, and after
the prescribed time was €i^ed to the
bar. He could not, howerer. shake ofl
the penchant for newspaper work, and
after a brief practice of his new pro-
fession, he again entered journalism,
having, with his brother, purchased the
Hamilton Spectator. In 1866 he ran
for Parliament and was defeated by but
three votes. In 1869-70 he made a tour
of Oreat Britain, delivering lectures on
Canada. In the meantime his brother
made arrangements for the purchase of
the Montreal Gazette, and on his return
Thomas took charge of the editoiial
department,' it being the leading con-
servative newspaper in Lower Canada.
In 1872 he again ran for Parliament,
■but was defeated by five votes, and
still again for Montreal West with a
like result by seven votes. Mr. White
is one of the ablest editors and poli-
ticians in Canada, and is destined to
make his mark in the political history
of his country. He is now a member
of the Dominion Parliament, and
among the first in influence and ability.

WHITESIDE, JAMES, an eminent
Irish jurist, orator, and British states-
man, was a native of County Wieklow,
Ireland, born in 1806; was educated at
Trinity College, Dublin, studied law
and was called to the Irish bar in 1880,
where he soon displayed marked ability
and rose rapidly. In 1842 he was
Queen's Counsel, and in 1843 defended
Daniel O'Conncll when he was arrested
and imprisoned for sedition; he also
defended Smith O'Brien and Thomas
Francis Meagher in 1848 when tried for
treason. He was elected to Parliament
in 1851, representing Enniakilleu until
1859, when lie sat for Dublin Univer-
sity up to 1866. He was Attorney Gen-
eral for Ireland under the Derby ad-
ministration, and a bencher of the
King's Inn in 1862 ; Attornev General
.«nd a Privv Councillor in the second
Derby cabinet, 1858, and also from
1865-'66, when he became Lord Chief

Justice for Ireland. He was a man of
magnificent abili^, learned in all the
branches of the law, and gifted with
uncommon powers as a forensic orator
He was the author of "The Law of
NlsiPrius," "Italy In the Nineteenth
Century,'' "The Vicissitudes of the
Eternal City," "Life and Death of the
Irish Parliament," besides essays and
leciu^^s. He died at an advanced age.

WHITE, SAMUEL, a scholar, dra
matist and elocutionist of repute, was
born in Dublin about 1733, and for
many years conducted a classical school
in that city; Sheridan, Moore and other
celebrated men were amount his i)upils.
He published some tragedies, besides a
volume of poems, and an elementary
treatise on the English language, a
short system of Rhetoric, &c.. &c. He
died in 1811. _ j

WILDE. RICHARD HENRY, a

distinguished American lawyer, orator
and poet, was born in Dublin Sept. 24,
1789. He emigrated to America at an
early age with his parents, who settled
in Baltimore, where he was instructed
in the rudiments of knowledge by his
mother. In his eleventh year he en-
tered a store to help in assisting his
mother to sustain her family, she being
then a widow. In 1802 they removed
to Georgia where his mother started a
small business, assisted by our subject,
who in his spare time was cultivating
a mind rich in imagination and ca-
pacity. After some time under the
inspiration of his mother, he took up
the study of the law, and was admit-
ted to the bar. He was not long in
attracting attention, his oratorical pow-
ers being of a high order; he gained an
enviable reputation as an advocate,
and acquired an extensive prnctice, and
before he was twenty- five years, was
Attorney General of Georgia'. In 1816
he was sent to Congress, and was re-
elected a number of times until 1836,
earning a distinguished reputation for
ability and oratory. In tlie meantime
he devoted himself to literature, and
was not less successful as a writer and

{)oel, than as a lawyer and orator. After
eaving Congress he visited E urope,
and in 1843 settled in New Orleans,
where ho at once took a leading rank
as a lawyek-, and was elected Professor
of Constitutional Law in the Universittr
of Louisiana. He died Sept. 10, 1847.

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He was without doubt one of the most

Sslished and elegant jurists of his day.
ne of his lyrics attracted tho praise of
Byron, while his "Life of Tasso" is a
master-piece of elegance, taste, and lit-
erary erudition.

WILDE, SIR WILLIAM, ROBT.
W.. M. D., a talented Irish surgeon
p.nd man of letters, was born in Castle
Tea. County Roscommon, Ireland, about
1810, and after completing his educa-
tion, commenced the study of medi-
cine; established himself m Dublin,
and soon acquired a high reputation as
a surgeon, especially ophthalmic, and
became director of St. Mark's Eye and
l^r Hospital, Dublin; vice-president of
the Royal Irish Academy, and surgeon
occuHst of the Queen for Ireland. He
was also distinguished as a traveler,
antiquary, and statistician; was super-
intendent of the Irish census, and was
knighted in 1864. Among his works
are "A Voyage along the Shores of
tho Mediterranean," "Irish Popular
Buperstitions," "Aural Surgery," "Mal-
formation and Diseases of the Organs
of Sight," "Antiquities of the Irish
Academy," &c. His wife is the more
celebrated Lady Wilde, (Speranza) poet
and novelist, and his son the renowned
esthete, Oscar W.

WILKINS, WILLIAM, a promi-
nent American statesman, was the son
of John Wilkins, an Irish settlor in
Pennsylvania, nnd a patriot of the war
of the Revolution, and was bom in
that state In 1779. His talents soon
made him prominent in state politics,
and after receiving the confidence of
his party (Democratic) in local posi-
tions of honor and trust, he was elected
to the U. 8. Senate in 1881, which po-
sition he resigned in 1884, and was sent
by President Jackson as minister to
Russia, where he remained two years.
In 1844 he was Secretary of War under
Polk, and after two years retired from
public life. He died in 1865.

WILKINS, HON. ROSS, son of
John, and brother of U. S. Senator
William Wilkins, was born in i'enn-
sylvania, received a clas«ical educntion.
studied law, and was admitted tc prac-
tioe in his native state. He removed to
Michigan at an early day; was appointed
U. S. District Judge. 1885. with tbat state
M his district, holding the position for

nearly forty years One of his sons,
"T. D. W.,'*^ bom about 1888. was a
noted "boy poet," whose production*
found a place in the best United States
magazines for some years prior to the
"War of Ihe RclwUion," having written
poems of merit as early as his twelfth

J ear. He died before reaching man-
ood's estate. Another son, Williaok
D., became widely known as the tal-
ented European correspondent of the
"Detroit Free Press." whose articles
were extensively copied, and greatly
praised for their freshness and beauty
on trite subjects. He died in the prime
of life in lfc81. Tl .e wife ?i the Judge,
and mother of "T. D. W." and "W.
D. W.," was also a native of Ireland.

WILLCOCES, (sometimes written
"WILC0X.'7 JOSEPH, an able
and prominent politician of Upper
Canaaa, was born in Ireland, and emi-
grated to Canada at an early day. He
soon acquired prominence oy his
ability, boldness, and advocacy of the
legislative rights of the province. In
1803 hu was sheriff of the Home district,
but was arbitrarily deprived of office
for refusing to obey the political be-
hests of those in power He was
elected to the Provincial Assembly, but
thrust into prison for his independence
in criticising those in power, un-
der a false charge of libel. In
1807 he commenced the publication
of the "Upper Canada Quardian, or
Freeman's Journal," and was arrested
for liljel on Francis GK>re. Lieutenant
Governor, but was acquitted. He be-
came very popular with the people by
his fearlessness, aud advocacy of .their
rights. When Canada was invaded in
1812, he raised a body of men and
fought in its defense at (^ueenstown, but
his manly independence was not pleiis-
ins to the Tones, who controlled the
goverament, and he was treated harshly
and unjustly.whenheand his men, in a
body, joined th<f Americans, and be
was made a colonel. He was killed at
the siege of Fort Erie. His misfor-
tune was, that he was in advance of his
Canadian fellow citizens in demandiiiic
their just rights, and determined and
uncompromising, like a fearless pa-
triot, in maintaining them.

WILLIAM OP DROOHEDA. so
called from the place of his birth, wpi
an eminent doctor of civil law, sad

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mathematician, and one of the most
renowned professors of Oxford in his
day. He is said to have been the
author of "Golden Summary," which
is amongst the Cambridge collection of
MSS. besides some papers on civil law.
He flourished towards the end of the
fourteenth century.

WILLIAMS, BARNEY, a popular
Americnn character actor, whose real
name was Bernard Flaherty, was born
in Cork, Ireland, in 1828, and came to
the United States with his parents at
an early age. He became connected with
theatricals when a mere boy, first at he
old Chatham Square Theatre,NeTy Yor r. .
In 1845 he became manager of the
Yaux Hall Garden. In 1850 he mar-
ried Marie Fray, a popular actress, and
together, henceforward, they took the
leading parts in their starring tours.
In 18M they went to England, and won
notable success in Irish characters,
traveling throughout the United King-
doms, and performing to crowded
houses. They returned in 1859, and
their success and popularity was uni-
Tersal. For two vears he managed
Wallack's old Broadway Theatre, and
again in 1869 made a successful tour of
the United Kingdoms, and afterwards
throughout Canada and the United
States. He was probably the most
popular Irish character actor of bis
time. He died in New York City
AprUSb, 1876.

WILLIAMSON, HUGH, M. D., L
L D., an American patriot and scholar,
-was bom in PennsylvaDia December 6,
1785. His father emigrated from Dub-
lin about 1780. His mother was a native
of Deny, and the vessel in which she
came to America with her father was
captured on the coast and plundered by
the noted pirate "Blackbeard." Our
subject commenced his education under
the care of Dr. Allison and was distin-
guished for earnest application. After
leaving Dr. Allison he mastered Euclid's
Elements at home and was on the point
of going to Europe to finish his eauca-
tion when the College of Philadelphia
was chartered and Urn young student
entered its first class. He remained there
four years and graduated B. A. in May,
1767, in its first batch of graduates. In
1769 he went to Connecticut, pursuing
the study of theology, intending to
adopt divinity as his profession. His

health, however, failing, he abandoned
this design. In 1760 he took the degree
of M. A. and was appointed professor
of mnthematics in bis alma mater.
In 1763 he resigned and commenced the
study of medicine and the next year
left for Europe to prosecute his studies
at Edinburgh, where he remained one
year; he then proceeded to London, re-
maining there one year, diligently con-
tinuing his course, and then went to
Utrecht, Holland, where he completed
his course, submitted a latin thesis and
took the degree of M. D. He then trav-
eled for some time on the continent and
returning to Philadelphia practiced with,
great success. Exposure and the want
of sleep, together with an anxiety,
which he could not control, for his dan-
gerous patients, compelled him tr aban-
don mraicine. The transit of Venus
over the sun's disk about that time was
attractingthe attention of astronomers
and Dr. Wil'iamson was deputed, with
others, by the American Philosophical
Society, to take observations and make
calculations. The contact as observed
by him, together with the determinations
of the sun s parallels and distances as
derived from the same, was published
in the first volume of the society's trans-
actions. He was also employed to ob-
serve the transit of Mercury the same
year. Averybrilliant comet appearing
also in that year the doctor presented a
paper to the Philosophical Society on
the subject, in which he advanced a
theory which has since received gre^t
respect from scientific men. He also
produced at this time other scientific
papers on the subject of climate, and iu
1773 went to the West Indies, partly for
health, and partly to seek aid for an
academy at Newark, of which himself
and Dr. Ewinj^ were trustees. He also,
in company with Ewing, went to Eng-
land for the same purpose in 1773. He
happened to be in Boston, waiting for
his ship to start, when the East India
Company's tea was emptied into the
ocean, and was the first to bring the re-
port to the British government,and also
volunteei'ed the opinion, that persever-
ance in the policy would end in civil
war. While in England he was also
connected with the exposure of the cel-
ebrated Hutchinson-Oliver letters, for
which Dr. Franklin was so roundly
abused by Lord Loughborough. Ihee
were letiers sent by Hutchinson, gov-
ernor, Oliver, secretary, and other ofil-

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cer9 of the crown in Massachiisetts, to
tiieliome government, vilifving the peo-
ple of that Commonwealth— of which
Dr. Williamson by some means procured
.copies. While in England he submitted
a scientific paper to the Royal Society,
which wa^ published in their transac-
tions for 1775. He was traveling in Hol-
land and the T-ow Countries when the
Declaration of Independence reached
bim, and he immediately proceeded to
Nantz and shipped thence to Philadel-
phia, where hM arrived in March, '76.
The medical department of the army
being already organized, he did not im-
mediately obtain any profeftsional posi-
tion. He, however,' traveled in North
and South Carolina for the purpose of

K reading the benefits of inoculation.
1779-80. when the British had taken
possession of Charleston, he was ap-
])ointed to the bead of the medical de-
partment of the troops raised by North
Carolina. In 1782 he became a member,
of the North Carolina legislature and
was soon sent from there ~to Congress
where he remained three years, to which
time an uninterrupted term was limited.
In 1786 he was a member of the con-
stitutional convention. He was also a
member of the first Congress under the
new constitution. He soon after retired
from public life and devoted himself to
scientific pursuits. In 1811 he publish-
ed his observations on climate, and in
the following year a history of North
Carolina, in two volumes; and during
these yeara he also published a number
of medical papers. He also published a
paper in the American Medical and
philosophical Journal on the proper
manner of connecting lightning roos,
also on canals, and the plan and
feasibility of constructing a canal from
Lake Ene to the Hudson. In 1814, as-
sociated with Gov. Clinton, of New
York, and others,, he assisted in estab-
lishing the Literary and Philosophical
Society of that city. He died May 22,
1819, in the 85th year of his age.

WILLIS, SIB JOSEPH SHAW, L
L. D., an eminent British jurist and leg-
islator, was born in Cork, Ireland, 181i;
graduatef^at Trinity College, Dublin,
1836, and was admitted to the bar at the
Inner Temp'* 1840. He was made a
commissionei of cimmon law procedure
in 1850, and was the chief author of the
acts on that subject passed in 1862-54
and '60, for whi( h he was knighted, and

appointed a judge of the court of com-
mon picas. 1855. In 1849. in company
with Keating, he edited Smith's Leading
Cases. He killed himself in a fit of
insanity October 3, 1872.

WILSON, JOHN, a well known and
talented citizen of Washington, was bom
in Ireland,18( 8,came to the United States
and settled in Washington at an early
day. He became thoroughly familiar
with the business of the various depart-
ments in Washington,and was one of the
auditors of the treasury and commis-
sioner of the general land office He
studied law, and in his later years prac-
ticed his profession. He was a man of
general culture. He died in Washing-
ton in 1866.

WIRO, SAINT, was bom in Ireland
of noble parents and was educated in
the most famous schools of his country.
He soon distinguished himself, not less
by his virtues tban learning, and having
embraced a religious life was made a
bishop at an early age. He went to
Rome and was consecrated bv the pope
and after retumino; governed his diocese
for many years wfth wisdom and zeal,
and became eminent for sanctity. He
at length resigned his see and went to
France, where he caused an oratory and
monastery to be built, called St. Peters,
into which he retired, and lived to a
great age. He died A. D., 650, May 8,
on which day his feast is kept.

WISEM AN.NICHOLAS PATRICK
STEPHEN, cardinal, archbishop of
Wcstrainister, a man of great erudition
in all branches of human knowl^ge,
and of an apostolic character, was bom
at Seville,Spain, August 2, 1802. He was
the son of an expatriated Irish family,
his grandfather having emigratefi from
the county Waterford, Ireland, with his
family. His mother also, was partly of
Irish extraction. The grandfather and
father became extensively engaged in
commerce. The trouble durins the Pen-
insular war, and the death oihis fathei:
determined his mother to seek a home in
the land of their ancestors, where she
might; educate her children in peace and
in the faith of their fathers. Accord-
ingly, about the year 1808, she came to
Waterford and placed the future cardi-
nal in school, where he remained about
two years. The facilities for a Catholic
education in Ireland at this time was

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«iot of a high order. The penal laws
had but caued to exist and ue disturb-
ances in Ireland had militated agaiost
■Mfij great advancement in that direction.
Mre. Wiseman, therefore, thought it
IHTudent to place her beloved child in
the Catholic college of St. Cuthhert,
near Dunham, in England, the celebrat-
ed Dr. Lingard, the historian, being at
that time head of the iastitution. Here
he remained eight ;^ears and made great
progress, not only in his studies, but in
general knowledge, especially classic
urtand antiquarian lore. Here, too, he
became satisfied that he had a vocation
for the priesthood, and his love of art
and antiquities, as well as his reverence
for the fountain head of catholic faith,
made him desire to visit Rome and be-
hold the wonders of which he had read.
His laudable desire was sooner gratified
than he anticipated. Pius "^iTII having
•determined upon reopening the English
-college at Rome, which had been closed
and despoiled during the revolutions,
-ecclesiastical students, intended for the
English missions, were wanted tn form
its new classes. Among others, young
Wiseman gladly availed himself of the
•oiMning and repaired to Rome. The
venerable pontiff received tho ^oung
students with great kindness and inaug-
urated them into their new home with
words of love and encour-agement.
The application and thirst for knowl-
edge which distinguished Nicholas
Wueman in St. Cuthbert's, diid not abate
here, where his very soul seeraed to revel
in the elysium of Catholic faith and
classic art. His recreations were but
ceaseless and untiring explorations lato
tiie catacombs and crypts of the early
christians, or delicious strolls through
world renowned ruins or deseited ways
of the ancient city, the rosults of which
in after years he gave us in his beautiful
"FabioIa"and as he has said, "thus
does Rome sink deep and deeper ir^o
the soul, like the dew, of which everv
•droj is soft a' id weightless, but cttiU
finds its way to the root of everything
beneath the sqU, imparting thereto
-every future plant, its own warm tint,
its own balmy fragrance, and its own
rejuvenescent vigor. " It was from such
studies in "hours of idleness" that his
spirit drank in those charms with which
in after years, he beautified bis lectures
and conversations and made him, even

ed his studies and obtained the degree
of a doctor, he was elevated to ths
priesthood in 1825. About this time it
happened that a chair in the Roman
university, which, according to the
provisions of a papal rule, was open to
competition, was about to become va-
cant. Father Wiseman intended to
offer himself as a candidate and was
preparing for that purpose, when it
was authotitively announced that the
rule would be overlooked and a person
already chosen appointed. The manly
doctor sought an interview with the
severely pontiff and informed him of
his desire to compete in accordance
with the law, and of the ru more in regard
to the same. His holiness received him
most kindly and assured him there
would be a clear stage and no favor.
Time wore on, and as the only alterna-
tive given in the bull, was proof bvpub-
lication of a work of ability in the
art or science which was to be taught,
he quietly got a volume through the
press. When the vacancy happened it
was maae known at the same time with
the announcement that it was filled.
Father Wiseman again asked an audi-
ence. His holiness received him gra-
ciously and said, "it is not necessary to
state the case. I remember it all. I
have been surprised. I have sent for

C through whom this has been

done. I have ordered the appointment
to be canceled and have reproved him
sharply. " The pope generously accept-
ed the volume which established his
claims and assured the author of fair
play. The result was that those who
had passed over his claim with con-
tempt, were obliged to treat with him
and compromise on his own terms. In
1826 Dr. Wiseman was appointed vice
rector of the English college, and two
years after, when the rector was made an
English blsbop.was made his successor.
Dr. Wiseman was then only twenty-six
but had already acquired an enviable
reputation as a scholar, theologian, arch-
aeologist and linguist. In the latter
walk he was one amongst the few Euro-
pean scholars who was recognized as a
master of the Oriental languages, and
was honored with the professorship of
that chair in the Koman university about
that time. His direction of the English'
college was remarkably successful . He
required nothing from others that he

amongst enemies of his faith, so popu- did not more than furnish i»n e cample
lar a public lecturer. Having complet- 1 for, and .the results of hid tebchicg*

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were gratif ving to himself and benefi-
cial to religion and the English missions.
About this time, also, he was appointed
by his holiness to give a series of lect-
ures in English in the church of Oe^u e
Maria. Thiswas intended for English
speaking strangers in Romd. as well as
for dwellers in the Eternal City who
lipoke English. Yet such was his en-
i3rgy and masterly capacity that he not
only performed his multifarious duties
iidmirably, but he also found time to
"lyrite and publish a scientific work of
i;reat need and commanding influence
{entitled " Science, and its Relation to
Revealed Religion." He was warmly
complimented by the Pope, who said to
him, " You have rot bed Egypt of its
nooll and shown that it belongs to Ood."
I'he work was published in England
and was the subject of a violent attack
from a number of sa called " scientists "
whose utter discomfiture and expulsion
from one of their supposed strongholds
it announced. It was read and admired
\)j all thinking minds of Gr^t Britain
and Ireland, and such was the force and
cojtent^ of its reasonings, its clearness
and point, and so successfully did it use
the contradictory theories of the differ-
ent leading sdentists and thoir own ad-
mitted facts in the utter annihilation of
their fabrick of adamantine «a»(?, that
many a doubting mind, lost in the
maz(» of a sophistical so-called science,
has lieen set right and renewed in christ-
ian faith and strength. The very vio-
lence of the attack of the so-called sci-
entists was the best evidence of their
discomfiture. About this time he also
yisited England and gave a course of
controversial lectures which created a

{)rof ound impression amongst the relig-
ous ci rcles in that country. His visit to
England impressed him most profound-
ly with the wants of this great field of
cbristiiin labor, and filled him with a
strong desire to.be among those who
might itcatter the seed and reap the har-
yest, a tiope which had first budded at
St. CutJlbert's and had never died out.
He wail continually consulted by the
Holy Father in regard to the English mis-
sions and undoubtedly often discussed
the prospects of the church anr^ the
policy to be pursued in re-establishing
religion tn that country. At length, in
184U. it was determined that the Catho-
lics in England should be better provid-
ed for and that the church in that coun-
try should take a more positive form •

fou** additional yicar-apostolics wen
appointed and Dr. Wiseman was made
co-adjutor to the Rt. Rev. Dr. Walsli,
of Wolverhampton, and was consecra*
ted that year in Rome by cardinal Fran-
coni. He immediately tore himself
away from the scenes and friends he so
dearly loved, and threw himself into
the laborious work of the mission, with
its endless diflSculties, its sorrows and
its toils, and which was to end but with
his Ufe. Of this he saysi '' It was a
sorrowful evening, at the beginning of
autnmc, when after a residence in Iu>m»
prolonged through twenty-two years,
till afllection clung to every old stone
there, like the moss that grew into them,
this strong but tender tie was cut,
and much of future happiness had to
be invested in mournful recollections of
the past." The work which Bishop
Wiseman proposed to himself was beset
with immense difficulties and required
not only apostolic zeal and labor, but
great tact. It was not only that the
Catholic Church in England at that time
was of disjointed and incongruous ele-
ments, but it was equally certain that
every effort to solidify it and bring it to
a recognized and honorable positioa
would bring f i^rth a whirlwind of wrath,
venom and'bife '>try. This, too, was the
epoch of the great Tractarian movement
in Oxford, which disturbed Anglican
circles to their uttermost deptha Bish-
op Wiseman knew that to the honest
soul engaged in this movement, there
could be but one result— Faith I The
embracing of the ' 'Old Faith." He found
time in the midst of his arduous labors
to flash a light, as it were, over the dark
waters, in an article entitled "The An-

flican Claim" which appeared in the
Dublin Review, and which was not
without effect, for not long afterwarde
Dr. Newman and others of the celebra-
ted Oxford converts gaye in their adhe-
sion to the Old Ohturcb, and were invited
by the Bishop to St. Mary's college, Os-
cott, which was under his direction, and
from thence, eventually to Rome. He
also about this time puDlished his cele-
brated letters on "Catholic Unity" and
in 1849 was made vicar-apostolic of
London. His whole time was employed
in instructing, in preaching, in lectur-
ing on subjects botn sacred and profann,
in organizing, in admonishing both in
and out of season for the glory of God
and the good of souls. In 18IX) he was
called to Rome and shortly afterwards

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was iBsoed the celebrated apostolic let-
ter re-establishing the ancient Hierarchy
in that country, and creating Bishop
Wiseman archbishop of Westminster
and afterwards cardinal of the Huly
Roman Church. This simple fact cre-
ated the most in' >nse excitement
throughout England. If the liberties
of the English people had been sub-
verted, the excitement and indignation
could not have been more profound 1
Anglican and non-Anglican, non-con-
forming Jew and uon-religious Gentile,
those with religion and those with no
religion, were all alike appurently
alarmed.outraged and confounded at the
ail vciousact, It was perliaps one of
t^ J most silly exhibitions of human
blindness the world ever saw. The only
act did, to raise this storm, was to
change the titles of a few men who ad-
ministered the offices of a church. It
was not only the ignorant mob, who were
totally without religion or even mor al-
ity, whawere excited over the impend-
ing destruction of the church as by Jaw
established, through tales the most ab-
surd and monstrous, but even the (rreat
thinkers, who filled the magazines with
their profound studies, anal} zed with
fearful solemnity the threatened danger.
The farce did not stop here. The states-
men of the country rushed in solid col-
umns to support,or pick up.by anticipat-
ion, the shattered fragments of the
constitution and save the church I
the Queen I and the State 1
from being captured by the Pope!
and an act entitled the " Ecclesiastical
Titles Bill " was passed, which, under
pain and penalty, prohibited the use in
writing or otherwise by "foreign/"
chun;hmen of English titles I and which
to crown the farce became a dead letter
from its birth. During all this excite-
ment the great cardinal pursued the
even tenor of his way; preaching, teach-
ing, organizing, writing, doinz good and
gainingjBOuls to Qod by zeal, dncere elo-
quence, and art. He was a great patron
and fosterer of sound literature in every

Ehase, not unly ailvising and encourag-
ig others, but doing his own share. He
published lectures and sermons, lives of
four popes, christian works of fiction
like " Fabiola," and was for upwards
of twenty years a constant contributor
to the Dublin Review, besides writing
papers for the Month, &o. He was
also a great fosterer of good organiza-
tions — moral, benevolent and literary, —

and never failed to aid them by lectures,,
scientific or otherwise, when called upon.
In 1860 he again visited Rome and was
received by the illustrious Pius IX.nrith
the greatest honor and respect.and for the
last time visited the scenes of his youth*
ful labors and love. Rejoiced and'invig-
omted he returned to his apostolic labors
and continued the ^ood fight, assiduous
in all thing until his health at last gave
way and he was called to his great re-
ward on the 16th day of February, 1865.
His v-ork and labors, although they may
not have filled the measure of his hopes
and desires, were not without consola-
tions. He found Catholicity in England
without organizations, weak, and if not
divided, at least v ut any bond of
union. Confined ae side to the few
noble families «vuo were fortunate
enough to have escaped the deluge of
the so called reformation and who had
their own chaplains, together with a few
gentry, scions of defunct titles in the
north of England, and on the other, the
poor and despised Irish emigrant and
their descendants, who were oecoming
numerotis in the manufacturing cities oi
England. He left them organized, uni*
ted and harmonious ; — the condition of
the former strengthened and of the
latter greatly improved and elevated.
Fifteen bishops to counsel and direct
and fifteen hundred priests to adminis-
ter to their spiritual wants. Twenty
colleges and innumerable schools to*
train their ' Jdren and supply them
with educational advantages equal to the

groudest in the land ; two hundred and
fty religious communities to adminis-
ter to every human want, and millions-
of children, mainly, it is true, descend-
ants of the same race as himself, whose
revenge on their oppressors is to reclaim^
the sdl from irreligion, and fill it once
again with the seeds of faith and good
works.

WOGAK, OOL. EDWARD, a gal-
lant Irish leader, and one of the ablest
of tiie Irish Catholic confederate chiefs,
was bom about 1620, and early joined
his fortunes to the League; he
greatly disthiguished himself by
his heroic and successful defence of
Duncannon with a handful of troops,,
against a powerful force uuder Crom-
well, who, to his great chagrin and dis-
comfiture, was at length obliged to give-
up the siege. Wogan look part ia
many of the desperate actions against

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WOL

fhe English, fought under the leader-
^ip of the O'NeiUs, and was consider-
ed one of the ablest of the Catholic
•confederatff chieftains. He continued
the struggle in defence of his country
and liberty to the last, and was as gen-
erous as he was heroic

/fOLPB. REV. CHATUiES, an
Irish divine.'nnd poet, was bora at Dub-
lin in 1791, and was educated at Win
Chester, and Trinity College, Dublin,
entered the ministrr, and became a cur-
ate, at Castle Caulneld. He was the
author of the celebrated ode on the
burial of Sir John Moore, which was
pronounced by Lord Byron the most
I)erfect in the language. He wrote
many other pieces of merit. He died
of consumption in 1823.

WOLFE. JAMES, an Illustrious
Irish Dominican, and Preacher Gen-
eral of the order in Ireland, was a native
of Limerick, and was boni abont 1600.
He was absent from the dty during
the celebrated siege, but humed back
and entered with the Cromwellian
butchers, so that he might be able to
administer the consolation of religion
to his unfortunate people. The priests
of his convent had already been butch-
ered, but Wolfe fearlessly visited his
people to console and strengthen them.
Aiter eight days he also fell into the
hands of his savage enemies, and was
immediately sentenced to be hanged.
While going to his execution he ex-
claimed : " We are made a spectacle to
Ood, to his angels and to men — to God
that we may give him glory; to angels
tliat we may afford them ^Dy; to men
that we may give them sport." A. D.
1651.

W0L3ELET, SIR GARNET JOS-
EPH, LORD, the most illustrious of
living British generals, was born near
Dubnn, Ireland, in 1833, and entered
the British service as ensign in his
nineteenth year; saw service in the
East, and advanced rapidly, by
his exhibition of true soldierly quali
ties; served with the 90th regiment in
the Burmese war, 1853-3; with Gen.
Cheape's expedition against the robber-
-chief, Myatoon, ana was severely
wounded while storming his strong-
hold. He was also active in the Crim-
ean war, especially in the storming of
8eba8top\>l, where he acted as an en-

gineer, and was severely wounded in s
sortie Aug. 80, 1856. During the In>
dian mutiny of 1857-9 he served with
Gen Outram at the relief of Lucknow,
the defence of Alumbagh, and the cap-
ture of Luoknow. He also servoi
under Sir Hope Grant, and was assist-
ant quarter-master-general, but partici-
patea in all the engagements. In the
war with China, 1860. he also served
with distinction, participating in all
the engagements as staff officer. In
1865 Ira became a full colonel, and in
1870 was sent in command of the ex-
pedition against the Red River insur-
rectionary movement which, under
Riel and others, had takJen posseseioa
of Fort George, and established an in-
dependent provisional government.
Wolseley succeeded, without shedding
blood, in crushing the revolutionary
movement, and re-establishing the sus-
pended Older of thines, for which ser-
vice he was knighted. In 1878 he was
appointed Governor of the Gold Coast,
the inhabitants of which had become
involved in a war with the Ashaatees.
He speedily settled the difficulties by
the capture and destruction of the
enemies' capital, and was raised to tho
rank af major-general, created a E. 0,
B , received the thanks of Parliament,
and £25,000 for His services. He was
sent to administer the government of
Natal, and from 1874-76 he was in-
spector-general of the forces, and then
a military member of the Indian Coim-
cil. In 1878 he was sent to organize
and administer the government of
Cyprus, civil and military, and in 1879
returned to Natal, about the close
of the war. As governor, he or-
ganized the newly acquired territory of
the Transvaal, and compelled Secocoeni
to submit. In 1880 he became quar-
termaster-general, and in 1882, adjutant-
general. On the breaking out of the
troubles with Egypt, he took command
of the exiiedition, with full power to
carry out his own strategical plans, and
although at first great fault was found
by astute theorists, and ruin prognosti-
cated, yet from the moment he ad-
vanced, it was only to decisive victory.
He defeated Arabi Pasha, who first at-
tempted to overwhelm him by num-
bers, and finally attacked him in his
entrenchments at Tel-el-Eebir, Sept.
18, 1882, which he carried at the point
of the bayonet, the Irish regiments
nnder Qen. Graham particularly dis-

a&si„ji.i

WYL

IBltUl CBLTBL

YOU

tlnguiahiag themselves. The defeat of
Arab! was complete, his entire army
was scattered to the winds, killed or
taken prisoners. For this decisive
work wolseley was made a peer of
Great Britain, and was received with
great acclamation on his return. At a
Banquet given to him in Dublin, he ex-
pressed himself like a thorough Irish-
man, and paid a high tribute to the un-
rivalled valor and dash of his country-
men. He is the author of "Narrative
of the War with China," a "Soldier's
Manual," besides various papers to per-
iodicals.

WOOD, G. W., a gallant American
naval officer, was bom in Ireland in
1843, and came to the United States
with his parents, entered the Naval
Academy, where he graduated in 1861,
distinguished himself on various occti-
sions in the war of the Rebellion;
served on the Oneida at the taking of
New Orleans, and the passage of the
Pittsburg and Port Hudson batteries;
became a lietenant in 1834, and a lieu-
tenant-commander in 1866.

WOOD, ROBERT, an eminent Irish
scholar, traveler and archseologist, was
bom in 1716, and traveled for some
years in the East. He is the author of
"Descriptions of the Ruins of Pal-
myra and Balbec." besides other notes
on travel and ancient researches. He
died in 1771.

WYLIE, SAMUEL, D. D., an able
American Presbyterian divine, was
bom in Ireland m 1792, came to the
United States when a boy, and entered
the University of Pennsylvania, where
Ms uncle was a teacher, and graduated,
studied theology, and was mstalled a
minister of the iRef ormed Presbyterian
Church in 1818. He was for half a
century stationed in Sparta, 111. He
was an eloquent preacher, and was
held in high esteem by his brethren
and co-laborers, for ability and worth.
He died March 20. 1872.

WYLIE, SAMUEL B., D. D., was
bom near Ballymena, Ireland, May 21,
1778, received a collegiate educa
tion, and came to the United States in
1797; became a teacher in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania in 1798, and in
1801 pastor of the First Reformed
Presbyterian Church in that city, where

he remainsd for over fifty years. He-
also conducted an academy, was pro.
fessor of theology in a Presbyterian
seminary, and of ancient languages in
the University of Pennsylvania, and was-
also Vice-President. He was co-editor
of the "Presbyterian Maeazine," and
author of " The FaithfulWitness," a
"Greek Grammar," and a "Life of
Alex. MacLeod. D. D " He stood high
as a classical and oriental scholar. He
died Oct. 14, 1852.

YELVERTON, BARRY. LORD
AVENMORE, a celebrated Irish law-
yer, orator and statesman, was bom in*
County Cork, Ireland, about 1746, and
after completing his education in Dub-
lin, studied for the bar. His first yeara-
in his profession were struggles with
penury and want, but he at length rose
to a brilliant eminence, and became a
popular member of the Irish House of
Commons, In 1782 he was appointed
Attorney General of Ireland, and Chief
Baron of the Exchequer in 1784, and
as a reward for government services, or-
rather for his weakness, folly or treach-
ery in supporting the policy of legisla-
tive union, between England and Ire-
land, he was raistv' to tne peerage as
Lord Avenmore in 1795. He died in.
1814.

YOUNG, JOHN RADFORD, an
eminent Irish mathematician, Ivho pur-
sued his investigations unaided. He
was the author of "The Mosaic Cos-
mogony not adverse to Modem Science "
besides other valuable scientific works.
He was born in 1799.

YOUNG, MATTHEW. D. D., an
able Irish mathematician was bom in^
Roscommon, Ireland, 1750. Educated
at Trinity college, DubliD,where he took
a fellowshi'j, 1775 ; took orders in the
Established church and became profes-
sor of philosophy in Trinity College,
1786, and subsequently protestant bishop-
of Clonfert, &c. He was one of the
founders of the Royal Irish Academy
and a valued contributor to its pai)ers.
He is the author of "An enquiry into
the principal phenomena of Sounds and
Musical Strings," "On the number of
Primitive Colors in Solar Light," "Prin-
ciples of Natural Philosophy," "Meth-
od of Prime and Ultimate Ratios," &c.-
1 Be died November 28, 1800.

YOU

num GBun.

TOU

TOUNO, JOHN, Baron LUmr. a
Brhlih Btateiman, was born in Bailles-
boroQfl^ castle. County Cavan, Ireland,
April 81, 1807. Received his early edu-
cation at hom^ and finished at Oxford,
where he took his bachelor's degree in
1839. He was called to the bar at Lin-
ooln's Inn, 1884, but nerer practiced. In
the meantime he represented his native
county in Parliament. By Robert Peel
he was appointed a lord of the treasury
in '41 and in 1844 was secretary of the
treasurv. He was chief secretary for
Ireland from '53 to '66 and afterwards
lord high commissioner to the Orecian
Isles and in 1861 governor of New South
Wales. In 1867 he became governor-

feneral of Canada, which office be held
11 1873. He was ra':;ed to the peerage
4n 1870 as Baron Lisgar. He died Oct.
10, 1876.

TOUNG, GOV. THOMAS L, a gal-
lant soldier and distinguished politician
•of Ohio, was bom in County Down,
Ireland, December 14, 1883. fimigraled
to the United Stdtes when a boy and
Jomed the army during the last year of
>the Mexican war, m wh'ch he served,
ibeing only fifteen years of age. He

remained in tha army for ten years
'Vhen be was mustered out, and having
improved his spare time by study, and
possessing a quick apprehebsion, keen
observation, and pluck, he was. if not
cultivated, at least armed with a solid
fund of information. He now deter-
mined to pursue the study of law, which
he did, at the same time teaching schnol
in Cincinnati. On the breaking out of
the war of the rebellion be immediately
volunteered and bis knowledge and ex-
perience of military affairs secured him
the position of lieutenant, and be rose by
bravery, skill and soldierly conduct
through all the grades to a brigadier-
general. After the war he was admit-
ted to the bar, 1865, and held the posi-
tion of assistant city auditor of Cincin-
nati, member of the legislature and re-
corder of Hamilton county (Cincinnati),
1867. He was sent to the Republican
national convention in 1868; in '71
was elected State senator and in 1875
lieutenant-govemor,and succeeded Pres-
ident Haves as governor of Oidoin 1877,
and has been twice elected to CongreK.
He stands high with his party and his
fellow citizens, ai>d has well earned the
honorable position he haa acquired.

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