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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film* A partir de i'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en has, en prenant la nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la methods. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 EMIGRATION VOR THB RELIEF OF PARISHES PRACTICALLY CONSIDERED. BY ROBERT GOUGER. LONDON: PUBLISHED BY RIDGWAY AND SONS, PICCADILLY; AND EFFINGHAM WILSON, ROYAL EXCHANGE. HDCCOXXXIII. -I :t «' EVERY COUNTRY IS A HOME TO THE BRAVE. ' ■.^.-. * ^ ,V S- London: Printed .by Wii.uam Clower, Stamford Street. EMIGRATION, 8fc. Sfc. » ' The emigration of paupers as a means of relief to this country has at length forced itself on the attention of the public at large. Within the last two years many thousands of poor people have been supplied with funds to enable them to emigrate by those on whom they depended for support ; and the letters which have reached England from the persons thus i-elieved have been so encouraging, as to make others similarly placed extremely desirous of being allowed to join their former companions. The hardships necessarily attendant on the voy- age and first settlement in a new country, have been repre- sented as a mere trifle when counter-balanced by their im- proved condition. Here, penury and want were their lot and cheerless prospect; — there, well paid employment and a happy future inspire them with joy and hope. Emigration, however, with a view to relieve those who remain behind of the oppressive weight of the poors'-tax, and at the same time to save the greatest possible sum of wretchedness to those who seek a foreign home, has never been conducted upon sound principles. We shall, therefore, confine ourselves to pointing out the steps which should be taken for effecting both these ends, in the easiest and most certain manner. b2 When parishes or landlords detormine upon ridding them- selves of the cost of maintaining paupers at homo, the first question which arises is that of expense ; and with this object before them, they usually seek to ascertain the cost of passage to the colony, and of the attendant necessaries. This, however, is but a socon'lary consideration. With a view to save expense, the first question is, " Who should be selected as emigrants?" We answer, the marriageable of both sexes, or the young mar- ried couple who have not yet the burden of a family upon them. •' ' • '^^ • -»v ;.>, :. ,;> : v. The reason for this is clear. The expense of conveying a man and his wife immediately on marriage to the colony is confined to that of the removal of two persons, who, although perhaps not at that moment chargeable to the parish, will become so in five, six, or seven years, when a large family may surround them. At this time, the expense of removal will be more than doubled. Tiie young couple emigrating, the germ of future increase is carried with them ; whereas, if they had re- mained at home, the increase would have taken place here, to have been removed at some future time and at a very consi- derable cost. The effect of emigration, pursued upon this plan, on the popidation generally, has been shown in a very forcible and ingenious manner by Mr. Edward G. Wake- field, in a pamphlet published by the National Colonization Society. He has proved, that by selecting young couples as emigrants, the same result (nationally) may be obtained by the removal of one-eighth of the number which would be required by indiscriminate emigration. • *' Taking the population of Britain to be twenty millions, and sup- posing that their utmost power of increase, if exercised without a check from misery, would move at the rate of four per cent, per an- num, the twenty millions might become forty millions in about twenty years ; and the first ten years* increase would be eight hun- dred thousand. The constant yearly removal, therefore, of eight hun- dred thousand wouia prevent any domestic increase, even though the condition of the people were perfectly happy. Supposing the cost of removing one person to be 10/., tlic cost of absulotely preventing any domestic increase would be 8,000,000/. per annum. But tiie procreative power of a people is nut shared equally amongst thuni all ; it resides in those only who are capable of procreation. The procreative power, every year brought into actioHy resides in those couples who every year attain the age of puberty. The proportion to the whole population of those who every year attain the age uf puberty varies, of course, with the rate at which the population may be increasing. In this case we are supposing a happy people to multiply continually at the greatest possible rate, which, as above stated, is taken to be four per cent, per annum. Let us further sup- pose, that when a population is increasing at the rate of four per cent, per annum, the number of couples who every year attain the age of puberty is as one to one hundred in proportion to the whole population. The procreative power every year brought into action would in that case be two hundred thousand young couples. The yearly removal of the whole procreative power every year brought into action, or, in other words, the constant removal of all the young couples, would of course soon depopulate the country. This might be effected at a cost (the passage of each person costing 10/.) of 4,000,000/. per annum. Thus, by a selection of emigrants, the country might be depopulated for one half of what it would cost to prevent any domestic increase by removing the increase without se- lection. The constant yearly removal of the increase, say eight hundred thousand persons, would cost jjer annum ..... 8,000,000/. The removal of all the young couples . 4,000,000/. Balance in fiivour of depopulation 4,000,000/." In a speech made at a meeting of the National Colonization Society*, in June, 1830, by Mr. William Hutt, M. P. for Hull, the following apt illustration of the foregoing argument oc- curs : — • " Within the course of the last few years, the settlement of New South Wales has been covered with the finest Saxon and Spanish siiecp. A * Pub'.ished by Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange, li \i i r II short time ago there were none, now they exist almost to redundance ; yet the numbers sent from Europe have been very inconsiderable. Tlie truth is, the self>interest of individuals prompted a proceeding, by which the smallest number of animals removed from home might pro- duce the greatest number in the colony. The cost of removal sug- gested a rational selection of the animals to be removid ; and for a colo* nial settler to have sent out sheep from Europe without any regard to age or sex would have been regarded as the conduct of a child or mad- man ; yet in conducting the emigration of human beings, who in this respect are subject to the same laws as inferior animals, a less reasonable course (lesu reasonable indeed if the care and preven- tion of pauperism had been the object of emigration) has been pursued." If, then, this mode of proceeding, namely, the selection of young persons in preference to old, effects, as Mr. Wakefield has shown, a saving of seven-eighths to the nation, it will be found equally economical to the parish. As young persons at- tain thr age of puberty, and are on the eve of marriage, let the ofl«r of emigration be made to them ; and if left to the consi- deration of it, with the means of forming a judgment put into their hands, they will seldom be found to refuse. The sum of pain to those who emigrate is also decreased by this selection. However well arrangements may be made for their transit and reception abroad, the misery which young children and infants experience during the passage, and for the first few weeks after their arrival, is very great ; and the perplexities of the adults are exceedingly increased by the heavy charge that a family entails upon them. A young man and woman, on the other hand, would encounter the hardships of the voy- age and the difficulties of settlement in a new country with that energy and elasticity of spirits which belong to youth; and although they might find that their path was not very easy, still they would sooner overcome the obstacles which re- tarded their progress, than if they h id remained in England until burthened with a number of young children. All things 1 then combino to encourage the removal of young grown-up I)erson8, rather than of thoi^e with families — economy, saving of pain to the emigrants, and the well-being of tlie colony. This point has been noticed in a correspondence between Mr. Senior, Professor of Political Economy at the King's College, and Mr. Tennant, from which the following is an extract : — ^* I have said nothing of the reasons why young couples always have been, and always will be, the class most willing to emigrate. Some of these reasons appear to me to be the following :— " 1. That the time of marriage is a time of change, when two persons just united for life must, nearly always, seek a new home. ** 2. That the natural time of marriage is one when the mind is most disposed to hope, to ambition, (if this Gallicism may be applied to despairing paupers) and to undertakings which require decision and energy of purpose. " 3. That marriage produces greater anxiety for the future, and a very strong desire to reach an improved condition for the benefit of expected offspring. In this respect, the strongest affection of the human mind would promote emigration at the time of marriage, whilst most of our affections at earlier and later periods of life might be disinclined or adverse to emigration. .': ** 4. I am impressed with the opinion that Englishmen, generally, are liable to err whilst reasoning upon this subject, because they do not sufficiently exert their imagination to picture the state of things which would result from offering to all young couples, disposed to emigrate, the means of removal. In England, not even an experi- ment of the sort has been tried. Look at the eastern states of Ame- rica — what an immense emigration, and of young covples in particu- lar^ takes place from those states to the western districts !" ,. v But the most important saving of uneasiness to emigrants may be made by prudent arrangements relative to their recep- tion in the colony. We do not fear contradiction when we assert, that hitherto no efficient means have been adopted for preventing the miseries of poverty attacking the defenceless emigrant. Those who have been sent by parishes have usually been landed in Canada, and there lout sight of, — no well arranged plan has been digested, — no system worthy the name has yet been adopted. It is true the cholera of last year and an anti-immigration party in Lower Canada induced the Government to lay a tax of a dollar per head on all emigrants landing in Canada, and the proceeds were expended in sending pauper emigrants a distance up the country, and there are Government agents of emigration to be found at the principal towns to give advice lo .ttlors, — but this is not all that pauper emigrants require. The arrangements, to be good, should bo contemplated here. The parish has but half done its duty when it has landed its poor in the colony. The gratification which most persons feel on reaching their destination after a voyage is usually too great for the uneducated pauper to control ; the little funds with which the parish or charitable neighbours had supplied him before starting, are squandered in taverns, and he speedily finds himself penny less in an unknown country. Mr. Fergusson, in a book* distinguished by great observa- tion and acuteness, and which all emigrants should procure who can afford to purchase it, gives an instance of the want of arrangement in the removal of paupers from Britain to Canada, which occurred under his own knowledge. " I had a personal opportunity," he says, " of witnessing the inadequacy of the arrangements in regard to a large party from Soi^erset shire that arrived in Quebec while I was there. I think there were one hundred and fifty, seemingly of the class of agricultural labourers, and they were under the charge of a respectable parish overseer, whose duty it was to have justice done to them on board ship, and to land them at Montreal. There they were to be absolutely cast adrift, each man receiving ^4; but . no arr. .igements having been contemplated for locating them, * ^' Practical Notes, made during a Tour iu Canada." Published by Blackwood, Edinburgh; and Cadell, London. 9 or for proviiliiig them work, tlioy would be quickly rcli<'ved of their cash by the tavern-keepers and left destitute, a heavy burden to theinselves and a nuisance to the province. Had the money been secured and judiciously expondod, it would have sufficed to place them in comfort and independence." In- stances of this kind are so frequent, that it is matter of sur- prise that pauper emigration is not in disrepute, instead of being viewed with increasing interest and satisfaction. To prevent the recurrence of such scenes, a person of standing and respectability, resident at the port, should be com- missioned by the parish to take charge of the emigrants ON THEIR arrival; TO PROCURE THEM CONVEYANCES, WITH- OUT LOSS OF TIME, TO THAT PART OF THE COUNTRY WHERE LABOUR IS MOST IN DEMAND; TO DEFRAY THE ATTENDANT expenses; AND TO GIVE THE EMIGRANTS, ON THEIR ARRI- VAL AT THAT DISTRICT, THE POCKET MQNEY WHICH THE PA- RISH MAY CHOOSE TO PLACE AT THEIR INDIVIDUAL DISPOSAL. Having done this, the parish may be said to have performed its duty; and if the emigrant docs not succeed afterwards, the blame must lie with himself. ■ The LOCATION OF PAUPERS on land cannot be recommended. Notwithstanding the vast immigration of the last two or three years, there is, and there still will be, a demand for labour. In- deed, as all pauper emigrants who conduct themselves well soon become employers of labour, the greater the amount of emi- gration, the greater will be for many years to come, the demand for labourers in the colony. No fear, therefore, need be enter- tained of the supply overstocking the market, so long as the colonists are able to extend the settlements. While the demand for labour continues, the expense attendant on the location of paupers need not be incurred; they should rather be encou- raged to labour for hire, until, by frugality and industry, they are able to purchase land. By this time they would become habitu- ated to the modes of agriculture pursued in their new country ; I 10 the transition from pauper to land-owner would not be so sudden, and success would the more certainly attend their exertions. The conveyance of passengers to the British Possessions in North America is regulated by an Act of Parliament (9 Geo. IV. c. 21.) of which the principal provisions are as follows :— '' Ships are not allowed to carry passengers to these colonies unless they be of the height of five feet and a half between decks ; they must not carry more than three passengers to four tons of the registered burthen ; there must be on board at least fifty gallons of pure water, and fifty pounds of bread, biscuit, oatmeal, or bread stuff, for each passenger. When the ship carries the full number of passengers allowed by law, no part of the cargo, and no stores «: provisions, may be carried between decks ; but if there be less than the complete number of passengers, goods may be stowed between decks in a proportion not exceeding three cubic feet for each passenger wanting of the highest number. Masters of ships who land passengers, unless with their own consent, at a place different from that originally agreed upon, are subject to a penalty of 20/. recoverable by summiary process before two Justices of the Peace in any of the North American Colonies." The enforcement of this law rests chiefly with the officers of his Majesty's Customs; and persons having complaints to mabe of its infraction should address themselves to thej^earest Cus(tom House. HM fi' i lii A point of importance in selecting a ship for the convey- ance of pauper emigrants is, the size. Usually passengers prefer a large ship, fancying it safer, &c. This error should be avoided in the case of emigrants to Canada ; large ships are obliged to discharge their cargoes at Quebec, in consequence of the river St. Lawrence not being navigable ff ^ v ssels of a greater burden than 300 tons. Thus, if a lai-ger ship tlian that mentioned is IL selected, expense, loss of time, and considerable trouble will be experienced in proceeding from Quebec to Montreal, which may be avoided by engaging a small vessel bound for Montreal direct. ' The COST OF PASSAGE varies with the time of the year, the number of poor emigrants to be taken at once, the port of embarkation, &c., so that no exact price can be stated with any pretensions to accuracy. About (ol. may, however, be taken as a fair price for a passage to Montreal, including all necessa- ries, and thence to the interior, about 1/. 5s. The following is a scale of provisions suited for pauper emigrants : it car. of course be varied as to kind, but the gross amount should be preserved. SCHEME OF PROVISIONS For a mess of Six Men or Women for each Day of the Week. Bread lbs. 4 Eeef lbs. Pork ' lbs. Pre- lecred Meat* lbs. Flour or Bice lbs. Peas pints Tea oz. Cocoa or Cottee oz. Sugar oz. Bum pint. Sunday .... — — 2 3 — 1 4 6 Monday .... 4 3 — — 2 1 4 6 Tuesday .... 4 4 3 — — 3 1 4 6 , Wednesday . . — 3 — — 2 1 4 6 Thursday . . . 4 3 — • — 3 3 — 1 4 6 1 ' Friday 4 — 3 — 2 1 4 6 |Saturday . . . 4 3 — — — 1 4 6 Iij case of substitution, the following proportions to be ob- served : 1 lb. of raisins or | lb. cf currants, to bs equal to 1 lb. flour. 1 oz. of cocoa or coffee, to be equal to ^ oz. tea. * The prtjsei'vud meat is cooked, and tree from boue. 12 The OUTFIT necessary for poor emigrants to Canada is about the following: — Shirts, 3; Guernsey frocks, 2j Beaverteen coat, 1 ; Fustian jacket, 1 ; Corduroy trousers, lined, 2 ; Swans- down waistcoat, 1 ; Flushing great coat, 1 ; Shoes 1 pair. The whole of this, with handkerchiefs, &c. would cost about 3/. and with it the pauper emigrant would find himself fully equippcu. '■3 i - : ■? 1 if On arriving at the place to which they are bound, the sum of 30^. or 2/. each will amply suffice to maintain the paupers until they get work, which, in most instances, will not be two days. The months in which emigrants who depend upon their labour for their subsistence should sail for Canada, are April, May, and June. - By leaving England at this season, they will not only have a quicker and more pleasant voyage, but what is of greater importance, they will have the entire summer before them for settlement and procuring employment. Hf^.rJUA.i/- •nnrrcr ,t9>f'>crf 'II 13 ! ) In order to facilitate as much as possible the emigration of paupers at the cost of rate-payers, and, above all, to satisfy the benevolent that their humane purpose will be strictly carried into effect, it has appeared indispensably necessary that a new occupation should be begun by persons properly qualified to conduct it ; — viz., that of acting as Agents to Parishes by undertaking to conduct, tmder full responsibility, the removal of paupers either from the parish or from a given port, to a given destination in the colonies. In order to follow this occu- pation, the Undersigned have established a House of Agency FOR Emigration in London ; and, having the advantage of an extensive correspondence with persons resident in the Colonies of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia> New Brunswick, and the Australasian settlements, and having established Agen- cies at each of these places, they have made arrangements 1. For the reception of poor emigrants on their arrival in the colony ; — 2. Their transport without loss of time to that part of the country where labour is most in demand; — 3. The payment of the attendant expenses ; — 4. The payment, on their arrival at their destination, of the pocket money given by the parish to the emigrants. Where such a course may be preferred, they propose to enter into contracts with parish officers and others for conducting the Emigration of Paupers. The following terms of contracts will, it is believed, be found to rtontain every security which the most cautious and benevolent guardian of the poor could desire. 14 TERMS OF CONTRACTS. 1st. Passage to be provided for such sum as may be agreed upon. 2nd. Ports of embarkation and debarkation, and ultimate destination, to be specified. 3rd. Day of sailing to be specified, and if any delay take place, although from wind, weather, or any other equally unavoidable cause, the passengers to be maintained at the expense of Robert Gouger and Co., according to the scale of rations. 4th. Provisions to be distributed from the day fixed for embarkation according to a scale to be agreed upon. 5th. Sum to be paid to the emigrants on their arrival. It will thus be seen, that when the rate-payers of a parish have formed the wish to promote the emigration of a number of paupers desirous to emigrate, their wish may be at once carried into effect without further trouble or anxiety beyond that of Correspondence with the Undersigned, who undertake to fur- nish the fullest information upon every point which may be interesting to those who may be pleased to confide in them, and to incur the responsibility as well as the trouble of carrying into full effect the wishes of those with whom they may en- ter into contracts. ROBERT GOUGER and CO 148, Leadenhall Street. THE KNO. 1!^ TO EMIGRANTS. The Emigration of Capitalists and Persons of a Higher Class is generally conducted in a very defective manner, on inadequate, and often on wrong information, and at a very unnecessary expendi- ture of time, trouble, and money. The Undersigned have therefore formed an establishment in London, of which the objects are: — 1. To furnish ample and correct information concerning the rela- tive advantages and disadvantages of the colonies open to emigrants. 2. To give such information respecting the colonial markets as may guide the investment of money in merchandise. 3. To afford, by means of their Agents^ advice and assistance to the Emigrant on his reaching the colony. For these purposes the Undersigned have opened a corres- pondence with residents in Van Diemen's Land, New South Wales, the Swan River Settlement, South Africa, and the British Colonies in North America; and are besides con- stantly supplied with Colonial Newspapers, and the latest books relating to the Colonies. 4. To receive pay and pensions for officers resident in the colonies, and to remit the same. 5. To provide Outfit, Tools, Implements of Husbandry, &c. suited to each voyage and to the colony selected. 6. To secure passages, clear and ship goods, &c. ROBERT GOUGER & Co. Ml - ' 1!!:' LONDON I PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES, StMnford StrMtt r^w •^f' m