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Pupils preparing for Junior and Senior Leaving Examinations. Students preparing for Teachers' Certificates. And all other Official Examinations. SECOND EDITION. TORONTO : ^^ J. GAGE- & COMPANY 1892. T™ :~ J .y^frrri^r^'", v.rr,r^-_- f Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the Office of tlic Minister of Agriculture, by \V. J. Gage & Co., in tlio year one thousand eight hundred and r.ixieiy-two. M^ NOV 27 1967 •>^., A- ^WwW^r^"^W^M\i^^^ ■>, .3? ■ 7.^'* PKEFAOE. :■-■'" A great deal of time is wasted in making notes for review when studying history. The object in issuing this note book is to save the time of teachers tind pupils. The note book may be used in connection with any text book. If the teacher prefers to teach history by oral lessons the note book will be especially useful All students in Public and High Schools will find it an invalua.ble aid in reviewing for examinations. ■m Toronto, Aug. 15th, 1892. v-rv^ ,«,--_-jj«-; 1 ■■■^1^^ II •JW NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. CHAPTER L I. What constitutes "England." What is commonly known as "England" is in reality "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland," consisting of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. Eng- land is the portion settled by the English. Ireland was conquered by Henry 11., the first of the Angevins; and the Irish Parliament united with the English Parliament in 1800. Wales was conquered by Edward I. , the fifth of the Angevins. Scotland and England have had the same king since the com- mencement of the Stuart period. James I. of England had been king of Scotland before he ascended the English throne, and he thus united the two kingdoms under one crown. The English and Scotsh Parliaments were united in 1707, during the reign of Anne, the last of the Stuarts. II. How England has "been governed. Eleven distinct lines of rulers have held sway in England, as follows : — Britons to 56 B. o. Romans 55 English 449 Danes 1017 English 1041 Normans 1066 Angevins 1154 Lancastrians 1399 Yorkists 1461 Tudors 1485 Stuarts 1603 Hanoverians 1714 to 449 A.D 505 years. 1017 1041 „ ... 1066 ,. ... 1154 ., ... 1399 ., ... 1461 M ... 1485 1603 1714 „ ... present time. .568 . 24 . 25 . 88 .245 . 62 . 24 .118 .111 M II II II II II II II II V, 6 III. NOTES OV SN'OLISH HISTORY. How the ruling races succeeded to tht Kingdom. The rights of the rulers to govern were obtained as follows : — 1. The Romans by conquest. Csesar, 65 B.C. ; conquest completed by Agricola, 78 A.D. 2. The English by conquest. Hengist and Horsa, 449. 3. The Danes by conquest. Canute, 1017. 4. The English were restored peaceably in 1041, Bdward the Confessor being chosen king. 5. The Normans by conquest. William the Conqueror, Senlao (Hastings), 1066. 6. The Angevins, or Plantagenets, were descended from Matilda, daughter of Henry I., the third Norman king. 7. Henry IV., the first Lancastrian, was raised to the throne by Parliament, the last of the Angevins having been de- posed by the same body. 8. The Yorkists won the crown from the Lancastrians in the Wars of the Roses. ■ 9. The Tudors were of Lancastrian descent. Henry Tudor defeated Richard III. at Bosworth. Richard was killed in the battle. Henry then became king, as Henry YII. 10. The Stuarts came to the throne by inheritance. James I., son of Mary, Queen of Scots, was the nearest heir on the death of Queen Elizabeth. He was descended from the eldest daughter of Henry YII., the first of the Tudors. 11. The Hanoverians were made heirs to the throne of Eng- land by the English Parliament by the passage of the Act of Settlement. Qeorge, the first Hanoverian, was the aon of Sophia, the grand-daughter of James I. She had married the ruler of Hanover, hence tha name of Hanoverian. The following genealogical table shows the connection between the various ruling races from the time of William the Oon- quoror to the present : — *;;>' NOTES ON ENGLISH UISTOKY. GENEALOGY OP THE ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS. Wvi. Con. Win. II. Richard I. Henry II. (Ang.) Letiry I. (Stephen J I Nephew. Mat: ilda. John. Henry III. Edward I, I Edward II. Edward III. (Black Prince) Richard II. Lionel John of Gaunt Duke of Clarence ^ Duke of Lancaster (Edmund of York) Henry IV. (Lan.) Henry V. Henry VI. Ed. IV. Ed. V. Rich. III. Henry VII. (The Yorkists were (Tudor) also descended from I Lionel of Clarence. Henry VIII. Ed. Vr. Mary. Elizabeth. Charles I. Charles II. James II. I I Mary married William III. Anne. (Margaret) married James IV. of Scotland. Her gr. g'd- son, James VI. of Scot., was heirtoEng. throne on death of Elizabeth. ■Tames I. • Elizabeth. Sophia married Duke of Hanover. George I. (Han.) George II. George IV, Williuju IV. George III. (Duke of Kent.) ■I VICTORIA. P*II,4J^V'U',IP"U' 8 NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTOHY. THE SOVEEEIGNS OF ENGLAND. From 1(X!0 to the I'iiesent time. I. Normans. William I. (conqueror) 1000 William II. (son) 1087 Henry I. (brother) 1100 Stephen (nephew) 1135-1154 II. Angevins. Henry II. (grandson of H. I.) 1154 Eichard I. (son) 1189 John (brother) 1199 Henry III. (son) 1216 Edward I (son) 1272 Edward II. (son) 1307 Edward III. (son) 1327 Eichard II. (grandson> 1377-1399 III. Lancastrians. Henry IV. (son of John of Gauat 1399 Henry V. (son). 1413 Henry VL (son) 1422-1461 IV. Yorkists. Edward IV. (son of Duko of York) 1461 Edward V. (son) 1488 EichanillL (uncle).. .1488-1485 V. TUDORS. t Henry VII. (de?. John of Gaunt) 1485 Henry VIII. (son) 1509 F^lward VI. (son) 1517 Mary (half-sister) 1553 Elizabeth (half-sister). . 1558-1608 VI. STUARTa James L (des. Henry VIL ). 1603 Charles I. (son) - 325 Commonwealth 1649 Charles II. (son of Chas. L)..1660 James IL (brother) 1685 William III. and Mary. (Mary was a daughter James IL) 1689 Anne(daughterJas. II.) 1702-1714 VII. Hanoverians. George I. (great-grandson of James I.) 1714 George II. (son) 1727 George III. (grandson) 1760 George IV. (son) 1820 William IV. (brother) 1880 Victoria (niece) 1887 ■A.' > iMiniMi mm ^JL I !.' "TTTTCr"'^ NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTOU*. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEAOHBIL y wmm OTHMipi 10 NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. CHAPTER 11. THE ROMAN PERIOD. Time. — ^55 B.C. to 449 A.D., 504 years, Although the Roman period is usually given as extending from 55 B.C., when Caesar landed in Britain, till 449 A.D., when the English came, the Romans really ruled Britain for only a little over three centuries. They did not return to the country at all for nearly 100 years after Caesar's visit, and the conquest of the Britons was not completed until A.D. 78. The Romans began to leave Britain in 410 A.D. to defend Rome itself from barbaric invaders. I. Leaders ot the Roman Period. 1. Queen Boadicea, who bravely defended Britain against the Romans. 2. Julius CsBSar, the first Roman Emperor who invaded Britain. 3. Agricola, the Roman general who completed the conquest of Britain. 4. St. Alban, a leader in introducing Christianity into Britain, who was martyred early in the 4th century. II. General Progress. The Britons were a barbarous and warlike race. The Romans taught them how to build houses, and trained them in agriculture. The country was partially drained, good roads were made, and several towns wore built. Two walls were built by the Romans across the northern part of England to keep invading tribes from what we now call Scotland, back. m^^m ••^^•f^""* ', 'Jfilll.'Vii,' NOTES ON ENOLISH HISTORY. nan len lish ver all ; of ans self III. Religion. The religion of the Britons was Druidism. They worshipped in the fine groves of the island, and regarded the oak as a sacred tree. The Druids were very influential among the people. They combined the three offices of priest, teacher, and judge. Christianity was introduced to a limited extent during the Roman period, and the Roman persecution of the Christians extended to Britain. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACH EB ON THE ROMAN PERIOD, inst ded lest iin. ans I in ood WO mrt call 12 NOTKS ON ENGLISH HISTORY. CHAPTER III. THE ENGLISH PERIOD. Time. — The En^flish period, including the 24 years of Danish rule, lasted 617 years, from 449 to 1066 I. Where the English came from. The English came from what is now called Sleswick. With the English (or Angles) were united the Jutes on the north and the Saxons on the south. The Romans called them all Saxons, because they came in contact with the tribe living farthest south. II. The English Conquest. The Picts of Scotland and the Scots of Ireland soon began to invade Britain after the Romans left. Unable to save their country themselves, the Britons invited the English, a daring and warlike race, to come to their assistance. The offer of land and pay as a reward led Hengest and Horsa, two English chiefs, to aid them in driving back the Picts and Scots. Having done this, the fierce Englishmen set to work to subdue Britain for themselves. The Britons fought during 150 years with the courage of despair. They refused to be conquered, and to submit to live among their conquerors as their forefathers had lived with the Romans. The gieater portion of them were slaughtered. The result was that at the close of the struggle ''Britain had bec'^me England, a land not of Britons but of .Englishmen. " III. Leaders of the English Period. 1. Hengest and Horsa, leaders of the English invasion, 44i) *^. Egbert, first king of united England, 827. 3. Alfred the Great (close of 9th century. ) The greatest king of the English period. He saved his country from the Danes. He gave his people wise laws. He translated I m NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTOKY. 13 of a number of books into the English language. He founded Oxford University, and tried to interest the people in a general system of education. 4. Edward the Confessor, the first of the restored line of English kings ; noted for his goodness and his liberal laws. 5. Harold, the last of the English kings. 6. Bede, a great historian and translator. 7. Ceedmon, the first English poet. 8. Augustine, who introduced Christianity from Rome. 9. Aidan and Cuthbert, who introduced Christianity from Ireland. 10. Dunstan, the first of England's great ecclesiastical statesmen. IV. General Progress. The English were divided into three classes when they first settled in Britain. The lowest class were slaves, who were sold by their masters at will. Then there was a middle class of freeman, and the higher or "noble " class called eorls. After the introduction of Christianity the sla'^es gradually obtained their freedom, and they were nearly all freemen at the close of the English period. The freemen, however, became more subservient to the nobles after the union of the whole land under one king. They found it necessary to unite under the leadership of the nobles for the protection of their lives and property. This prepared the way for the Feudal System, set up by the Normans. V. Constitutional Growth, under the English. 1. The English had the elements of good constitutional govern- ment when they first came to Britain. 2. They were first divided into seven kingdoms (the Heptarchy), but were united into one kingdom by Egbert, 827. 3. Alfred the Qreat and Edward the Confessor issued codes of laws. •v 14 NOTES ON EiVOLISH HISTORY. 4. At the close of the English period they possessed the most essential features of British freedom. They had a King, and a parliament called the Witenagemot, which met three times a year. 6. Municipally the English had (1) burghs, the beginnings of towns and cities, formed by families coming together near the forts ; and rural divisions into townships, hundreds, and shires. The hundreds were larger than townships, and were chiefly for the administration of the laws, and the shires nearly correspond with the counties of to-day. Trial by jury was practised by the assembly of the hundreds. VI. The Church during the EngUsh Period. 1. The English worshipped heathen gods ; Woden, the god of war ; Thor, the god of thunder, and many others. The days of our week are named after their gods. 2. Christianity was at first driven out by the English, but it was again introduced about the year 600 by Augustine from Rome, and by Aidan and Cuthbert from Ireland, where the Christian religion had been previously established . In about 100 years Christianity had become the religion of the people throughout the seven kingdoms of the Heptarchy. 3. The Church not only influenced the manners and morals of the people, but soon began to make its power felt in controlling the aflairs of state. VII. Education and Literature during the English Period. 1. Oxford University was founded by Alfred. 2. Ceedmon wrote poetry on the Creation, and other religious topics, in English. 3. Bede translated the Gospel of St. John into English, and wrote a History of the English Church in Latin. 4. King Alfred translated Bede's History, the Psalms, and ^sop's Fables, into English. He also arranged for the preparation of a history of the English people called the Saxon Chronicle. V] m^immifmmm ■H NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 15 VIII. Wars during the English Period. 1. The kingdoms of the Heptarchy were Mercia, Northumbria, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Ke^it, and East Anglia. The first three were the most powerful. These kingdoms were very frequently at war among themselves until Egbert of Wessex united them into one kingdom in 827. 2. The Danes coming chiefly from Norway and the northern part of Denmark harassed the English during the last two centuries of this period. After each defeat they swarmed into England in larger numbers. It was by the Danes that Alfred the Great was forced into retirement. He, however, succeeded in defeating them and freeing his country from their attacks for a considerable time, but they secured the mastery about 100 years after his death, when Cnut (Canute) oecame the first Danish king of England in 1017. 3. The N'orman Invasion. Edward the Confessor left no heir. William of Normandy then claimed the crown of England, saying that Edward had promised it to him. The English, however, chose Harold, the most powerful noble in England, for their king. William invaded the country, and defeated Harold at Senlac (Hastings), 1066. Harold was killed, and William (the Conqueror) then became king. IX. Summary of the English Period. 1. General Progress : — The slaves became free men. 2. Constitutional Growth :— 1. — The Heptarchy united into one kingdom, 827. 2. — The Witenagemot, or gathering of the wise men. 3. — Municipal divisions into shires, hundreds, town- ships, and burghs. 4.— A form of trial by jury established. 3. The Church :— 1. — Heathenism introduced and Christianity driven out. 2. — Christianity re-introduced about GOO. 3. — The influenceof the Church powerful in matters of state. 4,J|l:i .Jl ,.■! .1. 16 NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 4. Education :— 1. — Oxford University founded by Alftred the Great. 2. — Caedmon, the first English poet. 3.— Prose writers and translators ; Bede and Alfred the Great. ^ 5. Wars :— 1. — Between rival divisions of the Heptarchy. 2.— Danish invasions for 200 years ; finally successful, 1017. 3.— ITorman invasion, successful 1066, William the Conqueror. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER ON THE ENGLISH PElilQD. mm mmmmmmm NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 17 ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER. 3PS 18 NOTES ON ENOUSU HISTORY. CHAPTER IV. THE NORMAN PERIOD. Time.— 1066 to 1154, 88 years. I. Leaders during tlie Norman Period. William the Conqueror was the greatest man of his age, and one of the greatest men of all ages. Physically he was the strongest man in his kingdom. He was a great general, and a wise statesman. He was a terrible enemy. The subjuga- tion of so great a people as the English, and the complete re-organization of the whole realm in such a short time, prove that he was a man of most remarkable power and ability. His chief work in England was the establishment of the Feudal System. He compiled the Domesday Book, containing a registration of the titles to the land throughout England after he had divided it to suit his own purposes. 2. Lanfranc was one of the wisest of the counsellors of William I. He was made Archbishop of Canterbury by William, and gave the king great assistance in the management of the affairs both of Church and State. 3. Anselm was the successor of Lanfranc. He determinedly resisted William II. and Henry I. in their attempt to control the church as their father William L had done. He was banished by both kings, but remained firm, and in the end carried his point. His example did much to keep alive in the breasts of the English people the spirit of resistance to despotism. II. General Progress under the Normans. 1. The Feudal System of William the Conqueror, while not in all respects a step in advance, was a most important stage in the development of the English people. William confiscated the estates of the nobles of England, and gave ^■^ ""mgmmifim NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 19 them to his Norman barons on condition that they would give him assistance in time of war. The barons made similar conditions with their tenants. This placed every man in the kingdom in a position of dependence on the king, and enabled him to raise an army on short notice. 2. The towns and cities grew rapidly in wealth and population, and many of them obtained free charters granting liberty to manage their own affairs. Thus the towns and cities helped to preserve the independence of the people, while the freemen of the shires were yielding their liberty to the barons. 3. The country increased very rapidly in wealth under the first three Norman kings, on account of the continued peace. 4. Many Jews came to the country, and their money aided in extending the manufactures of England. 5. The style of architecture in the cities and towns vastly improved. III. Constitutional Growth, -ander the l^or- mans. 1. The English constitution was set aside by William I., and his son William II. maintained the absolute power assumed by his father. 2. Henry I. granted a charter to the people and founded a system of law courts conducted by competent judges. IV. The Church under the Normans. 1. The church grew very rapidly in wealth and power during this period. 2. William the Conqueror dismissed the English prelates and appointed others of his own choosing, retaining himself absolute control of the church, as he did of all other departments of national life. 3. After his death the church under Anselm began a struggle for freedom, and after a contest with two kings, William II. and Henry I., Anselm triumphed. 20 NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 4. The Church iras not succesfiful spiritually during the first half of the Norman period. There was naturally little sympathy between the Norman prelates and the lower priesthood and people. During the last 30 years, however, a genuine religious revival passed over England. V. Wars during the Norman Period. 1. The English revolt. The English people did not willingly submit to William the Conqueror. Taking advantage of his absence in Normandy, the entire nation rebelled during the second year of his reign. William's action was prompt and his vengeance terrible. He devastated the northern part of England so thoroughly that some parts of it were not settled again for more than fifty years. 2. War between Stephen and Matilda. Henry I. left the crown to his daughter Matilda. Her cousin Stephen secured the throne. Matilda asserted her claim, and civil war followed for fourteen years. King David of Scotland invaded England on behalf of Matilda, but he was defeated at the Battle of the Standard. Finally an arrangement was made by which Henry of Anjou, the son of Matilda, was declared heir on the death of Stephen. VI. Summary of the Norman Period. 1. Leaders : (1) William the Conqueror, great general and states- man. Feudal System and Domesday Book. (2) Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, wise politician. (3) Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, resisted William II. and Henry L 2. General Progress : — (1) Feudal System established. (2) Growth of free towns and cities. (3) Bapid increase of wealth. (4) Settlement of Jews. (5) Improvement in manufactures and architecture. m^ KOTES ON KNOUSH HISTORY. 21 3. The Constitution :— (L) English Constitution set aside in favor of the abso- lutism of the Feudal System. (2) Henry I. granted a charter, and improved the courts. 4. The Church :— (1) Rapid increase in wealth and influence. (2) Dismissal of English prelates. (3) Quarrel between the Church and the kings. (4) Religious apathy during the first half of the period, great revival during the last half, i. Wars : — (1) English rebellion. William's thorough conquest. (2) War between Stephen and Matilda. Battle of the Standard. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER ON THE NORMAN PEBIOD. "I I I I I I I i»py-.. and his refusal to do so roused the barons to revolt undjr Simon de Montford. They defeated the king at Lewes in 12G4, but Simon was defeated and killed at Evesham in 12G5. The Peasant Revolt. The poorer classes, under Wat Tyler, rebelled against the payment of the Poll Tax, a most unjust tax levied on the poor to the same extent as the rich. Tltii* .> obellion, however, aimed to remove other burdens NOTKS ON ENOTJSn UISTOUY. 29 in addition to the Poll Tax. The leaders demanded : — 1, That lands should be rented, and not paid for by service to the nobles ; 2, That slavery should be abolished ; 3, That all should be permitted to buy or sell in the markets. Wat Tylei was killed by the Mayor of London, and the rebellion ended without success. VI. Summary of tlie Angevin Period. 1. General Progress : — (1) Overthrow of the Feudal System. (2) Increase of wealth and freedom of the towns. (3) Tenant farming int-^duced. (4) The struggle of the peasantry for independence. (5) The social and religious awakening caused by the Friars and Wyclil. 2. The Constitution :~ (1) Courts and trials by jury founded by Henry II. (2) The Great Charter granted by John. (3) House of Commons founded. (4) Increase of parliamentary power over the king. 3. The Church :— (1) Struggle between Henry 11. and Beket. (2) John's quarrel with and submission to the Pope. (3) The good work of the Friars. (4) The liberal reforms of Wyclif. 4. Wars. (1) Ireland and Wales conquered. Henry IT. , Edward 1. (2) In France. John defeated at Bouvines. Victories of Cressy and Poitiers. (3) With Scotland. Wallaco defeated ; Bruce victorious at Bannockburn ; English won Halidon Hill and Neville's Cross. (4) Revolts of barons. John submitted at Runnymede ; Earl Simon won Lewes, lost Evesham. (5) Peasant revolt. Wat Tyler killed. ** J| I l > t M rOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 31 ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER ON THE ANGEVIN PERIOD. f ^OXKS ON K.NHJLI.SH lllSTOKY. CHAPTEU VI. THE LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST PERIODS. Time— 1399 to 14G1— 1485 ; 86 years. I. Leaders of the Lancastrian and Yorkist Periods. 1. Great kings : — Henry V. possessed the courage and the genius of a great military leader. He won the brilliant victory of Agincourt, and forced the French people to acknowledge him as heir to the throne of France. Edward IV. was an able warrior, but an abler statesman. Ho was strong enough to set aside the constitutional government that had been rapidly developing during the Angevin and Lancastrian periods, and to rule as an absolute monarch. 2. William Oaxton introduced printing into England. Ho iaauod the first book printed in English in 1472. II. General Progress during the Lancastrian and Yorkist Periods. 1. In spite of the " Wars of the Roses " the towns continued to grow rapidly. 2. Owing to the destruction of the baronage by the Wars of the Roses small land holders greatly increased in numbers. This completed the overthrow of the Feudal System of William the Conqueror. 3. The traders and peasants not only improved in worldly position, but began to take a direct interest in the political affairs of the country. This is important. The Churcli and tha barons had lust their control of the king. Tiu; greater power, the people, now began to re-assert tlvi'f.: selves. i. NOTES ON ENULI.su UlSlOllY. 4. Learning and literature received little attention in the universities during this periuJ, as so many of the nobility were killed in the " Wars of the Roses." Owing to the introduction of printing, however, the masses of the people began to take an interest in education. ■■■ 84 NOTES ON ENOLISU HISTORY. III. The Constitution under the Lancastrians and Yoi'kists. 1. The Lancastrian kings submitted to parliamentary control. The first of them received his appointment from Parlia- ment, and he could not do leas than recognize the power that appointed him. 2. The increase in the number of voters among the peasahta alarmed the higher classes, and they deemed it prudent to pass laws prohibiting the lower classes from voting. This did much to prevent the development of the peasantry of England. 3. The *' Wars of the Roses " checked the development of JSnglish liberty for at least a century. The kings ha«l been forced to recognize the rights of the subject in the past by the barons and the Church. The churchmen were now concerned chiefly in the protection of their large properties, and had no men such as Anselm and Beket to chock the absolutism of the king. The *' Wars of the Roses " almost utterly destroyed the English barons, so that they no longer had the power to demand a charter as had been done at Runnymede, or enforce the carrying out of its provisions as they had done in the time of Henry III. This made it pos- sible for Edward IV. to set aside the Constitution and found the new monarchy which continued throughout the Yorkist and Tudor periods, and lasted till near the close of the Stuart period. tmmmimmfi^ NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTOItY. 35 IV. The Church, under the Lancastrians and Yorkists. 1. The Lollards, the followers of WycHf, were bitterly perse- cuted during the Lancastrian period, but their influence for good was not checked by persecution. 2. The Church, while it increased in wealth, lost much of its earnestness in religion. V. Education. Tho most noteworthy feature of this period educationally is the awakening of the people of the middle classes to a realization of the advantages of education. The universities were almost deserted, because the young men of the nobility were nearly all engaged on one side or the other in the "Wars of tJie Roses.' mfmimm'''^Kmmf mmmmmfftmminmm 36 NOTES ON ENOLISn niSTORT. VI. Wars during the Lancastrian and Yorkist Periods. 1. The Lollard Rising. The Lollards were persecuted so vigorously by Henry IV. and Henry V. that they were driven to attempt to overthrow the latter king. Their attempt failed ; forty of their leaders were executed, and Lollardism ceased to be a political movement. Its religious influence continued to spread, however. 2. The French War. Henry V. revived the claim of the English kings to the throne of France. He won a brilliant victory with a small army of tired men at A^ncourt in 1415, but was not strong enough to renew the contest for about three years. He was at length appointed Regent of Prance, with the right to succeed to the throne on the death of tho reigning king. Henry himself died first, how- ever, and as a few parts of France had never yield*!'! to him, tho war went on. The city of Orleans had stub' ornly refused to submit to Henry, and had endured a terrible siege. When it was nearly reduced to starvation. Joan of Arc, a peasant maid, who claimed to have received a direct message from God, placed herself at the head of the French troops, and saved her country. She was finally captured by the English and put to death, after a trial, as a sorceress and a heretic ; but her enthusiasm and faith had roused the French, and the English were forced to give up the struggle after continuing it for nearly thirty years longer. The English had now been at war with France for the greater portion of a hundred years, from the time Edward III. first claimed the French throne. They had bravely won Cressy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, but the "Hundred Years' War" ended in humiliation to the English. In the end they lost the province of Aquitaine, and Calais was tho only part of France acquired in a century of conflict. I "l^p^p^ NOTES ON ENOLISH HISTOUY. 37 3. Cade's Revolt. John Cade led a r'^bollion of Kentish yeomen and tradesmen at the close of the French war. His purpose waa to force the king and the higher classes to grant greater justice to the lower classes. His demands wer^ granted, but he waa afterwards cruelly murdered. The pr- • gressof the peasantry is shown by a comparison of the demands made by Wat Tyler seventy years before with those now made by Cade. The first asked freedom from slavery ; the second demanded reforms in the government, showing that they were taking an intelligent interest in public matters. 4. Wars of the Roc3es. Henry VI., the last of the Lancas- trians, had no heir till near the close of his reign. This led the Duke of York to sot up hia claim to the throne. Both the Lancastrians and Yorkists were descended from Edward III., the Lancastrians from his fourth, and the Yorkists from his third son. The baronage of .England divided into two parties, one supporting the Lancastrian and the other the Yorkist claim. The Lancastrians adopted a red rose as an emblem, and the Yorkists wore a white rose, hence the name of the war. The war began in 1455, and in 1460 York was acknowledged to have the right to the crown on Henry's death. Queen Margaret had now a son, and she determined to make an effort in favor of her boy's rights. She succeeded in capturing York, who was put to death. Edward, the young Duke of York, pushed his claims even more vigor- ously than his father had done. He determined not to wait for Henry's deatii, but to secure the throne at once. At Towton, in 1401, ho utterly defeated the Lancastrians. Twenty thousand of them were killed on the field, and their leaders who were not killed in the battle wore put to death afterwards. Henry VI. was put in prison, wh3re he re- mained, except for a short interval, until his death ten years afterwards, and the young Duke of York waa crowned as Edward IV. Ex-Queen Margaret tried to dethrone King Edward by raising an army chiefly in France, but she wa3 m^ 38 NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. unsuccessful. The Earl ofWarwiok had been the lead- ing friend of Edward, and had been mainly instrumental in placing him on the throne. After a few years, however, he quarrelled with the kinpr, and took the part of the Lancas- trians. He drove Edward from England, and brought Henry from prison to be king again. Edward soon returned, however, and Warwick was defeated and killed at Barnet in 1471. Margaret was on her way with an army to Join Warwick, but was late in arriving. Edward now defeated her at Tewkesbury. Her son, the Lancastrian heir, was killed in this battle, and this event closed the bitter struggle. 5. The Tudor Revolution. Edward IV. was succeeded by his son, Edward Y., a boy thirtoen years old. His uncle Richard was made Protector, and he began at once to try to make himself king. He put to death the leading friends of the young king, and then put Edward himself and his younger brother in prison. The friends of Richard in Par- liament proclaimed him king, but the people became roused against him on account of the murder of Edward and his brother in the Tower. Henry Tudor, seeing the strong feeling of both Lancastrians anrl Yorkists against the cruelty of Rishard, determined to unite the rival parties in favor of himself. He was a Lancastrian, and he proposed to marry Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of Edward IV., and sister of the young king Edward V., who had been so cruelly murdered by Richard. His plan was successful. He defeated Richard at Bosworth Field in 1485. Richard was killed, and Henry Tudor crowned as Henry VII. on the battle-field. ^r NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 3£ the lead- lental in ?ever, he I Lancas- brought returned, Barnet y to join defeated heir, was struggle. eeded by ^is uncle ice to try ig friends f and his fd in Par- ne roused d and his ;he strong he cruelty n favor of to marry d sister of murdered d Bichard :illed, and )-field. VIII. Sumniary of tlie Lancastrian and Yorkist Periods. 1. Leaders: — Henry V. conquered France; Edward IV., warrior and statesman, revived the absolutism of the kings ; Cax- ton introduced printing, 1472. 2. General Progress :•- (1) Towns continued to grow. (2) Small landholders increased very rapidly owing to the destruction of the baronage. (3) The end of the Feudal System. (4) Traders and peasants improved in wealth, and began to take an interest in politics. (5) Learning received lef?8 attention from the higher classes, but spread among the lower classes. (6) 3. The Constitution :— (1) Lancastrian kings were guided by ParJiament. (2) Struggles between the aristocracy and the lower classes regarding the right to vote. (3) Constituticnal government was set aside by Edward lY. (4) 4. The Church:— (1) Persecution of the Lollards. (2) Decline in the spiritual power of the Ohurcli. (3) 5. Education :— (1) The awakening of the people. (2) The neglect of the universitiv^a. (3) 40 - NOTES ON ENOLTSir IIISTOKT. 0. Wars : — (1) The Lollard Rising unsuccessful. (2) End of 100 years' war with France. Henry V. suwcvsa- ful, and acknowledged heir to the French throne. Joan of Arc. English defeated in the »,nd. (3) Cade's revolt in favor of political reform. (4) "Wars of the Roses;" Yorkists successful. English Baronage destroyed and Feudalism ended. (5) Tudor Revolution. Eichard III. killed at Bosworth, and Henry VII. made king. (6) ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEAGIIEB ON THE LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST PERIODS. T NOTRS ON KNril.lSH IlISTOKY. dl CIIAPTKR VII. TITT^. TUDOR PERIOD. Time.— 14 '5 to i'V)3 ; 118 years. I. Lenders daring the Tudor Period. 1. Rulers : — Henry VIII. was noted for (1) his quarrel with the Pope ; (2) his being recognized as head of the Church ; (3) the over- throw of the monasteries. Queen Elizabeth was a woman of great strength of character, Iler reign is notable on account of (1) her successful diplo- macy in dealing with foreign nations ; (2) the establish- ment of Protestantism ; (3) the defeat of the Spanish Armada ; (4) the rei^iY?'! of English literature ; (5) the rapid growth of maiiul'acturos imd commerce. 2. Navigators :~ John Cabot and his a^n SvJb t ^tian first discovered the Conti- nent of America in 1497 ; Drake sailed around the world ; and Raleigh founded Virginia. 3. Statesmen :— Thomas Wolsey was the real ruler of England for sixteen years during tho reign of Henry VIII. He held at one time the positions of ( r ancellor of England and Papal Legate in England, at tlift inns ^ha highest positions that could be attained in both tr-; iStato and the Church in England. He wa", one of the ablest men England has produced, and did mrch to make Henry VIII. the tyrant he afterwards became. Heijiy finally hart him arrested for high treason because he disapproved of Henry's marriage with Anne Boleyn. Ho died on his way to the Tower, 42 NOTES ON ENGLISH UISTORY. Thomi3 Cromwell. If any Englishman ever had more force than Oliver Cromwell, that man was Thomas Cromwell. He won the favor of Henry by advising him to separate from Rome and declare himself to be the s i "•'•Pme head of the Church, independent of thij Pope's cout Once master of the situation, he determined to bring the eut :) nation under the direct control of the king. He proceeded to accomplish his object in the most determined and merciless manner. Those who opposed him were put to death. He succeeded 80 well that the period during which he ruled has been called "the terror." He made the English people the slaves of the king more completely than they had been since the time of William the Conqueror. Under his guidance "arbitrary taxation, arbitrary legislation, arbitrary imprison- ment were powers claimed without dispute and unsparingly exercised by the Crown. " In order to unite the Protestantism of England and Europe he brought about a marriage between Henry VIII. and Anne of Cleves, a German Protestant. This led to his downfall. Henry, who had not met his bride, was enraged because she was somewhat coarse in appearance. He was indignant at Cromwell, and had him put to Jeath. 4. Authors :— Sir Thomas More, statesman and author, beheaded by Crom< well. Chief work Utopia, a description of an ideal govern* ment and community. Spenser, the first gi*eat English poet, lived in the time of Elizabeth. Chief work, The Faerie Queen. Shakspeare, the greatest English dramatist, lived during Eliza- beth's reign. Francis Bacon wrote scientific works during the later Tudor and early Stuart periods. Chief work. Novum Organum. Sir Philip Sydney was a statesman, a warrior, and an author in Elizabeth's time. Arcadia was his finest work. Sir Walter Raleigh, the great navigator, wrote a History of the World. NOTES ON ENGLISH IlISTOKY. 4:i Scholars and Reformers :- Coiet founded the Middle Class Schools of England under Henry VIII. He was a vigorous religious reformer, as well as a distinguished scholar. Erasmus was associated with Colet in his educational and re- ligious work. He was an able author, and an advocate of reforms both in Church and State. Latimer was a preacher of wonderful power. He was a Pro- testant, and was burned by Queen Mary. Cracmer was Archbishop of Canterbury. He organized the Church of England during the reign of Edward VI. He translated the Bible. He was burned in Mary's persecution. John Knox during this period did for Scotland in education and religion what Colet and Erasmus did for England. r^ lJlH,Wr^-l%ill-l»'.. .;■;,>. 44 NOTES ON ENGLISH UISTOUY. II. General Progress under the Tudors. The liberation of the laborers from the bondage of the Feudal System gave them freedom without jjiving them a training in good citizenship. One result was that an army of thou- sands of sturdy beggars travelled over the country de- manding support, and frequently uaiug force when their demands were not complied with. Poor Jjaws were passed in Elizabeth's reign dealing wisely wil-h thi" gr jat national danger. The long peace of Elizabeth's time allowed the country to develop rapidly in wealth, as the money made by the people was spent in the country instead of carrying on wars. Manufactures increased, farming was conducted on better plans, and the able-bodied beggars were able to find work. It was at this time that England obtained the com- mercial leadership of the world. The East Tadia Company obtained its first charter in Eliza- beth's reign. The Boyal Exchange was also established during her reign. III. The Constitution under the Tudors. The '* Tudor Tyranny" marks the period when the liberties of the English people reached the lowest condition. The constitution was set aside chiefly through the influence of Wolsey and CromwelL Even personal liberty was checked by the "Spy System," and submission was enforced by making death the penalty for opposition to the royal will. ^^^ NOTES ON ENGLISH UISTOUY. 45 [ V. The Church vi nder the Tudors. 1. Separation from Rome. This was the most important step in the history of the Church in England. Henry VIII., on the advice of his Prime Minister, Cromwell, refused to acknowledge the Pope's supremacy, and was himself proclaimed head of the Church. The cause of the disrap- tion was the refusal of the Pope to sanction the divorce of Henry from his first wife in order that he might marry Anne Boleyn, afterwards the mother of Queen Elizabeth. 2. The Act of Supremacy. By this Act Cromwell made Henry absolute dictator in Church matters. The despotism of the Tudors is best shown by their complete annihilation of the independent rights of the Church, the strongest power in the kingdom except the king. 8. Destruction of the Monasteries. At first the smaller monasteries only were suppressed by Henry and Cromwell, but afterwards all monasteries were broken up. There were doubtless, good moral reasons for the destruction of some of the monasteries. In addition to this, Cromwell knew that the monks would, in most cases, remain faithful to their former allegiance to the Pope and oppose his plans, and he was anxious to get control of their immense wealth. 4. Translation of the Bible into English. This good work was aided by the great revival of learning under Colet and Erasmus, very learned Christians who settled in Eng- land early in the Tudor period. Erasmus tran elated the New Testament. His aim was " to make the weakes* woman read the Gospels, and to have the husbandmen and weavers sing portions of them while at work." Several translations were issued during the Tudor period, showing the greatly increased interest manifested in the religious welfare of the people. In addition to the translation of Erasmus, others were published by Tyudall, Coverdale, and Oranmor. * Jl .•'Wv".. 1 46 NOTJSS ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 6. Protestantism. Although Henry VIII. quarrelled with the Pope, he still adhered to many of the doctrines of the Church of Eome. Still the followers of Wyclif increased rapidly, chiefly through the influence of Colet, Erasmus, Latimer, Thomas Cromwell, and Cranmer. The Forty-two Articles of the English Church creed (since reduced to thirty-nine) were issued in the reign of Edward VI. , son of Henry VIII. Queen Mary, who succeeded Edward, was an ardent Roman Catholic, who persecuted the Protestants, but Elizabeth, her successor, was a strong Protestant. During her reign the English Church was established very nearly on its present foundation. 6. Persecutions. Several persecutions took place during the Tudor period : (1) Under Thomas Cromwell the monasteries were destroyed, and many leading men put to death. (2) Under Edward VI. the Protestants were unfair to Boman Catholics. (3) Under Mary Protestantism was bitterly persecuted. (4) Under Elizabeth many Jesuits and other Roman Catholics were put to death because they plotted to secure the throne for Mary, Queen of Scots. / 'rmmmmm' l."Ji l'"l JILI II I NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 47 V. liOarninj? and Literature under the Tudors. 1. There was a great revival of interest in education in the early part of the Tudor period. More grammar schools were founded in the latter half of the reign of Henry VIII. than for three centuries before. The awakening in regard to education was caused chiefly by Colet and Erasmus. Colet was the founder of the middle olass system of English Schools. 2. The "new learning " had a marked influence on religion, and especially on literature. It led to the great development among literary men during the reign of Elizabeth, when many authors of note appeared, the most important of whom were Spenser, Shakspeare, Sydney, Bacon. Sir Thomas More wrote Utopia (in Latin) in the reign of Henry VIII. VI. Wars during the Tudor Period. 1. Two unsuccessful conspiracies were formed against Henry VII., by Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. 2. French Wars. There were four somewhat unimportant wars with France during the Tudor Period ; one under Henry VII., two under Henry VIII., and one in Mary's reign. The English lost Calais during the latter war. BSCB^ 48 NOTKS ON EXOLISH HISTOllY. 3. Scotch Wars. There were three wars with Scotland during this period : — (1) In the time of Henry VIII., the Scotch king led an army against England to aid the French, but he and the greater part of his army were killed at Plodden. (2) The Scotch were again defeated in a brief war that arose out of a proposal to bring about the marriage of Edward VI. and Mary, afterwards " Queen of Scots." Mary married the eldest son of the king of France. (3) " Mary, Queen of Scots " claimed the English throne early in Elizabeth's reign, and gathered an army chiefly composed of Frenchmen to help her to win it. Elizabeth, with the aid of Scotch Protestants, soon compelled Mary to acknowl- edge her right to the throne. The Roman Catholic party, instigated mainly by the Jesuits, were anxious to have a Roman Catholic queen, and they continued to plot against Elizabeth and in favor of Mary, until at length Mary was put in prison, where she remained until her execution. (4) Rebellion against Mary. Protestantism, after flourish- ing during the reigns of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., became alarmed lest the latter, who war. young and sickly, should be succeeded by his sister Mary, an ardent Roman Catholic. Leading Protestants had Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen on Edward's death, but the nation refused to sanction this injustice to Mary, and in nine days she became queen. Her marriage soon afterwards with Philip of Spain led to a rebellion, but it was unsuccessful. Lady Jane Grey's father was one of the leaders against the queen, and he, Lady Jane, her husband, and over sixty other opponents of Mary were executed. (5) The Spanish Armada. Philip of Spain was the leading Roman Catholic monarch of Europe during the time of Queen EHzabeth. When Elizabeth began to imprison the Jesuits and put them to death for plotting in favor of omM ■■■■ ■MWV* NOTES ON KNGLISU HISTORY. 49 *' Mary, Queen of Scots," they applied to Philip for help. He was already angry with England for helping the people of the Netherlands against him, and for destroying many of his treasure-ships, so he determined to conquer England and overthrow the leading Protestant power. In order to do this he gathered a large army and prepared a great fleet, which he called the Invincible Armada. The English sailors with a much smaller fleet utterly defeated the boastful Spaniards, and the greater portion of their vessels was afterwards destroyed by a storm. "'t^^^^f^mmmm 50 NOTES ON ENOLIsn IIISTORT. i t VII. Sum>mary of Events duriii<^ the Tudor Period. 1. Leaders:— (1) Rulers.— Henry VIII. and Elizabeth. (2) Navigators. — Cabot, Drake, Raleigh. (3) Statesmen. — Wolsey, Thomas Cromwell. (4) Authors. — More, Spenser, Shakspeare, Bacon, Sydney, Raleigh. (5) Scholars and Reformers. — Oolet, Erasmus, Latimer, Cran- mer, John Knox. 2. General Progress :— (1) Poor laws to control sturdy beggars. (2) Manufactures and commerce greatly extended. (3) East India Company and Royal Exchange founded. 3. The Constitution. No progress. 4. The Church :— (1) Separation from Rome. (2) Founding of the English Church. (3) Destruction of the Monasteries. (4) Bible translated several times. (5) Growth of Protestantism. (6) Religious persecutions under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. 5. Learning and Literature :— (1) Middle class schools founded by Colet and Erasmus. (2) Increase of learning caused religious and literary awakening. 6. Wars:— (1) Simnel and Wr.rbeck. (2) Four unimportant French wars. (3) Scotch defeated at Plodden. Mary's (Queen of Scots) conspiracies. {4) Rebellion against Mary. (6) Defeat of the Invincible Armada. iJMpiy iiipjijiiiii ■*w^^p"^"w*^^ ^■'"^■»»"*!W>P^" MOTES ON ENOLISII HISTORY. 51 ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TF'WUEIi ON THE TUDOIi I Eli WD. J*' :■•■■' ■ :•"• "^'Wfliiig^^jjiiw'iKs^pg^g?^^ '^T'srs'nsw^^'^ 52 NOTES oy ENQLISU IIISTOIIY. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHEB ON THE TUDOR NOTBS ON ENGLISH HISTORY 53 OlIAFiER VIII. THE STUART PERIOD. . ime.- 1G03 to 1714 ; 111 years. L Leaders during the Stuai't Period. 1. Elliott, Pym, Hampden, and Cromwell were great 'leaders of the people in their struggle with the king for constitu- tional freedom. Cromwell was the greatest of them. He ruled England by force, but he ruled it wisely, and gave it a foreign standing such as it never had before. As a general and a statesman he may worthily be placed beside William the Conqueror. 2. William III. was a very able general. Feeble in health, he yet reduced the mightiest monarch of the European continent to submission by his inflexible will. 3. The Duke of Marlborough was the most brilliant general of the period, and, with few excerptions, the most successful England ever produced. 4. Authors.— Ben Jonson, Buuyan, Milton, and Locke. II. General Progress under the Stuarts. The great advances made by the English people during the Stuart century were towards religious and political freedom. Education received as nuich attention as could be expected r,ia'g^T^."'.,A'»'' -Mii ' vlPiJlipj^WiJ.'; !v"W-^- ■■■/'»■■-'*' ■' '^^l "''l^^il^i'-ll-^.BJJ .ll.l.l "|lll B4 l^OTKS ON ENOLISIl HISTORY. in such troublous times. Paintingf, architecture, and practical chemistry were taught to a much greater extent than formerly. III. The Constitution under tlie Stuarts. 1. The people became a controlling power. In former periods the barons or the church, or both united, had restrained the kings in the exercise of their despotic power. These controlling powers had los!, their influence during the Yorkist and Lancastrian periods, and the Tudor kings were unrestrained ; hence the Tudor tyranny. The old love of freedom which the English had when they first came to England had never rally died out, and the tyranny of the Tudors and the early Stuarts revived it. James I. and Charles I. claimed the divine right of kings. Presby- terians, Puritans, and Independents opposed the doctrine with all their power. The members of Parliament began to demand fuller control of the affairs of the nation. James I. resisted them. Ho summoned four difTerent Parliaments during his reij,-n, but he soon dismissed them because they asserted the rights of the people. They stopped the supplies of money, but he raised money by unjust taxes, customs, etc., and by loans. He even dismissed thi; judges who would not slavishly execute his commands. Charles I. followed his father's example by dismissing his first two Parliaments, and as he could not get the neceasn -y public money legally from Parliament, he adopted various illegal methods. He finally tried to force a loan from every subject. Five gentlemen refused the loan, and they were imprisoned by the king. These acta violated the two great principles of "freedom from arbitrary taxation," and '•freedom from arbitrary imprisonment." This forced tho people to action. The third Parliament embodied the demands of the people in the Petition of Bighta. It contained four petitions : — !?lJ51ipP'pspp?w«if*^®Wff^^ m^^l^^im^^fl^. NOTES ON KNGLISII HISTORY. 55 (1) No taxation except by Parliament. «2) No imprisonniei)t without trial. (3) No trial by martial law during time of peace. (4) No soldier or sailor could be billeted with private persons without their consent. They afterwards went further and refused to grant the right of the king to levy customs duties. He then dismissed them, and ruled for eleven years without a Parliament, raising his monies illegally in defiance of law. Among other plans he demanded whr.t was called ship-money. In order that he might be able to make war on Holland he compelled every sea-port to give him a certain number of vessels, or else to raise a correspon^^ing sum of money. He asked the inland Counties for the ship-money, and John Hampden refused to pay it. Hampden was tried and put in prison. A fourth Parliament was called in 1640, which refused to grant money until Hampden was set at liberty, and ship-money acknowl- edged by the king to bo illeg. T ■Hi*** .jv; » .ji^i^jr(i ; 1 .' fM^kW'f-''^^^^'^-^ 58 MOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. JV. The Ohurcli under the Stuarts. The people during this period may be divided into the following religious classes : — 1. The Established Church, Protestant with "High" and intolerant leaders. 2. Puritans, who were reformers connected with the Estab- lished Church. They aimed to secure a rigid simplicity in worship. 3. Prosbyterians, earnest Christians, strongly Protestant, who objected to the bishops, ceremonials, and liturgy of the Established Church. 4. The Congregationalists or Independents, Protestants who maintained the right of each congregation to inde- pendence from all superior church courts. 5. The Roman Catholics. Protestants of all classes were united to prevent the return of Roman Catholics to supremacy. The Puritans, Presbyterians, and Independents were opposed to the Established Church, because of its ceremonials, and because Laud and others leaned towards the Church of Rome. The great religious movements of the period were : — 1. Puritan Beforms in the English Church. Both in Church and State the Puritans increased rapidly in power during the time of James I. and Charles I. They attained supremacy politically under Cromwell, but they xost it on his death. Religiously, however, their influence on the worship, the customs, and the pleasures of the people con- tinues till the present time. During the iron rule of Laud many Puritans fled to New Eng- land to escape persecution and to be able to worship as they thought right. 2, Roman Catholic efforts to secure ascendancy. A party of Roman Catholics tried to blow up the Parliament houses and kill the king and members of Parliament in the time of m^^ jjujifiusiXfiL^n iii^m'^Hm*t " ■ - , ■,ri.'.«J, "i(.*|!,.. '■^'jfig^'' NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 59 James I. This iittempt is called the Gunpowder Plot, but the conspirators were prevented from carrying out their terrible design. This plot roused Protestantism, and when it was discovered that Charles II. had made a secret treaty with the king of France for the introduction of the Roman Catholic religion, and it became probable that James II., a«devoted Roman Catholic, would succeed Charles, the Protestants became alarmed, and passed the Test Act, prohibiting Roman Catholics from holding public offices. The Commons passed a bill to prevent James from obtaining the crown, but it was defeated by a small majority in the Lords. These bills were followed by another towards the close of the reign of Charles II., excluding Roman Catholics from Parlia- ment. This bill was passed owing to the discovery of letters sent by the private secretary of the wife of James (afterwards James II.) to the French king, asking aid to overthrow Protestantism. James II. set all these laws at defiance on coming to the throne. He prepared a Declaration of Indulgence formally restoring the rights to Roman Catholics which Parliament had taken away, and ordered the clergymen of the English Church to read it. Many clergymen refused to do so. Seven bishops drew up a petition against the king's declaration, and the angry king foolishly prosecuted them for libel. The trial caused the greatest excitement through- out the country, and when the bishops were acquitted by the court, the people showed their hearty approval by great popular demonstrations. Immediately after this trial the Protestants invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland to come to England and become their leader. He was married to a daughter of James II., but she was a staunch Protestant. On William's arrival James fled, and the crown was given to William and Mary. The Act of Settlement passed in William's reign clearly settled that the sovereign of England must be a Protestant. TO NOTES ON KSOMSM niSTOKY. .'i. Persecutions by the Estdblished Church. Arch- bishop Laud was one oi the ablest men of the time of Charles T. , and one of the most tyrannical men that ever lived in England. Having separated the English Church from the Protestant Churches on the Continent, he perse- cuted the Presbyterians and Puritans most bitterly. He ordered the Scotch to use the English Chui-ch liturgy. They firmly refused, and signed their covenant. Laud's perse- cution helped to bring about the great civil war. Whon the Stuarts were restored the Act of Uniformity was passed, ordering the use of the prayer-book alone in religious services, and compelling all ministers to be ordained by a bishop. Two thousand ministers refused to submit, and were turned out of their parishes. I. Presbyterianism and the Covenantors. In the time of Charles II., during Laud's persecutions, thousands of Scotchmen signed a declaration, of which the following are the closing words, somesigning with their own blood: "We promise and swear, by the great name of the Lord our God, to continue in the profession and obedience of the said religion, and that we shall defend the same and resist all contrary errors and corruptions according to our vocation and the utmost of that power which God has put into our hands, all the days of our life. " The Scotch people made a contract with the English Parlia- ment to fight against Charles I. This agreement was called the "solemn league and covenant," and one of its provisions stipulated that Presbyterianism should be the State Church in England. The Presbyterians were no more tolerant than the English Church, and so they soon came into collision with the Puritans and Independents. The Presbyterians were finally expelled from Parliament, where they were in the majority, by the soldiers, and they ceased to be the State Church. The Covenanters were terribly persecuted by Charles IT., who was determined to i^MMM ■iPVM* ^^^f^'^P*"VmfJf'i W f^vrnviy KOTES ON ENGLISH HISTOKT. 61 destroy Frosbyterianism. They were compelled to worship secretly, and thousands of them were put to death, but the Scotch peoplt; bravely held to their faith. The Revolution gave the Presbyterians their freedom again, and by the Act of Union in 1707 Presbyterianism was made the established Ohurch in Scotland. V. Literature during the Stuart Period. 1. Religious writings. — The religious struggles, as they occupied men's minds more than any other subject during this period, naturally aflFected the literature of the time. The best known books that continue to be read are : Taylor's * * Holy Living and Holy Dying," 6unyan*a " Pilgrim's Progress," Baxter's " Saints' Rest," and Butler's * * Hudibras." 2. Dramatists.— Beaumont and Fletcher, Ben Jonson, and Massinger. 3. Poetical writers. — Milton and Dryden. 4. Historical writers. — Lord Clarendon and Bishop Burnet. 5. Mental philosopher. — John Locke. 02 NOTES ON ENiiLIHH HISTORY, VI. Wars during the Stuart Period. 1. Parliament against the King. The first two Stuarts claimed a divine right to act independently of parliamen- tary control. Parliament had greatly changed, however. The Rchools of Colet, the influence of Erasmus and Latimer, the rapid spread of Presbyterianiam, and the general develop* ment of the middle classes had greatly improved the char- acter of the House of Commons. Several Parliaments were dismissed by James I. and his son Charles I. , but under such noble men as Elliott, Pym, and Hampden, the people grew more determined in their resistance to tyranny, until in 1642 the king and Parliament began a war for supremacy. At first tluB king was successful, but aftc the "solemn league and covenant " had been formed with Scotland, and chiefly through the great skill of Oliver Cromwell, the king was defeated at Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). The king surrendered in 1646, and was kept in prison for over two years, when he was tried for making war on his own subjects and executed in January, 164!). Several fruitless attempts had been made by Parliament to come to terms with the king while he was in prison. The decision to put him to death was arrived at while 140 of his friends were forcibly kept out of Parliament. 2. Irish Rebellions in favor of the King. (1) After the death of Charles I., a strong party in Ireland remained faithful to the royalist cause, and proclaimed his son king as Charles II. Cromwell was sent by Parliament to reduce the Irish to submission. He soon put an end to the rising. (2) The Irish people continued to acknowledge James II. as king after he fled on the landing of William, Prince of Orange. James went to Ireland, and brought some French soldiers with him. William defeated him decisively at the Battle of the Boyne in 1689. James again wen'^ NOTES ON ENULISII HISTORY. 63 Two cities were Derry against to France, where he lived twelve years, very bravely defended during this war James, and Limerick against William. 3. Scotch Rebellions. The Scotch as well as the Irish took the part of Charles II. and James II. Charles II. promised to support the Presbyterian religion, and so the Covenanters, under General Leslie, came to his aid. Cromwell speedily defeated them at Dunbar and "Worcester, and Charles had to escape from Scotland in disguise. The Scotch Convocation acknowledged William III. as king, but a strong party held out against him. They were defeated and their leader. Lord Dundee, was killed at the pass of Killicrankie. The Massacre of Glen- coe took place at this time, because Chief McDonald of Glencoe delayed taking the oath of allegiance to Williar?! and Mary. 4. Persecution of the Covenanters. During the reign of Charles II. the Covenanters were terribly persecuted, showing how untrue had been the professions of friendship formerly made by the king, when he wished their help. Lauderdale and Graham of Claverhouse (Lord Dundee) shot the Covenanters by thousands because they dared to worship God in the way they believed right. With heroic fortitude they withstood the fiercest persecution and remained true. 5. Monmouth's Rebellion. Young Monmouth claimed the throne after the death of his father, Charles II., but his claim was not acknowledged because his mother had not been married to the king. He raised an army to oppose James II. , but was defeated at Sedgmoor, the last battle fought in England, in 1685. He was beheaded. 6. Wars with Holland. England and Holland were at war three times in the time of Cromwell and Charles II. The cause of the first war was a demand made by the ill IF' I • «H^|P»^^ 04 NOTES ON ENQLISn HISTORY. English that foreign ships should salute their fleet in English waters. The English, under Admiral Blake, were suc- cessful in this war. The second war was brought about by disputes between the colonies of England and Holland in western Africa. In this war England won New York from Holland. The third was the result of a secret treaty with the King of France by which Charles II. , for $200,000 a year, promised to turn Roman Catholic and to unite with Louis in his war against Holland. The English King could not continue the war because Parliament refused to grant him the necessary supplies, when they found the nature of the secret treaty. 7. War with Spain. Cromwell and the Spaniards had a difficulty about the possession of some of the West Indian islands. Blake won a great victory at Santa Cruz (Ten- eriffo ) and destroyed the Spanish fleet. 8. War with Prance. For the first nine years of the reign of William III. he was at war with Louis XIV. of France. Louis took the part of James II., and therefore the English people supported William heartily. Louis, in 1C92, de- termined to invade England, but his fleet was utterly defeated at La Hogue, and he gave up the attempt. The war during the rest of its continuance was waged on the con- tinent. William won no great victories, but his skill and perseverance at length caused Louis to acknowledge him as King of England, and to ask for peace. Tliia was granted by the Treaty of Ryswick, 1097. The French and English in America fought during this war and the English took Port Royal. 3. War of the Spanish Succession. Nearly all Europe engaged in a long and bloody war to settle who should obtain the Spanish throne, as the King of Sp?*'" had died without an heir. France, Spain, and Bavaria fought for the grandson of Louis XIV. ; England, Holland, Austria, and NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 65 Germany, with the txception of Bavaria, supported the claim of the Emperor of Austria. The Duke of Marlborough was commander of the English and their allies. He won four great victories: Blenheim 1704, Ramilies 1706, Oudenarde 1708, and Malplaquet 1709. Gibraltar was taken during this war by Sir Charles Rooke. yil. Summary of Events during the Stuart Period. 1. Leaders. (1) Statesmen : Elliott, Pym, Hampden, CromwelL 2) Generals : Cromwell, William III. , Marlborough. (3) AutV ^rs : Ben Jonson, Bunyan, Milton, Locke. 2. General Progress. Religious and political frpfidom. 3. Constitutional Growth. (1) The Divine Right of kings overthrown. (2) The people became the controlling power. 60 NOTES ON ENGLIbU HISTORY. (3) The Petition of Right demanded from Charles I. a fair trial for persons charged with crime, and the control of taxation by parliament. (4) The Long Parliament abolished illegal taxation, the High Commission Court, and the Star Chamber. (5) The Habeas Corpus Act preventing long imprisonment without trial. (6) Jhe Bill of Rights re-affirming the Great Charter. (7) The Act of Settlement, requiring the rulers of England to be Protestants. (8) The introduction of the principle of Responsible Govern- ment. (9) The Legislative Union of England and Scotland. 4. The Church. (1) Puritan reforms in the English Church. (2) Attempts of Roman Catholics to gain power. (3) Persecutions by the English Church. (4) The spread of Presbyterianism (the Covenanters. ) (6) The tatablishment of Protestantism under William HI. (G) The rise of Congregationalists and Quakers. N0IJB8 ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 67 5. Wars. (1) Parliament against OhanoH IL Cromwell. Battles : Marston Moor, Naseby. (2) Irish rebellions: (a) In favor of Charles IT. Cromwell. Drogheda. (b) In favor of James IL William III. Boyne, Derry, Limerick. (3) Scotch rebellions : (a) In favor of Charles 11. Cromwell. Dmibar, Wor- cester. (b) In favor of James II. Dundee. Killicrankie, Glen- coe. (4) Persecution of the Covenanters (unsuccessfulV (5) Monmonth's rebellion. Sedgmoor. (6) Wars with Holland : (a) English successful. Blake. (6^ English gained New York. (e) English refused to support their king. (7) War with Spain. English won. Blako. Santa Cruz. (8) War with France. Nine years. William III. LaHoguo. English finally won. (9) War of the Spanish succession. England, Austria, Hol- land, and Gorniany opposed to France, Spain and Bavaria. Marlborough. Blenheim, Bamilies, Oudenarde, Mal- plaquet, Gibraltar. m — T —i^>4-rji'VJk7^» •\ \ • "■•")'- ■■;i.«"- 1 I .1 I I ^!. 6.i NOTES ON ENGLISH BISTORT. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER ON THE STUART PERIOD. NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 69 ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER ON THE STUART PERIOD, m KOTES OM KMQLISH HISTO£V. CHAPTER IX. THE HANOVERIAN PERIOD. Time : 1714 to present time, 177 years. I. Leaders during tlie Hanoverian Period. 1. Bulers. Victoria, an admirable ruler from 1837 till the present time. < 2. Great Warriors. Nelson, England's bravest Admiral, and Wellington, who conquered the great Napoloon by his masterly skill in the Peninsular War, and his final triumph at Waterloo. 3. Religious leader: John Wesley, founder of the Meth- odists. 4. Inventors : James Watt invented the steam engine in 1763 ; The spinning jenny was invented by Sir Richard Arkwright and James Hargreaves in 1767 ; George Stevenson invented the locomotive engine in 1814 ; and Sir Humphrey Davy patented his safety lamp in 1815. 6. Statesmen : (1) Walpole, Prime Minister for nearly hr,lf of the first half of the 18th century. The first great leader taken from the House of Commons. (2) The last half of the 18th century produced four of the greatest orators of any age or country, Lord Chatham, Burke, Pox, and William Pitt. (3) Lord Chatham, the elder Pitt, assumed control of aflfairs when England was in a depressed condition. His great power roused the nation, and he Buccecded in over- NOTES ON ENtJLlSII UIHTOUY. 71 coming the French in the Seven Years' War, and won India and America from them. (4) Wiiliam Pitt, son of Lord Chatham, guided England for about 30 years. He was a great financier, and objected to war. He united the Irish and English "Parliaments. He created 150 new Peers, and thus gave the best middle-clasa influence in the House of Lords. (5) Canning guided England in its trying years of conflict with Napoleon Bonaparte. (6) Lord John Russell was a leading statesman for more than forty years. His greatest work was the passage of the " Reform Bill," in 1832. (7) Sir Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws in 184G. During the latter half of the 19th century three great statesmen have lod the British Parliament : Lord Pal- merston, Disraeli, and Gladstone. Tho first and second were noted for the vigor and breadth of their foreign policy, the third for reforms in aftairs at home. Lord Palmerstou was leader of the Government during the Crimean War. Disraeli, in addition to his admirable diplomacy, passed a number of important measures, among them the Reform Bill in 1807. Gladstone disestablished the Irish Church (Prote-itant) 1800, passed an Irish Land Act in 1870, and the Elementary Education Act in 1870. t. Authors : (1) Under George II.: Pope, Thompson, Addison, and Sir Isaac Newton. (2) Under Georgo III. : Burns, Cowper, Hume, Dr. Johnson, Adam Smith, Gibbon, and Burke. (3) Under George IV. : Byron, and Sir Walter Scott< wmmf^ 72 NOTES ON ENGLISH JILSTORX. (4) Under Victoria : Southey, Campbell, Words- worth, Moore, Rogers, Tennyson, Macaulay, Alison, Carlyle, Thackery, Bulwer Lytton, Dickens, George Eliot (Miss Evant^), and George Macdonald. II. General Progress under the Hanoverians. England has made most of her advancement in every depart- ment of commerce, manufactures, social reform, education, philanthropy, and religion since the begin- ning of the Hanoverian period. 1. Social and Philanthropic Movements, Prison Re- form begun by Howard, Missionary Enterprise, In- dustrial and Beform Schools, Temperance Soci- eties, Sunday Schools. 2. Education. National Schools under the control of the Church of England began in 1834. Mr. Lowe's Bill in 1870, provided for Board Schools nearly on the same sys- tem as American Schools. The schools were made free in 1891. 3. Books and Periodicals. In the products of the press England leads the world. The debates in the House of Com> mons were not allowed to be published in the newspapers till 1771. 4. Material Progress. The use of steam has completely NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. 73 rovolutionized England as well as other countries. Rail- ways and Canals have been built, and postal and tele- graph systems developed. Gas was first used to light London in 1807. Steamboats first launched on the Clyde in 1812. The Times first paper printed by steam in 1814. First Railroad (Manchester and Liverpool) in 1830. Penny Postage in 1840. Submarine Telegraph, Dover to Calais, in 18.")1. Atlantic Gable first laid successfully in 1866. III. The Constitution under tlie Hanoverians. 1. Increase in the Membership of the House of Lords. Pitt added 150 new members to the Peerage, increasing at once the size of the House of Lords, and giving the middle class larger representation. 2. Reforms in elections, and extensions of the Franchise. (1) Lord John Russell's Reform Bill in 1832 set aside 56 pocket boroughs, and increased the representation of towns and counties by 143. Bills were also passed in 1832, extending the franchise in Scotland and Ireland. (2) Mr. Disraeli in 1867 took away representation from 33 boroughs, and gave the seats to counties. This bill extended the franchise to nearly all taxpayers except women and agricultural laborers. wmi^ NOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. (3) Mr. Gladstone's Franchise Act, 1885, gave to agri- cultural laborers the right of voting, thus compJeting the liberation of Englishmen. IV. The Clinrch under the Hanoverians. 1. Rise of Methodism. The religious life of the English people, and the whole of the Christian world received a great awakening through the work of John Wesley and his co- worker Charles Wesley, his brother, and George Whitfield. They founded the body named Methodists. The work began in 1738. 2. Sunday Schools. These were first established by Robert Raikes in 1781. 3. Disestablishment of the Irish Church. Although the greater part of iAiQ Irish people are Roman Catholics, they were forced to aid in maintaining a Protestant State Church till 18C9, when it was disestablished by Mr. Glad- stone. 4. Spread of Religious Toleration. Religious liberty is one of the foundation principles of true Protestantism. The restrictions placed on Roman Catholics during the troublous times of Charles II. and James II. have been re- moved. The Catholic Emancipation Act was passed in 1829. The Jews were admitted to Parliament for the first time in 1845. England is to-day the finest country in Europe religiously. NOTES ON ENlJLlSll illSi'OUY. 75 V. Wars During the Hanoverian Period. 1. War of the Austrian Succession. France, Prussia and Bavaria tried to have Austria divided in 1740 as there was no male heir to the throne. England took the part of the Empress Maria Theresa. Two great battles were fought. Dettingen in 1743 won by the English. Pontenoy in 1745 won by the French. The Peace of Aix la Chapelle, 1748, left Maria Theresa on the throne. 2. The Stuart Rebellion. Charles Edward, grandson of James II. (ihn Young Pretender), while England was engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession, tried to secure the throne of England for himself. He was aided by the Highlanders, but his army was routed at Gulloden in 174G. 3. "The Seven Years* War." 1756 to 1763. France, Austria and Russia agreed to divide Prussia and each take a share. England joined Prussia to check France. At first the French were successful in Europe ; and also in India and America, where France and England were rivals in estab- lishing colonies. Under Pitt England was perfectly success- ful. Olive in India and W^olfe in America defeated the French and established the Colonial Supremacy of England. The decisive battles were : In India, Plassey 1757. In America, Quebec 1759. In Europe, Minden 1759, The Treaty of Paris, 1763, made England the leading nation of the world. Mi 76 NOTES ON KNOLISH HlfSTOKY, 4. The American Revolution. In spite of warnings V.y Burke, Pitt and others the English government claimed the right to tax the Colonies in North America although they were not represented in parliament. The Colonies rebelled in 1775, and on July 4th, 1770, issued '* The Declaration of Independence. " The War of the Revolution lasted eight years, and the Colonists gained their independence. France aided the Americans. Leading Events of the War : 1. Unsuccessful invasion of Canada by Montgomery and Arnold. Montgomery killed at Quebec. 2. Bungoyne's surrender at Saratoga, 1777. 3. Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown, 1781. 5. French Wars, England and France were at war during nearly the whole twenty-two years from 1793 to 1815. The Great Napoleon and his best generals were beaten by England. The National Debt of England increased from £239,000,000 to i'800,000,000, but England retained her leadership among the nations. Four of England's greatest men aided to preserve England's glory during this trying period : Pitt and Canning, Nel- son and Wellington. Victories by water : Nile, 1708 ; Trafalgar, 1805, Victories on land : Vimiera, 1808 ; Corunna, 1800 ; Tala- vera, 1809; Busaco, 1810; Barossa, Puentes d'On- oro, and Albuera, 1811 ; Salamanca, Ciudad Rod- rigo, and Badagos, 1812 ; Vittoria and Toulouse, 1813; Waterloo, 1815. .ij»'W,7».. A.-' N0TP:8 on ENOIJSIf HISTORY. 77 6. Irish Rebellion of 1798.— The rebellion was easily quelled and it led to the Union of England and Ire- land in 1800. 7. " War of 1812." The United States declared war against England in 1812. Cause : England's claiming the right to search United States vessels for deserters. The United States expected many Canadians to unite with them. They were disappointed. The war was waged chie.ly in Canada. The Canadians bravely defended their country, and won eleven out of fifteen battles fought. The chief events of the war were : 1. Surrender of Detroit to Brock. 2. Victory at Queenston Heights. 3. Defeat of British at New Orleans. 8. Rebellion in Canada in 1837. McKenzie in Upper Canada and Papineau in Lower Canada led a rebellion to secure responsible government. The rebels were easily de- feated. Lord Durham recommended the Union of Upper and Lower Canada. The union was accom- plished in 1841 and responsible government was granted with it. 9. Wars in Afghanistan. Two wars, 1839 and 1878. Object, to prevent the extension of Russian power towards India. In one battle, Khyber Pass, every English soldier but one was put to death. 10. Wars in India. Several attempts have been made by native Indian princes to drive the English from India. The greatest of them were Hyder Ali and Nana Sahib. Nana Sahib rebelled in 1857 after the Crimean War. The most important events in this rebellion were,: The Siege of !;" li 78 NOTES ON ENOLISU HISTOKY. Delhi, the Massacre of Cawnpore, and the defence of Lucknow. The natives were defeated in the end. 11. The Crimean War. In 1854 France and England united to save Turkey from Russian aggression. The war was carried on chiefly in the Crimea. Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman were won by the Allies in 1854. Sebasto- pol was besieged for nearly a year and finally surrendered. The war closed in 1856. NOTES ON KNdLlSH HTHTORY. :u ADDITIONAL NOTES 11 V TEACHER ON THE HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 80 KOTES ON ENGLISH HISTORY. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER ON THE HANO VERIAN PERIOD. • .VT-TV t^^T-'p ■ ■-1"-'- m n 3 1 ' U' lik ^^nP' 1 per Inc I. Th( Th3 L NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. V.v- CHAPTER I. The history of Canada may be conveuiontly divided into four periods : — 1. TxDiAN Period. 2. Period of Discovery. 3. French Period. 4. English Period. INDIAN PERIOD. Indian Tribes.— Canada was occupied originally by three tribes : Alfjonquins, Ilurons, Iroquois. The Algonqnins occupied Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Northern Qnebec, and portions of the North- West Territory. Thq Hurons resided mainly in the Province of Ontario, and the western part of Quebec. Th3 Iroquois, or ISix Nation Indians, lived south of the St. Lawrence,, chiefly in the State of New York. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER. \!\ n 1^ 8 NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 1. Norse. — Leif Erickson sailed from Iceland in 1001, as far south as New England. 2. English.— Henry YII. of England commissioned John Cabot to go on a voyage of discovery. In 1497 he discovered Labra- dor, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. His son, Sebastian Cabot, returned to America in 1498, and sailed along the coast from Labrador to Florida. 3. Portuguese.— Gaspard Cortereal, in 1500, sailed along the coast from Newfoundland to Greenland. 4. French. — The French deserve the honor of being the real dis- coverers of Canada. In 1524, Verazzani was sent out by the King of France. He took possession of the country from Carolina to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, under the name of " New France." Ten years later came Jacques Cartier, who in 1535 (second voyage) proceeded up the river St. Lawrence, and visited the Indian villages of '"'tadacona (Quebec) and Hochelaga (Montreal). Cartier made two other voyages to Canada, but added nothing to his former discoveries. I. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER, s II NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. IS far abot abra- !otia. and a; the dis- r the olina ice." cond the eal). hing CHAPTER 11. FRENCH PERIOD. I. Exploration and Settlement. It was not until the time of Samuel Champlain that any successful attempts were made at colonizing Canada. The French possessions in North America were at this time : — Acadie, about equal to Nova Scotia. Canada (Quebec), the territory north and west of Acadie. Champlain was connected with the founding of the first town in both these countries. First town in Acadie, Port Royal, 1604. First town in Canada, Quebec, 1608. Quebec was founded on the site of the Indian village, Stadacona. For over twenty years Champlain was indefatigable in explor- ing the new country. He travelled over most of the pro- vince of Ontario, and went southward as far as the lake which still bears his name. In 1673 Marquette reached and partly traversed the Missis- sippi. In 1681 La Salle travelled through Michigan and Wisconsin, and sailed down the Mississippi to its mouth. He claimed the whole of the territory through which he passed for France, and named it after his king, Louisiana, a name which the southern portion still bears. The French thus explored and claimed a large portion of the United States as well as Canada. EC. Changes in Government. 1. Viceroyalty till 1627. 2. Held by the Hundred Associates from 1627 to 1663. 3. Royal Government from 1663 to 1760 1 4 NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTOBY. III. Territorial Losses. 1. Acadie, 1713 (Treaty of Utrecht). 2. Canada, 1763 (Treaty of Paris). It will be noticed that Acadie was given up to the British juat fifty years after Royal Government was established, and Canada ceded just fifty years later. Quebec was captured by the British, under Sir David Kirk, in 1629, and held for three years, when it was restored by the Treaty of St. Germain en Laye. IV. Governors. There iV'es'j in all 13 French Governors from 1663 to 1763. The first was M. de Mesey. The last was Marquis de Vaudreuil. The most notable was Frontenac. V. Wars. During the greater portion of the period of French rule the colonists were engaged in warfare : 1. With Iroquois Indians. 2. With English colonists. Causes : These wars were caused by — 1. Quarrels concerning the fur trade. 2. Inter-colonial and race jealousies. 3. W,ars between the mother countries. 4. 1 Hatred of the Iroquois Indians for the French, and the Huron Indians. The Indian Wars.— The Iroquois Indians, who occupied what is now the State of New York, were allied with the English. Several French governors invaded their territory in order to impress upon their minds a reverence for, and a dread of, the French power. Frontenac alone succeeded in accomplishing this result. The Indians retaliated by ...rfSflss ^iiiW!>W?"?^"'?"wr I jj^,i^«' NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTOllY. O. making raids into the French territory. In 1689 nearly the whole of the inhabitants of Montreal were massacred or taken prisoners in a single August morning. This compelled them to give up all posts but Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal. The second appointment of Frontenac as gov- ernor saved the colony. King William's War. — The King of France undertook to aid James II. of England after he had been driven from his throne by William III. This war betweon the mother countries gave the English and French colonists in America the opporturity of settling trading and territorial disputes by an appeal to arms. Frontenac planned a bold scheme for driving the British colonists out of New England and New York. He was aided by the Huron Indians ; the British had the assistance of the Iroquois. The colonists in Massachusetts and New York responded by an invasion of Acadie and Canada. Massachussets sent an expedition under Sir William Phipps against Acadie, which succeeded in taking its chief toivn, Port Royal, in 1690. Phipps then proceeded to attack Quebec, but was repulsed by Frontenac. In the west no great successes were achieved by either side. The Treaty of Ryswick, 1697, brought King William's War to a close, and restored to each nation the territory lost during the war. Queen Anne's War. — In 1704 the French again began to harass the English settlers. In that year Deerfleld (Mass.) was suddenly attacked in midwinter, and men and women killed or made captive. The tow'n was completely aeatroyed. The same course was followed by the French at Haverhill, (N. H.) four years later. In 1710 General Nicholson took Port Royal, the capital of Acadie. He changed its name to Annapolis, in honor of his queen. i' m irk m '9 J 4 I M ■ •ii ';1- • 'Tt'^9.-',''~7^;^i^w^^^'r^^ 6 NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. In 1713 the Treaty of Utrecht was signed, and Acadie, Newfoundland, and Hudson's Bay Territory passed into the possession of the English. 4. Pepperell's Invasion. — After losing Acadie the French erected one of the strongest fortresses in the world on the island of Cape Breton, and named it Louisburg, in honor of their king. It was an important naval station, was the key to the St. Lawrence, and was so situated that vessels could easily make descents upon the coast of New England, and do great injury to its commerce. In addition to these annoyances, an expedition was sent from Louisburg to attack Annapolis. The people of New England deter- mined to drive the French from their stronghold, so they organized an army under William Fepperell, a Maine merchant. The result was that Louisburg was taken in 1745, but was surrendered by the British in exchange for other teritory, at the Treaty of Aix-la-ChapoUe, 1748. 5. The " Seven- Year's-War,"— This war settled the question of English supremacy in North America. The French assumed the control of all the country between the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, west of the Alleghany Mountains, and refused to allow any English traders in that territory. By claiming too much they lost all. The struggle began in disputes concerning the right to trade in the Ohio Valley. The English started to build a fort near the site of Pittsburg (Pa.), but they were driven away by the French, who finished the fort and named it Fort Du Quesne, after the governor. Washington then built Fort Necessity, but on July 4th, 1754, it was captured by the French. In 1755 General Braddock was sent from England to to take command uf the British forces in America. He decided to attack the French at four points : — NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTOBY. 1. In the Ohio Valley. 2. In Nova Scotia (for expulsion). 3. In the Lake Champlain district. 4. At Niagara. (1) Brad dock himself took command of the army of the Ohio, but was defeated and killed while on his way to Fort Du Quesne, and his army nearly annihilated. (2) The Acadians were expelled from Nova Scotia in 1755. Longfellow's ' ' Evangeline " is based on this event. (3) The other two expeditions were fruitless. In 1756 the French captured the British forts at Oswego, and in 1757 they took Port "William Henry. In 1758 the French were attacked by three separate forces. (1) In the East, Amherst and Wolfe secured Lonisburg, the key to Canada from the ocean. (2) In the West, Port Du Quesne was taken, and named Port Pitt. This separated the French on the Mississippi from those jn the St. Lawrence. (3) In the centre an unsuccessful attempt was made to drive the French from the Lake Champlain District. The English were defeated at Ticonderoga. In 1759 Wolfe captured Quebec. His army per- formed the remarkable feat of climbing the rugged precipices above the city during the weary hours of a September night, while the British fleet kept the attention of the French engaged by a pretended attack from below. In the morning the French were astounded to find the English in battle array on the Heights of Abraham. Montcalm, however, boldly advanced to give them battle. His army was speedily defeated by Wolfe. Both comr anders were mortally wounded during the conflict. Wolfe died on the field. Montcalm died next morning. Wolfe, learning that the i m '■J t ■^ppppfiJBPiiP P^PPW^^^i^l^^B|I^^Wip^^^"-?WW-?^W»^5HW^RP)B|^^^^« 8 NOTES ON CANADIAN BISTORT. French lines were giving way everywhere, died with the words : " God be praised ! I die in peace." Montcalm, on being informed that he could not live many hours, replied, "I am happy that I shall die before the surrender of Quebec." Five days after the battle on the Plains of Abraham Quebec was surrendered to the English. During 1759 Sir William Johnston captured the fort at Niagara, and cut off completely the French communication with the Ohio Valley. In the same year Amherst gained possession of the forts on Lake Champlain. In 1760 Montreal was taken by Generals Amherst and Murray, and French rule practically ended in America. Canada was formally given to the British by the Treaty of Paris, 1760. The population of Acadie and Quebec at this time was 90,000. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER. Wl— M ?i : NOTES ON CANADIAN HlSXOity. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER, B , *c s i \ i' ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 1.1 1.25 12.2 1.4 m 1.6 ^'^^ ^^J' Photographic Sciences Corporation \ <#^ ^^ <^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4S03 I t/. v\ iV f^^mf ^^'^^^^iPi^pppfpnivHipiP I' IC NOTRfl OK CANADIAN HISTORY. CHAPTER III. BRITISH PERIOD. K vents of British, rule prior to 1791. I. Wars. — There were two important wars during this period: — 1. Pontiac's War. 2. The Revolutionary War. 1. The Indian allies of the French were unwilling to submit to the British, and PoDtiac, a remarkably clever and states- manlike chief, organized a plot for the extermination of the English. He planned a wide scheme of attack, and succeeded in capturing several forts and doing much harm on the west- ern and south-western borders of Canada. He besieged De- troit for fifteen months without success. 2. When the American colonists revolted they tried hard to se- cure the co-operation of the Canadians. Failing in this, they sent an army to take possession of Canada. It was com- manded by General Montgomery and Colonel Arnold, The expedition failed. The British retired to Quebec> which they successfully defended. Montgomery was killed while attempting to carry the city by storm. II. Constitutional Growth.— The Custom of Paris had prevailed in Canada. From 1760 to 1764 the country was governed by military rule. Then the Royal Procla- mation of George III. substituted English Law for the Custom of Paris. This caused much annoyance to the French settlers. The British laws relating to the tenure oi land and trial by jury they specially disliked. After careful consideration the Quebec Act was passed in 1774 by the British Parliament. This removed the disabilities fro'n ••";-■. '■.^^^^''f'^PT^Wf^'^ NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. 11 Boman W,V5ii!Mif^|l^ » -lUJi III, _l NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTOBT. 13 CHAPTER IV. FROM THE SEPARATION IN 1791 TILL THE UNION IN 1841. I. Wars. (1) Foreign, " War of 1812.'* (2) Civil, Rebellion, 1837. "War of 1812." This was caused by the British govern- ment making strenuous efforts to checkmate Napoleon in his weak attempt to blockade English ports. They passed an ** Order-in-Council " prohibiting all foreign vessels from trading with the French, on penalty uf seizure. They also claimed the "Right of Search," in order to examine any foreign vessels with a view of finding deserters. Although the "Order" was withdrawn the Americans deckred war. They expected that Canada would be glad of assistance in "breaking from British bonds," and it was known that England was taxed to her utmost limit by her struggle with Napoleon. However, the Canadians, in both Upper and Lower Canada, hastened to resist invasion in the most loyal manner. Events of 1812. The Americans invaded Canada at three points : Detroit, Niagara, and by way of Lake Champlain. All three attempts proved failures. In the West, General Brock captured Fort Mackinac, drove General Hull out of Canada, and forced him to surrender at Detroit^ In the centre, the Americans were defeated at Queenston Heights. The brave Brock was killed at this battle. In the East, the invading army retired after a slight skirmish near Rouse's Point. On the ocean, the American ships Constitution and United States captured three British vessels. £vents of 1813. The general plan of invasion in this year was similar to that of 1812. In the West, General Proctor defeated the Americans at Frenchtown, but he u NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORT. and the celebrated chief Tecumseh were afterwards defeated at Moravian Town by General Harrison. In the centre, the Americans captured Forts York (Toronto) and George, but were defeated at Stony Creok, near Hamilton, and Beaver Dam«, near Thorold. In the East, two strong armies intended to attack Montreal— one by way of the St. Lawrence, the other from Lake Champlain. Both were defeated by forces scarcely a tithe of their number ; the former at Chrysler's Farm, and the latter at Chateau- guay. On the ocean, the British had the advantage, t^e most notable event being the capture of the Chesapeake by the /Shannon, near Boston. The Americans were vic- torious on Lake Erie, under Commodore Perry. Events in 1814. Notwithstanding the reverses of 1813 the Americans continued the war. The first invasion was made in the direction of Montreal. It was repulsed, how- ever, by a small force in La CoUe Mill. In the Niagara district, battles were fought at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. In the first the Americans were victorious ; after the latter they retreated precipitately to Fort Erie. Peace was declared at Ghent in 1814. BATTLES OF "THE WAR OF 1812." BATTLES. Mackinac. . . . Detroit .... Sueenston Heiglita ouse'g Point . . Frenchtown . . . Moravian Town. . FortYorlc. . . . Fort George . . . Stony Creelc. . . Beaver Dams . . Chrysler's Farm . Ghateaaguay. . . LaColleMiU . . Chippewa. . . . Lunoy's Lane . . WON BY British. Americans. British. t< it Americans. British. I .ji^jwpif.i.,--*'; I'JSiKSJiriw^^iasi'V' ..■ 'vw.^^yifs?!* f j»# w^ff^jfrnyj!''^ NOTBS ON CANADIAN HISTORY. 15 2. The " Bebellion of 1837.** For several years an agitation had been going on in both Upper and Lower Canada in favor ' of Besponsible Government. The leaders in this needed reform were William Lyon M'Kenzie in Upper Canada, and Louis Papineau in Lower Canada. Failing to secure their ends by appeal to the British Parliament they decided to rebel. Both leaders, but especially Papineau, aimed at the establishment of a Republic. Both attempts to over- throw the British power were hastily made, and both were total failures. The leaders fled to the United States. Boundary Disputes, especially with reference to the line between Maine and New Brunsivick caused imminent danger of war during this period. They were finally settled by the Ashburtou Treaty. II. Constitutional Growth. The period of fifty years may be briefly described as that of the rise, rule, and downfall of the Family Compact, and the struggle for Besponsible Government. The "Constitutional Act" of 1791 left the appointment of the ' Cabinet or Ministry in the hands of the Governor. Its members were quite irresponsible to the people. It con- trolled the elected Assembly, so that in reality the people had little to say in the making or administration of the laws. Many grievious abuses grew out of this system, the most odious being the formation of the "Family Compact," consisting of the Legislative Council, the irresponsible Cabinet, and their officeholders throughout the country. The struggle between the elected and appointed legislators led to the Bebellion in 1837, and brought about the pass- age of the Union Act, which came into force in 1841. The most important provisions of the Act of Union were : — 1. The union of Upper and Lower Canada. 2. Making the government responsible for bills regarding the expenditure of public money. 16 N0TX8 ON CANADIAN HI8T0BT. III. Progress. The population of Upper and Lower Oanada increaaed from 150,000 to 1,166,000. Public schools were established by law in Upper Canada, New Brunsmcky and Nooa Scotia, Slavery was abolished in Upper Canada in 1793, and declared to be illegal in Lower Oanada in 1803. Toronto, under the name of York, became the Oapital of Upper Oanada in 1796. I. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER, n w||ppipfp,||yp|,iJ|!NijL.i^.ji 'r Ji i;i "" ..' "i"W-»^rA-!',J?-'.*w?!(5t'' NOTES ON CANADIAN UI8T0KY. 17 9d ad )a 3, of CHAPTER V. FROM THE UNION TILL CONFEDERATION. The "Act of Union" came into force in 1841. I. Changes of Capital. Kingston 1841, Montreal 1844, Toronto and Quebec, alternately, 1849. In 1858 Queen Victoria selected Ottawa as the capital, and Parliament first assembled in that city in 1866, one year before Confederation. [I. Chief Parliamentary Acts. 1. Bebellion Losses Acts. Two were passed : one for the relief of those loyal persons who suffered by the rebellion in Upper Canada, and another for those in Lower Canada. The latter gave such offence that, on its receiving the assent of Lord Elgin, the Qovernor-General, the Parliament Buildings in Montreal were burned in 1849. 2. Secularization of the Clergy Beserves, 1854. By the Constitution Act of 1791 large tracts of land were reserved for the benefit of the clergy of the English Church in Ontario. In 1854 it was decided to sell them, and distribute the money to the different municipalities of the province in proportion to their population, to be used for local, secular purposes. The interests of the clergy already in possession were commuted, and a permanent endowment allowed them. 3. Abolition of Seigniorial Tenures. During the French period, large districts in Quebec had been granted to French officers and others. In some cases 100,000 acres were given to a single individual. All settlers in their dis- tricts were compelled to give them a certain proportion of what they raised, and to submit to various laws of a most mV'''(,', Id MOTiSS on CANADIAN fitSTOftV. vexatious nature. This adaptation of the " Feudal " sys- tem was repealed, and the Seigniors paid a sum settled by a commission. 4. Beciprooity Treaty of 1854. This treaty provided for the "free interchange of the products of the sea, the soil, the forest, and the mine," between Canada and the United States. It also allowed Canadians to navigate Lake Michi- gan, and the Americans the rivers St. Lawrence and St John. It ceased in 1866. 5. British North American Act. In 18G5 a convention of delegates from the various provinces met in Quebec, and agreed upon a basis of Confederation. This basis was afterwards adoptod by the Canadian Parliament, and rati- fsd by the English Parliament, which passed the "British North America Act," uniting Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Nova iScotia, and New Brunswick. The Dominion of Canada was inaugurated July 1, 1867. III. Disturbances. 1. A mob, enraged by the passage of the Bebellion Lossee Bill, burned the Parliament Buildings and Public Documents in 1849. 2. Fenian Raid. The Fenians crossed the frontier in 18G6. A couple of skirmishes were fought at Bidgeway and Fort Erie, and the Fenians retired to Bufialo. IV. Progress. The population increased as follows : — 1841. 1851. 1861. Upper Canada 465,000 952,000 1,396,000 Lower Canada 691.000 890,000 1,111.000 Nova Scotia 331,000 Nbw Brunswick 252,000 The country also made remarkable advancement in cam' meroR, railroads, and education. ■sssast^^aiiM ■tt^iii fjtjjtmmm fJ»5f«^lf!i'^»Jl|PUWl,lli^»iWJJP|^^ w^^ mii KOTER ON CANADIAN RIRTORY. 19 ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER. fPiPfi""iiqpipiiipi 20 NOTA.S ON CANADIAN BISTOBT. CHAPTER VI. FROM CONFEDERATION TILL THE PRESENT TIME. I. Territorial Extension. The Dominion of Canada, as co.istituted by the British North America Act, included Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Manitoba was organized in 1870, British Columbia was admitted in 1871, and Frinoe Edward Island in 1873. II. Parliamentary Acts. Two deserve special mention : The Washington Treaty and the Pacific Railroad Scheme. 1. The Washington Treaty. This was framed by a Joint High Commission of representatives froL the British Empire, United States, and Canada. Several vexed ques- tions were settled by the Treaty ; among others, the Alabama Claims, the Fishery Disputes, the San Jaun and Alaska Boundary Lines were settled or referred to arbitration. The treaty was ratified by the Canadian Par- liament in 1871. 2. The Pacific Bailroad Scheme. This was introduced in 1873 in order to keep faith with British Columbia. The building of a railroad to connect the Pacific Slope with the Atlantic Seaboard was one of the stipulations made at the time British Columbia entered the Dominion. It was the greatest public work of the Dominion. It was opened in 1885. III. Disturbances. 1. Bed Biver Bebellion. In 18G8 the Canadian Government obtained possession of the great North-West Territory from the Hudson Bay Company. Led by one of their num* • aP'^^'r^- .^ - wP''''»f ■'55^ Kj^iym:^ 'j'T' -rriiw^^f^pirj9m MOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. 21 ber, Louis Riel, the French half-breeds formea a provisional government, and refused to allow the Canadian gover;i<.r to enter. Col. Wolseley led an army of Canadian volunii^ors through the wilderness between Ontario and Manitoba, and Riel fled. 2. Second Feniau Bald. In 1870 the Fenians again oroaied the <. Hiiadian frontier, intending to mov) on Montrual, but they were driven back by a single volley from the volunteers of the district. 3. The Sajgkatchewan Bebellion. Some disaffected settlers, chiefly half-breeds in the Saskatchewan Valley, invited Louis Biel, the leader of the Red River rebellion to come from the United States to aid them in getting their land claims allowed by the Canadian government. He led the ignorant settlers to rebel, flis worst crime was inciting the Indians to murder the white settlers. In March, 1885, a small party of Mounted Police and Prince Albert Volunteers were attacked and defeated at Duok Lake. In May follow- ing. General Middleton, with a volunteer force from Ontario and Manitoba, drove the rebels from strongly entrenched positions at Fish Creek and Batoohe ; at the latter place by a brilliant bayonet charge, after four days skirmishing. Riel and most of his force at once surrendered, and the rebellion was over. Riel was executed, and a large number of rebels were sent to prison for termf^ corresponding with the extent of their crimes. IV. Governors since Confederation. 1. Lord Monck, 1861. 2. Sir John Toung, 1868. 3. Lord Dufferin, 1872. 4. The Marquis of Lome, 1878. 6. Lord Lansdowne, 1883. 6w Lord Stanley, 1888. ^'j¥,'v.t.. L~- .-. ■ ^ ±^^^^^Ma BBBOJ 22 NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEAUHER, I. mwWmf. m^i^Fif^^^'^ m iww«P9P"fwpiP HOTBS ON CANADIAN UI8T0&T. 23 CHAPTER VII. GROWTH OF THE CONSTITUTION. During the French period the laws of France prevailed in Canada. The following is a summary of the changes and advances made during the British period. I. Military Government, 1760-1764. During most of this period Canada was an English province only by right of con- quest, so that French laws were administered by Gen. Murray, commander-in-chief of the British forces. 2 Government under English Laws, 1764-1774. When the King of England assumed possession of Canada formally, he appointed a Governor and Council to adminis- ter English laws in it. The enforcement of English laws on a French population naturally caused much irritation. 3. Government under the Quebec Act, 1774-1791. This substituted French for English law, in all but criminal cases, and removed the prohibitions against the holding of State offices by Roman Catholics. It gave great satisfaction to the French, and equal dissatisfaction to moat of the English in Canada. The agitations of the British settlers for a change led to the passage of the Constitutional Act 4. Government under the Oonstitutional Act, 1791- 1841. This act divided Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, for the English and French respertively, and recogni?!ed to a certain extent the right of 'jelf-govem- ment. Each province had a Lieutenant-Governor, a Legis- lative Council, and an Assembly. The Governor appointed the Council, the people elected the Assembly. No Act of the Canadian Parliaments became law until it received the 24 NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTOBT. approval of the King of England. A large section of the people in both provinces strongly opposed the exercise of con- trolling power by irresponsible advisers of the crown. The struggle for Responsible Government led to rebellion in both Upper and Lower Canada. The British Govern- ment sent out Lord Durham as Qovernor-General and Lord High Oommissioner in 1838, and he recommended the confederation of the provinces, and the introduction of the principle of responsible government. The report led to the Union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841. 6. Government under the Union Aot. This lasted twenty-six years, from 1841 to 1867. The Union Act granted Responsible Government. tf. Government under the British North America Act. This came into force on Dominion Day, July 1, 1867, and continues in force until the present time. Briefly described the people of Canada in the Dominion and the several provinces are now governed as follows : I. System ot Government. L The system of government is federal. The Dominion of Canada is a confederation of several provinces. Each province has a Local Legislature, which has control of matters specially relating to its own province. The Dominion Parliament has charge of matters of common interest to the whole Dominion, and possesses all powers not specially assigned to the provinces. 2. The Dominion Parliament consists of two Houses : the Commons and the Senate. 3. The Local Legislatures may consist either of one or two Houses. There is but one branch of the Legislature in Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia. NOTES ON CANADIAN BISTORT. 25 There are two Houses in Quebec, New Brunswick, Neva Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. 4. The members of the Senate of Oanada are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of his Cabinet, and retain their positions for life, except in case of voluntary resigna- tion, or disqualification by bankruptcy, insolvency, treason, felony, allegiance to a foreign power, or absence for two consecutive sessions from Parliament. 6. The House of Oommons and the Local Legislatures are elected by the people, except the Legislatiye Oouncils in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. 5, The Dominion Senate consists of 78 members : — From Ontario 24 *• Quebec 24 " Nova Scotia 10 *• New Brunswick 10 ** Prince Edward Island 4 " Manitoba 8 " British Columbia 8 7. The House of Commons contains 215 members : — Ontario sends 92 Quebec sends 65 Nova Scotia sends 21 New Brunswick sends 16 Pinnce Edward Island sends 6 Manitoba sends 5 British Columbia sends 6 North-West Territories send 4 B. The Looal Legislatures are constituted as follows : — Legislative Legislative Council. Assembly. Ontaria — 91 Quebec 24 78 Nova Scotia. 19 88 New Brunswick 12 41 Prince Edwaixi Island 18 80 Manitoba — 88 British Columbia — 88 North- We « Territories — 22 wm mmmmmmif^ff^^^ 26 NOTES ON CANADIAN BISTORT. II. Method of Governnient. 1. As Canada is a colony of Great Britain and Ireland, its chjfsf executive officer is a Governor-General, who repre- sents the Queen or King. He is chosen by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and retains office during the pleasure of the sovereign. He chooses his Privy Councillors, ap- points senators in cases of vacancies, selects the Speaker for the Senate, and summons both Houses of Parliament. He also appoints the Lieutenant-Governors of the provinces. He must assent to legislation before it becomes law, but he has no authority to initiate new laws. 8. The Governor-General is advised in all his official acts by the Privy Council. All who have been members of the Dominion Government since Confederation retain the rank of Privy Councillors. In practice, however, the Privy Council consists of the Cabinet or Ministry. The Cabi- net Ministers for the Dominion are :— 1. The Minister of Justice. " Finance. " Agriculture. " Militia and Defence. " Customs. " the Interior. ♦' Public Works. *' Inland Revenue. " Railways and Canali. " Marine and Fisheries. 11. The Secretary of State for Canada. 12. The Postmaster-General. 13. The President of the Council. The members of the Cabinet are nominated by the leader of the party having a majority in the House of Commons. 2. <( 3. t( 4 (< 5. 6. 7. it a 4( 9. 10. <( ^^''^^^P*^^:^:^cm^?'^^j ■f^g^ew^tT; ^W NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. 27 r e 3. The Ministers must have seats either in the Senate or the House of Commons. The leader of the Government is called the Premier or Prime Minister. It is the duty of the Cabinet to watch the legislation of the Local Parliaments, and to advise the Governor- General to disallow any Acts that they think are not in conformity with the British North America Act. In case of the disallowance of an Act passed by a Provincial Parlia- ment, its legality or illegality is decided by the Privy Gouncil of England. Acts of Parliament do not become law until they have been passed by both Houses, and have received the formal assent of the Governor-General, as representing the Crown. Bills regarding public money must be first passed by the House of Commons ; Divorce Bills first dealt with by the Senate ; other bills may originate in either House, but they are usually passed by the Commons first. The Government of the several Provinces. There is in each province a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor- General by the advice of his Privy Council. He usually holds office for five years. In each province there is an Executive Council chosen by the leader of the party in power, and appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor, in conformity with the plan pursued by the Dominion authorities. Municipal Government. The principles of local con- trol over local affairs is carried oud to the fullest limit in Canada. The Dominion Parliament makes laws and controls public affairs for the whole Dominion in matters of general interest. The Provincial Parliaments supervise the affairs of the separate provinces, and pass additional laws valid only in the province in which they are passed. 28 VOTXS ON CANADIAN HISTORY. The provinces are divided into counties, and these are again subdivided into cities, towns, and rural municipalities, called townships. In Quebec, townships are sometimes called parishes. The local governing body in cities, counties, townships or parishes, towns, and incorporated villages, is called a council. Towns and cities are divided into wards for municipal elections. The members of the city councils are called Aldermen or Councillors. The presiding officer in city and town Councils is called a Mayor. The mayor is also the chief administrative officer of a city or town. In Ontario, each Township elects a council of five members to maDa<;e its afifairs. The presiding officer is called a Beeve. Deputy-Reeves are elected according to the population of the township. The reeves and deputy-reeves of the townships in a county form the County CounoiL They choose one of their number to be Warden, or chief executive officer in the county. Elections for aldermen, councillors, reeves, wardens, and mayors are held annually. In Quebec, each town, village, and municipality elects a council of seven members to manage its affairs. The mem- bers of a council elect from among themselves a presiding officer who is called a Mayor. The mayors of the several local municipalities in a county form the County Council, the members of which elect from their number a presiding official called a Warden. il|f. ii i,M,l. ■]."! 11^ ,«nii r ' '"■!' I NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. 29 ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER, wm mm^ mm 30 KOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY, CHAPTER VIII. SUMMARY OP IMPORTANT TREATIES APPEOTING CANADA. 1. St. Qermain en Laye, 1632. (A small town near Paris.) This restored Canada and Acadie to the French. Quebec had been taken in 1629 by Sir David Kirk, after the British and Prench had concluded peace. The country was consequently restored to the French. 2. Byswick, 1697. (Near the Hague.) This treaty closed "Eing William's War," and Prance and England mutually restored the American possessions taken during the war. 3. Utrecht, 1713. (About twenty miles southeast of Amster- dam.) This treaty concluded ** Queen Anne*s War,** and by it the English gained possession of Aoadie, New- foundland, and Hudson's Bay Territory. 4. Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748. (In Rhenish Prussia, forty miles southwest of Cologne.) Colonel Pepperell had taken Louisburgf in 1745, and by this treaty it was given back to the French in exchange for Madras. 6. Paris, 1763. By this important treaty Canada, Cape Breton, aud all the islands in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, with the exception of St. Peter and Miquelon, were ceded to England. A second treaty of Paris closed the American Bevolutionary War in 1783. By it the boundary line between Canada and the United States was defined. 6. Ghent, 1814. This terminated the "War of 1812," by a mutual restoration of territory and men. 7. The Ashburton Treaty, 1842. Lord Ashburton representing England, and Daniel Webster representing the United States, were appointed to settle the disputed »^»?;'»":P#-"'*';v-»'*^^ wmmmm ^m NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. 31 boundary line between Ndw Brunswick and Maine. They did so in 1842, giving the United States seven thous- and out of twelve thousand acres of the disputed territory. 8. Beoiprooity Treaty, 1854. This provided for the *' free interchange of the products of the sea, the soil, the forest, «nd the mine," between Canada and the United States. It gave the Canadians the ri^^ht to navigate Lake Michi- gan, and the Americans the Rivers St. Lawrence and St. John. It ceased in 1866. {, The Washington Treaty, 1871. A Joint High Com- mission representing Great Britain, Canada^ and the United States, met in Washington and settled several questions ; among others the Alabama Claims, the Fishery Disputes, and the iSan Jaun and Alaska Boundary Lines. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER, tm» 32 NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. CHAPTER IX. Brief Sketches of the Most Distinguished Men connected WITH THE History of Canada. I. Period ot Discovery. 1. John Cabot was> like many other early navigators, a native of Venice. He resided at Bristol, in England. He was commissioned by Henry VII. to make a voyage of discovery in 1496, and discovered Newfoundland in 1497. 2. Sebastian Cabot was a greater navigator than his father. He was born in England in 1477. He accompanied his father on his first voyage and returned in the following year. He made extensive discoveries in South America, under the auspices of the Spaniards. He first detected the variation of the mariner's compass. 3. John Verazzani was a Florentine who served under the King of France. In the year 1524 he sailed along the coast of America from Carolina to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 4. Jacques Cartier was born at St. Malo, in France, in 1500. He made four voyages to Canada (1534 to 1544), and was the first European to sail up the St. Lawrence. II. French Period. 1. Samuel Champlain may be regarded as the founder of Canada. For over thirty years he devoted his tireless ener- gies to the exploration and development of the infant colony. He founded Quebec in 1608. He traveled through the pre- sent Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and the State of New York. Lake Champlain was named after him. 2. Count de Frontenac was a native of France, born in 1621. In 1672 he was appointed Governor of Canada. He was a very haughty, decided, enterprising man. He built Fort NOTES ON CANADIAN HISTORY. 33 Frontenac (Kingston) and pursued active and energetic measures for the defense and extension of the colony. He was recalled in 1682, but re-appointed in 1689, in time to save Canada from passing from the control of the French. He ruled Canada in all twenty- one years. 3. Bishop Laval. What Frontenac was in relation to the government and military officers of Canada, Laval was to her religious and scholastic interests. He came to Canada in 1659. During the next fifty years he was the most impor- tant man in Canada. He founded Quebec Seminary, now Laval University, in 1663. He opened an Industrial School and Model Farm ; and made great efforts for the suppression of the liquor traffic among the Indians, and for the general welfare of the colonists. 4. General Montcalm was born in France in 1712. He took command of the forces in Canada in 1756, and defeated the British in several engagements. In 1759, however, he was defeated and mortally wounded at the battle with Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham. He was a brave, heroic man. III. English Period. 1. General James Wolfe was born in Westerham, England, in 1726. He advanced rapidly in the European wars of his early manhood. His great ability was recognized by Pitt, who sent him in 1757 to assist in the conquest of Canada. In 1758 he was with Gen. Amherst at the capture of Louis- burg, and in 1759 he was entrusted with the capture of Quebec. He succeeded in accomplishing the work assigned to him, and died at the moment of his triumphant .. ccess. 2. Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) was governor of Canada for a longer period than any other man. He was all to Eng- lish Canada that Champlain had been to French Canada, and more. For no less than thirty-six years he was connected with Canadian progress, and during most of that time he was governor. He fought under Wolfe at the capture of Quebec, ■inppiMpp Mpppvppipipiwvgipiipw*" 34 NOTES OX CANADIAN HISTORY. and by his good judgment and conciliatory manner soon succeeded in making the men against whom he had fought warm friends, and adherents to himself and tho throne he represented. He conciliated the French, he defeated the American invaders, and he secured the co-operation of the English who were dissatisfied at the great pri** dges allowed the French Canadians. 3. Major-Qeneral Sir Isaao Brook was a native of the Island of Guernsey. He entered the army in 1755, at the age of sixteen. He came to Canada in 1802. He was President of Upper Canada during the absence of the Governor in England. In 1812 he compelled General Hull and his whole force to surrender at Detroit, although his army was much smaller than that of the American general. He was killed at Queenston Heights, while leading his men up the rugged slope that forms the northern side of that rocky ridge. He was greatly beloved by Canadians, and has since his death been known as the ' ' Hero of Upper Canada." A fine monu- ment erected to his memory crowns the heights overlooking Niagara Biver. 4. Bight Hon. Charles Poulett Thompson (Lord Sydenham) was born in England in 1799. He took a prominent part in his native land in parliamentary, social, and educational re- form. He was appointed Governor of Canada in 1839, and was the first Governor of United Canada in 1841. He died in 1841 from the effects of a fall from his horse. He had a share in the founding of the unsurpassed municipal and edu- cational institutions of Ontario. 5. The Earl of Elgin was born in London in 1811. He rapidly rose to prominence in England, and in 1842 he was made Governor of Jamaica. In 1847 he became Governor-General of Canada, and remained till 1854. He was one of the most eminent statesmen of his age. During his period of office Canada was passing through troublous times. Bace jealous- ies and party feeling were at their highest point; but he r'^pj^^BaMr'.-""-.-^.- t^'^-^yfY^^-K,-r'ff. ■^tn'-^r^^ NOTKH Oti CANADIAN HISTOUY. 35 managed the affairs of the country with so much wisdom and ability that even those who at one time treated him with the greatest possible discor .'osy, learned to respect and honor him as he deserved. JJuring the last year of his term of ofhce he saw three great questions settled : The Olergy Re- serves, The Seigniorial Tenure, and the Reciprocity Treaty. He died in 1863 in India. 6. Lord Du£ferm was the Qovernor-Goneral of Canada from 1872 to 1878. Canada, under the British, has been fortu- nate in having wise and able men as the representatives of the sovereign power in every critical period of her history. Lord Dorchester watched over her destinies and preserved her from disruption and conquest in her childhood and early youth ; Lord Sydenham performed the marriage ceremony between Upper and Lower Canada ; Lord Elgin, by his statesmanship, prevented the subsequent disruption of the Union, and Lord Dufferin, by his courteous manners, his winning eloquence, his liberal views, and his high sense of justice, did more than any other man to preserve the healthy tone and vigor of the young Dominion during those years when her borders were being enlarged, her laws consolidated, her provincial and local claims adjusted, and the various conflicting interests of race and party being harmonized. Lord Dufferin was born in 1826 in Ireland. He was edu- cated at Eton and Oxford. He is the author of several works, and is now known throughout the English-speaking world as one of the purest living writers and speakers of the English language. He is recognized by both the great poli- tical parties of England as a most successful diplomatist, and has been entrusted with a number of most important foreign missions. ..■' 7. Hon. George Brown. Mr. Brown was one of the leading politicians of Canada for nearly 30 years, from 1852 to 1880. He founded the Globe newspaper, and conducted it till the 30 NOTES ON CANADIAN JIISTOUY. time of his death. He was a vigorous advc^atg both in his paper and in Parliament of the abolition of a State Church, of the Clergy Reserves, and of Seignorial Tenure. He led the movement in favor of Representation by population. He formed the Brown-Dorion Ministry under Sir Edmund Head, but remained in office only three days. He was a member of the Coalition Government that brought about Confederation, but retired from office soon after the work of uniting the Provinces was effected. He became a Senator in 1873. 8. Sir John Alexander MacDonald. Sir John MacDonald was the greatest Colonial Statesman of his time. He was in Parliament from 1844 to 1891 when he died, and for over forty years he was the leading spirit in Canadian politics. He was a member of the Government for the greater part of the time he was in Parliament, and was Prime Minister for more than half that period. He did more than any other man to effect the fusion of the English and French races in Canada, and will live in history as the "Father of the Country," because it was chiefly through his efforts that Confederation was brought about, and the Dominion after- wards extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific. His name is connected with every great advance made in the Dominion during the first twenty-five years of its existence. His distinguished services to the Empire were so clearly recog- nized by the British Government, that he was made a Member of Her Majesty's Privy Council in 1879. 9. Hon. Alexander McKenzie. Mr. McKenzie was a leading Member of Parliament from 1861 to 1892 when he died. He was Prime Minister of the Dominion from 1873 to 1878. He had previously filled the office of Treasurer in the Govern- ment of Ontario for one year. His official record was marked by great adelity to duty, and unswerving honesty of purpose. NOTES ON CANADIAN UlbTuKY. his Ch. ADDITIONAL NOTES BY TEACHER. m^m|>ii;ii I !»..;;.' "".■: J-'iitif.i^^^^; W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. Prof. Meiklejohn^s Text-Books on English Language. Adopted/or use in McGill University, Montreal. Adopted in 1891 Jpr use in the University of New Brunswick. Adopted in 1891 for use in the Prince oj Wales College, P. E. I. Prescribed in 1892 by Board of Education for use in the Public and High Schools of the Province of Quebec. Prescribed in 1892 by Board of Education for exclusive use in the Public and High Schools of New Brunswick. Prescribed in 1892 by Board of Education for use in the Pttblic and High Schools of British Columbia. The Engrlish Languag^e. Its Grammar, History, and Literature, by J. M. D. Meiklejohn, M.A., St. Andrew's University. Enlarged with Exercises and Addi- tional Analysis. Crown 8vo, 470 pp. Price ^.25. The best work of the kind. The great success which has attended the fi-st American edition of Professor Melklejohn's English Language— its t.-ammar, History, and Literature, is. of Itself, an evidence of the high merit of the work. I have examined it very carefully, and consider it the best work of the kind, in every respect, now in use.— Hiram Corson, Professor of English, Cor- nell University. MEIKLEJOHN'S ENGLISH LANGUAGE contains in 470 pages the four parts decribed below, and the price is only $1.25. Parts I. and II. are also bound in a volume by themselves, to which arc added 36 pages of questions on the preceding text, price 75 cents. History of the Language (Part III.) bound alone, 30 cents. Literature (Part IV. ) bound alone, 45 cents. This book is adapted to Colleges, High Schools, Collegiate Institutes, Teachers Examinations, and Civil Service Exami- nations. It is readable in style; omits insignificant details; and treats all salient features with a master's skill, and with the utmost clearness and simplicity. The Four Parts are mode up as follows :— I. A concise and accurate resumi of the principles and rules of Eng> IIhIi 4i;niiiiiiiar, with some interesting chapters on Word- lliiihIiiiK iiiKl Derivation, including an historical dictionary of Roots mid BraiK'licH, of ^Vordfi Derived fl'oiii NameM of Persons or of PlaecN, and of M'ordH ]li»«guised in Form, and ^Vords Greatly Cliauged in Meaniug. II. Thirty pages of practical instruction In Coiiipositlou, Parapkros- iutf, TerHlllcatlou, and Piinetualion ■•W***" •mfmtftmuiiiiutmm W. J. (xAGE He C'o.'s Publications. III. A History of the Ensltgh Iiangnasc* giving the sources of its vocabulary and the story of Its grammatical changes, with a table of the Iiandmarks in the history, from Beowulf to Tennyson. IV. An Oatline of the History of English and American Utera- tare, embracing Tabular Views which give in parallel columns— (a) the name of an author ; (b) his chief works ; (c) notable contemporary events ; (d) the century or decade. The book will prove invaluable to the teacher as a basis for hij course of lectures, and to the student as a compact and reliable statement of all the essentials of the subject A New Grammar of the English Tongue . Specially prepared for High School work. With Chapters on Composition, Versification, Paraphrasing, and Punctuation. Being Parts I. and II. of "The English Language," with 64 pages of Exer- cises and Examination Questions. Crown 8va Price 75 cents. A Short History of the English Language, Being Part III. of " The English Language. " Crown 8vo. Price SO cents. An Outline of the History of the English Literature. Being Part IV. of " The English Language. " Crown 8vo. Price 46 cents. English Grammar for Public Schools. Being part of Meikle^ohn's "English Language," pages 1 to 115^ with Exercises and Appendix on Composition. Price 25 cents. A Short Grammar of the English Tongue. For Public School course. This work gives the most Important granuTvUi'^al notions in the clearest and simplest way ; and also pro- vides 260 Exercises, with Appendix in English Composition. Crown 8vo, 176 pp. Price 9^ cents. W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. ProPlems in Arithmetic for Junior Classes. By W. E. Groves, Principal Church St. School, Toronto. Mainly . adapted for the use of pupils in Second and Third Book Classes in public schools. Part I., Second Book Classes. Part II., Third Book Classes. Price 25 cents. 1"^HIS is a volume of over 1100 practical problems, covering the work prescribed for the Second and Third Book Classes. In its prepara- tion the wants of the hard-worked teacher were kept prominently in view. The following are a few of the reasons why such a book should be in the bands of the pupils :— 1. While the special teachers' edition has all the answers prepared and a great deal of useful matter not usually found in works on arithmetic^ the scholars' edition contains oni the bare problems. Perfect independ- ence of thought is thus secured ir. :he solving of problems by the pupils. 2. It saves time for the teache that he would otherwise have to spend in looking for problems or in the n anufacture of original ones. 3. It saves to the school the tin.e that the teacher would require in the dictation of problems to the pupils, while from the little hand-book an exercise can be assigned with scarcely a moment's delay. 4. It saves to the pupil the time occupied in copying the problems assigned, leaving him that amount of time to devote to the solutions. 5. It prevents the ruin of a pupil's style of writing from the mad racing pace at which pupils are frequently required to write in the copy- ing of home or class exercises. There is nothing that teachers can do that so successfully destroys all chance of a boy's or girl's learning to write well as the incessant copying of exercises and notes, in oi'der to save the purchase of a fifteen or twenty-five cent book. All your teaching of writ- ing is so much lost time if pupils are allowed to neglect their writing caution when copying other work. Every case where a pupil has to writ© at all should be mode a Writing lesson. I 6. School Trustees would do well to supply a copy free to each pupiU as the price would soon be saved in the increased time the teacher could give to his classes. 7. There is no other book published where teachers can get copies of the Uniform Promotion Papers set in the various parts of the Province. 8. A prominent feature is made of Bills and Accounts, and of money transactions generally, including an exercise on the making of Change. 9. There are over 500 problems on four simple rules based on the Prac- tice Table, the answers to which appetr only in the teacher's edition. 10. There are 576 self-testing exercises in long division. p .•V '■«!>■■■•■-■■. ,. ' "PWWppifPiHi W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. Problems in Arithmetic for Fourth Book Classes. Adapted for use of pupils for Fourth Book Classes. By W. E. Gkoves, Principal Church St. School, Toronto. Price 25 cents. THIS volume has been prepared specially to meet the needs of teachers of ths Fourth Book Jlasses, though it will be found to cover very completely the work for the " Public School Leaving " Course. It has been arranged so as to be of the greatest possible assistance to the busy teacher. Most volumes of this class submit a series of papers on the work proposed to be covered— the woi-k being almost useless, except for review, without a great deal of time being spent by the teacher in select- ing, from the variety submitted, the problems that will suit his purpose. That disadvantage is sought to be overcome in the present volume. As the teacher moves from one stage of his work to another he will find fresh, crisp, practical examples to hand to illustrate each step, and so arranged as to remove even the necessity for selection. In teaching, for instance, Addition of Fractions, the teacher will And an exercise containing only examples treating of Addition of Fractions. When the teacher wishes to review Fractions, he finds to hand a large collection of problems care- fully gradefi for that very purpose. This plan prevails throughout the book. Leading Features. 'iDU toUowing are a iew of the leading features :— i A collection of 200 problems thoroughly reviewing the work of the 'Xhird Hook Classes. 2. Over L'nO problems covering the ground in Fractions. 3. 100 Problems on Interest and its applications. 4. An exercise on Discounting Notes. 5. Pei'ccntage applications. 6. Entrance Examination Papers since 1880, covering a period of twenty years. 7. A boo'iof 1,000 problems corering every phase of the Fourth Book work. 8. Answers appear only in tta« teachers' edition. W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. Hughes' Canadian History Primer. A Primer on Canadian History for students preparing for exami- nation. By J AS. L. Hughes, Inspector of Schools, Toronto. Price 20 c ents. The plan of tliis little primer is as follows :— 1. The history is divided into periods in accordance with the great national changes that have taken place- 2. The history of each period is given topically instead of i& chronological order. 3. Examination questions are given at the end ot each chapter. 4. Examination papers, selected, from the official examinations of the different provinces are given in the Appendix. 5. Student's review outlines, to enable a student to thoroughly test Ills own progress, are inserted at the end of each chapter. 6. Special attention is paid to the educational, social and commei^ cial progress of the country. 7. Constitutional growth is treated in a brief but comprehensive exercise. THIS little work has been prepared at the request of Rev. Bishop Vin- cent, President of the Chatauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, for publication in New York, and is issued by the Canadian Publisher in response to a demand for an aid In revietviiig and preparing for ex- aminations. It is not Intended to fill the place of an exhaustive treatise on the subject, but it contains in systematic order the points to be re- membered by students Admirably arranged. This is a condensed and admir- ably arranged vldimusof Canadian History, itls topically arranged, and bears evidence throughout or the hand of a skilful and advanced educationist.— Prea6j/m omfmmm' mm W. J. Gagb & Ck>.'s Publications. Gage's New Topical English and Canadian History Notes. This little Primer is prepared to cover the Pabllo School History Ck)urse in English and Canadian History, apd Is printed so as to Aim- ish a number of blank leaves to allow students to make additional notes. Price 26 cents. leading Featvres. 1. The Notes are arranged Topically under such headings as beSb Indicate the True Growth of the nation. 2. The Progress of the People, the Struggle for Freedom, the Establish- ment of Representative Government, and the Development of Edn- cation, Literature and Religion, are given more prominence than wars. S. The Colonial Extension of the British Empire is briefly outlined. 4. The whole History is Classified, so that the Relationships of the Great Upward Movement can be understood. 5. The arrangement of the Notes makes it Easy, Definite and Thorough Reviewing, perfectly simple without a teacher. C. The Notes supply an Admirable Preparation for the study of larger histories, and the best means for Clearly Remembering what has been learned from them. 7. Ample space has been left for Additional Notes, to be written by the stu- dent. 8. The Notes can be used in connection with any Histoiy, and are intended to Stimulate the Further Study of the important subject with which they treat By the ase of tUs If ote Book i. Time is Saved to teachers and pupils. 8. Success at Examinations made more certain. 3. Interest is Awakeni^ in the study of History. 4. A sinqile, definite Method of Stodying Hlstoiy is rerealed. W. J. Gage ft Cb.'s Publications. Revised Edition Gagre's New Map Geog^raphy Primer, price 40 cents. For Pupils preparing for Promotion Examinations. For Pupils preparing for Entrance Ex^uninations. For Pupils preparing for Junior and Senior Leaving Examina- tions. For Pupils reviewing for Certificates or Final Examinations. T \0 overcome the great difficulty of preparing students for these exami* nations, some masters throughout the province have taken the ordinary text-books in use, and from the multitude of sentences, selected what they deemed necessary to be learned by the pupil. Others again have used the blackboard or the dictation book for the facts to be memorized. These plans are objectionable, as the one does not present the words from the text-book so aa to be remembered readily, and the others necessitate the loss of much valuable time. Further, the pupil does not recognize the word in its written form, and thus the spelling is not taught. Of still more importance and what in itself should commend the work to teachers and the public generally, is that the exercise book required for the dictation exercises in C^graphy alone costs as much as this primer. The work is arranged in tabular analysis, to prevent the waste of time in poring over a prosy text-lxx>k. Brief notes are inserted at intervals to convey information of special interest Although merely preliminary, this book will be found to contain all that is necessary to fit a student for any of our examinations in the subject. Geography. As to what and how mttch to teach, those in charge mu3t exercise their own judgments. The attention of both teacher and student is directed to the Railway Map and to its analysis as special features of the book. The new matter thus added relates to such interesting portions of the earth as Australia and parts of Oceania, Africa, the West Indies, and Central America. These places, containing as they do sister colonies, claiming a common origin with ourselves from British stock, cannot fail to be of deep interest to all loyal Canadians. The statistics of the various countries, particuiary those speaking the English Language, have been brought down to the latest date ; this is possible at this juncture owing to the prevailing custom of taking the census every decade. vV. J. Gage & Co.'s Publicaiions. Revised Edition Gage's New Map Geogrrapliy Primer. The Railway map and letter press instruction accompanying it, which forms a special feature of the work, is also brought down to latest date, and will be found to aUnost furnish a " travellers' guide," as nearly every place of Importance will he found therein. It will be i ticed that the older parts of Canada are as well supplied with railway fiicilities as any part of the world. The natural products, manufactures, trade and com- merce, have received special atttention ; and, while not claiming that It contains everything essential to a complete knowledge of Geography, It Is contended that as much useful InfoiTnation has been packed Into the limited space &a is either wise or prudent. ' The Main Features may be summarized as follows :— Brief and Clear.— The whole matter Is put In so brief and «. . ^^i* a man. ner that the time of teachers and pupils will be saved and most satis- factory results can at the same time be secured. €k>niplet«.— It Is believed that this new Primer contained all that Is necessary to cover Promotion, Entrance, Junior and Senior Leaving Examinations. Its IJtlllty— Time .Snvod, Expense Saved.— Instead of the teachers marking in the large text-lxwks the lessons to be learned, or using blackboards or dictation books, the student has presented in this little Primer in clear concise form all that is necessary to be remembei'ed. Maps.— Fifteen beautiful maps are inserted, namely : Map of the World. Western Canada, Dominion of Canada, North America, South Amer- ica, United States, Euroi)e, England, Scotland, Ireland, Asia, Africa, West Indies and Central America, Mexico and Australia. Map of Geographical terms. ^ Among the special features of the new edition will be noted: Bfeiv Railway Map.— The Grand Trunk Railway System is indicated by a Red Printing and Canadian Pacific Railway indicated by a Green Printing, thus showing at a giance these two great Railway Systems of Canada. New Maps of West Indies, Central Atiierica and Mexico have been added, also a map of the Dominion of Canada showing '■ .atlve rel»« dons of the different Provinces of Canada. I mn^ 'ir.'" ' "H". VI W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. Reyised Edition Gage's New Map Oeography Primer. New Double Pnge Map of Ontnrlo.— Printed from relief plates in tliree colors with all of the moat recent Information available. New Double Page Map of British Columbia brought down to date. Doable Page Map of Quebec. New Statistics of vailons countries have been inserted, giving informa- tion to latest date in accordance with the recent census, in which Products, Manufactures, Trade and Commerce have received special attention. A Chapter on Topical Geography for Litnguage Lessons. Specimen Promotion Examination Papers. Price.— Notwithstanding; the book has been printed on beautiflilly calen- dered paper, crtlieiy re-written with a large nimiber of additional maps, the price remains the same, viz., 40 cents, and is about one-half of that of ordinary texts books. County Eilltions have been issued, the Counties being grouped together and beautifully engraved maps of each County, with every post-office, populationof villages, towns, etc., and other useful information sup- plied. CONTENTS OF COUNTY MAPS. Each map marks the location of every post-office, shows the popula- tion of each village or town, shows the location of telegraph stations, the main travelled roads and the distances between stations on the various lines of railway. County Edition A. Witli County maps of Essex, Kent, Lambton, Middlesex, Elgin, Perth, Huron. County Edition B. With County maps of Oxford, Norfolk, Brant, Wentworth, Raldl* mand, Lincoln, Welland, Waterloo. rr^^ ■II. F' "^TT^ W. J. Gage & Q%J^ Publications. ReTlsed Edition Gage's New Map Geography Primer. County Edition C. With County maps of Halton, Peel, York, Dufferln, Wellinerton Slmcoe, Grey, Bruce, also double page map of the City of Toronta County Edition P. With County maps of Ontario, Durham and Northumberland, Peterborough, Haliburton, Victoria, Hastings, Prince Sdward, Len- nox and Addington. County Edition E. With County maps of Frontenac, Leeds and OrenvVde, Russell and Presoott, Renfrew, Lanark, Garletmi, Dundas, Sti>niK>nt and Glengany. Gage's Map Geography— Quebec Edition. Contains a large double page map of the Province of Quebec, also map of the Eastern Townships, together with additional Text descrip- tive of the Province of Quebec. Price 40 cents. Gage*s Map Geography— Manitoba Edition. Contains double page map of Manitoba, together with the des- criptive text of that Firovince revised up to date. Price 40 cents. Gage's Map Geography— British Columbia Edition. Contains new double page map of British Colmnlila, togtChar with descriptive text revised to date Price 40 cents. THB W. J. G..«E Co. '8 Publications. Hughes' Mistakes In Teaching. I Rkvisid and Enlaroko Edition By Jamks L. Hughes, Inspector of Public "fhoola, Toronto. This work discusses in a terse manner over one hundred mistalces commonly made by untrained or inexperienced teachers. Price 60 cents. The mistakes are arranged under the following heads :— MUtakes In Aim. MtotakeH In School Management. Mistakes In Discipline. Mistakes In Method. Mistakes In Moral Training. Adopted by State University of Iowa aa an Elementary Book for use of Teachers. Adopted by a large number qf County Superintendents in the United States to be used in conducting Teachers' Institutes, Recommended for use of Teachers by the Council of Public Instruction, Quebec. Recommended for use of Teachers by the Council of Public Instructiop, Prince Edward Island. Eminently practical. '' Eminently practical. Most readable book for teacher that we have seen lately."— Teoc/iar*' Ad- vocate, Pennsylvania. Many valaable suggestions. " We know of no book of the size that contains so many valu- able suggestions for teachers, young or oiA."— Educational Jour- nal of Virginia. Practical. " It contains more hints of prac- tical value to teachers than any book of its size known to us."— Ohio Educational Monthly. It contains good sense. "It contains good sense and wise counsels to teachers. All young teachers will And the book a help in their work— one of the best to be had." — Educational Weekl]/; Chicago. Attention. A tcaehers* looking glass. "It might with profit be read aloud at teachers' meetings every- where, in fact it is a sovt of Teach- ers' Looking-Glass."— 5ar«fl«' Ed- ucational Monthly. A nseftal volume. " We advise every teacher to in- vest 50 cents la the purchase of this useful volmr.e." — New England Journal of Education. For young teachers. " For young teachers I know of no book that contains in the same compass so much matter directly bearing on their work, and capable of being immediately utilized."— Hon. M. a. Newell, State Supt. of Education, in Maryland School Journal. Sensible and practical. "It is sensible and practical." — School Bulletin, Syracuse, N.Y. How to Secure and Retain it. By James L. Hughes, Inspector of Public Schools, Toronto. Second Edition. Price 50 cents. Beplete ^vlth Talnable hints and practical suggestions. "Replete with valuable hints and practical suggestions, which are evidently the result of wide experience In the scholastic profossioa."— The School and University Magazine, London, England. '^^^^^mm^mmrf f^\i\\\mmm 4Ji* W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. Gage's Practical Speller. Authorized by the Council of Public Instruction, Quebec. Authorized by the Council of Public Instruction, Manitoba. Authorir^ed by the Council of Ptiblic Instruction, British Columbia, Authorized/or usein the Schools of North-West Territories, Authorized for use in the Schools of New Brunsmck. Is used in a number of the best Schools of Ontario. Is used largely in the Province of Nova Scotia. A series of graded lessons suitable for hiffh and public schools, with words In general use, with abbreviations, etc., words of similar pronunciation and different spelling, a collection of the most difficult words in the English language, and a number of literary selections which may be used for dictation lessons and committed to memory by the pupil, together with Latin and Greek roots, affixes and prefixes most frequently found in the Public School Reader. 100th thousand. Price SO cents. T" 1|HE old-fashioned Spelling book has been discarded by teachers gen- erally. Many valid ol^jections were properly urged against its use and it passed away. Entire dependence upon oral spelling may also be fitly styled a method of bye-gone days. Unfortunately for the old spelling book. It was asso- ciated with all the folly and weakness of "oral spelling," and this partly accounts for its rejection. What have the reformers given as a substitute for a speller ? They took our bread and have given in return but a stone. The bread, even though a little stale, was much more wholesome than the stone. In Can- ada, parts of the lessons to be found in the Readers are taken as dictation lessons, and the pupils are turned loose on society to shock it by their bad spelling, and disgrace the schools which they attended and in which they should have been taught. The Readers do not contain all the words boys and girls will have to spell in life, and if they did, the lessons are not arranged in proper form for spelling lessons. Only a comparatively small portion of the Readers can be written from dictation in school. Bad as were the old spellers they were infinitely better than nothing. This fact IB now recognized in Great Britain and the United States, ir. both of which countries many valuable spelling books have recently been issued. That :he8e were necessary in England is clearly shown by the fact that at a recent Civil Service Examination "no less than 1,861 out of 1,972 failures were caused by bad spelling." A practical dictation Speller la clearly a necessity, and this work has been prepared to supply an obvious want in the programme of Canadian schools. The claim to the name " practical " is l)a»ed on the fact that it is not a mere collection of thousands of "long-tailed words in osity and ation," but contains a grated scries of lessons to teach the pupils the proper spelling of the words uil have to use. W. J. Gagjg &, Co.'s Publications. Gage's Practical Speller. A superior little M'ork. The '• Practical Speller " is a su- perior little work, and should find Its way into every public school. The plan is ingenious and for aught I know may be original.— J. S. Cahson, Inspector P.S., Strath- roy. Just what Is wnnted. Thp "actical Speller " appears to be 9 • hat is wanted.— Rk v. W. PiLor upt. Church of England Schoo^ , St. Johns, Newfound- land. Particnlarly pleased with It. I am particulary pleased with the arrangement of exercises and the choice of words In every-day use, as well as the high character of many of the literary selections. As a hand book both for oral spelling and dictation, the book merits a §lace in every school. — G. D. •latt, B.A., Inspertor P.S., Pic- ton. Very snlt&ble. " It is very suitable for the object In view."— Canado Presbytertan, Is a r <;cegslty. " The ' Speller ' is a necessity and we have seen no book which we can recompiend more heartily than the one bi 'ore ua."—P"^Glis,N.S. Combination of excellencies. The grouping of words in com- mon use, the reviews, the dictation exercises and literary selections are all admirable, and form a combina- tion of excellencies notsuipast5Cd in any hook of the Ixxjk c? the kind that I have evermet with.— A. C. A. DoANE, r.P.S., Bar- ivijton N.S. say i think It a very The ■ • Excellent Mork. I can truly excellent work. The pr' face is very valuable both for tpm-i^crs and pupils, and if it could bt ffcnerally introducr.l into our schoois', I have no doubt that the results would Ix satisfactory.— P'lOF. J. P. Tufts Wolfville College, N.S. W. J. Gage & Co.'s Publications. Hamblin Smith's Arithmetic. A treatise on Arithmetic by J. Hamblin SaaTH, M.A.,of Gonville and Cains College, and late lecturer at St Peter's College, Cambridge. Adapted to Canadian schools by Thos. Kirkland, M.Am Principal Normal School, Toronto, and Wm. Scott, B. A., Mathematical Master. Normal School, Ottawa. Eighteenth edition. Price 00 cents. Authorized/or Authorized for Authorizedjor Authorizedfor Authorized/or Authorizedfor Authorizedfor Authorizedfor use in the Schools of Ontario. use in the Schools of Quebec, use in the Schools of New Brunswick, 1892, use in the Schools of Prince Edward Island, exclusive use in the Schools of Nova Scotia, exclusive use in the Schools of Manitoba, exclusive use in the Schools of British Columbia, ei^clusive use in the Schools of Newfoundland, : y. Ki rkland & Scott's Arithmetic. An Elementary Arithmetic on the Unitary System intended M an introductory text book to Hamblin Smith's Arithmetic, by Thos. Kirkland, M. A., PrinciiMiI Normal School, Toronto, and Wm. Scott, B. A., Mathematical Master, Normal School, Ottawa. Three hundredth thousand. Price 2.5 cents. Authorizedfor exclusive use in the Schools of Nova Scotia. Authorizedfor exclusive use in the Schools of Manitoba. Authorizedfor exclusive use in the Schools of British Columbia, Authorizedfor exclusive use in the Schools of Newfoundland, Authorizedfor use in the Schools of Quebec. Authorized for uhe in the S'^hools qf Ontario (2)rior to issue of Government Text Book). Kirkland & Scott's Arithmetic, French Edition. Edited by U. Schools, Montreal. E. Archambault, Superintendent of French For use in French schools. Price a5 cents. Key to Hamblin Smith's Arithmetic. Or the solution of the most difHcult exercises and cxaminat'on pape'dinthe Canadian edition of Hambltn Smith's Arithmetic, by Thoj. KiitKLAKi), M.A., Principal Normal School, Toronto, and Wm. SCO FT, B.A., Mathematical Master, Normal School, Ottawa. Prepared for tie use of private studenta and teachers. Price IS.OO. •S/i