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Lee cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A dee taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trap grand pour itra reproduit en un seul ciich«, il est filmi i partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imeges nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 I ■^ AGE, ABOUT IS. i'l^ttPv^ I !< 1 UfV t in I HALIBURTON Centenary Chaplet. (Reprinted for private eireulatwrt; with a Biographical Notice of Lord Baliburton.) 1 7^ Ch">-v-vv. ^l.-d WILLIAM BRIGCS, Toronto. 1899. 8/9.-] Otnccte or THE HALIBURTON CLUB. Fr.iaiucNT: A. B. de AllLLE, M.A. Vici-phesidcnt: O. W. SM;TH, 3.E. R. W. NORWOOD, B.A. TncAsuRCR ; J. KHADDER, B.A. Historian : H. A. ANCIENT. / i 84 6-4 8 A TOAST TO TOM HALBBURTON. Here's a health to thee, Tom ! May the mists of this earth Never shadow the light of that soul Which so often has lent the mild flashes of mirth To illumine the depths of the Bowl. With a world full of beauty and fun for a theme. And a glass of good wine to inspire, E'en without thee we sometimes are bless'd with a gleam That resembles thy spirit's own fire. Yet still in our gayest and merriest mood Our pleasures are tasteless and dim, For the thoughts of the past and of Tom, that intrude. Make us feel we're but happy with him. Like the Triumph of old, where the absent one threw A cloud o'er the glorious scene. Are our feasts, my dear Tom, when we meet witi. lut you, And think of the nights that have been, When thy genius, assuming all hues of delight, Fled away with the rapturous hours, And when wisdom and wit, to enliven the night, Scattered freely their fruits and their flowers ; When thy eloquence played round each topic in turn. Shedding lustre and life where it fell. As the sunlight, in which the tall mountain-tops bum, Paints each bud in the lowliest dell ; When that eye, before which the pale Senate once quailed, With humour and deviltry shone, And the voice which the heart of the patriot hailed. Had mirth in its every tone. Then a health to thee, Tom ! Ev'ry bumper we drain But rendei s thine image more dear : As the bottiti goes round, and again, and again. Wo wish, from our hearts, you were here ! — From Poems, by Joseph Howe. 1 ) PREFACE. F ]^ preparing for the " Centenary Chaplet " my " Sketch o? i the Life and Times of Judge Haliburton," I - 3udenH"d it by omitting several pabsages that had been set up in type. The book is now out of print, and in the copies which I have ordered to be struck off for private circulaf . by myaeif, 1 have inserted the omitted passages and some sligut additions. For these T am alone responsible, and as therr. is not time before I leave Toronto to submit their f^o Professor de MiJle, President of the Haliburton Club, I have felt it buo just to him to omit his " Foreword." Much of the success of the Centenary Chaplet was due to the publisher, aid also to Mr. Caswell, when I have to thank for his oourtesy to me, and for his judgment and good taste in bringing out the book. A brief biographica' notice of Lord Haliburton will be found in the Appendix. In the Centenary Chaplet I suggested that Judge Hali- burton's works must have largely influenced Prince Bi.smarck in his view's as to the importance of colonies. "While Gladstone was striving to breed disunion between England, Scotland, Ireland, and 'gallant little Wales,' and to get rid of our colonial empire, his exact antipodes in every- m thing-Bismarck, that Colossus of .he Ninetemth Century- wa8 devoting his giant energies to his lifewo.k, the unity of Germany, and the creation of a German colonial empire. It is possible that, as Sam Slick's works are among his favorite books, he may have imbibed to some extent Sam Slick's ideas as to the value of our colonies, and the incredible folly of those that wished to get rid of them ; and we may here find a clue to the unmeasured contempt which the Prince used so often to openly express for English politicians." Evidence has come to light as to the correctness of this statement. It is now well known that Bismarck's movement in favour of a German Colonial Empire began in 1874. Early in that year I paid a visit to Berlin, and took with me a letter of introduction from the German Ambassador in London, Count Munster, to Bucher, Prince Bismarck's secretary. For many months the eyes of Europe, or rather of the world, had been turned to the plain barrack-like residence of the Prince in Berlin (Wilhelm Strasse 76), where, though still confined to his bed, he was slowly recovering from his serious illness I asked Bucher to see if the Prince would accept a presentation copy of "Itule and Misrule of the English in America," which I had brought with me, as it had predicted some of the issues with which he had had to grapple. Bucher brought back the work, with a request from the Prince for me to write his name in it, and with a message that he was much pleased to have it, as my father was one of his favourite authors. Bucher also asked for a copy for himself, as the Prince would soon carry away with him all his books to Friedrichsruh, and he would never see it. I had previously given Bucher copies of reprints of two articles by myself that had ^^neared in 7'A. St. James Magazine and United Empire Review (of which T was then 8 proprietor). One of these, "The Dream of the United Empire Loyalists of 1776," was a protest against imperial disintegration, and the other, " The Queen and a United Empire,"' had special reference to Germany and Prince Bis- marck, and was accompanied by a portrait of the Emperor. Two thousand copies of the latter, and of an essay by Baron von Holtzendorf on the same subject, which had also appeared in that magazine, were -"^printed and circulated by the committee of the meeting held in London to express sympathy with Germany. Some months later, after the fact of my having paid such an interesting visit had nearly passed from my mind, I was reminded of it unex-,v3ctedly by hearing from Count Munster of his receipt of a letter from the Prince, expressing the pleasure with which he had read the work which I had given him, and his regret at not having been able to see me when I was at Berlin ; and Count Miinster added, " You need not be surprised at shortly receiving an official letter of thanks." This in a few days reached me, and read as follows : "London, May 14, 1874. Siu, — " You have had the kindness to offer and to forward to Prince Bismarck, at Berlin, a copy of your father's book called " T'he English in America." " The Prince has accepted it with great pleasure, and I am directed by his Serene Highness to thank you for the most amiable attention which you liave paid him. " T beg to remain, sir, " Yours very truly, " (Signed) Munster." "11. G. Haliburton, Esquire." Why the Prince should have recalled my trifling present months after it had been received, and why such cordial official 9 thanks should have been sent for such a slight attention, were loag a mystery to me ; but it now turns out th.t the Prince ^ust really have thanked me. not so much for the volumes I hadgxven him, as for their lessons as to the vastness and the value of those colonial possessions which English states- men seemed so anxious to get rid of. and for the vista which they had suggested to him of a great German Colonial iimpire. While the possession of colonies undoubtedly is most desirable for a great commercial country like Germany, the existence of German colonies seemed to me to be still more important to England, for without them Germany, beyond the reach of English fleets, might safely become a standing menace to British interests on the Continent, while each new maritime colony acquired by her would be a fresh "secu.iLy to keep the peace " towards England. Toronto, December I5th, 1898. R. G. HALIBURTON. 10 i CONTENTS. PASI Officers of the Haliburton Club " . . 3 Poem— "AToasfctoTomHaliburton" 4 By Joseph Howe. Preface v By R. G. HauFbcrton. A Sketch of the Life and Times of Judge Haliburton . . 16 Haliburton as Humorist and Descriptive Writer .... '47 By H. P. SooTT, M.A., Windsor, N.S. Haliburton : The Man p.nd the Writer 59 By F. Blake Crofton, Provincial Librarian, Halifax, N.S. Bibliography n^ By John Parker Amdehson, British Museum, London, England. APPENDIX. Lord Haliburton: A Biographical Notice 125 / ILLUSTRATIONS. Judge Haliburton Frontispiece. Clifton, Windsor, N.S . Opposite 13 The Piper's Pond „ 2I Gordon House, Islei. jrth ........ „ 47 Libr..ry, Gordon House „ 113 fl 5.4 X o '73 Q O H 13 u I ^ .-.M m A SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JUDGE HALIBURTON. W«M six Illustrations. EimniD Mcording to Act of the P»rHament of Canad*. in the yew one thounand eight buodred and nintty^ven, by Robibt CEAiit Baububton at tbe Department of Agriculture A SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JUDGE HALIBURTON.* IN the absence of any suitable biography of the author of " The Clockmaker,' his centenary may lend an interest to the following brief sketch of his life and times. Thomas Chandler Haliburton was born at Windsor, in the Province of Nova Scotia, on the 17th day of December, 1796. He was descended from the Haliburtons of Mertoun and Newmains, a Border family, one of whom was Barbara Haliburton, daughter of Thomas Haliburton, of Newmains, married Robert Scott. In 1820 a graudson of hers, the immortal Sir Walter Scott, claimed to represent her family. Sir Walter's tomb is in St. Mary's Aisle, in Dryburgh Abbey, the ancient burial place of the Haliburtons, one of whom is described there as Baro de Mertoun, for they were Minor Barons. About the beginning of the last century nearly all of her numerous uncles and rolatives migrated to Jamaica, and one of them, Andrew Haliburton, removed * The anonymous form seemed to mo the most convenient to adopt in writing the above sketch, and it was understood that, while I should be generally known as the author, my name should not be published as such. As, however, since the above was written, the circulars an- nouncing the forthcoming volume have mentioned my name in con- nection with it, I have thought it beat to append this note. R. G. Halibtirton. 16 Tfaomu Cb«ncller, a barrt«iter of Nor« olrouit, aged 61 ye^rs. He married Elisa- totth ; the Madras Sepoys.' I was much pleased at finding his father's Bible in the possession of his sister's descendants in Canada, who, if he was the las of his famdy in the male line, were its representatives in the female line A brancli uf the family (probably his descendants) were living at Madras early this century. In mldition to the family i„ America, with whom Mr. Walter Scott had a controversy extending h.ck into the last century, and descend- ants of the Mertoun family at Whitley, near Wigan, and St. Leonard s on the Sea, there was another branch also not mentioned in the Memorials," descendants of General Haliburton of Mertoun He served under Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, who ennobled him -nd granted him several villages in Poland. I)e Mertoun Haliburton one of his descendants (now Polish nobles), made enquiries in Scot' and as to family history early in this century. In I860 another of them paid a visit to Judge HaMburton at Isleworth Early in the century a Haliburton, who had a large fortune, and could find no kinsman of his name, made a commotion among all the Border fH.Mlies that had been at any time, or in .„y way related to the Hahburton family. The fortune was left by him to a stranger young Mr. Majoribanks, of Coutts' Bank, who ultimately wasted it a., in speculations. Why was it not left to Si- Walter who so sadly 16 . ' the British service aod retired at half pay to study law. H» was a mao of splendid talenU aod was suaoessiui at tlie bar as well aa in the legislature. He must have died about the year l^^H. SQdiQS the 42ad Regltneai, who was killed at ^^ W. #A ^"."\A^^^liCi-A tha £tet|!e of Fart M«n»»s~i--=- Us^ ^»*^ IXU/JCOu^^ — tc».JVy XiUiulr HoO sister Luey watt mother of Thomas Ufataodier Haliburton (Sam 3liok). Their daughter Aaa^arried Silas H. Crane of Eouuuuii'.N. a. Mr. Thomas Chandler J!Nwtjrilft.jN«»JMt.ji«ateMr.taJil< yduth la of Wolfe's Highland officers at the aiege of Quebec, who, af'oar the French war, settled in the colony of New York, where he married a Miss Kent, a nepr relative of the famous Chancellor Kent. He was killed in the Revolutionary War, at the storming of Fort Stanwix, while in command of the New York Volunteers. Chief Justice William Herse^ ;s Haliburton left an only child, the future author of " Sam Slick," who was educated at the Gramuiar School, Windsor, and afterward, at the same place, at the University of King's College, for Tory ling's College of the Colony of New York had migrated to neodod it? At Draycott House, Derby, the seat of Hugh Scott, Esq., there is a letter which points out that the " Memorials" had omitted several names. It is possible that the way in which Walter Scott had edited thorn may have stood between Sir Walter and the fortune. All the Haliburton family portraits, and the varioue, mementoes that exist of Barbara Haliburton, are to be found, not at Abbotsford, but at Lessuden House, the seat of the elder branch, the Scotts of Raebum. Had "Sam Slick" appeared a few years earlier, the fortune might have come to Judge Haliburton, and ultimately to myself. Probably from boyhood Sir Walter had an antiquarian craze for laying his bones in "that beautiful and romantic h\ ial place." He even enlivened his love letters in 1797 with the idea. Naturally, his fiancOe felt that an engaged man should indulge in more cheerful thoughts. " What an idea of yours was that to mention where you wish to have your bones laid. ... A pretty compliment before mar- riage. Take care of yourself if you love me, as 1 do not wish that you should visit that beautiful and romantic scene, the burial place." No step? towards taking pos.session of the burial place were taken till twenty-three years later, 1819, the year of his severe illness, whe" as respects his having written " The Bride of Lammermoor," his mind was a blank. Referring to this period, Lockhart tells of " the follow- ing incredible specimen of that most absurd personage, the Earl of Huchai," who it is evident imagined that, as purchaser of Dryburgh House, he was the owner of the burial place of the Haliburtons. When Sir Walter was supposed to be in extremin, the Earl tried to force his way to his bedside, and had to be hustled down stairs. He afterwards explained that " he wished to inform Sir Walter that he considered it a fortunate circumstance that they were destined to rest in the same 2 17 3 Windsor, Nova .cotia, where, prcHerving the traditions of Oxford of olden times, it remained out and out Tor / in its politics, and continued unchanged, even after Oxford itself had long felt the induence of modern ideas. Tn its colle- giate school, as late at leacc as 1845, that venerable heirloom, "Lilly's Latin Grammar," which had not a word of English froLi cover to cover, and which was a familiar ordeal for boys long before Shakespeare wtd born (Cardinal Wolsey, it is wiid, assisted in its coir^ position), was still employed. It even retained the quaint old frontispiece representing boys with knee-breeches and shoebuckles (probably a picture of the onginal "Blue-coat Boys") climbing up the tr^^e of know- placo of acpulchro," and that "ho had taken upon himself the whole conduct of the ceremonial iit Bryburgh." No doubt he had decided tliat Sir Valter was to rest in St. Mary's Aisle as his friend ! He must have postered Sir Walter, whoso hi,alth, mental as well as bodily, was ir such a critical state, and was not restored till the following year, into the idea of claiming St. Mary's Aisle, for Sir Walter wioto only a few ^veoks later, " I Khali lose no time in connect- ing m, elf l)y a geno>al service with my grand uncle (Robert H.), the last Haliburton of Dryburgh Abbey, or Newniains, as it -g call id." iln there was nothing to be gained by this step, for "The Memo- rials*' Mtn-te that Robert H. managed before his death to lose the Drybur;^.i property through unsuccessfully engaging in trade ; and there vi a .narginal note opposite the name of Major John H.,— " He vas the last survivor in the male line of the Haliburtons of Mertouuand Nbwraains." If on his death the representation of the family passed to a female, it must have gone to his sister, and not to Robert H. 's second sister. I cannot find anywhere a reference to a tablet which I saw in St. Mary's Aisle some forty years ago, with a Latin insiription on it evi- dently writttn oy the Earl of Buohan, as it begins characteristically with his name— " At the request of the Earl of Buchan," Sir Walter Scott, Baronet, was served heir, etc., etc. The very last person in the world whose sanction Sir Walter would have consented to quote in such a record, was "that vainest and silliest of busy-bodies," as Lockhart aptly describes the Earl. This biographical sketch was prepared by me while spen. n^, a winter in the south ; but I found my recollections and impressions as to Sir Walter's pedigree were m vague that I had to leave the P'-ragraph as to it till I should be alio lo .;onai It the necessary authorities on my r-jturn to the north. Unt'irtDnntely, while Mie work was going through the press I was (,>J; ■,- '--i;. A\, and, m. ..nwhile, the rough d.'aft, not intended for ^UuLt^iaua, appeared in pr* t. It is lucky that the subject hac" no bearing on the qnestion under discussion,— Was the Founder of the Sepoy force the last of his family in the male line? 18 I \r<. y ■ « ledge, and tlirowing down the goldc fruit. Daily, too, at the meals in th<' t^oUege Hall there wau, and perhaps may bo to this day, beard a quaint Latin grace, which • w droned by the "senior acholar," beginning, Oculi omnium cdte apeGtant^ Domine ; probably the Hame that was heard in some college halls ill the days of the Crusades. It is to be hoped that the " Bpirit of the age " has not led it ro discard this ard other venerable heirlooms derived from an ancient ancestry. This truly conservative and orthodox institution, in which the future author was Ci-ammed with classics, and taught to "fear God and honour the King," was then considered one of the most successful educational institutions in America, ma it still ranks high in its reputation a.s a college. It is the oldest in the Colonies, and it is the only one that has a Royal Charter. Mr. Haliburton used to puzzle his friends by saying that he and hib father were born twenty milee apart, and in the same house. The enigma throws HghL en the early history of Windsor. His fat'ier had extensive grants of land ^ Douglas, a place situated at the head waters of the St. Croix, a tribut£.ry of the Avon, as to which there is a gi*ue- some tablet at St. Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia, to ths memory of a noblenian, who lost hia life " from exposure during an inclement winter, while settling a band of brave Carolinians " at Dc'"glas. The famous Flora McDonald, whose husband was a cap- tain in that corps, spent a winter in Foi c Edward, the old blockhouse of which still overlooks the village of Windsor. The house at Douglas was built in the middle of the last century, like a Norwegian lod^e, of solid timber covered with boards. When Mr. Halibur'^on's father t-emoved from Douglas it was floated down the river, and was plicer' on the 19 m !•' y ■■ w bank of the Avon, where the town of Windsor now is, and in it Mr. Haliburton was born. The tide there is very remark- able, as it rises over thirty-six feet ; and while at high tide hundreds of Great Easterns could float there, when the tide is out the river dwindles into a rivulet, lost in a vast expanse of square miles of chocolate. The village early in the century consisted of one straggling street along the river bank, under green arches formed by the meeting of the boughs of large elms, a pretty little Sleepy Hollow, the quiet of which was only at times disturbed by the arrival from Halifax of a six-horse stage-coach at full gallop, or by the melancholy whistle of a wheezy little steamer from St. John, New Brunswick. The limited society of the place, a bit of rural England which had migrated, was far more exclusive and aristocratic than that now found in Halifax, or any Canadian city (for a shop-keeper or retailer, however wealthy, could not get the entrie to it), and was composed mainly of families of retired naval and military officers, " U.E. Loyal- ists," professional men, Church of England clergy, and pro- fessors at the College, and also one or two big provincial dignitaries, with still bigger salaries, who had country seats where they spent their summers. The officers, too, of a detachment of infantry stationed there largely contributed to bre «k the monotony of the place. The migratory house yas in time succeeded by a much more commodious one, built almost opposite to it ; and this, in its turn, soon after Mr. Haliburton was made a Judge, was deserted for what was his home for a quarter of a cen- tury, Clifton, a picturesque property to the west of the village, consisting in all of over forty acres, bounding to the eastward on the village, to the north on the river, and to the south on the lands of Kind's College. Underlaid by gypsum, u was 20 o a. 1% X H -r-.v much broken up and very uneven ; and the enormous amour ^ of earth excavated in openin'?' up the gj'psum quarries wtvs all needed to make the property a comfortable and suitable place of residence. Lord Falkland, a Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, used to say that he had never seen any place of its size that had such a variety of charming scenery. One precipitous, sunny bank, about one hundred and fifty feet long and thirty feet high, became a dense thicket of acacias, and when they were in bloom, was one mass of purple and white blossoms, while pathways wandered up and down through gleaming spruce copses and mossy glades. One of its special points of interest was the "Piper's Pond," so named after a probably mythical piper of a Highland regiment, who, having dropped his watch into the water, dived after it, and never came up. It was one of the few "punch-bowls" in gypsum regions that are not found dry. As a landscape gardener, he was greatly aided by the thorough art training his assistant had obtained at the best ladies' school of her day — one at Paris supported by the old Noblesse. Her history, from early childhood to the time when she arrived at Windsor, the youtliful bride of Mr. Haliburton, who hirase'f was still a minor, was a sincu'ar succession of romantic incidents. She was a daughter of Captain Laurence Neville, of the 19th Light Dragoons, and as she was very young when her mother died, her father, having made provision for her support and education before rejoining his regiment in India,* left her in charge of the * The sword of Tippro Sahib, taken from his dead body by Capfc. Neville, after the famous charge of his regiment at Seringapatam, which earned for them the name of "the Terror of India," is now in the possession of Lord Haliburton, G.C.H. 21 il m 1 widow of a brother officer, a sister of Sir Alexander Lockharfc, who subsequently, unknown to him, married William Put- ^ McCabe, a man of means, who became the Secretary of "Che United Irishmen" of '98. When he escaped to France in an open smuggler's boat, he took with him his wife and also her ward, Miss Neville ; and in 1816, the year the latter was married, in spite of the ten thousand puunds placed on his head he secretly went to England to bid her good-bye. Ijong before the thrilling tales of his escapes from the troops in pursuit of him, and other adventures, appeared in Madden's " History of the United Irishmen," they had been household words in the nursery at Clifton. The story of her marriage was equally romantic. When her futher, who was living at Henley-on-Thames in 1812, was on his death-bed, he heard that a very old military friend, named Captain Piercy, was living not far from that place, and he therefore wrote to him, asking him to call on Miss Neville, and to render her such services as she might need until the arrival of her only brother, who was then in India with his regiment, the 11th Hussars. He died in ignorance of the fact thai le had written to a perfect stranger, an old retired naval Seer of that name, who, with his wife, on receipt of the letter, called on Miss Neville, and invited her, as they had no children, to make their house her home. His step-nephew, Mr. Haliburton, while on a visit to England, met her at his house, and though still a minor, liecame engaged to jvnd married u^r The memory of these incidents was long preserved in the local traditions of Henley-on-Thames. Mr. Haliburton, who had graduated with honors on leaving ; f; college, in time waa called to th^ bar, and practised at Annapolis Royal, the former capital of Nova Scotia, where he acquired a large and lucrative practice; but a wider sphere of action was opened to him when he became the represen- tative of the county of Annapolis, and, as such, by his pow^r o£ u'.. ', *e and his ability, he speedily attained a leading He was the first public man who in a British Legislature | successfully advocated the removal of Roman Catholic dis-' abilities. Speaking of his speech on that occasion, Mr. Beamish Murdoch, in his " History of Nova Scotia," says it was " the most splendid bit of declamation that it has ever been my fortune to listen to. He was then in the prime of life and vigor, both mental and physical. The healthy air of country life had given him a robust appearance, though his figure was yet slender and graceful. As an orator, his manner and attitude were extremely impressive, earnest and dignified ; and, although the strong propensity of his mixid to wit and humor was often apparent, they seldom detracted from the seriousness of his language, when the subject under dis- cussion was important. Although he sometimes exhibited rather more hauteur than was agreeable, yet his wit waa usually kind and playful. On this occasion he absolutely entranced his audience. He was not remarkable for readi- ness of reply in debate ; but when he had time to prepare his ideas and language he was almost always sure to make an impression on his hearers." On this point Mr. Duncan Campbell, in his " History of Nova Scotia " (p. 334), says : " The late Mr. Howe spoke of * With the permission of Mr. Henry J. Morgan, portions of this paper are reproduced, in an abridged form, from his " Bibliotheca Canadensis," published in 1867. 23 M il i him to the writer as a polished and eflfective apeaker. On some passages of his more elaborate speeches he bestowed great pains, and in the delivery of them, Mr. Howe, who acted in the capacity of a reporter, was so captivated and entranced that he had to lay down his pen and listen to his sparkling oratory. It is doubtless to one of these passages that Mr. Beamish Murdoch refers." It is difficult to imagine a more uninviting arena than was presented at that time by Nova Scotian politics, or more undesirable associates in public life than the politicians of that day. The Province was ruled over by a Council consist- ing of a few officials living at Halifax, one of the leaders of which was the Church of England Bishop. In vain, there- fore, year after year Mr. Halibui. ,n got the House to vote a grant to a Presbyterian institution, the Pictou Academy. It ./as invariably rejected by the Council; while a small grant in aid of public schools was contemptuously rejected without any discussion as to it. His ridicule of the conduct of the Council in that matter gave them great offence, and they demanded an apology from the House, which, however, was refused, as the House resolved that there was nothing objectionable in his remarks, and also that they were privileged. The Council again more peremptorily de- manded an apology, when the House, incredible as il, may seem, unanimously stultified itself by resolving that Mr. Haliburton should be censured for his remarks. He accord- ingly attended in his place, and was censured by the Speaker! It must, therefore, have been an infinite relief, when an opportunity offered of escape from such an ordeal as public life was in those days. He lived in the district embraced by the Middle Division of the Court of Common Pleas, of which his father was Chief 24 Justice, while he himself was the leader on that circuit. When, therefore, his father died, the vacant post was, as a matter of course, offered to him, and was gladly accepted. But in Pictou County, which was largely settled by " dour " Cameronians, and which gloried in those annual and ever-recurring battles against the Bishop and his followers, there are no doubt types of " Old Mortality" that will never cease to denounce his retirement from the perennial strife as a great sin, and an act of treason to his country, or (what is the same thing) to the Pictou Academy. In 1828, when only thirty-two years of age, he received the appointment of Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841 the Court of Common Pleas was abolished, and his services were transferred to the Supreme Court. In February, 1856, he resigned his office of a Judge of that Court, and soon afterwards removed to England, where he continued to reside till his death. It was a curious instance of "the irony of fate," when the successful advocate of the removal of the political disabilities of Roman Catholics was a quarter of a century afterwards called on as a Judge to rule that the rights of Roman Catholic laymen, as British subjects, could not be r3r,cricted by any ecclesiastical authority. Carten, a veiy prominent ind respected Irishman living in Halifax, having been excommunicated, was denied access to his pew in St. Mary's Cathedral, of which he was the legal owner. Judge Haliburton's ruling in favor of the plaintiff in Carten vs. Walsh et al. was a very able one. This was probably the only case in which a judge in Nova Scotia ever had to order a court room to be cleared in con- seqwace of manifestations of public excitement and feeling. About 1870 the same point was raised at Montreal in 25 \fi the famous " Guibord uase." The members of a French- Canadian literary society, which had refused to have standard scientific works weeded out of its library, were excommuni- cated. One of the..., named Guibord, had bought and was the legal owner of a lot in the public cemetery at Montreal, and, when he died, his body was refused admission to it. Though this proceeding was justified by the Quebec courts, their judgments were reversed by the Judicial Committee of th.? Privy Council; and upon the defendants refusing to obey "the order of Her Majesty in Council ii the matter." some thousands of troops were called out, and the body, under military protection, was buried under several feet of Portlp-id cement in the Guibord lot.* While the ruling in Carten vs. Walsh et al. created some bitter enemies that were powerful enough to make their hostility felt, some offence (perhaps not altogether without apparent cause) may also have been taken by them at a few incidental philosophical allusions in "Rule and Misrule of the English in America" to the important * The following ia an extract from a letter from the writer, dated October 2i,th, 1896, which was read by Mr. C. Prince at Montreal at a lecture on Joseph Doutro, Q.C. (Counsel for the PlaintifF in the Guibord case) : "For his action in the Guibord case he paid a heavy penalty Though ho was appointed leading counsel for the Dominion by the Liberal Government on the Halifax Fishery Commission, the Conserva- tives, when they camo into power, declined to pay him a suitable counsel fee, although there was an award of five millions of dollars in favor of the Dominion. He put the matter in my hands, and I got him a judgment in tlie Exchequer Court for $11,000, (including costs) but the Government appealed to the Supreme Court, and when it was decided in favor of Doutre, they harrassed him by an appeal to the Privy Council. The main ground of defence was a very discreditable one, viz., that a Canadian barrister, even though a counsel fee is justly due him, cannot bring an action for it ! Even after the appeal was disiPissed with costs, they delayed payment as long as possible " 26 \ results that were likely to flow from the new r61e of the Roman Catholic Church as a political power in the New "World, a subject that he would no doubt have prudently avoided, could he have foreseen the bitter controversy as to that question that was about to be caused by the rise of the " Know-nothing Movement." When one of his sons (the writer, then t'ft enty-three years of age), was offered the post of private Secretary to Sir Gaspard Le Marchant, Lieut. Goveinor of Nova Scotia, he advised him not to give up his profession for that position ; but before a reply was sent, word was received that the Executive Council had protested against the offer having been made, on the ground that "Judge Maliburton had been in politics in early life " (twenty-seven years previously). "This," he said, "meant 't'le son of the author of Rule and Misrule of the English in America is disqualified from hold- ing any office under government in this country.' You are on the black-list, and you will remain there. So you know now what to expect." These pleasant prognostications to the inex- perience of youth seamed simply incredible. Subsequently, on resigning his seat on the Supreme Court Bench a''*er a total judicial service of twenty-seven years. Judge Haliburton applied for payment of the small pension of twelve hundred and fifty dollars, which had been secured to him b__ statute, as one of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas at the time it was abolished. The govern- ment refused to pay it ; and even after he had been forced to get two judgments against them in Nova Scotian courts, they carried the case to the Privy Council. But though it confirmed the two judgments below, and ordered them to pay the amount of the pension, they persisted in refusing to do so, until the Receiver-General was notified that, in event 27 of further delay, a bailiff would be put into his house, and his furniture would be attoched. These appeal cases are probably the only instances in Canada in which the order of the Privy Council has not been promptly obeyed. Thanks to that wonder-worker, Time, the lapse of fifty years rarely fails to take all the caloric out of «' burning questions, ' and is able to convert the startling forecasts of thinkers into the trite truisms of practical politics. The animus against Judge Haliburton, however, was pro- bably of a more persistent type. " From the ills of life," says Longjnus, " there is for mortals a sure haven— death, whi'e the woes of the gods are eternal." But successful authors are not much better off than the unlucky gods, for their names and their works survive them and can be tabooed* A generous tribute was paid by the Archbishop of Halifax and Mr. Senator Power, at the Haliburton Centenary Meeting at if.'ilifax, to the important services which Judge Haliburton had rendered three-quarters of a century ago in connecti(,n with Roman Catholic disabilities. A few years after taking up his residence in England, he paid a visit to Ontario, Canada, where he negotiated the pur- chase by the Canadian Land and Immigration Company of an •Principal Grant writes in " The Westminster " (Toronto) Decem- ber 4th, 1898 : "It should not be forgotten that Howe owed much, in his early business and public life, to the friendship of Hali- burton, a university man and gentleman of the old school, the import- ance of whose literary worth has been strangely overlooked in our west. His name is not mentioned in any one of the portrait galleries, cyclopedias and other lists of so-called eminent Cnadians, which adorn a shelf in our University library ! Is it possible that none of the compilers had ever heard of Sam Slick ? So much the worse for them. He is the one British -American whose reputation, as a man of letters who had opened up a new field of humor, is unquestioned in Britain and the States." 2S ■ I extonsive tract of country near Peterborough. Most of it that is not now sold is included in the county of Haliburton, which returns a member to the Ontario Legislature, and the county town of Haliburton is the terminus of the Haliburton branch of the Grand Trunk Railway. In 1816, as already stated, he married Louisa, only daughter of Captain Laurence Neville, of the 19th Light Dragoons (she died 1840), by whom he had a large family. He left two sons — Robert Grant Halburton, Q.C., D.O.L., and Sir Arthur Laurence Haliburton, G.C.B., late Permanent Under Secre- tary of State for War, who has recently been raised to the Peerage (see Appendix) ; and five daughters — Susan, widow of the Hon. John Wesley Weldon, Judge of Supreme Court of New Brunswick ; Augusta Louisa Neville, who married and survived Alexander Foden Haliburton, Esq., of Whitley, near Wigan, and of Grafton, Torquay (she died in 1891) ; Laura Charlotte, wife of William Cunard, Esq., of 95 Eaton Square, London, Orleans House, Twickenham, and the Villa Lefevre, Nice, second son of Sir Samuel Cunard, First Bai-onet ; Emma Bainbridge Smith, of 27 Lewes Crescent, Brighton, and Grafton, Torquay, wife of the Reverend J. Bain- bridge Smith, M. A., formerly Consular Chaplain at Smyrna ; and Amelia, wife of the Very Revered Dean Gilpin, Halifax, Nova Scotia. He married secondly, in 1856, Sarah Harriet, widow of Edward Hosier Williams, of Eaton Mascott, Shrewsbury, by whom he had no issu ad who survived him several years. That life-long exile, the poet Petrarch, says that men, like plants, are the better for transplanting, and that no man should die where he was born. For years Judge Haliburton stagnated and moped in utter solitude at Clifton, for his large family had grown up and were settled in life elsewhere, while 29 ft* death had removed the little band of intellectual companionH whose society had been a great source of enjoyment to him. But he got a new lease of life by migrating to England. His second wife was a very intelligent and agreeable widow lady of a good social position, who even after having made a con- siderable sacrifice of her means in order to many him, was comfortably off. It was a very happy match, and she proved n be a mjst devoted wife. Before they were married she iiuvi leased Gordon House, situated on the Thames, not far from Kjchmond (a house built by George I. for the Duchess of Kendal, who after hi« death believed that her royal lover used to visit her in the form of a crow in what is still known as " The haunted room "). In time the gardens and grounds there were referred to as showing what lady floriculturists can accomplish. His family, most of whom resided in England, were delighted at seeing him in his old age well cared for in a comfortable home. As an autlior, he first came before the public in 1829, as the historian of his native Province. His work, which was well rec<^ived by both the public and the press, and was so highly thought of that the House of Assembly tendered him a vote of thanks, is to the present time regarded as a standard work in the Province. Six years subsequently he became unconsciously the author of the inimitable "Sum Slick." In a series of •• onymous articles in the Nova Scolian nt^wspaper, then edited by Mr. Joseph Howe, he made use of a Yankee pedaler as his mouth- piece. The character proved to be "a hit," and the articles greatly amused the leaders of that paper, and were widely couied by the American press. Thej were collected together and published anonymously by Mr. Howe, of Halifax, and 30 aevpral oflifcions were issued in the United States. A copy was taken thence ^o Ilnj^land by General Fox, who gave it to Mr. Richard Bentley, tlie publisher. To Judge Ilaliburton's surprise, he found that an edition that had been very favorably received hatl been issued in England. For some 'me the authorship was assigned to an American gentleman in London, until Judge Haliburton visited England and became known as the real author. For liis " Sam Slick " he received nothing from the publisher, as the work had not been copyrighted, but Mr. Bentley presented him with a silver salver, on which was an inscription written by the Rev. Richard Barham, the author of the " Ingoldsby Legends." Between Barham, TheoJore Houk and Judge Haliburton an intimacy sprang up. They frequently dined together at the Athenteum Club, to which they belonged, and many good stories told by Hook and Bar- ham were remembered by the Judge long after death had deprived him of their society. As regards "Sam Slick," he never expected uv'. his name would be known in connection with ic, or that his pr -luctions would escape the usual fate of colonial newspapei articles. On his arrival in London, the son of Lord Abinger (the fair.'>us Sir James Scarlett) who was confined to his bed, asked him to call on his father, as there was a question which he would like to put to him. When he called, his Lordship said, " I am convinced that there is a veritable Sam Slick in the flesh now selling clocks to the Bluenoses. Am I right?" " No," replied the Judge, " there is no such person. He -vas ^.-Pli^-'i-'^i^.^-n*-- -^ .^eyer intended to describe a Yankee . clockmaker or Yan,l ee dialect; but Sac? Slick slipped into 31 'U-^1 my book before I was aware of it, and once there he was there to stay." In some respects, perhaps, the prominence given to the Yankee dialect was a mistake, for, excepe in very isolated communities, dialect soon changes. A Harvard professor, nearly Bfty years ago, indignantly protested against Sara Slick being accepted as a typical American." His indigna- tion was a little out of place. It would be equally foolish in an Englishman should he protest against Sam Weller being regarded as a typical Englishman. Do typical Americans wander about in out-of-the-way regions selling wooden clocks 1 Sam SHck represented a very limited class that sixty years ago was seen oftener in the Provinces than in the United States, but we have the best proof that The Clockmaker suggested a true type of some " Downeasters " of that day in the fact that the people of many places in the North-eastern States were for many years convinced that they had among them the original character whom Judge Haliburton had met and described. Sixty years ago the Southern States were familiar with the sight of Sam Slicks, who had always good horses, and whose Yankee clocks were everywhere to be seen in settlers' lo& houses. Since Sam Slick's day the itinerant vendor of woodei clocks has moved far west, and when met with there, is a very different personage from Sam Slick. Within the past forty years, however, veritable Sam Slicks have occasionally paid a visit to Canada. One of them sold a large number of wooden clocks throughout Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. They were warranted to keep accurate time for a year, and hundreds of notes of hand were taken for the price. The 32 [ h notes passed by indorsement into third hands, but, unfortu- nately, the clocks would not go. Actions were brought in several counties by the indorsees, and the fact that Seth's clocks had stopped caused as much lamentation and dismay as a money panic. The first case that came up was tried before Judge Haliburton, much to the amusement of the publio and to the edification of the Yankee clockmaker, who had a long homily read to him on the impropriety of cheating Bluenoses with Yankee clocks that would do anything sooner than keep time. But a man may be a Yankee clockmaker without having the "cuteness" and common sense of Sam Slick. In his Harli/ Jiemimscencea, Sir Daniel Lysons describes such an one who, while selling clocks in Canada, was tempted to stake his money and clocks, etc., on games of billiards with a knowing young subaltern. "The clocks soon passed into British pos- session. They then played for the waggon and horse. Finally Sam Slick, pluck to the backbone, and still confident, staked his broad-brimmed hat and his coat; Bob won them; and putting them on in place of his own, which he gave to his friend Sam, he mounted the waggon and drove into barracks in triumph, to the immense amusement of the whole garrison." An English Reader ha. for half a century been in use in French schools, which gives Sam Slick's chapter on "Buying a Horse" as one of its samples of classical English literature. Experience is proving that the value attached by Sam Slick to the geographical position and natural advantages of the Province of Nova Scotia was not a mistaken one. We are, however, apt to be more grateful to tb.se that amuse than to those who instruct us. Many persons who laughed at Sam Slick's jokes did not relish his truths, and his popu- 3 33 fisr In larity as an author was far greater out of Nova Scotia than in it; but it had ceased to depend on the verdict of his countrymen. Arteraus Ward pronounced him to be the "father of the American school of iiumor." The illustrations of the Clockmaker by Hervieu, and of Whe Saws by Leech, supplied the conventional type of " Brother Jonathan," or " Uncle Sam," with his shrewd smile, his long hair, his goatee, his furry hat, and his short striped trousers held down by long straps, a precise contrast to the conventional testy, pompous, pot-bellied John Bull, with his knee-breeches and swallow-tail coat. Among all the numerous notices of Sam Slick's works that have appeared from time to time, that by the Illustrated London News, on July 15th, 1842, which was accompanied by an excellent portrait of Judge Haliburton, is the most discriminating and appreciative. " Sam Slick's entree into the literary world would appear to have been in the columns of a weekly Nova Scotian journal, in which he wrote seven or eight years ago a series of sketches illustrative of homely American character. There was no name attached to them, but they soon became so pop- ular that the editor of the Nova Scotian newspaper applied to the author for permission to reprint them entire ; and this being granted, hi brought them out in a small, unpretending duodecimo volume, the popularity of which, at first confined to our American colonies, soon spread over the United States, by all classes of whose inhabitants it was most cordially wel- comed. At Boston, at New York, at Philadelphia, at Balti- more, in short, in all the leading cities and towns of the Union, this anonymous little volume was to be found on the 81 rU . r I li u a it I # - drawing-room tobies of the most influential members of the social community; while, even in the emigrant's solitary farm house and the squatter's log hut among the primeval forests of the Far West, it was read with the deepest interest cheering the spirits of the backwoodsman by its wholesome' vigorous and lively pictures of every-day life. A recent traveller records his surprise and pleasure at meeting with a well-thumbed copy in a log hut in the woods of the Mississippi valley. "The primary cause of its success, we conceive, may be found m Its sound, sagacious, unexaggerated views of human nature~not of hum.n nature as it is modified by artificial institutions and subjected to the despotic caprices of fashion but as It exists in a free and comparatively unsophisticated state, full of faith in its own impulses and quick to sympathize with kindred humanity ; adventurous, self-relying, untram- melled by social etiquette ; giving full vent to the emotions that nse within its breast; rega.dless of the distinctions of caste, but ready to find friends and brethren among all of whom it may come in contact. " S'uch is the human nature delineated in Sam Slick. , " Another reason for Sam Slick's popularity is the humor with which the work is overflowing. Of its kind it is decidedly original. In describing it w. must borrow a phrase from architecture, and say that it is of a 'composite order;' by which we mean that it combines the qualities of English and Scotch humor-the hearty, mellow spirit of the - one, and the shre^. d. caustic qualities of the other. It derives httle help from the fancy, but has its ground-work in the understanding, and affects us by its quiet truth a^d force and the piquant satire with which it i. flavored. In a word- *t ^0 the sunny side of common sense." 3C f i A review of " Nature and Human Nature " drew attention to the fact that no writer has produced purer conceptions of the female character than are to be found in Sam Slick's works. They show none of those morbid, sexualistic tendencies which are betrayed in some modern novels written by young ladies, or in semi-scientific papers on sexual subjects by "advanced females." Tacitus praised the social purity of the German,s at the expense of his corrupt fellow-countrymen. " No one there makes a j 3st of vice," which we may now road, "No one there writes novels about adultery." Sam Slick tells us how he romped and flirted with country girls ; but there is not the slightest allusion to sexual impropriety, even hy the most remote implication. There is no harm in Sam Slick's jokes, which were originally intended for rough, plain-spoken liackwoods Bluenoses of sixty years ago ; for, while impurity corrupts, however refined it may be, coarseness does not. The Bible is often coarse, but never impure. Some years before Sydney Smith made what is generally set down as his best joke, as to a day being so hot that it would be a comfort to -' take of our Jksh and sit in our bones," it had ma e its appearance in " Sam Slick ; " and the country girl who says, « I guess I wasn't brought up at all, I growed up," probably suggested Topsy's, "spec I growed." After this sketch had been written, a somewhat startling suggestion, that the idea of The Clockraaker had been borrowed from Dickens, and that Sam Slick was merely a Yankee version of Sam Weller, led to an inquiry into the point. The coincidences were many, and could hardly be accidental. Dickens sends off Pickwick in his wanderings without any apparent object in view, accompanied by a 36 1 ii w ii i M li i i u«m« Mi——*wi.«f- f shrewd and humorous Cockney valet, Sam Waller, whose sayings and doings are the prominent feature of the book ; while Judge Haliburton sends off the autht - on very similar travels, accompanied by a cute Yankee, another Sam, for whose yarns and jokes the book is simply a peg on which they can be hung. In both cases then is the faintest apology for a connected story. If any one had been guilty of plagiarism, it was Dickens, for Sam Weller only made his appearance in the " Pickwick Papers" about August, 1836, while the early chapters of "The Clockmaker," which were published in 1835, and we;e at once widely copied by the American press, may have been seen by Dickens. The Cockney dialect was used as far back as 1811 in a farce by Samuel Beazley, architect; and no doubt the Yankee dialect in " The Clockmaker " was not its first appear- ance in literature. Duncan Campbell says in his "History of Nova Scotia" (p. 335), " Sam Slick, the Clockmaker, immediately attracted attention. The character proved to be as original and amusing as Sam Weller. Samuel amuses us only. Slick both amuses and instructs. Rarely do we find in any character, not excepting the best of Scott's, the same degree of originality and force, combined with humor, sagacity, and sound sense, as we Bnd in the Clockmaker. Industry and perseverance are eflPectively inculcated in oomic story and racy narrative. In the department of instructive humor Haliburton stands, perhaps, unrivalled in English literature." The Spectator (London) calls him " One of the shrewdest of humorists;" and his biographer in Chambers' Encyclo- pedia says, " he attained a place and fame difficult to acquire at all times — that of a man whose humor was a native jf one 37 i^ .if. ml iiv III country and hecaine naturalized in auotlier, for humor is the Ifc. ^t exotic of the gifts of Genius." Philarfete Chasles in the Eevue des Deux Mondes* in a long and favorable notice of Judge Haliburton's works, pronounced them to be unequalled by anything that had been written in England since the days of Sir Walter Scott. Long after "Sam Slick, the Clockmaker," first appeared, it was by many persons referred to as a store-house of practical wisdom and common sense, and a vade mecum as to the affairs of every-day life. Forty years ago an able but very eccentric Danish Governor at St. Thomas, in the West Indies, was noted far and wide for his excessive admiration for Sam Slick's works. Whenever a very knotty point arose before him and his Council, which consisted of three persons, he used to say " We must adjourn till to-morrow. I should like to look into this point. I must see what Sam Slick has to say about it." A traveller on reaching the most northern town in the world, Hammerfest, found that Sam Slick had been there before him, for the "Clockmaker" was a hobby and a text- book of a humorous Scotchman, who was the British consul there at that time. Judge Haliburton was very fond of youthful society , old men were too old for him, for he used to say that a large majority of men when they begin to grow old become very prosy. On the other hand, his humor and conversational powers were very attractive to young men. In illustration of this, the late Sir Pitzroy Kelly, who considered him the most agreeable talker he had ever met, used to tell of meeting him once during the shooting season, at a country house. Next morning, to his surprise, he found all the young men • Tome XXVI, 307 (1841). ! gpthered around the Judge ia the smoking room, instead of their being among the turnips. Thoy preferred hearing Sam Slick talk to the delights of shooting. In 1859, he consented to run for Launceston, wnere his friend, the Duke of Northumberland, had great influence. On his election he thanked his constituents, "in behalf of four millions of British subjects on the other side of the water, who, up to the present time, had not one individual in thi House of Commons through whom they might bo heard." It seems almost providential that when an advocate of the Unity of the Empire was most sorely needed, he had for a quarter of a century been writing in favor of the colonies. But for the strong public opinion as to their value among the masses, whom the popularity of his works had enabled him to reach, fanatical f ree tn ders, in order to prevent the possi- bility of a return to "the Colonial System," might have persuaded the nation to burn its ships by getting rid of its colonies. A solitary colonist at that period in the House of Commons soon found that he had fallen on evil times, and that among all classes above the mass of the people, but especially among politicians. Conservative as well as Liberal, there was a growing hostility to the colonies. " Oh ! was it wise, when for the lovo of gain England forgot her sons beyond tlio main ; Held fooa aa friends, and friends as foes, for thoy To her are dearest w ho most dearly pay ? " Though no one in Parliament dared to openly advocate disintegration, there was a settled policy on the part of a secret clique, whose headquartj^s were in the Colonial Office, to drive the colonies out of the Empire by systematic snub- bing, injustice and neglect. 39 m J This infamous state of things, of which all classes of Englishmen profess now to be ashamed, was made apparent when Judge Haliburton moved in the House of Commons that some months' notice should be given of the A ct to throw open British markets to Baltic timber, a measure which, if suddenly put in operation, would seriously injure New Brunswick merchants; and he urged as a reason for due consideration for that interest, that it was not represented in Parliament. Mr. Gladstone did not condescend to give any explanation or reply, but led his willing majority to the vote, and the Bill was passed. People sometimes cite what occurred at this debate as a proof that "Judge Haliburton was not a success in the House of Commons ; " but it is difficult to imagine a more uncon- genial audience for an advocate of Imperial Unity. Gladstone, as if to remove any doubt as to his animus in these proceedings, sent a singularly insolent reply to a letter written to him by the Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, protesting against this unexpected measure. " You protest, as well as remonstrate. Were I to critically examine your language, I could not admit your right, even individually, to protest against any legislation which Parliament may think fit to adopt on this matter." Had the protest only been in the form of dynamite he would have submissively bowed down at the sound of that "chapel bell" which has since then from time to time called him and his cabinets to repentance. His two attempts to destroy the Empire, first by attacking its extremities through Imperial disintegration, and, next, its heart by Home Rule, alike failed ; and he has retired from public life, leaving behind him the fragments, not of a great Empire, but of a shattered party. Though a majority of both parties. Conservatives as well i.8 liberals, agreed with their two leaders in thoir wish to get 40 rid of the Colonies, (for Disraeli, as far lack as 1852, wrote, ""hese wretched Colonies will all be independent in a fe J years, and are a millstone around our neck"), the people were wiser and more patriotic than their politicians; and in 1869 (only four years after Judge Haliburton's death) over one hundred and four thousand workingmen of London signed an address to the Queen protesting against any attempt to get rid of that heritage of the people of England— the Colonial Empire. This memorial was not considered worthy of any reply or acknowledgment.* At that time, when the fate of • It. could not have been conveniently pigeon-holed, for it re- quired six men to carry it ; but we may assume that it never got farther than the Home Office, and that Her Majesty never heard of it and therefore never replied to it. The petition was written by the truest friend the colonies have ever liad-one who died in harness while working in their cau.,e-the late C. W. Eddy, who informed the writer that the Disintegration party had for a time so effectually •'captured " the Royal Colonial Institute, of which he was Secretary that the Council refused to allow the petition to lie on the table of the reading-room on the ground that it was " revolutionary ' » So un satisfactory was their conduct as late as 1872, that another colonial society would have been founded, had not the colonial elen^ent gained the day in .e Institute. How far the petition was "revoludonary " may be seen from the lollowmg extra is : "We beg to represent to your Majesty that we have hoard with regret and alarm that your Majesty has been advised to consent to give up the colonies, containing millions of acres of unoccupied land which might be employed profitably both to the colonies and to our- selves as a field for emigration. We respectfully submit that your Majesty s colonial possessions were won for your Majesty, and settled by the valor and enterprise ard the treasure of the English people • and that, having thus become part of the national freehold and in- heritance of your Majesty's subjects, they are held in trust by your Majesty, and ought not to be surrendered, but transmitted to your Majesty s successors, as they were received by your Majesty " Th. petition, after urging that by proclamation the mother country and the colonies should be declared to be one Empire, adds, -we would also submit that your Majesty might call to your Privy Council representatives from the colonies for the purpose of consultation on the affairs of the more distant parts of your Majesty's dominion." 41 .r^* fvsl Ik i 1^ ; England jw a first-class power was in the balance, there was no need for the masses to be "educated up " to the subject; it was rather their statesmen and politicians that required to be edu- cated down—(hmii to the common sense of the common people. The next move against tiio Disintegrationists was made four years later, in 1872, when "The United Empire Review" revived the now familiar watchword of the old " U. E. Loyalists" of 1776 (those Abe Lincolns, who fought for the Union a hundred years ago), "a United Empire;" and in 1873 an agitation was begun in the Premier's own constituency (Greenwich) against the dismemberment policy of the Government, that six months kier drove them out of power at the general election. While Gladstone was deliberately doing his utmost to breed disunion between England, Scotland, Ireland and "gallant little Wales," and to get rid of our Colonial Empire, his exact antipodes in everything, Bismarck, that Colossus oj the Nineteenth Century, was devoting his giant energies to his lif^- - —the unity of Germany, and the creation of a German Colonial Empire. It is possib' : that, as Sara Slick's works are among his favorite books, he may have imbibed to some extent T m Slick's ideas as to the value of our colonies, and the incredible folly of those that wished to get rid of them; and that we may here find a clue to the unmeasured contempt which the Prince used so often to openly express for English politicians, But he must have been most interested in Rale and Misrule of the English in America, one of the most profoundly philosophical a.,d pro- phetic works to l,e found in the literature of any country. Published in England, and by Harper Brothers, New York, in 1851, a troubled time all over Europe, and even in America, which had its Tammany Hall rule and 4 later on, its " Know-nothing Movement," it pointed out that American republican institutions, which dated back to the old Puritans, were of slow growth, and could not be acquired or preserved in European countries by revolutions at\d uni- versal suffrage ; and he foretold the collapse of the French Republic, the rise of Communisn the stern rule of self- imposed Imperialism, and nearly al the leading features of the political history of Europe and America since that date. Time, however, had a marvel in store, the fruit of half a century of social and political development, which eve.^ he did not foresee— a French-Canadian Romjxn Catholic, sup- ported by a Liberal majority from Quebec, ruling from ocean to ocean over a new Dominion ! Some of his views, visionary as they may have appeared fifty years ago, seem to have taken a practical shape at the Queen's Jubiiee. " The organization is all wrong. They are two people, but not one. I shouldn't be England and her colonies, but they should be integral parts of - great whole— all counties of Great Britain. There should be no tax on colonial produce, and the colonies should not be allowed to tax British manu- factures. All should pass free, as from one town to another in England; the whole of it one vast home market irom Hong-Kong to Labrador. . . . They should be repre- sented in Parliament, help to pass English laws, and show them what laws they want themselves. It should no more be a bar to a man's promotion, as it 1g now, that he lived beyond the sea, than being on the other side of the channel. It siiould be our navy, our army, our nation. That's a great word, but the English keep i. to themselves, and colonists have no nationality. They have no place, no station, no rank. Honors don't reach them ; coronations are blank daya 4S < "•fi i; ^1{ I,; J I!i I •» . .D., in a very able address at Halifax, on the life and times of Joseph F'^we, said • " We are, all of m« - ,pils of Haliburton and Howe. Is not this a proof that, if you would know thos? secrets of the future which slumber in the recesses of a nation's thought unawakened as yet into consciousness, you must look for them in the utterances of th(; nation's greatest sons ? " Before closing this sketch it is but right to mention an instance (the only one) in which the British Government seemed disposed to pay a tribute to the ablest author and the most profound thinker that the Colonial Empire has yet produced. As Judge Haliburton's unrivalled mastery of colonial questions eminently fitted him to be the Governor of 44 '¥ tiiSaiit^': •*£• -no an important drpendency, tho Colonial Office offered to appoint him President of Montserrat, a wretched little West Indian Lsland, inhabited by a few white families and a thousand or two of blacks. As the manufacture of Montserrat lime-juice had not then been commenced, the island must have been even more dosolate and woe-begone than it now is. "Judge Haliburton died at h'l residence at Isloworth, on the banks of ihe Thames, where he had greatly '^ndeared himself to the people of the place durin/ the few years which he had spent among them, and -vas but.ed in the Isleworth °!ili''f^7*'■'^ • "'"*^' '" accordance with one of his last wishes, his f'lneral was plain and uu-- atatious." " In the words of a local clironicler ;— ' The village of Isle- worth will henceforth be associated with the most pleasing reuainiscences of Mr. Justi- Haliburton; and the names of Cowley, Thompson, Pope, and Walpole will find a kindred spirit 1.. the world-wide reputation of the author of Sam Slick, who, lil-e them, died on the banks of the Thames.' " ♦ In the same^rave^^ the immortal ^ ancouver. Uo- R. cU- ^alft^vY-l^ Judge Haliburton, several yearf. before his death, was told K . t,U ?uubjuiJ(i^^^ by the sexton that ,i *amous navigator was buried there, but he did not remembc the name, as it had become illegible on the tombstone. It was found, on making enquiries, that the person in question must have been Vancouver. A new tomostone, with a suitable inscription, was placed over Van- couver's grave ; and several vdara subsequently a tablet to his memory was erected in the church. It is to be hoped that the day will come when a suitable monument will be raised to the great explorer; and that Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's may yet become the Valhalla, not only of the Mother Country, but also of her Colonial Empire. P) tC4.(.jCB/S A>kVAsA>j *Morgan'8 Biblioiheca Canadenait), p. 169. 45 Sit 'i i It matters not that there is no public memorial to an author whose writings created among the mfisses a public opinion in favor of the colonies that baffled the dismember- ment craze of English statesmen and theorists. He will have a monument as long as the British Empire lasts. it to an public lember- ill have i ill ij ' V*' v^ 1 .r, ± « ^ ^^ HALIBURTON AS HUMORIST AND DESCRIPTIVE WRITER. BY H. P. SCOTT, M.A., WINDSOR, N.S. WHEN Haliburton first presents himself as a humorist in the opening pages of "The Clockmaker," the story- telling element is the most conspicuous. His descriptive powers are not particularly noticeable until he begins the third series with his admirable picture of '* The Prince's Lodge in Ruins." Character drawing again comes later, and his best eflPorts in this line are to be found in "The Old Judge." The influence of the " Bentley's Miscellany " set, and the advantage of editorial revision and pruning are apparent here also. Probably the most carefully drawn of all his characters is that of Stephen Richardson in the series of chapters entitled •' The Keeping Room of an Inn." He tries to put too much into the creation of Sam Slick, making one instead of several characters embodying distinct and, in some cases, antagonistic traits. Dickens never wastes his material in this way. Every character of his, however elaborately dressed up, stands for one 47 h'ii i I simple quality. Huliburton spread the idea of Sum Slick over a v,i8t aurfaco. trying to represent in him the genius of the United States with its many virtues and linutations. Thus in -The Socdolager" introduced in the prefatory chapter of " Sa.n Slick's Wise Saws," we have a character something like Edward Everett, the Unitarian preacher who became a professor and president of Harvard University, then politician and diplomatist. Clever, elo,,uont and verlatilo —a type represented in American letters to-dav by Edward Eggleston-Everett also appears undor his own name in an early chapter of "The Clockmaker." Rev. Ahab Meldrum embodies his v ews of camp-meeting excitement, in which he has been followed by the late Dr. Holland in "Arthur Bonnycastle-and by Mark Twain in one of his Mississippi sketches. President Felton of Harvard repaid Haliburton for satiris- ing Everett by saying some nasty things about " I1ie Clock- maker." It is doubtful whether An.erican readers and critics have ever cheerfully acquiesced in the summary of their differentia tion embodio.1 in " Sam Slick." Readers may have done so, but from occasional references it is surmised that the critics are still very sore over the work. George William Curtis for instance, in a sketch in Harper^, Easy Chair some time ago, of the beginnings of literature in North America, stigma- tizes Haliburton's creations as caricatures and extravaganzas, seen without imagination, and drawn without skill or sym- pathetic insight. To create some distinctly national type in literature has always been the aim of the best writers in the United States. Hawthorne studied and dreamed and wrote a life-time on the subject. (Jarlyle, in one of his letters to Emerson, asks him why he does not embody his ideas in some 4S personal skotch. No one ha« better limned the salient oatures of Ar„oricani.sm than Euun-non in his aphoristic osaavH. but he tolls Carlylo frankly that he cannot create a represented t.ve character. W. D. Howells has essayed the task in many elaborately drawn characters from Silas Lapluun t<, Northwick. the manufaoturu.,. defaulter, in "The Quality of Mercy" and Jeff Durgin; but his critics are obligod U> confess that they cannot ren,e.nber even the nan.en of half of ''" ^''---ters. Dr. H. S. l>„ek, in the February nook^nan - Bcussos the possible ability of Mr. Howells to be the writer of the long expected American Novel, but upon the whole considers hhn ineligible as obscure and feeble in his powers of characterisation. For want of a mure striking Hubjoct for the great An,erican Novel, how will Sam Slick y Certainly he sun.marizes a great number of the national oharactenstics, and his range is long and his eye compre- hensive. Ho h,« one western type-Lucifer Wolfe, the pre- cursor of Mark Twain's M ississippi heroes. The .,uestion has often been asked where Haliburton got such a clinging idea of the ol,l-fa,shio„od Yankee-the Yankee of sixty years ago. The descendants of the expatriated, , Loyalists «cat.ored along the Nova Scotian sea-coast and ' nvers may have supplied hi,„ with his material. The best local description, perhaps, is that of the Gorman and Dutch settlement of Lu.onburg contained in the chapter of "The Old Ju,lgo," entitled " Hufeisen Bucht." The old Dutchman seated bolt upright in his chair sun .nded by the goods' which he had found in the deserted Fi. .. fort, elevating his ^e as ,f derision of some gentleman at Lunonburg_as Rudolph. Von Zwicker or Oxuer. who had belonged to good families in their own country, and who had in consequence been the life-long objects of his envy and malevolence, and 49 » -A m .if if (' if, 'ii i it Ijl whom he thinks he has now got even with— is spiritedly conceived and drawn. It is odd that no one has ever pro- jected an annotated edition of these books. Many allusions have already become obscure, and more are growing dim in the popular memory. He speaks, for instance, of " Old Mrs. Fuller, that married her sister's husband's brother "—Cmne Fuller that was— an evident allusion to the famous repartee that Deacon Crane got off on Deacon Fuller who had inquired of him the difference between certain species of wild-fowl. Names of places and people, historical references and the like will be the subject of debate before many years have passed away. Now would be a good time for the publication of such an edition while these things could be in part elucidated. His lotters, too, have never been published, and he must have left unpublished, as every writer does, sketches which the public would like to see. How ea,jerly everything that Hawthorne ever put on paper has been seized upon and printed ! Even inferior writers generally have friends who consider it a sacred duty to bring out their posthumous works. How many good things would have perished save for this ! If one were asked to give a selection of passages in which Haliburton appears at his best as merely a humorist, the following might be named : The Deacon and the French Acadian Horsetrader.— "The Attache," Chapter xxvii. The Snow-wreath.— "Clockmaker," Chapter ix. Bedding Old Clay.— "The Attach^," Chapter xi. Fire in the Dairy.— "The Attach^," Chapter xxviii. The Talisman.—" Clockmaker," second series. Chapter x. Wilmot Springs.- ' Clockmaker," second series. Chapter vi. A Pippin.— "Old Judge," Chapter xvi. 50 II !■ !1. \ The Passages in which humor is intermingkKl with descriptive touches : A Hot Day.-.. Wise Saws," Chapter xxiv. A Picnic at La Have.-" Wise Saws," Chapter xxvi Aunt Thankful.-" Wise Saws," Chapter xx. A Juicy Day in the Country.-" The Attach^," Chapter ii. Passages purely descriptive : ThePrince'sLodge.-"Clockmaker."third series. Chapter! A Long Night and a Long Story.-" Old Judge," Chap- ter xiii. ^ The Lone House.-" Old Judge," Chapter cxl. Hufei.sen Bucht.-" Old Judge." Chapter xvii. The Chesapeake in Halifax Harbor. -Murdoch's "His- tory of Nova Scotia," Volume iii., page 352. Louisbourg.-" Nature and Human Nature," Chapter xxv Sam Slick ranks with Pickwick, Dick Swiveller. the Marquis of Steyne, Judge Pyncheon and the other greater creations of fiction of th-^ century. Th.re are various stories of how and where Haliburton captured him, whether from the fund of stories of his coachman, Lennie Geldort, who drove him round on circuit, or from Judge Peleg Wiswell or with a flesh-and-blocl clockmaker, Seth ; but. after sifting all of them, the conclusion is reached that he had, at most, but shadows to assist him in embodying his idea. No type of humor since My Uncle Toby has been so thoroughly worked out as Sam Slick. The reader of the second part of "The Attache" has a lurid picture, which fairly burns itself into the memory, of the actual crime and spoliation which accom- panied the outbreak of the Canadian rebellion, and which no doubt, tinged Haliburton's mind with a horror of extreme popular movements. Sam and his companion visit d'AnviHes sunken fleet in a 51 #fl Wl ¥f4 I . I? < diving-bell. "The ships," he says, "are still distinctly visible in calm weather, and the rising ground in the neigh- borhood, where the Due d'Anville and his mighty host were buried, is again clothed with wood, and not to be distinguished from the surrounding forest, except by the inequality of the surface, caused by numerous trenches cut into it to receive the dead. The whole scene is one of surpassing beauty and deep and melancholy interest. The ruined lodge, the sunken fleet, the fatal encampment, the lovely and desolate cemetery of those unfortunate strangers, form a more striking and painful assemblage of objects than is to be found in any other part of British America." A summer's residence, some years ago, on the shores of Bedford Basin, with its rarely-broken Sabbath stillness, made me well acquainted with the peaceful beauties of the above locality. It is an odd fact that the Duke of Kent's half- dozen broken years' stay here is about the only romantic occurrence in our later history. For a long time it formed the one great subject about which gossips of a historical turn of mind loved to talk. Old men and women living in Halifax until rectatly remembered the Prince with his French friend, Madame St. Laurent. On the Prince's marriage she went into a convent. One story ran that on their arrival here Lady Inglis, the bishop's wife, cried, " Tut ! I won't call on the nasty French hussy!" But she had to do it. True, there is the story of the ghost of Dr. Copeland's wife, which appeared to the brave Captain Torrens one lovely night on Sable Island (told in Sam Slick's Wise Saws, chapter xvi.) ; but there is nothing definite for the imagination to work on except this semi-regal residence of Prince Edward, his father's aversion, by Bedford Basin, the inner harbor of Chebucto. In spite of the lapse of time and the complete absence of 52 I t ^ c t 1] t b I repairs, it is surprising how vivid an impression may be obtained froin the ruins of what the grounds were in their prime. Sam has a horse, "Old Clay," that will do his fourteen miles an hour. " He can pick up miles on his feet, throw 'em behind him faster than a steam doctor a racin' off with another man's wife." " Mr. Slick proposed drawing m^ in his wagon to Horton, by the xMount Denson road, that I might have an opportunity of seeing what he pronounced to be some of the most beautiful scenery in the province. ... I was by no means prepared to find a scene of such exquisite beauty as now lay before me. I had seen at different times a good deal of Europe and much of America, but I have seldom seen anything to be compared to the view of the Basin of Minas and its adjacent landscape, as it presents itself to you on your ascent of Mount Denson (five miles below Windsor, on the opposite shore of the Avon), and yet, strange to say,' so little is it known or appreciated here, that I never recollect to have heard it spoken of before as anything remarkable." Haliburton comments upon the rapid transmission of slang words and phrases through the States, and points out the great differences (greater in his time than now) between the dialects and humor of the various sections of the country, therein anticipating the learned disquisitions of Homer Wilbur in "The Bigelow Papers." Finally, this curious pair of tourists arrive at Slickville, where Sam is publicly enter- tained, and shortly afterwards, on the strength of his literary (?) reputation, appointed attache to the U. S. Lega- tion in London. In " The Attach^," Sam comes up radiant as ever with his social discoveries in England. The Derby, he opines, is the best place in which to see the wealth of the country. He 53 ■MJ ■m Bill' ^ !! li publishes, also, an interview with his chief, Edward Everett, on whom Haliburton seems to have a special "pick," now introduced as Abednego Layman. " Books," he says, "spile your mind. I wouldn't swap ideas with any man. The Turks are so cursed lazy, they hire people to dance for 'em. The English are wuss, for they hire people to think for 'em. Never read a book, squire ; always think for yourself." Jfaliburton made the Yankee of literature. The English, to this day, draw the old Sam Slick figure when they carica- ture the people of the Union. As much as the English travel over here, they have never accepted any other type of American than the nasal-speaking, slangy, under-bred, half- educated figment of the earlier tourists. So much for Hali- burton'a literary force. The man who could stamp into such a nation the impression of his humor to last so many years after his time, must have been not without some kind of power. Haliburton's greatest success was achieved in the conversational passages. In this medium he could be very effective ; but, when he tried plain narrative, he was apt to become dry and pr.-sy. At Dutch painting, in the school of broad humor, he was as good as any of his successors. Whilst in Annapolis Royal, where the years of his earlier manhood were passed, he rt.idect in one of the most pictur- esque and historically interesting nooks of America, and his practice as a lawyer brought hia into relations with a very clearly-marked order of humanity. The descendants of those Acadians, who were scattered along the Atlantic seaboard by Governor Lawrence, are thickly settled along the shores of Annapolis basin. Their queer habits and naive talk furnished plenty of opportunities for the humorist. That favorite poser of Slick's, "How many fins has a cod at a word ?" was probably taken out of the mouth of some rakish 54 achooner-skipper from St. Mary'« Bay or Chegogin. For this kind of writing by hi. early life, his travels, his genial observant nature, and, more than all, by his exceptional opportunities as a judge on circuit in a sparsely settled country in which individualism is apt to be fostered, he was well equipped. For there is, probably, no position in which a man of quick apprehension, keen sympathies, and clear msight, li- . Fielding, can obtain suc'i a wide familiarity with the characters and dialects an ways of thinking of the masses as on a bench of justice. The human mind is laid bare to the accurate observer in such positions. Dickens may have had a larger idea than a mere wish for a penna- nent and assured income, when he thought seriously of trying for the job of a London police court magistrate. If one were asked to give, in a few words, the most prominent characteristics of everyday life during the year in Nova Scotia, he could not do better than to quote a portion of Chapter XIX. of "The Old Judge," entitled " Comers and Goers." "The seasons in this colony are not only accompanied by the ordinary mutations of weather observed in other countries but present a constant and rapid succession of incidents and people. From the opening of the ports to the close of navi- gation, everything and everybody is in motion. The whole province is a sort of railroad station, where crowds are perpetually arriving and departing. It receives an immi- grant population, and either hurries it onward or furnishes another of its own in exchange. It is the land of comers and goers. The yeomanry of the rural districts approach nearer to the character of inhabitants than do those who dwell in towns or villages, but the love of change is inherent even among them, and richer lands, warmer climates and 55 ■«%;■ VMS*'; ii'^r better times, those meteor terms that seduce them thither, still precede them and light the way to Canada or the far west, to ruin or the grave. That portion which may be denominated society, presents the same dissolving views. New groups gradually fill the space vacated by others. The new know not the old, and the old inhabitant feels that he is in the land of strangers. Day by day, the e.xchange of emigration for iramigra,ion continues with this difference, that they who go seldom return, except to speak of disap- pointment and broken fortunes, and that those who come remain only for a season." Then follows a most graphic and faithful description of the changes in temperature, customs and habits, dress amusements and work from the opening of spring with its "robin" or "wild geese "storms to the return of winter. This chapter i.s our Ilias in nuce. Observe also the nice powers of perception he employs in describing the change of autumn leaves : " There has been a slight frost near the brook that brawls down the mountain side, for there is a variegated waving scarf-likestrip of foliage extending each side of it, and mark- ing all its devious courses with its bright colors of a thousand tints, while the leaves of the trees on the dry land have escaped this first stage of decay. In a few days the whole scene becomes changed, and all is enveloped in a blaze of beauty. The larch rises like a cone of gold, the maple is clothed with a crimson robe, fading in the distance into changeable shades of brown; the beech presents its bright yellow leaves, gradually yielding to a .trong green near the trunk, where the frost has not yet penetrated ; and the birch with its white stem and gaudy coloring, is relieved by a pale grey tint, produced by the numerous branches of trees that 86 ^H have already shed their leaves, and by the rich glowing colors of the fruit of the aah ; while the treuiulous aspen grieves in alarm at the universal change around it, and timidly exposes its reversed leaf to the sun, in the vain hope of protecting it f.om its baneful influence. The dark and melancholy-looking pines and firs defy the effects of alternate heat and cold, and as they tower above the work of destruction, break with their pointed tops the smooth uniform round outline.- of the hard- wood trees. It is a rich and gaudy but transitory sjene, for the rude southern blasts will soon tear the fluttPnng leaves from their stems, and the forest will again exhibit the san^e cold cheerless naked aspect as when lately breathed upon by the first genial nir of spring." i ^v M 57 M. 'I HALIBURTON : THE MAN AND THE WRITER. BY r. BLAKE CROFTON, Author of " TV. Sfajor's Big-talk Storiet," etc., etc. IN the eyea of the English-speaking world outside of the Dominion of Canada, Haliburton is still the most prominent man of letters yet produced in any existing Province of British North America. Within the last few years three of his works have been republished by one London house, and no less than six by another, and oome new editions have also been issued in the United States. Yet in Canada, whose rights and interests he zealously mpintained in his parliamentary speeches as 11 as in his books, he has not generally been gi^ en his r.^ntful place of honor. In a somewhat flippant resumS of " English-Canadian Lite :.6ure" in The Week (Toronto) of August 28, 1884, written by a New Brunswick litterateur, Haliburton was not 3ven referred to ! And it is only of late that eve.i Nova Scotia, whose resources he has done more than any other human being to make known, has bagun to grant him his due precedence m '. M \ » iJ-i B.bl,„theo. Canademis" h.3 illustrated this »mparative lack of appreciation for Ha,ib„re„„ i„ the ia„d o, L b rth I pomt.„g out tha^ shortly after his own college gave hi™ the honorary degree of M.A., the great tlniverl; of olt .he^ has been of late yea,, a revival of local interest in ton Club at Wmdsor, whose first President waa P„,fess„r Char e, o. B^ Boberts, himself one of the n.„,t el nen Canad-an author,. This revived interest has been recent^ 11 ,;.' "."" " *^"''°'=' ""^ *« -"--P'o- of the Acad,ans, who have been widely quoting Hahburton in support of their opinions. This is not a biographical sketch of Judge Halibnrton, but a shght study „, him as a writer, thinker and observer. It may however, smooth the way for Haliburton's future biographer, ,t I step aside fron, n,y task to correct a few strange errors which have come under my notice Whoever wrote the short sketch of Haliburton in Alii- bones D,ctionary of English Literature evidently confuses our Nova SCO , an „«/„r „ith his chief cr»„„„, ..gam Slick" Judge Hahburton, according to this bewildered biographer, l.Sa,^on (I), and .n the next year embodied the results of his observafons in his amusing work, .The Attache ; or Sam S^.ok .n England.- This curious mistake had previo ly b^en made by the British " Annual Register " (or 1865, in i^ obituary of the Judge. Haliburton was appointed Chief Justice of the Inferior Courts^of Common Pleas for the Middle Division of Nova ^ -'smmai'-i :.m^^^^^Man^.m!^ X- Scotia (an office which, by the way, is generally misnamed) in the year 1829. He was made a Judge of the Supreme Court in 1841. He resigned the latter office early in 1856, and soon afterwards took his final departure for England. But the " Encyclopaedia Britannica " savs, " Within two years (of his appointment) he resigned his seat on the bench "—an error of just thirteen years! Appleton's "Cyclopaedia of American Biography" follows the " P.ritannica " in this blun- der, as well as in giving 1840 as the date of his appointment to the Supreme Beach. "The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography " fixes the date of his resignation only six years before the event. "In 1847," it observes, "Mr. Haliburton contributed to Fraser's Magazine a story entitled ' The O'd Judge.' Three years later Mr. Haliburton resigned his colonial judge.ship, and exchanged the narrow field of colonial life for the wider sphere of political life in England." "The Bibliotheca Canadensis" also falls into the error that the Courts of Common Pleas in Nova Scotia were abolished, and Haliburton appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court in 1840. Both events occurred in 1841. The four books which alone narrate the sayings and doings of the celebrated Samuel Slick, of Slickville, are, in theiv chronological order, "The Clockmaker," "The Attache," "Wise Saws," and "Nature and Human Nature." Two others, " The Letter-Bag of the Great Western " and " The Bubbles of Canada," are expressly attributed to Mr. Slick as their author, as may be gathered from the last letter in the former, and from the dedication of the latter wcrk ; and publishers have placed the name of Sam Slick on the covers of "The Old Judge," "The Season Ticket," "American Humor," and " Americans at Home." The first scries of "The Clockmaker," which first appeared 81^ all Ay mi 'ii ■i' ' h' I h , 1 m m Nova Scotian in 1835 and 1836, was published in book forn. .n Halifax and London in 1837. The second series was -«ed .n 1838; the third in 1840. In .ost later edition, the three senes make one volume. The cute dodges of the clockmaicer in pushing his trade are said to have been remm^scences of suits tried by Haliburton. and brought by an atmnant vendor of clocks for the payment of notes given him for h. time-pieces. In the fi.t chapter of "The Attach^ Its ostensible writer speaks of "The Clockmaker" as an accidental hit, a success which he did not purpose to unper. by experimenting in other literary lines. "When Sam Shck. he says, " ceases to speak. I shall cease to write." But Hahburton's self-confidence grew with his fame, and he failed to keep this .nodest resolution. "The Attach.V the two series of which appeared respec- tively ,n 1843 and 1844, w.as probably suggested by Dickens' American Notes," which had been published early in 1842 After donrecating Slick's lively indignation at the latter book,' the bquire" observes in -The Attach.5": "If the English have been amused by the sketches C/.ir t.arists have drawn of the Yankees, perhaps the Americans may laugh at our sketches of the English." . the Sc^uire refers to it slightingly as " Haliburton's History of Nova Scotia, which next to Mr. Josiah Slick's History of Cattyhunk in five volumes, is the most important account of unimportant things I have ever seen." Our author's second historical book was "The Bubbles of Canada," a series of lettera on Canada and the Imperial Colonial policy, purporting to be written by Sam Slick in 1838. but showing none of the clockmaker's peculiariUes of diction. The last letter ends with a quasi-prophetic warn- ing: "The fate of Canada will determine that of all the colonies. The retreat of the soldiers will invite the incursions of the barbarians, and the withdrawal of the legions, like those of Rome, from the distant parts of the Empire will show that England, conscious of her present weakness and past glories, is contracting her limits and concentrating her energies to meet, as becomes her character, the destiny that awaits all human greatness." The drift and aim of the work are shown in these closing words, as well as in the character- istic note beneath, in which the author urges ironically that a 9$ fl Hi.' nl tree "would be much more vigorous, if the branches, with their prodigious expenditure on the leaves, were all lopped oflf(for it is a well-known fact that the trunk supplies the branches with sap, and not the branches the trunk), and that the stem would be larger, stronger and better without such useless and expensive appendages." "Rule and Misrule of the English in America," the last of Haliburton'8 historical works, appeared in 1851. It is a general history of the British Colonies on this continent, valuable for its philosophic comments and its thoughtfully r.n.onod theories of colonial government. In this work he essays to prove thai, "American Democracy does not owe its origin to the Revolution and to the great statesman that formed the I^ederal Constitution ; but that a Republic de facto was founded at Boston in 1630, which subsisted in full force and vigor for more than half a century." "The Letter- Bag of the Great Western, or Life in a Steamer," first published in 1839, is a collection of letters supposed to be written by various passengers from England to America in the famous steamship of that name. These letters contain not only comments upon life at sea, but the writers' reflections on the country they are leaving or the country they are going to-a plan which enables the author to present us with some lively studies in his favorite subject, human nature. In 1846 and 1847 Haliburton contributed to Frastr', Ma,jazine a series of papers, which in 1849 were collected in the book entitled "The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony." This work depicts various phases of life in Acadia in the earlier part of this century. As in the " Sam Slick " series, the plot is a mere thread on which to string facts, jests and • i , 'M lllli i If opinions. Little interest seems to be invited, and certainly none is aroused, for the English traveller who listens to and notes the Old Judge's tales, and adds his own experiences to them. In works designed to inform as much as to amuse, this weakness of the main plot is not an unmixed defect, if it be a defect at all. One is not irritated by Haliburton's innumerable digressions so much as by the far fewer inter- ludes which break the continuity of Victor Hugo's thrilling romances. Hugo's episodes are charmingly told, it is true, but then it is difficult to appreciate even the loveliest landscape when one is looking at an exciting race. One can, however, turn aside without impatience to read the mono- logues in " The Old Judge." Some of them, like the chapter on " The Seasons," are rather long, it is true, for any reader with only a slight appetite; but they are all germane to the author's d- ign to give outsiders a fair idea of Nova Scotia. The 01(1 Judge's opinions, by the way, seem to march pretty closely with Haliburton's own. "Traits of American Plumour" and "Americans at Home," (also published under the title of "Yankee Stories") are merely collections of tales, mirthful or marvellous, edited by Haliburton, but culled from American books and periodicals. His latest work was " The Season Ticket," a series of miscel- laneous notfis made and conversations reported by a Mr. Shegog, the holder of a sep,3on ticket on an English railroad. The papers which comprise this work were first published anonymously in The Dublin University Magazine, in 1858 and 1859, and were afterwards sold by the author, with the ri.e'bt of attaching his name thereto, to Messrs. Bentley and Son. By this firm the copyright of the papers was resold to Frederick Warne &l Co., who published them in book form 66 Owing, perhaps, to the fact that "The Season Ticket" appeared originally without the author's name, and t].^t it dealB mainly, though not excluaively, with British topics, this book was almost unknown in Nova Scotia a few years ago Indeed none of Judge Haliburton's friends or relations in the Province, with whom I spoke on the subject, were aware of the existence of this work. One of them having at first doubted the authenticity of the book, and its name being omitted in Alhbone's Dictionary, ti •: ^'bliotheca Canadensis, and every other list of Haliburton's works which I had seen. I wrote to Messrs. Warne & Co., and by their courtesy ascertained the facts stated above. The papers in The Dublin University Magazme are correctly credited to Haliburton in the last edition of the Index to Periodical Literature-^ publication which generally succeeds in tracing the authorship of unsigned articles. "The Season Ticket" is important to the student of Hahburton, showing, as it does, that his conservative and imperialistic views, and his opinions of the resources and needs of Nova Scotia and Canada, were not materially changed in his old age. In this book, too. we may be sure that the author expresses himself absolutely without fear or favor, for it was evidently designed to remain anonymous Otherwise he would hardly have been bold enough to make a gentleman (p. 123) group him with the two greatest writers of the day and scoflF at the influential Athen^um Club, of which Haliburton was a member. " Defend me from a learned Club like mine ! " observes Mr. Gary. « The members are not genial, and they must be incurable, when such men as Thackeray, Sam Slick, and Dickens, who (to their credit be It spoken) are all smokers, can't persuade them"-to have a smoking room. I hP,ve now noticed aU of Haliburton's books, unless one 67 ^■\ \\ if*! credited to liim in Morgan's " Bibliotheca Canad us," but seemingly unknown to all his other biographers and frien^- 18 really his. This is «' Kentucky, a Tale. London, 1834 ' 2 vols., 12rao." Besides his books Haliburton published a few pamphlets including " A Reply to Lord Durham's Report." and a coupli of speeches delivered in Great Britain. '< A General Descrip- tion of Nova Scotia," a pamphlet published in Halif, x in 1825, and which is attributed to Haliburton in the " Bibliotheca Cana.lon.i«," is in the same compilation also attributed to its real author, Walter Bromley. **•*♦♦ Judge Haliburton was an Epicurean philosopher, modified a httle. for the better by Christianity, and for the wone by practical politics. He loved fun and creature comforts. He smoked a great deal, he drank moderately, and he did not try to conceal these weaknesses. It must be admitted that he sometimes carried his love of fun to unseemly lengths, and that even on the bench. A well-known ex-governor of thia Province humorously described how on one occasion, when a very young lawyer, he was con- ducting a cause before Haliburton, and how, during his examination of a certain witness he was pleased to observe his lordship apparently making careful and continuous notes AH the time, however, the judge had been merely sketching a caricature of the witness, who was afflicted with a most colossal and peculiar nose ! This sketch he afterwards showed to the youthful barrister, much to his surprise and disillusion- ment. Our author makes his "Old Judge" declare himself to be "m religion a Churchman, and in politics a Conservative, as IS almost every gentleman in these colonies." His tastes and 08 I '1 •t i i^■•^U8," but tnd frien^-, ndon, 1834. pamphlets, nd a couple 'al Descrip- oc in 1825, Bibliotheca )uted to its r, modified 3 wone by Ports. He he did not his love of )ench, A described 3 was con- uring his observe ous notes, sketching 1 a most !s showed sillusion- elf to be ative, as istes and instincts were both conservative and aristocratic. He dis- liked innovations, unlesn they were unquestionable improve- ments. Cert/tin articles of furniture, some of them solid, but others lighter and flimsier, "are types." says the Old Judge. " of the new and old generation ; for, alas, it is to be feared that what has been gained in appearance has been lost in substance, in things of far more value and importance " Hahburton would have liked to see the old rSgime restored in France, minus the feudal prerogatives whose abuse occasioned the Revolution. Before that uprising, says his ideal divine, Mr. Hopewell, (Attache, c. 38), France had "a clergy of gentry." " A mild, tolerant, gentle, humble creed, like that of a Christian, should be taught and exemplified by a gentle- man ; for nearly all his attributes are those of a Christian This IS not theory. An Englishman is himself a practical example of the benefits resulting from the union between the Church and State, and the clergy and the gentry." In these and many other of his utterances Mr. Hopewell is evidently voicing the Judge's own views, tinctured by his affectionate intercourse with the venerable Abb^ Sigogne, an exile of the Revolution. Failing H union of Church and State. Mr. Hopewell beheved in fixed stipends and fixed tenure for clergymen Where their bread and butter depends upon their flock there must be, he thoi ., a temptation to preach only popular doctrines. He is made to describe his own humiliat- ing experiences. He was "catechised like a converted heathen." Various parishioners refused to pay their contri- butions ; one because the pastor iidn't join the temperance society and therefore countenanced drunkenness; another because he smoked, and tobacco was raised by slaves • another because he prayed for a rascally President; another 69 ■I '% :lf iH i'^ 'ii:! because he was too Calvinistic ; another because he was an Arminian. In consequence this excellent parson was well- nigh starved. Under the voluntary system, thought Hali- burton, a minister is in danger either of losing his soul to save his body, or of losing his body to sav his soul. Our author disapproved of voting by ballot and universal suffrage. To the latter Mr. Hopewell traced the repudiation of their debts by certain States of the Union. " When we speak," he said, " of the honor of the American people and of the E .glish people we speak of two different things, because the word people is not used in the same sense. ... The question of payment or non-payment in the repudiating States has been put to every male in those States over the age of twenty-one, and repudiation has been the result" /Attach^, c. 52). And he declared that th> national debt of England would also be repudiated, if the decision rested with all the adults of the ^Jnited Kingdom. " Now," observed the same reverend gentleman to Sam Slick, at a time when the franchise was still restricted, "now men of property and education make laws to g .vern rogues and vagabonds, but by your beautiful scheme of universal suffrage rogues and vagabonds will make laws to govern Tien of property and character." Judge Haliburton, in his historical works, opposed the granting of responsible government to the colonies, and Mr. Hopewell is made to utter a set tirade against it jo. "The Attach^ " (c. 43). Our author held that the tyranny of mobs and majorities may be quite as bad and unbearable as that of despots. IhL opinion is expressed at length by " the Squire " in his parallel between Russia and the United States, and by Mr. Hopewell in his parallel ^,etween the latter country and Great Britain 70 Ii 5 with its constitutional antidotes to ephemeral fads and fre- .iea. These pftrallels are to be found, respectively, in c.Uptor<-, 12 aii 15 of the Second Series of "The Clock- aaktr." Uraer democratic forms of government. Mr. Hopewell thcuplit, the parable of tbn bramble, elected King of trees, ia pt : < . ually illustrated. "Thoolivo, the fig and the vino decline tb. 1 inor. Content to remain in the sphere in which Provi- dcuc« has placed them, performing thoii several duties in a way creditable to themselves and useful to the public, they prefer pursuing the even tenor of their way to being transplanted into the barren soil of politics, where a poisonous atmosphere cgenders a feeble circulation and r. sour and deteriorated fruit. Republicanism has caused our country to be overrun l,y brambles. The Reform Bill has greatly inc-eased them in England, and responsible government has multiplied them tenfold in <'ie colonies." The ultra conservatism of our author peeps forth again in the clockmaker's funny classiacatlon of colonial patriots (Clockraaker, 3, c. 13). His "true patriot," it will be noticed, is simply a high-minded tory, " who supports exisiiu' institutions as a whole, but is willin' to mend or repair any part that is defective." But staunch conservative as he was, Haliburton could soe and deplore some wrongs and abuses that professed levelers wholly ignored. Politics, in our author's e.«timation, was a poor and over- crowded business everywhere, bub especially in the colonies. " It would amuse, or rather I should say disgust you," says Barclay in "The Old Judge," "to soe how men and not measures, office and not principle, is at the bottom of our colonial politics. ' Sam Slick suggested that a law should be enacted against quack politicians, as being infinitely more 71 Mi Ah si if li i 5 1 ■! i I / PI^Bj 1^ "■ » ■ ^^H If- - dangerous than quack doctors. In spite, however, of his pessimistic views about politicians, Haliburton believed that neither political party, here or elsew..re, would think so bitterly o^ the other party if it studiou its aims and arguments faithfully and thoroughly. But this is well-nigh iirpossible. tor as the clookmaker observed, " both are fooled an i gulled by their own designir.g champions." * * * * * To this petty game of politics he lamented that his Country- men devoted far too much attention; and he exhaasted his stores of epigram and ridicule in trying to open their eyes to the fact. If Cumberland folk, said Sam Slick, would attend more to rotations than elections, and to top-dressing than re- dressing, it would be well for them. To a fisherman who boasted that he had come from the biggest political meeting he ever saw, Slick retorted that by so doing he had missed the biggest meeting he had ever eeen-of mackerel. Hali- burton felt the truth of Goldsmith's lines : " How small, of all that human hearts endure, The part which laws or Kings can cause or lure ! " Yet he saw too many of his --ountrymen waiting inertly for political panaceas, or else wasting their energy in clamoring for them. Cne third of the day, according to Mr. Slick, was usually given to work, two-thirds of it was •< blowin' time " " What the Irish and machinery don't do for 'em," says Steve Richardson. " they expect legislators to do." Nova Scotians says another of Haliburton's characters, have " everything but enteiprise. and that, I do believe in my soul, they expect to find a mine of and dig out c the earth as they do coal." It is singularly characteristic of Haliburton that he attributed these alleged failings of his countrymen partly to kH f ' "the almost universal suffrage that exists in the Province." " Where the lower orders form the majority of electors," observed the Old Judge, •' their vanity is appealed to and not their judgment-their passions and not their reason ; and the mass, instead of being elevated in intelligence by the exercise of political power, is lowered by the delusion and craft of which it is made the willing victim. Nova Scotians have been so often assured that they are the ablest, the wisest and best of men, though their rulers are both ignorant and corrupt, and that they have a rich and fertile country, b, .ssed with a climate more salubrious and agreeable than that of any other part of the world, they begin to think that law and not industry, government and not enterprise is all that is wanting." And certainly if the electors were actually per- suaded that they possessed every moral and material factor of prosperity, and nevertheless were 7iot prosperous, they would be easily induced to lay the blame on their government and to concentrate their efforts to reverse its disastrous policy. "If any man were to say to them that their winters are long and severe, their springs late, cold and variable . . . ; or venture to assert that, although the province abounds with mineral wealth, skill and capital and population arc necessary to its successful development; or that, although the innumerable streams that intersect the country in every direction are admirr.bly adapted fur manufactories, the price of labor is yet too high to render such speculations safe or profitable ; and, above all, .0 tell them that they are idle, conceited and ignorant;" the result would be, in the Old Judge's opinion, that the demagogues would denounce him as "an enemy to the people, a vile slanderer and a traitor to his country." According to Mr. Slick, Nova Scotians yielded to laziness and procrastination without any loss of self-esteem. Like 78 la. C 1' f|. ^Il l!i many other sluggards, they had their conscientious reasons : " When the spring comes and the fields are dry enough to be aowed, they have all to be plowed, ^cause fall rains wash the lands too much for fall ploroM. Well, the plows have to be mended and sharpened, 'cause what's theuse of doin' that afore ^t's wanted? Well, the wheat gets m too late, and then comes rust, but whose fault is that? Why, the climate to be sure, for Nova Scotia aint a bread country." The same acite observer attributed the more general business success of the Yankees mainly to their more per- sistent industry. Their farmers had an endless round of employment, as explained in detail in " The Clockmaker " (1, c. 23). " Instead of racin' over the country, like a young doctor, to show how busy a mau is that has nothin' to do as Bluenose does, and then takes a 'blowin' time,' we keep a rael travellin' gait, an eight-mile-an-hour pace, the whole year round." But, though he freely criticised his countryman's fauUs with a view to their reform, Judge Haliburton also recog- nized and advertised the many advantages ot his native province. There is an enthusiastic enumeration of its natural resources in the second series of "The Clockmaker," chapter 19, where Slick foretells that Nova Scotia is destined to have the greatest trade, the greatest population, the most manu- factures, and the most wealth of any state this side of the water. The most intelligent and high-minded of the person- ages introduced in "The Season Ticket," draws a flattering picture of the Maritime Provinces, closing in these words • "There is no point in Nova Scotia more than thirty miles distant from navigable water. The whole of the borders of the latter province are washed by the ocean, which in that region furnishes one of the most extensive and valuable .•i \t If jai*^ fisheries in the world. Nova Scotia abounds with coal, iron ore, gypsum, grindstone, slate, lead, manganese, plumbago, copper, etc., which, being recently liberated from the monopoly under which they have so long been excluded from public competition, will soon attract the capital and skill requisite for their development. It is the most ea^ i part of America, and of course the nearest to Europe. It is not too much to say that its wonderful mineral wealth, its noble harbors, its fertile soil, its extensive fisheries, its water powers, its temperate climate arising from its insular position, and last— not least— its possession of the winter outlet and through passage by railway from England to New Brunswick, Canada and the United States, all indicate that it is destined for an extended commerce, for the seat of manufactories, the support of a large population, and for wielding a controlling power on the American continent." These and other good words said of Nova Scotia in " The Season Ticket," which was published anonymously and after the author had finally left the province, cannot have been written to win local popularity, but from a genuine appreci- ation of his native land. To attain the prosperity 'vhich nature seemed to have destined for ti.em, Nova Scotians wanted, accoiding to Hali- burton, more zeal and concentration in their work ; les& attention to politics (though not less watchfulness of political place-holders) ; less false pride (which set some people against agriculture and other honorable industries) ; more confidence in domestic enterprises; and at the same time a little . ss self-complacency, that they might recognize their faults -nd reform them. Only a very loose thinker can confound the oUiSt of a nation's weaknesse-s, like Haliburton, ov even a caricaturist 75 ^t .,.^- of then., like Dickens, with the pessimists who. blind to their country's resources, magnify and parade and harp upon :ts drawbacks. To call attention to the remediable fau ts of one's countrymen is the action of a friend ; to ad- art,se the irremediable disadvantages of one's country is the action of an enemy. There can be little doubt that Hali- burton's satirical criticisms have borne wholesome fruit, first m some country towns and districts and later in slow old Hahfax Itself. Y.t. in the opinion of some observers, every one of the defects which he pointed out remains to-day if not m the whole province, at least in sections of it At all events Haliburton's vicarious sarcasms had not produced the swut and signal results which he doubtless fancied be d^'s- cerned, and which Sam Slick complacently notes in "Nature and Human Nature " (c. 18). .x <,<,^^ \ :\ \ O" rv^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^"^» <^ >M° ^. &/■ ^ i I, ilp! \M w of the Imperial Government ' a baneful domination,' Phould be considered as either an ignorant or a designing man." But Haliburton was not blind to the faults of the British people or government. He was fond of satirising the blunders of the Colonial Office and the sometimes ludicrous ignorance of its officials about the colonies. And he lets Mr. Slick comment freely on the monotonous, material existence of the squirearchy, the mercenary attentions that are forced upon triivellers, and other British faults and flaws. It goes without saying that our author was a strong champion of the British connection, which in Sam Slick's opinion (Clookmaker 2, 5^1) should not be dissolved et-en at the desire of the colonies! Looking far ahead of his contempo- raries, Haliburton put forward some strong pleas for an Imperial Federation. He felt that in its present state the Empire was like a barrel without hoops (Clockmaker, 3, 19) which must be bound together more securely or else tumble to pieces; or like a bundle of sticks (Nature and Human Nature, c. 19) which needed to be tied or glued more firmly or they would fall apart. "The very word dependencies," said Mr. Hopewell (Attach^, c. 21), and his words were endorsed by the Squire, "shows the state of the colonies. If they are retained they should be incorporated with Great Britain. ... Now that st^am has united the two continents of Europe and America, in such a manner that you can travel from Nova Scotia to England in as short a time as it once required to go from Dublin to London, I should hope for a united legislature. RecoUect that the distance from New Orleans to the head of the Mississippi River is greater than from Halifax, N.S., to Liverpool, G.B. I do not want to see colonists ; id En^lisli- 84 Ui Mi men arrayed against each other as diflferent races, but united as one people, having the same rights and privileges, each bearing a share of the public burdens, and all having a voice in the general government." A particular form of Imperial Federation that has many advocates to-day is thus suggested by Sam Slick (Wise Saws, c. 25) : " It shouldn't be England and her colonies, but they should be integral parts of one great whole— all counties of Great Britain. There should be no taxes on colonial produce, and the colonies should not be allowed to tax British manufactures. All should pass free, as from one town to another in England ; the whole of it one vast home- market, from Hong Kong to Labrador." In " The Attach^ " (c. 21), Mr. Slick observes of colonists : " They ars attached to England, that's a fact ; keep them so by making them Englishmen. . . . Their language will change them. It will be our army ... not the English army; our navy, our church, our parliament, our aristocracy, etc., and the word English will be left out holus-bolus and that proud but endearin' word 'our' will be insarted." Haliburton seems to have fretted under this subordinate status of the colonies, and to have yearned for a fuller imperial citizenship for colonists. "No, don't use that word 'our' till you are entitled to it," says the clockmaker. " Be formal and ever- lastin' polite. Say 'your' empire, 'your' army, etc., and never strut under borrowed plumes." Elsewhere he has compared the colonies to ponds, which rear frogs, but want only inlets and outlets to become lakea and produce fine fish.* * It is a curious coincidence that his ablest deprecator, Professor Felton, of Harvard College, shared Haliburton's views on this subject. In his review of "The Attachfe," in the North American Heview ior January, 1844, Felton attributed what he termc "the antiquated political absurdities " of the judge to " the belittling eflfects of the 86 , 'I i! I ; 1 « ' 1 In fact, the main cause of discontent amone^ 'xlucated and self-reliant colonists, as he makes Mr. H-jpewell point out (Clockmaker, 3, 19, and still more impressively, Attache, c. 62), was the lack of openings for genius and ambition. On the gate of any colonial cemetery, he thought, might be aptly inscribed the stanzas of " Gray's Elegy," beginning, " Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid." The provinces are now confederated, and a Dominion political career furnishes another opening to aspiring and gifted Canadians. Yet while we remain in the present cramping status of colonists some of our ambitious men must feel, with Haliburton, a " want of room— of that employment that is required for ability of a certain description." George Washington, Mr. Hopewell hinted, might never have led the insurgent provinces to victory, had his gifts and ambition had free vent " in other parts of the Empire." The repre- sentation of colonists in the Imperial Parliament would not only widen their thoughts and interests, but would also serve colonial system on the intellects of colonists. A full and complete national existence," added the Harvard professor, "is requisite to the formation of a manly, intellectual character. What great work of literature or art has the colonial mind ever produced ? What free, creative action of genius can take place under the withering sense of inferiority that a distant dependency of a great empire can never escape from ? Any consciousness of nationality, however humble the nation may be, is preferable to the second-hand nationality of a colony of the mightie.5t empire that ever flourished. The intense national pride which acts so forcibly in the United States is something vastly better than the intellectual paralysis that deadens the energies of men in the British North American Provinces." . . . Professor Drum- mond has strikingly described the deterioration of the hermit crab resulting from its habituallj evading the natural responsibility of self- defence. Haliburton evidently feared an analogous fate for a nation permanently evading the same responsibility.—/'. B. Gro/ton, in " The Atlaidic Monthly " for March, 1892. 86 to prevent dangerous disaffection : their representatives " will be safety-valves to let off steam." Our author thought the North American colonies had reached a period in their growth " when the treatment of adults should supeisede that of children " ; but he was not of those who want to acquire the full privileges of manhood and to shirk its obligations and responsibilities. " Ah, Doctor," said Sam Slick (Nature and Human Nature, c. 19) things can't and won't remain long as they are. Eng- land has three things among which to choose for her North American colonies : First — Incorporation with herself, and representation in Parliament. Secondly — Independence. Thirdly— Annexation with the States." We have seen that Haliburton preferred "^he first. Sam Slick pooh-poohed the idea of Canadian independence in "The Clockmaker" (2, c, 16), and pronounced it utterly impracticble. But he was then speaking as an American; and even if our author personally held the same views, he might have modified them had he lived till Canada supported a large militia and a small army, and when Confederation (which he thought an essential preliminary to independence) was an accomplished fact. In " Nature and Human Nature " (c. 19) Mr. Slick says that independence is better for the colonies and England than annexation; "but if that is decided upon, something must be done soon. The way ought to be prepared for it by an immediate federative and legisla- tive union of them all." Others of Haliburton's personages speak in favor of colonial confederation. Among them is Senator Boodle (Season Ticket, c. 8), who also argues that an intercolonial railway should be constructed at once, and that "as soon as this railway is finished immediate steps should be taken to 87 !} , \ 4 mm^ Mil i ■'■■ '»,- ! it I rp|( provide a safe, easy and expeditious route to Fraser's River, or the Pacific." In ihe first chapter of this same work the senator had prophesied a great interoceanic railway and a great metropolis at Esquimalt : "The enterprise, science and energy of the West v/ill require and command the labor of the East, and Vancouver will be the centre where the pro- ducts of both hemispheres will be exchanged, . , . You have the shortest possible route and the most practi .,,ble, through your own territory, from one ocean to the other, the finest harbors in the world (Halifax and Esquimalt), abun- dance of ooal at the termini and the most direct communica- tion with all the eastern world." The infinite importance of Britain and her colonies parting peaceably, if they are to part at all, was fully recognized by our author. " Tf the partnership is to be dissolved," advised Mr. Slick, "it had better be done by mutual consent, and it would be for the interest of both that you should part friends. You didn't shake hands with, but fists at, us when we separated. . . . Wounds were given that the best part of a century hasn't healed, and wounds that will leave tender spots forever." Our author did not, however, anticipate an angry parting. The holder of "the season ticket," in the book bearing that name, says to an American who talks of annexing Canada: "Be assured, if they (the Canadians) do become independent, it will be by mutual consent and good will, and, let me adi with the mutual regret of both parties." If our author was averse to annexation, it was from no narrow prejudice against the great American people. Indeed his imagination had conceived and his judgment had approved the very grandest of the various schemes propounded for the future of our race-an Anglo-Saxon union or alliance, domi- nating the world and dictating peace to the too heavily i;r armed nations. "Now we are two great nations," remarks Mr. Slick, in his quaint style (Wise Saws, c. 26), "the greatest by a long chaik of any in the world-speak the same language, have the same religion, and our constitutions dcn't differ no great odds. We ought to draw closer than we do. We are big enough, equal enough, and strong enough not to be jealous of each other. United, we are more nor a match for all the other nations put to^ ,ther, and can defy their fleets, armies and millions. Single, we couldn't stand against all, and if one was to fall, where would the other be? Mournin' over the grave that covers a relative whose place can never be filled. It is authors of silly books, editors of silly papers, and demagogues of silly parties that help to estrange us. I wish there was a gibbet high enough and strong enough to hang up all these enemies of mankind on." Americana were generally, as our author found them, shrewd, quick, energetic, enterprising. They were generous, too, and, in his opinion, "those who have described the Yankees as a cold, designing, unimpassioned people, know but little of them in their domestic circles." But the Americans, he thought, were "image worshippers ": they worshipped the golden image and the American image. With them every- thing was for sale, and they humbugged everybody— them- selves included. Many of them were ostentatious and snobbish in their own sense of the latter term. This trait of theirs he often notes and caricatures. He describes some New England factory girls who wanted to be " taken off" {i.e., photographed) in company with certain alleged graad relations of theirs. Miss Sally Slick is mads to address her letters to " Hon. Samcel Slick, late of the Embassy to the Court of St. James's." This she used to do "to let some folks know who some folks are." And Mr. Slick declared (:..:i \WI- that if a young English commissariat officer went to his native Onion County, Connecticut, he could marry the richest girl in it, merely on account of the imposing length of his title — Deputy -Assistant-Commissary-General. The scamps and humbugs who, all over the North American continent, used the holy cause of temperance as a profession or as a cloak, receive a good deal of notice from our arthor. The Rev. Mr. Hopewell laments (Attach*?, c. 29) that "omancipa tion and temperance have superseded the Scriptures in the States. Formerly they preached religion there, but now they only preach about niggers and rum." In the fourth chapter of " The Suason Ticket," the chronicler very minutely notes and comments on the various evasions of the prohibitory law in Maine. Sam Slick thus epigrammatically characterises his country- men : " Brag is a good dog and Holdfast is a bettei* one, but what do you say to a cross of the two 1 And that's just what we are." Americans, Haliburton thought, had no satisfactory safe- guards against popular frenzies ; they lacked a clergy with stipends independent of their congregations, and a nobility and gentry with a social position too secure to be endangered by their opposing the violent whims of the populace. That our author discountenanced the abolition movement, believing slaves to be generally happier than peasants, may be inferred from Slick's ridicule of " ablutionists," and still more clearly from the cynical letter of an abolitionist in " The Letter-Bag of the Great Western." Three prophecies relating to the United States were made by personages in our author's works, of which two have not and one has been already verified. There would be an upris- ing of the colored population ; there would be an established 90 church (the Roman Catholic, as succeaaive censuaes would indicate) ; and there would be a civil war on the question of state-rights. " General Government and State Government," s»id Mr. Slick, "every now and then square off and spar, and the first blow given will bring a gem-ine set-to." * * « * * « • Amontt Haliburccn'a distinctive g^fts was his aptitude for aphorisms and short, pithy aayngs o1 all kinds. " Nothin'," says the clockmaker, "improves a miin'a manners like runnin' an election." "Reforms," says "The Old Judge," sarcasti- cally, " are not applicable to reformers, for those who liberate oth-^rs must themselves be free." "When ladies wear the br«jP3hes, their petticoats should be long enough to hide 'em," philosDphiaas Mr Slick. "No man, nor woman nother," opined the uame philosopher, "can be a general favorite and be true." " A Jong face h plaguy apt to cover a long con- Kcience," aays Parson Hopewell. The only good of a college education ia " to show how devilish little other people know," according to some cynic introduced by our author. And varioua personages of his utter the following discerning observations: "There is a private spring to every one's affections ; if he can find that and touch it, the door will fly open." " A ' Oman has two smiles that an angel might envy ; the smile that accepts the lover before words are spoken, and the smile that alights on the first-born baby and assures it of a mother's love." "A good temper must be kept cool ; even sugar, when fermented, makes vinegar." "Though there be more refinement in the citizen, there is less heart than ia the country man. Before you can impart its brightness to steel, you must harden its texture." The last two quotations illustrate our author's singular and unfailing facility for finding similes and metaphors to eluci- 91 \ J ■H i It; "I Iff date a speaker's meaning. Let me add another quaintly expressive figure. I think it is in " The Old Judge " that somebody talks of " a dusky night, when the moon looks like a dose of castor oil in a glass of cider." Here is one of the leasons of the French Revolution in a nutshell : " Concession never stopt agitation since the world was squeezed out of a curd ; it only feeds it. Throwin' sops to varmint only brings 'em back again ; and when you have nothin' left to throw to 'em, they are plaguy apt to turn to and tare you to pieces." Here and there the reader is tickled by some quaint original conceit. Some stokers on the Great Western are represented as having " sour, Cameronian-looking faces, that seem as if they were dreadfully disappointed they were not persecuted any more." A looking-glass is styled a woman's greatest enemy (Season Ti<5ket, p. 286) not because it reflects falsely but because it reflects a false face. When she consults her glass she is looking at her dearest friend, and is unconsciously disposed to look her very best. Hence the mirror gives every woman an exaggerated opinion of her owp attractions. With many readers, Haliburton's popularity rests upon his peculiar gifts as a raconteur. A good memcy and a fertile imagination both aided him in constructing his stories, of which many are wholly or partly true, while many are purely fictitious. " Most of the anecdotes in those books called ' The Clockmaker ' and ' Attach^ ' are real ones," says the chronicler of the latter work (c. 52). Sometimes our author seeins to moot a subject merely to introduce an anecdote. And the connection bet\(een subject and anecdote is sometimes so thin that it might be invisible if it were not specially pointed out. This criticism applies 92 more particularly to the narratives of Mr. Slick, who is designed to be a somewhat inconsequent spinner of yarns, and who, indeed, once pleaded guilty to making " one of my ramblin' speeches," "with capital stories that illustrated everything but the resolution." It would be about as impracticable to select the best dozen, or score, of Haliburton's yarns as it would be to do that favorite modern puzzle -to " name the best one hundred books." His tales are multitudinous. They are of all kinds and characters, and illustrate most of his characteristics, especially his ingenuity, power of imagination and keen relish for the ludicrous. I may be permitted, however, to refer to a few anecdotes which notably display these qualities — to the tale of the broken-down old slave, for instance, who was cunningly persuaded to buy his freedom by his master's assurance that he was quite sound and had a deal of work in him yet, and who then sued his master for breach of war- ranty and forced him to refund the purchase-money ; to the tale of a Mormon in delirium tremens (Season Ticket) who fancied himself a " rooster " and his wives hens, and beat and pecked at the latter because they wouldn't roost on the garden -fence with their heads under their wings ; to the tale of the Quaker and the marine insurance money (Clock- maker, 2, 13), a nice case for casuists; to the tale of Sam Slick saving a boy's life and getting "more kicks than half- pence" as his reward (Nature and Human Nature, c. 4); to the tale of the Yankee who got out of a fine imposed by a grandmotherly law for smoking by brazenly denying that his cigar was alight, inducing the constable to detect his false- hood by taking a wLiflF himself, and then threatening the officer with a fine for his own violation of the law ; to the tale of how Sam Slick learned Gaelic and taught a pretty girl 93 I-Sl! If! i,; i| m fji English on the object lesson system (Nature and Human Nature, c. 5; ; and to the tale of the Scotch sergeant's mis- understandings and mortifications while inquiring about the name and nature of a moose {ibid. c. 9). Specimens o' ocr author's broader and more farcical humor may be found ia the finale to the Governor's dinner party, and in the yarn of the extemporized page's breeches, both in " The Old Judge," and in the lady's ludicrous exhibition of fr'ght at a. thunder-storm in "Tho Season Ticket." On one occasion Mr. Slick "was sent to Italy to purchase pictures for a Yankee institution, and strongly cautioned against bring- ing home anything that might seem indelicate. He carried cut his instructions with such carefulness that, a Virgin and a Child being among his purchases and the Child's legs being naked, he "had an artist to paint trousers an a pair of laced boots upon him," to make him "look geiiteel.' To anybody who has read one of Haiiburton's anecdotal work •, his proneness to punning will be too patent to need illustration. Some signal in-tances of his capacity and his weakness for puns are found in the " Letter-Bag of the Great Western ": — for instance, in the midshipman's description of the seasickness of various passengers in terms borrowed from their respective professions (No. 4): in the lawyer's clerk's letter (No. 10); f>,nd in the Preface, where the author pours a perfect torient of postal puns on ihe Postmaster-General, that " frank man of letters v/ho transports the mails." The same temptation to distort words which led him to perpetrafca some double entendres, led him also to perpetrate some pretty bad puns. How strong this temptation must ha\ a been on occasions may be gathered from his making a speaker pun while seriously protesting against the mean treatment of the Loyalists in the Canadian rebellion — a subject on which 94 > Haliourton felt very deeply indeed, and to which he often recurred. "He who called out the militia," complains a coloaial lioyalist, "and qu;»lled the late rebellion amid a ahower of balls, was knighted. He who assented aaid a shower of eg ^s to a bill to indemnify the rebols, w.'.s created an earl. Now 'n pelt a governor-general with eggs is an overt act of treason, for it is an attempt to throw off the yolk." Reckless punning marked our author's conversation as well as hi3 writings. He was notorious for it among bis classmatoa at college. He displayed it uccpsionally on the bench. A man once begged exemption from jury duty on the ground of having a certain skin discc 40 vulgarly known as the itch. "Scratch that man!" promptly directed the judge. Arteraus Ward (vas not without warrai f. in terraing Hali- burton the founder of the American school of humor, for most of its phases are illustrated -n his works. The affected simplicity of Mark Twain is anticipated in the '.econd chapter of " Nature and Human Nature." Prototypes of Mrs. Part- ington may be found in Mrs. Figg and the female servant in "TLe Letter-Bag" and in an old woman in "The Season Ticket." Several American jests and jocular phrases arc apparently borrowed from Haliburton. In "The Old Judge" an Indian explains to the governor, who expresses surprise at seeing him drunk so soon again, that it is "all same old drank." Mr. D. R. Locke ("Petroleum V. Nasby ") told me that he oacfc made quite a hit in a stump speech by dividir the voters of his country into " men wit*' clean shirts and Demo- crats." I wonder whether he had read the definitions quoted by Sam Slick of a Tory ("a gentlem.an every inch of him . . . and he puts on a clean shirt every day ") and of a 9£ )" ,'1 il'i^i k K Di'i I >i I Whig ("a gentleman every other inch of him and he puts on an unfrilled shirt every other day "). Everybody has laughed at Topsy'u idea that she was not made but "growed." About fifteen years before the publication of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," in the first series of "The Clockmaker " (c. 12), a country girl being asked where she was brought up, replied in these words : " Why, I guess I wasn't brought up at all, I growed up." The Tewkesbury workhouse people (or General Butler?) may have taken the notion of tanning paupers' skins from the Connecticut pedler mentioned in " The Season Ticket " (p. 49) who bought a nigger's body " of the sheriff on spekelation, and hired a doctor to take his hide off, and he dressed it with alum and lime, and cut it into narrow pieces and made razor strops of it." From time to time some wit-borrower suggests the advisa- bility of freezing, or mesmerizing, or hypnotizing passengers as a sovereign remedy for sea-sickness. I wonder whether this suggestion vrasjirst made in the Shareholder's letter in "The Letter-Bag," where it is shown that this plan would be economical for the company, as well as pleasant for the passengers. If one wished to libel Haliburton, one might argue plaus- ibly that he furnished the model for " Peck's Bad Boy," for there is in " The Letter-Bag " an epistle from a certain en/ant terrible, who plays a series of tricks almost as nefarious as those of Peck's monstrosity. They range from putting glass in passenger's boots, for the pleasure of hearing them swear, to removing a leaf from his father's sermon, for the pleasure of hearing "the old mir^ " talk admiringly about "the beauty — of — of the devil and all his works ! " Not only have modern funny men taken hints from Hali- 96 The burton, but modern journalists have sometimes appropriated his anecdotes holus-bolus or with variations. The following from the French passenger's missive in "The Letter-Bag" was adapted by one or mc re newspapers not very long ago, and spoiled ia the adapting : " To-day steward took hold of de skylight and said 'look out.' Well, I put up my head for to ' look out,' and he shut down de sash on it and gave me a cut almost all over my face with pains of glass, and said, ' Dat is not de way to look out, you should have took your head in.' Dat is beating de English into your head wit de devil to it likewise." A Halifax weekly, in 1885, offered a prize for the bes*, original story, and awarded half of the prize money to a mere rechauffe of a yarn spun in " Wise Saws." Haliburton pointed the shafts of his sarcasm usually at types and classes, seldom at individuals. He saw an unoccu- pied field for a satirist at home, and he proceeded to occupy it. "The absurd importance attached in this country to trifles," observes one of his personages, "the grandiloquent language of rural politicians, the flimsy veil of patriotism under which selashuess strives to hide . . . present many objects for ridicule and satire." Illustrations of his satiric power may be found in his sketches of the Governor's aides- de-camp in " The Old Judge," and of the Americans " who ascend the Rhine that they may have on opportunity of boasting of a larger American river " (Season Ticket, pp. 90, 91) ; in the flood of irony which is poured upon the false distinctions between right and wrong that prevailed among another type of Americans (Clockmaker, 2, c. 10); in the " letter from a traveller before he has tvavelled," ridiculing superficial English observers with preconceived notions about America ( Letter- Bag) ; in the letter from a New York "Loco-foco" (ibid.), which settles the affairs of England with self-satisfied ignorance. 7 97 i/. m' m ii l\^' '.'1 H- Colonial bishops are not exempt from the caustic atten- tions of our author : " They have (Old Judge, c. 3) one grand object in view from the moment of their landing in a colony ; and that is the erection of a cathedral so large as to contain all the church "nen of the province, and so expensive as to exhaust all the liberality of their friends ; and this unfinished monument of ill-directed zeal they are sure to place in a situation where it can be of no use whatever." As a general rule, the style of our author is less terse than that of most modern American humorists. His effects are produced by ludicrous situations and grotesque conceits more often than by tricks of construction. His sentences are seldom framed to rouse the flagging attention of the reader by sudden jolts or jerks. Here and there, however, he dis- plays the piquant flippancy and careless exaggeration of a modern paragraphist. He used dialogue copiously, as a means to make his books and opinions popular. "Why is it," asks Sam Slick (Wise Saws, c. 19), " if you read a book to a man you set him to sleep ? Just because it is a book and the language aint com- mon. Why is it if you talk to him he will sit up all nigl . with you t Just because it's talk, the language of natur'." Aud written chat, he thought, was the next best medium to oral chat for holding the attention of all classes (for " the test of -eal genu-ine good book,'' in Mr. Slick's opinion at least, "is that it is read in the p;.rlor and in the kitchen"). Here is the rationale of that "conversational style " that has helped to win a circulation for so many modern society journals, and which is growing so popular with " special contributors." Our author's dialogue, however, is uot invariably suited to the character either in matter or in manner, and few of hia dranmtis personce, if they display any peculiarities of idiom, 08 ,k = ' are made to use the same dialect consistently throughout. Even the spelling that is used to convey provincial mispro- nunciations is capriciously varied. And our author's charac- ters sometiraes stray from the main subject of discussion with an abruptness that in real life would surprise and offend. In these particulars Haliburton displays the carelessness and want of finish which are among his chief defects. Another fault also arising from carelessness is his too frequent repetition, botii of ideas and forms of expression. When Halibuiton exerted himself he was capable of rising to a high degree of eloquence and impressivancss. When he wrote carelessly he was liable to become diffuse or stilte(^. Similar comments have been made by men who have heard him speak. His ordinary speeches are said to have been little above the average, while parts of his set orations, notably of his plea for abolishing the test oath in Nova Scotia, vera powerful and impressive in the extreme. Our author is sometimes vivid and brilliant in his descrip- tions of nature. Witness his detailed contrast between the scenery of the White Mountains and the storied and varying beauties of Kiilarney, in "The Season Ticket" (pp. 31, 32). But he makes more hits as a portrait, than as a landscape, painter. The sketch of a girl's "company face" {ibid. p. 327) is admiraVic, and so is tho hypoci ideal thief's make-up, to impose upon the jury, in "The Clockmaker " (2, c. 10). In "The Attach^" Sam Slick takes off, in a few characteristic touches, the popular Cheltenham preacher who advertises the frivolous gaieties of the place by violently denouncing them ; and the fashionable Cheltenham doctor who dexterously ! amors the whims oi his hypochondriac patients, and, through the gratitude of his professional brethren, constantly " gains new patients by praising every London doctor individually, 99 'I ji«<- «!•*, \m i' and only damning them in a lump." There is a broken-down, drunken, soured remnant of what was once an English scholar and gentleman introduced in a single chapter of *• The Clockmaker" (2, c. 19). The portrait is almost too gloomy to reproduce in its entirety, but it is wondrously true to nature — the spendthrift generosity, the impatience of Yankee- isms, the fretful outbursts of jaundiced eloquence : — " ' Curse the location,' he exclaimed, ' there is no location like Old England.'" "'On this side the water'" he found " * nothing approaching the class of gentry. . What little they have here, sir, are second-hand airs copied from poor models that necessity forces out here. It is the farce of high life below stairs, sir, played in a poor theatre to a provincial audience.' " And again he speaks bitterly of " • the sickly waxwork imitation of gentility here, the faded artificial flower of fashion, the vulgar pretension, the con- temptible struggle for precedence. Poor as I am, humble aa I am, and degraded as I am — for I am all three now — I have aeen better days, and ... I know what I am talking about. There's nothing beyond respectable mediocrity here. Little ponds never held big fish ; there is nothing but poUywogs, tadpoles and minims in them. Look at them as they swim thro' the shallow water of the margins of their little muddy pool, following some small fellow an inch long, the leader of the shoal, that thinks himself a whale. . Go to every press, and see the stuff that is printed ; go to the people, and see the stuff that is uttered or swaHowed, and then, tell me this is a location for anything above mediocrity.' " * What keeps you here then 1 ' said Mr. Slick, ' if it is such an everlastin' miserable country as you lay it out to be?' ' I'll tell you, sir,' said he, and he drained off the whole of the brandy, as if to prepare for the effort—' I will tell you what 100 keeps me,' and he placed his hand on his knees, and looking the Clockmaker steadily in the face until every muscle worked with emotion— 'I'll tell you, sir, if you must know— my mis- fortune,' " Then he fell irom his chair. Next to Sam Slick himself the Reverend Mr. Hopewell is the personage with whom we are made most intimate in the pages of Haliburton. Mr. Hopewell is morally consistent throughout. We are given his character ^n pieces, but the pieces fit. He utters no ignoble sentiment and does no questionable deed. He disliked puritans and ascetics, and used to say that youth, innocence and cheerfulness were the Three Graces. " The sight of the sea, a great storm, a starry sky or even a mere flower " would send him into a reverie or rouse him to an ecstasy. He thundered like a Hebrew prophet against the impious notion of utilizing the water-power of Niagara. His saintly tolerance did not prevent his telling his Pharisaic Jock their besetting sins and weaknesses. Displaced by them, he strove to persuade himself that he was at fault and not theij; he would rather have found himself in the wroug than belibve them so base and ungrateful. In this true evangelist, it is likely that Haliburton reproduced some traits of his revered friend, the Abb^ Sigogne. It must be admitted, however, that this American clergy- man is sometimes made to display an almost incredibly minute intimacy with Canadian and British politics and personages. He knows, for example, all about Lord Durham and Mr. Poulett Thompson — their acts, characters and inner motives. Very possibly our author wished to fortify his own political opinions by the endorsement of so high- minded an observer. A slight oversight is also noticeable in regard to Mr. Hopewell's age. In the second series of " The Clockmaker" (o. 15), he declarer himself to be ninety-five. 101 i i ll^> 1 t w iil'' '•%'■' ( ij?- { H i'. 1 ^nffi^ 1 i i wm \. , Yet in "The Attache," a work written five years later and recording subsequent events, he is represented as going to England with Mr. Slick and delighting the natives by hia sermons and discourses. **♦*♦♦ In most respects Sam Slick is a typical wide-awake Yankee man of business. He is shifty and versatile. When he wants to get a particular deck seat on a steamer, he inquiref innocently if a certain sail in sight can be a Chinese junk. The occupant of the coveted seat crosses the deck and joins the curious crowd who are gazing at the mysterious craft. Slick takes the seat and, when it is reclaimed, pretends ignorance of the English language ! When living at Boston, he has a fast horse which will not cross a bridge because it has once fallen through one. This horse he sells for a high figure, advertising, with literal truth, that he would not sell it at any price if he did not want to leave Boston. Another fast trotter of his has " the heaves." Slick advertises that his only reason for selling is that the animal is " too heavey for harness." The unworv buyer returns to reproach Slick, and only loses some more money by betting that the latter had advertised the horse as too heavy for harness. At a time when there is a high duty of 30 per cent, on lead, and no duty on works of art, he realizes a very handsome sum by investing heavily in leaden busts of Washington, and melting the Father cf his Country after he has passed the custom-house. Sam Slick feels a keen pleasure in " besting " a br^' - in a trade— especially when the other party thinks himself know- ing and wary. To take in another smart "down-Easter" was to him an intei;?.e triumph. He compares it (Clockmaker 3, 12) with great minuteness to coaxing a shy fish to take the 102 bait. " There's nothin' a'most I like so much as to see folk cheat themselves," he says in another place. It is by his suggestion that Ichabod Gates manages to sell his goods to the townspeople at twice their cost, by binding eaoh cistomer to keep the secret of his selling so cheap ! He is often discursive in his yarns and sometimes indirect in his bargaining ; but like a good sporting dog, as he says of himself, if he did beat about the bush, he generally put up the birds. He wants to turn everything to practical use. At Niagara he is struck frst by the water-power, and secondly by the grandeur of the Falls! In noting the beauties of Mount Auburn Cemetery at Boston, he does not omit that it is " the grandest place for courtin' in I know of, it's so romantic." He flatters, wheedles, and " aoft-sawders " everlastingly ; but he never cringes to anyone. He is a shrewd and close observer of character as well as of externals, of classes as well as of individuals. So keen are his perceptions that he is enabled, after only a short experi- ence in the new field of London fashionable life, to formulate the cynical " rules of society," which are to be found in Chapter 35 of " The Attach^." Conceited and boastful of his country, he saw some of its faults and dangers, and criticised it freely himself. In one of his bilious moods he denies that it is the attractions of the United States that draw so large an immigration : " It's nothin' but luS powers of suction ; it's a great whirlpool — a great vortex — it drags all the straw and chips and floatin' sticks, drift-wood and trash into it." But, if he abused it himself, he would not let others abuse it. He was particularly down upon tourists making superficial observations in his country in search of " facts " to verify their preconceiv ed ideas. 103 II m U' [« He dearly loved to " bam " these gentry by such shocking tales as the " Gouging School " and the " Black Stole," which he tells in the 20th chapter of *' The Attach^." Illustrating the desirability of travelling in a cheerful, instead of a censorious frame of mind, he observes that " the bee, though he find every rose has a thorn, comes back loaded with honey from his rambles ; and why shouldn't other tourists do the same 1 " Our author, it will be noticed, has endowed Sam Slick with his own unfailing knack of hitting on an apt simile at will. Self-conceited, Mr. Slick was too sublimely so to be con- scious of the failing. "That he is a vain man cannot be denied— self-taught, men are apt to be so everywhere," said his chronicler. Some of Slick's br.d8tfulness is doubtless due to his comfortable confidence in himself, But some of it is put on with a definite purpose. " Braggin'," observes our shifty New Englander in " Nature and Human Nature," " saves I adverlisin' ; " it makes people talk and think of you, and " incidentally of your wares. " I always do it," confesses Slick ; " for, as the Nova Scotia magistrate said, who sued his debtor before himself, ' what's the use of being a justice, if you can't do yourself justice V" When Slick, as attache to the American Legation, has become a regular party-goer in London, he becomes proud of his position, and attempts to suit himself to his environment by gaudy overdressing. At this i .ncture his father, animated by another weakness not unknown among Americans, comes inopportunely to visit him. " Colonel " Slick has undertaken the costly task of proving his title to a supposititious peerage. At the advent of this uncouth relation Sam could sympathise with the young lady who " wasn't at all exclusive, but was really obliged ^o draw the iJixt, at pa." Sam, however, though 104 ® / mortified, is far too manly to give the cold shoulder to his parent, though he does attempt to bottle him up with i^uch tact and some success. But the old man commits himself sometimes, notwithstanding, as when the hero of Bunker Hill sought an interview with the hero of Waterloo, and advised the great duke to sleep with his son Sam, as the latter was a wonderfully cute man and wise counsellor. Sam Slick is hardly the typical Yankee of his time when he pours contempt and ridicule on the mock modesty and suggestive squeamishness of so many of his countrymen. "Fastidiousness," he says in "Nature and Humar Nature," is the envelope of indelicacy. To see harm in ordinary words betrays a knowledge and not an ignorance of evil." Once, at least, his antipathy to false refinement carried Slick too far — when he make? an ultra-proper spinster wax playful and famil- iar by suggesting, in purposely misleading terms, that she has made a conquest. This in my opiniT. is the most unworthy action recorded of Mr. Slick, and I am glad to say he had the grace to be ashamed of it. In religion Slick detests cant, and distrusts those who use it. He likes to expose sanctimonious humbugs. Hypocrisy, he thinks, " has enlisted more folks for Old Scratch than any recruitin' serjeant he has" (Attach^, c. 36). "When the fox turns preacher," he observes in " Wise Saws," " the geese had better not go to night meetin's." He considers ascetic morality impracticable, and to preach it injurious, for the masses. " Puritans," he says in " Nature and Human Nature," "whether in or out of church make more sinners than they save by a long chalk. They aint content with real sin. . . . Their eyes are like ihe great magnifier at the Poly- technic, that shows you awful monsters in a drop of water, which were never intended for us to see, or Providence would 106 iM'fe. •J have made our eyes like Lord Rosse's telescope. Of sects he says, " Call 'em this dictionary name and that new-fangled name, but give me the tree that bears the best fruit." Of oermona he observes, " I don't like preaching to the narves instead of to the judgment." He is a little cynical in some particulars. He traces the influence of the clergy to having the women on their side, and, in a story which he tells, the Reverend n seal Meldrum attributes the prosperity he enjoys for a season to his soft-sawdering the gentle sex. Sometimes Slick is actually irreverent, as for instance in his speculations on negroes' souls, which he locates in their heels. Slick believes in treating criminals summarily, and even in lynching on occasion. He uses drastic measures with bullies, bad boys, and balky horses. He holds that there are "no good scholars since birch rods went out of school and senti- ment went in." "So he won't leave the vessel, eh?" said Skipper Love, Slick's friend and co-believer in effective energy. " Weil, a critter that won't move must be made to go, that's all. There's a motive power in a" natur'. There's a current or a breeze for a vessel, an ingine for a rail-car, necessity for poverty, love for the feminine gender, and glory for the hero. But for men I like persuasion. It seems to convene better with a free and enlightened citizen. Now here," said he, opening his closet and taking out his rope-yarn, " here is a persuader that noth- ing can stand. Oh, he won't come, eh 1 Well, we'll see ! " Mr. Slick was an outrageous and successful flirt, and could blarney the fair sex like an Irishman. He behoved with Byron that impudence—" brisk confidence " the poet calls it —was the quality most effective with woman. He gives a philosophic reason for this belief in "Nature and Human Nature "(c. U) : "She didn't know whether it was impu- 106 ii*^ I" denoe or admiration ; hut when a woman arhitrates on a case ahe is interested in she always gives an award in her own favor." For sour and sulky females, however, he approved of stern discipline. He even once whipped a shrew. Women, he asserted, require " the identical same treatment " as horses. " I- courage ,...uld know all that Mr. Slick aaya he knows, would ta:i one's credulity overmuch. So various indeed are his accomplishments " that he sesms to be not one but all mankind's epitome." He is equally at home in thj politics of England, Canada and thd United r ates. He paints, he plays the piano and the bugle, he dances, he is skilled in wood-craft and angUng, he rows and P'-ddles neatly, he shoots like Leather Stocking or Dr. Carver. B.d cia speculate in any line with equal success. He has a fa.- smattering of medidne and chemistry. He offers a hawker of cement a much better receipt, of his own invention. He has been in almost every country, including Poland, South America, and Persia. In the latter country he has learned the art of stupefying fishfls and making them float on the surface. He dyes u. drunken hypocrite's face with a dye which he got from Indians " in the great lone la"d ;'- and when the hypocrite repents he has a drastic wash ready to efface the stain. '« I actilly lamed French in a voyage to Calcutta," he says. • and German on r;.y way home." He knew a little Gaelic Uny, which he had Iwarned on a new and agreeable system that, unfortunately, would never do in the public schools. 108 At Hor d in Juvenal's time it was the hungry Greek, in Johnson's "Lcdon" it waa the "f&8ti.i^ monsieur," who knew all the poiences. And let it be granted that the typical Jack-of-all-trades in this century and on this continent is the inquisitive and acquisitive Yankee. Yet Ham Slick beats the record of his shifty countryinen. He has bcun everywhfire where a lively reminiscence can be located, and he is endrtwed with any art or attainment which comes in handy " to point a mora! or adorn a tale," to snub a snob or help a friend. He understands every phase of human nature male and female, black, white and red, high and low, rich nnd coor. He is equally familiar with every social stratum. In •' Nature and Human Nature " ht minutely describes two picnics ooon after each other. At one of them the hollos am Indian half-breeds, at the other fashionable Halifax young ladies. The ex-clock makf.r has presumably obtained the entrie into the ilbgically exclusive aociety of Halifax. At all events he shows a minute knowledge of its variouo phenomena, not omituing the customary airs of a military parvenu. I am afraid that this over-eqi-ipment of his hero is due to carelessness or forgetfulness on Heliburton's part. When Mr. Slick credbs himself in all gravity with each new accomplishment, I do not think that, in the author's inten- tion, he is only adding another fib t j his record Were this so, lying would be his most prominent characteristic. Now Slick h quite capable of using ambiguous terms to help him to ditipose of a horse or a clock, but I am mistaken if he i.^ meant to be viewed as a serious end habitual liar. To draw the long bow for the sake of making fun, or with a wink to his hearers, as iv were, is quite another thing, and of this pastime Mr. Slick was very fond. "Once," he said, •' I drawed a mutton chop so nat3ral that ray dog broke his 1 1 h I, 'y Vi i) i:f,^ ■'■ id mm.. €! teeth in tearing the panel to pieces to get at it; and at another time I painted a shinglo so like stone that, when I threw it in the water, it sunk right kerlash to the bottom." He imposes upon a certain great lliiguist by pro^3S8ing to know all the North American Indian dialects, and informs him that the redskins form new words by " gummification," a term which should ba used in Indian grammar, he says, in preference to "agglutination," because glue was unknown and gum well known to the Indians ! The best glue in America, he gravely adds, is made from negro hides ; whence the saying, "It sticks like grim death to a dead nigger." In another place he traces the origin of the phrase " he's been through the mill " to a ional accident at Slickville. But \i Sam Slick, as might be guessed from these last incidents, is not a trustworthy etymologist, he is a past-master of slang. His sayings are quoted widely, to illustrate col- loquial terms, all through Bartlett's "Dictionary of Ameri- canisms." Some of Slick's slangy expressions are very original and forcible, as for example the following : " If I had a got a hold of him, I'd a lammed him wusa than the devil beatin' tan-bark!" He confesses that he hates poets, " lock, stock and barrel." As he sometimes purposely shocks the British sense of decorum by hia Yj,nkee irreverence, so he likes to ruffle one's sentimentality by some anti-poetical simile. Poets have thought of figure after figure to describe the changing music of a running stream. Here is Slick's contribution — "the noise water makes tumblin' over stones in a brook, a splut- terin' like a toothless old woman scoldin' with a mouthful of hot tea in her lantern cheek ! " It is ha.d to determine in some cases w*-^ther Sam Slick's utterances are intended to illustrate hia character, or merely 110 ( I w to voice the author's personal views. This doubt of course arises only when the clockmaker utters sentiments equally or more in keeping with another character than hia own— with that, for instance, of an Englishman or Nova Scotian, or of a well-read and well-bred gentleman. There is, however, a specially strong probability that Haliburton generally en- dorsed Sam Slick's criticisms on IJova Scotia. As a politician, our author had learned to dread that many-headed monster, a constituency, and to show outward respect for popular weak- nesses, Ae would naturally shrink from lashing the pet feel- ings of his countrymen only, and would find it expedient to tell them unpalatable truths through the medium of a foreign observer. For the ciockmaker's satiric utterances— so often grotesquely and purposely exaggerated— the public could not hold him responsible. "A satirist," says Sam Slick in " Nature and Human Nature," speaking of his already pub- lished sayings and doings, "a satirist finds it convenient sometimes to shoot from behind a shelter." And again, in the same book, he observes to " the Squire," who was a Nova Scotian : "If you was \vritin' and not me you would have to call Halifax, to please the people, that flourishing great capital," and so forth. For these reasons 1 have treated Slick's views about Nova Scotia and Nova Scotians else- where, with the personal opinions of our author. Enough to say here, to complete this list of Mr. Slick's traits, thft« it went against his grain to see a province giving its scant enthusiasm too exclusively to politics, and wasting its energies in pressing the government to creute prosperity, instead of seizing the existing openings for industry, as he and other wide awake Yankees were so profitably doing, ***** :|c That so young a country as Nova Scotia should have reared 111 ii i JJ il f \} \' ,fc. Pi (-*' w.\ mi m: : W >■> ■.li so great a writp? as Haliburton is somewhat surprising. To what additional eminence he might have attained, ' his earlier efforts been addressed to a more critical circlt. xust remain a matter of conjecture. But it is not unlikely that he might have taken rank among the very greatest literary names of the century, if he had been a little less geniul and self-indulgent, or if he had had higher r:ucational advantages and a more stimulating literary environment at the outset of his career. As it was, Haliburton generally wrote forcibly, and often smoothly and classically, while in detached passages he could be terse and even brilliant. But the attractions of his style are not sustained, and he is sometimes a little slip- shod or diffuse. He is accordingly more to be admired as a humorist than as a stylist, and more than either, perhaps, as a thorough student and acute judge of human nature. He noted with almost equal keenness and accuracy the idiosyn- crasies of individuals, classes and na*i.vis. He intuitively recognized the tendencies of the age ; he observed the cur- rents of public opinion, and gauged their volume and their force with approximate correctness. He foretold some im- portant events that have happened already and others that seem extremely probable to-day. I have only touched lightly ana incidentally on what strike me as being his faults. I felt that they bear but a small ratio to the merits of this great Canadian \. riter— to his exuberant humor, his sound judgment, his wide horizon, and the general beneficence of his aims. And above all, I could never ignore his strong efforts to arouse a broader patriotism that might guard forever the imperial birthright whose grandeur he was great enough to understand. ifi., ,, m ^' , i n Vm 1/ 1" :1| '(/ m ' )i fi h- i' i. . t . i in ■!. H ; U X Q ■f: C I o a: o SI vg;i:,%pM t ^^ i O X o c a: o 1^ a: BIBLIOGRAPHY. BY JOHN PARKER ANDERSON. /- WORKS. A General Description of Nova Scotia. Illustrated by a new and correct map. Printed at the Royal Acadian School: Halifax, N.S., 1823, 8vo. A new edition. Printta at the Royal Acadian School. Reprinted for and sold by Clement H. Belcher: Halifax, 1825, 8vo. [This work is wrongly ascribed to Haliburton in Morgan's Bibliotheca Canadensis, nrhere it is also assigned its real author— Walter Bromley, Master of the Royal Acadian School, Halifax, N.S. The book was published anony- mously, but bears marked internal evidence of its authorship. — A. B. de M.] ^ An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia. In two volumes. Illustrated by a map of the Province, and several engravings. 2 vols. Joseph Howe: Halifax, 1829, 8vo. Another edition. 2 vols. Snow : London, 1839, S70. Kentucky. A tale. London, 1834, 8vo. This work is wrongly ascribed to Haliburton in the English Catalogue, Morgan's Bibliotheca Canadensis, Halkett and Laing, and by other authorities. It is a London edition with a different title page of "The Harpe's Head, a Legend of Kentucky," Philadelphia, 1833, by James Hall, Judge in the Circuit Court of Illinois. The Clockmaker ; or, The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick, of Slickville. Series 1. Halifax, )Ji9f, 12rao. Joseph Howe. Appeared originally in The Nova Scotian in 1835-6. 8 113 \i X i M .4 'i^ |i' !l V First series. iJic^iard BcnHey; London, 1837, 12mo. .„^ Second series. Richard Bentley : London. 1838, 12mo. Another edition. EiE8t_and second series. Richard Bentley: London, 1838-39, 12mo. •^ Third series. Richard Bentley: London, 1840, 12mo. "The Duke of Kent's Lodge," "Too Knowing by Half," " Behind the Scenes," and " Facing a Woman " in the third series were printed in Bentley's Mitcellr.'ny before appearing in book-form. Reprinted. 3 vols. London, 1838-43, 8vo. First series. Lea mid Blanchard : Philadelphia, 1837, 12mo. Other editions : William White, Concord, 1838, 12mo. Israel S. Boyd, Concord, 1839, 18mo ; Philadelphia, 1838, 12rao, in 2 vols. ; Paris, 1839. " Baudry's Euro- \ipean Library," v^ . 234. "The Clockmaker and the Bubbles of Canada," (one vol.) Vol. 289, Paris, 1840-1. "The Letter Bag of G. W. and the Clockmaker," (one vol.); Paris, 1841, 8vo. W. H. Colyer, New York, 1841, 19mo ; London, 1845, 8vo. Richard Bentley, London, 1848, 8vo. T. B. Peterson, Philadelphia, 1867, 12rao. Dick '' i i ':'l^ s.f t. :,3 In consequence of a work having previously appeared under the name of "The English in America," the \ ;rds "Rule and Misrule of" were added to the title of the English and of the American edition. — R. G. H. "^ Traits of American Humour, by Native authors. Edited and adapted by the author of "Sam Slick," "The Old Judge," " The English in America," etc. 3 vols. Colburn dk Go, : London, 1852, 8vo. The first edition of this work is generally supposed to have been published in 1843, but no trace of such an edition can be found in the London catalogues. Another edition. Hurst d: Blackett : London, 1866, Svo. Another edition. Hurst d; Bh-'Jcett : London, 1873, 8vo. »' Sam Slick's Wise Saws and Modem Instances ; or. What he Said, Did, or Invented. 2 vols. Hurst da Blackett : London, lg53, Svo. Second edition, 1854. Other editions. Blanchard d Lea : Philadelphia, •^ 1853, 12mo. Hurst d Blackett : London, 1859, Svo. Y The Americans at Home ; or, Byeways, Backwoods and Prairies. Edited by the author of " Sam Slick." 3 vols. Hurst d Blackett : London, 1854, Svo. The first edition of this work is generally stated to have been published iii 1843. No trace, however, of any such edition can be discovered in the London catalogues. Another edition. Hurst d Blackett: London, 1873, 8vo. \/ Nature and Human Nature. Clockmaker." 2 1855, Svo. Anothc edition. 1856, 12mo. V Another edition. Svo. By the author of " Sam Slick, the vols. Hurst d Blackett : London, Stringer d Toumsend: New York, Hurst d Blackett: London, 1859, An Address on the Present Condition, Resources and Prospects of British North America, delivered by special request at the City Hall, Glasgow, on the 25th March, 1857. ff\trst d Blackett : London, 1857, Svo. 116 V v/ */ ^ Another edition. Montreal, 1857, 8vo. ,/ Speech of the Hon. Mr. Justice HaliburtoiT, M.P., in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, the 2l8t of April, 1860, on the Repeal of the differential duties on Foreign and Colonial Wood. Er>ward Stanford : London, 1860 8vo. The date of the speech on the title page is wrong, and should be Friday, April 20. Tlie speech was also on the Repeal of the duties on wood, not, as it is invariably printed, wool. \/The Season Ticket. Richard Bentley .' London, 1860, 8vo. A series of ar^=cles reprinted from the Dublin Univer- sity Magazine from April, 1859, to Ms^rch, 1860. New edition. Richard Bentley : London, 1861, 8vo. U New edition. Richard Bentley : iiondon, 1866, 8vo. ^ Another edition. Warne : London, 1872, 12mo. PIRATED COMPILATIONS, ^ Yankee Stories. Philadelphia, 1846, 12mo. •'Yankee Stories. With illustrations. Lindsay tfc Blakvston: Philadelphia, 1852, 12mo. V Yankee Yams and Yankee Letters. T. B. Peterson: Philadelphia, 1852, 12mo. 117 r' f 'I f I' f ' APPENDIX. fll ;'i I HI: > " V- BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM, ETC. Allibone, S. Austin. — A Critical Dictionary of English Literature. Philadelphia, 1859, 8vo. T. C. Haliburton, vol. i., j)p. 759, 760. •^Bibaud, Maximilien.— Le Pantheon Canadien. Montreal, 1891, 8vo. T. C. Haliburton, p. 114. Biographie Gen^rale.— NnuvelleBiographieG^n^rale. Paris, 1858, 8vo. Article on Haliburton, signed W, in vol. xxiii., pp. 147, 148. Boase, G. C. — Thomas Chandler Haliburton. (Memoir in the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xxiv., pp. 43-45.) London, 1890, 8vo. Bourinot, John George. — The Intellectual Developmont of the Canadian People. Toronto, 1881, 8vo. Notice of Hali- burton, pp. 104, 105. Biyce, George.— A Short History of the Canadian People. Lon- don, 1887, 8vo. Judge Haliburton, pp. 476, 477. *f Calnek, Savary.— History of the County of Annapolis. Toronto, 1897, 8vo. Biographical Memoir of T. C. Haliburton, pp. 418-426, with portrait. y Campbell, Duncan. —Nova Scotia in its Historical, Mercantile and Industrial Relations. Montreal, 187^^, 8vo. References to Judge Haliburton, pp. 117, 183, 267, 328 ; biography of, pp. 334, 335. Chambers, Robert.— Chambers's Cyclopiedia of English Literature. 2 vols. London, 1876, 8vo. T. C. Haliburton, vol. ii., pp. 697, 698. Chambers, William and Robert.— Chambers's Encyclopsedia. Revised edition. London, 1874, 8vo. T. C. Haliburt(jn, vol. v., p. 197. 118 Lon- Chaslen, Philar^te. — Etudes sur la litt^rature et lea Moeurs des Anglo- Americains au XIXe Biiiclo. Paris, 1852, 8vo. • "Sam Slick," pp. 389-419; appeared oricrinally in the Revue dea Deux Mondea, 15, Ap., 1841. Anglo-American Literature and Manners; from the French of P. Chasles. New York, 185-', 8vo. Chap. VIII., " Sam Slick, the Clockmakor," pp. L'22-248. < Crofton, F. Blake. — Proceeding." of the Haliburton Club of the University of King's College. No. 1. Haliburton : The Man and the Writer. (A Study. With a Portrait.) Windsor, 1889, 8vo. Oyclopsedias. — The English Cyclopiedia. Biography, vol. iii. London, 1856, 4to. T. C. Haliburton, pp. 257, 258. The National Cyclopiedia of American Biography. New York, 1894, 8vo. T. C. Haliburton (with portrait), vol. v., pp. 353, 354. Encyclopaedia Britannica. — The Encyclopsedia Britannica, ninth edition. Edinburgh, 1880, 4to. T. C. Haliburton, vol. xi., p. 383. f Morgan, Henry J. — Bibliotheca Canadensis ; or, a Manual of Canadian Literature. Ottawa, 1867, 8vo. Hon. Thomas Chandler Haliburton, pp. 166-171. V/ Murdoch, Beamish. — A History of Nova Scotia. 3 vols. Halifax, 1865-67, 8vo. Numerous references to Haliburton. Portraits. — Portraits of Public Characters. 2 vols. London, 1841, 8vo. Judge Haliburton, vol. i., pp. 291-304. Roberts, Charles G. D. — A History of Canada. Boston, 1897, 8vo. Notice of Haliburton, pp. -^ ' 424. >. Rose, George Maclean. — A Cyclopicdia of Canadian Biography. Toronto, 1888, 8vo. T. C. Haliburton, pp. 443, 444. Sabin, Joseph. — A Dictionary of Books Relating to America. New York, 1875, Svo. List of Haliburton's works, vol. vii., pp. 556-558. Sanders, L. C. — Celebrities of the Century. London, 1890, Svo. T. C. Haliburton, p. 528. Slick, Sam.— Sam Slick, the Yankee Pedler. (A song.) London, 1860, 8. sh. 4to. 119 hi \'^ .1 StateBmen.— Tho Statesmen of England ; comprising fifty por- traits, with biogvaphical sketches. London, 1802, fol. Con- tains the Hon. Nr. Justice Haliburton, with portrait. Tallis, John.— Tallis's Dmwing Room Portrait Gallery. London, 1860, 4to. Judge Hiiliburton. with portrait. Third serieB. Walford, Edward.— Men of the Time, etc. London, 18G2, 8vo. T. C. Haliburton, p. 363. WJIer, J'hn Francis.— The Imperial Dictionary of Universal T^iography. 3 vols. London, 1867-63, 8vo. T. C. Hali- burton, vol. ii., p. 778. Ward, Thomas H.— Men of the Reign, a Biographical Dictionary. London, 1885, 8vo. T C. Halibur';on, p. 385. Wilson, James Grant, and Fisko, John.— Apploton'sCyclopffidia of American Biography. New York, 1887, 8vo. T. C. Hali- burton, vol. iii., p. 36. MAGAZINE ARTICLES, ETC Haliburton, Thomas Chandler. —Illustrated London News, July 15, 1843, p. 37, with i\ portrait, and September 9, 1865, p. 245, with portrait. The Critic, with portrait, February 5, 1859, p. 126. Atlantic Monthly, March, 1892, pp. 355-363, by F. Blake Crofton. Americans at Home. New Quarterly Review, vol. iii., 1854, p. 261. British Quarterly Review, vol. xxi 1855, ,;p. 60-78. Attach^. Athenroum, July 8, 1843, pp. 622, 623 ; July 15, 1843, pp. 648-550 ; same article, Littell's Living Age, vol. iv., 1845, pp. 155-161. Monthly Review, vol. ii., 1813. pp. 475-483, vol. ni., 1844, pp. 558-564. Spectator, July 15, 1843, i .. 664, 665; November 9, 1844, p. 1073. Literary Gazette, July 8, 1843, pp! 441-445 ; November 2, 1844, pp. 699-701 ; November 9, pp. 716-718 ; November 16, pp. 735, 736. Cham- bers's Edinburgh Journal, vol. xii., 1844, pp. 251, 253, 279. North American Review, vol. Iviii., 1844 pp 211-227, by C. C. Felton. 7-'"es of Canada. Literary Gazette, January 5, pp. 3-5. Monthly Review, vol. i., 1839, pp. 300, Spectator, Januarv 19, 1839, p. 64, 120 u. TTie tiorkmaker. AthunoBum, April 16, 1837, pp. 262, 263; July 7, i838, pp. 471-473; July 14, 1838, pp. 488-490 ; November 14, 1840, pp. 902-904 ; November 21, 1840, pp. 922-924. Literary Gazette, April 1, 1837, pp. 204, 206; Jul;, 7, 1838, pp. 417-419; Novtnibo.- 7, 1840, pp. 713-716; Novem- ber 14, pp. 736-7.(7 ; Novtmber 2i, pp. 760, 761. The Mirror, April 22, 1837, pp. 261-256. Spectator, April 1. 1837, pp. 300, 307 ; November 7, 1840, pp. 1073, 1074, Monthly Review, vol. ii., 1837, pp. 105-107 ; vol. iu., 1838, pp. 8-12 ; vol. iii., 1840, pp. 497-504. New York Mirror, September 8, 1838, pp. 86, 86. Times, October 22, 1838 (2^ cols.) ; November 1, 1838 (3 cols.) ; November 27, 1840, (IJcols.) ; December 12, 1840 (2 cols.). Chambers's Edinburgh JoMmal, vol. vi., 1838, pp. 92, 93. English in America. Irish Quarterly Review, Decem- ber, 1861, pp. 623-648. Quarterly Review, vol. xciv., 1854, p. 666, etc. Hildreth and the North American Review. American Church Review, vol. iv, p. 623. History of Nora Scotia. North a..> • r'can Review, vol. XXX., 1830, pp. I2I-I0O, by C. W. Up '-am. Un Humoriste Atiglo-Am^ricain. I ovue des Deux Mondes, by Emile Montegut, February 16, 1850, pp. 731-748. Letter-Bag of the Great Western. Monthly Review, vol. i., 1840, pp. 306-314. Literary World, vol. ii., 1840, pp. 250-254, 265-267. Spectator, January 18, 1840, pp. 65, 66. Athenajum, January 11, 1840, pp. 31-33. Bentley's Miscellany, vol. vii., 1840, pj 11-16. Lord Durham^ s Report, Quarterly Review, vol. Ixiii., 1839, pp. 621, 622. Nature and Human Nature. Literary Gazette, June 2, \865, pp. 342-344. Athenseum, March 10, 1855, pp 286, 287. No: JUS of Sam Slick (with a portrait). Bentley's Miscellany, vol. xiv., 1843, pp. 81-94. 131 i Obituary, Notice of. The Reader, September 2, 1865, p. 263. London Review September 2, 18()5, p. 261. Guardian, August 30, 1865. Illustrated Times, Sep- tember 9, 18U5, p. 157. Gentleman's Magazine, December, 1865, pp. 787, 788. Annual Register, 1865, pp. 195, 19<;. Standard, August 30, 1865. Morning PoMt, August 29, 1865 (leader). Athenf«um, Sep- tember 2, 1865, pp. 309, 310. The Old Judge. Hogg's Instructor, vol. iii., N.S., 1849, pp. 3-6, 29-32.