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'■>'■■ r , ' VI » ON THE '. l< METEOEOLOGY OF THE ALBION MINES, NOVA SCOTIA. " .-ri V BY HENRY POOLE, ESa 1',., 1 - .. '• i The Albion Mio«s are situated in the county of Pictou and province of Nova ScotiA in North America, lal. 45° 34' 30" north, and long. 02'' 42' west froin Greenwich. They are upon the western side of the East river, whidi flow* in ^ northerly direction from its source in the St. Mary's mountains until it emptiea itself into the bay or harbour of Pictou, which is one of the most eastern harbours of the continent of North America, and opening into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The sea is distant about ten miles, with some rising land interveningy but pro* bably not more than 250 feet high. The ground rises moderately (m all Mies around the mines, except in the direction of ^e river, which at this point spreads into two branches, and forme an interval of rich soil of about half a mue in breadth. The surftce of the surrounding country is very undulating, being inter8«ete4 by brooks or smdl streams (often dry in summer) running in every direction. The soil in the immediate vicinity of the mines is of a loamy clay, forming a thin crust upon the aluminous shales lying below, and which dip in a north-easterly direction at a general angle of 19°( several thicL seams of coal lie below and alternating with the shales ; while the limestone formation underlying the coal measures crops about one mile to the south-west of the mines, and gives its dba- racteristical formation of conical hills to the surface of the countrjr. Hnes and spruce have been the prevailing forest trees upon the uplands, widi birch and maples intermixed on some parts ; while large hemlocks have marked the lines of the brooks, and a few elms have grown upon the interval between the forks of the river ; and as hardly any of the clearances extend one mile back from the banks of the river, the country may be considered as almost in its primeval forest state as ifsgards die dimate of the country. Hie latitude being 46** 34' 30" north, we eiyov the sun's influence in the ahorteat days for eight hours and forty minutes, and in the longest days during fifteen hours and twenty minutes. • ■ . ■ S* W'J^-i^^^l^^l^: ?«^lV ^t-Tdc'bjimjmsii^istmef. ''Mm Vs'^i7fi^iM^-r>'m;^i!m:^'^'-W" ^ ABPORT— 1854. The mean temperature of the earth at this latitude is theoretically calculated at 58° *, but from the mean daily observations for ten years taken twice a-day, or the two extremes of night by a self-registering thermometer, and by actual observation at noon, it is found to be 41°'94 at the mines, or 16° colder than theoretically esti- mated, owing chiefly to its position on the east side of the continent, and to the cooling influence of the sea breezes during the summer months. The mean temperature of the year is found to vary in different years to the extent of 3^°, but the observations have not been extended through a sufficient number of years to know whether the fluctuations are periodical or not. 159° have been observed under the full influence of the sun's rays, and 40° below zero were observed at the bottom of the coal pit (250 feet deep) when the thermo- meter on the surface registered 22°. The greatest heat that has been observed in the shade 6 feet above the ground was 98S and the greatest cold 22° beluw zero, giving an extreme range of 120°. By dividing the year into two parts at the mean temperature of 42°, there are 190 days of warm and 175 days of cold weather; the mean temperature crossing that line on an average of ten years on the Ist day of Ma;^ and 6th day of No- Tember. If we divide the year into four seasons, and assume winter to continue whilst the daily mean is below 32°, spring and autumn to last while the daily mean is 10° below and above the annual mean, or from 32° to 52°, and call it summer whilst the daily mean is above 52°, we shall then have the average length of the seasons as follows J— Spring 32° to 52° from 27th March to Slst May 66 days. Summer all above 52° from 1st June to 24th Sept 1 16 ,, Autumn 32° to 52° from 25th Sept. to 26th Nov 63 „ Winter all below 82° from 27th Nov. to 26th March...l20 „ 365 The mean temperature has varied during ten years only 3\° of Fahr., a quantity certainly very inconsiderable when we compare by sensation the warmth of one hour of the day with another, yet capable, when added or subtracted from the whole year, of producing a decided diflercnce in the seasons. We must not, however, top nastily connect with a low mean the idea of a cold winter, or that of a hot summer Vith a high one. Ihe heat is added or taken away sometimes in one season or quarter of a year, sometimes in another ; and again occasionally almost throughout the year, as will be more distinctly seen by an examination of the table of mean temperature t; or it may be caused by the difference between the mean temperatures of day and night, which I consider an important deviation, and deserving of further inquiry, as it affects vegetation. ' The registry of the weather at these mines was originally commenced at the irequest of Admiral Owen, and accordingly published in the Pictou papers, so that he might compare our weather, and more particularly the course of the wind, with the register kept by the surveying party on board H.M. steamer * Columbia' in the Bay o, Fundv ; it was afterwards forworded to the Smithsonian Institute at Wash- ington to be incorporated along with the numerous registers kept in other parts of the continent of North America ; and having now been kept for a decade of years, it is hoped that the following tables and summary of some facts deduced therefrom may be of interest to the friends of meteorology. It is proper here to acknowledge that Howard"? 'Climate of London' has suggested the plan of the greatest part of the work ; and a desire to compare the climatic phenomena on the east side of North America with those recorded by him on the opposite side of the Atlantic or on the west coast of Europe, has been the chief inducement for doing so. It is to be regretted that the instruments used have not been compared with standard ones; and therefore no corrections have been attempted to be made excepting the correction of the barometrical readings for temperature by the tables of the Royal Society of London, This barometer, with thermometer attached, is * By Brewster's formula, 81 '5 Cos Lat. ( . t Thc«e Tablefi are not published in the present Report. *' I msm^mm^m T TRANSAOTIONS 09 THE 8BOTION8. ft Sniig in a BiUing-room at 120 feet above the level of the sea ; it is graduated firom} a fixed point, and the mercury is enclosed in a kid cup. Two thermometers, self-registering for night, are hung 6 feet from the ground om (he side of the house exposed to a N.c). direction, but protected from the N.W. winds by a clump of trees at a few yards distance ; another registering thermometer; is placed upon the ground and exposed to the full action of the atmosphere, and the difference in its readings at night from the other thermometers placed on the; house was shown in a Table. The rain is measured by a 12-inch diameter funnel-shaped tin pipe, where 1 inch; of the funnel reads as 9 inches of the float-rod ; the snow is rc^ceived into a pail of: 3 feet depth and 8 inches in diameter, suspended by a double ring like a ship's; compass, so that no snow-drift falls into it, and the melted snow is measured, in the: rain-gauge. The force of the wind has been measured during 1852, to a certain extent, by te machine having a board of 1 foot (made to face the direct action of the wind) pressing against a spring which marked the force in pounds of pressure. The clear-, ness of the sky, velocity of clouds, and also the direction of the different currents, arc from observations made with the naked eye at different times in the day. Other atmospheric pha;nomena have been recorded where it was thought that they might assist in elucidating changes or modifications in the climate. Our winter begins by the temperature on the 27th November, and continues 12Qt days, or nearly one-third of the whole year. The mean temperature of the season is 20°'857 for the months of December, January, and February, but for the whole 120 days the mean temperature is 22*''0)5. The hottest day during the ten yeara was the 11th January 1843, when the thermometer did not fall below 42° at night and rose to 63° in the day, or a mean of 52*^*5. The coldest day was the 19th January 18^, when the thermometer at night marked —15° and did not rise above — 80 all day, or a mean of --11°*5 ; greatest cold —22° on 7th January 1851. The mean height of the barometer is 29*6903 ins., being '0497 in. below that of autumn. The range of the column is greatest in this season ; the highest, 30*757 ins., being on 28th February 1849, and the lowest, 28*410 ins., on 31«t December 1848. The mean range is 2*125 ins. The winds prevail from south to west and west to north during December, while tiortherly winds prevail in January and February. Upon the mornings of greatest cold, or when below zero, the wind generally blows from the S.S.W. The average fain, including melted snow, is 11*5282 ins., of which nearly 6 ins. fall in Decern* ber. It only hailed four times during the ten recorded winters, whilst there is scarcely a January passes but there is lightning or thunder once. When the frost sets in it geaerally continues steady for a length of time. Th« longest frost without a break was from 3rd December 1848 to 22nd March 1849, or 108 nights ; with the exception of a rain storm on the 12th February, there was frost from 24th November 1851 until the 21st April 1852, or 142 days. The shortest frost was only 32 days in succession in the winter of 1844-45. During the conr tinuance of these frosts the ground is generally covered with snow, so that th« vegetation and roots of the grasses do not suffer, and good roads are made upon it which enable the farmer and lumberer to carry their produce easily to market. Fogs ore rarely seen ;' the atmosphere is generally dry and bracing, and there are but few days on which workmen are unable to work out of doors ; people expect it to be cold, and are accordingly clad in woollens ; and it is remarked that the more steady and colder the winter is, the more healthy are the inhabitants. Occasionally a silver thaw w>ill encase the trees, &c., sometimes nearly to the thickness of an inch, and then the fruit trees are apt to have their branches broken by the weight ; but it is a magnificent sight to see the forest or even a single tree bending in graceful curves beneath its crystal load, and reflecting the rays of the sun from every point with all the prismatic hues of the rainbow. The sun was not visible from the 15th to the 31st December 1843. Spring commences on the 27th March according to the temperature ; its duration is only sixty-six days, during which the medium temperature is elevated from 32° to 62°. The mean of the normal season is 37°*44, but for the sixty-six days it is 43°'12; the sun effecting by his approach an advance of 11*** 105 upon the mewi 4> .-V •■•.>■• BBPOBl*— 1864. '. ' - . n" tsm|teittttn of thi winter. The temperature mci«aMt very r«giil«rly tbott 10* each month from February to Jane, contrary to the sudden atarte to which it i*: ■object in Britain. TIm eaai^rly wind* prevail in April and May/ whiel Iceepa the weather eoid, and lometimas a foot of snow falls ; but in general there are fewer days of rain, and less falls in April than In any other month. One half of the nights are frosty ; the mean temperature at night in April being 37*^68/, while May is as low as ST'^'Sa i tbie greatly retards vegetation, although the sun has great power ; the average heat in the daytime in April being 46°'34, and in May 60^S87> In 1844, on the Ist April, the thermometer marked a*' below, and on the 9nd 2° below zero { this very unusual degree of cold was followed by a fortnight of cahn fine weather with northerly winds, and very litUe snow or rain fUling. The mean height of the batometer for the normal spring is 29*7067 ins., being *0164 inch above the winter. The extreme elevations and depressions uf the column go off in great measure during the season, and by the end of spring the range it contracted to about 11- inch. Mean range of the season 1*665 inch. The wind is easterly for one-third of the time, which is in a great measure owing to the large bodies of floating ice off in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; so that although the westerly winds blow generally during the nights and early in the mornings, yet it is almost sure to shift round towards the N.£. as soon as the sun raises the tem« perature, or about ten o'clock in the morning. The avet-age rain is 9*9439 ins. { the showers are generally heavy and not of long continuance, while the evaporation is excessive ; so that in a few hours afterwardi the land is in good order for the farmer to proceed in sowing his crops. Bummer begins on the 1st of June and lasto for 1 16 days according to the tempera* ture, with a mean temperature of 6°*187, the whole 117 days being above 53° ( the sun effecting by his position in the northern hemisphere an advance of 18°*75 upon the mean temperature of the spring. The temperature of the normal summer is (S3'*'36. The medium of the twenty-four hours rises during the season from 62* to 73^6, and returns again by the close to the former level on the 94th September* The mean temperature of July and August do not differ from each other more thsui the tenth of a degree, while for four years out of the ten there was a slight frost on one morning in the month of July as well as August, while upon an average there are four frosty nights in June and five in September, so that frequently there ia frost in every month of the year. The mean height of the barometer for the normal summer is 29'7180 ias,« or *0113 inch above the vernal mean. The mean range is 1*07 in. In England the least range is in the month of July« while here it exceeds the mean range of both June and August by nearly one-tenth of an inch i the least range being 1*063 in. in June. The predominating winds in this season are from souti^ to west ; but still one- third of the time the wind blows during the day from north to east or from east to south ; but this cannot be mora than a local breeze, for the upper currento, as shown by the course of the clottds« mark in general a S.V/. current. The mean rain is 9*6048 ins., less falling in June than in any other month of the year. Autumn begins on the 26th of September, and lasts only sixty-three days, or until the mean temperature falls again below 32°. The mean temperature of the season is 4 6°' 243, being 17°' 12 below the three months of summer, but the mean tein* perature of the sixty-three days is 43°'04. Th6 mean height of the barometer for the normal autumn is 89*740 ina** being the highest average throughout the year, and the extreme range 2*108 ins. The winds blow fbr two-thirds of this season from south to west and weat to north. The average quantity of rain is 13*5364 ins., October being our wettest month as regards quantity ; but as the showers are heavy and not of long continuance, there is a good deal of fine pleasant vireather at this season of the year, particularly about the end of October or beginning of November, when there are ten days or a forto night of clear sunny days with the temperature rather above the mean, and whidb ahort period is usoally called tba Indian summer. ■^ ■ --) TRANSACTIONB OF TUU SB0TI0N8. § The dews are frequently very heavy at this seaaoD« ao much so that tha quantity precipitated in one night in the rain->gauge has often measured the one or two thoa* sandth part of an inch. The mean height of tne barometer, as deduced ff^m the observatjiona taken during a period of ten years, is 29*71377 ins. at an altitude of 120 feet above the level w the sea. * In a general Table* were exhibited the greatest and least elevationa of the banw meter in each month for the ten years 1843 to 1862. To the maximum height* o| each year was annexed the mark X and to the minimum 0. Qf the yearly maximf^ the greatest number, or one-half, occur in the first two months* and the rest at the end of the year, with one exception in April. Six of the yearly minima occur in the last two months of the year ; the other four minima occur in the beginning of th». year. Thus there are five months (May to Septeml)er) in which the barometer visit* neither extreme of its yearly variation, while the higher and lower annual extrem^ are chiefly the product of what constitutes the winter at this station. Another Table*, drawn from the results of the preceding one, serves for more easy reference, llie average of the third column, or the medium between the average elevations and depressions, is seven hundredths of an inch below the mean height for the climate (29*71377 ins.), the reason of which is that the depressions occupy a smaller space of time than the elevations ; in consequence, a less proportion ot them comes into an average founded on daily results. The average annual range is 1*944 in. ; the range varies in different years about six-tenths of an inch« ^ Hie greatest elevation in ten years appears to have been 30*757 ins, "corrrected" on the 27th February 1849 ( the day was introduced by a moderate N.N.E. breeze^ a rimy frost and fog in the morning ; the temperature was 1° below zerp during the. preceding night, it stood at 35° at noon ; the day was very fine, witji a few oirms clouds from the west. The next highest was 30*763 ins. " corrected " on the 2ikI- April 1844, when the wind had also prevailed for three days from the N^Etj. but was gentle from the south at the time of the extreme range. The temperature had' been unusually low* 3° below zero on the night preceding the Ist, and 2° below zero on the gad ; the temperature was only 23" at noon on the 1st, and 39" at noon on the 2ndi Fog at sunrise on the Ist ; cirrus clouds from 3>Wt on InAh day9« and on the 2nd halo round both the sun and moon. The greatest depression in ten years occurred on 3rd Novemhei 18$ 1, wh9n the barometer descended to 28*606 insi at 12 p.v.; there was fog in the evening, with lightning and thunder at 10 p.m. ; the wind was a fresh breeze from the S.Wti the- temperature was 64° out of doors at 9 p-m. Howard's observation in England, that neither extreme is produced very suddenly, is not borne out here; it has often - been known to rise or fall about an inch within twenty-four hours, and the tWO- extremes have occurred within a few days of each other; while in February and' March 1849 the barometer never fell below 30 ins. for seventeen days in succession. i2atn.-^The mean annual depth of rain is 44*9676 ins. for ten years ; the greatest quantity, 58805 ins., being in 1848, and the least quantity, 32*921 ia«.| l^g m. the year following, or 1849. Contrary to the observed connexion in England between a wet and i?oId season^, and a warm and dry one, no such afBnity appears to connect them at this station i' for the greatest quantity of rain fell in 1848,^when the mean temperature was 43'''2, or 1°'3 above the meanf, while the driest year was 1849* when the mean tempera*, ture was 41'*J, or *8 below the meait. The greatest quantity that fell in any one month was 10*58 ins. in October 1849*' and the leaat quantity '913 in. in May 1849. Upon an average the greatest quantity falls in the month of October, confirming' the correctness of the observations of the Indians, who say that the frost never Beta in until the brooks are fulU The least quantity of rain falls in the month of June. Upon an average it rains on 171 days in each year, and twice aa often iO the dayange is therefore 1*4503 in. ; but the extreme range in ten years is 8*012 ins. The mean height for the month is 29*6958 ins. "Hie prevailing winds are the class from west to north ; the average of ten years bemg north to east 3*8, east to south 4*4, south to west 7*4, west to north 1 5*4. The mean nun or melted snow at 3 feet from the earth is 3*3814 ins. ; and the number of days upon which it falls averages 5 nights and II days, or a total of 16. The snow falls upon an average of 13 days, and a mean depth of 1ft. 10 ins. The heaviest storm was in 1844, when it snowed 2 ft. 9 ins. on a level in three days. In the first part of the winter the snow is very dry, and it takes 17 ins. of snow melted to make 1 ir. of water. Upon an average, 29 nights have constantly the temperature below the freezing- points, while 6*7 nights and 1 day fall below the zero-point. The mean degrees of frost average 623 ; the greatest number, 825, being in 185 1 , and the least, 447, in 1 843. February. — Length of day in the middle of the month about 10 hours 18 minutes. Mean of greatest heat by day 28°*075, of greatest cold by night 10°*95 ; difference, or solar variation, 17°*125. ■ Mean temperature of the month I9°'51 ; difference in the mean or lunar variation 13^*3. The warmest years were 1848 and 1850, when the winds prevailed from the N.W. ; and the coldest year was 1849, when £he wind prevailed from the north to east. The barometer ranges on a mean from 30*365 ins. to 28*905 ins.— 'difference 1*460 ins. ; but the full range in ten years extends to 2*174 ins. Mean height for the month is 29*6866 ins. The prevailing winds are the class from west to north ; the average of ten years being north to east 4*3, east to south 4*9, south to west 6*9, west to north 12*3. The mean rain or melted snow is 3*2673 ins., falling on an average on 4 nights and 9 days, or a total of 13 through the month. . The snow falls on 1 1 days upon an average, and a mean depth of 2 ft. 1 in. The heaviest storm was in 1849, when it snowed 2 ft. 6 ins. in two days. I ■^T" f^ TRANSAOtlONS OF THE 8B0T10NS. ^: There are 27 nighti of frost upon an average, while 7 '7 nights go below zero ; ftnd in three years there was one day on which the temperature kept below zero all day. The mean decrees of frost average 600 ; the greatest number, 870, in 1849, and the least. 433, bcmg in 18S0. March- — Length of day in this month averages 11 hours 42 minutes. Mean of greatest heat by day 36°'135, of greatest cold by night l7°-85 ; difference, or solar variation, 18°'286. Mean temperature of the month 26°'98 ; difference in the mean or lunar variation 8°"7. The warmest year was J 846, and the coldest year was 1847, when the winds prevailed from the west to north. ITie barometer ranges on a mean from 30*282 ins. to 28'9l6 i.xs. — difference 1*366 ins. ; but the full range in ten years extends to 1*776 in. Mfan height for the month is 29*672 ins. The prevailing winds are the class from west to north ; the average of ten years being north to east 5*5, east to south 5*5, south to west 7, west to north 13*0. The u east to south 3*5, south to west 7*4, west to north 11'4» The mean rain or melted snow is 2*650 ins., falling on an average on 4 nights and 8 days, or a total of 12 days through the month. The snow falls on 7 days upon an average, and a mean depth of 91 ins. The heaviest storm was in 1852, when it snowed 12^ ins. in two days. There are 24 nights' frost upon an average, and in 1844 two nights went below zero. The mean degrees of frost are 165 ; the greatest number, 257, in 1860, and the least, 92, being in 1846. Mat.— The length of the middle day is about 14 hours 38 minutes. The tem- perature rises by day to 69'''28, and falls by night to a7°'63 ; the solar variation is consequently 21*65. Mean temperature of the month 48''*44 — difference in the mean or lunar variation 9''*4. The warmest year was 1846, when the winds prevailed from the south to west ; and the coldest year was 1849, when the winds prevailed from north to east. The barometer ranges on an average from 30*1507 to 29*2190 ins. ; the mean range is therefore *9317, but the full range in ten years is 1*347. Mean height for the month 29*7459 ins. The prevailing winds are the class from west to north ; the average of ten years being north to east 7*6, east to south 6*4, south to west 7*9, west to north 9*1. The mean rain or melted snow is 2*8976 ins., falling on an average on 4 nights and 9 days, or a total of 13 through the month. The snow falls on 2 days on an average, and a mean depth of 1 inch. The heaviest storm was in 1844, when it snowed 4 ins. in one day. There ore ten nights of frost upon an average, giving 31 mean degrees of frost. The greatest number, 58, were in 1843, and the least number, 8, were in 1848. Hail fell once in this month in 1850, and once in 1852. June. — Length of day in the middle of the month is 15 hours 2C minutes. Mean of greatest heat by day og°*99> of greatest cold by right 46°*63 ; difference, or solar variation, 2d°!36. uiwaMu^iP iriwiTiw iifii MrMnwii BB « ikBPORl^— 1854r Mean temperature of the month 68°'39 ; difference in the mean lonar variation 7'''4. The warmest year was 1847. when the wind prevailed from the cait to aouth i and the coldest year was 1851, when the wind prevailed from north to east^ The barometer ranges on a mean from 30-0871 to 29*2600 ins.— difference *8i)7li but the full range extends to 1*063 in ten yean. Mean height for the month is 2s;'u739 ins. The prevailing winds are the class from south to west ; the average of ten yeara being north to east 7'&» east to south 5'4, south to west 9*4, west to north 7'7> The mean rain is 2*1539 ins., falling on an average on 4*5 nights and 0'4 days« or a total of 14 days through the mouth. No snow falls in this month, and there arc upon an average 3*8 nighta of frost, but only occasionally, causing the thermometer on the house to fall below 32°, and giving a mean of 2°' 15 of frost. Hail fell once in this month in 1844, and once in 1848. July."— Length of the middle day about 15 hours. Mean highest tomperatiirfl by day 77°'80, mean lowest by night 54°'92. Solar variation 22*88. Mean temperature of the month 65°'94 1 difference in the mean lunar variation 6^*8. The warmest year was 1849, when the wind prevailed from the south to west; and the coldest year 1851. when the wind prevailed from south to west. The barometer ranges on a mean from 30*0662 to 29*3094 ins.— difference '7668 1 but the Aill range extends to 1*162 in ten years, Mean height for the month 29*7104 ins. The prevailing winds are the class south to west i the average of ten years being north to east 6*9, east to «outh 5*2, south to west 14, west to north 5*9. The mean rain is 3*0210 ins., falling on an average of 5 nights and 9'6 day9« or a total of 16 days through the month. No snow falls in this month, and on an average there are '6 nights of frost, but not causing the thermometer on the house to fall below 32°, Hail fell once in this month in 1844. August.— Length of the middle day about 13 hours 50 minutes, Mean highest temperature by day 76°*34, mean lowest by night 55°'39. Solar infli^qnce 20'''96. Mean temperature of the month 65°'85 3 difference in the mean lunar varidion 5°*1. The hottest year wa3 1843, when the wind prevailed from the S.W. i and tbo coldest year 1860, when the wind prevailed frum north to ea9t and south to fiaat for half the month. The barometer ranges on a mean from 80*1206 to 39'3878 ins.-^-differeoce '7334 ; but the full range extends to 1*096 in ten years. Mean height for the month ia 29*7699 ins. The prevailing wiods are the class from south to west ; the average of ten year* being north to east 6, east to south 6*4, south to west 10*6, we^t to north 8. The mean rain for this month is 4*4299 ins., falling on an average on 4*9 nights aad 0*3 days, or a total of 14 days through the month. In 1848 it rained 6'339 ins* in four successive days. No snow falls in this month, and on an average there are 0*5 nighta of froit« hut not causing the thermometer on the house to fall below 32^. . ., ' . Hail fell onc(^ in this month in 1B43, and again in 1851. SsPTBMBEa.— The length of the middle day is about 12 hours 2Q minutes. The heat on a mean rises to 65°'64 and falls to 46°'59, making a solar variation of 19°'05« Mean temperature of the month 56°*09 ; difference in thg mean lunar variation 7°'8. The hottest year was 1846, when the wind prevailed from souths we»t 17 days ( and tiie coldest year was 1843, when the wind prevailed from weit to north for 19 days. The mean temperature of nights in this month correspond very nearly to thoiQ of the month of June, but the days average 4°*5 colder. The barometer ranges on a mean from 30*1617 to 29*1381 ins.^^ifference 1'0236 1 but the full range extends to 1*630 in ten years. Mean height for the month it 29*7671 ins. The prevailing winds are from south to north ; the average of ten years being north to east 6*4, east to south 4'9, south to west 10, west to north 9*7« THe meui rain for this month is 3*0048 ins., falling on an average on 3*8 nighta and 8*6 days, or a total of 12*4 throughout the month. On the 6th S«ptp|Aber 18^0/ .- I, J . * rt TRANBAjfitldNS 07 THB BBOTIONB. 09 f r •. .J it rained 3'955 ins. in 24 hours, causing a great freshet in the rivers, which did much damage by carrying away several bridges. A littltt snow fell cnca in thia month in 1 851, and on an average there trie five oighta of frost, giving 3°'9 mean of frost. Hail fell once in this month in 1840, 1861, and 1852. OcTOBBR. — The middle day in this month has the sun for 10 hours 48 minutes. The mean of greatest heat by day is 53°'882, and of greatest cold by night 38°'526 ( the solar variation 15''*356. Mean temperature for the month 46*''34 ; difference in the mean lunar variation 4°'4. The hottest year was 1851, when the wind prevailed from south to west IS days i and the coldeut year was 1847. when the wind prevailed from the north to west 11 days, and south to west 12 days. The barometer ranges on a mean from 30'3173 ins. to 29'0I21 ins. — difference 1*3052 in, ) but the full range extends to 1*924 in. in ten years. Mean height for the mqnth 29*7667 ins. The prevailing winda are from south to north ; the average of ten years being north to east 5*3, east to south 6*7, south to west 10*2, west to north 9*8 days. The mean rain for this month is 6*7730 ins., falling on an average on 5*8 nighta and $'7 days, or a total of 15*5 throughout the month. In 1843 it rained 10*63 inst on 20 days during this month. Sometimes as much as 3 ins. cf snow fall during two or three days in this month, but it does not remain long on the ground. On an average there are 10*4 nights of frost, giving 36''8 of frost. Hail fell once in this month io 1844, 1846, 1848, 1849, 175.' '1 1862. NoTEUBsa. — The length of the middle day is 9 hours 26 minut ,. or half an hour longer than in London. The average temperature rises to 42'''26, and. falla to 30°'35t making a solar variation of 11°'90. Mean temperature of the month 36'''27 ; difference In the; naean 'unar variation lO^'e. The hottest: year was 1849, when the wind prevailed from wef^t to north 15 days ; and t < x 'dest year was 1843, when the wind prevailed iur 13 days from west to qorth. and 12 days from north to east and east to soutn. The mean tem- perature of this month corresponds with April, but the days are 4° colder, and the nights about 3* Warmer. The barometer ranges on a mean from 30*2686 to 28*8229 ins. — difference m4&7 1 but thefuH range exteads to 2*032 ini. in ten years. Mean height for the month is 29*6873 ins. The prevailing w'inds are westwardly ; the average of ten years being u:^^th to east 3*9, east to south 4'6, south to west 10*3, west to north 11*2. The mean rain for this month is 4*7456 ins., falling on an average op 4*7 nights and 11*2 days, or a total of 15*9 throughout the month. Snow fails gener&lly oh 9ix days^ averaging 9|.ins. in depth. The greatest storm was 16 ins. in one day in 1862, but it did not remain on the ground. It hailed once in 1850. On an average there are {20*8 nights of frost, giving 127°'6 of frost. DsoBMBER, — ^The length of the middle day is 8 hours 40 minute^. The average temperature rises to 29°'876, and falls to 18°*666, making a solar variation of 11'''22, Mean temperature for the month 24^-21; difference in the mean lunar variation U°*8. TTie hottest year was 1847, when the wind prevailed from the south to west 12 days ; and the coldest year was 1851, when the wind prevailed 13 days from west to north. The barometer ranges on a mean from 30*3433 to 26*7499 ing., being a difference- of 1*4457 : but the full range extends to 2081 ins. in ten years. The greatest de- pression, 28*410, occurred in this month in 1848. Mean height for the month is 29*6885 ins. The prevailing winds ere v?estwardly. The average for ten yei^^ i^ north to ea^t 3*7, east to south 4, south to west 10-8, west to north 12*5. The mean rain fot this month is 4*8795 ins., felling on an average of 5*4 nighta- and 12*2 days, or a total of 17*6 throughout the month. Snow falls generally on 13 days, averaging 2 ft. 2| ins. The greatest storm was in 1846, when 18 ins. fell in 12 hours. It generally hail» oace or twice during this month. On an average there are 28 nights of frost, giving 428°*7 of frost. I. \* y^k, 10 . .; .J ' BBPOBT— 1854k Table of Meteorological Means for Ten Years, at the Albion Mines, Nova Scotia, North 120 feet above Uie sea. Thermometer, mean of two extremes Thermometer, at noon Thermometer, at night Barometer, at noon Nights of rain or snow Days of rain or snow Quantity of rain or melted snow . Days of snow Quantity of snow in inches Days of wind from N. to E Days of wind from E. to S Days of wind from S. to W Days of wind from W. to N Days clear, or without clouds . . . Days cloudy Days overcast, or without blue sky Nights of frost Nights below zero Degrees of frost below 32 degrees • Lightning and thunder Jan. 18-84 19-52 25-466 28-075 12180 10-955 29-6958 29-6866 51 4 11 9 3-3814 32673 121 10-5 20-86 18-54 3-8 4-2 44 49 7-4 6-9 154 12-3 • • ■ ■ •4 27 25-2 4 2-8 293 27-2 6-7 7-7 623 600-4 •4 •1 Feb. March. 26-98 36135 17-850 29-6720 4 10 4-3963 11-5 24-90 6-5 6-6 7 13 •2 27 3-8 28-3 2-8 453 •6 April. 36-90 46-240 27-637 29-7022 4-3 8-3 2-6500 6-7 933 77 35 7-4 11-4 1-2 246 4-2 24-3 •2 1648 •3 May. 48-44 59-287 37-630 29-7459 4 9-5 S-8976 1-9 1-25 7-6 6-4 7-9 91 •4 28-6 2 10-7 • • • « 31-2 1-3 Jane. 58-29 69-990 46-630 29-6739 4-5 9-4 2-1539 76 5-4 94 7-7 • • • t 29 1 3-8 • ■ • • 215 37 July. 65-94 77-800 64-920 29-7104 51 9-6 30-210 6-9 5-3 14 6-9 • • • ff 30-4 •6 •5 • ■ • • • • • • 61 Climate of the Albion Mines, Nova Scotia, North America, compared ? I Ameri 6 feet Aug. 65-85 76-340 55-390 29-7699 4-9 9-2 4-4399 8 6-4 106 8 30-3 •8 '5 8-8 <> with othi station. Name of place. Albion Mines .. Halifax • Charlotte Town.. Fredericton .... Montreal Ft. McKinack . . A^enne Triest Milan Venice American Continent. N. SootiB .. N.Scotia .. P. E. leland N. Brunswick Canada .. Lake Huron European Continent. France .... Germany .. Italy Italy Latitude North. 4a 34 " 80 03 44 80 d 46 13 45 57 45 31 45 51 45 33 45 38 45 28 45 as Long. 1,1 o I 4aw, 6S88W. 63 OW. 66 45W. 73 25W, 85 06W- 4 63E 13 46 E. HE 13 31 E 130 738 730 80 Mean Monthly Tempentun. /an. 18-84 80 17-0 \7 16-01 20*13 36-28 38-36 33-32 35-39 Feb. 10-63 IS 33-8 24 10-R3 15-76 S8-ga sg'4S 88-30 sags March. SS 37'8 33 30-08 26-09 49-10 44-87 45-88 46-15 April. 86-90 30 87'6 40 45-83 37-66 56-63 63-98 54-66 64-73 May. e 48-44 40 srfl 37 60-49 46-35 63-95 63-38 64-09 63-30 Jane. o 68-30 60 6o-a 48-5 60-35 66-33 60-13 60-04 70-6S 70-30 July. oS-04 03 69-8 65-S 73-57 63-10 73-06 73-61 74-78 70-07 Aug. Os-88 70 67-7 60-78 71-37 63-60 7S'40 73*89 73-68 73-73 Sept. 66-00 51 60-5 01*5 61-15 63*55 65*75 65-33 66-47 66*37 Oc 61 45 47 48 43 64 sfl 6( '((■' ^^^^&^^^&M "'4? T vki^'^^m'' i^.:.■i^-^:^..«^ ^-U !^. .'.^.^l^,i -./^ggMc ( ... ]. ii-v^^^ t TBANBACTIOHfl 07 TUB SB0TI0N8, / w »^orth America. Latitude 45° 34' 30" North ; Longitude 62° 42' West from Greenwich. le sea. 6 feet from the ground. . . . ■ July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Deo. Year. Winter. Spring. Summer. Autumn. 65-94 65-85 56-09 46-34 36-27 24-21 41-974 20-857 37-44 63-36 46-243 77*800 76-340 65-640 53-882 42-250 29-876 50-915 27-806 47-220 74-710 58-924 54-920 55-390 46-590 38-526 30-350 18-656 33-109 18-930 27-706 52-313 88-489 29-7104 29-7699 29-7671 29-7657 29-6873 S9-6885 29-7137 29-6900 29-7067 29-7181 29-7400 5-1 4-9 3-8 5-8 47 5-4 56-2 14-5 12-8 14-5 14-3 9-6 9-2 8-6 9-7 112 12-2 117-4 32-2 27-8 28-2 29-5 30-210 4-4299 8-0048 5-7760 4-7456 4-8795 44-9676 11-6282 9-9439 9-6048 13-5264 • • • • •2 1-5 6-1 12-9 63-4 35-5 201 • • t • 7-8 • • • • • • •• •6 10-29 25-69 111-46 6509 35-48 • • • a 10-89 5-9 6 5-4 6-3 3-9 8-7 66-5 11-7 20-8 19-4 14-6 5-3 6-4 4-9 6-7 4-6 4 60-9 18-8 15-4 17 15-2 14 106 10 10-2 10-3 10-8 111-9 25*1 22-8 34 30-6 5-9 n i 8 9-f 9-8 11-2 12-5 126 40-2 33-5 21-6 30-7 • • • • •16 •34 • • • • •16 2-86 -56 180 • • • • •50 30-4 30-2 28-5 27 26-5 26-5 830-50 78-70 80-20 89-60 82 •6 •8 134 3-66 8-5 4-34 32-04 1114 10 2-40 8-50 •5 •5 6 10-4 20-8 28 188-8 84-5 63-8 4-8 86-2 • ■ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2-3 19-7 16-7 8 • • • • . . •• • • • » ' • • • • 8-9 35-3 127*5 428-7 2470 1652-1 649 216 166-r 6-1 8-8 1*2 1 •2 •5 19*1 1 2-1 13-6 2-4 r. 1 ' ■ •■ •-. • >mpared with other places of, or near the same degree o( North Latitude* Mean Monthly Temperature. July. fi«-(M 00-8 65-5 73-67 63- ig 7a'»» 73-01 7«-07 Aug. Os-U 79 67-7 69-75 71-37 63-60 7S'40 73-69 73-68 73-73 Sept. 6609 61 69-5 61-5 61-15 63-55 66-75 65-33 66-47 66-27 Oct. 48' 34 6) 46-8 47-6 48-66 43-40 64'95 67-33 66-95 66-66 Not. 36-37 88 37-6 SI 34-43 33-20 43-25 47-62 47-O8 44-65 Dee. S4-S1 25 28-6 13-6 19-13 23-15 41 40-60 36-67 39-92 41-94 40-08 43-9 40-69 46-87 40-37 66-?6 6&-30 Sq is 65- -14 Seasons. Winter. 30-86 21 33-9 18-17 17-79 20-08 38-75 39-44 36-03 38-06 Spring. 87-44 81-67 39 36-67 45-/6 36-69 66-23 5S-69 54-88 64-76 Summer 63-36 61 66-8 61-28 71 40 61-33 71-83 71-39 73 73-06 Autumn 41-34 46-67 47-6 46-67 48-08 43-39 54-63 66-69 66-83 65-86 Extremes. Summer and WinUr. 43-60 40 42-3 43-08 S3'6l 41-26 33-03 31-96 36-97 35 Hot and Cold. 47-10 62 61-6 52-75 58-56 47-74 37-13 34-35 41-53 39T8 •s.| iS. Sunrise and 2 p.m., or extremes. N.Y , /'a.m,&3p.m. Sunrise, 2 p.m., 9p.m. 'a.m.,2p.m 9 p.m. Sunrise, and 2 to 3 p.m. Sunrise, 2^ p,m.,9p.m Authority. H. Poole. Dove. Boston Daily Advertiser. Montgomery Dove. U. S, Army. Cotte. Schouw, Dove, Schouw. "''I i jwi i i i i I I . i r i v 1. ' ^ ■ i " it ,i« ~l — ▼^ ■VI f ir Albion Mines, Nova Scotia. Daily Mean Temperature for 11 years. ■ - Jaiii Feb. kar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. NoTb Dec. 9 feet above ground in ihade, N.E. 1 22-66 o 13-22 o 91-60 o 38-81 41-36 49-00 &-41 ^-73 &Q0 60-00 43*13 97*46 MoBtUy Mean. $ 18-00 10-13 91-97 SO-SO 46-00 62-.39 60*69 69-I8 60*77 47-77 44*08 is-is s t8-63 91-64 9O'01 89*86 49-90 65-41 60-68 67-86 69*00 40*89 44*99 urn 19*88 4 SO-69 22-33 19-30 94*08 43-64 66*60 62*18 67*41 64*18 48-23 43-64 30*60 19*98 8 10-04 34*81 91*09 84*73 49*46 66-09 64*77 67-73 61*00 49*41 40-27 89*80 97-41 « 30-80 84-04 30*54 34*04 45-60 56-77 65-13 66*80 59*01 49-63 40-50 96*99 37-378 '7 tO-72 34-04 92-32 30*46 47*27 64-27 63*68 66*23 63*46 47-13 97*09 26*27 48-68 . e 34-46 10-69 21-46 19'3S 36-22 99-01 38*97 88-73 49-60 48-96 66-33 66-00 64*18 66-60 66-04 67-41 61*86 67*84 47-82 44*36 36*91 96*89 27*60 26*89 68-149 66-10 1* S4-04 30'84 36-22 86-03 46-06 66-91 66-41 68-73 55*46 48*09 37*14 28*36 OS* 19 ■ 11 IS 30-77 18-64 iai-isl ll'SS 34*32 94-00 35-89 34*04 47-86 47*80 66-41 62-96 68-01 67-60 68*00 67-64 57*64 67*18 47-91 47-26 86*64 S3-60 26-41 96*18 66*869 46-383 It 19-77 16*M 36-41 88*46 43-60 63-04 67' W 04-77 66-31 61-00 34*90 24*00 35-688 u IB 10 17 33-03 30-77 30-77 18-96 10-27 10*64 18-72 10-67 90*27 36-17 93-27 27-32 37*00 37-63 36-64 36-68 49-06 50-23 63-09 63-41 66-13 67-82 57-18 66-86 66-27 66-41 66-72 67-98 67-00 66*41 62*00 64*82 64-76 64-60 64-18 63-00 48-80 46-60 48-59 44-22 32-36 39*64 32*90 34-18 20-68 24-98 26-73 26-45 94:47 . ^)504*043 , 42-0786 18 18-60 18-63 20-63 34-86 49*46 89-77 69*72 64*04 63*27 46-59 36-32 25-96 10 12-91 16-18 28-gi 37*36 46-41 63-73 66*82 64*22 56-00 49-63 36-46 21-23 20 11-04 17-22 28-46 38-63 61-dO 64-04 W*13 62*04 86-00 46-80 35-90 23-80 21 16^ 19*80 32-84 4rB0 49-04 62'41 70*68 01-30 89'41 43*84 38*73 sroo 22 14-08 10-95 90-46 41*19 49*39 62-41 72*82 69*77 84-86 44*64 35-09 13*68 ti. 14-68 33-09 98*18 40-69 64*32 63-04 7V77 63-W 82-36 48-19 34-82 19*41 24 l!>-04 93-41 81*79 40-04 61*88 61-41 67-39 62-80 62-46 44-90 35-63 22*69 25 24-27 20-41 30-60 38-64 81*27 62-41 66-46 63-86 50*18 44-95 32*73 21*11 26 24-68 21-45 32-00 39-91 6i-46 69-77 65-45 62*50 49-04 43*69 34-68 21*06 27 16-50 91-68 35-00 40-63 51-18 60*50 64-63 62*88 51*09 43-50 29-45 18*33 28 12*60 10*79 33-68 41-00 4904 61*18 64-68 63*41 49-41 42*04 29-32 J0*50 30 18-64 20-60 34-81 42-00 61-36 6l*41 64-23 63*50 51-32 39*69 25-90 :i6*32 30 21-86 • • ■ • 35-04 40-95 61-41 63*13 64-91 64*41 61-68 44*32 28-04 23*96 31 13-26 • • ■ • 34-64 .... 49*59 t • ■ • 67-32 63*86 .... 41*86 .... 24-41 I0'8S 10*90 27*41 37-378 48-58 58*142 66-10 65*10 66*053 46*282 35-588 24-47 K -^ ' - ^^^^im.^^*..^^^...^f>. ^^.^-y^ .c--^-: » *«'«''*" I I iii iii»i| I iii i i i ^ ( I II I ' l j- i I J, j ijii i i i 'ii i iitiii i*.