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^NEW OFFICIAL MAI^ 
 
 OP U 
 
 k\.k^^k 
 
 AND THE 
 
 KLONDIKE 
 
 Gold Fields. 
 
 Xhe Ne\A/ ElGloraclo." 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 K S9 FultOB street, 
 
 MSW YORK. 
 
 1897. 
 
 COPYRIGHT SECURKD BY GKO. F. OBAM, 18W. 
 
 415417 Deaiboni Street,^ 
 
 caaicAGO. 
 

 
 J 
 
 4r. 
 
J 
 
 M 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Area, syjfySgo Square Miles. Population, SiyJQS^ 
 
 History. This extensive tract and peninsula together 
 with the Aleutian Islands formerly belonged to Russia, 
 that Empire claiming ai:d holding the same by the right of 
 Behring's discovery in 1741, and the subsequent settlement 
 of the district. In 1799 the Emperor Paul granted a twenty 
 years' charter to the Russo-American Fur Company, which 
 conquered the country as far south as Sitka, which was 
 founded in 1801. The charter of the corporation was 
 renewed in 1839, but finally expired in 1863. William H. 
 Seward, Secretary of State, and Charles Sumner, Senator 
 from Massachusetts, in the face of much ridicule and oppo- 
 sition, became the champions and advocates for the pur- 
 chase of tbis "profitless land of imperial dimensions" by 
 the United States, which was made in 1867, on payment of 
 $7,200,000 in gold. Congress created Alaska in 1870 a 
 military and collection district, and by Act of May 17, 1884, 
 provided a civil and territorial government. At the time of 
 the purchase of Alaska many called it "Seward's folly," yet 
 at this date the United States have received an income from 
 the seal and other fisheries far in excess of the amount first 
 paid, and hold in addition the most valuable seal fur-bearing 
 animals and other fisheries in the world, and an undeveloped 
 
mineral and lumber district 'which bids fair to excel any 
 other now existing on the earth's surface. 
 
 In acquiring the Alaskan territory though, the United 
 States moved its center, figured in geographical miles, not 
 in area or population, as, far west as San Francisco. The 
 country now extends from about the 65th degree of longitude 
 up at the far east corner of Maiae to the I22d degree up at 
 the far northwest tip of the Alaskan mainland. This is 
 taking no account of the little island of Attu, 1,000 miles out 
 in the Pacific, beyond the Hawaiian group, which, since the 
 purchase of Alaska, has really been our western land limit. 
 The United States, therefore, may almost say with England 
 that the sun never sets on its possessions. 
 
 Government and Judiciary. By Act of May 17, 1884, 
 "providing a civil government for Alaska," Congress cre- 
 ated a District Government providing for a Governor, a 
 District Court (sitting at Sitka in May, and at Wrangel in 
 November.) The clerk of this court is ex-officio Secretary 
 and Treasurer of the District of Alaska. The Act further 
 created four Commissioners, having the powers of Commis- 
 sioners of the United States Circuit Courts, and of Justices 
 of the Peace, to reside at four designated settlements in 
 Alaska, to hold courts of record, subject to the supervision 
 of the District Judge, in all testamentary and probate 
 matters, habeas corpus, etc. The laws of Oregon are 
 declared to be the laws in *he District of Alaska, when not 
 in conflict with those of the United States. 
 
 Education. By the above Act $25,000 was appropriated 
 as an annual sum for education. There are fifty or more 
 schools in operation, mostly under the charge of American 
 teachers, and every indication that the native population 
 will avail themselves of the educational privileges offered. 
 
 ^^^ 
 
Physical Geography. The territory has an extensive 
 length of over 2,000 miles, and a width of 1,400 miles, with 
 a coast line of over 8,000 miles, being over two times the 
 coast line of the United States on the Atlantic and Pacific, 
 exclusive of Alaska. The interior of Alaska has been but 
 slightly explored, and knowledge of the country has been 
 confined mainly to a few of the larger rivers, to the islands 
 and to the coasts. 
 
 The territory naturally falls in six grand divisions. 
 They ?.. 1 the Arctic division, a treeless expanse diversified 
 by icy hills and mountains and with no inhabitants but the 
 Esquimos; the Yukon basin, with its extensive forests near 
 the coast and its inhabitants of Esquimcs and Indians; the 
 the Kuskokwim district, the Aleutian district, comprising 
 the islands off the coast, where fishing 11.1 id sealing are the 
 cliief pursuits, and where the population is mixed Aleuti an 
 and Russian blood: the Kodiak district, including the main- 
 land and islands south of the Alaskan range, and the Sitka 
 district, including the Archipelago and the coast, extending 
 south to British Columbia. The Sitka district is that seen 
 by the tourists from the States. They gaze on its enormous 
 forests and imagine they have seen the country. As a 
 matter of fact, they do little more than set foot on the 
 territory. 
 
 There are three important mountain chains, the St. Elias, 
 or coast range, the Rocky Mountains, and the Alaskan range. 
 The highest elevation in North America, Mount St. Elias 
 variously estimated from 17,850 to 19,400 feet, is one of the 
 coast range. There are sixty-one volcanoes— ten of which 
 are active — in the Aleutian Islands; the Shishaldin, about 
 8,000 feet above the waves that wash its base, constantly 
 belches out fire and smoke. Alaska is one of the greatest 
 
r 
 
 glacier, regions on the globe. In one of the gulches of 
 Mount Fairweather is a glacier that extends to the sea, a 
 distance of fifty miles, and then breaks in a perpendicular 
 wall of ice three hundred feet high and eight miles broad. 
 Above Fort Wrangel, on the Stickeen river, between two 
 mountains, 3,oo<3 feet high, is a glacier forty miles long and 
 four or five wide and i,ooo feet deep; opposite this mass of 
 ice and immediately across the river, are large boiling 
 sprmgs It is also a hot m.ineral spring region. Medicinal 
 springs abound in sufficient number and variety to treat the 
 diseases of the whole human race. Goreloi, one of these, is 
 a vast smoking caldron eighteen miles in circumference. 
 
 The great river of Alaska is the Yukon. It rises in 
 British Columbia, enters Alaska near the 65th meridian and 
 flows west and southwest across the entire width of territory 
 into Behring sea. Its length is estimated at 1,850 miles, and 
 it is navigable in Alaska 1,206 miles. Eight hundred miles* 
 above its mouth it is, in places, 6 miles wide, including the 
 intervening islands. It is the seventh great river of the 
 world, and drains an area of 200,000 square miles. Accord- 
 ing to a Russian official report it discharges one-third more 
 water every hour than the Mississippi. Next to the Yukon 
 in size is the Kuskoquim, which also flows into Behring sea 
 some further south. The Copper, Chilkaht and Stickeen 
 are the chief rivers flowing into the North Pacific Ocean.- 
 Lakes are said to be numerous in the interior of the coun- 
 try. A noted American divine having had the pleasure of 
 an Alaskan trip, said to the writer: "No language is power- 
 ful enough to describe what we saw, and the marvelous 
 wonders of nature almost surpass realization, save to those 
 who are able to take such a trip as we have just concluded. 
 I have traveled all over the East, have seen Palestine and 
 
all the beauties of the Scriptural scenes, have climbed the 
 Alps and journeyed in Switzerland and Italy, but there is no 
 comparison between the scenery there and that in Northern 
 British Columbia and Alaska. 
 
 Climate. The climate of Alaska is much milder than 
 that of countries of the same latitude on the east coast of 
 America. That of the Aleutian Islands is similar to that of 
 the west coast of Scotland. In the Yukon Valley there 
 are large plains and extensive marshes, which, though un- 
 derlaid by ice which never melts even in the hottest sum- 
 mer weather, are covered with vegetation. The remarka- 
 ble mildness of the climate along the west coasi is largely 
 owing to the influence of the prevalence of the Japanese 
 current. The Aleutian Islands are located within this 
 current. In the southwest and along the western coast the 
 cold is seldom more than 12° below zero, but north-west as 
 you approach the Artie Circle the temperature drops from 
 50° to 70° below. At Fort Yukon, Circle City, and at Daw- 
 son City in the North-West Territory the average winter tem- 
 perature is about 60" below. Here there are about three 
 months of summer during which the sun is excessively hot, 
 nothing but the long and intensely cold winters and the 
 distance from natural highways of communication have 
 prevented for so long a peripd the discovery of the golden 
 wealth buried in the sands of the river valleys. 
 
 Up to the present time seal-fishing has been the princi- 
 pal industry of Alaska; there is little doubt however that 
 the recent gold discoveries will lead to the development of 
 other mineral industries, and there is in the southern por- 
 tion of the mainland as well as in the islands a profusion of 
 forests, sufficient for the perfect development of all the 
 natural mdustri?s, Dawson and Circle City are prominent 
 

 6 
 
 among the new ci.ties that have sprung up in the newly 
 discovered gold fields. At present they are little more 
 than minmg camps. 
 
 Industries. The great seal breeding Islands of the 
 world are the Pribylof Islands, lying in the heart of the 
 Behring sea. They were discovered in June, 1787, by Gehr- 
 man Piibylof, a shipmate serving in the employ of a Russian 
 fur company. St. George was first discovered. St. Paul, 
 about thii-ty-six miles to the north-west of St. George, was 
 discovered in July. The islands are so enveloped by dense 
 fogs as to furnish a comparatively secure hiding place for 
 the fur-seal. 
 
 5/. Pau/ is about thirteen miles long, and is nearly six 
 miles in its greatest width. It has a superficial area of 
 21,120 acres, with a shore line of 42 miles, sixteen and a half 
 of which are fitted for the passage of the fur-seals. 
 
 Si. George is over 10 miles long and about four and a 
 half miles in extreme breadth, having an area of about 27 
 square miles. 
 
 Walrus, six miles from the north-east point of St. Paul, 
 are elevated rocky reefs, on which numerous sea-otters have 
 been found. The fur-seals seek these islands to rest for two 
 or three months on land, on a hard, smooth surface, with a 
 cooling, moist atmosphere, which they must have during 
 their breeding season. They find here, especially on St. 
 Paul, the admirably adapted grounds of basaltic rock and 
 of volcanic cement-slopes of gradual ascent from the sea, 
 furnishing a quiet resting place for millions of the intelli- 
 gent species. Mr. Ivan Petrof, in his valuable report to the 
 United States Census Department, states there is not a rod 
 of similarly attractive ground on all the Alaskan coasts. 
 The s^a-otter is most abundant from the island of Qtimoak 
 
 in 
 
 ^i 
 

 I 
 
 
 northeasterly along the Alaskan Peninsula. The land-otter 
 is found on the whole coast from the scuthern boundary to 
 the northern shore of Noitun Soul ' 'Iso on the whole coast 
 of the Yukon as far as known. Ihe h aver, the brown bear» 
 the mink, the cross, blue and w^ile fox, the marten, and a 
 few other fur-bearing animals aie also fonuU in many parts 
 of Alaska, and some of Ihem w'Je!y distributed and in 
 immense numbers. 
 
 Cities. Sitka, is the capital of ihc Territory, and the 
 only considerable town. It is situated on a comr^iodious 
 harbor on Baranov Island. It was long the headquarters of 
 the Russo-American fur Company, and the capital of 
 Russian-America, then called New Archangel When 
 Alaska was ceded to the United States Sitka was a collec- 
 tion of log huts about one hundred in number. Its inhabi- 
 tants are mostly Creoles. 
 
 The most conspicuous object in the town is the Greek 
 Church; it is built in the form of a Greek cross; has an 
 emerald dome over the center, and a bell-tower surmounted 
 by a cupola. The interior is a mass of gold and silver; the 
 wood-work is handsomely carved and richly gilded. This 
 it the most ancient and interesting of the three Greek 
 churches in the United States. The rainfall at Sitka is said 
 to be greater than of any section of the world out- 
 side of the tropics; the number of rainy days in each year 
 varies from a minim.um of iqo to a maximum of 285. Ice, 
 fit for consumption, scarcely ever forms here. 
 
 Dawson City is a typical mining camp, of at present 
 about 3,000 population. Here the British Government 
 enforces the law prohibiting the use of firearms, so that few 
 men carry guns. The laws of the camp are enforced by 
 mounted police. Speculation is largely the order of the 
 
r 
 
 8 
 
 day. A claim is located and offered for sale, ft usually 
 finds a prompt purchaser who seldom fails to realize richly 
 from it. In fact there are few claims that have not paid 
 handsomely. There is very little lawlessness there, though 
 drinking saloons are common, and there is more or less 
 gambling. 
 
 Circle City is but a few miles away, and from that point 
 communication can be had with the outside world. It was 
 started three years ago. There is no natural advantage 
 in putting the town in that particular place, only that there 
 is a little bight of the river just out of reach of the head- 
 long current, which makes a quiet landing place for small 
 boats, and back of it is a level country for miles. Yet there 
 is another reason in the fact that it is only eight miles across 
 a low divide to Birch creek, which is the point of interest 
 for all gold-hunters. 
 
 It is out of the usual order that the first gold discovered 
 in this locality w;is not found by white men, but by a half- 
 breed named Pitka, who with an Indian named Soreska took 
 out about $400 at a point on Birch creek, now called Pitka's 
 bar, which is near the confluence of several small tributaries 
 That was three years ago. Pitka was just in advance of 
 several white prospectors, and the next year there were a 
 hundred men in the district. This season the number will 
 run to a thousand, about half of whom are on a little creek 
 called Mastadon, one of the most remote of all the tribu- 
 taries, being seventy miles from the town. 
 
 There is little doubt the entire valley of the Yukon, 
 from Fort Yukon to its source, together with the valleys of 
 all its tributaries are rich in gold, and that we are at the 
 present time only on the edge of discovery. And even above 
 the Yukon, far into the Arctic circle, it is believed the 
 
9 
 
 mountain ranges are full of the precious metal. The United 
 States Director of the Mint says: "Nature seems to have 
 sprinkled Alaska and all Asiatic Russia with gold. The 
 latter region sends annually ever $2i;,ooo,oco to the mint at 
 St. Petersburg. The production of gold there is such that 
 the annual output of the Russian Empire would, it is 
 claimed, exceed $50,000,000 were it not for the obstacles put 
 in the way of human industry by an inclement climate and 
 an inhospitable soil." 
 
 The present supply of gold has all been extracted by 
 placer mining. After removing from twelve to sixteen feet 
 of frozen sand, more or less sprinkled with fine gold dust, 
 the miner, if he has fortunately struck a good lead, comes 
 to a stratum of some three or four feet of gravel rich in 
 coarse dust and small nuggets, that may be picked out with 
 the lingers. All this sand and gravel is frozen solid to a 
 depth of over twenty feet, and the lower strata never thaws. 
 
 The methods of washing out placer gold are known as 
 "sluicing" and "panning." The former is employed where 
 ihe yield is of ordinary value, while all old-timers prefer 
 the latter in rich ground, 
 
 I-n sluicing the dirt is shoveled into the sluice "box, 
 through which water is rapidly running. The box is of 
 var^ ing lengvh, and has boles bored in the bottom. These 
 holes are filled with quicksilver; the dirt, gravel and sma41 
 bowlders are washed over the quicksilver, but the gold 
 adheres to it. When a miner "cleans up," sometimes every 
 night, sometimes once a week, the water is turned off and 
 the sluice box holes are cleaned out. 
 
 In panning, the dirt is put into a gold pan about the size 
 of a small dish pan. This pan is made of copper. The 
 miner squats besides a stream, dips water into the pan. 
 
—^ei p^ B^ B^^^ ™ 
 
 10 
 
 oscillates it with a motion that « an only be acquired by 
 experience, and gradually sloughs out the water, dirt, grav- 
 el, etc., retaining the gold in the pan. Gold being the 
 heaviest substance it is of course the easiest to retain in the 
 pan. If it be in the shape of nuggets, the miner picks them 
 out of the pan with his fingers; if the gold be in small 
 particles, fine gold or "flour" gold, he dries the pan in the 
 sun and carefully brushes the deposit into a piece of bick- 
 skin or other material used for carrying the precious metal. 
 
 A pick, a shovel, a gold pan, water, and, of course, some 
 gold are the only essentials of placer mining. 
 
 The gold taken out of the Klondike placers, so far 
 has been coarse, or in good-sized nuggets. 
 
 Machinery is only necessary in placer mining where 
 large areas of ground that yield only moderately are 
 worked, and then only for hydraulic power in washing down 
 the dirt. 
 
 PLACER MINING LAW. 
 
 (From the Revised Statutes of the United States.) 
 
 The term "placer claim^" as defined by the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, is: "Ground within defined 
 boundaries which contains mineral in its earth, sand or 
 gravel; ground that includes valuable deposits not in place, 
 that is, not fixed in rock, but which are in a loose state, and 
 may in most cases he collected by washing or amalgama- 
 tion without milling." 
 
 The manner of locating placer mining claims differs 
 from thai of locating claims upon veins or lodes. In loca- 
 ting a vein or lode claim, the United Stales statutes provide 
 that no claim shall extend more than 300 feet on each side 
 
11 
 
 of the middle of the vein at the surface, and that no claim 
 shall be limited by mining regulations to less than 25 feet 
 on each side of the middle of the vein at the surface. In 
 locating claims called "placers," however, the law provides 
 that no location of such claim upon surveyed lands shall 
 include more than twenty acres for each individual claim- 
 ant. The supreme court, however, has held that one indi- 
 vidual can hold as many locations as he can purchase and 
 rely upon his possessory title; that a separate patent for 
 each location is unnecessary. 
 
 Locaters, however, have to show proof of citizenship or 
 intention to become citizens. This may be done in the case 
 of an individual by his own affidavit; in the case of an 
 association incorporated by a number of individuals by the 
 affidavit of their authorized agent, made on his own knowl- 
 edge or upon information and belief; and in the case of a 
 company organized under the laws of any state or territory, 
 by the filing of a certified copy of the charter or certificate 
 of incorporation. 
 
 *A patent for any land claimed and located may be 
 obtained in the following manner: "Any person, association 
 or corporation authorized to locate a claim, having claimed 
 and located a. piece of land, and who has or have complied 
 with the terms of the law, may file in the proper land office 
 an application for a patent under oath, showing such com- 
 pliance, together with a plat and field notes of the claim or 
 claims in common made by or under the direction of the 
 United States surveyor general, showing accurately the 
 boundaries of the claim or claims, which shall be distinctly 
 marked by monuments on the ground, and shall post a copy 
 aHK jf such plat, together with a notice of such application for a 
 t * patent, in a conspicuous place on the land embraced in such 
 
plat, previous to the application for a patent on such plat; 
 and shall file an affidavit of at least two persons that such 
 notice has been duly posted, and shall file a copy of the 
 notice in such land office; and shall thereupon be entitled to 
 a patent to the land in the manner following: The registrar 
 of said land office upon the filing of such application, plat, 
 field notes, notices and affidavits, shall publish a notice that 
 such application has been made, for a period of sixty days 
 in a newspaper to be by him designated, as published nearest 
 to such claim; and he shall post such notice in his office for 
 the same period. The claimant ai the time of filmg such 
 application or at any time thereafter, within sixty days of 
 publication, shall file with the registrar a certificate of the 
 United States surveyor general that $500 worth of labor has 
 been expended or improvements made upon the claim by 
 himself or grantors; that the pla; is correct, with such further 
 description by reference to natural objects or permanent 
 monuments as shall identify the claim and furnish an 
 accurate description to be incorporated in the patent. At 
 the expiration of the sixty days of publication, the claimant 
 shall file his affidavit showing that the plat and notice have 
 been posted in a conspicuous place on the claim during such 
 period of publication." 
 
 If no adverse claim shall have been filed with the 
 registrar of the land office at the expiration of said sixty days 
 the claimant is entitled to a patent upon the payment to the 
 proper officer of $5 per acre in the case of a lode claim, and 
 $2.50 per acre for a placer. 
 
 The location of a placer claim and keeping possession 
 thereof until a patent shall be issued are subject to local 
 laws and customs. 
 
 1, 
 
^PT*"^""^ 
 
 4 
 
 CANADIAN MINING REGU- 
 LATIONS. 
 
 In case a person thinks of going into the Yukon fields 
 to prospect for gold, so long as he locates a claim in Cana- 
 dian territory he must be guided by the mining laws of that 
 country. He must, therefore, bear in mind and obey these 
 regulations, which are the principal features of the statute 
 provided for governing placer miners and their locations of 
 property. Following are extracts from the Canadian mining 
 regulations. 
 
 7. If any person or persons shall discover a new mine 
 and such discovery shall be established to the satisfaction of 
 the Gold Commissioner a claim for the bar diggings 750 feet 
 in length may be granted. A new stratum of auriferous 
 earth or gravel situated in a locality where the claims are 
 abandoned shall for this purpose be deemed a new mine, 
 although the same locality shall have previously been 
 worked at a different level. 
 
 9. A claim shall be recorded with the Gold Commis- 
 sioner in whose district it is situated within three days after 
 the location thereof, if it is located within ten miles of the 
 Commissioner's office. One day extra shall be allowed for 
 making such record for every additional ten miles and 
 fraction thereof. 
 
 II. Entry shall not be granted for a claim which has 
 not been staked by the applicant in person in the manne 
 specified in these regulations. 
 
 12. An entry fee of $15 shall be charged for the first year 
 and an annual fee of $10 for each of the following years. 
 
 13. After recording a claim the removal of any post by 
 the holder thereof, or any person acting in his behalf, for 
 
14 
 
 the purpose of changing the boundaries of his claim shall 
 act as a forfeiture of the claim. 
 
 14. The entry of every holder for a grant for placer 
 mining must be renewed and his receipt relinquished and 
 replaced every year, the entry fee being paid each year. 
 
 15. No miner shall receive a grant for more than one 
 mining claim in the same locality, but the same miner may 
 hold any number of claims by purchase, and any number of 
 miners may unite to work their claims in common on such 
 terms as they may arrange, provided such agreement be 
 registered with the Gold Comiiiissioner and a fee of $5 paid 
 for each registration. 
 
 16. Any miner or miners may sell, mortgage, or dis- 
 pose of his or their claims, provided such disposal be 
 registered with and a fee of $5 paid to the Gold Commis- 
 sioner, who shall thereupon give the assignee a certificate of 
 his title. 
 
 17. Every miner shall, during the continuance of his 
 grant, have the exclusive right of entry upon his own 
 claim for the miner-like working thereof and the construction 
 of a residence thereon, and shall be entitled exclusively to 
 all the proceeds realized therefrom, but he shall have no 
 surface rights therein. 
 
 18. Every miner shall be entitled to the use of S(» 
 much of the water naturally flowing through or past his 
 claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall, in 
 the opinion of the Gold Commissioner, be necessary for the 
 working thereof, and shall be entitled to drain his own 
 claim free of charge. 
 
 19. A claim shall be deemed to be abandoned and open 
 to occupation and entry by any person when the same shall 
 have remained unworked on working days by the grantee 
 
 y 
 
 \ > 
 
 
 
 ritti 
 
15 
 
 thereof, or by dome person in his behalf, for the space of 
 y seventy-two hours, unless sickness or other reasonable cause 
 may be shown to the satisfaction of the Gold Commissioner, 
 or unless the grantee is absent on leave given by the Com- 
 missioner. 
 
 '.> 
 
 HOW TO REACH THE GOLD 
 
 FIELDS. 
 
 There are two general routes to the Klondike district 
 and Dawson City. One goes by ocean steamer from Seattle, 
 Wash., proceeding up Puget Sound, passing Port Townsend 
 and Victoria and out through the Straits of San Juan del 
 Fuca to the Pacific, where one has an uninterrupted voyage 
 on a comparatively smooth ocean of about 2,000 miles, to 
 Dutch Harbor, at the extreme end of the southwest Alaskan 
 peninsula, which is the first stop. A coaling station and stores 
 operated by the North American Commercial Company, 
 are located here; it is also the point of supply for the naval 
 vessels and the Behring Sea fleet of whalers and sealers. 
 
 From Dutch Harbor the voyage is continued north 
 through Bering Sea, past the Pribylof Islands, and up 
 through Norton Sound to Fort Get There, on St. Michaels 
 Island, where the transf^^r and supply station for the Yukon 
 river is located. 
 
 Two transportation and mercantile companies are 
 enqjaged in the traffic of the middle and lower Yukon. 
 
 The Alaska Commercial Company, which for many 
 years has controlled a large sh'<Te of the trade of the far 
 north, has two sieamers, the Alice and the Arctic, of about 
 300 tons burden each. The North American Transportation 
 and Trading Company has one boat, the Weare, in service, 
 
nasi 
 
 16 
 
 and during the short season of navigation these vessels 
 make from tferee to four round trips; these companies sup- 
 ply a number of independent trading posts and mining 
 towns in the interior with merchandise and take their furs 
 and other native products. At St. Michaels passengers and 
 freight are transferred direct to the river steamers, which 
 then proceed down the coast sixty miles to the north mouth 
 of the great Yukon, a river larger than the Mississippi, that 
 can be navigated with large steamers 1,850 miles without a 
 break, and which abounds in fish. As you proceed up the 
 river you will see innumerable Indian villages and small 
 settlements, inhabited by traders, missionaries and Indians. 
 The first two or three hundred miles is through a low, flat 
 country, after which the mountainous country is reached, 
 and the constant change of magnificent scenery as you 
 proceed up the river is beyond description, as nowhere on 
 the American continent is there anything to equal it. At 
 Old Fort Yukon, which is inside of the Arctic Circle, you 
 will see during the months of June and July the sun for 
 twenty-four hours without a break, and all along the river 
 during these months you can read a book or paper at any 
 time during the day or night without a lamp, as it is con- 
 tinuous daylight during this time. After leaving this point 
 the next place of interest is Circle City, the metropolis of 
 the Yukon country. Here you find a large frontier town, 
 the houses all built of logs, and while they have no preten- 
 ^sions of beauty, they are warm and comfortable. Circle 
 City has a 'population of nearly two thousand people, and 
 some of the best placer mine in the country are located 
 near this place, and prospects are that this will be one of 
 the best placer mining camps on the American continent, 
 as it is steadily increasing in population, and the miners and- 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
17 
 
 I- 
 
 I 
 
 prospectors are continually finding new and richer placer 
 ground, and as the country around has been comparatively 
 little prospected, a big increase in population and the 
 amount of gold taken out of this section is looked for. 
 From here you proceed up the river for two hundred and 
 forty miles farther, where you find Fort Cudahy, at the 
 mouth of the celebrated Forty Mile Creek. This is a thriving 
 town, very similar to Circle City, but not so large! It is the 
 supply point for the mines in the Forty Mile district. This 
 district has been a very prosperous one for the last five 
 years and has turned out a great quantity of gold, it being 
 the first important district where coarse gold was dis- 
 covered. 
 
 A little farther on is Dawson City, and sixty five miles 
 over the hills are the Klondike placer mines, and the steamers 
 do not ply the Yukon above this point. Dawson City, the 
 center of the new mining region, although sixty five miles 
 distant from the Klondike, is said to be a typical mining 
 camp minus the guns. The British government enforces its 
 laws in Dawson and those laws prohibit the use of fire arms 
 so few men carry guns. The laws of the camp are enforced 
 by mounted police, whose captain is a civirofifi''er. Though 
 there are about 3,000 people in Dawson, few houses have 
 been built, for the principal reason that lumber is $100 per 
 1000 feet. It takes twenty six days by this route to the new 
 mining camps; sixteen days from Seattle to St. Michaels 
 Island, and ten up the Yukon to Dawson City, by the fast 
 boat. The distance is about 2,500 miles from Seattle to St. 
 Michaels Island, and 1,890 miles up the Yukon to Dawson, 
 a total of about 4,500 miles. 
 
 The other general route or way to the Klondike district, 
 the "mountain" route is shorter in miles, but equally long in 
 
18 
 
 the tipie it requires, and a great deal more difficult. By 
 this route the traveler sails more directly north to Juneau, 
 which is 899 miles from Seattle, and then goes by lake, and 
 river and over the mountains 922 miles to Dawson. You 
 take the steamer at Seattle, or any of the Puget Sound 
 ports, touching at Victoria, and sailing along the coast of 
 British America, till you get to Fort Tongas, at the southern 
 extremity of Alaska; from here you proceed north to Fort 
 
 WrangeJ, and finally you get to Juneau. 
 
 Juneau is the outfitting point, the head of regular steam- 
 boat navigation during the winter and spring months. Here 
 all persons leave the steamers which have brought them 
 from Puget Sound ports or Victoria. The town is well 
 supplied with hotels a*..' restaurants, and board is cheap. 
 Outfits are purchased here for the journey inland, and among 
 the principal things is a Yukon sleigh, snow shoes, tent, fur 
 robes, axe, saw and nails for building a boat, warm and 
 serviceable clothing, including gum boots, blankets and 
 provisions. 
 
 The valley of the Yukon may be reached by five 
 
 different routes, four of which cross the mountain range 
 
 through as many passes; the Dyea or Chilcoot Pass, the 
 
 Chilcat, Moores or the White Pass, and Takou. The other 
 
 route is known as the Lake Teslin Trail. 
 
 The Chilcoot is the only pass used to any extent so far, 
 
 and the distance is 115 miles from Juneau. Small steamers 
 
 ply irregularly -between Juneau and Dyea, the head of 
 
 navigation, a hundred miles northwest of Juneau. Across 
 
 the channel from Juneau is Douglas Island, on which is 
 
 located a gold mine; the ore of this mine is of such low 
 
 grade that it seems strange that a company could have been 
 
 found to take the risk of treating it. 
 
 At Dyea, immediately in the foreground, is the ranch 
 and store, owned by Healy & Wilson, and beyond, in their 
 mantles of snow, rise the (Joast mountains cold and severe, 
 striking a feeling of dread into many a heart, and beyond 
 this frozen barrier there stretches away hundreds of milcg 
 the vast country of th€ Yukon, an expanse so wide that it 
 is limited only by the extent of man's endurance. 
 
/ 
 
 . 
 
 19 
 
 On leaving Dyea, one bids farewell to civilization, and 
 is a free man to pursue his course how and where he will; 
 going up the Dyea River five miles on the ice, will bring you 
 to the mouth of the canyon, about two miles long and fifty 
 feet wide; after leaving the canyon you come to Pleasant 
 Camp, and from here the ascent is gradual, and soon brings 
 you to Sheep Camp, where the summit towers 3,500 feet 
 above you, but the pass is some 300 feet lower. The de- 
 scent from the summit for the first half mile is steep, then 
 a gradual slope to Lake Linderman, some ten miles away; 
 seven miles across the lake to its outlet, down the outlet 
 three or four niiles in a north-easterly direction to Lake 
 Bennett, down the foot of this lake, twenty-five miles, then 
 down the river four or five miles and Tagish Lake is reach- 
 ed. This lake is about twenty miles long, and empties 
 into Mud Lake through an outlet three miles long; Mud 
 Lake is about ten miles in length, and at the foot of it open 
 water is usually found in April. Open water will probably 
 be passed before reaching this point in the rivers connect, 
 ing the lakes, but firm ice at the sides affords & jod sledding 
 but at the foot of Mud Lake a raft or boat must be built. 
 Dry timber can be found along the shores with which to 
 build a raft, which will take everything to the Lewes River 
 Canyon, about forty miles to the Northwest. 
 
 The course down the lakes has been much in the form 
 of a horseshoe, and now bears to the westward instead of 
 the east; below the canyon are the White Horse rapids, a 
 bad piece of water, but the raft can be lined down the right 
 hand side until near the White Horse, three miles below. 
 Below the White Horse another raft is built, and the journey 
 continued for seventy-five miles to Lake Labarge, and 
 reqires three days. This lake is about forty-five miles long 
 and there is an island about midway; a day's journey will 
 make the foot of the lake. A boat should be built here. 
 Going down the Lewes River, the Hootalinqua, Big Salmon 
 and Little Salmon Rivers are passed on the right before 
 reaching the Five Fingers. Here four large buttes stand 
 like giant sentinels of stone to dispute your farther ingress 
 
do 
 
 into the country, the water, in five passages, running swiftly 
 between; the right hand passage is the only one which is 
 practicable, and though the water is swift, it is safe if the 
 boat be kept in the center. A few moments of careful man- 
 agement and the boat is rapidly approaching Reef Rapids, 
 three miles below; next comes Pelly River, and the junction 
 of the Pelly and Lewes form the Yukon proper. At this 
 point the first trading post is reached. This is known as 
 Harpers, and is 510 miles distant from Juneau. 
 
 Contmuing the journey Stewart River is passed on the 
 right; then White River on the left, so named on account of 
 its milky looking water; the next tributary on the same side 
 is Sixty Mile Creek, so called on account of its being sixty 
 miles above Fort Reliance. A hundred miles below on the 
 left side is Forty Mile Creek, forty miles below Fort Re- 
 liance. Here the Yukon is over two miles in width and on 
 the upper bank of Forty Mile Creek is the principal trading 
 post of the interior. This is the starting point for all the 
 mines and is 750 miles from Juneau. This journey is 
 made in early spring by most miners in order to save 
 expenses of packing, and requires them from six to eight 
 weeks, although it can be done. in summer from the Lakes 
 in eight or ten days. 
 
 The shortest, easiest, most desirable and most practica- 
 ble route to the Yukon is that over the Chilkoot Pass. By 
 this route at least ninety per cent, of all the Yukon residents 
 have reached their destination, and the transportation over 
 the pass of large quantities of supplies, ai ' much heavy 
 mining machinery is incontrovertible evidence of the supe- 
 riority of the route above all others. 
 
 Recently a new pass has been tried, and is the Lake 
 Teslin trail. It starts from Fort Wrangel and presents few 
 difificulties. This route leads up Telegraph creek from Fort 
 Wrangel, and there is clear water travel for about 100 miles 
 up the creek. The creek is abandoned there, and the 
 traveler strikes straight across the smooth tableland for 
 about 175 miles. Then the Teslin Lake is reached, and it 
 is plain sailing down the Hootalinqua river; a tributary of 
 
ftl 
 
 the Lewes river, and down the Lewes is clear going to 
 Dawson City. 
 
 • » ^ 
 
 APPROXIMATE DISTANCES BY THE VARIOUS 
 ROUTES TO FORT CUDAHY. 
 
 
 ' Via St. Michael. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 San Francisco to Dutch Harbor 2400 
 
 Seattle or Victoria to Dutch Harbor 2000 
 
 Dutch Harbor to St. Michael 750 
 
 St. Michael to Fort Cudahy 1600 
 
 San Francisco to Fort Cudahy, total 4750 
 
 Seattle or Victoria to Fort Cudahy, total 4350 
 
 Via Juneau and Sitka. 
 
 San Francisco to Sitka, (outside.) 1295 
 
 San Francisco to 
 
 Seattle 820 
 
 Port Townsend 858 
 
 Victoria 880 
 
 Nanaimo 956 
 
 Seymour Narrows 1036 
 
 Mary Island 1591 
 
 Ketchikan 1631 
 
 New Metlakahtla 1647 
 
 Loring 1656 
 
 Yaas Bay 1675 
 
 Fort Wrangel 1746 
 
 Wrangel Narrows 1778 
 
 Juneau 1874 
 
 Treadwell Ni M 1876 
 
 Berniers Ba* 1920 
 
 Chilcat 2010 
 
 Taiya 2020 
 
 Via Taiya Inlet and Chilkoot Pass. 
 
 From Taiya T^let to 
 
 Head of Canoe Navigation 6 
 
 Forks of Taiya River 8 
 
Summit of Chilkoot Pass 15 
 
 Hea4, of Lake Lin. ' erman 23 
 
 Foot of Lake Linderman 27 
 
 Head of Lake Bennett. '. 28 
 
 Boundary Line B. C. and N. W. Ty. (Lat. 60°) 38 
 
 Foot of Lake Bennett 54 
 
 Foot of 'Caribou Crossing, (Lake Nares.) 57 
 
 Foot of Tagish Lake... 73 
 
 Head of Marsh Lake 78 
 
 Foot of Marsh Lake 97 
 
 Head of Canon 123 
 
 Foot of Canon 124 
 
 Head of White Horse Rapids 125 
 
 Foot of White Horse Rapids 126 
 
 Takheena River 140 
 
 Head of Lake Labarge 153 
 
 Foot of Lake Labarge 184 
 
 Hootalinqua or Teslintoo River 216 
 
 Big Salmon River 249 
 
 Little Salmon River. 286 
 
 Five Finger Rapids 345 
 
 Pj"k Rapids 351 
 
 Pelly River. 403 
 
 White River , 499 
 
 Stewart River 509 
 
 Sixty Mile Creek 530 
 
 . Dawson City 576 
 
 Fort Reliance 582 
 
 Forty Mile River 627 
 
 Fort Cudahy 628 
 
 International Boundary Line 667 
 
 Via Stikine River. 
 
 Victoiiato 
 
 Fort Wrangel 750 
 
 Telegraph Creek 900 
 
 Teslin Lake 1050 
 
 Fort Cudahy - . t 700 
 
 [ft'' 
 
23 
 
 
 INDEX TO MAP OP 
 
 ALASKA TERRITORY. 
 
 - EXPLANATION. 
 
 To ttnd the name of any place on the map, first find the name in the Index ; 
 opposite the name will be seen the number and letter designating It on the map; 
 then find the square located between the meridian lines. In the center of which 
 the lines meet of the number and letter given and within this square will be 
 found the name desired. 
 
 Capital In large type, thus: SITKA. 
 
 All Important Towns In Full Face type. 
 
 All To'Yns In Roman type are Post Offices. 
 
 All Towns In Italic type are not Post Offices. 
 
 • Money Order Post Office. 
 
 All Telegraph messages for Sitka and other places In the Territory will be 
 mailed from Seattle, Wash. 
 
 The Alaskan Pacific Express operates over the Pacific Coast Steamship Co., 
 betM eeu Puget Sound ports and Juneau. 
 
 X Population unknown, or less than 100. 
 
 Till, population given in ihis Index is from the United States Census 
 Reports of 1891, excepting for towns in the Northwest Territories. 
 
 NOTE The population of Alaska, as given in tiie census reports, is 
 
 necessarily largely an estimate. What census taker would be willing to go a 
 couple of thousand miles up the Yukon, lor Instance, tn find the number of 
 miners in one of the new camps, or venture into the arctic circle to count the 
 noses of the Ehquimts, who are Paid to liave their May day festivities romping 
 aroiaid the north pole? Dogs furnisli a great part of all the means of trans- 
 portation and conuiiunlcatiou up there in tlie snows, and they are not valuable 
 for censuh work. 
 
 DISTRICTS. 
 
 FOP . 
 
 Arctic 3.222 
 
 Kodlak fi,112 
 
 Knskokwim , .'i,4it4 
 
 NusiingHk 2,'i26 
 
 Southcastorn 8,038 
 
 Uniilaska 2.361 
 
 Yukon 3.912 
 
 Total.. 
 
 .31.-;95 
 
 Tlie estimated population of Alaska Territory, July, 1897. WiV 40,000, Area, 
 ST'i 390 square miles. 
 
24 
 
 It '■ 
 
 TOWN8. 
 
 TOWN. DISTRICT. INOKX. 
 
 AJogncw, Kodlak F (J 
 
 Aglvavik, N ushagak E 6 
 
 Agowik, Yukon 
 
 Agmkehkyaiiiut"., .1) 5 
 
 Agulkigaiuule, KuHkokwlm 
 
 D6 
 Agulukpuktmite, Nushagak. . 
 
 Ayumak, Kuskok wim 
 
 Ahgomek/ielanaghmnute, K us- 
 
 kokwliu 
 
 Ahg ulakhpag/iam "te, K ub- 
 
 kok Willi 
 
 Ahgutiagainule, Kuskok wini. 
 
 Alwgoguiute, u 6 
 
 Ahpukagamute, Kuskokwini . 
 Ahquenuch-k/Uugaiiiule, Kus- 
 
 kokwlm 
 
 AUtcheruk, ; — 4 
 
 AkakJtp Ilk, N usliaguk 
 
 Akekictutliumuie, Yukou 
 
 Akguliiri.jiglak, N ushagak. . . 
 
 AkMok, F 7 
 
 AkiaguiauLe, Kuskokwim.D 5 
 Akiukchiig iiiaie, iiuskokwini. 
 
 Akoohagamule, .D 5 
 
 Akuliiiklipak, D6 
 
 AkutiukrAkchnk, .E 6 
 
 Akutan, U uala^ka 
 
 Aluganok, Koiliak G 5 
 
 Alugnaymu.e, Yukou 
 
 Alexavdfovsk, F 6 
 
 Akxiet, D 5 
 
 Alilak, Kodlak 
 
 Am-i/akh, 1) 2 
 
 Anagtiak, E 6 
 
 Andreievsky, Yukon D 5 
 
 Angnovchaiauie, Nufchagak. . 
 
 Aiigoun, J 6 
 
 Ankuhctuig))iutc, Yukon 
 
 Annovokhdintue, Kuskok wlm. 
 
 A7ivik, Yukon IJ 1 
 
 Apahiachaniule, Kuskokwl:i;. 
 Apokagainnie, -** — - — .D 5 
 
 Ai'ctic City, . .F 3 
 
 Aakinaghaniuif., Kuskok wiin. 
 
 Ankinuk, c 5 
 
 Aahipak, F 6 
 
 A U:/utlitgu7nute, Kuskokwlin. 
 
 Atku, UnalasUa 
 
 Atnah Village, . . .u 5 
 
 Atmik. Arc-tic D 4 
 
 Attenmul Village, .ES 
 
 Attn, Unulaska 
 
 Auks Settlement, Suutlieastcrn 
 
 J 6 
 
 Avnuligmutc, Yukon 
 
 Ayaktalik. Kodlak 
 
 Axiavigainutc, N ushagak. . 1) 
 
 B 
 
 Bartlett Bay, Southeastern. . . 
 
 lielkofsky, Uiialaskii D 7 
 
 Ber7iiers Bay, Souiheasteru.. 
 
 POP. 
 
 409 
 30 
 51 
 X 
 
 22 
 
 41 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 106 
 
 X 
 210 
 
 6 
 
 X 
 9 
 79 
 61 
 X 
 97 
 43 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 80 
 48 
 68 
 X 
 X 
 
 420 
 X 
 X 
 10 
 16 
 X 
 
 103 
 15 
 
 191 
 91 
 X 
 X 
 
 133 
 X 
 X 
 89 
 
 132 
 X 
 35 
 X 
 
 101 
 
 334 
 35 
 
 106 
 96 
 
 40 
 
 180 
 
 5 
 
 TOWN. DISTRICT. INUBX, POP. 
 
 Bethel, Kuskokwlm 20 
 
 Black Jiiver Seitlements, 
 
 Yukon ;.. 125 
 
 Bolshoigor, E 4 X 
 
 horka, U nalaska 57 
 
 Boundary Gamp, Yukon. H 3 18 
 
 Bradjurd, A ushagak 166 
 
 Br,stol Bay, X 
 
 Burro iiglis ^'rty,Southea8tcrn. 184 
 
 'c 
 
 C(tpe Douglas, Kodlak 85 
 
 Vape Fox, , X 
 
 Cape Kru4eitstern, Arctic... 45 
 
 Vupe Lees, X 
 
 Vape N onie. Art tic 41 
 
 Cape I'rovidvnce, .E7 X 
 
 Cape jScppiiig, C 2 X 
 
 Cape Hiui/the, Arctic 246 
 
 C< e i ork, C3 X 
 
 C. met, N ushagak 189 
 
 ChalUmute, Kuskokwlm. .... 358 
 
 Chechinamute, Kuskokwlm. 84 
 Chernovsky Harbor, U nalaska 
 
 C 8 78 
 
 Chetinakh, DS X 
 
 Chibukak, B 4 X 
 
 Chican, Southeastern 38 
 
 Chichin aguinule, . D 5 X 
 
 Chignik Bay, Kodlak 193 
 
 Chikak, E6 X 
 
 Chikak, F6 X 
 
 CMkituk, F 5 X 
 
 Chilkhuat Villajes, Kodiak 
 
 H5 34 
 
 Chilkat, Southeastern 16 153 
 
 Chilkuot Misi,ion, Southeast- 
 ern 106 
 
 Chlniiiiyyaiiganiai,e, i\ uskok- 
 
 wlni 40 
 
 Chiiiiah, F7 X 
 
 Chilnush uak, 4 X 
 
 Chof^dktokgha^aninU-, Kus- 
 kok wini 18 
 
 Chokwik, F3 X 
 
 Chtisiangamute, Nushagak.. 83 
 
 Chuligmme, Kuskokwlm 32 
 
 Chutiginute Lpper, Kus- 
 kokwlm 30 
 
 Circle or Circle City, 
 
 Yukon H3 2,000 
 
 Vou' Harbor, Unalasku. 15 
 
 Cona>.ci"tine, Q5 X 
 
 Cook's Inlet, X 
 
 » 
 
 tjavida vamp, Yukon 66 
 
 I>oUKl>*>!«,4»Sou(hea8teru.J6 402 
 
 iJunuuuk, Kuskok win 48 
 
 Dutch Harbor, or Ounalaska, 
 
 Unalfiska 8 x 
 
 Dyea, or Healya More, South- 
 eastern 16 X 
 
 
 n 
 
HB 
 
 Town. DISTRICT, IKDBX, POP. 
 
 £ 
 
 Eagle Harbor, Kodlak 77 
 
 East Poi7it, iVo. 1, KuBkok- 
 
 wlm 36 
 
 East Point, No. 2, Kuskok- 
 
 wim 41 
 
 Ekaluklalugumute, Kuskok- 
 
 wlm 24 
 
 Ekuk, E6 X 
 
 English Bay, Kodlak 107 
 
 Erkleetpaga. Arctic 20 
 
 Elohlugamute, Kuskokwlm. . 25 
 
 Fetkin. D5 X 
 
 Fish Brt//, Southeastern 4 
 
 Flugatlokai, Yukon 16 
 
 Fort Alexander, E 6 X 
 
 Fort Cosmos, E 3 X 
 
 Fort Get There, 1) 4 X 
 
 Fort Morton, D 3 X 
 
 Fort Oonalaklik, D 4 X 
 
 Fort Simpson, J 8 X 
 
 Fort Tongas, Southea.^tern, 
 
 J 8 50 
 Fort Wi-angel, • Alaskan 
 
 Paclflc Ex.. Soutliea8tern..l7 316 
 
 Fort; Yukon, Yukon... H 3 X 
 
 Funter Bay, Southeastern ... 25 
 
 G 
 
 Gambier Bay, Southeastern. . 8 
 
 Oilakhamute, Kuskokwlm... 22 
 
 Oolqfnin Bay, Arctic 25 
 
 Oologamute, Kushagak 29 
 
 ^Ooltzova,Y\x\iox\ D4 44 
 
 H 
 
 flamiXtona Landing .E4 X 
 
 Hamn a, F 6 X 
 
 Healeys Store, or Dyea, 
 
 Soutl eastern '. 16 X 
 
 Hindasettt kee. Southeastern. 143 
 
 HoUkilaak, Yukon 114 
 
 Homer, F6 X 
 
 Hoochinoo, Southeastern J 6 381 
 
 • Hoonah, Southeastern 16 438 
 
 Hoicakan, Southeastern. .J 7 X 
 
 Huckiung. Nushagak 32 
 
 Huselqft Biver, . . . X 
 
 I 
 
 Icy Cape, Arctic 57 
 
 Ig'igik, N ushagak E 6 60 
 
 Jghiak, Kodlak 94 
 
 Igh ifikrhaghamute, K uskok- 
 
 wlm 81 
 
 fgiagatnute, (; 5 X 
 
 Jgimchorhamute, Nushagak. 31 
 
 Ignulook, Arctic 85 
 
 Ignituk, AtcUv. D4 64 
 
 Igoioik, D4 X 
 
 TOWN. 
 
 DISTRICT. INDKX. POP. 
 
 Ihamna, F6 X 
 
 Ij-aleaveagmute, Yukon 88 
 
 /A,rtHnfcaTOJ«e, Nushagak 60 
 
 Ikalinka, D6 X 
 
 Ikatlegomute, ..D 5 X 
 
 Ikohaginute, Yukon E 3 65 
 
 Ikogmute Mission, YukonD 5 140 
 
 Iliamna, Koklak F 6 76 
 
 Imoktegokhsaut, . "2 4 X 
 
 Ingahameh, D 5 X 
 
 Ingahamute, Yukon 50 
 
 Tngamatsha, Kodlak 73 
 
 l7tge.ramute, Kuskokwlm 35 
 
 Inglehuk, D5 X 
 
 l7isiachamute, Nushagak 42 
 
 Ipnot, C2 X 
 
 Isha, Kot'.iak 30 
 
 Itkarapaga, Arctic 8 
 
 J 
 
 * 
 
 Jackson, Southeastern ,18 105 
 
 Juneau, 1 hank, • Alaskan 
 
 Pacific Ex., Southeastern. J 6 1,253 
 
 K 
 
 lOiguiak, Kodlak F 6 112 
 
 Kah kirmkk. E 6 X 
 
 UTah lu kh t ughamu <e, K usko k- 
 
 wln 29 
 
 Kahmute, Kuskokwhn 40 
 
 Kaihcigainute, Kuskokwlm. 157 
 
 Kakaicaterka, Southeastern. 70 
 
 Kakhonah, Nushagak 28 
 
 Kakicalton, Southeastern 77 
 
 Kakwak, Nushagak 45 
 
 Kalhonehagniute, Yukon 45 
 
 Kalignak, E 6 X 
 
 Kalla, E3 X 
 
 Kaltag, E4 X 
 
 Kaltlagamute, Kuskokwlm 
 
 E 5 29 
 
 Kalulak, E 7 X 
 
 Kahimakturook, .1) 1 X 
 
 Kanagamute,K\\B^Q\\.-vi\vi\.U 5 35 
 
 Kanagmute, Kuskokwlm 41 
 
 Kanitkanak, Nushagak 53 
 
 Kana tak, K odlak 26 
 
 Kanegnmte, Yukon 53 
 
 Xanikhluk, Kodlak G 5 73 
 
 Kan ulik, Nushagak E 6 54 
 
 Karluk. Kodlak F7 1,123 
 
 Kasheega, C 8 X 
 
 Kashigalogumute, Kuskok- 
 wlm 232 
 
 Kaskanak, Nushagak C 5 66 
 
 Hassan, Southeastern J 7 47 
 
 Kaisiacharnute, Nushagak.. 50 
 
 Kasnilqf, Kodlak F 5 117 
 
 Katmai, Kodlak n.F 6 133 
 
 Kavulonah, N ushagak 13 
 
 Kaviaghamute, Kuskokwlm 
 
 I) 3 59 
 
 Heavyamute, Yiikon 97 
 
 Kegikh towik, . . . D 4 X 
 
 Henai, Kodlak ■ 864 
 
20 
 
 TOWN. DrSTKICT. INDBX. POP. 
 
 Kengugmute, Yukon 04 
 
 KennachananaghamutP^Kns- 
 
 kokwlm 181 
 
 Ketchikan, Southeastern 40 
 
 Ke.walik, D 3 X 
 
 Khulnoliit, . . . E 4 X 
 
 Kiakak, S4 X 
 
 Kiallegak, . . . B 4 X 
 
 Kiehangauiute, ..1)6 X 
 
 Xikluagamute, . .D 5 X 
 
 Kikiktagamute, Kuskokwlm 
 
 D4 119 
 
 Kikiktoweik, Yukon 33 
 
 KillatrmUe, D 1 X 
 
 KllUsnoo, Southeastern... J 6 79 
 
 Jiilluda, Kodlnk 23 
 
 yi7?(a7amw««,Ku8kokwlni.D 5 93 
 
 Klneynagmute, Kuskokwlm. 76 
 
 Jtiiigaghee, Arctic 488 
 
 Kinghiak, K 6 X 
 
 Kinik, K odlak G 5 160 ' 
 
 Klnkegan, (' 3 X 
 
 Kin uiak, Nushagak K 6 51 
 
 A'ipiiiuk, U5 y 
 
 Jxissalak, D6 X 
 
 Kivichakh, Nushiigak 37 
 
 Xlawock, Sontheaatern. ..J 7 287 
 
 ICkhanganmte, Kuskokwlm. 49 
 
 A'/OK/jian, Southeastern 27 
 
 Klukukhu, Southeastern 15 
 
 Klukwar, Southeasterr ... I 6 X 
 
 A'iMA;M;an, Southeastern.. J 7 326 
 
 Klulagmjile, Kuskokwlm 3i 
 
 JTrauggorowckeuck, 
 
 D3 X 
 
 Knakalnuk, F 5 X 
 
 Knalnlntik, G 5 X 
 
 Kochloytogpagn^r.utf, Kxis- 
 
 kokwlm 20 
 
 Kodiak, • Kodlak F 6 495 
 
 Koeliik, X 
 
 Knggiung. Nushagak E 6 133 
 
 Kokhlokhtokhpagmnule 
 
 E5 X 
 
 K»khtokalet, Yukon 24 
 
 Kolmakovsly, Kuskokwlm.. 26 
 
 Komaroff, D 4 X 
 
 Kongigamute, D 3 X. 
 
 Kongiljanagamute, D 6 X 
 
 Kootoagamgdmnte, D G X 
 
 ^oof. kuskokv/im 117 
 
 Koot Itiier Settlementa, Kus 
 
 kokwlm 74 
 
 Kororinakg. Unalaska 41 
 
 Koshiqin, Unalaska 45 
 
 • Kotlik, Yukon 31 
 
 Xoua Islaiul, X 
 
 Koyti, J 7 X.. 
 
 Koyukuk River Settlementa, 
 
 Yukon 114 
 
 Koxerersicg, Yukon 131 
 
 Koayrnff, .... E 5 X 
 
 Kugalukmute. .... D 3 X 
 
 Kuguicick. E 3 X 
 
 Kuickhlogainute, Kuskok- 
 wlm f D5 115 
 
 Kukak, K 6 X 
 
 TOWN. DISTRICT. IJJDEX. POP. 
 
 KukuUak, C 4 X 
 
 Xjilu, J 7 X 
 
 Kushokrakh, 1) 6 X 
 
 K^istatan. Kodlak F 5 45 
 
 Kutlik, Yukon D 4 31 
 
 Kvikhagamute, E 4 X 
 
 Ktcichampingagamute, Kus- 
 kokwlm 25 
 
 7rM%am?/<c, Kuskokwlm. D 5 43 
 
 Kyktoltowin, Yukon 23 
 
 Lagoon No. i, Kuskokwlm.. . 30 
 
 Lagoon No. 2, KvLsko^y/Un... 86 
 
 Latda, F6 X 
 
 Lake liay. Southeastern 31 
 
 Lake Village, (Chageluk Ulv- 
 
 er) Yukon 3 
 
 Lake Villagx, (Copper lifver) 
 
 Kodlak 136 
 
 LQfka, E4 X 
 
 Lomavigamute, Kuskokwlm, 
 
 D5 53 
 
 Lorlng, Southeastern J 7 200 
 
 Lowell, Kodlak 13 
 
 M 
 
 Make.ymute, Yukon 50 
 
 Makushin, Unalaska 51 
 
 Mary Island, Southeastern .18 X 
 
 Mentokakat, ..E4 X 
 
 Mercier Station, . . . .F 3 X 
 
 Meshik, Nushagak 74 
 
 Metlakahtla, Southeastern, 
 
 J 8 823 
 
 ifillerton, Nushagak 165 
 
 Mitchell, (Y'ukon Diggings) 
 
 Yukon 288 
 
 Mitrqfani, Kodlak. 49 
 
 Molchatfia, . . . E 5 X 
 
 Molozckakat, ..E4 X 
 
 Jfor^Aoco/, Unalaska 68 
 
 MunUrahamute, Ku6kokw!m 
 
 D6 163 
 Miimtre.khlaqaimile, Kuskok- 
 wlm 33 
 
 N 
 
 Napahaigamut^, Nushagak, 
 
 D5 11 
 
 iV^ajua/mw<f, Kuskokwlm. E 5 23 
 
 Naparklovlik, ^D 3 X 
 
 Napaskeagaimite, Kuskok- 
 wlm D 5 97 
 
 Naroogaloklagamute, 
 
 1)5 X 
 
 Nncturit, Yukon ^ 9 
 
 Nigalek, Fl X 
 
 Nikhkak, Nushagak 42 
 
 Nikolaki/, C8 X 
 
 Ninilchik, Kodlak F5 81 
 
 Nilakh, G5 X 
 
 Noatngamute, D2 X 
 
 Noghelingamnte, Nushagak.. 16 
 
J87 
 
 TOWN. 
 
 m STRICT. 
 
 INDEX. POP. 
 
 Noh-chamute, Kuskokwlm.. 28 
 
 Nookmtite, C3 X 
 
 Nnrkluk, Arctic 13 
 
 Norton Sound SeUlemcnts, 
 
 Arctic 283 
 
 Notaloteii, Yulcou 15 
 
 Novokhlolahamule, Kuskok- 
 wlm 55 
 
 Nowikakat, Yukon F 4 77 
 
 Nte.aleiila, Yukon 7 
 
 Nuhiiakhahugalik, 
 
 D4 X 
 
 Nuchek, Kodiak 145 
 
 Niiklukijet, Yukon ,.F 3 l^U 
 
 A'ulato, Yukon K 4 118 
 
 'A'iilalok, DO X 
 
 N ulodUayaiauie, Xushivgak 
 
 D 5 31 
 N unavhanaghamute, Kus- 
 kokwlm 135 
 
 yuuarokuak-chluija/nute, Kus- 
 
 kokwnn 107 
 
 ^'vskaguk, Kusliagiik 2()8 
 
 JVuiruk. K 1 X 
 
 JS'uwank, H2 X 
 
 O 
 
 Odlak. Kodiak 273 
 
 0:jowliia;iagak. — D 3 X 
 
 Oh-h(tg(t»iHte„ KuskokwUn. . . 3rt 
 
 Ok/mganak, K 5 X 
 
 Okhogamute, K 5 X 
 
 Okpikln liky 1)4 X 
 
 Old Harbor, Kodiak 86 
 
 OogovigamuU, . . . i) 5 X 
 
 Ookagamute, . . .D 5 X 
 
 Oouakhtalik ...D4 X 
 
 Orca. G5 X 
 
 Otok-kok. D 1 X 
 
 Origloraia, D5 X 
 
 Ounalaska, or Dutch Harbor, 
 
 Unalaska C8 X 
 
 Ozermoi/,\J aalaska 45 
 
 r 
 
 Pnimute. Yukon D5 X 
 
 Pakwik. NuHliagak 93 
 
 Par, K3 X 
 
 Pastohk, Y'ukon D 4 113 
 
 Pcnokhatskomute, ..D 4 X 
 
 PikmikUiUk, ....D4 X 
 
 PinoHuragin, ...El X 
 
 I'oint Barrie, Southeastern.. 92 
 
 Point Barrow, Arctic 152 
 
 Point Belcher, Arctic 114 
 
 Point Elli-% Southeastern .... 170 
 
 Point Hope, Arctic 301 
 
 Point Lay, Arctic 77 
 
 PopQf Island, Unalaska 146 
 
 Porcupine Rirer Settlenifnts, 
 
 Yukon.. 150 
 
 Port Clarence, Arctic 485 
 
 Poi't Houghton, . .J 7 X 
 
 Port Mnlgrum, —, . ..16 X 
 
 Puguvilick, B 4 X 
 
 TOWN. 
 
 DISTRICT. 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 POP 
 
 J'gbita Bag, Southeastern. ... 26 
 Pgramid Harbor, Southeast- 
 ern 77 
 
 Q 
 
 Queakhpaghariute, Kuskok- 
 wlm 75 
 
 Qnelelochamute, Kuskokwlm. 113 
 Quiechlop-vhamute, Kuskok- 
 wlm 83 
 
 Qiiichochloganiute, Kuskok- 
 wlm 65 
 
 Qiti!()rhnganmte,Kusiiokviin\. 12 
 
 Quinhaghainute,Kusk.ok.yflni. 105 
 
 B 
 
 Razgowilzky, D 5 X 
 
 8 
 
 Sahrai/uk, Nushagak 32 
 
 Saint George, Unalaska 93 
 
 Saiiu Lairrence Island Arctic. 267 
 
 Walnt Michaels, Yukon D 4 101 
 
 Saint (niorbk, . . . .F 7 X 
 
 Sainl Paul, Unalaska 244 
 
 Sakar, Southeastern 21 
 
 Sakatal'xloi, Yukon 39 
 
 Salmon Bag, Southeastern... 43 
 
 SiUKlpoint, JJ7 X 
 
 Sanuak, Unalaska 132 
 
 Sea Horse Island, Yukon 15 
 
 ScMoKla, Kodiak F 6 99 
 
 Senienov kg, Unalaska 3 
 
 Senati, Yukon 40 
 
 Seymour Chan7iel, Southeast- 
 ern 9 
 
 Shacktolik, Y'ukon D 4 38 
 
 Shagoluk, .... E 4 X 
 
 Shakan, ,17 X 
 
 Shamans Village, . .F3 X 
 
 Shapwik. D 3 X 
 
 Sheahalegam ute, . . 1) 3 X 
 
 Shesurearlick, . ..D 3 X 
 
 Shetnak, B 4 X 
 
 Shei'enagamute, . . D 5 X 
 
 Shinyagamute, Kuskokwlm 
 
 1)6 7 
 
 Shiningrnn, . .G 1 X 
 
 Shonkakat, . . .F 4 X 
 
 Shocenaghamute, Kuskok- 
 wlm 62 
 
 Shuguck, Arctic .1) 2 12 
 
 Shuk, / 6 X 
 
 Singick, Arctic 12 
 
 Siniogamute, ...C 3 X 
 
 SITKA, • Alaskan Paclflc 
 
 Ex., Southeastern J 7 2.000 
 
 Skillakh, F 5 X 
 
 Skowl, J 7 X 
 
 Sledge Island, Arctic 67 
 
 Sonndnn, ... .J 6 X 
 
 Staganugamute, . .D 5 X 
 
 Steamer Arctic, Yukon, 27 
 
 Stugarock, Nushagak 1 
 
28 
 
 TOWK. 
 
 DISTRICT. INDEX. POP. 
 
 Sumdum, Southeastern 43 
 
 Summer Camp, Yukon 4t 
 
 iSushetno, Kodiak F 5 143 
 
 Swettaya Retchka, Yukon. ... 44 
 
 T 
 
 Taapkuk, Arctic D 3 51 
 
 Taghiaralzoviamute, D5 X 
 
 Takashki, Yukon 80 
 
 Takiketngamute, . . . D 6 X 
 
 Taksumut, ....C 3 X 
 
 Tanak/iothaia, E 4 X 
 
 Tanana, (Uoper Klver Set- 
 tlements) Yukon 203 
 
 Tanunak, . . . .C 5 X 
 
 TanyuU Yukon 37 
 
 Tatitak, Kodiak G5 90 
 
 Teeketnagmute. Yukon 27 
 
 Teenahozona, Yukon 8 
 
 Tefaknaghamute, KuFkokwlin 19g 
 
 Thin Point, Unalaska 231 
 
 Tiengag/iamute, Kuskokwlm 60 
 
 TikcJiik, E 5 X 
 
 Tikirak, C 2 X 
 
 Tlegochitnagmute. Yukon. .. 60 
 
 Togiagamute, Nushagak. .E 6 94 
 
 Togiak, N ushagak E 6 14 
 
 Tolstoi Jiai/, Southe&stern... 17 
 
 Tongaas NarrowSi, X 
 
 Tookklagamute, D 5 X 
 
 Toolukam.ahamute, .E5 X 
 
 Topolnik, Yukon 42 
 
 Torentief, E 4 X 
 
 Trading Post, D 5 X 
 
 Tramioay Bar, , . F 3 X 
 
 Trinachamute, N ushagak 20 
 
 Ttilukagnagamute, Kuskok- 
 
 wlm 17 
 
 Tulnksagtnute, Kuskokwlm. 63 
 
 Tuluksak, D5 X 
 
 Tunaghamute, Kuskokwim. 71 
 
 Tuniakhp uk, D 6 X 
 
 Tupkaap, D4 X 
 
 Tvastonagamiite, Yukon.... 33 
 
 Tyoonok, Kodluk F 5 115 
 
 Txahagamute, . ..DO X 
 
 Tseeto-at, Yukon 33 
 
 U 
 
 Uganak, Kodiak 31 
 
 Ugashik Nuslingak E7 154 
 
 Ugavigamiite. Kuskokwlm.. 57 
 
 Ugokhaniute, Kuskokr/lm... 68 
 
 Ugolaaniie, El X 
 
 Ukak, E6 X 
 
 Vkevok, Arctic 200 
 
 Ulokagmute, Kuskokwlm .... 27 
 
 Ulukuk, Yukon 25 
 
 Umnak, Unalaska 94 
 
 Unrlaklik, Yukon 175 
 
 Unalaska, (See Ounalaska) 
 
 Unalaska 817 
 
 Unangcihik. Nushagak 190 
 
 Unga, Unalaska D7 159 
 
 Unikttagowik ....C4 X 
 
 TOWN. DISTRICT. INDEX. POP. 
 
 Upper Kaltag, . . . E 4 X 
 
 Urangashik, E 7 X 
 
 Uyak, Kodiak 346 
 
 Ueinkee, Kodiak 74 
 
 V 
 
 Vinisahle, Kuskokwlm 140 
 
 Vozneaensky, Unalaska 43 
 
 W 
 
 Waitiivrtght Inlet, AroUc 72 
 
 Weare, F 3 X 
 
 Windham, Bay, Southeastern 11 
 
 Wingham Island, Kodiak 150 
 
 Woklehoghamute, Kuskok- 
 wlm, 19 
 
 Wrangi-U, (see Fort Wran- 
 
 gel) Southeastern 316 
 
 W-'angell liay,ls.oCi\a,yi 62 
 
 Y 
 
 Yaika, F6 X 
 
 Yakitat, Southeastern 308 
 
 Yaktag, ...... H 5 X 
 
 I'ekook, N ushagak 65 
 
 Yeas Bay, Southeastern. ..... 85 
 
 Yukokakat, Tukon E4 39 
 
 2 
 
 Zakattatan, — E 4 X 
 
 Zdhuat, G5 X 
 
 North-west Territories. 
 
 TOWX. 
 
 DISTRICT, INDEX. POP. 
 
 Dawson City, - 
 
 Dease House, 
 
 Fort Cudahy, 
 
 Fort Frances, - 
 Fort Fraiiklin, — 
 Fort 6ou(l Hope, - 
 Fort Mcl'heraon, 
 Fort Munyl'ord, — 
 Fort Norman, — 
 
 Fort Peily, 
 
 Fort lleliance. 
 Fort Selkirk, — 
 Fort Himp&on, — 
 
 Forty Mile, 
 
 Klondike, 
 
 —14 
 -.K6 
 -H4 
 ,.K5 
 -.L3 
 -K3 
 -.J 2 
 -.J 6 
 .K4 
 .J 5 
 
 ' .14 
 
 — — 14 
 
 ..L5 
 
 — ..H4 
 
 ■ 14 
 
 La Pierres Uouac, 1 3 
 
 Old Fort, K 4 
 
 Old Fort Castor, . K 4 
 
 Old Fort Good Hope. J 3 
 
 Reid House, . ..14 
 
 3,000 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 X 
 
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 pj(j8 135lOHllltUDE Vyr mum 133sHtINWI!H 
 
 :» 
 
 >C4 
 
 s 
 
 15 
 
 u 
 
 131 
 
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 Map Showing 
 PASSES & TRAILS 
 
 FROM 
 
 JTJNBAtr TO riVE FINOEB 
 BAPID3. 
 
 er .and Publisher, 
 
 CuicA(io, III. 
 

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 1.'** 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 Area, 577.390 
 
 Square Mllef). 
 
 Population, 81,798. 
 
 White 4,303 
 
 Mixed 1.819 
 
 Indian 23.274 
 
 Mongolian 2,287 
 
 All others 112 
 
 Indians 
 
 Eskliuo 12.784 
 
 Thllnket 4,739 
 
 Athabnskan 3,441 
 
 Aleut 968 
 
 T.-ilinpsean 951 
 
 Hydah 891 
 
 DI8TBICT8. POP. 
 
 Arctic, or Sev- 
 enth 3,222 
 
 Kodiak, or Se- 
 cond 6,118 
 
 Kuskokwlm, or 
 Fifth 5,434 
 
 Nushflgak, or 
 Fourth 3,726 
 
 Southeastern.or 
 First 8,088 
 
 Unalaska, or 
 Third 2.36i 
 
 Yukon,orSlxth3,912 
 
 OHiap 01 riBd. 
 Thoxts. 
 
 2 Circle, or Cir- 
 cle City H 3 
 
 1 .Juneau J 6 
 
 1 Karluk F7 
 
 2 Sitka .17 
 
 T0WN8 Oh SKTTLK- 
 MENTS. 
 
 Hunds. 
 
 4 Afopnac F6 
 
 1 Afrulllagamute.I>6 
 
 1 Ahp:ullii|fainute. — 
 
 2 Ahpoknpamute..— 
 1 Akl8gcniute...l)S 
 
 A Alltak — 
 
 1 Ankahchagmute— 
 
 i Auvlk D4 
 
 1 Arctic City.... F 3 
 
 ; Atka — 
 
 1 Attu — 
 
 3 Auks ..,16 
 
 1 Azlavlganiute .D 6 
 2Belkof8ky D7 
 
 1 niack lilver.... — 
 
 2 Bradford — 
 
 1 Burroughs Tfay.. — 
 
 2 Cape Smyth';.. . — 
 2Carincl — 
 
 4 Chp.lltniute — 
 
 2Chl»rnlk li.iy.... — 
 
 2Chllrat 16 
 
 1 Chllkoot Mis- 
 sion — 
 
 4 Douglas ,16 
 
 1 Dvea 16 
 
 1 Kngllsh Bay,... - 
 
 3 Fort WrangeI..J7 
 1 HludaKotu' •, .. - 
 
 4 Hoochinoo T (i 
 
 n Iloonah 16 
 
 1 Ikogniute Ml 
 
 .< 
 
 "i./ii , — 
 
 ' '""kson H 
 
 1 ivHuulak 
 
 2 KHllwlKaniulc. . — 
 2 KaHhlgaUigiiuiiito 
 
 1 Knssllof F5 
 
 I Kntnml !•' r. 
 
 
 
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 '«••■'■ ■■•,: 
 
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 113 
 
 108 
 
 103 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 LoilgitiK 
 
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 2 KitHlliKHll h'Mll.lltl! 
 
 1 KaBsM(,f FS 
 
 1 K..ti in( F6 
 
 H KpiihI — 
 
 1 Klkll'tnKftniutn. — 
 5 MliipnKhcc - 
 
 2 Kltiik O ri 
 
 ;t Klawofk J7 
 
 3 Kliikwan ) 7 
 
 T) Ko'lluk Ffi 
 
 1 KoKKluii).' E (i 
 
 1 Koor — 
 
 1 Koyiik- k Hh-er. — 
 
 1 Knzcrcvsky -- 
 
 1 Knlcklil.)giiiniite 
 
 D5 
 
 1 l.iiko VllliiRi>. .. - 
 
 'i LorliiK J 7 
 
 HlMrtlnkuJitlii /8 
 
 aMIllcrion - 
 
 3 MfK'lH'Il -- 
 
 2 Muintritliiiiiiii'i' 
 
 Dfi 
 
 3 Norton Sound.. 
 
 1 Nuchfik... - 
 
 1 i'liklukyot FH 
 
 1 NiilBto K 4 
 
 1 N'miRchimAKlia- 
 
 •iiiite - 
 
 3 XuBhuRiik — 
 
 30(ltRk — 
 
 1 Pastollk D4 
 
 1 Point BaiTle..,.- 
 1 Point Bn-vow.. . — 
 
 1 Point Belcher.. — 
 
 2 Point Kills — 
 
 3 Point Hope — 
 
 1 Popof Inlnnn... — 
 
 2 I'orcuplnc HIver — 
 5 Port CInrcnce.. — 
 1 Quele'ochiuniite 
 
 1 Quinlinchamuto.— 
 
 3 St. Lawrence 1h- 
 land — 
 
 2 St Michaels... D 4 
 
 est. Paul — 
 
 1 Sannak — 
 
 1 StUlovla F6 
 
 1 Sushetno FB 
 
 a Tanana — 
 
 3 Tefaknafirhnniutc- - 
 ? Thin Point... — 
 
 1 ToRL-.t-w'Tiiite. .,. 
 
 i "^voonok F5 
 
 3TT(ja8hlk E 7 
 
 aUkevok — 
 
 2Unalakllk — 
 
 SUnalapl'a C8 
 
 2 iinHiib'aihlk — 
 
 2Un(?a D7 
 
 2Uvak — 
 
 1 Vanlsahle — 
 
 ^ Weare F ?. 
 
 awintrha- , Island — 
 
 3 Yakitat — 
 
 North-West Territory. 
 
 CHIEF CITY. 
 
 TnoiiK. 
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 ...-•:*?>' 
 
 
 
'^ 
 
 C-& N.W.RT 
 
 IS THE GREAT 
 
 TIROTOH CAB ROUTE 
 
 BETWEEN 
 
 Chicago and St. Paul, Minneapolis, Dulutli» 
 
 AHhland, Omaha, Sionx City, Denver, 
 
 Portland, San Francisco, 
 
 And Principal Cities of tlu^ 
 
 \A/est and North-west. 
 
 All Agents sell Tickets via. 
 
 Chicafifo & North-western Hallway 
 
 H. B. MoCUI'LOUOH, 
 
 Traffic Manager. 
 
 W. B. KNISKSKN, 
 
 General Passenffer and Ticket Agent. 
 
 J. M. fv HITMAN, 
 
 Qen'l Manager.