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VANGOUVER'S ISLAND,

(A BRITISH COLONY),

Situate off tlie north-west coast of North America, between 48° vn<
61° N, Lat. and 12:3° and 129" W. Long.

Length, 275 miles — Breadth, 25 to 75 miles.

Sapcrficial area, about 16,000 square miles.

Harbours numerous- . bat of Es<iuimalt the most important, and is
a magnificent one in all respects — no good harbour for 800 miles south
of Vanoouvor.

MOUNTAINS, a chain near the coust nnd covered with pine forests
through its Whole length, highest about 2000 feet.

Interior, varied with fertile plains, lakes and streams (generally
small), grass or fern covered plains, rocky ground, and park-like oak-
land.

Rivers — none navigable, but Jeep arms of the sea indent the coast,

these vary from 50 to 120 miles in length, and are from 1 to 5 miles

wide. Roads to the interior have been commencv this year.

Proximate population-
While Males 5000

White Females 700

Coloured People 500

Indians 10,000 to 15,000

The Aborigines are submissive, peaceable and useful — they fish, trap,

carry, boat and work for the AVhites, when so inclined. They are

divided into small tribes jealous of each other, and their villages are

ou the coast, fish and potatoes being their staple food.

Soil — rich in places but generally light, the latter is productive

of fair crops.

CLIMATE — very similar to tliat of England, a little warmer in
the summer, and a little wetter in the winter — much less fog — exceed-
ingly salubrious — usual length of winter, from two to three months,
snow seldom remains a week. Thermometer rarely above 80° in sum-
mer — the nights are always cool — 5 degrees above zero has been
known, but the mercury seldom falls below 15 degrees above zero
during the five or ten cold days of winter. On the whole, the cllmato
is more salubrious, invigorating and agreeable than that of England.

DISEASES — None peculiar to the country — epidemics, seldom and

•** + V*«V«440.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS— all such
tables and roots as thrive in England. Whc

cereals, fruits,

sown in October,

vege-

( 2 ) ■

February and March yields 3G bushels to the acre, average weight
64 lbs. Barley, Oats and Peas sown in February and March— Barley,
56 bush., weight, 54 Ibs.-Oats, ^0 bush., Weight, 40 lbs. Harvest in
July and August. Potatoes very superior- -have been known to yield
600 bush., and Oats, 72 bush, an acre. A Fruit Orchard matures in
three years. Turnips of 50 lbs., Cabbages of 60 lbs., Pumpkins of
150 lbs weight, and other vegetables proportionally large arc produced ;
Tomatoes, Melons, Cucumbers and Maiz ; rome to perfection in the
open air.

MINERALS— Interior but slit'htly explored — found, gold, silver
with arsenic, rich copper and iron ore, coal abundant near the surface,
excellent sand stone, plumbago, lime stone, marble white and black in
blocks, of any size, cement stone and roofing slate. The coal of Na-
naimo is similar to Newcastle. Extensively used for steam, house and
gas purposes ; it is the best found on that coast, and its deposit is
considered inexhaustible. The coal seams of Nauaimo are the only
ones worked, and they rudely. A little sand stone and lime stone are
used for local buddings. Copper Mining Companies are being formed.
Magnetic Iron ore containing 60 to 70 per cent, of metal, with a small
quantity of copper is abundant, and near water, coal and wood— it is
not worked. All iron is imported from England and the State?. No
iron has been found on the North Pacific coast but in Vuncouver.

Three or four feet of soil around Victoria covers clay suitable for
bricks, below this are beds of white and blue clay equal to any in
Eno-land, 20 to 60 feet thick, suitable for the finest croc' .-ry ; the brick
clay only is worked, from want of capital and skilled luuour.

TREES Douglas, pine, spruce and white pine, silver fir, oak of

three kinds, maple, yellow cypress, willow, hemlock, crab, dogwood,
poplar, alder, yew, juniper, arbutus, cedar, kc. The Douglas pine is
very superior for masts, and the cypress for boats, cabinet and joinery
work, close in grain, light and elastic.

There are but two or three srw-mills in the colony; to clear the
land, bonfires are made of the uiagnificent Douglas pine, and the
principal use for thu cypress is to burn the Indian dead. Great Britain
annually imports some 20,000,000 cubic feet of pine from Canada. A
small specimen of the Douglas i)me may be seen at Kew Gardens, it
forms a flatrstntf 150 feet hlL'h ;. 250 to 300 feet is a common height.
The French Government engineer at Cherbourg, M. Serres, says this
wood is superior for its almost complete absence of knots, its resistance
is neinly equal to, and its weight a little less than the best in u«e, and

( 3 )

owing i-i its great size there is some gain in weight and much
saving of material and cost.

Raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries, elder, myrtle, hawthorn
and roses are indig;enous— also several varieties ,; agreeable berries
and flowering shrubs not generally known in the United Kingdom.

FISH— whales, pcryoise, dogfi:-h, salmon, salmon-trout, mountain-
trout, sturgeon, halibut, cod, smelt, haddock, lamprey, herring, rock-
cod, carp, mullet, oolachan, clams, cockles, muscles, periwinkles,
whelks, limpets, cray-fish, crab, prawns, shrimps, oysters.

OILS— The Indian" extract hundreds of gallons of oil annually from
thfc whale, porpoise and dogfish. They master the whale with a harpoon
attached to a distended sealskin. The quantity of salmon is most enor-
mous; the cod and halibut are abundant; the herring during its season
can be scooped into boats with rakes. The oolachan is a fish very similar
to smelt, it conies in myriads, is excellent food cither fresh or preserved,
a gentle heat extracts an oil abundantly, which is far more palatable
anu possesses all the medicinal properties of cod-liver oil ; the Indians
use it as butter, and could not live without it, its collection and use
are entirely confined to the natives, arising from its virtues being
unknown to the civilized world. Since tbe discovery of gold, curing
cf fish for export has been neglected. Italian fishermen supply the
daily wan.i of the Victoria market.

GAME— elk, deer, grouse, suipe, duel,-, cranes, partridges, pigeons,
swans, cheese, and a great variety of wild fowl.

There is a great variety of the feathered tribe, from eagles to
humming-birds, beautiful plumage but little song. Bees have been
introduced and they thrive well.

PRINCIPAL TOWN— Victoria (not incorporated), it is the largest
town north of San Francisco ; population, 4000 to 5000, or about four-
fifths of the entire population of the colony. Four years ago it was a
trading post of the Hudson Bay Company, and contained about 250

people.

It would be difficult to over-estimate the service which the presence
of Her Majesty's vessels has rendered in fostering this now prosperous
town; the admirals advice has been most valuable to the local
goveinment, and the officers have been distinguished for their courtesy
and ab'lities. Judicious employment of the vessels has surveyed the
neighbouring waters, prevenied serious uuibreaks oi Uic satives, anu.
^strWished a perfect morul supremacy of the whites over them ; at the

9, when the ereatest gloom prevailed in Vic-

Olr

( 4 )

toria, hope was buoyod up by tlicir prt-sonco, aiul supp;yin<; tlic wants
of their numerous crews sustained a great number of its tradesmen.

COST OF LIVING— at Hotels, lOs to 50.s. a week; bclf-found
and occupying a room or a shanty, 12s. a-week.

PROVISIONS — chcnpcr on the aveiago than in Englnnd. Siieli
dinners as arc given in Paris for 5 francs may be had in Vietoria for
4s. 2d. ; the ordinary eating houses give soup, fisli, a cut from the
joint, vegetables, bread, and pudding or pie, for 2s.

AVholesalc prices in February, 1862 — Flour, £2 for 20U lbs ;
Brcvu Su<^ar, 5d. to 9d. ; Cotiee. is. 2d; Bacon, 8d. ; Beans, Id. ;
Potatoes, Id. to Ijd. ; Onions, 2^(1. per lb.

Ilnncs — Native Scrubs, small and hardy, £10 to £;i() — Suj)erior
American, £30 to £100.

Oxen, £20 to £oO a yoke. Cotvs, £6 to £8. S/irrp, IHs. to 20.s.
J{oys on foot, 23d. to 'Jd. per lb.

WAGES — Mechanics, 12s. to 20s. a-day ; Labourers, £10 per
month ; FemaleDomesties (much wanted, £l to £6 per month and found.

Advertisements for 1800 men to work on new roads, are in the
Victoria papers of April 1862.

BENT — from £l to £10 per month, for shanties of two rooms tj
cottages of 6 or 8 rooms, with detacht-d kitchens and gardens.

RENT OF SHOPS — from £;) to £;;0 a mouth, according to
quality, size and location.

GOVERNMENT PRICE OF LAND is 4s. 2d. per acre payable
in three yearly instalments. If not surveyed it can be pre-empted and
paid for on its survey — 244 pre-emptions recorded up to March 1862.

VEGETABLE MARKET— good— not sufRcient produced at present
to supply it, much imported.

Agriculture is in a very backward 'onditiou from want of settlers ;
the floating population is large, but it is composed of foreigners wht;
return with their earnings to their own countries. Cattle, sheep,
butter, flour, barley, oats, hay, eggs, fruit, poultry, and almost every-
thing eaten, drank, worn or used is imported.

CHURCHES -Church-of-England, Wesleyan Methodist, Catholic,
Congregational, Presbyterian, Hebrew — all self-supporting.

SCHOOLS — excellent, numerous — charges very moderate, some all
but free ; from elementary to highest branches taught.

iu Victoria there are Gas Works, an Iron Foundry, Machine sLops,

C 5 )

-il

!i jiubiic library and rcadiiij^ room, two newspapers, two fire com-
l)iuiies, u St. Andrew's f^ocioty, ft Freemasons' lodge, a horticultural
society, a iKiilhannonie society, a gymnasium, billiard rooms, bowling
alley, a jockey club, llieatre, and .. rille coi ps is being formed.

VICTORIA IS A FUMK PORT— Vessels of IG ft. displacement
can ente'- its harboiir, those of greiter, discharge at ICsquimault. Ira-
ports in twelve months, ending July 31st, 1861, were £463,935.

TTM/cref/, in six. montlis ending June ;'>0, 1861, 630 vessels, tonnage
53,-i 13, crcwj o,5'2J.

Cleared 609 vessels, tonnage 57,398, crews 3,725.

Gold export ill 1861, about £500,000— this was the product of
Hritish Columbia — ■■cry little gold lias been obtained on Vancouver.
Other -exports thon to British Columbia, coal, timber, dried fish, furs
and assorted merchandise. pi-oba1)ly £75,000 to £100,000.

Imports in nine months ending Sept. 30, 1861, £293,502, of which
£53,285 wer'j from I-ngland. Vbout fiv. ■•eighths of the imports would
be provisio'is, &e., Uiost advai.tageously supplied by the neighbouring
continent untd niiseu or the island.

Imports during March 1862, were £52,350,

Revenue derived from sale of public lands, a tax on real estate,
licenses to trade, harbour dues, supreme court and police, &c. —
revenue in 1861, £25,291 ; expenditure, £22,912.

A reciprocity treaty vvlth e United States would be a great benelit
to the people of Vancouver and the continent — the island gives all she
has to offer, and asks for some return from her populous neighbour.

A line of economically worked auxiliary screw steam vessels, of
about 500 ton>. to ply between San Francisco and Victoria, likely to
bo well supported and subsidized by the colonial government.

Were the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's boats connected
with a line of north Pacific boats, it would tend much to increase the
business of merchants at home with the colony.

Young men beginning life with a small capital may feel as sure of
attaining independence iu this colony as at home they are certain to
have a hard struggle merely "to make both cuds meet." It must be
evident that either in coal, copper or iron mining, in farming, fish
curing, lumbering, the manufacture of crockery, brewing, or in other
branch of industry, Vancouver offers an almost certain reward. Its
climate is unsurpassed for invigorating qualities, it possesses a highly
productive soil, and what some may deem considerations, it has

( )

most picturesque scenery, and the lakes, .Ireams and woods abound in
sport for the angler or shot. The explorer may ramble without dread
»,f wild beasts, nc i is he annoyed by mosqueloes, those pests of most
new countries.

The Indians can be, and arc, with a little management, used as
labourers at comparatively low wages— that they are ingenious may be
seen by their works on exhibition. As the colony is at present too
poor to pay tho passages of labourers from home 'u tiling it would
gladly do if able), the natives will occupy their place in a measure.
Other sources of probably great profits not yet examined, the collec-
tion of turpentine which exudes freely from the Douglas pine— obtaining
of salt from numerous strongly impregnated saline springs. Hops grow
luxuriiintiy, but they are not cultivated, all those consumed are im-
ported from California. Manufacture of iodine from unlimited quan-
tities of kelp on the coast. The manufacture of hemp from the abun-
dant hem,, nettle, its quality is superior to Russian. There is no
tannery, the leather is all imported and the hides exported— as is also
the wool, for there is no loom although the consumption of blankets is
eno'"' us.

Cost of reaching Victoria by steam from Southampton or Liver-
pool, 45/., 75/. and 100/.— lengih of passage. 45 days. By sailing vessel,
26 guineas ; length of passage, about 150 days.

Columbian Emigration Society, for assisting the emigration of indus-
trious women — apply, by letter, to the Rev. John Garrett, or to
W. C. Sargeaunt, Esq , 54, Charing Cross.

The best route is vid New York and San Francisco, because thero
is no detention on Panama— cost £15 to £110.

(

BEITISH COLUMBIA.

Superficial area about 200.000 square miles, 500 miles long and
400 miles wide (that of England and Wales is 58,320 square miles).

Johnstone Strai'v, separating on the south west this colony from
Vancouver, resembles a fine river studded with islands which are
covered with trees.

7n/firior— extremely mountainous, but there are hundreds of thou-
sands of acres suitable for agriculture and grazing— vast forests-
numerous lakes, rapid streams and swamps.

( 7 )

h sandy lo.im. Price of land, 4*. 2(1. an

Soil — Oq the prairies, a ric
acre payable when surveyed.

In 1861 the population of Whites was about 6000.

Estimated population during the summer of 1862 —

Whites —20,000 men, 500 women.
ChinnnK-n— 4000 to 10,0()0.
Indians— 10,000 to 15,000.

There are about 50,000 Chinese in California, who expend about
£2,800,000 per an. in that country— its labouring population are endea-
vouring to expel them. The miners of Columbia have been mostly foreign-
ers who naturally prefer their own countiy, therefore do not settle, and
this colony has been nearly depopulated every winter, minus the large
amounts of gold obtained by them every summer. Another great
cause for this migration is the scarcity of women— nothing appears to
settle a man so quickly as a wife, and in this country she is not to be

had.

CLIMATE— very salubrious, of various character owing to diffe-
rence in altitude, latitude and surrounding peculiarities — mining is
carried on in Cariboo from June to October ; when tunneling com-
mences, it may be pursued through the winter ; on the lower Frazer
many places have been wo.ked all through the winter months at
intervals ; at Beaver Lake, in Cariboo, last January, mercury in ther-
mometers congealed whilst exposed to the setting sun.

Agricultural products are similar to those of Vancouver, and com-
mand a higher price than in any other country, arising from the
paucity of farmers and the high price of freight, duties, &c.

Prices, at a good farm, 60 miles from Cariboo, in summer of 1861 —
Vegetables, 4d. ; Hay, 4d. ; Barley and Oats, Is. 2d. per lb.— in Ca-
riboo, Vegetables. Is. ; Barley, Is. 8d. ; Hay, Is. ; Oats, 28; Butter, 68. ;
Beef, Is. 8d. ; Flour and Bacon, 2s. lid. per lb. The nearer to Vic-
toria, the cheaper to live.

Port of entry — New Westminster, 80 miles from Victoria and 1 5
miles from the mouth of Fvazer River— population, 300 to 500— it
contains the custom-house, a bonded warehouse, the mint, treasury,
and a pretty episcopal church ; three or four miles higher up the
river there is a village, which is the head quarters of a company of
Royal Engineers under Lieut.-Gov. Col. R. C. Moody, R.E.

A Simple Fact— Gold Digging in this country " a lottery without
blanks and the prizes are indeed splendid." Five men in two months

( 8 )

obtuincd 2.1,000/. One ,.laim yicMr.l \ MH) o/. ^,l,.mt .-i.MO/.) in
thm. (lays. 'Iho avora-c- yi. 1,1 of -.,1.1 t,. oacli iniinT was, la^t y.^-ir,
10/. a-wcvk. flii. far cxco.'.l. thai ,,f any oth.T -old inii.inj,' jx.pulutmn.
Kxtent of the K..l,l lichls aiiknuwn. It slioul.l iv.iuire tmt littlo
'•oiiMd. ration to .ausc at.y one to h.^licvo that want is absent in
thfsu clo.ii. ., vvlure laliu.a- is so hanuson.cly ivnnnuTato.l. and the
'l'''"a.Hl for it is aim. St unli.uit.d. neither d.-os it s.vm rcasonahk- to
<louht, that witn industry and or.linary nrudeuee. a youn- man may
len.ler himself e<)iiipa.ativ,ly iu.l.peii.lent in a i'lw years.

Durin- the past y.ar tluie w, r.- tw;) n.utt s to Canl,.),). l,.,tli fn,m
New Westminster, .listan.;.. al)out .■,()() miles, and the co^t was £8 t.,
£10. 'J his season there will he two others, each of thorn appaientiy
preferuMe to those r:.'d hitherto. One of the new r.nuLs cotnnience.s
at the n.ntiiiek Arm and its le:;-th to Alexandria is .estimated to Imj
232 miles— .Jl liver nav;-ati..n and 178 land travel. On the I'.ellaeola
Kiver, which .Mnpti.s nit., thi.s Ann, a town ealle.l bellacola is f rming
rapi.lly. A Miner walked on snow si- <_ from CaMO.,o to this Settle"
iiient in 1 1 days during last Fehruan .

The other new road leads fr.)ra the Hutc Inlet, it is stated to be nearly
20 miles shorter than that from the Arm, ami has only 158 miles of
land carriage. The distance of Bute Inlet from Victoria is about 222
miles whilst the Bentinck Arm is some 500 miles. A few months will
decide which of these routes is tue better one Indian.s were packing
100 lbs caeli at Id. per lb froni the lientinek Arm to Alexandria, and
the whole freight from Victoria to that town was reckoned at or/, per
lb., this will materially lessen the ecst of living in Cariboo.

The government and people of this colony have shown extraordinary
energy in forming roads to its interior.

Cost of living in the .-chest mines -8*. to 12s. a day .if cooking for
yourself.) Restaurant keepers charge from 4$. 2r/. to 8*. ^id. a n d.

WAGES in them, 20^. to 40,*. a day. In peculiar cases d . .. or
treble these amounts may be paid— most men prefer working for thetn-
selves— no other qualifications are necessary .'or a miner than ability
to work and live on coarse food— no want of appetite likely.

Capital-safely and most profitably emplovcd, 12 per cent, per annum
regarded as is 3 per cent, in England (small but secure).

For further inlormation. see "Cariboo," published bv Darton & Co ,
58, Holborn 11,11; " Handbook to H. C. and Vancouver Is'and," bv
'■ -...r^'^.^^' _!'' (-lerncnt s Lane. Lombard Street. E.C. : .-uul o^noni.iUr

The Gold Fields of British Columbia," by the C

mes, R

1,
ilumbia

ixon & Arnold, 29, IValtry ; his I'ette
and 5th and Cth Feb. 1862; and tl
part 4.

orrespondcnt of The

in its issues of Sept.

le Blue F,ook for British