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Alt QUEBEC : 1 844 . r I ■J Entered according lo an Act of the Provincial Parlia- ment in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and FoRTY-FOUJi by William Cowan and Son, in the Office of the Registrar of the Province of Canada. ^ * *. \'-. 1 * *■ V \ ) ■".■'.• :. isv ' ""i \^k*^'\C^J "5/ :•? '\ 'il iA > THE Q^aQ3(s (^^niDa The interest with which Quebec is invested must be of an enduring character, whether we regard its position as the Fortress and Ancient Capital of Canada, its historical associations, or the beauty and grandeur of the adjacent scenery. To meet the wants of the numerous visitors who are attracted here the following pages are published. They embrace within the compass of a pocket volume ample information, both his- torical and descriptive, relative to the City and a minute account of the Environs so as to form a complete Guide Book for the stranger and a useful manual for residents. * •HI I ^ iil IV Tlio ooppcr-platc engravings appeared ori- ginally in tlio Picture of Quebec published in 1831. They were subsequently ])urehased by the i)ublisliers of tlio present work, and tbougli some alterations ha\'e since taken i)laee in one or two of tlie buildings it was deemed advisable to insert tliem with this explanation. The Litho- graph drawings have been sketched expressly for this work, and the Plan of the City is the most recent and comprehensive that has ap- peared. . , J Quebec, September 1844. " ';:/i' r i:- » I t' - » - • , ■II •i^-^ (D ® rj ^ IE i^rj s PAGE Historical Sketch 1 Hi«TOBic>L Notes. 1. Quebec 35 ». -2. Wolfe 36 3. Montcalm 39 4. Wolfe's Army 42 . 6. General Montgomery 47 6. The Canadian Militia 46 Panoramic Sketch 48 The City 58 The Fortifications 60 The Gates 61 The Murtt'Ilo Towers *f The Citadel 62 Monument to Wolfe and Montcalm 63 The Public Garden 66 Durham Terrace .• '* The Place d'Armes 68 The Esplanade « Le Chien d'Or 70 The Lower Town 72 The St. Lawrence 74 Steam Boats 76 Winter Ferry of the St. Lawrence 7S Point Levi 81 Si. Roch '' ! ;1| i I' I I i' I IK '*• A ! VI Ecclesiastical Edifices. page 1. Episcopal Church 83 2. Roman Catholic Church 85 3. St. Andrew's Church 87 4. St. John's Church 88 5. St. Patrick's Church " "^ '' 6. Episcopal Chapels 89 ' 7. Congregational Church 90 8. Wesleyan Chapel 91 9. L'Eglise de la Congregation *' - 10. Roman Catholic Church in the Lower ' Town 92 11. St. Roch's Church 93 * 12. Churches at Point Levi 94 \ 13. Hotel Dieu , 95 14. The General Hospital 98 15. The Ursuline Convent 100 16. The Seminary 103 — . Jurying Grounds 106 Civil Edifices. 1. Parliament House..,, 107 2. The Court House 108 3. The Jail 109 4. The Marine Hospital Ill 5. The Old Chateau 113 6. The City Hall 114 The Barracks 115 Government Offices 119 Commercial Institutions. r^- .. ,t'- ..v 1. The Exchange 121 2. The Custom House 122 3. The Trinity House '' 4. The Post Oflice he returned to France, ta- king; with him the chief Donnacona and several other Indians, who created no little sensation at the French Court, but did not long survive this abduction horn their native forests. Four years later he was engaged in a third expedition with a fleet of five vessels with which he proceeded to Port de St, Croixy but finding that the disappearance of Donna- cona had created an unfavorable impression among the natives he deemed it prudent to withdraw from the vicinity of Stadacona, and wintered at the mouth of the Carouge River where he built a small fort. In the following spring he returned to his native country and putting into St. Johns, Newfoundland, on his way, he encountered Francis de la Roche, Seigneur de Roberval, whom the king had ap- pointed Governor of New France and Hoche- laga, accompanied by nearly 200 people who came out with him as settlers, Roberval pur- suing his course up the St. Lawrence, anchored in the port of Carouge which Jacques Cartier had just abandoned. Here he erected two forts for the pro- tection of his people, one being at the summit of the clit! overlooking the St. Lawrence, and the other at i 1 (J «ii 11> }'l 6 HISTORICAL SKETCH. its base. He passed the winter lie re, but a variety of circumstances combined to render his people dis- satisfied with the new settlement. The scarcity of provisions, the prevalence of the scuivy among them, and above all the severity of RobervaPs gov- ernment created such general discontent that the}'- abandoned the country in the following June. Ro- berval, however, being a man of an enterprising spirit, resolved after the lapse of a few years to proceed on another expedition to Canada, and having collected a number of followers he embarked again in 1549. But as, unhappily, no tidings were sub- sequently heard of these ill-fated men, they are supposed to have perished on the voyage. The ill success which had attended these attempts, together with the civil wars in France resulting from the persecution of the Huguenots, interrupted for a period of half a century the efforts to effect a settle- ment in the west. At length, in 1598, the Marquis de la Roche was invested with poweis similar to those held by Roberval, and sailed for Acadie with a crew of convicts taken out of the gaols : at Sable Island he left on shore forty of his crew, and after making a fruitless survey of the neighboring coast he returned without them to France. They remained on this Island seven years, and suffered great priva- tions, till Henry IV, who was informed of their suffer- ings, despatched a ship for the relief of the survivors. iSeveral expeditions took place in succession, and HISTORICAL SKETCH. 7 a company of merchants was formed for carrying on a a trade in furs, and in 1603 a squadron was sent out under the charge of Samuel de Champlain, Geographer to the King, who anchored at a place which he says the Indians called Quebec.(0 Here the beauty and capaciousness of the harbor, and the natural strength of the promontory under which he anchored, suggested it as the most suit- able site for a fort, and for him was reserved the dis- tinction of founding the first permanent colony of France in the new world. At the time of his arri- val^the village of Hochelagahad dwindled to a few huts and wore so insignificant an aspect that he does not appear to have landed there ; Stadacona, also, which in the time of Jacques C artier was a village of some importance, and the residence of the chief, was also much reduced in extent and, from the silence of Champlain on the subject, seems to have lost the name it had previously borne, owing no doubt to its being occupied by a different tribe of the Huronsj its former possessors having migrated to the banks of the Saguenay. Champlain lost no time in clear- ing the woods and erecting houses for the new set- tlers, and having been so prudent as to cultivate a good understanding with the natives in his vicinity the affairs of he settlement appeared to be fixed on a permanent, footing, when by his solicitation, four priests of the Recollet order joined them in 1612. ■ < ii i!^ 6: liL I! 'i L'§'' i ' v'\ I :}!; IjH i; . s HISTORICAL SKETCH. m The Indians of the Five Nations, however, who had carried on a constant warfare with the Algonquin and Huron Tribes, the allies of the French, gave Champlain so much annoyance in 1621, that he found it necessary to erect a stone fort for their protection. In his solicitude for the welfare of the settlers he did not neglect the spiritual concerns of the natives, in which he took so lively an interest that, in 1625, a mission of Jesuits was despatched from France for their conversion, and were received on their arrival by the RecoUets in a house which they had built on the banks of the St. Charles, on the site now occu- pied by the General Hospital. The unremitting exertions of Champlain for the advancement of the Colony were so conspicuous that he was invaiiably requested to retain the control as resident gov- ernor, on the frequent occasions which occurred of a change in the viceroyalty. His labors, however, did not meet with much encouragement from the government, who appear to have regarded the affairs of the colony with no little indifference. War having broken out at this time between England and France, Sir David Kirk appear- ed before Quebec in 1628 with an English fleet, and summoned Champlain to surrender. The latter, faithful to his trust, returned so spirited an answer that Kirk, ignorant of its weakness, left Quebec to turn his attention to *he attack of a convoy with settlers, which he sue- HISTORICAL «KKTi;H. ceeded in taking. In the following summer the attempt was renewed by tv/o brothers of Kirk, who offered such honorable terms to the little garrison that Champlain, finding resistance useless, resigned the fort into their hands. He returned to France with a few of his countrymen, the majority of whom remained with their new governors, who treated them with the greatest humanity. The po- pulation at Quebec at this time did not number a hundred persons, and Montreal and Three Rivers comprised but a few log huts which were required for the purposes of fishing and carrying on the trade with the natives. At the expiration of three years the colony w^as restored to France by the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, and Champlain returned once more to resume the charge of the infant settlement. He did not long survive his return, but died in 1635, to the great regret of the colonists, just as the foundation stone was laid of the Jesuit College, and was succeeded in charge of the colony by M. de Montmagny. An establishment for the conversion of the Indians, a favorite object with the Jesuits, was formed at Sillery in 1638, and was attended with the most beneficial results. The last vestiges of the ruins of these buildings have only recently disappeared. The Hotel-Dieu was also founded at this time for the reception of the sick, and in the following year the Ursuline Con- vent, for the education of female children, was in- 111 : i. j * !' 1 [■'• M n i I ■ v \i :!!; 10 HISTORICAL SKETCH. \ , lil slituted under the charge of Madame de la Pel- trie. The incursions of the Five Nations a few years after raised a serious obstacle to the progress of the colony. In 1650 an attack was made on Three Rivers which resulted in the defeat of the French party who suffered considerahle loss. Emboldened by success they carried on their attacks with but little intermission, the principal sufferers from their violence being the friendly tribes ; but a few years subsequently they invested Quebec with a force of 700 warriors, and kept it in a state of siege for several months. Reprisals naturally followed, and a considerable body of troops marched in pursuit of them to the west, where, flying before the arms of the French, they left them to wreak their ven- geance on their villages which were burnt to the ground. These reverses induced them soon to sue for peace, which was gladly accorded, not, however, until the Algonquins had been almost annihilated as a nation, and the Hurons greatly reduced by these repeated conflicts. As the colony had by this lime made a considerable advance in population and im- portance a body of regular troops had been despatch- ed from France for its protection, which was, with the aid of the colonists, fully equal to the task of re- pelling the aggressions of the natives. The manage- ment of the affairs of the Colony had hitherto been vested in individuals who assumed the control over IflSTOniCAL SKETCH, 11 it solely witli a view to trading speculations. In the year 1663^ bowevcr, it attained tlie distinction of b^ing err^ted into a royal government, M. de Mezy, being appointed Governor, with a Council of seven to assist liim in carrying on the administration. M. Talon, who arrived in Quebec two years later, was the first Intendant of Police, Finance and Marine, an office of consider£.ble weight, and one which ex- cited no little jealousy on the part cf the Governor, with whose authority it occasionally came into col- lision, the relative rank and influence of the two officials being a source of constant dispute. The palace of the Intendant was situated outside Palace Gate, between the walls and the debouchement of the St. Charles, and the site on which it stood is at present devoted to the uses of Government as a Fuel Yard. In the year 1670 the see of Quebec was es- tablished, and Francois de Laval, Abbot of Mon- tigny, arrived from France as the first bishop, in compliance with the desire of the Jesuits to have a person of distinction at the head of their church. Considerable jealousy had for some time existed between the French Colony and the neighboring one of New York then in possession of the English. The Governor of the latter was anxious to divert to New York the increasing trade in furs which the French carried on with the Indians, and the hostility of the Five Nations to the French promoted the views very materially, wliilo it kept the Canadian I I ^ • ; I 1 Iti ^11 h:m it \\i ■ ir; If* • I:' i ; 12 HISTORICAL SKETCH. settlers in a condition equally embaiassing and un- safe, as not only the trade but their agricultural pur- suits were interrupted by predatory incursions. The Count de Frontenac, at that time Governor of Canada, seeing no prospect of conciliating the goodwill of the Indians, determined on attacking New York, the reduction of which, he conceived, would be followed by the submission of the hostile tribes that caused him so much uneasiness. A force was accordingly despatched in 1690 with the object of attacking Al- bany ; they did not, however, proceed further than the village of Schenectady, which they set in flames, after committing the most atrocious barbarities on the unarmed inhabitants. Soon after their return to Canada retributive measures were adopted to punish this aggression. An expedition for the reduction of Canada was immediately set on foot by the states of New York and New England. It consisted in all of a fleet of thirty-five vessels with a force of about 1300 men under the command of Sir Wm. Phipps who was ordered to proceed to Quebec, and a land force of 800 men intended for the reduction of Montreal. The latter division of the army, after proceeding as far as Lake Champlain was compelled through a deficiency of provisions and the inability to obtain the necessary transport, to retire to Albany. Sir Wm. Phipps arrived on the 5th October at dita« HISTORICAL SKETCH. 13 Quebecj which he summoned to surrender, but Frontenac, who had put the city in a good state of defence, with a garrison of 400 men, treated his summons with contempt, and the English landed on the 8th at the mouth of the St. Charles, where they were encountered by strong detachments of the ene- my posted to receive them. Here a continual skir- mishing was kept up for several days without any decisive result. The scene of the contest did not extend beyond the low grounds on the banks of the St. Charles, no vigorous efforts having been made for an assault upon the city, when the troops were again embarked, and the attack on the city by land abandoned. The Admiral, too, finding his fire made but little impression on the walls, and his ships being disabled by their batteries, dropped down towards the Island of Orleans, and was induced by the in- clemency of the season and the storms which pre- vaile 1 to retire without loss of time to Boston. But neither the lateness of the season, the cold nor the ill success of the land force which might have co- operated with him can sufficiently palliate the fai- lure of this expedition, which may justly be attri- buted to the want of energy and judgment in Sii Wm. Phipps, affording a strikiiio; contrast to the brilliant compaign of Wolfe at a subsequent period. The fortifications at this time consisted of works which formed as at present a line of cirmmvallation round the Upper Town, terminating at Cape Dia- vl 111 :i (' ''^f 1 f 't i Fi ! i M :i1i 1 ' I ft d^ ■ 1 A '■'■■ f m ■1^ 14 HISTORICAL 8KETGH. (<^ mond. There were two batteries of three eighteen pounders each in the Lower Town, and one of three guns over the Sault-au-Matelot, and several addi- tional batteries were erected during the siege. The regular fortification of the City, upon the plan of M. DeL^ry, was not commenced until 1720. The plan of another expedition for the reduction of Cana- da was laid by the English colonies in 1709. A considerable body of colonial troops, to be assisted by five regiments of regulars from England, were intended to make an attack by sea and land on Mon- treal and Quebec. This campaign was, however, abandoned in consequence of the non-arrival of the regular troops from England, as their presence was found requisite in Portugal. In the spring of the following year an epidemic of a most destructive and malignant nature made its appearance in Que- bec, and, spreading over the country, its effects were so fatal that thousands fell victims to it in a few days. Preparations for invading Canada were resumed in the summer of 1711, the necessary forces having been despatched from England, and a very powerful armament collected, strong enough to render the full success of the campaign a matter oi reasonable expectation. It comprised 15 men of war under the command of Admiral Walker, with numerous transports having on board seven regiments and a train of Artillery. A land force consisting of 4000 men, with General Nicholson at their head, HtSTOmCAL SKETCH. 15 was to advance and cooperate with the fleet • But violent storms in the St. Lawrence, which delayed their progress up the river and caused eight trans- ports to founder among the Isles aux (Eufs — with a loss of nearly 900 men — blasted all their hopes of success. The fleet having suffered considerably, it was resolved by a Council of War, under the addi- tional pretext of an insufficiency of provisions, to abandon the enterprise. During the half century which followed this futile attempt, there is but little to record of any importance in the history of Quebec. Events were gradually progressing in other parts of the colony which paved the way for its final reduction under the dominion of England. The ill feeling which existed between the French and the Indians of the far west broke out at intervals in mutual encoun- ters, in which the conduct of both parties was strong- ly tinctured with barbarity : indeed the existence of this animosity on the part of the Five Nations, which became still more dangerous from the friendly footing on which they stood with the English Colo- nies, may be traced to the bad faith and inhumanity displayed by the French in many of their transac- tions. In order to facilitate and secure the trade with the Indians, a fort was erected at Oswego in 1726 by Governor Burnet of New York. This was the source of renewed hostilities, which were car- ried on with various success, but the English con- I \ if. '•( V- <:li ft . . lit ) f -t '-i: ] \ J' .1 ' .5! ; i L * i^ » - t 4 ■i 16 HISTORICAL SKETCH. i'l'il m tinued for some time to maintain their fort and the ohjects it was intended to promote, in spite of the repeated efforts of the French to dispossess them. About this time the affairs of the colony appear to have been in the hands of a set of ofHcials who pur- sued a connected system of gross peculation. Every office of trust would seem to have been sought with the single view of unjust accumulation. The gov- ernment and the colonists suffered alike from their heartless rapacity of which M. Bigot the Intendant enjoys the unenviable distinction of having been the chief promoter. A large store house was erected near his Palace as a repository for articles intended for the government service, and a monopoly was secured at a most exorbitant price to the company who built it ; this earned for it from the oppressed inhabitants the title of" LaFriponne." They were chiefly affected, however, by the monopolies in grain which raised most exorbitantly the price of food, and entailed considerable misery on the poorer classes.* In 1756 a strong body of troops arrived from France under the command of the Marquis de Mont- calm. He followed up with vigor an attack which had been contemplated for some time upon Oswego, against which he proceeded with a powerful force. * M. Bigot, as the principal instigator of this system of fraud, was banished from France for life in 1763. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 17 The garrison, after a gallant defence, surrendered the fort to Montcalm by whom it was demolished. In the following year an unsuccessful attempt was made by Rigaud, brother of the Governor, upon Fort George situated on the Lake of that name. It was repeated soon after by Montcalm with better success, the garrison being obliged to submit after a deter- mined resistance in which they expended all their ammunition. They were allowed to march out with all the honors of war in censiileration of their gal- lantry. These reverses of ihe British arms did not long remain unatoned ; they served but to hasten the meditated advance upon Canada. The English troops had no mean opponent, however, to contend with, and failed in a gallant assault upon Fort Ti- conderoga, which they made under General Aber- crombie, who was compelled to retire before the military genir.s of Montcalm. They were more fortunate in their attacks upon Fort Frontenac and Fort dii Qiiesne which fell into their hands, but the former on being abandoned was taken possession of again by the French, who rebuilt the works. In the summer of 1759, a formal treaty having just been entered into with the Indians, whom the efforts of the French had lately caused to waver in their friendship, the general movement of the British forces upon Canada took place in three divisions.-^ General Prideaux advanced ao:ainst Nia2:ara where the French had erected a fort of great impoitancef B , I'll lii F . I I-.. t^ MTI ■'i', I' I !',^.| « ■ 'I. r •■ P 18 HISTORICAL SKETCrr. aflfording a protection to their own trade, and coY" eiing their hostile incursions into the neighboring colonies. Prideaux was unhappily killed by the testing of a shell while surveying the trenches during the siege, but his place was ably supplied by Sir Wm. Johnson, who gained a brilliant victory over a body of the enemy who attempted to relieve the garrison, all their oiiicers falling into his hands. This defeat decided the fate of the fort, which was soon after surrendered to the English. The second division of the British army under General Amherst, proceeded up Lake Cham plain, where they took possession of Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, which were abandoned hy the enemy on their ap- proach. But the movements of the squadron which, sailing up the St. Lawrence without the slightest accident or opposition, approached Quebec with 8000 men under the command of Wolfe, attract our attention to the branch of the army from whose exertions the most important operations ef the campaign were to proceed. On the ar- rival of the fleet at the Island of Orleans, the land forces were there disembarked on the 27th of JunB, and a manifesto was distributed among the Canadians by General Wclfe, couched in the most humane and generous terms and calling on the pea- santry by a timely submission to avoid the horrrors of war. This appeal was treated with such con- tempt^ that the Canadians were frequently engaged '• f'^ V. inSTORICAL SKETCH. 19 with the scalping parties of the Indians in barba- rous attacks upon the English stragglers. On the night of the 28th an attempt was made to destroy the fleet with fire ships^ seven of which were dropped down the river for that purpose, but being fortunate- ly fired too soon, the English sailors, with their customary presence of mind, succeeded in grappling and towing them all to the shore before they could come in contact with the shipping. General Monck- ton was soon detached with four battalions to take possession of a battery erected by the enemy at Point Levi. In this he was perfectly successful, and caused so much execution upon the city with shells and cannon that the Lower Town was shortly reduced to a heap of ruins, and many of the buildinojs in the Upper Town suffered considerable damage, A detachment of 1600 men was sent across the river by the French to dislodge him, but getting into con- fusion in the dark, during which they fired upon each other, they returned without coming into colli- sion with the English troops. Montcalm, who had exerted every effort for the defence of the city, had established his forces along the Beauport shore, between the River St. Charles and the Falls of Montmorenci, an extent of upwards of six miles in which he threw up intrenchments to pro- tect his troops in all accessible points. On the ninth of July Wolfe, having established his magazines, stores and hospital on the Island of Orleans and erected th** ; :|: 'I! ; -I > '1 M 'if I 1: Y 1Vi-:| iW' 1 < . ill 1 <'■ , il U i 1 I 9'' if H ■ ) ). 20 HISTORICAL SKETCH. necessary works for their protection under the charge of Colonel Carleton, crossed with his forces the North channel and encamped near the Falls. Failing in an attenipt to force a passage across the turbulent waters and up the precipitous banks of the Montmorenci, he determined on passing below the Falls, where the river was fordable at low watei and attackinor Montcalm at once in his trenches. The necessary preparations were immediately made for crossing the troops and put into execution on the 31st July. The difficulties which attended this movement were, however, so considerable as to cause the defeat of a portion of the army ; from the shallow and rocky nature of the beach several boats ran aground, causing a fatal delay in the disembark^ ation, by which a detachment of grenadiers was separated from the main body. These men, in their eagerness to engage the enemy, advanced in the utmost disorder upon their entrenchments and were exposed to so galling a fire that they left about 200 dead upon the field, and retired with 650 wounded. As night was now approaching and the rise of the tide would cut off -all means of retreat, it was deem- ed advisable to abandon the attempt and retire once more behind the Montmorcnci. This mortifying disaster had such an effect upon the chivalrous mind of Wolfe that it brou2:ht on a severe illness, under which he still labored when he ascended the heisrhts of Abraham to dedicate his life to his country. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 21 ice mg His plan of operations was how entirely changed ; passing up the river he determined on landing above the town and taking it by storm. The attempt ap- peared to be attended with insuperable difficulties^ but his dauntless energy and good fortune crowned his eiforts with success. In order to deceive the enemy, the squadron proceeded up the river about nine miles above the cove at which the troops were to disembark, a force of 1500 men under M. de Bougainville having been despatched by Montcalm to observe their movements. But favored by the darkness of the night they dropped down with the tide on the 12th September, and the troops were landed in flat bottomed boats on the beach be- low the plains of Abraham. Had this attempt been anticipated, and the almost precipitous cliffs which the British troops had to ascend been properly de- fended their hopes of success in this enterprise must have been slight indeed, but the only force tlicy had to encounter was a captain's guard in possession of a narrow footpath which led up the declivity. Mont- calm on receiving intelligence of their position lost no time in advancing with his army from Beauport, and resolved upon hazarding a battle to protect the city from the threatened assault on its weakest side. On his arrival he found the British troops drawn up in order of battle and made an attempt to turn their left, which was, however, reinforced with three bat- talions in time to render his efforts abortive. After '''1 N' ii_iJ m .:i 'A ■^r I I 'if] I' i i ;.- '\r Jill 1*^! il w 1 ! • I i ;. '• !! .i;i,- 2-2 HISTORICAL SKETCH. keeping up an irregular fire from behind the bushes and hedges, which were lined with 1500 of his best marksmen, he advanced to the charge with great spirit about nine in the morning. The British re- served their fire until their opponents approached within forty 3^ards when they poured in a deadly discharge which they maintained with much coolness and effect. Wolfe, who was standing at the right in front of the line, received a shot in the wrist which did not, however, prevent him from advan- cing soon after at the head of tl\? grenadiers who charged the French with their bayonets. In this conspicuous position, while inspiring his troops with that heroic ardour which filled his own bosom, an- other ball, more fatal in its aim, pierced his breast. Being removed to the rear he survived but a shoit time, long enoi^^Ii, however, to learn the full suc- cess of the British arms. At this moment Brigadier Murray succeeded in breaking the centre of the enemy who, giving way, were soon thrown into disorder and were pursued with great slaughter by the Highlanders, who, sword in hand, supported by the 58th, drove them into the city and down to their works on the River St. Charles. On the death of Wolfe — Brigadier Monckton being seriously wounded the command devolved on Brigadier Townshend, who had scarcely collected his scattered troops when a fresh body of the enemy, 2000 strong, under the charg*) of M. DeBougainville, appeared on its way I HISTOUICAL KETCH from Carongc. Two battalions weic inn aediatrVy detached against them, hut they retirt" into tfio woods on their approach. In the attack upon the French centre the English made very effective use of one six pounder which they had succeeded in drag- ging up the cliff. Their opponents had two guns, one of which fell into the hands of the British. Montcalm was mortally wounded in the battle and was conveyed to the city where he expired the next day. The three officers next in command to him perished also, being either killed in the engagement or dymg of their wounds soon after. The loss of the French was very considerable — about 500 killed and 1000 prisoners, while that of the English was about 60 killed and 500 wounded. But the death of Wolfe was, in itself, an irreparable affliction, ex- piring as he did at the moment of a victory won by his untiring energy and determined valor, but the fruits of which he was not destined to enjoy. The dying words of this young hero display such a gene- rous devotion that they cannot be too often recorded. As he leaned against the shoulder of a lieutenant who supported him on the ground, this officer ex- claimed, f* they run, they run !" — " Who run ?" he enquired with great eagerness, and on being informed "the French''— "What," said he, « do they run already ? then I die happy !" and as he spoke he expired in his arms. Montcalm, who shared his fate in this memorable battle, closed at the same time a career distinguished by brilliant talents and a '1 i I U. i: i : ^-4 ' «i m\\ .4 £ J 1! I >' M~ K' "■ 24 HISTORICAL SKETCH. military genius which raised him high in the estima- tion of his country. He found a grave befitting a soldier, his body being deposited in a cavity caused by the bursting of a shell in the garden of the Ur- fiuline Convent. After the battle General Townshend lost no time in securing his camp and making the requisite pre- parations for investing the city. Communications were also opened with the fleet which supplied him with artillery and ammunition, and proceeded to take up its position opposite the Lower Town, in readi- ness for a combined assault. On the 17th of the month, however, proposals of capitulation were sent from the garrison, and accepted by Townshend, who took possession of the city on the following day. This hurried surrender may be chiefly accounted for by the death of Montcalm, which threw the councils of the French into confusion, and may be reckoned a very fortunate event for the British, as the near approach of the winter and the strong reinforcements of the enemy, who began to rally again in the neighbourhood, might have retarded their efforts till the season for action was passed, and perhaps^ frustrated all the operations of the army. A force of 5000 men was left in the city under the command of General Murray and the remainder of the troops returned with the fleet to England. The ensuing winter was past by Murray in repairing the damages incurred by the buildings from the batteries HISTORIC A I- SKETCH. 25 at Point Levi, and strengthening in eveiy possible way the fortification of the city. A detachment of 200 men was posted at Saint Foy and another of 400 men at Lorette. The severity of the winter and the great scarcity of fresh provisions caused the death of no less than 1000 men from scurvy before the month of April, and of the remaining portion of the garrison nearly one half were unfit for service. But amid the depriva- tion and sufferings under which they labored an in- stance was displayed by the garrison of that noble generosity which may be said with truth to be cha- racteristic of the British nation. A famine conse- quent on the campaign threatened to involve in its desolation the surrounding inhabitants, when a gene- ral subscription was raised with alacrity to which even the private soldiers contributed from their scanty resources ; the fund collected so i)romptly was distributed among the people and alleviated in a great degree the prevailing distress. This act of generosity to the conquered must have tended great- ly to reconcile the Canadians to their new gover- nors. Reduced to the distressed condition which has just been described the enfeebled garrison pre- pared to receive the Frenc?i troops, who collecting under the command of the Chevalier de Levi to the number of 12,000 men, approached Quebec in the spring. De Levi had exerted every effort to secure the efficiency of his army and regain once more possession of Quebec. The French squadron, which ?1 ,1* •! I i M I i,: ■i. 'i iii J 1 "* :'-|.i 1^ 26 HISTORICAL SKETCH. m Ah .1 had wintered at Montreal, was ordered to drop down the river and cooperate with his troops, who advanced throuarh the Carous-e wood within three miles of the city. The garrison being deemed un- equal, in its reduced condition, to a proper defence of the fortifications. General Murray resolved to an- ticipate the attack by meeting De Levi at once in the field. He marched out accordingly with his small but veteran force of 3000 men on the morning of the 28th of April, and was not long in coming into collision with the French, whom he found as he approached advancing in a single column. The first attack of the British troops was so impetuous as to cause the centre of the French to give way, but the left wing of the former becoming detached from the main body was repulsed in turn by the reserve of the enemy. A desperate conflict ensued, which was maintained with various success for nearly two hours, when Murray, overpowered by numbers, gave up the unequal contest and retreated in good order to the city. This sanguinary battle cost the British 1000 men, while the loss of the French w^as still greater, amounting by their own computation to 2,500. De Levi pursued the advantage he had gained by immediately investing the city, upon which he opened his batteries. But the gallant gar-* lison was not destined to remain much longer with*- out reinforcements from England. On the 15th of May, Commodore Swanton anchored with his squa- HISTOUICAL SKETCH. 27 ilron in the bay, and on the following morning two frigates getting under weigh to attack the French fleet, the latter fled in such disorder that they were driven on shore and entirely destroyed. They consist- ed of two frigates, two armed ships and some smaller vessels. This success was, however, greatly neutra- lized by the loss of the Lowestoffe frigate, which ran upon some hidden shoals. De Levi abandoned the siege the same night, auvl retreated with precipita- tion to the Jacques Cartier, leaving behind him all his ammunition, stores and cannon, which fell into the hands of General Murray. The reduction of Montreal by General Amherst and the entire sub- mission of the French forces throughout Canada followed soon after : the successes of the British troops were also attended by the ready submission of the inhabitants, who took without reluctance the oath of allegiance to the British crown, to which this Province was finally ceded by the Treaty of Peace in 1763. fn this year a remarkable mutiny occurred among the garrison, which consisted of the 15th, 27th, and 2nd battalion of the 60th Regiment. An order in- stituting a stoppage of four pence sterling upon each ration of provisions excited so much ill feeling among the troops that, forgetting the calls of duty and discipline, they collected together and marched with drums beating towards St. John's gate with the in- tention of proceeding to Mew York and laying ■ni ;? ' ,S' ' !(i'. 23 HISTORICAL SKETCH. (I>: l:.i!^ i '!ii' if 111 Pi It themselves at the disposal of General Amherst. By the persuasion of their officers they returned to their barracks, but as they persisted for several days in refusing to obey the order in question, the Governor Murray determined to reduce them to obedience or perish in the attempt. With this view he ordered the garrison under arms on the grand parade, and after pointing out to them in the strongest terms the enormity of their conduct, he commanded them, as a sign of obedience, to march between two royal colors which he caused to be raised for that purpose, and threatened to put to death the first man who re- fused to obey. This very resolute course had the desired effect ; his orders were immediately com- plied with, and the men returned in quietness to their barracks. On the cession of the province to EngUmd the military government which had hitherto controlled its affairs was superseded, by royal proclamation, by a civil government. General Murray being appointed Captain General and Governor in chief of the pro- vince of Quebec, with the power to nominate a Council of eight members. As the colony ad- vanced, however, in stability and importance a strong desire was evinced by the British inhabitants of Quebec to have a Kepresentative Assembly esta- blished among them ; a petition praying for this boon was accordingly made to the Governor and sub- mitted to his Majesty in 1774, but failed in its HISTORICAL SKETCH. 29 object, the state of the colony not being considered such as to render that step desirable. A Legislative Council nominated by the King was established by Act of ParHament in its stead, the colonists being declared eligible for admission without distinction of origin. This measure, known as the Quebec Act, gave great offence to the British portion of the co- lonists as it restored the French Canadians to nearly the same position they had occupied before the con- quest, with reference to their laws, their language and institutions. Though the generosity of this Act of the Imperial Parliament was, perhaps, unex- ampled, its wisdom may well have been disputed, tending as it did to restore and perpetuate a distinct nationality in this new appendage of the British Crown. The contest which had been maintained for some time by the American colonies against the authority of Great Britain began about this period to extend its effects beyond the frontiers of Canada. Emissaries were busily employed in shaking the fidelity of the inhabitants and inducino; them to assist the colonists in their struggle for independence. In the follow- ing year they advanced into Canada under Generals Montgomery and Arnold, who found the province but ill prepared for defence, the regular force consists ing of only two regiments, the 7th and 26th, in all 800 men detached in various parts of the province. General Carleton, the Governor^ in vain endeavoiU'e4 i? i fil V 'H!' 11 : 30 HISTORICAL SKETCH. !' i'l r ■:: to arouse the Canadians to cooperate wiih him iu their common defence : even the persuasions of their clergy were utterly fruitless, and Mon- gomery meeting with little opposition soon succeed- ed iu reducing Chamhly, St. Johns and Montreal, Thisreprehensible supineness of the French Canadians arose, no doubt, from the desire to await the issue of the contest in Canada between Great Britain and her revolted colonies : and when we consider the short period they had owned allegiance to England we must not condemn too harshly their refusal to take up arms, which was rendered more general by the recollection of the hardships resulting in former years from their enrolment as Militia, which withdrew them so frequently from their homes and agricul- tural occupations. At a much later period, however, when their experience of protection under British institutions and the increase of population had en- gendered strong feelings of nationality, the Canadian Militia fully established for themselves a character for courage and loyalty. The successes of the Ame- ricans were destined to receive a check before the walls of Quebec which ultimately baffled their at- tempts upon Canada, and caused them to relinquish those posts which had previously fallen into their hands. In the beginning of November Arnold, having advanced through the woods by the Kennebec and Chaudiere Rivers, invested Quebec and was joined about a month afterwards by Montgomery. HISTORICAL SKETCH. 31 Their forces amounted to nearly 3000 men, among whom wore enrolled about 500 Canadians. Many of the inhabitants of Quebec being openly disaffect- ed, General Carleton issued an order for the imme- diate withdrawal of such as objected to take up arms. This wise precaution being taken he was left with a small but gallant garrison of 1800 men chiefly composed of British and Canadian Militia. The attack of the besiegers was for some time con- lined to throwing shells into the town which suffered little damage, and cutting off the sentries on the ramparts with rifles under shelter of the houses in St. Rochs. At length on the 31st December, the night being very dark, the long meditated assault was made upon the city. Their forces were de- vided into four bodies, two of which were merely intended to distract the attention of the garrison from the real points of attack in the Lower Town. Montgomery repaired with 900 men towards Pres-de-Ville at the foot of the citadel, where a small guard was in possession of a battery of nine pounders which commanded the narrow road through which he advanced. As soon as they had approach- ed within fifty yards of the battery a deadly fire was poured npon his party which put them imme- diately to flight, and in the morning among thirteen bodies which were found on the spot those of Mont- gomery and two of his staff were recognised. At the same time 700 men under General Arnold made i I 'r Uj Hi ii 11 !■ i: ill r 3 !l I* i' . . m ■( j 1 ■ II it 0' r liMil II 'I 32 HISTORICAL SKETCH. :;i' ■ :i ' '\-,i> an attack at the Sault-au-Matelot, and drove the guard which was stationed there back upon th« centre of the Lower Town. By a vigorous sortie, however, through Palace Gate the enemy were taken in the rear and entirely defeated with a loss of upwards of 400 prisoners. Arnold being wound- ed in the commencement of this attack was con- veyed to the General Hospital. This successful re- pulse pieserved the garrison from a repetition of the assault although the siege was regularly maintained throughout the rest of the winter. Three batteries were erected by the Americans — at Point Levi, at the Ferry on the St. Charles, and on the Plains of Abraham, but the damage which they occasioned the garrison was very trivial, as they were frequent- ly dislodged by a well directed fire from the city. Towards the close of the winter their ranks were greatly thinned by desertion, and still further dimi- nished by the small pox which committed dreadful ravages among them. At length on the 6th of May the arrival of the Surprise frigate relieved the be- sieged from their tedious confinement. A detach- ment of the 29th regiment, together with the ma- rines, being landed without loss of time, a vigorous sally of the garrison caused the enemy to retreat with precipitation, and additional reinforcements ar- riving from England soon after, the American forces finally evacuated Canada without further delay. , In the year 1791 the petitions of tbc colonists foi mSTORlCAL SKETCH. 33 a Representative Assembly were fully acceded to by the establishment of a Constitution as closely assimilated as possible to that of Great Britain — a boon for the first time conferred on any of her colo- nial possessions. The province was divided into Lower and Upper Canada and the first provincial parliament was opened at Quebec in December 1792 by Lieut. Governor Clarke, the House con- sisting: in all of 50 members. In the following year the church of England was established in Canada by the erection of a Bishop's See under the title of the Bishopric of Quebec, Dr. Jacob Mountain being the first who was installed in that dignity. Having laid before the reader a faithful sketch of events from the founding of the city, this portion of onr labors must draw to a close, as the more recent history of Quebec leaves us nothing to record, with- out entering on the discussion of topics beyond the scope and province of these pages. Within the walls of this city, in the sittings of its Assembly, the political movement had its birth which swayed and agitated so long the destinies of the province, and if the war of words and the ebullition of party feeling contributed to the unfortunate events which led to a suspension of the constitution, Quebec may regard as a requital of these errors the estrangement of the Seat of Government and the consequent di- minution of her prosperity and importance. Yet c *>-!. T |. !',n i '' If* 't 1- '1! »■ I I \ 34 HISTORICAL SKBTCH. the great advantages which it possesses lead its citizens to indulge the hope that^ in spite of recent changes, it will ere long be restored to its true posi- tion as the capital of Canada. (v * m J |j,v-; , ' ,:, i:r i'. ,it.„^^ k. -i-^ if. ■ .V- .1 ii : •'. ;^. »■ . A i, if (D IP IE S » --•: :.^^ I. QUEBEC. The origin of the name of Quebec, in spite of the apparent solution by Champlain, is involved in ob- scurity. The passages in which he refers to it are as follows : " Trouvant un lieu ie plus estroit de la riviere, que les habitans du pays appellent Quebec^ je lis bastir, &C.5" — and " La pointe de Quebec, ainsi appellee des sauvages." Charlevoix and other subsequent writers, putting a construction on the first extract which it does not appear to justify, have stated that Quebec is the Indian word for a straitj and was applied by the natives for that rea- son to the locality in question. The editor of Hawkins' Picture of Quebec, however, in a very elaborate discussion of the subject, denies altogether the claim of an Indian origin for the word, and ac- counts for Champlain's assertion by the affinity of sound to the latter part of the name Cahir-Coubat given by the natives to the river St. Charles on account of its serpentine course. He sup- plies a more probable source in the existence of a mutilated seal of the Earl of Suffolk bearing date < Anno 7. Hen. 6' (1420), and on which ^ Quebec' appears as one of the titles of that nobleman. The conclusion naturally follows that this title was acquired by the Earl either in his own right as an active participator with the hero of Agin- *i:i! ■■l! . ^ I H I ■ " (• 36 HlbTOUlCAL bKElClI.- court in his French campaigns, or as the roprcsonia* tive of his sovereign in France. This wouhl seem to determine at once the European origin of the name, which was, doubtless, carried by the Is orman settlers to the banks of the St. Lawrence. The coincidence of the name, with precisely the same orthography, existing in Europe nearly 200 years previous to the arrivarof Champlain is at all events curious. La Potherie derives it from an exclamation of some Normans who accompanied Jacques Cartier ; their attention being arrested as they turned Point Levi by the promontory of Cape Diamond, they cried out involuntarily *'• Quel bee ! " and which name, he says, the place retained. The Huron name is Tia-ton-ta-rili which signifies the place of a strait. 2. WOLFE. Major General James Wolfe, the son of Lieut. General Edward Wolfe, was born at Westerham in Kent on the 2nd of January, 1727. Having enter- ed the army at a very early age he speedily develo- ped those shining military t^ilents by which he rapidly rose in the profession which he adorned with many noble qualities. In the German war he greatly distinguished himself, and at the siege and capture of the strongly fortified town of Lo. Ijbourg in Cape Breton in 1758, he attracted so much atten- tion by his skill and braver}^ that Mr. Pitt confided to him the command of the important expedition against Quebec in the following year. The early close 01 his career in that gloiious but fatal campaign has already been described. The eulogium with which his memory has been honored by his contemporary, SmoUettj may no doubt be considered as faithful as a a '■H ii iiisroracAi. ski: rcii. :n ii is ably drawn. It is in these words. ^' He inhe- <« rited I'roni iiatiiic an aniinatini.5 I'eivcr of sentiment, " an intuitive perception, an extensive capacity, and " a passion for glory, which stimulated him to ac- " quire every species of military knowledge that " study could comjiehcndj that actual service could « illustrate and confirm. This noble warmth ot " disposition seldom fails to call forth and unfold the " liberal virtues of the soul. Brave above all esti- " mation of danger, he was also generous, gentle, « complacent, and humane : the pattern of the ofTi- " cer, the darling of the soldier : there was a subli- " mity in his genius which soared ahove the pitch of ^< ordinary minds ; and had his faculties been exer- " cised to their full extent by opportunity and action, " had his judgment been fully matured by age and " experience, he would, without doubt, have rivalled <^ in reputation the most celebrated Captains of anti- <•' quity.'' The peculiar sensibility with which he refjarded the opinion of his country, and which was displa^^ed so strongly in the illness resulting from his defeat at Montmorenci, leaves us but little cause for surprise at the following anecdote, although it serves to de- velope a new feature in his character — a keen appre- ciation of the gentle art of poetry but rare in a soldier, upon whose ear the voice of the muse but seldom falls amid the bustle of the camp. * The late Professor Robinson, of Edinburgli, at that time a Midshipman in the Royal Navy, happened to be on duty in the boat in which General Wolfe went to visit some of his posts the night before the battle. The evening was fine, and the scene, considering the work they were engaged in, and the morning to which they were Hooking forward, was sufficiently -^.'i ?. i I* I'll I I I K :^ ■ i t \l * U 1 !.:•! kl I r 38 IITSTORICAL ^KETC'ir. '■ : i! impressive. As they rowed aloni;, tliri General, with much feeling, repeated nearly the wliole of Gray's Elei^y, which had recently appeared, and was hut little known, to an officer who sat with him in the stern of the boat, adding as he concluded, " that he would prefer being the author of that poem to the glory of beating the French to-morrow.'' On his return from Quebec he was to have been married to a most amiable and accomplished lady, Catherine, daughter of Kobert Lowther, Esquire, of AVestmoreland, formerly Governor of Barbadoes. Six years after the death of Wolfe she became the wife of the last Duke of Bolton, and died in 1809. His remains were conveyed to England in the Royal William^ of 84 guns, and were landed at Portsmouth on the 17th November in a twelve oared barge in sad and silent pomp, interrupted only by the iiring of minute guns from the ships at Spithead. Military honors were also paid on shore, till the procession passed through tlie city on its way to Greenwich, where the body w^is interred un the 30th November. A very beautiful monument was erec- ted in Westminster Abbey, in which his death and the attendant circumstances are delineated :\i a style worthy of the subject. It is marked by the follow- ing inscription. To the memory of Ja3ies Wolfk, Major General and Commander-in-Chief Of the British Land Forces, On an expedition against Quebec ; Who having surmounted, '- By ability and valour, All obstacles of art and nature, ^mk HISTOniCAL SKETCH. ar* Was slain in tlio moment of victory. On the K^tli of So})tembcr, 1759. ' The Kin 12; and Parliament of Groat Britain Dedicated this monument. Another monument, of a more simple and unpretend- ing; character was erected in his native parish of Weslerham. 3. MONTCALM. Lewis Joseph de Si. Veran, Marquis de Montcalm was born at Candiac in 171*2. He entered the nrmy at the as?e of fourteen and after a service of seventeen years was appointed colonel of the Au.xerrais reiriment in 1743. The campaigns in Italy and Germany gave him an opportunity of displaying on many occasions the military skill, activity and courage for which he was remark- able, and which raised him in 1749 to the rank of Brigadier General. In 17o6 he was created Marc* chal'de-Camp and entrusted with the important command of the French forces in Canada, where he fully sustained his high reputation by the successful resistance he opposed for upwards of three years to the attacks of the English troops. His services were rewarded in 1758 by the rank of Lieut. General. In his last campaign in 1759 his skilful position at Beauport served as an important check to the de- signs of Wolfe, until the unexpected appearance of the latter on the Heights of Abraham withdrew Montcalm from his entrenchments. His death was caused by a discharge fiom the onl}'' gun which the English had been able to bring into the engagement. He had been previously wounded by a musket shot. It is reported of him that when his wounds were •3 .1, ,1 i » i i ! « .' i f il.; .if i n\ I: :^ ^\\ 40 HISTORICAL SKETCH. dressed he requested the surgeons in attendance to declare at once, whether they were mortal. On being told that the}^ were so, — ^« 1 am glad of it," — said he. He then enquired how long he might sur- vive. He was answered, — ••• Ten or twi'lve hours, perhaps less."' " So much the better," — leplied he, — ''then I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." On being afterwards visited by M. de Ramesay, who commanded the garrison, with the title of Lieutenant de Roi, and by the Commandant de Roussillon, he said to them — " Gentlemen, 1 com- mend to your keeping the honor of France. Endea- vour to secure the retreat of my army to-nigTit beyond Cape. Rouge : for myself, I shall pass the night with God, and prepare myself for death." On M. de Ramesay pressing to receive his commands respecting the defence of Quebec, Montcalm ex- claimed with emotion : — " I will neither give orders nor interfere any further : I have much business that must be attended to, of greater moment than your ruined garrison, and this wretched countiy. — —My time is very short — so pray leave m^. — I wish you all comfoit, and to be hapjiily extricated from your present perplexities." He then addressed himself to his religious duties, and passed the night with the Bishop and his own confessor. Jkfore he died he paid the victorious crmy this magnanimous compliment ; — " Since it was my misfoitune to be discomfited and moitally wounded, it is a great con- solation to me to be vanquished by so brave an enemy. If I could survive this wound, I would engage to beat three times the number of such forces as 1 commanded this morning, with a third of British troops." HISTORICAL SKETCH. 41 The ensuing sketch is extracted from Manuel's L'Annee Francaise : — " Ce sont des sacrifices fails a la societe qui don- nent des droits :iu souvenir de la posterite ; elle ne peul point oublier ce Grneral. II est ne, il a vecu, il est mort dans le camps. Son education n'en fut pas moins soignee. 11 apprit la langue d'Homcje avant de prendre la lance d'Achille. Son espiit se develloppoit comme son courage ; et egalement propre aux batailles et aux academies, son desir etoit d'uniraux laurieis de Mars les palmes de Minerve. Mais la guerre occupait piesque toute sa vie ; avec des talens et de Pactivite, on I'appeloit par tout ou il falloit commander et se battre. Chaque grade fut marque par des blessures ; et en tres pen de tems, il merita d'etre a la tete des troupes dans I'Amerique septentrionale. C'est la que se sont montrees les qualites de ce Capitaine — c'est la qu'il a fait voir a quel degre il reunissoit la bravoure du soldat et la grandeur d'ame (iu heros, la prudence du conseil et la celerile de I'execution ; le sang froid que rien n'altere, cette patience que rien ne rebute, et cette resoluiion courageuse qui ose repondre dii succes dans des ciiconstances ou la timide speculation aiirait a peine enlrevue dss resouices. C'cst la qu'au milieu des sauvages dont il etoit devenu le pere, on I'a vu se plier a leur caractere feroce, s'endurcir aux memes travaux, et se restriendre aux memes besoins, les apprivoiser par la doucer.r, les attirer par la con- fiance, les attendiir par tous les soins de I'humilite, et faire dominer le respect et Pamour sur des ames egalement indociles an joug de Pobeissance at au frein de la discipline. C'est la que des fatigues et des dangers sans nombre n'ont jamais rallenti son zele : tantot present a des spectacles dont J'idee ' 1 !; ^i:^ r ! r ■ i j i . S . ,1; /■I i; ;) »■ ': , ■ !;' iii ■]> m t ii .1 I tli ♦ •;<; .^r if;*"":'' 42 HISTORICAL SKETCH. seule fait fremii la nature ; tantot expose a manquer de tout, et souvent a mourir de faim. Reduit pen- dant onze mois a quatre onces de pain par jour, man- geant du cheval pour donner I'exemple, il fut le meme dans tous les terns, satisfait de tout endurer. " Un des Chefs Canadiens etonne que celui qui faisoit des prodiges fut d'un petite taille, s'ecria la premiere fois qu'il le vit — " Ah ! que tu es petit ! mais je vols dans tes yeux la hauteur du chenejet le vivacite des aigles." In 1761 application was made to Mr. Pitt by M. de Bougainville for permission to forward to Quebec an epitaph engraved in marble by the Academy of Inscriptions at Paris, to be placed over the tomb of Montcalm in the Ursuline Convent. This request met with cordial acquiescence from the Britisi^ Monarch, but, from whatever cause, the intended monument never reached this country. A plain marble slab was, hovvever^ erected to his memory in the Ursuline Chapel, by Lord Aylmer, when Governor-in-Chief of these Provinces. It bears the following simple inscription : — HONNEUR a MONTCALM! le destin, en lux derobant La Victoire, L'a recompense par UNE MORT GLORIEUSE! 4. WOLFE'S ARMY. The total number of the British forces, of all ranks, engaged in the decisive battle on the Plains of Abra- ham, was only 4826. The remainder of the army niSTOniCAL SKETCH. 43 was detached in charge of the posts at the Island of Orleans and Point Levi. Small as their nunibers were, however^ they were without exception veteran troops, accustomed to conquest, and enjoying the advantage of being commanded by olficers of equal valor and judgment. The Louisbourg Grenadiers — companies selected from the 22nd, 40th and 45th regiments whose gallant conduct at the siege of Louisbourg had acquired for them their distinguish- ing title — burned with the desir-e to avenge their defeat in the trenches at Beauport. It was at their head that Wolfe received his fatal wound just as they advanced against the enemy in the bayonet charge which decided the contest. The 78th Highlanders and 58th regiment crowned the success of the day by their gallant pursuit of the French, sword in hand ; and which service was, doubtless the cause of their respective loss exceeding that of any other regiment. « The French had formed the most frightful and absurd notions of the Sauvagesd^EcossCf as they called the Highlanders. They believed they would neither give nor take quarter, and that they were so nimble that as no man could catch them, so nobody could escape them— that no one had a chance against their broad swords — that, with a ferocity natural to savages, they made no pri- soners, and spared Keither man, woman nor child.'^ It is stated that Mr. Pitt, as a compensation for the small force which General Wolfe had at his command, gave him the appointment of his own officers. His choice was equally happy and saga- cious. His principal officers were all young like himself but distinguished in this campaign no less by the judgment of age than the fiery valor of youth. A short sketch of their career will not be uninterest- ing. VI ' > 1. iM IMM. .';! m lf:| - * 1 u HISTORICAl. SKKTCH. 11 Brigadier Genl. Ihe Hon. Robert Moncklon was the second son of the first Viscount Galway. lie was seriously wounded i:i the battle on tlie Plains, but recovered soon after at New York where he was ap- pointed Governor in 1761. In the following year, at the head of eighteen regiments, he proceeded against Martinique which was reduced. The Windward Islands soon after were given up to him by capitula- tion. He died a Lieut. General, in 1782. General George Townshend, eldest son of Viscount Townshend, was born in 1724. He had served at the battles of Dettingen, Culloden, and Lafeldt pre- viously to thatof Qnebec. In 1767 he was appoint- ed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, where the gaiety of his court, and the humour and kindness of his dispo- sition rendered him very popular. In 1787 he was created Marquess Townshend. He died a Field Marshal and Colonel of the 2nd Dragoon Guards, in 1807. Brigadier General the Hon. James Murray was son of the fourth Lord Elibank. As the first Eng- lish Governor of Canada which position he filled till 1766, his administration was noted for its mildness and impartiality. In the responsible and delicate office of governing a province which he had assisted in reducing he acquitted himself ably, developing equal talents as a statesman and a soldier. In the latter capacity his courage must be allowed to have verged upon rashness, as his failure in the bold attack upon De Levi in which he lost nearly one third of his garrison fully testifies. He died a Gene- ral in 1794. Colonel Guy Carleton was born at Newry, in 1722. He was on four several occasions Governor of Cana- 4a, where he was greatly beloved by all classes of HISTORICAL SKETCH. 45 the colonists. In 1775 he directed the eflorts of the t^allant garrison of Quebec a^^ainst the Americans* He was subsequently created Lord Dorchester and a Knirrht of the Bath. He died in 1808. The total strength of Montcalm's forces was 7,520 men, nearly 4000 of whom were regular troops and the remainder composed of Militia, Canadians and Indians. Inured to success under their valiant leader, the latter were, it may be supposed, but little inferior to the re2;iments of the line : to this last stiU2:2:le with the British troops, on the success of which depended not only their own liberties but the honor of their country, they advanced with ardor in the hope and determination of crushing their mvaders. But in spite of their great numerical advantage, the un- daunted coolness and gallantry of the Biitish, who had no hope but in victory^ carried the day. The iS'aval force, under the command of Admiral Saunders and Rear Admirals Durell and HolmeSjCom- prised 20 ships of the line, 2 of fifty guns, 8 frigates, 9 sloops, 3 ketches, 3 lireships, 2 armed ships, 1 cutter and 1 storeship. Captain Cook, afterwards so celebrated as a circumnaviorator, was enofaofed in this • • 7 O O expedition, of which some of the most important duties in the navigation v;ere committed to his charo-e. 5. GENERAL MONTGOMERY. General Richard Montij-omery was a native of Ireland, of high family connections. He served with distinction in the British Aimy, was a Captain in the 17th Regt. of Foot, rind served at the siege of Quebec, under Wolfe in 1759. He subsequently resig-ned his commission and embraced the revolu II I ' :■», ]tkm if 1 11' i. \\\ H I ■ i , i.'' -IW 46 HISTORICAL SKETCH. tionary cause in the American colonies, to which he became more iirmly attached by his marriage with the daughter of Judge Livingston of the State ol New York, In the invasion of Canada he was in- vested with the command of the American Forces, and the progress of his campaign together with its fatal termination on the 31st December 1775 have already been described in another part of this work. The exact spot on which he was killed — at the foot of the rock at Fres-de-Ville— is indicated on the map. His body was interred near St. Lewis Gate, within a wall that surrounded a powder magazine near the ramparts. Nearly forty-three years after his death — in June 1818— his remains were disinter- red in compliance with the request of his widow, and conveyed to New York. There they were deposited in St. Paul's Church beneath a mag- nitioent monument which had been erected by Congress to his memory soon after his death. The identity of his remains were established by the affidavit of Mr. James Thompson a vener- able survivor of WoKe's army, who served in the Engineer Department during the siege of 1775, and was present at the interment of General Mont- gomery's body. V I •:•» 6. THE CANADIAN MILITIA. The conduct of the brave Canadian Militia who assisted in the defence of Quebec in the siege of 1775 is well deserving of record. They formed a considerable portion of the small but gallant garrison whose numbers are stated as follows :— HISTORICAL SKETCH. 47 70 Royal Fusileers, or 7th Regiment. 230 Royal Emie;rants5 or 84th Regiment. 22 Artillery, Fireworkers, &c. 330 British Militia. 543 Canadians. 400 Seamen. 50 Masters and Mates of Vessels. 35 Marines. 120 Artificers. ■:r I 1800 Men hearing arms. While their countrymen in other parts of the province displayed either culpable supineness or active efforts to assist the revolutionary forces — while within the walls of Quebec many were known to be wanting in allegiance and others had joined the ranks of the enemy without, the Canadian P*lilitia afforded a striking contrast by their unshaken loyalty and courage. At the commencement of the siege, the Governor Sir Guy Carleton was engaged at Montreal and hastened down the St. Lawrence to the defence of Quebec. He was disguised as ^voyageur in a small canoe and had much difficulty in avoiding the de- tachments of the enemy who were posted on the banks of the river. In this perilous trip he was at- tended by a few faithful Canadians and was indebted for his safety to the coolness and sagacity of Captain Bouchette of the Provincial Navy, the father of Colonel Joseph Bouchette late Surveyor General of the Province of Lower Canada. ■■; "I ]PAH®iaiyMI[(B 'gUlIg^CB^H :s>£)cy; K ■' :■' il i: i Quebec, which exhibits the rare combination of an almost impregnable fortress and an important commercial city, is not only remarkable for the beauty of its surrounding scenery but is in itself a very striking and picturesque object. As we ap- proach it from Montreal, its capacious Coves filled with the produce of the forest, which the numberless vessels floating on the bosom of the St. Lawrence are destined to convey to Europe — and the long line of habitations at the foot of the rock extending for several miles from the city thronged with the bu.riUiance. On the Plains of Abraham, from the precipice that overlooks the tim- ber grounds, where an incesstait round of activity prevails, the St. Lawrence is seen oiling its majes- tic wave, studded with many a sail, from the stately ship down to the humble lishiti^r boat ; tuo opposite bank, extending up the river, is highly cultiv -<^-;d, and the houses, thickly strewed by the main road, from this height and distance, have the appearance of an almost uninterrupted village, as far as the eye can reach in that direction. The country to the southward rises by a very gentle ascent, and the whole view, which 's richly embellished hy alterna- tions of water, wooaiand and cultivation, is bounded by remote and lofty mountains, softening shade by shade until thny melt into air. Whoever views the environs of Quebec, with a mind and taste capable of receiving impressions through the medium of the eyes, will acknowledge, that as a whole, the pros- pect is grand, harmonious, and magnificent ; and that, if taken in detail, every part of it will J I y 4 ;l iA paKoramic sketch. ! V} please, by a gr? dual unfolding of its pictuiesquft beauties." The spectator (o whom the history of Quebec is familiar, while he gazes on the prospect so glowing- ly described in Ihe above extract, will not fail to recall the associations with which the scenes before him are invested. As he looks down from the brist- ling ramparts he will remember that on five distinct occasions they have undergone the ordeal of a regu- lar siejre, and the calmness of the scene been invaded by the ^dieadful note of preparation.' The eventful campaign of Wolfe will recur to the imagination of the spectator, who may embrace at a glance the differ- positions in which the first operations of the con- tending armies were carried on. On the heights of B^auport may be observed the site of Montcalm's forces who opposed so successful a resistance to the first attack of Wolfe, and on the western extremity of the Island of Orleans and the heio:hts of Point Levi the other positions of the respective forces at the opening of the campaign. But turning from these reminiscences to contemplate the peaceful beauties of the bay during the season of navigation, how delightful is the prospect which commerce spreads before us ! The arrival of vessels in the spring and fall forms an enchanting picture, more especially when the prevalence of contrary winds has caused their detention below, and the sudden change to an easterly breeze brings them into the PANORAMIC SKETCH. 55 Iiaibor in fleets at a time. Well may we on such occasions admire the sagacity while we felicitate the good fortune of the adventurous settlers to whom Quebec is indebted for its origin, nor can we omit to contrast its present appearance with that which it must have presented to their eyes, when the forest covered the rocky heights which are crowned in our day with one of the most noble and picturesque fortifications in the world. As the spec- tator carries his view to the dark and undulating forms of the mountain range which, from the misty Cap Tourmcnt i:i the east to the Bonhomme moun- tain in the west, forms an irregular crescent about forty miles in length, a striking peculiarit}^ in the position of this city is presented to his mind. This range may be regarded as the barrier which separates Quebec from the vast region of forest to the north, ^ where things that own not man's dominion dwell,' and through which the foot of the Indian alone finds an uncertain passage. Situated thus on the very vero-e of civilization the interest with which it i^ rei^avded will naturally increase as we indulge these refli^ctions. The best view^ of the Citadel and Upper Town is presented from the heii?htsof Point Levi which, for that purpose alone, affords sufficient inducement to the stranger to visit it, however short his stay may be. From this point the Cape and its Fortress, the Monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, the spires of the Wi; * !| 1 ■■ I I I' I v- ?' ,ii M ' \: i ill ill. 56 PANORAMIC SKETCH. ^M i rs-!V!:i several churches ^nd dome of the House of Assembly present themselves in regular succession, while the bay expands to the right and the river to the left swells into the capacious coves which lie below the plains of Abraham, near which the first of the lange ofMartello Towers is discernible. Another view altogether different is afforded from the Beauport road which conducts to the Falls of Montniorenci. This embraces the extended suburbs of St. John and St. Louis, separated from the walls of the city by the glacis. The winter view from Quebec is not without at- traction, though of a different nature, and to a Eu- ropean particularly will prove novel and interesting. Soon after the commencement of winter the bay and north channel are frozen over and routes are formed on the ice to Montmorenci, the island of Orleans and the parishes on the northern shore. The river opposite the city is but seldom frozen over in consequence of the force of the current and rise of the tide. During the two winters just passed, how- ever, an ice badge was formed between the city aiid Point Levi, an event which had not previously occurred since the winter of 1837. On some occa- sions the bridge is composed of the large masses of floating ice which are carried about by the tides, and which when thus arrested in their course afford no other advantage beyond the means of transit to the opposite shore. But the rare PANORAMIC SKETCH. 57 occasions on which the intensity of the frost causes the bridge to ' take' in one clear and crystal sheet arc h'iiled by the inhabitants as a species of gala. The luxury of diivinur on this smooth and level causeway is not the only attraction to the ice ; races, trotting matches and numberless Lee boats di- versify the scene and lend it unusual aniF»iation> when viewed from the high banks of the river on either side. 11 .1 I I i... rrnrrrrr^ rrvri^iT/ (B^ UiUiiSJ VU4-i\i it! ''' li ■■ *' m ■( ■ , 60 THE CITY. 11 I'.' the ridge which overlooks St. Rochs, and communi- cate with the Upper Town through the gates which bear their respective names. The line of fortifications enclosing the Upper Town and the Citadel on Cape Diamond is about two miles and three quarters in extent. From the southern point of the Citadel, directly opposite the St. Lawrence, to the Artillery Barracks — nearly two thirds of the whole line — the fortifications con- sist of a massive and handsome wall erected on the perpendicular rock, protected by several batteries of various strength placed at intervals along the wall, the most formidable being known as the grand battery immediately in the rear of the House of Assembly and Seminary Garden. This consists of a line of thirty-two pounders which command the basin. The height of this rock, which presents so inaccessible a barrier as to demand but little aid from art, is 345 feet at Cape Diamond above the level of the river. A rather sudden declination from the glacisi to Durham Terrace reduces its height at the latter about 115 feet, and a gradual descent takes place from that point to the northern extremity of the wall where it exhibits a perpendicular elevation of nearly 100 feet. The western side of the city, from the Artillery Barracks to the southern angle of the Cape, is entirely deficient in that natural strength so fully developed in the rest of the line, and its weakness has therefore been covered by a combina- i *: ' THE CITY. 61 tion of regular works consisting of ramparts, bastions, ditch and glacis. These are further strengthened by outworks which render the approaches to St. Louis Gate and St. John Gate exceedingly hazardous. Formidable batteries also protect this portion of the works. The approaches to the city through the fortified wall just desciibed are afforded by five gates. The two alluded to above afford ingress from their res- pective subuibs on a line with the Upper Town. Three others communicate with the Lower Town and Subuibof St.Rochs — Prescott, Hope and Pal?ce Gates which are well piotected by batteries and loop-holes for musketry ; Prescott Gate, at the head of mountain Street, supplies the most general line of communication between the Upper and Lower Town. Visitors in summer are invariably conducted through this gate which possesses nothing very prepossessing in its style, being the least elegant of the approaches to the city. A guard house is attached to each and a sergeant's guard at present stationed there. In order 10 strenfjthen the defences of the city on the west four Martello Towers were erected on the plains of Abraham. They extend from the St. Lawience to the Coteau Ste. Genev»eve at irregular distances from each other of from 500 to 600 yards and about three fourths of a mile from the city. Their construction is such that they could be readily demolished by the guns from the walls, should such I i \i i A.- iii M Si • 02 lUK cirv. mf! i , .... ; '.:,■■: '! 1 V 1 ' a step be rendered necessary by their falling intci llie bands of an enemy, but on tlie opposite side tbeir construction is exceedinL';ly solid, and the plat- form on the top, which is usually covered, is fur- nished with ^uns of heavy calibre. The height of tliese Towers is about forty feet. The noble fortress on Cape Diamond is invariably one of the iirst objects of inspection with strangers. Respectable visitors can procure tickets of admission at the office of the Town Major, without which it is impossible to o])tain access to it. Since the recent unfortunate disturbances in the province the inspec- tion of the citadel is only permitted under certain restrictions which did not previously exist. The works which are of a very elaborate character sur- prise us at once by the strength and beauty of their construction. They have not yet arrived at a state of completion, although so many years have elapsed since the conquest. We do not pretend to offer here any detailed description of the works ; let it sufFice to say that the citadel contains within its area, which covers about forty acres, ample accommodation for the garrison and materials of war, and is calculated to afford an asylum for the inhabitants and their pro- perty should necessity require it. The officers' Bar- racks which overlook tlie river, are built of cut ^tone, and are very spacious and comfortable in theii' construction. Near them is the Telegraph which Is worked in communication with one on the Island F'i t < THE CITV. 63 of Orleans that announces the arrival of vessels from sea. At a short distance from the barracks an inclined plane nearly live hundred feet in length was constructed for the purpose of raising from the Lower Town the stone required in the works of the citadel. On each side was a footway of nearly six hundred steps to which hand rails were attached for the use of the workmen employed in this service. This communication v/as taken away on the occa- sion of the recent outbreak and suilicicnt vestige of it alone remains to indicate the spot from the foot of the rock. The regular approach to the citadel comm.ences near St. Louis Gate, and after pass- im:!: throu2:h the windins" avenue of thu cut\V( rks tho visitor is conducted throuirh Dalhousie u:ate into the interior square ot the fortress. This handsome gate is situated within a bastion of admirable construction that extends alonu; the two sides of the citadel v^^hicli have not the natural strength of the perpendicular rock for their protection. Within this bastion are the barracks for the troops, and at the north side of the square is a building recently erected as a gaol for militnry offenders. The Monument to the memory of Wolfe and Montcalm in the Public Garden adjoining Des Car- lieres Street was erected in 1828 at the sua:2:estion and under the auspices of the Earl of Dalhousie, the Governor-iii-Chicf. Tho exponcc was defrayed 'I 1 i ... ,.! llai \ 1 1 \i In iWrn \ II 1 f" I y ,::•:! ;g|; ^li! I^^K^ElBHiti €4 THE CITY. by a general subscription of the citizens, to which His Excellency made a liberal contribution. The lapse of nearly sevc-nty years since the conquest without the erection of a monumental tribute to the memory of VVolfe~in the city vvhicfi he idciUified with his fame — does not readily adinlt of e.\plaiia- tion, but in raising this taidy tiibutc lo the rival heroes it must be admitted that the feeling; which dictated its dedication to both generals is highly worthy of admiration. The ceremony of laying the first stone took place on the 15th November 1827, and the interest of the scene was not a litt e en- hanced by the presence of the venerable Mr. Thomp- son, who had fought by the side ot Wolfe, and who now, at the patriarchal age of 95, took an active part in the ceremony, intended to commemorate his triumphs. The plan of the Monument was adopted from the cesign of Captain Young, 79th Highlanders, and the classical elegance of its aj pearancc must be allowed to be highly creditable to the taste of that gentleman. The situation is also well chosen and renders this chaste column a conspicuous object from the river. Its proportions are as follows : — The height of the basement from the o-round is thirteen feet. The sarcophajrus supported by the basement rises seven feet, three inches above it. The height of the column is forty -two feet, eight inches and that of the apex two feet, one inch—shewing an altitude, from the ground to the apex, of sixty-five feet. At THE CITY. 65 tlie base of the column the sides are six feet, by four feet eight inches and gradually taper to the apex where they are three feet two inches, by two feet five inches. The southern side of the Monumentjlooking towards the river, bears the name of " Wolfe," while the opposite one is inscribed with that of " Montcalm." On the fiont is the following inscription, which was written by J. Charlton Fisher, Esquire, L. L. D* and was honored with the prize medal : MORTEM. VIRTVS. COMMVNEM, FAMAM. HISTORIA. MONVMENTVM. POSTERITAS. DEDIT. Beneath this is another inscription, slightly altered from that upon the plate which was deposited with tlie foundation stone. It is as follows : HUJUSCE MONUMENTI IN VIRORUM ILLUSTRIUM MEMORIAM, WOLFE ET MONTCALM, FUND AMENTUM P. C. GEORGIVS COMES BE DALHOVSIE ; IN SEPTENTRIONALIS AMERICiE PARTIBUS AD BRITANNOS PERTINENTIBUS SUMMAM RERUM ADMINISTRANS ; OrUS PER MULTOS ANNOS PRiETERMlSSUM, QUID DUCI EGREGIO CONVENIENT! US ? AUCTORITATE PROMOVENS, EXEMPLO STIMULANS, MUNIFICENTIA FOVENS. A. S. MDCCCXXVII. GEORCIO IV. BRITANNIARU.M REGE. i if'' 1 •! 1 f 1 ' . D 1 •'}' '1 .V, ■li V 1 i 1 1 ■I; 1- 66 THE «:;t ,i |||; SP' r-| ■r, ..;] : I l;St In a niche at the corner of John and Palace Slrocl'^, opposite the Albion Hotel, is a small wooden sta- tue of Wolfe which has the traditional reputation of being a likeness. It is painted in the military dress of that hero, and was placed there many years since by the loyal occupier of the house, at that time a tavern. This diminutive statue is only remarkable from the local interest that attaches to it. On a recent visit of one of Her Majesty'^s ships of war an abduction of this singular figure was planned and executed by some young gentlemen on hoard, who treated^ the general' to atrip to Bermuda and res- tored him soon after to his old quarters rather the worse for wear. The Public Garden was formerly attached to the garden of the Chateau from which it is divided by Des Carrieres Street. Here in the summer the mi- litary bands amuse the citizens at regular intervas. In the Chateau garden which extends along the wall from the foot of the Glacis to the Terrace a small battery is placed which commands the river. It is called Wolfe's Battery and consists at present of eight guns of different calibre. The length of this garden is one hundred and eighty yards with a breadth of seventy at its widest part. DuRHAiM Terrace was erected in 1838 by the no- bleman whose name it bears as a place of public pro* mcnadc. It is a handsiomc platform of wood, with an TilE CITY. 67 iron railing which protects it at the edge ot the clilF, at the foot of which is visible the principal portion of the Lower Town. The view of the harboi which is here disclosed renders this the most delightful pro- menade in the city, wherc/it would have been diincult to have selected a more eligible spot for the purpose. It is constructed on the site of the Castle of St. Louis which was destroyed by fire in January 1834. This handsome stone edifice was one of the most interest- ing buildings in the city, as regards the position it occupied, and its having been for years the residence of the Governor-in-Chief. This spot was selected by Champlain for the erection of a Fort in the early stage of the colony when it was found requisite to provide for the settlers a security against the at- tacks of the hostile natives of the soil. The works which were raised at this time, though ample for the purpose intended, were sufficiently rude, con- sisting of ramparts of wood filled up with earth ex- tending towards the Place d'Armes, As the colony progressed in importance these defensive works were replaced by others, and buildings erected on a more extended scale enclosing within the limits of the Fort the residence of the French Governor which received the appellation of the Chateau of St Louis. Here on the transfer of the Province to En- gland the British Viceroys continued to administer the government until the clofe of the last century, M ti 1. M 1 . - i ■ '; 1 1 'i < • 68 THE CITV. 1 when it was found necessary to erect as a residence for the Governor the buildingwhich now occupies the east side of the Place d'Armes. In 1809, however, during the administration of General Sir James Henry Craig, the Castle being thoroughly repaired and a third story added became once more the vice regal abode. The plate, to which we refer the reader, re- presents its appearance previous to the fire to which it fell • a prey. Near the old Chateau, as it has been termed since the restoration of the Castle in 1809, on the north side of the square is a small but neat Guard-House and immediately in the rear the gar- rison Riding-School. The Place d'ARMEs, which adjoins the site of the Castle, is an open square with a circular turf in the centre enclosed by chains. Before the re- cent removal of the seat of gover'iment from Quebec, this was considered the court end of the city, and in the accurate winter view of it which the plate affords it assumes a very animated aspect from the presence of the Quebec Driving Club, who make this square their usual starting place. The English Cathedral, the Court House and eastern extremity of St, Louis Street fill up the back ground. The Esplanade, which lies below the ramparts between St. Louis and St. John's Gate, is a level green enclosed by a wooden fence, extending two hundred and seventy three yards with an average re .*' H B' I n y*'. I breadth bastion w ty. In SI city arem I the usual I for the ai find here therand \ tothemili I here or a from St. powder n joining ra from the over St. '. serving oi towards i of the beg its serpen until it JG attractive and spire ground ii while in rested by extends i rip.c and of the si .1 :. I- 1 :' I THE CITY. 69 breadth of eighty yards, except at the St. Ursula bastion where it increases to one hundred and twen- ty. In summer the different guards required for the city are mounted here every morning ; it has long been the usual parade ground for the troops and is used for the annual muster of the militia. The citizens find here an excellent place of promenade in fine wea- ther and have occasionally the enjoyment of listening to the military bands whichperform at intervals either here or at the Public Garden. At a short distance from St. Louis Gate at the foot of the rampart is a powder magazine enclosed by a stone wall. The ad- joining ramparts, which afford an uninterrupted walk from the Citadel to the Artillery Barracks passing over St. Louis and St. John's Gates, are well de- serving of a visit from the stranger. As he descends towards the latter gate the view opens before him of the beautiful valley of the St. Charles which takes its serpentine course between richly cultivated farms until it joins the St. Lawrence. This scene is rich, attractive and fuli of variety. The white cottages and spire of the village of Charlebourgon the rising ground in the distance sparkle in the rays of the sun, while in the immediate vicinity the attention is ar- rested by i/ie crowded suburb of St. Roch which extends itself at the lect of the spectator. The Ma- rip, c and General Hospitals, situated at the outskirts of the suburb, occupy a detached and conspicuous .^■it^i; M !id^ ? 70 THE CITV, position and are the only buildings upon which the eye rests with any interest. In Buadc Street near the steps leading from Pres- cott Gate is Freemasons' Hall, a building which has not for some years been devoted to the uses of that association. It is not otherwise remarkable than from its having over the doorway the following in- scription below the stone figure of a dog gnawing a bone, which from its being gilt has obtained the name of Zc Chicn d?Or, Je svrs VN CniEN qvi ronge l'os. En le ronge ant je prend mon repos. Vn TEMS VIENDRA QVI nest tAS VENV QVE JE MORDRAY QVI MAVRY MORDV. As considerable local interest is attached to this relic, we transcribe the following account which has been given of its origin. a Mr* Philibert was a merchant of Quebec, during the time that th .. country was under the French Government. Mr. Begon was at the head of the Financial Department in Canada ; and he had so conducted the fiscal affairs of Canada, or rather of France in respect of Canada, that one of the Queens of that chivalrous kingdom asked her husband, whe- ther the v^alls of Quebec were made of gold ? Mr. Philibert and Mr. Begon did not agree. The former had not the means or the power to have his m THE CITY. 71 complaints heard and redressed. He was therefore obliged, instead of preferring them in the shape of an indictment or an impeachment, to write them in the covert languaofe, whic^. is placed under the dog, as his motto. This was too much for tyranny. Mr. Phi- liber(,when descending the Lower Town Hill, receiv- ed the sword of Mr. De R , an officer of the garri- son, through his back, and the murderer was per- Hiitted quietly io depart to the East Indies. The brother of Mr. Philibert receiving intelligence of this mournful event, came from France to Canada to settle his brother's estate, and to avenge his blood. Having arranged the former, he pursued Mr. De R to Pondicherry, where they met in the street, instantly drew theirswords, fought upon the spot, and the assassin was slain." In the general appearance of the Upper Town many deficiencies are exhibited which are seldom ob- served in a city of the extent and importance of Que- bec. It is to be hoped, however, that improvements too long withheld will soon redeem it from the prejudi- cial remarks of strangers, the disposition of the pre- sent Municipal Authorities being evidently bent on the attainment of so desirable an object. — The irregularity of the streets is chiefly owing to the extent of the site occupied by the old ecclesias- tical buildings which with their spacious gardens engross so large a portion of the city. This affects Ijll i ' ' > I r, i ;. Vf I. HI i •A i ; V H^- ili i mi *ii, ' m (I i 72 THE CITY. in no slight degreo the elegance of its appearance while the comfort of the inhabitants is further in- fringed upon by the narrow uneven trotioirs and rough, angular pavement. The latter has in a fev^^ streets been superseded by wooden blocks which have been introduced with much success . The pro • jecting door steps, too, which offered so serious an im- pediment to the pedsstrian and deformed the gene- ral aspect of the city, have recently disappeared. But the orreatest defect is the absence of some res- pectable mode of lighting the streets as it mustj be admitted that the street-lamps which have lately been introduced have as little claim to utility as or- nament. The citizens of the ancient capital of Ca- nada will erelong, we trust, enjoy the advantages to be derived from the introduction of gas, which has for some years been in use in the city of Mon- treal. The Lower Town consists of a narrow strip of land extending from Diamond Harbour to the suburb of St. Eoch and possesses no object of particular at- traction to strangers. A good deal of interest, how- ever^ is inspired by the position it occupies which has been won in a great measure from the waves of the St., Lawrence and still further enlarged by the excavation of the rock. The greatest breadth it has attained is at Sous le Fort Street where the distance ^rom the rock to the water's Qi]^e is only two hundred 1 ■ ■ /,■■ f- THE cnv. 73 and forty yards. This narrow space is rittended by some inconvenience to commercial men as regards the situ- ation of the buildings, tlie Custom House in particu- lar being placed in a rather inconvenient situation. A line of capacious and well constructed wharves ex- tends along the edge of the river, at which vessels of the largest burthen may discharge or receive their cargo. The great majorit}^, however, of timber- ships arriving at the port of Quebec in ballast repair at once to the Ballast-Ground opposite to Wolfe's Cove, from which they proceed to the several coves where the lumber is deposited for exportation. These spacious inlets, so admirably adapted by nature for the reception of the timber, extend from Diamond Harbour for several miles along the northen bank of the river. On the southern shore, also, there arc sta- tions at which the produce of the forest is shipped for Europe. The nost important of these is New Liver- pool live miles ibove Point Levi, and at the Etcli- inin Mills about a mile nearer. The wharves of the Lower Town and beaches at the mouth of the liver ISt. Charles exhibit also during the navigable sea- son considerable quantities of lumber in readiness for exportation. The most considerable wharf is the Government Wharf at the back of which fronting Champlain Street is an extensive stone building oc- cupied as the Commissariat Store. At the opposite side of the street is a small Guaid-House. Between Hi. ;!i •Si •J li 1 1 i m i; m\ ;li!;;i. 74 THE CITY. 1 '■'« this wharf anil Napoleon Wharf lies the Cut de Sac, a small open dock where ships of considerable tonnage can be laid aground to receive repairs, as it becomes dry at every tide. It is also used in the winter for schooners and other small vessels which are there protected from the ice. Its length is one hundred and eighty yards with a depth of eighty. Immediately opposite the Government Store and the Custom House which adjoins it may be observed the vestiges of a melancholy calamity which occurred in the spring of 1841. A large portion of the rock, carrying with it a pari of the fortified wall, descended upon the houses at the foot, eight of which were entirely overwhelm- ed by this fatal avalanche, no indication of danger appearing to the unfortunate inmates in time to af- ford them the slightest warning. Twenty two per- sons were rescued alive from the ruins, the greatest exertions having been made to clear away the rub- bish for that purpose. The number of fatal casual- ties on this occasion was thirty-three. The origin of the ehoulemenl is attributed to the overilowin2:of the drains in the spring after the fronts of the prece- ding winter. Lawrence, which is suddenly course as it passes between The river St. contracted in its Quebec and Point Levi, is only 1314 yards wide at this point. Its greatest depth is twenty eight fathoms, and the average rise of the tide is seven- teen k three curreni mente( Levi. of com British cording wards link, \ lakes c lake S^ As it waters of ther Mcrch impedi and ei may 1 produ( princi Thee! is use thoug used J ated ( mont I a THE ciiy.. 75 but at the lings it is increased to twenty three or twenty four feet. The rapidity of the current here is very considerable and its force is aug- mented by the sudden turn in its course at Point Levi. This truly majestic river — the great artery of commerce intersecting the most important of the British North American provinces — exhibits, ac- cording to Bouchette, an uninterrupted course of up- wards of two thousand miles. It forms a connecting link, under several appellations, between the great lakes of Canada West, its most remote source beyond lake Superior being known as the river St, Lewis. As it descends towards the ocean it receives the waters of numerous other rivers and streams many of them of considerable magnitude and importance. Merchant vessels of large burthen proceed without impediment as high as Montreal, about one hundred and eighty miles above Quebec. The latter city may be looked upon as the ''grand outlet for the produce of the province, of which lumber forms the principal article and is solely shipped at this port. The channel to the south of the Island of Orleans only is used at tlie present day by vessels from sea, al- though at a former period the north channel was also used as a course for merchant vessels. Quebec is situ- ated on the north western side of the river in latitude 46 ^ 48' 30" and longitude 7P 17' on the bold pro- montory which rises at the confluence of the river St. 1 ' ■'\ |{! I ! 7(5 THE CITY. . !r Charles with the St. Lawrence. Since the introduc- tion of the first steamboat on the Si. Lawrence by John Molson Esquire of Montreal in 1812 the communica- tion between that cit}^ and Quebec has gradually at- tained the celerity which it boasts at present. 13ut a few years since the passage to Montreal was not accomplished under two days ; it is now made in the remarkably short space of twelve or fourteen hours, while the passage to Quebec occupies some hours less, in consequence of the current setting in favor of the downward trip. The following list of the several steamers plying between these cities distinguishes those engaged as regular passage boats from the boats employed in towing. Passage Boats. - Tow Boats. Queen, Alliance, Montreal, Canada, Lord Sydenham, St. George, Charlevoix, North America, The Charlevoix has recently started in opposition reducing the Cabin passage from four to two dollars. Two boats leave Quebec each day,the Mail Steam- er starting exactly at five o'clock and the other soon after. The competition which has recently existed has caused no little improvement in the general ar- rangement of these steamers. In point of speed? accommodation and cleanliness there is but little to •^e desired, and in regard to meals the time occu- THE CITY. 77 pied in the passage renders much attention to that pohit unnecessary. A small steamer — the St. Nicho- las — has been started this summer to run between Quebec and St. Nicholas on the south shore, to su- persede the horse-boat previously engaged in passing to that village. This boat leaves Quebec twice daily. Arrangements have also been made for establishing a regular communication with the ports on the St. "^ Tence below Quebec. The Al- liance, theLadv Colborne and the Pocahontas start from Quebec about once in each week, the two for- mer for Riviere du Loup and places in the route with occasional excursions to the SaguenayjWhile the Po- cahontas is also engaged in a weekly trip to theQuar- antine Station at Grosse Isle. Between the Lower Town and Point Levi several small steamers are employed as ferry-boats this season. The preju- dices of the habitants in favor of horse -boats have hitherto prevented the successful introduction of steamers, but the spirited efforts now making to set aside these clumsy and inelegant conveyances will meet we trust with due encouras-ement. The horse- boat is propelled by paddle wheels, the machinery of which is moved by the efforts of four horses that work in a circle round a capstan placed in the centre of the vessel. As the majority of the pas- sengers are in general Canadian farmers on thei^' way to, or returning from the markets, the deck of 'H !.■• S^J^-^^ "^v^ ^.%^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /it,, ^m <- /- u.. s & ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 i:^|28 |50 *'^" ■" MIA Hi 2.5 2.2 lU U 11.6 6" <^ /}. ^l /^ '^ 7 Photographic Sdences Corporation v 4^ 4>^ :\ \ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I'i 78 THE CITY. the boat exhibits occasionally a motley group in "which the eye of the stranger may detect much to interest or amuse him. Their vehicles and cattle are also taken on board and disembarked with facilit}^ Small pilot boats are likewise used in crossing the river, and are constantly at hand for the purpose of conveyance. In the winter the passage is impeded and rendered exceedingly hazardous by the masses of floating ice. The peculiar features of the transit at this season are thus minutely described by Bou- chettc. " In almost any weather they will cross in their ca- noes, which are large and ver}^ strong, being made from the trunk of a tree, hollowed cut, or more fre- quently of two joined together, and firmly secuied on the inside ; they are managed with great dexte- rity, and sometimes take as many as eight passen- gers, besides the three or four men who work them. In the winter, when large masses of ice are floating up and down with the tide, and often, when there is a strong breeze, impelled at the rate of three or four knots an hour, this passage is singularly labori- ous, and to all appearance extremely hazardous, yet it is very rare that a fatal accident has happened ; in snow-storms, indeed, they have been frequently driven several leagues out of their course, either above or below the town, w^ithout knowing where- abouts they were, but have always reached their place of destination sooner or later. It is not an uncommon thing to see several of these large ca- noes, laden with provisions for the market, crossing ihe river as nearly in a line as they are able to keep. The THE C ITY. 79 of The cargoes are generally secured by a strong lash- ing; they are provided with strong poles, having iron hooks at the end for grapphng hold of the ice, and drag ropes. When large sheets of ice oppose their progress, the men, by nneans of the poles and ropes, which they employ with an uncommon abili- ty, get the tanoe upon it, and by main force drag it perhaps fifty or sixty yards, or until they find a con- venient opening to launch it again among the smal- ler fragments, and then, using their paddles, they proceed until the)^ are intercepted by anotlier flat, upon which it is again hoisted as before, continuing thus in toilsome succession across the river. Fre- quently, while they are forcing it over a piece of ice, their slippery foundation breaks beneath them ; butthe}^ mostly contrive to skip nimbly into the ca- noe, and evade the diiliculty. Often in pursuing their course through a narrow vein of water he- tween two enormous masses, they are suddenly clo- sed upon; and, at the moment when the stranger would ima?;ine the canoe would be ground to atoms by the collision, they skilfully contrive, by means of their poles, to make the pressure of the two bo- dies act upon the lower part of their vessel, and, with a little assistance of their own, heave it upon the surface, over which it is pushed and dragged as before. " They are amazingly steady in this laborious work, and long habit seems to have expelled from their minds every sense of danger. Thus employed, they appear to be insensible to the severity of the cold; they are not encumbered with much clothing, which is as light and as warm as they are able to pro- cure. If one of them ha])peas to get au unlucky ii M 1: i]' hi I ' I ^ 1 f. , 1 ' I '} ♦ ;'' ■ \ 1 T m 1 : 1 i :■ i 1 t i 'ft ; 1 ir '»: ■ I » ! i| 'J J It m ,%-,'! I f 80 THE CITV. plunge, he is extricated by his comrades as expe- ditiously as possible ; when a heart}' coupde rum all round, with which the}^ are never unprovided, is the usual remedy for such misfortunes. When they arrive at the landing before the market-place, some- times the tide is low, and the ice forming the solid border perhaps ten or twelve feet above them ; in this case they jump out as fast as they can, all but one man ; and while the rest are getting a firm foot- ing above, he fastens the drag rope to the fore part of the canoe, and immediately assisting his com- rades, the whole is hauled up by main force out of the water, when the lading, consisting of poultry, carcasses of sheep or pi'jjs, of fish or other articles, is transferred without delay to the market-place." The ice-bridge between the cit}' and Point Levi puts a stop to the labors of these hardy canoe men, who invariably endeavour for that reason to break up the ice when it first takes. But persons whose bu- siness or other occasion obliges them to cross during the winter find in it a fortunate release from the ha- zard and exposure incurred in these trips. The bridge has also a sensible effect upon the markets of the Lower Town, fire wood in particular being brought over by the Canadian farmers who have otherwise no opportunity of disposing of this article. Various expedients have been suggested to secure to the in- habitants every winter this safe means of communi- cation with the opposite shore, but it is not at all ob> vious that the advantages afforded by the bridge are such as to render desirable so serious an impediment THE CITY. 81 13 to the opening of the navigation. In the spring of 1835 the ice-bridge remained firm till the 8th of May, about three weeks later than the usual period of ar- rivals from sea, and it is not improbable that any ar- tificial measures adopted for its formation v^rould greatly contribute to postpone its departure still lon- ger. Point Levi may be justly considered as one of the suburbs of Quebec. It consists of a line of houses at the foot of the rock immediately opposite to the Lower Town, among which are several hotels and taverns where persons en route to the city may be comfortabl}'^ accommodated. The numerous fer- ry-boats in the summer enliven its appearance and several substantial wharves and slips in which large vessels are laid up for repairs lend it an air of com- mercial bustle. An acclivity at each end of this street leads to the heights, which are not only pic- turesque and attractive but command so beautiful a view of the city and general prospect as to merit a passing visit from the traveller. The road as it passes the French Church at the point discloses a a view of the falls of Montmorenci which seems, at a distance of several^ 9.n\es across the bay, like a mo- tionless sheet of foan's in the rugged gap into which it descends. The crowded suburb of St. Roch, which contains a greater propoition of the population than any ;r r itt I M i .; iK' ' Ml' \'-i ■il 82 tilE CITT, I ' Hi other division of the City, has sprung up to its pre-* lent extent almost entirely within this century. Its close array of streets is chiefly inhabited by mecha- nics and artisans of all grades, although the last few years have witnessed a decided improvement in the construction of the houses. The neighbor- hood of St. Valier street extending from the foot of Cote d^ Abraham is almost engrossed by tanneriesj> and the several ship yards on the bank of the St. Charles afford the means of support to a great por- tion of the inhabitants in this suburb . St. Roch is connected with the Beauport shore by Dorchester bridge which crosses the mouth of the St. Charles at the extremity of Ciaig street. It is the property of Messrs. Anderson and Smith, who built it about twenty years since and levy a toll from passengers by the sanction of the legislature. It is along* woo- den structure with a draw-bridge for the passage of vessels launched from the ship yards above. About two miles higher up the St. Charles is crossed by Scott's bridge at a very picturesque point of the ri- ver. I I > its pre- ary. Its mecha- the last ovement eighbor- le foot of inneriesj the St. re at por- Roch is )rchester Charles property [ it about issengers mg woo- issage of About ossed by ►f the ri- i i^- n 1 ,V'': ! , t i ' f CJ i % ■■;;, ".\': r< in t :' i! :! !f I ',,-•!'. Mg-E.f %.^^- -'i :v/"li'i:in?0'_v>5( !C'iarT)i:^..,;i;3f ECCLESIASTICAL EDIFICES I, EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This building is one of tlio handsomest in the city. The exterior, though devoid of ar- cliitcctural ornament, ])leases the eye by its size and tlio justness of its proportions. The walls of grey stone are covered with a light ce- ment and its roof and spire Avith tin which greatly contributes to the elegance of its exter- nal appearance. Tlie interior is light and spa- cious. Along the walls of its commodious gal- leries are several marble slabs among w'hich >v'ill be particularly noticed a monument recent^/ erected to the late Duke of Richmond. The death of this regretted nobleman in 1819, wdiilo Governor General of these provinces, was cau- sed by hydrophobia arising from the bite of a pet fox. His remains are interred betw^een the pul- pit and the altar, the spot Ijeing indicated by a brass plate upon the floor. Within the rails of the communion table is also a very handsome monument to the memory of tlie first bisliop of ■I i V ■i t ii • 4 ill 1 » • f !■ J' 1., i1 Ri' I :«! i S4 THE CITY. Quebec tlio Right Rev. Jacob Mountain D. D., and directly opi>osite is one to his successor the Right Revd. Bishop Stewart. The musical service is conducted by a roguLar choir with an organ of considerable power and sweetness. A peel of eight bells is also attached to this church, of which the tenor bell is about IG cwt. The exterior length of the Cathedral is about forty live yards and the breadth twenty five. It was erected in 1804 in the open space which had previously been occupied as the garden of the Recollet church and convent. The latter buil- dings were erected in IGDO, the house which had until that year been occupied by the Re- collet Fathers on the banks of the St. Charles being transferred to the Bishop for the purpose of founding the General Hospital which now stands there. The church occupied the space now open between the Court House and the Place d'ArmeSj its convent and other buildings ex- tending along the w^est side of that square. — They w^ere destroyed by iire in 179G. On the north side of the Cathedral an old elm tree w^ill be observed near which, as tradition informs us, Champlain pitched his tent on his first arri- val in Quebec. A very neat cut-stone rectory has been recently built on the south side facing the area in front of the Cathedral, and is at pre- sent occupied by his Lordship the Bishop of Mon- treal. The square is enclosed on the other side^ isiciil :h an . A ureli, The forty t Avas I liad P the buil- v^hicli larles 3seof lands now Place i ox- ro. — II the i will 'orni.s arri- ctoi'V t' acing : pre- Mon- side^ I . Il ( I X i Ml ilM I •m ' ' ' 'f\ r.. . , \ <4 .•, • "••fir" .'• '■S;'.'*'V''- vS'''S^\ ilk m\ © riijii) THE CITY. 85 hy a handsoiiio iron vailing support* -J l>y a stonu wall. 2. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. Tills spacious i)Ilo, 'vvlilcli with the Seminary ooenpios tlic oast si(l(^ of tlio market ]»laco, was tod in 1()(>G after the ostahllsli nt soon of the Koval Government in Canada, since "vvlilcli period it lias on several occasions un- dergone consideral)le alterations. The exte* rior, as represented in the plate, was ii'i-ogular and without any pretensions to architectural beauty, its deficiency in this respect being ren- dered more stiiking l)y the position of the spire "whicli is placed on the south side, the original design of two spires having never been comple- ted. The front has, however, been recently removed for the purpose of erecting a new fa- ^^adc of cut stone which is rapidly j)rogress'ng towards comi)letion. It will present a neat and handsome appearance, though without embellish- ment. The roof and steeple being covered with tin, in comn.on w ith all the principal buildings of the city, are like those of the English Cathe- dral conspicuous objects at a great distance. The exterior length is about seventy yards, with a breadth of thirty six. The interior is lofty, spacious and liandsomoly decorated; and i' .Vi', HI, i n. it If * i ' ( 1 ■ , i_ ^ 1 . ': '' i> " ': •' : I' 'L -' :f ! i f • f . 't ' \ a ■* ■ Iti r "■' "a 86 THE CITY. is sufllciontly commodious for a eoiigrogatlon of four tliousand porsoJis, the body of the odifiee as well as the galleries being divided into pewhj for tlieir accommodation. In the aisles are four chapels dedicated to different saints. A very excellent choir is attached to this Cathe- dral, which contains an organ of a sweet though not very powerful tone. Adjoining it on the south side in l>uade Street is the Preshi/tere in whicli the Curate resides. It communicates by a covered way with the church. In the bombardment from Point Ldvi during the siege of 1759 this edifice suffered considerable damage, many valuable pictures having been destroyed or mutilated on that occasion. The walls are still decorated, however, with several interesting w^orks of art, some of which Avere brought out to this coun- try about the period of the first French revolu- tion. 1. The subject of the altar piece is The Concep- tion, in the style of Le Brun . 2. On the north. The Apostle Paul in his extatic vision. — By Carlo Mar at ti, 3. On the opposite wall, The Saviour ministered unto by Angels. — By Restout, 4. Above the altar in the south nave, The fliglit of Joseph and Mary with the young child into Egypt. A copy of a painting over the Altar in the Chapel of the Seminary. ^In I'lIE CITV. 87 5. On the pillar above the pulpit. The Redeemer en the Cross. — By Vandyke, 6. On the opposite pillar, The Nativity of Christ, a copy of the famous design by Annibal Carracld, 7. The Saviour suffering the outrages of the Sol- diers.— Matthew xxvii. 27— 31.— By Flurd. 8. The Day of Pentecost. — By Vignon, 9. The Holy Family. — By Blanchard. 3. ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. Imi 4'l » This edificCj wliicli is situated in St. Anne street, is of a plain exterior >vitli a small stee- ple rather out of proportion with the size of the building. It was erected in 1810, previ- ous to which period an apartment in the Je- suit College had been assigned for the use of members of the Scotch Church. In 1824 it was enlarged to its present dimensions — ninety five feet by forty eight within the walls. The neat and substantial Schoolhouse adjoining the church was built in 1831 : it is well managed and holds within its beneficial influence a great number of scholars. A handsome cut-stone manse has since been erected on tlie other side of the church and is occupied by the ])resent incum- bent the Revd. Dr. Cook. The vocal music in the service of this chui'ch is of a superior order. ri ■I ;f:- i t ii 4 1 1 i ■ * 3i? A 88 THE CITY. • ,1 : ■(: B ' 4. ST. JOHN'S CHURCH. This Chapel, which stands in St. Francis street, was erected in 1816, its members at that time being of the Congregational persuasion. In the year 1830 they testified the desire of conforming to the doctrines of the church of Scotland and at their request a regularly or- dained clergyman of that church was sent out to them. The Revd. Mr. Clugston who was selected on that occasion is stiP their Pastor. The chapel is without ornament. 5. ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH. The great increase of the Irish Catholics of Quebec a few years since rendering necessary better accommodation for public worship than that afforded by the church in the Lower Town, a public subscription was entered into to which the Protestants contributed with great liberali- ty, and the erection of the present substantial stone edifice was the result in 1832. This building, which fronts St. Helene street, is neat and well proportioned in its external ap- pearance, its spire being one hundred and twenty feet in height and the area covered If I' *■ > ' i i ■■ 1 1 4 ' 1 1 n i ,■ 'II !Mr '.I ■I l i ',;-■! '. m If; I- i ■■ *j - i'^-l II r : i 1 fc:, .-' 1 ■1 m: ii riFrATT!!. .'^T rrinr, iTf:':i.T 'j-js'Ii^itt JS^'^w^"^ I'diii*" Levi M THE CITY. 89 by the eluireli about one hundred and thirty ?;ix feet by sixty two. The interior construc- tion is on a handsome and commodious scale, affording ample accommodation to the nu- merous congregation of this church which increases yearly. There is an excellent organ and the arrangements for the musical ser- vice are conducted in a liberal and highly creditable manner. The pastor, the Revd. Mr. McMahon, is a talented preacher and a strenu- ous advocate of the doctrines of his establish- ment. li 6. EPISCOPAL CHAPELS. Trinity Chapel, — At the suggestion of the Bishop tifiis chapel was erected in 1824 by the late Chief Justice Sewell, whose son the Revd. E. W. Sewell is the officiating clergyman. Its front, which is situated in St. Stanislas street, is of handsome cut stone. The interior is neat and commodious, in length seventy four feet by forty eight. In the gallery a handsome marble monument has been erected to the memory of the late Chief Justice by his family. Tliere are three other chapels, of no archi- tectural pretensions, for the convenience of members of the Protestant church. St, Matthew's or the Free Chapel^ which is i* i.< !i CM '?■ I 90 THE CITV. attacliod to tlio Protestant Bury In^v Ground in Si. John ,su1)urbs, Avas fitted up in 1828. Divine service is performed here on Sunday evenings and the accommodation is entirely gratuitous. St* PaiiVs or llie 3Iarmer's Chapel is situated near Diamond Harbor and is a wooden build- ing over a stone Schoolhouse which is connec- ted with it. It was consecrated in 1832 and is chiefly intended for the use of seaforing per- sons. St, Peter^s Chapd is situated in St. Valier street and has been recently erected for the convenience of members of the Episcopal church residing in St. Rochs. It is a plahi but neat structure. It is intended *to supply the place of a chapel in Church street St. Rochs to which was attached a Male Orphan Asylum, The latter was lately abandoned in consequence of the dangerous state of the building and the Asylum removed to the National Scliool House. 7. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. .1 1 ll? Not long after the adoption of the docti'iiics of the Scotch church by the members of St. John's chapel, the Congregationalists revived again under the ministry of the Revd. Mr. At- kinson and held their meetings in a large apart- ment at the corner of Garden street, opposite to Vi Vi '.' ■ i ' f i\t.>^iH''miy hm Ml I ; 1 (, J ! ■ { THE CITV 91 tho English CallicMlral. In 1811 tlielr present '.■' i i '; 1^ ilj The French Church is chiefly deserving of notice from its prominent j^osition at Point L6- vi. It is built in a neat and substantial stvlo, and does not display in its internal decoration any tiling worthy of remark. The English Church occupies a very pictu- resque position on the woody summit of Point 1j6\]j immediately opposljo the city. Its front THE CITY. 95 faces tlie river and lias a very pleasing efiect when viewed at a distance. On nearer ap- proach it loses much of its interest, the building being of wood and riither out of repair. 'Hi. (3. HOTEL DIEU. A very striking feature of the early coloniza- tion of Canada by the French will be found in the magnitude of the inst J tutions for religious, edu- cational and charitable purposes erected in Que- bec. Formed on a scale far beyond the wants of the colonists at the period of their formation, their advantages were not confined to the set- tlers but were extended w ith a liberal hand to the natives of the soil, who w^ere led to parti- cipate in the benefits of reli(.;uous instruction administered by the pious settlors both male and female. The Hotel Dieu w^as founded in 1637 by the Duchess D'Aiguillon, under whose auspices several nuns w^ere sent from France to carry into effect her benevolent designs. Some years, liow^ever, elapsed before the erection of any buildings on the present site, the Hospitalicres in the interim being obliged to avail themselves of temporary accommodation at different })laces, among others a small house at Sillery which ^vas built for their use. In IG-^S the first erec* tm\ ii ::*&:: i.| ! ft ( fi « i; ,':i Ml 96 THE OITV. " ;.^i'* 1 il. tion of a substantkl nature took place, and subsequent additions gradually acquired for it a more imposing appearance. But a few years previous to the conquest the wliole range was consumed by fire, and the present extended pile soon after erected. The buildings consist of a Convent, Hospital and Chiu'ch to whicli are attached a spacious garden and a cemetery, occupying altogether an area of nearly ten acres. The front of the Hospital is in Palace Street, the wall of the establishment extending from Palace Gate, parallel with the fortifications, within a short distance of Hope Gate. The principal building is three stories high, its greatest length being three hundred and eighty three feet by fifty in breadth. The wing on the west side is two stories in height and about one hundred and fifty feet long. This excellent institution, originally designed for the reception of the sick poor, promotes to a great extent the beneficent objects for which it was founded. Every attention is paid to the wants of the pa- tients, whose comfort is secured by the per- sonal attendance of the ladies of the Hospital. It is divided into male and female wards and contains fifty beds for the sick. There are four physicians, whose services are gratuitous, at- tached to this establishment, — Doctors Parant, Morrin, Nault and Sewell. One attends daily. The religious community consists of a ! i THE CITY. 97 Siiperieiirc La Reverendc Merc Stc. Antoino, thirty seven nuns and two novices. The funds of the institution are derived from hmded jiro- l)erty and the revenues of seigniories, assisted bv occasional o'rants from the lei^islature. In connection with the Hotel Dieu arrangements were made some years since for the reception of foundlings. A register is kept there of persons in the country parishes who arc desirous of un- dertaking the task of rearing these infants, the recommendation of their cures being given in support of their fitness. An annual aliowance of thirty dollars is given for the maintenance of each child, to be discontinued at the expiration of five years. This excellent system has been attended with the happiest results. The adopted children are invariably treated with the greatest kindness, in some instances beino,' so fortunate as to inherit the property of their protectors, wdio are in ge- neral persons without any issue of their own. The church is plain in its construction and does not display much internal decoration. Its length is one hundred feet and breadth about forty. The entrance is in Collins Street. It contains several })aintings among which the fol- lowing are pointed out as originals. 1. The Nativity of Christ, Luke ii-By Slella. 2. The Virgin and Child.— By Coypel. The Vision of St.Thercse.-— By Mcnagcat. n K ' J . -i \t ;^:: f; ii B •> 98 THE CITY. 4. St, Bianeau wrapt in meditation. — By Lt Sueur. The Hospital contains a series of four paint- ings illustrative of events in the life of our Sa- viour, and in the Chaplain's room is an inter- esting painting which depicts the sufferings of the Jesuit missionaries on the occasion of the attack made on their chapel at Three Rivers by the Indians in 1650. '■ 4 '■' ';■';, i 14. THE GENERAL HOSPITAL. i M' n : i This institution was founded in 1G93 by M, de St. Vallier, bishop of Quebec, for the re- ception of the indigent sick and incurables. It was erected on the site of the Recollet Con- vent, the priests of that fraternity receiving in lieu the property adjoining the Place d' Amies. The building is situated on the side of the river St. Charles about a mile from the city and con- sists of a Convent, Church and Hospital, the whole in a quadrangular form with a projecting wing to the south west one hundred and thirty feet in length by fifty in breadth. The princi- pal front, which presents a handsome appear- ance, is two hundred and twenty eight feet in length and thirty three in depth. There is al- uW THE CITY. d9 so a small detached building for the reception of insane persons in which every care is taken of the unfortunate inmates, eighteen in number, though the restricted limits in whichthey are con- fined point out the necessity for a building on a more appropriate scale. The general manage- ment of the institution is under the superinten- dence of the Sup^rieure La R^verende Mere Ste. Marie Josephte Sirois dit Duplessis with forty eight professed nuns and nine novices. These ladies evince no little skill and a credi- table industry in the manufacture of articles, especially church ornaments, by the sale of which they add to the resources derived from landed property by which the establishment is supported. The school attached to this insti- tution consists at present of forty seven boar- ders together with a number of ^day scholars (externes). As their funds, however, have been found insufficient to meet the large expendi- ture, the deficiency is supplied by an annual grant from the provincial government under the control of ^wq gentlemen who act as com- missioners. This is applied to the maintenance of the insane, of old and infirm persons and provides, also, for the reception of foundlings at the Hotel Dieu. The church is neat and commodious and contains several paintings that do not call for particular notice. A gallery is here appropriated to such of the invalids as ar^ able to attend the service. til i \ I 100 THE CITY. 15. THE URSULINE CONVENT. Ill the year 1 G39 Madame de la Peltrle, a young widow of fortune, embarked for Quebec, accompanied by three UrsuUne nuns in the same vessel with the Hospitaheres by whom the Hotel Dieu was established. This lady de- voted her fortune and energies in founding the convent of the Ursulines, for the purpose of affording education to the young girls of the colcny. Two years after her arrival the first building was erected, but was destroyed by fire in 1650. It was erected again on the same spot and met with a similar fate in 1686. The present edifice is a substantial construction of stone, two stories high in the form of a square, one hundred and twelve feet in length and forty broad. The church of St. Ursula is ninety five feet long by forty five in breadth, fron- ting towards Garden street. Its exterior is plain but the appearance of the interior is sim- ple and pleasing, its altar being remarkable for the neatness of its decorations. On the north side is the choir, which is separated from the church by a grating and is still larger in its dimensions. In the rear of the church facing St. Louis street is the entrance to the convent, the Parloir being to the left of tiie door and K THE CITY. rie, a Lebcc, 1 the svliom ly de- Lg the •so of )f the e first 5cl by J same The on of ][uarc, forty linety fron- ior is s sim- kable )n the from in its facing went, )r and 101 1 '. ! the apartments of the Chaphiin on the right. The entire range occupies a large space and has a rich and productive garden attached to it two hundred and fifteen yards in length and one hundred and forty five broad, enclosed by a lofty stone wall. The community at present consists of a Superieure La R^v^rende Mere Isabella McDonell, fifty two nuns and two no- vices. They are said to be the most austere Re- ligieuses in the province. The difiiculty of ob- taining access to the domestic apartments is tan- tamount to exclusion, but an application to the Catholic Bishop by respectable strangers is occa- sionaPy successful. The admission of young- ladies to this nunnery is enjoyed by the citizens without reference to creed, and it is highly cre- ditable to the ladies of the institution that no efforts are made to influence the religious opinions of such of the pupils as belong to a different per- suasion. The land revenues being inconsidera- ble, the principal support of this establishment is derived from the pupils of whom there are at present sixty boarders and eighty half-boarders. There are besides about three hundred day scholars {externes) all poor children who are educated in a new detached building at a merely nominal charge. Their funds are further in- creased by the produce of ihQ garden and the sale of fancy work, in the production of which the sisters display a commendable industry. .1, ' r .r« *-•■ if I V ,1 jR !i h 1! I, V 'i H ■: * I : I H MiM •*^f i.''.-; 102 THE CITY. The church eontams the followhig paintings, which strangers can liave the privilege of in- specting on application to the chaplain. 1. Over the Grand Altar is — The birth of Imma- nuel. Lukeii. — By Vigneau, 2. Above the eastern Altar is — The Saviour ex- hibiting his heart to the Religieuses. — By Le Sueur. 3. Opposite. — The Virgin Mary and the young Child. 4. Christians captured by the Algcrines. — By Restout, 5. Louis XIII. of France, and the first Royal Governor of New France, with a tablet of the then existing Bourbon family. — An allegorical representa- tion of Canada, 6. In the side Altar, the Communion of St. Jerome, copy from a Domenichinoin St. Peters at Rome. 7. Jesus Christ sitting down at meat in Simon's House, Luke vii — By Champagne, 8. The miraculous draught of fishes. Luke v. By De Lieu. 9. The parable of the wise and the foolish vir- gins 5 Mathew xxv. — 10. The Saviour, delineated in the attitude of preaching. — By Champagne, There are also some valuable paintings in the apartments of the convent which are not; however; open to public inspection, s THE CITY. 103 if< THE SEMINARY. .':'« ■ This academy was founded in 1G03 by M. Frangois dc Laval, the first bishop of Quebec. Though solely intended at first for the educa- tion of ecclesiastics, it has long been devoted to the purposes of general education, pupils being admitted without distinction of language or religion. The present number of pupils is three hundred, of whom one hundred and fif- teen are boarders at the annual charge of £17- 10-0. The instruction of the others is gratuitous, a trifling compensation for fuel being the only charge. The afiairs of the institution are mana- ged by a Board of Directors avIio elect their Su- perior. The Revd. Antoine Parant holds that office at present. The Seminary is divided into separate branches, distinguished as the Grand and Petit Scminaire, and embraces in its course of education nearly all the studies re- quisite for polite instruction at the present day. To meet the arduous duties of this establishment there are several professors who receive no pe- cuniary allowance for their exertions. The Revd. Joseph Aubry is director of the Grand Seminaire and the Ilev. Louis J. Casault has the superintendence of the junior branch. I ii 104 THE CITY. « 't'l, . I ■' •^ ■■;.(; Mlf' % The Seminary was twice consumed by fire, in the years 1701 and 1705. It was also da- maged to a serious extent in the siege of 175!j. The present cxtensi\ e range of buildings is of very recent erection. It comprises three sides of a square, each seventy three yards in length with a depth of forty feet, and an additional wing extending from the side to the east. The whole is substantially built of grey stone and is three stories in height, with the exception of the wing which is four stories high and nearly fifty yards in length. The front faces the market place on4he north side of the Cathedral. In the rear is a large and beautiful garden whicli extends to the Grand Battery and with the buildings covers a space of nearly seven neres. The entrance to the Seminary Chapel is on the left of the arched way leading to the square. The interior is neat and pleasing and contains an excellent collection of paintings by eminent French masters. 1. Ihe Saviour and the Woman of Samaria at Jacob's Well near Sychar. John iv. — By Lagrcnee. 2. The Virgin Ministered uLto by the Angels, who are represented as prepaiirg the linen clothes for the child Jesus. — By De Lieu. 3. In the right wing, the Saviour on the cross, at the moment described by the Evangelist. — ^John Kix, 30.— By Monet. THE CITY. 105 4. At the entrance — the Egyptian Hermits in the solituile of Thcbais. — By Guillot, 5. Next the wing — The terror of St. Jerome, at the recollections of a vision of the day of judgment. By D'Hullin. 6. The Ascension of the Lord Jesus. — By the Champagnes . 7. The Saviour's Sepulchre and^ Interment. — By Hutin, 8- Above the altar — The flight of Joseph to Egypt. Matthew ii. — By Vanloo. 9. Immediately above is a small oval delineating two Angels. — By Le Brim. 10. The trance of St. Anthony. — By Panoccl d^Avignes, 11. The Day of Pentecost. Acts ii. — By the Champagne?, 12. Peter's deliverance from prison. Actsxii. — By De la Fosse, 13* At the entrance of the left wino: — another view of the Hermits of Thebais. — By Guillot. 14. In front— The Baptism of Christ. Matthew iii. — By Claude Guy Halle, 15. St. Jerome writing. — By the Champagnes. 16 . The wise men of the east adoring the Saviour. Matthew ii.— By Bourieu, The Seminary has for some years been the residence of the Catliolic Bishop of Quebec. A I Ill y HJ i ^-m ii 1^;: 106 THE CITY. building is now, JioAVcvcr, in course of erection in the rear of tlio French Cathedral which will furnish a suitable residence for the head of the Catholic church in this city and prove, it is ex- pected, a handsome addition to its architectural ornaments. A Museum of natural curiosities is attached to the Seminary to which admission may be obtained through the PrcfcCoOr of Ma- thematics and Philosophy. The Examinations take place at the close of July, and during the vacation which follows the public are freely ad- mitted to inspect the several branches of the building. BURYING GROUNDS. The principal Protestant Cemetery is attach- ad to the Free Chapel in St. John's Suburbs. The Methodist Burying Ground is in D' Ar- tigny Street, St. Louis Suburbs. The chief Catholic Burying Ground adjoins the Hotel Dieu near the Grand Battery. In De Salaberry Street St. Louis Road is another extensive cemetery belonging to this persuasion. The Catholic Burying Ground in Dorchester Street St. Rochs occupies a large space. In addition to these there are several cemete- ries attached to the Hospitals and Catholic .churches. i 'cctlon )li will of the is cx- jctural ositics lissiou f Ma- lations ig the ly ad- of the "'i'. ttacli- *bs. D'Ar- iljoins )ad is > this ;iii ;)■! ;«ii fin liester mete- tholic ;■■;(' t\ I 1, ! > ' i '■ i . 1 ly; ^j ^ ^•1 i i 1 i n CIVIL EDIFICES. 1' »v ^^1 i I. PARLIAMENT HOUSE On the right of Prescott-Gate as wo enter the Upj^er Town stands the Parliament House which when completed will be without a rival among the ornamental structures of Quebec. The plate represents the centre and north western wing — the only portion which is finished, the rest of the edifice consisting of the late Palace of the Catholic Bishop one of the oldest buildings in the city. A singular but not ungraceful effect is produ- ced by the union of two structures as dis- tinct in style as in the age of their erection. When the constitution of 1791 was granted to Canada this building was selected for the use of the Legislature, an annuity being given in lieu of it to the bishop. At the north-east angle on the second story is the apartment in which the Legislative Council met, and adjoining it on the north Mo AYas the Chapel which was de- Iv !. I t 1 m : !!;>' (r':^iV';i ¥ -( 1 1' \ !| f a fc-i Sir . 108 THE CITY. voted to the sittings of the Assembly. This was removed to make way for the centre of the new building. Thefagade is bold and massiNO, four large columns over the entrance supporting the pediment on which appear the Imperial Arms. Above this rise the dome and spire which increase the appearance of solidity and elegance that invests the building which is of cut- stone. A small gallery surrounds the exterior of the dome and commands a magnificent pros- ]-)cct. The Ilall of the Assembly, standing on the site of the chapel, is seventy nine feet in length by forty six broad. A capacious gallery for the use of strangers is attached to it. The first session was opened here in January 1834, and the last sitting took place in the month of August 1837. The suspension uf the con- stitution and the Act of Union, by which Quebec ceased to be the seat of government, have deprived this edifice of its legitimate uses. It has since been applied to various purposes ; it has afforded a temporary abode for the Gover- nor, a bureau for conducting the business of the Post Office and is at present by the liberal per- mission of the government a commodious and worthy shelter for the leading Literary Socie- ties of this city. 2 THE COURT HOUSE* This is a substantial edifice of grey stone built -'■5'^^"-"-%#M it,-- '•.^, >-*^ i 'M ^T .ii (mIII^V- rHifAl'jRIi •^V-^^ iL.;i.l ■f'(,'Ti-rj' Hr'r.T/f; '/UKTIJivl '1ST ClTAT'E'f, : I 'I '•■ It 1] i-Hf ! I i : J 1 1| ( ;;|j^ir*';! »m Li '3 m i3 ■•' hill .^i. THE CITY, 109 more with a view to solidity than ornament. It occupies the north eastern extremity of St. Louis Street and faces the Commissariat Office. It was erected in 1804 on the site formerly occu- pied by the church of the Recollcts. It is three stories in height including the basement, one hundred and thirty six feet in length and forty four in breadth. An iron railing encloses it and a double flight of steps leads to an arched entrance which communicates with every part of the building. In the centre of the lower floor is the apartment in which the Quarter Sessions are held, to the left of which is the Prothonota- ries' Oflftce and to the right that of the Police Magistrate. A capacious staircase on each side leads to the upper story in the centre of which is the Court of Queen's Bench, on the left the Court of Appeals and Judges' apartments, and on the opposite side the Admiralty Court with the Sherift''s and other offices. The interior is well arranged throughout and aifords every con- venience to the public. The members of the Quebec bar have recently formed themselves into a society for the promotion of their common in* terests under the title of the Quebec Bar Asso- ciation. 3 THE JAIL. This is a handsome and compact structure of $ •: i4 I **^ y.ii 1 i; ir m '4 ; ■S' •■ i :iii 110 THE CITY. grey stono, three stories in height, one hundred and sixty feet long by sixty eight in breadth. It is situated between the top of St. Stanislaus street and Angel street, with the front towards the former. Its use is sufficiently indicated by the style of its front, in which until lately w\as observed over the entrance the iron scaffold used in enforcing the last penalty of the Law. This, liow^ever, in deference to the public feeling has been recently removed. The situation of the Jail is healthy and a yard about one:hundred feet in depth enclosed by a high wall affords the means of air and exercise. Much objection has been found with the internal arrangements by whicli an indiscriminate intercourse is permitted among the prisoners. It is to be hoped that steps will be taken for removing so serious an evil. At the back of the yard is a building used as a House of Correction for disorderly females, of which un- happy class a great numlber of the inmates of the prison is composed at present. This building was erected in 1810 at an expense to the provincial legislature of upwards of £15,000. It was first occupied in 1814, previous to which the buildings attached to the Artillery Barracks were used as a Jail. The site on which it stands was for- merly occupied by a fort the ruins of which were standing at the early part of this century. This was evidently one of the early erections of the French colonists and was built with consi- ifi ii iindrcd readtli. iiislaiis owards :ed by ly was id used This, ng has of the ed feet means been whicli among )s will At the luse of 3h un- of the ig was dncial LS first Idings sed as J for- which itiiry. 3ns of consi* ' i ! ■'■: f j ' )r \ ; V'. ' ^ l' * ■tl'.'i It) m It"! •: - ill ,1, as: I- : ■«♦ ^' iv::':'':J (\ ■':fl \ fm I 1 • i 1 ' 1 L4I 1 i. is THE CITY. Ill derable strength and soli'lity. No direct refe- rence, however, can be traced to it among the ancient annalfs of the city. 4 THE MARINE HOSPITAL The situation of this building in so unfre- quented a quarter at the outskirts of the suburb of St. Roch is much to be regretted, as it cer- tainly is one of the most ornamental structures in Quebec. Its position, however, on the bank of the St. Charles affords greater facilities for the conveyance of that class of patients for whom it was designed, being erected for the reception of sailors and emigrants arriving from sea. Like the Parliament House it remains in an unfinished state, the centre and west wing only being completed. The design is taken from that of the Temple of the Muses on the Ihssus near Athens. When the original plan is acted on a double flight of steps vvill lead to the principal entrance under a handsome colonnade of the Ionic order. The depth of the wing is one hundred feet and when comple- ted the length of the building will be two hun- dred and six feet. It consists of four stories in addition to the attics, all of which exhibit ad- mirable arrangement for the comfort of the pa- m •^•!i; »« 1 1' ;,i ■ If ( llil il 5! i ( I'll «« m\\ ii ■ liii p I mm V ■"' A 112 Till: CITY. ticnts and the convenience of all connected with the institntion. They are occupied as follows ; The ground floor contains fifteen apartments besides a Catholic Chapel where service is regu- larly performed : service is also performed every Sunday by a Protestant Clergyman. Sixty ])a- tients can ]jo accommodated on the floor. The next or principal floor will contain sixty ciglit patients and comprises Lecture and Operating Room, Dispensary, Library and Museum. The Library comprises many valuable prac- tical works for the use of the students Nvho arc admitted to the Surgical and Medical practice of the institution by the annual payment of six dollars. These subscriptions are reserved for the purchase of books lor the Libi*ary which is in- creased about one hundred volumes yearly. On the second floor are seven w\ards, which w^ill hold one hundred and thirty four patients. The upper story winch was designed for a Ly- ing in Hospital and the rttics have never been occupied. This Hospital was opened in 1834 having been erected at a cost to the Legislature of £15,000, Its funds are chiefly derived from a tax of one penny a ton on each vessel arriving from sea and a portion of the tax upon emigrants. The aflairs of the hospital are under the management of the following Commissioners — Jos. Morrin Esq. M» D. J. Parant Esq. M. D. and IL THE CITV. 113 Gowen Esq. There are two visiting pLysic'i- iins, Drs. Paincliaiid and L)on<:;las, togetlier with a House Surgeon and pupil attached to the esta- blishment. The annexed statement will best ex- hibit the usefulness of this institution. Return of Admissions, Discharges and Deaths ia tlio Marine and Emip;rant Hospital from 1st May to 30lh November 1843. Total number of admissions 1012 Discharged 916 Died 41 1012 Remaining 25 Of these were Sailors 767 Emigrants 136 Town people 109 1012 Medical Diseases. Fever 201 Dysentery 87 Eheumatism 120 Infn. Lungs 53 Other diseases. . . . 121 Sur^rical Cases. Fractures 58 Syphilis 100 Wounds and Contu- sions 103 Ulcers 47 Other cases 172 Total 532 Total Out d©or patients 203, 480 5 THE OLD CHATEAU The exterior of this building, which is on the east side of the Place d' Armes, is plain almost 1 ta 114 THE CITY. to singularity. The interior comprises several spacious apartments. It was erected for the use of the Gov^ernor at the close of the last century, and since the renovation of the Castle in 1809 this edifice has assumed the title of the Old Cha- teau which properly belonged to tlie other. The chief use to which it has since been put has been on occasions of levees and government par- ties for which the suite of rooms is well adapted. Several apartments have lately been devoted to the use of the Post Office. 6- THE CITY HALL '^1 '■! j| t «!>'i This building is situated at the corner of Lewis and Ursule streets. It was a private dwelling house purchased for the use of the Cor- poration and has no distinctive features in its ex- ternal appearance. Quebec was incorporated in 1833. The following is a list of the present members of the municipal government : o^v© •B> Honorable r. e. caron. John Wilson, Alexander Simpson, Honble. Louis Massue, Edward Glackemeyer, Jean Tourangeau, Joseph Savard. G. OKill Stuart, Michael Connolly, Henry S. Scott, John Doran, THE CITY. 115 John McLeod, William O'Brien, Thomas VV . Lloyd, Joseph Robitaille, Louis Planiondon, Edouard Housseau, Joseph Laurin. City Clkrk— r. X. Garneau. City Trkasuher — Francis Austin. Office Hours— Winter— From 10 A.M. to 4 P. M. Summer — From 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. Road Surveyor — Joseph Hamel, ftom 10 to 11 A.M. daily. Assistant to Road Surveyor — Theophile Bail- large. Notary— Charles Maxime De Foye. THE BARRACKS The Casemate Barracks in the Citadel have already been alluded to in the notice of that fortress. They are very commodious and perfectly secure, the bastions in which they are situated being proof against shells or other mis- siles. They are occupied at present by the 2nd Battalion of the 60th Rifles under the com- mand of Lieut. Col. Cockburn. The Jesuit Barracks, formerly the college of the Jesuits, founded for the instruction of youth and the propagation of religion among the Indians, was erected by that fraternity as it now stands in the early part of the last century. In 1625^ while the colony was still in its infancy, se- ijiiiiiH ?■ '1 Ml Alt 4i ii'i 1;« ;ite ril i' J'J .|.ffi.; .Jtl 4 ' s ■•.|S,S* :?: i I SI V : 116 THE CITV. veral of these zealous propagandists arrived in Quebec with the intention of founding an insti- tution with the above olgccts. The capture of Quebec by the Englisli under Kirk interrupted their efforts, and ifc was not until 1635 tliat the foundation of tlie college on the present site took place. In 10-10 the church and college were entirely consumed by fire, a fate which the public 1 iiildhigs of this city so frequently ex- perienced at tills early period. The Jesuit fa- thers havinsf established themselv^es in the colo- nv devoted themselves to the task of converting: the natives with a zeal and fortitude unexampled, perhaps, in the missionary annals of any other order. In the vicinity of a house which they erected at Sillery the remnant of the Hurons took up their abode, and lent a willing car to the religious instruction imparted to them by their respected teachers. But it was not alone in the quietude of their new settlement that these fearless ministers sought to dispense their religious truths. With a perseverance which is w^orthy of the highest admiration they penetra- ted to the most distant parts of the province and after the endurance of unheard of privations sought to diffuse among hostile tribes their spi- ritual doctrines, fearless of the dangers to which they were exposed, although the refinement of Indian cruelty in many instances closed their sufferings in a death of torture. At the period THE CITY. 117 Lved in I insti- :iire of [•upted 5 that resent jollego which \y ex- nit fa- 5 colo- 3rtiiig iipled, other they iirons ar to ti by alone these their ieh is etra- ^^ince tions spi- diich tit of their riod of the conquest in 1759 their number was nine including two missionaries, one to the Hurons at Lorette and the other to the Montagnais at Tadoussae and Chicoutimi. At this period in addition to the present building a church occu- pied the space adjoining the eastern wall of the barrack yard on which the new Market-House is placed, the front of the edifice looking to- towards Fabrique Street. When the British troops took possession of the city the college was made use of as a magazine of provisions, and it was deemed prudent by General Murray to dislodge the fathers '' lest their intriguing ge- nius should prompt them to play some trick which might have proved fatal in the then criti- cal situation of affairs." On the capitulation of Montreal soon after, they w^ere readmitted into one wing of the building. The last of their or- der,' Father Casot, died in 1800 when the whole of the large estates of the Jesuits fell into the hands of Government. The Barrack occupies the west side of the market-place. It is a sub- stantial stone edifice, three stories high forming a quadrangle of two hundred feet by two hun- dred and twenty four ; the large yard in which it stands, extending more than two hundred yards between St. Anne and Fabrique Streets, was formerly the garden of the Jesuits, rich in cultivation and shaded by the picturesque and venerable relics of the forest. The 74th Regi- ,. :».fi * ■ : jiPF't m4 I i,: ( ; I ■ ■{ 1 wi I? f , ;! c ■ «. < 1 If , 1 :?•' lirl rr-illl P' I :M ill J M *!) ■ ' 118 TftE CITY. ment under the command of Lieut. Col. Crabbe, K. H. are at present quartered here. The Artilleri/ Barracks extend in a westerly direction from Palace Gate and are one hundred and ninety two yards in length, by forty leet deep, the whole being substantially built of stone, two stories in height. That portion adjoining the gate is occupied by the Ordnance Depart- ment and contains their office and storehouses. An extensive armoury until recently occupied the upper apartments of this building. The arms were kept in a constant state of repair and readiness, and arranged with much elegance and effect. They were transferred a few years since to the Citadel. These barracks were erected by the French previous to the year 1750 for the reception of the strong reinforcements at that time sent from France for the defence of the colony. A gate separates the portion occupied as barracks frorii the Ordnance Office. The yard within is neat and spacious ; in the centre is another building which contains the mess- room and officers' quarters. Close by is a Racket- court, the only one in the city. Between the Barrack yard and St. John's Gate are several magazines erected at the foot of the rampart. About the centre of St. Lewis Street is a large stone building occupied as officers' quar- ters. In the rear is the mess-room appropriated to the officers of the regiment occupying th« THE CITY. 119 Jesuit Barracks. Adjoining this building, also in the rear, is the Military Hospital, a large and commodious structure, with every convenience for the invalids of the garrison. On the op posite side of St. Lewis Street are the Mili- tary offices, in a house rented by Government. ;[i/^; GOVERNMENT OFFICES- . 'I \'r li is a The Ordnance Office, which adjoins the Ar- tillery Barracks near Palace Gate, has been alluded co n the description of those buildings. The C vr* lissariat Office is situated in St. Lewis Street, opposite the Court House. It was a private dwelling house purchased for the use of this department. The spacious stores of the Commissariat are in the Lower Town, in the rear of the Government Wharf. They comprise an extensive range of stone buildings, two hundred and fifty feet in length, for the reception of Government stores. The Wood yard, in which a constant supply of fuel for the garrison is kept up, occupies a conside- rable space at the eastern extremity of St. Roch, The position on which it stands was formerly the site of the gardens of the Inten- dants' Palace, the ruins of which building are at present within the limits of the yard. During the siege of 1775 it was occupied by a detach- i? .1 M> J 'ill M.r' \ » i'' ■\ 'in in II, ':«; 1-20 '♦r if. * il tff' I « *'f V 4 THE CITY. ment of the Americans and nearly destroyed by a cannonade from the garrison . It was subsequent- ly repaired and made available as a Government store, but an extensive fire has recently reduced it once more to a state of ruin. This building was formerly one of the most elegant and im- portant in the city. It received its title of Pa- lais in consequence of the sittings of the Coun- cil being held there, and from it w\as derived the name of the street and gate leading thereto from the Upper Town. The Royal Engineer office is at the western end of St. Lewis Street and faces the Esplanade. Attached to it in the rear are several work shops and laboratories. The Barrack office is in St. Anno street, near the gate of the Jesuit Barracks. It is a neat buil- ding of cut stone, two stories in height. Ad- joining it is a stone building recently erected as a Government Bakery, from wdiich the garrison is supplied. if ¥H 'i i 1 ^ed by |iient- nment leed it lildinsr id im- )fPa- Conn- erived hereto cstern made. slio2)S :, near t biiil- Ad- ted as Tison COMMERCIiVl INSTITUTIONS. I. THE EXCHANGE. This building was erected in 1828 to meet the wants of the mercantile community, who had previously met in St. Peter street since the first institution took place in 1817. The new edifice is neatly constructed of cut stone, and is situated at the corner of Arthur street near the East India Wharf, a central and convenient position. The length of the exterior is sixty five feet by thirty four in breadth. The Heading- room which is on the first floor, is fifty feet by thirty. It is well supplied with periodicals and is open to strangers if introduced by a subscriber. On the upper story is the room appropriated to the Board of Trade, which was instituted in 1809, together with several other apartments for the convenience of merchants. A refreshment sa- loon has been recently opened on the ground floor. ^ %i!' f'l ! 1: ,i--,i ii 111 Id; 122 THE CITV. 'I l! '|:''i:riil JB 2. THE CUSTOM HOUSE. This is a stone building, one story in height, adjoining the government stores in Champlain street. It was built in 1833. Its internal ar- rangements are well cjilculated for the transac- tion of business, but since the melancholy cala- mity which occurred here through the descent of the rock in 1841 the business of this de- partment has been carried on at No. 36, St. Peter street, a locality better suited to the con- venience of the public. 3. THE TRINITY HOUSE. This institution was formed for the regula- tion of pilots and general management of af- fairs connected with the port of Quebec. Its incorporation ensures relief also to pilots when age or infirmity renders it necessary, and pro- vides for the support of their widows and chil- dren. It is conducted in a similar manner to institutions bearing the same name in England, its establishment consisting of a Master, Depu- tv Master and Wardens, The office is held at No. 46 St. Peter street. H * wi'm 4. THE POST OFFICE. The duties of this office are performed at present at the Freemason's Hall in Buade street. THE CITY. 123 It is opened daily from 8 A. M. to 7 P. M. during the summer, and to 4 P. M. in the win- ter : on Sundays from 8 to 10 A. M. and 3 to 4 P, M. Letters to go the same day by the Montreal mail must be left before ^ past 4 P. M. during the season of navigation, and half an hour earlier in winter. If directed to pla- ces beyond Montreal they must not be left af- ter 4. J- ■• l-.,«i 5. THE BANKS. Quebec Bank. — Fire Assurance Buildings — St. Peter street. Established in 1818. Discount days — Monday ^ Thursday, Bank of Montreal, Quebec Branch, St. Peter street. Capital £750,000. Discount days — Tuesday §• Friday, Bank of British North America, St. Peter street. This is a Branch of the Bank in Lon- don, of which the Capital is £1,000,000 ster- ling. Discount days — Wednesday ^ Saturday. City Bank Montreal, St. Peter street. Discount — daily from 10 to 3. Quebec Sainng Bank, Fire Assurance Buil- dings — St. Peter Street. Open on Tuesday from 11 till 1 o' Clock. Ill ^ifkiy ih lit M i >i 11 I 1 '^ ) ' 1 t1 It f;l:-l V 1 124 THE CITV. 6. ASSURANCE OFFICES Quebec Fire Assurance, Secretary, S. Wright Esq. St. Peter street. Canada Fire Assurance. Secretary, D. Me Callum, . Esqr. Clouets Buildings, Fort street. St, Eoch Mutual Assurance. Secretary, J. Laiirin, Esqr, St. Francois street, St. Roch. Eagle Life and Fire Assurance. Agents Henderson & Co. St. Andrew's Wharf. Britannia Life Assurance. Agent, R. Pe- niston, Esqr. India Wharf. Phmnix Fire Assurance. Agents, Gilles- pie, Greenshields & Co. Gillespie's Wharf. Alliance Fire Assurance. Agent, J. G. Ir- vine, Esqr. Hunt's Wharf. Mutual Life Assurance. Agents, Thomas Froste & Co. St. James street. COIVIIVIERCE. The peculiar position of Quebec on the St. Lawrence with reference to the western portion of the province must always secure to it the principal share of the external trade of the country. Montreal has of late years profited at the expense of Quebec by her vicinity to the 'li THE CITY 125 United States. But the great expoi o trade in Lumber which has q}ruiig up within the present century has raised this city to its present com- mercial importance, and has formed for some years the chief support of a large portion of the community. The alteration in the Timber du- ties about two years since made a sensible impression on the prosperity of the city to an extent even greater perhaps than was anticipated. The blow was, however, but temporary. The trade has recovered from the shock as will be perceived by the following statement. Arrivals at the Port of Quebec from Sea and the Low- er Ports in the years 1841-2-3 and to the 11th August 1844, with the total tonnage and number of Passengers. Vessels. Tonnage. Passengers. From Sea, 1,251 423,141 ^o 07a From the Lower Ports 123 6,999 '^^'^^'^ From Sea, 862 307,172 . . oqq From the Lower Ports 94 6,226 ^^'^^^^ From Sea, 1,184 429,503 ^i 7^4 From the Lower Ports 86 5,962 "^^''^^ From Sea, 64 1 234,247 - ^ ^..7 From the Lower Ports 37 3,215 ^^'^^' ■i. >W\ li ■ '; '■mm \i. 126 THK CITY. I'r ' sir'- Statement of Vessels built at and near Quebec from the year 1838 to 1843 inclusive. In In In In In In 1838, 1839, 1840, i8n, 1842, 1843, 17 Vessels, 27 do. 48 do. 43 do. 22 do. 17 do. 8,293 Tons. 14,979 do. 25,754 23.014 10,379 11,550 do. do. do. do. MARKETS. The Market-place in the Upper-Town com- prises the square between the French Cathedral and the Jesuit Barracks one hundred and sixty feet in length. In front of the latter it is two hundred and fifty feet broad, and at the cathe- dral one hundred and seventy two. A wooden building which was occupied for butchers' stalls has just been removed from the centre, and the new range of stalls erected on the site of the old Jesuit Church. This market is attended THE CITY. 127 daily, but Tuesday and Saturday are tlio regu- lar market days when it is generally crowded by the carts or sleiglis of the habitants who bring with them a good supply of meat, poultry and vegetables. Strangers have a good opportunity on these occasions of observing the peculiar traits of the peasantry whose vehicles and horses occupy the square. As the latter, however, crowd the market to the inconvenience of the public it is in contemplation Ave believe to ex- clude them in future. The Lower Toicn MarJcet is held in the small square in front of the Catholic Church. The space is exceedingly circumscribed and would be quite inadequate during the season of navi- gation, but that the adjoining wharf supplies the requisite accommodation for carrying on the business of this market. St. PauVs Market is held in the larger space in St. Paul street near the foot of Palace Gate. A neat row of butchers' stalls occupies the centre. This market is chiefly used at present for the sale of hay. Berthelot 3IarJcet is occasionally held near Ju- piter street in St. John's Suburbs. There is a small market-house here. St, Eoch*s Market will be kept in Crown street at the opposite side to the new Nunnery, where the space has been laid out for the purpose. r' i ! f^^i'^'lifi ''M\i^i /i i*i:'! ; I ^ =1 1 'I! 128 THE cnv. All these markets arc iiiidor the control of tlio iniinicipal authorities' and the three lir«t have clerks of the market attached to tliem, whose duty it is to see that the proper regulations are duly observed. THE THEATRE. 4" M! h ^lAiiM This building is situated in St. Stanislaus street, from which an arclied passage leads to it, the exterior not being presented to the view. As there is no dramatic company in Quebec its ci- tizens are obliged to limit the indulgence of tlieir taste for theatricals to an occasional concert or the eftorts of amateurs who assume at rare intervals the task of anuising their friends. — The interior is at present in want of embellish- ment and is likely to continue so as the encour- agement held out to the drama in this city is but slight. HOTELS. The principal hotels in the Upper Town are Payne's Hotel in the Place d' Amies and the Albion Hotel in Palace street. Both these es- tablishments are well adapted for the reception of the numerous strangers who \mt Quebec, Sf.' M 11 THE CITY. 129 and the orcler and attention with which they are conducted iiro such as to secure the comfort of visitors. Payne's is conducted by Mr. and Mrs, Payne who have long enjoyed the patronage of Ameri- can visitors. In the hirge ball-room at this house are held the Winter Assemblies. This apartment, however, is portioned off \a the tra- velling season. The Albion is the largest and most coir.mc^- dioiis hotel in the city. The Ball-room is ge- nerally brought into requisition for concerts, lectures and other public occasions. Mr. W:'I1'S Russell, late of Boston, has recently tak on iL lease of this establishment and is unremitting in his attention to persons who stop at his house. The large concourse of strangers who arrive in Quebec for the transaction of business during the season of navigation render necessary for their accommodation numerous Hotels in the Lower Town. The following may be indicated as the principal. The London Coffee House, Cul de Sac — ^by Mr. McLean. The Ottawa Hotel, Sault aii Matelot street — by Mr. Meriam. The Globe Hotel, St. Peter street— by Mr. Miller. The St. Lawrence Hotel, St. Peter street — by Mrs. Proudly. K )i liJf 'H ■.if' 'i i^l ', 'I fill ■■•I LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. f. LITERARY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. t". tiii ^WA The first society for the advancement of literary pursuits in Quebec was formed in 1824 under the above title. This was followed in 1827 by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Sciences in Canada. The objects of these institutions being identified they were after the lapse of a few years amalgamated under the new appellation of the Society for promoting Literature, Science, Arts, and Historical Re- search in Canada. Considerable advantages have flowed from this coalition, the present so- ciety having enrolled among its members many gentlemen of talent and literary tastes who have exerted themselves strenuously in carrying out the views of the institution. The published transactions comprise numerous papers of gene- ral utility and interest, and contain much va- luable information on the political and natural history of the province. Several apartments in l! ! .^f THE CITY. r. snt of 11824 ved in ent of ects of were under noting al Ke- atages int so- many have ig out Jished gene- jh va- atural its in 131 the House of Parliament have been assigned by the government to the use of this society, and are occupied by their Museum and Library. In the former is an excellent collection illustra- tive of the natural history of Canada, together with many interesting exotic specimens. The various animals and birds, shells and minerals are neatly and methodically arranged and offer an interesting and instructive study. The Mu- seum is open to strangers between the hours of 1 and 3. The Library contains some of the most valuable works in the province. There are at present about sixty members at an annual subscription of thirty shillings. 2* MECHANICS* INSTITUTE. This society, which was formed in 1830 for the cultivation of knowledge among the mecha- nics of Quebec and the general advancement of literary acquirements, numbers at present about one hundred and fifty members. The annual subscription is ten shillings. Every exertion has been made by the leading members of the Institute to enlarge the sphere of its usefulness and render it subsorvient to the benefit of that useful class for whom it was designed. By the permission of Ills Excellency the Wardrobe Chamber and Speaker's Room in the House of Parliament have lately been given up to the Ml J:' HI . ^'h j-i i •i., ^'i 'V'' ;fi!:-ii -ii.i ■'} ■f i'^' J iMl- -Mil' pM.'-t -IH r ; J^ 132 THE CITY society who have opened there theh^ Library and Reading-Room. The library contams a considerable number of works of a scientific na- ture, and comprises also various apparatus requisite in the prosecution of philosophical studies. 3. QUEBEC LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, Though still in its infancy this association has given promise of becoming the most extend- ed in usefulness of any in the city. It was or- ganized in January last under the auspices of the principal merchants and other influential persons and is intended to provide for young men engaged in mercantile pursuits a rational mode of passing their leisure hours and at the jsame time the means of mental cultivation. The Quebec Library has already been merged in this institution, the reading-room is well supplied with the leading periodicals of the day and the large donatio is and subscriptions will afford the means of increasing considerably the literary property of the society. One of the first projects on its formation was a union of the literary institutions of this city, a measure which has since been partially effected with the Lit. and Hist. Society, the members of each 'fi |1 THE CITY. 133 ibrary lins a fie na- aratus iphical 3iation xtend- ras or- ices of lential young itional at the nation, lerged ; well le day i will ly the >f the ion of ^asure bh the each association liaving free access to their respective libraries and lectur^'-jooms. Since its organi- zation several lectures have been given by gen- tlemen well qualified for this task who have de- voted their time and talents in promoting the success of the society. The public have beenfreely admitted to these lectures. The Parliament House contains the Library and Reading Room which are open from 8 A. M. to 10 P. M. from 1 to 2 and 6 to 7 excepted. The number of members is three hundred and forty at an an- nual subscription of twenty shillings. 4. SOCIETE CANADIENNE D'ETUDES LITERAIRES ET SCIENTIFIQUES. The chief object in the formation of this so- ciety was to establish a system of Lectures on Literature and Science to which the admission should be free. Since its institution last year this principle has been successfully acted on. The number of members is nearly forty and the annual subcription only six shillings and three pence. 5. QUEBEC DEBATING CLUB. This society was estabhshed in 1834 and numbers at present al)Out Ibrty five members at a subscription often jjliiHuigs per annvm, "1, : t!'! is -■ ! ; % 'MU '^ '^ > s 131 THE CITY, ^:r: ' Irfr 1:1111 I s -.1^ 4' LIBRARIEci. The Garrison Library is kept in an apart- ment of the Jesuit Barracks which was formerly occupied as the private chapel of the Jesuit fa- thers. The entrance is in the market-place near the new stalls. This library was instituted in 1816 for the use of officers of the garrison military and civil, to whom it is restricted with a few exceptions. Strangers can be introduced by a subscriber. It contains a good cdllection of standard workS;, the modern additions being in general works of utility, and is provided with most of the leading periodicals. The hours of admission are between 8 A. M. and 5. P. M. The Quehec Library was formed in 1779 for the use of the citizens. It comprises at present upwards of nine thousand volumes among which are a large number of useful works though rather deficient in publications of a modern date.' It has been kept for some years in Buade street but was lately removed to the Parliament House where it is temporarily at- tached to the Quebec Library Association. In the Court House is a Library recently instituted by the gentlemen of the bar under the title of th^ Advocates' Lihvary, THE CITY. 135 apart- rmerly uit fa- t-place :itiited irrisoii d with )duced Lection being d with purs of M. 79 for •resent Eimong hough lodern ars in the ly at- >• cently under There is no Circulating Library at present in this city. The want of one is felt by a large portion of the community who would gladly encourage the circulation of the talented works of fiction with which modern literature abounds. PERIODICALS. The Quebec Gassette, — Issued Monday, Wed- nesday and Friday. This is the oldest news- paper in the province, its publication having commenced in 1764 from the first printing press introduced into Canada. The Quebec Mercury, — Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. The Berean, — Thursday. The Official Gazette. — Thursday. The Freeman's Journal, — Tuesday and Fri- day. Le Canadien, — Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Le Journal de Quebec. — Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Le Fantasque, — Saturday. Le Castor, — Tuesday and Thursday. L' Artisan, — Tuesday and Friday. Le Menestreh — Saturday. !•« M .vfi ii'l ■Hm. Mi m h m- 136 THE CITY. f I. « 1:', l: ^ fli CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. The Hotel Dieu, Marine and General Hos- pitals, which provide an asylum for the indigent in cases of sickness, have been already described. There are several other institutions in this city, distributed among the various sections of the population, from which relief and assistance are liberally extended to such as require their aid. St. George's Society. — Founded in 1835. St. Andrew's Society, — " in 1835. St. Patrick's Society— <^ in 1837. Soci^t^ de St. Jean Baptiste. — " in 1842. Masonic Lodges. Albion Lodge No. 17. — Payne's Hotel. St. John's Lodge No. 214.— Globe Hotel St. Peter street, Quebec Benevolent Society. Quebec Friendly Society. Male and Female Orphan Asylum, Military Orphan Asylum. Asile des Orphelins. Quebec Young Men's Charitable Fire Wood Society. Female Compassionate Society. • I II THE CITY 137 1 Hos- idigent cribed. is city, of the [ice are r aid, 1835. 1835. 1837. 1842. Hotel. Globe Wood RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. The Diocesan Society for promoting Chris- tian Knowledge. The Church Society of the Diocese of Que- bec. Quebec Auxiliary Bible Society. Quebec Female Bible Association. The Quebec Keligious Tract Society, Wesleyan Methodist Society. Wesley an Methodist Missionary Society. Christian Doctrine Society. (St. Patrick's Church.) Soci^t^ de la Propagation de la Foi. EDUCATION. The Seminary, the Convents and several pri- vate establishments to which it is unnecessary to make direct reference supply Quebec with ample sources of general education. In addition to these the following charitable institutions afford instruction to a large number of children. National School. — No. 2 D* Auteuil street, Es- planade. This institution was founded in 1819 and is conducted in connexion with the Male and Female Orphan Asylums. The latter is chiefly supported by an annual Bazaar held at the school-house. :i7 •I , I .1} (• !• wk : Mj 138 THE CITY. 'I ", British and Canadian School. — Ste. Margue- rite Street, St. Roeh. Instituted in 1823 — Con- ducted on the Lancasterian system. There is a Female Branch attached to this school. Quebec Infant School. — St. John's Suburbs. Instituted in 1831. St. Charles Street Infant School. — Instituted in 1837. Cove Infant School. — Diamond Harbour. Opened in January 1844. L'Ecole des Freres de la Doctrine Chre- tienne. — Glacis street, outside St. John's Gate. This School has just been established under the management of the above Freres and has already six hundred pupils to whom gratuitous instruc- tion is given by five Professors in the useful branches of education. The number of Sunday Schools has conside- rably increased within a few years. There are at present thirteen through which a knowledge of the scriptures is widely imparted The Free Chapel School-house in St. Joachim street St. John's Suburbs is a very neat building and was erected at the expense of JefFery Hale Esqr. to whose active beneficence many in this city are indebted. MISCELLANEOUS SOCIETIES. Medical Society. Agricultural Society. Quebec Turf Club. m THE CITV. i:S9 -Con- lere is burbs* ituted ^rbour. i Gate, ier the ilready istruc- useful •nside- Te are i^ledge 1 Free et St. d was qr. to y are MEMBERS OF PAI^LIAMENT. Quebec returns three members to the Pro- vincial Parliament, one for the County and two for the City : the names of the present re* presentatives are : — Hon. John Neilson, — County, Hon. Henry Black, ) p., J ean Chabot Esq, ) ^ ^* CENSUS OF THE COUNTY OF QUEBEC FOR 1844, 8464 Heads of Familiesj 3466 Proprietors of real property. 4998 Not do. do. 8464 TOTAL or THE POPULATION* 43,676. Natiresof England ,.,....... 1598 " Ireland 7267 " Scotland 981 *^ Canadians of French origin 27698 " Canadians of British origin 7734 " Continent of Europe or otherwise. 276 << United States 122 45676 " i! In; Nte:i i' M Ii V.hi.i 'V ',1 r ;>■:? ^■^M%i J^ IP ' f!..*i A' 4 > S 140 THE ciTV. Belonging to the Church o( England lf)1 «« " {Scotland '2rm ^ « Rome 36371 British VVesleyan Mclhodists 851 Canadian «« « 24 Other Methodists 2 Presbyterians net in connexion with the Church Scotland 123 Congregation alists and Independents 189 Baptists and Anabaptists 29 Lutherans 3 Quakers 8 Jews 13 4567i) POPULATION OF THE CITY AND SUBURBS OF QUEBECi St.Lewis Ward 2784 Palace « : 2027 St. Peter « 3G19 Champlain pearance of the heavens as they ^* Melt to one vast Iris of the west. Where the day joins the past Eternity." On the left of the road, two miles from the city, is Holland House, interesting not only from its 1 . 1 jii 4!». . !1' w 144 THi: ENVIRONS. ^ ;. ■•■■ .!'-■ ■-: f > if 6 1!.':' j ; 14 |H'^" '^ i r ^ T i ': ; i» 1 = ;; ^ having been the head quarters of Montgomery in the siege of 177o, but from some romantic incidents connected with the family from which it derived its name, the ashes of some of whom have found a resting place in the rear of the building. Near St. Foy church, about five miles from town, are the remains of a redoubt erected by the English on their first taking pos- session of Quebec. The St. Lewis road, which is enlivened in its route by many detached houses of residence, intersects about a mile from the walls the ce- lebrated Plaiuo of Abraham. After passing through the turnpike gate, the spot on which Wolfe expired, is denoted by a small column about one hundred and fifty yards to the left of the road. This simple pillar only a few feet high, surrounded by a quadrangular railing of iron, was erected by Lord Aylmer. It is at present in a very dclapidated state not very creditable to the loyal citizens of Que- bec. Yet its short and simple inscription " Here died Wolfe victorious," mutilated as it is, appeals more forcibly to the imagination and sympathy of the spectator than the most labored record, suggesting to the coldest mind not only the re- membrance of the talents and virtues of Wolfe, but the glorious struggle on this ' welUfoughten field', with its important influences on the des- tiniesf of Canada. The position of the Briti'sh \ \ THE ENVIUONS. 145 ornery [nantic which whom of the it five edoubt ig pos- 3ned ill idence, the ce- passing . which r»olumn left of \v feet ling of It is at not Que- ^Here ppeals ipathy 'ecord, the re- Wolfe, ighten le des- riti^h e army on the 13th of September 1759 may be easily recognised by taking this column as the position of the right wing, at whose head, it will be remembered, Wolfe received the fatal ball, on which he was removed a little to the rear as his troops advanced upon the enemy. The left wing extended across the plain in the direction of Marchmont, the residence of the Hon. John Stewart, which has since been erected on the site of a redoubt of four guns taken by the English at the commencement of the battle. At the opposite side of the road the French army formed in position as they as- cended from the river St. Charles. The re- mains of several redoubts may still be seen on the field, which were erected in all probability by General Townshend in the interval between the battle and the surrender of the city on the 18th September. This supposition is fully justified by his despatch to Mr. Pitt in which he states that his time was employed in that in- terim " in redoubt in g the camp beyond insult, in makin.T a road up the precipice for the can- non, in geiting up the artillery, preparing the batteries, and cutting off the communication with the country.'' On the rising ground in the roar of Wolfe's column will be found the remains of one of these redoubts ; another may be traced near the Race-stand, and a third be- tween the field of battle and the St. Foy road. ^U it ![■ ,i II 11 il ^1 ' ■ i ' 1' '1 1 ^r"'^'- 146 THE KNVIRONS. The space between the road and the bank of the St. Lawrence, enclosed on three sides by a fence and railing, which formed as has been sta- ted the position of the greater portion of the British forces, on which the great struggle for mastery took place and from which the van- quished were driven by the irresistible force of the British bayonet, witnesses in our day con- tests of a more peaceful description, yet not devoid of excitement. It is here that the an- nual races are held in the month of July. They commenced this year on the 22nd of that month, continuing three days. The course, in its circuit of a mile, presents on the side near- est to the road a level sward, on either side of which stands are erected w^hich afford ample accommodation to the spectators : as it ap- proaches the xlver, however, the undulations of the ground and occasional roughness of tlie course render it exceedingly trying to both horse and rider. Yet the excitement of the race is not a little increased by the undulation of the course, the horses during a considerable portion of the heat being invisible at the stands. A portion of the turf on the plains was a few years since levelled and rolled for the use of the garrison Cricket Club, and though this ckib no longer exists, the manly old English game of cricket is still kept up by the ^ Quebec Club' composed of civilians. The distance from the ' I ,!i|- THE ENVIRONS, 147 ik of by a n sta- )f the le for van- •rce of coll- et not e an- They f that se, in I near- side of ample it ap- ons of of tlie both of the ilation erable tancls. a few use of is club ime of Club' mi tlic city and business engagements in the summer are serious obstacles, however, in the formation of a good club. About a inile beyond the Plains is Spencer Wood, the seat of Henry Atkinson Esquire, vrhich from its great natural advantages heigh- tened and expanded by the taste of the pro- prietor presents, in this borealic region, a syl- van abode which may challenge comparison with any on this continent. It comprises with- in its limits some magnificent specimens of forest trees. The oak, the fir and the elm may here be soen in all their perfection. In front of the house the lawn descends slightly towards the cliff upon the bank of the St. Lawrence, occa- sional glimpses of w^hich, with the opposite shore, may be had through the trees. The flower garden adjoining the house in the rear is very tastefully arranged, rising gradually before the eye with its infinite variety of hues. The fruit garden, detached at a short distance, has a very beautiful natural enclosure of 'old patrician trees' which ofier a refreshing shelter from the heat of summer. In the centre is a jet d'eau and fountain supplied by leaden pipes from a gigantic tank hidden among the trees. The walks on this estate are not less than seven miles in extent and must afibrd a delightful re- treat for those who love ' the solitude of the pine forest.' !'.; n. I i ™ ] ■ 1 i;; i : : ;■ ^ i' 1 '' ', ( ; i iJ r i 'i| f 1 i 1'ii 1 1 1 ■ r \ ■ ' '! u ■ ' •i . jIII i ' ; i jy.| i! 'Pf ; ' > :i|jL Ssi' ''i^^^i i III' fl< IP ■' 111 1 - ► '■'')! ( 1,1 a. 1 ,^ ■: 148 THE ENVIRONS. Woodfield, the residence of the Hon. Wil- liam Sheppard, displays the same sylvan charac- ter as Spencer Wood. In a lire by which the house vras recently consumed, a • valuable li- brary fell a prey to the flames, together with a horticultural collection said to be unequalled in the province. Carouge, the residence of William Atkin- son Esquire, crowns the western extremity of the high land on which Quebec is built : it commands an exquisite view of the river and the valley to the west, and acquires no little in- terest from comprising within its limits the re- lics of the fort erected by Roberval in the win- ter of 1542-3. The Carouge river flows into thp St. Lawrence at the foot of the cliff. The following extract describes with exactness the natural features of the strip of land of which we have endeavored to delineate the most interesting objects. " This promontory, which forms so conspicuous a feature in the liver scenery immediately above the Island of Orleans, is the narrow noith-eastern termi- nation of an oblong tongue of land which, rising from the valley of Cap Houge, about 8 miles south west- ward of Quebec, attains at the latter place its ex- treme altitude of 330 feet above the St. Lav;rence, whilst its greatest breadth, which lies towards tho western extremity and nearly opposite to the paro- chial church of St. Foy, is about 2-^ miles. The whole of this feature is insulated by a valley out of which it appears to rise, like ihe back of a THE ENVIRONS. 149 Wil- larac- h. the le li- v^ith a nailed Ukin- ity of ilt: it :• and tie ill- he re- 3 win- flows cliff, ctness lid of e the uous a ve the termi- ^^from west- its ey- rence, ds tho I p.iro- valley k ofa leviathan from the deep. Through the southerJi hranch of this valle^^ flows, between rocky precipices, the noble St. Lawrence, pressed by its hundred wings of commerce, and here attainiiipj an extreme breadth of two miles, v^hile tlie norUiern branch spreads out into low alhivial lands, tlirough which meander the St. ChaUes and St. Michel rivers, whose waters, though from western and northern sources in the mountains which close the visual horizon on this side from east to west, become nearly simultaneously confluent with the St. Law- rence at the Vacherie. The valley of Cap Rouge, which breaks the con- tinuation of the tongue of land before mentioned to south-westward, is in the present day characterized only by an insignilicant stream; but it appears to be probable that the St. Lawrence once passed an arm this way round, thereby insulating all the land to the light of it." The suggestion conveyed in, the concluding paragraph will be readily adr>ptod after an at- tentive survey of the low lands commencing at the St. Vt^-'ier suburb, which exhibit many natural indications of having been at some pe- riod, however remote, the bed of a river. It will remain, however, a matter of doubt whe- ther the w^aters of the St. Lawrence which rose in former ages much above their present eleva- tion partially covered the valley of the St. Charles, or, as suggested by Captain Badde- ley, passing round by Caroucre gave to the pro- montory on which Q^^^hee stands the insular appearance which he supposes, V 4-^ ^ 'I • ; : ■ f I:! «t;' h I; ! If ' i V twenty yards — and tho groat body of water which rushes with incredible velocity down the * head- long height', acquiring as it descends a fleecy whiteness that assumes at a short distance the appearance of snow, form a combination of the sublime and beautiful which fascinates at once the mind of the spectator. It is situated in the centre of a largo gap in the north bank of the St. Lawrence about 300 yards in extent, through which its waters pass in a wide and shallow stream after emerging from the chasm among the rocks at the foot of the fall. There are several points from which the view can be varied and of each of which visitors should avail themselves. On the west side a projecting rock near the aqueduct affords a good view of the fall which it overlooks in lis descent. The visitor should then cross the wooden bridge just above the ca- taract and passing through some fields he will obtain a very beautiful view at a little distance on the east side. But to be fully impressed with the height and grandeur of the Falls it is necessary to descend the bank on either side and at the foot of the mighty torrent obtain an unbroken view of its sublimity. A ceaseless spray curls up around the falling waters and when the rays of the sun fall upon its delicate veil the magical effect of the sunbow invests the scene with an additional charm. Here a- mid the ^roar of waters' the words of the poet must often be recalled. THK KNVIUONS, 155 — '* but on the verge, From side to side beneath the jylitteriiig- luorii., An Iriis sits, amidst tlio infernal surge, Like TIopp upon a deatli bed, and, unworn Its steady dyes, while all around is t*orn Uy the distracted waters, bears serene Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn : Resemblin<>;, mid the torture of the scene, Love watching Madness with unalter'^ble mien." The distance from the city is eight miles, the road passing through the village of Beaiiport which bears the appearance of a continuous street from the church to the ftiUs, a distance of more than three miles. In the winter the road across the bay reduces the distance to six miles. At this season the spray congeals as it descends upon a rock in front of the falls and forms an ice mountain which increases gradually until it attains nearly half the height of the cataract. Some smaller cones are in general formed near it, but their height and form are varied accor- ding to the peculiarities of the season as regards the action of the wind and frost. The falls are greatly resorted to in the winter for the amuse- ment of sliding down the cone with the tohog- gen or Indian sleigh. On the hill close to the falls is a house which was formerly the abode of the late Duke of Kent: it is now the residence of Peter Paterson Esquire, the proprietor of the extensive sawmills in the neighborhood. I " ' , i -.iKi" m s ' i ■! liiv •^>. ^>. <\^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) L /. // ,> .V^ /- t/. & 1.0 I.I 1.25 l^i2B |2.5 ■:£ lllllio us 1.4 III 1.6 <^ /a /\ 'm M.'^J^ '^ > '%>V^ /^ 7 Photographic Sciences Cornoration 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 io C/a % ^ o '^ % m i, , • '-i 8 vm ' I't J T1 1 .1 ■ ! i I 156 THE ENVIRONS. On ascending the west bank of the Montmo- renci about a mile from the fall the lime stone rocks through which the river rushes with irre- sistible force assume the singular appearance known as the Natural Steps, On the east side the perpendicular rock surmounted by the wood rises considerably above the level of the oppo- site bank, where the action of the water when the river is at its height in the spring has pro- duced a series of steps which rise in as regular gradation as if the result of art. Here the great declination of the bed of the river, the narrow- ness of its channel and the obstruction it meets with from the projecting rocks cause a succession of rapids which rise and swell with tumultuous violence. The Montmorenci is much frequented by the lovers of angling and presents many sta- tions in its course where the attention of the sportsman is divided between his art and admi- ration of the wild scenery around him. It is in general necessary to wade while fishing in this river, and the proverbial coldness of the stream, its continued rapids and the slip- pery surface of the rocks demand no little energy for the occasion. The Sable a few miles up the river may be indicated as the first spot worth stopping at. This is followed by the Three Falls, the Prairie and V Islet whicla are very much fished by the habitants in the neighborhood. Then in regular succession THE ENVIRONS. 157 at short distances from oacli other are found a number of Miiug phiccs distinguished as follows : Falle Basse, Canoe, near Gordon's Mill. Petite Iloche. Grand Boclier, near Johnson's Mill, Grande Moche. La Broiie. Peche a Rous sin, Peclie aiix Sauvar/es. Sable, near Graham's, Eoche Fondii. Cap, The distance to the " Cap/' the highest fish- ing ground, is about twelve miles from the Sable near Lamotte's. The speediest and most com- fortable Wiiy to reach the stations, especially those above the Falle Basse, is on horseback, as the road above this place is sometimes almost impassable for a vehicle. The liiver above the Cap is seldom visited as there is no path through tlie woods. Persons however, who have explored five or six miles above this place say that the river assumes a still wilder appearance than below and abounds with large fish. At the end of tlie St. Michel road as we approach the Montmorenci are three small hou- ses from either of which a guide can be procur- n 11 |t^ I ! h I i 'i ' ii!' 'I ■ . I- . 3! ll-f ^ 15S THE ENVIRONS. ed by persons wishing to proceed to any of the lower stations. The names of their occupants are La Motte, Duhreuil and Boutette, Within two miles of " the Cap *' is Graham^s where sportsmen can procure a bed and a guide at day break to the higher fishing stations. THE CHAUDIERE FALLS. These very beautiful falls, though less ma- jestic than the Montmorenci, are preferred by many on account of the romantic wildness of the scenery which surrounds them. As the vi- sitor emerges from the thick forest through which the river takes its wild and solitary course, he is impressed as he stands upon its mar- gin with the wild natural beauty of the glen that receives the stream after its delirious leap from the precipice into the black abyss below. *' Narrowed by salient points extending from each side, the precipice over which the waters rush is scarcely more than one hundred and thirty yards in breadth and the height from which the water descends is about as many feet. Huge masses of rock rising above the surface of the current, TUK KNVlllONS. 159 of the cupants Within where aide at 3SS ma- red bv ness of the vi- hrough course, mar- ie glen IS leap below. )m each rush is Y yards 5 water masses urrent, just at the break of the fall, divide the stream into three portion.^, forming partial cataracts that unite before they reach the basin which re- ceives them below. The continual action of the water has worn the rock into deep excavations, which give a globular figure to the revolving bodies of brilliant white foam and greatly in- crease the beautiful effect of the fall. The spray thrown up, being q\iickly spread by the wind, produces in the sunshine a most splendid variety of prismatic colors. The dark-hued foliage of the woods, which on each side press close upon the margin of the river, forms a striking con- trast with the snow-like effulgence of the falling torrent : the hurried motion of the flood, agi- tated among the rocks and hollows as it forces its way towards the St. Lawrence, and the in- cessant sound occasioned by the cataract itself form a combination that strikes forcibly upon the senses, and amply gratifies the curiosity of the admiring spectator. The woods on the banks of the river, notwithstanding its vicinity to the capital, are so impervious as to render it neces- sary for strangers who visit the falls to provide themselves with a competent guide. Few falls can be compared with this for picturesque beau- ty. The best view is to the left from a ledge of rocks that project into the basin; from this spot the scene is surprisingly grand ; the next point of view is from a parallelledge behind the former; ' i 1 ? ! ii t 'i i'» ' i . 1' * ' . 1 \iy: 1 'S if ■■ ' t l^-'^ 160 THE ENVIRONS. there is also anotlier good view from the ledge of rocks above the fall, looking down and across the fall, and ii]> the river/' * The River Chaudiere wliich forms this beau- tiful cascade about throe miles from its mouth, takes its rise in Lake Mogantic and after a wild and rapid cour^^e of one hundred and two miles joins the St. Lawrence about six miles above Quebec on the south shore. Tlieniniierous falls and rapids l)y whicli its course is marked render it unfit for the purposes of navigation ; yet it occa- sionally assumes a very im})osi ng appearance, va- rying in breadth from foiu' to six lumdred yards. It is invested with an histoi'ical interest by the memorable advance of Arnold through the wild forest along its banks on the invasion of Canada in 1775. Having, in his route from Boston wdth his force of eleven hundred men, surmounted in the first instance all the dangers and difficul- ties of the Kennebec, the privations of his party were redoubled in threading the less passable course of the Chaudiere w^hich offered a direct but most arduous route to Quebec, no less than thirtv two davs being consumed in their iour- ney through the wilderness. The falls may be visited by water as far as the mouth of the river, where, passing under the neat one-arched bridge which forms a picturesque object from the St. Lawrence, we enter a little creek or bay * Bouchette. THE ENVIUONS. 161 ledge across beau- n oil til, a wild miles ; above us falls mderit it occa- ice, va- [ yards, by the he wild Canada )n w^ith nted in lifficiil- s party assable L direct 'ss than r jour- nay be e river, arched t from or bay about three miles from the falls. The land route from Point L^vi should be chosen by strangers "whose stay permits but a single visit, as it af- fords a very beautiful prospect of the city and harbor, the view exhibiting the magnificent scenery under a new aspect, superior in some points though less comprehensive than that from Quebec. The dislance from Point L6vi is nearly nine miles. We cross about four miles from Quebec the mouth of the Etchemin a stream which aftbrds good trout fishing at a short dis- tance up. Its principal l)ran(^h emerges from the lake of the same name about fortv-cisfhfc miles from Quebec: its waters are for the most part quiet and navigable, and are said to offer considerable facilities, with the aid of a canal which might be cut at no great expense, for a water communication w^lth the River St. John and the lower provinces. THE FALLS OF STE. ANNE. A few days devoted to an excursion to the river Ste. Anne, about twenty four miles be low Quebec on the north shore, will be am M I'f km If 162 THE ENVIRONS. ply repaid by tlio rich combination and variety of picturesque scenery, unequalled in the vici- nity of a city where nature assumes so many novel and attractive forms. The road lies over the bridge of the Montmorenei and along the bank of the St. Lawrence through the villages of Ange Gardien and Chateau Richer. The marshy banks of the latter being much frequent- ed by snipe and wild-duck afford the best shoo- ting ground in the neighborhood of Quebec, from which it is nearly eighteen miles distant. The marshes at Ste. Famille, on the Island of Orleans directly opposite to Chateau Richer, are considered by some to afford occasionally better sport than the latter, the facility of ac- cess not being so great. It can either be reach- ed by a boat from the city, or should a dearth of sport occur at the Chateau a boat can be ob- tained there for the purpose of crossing. On a like rocky promontory at Chateau Richer the ruins of a Franciscan monastery were recently standing which was destroyed by a detachment of British troops when Wolfe was encamped near the Montmorenei. This was occasion- ed by the refusal of the habitants to supply the troops with provisions, in which they were en- couraged by their priests, who put the building into so excellent a state of defence that it was found requisite to reduce it with artillery. On a rising ground, which commands a magnificent THE ENVIRONS. 163 ariety ! vici- many s over ng the illages The quent- : shoo- luebec, listant. land of ilicher, ionally of ac- reach- arth of be ob- Ona er the Bcently chment 3ampecl icasion- 3ly the are en- uilding it was . On nificent prospect, is the parish church and about a milo from the church is a picturesque cascade on the river Saidt a la Puce, Here tlio stream is pre- cipitated in its descent from three succcssivo decHvities, and its banks richly ^voodcd impart a wild and sylvan character to the scene. On resuming his journey the tourist will soon ar- rive at the village of St e. Anne, of which the church is rendered remarkable by the number of mira- culous cures eftected there by the saint. So great is the faith of the devout ])ilgrims in the sanative powers of this shrine that it is visited by the afflicted from very distant parishes; and no doubt of its efficacy can exist in the mind of the visitor who on entering the church observes the substantial proofs aftbrded by the crutches on the walls left there as grateful reUcs by the lame devotees Avhose faith had made them whole! By starting at an early hour from Quebec, the stranger, to whom time is precious, v ill be able to view the Falls of the Montmorenci, the Natu- ral Steps and the other objects just alluded to in his route before arriving at the river Ste. Anne, where it would l)e advisable to pass the night. Very good accommodation is aiford- ed at a house kept by Bacon, a Canadian, near the bridge. In the morning an early start should be made so that the several falls which the river exhibits within a few miles may each meet with due inspection. On the w^est side of 1.1 ■ii H n " M 'IH 1. »i' d' T 164 THE ENVIRONS. the river the road ascends gradually for nearly four miles displaying as the elevation increases a magnificent and extensive prosjiect. Having arrived on a level with the falls of Ste. Anne it will be necessary to leave the i oad and ohtaining the assistance of a guide pursue a rough aud arduous path tluough the weed for nearly a mile and a half. On emerging from ilie fo- rest this noble and singular caiaraet buists upon the spectator. The extraordinary wiUlness of the scene mav bo said with truih to boffsar des- cription. The pencil of the artist alone could doit adequate justice, A pile of enor- mous rocks rise u\) in the bed of the ri- ver which rushes over and between them with ineoncei\able velocity in three distinct channels that unite aofain before ihev fall into the chasm below. Tlie first of these torrents is so narrow that it can be crossed in a leap. Over the centre one a rude and fragile bridge consisting of a few stunted tiees is laid from rock to rock a few feet above the boiling rapids. The visitor whose firm nerves do not tremble at the apparent danger should not neglect to cross this bridge. The natural gradations in the rock, caused no doubt by the action of the water at diftejcnt seasons of the year, will then enable him to descend and view the several ca- taracts more nearly as they roar and foam a- round him in their descent. On one side he w^ill M THK KNVIRONS. 165 observe a circular cavity of groat tlo])l}i in\^•lli^ll the black and motionless ^vater Ibrnisi a striking contrast to theagitatcd torrent besideit. Doubt- less at some former period this abyss received the fa'lling (\ataract Avliicli lias since been divert- ed into other channels. As we take our stand in the position we have just deseribed, we be- come insensibly fascinated by the wild and ex- traordinary features of the scene. The gigantic rocks — the rushing cataracts — the deep abyss into which they descend — the wild forest which rises around,its silence pierced by the ceaseless roar of the waters — leave an im])ression on Uie senses that cannot readily be eftaced. Lcavinc: this interesting spot, however reluctantly, the visi- tor must now retrace his steps through the forest, and proceed in his vehicle about four miles fui'- ther until he arrives at the village of St. Fereol. Here he must again leave the road and before he enters the forest a beautiful view of the Falls of St. Ferdol presents itself. Em^irded by the deep foliage of the trees amongwhich it descends, the eftect of the fleecy sheet is very beautiful. The passage through the woods is long and fa- tiguing ; in descending the mountain it is fre- quently by the aid of the branches that w^e are enabled to retain our footing. The scene, how- ever, is wdld and rugged causing us to overlook the difficulties we encounter by the interest it excites, A fallen tree supplies a precariou* il 5!i , I 1 '! ](» ll ;:. I 166 THE ENVIRONS. footing across a stream that rushes down the mountain to join tlie St. Anne. At hingth wo emerge from the forest in tlie glen whieli re- ceives this beautiful cascade. Tlie fall des- cends in one clear and expansive sheet ; the river at its foot is broad and rapid and takes its course through a wild and picturesque glen that contributes greatly to the beauty of the scene. Having fully indulged the contemi)lation of this charming i)icture, instead of returning by the same route the guide should be directed to lead the visitor up the mountain by the side of the falls. He will thus escape the fatigue of return- ing through the forest and be enabled with a little further exertion to witness another interesting feature in this river — a series of cascades, known as the Seven Falls, which follow each other in rapid succession within a short distance of the fall described above. THE LAKES. There are several lakes in the vicinity of Que- bec which offer many allurements to the visi« THE ENVIRONS. 167 I the til wc h rc- [ des- ; the [cs its 1 tliat scene. )f this )y the lead f the 3turn- i little esting pown ler in ce of Que- visi- tor. Of these Lake St. Charles possesses the most attractive scenery, and is the favorite re- sort of pic-nic ]>arties in the summer. Here the lover of the picturesque, the sportsman, and those wlio confine tlieir enjoyment to tlioconsump- tion of the ,! f « j! (,:•? it ill 111 168 THE ENVirONS. riety of shades, allure us to their cool and de- lightful retreats, while the more distant moun- tains with their endless undulations and dark shadows form a magnificent back ground to the piotuj'e and impress the mind still more strongly with a sense of the sequestered solitude of the scene. Within a pretty bay to the left of the upper lake visitors may amuse themselves with an eclio which is never evoked without success. Passing across to the opposite extremity we enter the Huron river a deep and clear stream which supplies the lake. The angler has here a good op- portunity for indulging his patient art as the lake abounds with trout which rise freely to the fly. At the mouth of the little river just mentioned and the northern end of the upper lake will be found the best fishing, but little sport being had in the lower lake which is much more shallow than the other. At the north western end of the upper lake a small stream, which is barely na- vigable for a single canoe, communicates with lake Larron which being rather difficult of ac- cess is little fished and abounds with small trout. The shores of the lower lake are infested with bull frogs, which interesting genus swarms in the vicinity of Quebec, where in the stillness of eve- ning it warbles its native wood notes in such per- fection as to have attained the sobriquet of the * Canadian nightingale.' A house kept by Madm. Verret on the borders of the lake afForcU y'\ TUB rNVIRONS. 169 in omfortable quarters to visitors who must boar luembrauec, how over til il 10 iiuiKsnons V abl o ro- gulatioii in Canadian excursions ot* hriup:iuo^ tlioir materiel with them. Lari>e double canoos arc kej)t in readiness and otKor a sjiie modi* of tran- sit to pio-nic parties, but a few sailing* Invdi^ would be a great acquisition and add not a little to the beauty of the lake. The soil in the neiiarhborhood is in oenerid rockv and barren which is nnich to be regretted as its partial cid- tivation would form a!i aijrreeable contrast to the natural wildness of the scene. Lake Beav/port lies nearly four miles to the north-east of Lake St. Charles and is about the same distance from the city. The road to it lies through the populous village of Charlebourg whose white cottages and tin covered spires are very prominent in the view from Quebec. Fur- suing the road in a direct line from this village wx» pass St. Pierre which exhibits iha same poj)U- lous and cultivated aspect and is intersected by several trout streams that aftbrd better sport than their diminutive appearanc^e would seem to promise. As we leave St. Pierre behind, the route assumes the wild and rugged aspect pecu- liar to these northern mountains : we are sur- rounded by the dark forest which, with its dense growth of underwood, covers the undu- lating surface of the hills, and but for tho clearances thp-t occasionally relieve it, might 1:1:. 1 , I 11 "■ h ■ ! 1 ! » ! '■ ! i U ^i! 1 ' I ' 'I -'r It ',1 '; 170 THE ENVIRONS. seem to be far remote from the haunts of man. The road lies here through *the Brul^' an exten- sive tract tliat was * cleared' many years since by the devastating agency of a fire which extended in its progress form east to west upwards of twenty miles through the forest. The blackened stumps of the trees and the fire -plant which springs up luxuriantly around fully testify the extent of its effects. The lake is about a mile in length and scarcely half that distance across at its widest part. The great height of the woody hills which surround it imparts rather a sombre character to the lake ; the general effect, however, is picturesque and agreeable. Its banks display more cultivation than those of St. Charles. In a small chapel divine service is oc- casionally performed among the few peasants who reside here and a cemetery attached to it provides a wild and romantic resting place amid the mountains for those who pass to * dusty death.' The great attraction of this lake is its trout the finest in flavor and condition in the vicinity of Quebec. As it has been found, how- ever, a useless labor to tempt them with the * delusive fly' the ignoble art of bait fishing is practiced here with a success which certainly justifies the means. At a small house on the side of the lake kept by Mrs. Simmons visitors will find clean quarters and good attendance. Nearly three miles above Carouge is Lake Cah I I THE ENVIRONS, 171 vaire which, though small, is picturesque and worthy of a visit. The only fish it contains is perch. In the neighborhood of this lake are found in great numbers those largo globular masses of granite called 'boulders' which occa- sionally attract our notice on the roads to lakes Boauport and St. Charles. The size, form, and position of these fragments, while they excite the curiosity of iminitiated beholders, puzzle even the geologian to account for their presence, which is referred to the action of the waters during the deluge as the most natural solution of the mystery. Lake St, Joseph or Ontarietsi is the largest in the vicinity being nearly nine miles in length and about six broad at its widest part. Two projecting points about the centre form the Nar^ rows by which it is divided like Lake St. Charles into two parts that may be termed the upper and lower lake. It is situated about three miles to the west of the Jacques Cartier river with which it is connected by a small stream that empties itself into the latter a little belov the Ferry at the village of St. Catherine. The distance from the city, twenty eight miles, deters many from enjoying the beautiful scenery of this lake, two or three days being requisite for that purpose. The beauty of the drive is, however, a sufficient atonement for the fatigue or loss of time incur- i , •I' ' If ' ISli 'it 'f;i:f' ?^v rl) V.J 172 THE KNVIROKS. red in this excursion. The usual route lies over the stage road to Montreal on leaving which at St. Augustin it passes through Fossambault and conducts us to the Jacques Cartier which is crossed at a ferry, a sljoit distance from the lake. This route disclos(vs some beautiful views, but a shorter and better road may be poiutod out along the w^estern bank of the St. Charles through th6 village of St. Ambroise and pur- Buing the road w estwardof the Montagnes Uoncles to Valcartier about live miles distance from St. Catherine. Arrangements should be made to arrive at the lake before dark as much of the inconvenience arising from bad roads may thus be avoided. On the east side of the lower lake are several farm houses at which temporary ac- commodation is furnished to fishing parties. A- mong these we may menti(>n Conicay's and Mrs. Lunn's w^here boats and canoes may be piocured. Persons wishing to remain at St. Catheiine w^ill find there a hostelry kej^t by Mrs, Buckley at "which if not very fastidious they may pass the night. To the sportsman Lake St. Joseph has unusual attractions, as it is celebrated for its black bass and trout both of which are taken here several pounds in w eight. It is said to be the only lake in Canada in wdiich these fine fish are found together, w ith the exception of Lake Sargent which is also about three miles from St. Catherine in another direction. The view of ( 1 THE ENVIRONS. 173 c?s over lich at Lilt and licli is m the views, jointed Cljarles id pur- Uoncles 'oni St. ade to of the y thus er lake ary ac- es. A- id Mrs, cured, iue will Mey at )ass the eph has for its taken d to be ine fish of Lake rom St. view of Lake St. Joseph which opens as we descend is very beautiful and far superior to any other lake scenery near Quebec. Its extent is just suffi- cient to bj'ing every object distinctly within view, the high mountains on the opposite side covered with iho forest and ihe undulating sum- mits of the more distant hills beyond the upper lake crowning the scene with ihoir varied sha- dows. A sand bank near the Narroivs is said to be the best spot for bass and at ihe bottom of the lower lake trout are taken in considerable numbers. The moutli of thu lit vie lUviere aux Pins which sup}>lies the upper lake on the east side is also a good spot fur trout. Strangers would do well to ]>rocure a guide. A man named Doyle living at St. Catheiine acts in this capacity, and is well acquainted with the lake. The Discharge of the lake, as the little ]\iver which connects it with the Jacques Carlier is cal- ed, is a highly picturt^que stream flowing through a dense forest, some splendid i»ines sjtringing up out of the margin of tlie water on each side. A canoe might be procured here to proceed up the the river, witliin a short distance of the lake with which the communication is cut off by a very beautiful rapid. Good trout fishing can be had at this spot. The Jacques Cartier river, so called in com- memoration of the adventurous navigator who was erroneously supposed to have wintered at 174 THE ENVIRONS, 1 r- .>■ its mouth, takes its rise among some small lakes in the north and joins the St. Lawrence after a wild and romantic course of nearly fifty miles. The scenery along its banks is beautifully diver- sified and rises occasionally to magnificence. In many places the river is wide, deep and still but in general the navigation is interrupted by violent rapids and cascades. About nine miles from its confluence with the St. Lawrence is Dai/ree's Bridge below which excellent salmon-fishing is sometimes to be had. A precipitous fall of some height prevents the ascent of the fish above this spot. A Canadian named Dayree resides in a cottage at the bridge where sportsmen are provi- ded with comfortable quarters. The fishing is, however, greatly injured by the poaching of this individual w^ho, in virtue of his lease, captures the salmon with a net at the foot of the fall, and detains them in a reservoir on the bank of the river. For nearly a mile below the bridge there is in general excellent sport, and several deep holes in which the fish seek a temporary relief from the violence of the current have attained considerable celebrity. They are distinguished by names for which they are indebted to the Canadians in the neighborhood and which may serve strangers as a guide to theii*locality. The Trou Noir is immediately below the garden of Dayree's cottage, close to the bridge. On the opposite side of the river is the Grand Bets and THE ENVIRONS. 175 lower down the Petit Rets. Still further down where the river commences to open is one of the best holes called L'Hopital from a quaint notion that the fish stop here until they recover from the fatigues of their passage. The distance from Quebec to Dayree's bridge is about twenty five miles. The road by Carougo and the bank of the St. Lawrence commands a beautiful pros- pect, nor is that by St. Foy and St. Augustin inferior in the beauty of its views, so that stran- gers would do well to change their route in re- turning from the river. THE ISLAND OF ORLEANS. 11 This beautiful island is one of the most in- teresting objects in the prospect from the city. Its well cultivated fields sloping to the water's edge are charmingly contraisted with the dark forest that covers its high banks. It serves as a shelter to the bay on the east where it divides the river into the north and south channel, the distance across the bay from the city being near- ly four miles. The length of the island is nine- ,1.^ 11 hn Jii 1 5 176 THE ENVIRONS. ha \m\ Ul' li ^ teen miles and its greatest breadth about five and a half. It contains five parishes, with a population of nearly five thousand souls, St. Pierre and Sto. Famille on the north, and on the southern siile St. Laurent, St. Jean and St. Francois. There is a stone convent at Ste. Fa- mille in which the nuns keep a Seminary for the education of young gh'ls. The beaches on the northern sliore are in general low and marshy and afford occasionally good shooting. Patrick's Hole, about nine miles fi*om the city on the south side of the island, is a sheltered cove with excellent anchoracje at which outward- bound vessels frequently await their final in- structions before leaving the port. It affords security also to vessels arriving early in the spring before the ice has broken up. At Anse au Maraud the Columbus, an enormous vessel of 3700 tons register carrying four masts, was launched in 1(S24. In the following year another vessel of similar magnitude, the Baron of Ren- frew, was launched here, these vessels being con- structed with the view of breaking them up in England and saving the duty on the lumber of w hich they w^ere composed. This object was however defeated as it was decided that a voyage must first be made out of England. The Colum- bus returned to this country and was wrecked on her way out, while the other was lost on the coast of France on her voyage home. \.^ ^ THE ENVrnONS. 1T7 lit five with a Is, St. and on md St. te. Fa- ry for )eaches w and ooting. he city eltered Ltward- nal in- afFords in the t Anse 5 vessel ts, was nother Ren- g con- up in ber of ct was voyage 'olum- recked 3st on The soil of the Island is exceedingly fertile, its fruit in particular bein^ said to be superior to any below the district of Montreal. It would afford a very desirable spot for the country re- sidence of the inhabitants of Quebec, but that the means arc wanting for a regular communica- tion with the city. THE HERIVIITAGE. This romantic appellation lias been given to a ruin in the forest at Bourg Royal about seven miles from Quebec. Tliose who are led from its designation to anticipate a picturesque pile on which the effacing fingers of time have shed additional interest will be rather disappointed when they find but the stone Avails of a substan- tial dwelling house. But its chief interest is derived from the tale of love and jealousy with which it is associated. This invests its isolated situation with the principal attraction in the eyes of visitors who, recalling the fatal legend, *' inly ruminate the danger" of indulging to ex- cess those fatal passions. In the early pai 4 Ala of N 178 THE ENVIRONS. ^ ' ? > .t »*■ Lit' II \n i} the last century M. Begon the Intendant select- ed this spot for tlie residence of a lady whom he found it necessary to protect from the watcli- ful jealousy of his wife. In the midst of a thick forest, whicli even at the present day is penetra- ted with difficulty, lie must have deemed his precautions comj)lete and the lady's safety, if not her comfort, secure in tliis secluded habitation. But tune revealed to tlie injured wife the clue to this fatal bower where tlie tragedy of Eleanor and Rosamond was enacted a^'ain, the life of its hapless occupant being sacrificed to the fury of her rival, if we are to credit the account which tradition has handed down to us. The clear- ance in wduch the ruins stand comprises but a few acres surrounded bv the forest. The relics .of the garden and other indications of remote occupation still exist. A small trout stream runs near it which finds its way to the St. Law- rence at the Priests' Farm in the Beauport Road and which from the mineral properties of its water is never frozen. This peculiarity, wdiich seems still more singular when the mighty St. Law- rence has yielded to the influence of the cli- mate, is also observed in the small streams that cross the road at the village of St. Pierre. elect- vvhom thick rietra- d his if not ation. B clue leanor ) of its iiry of which clear- but a relics emote stream Law- Road i water seems Law- le cli- is that THE ST. LAWRENCE BELOW QUEBEC. The scenery between Montreal and Quebec not being very striking the traveller has little occasion to regret that the night is chiefly OC" cupied in the passage, so that the departure from the former and arrival at the latter city are the sole opportunities for indulging a taste for the picturesque. The first place of any importance passed on the way down is William Henry or Sorely forty five miles from Montreal on the south shore at the confluence of the Richelieu with the St. Lawrence. It is built on the site of a fort erec- ted by the French in 1665 as a protection against the attacks of the Iroquois. Its popu- lation at present is about two thousand. On leaving; Sorel we enter Lake St. Peter which is nearly twenty five miles long. Bomg merely an expansion of the river the channel for shipping is very narrow. At the western opening of the lake there are numerous islands. I i ^ HI iff 1 1. 1 iff i A IW II ' .1=1' 1^ :••; II' i mi 11- 180 THR ST. LAWRENCE BELOW Qt'EBEC. T/ir^e Riversh about halfway to Quebec at the moutli of the river St. Maurice, 'i'his is one of the oldest towns in the j^rovitice havino: hoon settled in 1()18 as a (K'pot for the trade in furs carried on with thenalivos. It has not exhibit- ed, however, nnieh proiiiession in iin|)o''tanee when compared with (Juehee or Montreal, its population beinii* at present under four thousand souls. Its priiuMpal buildinus are the Ursuline Convent, founded by the Bishop de St. Valier in 1677 as a fenude seminary and hospital, the Protestant and Catholic churches, the Court- house, Jail and Barracks. A regular steam conniiunication with the ports on the St. Lawrence below Quebec has long been wanting, the only means of enjoying the scenery or proceeding to the Watering places having hitherto been sup]»lied by schooners, a conveyance of which few were willing to avail themselves. This season, how- ever, several steamers have been engaged in making regular excursions to places of interest between Quebec and the Saguenay, which noble river all admirers of picturesque scenery should make a point of visiting. For the information of strangers we will point out to them the ])iin- cipal objects that attract their attention on the trip down the river. On leaving Quebec the aspect of the St. Lawrence is considerably changed, assuming a THK ST. T.AWRfKCE nrj.cw QUFBr.r. 181 very bold and attractive cliaracter. On the north slioro tlio luu)i range of mountains — from Cap Toiirmenio thirty niih^s helow Quebec whieh rises 18J)2 feet above the river — increases gradunllyin elevation and covered with the forest presents a wild and ru,i;'^'ed appearance conti'ast- ing strongly with the so\uh(M'n shore whicli is hii>'hlv cultivate) I and exhibits aloniy its banks a succession of thriving: settlements and villages. Isle Madame is the largest of a string of sniall islands just below the Island of Orleans. It is not much more than onemilein length. Theriver commences to expand here, being nearly ten miles across. Grosse Isle, thirty miles from Quel)ec, is a Quarantine Station under the superintendence of Dr. George Douglas. All vessels arriving from sea stop here on their way up. It is pro- vided with an hospital and a Catholic church. JSt. Thomas, th.irty two miles from Quebec on the south shore, is a very picturesque village at the mouth of the Riviere du 8ud. Its church is large and handsome and is surrounded by numerous wdiite cottages. There are several large saw-mills here, the property of Messrs. Price and Messrs. Patton of Quebec. The soilin the seigniory of Hi viere du Sud is highly cultivated and so productive in grain as to have acquired for it long since the title of the granary of the lower province. 182 THE ST. LAWRENCE BELOW QUEBEC. rt i ( ,f h. ^ ^M^^i. m i ..-? t. 11' I .: \ Crane Island, a few miles below St. Thomas, is connected at low water with Goose Island. They are both in a good state of cultivation and about twelve miles in extent. The mar- shes here produce excellent hay. The Pillars are a group of rocky islands, fifty five miles from Quebec. Ou one of them a light-house is erected. A few miles lower down is the Traverse, a very intricate and dan- gerous channel in which a lloating light is kept at night. Isle aux Coudres, sixty five miles from Que- bec, lies near tlie north shore opposite St. Paul's Bay, in the neighborhood of whicli is a populous and well cultivated settlement. The bay is three miles deep and about two wide at the entrance, from which it assumes an amphi- theatrical form with perpendicular clifis of con- siderable height rising on each side of the bay. The island received its name from Jacques Cartier on account of the profusion of filberts which he observed on landing there. Malhaie or Murray Bay, about ninety miles from Quebec on the nortli shore. This settle- ment is well cultivated along the banks of the Malbaie river which flows into the St. Law- rence. The residents are chiefly descendants of the Highlanders engaged in Wolfe's cam- paign who settled here and intermarried with the Canadians. Many families from Quebec f i. THE ST. LAWRENCE BELOW QUEBEC, 183 omas, land, atioii mar- ands, them lower . dan- > kept Que- e St. icli is The ide at ^mphi- f con- e bay. icques ilberts miles settle- of the Law* ndants s cam- 1 with Juebec visit Malbaie in the summer for the benefit of salt water bathing, the water here being per- fectly sea-salt. There is also excellent salmon fishing in the river near the Chute about six miles from its mouth. Sea trout are likewise taken here of a considerable size and several small lakes at a few miles distance attbrd abun- dance of trout. Kamoaraska on the southern shore nearly op- posite to Malbaie is also a favorite watering place situated in a rich and populous district. There is excellent accommodation for the nu- merous visitors who are led here by the repu- tation it bears of being one of the liealthiest places in the province. At the small islands in front of Kamouraska extensive fisheries are es- tablished, from which quantities of herrings, shad, salmon and sardines are shipped for the Quebec market. After passing the Pilgrims a group of rocky islets near the south shore and Hare Island in the centre of the river we arrive at Riviere du Loup, about thirty miles below Kamouraska. This village is increasing greatly in importance, being a fashionable watering place and situated at the head of the portage which comnninicates through the Madawaska settlement with the lower provinces. There are several extensive 43iiw-inills here. Hin 'if :i j j i.i i' ■■ ii fl |i: 1 ^ ■ ii' j ' ' 1 f ml m a;/"v( I- ^\h ill i'l PI?! ■5 rial; l!^«lfl III THE 8ACUENAY4 This magnificent river, which is said to dis- charge into the St. Lawrence a greater body of water than any other of its tributaries, is one hundred and forty miles below Quebec on the north shore. Strangers have at length an easy opportunity of visiting the scenery along its banks as a steamer leaves Quebec for that pur- pose occasionally during the summer. The Saguenay ov PitcMtaniclietz takes its riseinZaA;^ St, John and in its course of about forty two leagues receives a considerable number of rivers, several of them navigable for small vessels. The depth and force of its cur- rent, which flows between stupendous cliffs that impart an unequalled air of grandeur to the scene, is sensibly felt at its confluence with the St. Lawrence, where for a distance of several miles vessels are obliged to yield H THE SAGUENAY. 185 odis- :)dy of s one )n the [1 easy ig its t piir- The 11 Lake forty umber small 5 cur- cliffs mdeur luence stance yield to its impulse. The breadth of the St. Lawrence at this point is upwards of twenty miles and that of the Saguenay rather less than a mile. The greatest elevation at its mouth is on the westerly side which is nine hundred and twelve feet in height. On the opposite side it five hundred and eighty-eight feet. The IS highest point to which navigation extends for large vessels is Chicoutimi, sixty eight miles from the mouth, above which the rapids render the communication with the Lake exceedingly ha- zardous, except with experienced canoemen . The various advantages presented by this noble river, its safe and commodious harbors, the fertility of the soil, especially on the southern bank, and the comparative mildness of the climate, point it out as a most desirable place for settlement. Its resources in lumber must also be considera- ble, and already several saw- mills are establish- ed on its banks,so that few years may be ex- pected to elapse before the stillness which reigns at present in this wild region yields to the stir and bustle of commercial enterprise. " The depth of the Saguenay at its mouth in mid-channel has not been ascertained ; Capt. Martin could not find bottom with 330 fathoms of line. At the distance of one hundred fa- thoms from the shore vessels anchor in twelve or fourteen fathoms, and the bottom is good. About two miles higher up it has been repeat- ". i j: li 'I ; ■;>i; .• •i (!; ■'■ V ']f t t::: 186 THE SAOUENAY. edly sounded from 130 to 140 fathoms ; and from 60 to 70 miles from the St. Lawrence its depth is found from 50 to 60 fathoms." " The climate of the Saf the u en ay- miles, pene- iposed mal in ' rocks d feet from a i deep > three man is 'emen- nce of st veij- roeks, ^e are, Lorage. might ride, in from five to eighty fathoms. At tAvelve miles below Chieoutirni, whieli is distant sixty- eight miles from Taclousae, the spring tide rises eighteen ieot, and there is from ten to fifty fa- tlioins at low vrater. The tide rises and the river is navigai)lo seven miles above Chieoiitimi, where the rapids of the outlet of Lake St. John commence." " Tcte clu Boule, a round mountain peak, rises on the north side of the river, three miles from its mouth. Here the rocks and hills are mostly bare, but tlie verdure increases as you ascend. Nearly opposite La Boule, the banks of the Saguenay assume the appearance of a ruined castle, the timber destroyed by fire. On the left side of Laboule is a deep gully, ap- parently dividing it from the main land. About three miles fi'om Tadousac, the river inclines to the north for a ix}w miles, then re- sumes its western course to Chieoutirni, a dis- tance of sixty- eio-lit miles ii'om the St. Lawrence and being in many places three miles in width, with a great depth of water, until you arrive at the bar, sixty miles fr jm its mouth. The Two Profiles, seen on the north shore, a few miles up, and elevated several hundred feet above the water, bear a striking resem- blance to the human face. The St. Louis Islands present a rocky and rug- ged appearance. They lie about eighteen miles , ? 190 THE SAGUENAV. I i . • ^ i k ' i'* above Tadoiisac, and may be passed by^ large vessels on either side. Plere it is said, fine trout may be taken in large quantities. At the mouth of the river Marguerite, on the north shore, and at St. Jolni's Bay, on the south, are lumber establishments, — the latter situated twentv-eiG^ht miles above the mouth of the Sam I una V. ~ t At the distance of thirtv-four miles from Tadoiisac, on the soutli shore of the river, are tvro enormous masses of rock called .Eternity Point and Cape Trlnitf/. They rise from the water's edge to the height of some fifteen hun- dred feet, and so abruptly that tliey can almost be touched with the hand from the deck of the passing steamer. The aspect of these moinitain cliffs is beyond exjiression grand. No man can pass along their base and lift his eyes up their vast height without awe — without exj)eriencing the most intense emotions of sublimity. Shel- tered between them is a lovely recess of the shore, called Trinity Cove, its secpiestered and lonelv beautv enhanced bv its stronsr contuast with the wild grandeur of tlie rest of the scene. Triniti/ Cape takes its name from the three peaks of its sunnnit, bearing some resemblance to three human heads ; and the name of Eter- nity/ Point is abundantly indicated by the huge pile of ever-during rock of which it is composed. The whole scene — the majestic river, a hun- 1 , THE SAGUENAY. 191 large fine m the ii the I latter ith of V from , are ernity 111 the him- ilmost of the Lintain in can ) their jncing Shei- of the [I and ntiast scene. three ) hi nee Eter- hugc DOsed. huu" dred fathoms deep, rolling along the base id in the shadows of the vast and beetling cliffs, bearing on their rocky fronts the impress of Almighty power and everlasting duration — the whole scene at tin's jilace is unsurpassed for its mao'n'ficcnco and solemn beaut v. Continuing up the Saguenay, Statue Point is next passed, where formerly was to be seen a rock in a niche, high above the w^ater, which resembled a huge human figure. The niche is s^ll visil)le, but the figure has fallen into t^^e deep water. The Tableau is an upright rock, rising almost perpendicularly from the water, to the height of several hundred feet, situated on the souih shore. The scenery in this vicinitv, and for several miles below, is exceedingly grand and pictures- que, — high and ])recipitous hills, clothed with a stunted growth of forest trees, and all around a w^ild solitude, unbroken by a sign of habitation or life, except occasionally a huge porpoise shewing his back above the wave, and the water- fowl peculiar to these noi'thern latitudes. " "• Ha- Ha Bay or Bale dcs Has, called by the Indians Heskuewaska, is on the S. side of the river and so perfect in its resemblance to the main channel of the Saguenay, thrt voyagers are often misled by its appearance. There are various opinions as to the origin of its name, m 111',! 1 i i* m '■A 192 THE S AG U EN AT, but the most prevalent opinion is, that it is thus called on account of the sudden bend here form- ed by the river; this unexpected detour induces the voyager to exclaim lla-Ha ! being struck with surprise at seeing the o])ening of a new prospect. This bay, the point being doubled, is about seven leagues from Chieoutinii, from which it is sejiaratod by a tongue of hind fifteen miles in breadth ; it is nineteen leagues from the mouth of the river. The outlines of this bay form a basin of two leagues and a half in width and about seven, or as some assert nine, miles in- land. The anchorage, wliich is very good, varies from lifteen to thirty-live fatlioms, and the bay forms a harbor in which ve; sols of any size would find complete shelter from all w^inds. The land in its vicinity is good and fit for cul- tivation, and the bav is bordered bv prairies of considerable extent. Into the head of the bay the rivers Wijuiscool and Vasigamonke run from the north. In the middle of the bay is a small rock which forms a little promontory on the north side. Ha-Ha Bay is su])poscd to be des- tined to become, in course of time, the entre- pot of the Saguenay. It appears to be destined by nature as the principal seat of the commerce, trade and agriculture of all the Sa- guenay country, for the following reasons : 1st. For the extensive tract of level land that lies about it and extends to Lake Kiguagomi and pi TUi: SAlUM'NAY. 193 IS thus form- 1(1 U COS struck a new aibled, , from fifteen om the is bay width iles in- good, is, and of any winds, or cnl- iries of :he l)ay \n from I small on the be des- i entre- to be of the the Sa- ls : 1st. :hat lies >mi and Chiooutimi. iMly. I'or the harbor it alVonls for the lari»*est vessels of tlu» line, wliicli cm sail direetlv into the bav with nt^arlv fhe same wind by wliich tlu\v asctMid tht» Sa^iienav, and anchor in the second bay, which is in iUc shapi^ of a basin and which wonhl b(» a fi( site I'or a mart of trade. :U\\\. The fju'ilitv that is at- forded of opening' a, road to rhicontimi ov dirc^ct to the head of L. Kii;*nai;*onii ; and the easy practicability of a water-connnunicatioii between it and that lake." " Cliicoutunl is the Factory of tlu^ Kinii's Posts' Com|>any, and tlie oidy (i'a(liiii»' |m)sL on the Saguenay. It lies about si\ty-(^i^'lit miles from Tadousac, on th(^ left bank, and at the junction of the river ('hicoidimi with tlui Saguenay. There are four bui Minos at this post, reckoning the church oi* c1iji}m'I. 1'lie chapel, erected by the Jesuit Jiabi*oss(^ in 1727, stands on a rising ground projecting into the basin at the foot of the ialls : it is about twenty- five feet long and fifteen wide : tlu^dtar, which is plain, as well as the ])ictures or engi'avings, evidently betray the hand of time. A Mission- ary comes every year in the months of ,]h\\{'', and July, and passers somc^time here, as at 'I'a- dousac. He remains at tlxi two places togeth(;r, about six weeks. The tide rises hei'(» sixteen feet perpendicular, at sf)ring tides. The view;* round Chicoutimi are sulliciently pleasing and o • 'tf . •'■m -i tU |i_ I: .1 iy- .1,!;' ,. 191 TJIE SAGUKNAY. the laud, witli the exception of some rocks seat- torod here and there, is fit tor cultivation. The greatest ini])edinient to the population of this tract is its distance from an inhabited country, for, as soon as the navigation is closed by the frost, all intercourse with tlie rest of the world is entirely cut off. If the government, or rich proprietors, would be at the expense of forming a military route (in the manner of the Romans,) to Malbay, or Baie St. Paul, it is supposed that a numerous population would settle here in a few years : without this facility it is probable that all the advantages offered by the Saguenay country will remain for along time unenjoyed/'* '^Lake St, John is situated in an immense valley, being the reservoir or basin of the nu- merous large rivers and streams which discharge themselves into it, many of which rise in the high lands that separate the Hudson's Bay ter- ritory from Lower Canada, depositing in their progress from the mountains that form this great valley the materials for improving and fertilizing the soil. The lake is nearly circular, its greatest breadth is thirty miles from Meta- betshuan to Periboka, and its least about eighteen miles from St. David's Point to Pointe Bleue, and covers in superficies about five hun- dred and ten statute square miles." *A road from Lake St. Charles to the Saguenay be- tween two chains of mountains was constructed by the Jesuits soon after their settlement at the Saguenay rifcr* THE SAGUKNAY. 195 scnt- The If this tintry, tlie I world ir rich rming nans,) d that B in a obable uenay mense he nu- charge in the y ter- their a this ig and rcular, Meta- about Pointe J hun- ay be- by the rifcr. " Tho Naviiyation of Lake St. John is subject to somo difficulties ; schooiicrs of thirty or forty tons ma\ sail on the lake, but not very near its borders, which can only be approaclwd by flat- bottomed boats or bark canoes on account of shoals, particularly near the entrance of the ri- vers ; its depth varies from six to forty fathoms. From one to two miles from the shore it is gene- rally only three feet deep, and this extreme shallowness is common to the lake (the de})th of which in no part bears any proportion to its extent), and is the cause of tlie sea-like tiu'bu- Icnce its surface assumes after the least wind, occasioning a violent ground swx'U and lofty breakers, to which, at a distance from tho sliore, the hardiest voyageur is frequently unwilling to expose himself. I 'pon placing the hand in the water on these occasions it feels very decidedly tepid. This shallowniess and unusual tempera- ture, by occasioning a more rapid evaporation, may account for a fact which might otherwise be difficult, viz. six tolerably large rivers and se- veral smaller ones fall into Lake St. John, wdiilo only one of moderate dimensions runs out of it. With the least wind from the north-west the waves run prodigiously high, which renders ca- noe navigation very dangerous here." ^* The lake abounds w4th many descriptions of fish, as the dore, the carp and the bass ; trout, white fish, eels, pike and a peculiar fish called 196 THE SAGUENAY. !'■ I ' wenanish. Great quantities of fish are now taken at the mouth of the Ouiatchouan, which appears the most propitious place for setting the nets, and where the fish is found most abundant of any part of the lake. It is then salted and put into barrels for the use of the Traders/' This information respecting the Saguenay is chiefly de- rived from the valuable Report of the Commissioners for Exploring tke Saguenay published in 1S29. '4 1 v» CARRIAGE AND STEAMBOAT TARES. The following are the usual Carriage Fares to places in the Vicinity of Quebec : FOUR WHEEL CARRIAGE—TO HOLD FIVE PERSONS. To the Falls of Montmorenci, Dist. 8 Miles $4 To the Falls of do. and Lorette,. "15 « $6 To Indian Lorette only, ce 9 te ^4 To Lake St. Charles, «< 13 <( ^51 To Lake Beauport, « 14 ec ^51. To theFalls of Chaudiere, « 9 u ^5'' To the Falls of Ste» Anne, «f 21 «8(o9 BY CALECHE— TO HOLD TWO PERSONS. To the Falls of Montmorenci,. ^11 To Lorette, ©ji To Lake St. Charles, ^2 To Lake Beauport, ^2 To the Falls of Chaudiere, '. . .'.'.'.* ^2 To the Falls of Ste. Anne, §4 to $5 The Carriage Fare of $4 to the Falls of Montmoreh- ci wiJl also take persons to the Plains of Abraham and the Citadel without extra charge. Steam Boat Fares to places below Quebec : Miles. Fare. To Grosse Isle (Quarantine Ground).. ..30 $ I To Malbaic, north shore, 90 $ 4 To the same place, going & returning,.. *f $5 m 198 STEAMBOAT FARES. Miles. Fares. To Riviere du Loup, south shore,.. . 120 $ 4 To the same place, going & returning,.,. '^ $5 To the Saguenay, going & returning,.. . 140 $10 to $12 The above Rates include Meals. I The Grosse Isle steamer leaves every Tuesday. The steamer to Malbaie and Riviere du Loup leaves every Thursday morning. Trips to the Saguenay are only occasionally made du- ring the summer. The boat generally touches at Malbaie and Riviere du Loup, both in going and returning. ares. $ 4 $ 5 )to$12 leaves ide du- dalbaie ^ « 1 T '# ♦ m^^''' ♦ ta From last line of page 39 to end of next page omitted inverted commas and at foot '^ Hawkins^ Picture of Quebec^' Page 42— line 7 : For " wn'^ read " ane," Page 46 — line 20 : For ^< were^' read «»t'^«f." y t page omitted as' Picture of ne ?5 »fr/«» 5J r r ( '[f ■'■ I y*i' ^ ^i ' fe r^ 0^- r W. "^ At /■ r ^4l|i i » ^^^ m Mil i'-<' I IV' mm f>i ;l !« I 'i a 4 Ail I ?9B.d I ^ liJ ■! I i l l !"S22=ra«»ai . 1. ■"■ ' .;'-;?, *'. i- t •■<* , 'V ■ ,J I,.-", ' I ■,i,i>''' > iV,;, P'V.'l ■•I > ■( ,? V,'. )t^« '.'I fw ^,-»lJt, ^,l •-ft 5* v> / . - * *N' T— **-( f > ^^ i '"-.^'ifUfVJ '% ■ i^m4lMm*^^l •nM (5.> i 4\h^i> m-ai } Csisv* '*^^^: ^^(i fyT I : . : >' 1 I! 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