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Although I hare pas3ed through a long public life, I never was called upon to discuss a question so important in the presence of a body of representative men so large I see before me merchants who think in millions, and whose daily transactions would sweep the harvest of a Greek island or of a Russian principality. I see before me the men who whiten the ocean and the great lakes with the sails of commerce— who own the railroads, canals and telegraphs, which spread life and civilization through this great country, making tbe waste plains fertile and the wilderness to blossom as the rose. I see before me the men whode capital and finaacial skill form tbe bul- wark and sustain the Government in every crisis of public affairs. (Cheers.) On either hand I see the gentlemen who control and animate the press, whose laborious vigils mould public senti- ment—whose honourable ambition I can estiniate from my early connection with the profession. On those benches. Sir, or 1 mistake the intelli- gence to be read in tbeir faces, sit those who will yet be Governors or Ministers ot State. I may well feel awed in the presence ofan audience such as this ; but the great question which br.ngs us together is worthy of the audience, and cbal- lentres their grave consideration. What is that question? Sir, we are here to determine how best we can draw together, in the bonds of peace, friendship and commercial pros- perity, tbe three great branches of the British family. (Cheers.) In the presence of this great theme all petty interests should stand rebuked — we are not dealing with the concerns of a city, a Province or a State, but wUh the future of our race in all time to come. Some reference has been made to " Elevators " in your discussion. What we want is an elevator to lift our souls to the heig^ht of this argument. Why should not these three great branches of the family flourish under different systems of government, it may be, but forming one grand whole, proud of a common origin and of advanced civilization 7^ We are taught to reverence the mystery of the Trinity, and our salvation depends on our belief. The clover lifts its tre-foil leaves to the evening dew, yet they draw their nourishment from a single stem, Thus distinct, and yet united, let us live and flourish. Why should we not ? For nearly two thousand years we were one family. Our fathers fought side by side at Hastings, and heard the curfew toll. They fought in tbe same ranks for the sepulchre of our Saviour— in the earlier and later civil wars. We can wear our white and red roses without a blush, and glory in the principles those conflicts established. Our common ancestors won the great Charter and thb Bill of Rights— established free Parliaments, the Habeas Corpus, and trial by Jury. Our ju- risprudence comes down from Coke and Mans- field to Marshall and Story, rich in knowledge and experience, which no man can diTide. From Chaucer to Shakespeare our literature is a com- mon inheritance. Tennyson and Longfellow write in one language, which is encircled by the genius developed on either side of the Atlantic. In the great navigators from Cottereal to Hud- son, and in all their "moving accidents by flood and field" we have a common interest. On this side of the sea we have been largely reinforced by the Germans and French, but there is strength in both elements. The Germans gave to us the sovereigns who established our freedom, and they gave to you industry, intelligence and thrift, and the French who have distinguished them- selves in arts and arms for centuries, now strengthen tbe Provinces which the fortune of war dfecided they could not control. But it may be said we have been divided by two wars. What then ? The noble St. Lawrence is split in two places— by Goat Island and by Apticosti— but it comes down to us from the same springs in the same mountain sides ; its waters sweep together past the Pictured Rocks of Lake Su- perior, and encircle in their loving embrace the sbore j of Huron and Michigan. They are divided at Niagara Falls as we were at tbe revolutionary war. but they come together again on the peace- ful bosom ot Ontario. Again they are divided on their passage to the sea. But who thinks of divisions when they lift the keels of commerce, or when drawn up to heaven they form the rainbow or tbe cloud ? It is true that in eighty-five years we have bad two wars— but what then ? Since the last we hare had fifty years of peace, and there have been more people killed in a single campaign in the late civil war than there were in the two national wars between this country and Great Britain. The people of the United States hope to draw together the two conflicting elements and make them one people. And in that task I wish them, God speed! (Cheers.) And in the same way 4 feel that we ought to rule out every- thing disagt«eable in the reccllection of our old wars, and unite together as one people for all time to come. (Gbeers.) I see aronnd the door 2 the flags of the two countries. United as they are. I would ever have them draped together, fold within told, and let "their varying tints unite and form in heaven's light one arch of peace." (Applause.) He thanlied the Board of Trade una the people of the city for the hospita- lity extended tu the I'roTincial Delegates, and proceeded as follows to the general exposition of his subject : The most important question to be considered at this great meeting of the commer- cial men of North America involves the relations which are to subsist between the inhabitants of the British empire and the citizens of the United States. Before we can deliver a rational judg- ment upon that question it becomes us to consid- er what those relations are now. The British Government controls the destinies, and regulates the trade of two hundred and titty millions of people, distributed over the four quarters of the globe ; and in the British Islands alone the ma- chinery in constant running order does the work of eight hundred millions more. Now in what spirit has the British Qovernment, controlling this great empire, dealt in commercial matters with the United States? It has extended to them all the privileges of the most favored na- tion, and has opened up to them on the most easy terms the consumption for everything that they can produce, of all these people. Alillions of emigrants, and hundreds of millions of money, have flowed in here without any attempt^ by un- wise laws, to dam up the streams of industry and capital. Leaving those of her provinces that have legislatures free to regulate their own tariffSj Great Britain restrains them from discri- minating, as against the productions of this conntry, even in favor of her own. Though bur- dened with an enormous debt, and always com- pelled to confront the military monarchies of Europe by a powerful force by land and sea, the people ol England prefer to pay direct taxes to burdening commerce with heavy import duties. Year by year the highest financial skill of the nation has been employed to discover how its tariff's could be simplified, port charges reduced, obsolete regulations removed ; and year by year as trade extends and revenue increases, taxes are reduced or abolished upon articles of prime ne- cessity, consumed by the great body of the peo- ple. I notice that some writers in the West com- plain that wheat is sent into this country from Canada, duty free ; but it should be remembered that the surplus of all the cereals, ground or un- ground, is not only admitted to the British Is- lands duty free from the United States, but to al- most, if not to all, the ports in our widely ex- tended empire. It is sometimes said that because this country admits breadstufPs from Oanada, manufactures free of duty should be taken in re- turn. But Great Britain and the Provinces take annually an enormous quantity of breadstufifs and meat from this country, but do not ask from you the privilege that some persons would claim from us. In three departments of economic science Great Britain has made advances far outstripping in liberality the policy of this or of any other fo- reign country. France and the United States continue to foster and extend their fisheries by high bounties, out she leaves her people, without any special encouragement, to meet on the sea, and in foreign markets, the unfair competition to which they are subjected by this system. Great Britain throws open to the people of this country the coasting trade of the entire Empire. A ship from Maine or Massachusetts, or from any State in the Union, may not only visit and un- lade at the port to which she has been cleared, bat she may go from port to port, and from pro- vince to province, until she nas circumnavigat< ed the globe, the discretion of her owners being the only limit to the extent of her transactions. Tbe Qovernment of the United States gives to British subjects no participation in their coast- ing trade. Whether they find a market or not, they must break bulk and sell at any port they enter. With our fifty colonies spread over the face of the globe, your shipowners participate in the same privileges as our own. And when I speak of the shipping interest, it must be admit- ted to include many interests— the lumber inter- est (and an important one it is), the industry of of the blacksmith, the caulker, tbe rigger, the ropemaker, and of the man who works in copper. All these branches of industry are represented in a ship and fostered by this policy of Great Bri- tain. (Cheers.) Mr YOUNGLOVE, of Philadelphia— I would ask the gentleman if the rights he speaks of, on the part of the shipping interest, are dependent on the Reciprocity Treaty ? Mr HOWE— Yesterday, our worthy friend, Mr Hamlin, talked about Reciprocity in " slices," and I am now simply showing you how many slices we gave you before the Reciprocity Treaty was negotiated. [Loud cheers ttnd laughter.] I assert that Great Britain, with a liberality which would do honor to any Government, has thrown open this whole trade without any restriction. She says to us, if not in so many words, " You are all chilaren of mine, and are dear to me. You are all on the other side of the Atlantic, possess- ing a common heritage : make the best of it." [Hear, hear.] Your vessels are permitted to run to.Halifax, from Halifax to St John, from St John to British Columbia, and from British Columbia to England, Scotland, or Ireland. They are al- lowed to go coasting around tbe British Empire until they rot. But you do not give us the privi- lege of coasting anywhere from one end of your Atlantic coast to the other. And now I hope that ourfriendfrom Maine will acknowledge that in granting this privilege with nothing in return, Great Britain gave you a pretty large slice. [Cheers and laughter.] The citizens of this country may build in any of its ports, steamers or sailing vessels, and clothe them with the character and invest them with the privileges of British ships, by register- ing them in any part of the Empire. In peace this is a great privilege, and gives to the ship- builders of Maine and Massachusetts a very de- cided advantage over those on tbe opposite side of tbe Bay of Fundy. In war, assuming Great Britain to be a neutral, iv, is a protection. I trust I have shown, Ist, That the British Empire is suf- ficiently extended, populous, and powerful to be independent of the hostility or fiscal errors of any foreign State; 2nd, That her commercial code is characterized by principles of liberality so broad, as to invite exchanges 'with all the world ; and that, altogether independent of the Reciprocity Treaty, she has granted privileges to this counti7 for which no equivalents have been asked or given. Vhc Reciprocity Treaty was a special arrange- ment, forced upon both countries by a long fron- tier, by the proximity of rich fishing grounds, and by the difficulty of drawing accurate and recog- nised boundaries upon the sea. I need not enter upon tbe history of this question, which has been most accurately given by Lorenzo Sabine, Esq , in his very able reports to the Boston Board of Trade. It is sufficient for us to know that for forty years the use by American citizens of the inshore fisheries upon the coasts of British Ame- rica was in controversy between the Wo Govern- ments. That every year American fishing vessels were seized or driven off, it being impossible to define accurately a sea line of five thousand miles 3 rners being ■ansBctioDS. tea gives to tbeir coaat- ket or not, 1 port Ihey id over the irticipate in ind when I t be admit- imber inter- industry of rigger, the 3 in copper. ))resented in 'Great Bri- a— I would leaks of, on dependent f friend, Mr in " slices," how many icity Treaty augbter] I rality which has thrown restriction, ords, " You • to me. You tic, posaess- ) best of it." itted to run romSt John h Golumbia Ihey are al- itisb Empire us the privi- end of your now I hope )wledge that ng in return, ' large slice. )uild in any resaels, and invest them , by register- ed In peace to the ship- s a very de- )pposite side uming Oreat tion. I trust Impire is suf- jwerful to be cal errors of commercial of liberality 'with all the ndent of the privileges to ts have been cial arrange- r a long fron- grounds, and e and recog- eed not enter bicb has been Sabine, Esq , iton Board of now that for itizens of the ' British A.me- tv?o Govern- ishing vessels impossible to lousandmilea —that disputes were endless, tending ultimately to the employment of naval forces, with evident danger of hostile colliaiona and of war. On the other hand, the Canadians, seeing the great staples of the United Statea freeljr admit- ted into every part of the British empire, natu- rally claimed that their breadatufTa ahould paaa with equal freedom into the United Statea, the greater portion being only in transitu to the mother country. The Maritime Provinces, ad- mitting breadstufTs from the United Statea duty free, and all their manufactures under low im- port dutiea, not exceeding 10 to 12] per cent, na- turally claimed that their own unmanufactured ataplea should be admitted free into thia coun- try. They aa fairly claimed that their tonnage ahould be entitled to the right of registry in the United Statea, and to participate in its coast- ing trade. The Reciprocity Treaty was a compromise of all these claims and intereats. For the Provinces it was an unfair compromise. The right of re- gistry and to trade coastwise was not conceded. The free interchange of the produce of the aoil, the forest and the mine, was aatisfactory. The right to navigate Lake Michigan was perfectly fair to both countries. But the retention of the bounties gave to the fishermen of the United Statea an unfair advan- tage, and for the free navigation of the rivers and canals of British America no equivalents were given. To the maritime provinces the conces- sion of the in-shore fisheries, with the right to dry and cure fish upon their coasts, was particu- larly diataateful. So long as American fishermen were kept outside of a line drawn three marine miles from the headlands, as fixed by the Con- vention of 1818, the mackerel, herring, and ale- wife fisheries were secure from intrusion within those limits, and the codfishery within the great bays of Newfoundland was a close preserve, while the protection of the revenue in all the pro- vinces gave the Government but little concern. But the moment that American fishermen ob- tained the right to fish in all the bays, harbors, and estuaries of British America, the lineot ope- rations was doubled in length, and the privilege, if they choose to use it, of carrying on illicit trade with the inhabitants of the sea coast, and of Bending good a into the interior free of duty, gave them facilitiea extremely difficult to control. A very large amount of spirits and manufactures have in this way been introduced into the mari- time Provinces free of duty, within the past ten years, that it would not be easy to trace in the regular trade returns. So distasteful was this great conceaaion, without equivalent, to the peo- ple of the Lower Provinces, that it was denounc- ed by some of their ablest public men as an unre- quited sacrifice of their interests. In thia connection it is but right to ahow that, whether the treaty waa fair or r ifair, in the working of it, the citizens of thia country have had advantagea not contemplated when it waa siitned. The arrangement waa completed on the 5th of June, 1854, but was not to come into full efi'ect till ratified by the Colonial Legislature. Mr. Marcy requested that pending the decisions of the Provinces, the American fishermen ahould he permitted to enter upon the inahore fisheries in aa full and ample a manner aa they would be when the treaty came into force. The concea- aion was yielded and the British and Colonial cruisers withdrawn. When the Ooloniea claiiued the free entry of their products, pending the rati- fication of the treaty in return for this conces- sion, existing revenue laws were pleaded, and this very reasonable claim waa denied, ao that at the outset the citizens of the Republic enjoyed the chief adrantages of the treaty for nearly a year before the Ooloniata were practically brought within ita scope and operations. Again, when the civil war broke out, one-half the seaboard of the United States was blcckad- ed, and all the advantages of the Reciprocity Treaty, so far as the consumption of the ten mil- lions of people in the Southern Statea waa a be- nefit to the Provinces were withdrawn. Assum- ing that the treaty runs over ten years, it will be seen that for the whole of that period the people of thia country have enjoyed all the benefits for which they atipnlated, while the Britiah Ameri- cans, for one year ot the ten, have enjoyed no be- nefit at all, and for four yeara have lost the con- sumption of one- third of the people with whom, by the treaty, they were entitled to trade. Re- cogni>!ing the political neceasities of the period. British subjects have made no complaints of this exclusion, but it ought to be borne in mind, now that the whole subject is about to be revised. Let us now look at the working of the treaty and estimate, if we can, in a judicial spirit, its fair and legitimate fruits. We must confess that, as a measure of peace and National fraternity, it has been most successful. It has extended to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and to the North Atlantic, the freedom and the security enjoyed by the Great Lakes, under a kindred arrangement. There have been no more intrusions, warnings, captures— no rival squadrons guarding bonnda- ries not possible to define. This treaty settled amicably, the last boundary question, about which the Governments of Great Britain and the United States could, by any possibility, dispute. This was a great matter, had no other good been accomplished, and he ia no friend to either coun- try who woula desire to throw open this wide field of controversy again. Looking at the in- dustrial results ot the treaty, any fair minded and dispassionate man must admit that they have far surpassed, in utility and value, all that could have been hoped by the moat sanguine ad- vocates of the measure, in 1854. The trade of the United States and of the Provinces, feeble, restricted, slow of growth, and vexatious before, has been annually swelled by mutual exchanges and honourable competition, till it is represented by a grand total of $456,350,.391, in about nine years. Thia amount seems almost incredible figures by which this trade will be expressed, but who can hazard an estimate of the ten or twenty years hence, if thia wise adjustment of our mutual interests be not disturbed 7 If there be any advantage in a balance of trade, the re- turns ahow that the citizens of the United States have had it to the extent of $55,951,145. But in presence of the great benefits conferred upon both countries by the measure, it would be a waste of time to chaffer over their diatribution. In the intereats of peace and honest industry, we should thank Providence for the blessing, and confidently rely upon the wisdom of our statesmen to see that it ia preserved. Mr. Chairman, let me now turn your attention to some of the topics touched by other gentle- men in the course of the three day's debate. Some gentlemen seem to be apprehensive that if this treaty is renewed it will lead to illicit trade along the frontier. For a long time ^our duties were lower than ours. Mr. Sabine said he was once a smuggler. At that time he could not carry on trade or business at Eastport and be anything else. The traders on the whole coast of Maine were engaged in the same business, and so was Massachusetts; and small blame to them. Tiie smuggler is a check upon the extravagance of government, or the increase of taxation. (Cheera.) Any country that raises its tariffs too high, or increases its taxation too far, will be kept in check by smugglerB. The boot woa for* | merly on your leg; it is now perhapn on the other. You have been driven into a war which ' has created a large expenditure and increased your tuxation. It would perhang pay at this mo- ment to smuftgle some articles from the provinces into this countrv. You are entitled to defend your revenue. But at the same time bear this in mind, that one of the main objections in the maritime provinces to this treaty, waa that it gave to your people the power of smuggling. And that power you possess, and may use to any extent you please. (Laughter.) Uver thousands of miles of coast we can not aflTord to keep reve- nue oHicers. Down come cutters from Maine, with flour, pork, Balt,&c ; but who can tell what they have in the salt. (Great Laughter.) Why, sir, we sometimes laugh at Yankee notions; one of those is what is called white-eye in the pro- vinces — a life destroying spirit which these coast- ers bring and with which they deluge our coasts ; and it comes in the salt. (Laughter.) So in like manner tea, tobacco and manufactures. Some fisherman can land on anv part of our 5,000 miles of coast, and when challenged by our custom- house ofiScer withdraws, and the white-eye is landed. And I will tell you what we do to adapt ourselves to the circumstances. We are free- traders, and we maintain our government, have an overflowing treasury and carry on our public works with a tariff of ten per cent. (Hear, bear.) The only way we can keep out smuggling is to keep our tariff so low as to make it not worth while for any one to smuggle. Let me now draw your attention to the value of these Xorth Aiuer- Ican fisheries. You have behind and around you here, boundless prairies, which an all bountiful Creator annually covers with rich harvests of wheat and corn. The ocean is our prairie, and it stretches away before and around us, and Al- mighty God for the sustenance of man, annually replenishes it with fish in myriads that cannot be couHted, having a commercial value that no man can estimate. The fecundity of the ocean may be estimated by the fact that the roes of thirty codfish annually replace all the fish that are ta- ken by the British, French and American fisher- men on the banks of Newfoundland. In like manner the schools of mackerel, herring, and of all other fish that swarm in the Bays and swim around the shores, are replaced year by year. These great storehouses of food can never be ex- hausted. But it may be said, does not the free competition, which now exists, lower th« prices ? No. Oodfish have never been higher in the mar- kets of the world than they were last summer. Herrings are now selling in Baltim e for $13 a barrel. Thirty years ago I used to buy No. 1 mackerel in Halifax for $4 a barreL They now cost $19, and T have seen them selling since the Reciprocity Treaty was signed for $23. The reason of this is that, relative to other employ- ments, fishing is a perilous and poor business, and that, with the progress of settlement and growth of population in all these great States and Provinces, to say nothing of the increased consumption in Spain, the Hedditeranean, the Brazils and the West Indies— all that your fish- ermen and ours can catch will scarcely supply the demand. I placed before the committee a paper signed by two American merchants, car- rying on trade in Prince Edward's Island, which proves that under the Treaty, your mackerel fish- ery ha't fliSrished and expanded to an extent un- exampled in its former history. Taken two years prior to the existence of the treaty and contrast- ing them with the last two years, they show that your mackerel fishery has grown from 250 ves- sels measuring 18.150 tons, valued at $750,000 and manned by 2,750 men and secaring a catch worth $650,000, to GOO vessels, measuring 54,000 tons, employing 9,000 men, and securing 315,000 barrels, worth $4.5U7,500. So with the herring fishery, it is equally prosperous. I have seen two American seine boats take 500 barrels of her- rings, at Baltimore prices, worth $0,600, on the Coast of Lal)rador, in a summer afternoon. The net fishing is also profitable. The Bank earus and Mill grinds while the banker and miller sleep. The fiiiberman sets his net at night, and finJs in the morning that a kind Providence, without a miracle, except the " wealth of the seas,.' that standing miracle, han loaded his nets with a liberal hand. These fisheries, sir, are sufii- cient for us all. The French who are anxious to build up a powerful navy maintain 10,000 men by their bounties in these North American waters and it is most creditable to our fishermen, that in the face of these bounties and of yours, they have been able, by strict economy and hardy endur- ance, to wrestle for a share of these ocean trea- sures, to main their families and increase their numbers. A gentleman asked— But had we not the right to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland before the Treaty? Mr. HOWE— Yes, but not in the great bays of Newfoundland, and along the coast lines where the people of Newfoundland, who frequent the Banks but little, catch all their codfish. Some of these bays are twenty or thirty miles in width, and deeply indent the island, being broken into numerous fiords or smaller bays, where fish are plenty. By the treaty American fishermen can now use all these bays, as well as those upon the coasts of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Bruns- wick and Prince Edward Island. The command of the inshore fisheries gives to your people the opportunity to supply themselves with bait, whether they resort to banks or fish around the coniit, I trust I have thus shown you, Mr. Chairman, that the fisheries are inexhaustible, and of inesti- mable value ; that free competition does not low- er the prices, and that your fishermen and the French have special aids to stimulate their in- dustry. • But my great objection to the abroga- tion of this treaty is, that it throws open again a wide field of controversy. Who can measure by the eye a mile even upon the land 7 ALd how are your fishermen to m«asure accurately three ma- rine miles at sea even in fair weather ? In a fog it is impossible to do so. And the naval ofiicers who may be sent down to guard our mutual rights will be as much mystified and puzzled as they were before. But it may be said you gave us your inshore fisheries when we gave you ours. You did, but they were of comparatively little value. This was the objection that we took to the treaty in Nova Scotia in 1854. Let me illustrate. Suppose a farmer, living on a poor farm, exhausted by excessive cropping, were to say to a neighbour having a rich soil, let us save fencing and throw our farms into one. (Laughter.) That was your proposition, and it was accepted. Now mark the result— that while your vessels have swarm- ed in our waters for the last nine years, carrying off enormous values every year, we have never sent a vessel south during all that time, or caught a single cargo of fish on the coasts or in the bays of the United States. (Hear, hear.) Let me ask your attention to another matter which requires to be explained. Mr. Seymour, of New York, who made an excellent speech in fa- vour of the resolution, took exception to the high tariff of Canada. Now, in the provinces, our people are naturally anxious to improve their in- ternal communications, and bring them up to a level with other portions of the continent. Yield- ( ^luring 64,000 uring 3ir),000 the herring avc seen two irr^la of her- >0,500, on the srnoon. The I Bank earus r and miller at nigbt, and Providence, vealth of the aded his nets sir, are sufli- ire anxious to n 10,000 men erican waters irmen, that in rs, they have hardy endur- e ocean trea- increase their not the right nd before the great bays of It lines where I frequent the fish. Some of les in width, g broken into K^here fish are fiahermen can iS tbo3e upon .New Bruns- The command )ur people the >s with bait, ah around the \lr. Chairman, and of inesti- does not low- irmen and the ulate their in- .0 the abroga- open again a in measure by ALd how are ely three ma- er? In a fog naval officers 'd our mutual ad puzzled as your inshore Tou did, but value. This the treaty in rate. Suppose exhausted by a neighbour ing and throw That was your Now mark s have swarm- ^ears, carrying ve have never that time, or he coasts or in 9ar, hear.) mother matter [r. Seymour, of speech in fa- ion to the high provinces, our prove their in- them UP to a itinent. Yield- ing to this pressure the Government of Oankds has expended large sums in the construction of railroads and canals; and let me say that for every pound expended this western country baa, either directly or indirectly, derived some benefit. But the money being spent, of course the interest has to be paid, and that this might be done changes have been made In the tariff from time to time> But you have been compelled to raise your tariff, and although I have not the two to compare, I assume that yours is much higher than that of Canada. Of this we do not complain. Why shon'.d you? Roth countries must mamtsin their credit and pay their obligations. I was ve- r^ much amused by a speech made by Mr. Mor- rill in your Coneress, who assumes that "the magnificent railway improvements of Canada have been made with the profits derived from the Reciprocity Treaty." But Mr. Morr 11 ought to know that outof about jL' 13,000,000 expended up- on the Grand Trunk Railway and the Victoria Bridge, £10,000,000 were subscribed by a body of British capitalists who have never got a shilling in return for their outlay. I was even more amused at the gentleman from Maine who took exception to the construction of the Intercolonial Road. He ought to remember that a very large amount, for which Canada pays interest, has gone to improve and restock the road running through Maine to Portland, and to pay interest to the American proprietors from whom it was leased. As respects the road from Halifax to Bangor, I am happy to be able to inform him that the Government of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick have made IGO miles of that road since the Treaty was signed, while the State of Maine has not made a single mile to meet us. It ought to be remembered that Cannda is spending, at this moment, a million of dollars on her frontier. For what? To keep her own people from com- ing to injure you? Why there is not a man would ever come. It is to keep the people from your side, who abused the rights of hospitality, from iojuring or compromising us. The necessities of Canada from these great ex- penditures compelled her to raise her import du- ty. And after all, Canada cannot levy a tax up- on your manufactories that she does not also lay on those of Britain, so that you may be ea;<7 on that point. We are no more fond of taxation than you are, and thcri; is no more popular cry fur a man to get up in our Legislatures than that of reducing taxation. Passing from the subject of railroads, let us speak of canals. I candidly confess that when I came to this convention I was ignorant on the subject of western extension, but I listened with great pleasure to the speeches made here, and es- pecially to that of Mr Liltlejohn, and I began to feel the importance of the question. Bat this has been felt in Canada for many years. Has not Canada always been in advance of her means in trying to improve the course of navigation? I know that a large portion of her debt has been expended in these canal improvements to accommodate the great West, and I know there is no (luestion at this time which engrosses the attention of Canadians more than how they can bpst extend these highways of commerce. — (Cheers.) And let me say. that;, from what I have heard here, when New York, Pennsylvania and Canada have done their best, and made their canals as efficient as they can, there will be busi- ness enough to occupy them all, and the produce of the great West will still crowd all those ave- nues. (Loud cheers.) The complaint that Can- ada has given drawbacks, and discrimina'ed, has been fairly met by my friend Mr Ryan. There ii8 no complaint against the Maritime Provinces, as the Boards of Trade of Boston and New Tork f knowledge with creat candor. Newfoundland Ikei nearly all her breadstuffs and pork from til countnr free, and all your manufactures un- r a very low tariff. As Spain, the Mediterra- lean and the West Indies take all codfish, she ki very little to send in return. Prince Edward ■land sends you barley, oats and eggs, and takes rem you by far the largest portion of her whole bport from other countries. My friend Mr Hamlin seemed reluctant that any ecpression of opinion should go from this body. Vben any expression goes, it must go from American citizens. All we can do is to express m individual opinion. It is for American citi- lens to judge of what tbeir own rigats are. That 8 for you, and not for us, to determine. But I do lot believe that any expression of opinion from any body of men in this country will be looked upon as an interference with the authority of this government, if I know the men at the bead of your affairs, and understand your system. (Applause.) I may say that I believe this whole matter might be safely left in the hands of the very able man who presiiles over your State De- partment. (Cheers.) I have no hesitation in saying, as a British subject, that the manner in which be has dealt with the variety of vexed questions between the two countries for the last tonr years gives me a fair assurance that upon this question, as upon all others, be will deal with these important interests as an intelligent, able and experienced statesman. (Loud cheers.) But I quite agree with Mr Hamlin and other gen- tlemen that In making this treaty you must have regard to the revenue you have to raise. I know that to be perfectly true. You h we had a large expenditure, and I entirely approve of the spirit in which this assembly recognizes the duty of the Government to sastain the credit of the country and maintain its oblinations. We know you must do that. Why, if you did not, we should share in the disgrace : we should feel, as a part of the British family, that when you had issued your bonds and sent them largely into foreign countries, we should be disgraced as well ss you if you did not sus- tain them. [Chei'.rs.] But. I believe that the resources of this country are so vast and varied, and the development of its industry is so rapid and extensive, that yoa will be able to master the debt, maintain your credit, aud deal with your ceigbbors in a kindly spirit beside. Why, sir, if it was said by yoar Minister that this treaty nsequence of your ■> man in the colo- answer. (Cheers.) ,her way, we would necessity — it is not could not be renewed > financial wants, there is ■- nies who would but take i: - But if it were done in any . say, " It is not done from done for revenue— it is done in temper, and it is an indication of the feeling which we must en- deavor to eradicate." If Mr Seward tells us that, they cannot retain this treaty and have a revenue, we shall be satisfied, and will live beside you and be good neighbors, and wait till your finances are in a better condition. (Loud cheers.) Now, I quite admit the general principle laid down by Mr Hamlin, that it is not wise to enter into trea- ties that shall withdraw large portions of pro- dace from the operation of general revenue laws. But there may be circumstances that will render it expedient to make exceptions to that rule. We have a large debt in England. But, nevertheless, one of the most singular illustrations of this prin- ciple was that great achievement by that noble man, whose loss is deplored by all parties, and who was in all respects a representative English- man—I mean Richard Gobden. (Great ap- plause.) The treaty that be concluded with France waa juatified by the public necessities, and the importance of that trade* And the ex- 6 cnption to th« rule in the case of the Reclprociy Treaty is jiistifiBil in the gnme way. The Frenih Treaty was egaentlallv a Reciprocity Treaty, aid has rR|>idIy developed tho commerce of the tto coiintriea, and hnH bound with ties of amiy and peace the people of two great countries wlo for centuries thought they ought to be naluM enemies. AmonK the interests represented here is tie lumber interest. Now, I know something of tie lumber trade, although the Province I comefrim is not very largely interested in it ; but the Po- vinces of Canada an-.i New lirunswick are. Tie gentleman from Maine seems to bo afraid of te competition of colonial lumber. I wish I had ill these gentlemen on the river Ht Oroix. On tie one side of that rivor is built the town of Galas, and on the other the town of 8t Stephens. Thiy are connected by a bridge, and they have a ral- way for the transportation of lumber. It is aboik twenty miles long, and it accommodates tie lumber of the two countries. The merchait from Calais is loading a vessel at his wharf, ard he has not got lumber enough to make up bs cargo. Down goes from the other side a fev loads of lumber to makeup the cargo, and tie next day down goes American lumber to load a British ship. These two are thus made one by that recipn- city, and I do not believe, in the case of a wr, that there is a single man in Ht Stephens wlo would shoot a man in Oalaia. ILaugbter.] Thty are kept together by this treaty, and why shou d it not be so with reference to these Western States? If there be more lumber in Michigsn than in Canada, why should it not go there ; and if there is more in Canada than on your prairies, why should not our lumber go out upon the prairies ? Why would any one refuse to the poor settler the privilege of buying the cheapest lum- ber he can get. [Loud cheers ] But it is said that there is danger of the price of your lumber being affected by tha introduc- tion of ours. There is no evidence of this. The price of lumber last year was very high, and I know that since the treaty has been in operation the people of Bangor have all got rich. But let ns reassure them. There are causes at work over the face of the continent that must always keep up the price of lumber. Nobody plants a tree except for shade, and everybody is cutting them down. Many of these States are almost cleared of pine from the seaboard back to the lakes. There are a million of axes cutting down trees, and millions of firesides burning them up, to say nothing of railroads in every section of the country in want of fuel. These are our se- curities that the price of lumber will never get too low. It has passed away or is before the pioneer. Every poor German or Irishman who goes in .0 the backwoods and destroys the timber tends to keep up the price of lumber, and no man in the State of Maine believes that the price can come largely down But even if it would, is it not better that it should be so. When a hundred loKS are thrown into a river, the Almighty fur- nishes the trees and the means to bring them down free. Why then, should we divide the river and the forest by restrictive regulations? Bat we do not own all the timber in our posses- sion. In all the Provinces we have abolished our alien laws. The American citizen can come and buy mines and land and timber wherever he likes. And I know of men in Maine and Massa- chusetts who own as much as 20,000 acres in one block in Nova Scotia. A large portion of the lumber of our Province is owned by the citizens of this Republic. Take the case of the river St- John, and you will find that American lumber comes down there paying no taxes, and the whole of that river is alive in th« intnintr with your lumber taken off our land, and worked by enter- prising Americans. If there is an American ves- sel there, she carries it to your own ports or to England ; and so the lumber, twisted and inter- twined as it is, is a trade owned in fact by the two conntries. A word with regard to coal. I was amused at the exception taken to the action of a gentleman from Philadelphia, and at the statement made by some other speaker that he could see nothing but coal and iron. Well, they are . 'ry good things to see, and I am happy to say that in Nova Sco- tia we have them both in large quantities ; and we have them near the sea, therefore I have great sympathy with a Pennsylvanian who does not undervalue coal and iron. But lot me say this, that I have Just done what I never had an op(>or- tunity of doing before— I have seen the front and rear and centre of this State of Pennsylvania. I have seen there what reconciles me to all the misfortunes that may happen to her if this treaty should go into effect. Pennsylvania is so rich in a fertile soil; so rich in honest industry ; so rich in iron and coal ; so rich in fruits, and in all that can embellish or give animation to industrial life, thttshe need care nothing about this treaty. Qod has been good to her. and her thrifty sons have made the best use of tne blessings that have been bestowed upon them. As I passed over that State and saw her fertile fields I should have fancied I was in one of the richest districts in England, but for the wooden fences. I visited her great workshop, and I saw a city that has no rival on this continent— a city only matched by three or four in Europe. There Pennsylvania stands in her beauty and power, and she need not fear competition from any of our provinces. But as with timber so with coal Do you think we own all the coal in Nova Scotia? I tbink not. There is hardly a steamer comes down from New York or Boston that does not bring Ameri- can capitalists to invest money in our coal. Now a few words in explanation for the gen- tlemen from Buffalo, who asked me if the Pro- vinces had not received some compensation by blockade-running, for the loss of the Southern trade, and I answer, certainly not. We have fifty seaports where we maintain ofScers, and from whence we carry on foreijjn trade. But one out of the fifty has had anythmg todowith blockade running. Now, then, if fifty citizens of this country had the option to do a thing, and but one had done it, it would be rather hard to bring a charge against the whole lot for the wrong done by one. But who has carried on this blockade- running ? Not our Nova Scotia merchants. Has anybody put Nova Scotia capital into this busi- ness ? I do not believe £6. Then where did the capital come from ? It came from your own country, either in the form of gold brought there, or it came in the shape of bills drawn on the cot- ton loan in England, by your own people. A gentleman from New York, or Portland, or Bos- ton, or anywhere else, comes down to Halifax, and says to one of our merchants, I want you to buy 100 bris of pork. He buys it and ships it to whatever place he is directed. Our merchant receives his commission, and that is all he has to do with it. Even in this I know a very few mer- chants who have touched it at all. There are a few. a very few, but whether they have made a profit by it I do not know. It has not amounted to anything as a business, as compared with the general volume of our colonial trade. I have not been home lately, but I should not be very much surprised if, when I get there, I find that the re- bellion caved in so rapidly that some of these bills have not been paid in England. Mr. ALLEN— I did not inquire for any cap- 1 1 V mer with your rked by enter- American Tea- wn norfi or to atea and inter- 1 in fact by the waa amused at of a gentleman ament made by lee nothing but ry good things t in Nora Sco- uantities ; and tre I hfiTe great I who dofa not lot me say this, ' had an oppor- in the front and ^nnsylvania. I 9 me to all the er if this treaty nia is so rich in diistry ; so rich and in all that n to industrial out this treaty, her thrifty sons isings that have I passed over fields I should richest districts snces. I visited city that has no nly matched by e Pennsylvania % and she need our provinces. Do you think kotia? I think omes down from ot bring Ameri- n our coal, ion for the gen- me if the Pro- ompensation by )f the Southern . We have fifty icers, and from e. But one out owitb blockade citizens of this thing, and bat Br hard to bring the wrong done this blockade- nerchants. Has into this busi- n where did th« from your own d brought there, 'awn on the cot- >wn people. A 'ortland, or Bos- >wn to Halifax, s, I want you to b and ships it to Our merchant t is all he has to a very few mer- ill. There are a ey have made a IS not amounted spared with the ade. I have not ot be very much find that the re- it some of these ind. ire for any cap- 4 \ t i koow tbitt it bH been MurUd b/ ■on*, andt have he«rd it Mid 1100* I Mm* to tb* Conr*^ tiuo, tb»i if the Reoiprocity Tnmtw it aanullil the Uriiiih Pruviocei will be so cramped tbil they will be compelled to leek annexkUou b the United Statei. 1 beg to be allowed to iv uu that poiut that I know tbe feeling in tb Lower Provlaoea pretty tborougbljr, and belle* 1 am well enough aojuainted witb tb* Oanadiav to opeak for them aUo, and 1 ipeak for tb*m al, with ■iiuh exoeptiooa as muat b* made wbai ■iwitking for any unlir* population, when I makt the anderiioa, that no oonaiderationa offinanoa no queatlon of balance for or againat tbem, upoi inttii'changea of commoditiea, can bar* any Id ilueoce upon the loyalty of tbe inbabitantaof tb( British Provincea, or tend in tbe alighteat degre* to alienate tbe alrectiona of tbe people from tneii country, their inatitutiona, their Oorernment and their Queen. There ia not a loyal man in tbt liritish American Provinces, not a man worthy of the name, who, whatever may happen to tb* Treaty, will become any the leaa loyal, any tb* Ifsa true to his country on that account. Ther* is not a man whj dare, on the abrogation of the Treaty, it such should be ita fate, take tbe buat- iuga and appeal to any constituency on annexa- tiuo principles throughout the entire domain. The ni>tn who avowa auch a aentiment will be scouted from society by bis best friends. What other treatment would a man deserve who should turn traitor to his Sovereign and hia Uovernment, and violate for pecu- niary advantage all obligationa to tbe country which gave him birtb I You know what you call Oopperheada. and a nice life they I pMMd down tb* P*Bobta great frowning fort, of tb* mott approved pattern, looking aa MW and pr*tty •■ if it bad Juat come from tb* mint. (Laugbter.) At Portland, alao, 1 obaerv* ■OBW *xt*naiv* fortiflcatiotia in progreaa. and have b«*n informed that you are at work in tbe ■aoM line at other pointa ao that nothing need be •aid if Canada doea inveat aome money in coatiy If fortilloationa. But 1 have no faith in fortifica- UoDa. I did not rely on military deienoea. We need no bulwarka. No towera along tb* ateep : Our march ia o'er tbe mountain wave, and our bone* ar* in the mart on the mountain and the prairie, wherever there ia good work to b* don*, and Qod'a gifta to b* appropriated. I hav* taltb in our common brotherhood— in auob m**tiDga aa tbia— In auch aocial Ratherinsa aa that magnttteant damonatration wbtcb we all en- joyed ao maoh laat night. I ainoerely hope that all thought of forcing annexation upon the peo- ple of Canada will b* abandoned, and that if not, you will a*ek a more pleaaant aort of annex- ation for your children and children'a children. It waa a novel mod* of attaching them that the people of Detroit adopted in laahing a fleet of their ateamera together and getting up such a giand entertainment, and there was no question that it had a strong tendency to promote one kind of annexation, especially among the young people- (Laughter.) Aa a measure of self-pro- tection, I put myself under the wing of a pretty littl* N«w Brunswick woman, and charged her to t»k* good oar* of me until we got safb ashore. (Laughter and applause, twice repeated.) I fear I am detaining you too long. (Uriea of " go on" ft-om all paria of the house.) In concluaion let I? have of it. (Laughter.) Just auch a life will ' u* aay, that In dealing with thia great subject, I the man have WtlO talks f^^ua/m nn *ti* AtkA^ ^^La«a anAlran in an nruin niain vnuiinai* AnA IrAn* treason on tbe other aidu of the lines. (Applause.) The very boy to whom I have alludea, aa having fought manful- ly for the " Stars and Stripes," woUld rather blow bis own lather's brains out than haul down tb* honoured flag under which he baa been bom, tb* flag of bis nation and of hia fatherland. (Giieers.) I do not believe there ia a young Canadian in the American army who doea not honor his flag as you value yours, a ad tfaey would be despised if they did not. If any memA ber of the Convention harbors the idea that in refusing Reciprocity to British America, they will undermine the loyal feelings of the people of those Colonies, he is labouring under a delualon, and doing injustice to a people whose aentiment of loyalty is as indelible as your own. (Loud and continued applause.) Some gentlemen from Maine asked me if we were not building fortifica- tions in the Provinces. Well, after ao many threats from Northern newspapers that ao soon •tat* apoken in an open, plain manner, and kept back notbing that ought to be said upon it, con- sidering the limited time at my disposal. Hy friend Mr. Hamlin wished us "to show our hands"; we have done so, and shown our hearts alao In all sincerity. The subject is of vast im- Sortanoe to us all. Though living away down !aat, I take a deep interest in the great West, and I trust Qod will spare my life long enough to permit me to explore its vastuess more tho- roughly than I have yet been able to do, that I may the better discuss the great interests created by ita commerce. British America has a great ' West aa yet almost entirely undeveloped, out of which four or five States or Provinces may yet b* tormed, to pour their wealth down the great Lak* Huron into Canada, and through the Straits, paat the city of Detroit, to the ocean, while tbe manufactures of the United States, of England and of the Provinces go back to supply the wants. The moment Providence gives me op- as the rebellion was put down and Mexico at- ipoftunity, I will return to tbe West and examine tended to, the face of the army would be turned ' 'Its resources, and understand its position, in or towards Canada, it was not to be wondered at that the mother country abould become a little anxious about ber children so far from home, and send out an experienoed officer to report upon tbe situation. The officer did not report any armed force in sight but re- ported that if they did come, Canada waa in a very poor condition to receive them, and it waa resolved to build some further fortifications at Quebec, and there has been some talk about places lurlher westward, but no action has been taken. But what do we see on the other hand ? der that I may lay before my own people, and the people of tbe Provinces generally, and tbe eapitaliata of tbe mother country, an adequate iidea of its importance, with a view of promoting a more active settlement and development of the territory on both sides of the bound ary line, for the trade would be as valuable to the world on one aide aa on tbe other. Thanking tbe Conven- tion for tbe courtesy of so extended a hearing aa had been granted bim. tbe honourable gentleman left the platform, amidst deafening and long con- tinued applause. ..■.:H fci* MONTRBAL:-M. LONGMOORE ft CO., PRINTERS. :.: f tM,-..! felt; MJii >r « hiw wteki ;r««t fIrowDioc n, looking m eoHM from th« ftlso, 1 obwrTO progreis. and Bt work In the >thlDg need be oney la costly th In fortitica- etenoes. 1 ware, the moanUin good work to ^ropriated. I lood— In luch gatheringi a« ich we all en- 'ely hope that upon tbe peo- I, and that if lort of annez- ran's children, them that the ling a fleet of og up uuch a S DO question promote one mg the young •e of self-])ro- ig of a pretty 1 charged her }t safe ashore, ated.) I fear Bs of " so on" sonclusion let real subject, I ner, and kept upon it, con- iisposal. My to show our m our hearts a of vast im- away down e great West, loDg enough Bss more tho- to do, that I arests created ' has a great eloped, out of nces may yet iwn the great {h the Straits, tn, while the , of England » supply the gives me op- aod examine saitioD, in or- 1 people, and ally, and the an adequate of promoting ipment of the liary line, for the world on the Oonven- a hearing aa le gentleman md long con-