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THE MAKING OF THE CANADIAN WEST RKINd THK REMINISCENCES OF AN EYE-WITNESS. BY REV. R G. Macbeth, M.A., Pantor of Augmtine Church, Winnipeg; Author o/ " The Selkirk Sfftlera in Real Life," etc. S$Ut^ |]ortrails nnb illustrations. TORONTO : WILLIAM BRIGGS, Wesley Buildings. Montreal : C. \V. COATES. Halifax: S. F, HUESTIS. 1898. F ■: : 'I h-5 A^c f>e^ ^\^'^ ■ i3Co:o Rntkrki) acr.irdiiiK to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand ei^ht hundred and ninety-eight, by William niuooB, at the Department of Agriculture. PRH PACH. When the fow short papors on the first colony in the Nortli-West were pnt into hook- form, under the tithi oF "The; Selkirk Settlers in Real Life, " the hook received a welcome far beyond its intrinsic deserts, because it gave some idea of how the early settlers lived in their homes rather than the ordinary history of contemporary events. Letters received from readers far and near, as well as verbal commu- nications, have given me to feel that people are anxious to get glimpses of the moving actors in the human drama as an aid to understanding the events commonly known as the history of the country. IV Fl'f'l'ol'p. Hence, iiiuiiy who t(K)k deep interest in tlie simple story ol' the early colony on the Ke.') possession of large privileges on the great areas around them, limitations were being put upon their operations by the incoming of strangers, who, driving stakes here and there, barreefore a Queen's Proclamation, which would have been instantly recognized by all classes of the connnunity, was issued. The Selkirk settlers and other people of that class, however perplexed at the procedure, had the utmost conHdence that the Canadian authorities would ultimately do substantial justice in the recognition of all just and lawful claims and privileges enjoyed by the inhabitants of the new territory, and hence awaited patiently, though somewhtit anxiously, the developments of time. But the French half-breeds (commonly called "the French" in the Red River Colony)— more Piithitti II ml /'trifs of Chanye, 31 fiery and msily excited, more turlmlent of si)irit and warlike in disposition, accustomed to passa^'es at arms with any who would cross their path, and withal, as a class, less well-informed on current events than their white brethren- were not satisfied with a com-se that seemed to them to place their rij^dits in jeopardy, and so they rose up in a revolt that, alas, while possibly accouiplishing some of the objects which should have been reached by constitutional means, left its red stream across the pa^'e of our history. 1 CHAPTER in. I! .1 HMKI> HEIiELl.loX. "The French are off to drive back the (jfovornor ! " Tliese words, .somewhat excitediv uttered by one of my brothers, and addressed to my father, madt^ up the first intimation I, a hid of ten sununers, had that sometliing* serious was on foot ; yet I recall the exact words as distinctly as if they had been spoken yesterday, and most of the acts in the drama of the rebellion whose actual outbreak tht / announced are indelibly stamped upon my memory. It was in October, 1809, and my brother ha«l just come home from the morning service in Kil- donan church, over which upon that day the shadow of the situation had been cast, perhaps to the serious detriment of Cnnrt'Iiait ]VesL — tin; OHO C)f the older, tlie otlier of tlie newf^r settlers — tind to the iiit(Mise suffering of many more ; to the exas[)er{ition of the whole situa- tion, and to the creation of a race and creed clcava<^e from which we have not yet wholly recovered. There liad been a time when a lar<^e portion of the French po[)ulation did not follow Kiel in his resort to arms, thou^^h they, in com- mon with nearly all the people of the country, felt somewhat keenly anxious as to their rights under the incoming (Government. On looking up records I find that my father, then a magistrate and a mendx'r of the Council of AssiniVK)ia (the governing body in Hudson's Bay Comi)any reeds, Francois Nolin, Augustin Nolin, and one I\'rreault, agreed to have a meetino- ol" ICuii'lish and Fiench to discuss their riiihts and senle effort U) put down tlie rebellion was k<'pt alive, witli tlu irritatin<;- results already noticed. On the 1st day of December it was expected tliat the new turritfny would have been Cormally transferred to Canada, and so upon that day Governor Mac- dou^^all issued what purported to be a Queen's Proclamation appointing him as Governor of the territory, and another proclamation, signed by himself as Governor, appointing L'ol. ])einiis his Deputy within the territory, with power to raise and equip a force wherewith to overcome the rebellious element. No one feels dis|)osed to impugn Mr. Macdougall's good faith and good intention in taking this course, but it turned out to have been taken without due authority, and for the unwarrantable use made of the Queen's name he was severely censured by the (Canadian Government. When it was discovered that what was called the Queen's Proclamation was not so in realit^^ the situation became more chaotic than ever; but in the meantime Col. Dennis thought he was justified in raising an armed force to overturn the rebel power, and with the I Some Conntet'-Kjfm'ts u)u/ Their Results. 57 \i ti 'i aid of otliers proceeded so to do. One of the first results was the fj^atherinn^ of some forty- five men in tlie house of J)r. Seliultz, in the vilhij^e near Fort (iarry, to protect some i\ow- ernment supplies; but this hanbles in the countr}' had found to their cost. I remember I I I 58 Th' }fakin(j of thf Cnnadii.ii )IV'>»/. I 1 when a boy running bcKido liim, as witli power- ful stride he walked from our liomo to the river wlien 1 was sent to direct liirn to lie was to visit on a medical con- (!• on an occasion a house which snltation, and I can yet see the oars hendin like willows in his sti'onfi^ hands as h(» pi'opelhMl the rouoh boat against the waves. I recall, too, hearing how once at a mec^ting in the town a riot was f sired, and how Schiiltz, who was soat(!d on a great home-made oaken chair, rose, and putting his foot on one of the bars, wrenched the chair asunder as if it hud been made of pipe- stems, after seeing which the crowd decided that if they were going to do any rioting they would leave him unmolested at any rate. A man of that physical stamp and, withal, of somewhat inflammatory cnst of mind, the rebels thought they had better keep apart and well guarded : hence they placed him alone, and, as afterwards appeared, they fully intended to put a sudden end to his career. But they were to be baulked of their prey. Certain delicacies from friends were allowed him, and it is said that in a pudding one day a knife and a gimlet were concealed. With the knife he cut into sti'ips the buffalo robe he slept upon and such clothing as he could spare, and having with the aid of the gimlet fastened 1 I S()))i*' CountfrEllortx and Tneir H^'snltn. oD the line thus made to the wall, he let hiinselt' out of the window on the nif^ht of the 2lk'(l of January. His ponderous ween im- mortalized by Scott in the famous meeting" of Fit/- James and Roderick ])hu. I remember well the arrival of Schult/ at our house. It was in the grey dawn, and a cold morning- at that, when a knockino- came at the door, wliich my father rose and oi)ened. I can recall his surprised exclamation, " IJlcss me, doctor, is this really you ^ " Then I can see the fu<;itive enter, thinly clad, tall, hag- gard and gaunt, and as soon as he had assured liimself that there were no servants in the house who miglit betray him, he told the story of his escape as we have just related Snnir CiiHnfi r /yfl'offs (imf Tin ir lirsuhs. 61 it. My fatlwi* cseoi-tiMl his ^^nicst ujKstairs, wjitc'li<'asse«l l»y the door lookin/'" I'or tlieii* cscaiKMl piisoner, con- cerninji' whom Kiel said to tlu' Kev. ( Jeori^e Voune-, "The euards are out looUin^^ I'or him, and they have oi'deis to shoot him on si^ht." Meanwhile my ))rother Alexander had e()ii(» into town and secunMl fi-om his iViends a pa ir or two of pistols, which were duly l)rou<,dit and handed upstairs, where a wvw pro^^ramme was made out. Schult/ was ;lisli and twenty from the French side be called for the 25th of January to ccmsider the whole matter of Mr. Smith's mission, and to fornmlate such a programme as seemed best for the country. This meeting on the 19th January was the first direct blow given to Kiel's position ; or, changing the figure, it was the first real under- mining of his authority, and Mr. Smith, as Commissioner from a Government which now showed every anxiety to do what was fair to all classes, scored a most decided and f Some Counter- Efforts and Their Results. 65 I t ! influential victory. One cannot help feeling now that had counter-movements against Riel (which could not possibly succeed under the cir- cumstances) ceased, there would have been a bloodless settlement of the whole business ; but the irritation caused by military movements against him, coupled with the fact that his star was on the wane, led doubtless to the horrible murder he shortly afterwards committed in the vain hope of establishing his authority beyond dispute. The convention of forty French and English representatives met as called on the 25th of January, and continued from day to day till the llth of February. The best exist- ing report of tLp,t convention is found in the New Nation, Kiel's organ, which is in the possession of Mr. J. P. Robertson, in the Pro- vincial Library of Manitoba. The file, which was purchased from Mr. Wm. Coldwell, the ablest newspaper man of his time, tells an eloquent tale even in its appearance. The first page of it is called The Red River Pioneer, Vol. I., No. I.; the next page is blank, and on the following one we read, TJte New Nation, Vol. I., No. I. The explanation is that Mr. Coldwell was just beginning the publication of the Pioneer when Riel came down upon him, and 6 m % Wit GG The Makiny of the Canadian West, vi et armis nipped it in the bud and estab- lished with its phmt the New Nation, under control of one of his own following. Whoever reported the proceedings of the Convention of Forty for the Netv Nation did it well, not only as wielding a facile pen, but wielding it impar- tially, since several things not at all flattering to Kiel are preserved, We have, too, the record of some hot passages-at-arms in which Iliel was distinctly worsted. The chairman of the convention was Judge Black, head of the law courts in the territory, a man of commanding intellect, of great forensic ability, and such noble bent of character that he had the utmost confidence of the whole com- munity. During the convention we find he made several speeches of considerable length, in which occur passages of lofty and impas- sioned eloquence. Next to Judge Black, whose oflficial p ^sition gave him prominence, the most infiuent and distinctively directing spirit was James 1 ss, a man of singular ability, deep learning and rare fiuency of utterance. He was a son of Sheritt* Ross, who had been famous as a leading man and an historian in the early days of the country. James Ross, who was a native of Red River, had graduated with high honors from Toronto University, had been a M Sovfe Convtir-Efforts /fnp.'f trannjling horse Nor might of niaded men, Not all the rebels in the South H;td b(»rne us backward then. " Once mure his fi>ot (Mi Highland heath Had trod as free as air, Or I, and all that I led on, Been laid around him there." % Certain it is, as we have said, that from that hour the n.ajority of people, however much they felt themselves obliged to remain passive, utterly disapproved of Kiel's course ; and some there were who told liim to his face that for 4 I'll r 'I w 84 The Making of the Canadian West, !l that and other reasons they would have noth- ing to do with hiui. Of this hitter number was my fatlier, as I recall from an incident that took place on the Queen's birthday, 1870. On the 20th of May, as appears from the files of the New Nation, he, with one or two others, was appointed by the Provisional Government a magistrate for the Fort Garry District. On May 24th the Queen's birthday was celebrated near Fort Garry with the usual sports, though it had been extensively reported that Riel was to seize the horses brought there for the races that he might have the best mounts for his cavalry. In the afternoon of that day I remember stand- ing with my father on the roadside (now Main Street, Winnipeg) opposite the post-office, then kept by Mr. Bannatyne. It was quite custom- ary in those days of limited correspondence and primitive postal facilities for the postmaster or his assistant to go out with a letter after anyone to whom it was a:» pn'punitory to mo iu<; liiiii a vuto of tluinks. On iinotlx^r occiiHioii oin' oinhryo stutoHimin, who was lioiiHn;; bct'oie his a\uliriic«' tlie hope of Hotiio cliant^t' in j^ovorninental methods, an' JfttliJif/ of n Prnrinr«\ 07 : induced thr too free use of stinnilants, was inakiuiT liiiusclf so ohjioxiors tliat lie had to be sliarply called to order l»y the S})eaker with threats of expulsion from the precincts. 'I'he nieniher, unahashed, told the Speaker, in efiect, that he (>u<;ht to renienibei' the ])riniitive con- dition of thin<;'s in the country ; and desiring to injpress the Speakei* witli the fact that thoun;]! he (the ineinher) was not a tinishecl stat(*sinan, he was fairly representative of, if not superioi* to, his constituents in attainnicnts, said : " Vou may think I am a fool, Mr. Speaker, but I am not such a fool as the people v.lio sent me here:" in which savinn- the mendier Ituilded better than he knew, aneeeh a member thou<^htlessly tainited him with his Indian blood, and few will l'or»;'et the thrillin;;ly dramatic etiect of Mr. Nonjuay's action as he thi'ew up his hand to reveal the dark skin of which he said \w was pioud, and how he sent l»ack with stunninii- force a rebuke for the unhappy sneer. Not many months after that INFr. Norquay died of a sudden inlhunmation. The recol- lection is yet vivid of how the news sped to the starth'il hearts of the peopK', €T,nd of tlie way in which, re<^ardless of party, they united in mourninjx foi" one who had done siirnal service t) the Province in which he was ])orn. The (Jreenway (Government <^ave him a state funeral, and friends all over Canada contril)- uted to the erection of the handsome monu- ment which stands over his dust in the old 'A> ^ The Mtiki)iu of a l^mrinc*'. 105 jijravoyanl at St. John's, No t-laini is nuulc l»y anyouL' that lie was a raultlesH man, nor even that lu! t'ouM luive tak«'n the hi;;li('st phicc in till' highest Hpherc, luit fonsith'rin^ his oppor- tunities and the hitent'ss of* the hou»' in his life when he came, witliout any experience what- soever, into tlie new career of polities, .fohn Noi'(|Uay's name stannhlic life stood another of the native-horn, the lion. A. M. Sutherland, a brother of the youn^- man who was shot by one of Kiel's spies during- the first rebellion, as already recorded. One of my tii'st recollections of Sutherlanoys, a powerfully l)uilt, broais law stu'lics lie nm Tor tlu' Local liC^islatiii't' in KiMoiian, his hirth- ])lac<', was clcctcfl and iT-drctcd, holdiii;; the scat till his death in 1884, and in tlu; nicantinic occupyiiifr the posts of Attorney-! Jcncral and I'lovincial Secretai'V with marked success. His most outstandini,^ characteristic was a manly straiehtloi-wardne^s which made him a universal I'avorite, a fair, it' loreiblc opponent, and a factor in a political contest that no one could i«,niore. His untimelv death cut short what would douht- less have been a notable cai'eer, and the letters from all (piar^M's that pourea. there were fonnd aniontrst his most sincere mourners many to whom he had stood diametiically (jpposed on many a hotly contested poiiticjil hattletield. In the history of every count I'V there ai'e found the names of some who have apparently taken hut a small part in puhlic athiirs, and are soon forgotten in the rush of events, hut who, nevertheless, formed an imj)ortant link in the chain of the country's pro<,n'ess : and as 1 look hack over tlie death-roll of Manitoha, the some- what ohscure name of F, H. Francis apjx'ars as one occupying' this uni()Ue place. Mr. Francis was an EnM»JMiaii» fhlTltlfTimifUli ir 108 The Makiny of the Canculian West. at his back .seemed a forlorn liope, but tin; then Opposition persuaded Mr. Francis to make tlie effort. It was in Mr. Francis' I'avoi' tliat lie was ecjually at home in .speakin<( En^di.sh or French, and that as a merchant within the con.stituency he i)ersonally knew nearly all the electors. It is "^1 HON. K. II. FKAN(IS. almost certain that he was the only man at that time who could «;ain sufficient support from the different elements to defeat Mr. Burk, as he did, to the orreat surpri.se of the (Jovernment. By that defeat the Harrl.son (Jovei'nment was overturned, the present Greenway administra- tion took office, and ere lono- the famous school » Till' Mnkini/ <>/ /' a /^-orinrr. Ill Aiiioiif^'st the Dominion statrsnion wlio hnvv ^^one from us tlu' nann' of tlio late 8ii* flolni Sclniltz survives with tlie foremost hv reason of his comman(lin' ^flll^ln^| (tj thf Cnuntlinn ]Vi'' tlio secret of tele<^rru|)liy, and repbiciiif^' it. we would take our seats upon the fence and watch whetiu'r any of the darin<^ birds that took tlieir places on tiiS. The first spikes in this road were driven in Septend)er, 1S77, by the Governor-General and the Countess of ])utierin, whose visit in that year to the North- West marks a new era in the « I \ I I Contact trit/i thf Outnidi' Wio'/d. 11!) history of the country. Tlu'y caiiu' hy way of Toronto, Chica;;() and St. Paul, takin^^ the last staj^e of the journey from Fishci"'.; Landinj^^ to Fort Garry on the steauii^r Mimu'sota. 'I'h«'y were received with inilioundcd enthusiasm in the new West, and there, as elsrwhrre, the tactful (iovernor-General did much to oil the machinery of Confederation and remove })articl('s likely to cause fricti(in. They had many uni(|Ue «'\peii- ences durin<^ their tour and their camping" out, amoui^st them l^eini;" shootine- the (Jraiul Kapids ahove Lake Winnipeg in a Y(jrk l»oat, and ridintf in a Red River cart drawn hv thirtv j^arlanded oxen at Stony Mountain. The speech given by Lord Duti'erin at a diinier in Winnipeg, before returning east, has always been regarded as one of the best inniiii'iation agencies the West has hail, and we give a por- tion of it as bearing on the subject in hanug would nevei have come to Canada. I have reas(in to believe, however, though I know not whether any sul)stantial , K'K! !i. ■p 122 The MakiiKf of the Catiadian llW. evidence has ])een adduced in support of this asser- tion, that my j^overnment deny and repudiate having any sort of concert or understanding witli that irre- sponsible invader. It would be highly unconstitu- tional if T, who am bound to hold an impaitial balance between the contending parties of the State, were to 2)ronounce an opinion upon this momentous (juestion. But, however disputable a point may be the prime and original authorship of the Colorado bug, there is one fact no one will (juestion, namely, that to the presence of the Governor-General in Manitoba is to be attributed the sudden, total, other- wise unaccountable, and, I trust, permanent disap- pearance, not ordy from this province, but from the whole North-West, of the infamous and unmention- able 'hopper,' whose visitations in the past have proved so distressing to the agricultural interests of the entire region. " But apart from being the fortunate instrument of conferring this benefit upon you, I fear the only furthtM- return in my power is to assure you of my great sympathy with you in your endeavors to do justice to the mat(Mial advantages with which your Province has been so richly endowed by the hand of Providence. From its geographical position and its peculiar characteristics, Manitoba may be regarded as the keystone of that mighty arch of sister prov- inces which spans the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It was here that Canada, emei'ging from her woods and forests, first gazed upon her I ('ontacCirith the Outside World. 1 2:\ rolling pi'uiiies and unexplored North-We^st, and learned, as l)y an unexpected I'cvelation, that her historical territories of the Canadas, her eastern seaboards of New Brunswick, Labrador and Nova Scotia, her Laurentian lakes and valleys, lowlands and pastures, thou,i;h themselves more extensive than half a dozen European kingdoms, wer<' but the vesti- bules and ante-chambers to that till then undreamed- of Dominion, whose illimitable dimensions confound the arithmetic of the surveyors and the verification of the explorer. It was hen -e that, counting her past achievements as but the j)reface and pielude to lier future exertioiis and expanding destinies, she took a new departure, received the afflatus of a more; important inspiration, and felt herself no longer a mere settler alonii the banks of a single river, but the owner of half a continent, and in the magnitude of her possession, in the wealth of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer of any power on earth. In a recent remarkably witty speech the Mar(|uis of Salisbury alluded to the geographical misconceptions often engendered by tlu^ smallness of the maps upon which the figui'e of tlu; woild is depicted. To this cause is proljably to be attributed the ina!, the Seine or the Rhone would appear con- siderable streams, but in the Ottawa, a mere affluent of the St. Lawrence — an affluent, moreover, which reaches the parent stream six hundred miles from its mouth — we have a river nearly five hundred and fifty miles long, and three or four times as big as any of them. But even after having ascended the St. Law- rence itself to Lake Ontario, and pursued it across lakes Erie, St. Clair, Huron and Superior to Thunder Bay, a distance of one thousand five hundred miles, where are we "? In the estimation of the person who has made the journey, at the end of all things ; but to us, who know ])etter, scarcely at the commence- ment of the great tluvial system of the Dominion, for from that spot, that is to say, from Thunder Bay, we are at once able to ship our astonished traveller on to the Kaniinisti(]uia, a river some hundred miles long. Thence, almost in a straight line, we launch him upon Lake Shebandowan and Rainy Lake and River, a magnificent stream three hundred yards l)ioad and a couple of hundred miles long, down whose tranquil bosom he floats into the Lake of the Woods, where he finds himself on a sheet of water which, though diminutive as compared with the inland seas he has left behind him, will probably be found sufficiently extensive to make him fearfully sea-sick during his passage across it. For the last eighty miles, however, he will be consoled by sailing \ Contart wifh the Outside World. 1-J5 through a succession of land-locked channels, tlio l^eauty of whose scenery, while it resembles, certainly excels the far-famed Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence. From this lacustrine paradise of sylvan beauty we are .;ble at once to transfer oui* friend to the VV^innipeg, a river whose existence in the very heart and centre of the continent is in itself one of nature's most delightful miracles, so beautiful and varied are its rocky banks, its tufted islands ; so broad, so deep, so fervid is the volume of its waters, the extent of their lake-iike expansions, and the tremendous power of their rapids. At last, let us suppose we have landed our protaj*' at the town of Winnipeg, the half-way house of the continent, the capital of the Prairie Province, and, I trust, the future 'umbilicus' of the Dominion. Having now had so much of water, having now reached the home of the buffalo, like Falstatl' he naturally ' babbles of green fieius ' and careers in imaguiation over th(^ primeval grasses of the prairie. Not at all. Escoited by Mr. Mayor and the Town Council we take him down to your quay, and ask him which he will ascend first, the Red lliver or the Assiniboine — two streams, the one five hundred miles long, the other four hundred and eighty, which so happily mingle their waters within your city limits. After having given him a preliminary canter on these respective rivers, we take him off to Lake Winnipeg, an inland sea throe hundred miles long and upwards of sixty broad, during the navigation of which for many a v. i m ' 4 i 120 Tlw Makiiif/ of tho, Caimdinn ]yest. woaiy hour he will find himself out of sight of land, and pi'ol)al)ly a good deal more indisposed than ever h(! was on the Lake of the Woods or even the Atlantic. At the north-west angle of Lake Winni- peg h(5 hits upon the mouth of the Saskatchewan, the gateway to the North- West, and the starting point to another one thousand five liundred miles of navi- gable water flowing nearly due east and west between its alluvial l)anks. Having now reached the Rocky Mountains, our * ancient mariner,' for by this time he will be (juite entitled to such an appellation, knowing that water cannot run up hill, feels certain his aquatic experiences are concluded. He was never more mistaken. We immediately launch him upon the Athabasca and Mackenzie rivers, and start him on a longer trip than he has yet ever taken, the navi- gation of the Mackenzie River alone exceeding two thousand fi\e hundred miles. If he survives this last experience, we wind up his peregrinations l)y a concluding voyage down the Fraser River, or, if he prefers it, the Thompson River, to the coast; whence, having provided him with a first-class ticket for that purpose, he will probably prefer getting home by the Canadian Pacific. " Now, in this enumeration, those who are acquainted with the country know that, for the sake of brevity, I have omitted thousands of miles of other lakes and rivers which water various regions of the North-West, the Qu'Appelle River, Belly River, Lake Manitoba, the Winnipegosis, Shoal Lake, etc , i i > I Contort irith t/tr Oiittihh' Wnr/ff. \2: along whifh T might Iwive dragged, and finally oxtrr- minated, our way-worn guest. J>ut the sketch T have given is more than sufticient for my purpose ; and when it is further rememhered that the most of these streams flow for their entire length through alluvial plains of the richest description, where year after year wheat can be raised without manure, or any sensible diminution in its yield, and where the soil everywhere presents the appearance of a highly cultivated suburban kitchen-garden in England, enough has been said to display the agricultural richness of the territories I have referred to, and the capabilities they possess of affording happy and pros- perous homes to millions of the human race." After referring to thi^ many different nation- alities composing the population of the West, to the problems yet to arise, and dwelling elo- quently upon the future destiny of the Dominion, Lord 13utferin closed a great speech by express- ing the hope that the finances of the countiy would soon provide for the West a railway to carry out the surplus produce, " which," said he, " my own eyes have seen imprisoned in your storehouses for want of the means of transport." The Governor-General's hope in this regard soon found fruition. This was the decade when efforts were made to construct a transcontinental line tiu'ouLdi -:i' 1 ii ; 1 1 'J 1 28 The Mdkiiiy (tf the Cunadlan WeM. Ciinaflian territory by utilizing "the magnificent water stretclies," of vvliicli the (jJovernor-General liad Hpokeii so elo<|uently, and hence eastward from Winnipeg beginnings were made somewhat to tlie bewilderment of the old settlers, through whose growing crops ciie roadway of the iron horse was relentlessly pushed. The Federal Government of the day felt inclined to cross the Red River about twenty-two miles north of Winnipeg, where the picturescjue town of Selkirk now stands at the head of Lake Winnipeg navi- gation, but to that course it was objected that crossing at Selkirk would ignore the growing centre at W'amlpeg, would miss the fertile plains Just west of tiiat city, as well as necessitate the great expense of construction over certain dis- tricts north-west of Selkirk, where morasses alleged to be l)ottomless existed. However that might be, the fact is that Winnipeg eventually (h'ew the main line of the great railway through her borders. Not many of us have found common ground on all points with Mr. Debs, but most of us will agree with him in preferring Govern- ment ownership of railroads to railroad owner- ship of Governments; and yet in the light of the history of the time we know that it was not till the Canadian Pacitic Railway had passed out of the immediate control of the Government fUnitort frifh thi> Oiitshh, Worhl. 129 )st n- er- he lot ed 3nt into the hands of a company that its construction and operation became a success. Tliat may be to the discredit of the Government and to the credit of the company, as the case may be, but I am now simply statin*^ the fact. It is true that the company received from the country cin enormous bonus in money and lands, but it sliould not be forgotten that they faced enormous ditticulty in attempting to build a road, ottering the most amazing engineering problems, across a vast area of country at tiiat time only partially settled, and a great part of which will, so far as we see, remain unsettled and non-producing for all time. It was, perhaps, fortunate that most of the Canadian directorate hailed from the land of the saying, " a stout heart to a stey brae," and few w^ho know the way in which these men pledged their private fortunes and hazarded their business reputations will grudge the joy that must have been theirs when one of the most distinguished of their number, Sir Donald A. Smith, at Craig Ellachie, in 1885, drove the last spike in the band uniting oceans which lave the opposite shores of Canada. In fact, one cannot read the name of the place amidst the great mountain ranges where that notable act was done without thinking of the legends of Highland seers concerning thf " grey 9 m t I k ij 1.".0 The Mukinij (tf llm (JaiHulnnt West. frontlet of rock " whicli stood in the j^lun of Stratlispey, and from wliose sinnnut tlie scat- tered firs and wind-swept heather in war time whispered to the clansmen, "Stand fast," for only by the most deterniined steadfastness eonld men have completed the task of which we have just spoken. It was for some time (piite fashionahle to denounce the rapid construction of the C P.ll. as conducing; to the scattering of population west- ward, and to say that the road should have been built by easy stages, and settlement consolidated in lateral dii-ections. Apart from the fact that such a process would have been oblivious of tlie conditi(jns upon which British Columbia entered Confederation, there was only a modicum of truth in the assertitm that slower construction of the railway would have consolidated settle- ment, as early settlers who witnessed the move- ment of population can testify. There seems always to have been a westward moving instinct in humanity, and under its influence men have, from the beginning, been crowding towards the setting sun. In the West, long before a railway was dreamed of, I saw my own kith and kin leave the ^^ed River colony to travel, amidst great difficulty, with cart- trains, tive hundred miles north-westward and ,rt- ncl Coiihirl ir'ilh till- Ollfsi'h' W'nrlil. foi'iii a Kcttlenu'iit tlicrc Those wlio were in tile C(juntry at tlie time know that (hiriii*^ the coiisti'uction of the C P. K. eiiii^rants hjft its trains at tlie various tei-mini, and, loailinj; their effects on " prairie sehooners," pushe, the Northern Pacitic Railway entered the Pi'ovince, we have had, as I have shown, railroads numer- ous enough. There are more to follow, and the change wrought in the course of a few years makes a marvellous contrast between the isola- tion of the early days and our present closeness of contact with all the great centres on the continent. it! I CHAITKR IX. A ^'/iOOM AXl) AXOTJ//'JJ{ /fh'/lL'/JJOX f ()\('i: coiinmiiiicatioM with tin* outside worM wjim ('st;il)lish(!(i, tli«' ^Towtli of th(3 country's life in all lines was coniparatively rapid. We say " cH)in])aratively " in view of its former isolation, but there has never heen what in we.stern ])Iiraso would he called " a stampede " of inuni- ^ration towards this country as eompare H 'f 1 11 1 'HfL 138 Th. }fnki,uf of ty CHiiUfl'mn II W. To these were afterwards added : Hons. James McKay, Joseph Royal, Pierre Delorino, W. R. Bown, W. N. Kennedy, John H. McTavish and William Tait. This Council, presided over by Lieutenant-Ciovernor Morris, of Manitoba, did exceedingly important service in trying times, and paved the way for fuller organization. Acts were shortly afterwards passed by the Dominion Parliament, establishing the Mounted Police force and making rules for the regulation of trade, notably for the suppression of liquor selling, the Territories being put practically under prohibition, in order to keep liquor out of the reach of the inflammable and easily excited Indian population. Treaties had been made with tlie Indians far and wide, and such was the fairness with which the (Government treated them, and such was the influence of the Mounted Police, that when the Custer massacre and similar events were taking place south of the boundary, on the north all was peace and comparative (juietness. In 1875 an Act for the fuller organization and government of the North-West Territories was introduced by the Hon. Alex. Mackenzie, and came into force in October, 1876, the Hon. David Laird being appointed the first lieutenant- governor, aided by a small Council consisting A '* lioom'^ antf Anofhtr Jit'heU'Hui. 1:^9 of Stipendiary Magistrates McLe(xl, Kyan, Ricli- ardson and Major Irvine (N.-W. M. P.), A. E. Forget, Secretary of tlie Council; M. St. Jolni, Sheriff. The position of Governor Laird and his Council was not an eas}- one, as the chang- ing conditions, the disappearance of the buH'alo ' In fl HON. KIXJ.VR DEWDNKY, and other means of support, were throwing upon the Governor the burden of caring for and arrantrini!: about the future of almost the entire native population of Indians and half-breeds. Gov. Laird was succeeded in the governoi'shi[) by Hon. Edgar Dewdney, in 1881. The Terri- tories were divided into local electoral districts. ' irt r i ki \ 140 7%e Miikiuff of the ('unfuliuii W^'nt. with a legislative assembly iiieetiiio; at Regina, and into Dominion constitnences, with the privi- lege of sending four membei's to the House of Commons. The whole territory was divided into judicial districts, with experienced and able jurists at the head of each ; and the vast domain was becoming the prosperous home of thousands when a second rebellion broke out in 18tS5, and for a time checked the progress by disturbing the peace of the land. Just what gave rise to the North-West rebel- lion is perhaps more than anyone can definitely say. Political gladiators have fought the (jues- tion over and o/er again to no definite end, and probably the great parties have their own opinion in the matter to this day, though they may be chary about telling all they know. It appears certain that the Frencli half -breeds who were settled on the south branch of the Saskat- chewan River (many of them being the same, or of the same, families as those concerned in the Riel rebellion of '69) were determined to hold to the old system of long narrow farms fronting on the river, as against the rec- tangular, or "square," survey proposed by the Government, which threatened to break up the homes they had built and overturn the old social life fostered by contiguous residence ; and A ^^ /}itom" >nitl Anof/if}' /x^rhf/fion. in it seoins also toleniMy clrar that many of the settlers had been waitin^^ an extraordinarily lon^ time for their land patents and scrip. These things were sutKeient to unsettle the easily rutiied and somewhat turbulent half- breed element, and once anything lii\e rebellion was contemplated, the aid of their l»'J1 \i hi'lltnti. ii; claiins : lie cstaltlislu'*! a (Jovcrinin'iit witli li('a(l(iiiart».'rs at IJatoclu', arr('str- Miikhifj of thi (Juno, lion Wnnt. n I i driven out of the country. " \'ou don't know what we are after," said llicd to McKay. " We want blood, hhxxl — it's hlood we want." McKav, barely escaping;- with his life from such a ^^ory atnios})here, returned to Carlton. an(>(>//*" tint/ Anotfier RfhuHion. 151 fields, and thoii^di tlio North- Wost Rebellion provided new experience in a peculiar warfare, he bore hiniselt' thron<,diout as a man of the utmost coolness and C()iira<*:e — in short, a true British soldier of the best tyjje. He arrived in Winnipe*^ on the 27th of \ LIEUT. -COL. OSIiORNE SMITH. March, and left that same night for the scene with the 90th Rifles and the Winnipeg Field Battery. Troops from all parts of Canada, to the number of five or six thousand, were hurrying to tlie front, and in the West every district was furnishing a ready ([Uota to the various bodies ])eing rais^';d for the occasion. Winnipeg and the Province of Manitoba, besides i 1 \ -•W [ft] I 152 The Maklny of the Canadian ]yest. the battery, cavalry and Boulton's scouts, fur- nished three infantry re<^iments, two of them, the 9 1st, under Col. Scott, and the 92nd (Winnipeg Light Infantry), under Col. Osborne Smith, being specially enlisted in a few days for the suppression of the rebellion. With tlie latter regiment I had the honor to serve, and I purpose giving some personal recollections of the cam- paign such as have apparently been interesting to Canadian audiences at many points. As indicated in the preface to this book, no attempt is made to give a complete record of the military operations of the whole force in the field. One can only be in one place at a time, and this volume is chiefly one of personal remin- iscence ; but it is hoped that the account here given, as written out from notes made nightly at the camp-fire, will be in some measure typical of the experience of all who went to the front. • nn I'i IM PI 1 1 M if: I ( -1 «^ iM 1 i'<^-. I- '5, . « Z w u * •/. z . ■'■ * ;s • l^ w S .2 -r •^ uS != -y. ■* r! !l^ ^^■'■^C ^ ^ ■/ •■ • j<" ^ — • ~ X w C Z 1 •». ^-ri'.-^ « — — -^ X •x. 1 -r. >> u: = i'rf t >• • "> c — *i^ r ' U w ^ 1 r* i.— I. •? i t ■< - U>:- ^ I'l^a ' cc rr ;S?;'^>t: i iiZ rC ^' ^ ri X a; -- >.> c c — TlCC-f V ^' I 2 — •** - ■/. f ^ ?-'E £ Z. ^^rt ■S M U C 1. **«:>'* CHAPTER X. CAMrAKlNINi} OX Tin ri UilES. The regiment known as tlie 'V^ianipeg Light Infantry may be spoken of ; (Viie recruited out of almost every nation under lieaven. The main body of it was made up of men enlisted in the city of Winnipeg, to which the noise of tumult had brought adventurers from every point of the compass, many of whom hailed the rebellion as a great windfall. Numbers of men just back from the Gordon Relief Expedition up the Nile fell readily into the ranks. Some of Indian, Irish, Scotch, English, Icelandic, German, French, and I know not what other extraction, were on hand, and I remember two men who followed our com- pany to quarters one day and forswore their allegiance to the United States — till the close of the campaign, when, with four months' pay in their pockets, they shook the dust of Canada off their feet and returned to Chicago. One com- pany, however, was enlisted in the old pioneer 153 I : ill m n III M I t 154 The }fakiii(j of Ihn Cnmi'liutt l('e«/. parisli of KiMonan and coiiti^^iious points, from the fjiruHTH there, andanothei* was eni'oll(Ml from Minnedosa, a point some !.")() miles distant to the north-west of the city. To the Kihhjnan company (afterwai' On W'l'diicsdjiy, tin; l.Hli, after l)('in;,m(Mn'ss('(l \)y Licuk'niiiit-CJovcnior Aikiiis, our ri'^^imcnt inarclu'r fi'om the sur- roundini;' Indians. Soon the final farewells were said — for how lone* we knew not— and with many a last word and handelasp the severest ordeal of all was over, and the tiain moved out amidst the answering* cheers of those •j;oinL,^ away and tho.se left behind. J)oubtless many a stalwart uniformed tii(/ nil thf /'riilrii's. IT)' ' promised to ho loyal, ami \w kt'pt his wonl ; hut as the spirit of" j'chrllion was ahroad at tho ('Mu\ and youn;^ hravcs arc I'ftsily revised, tluj Miiuio- d()HaCoiiij»aiiy was hd't hen* to ropn'ss any unduo exuherancc. Wo saw Crowfoot sovrnil tiinos ^oing to and from Cal^^aiiy, a storn, stoical man, <"R<)\VK()»)T. (FriDii jiliiilii'iraiili hi/ I'm/, llmll.) whose will was law for his triho, and whoso consistent loyalty was of ^roat value to Canada duriiiir that trouhlous time. To Cal<;aiy wo came on the l7th of April, amid a drizzling- rain and snow, hut al'tor the first night the weather, which Cnl<^^aT'ians assuroi(/ (>/' fill' ('(I iKiiluni Woiit, I prophecies made concerning Calvary have not yet come true, but it is, nevertlieless, one of the most perfect sites for a city in the west. We shall not soon for^'ct the view from tlie great mound across the Elbow River in those spring evenings. 'V\\i\ town, on its picturescjue upland, lay peacefully ([uiet at the close of the day. Around it twined the olistenini"' coils of the Bow and the Elbow rivers, wdiich pour their united waters into the great Saskatchewan, while away to tlie west the Rockies, mighty monuments of the Creator's power, reared their snow}' peaks against the purpling sky, rer '^'nd)ling the vast tents of some giant host rising majestically above the plain. Calgary, on its more material side, seemed that year the very paradise of cowboys, horse- men and scouts, for che place was full of the great rough, gord hearted fellows, fairly bristling wdth arms. Belts of cartridges round the waist and slashed across the chest held supplies for the Winchester riiie and Colt's revolver ; great leather leggings, called " schaps," bowie-knives here and there about the person, huge jingling spurs, immense grey hats turned up at one side, " the cavalry swagger," and somewhat ferocious lanjxuao-e were the prevailinuf characteristics. These men were magniticent ridei's, more at ■ ('ti}}ipiii'l)ii iiif an tJi'' Prtiirit'fi. l.-)!) home ill the saddle tlian on carpets, and as they had the run of tlie town, tlie sii?^ht of a luiniber of tliem, with their wild liorses at full speed along the principal streets, w^as (piite common. Most of us who had been hrouji^ht up in the West knew something 1)y experience of ])roncho- breaking, but it was wortli while going to the corrals to see the broncho broken for use in our cohimn. The horse, perhaps five or six years old, had never been handled except to be branded when a foal. He was dexterously lassoed, and (as the whole process is one of l)reaking rather than training) if necessary cli«)ked into submission. Sometimes the headstall was fastened with a blindfold, the great saddle was thrown on and tightly " cinched," then a cowV)oy leaped into the seat locked his spurs and yelled " Let her loose !" There was a scattering of those holding the broncho, and a retrograde movement (piickly executed on the part of the spectators as the trouble began. Sometimes the broncho, dazed for a few moments, stood with hunched-up back or walked (juietly awa}' for a few yar/ the Catiniluni WcaI. I erners call .a " stayer," and after a half-hour or so the broncho gave up and wfis pronounced "broken" ; but we would not advise any of our tender-foot friends to mount the " hurricane deck" of a broncho, even thou<;h he may be broken enou<^h for a cowboy's use. Orders shortly came that our column was to march northward to the relief of Edmonton and the districts on the North Saskatchewan, which were being terrorized by Big Bear and his tribe, a portion of whom had massacred nine men at Frog Lake on the 2nd of April. Wonl, too, had just reached us of the fight at Fish Creek between Middleton and Kiel, with heavy loss to our com -ades. The Fish Creek fight was evidently planned by Gabriel Dumont as a surprise for our troops, and it certainly did come upon them with unexpected suddenness. It would be utterly wrong to say, as some have said, that Middleton walked into a tiap, for he had his mounted infantry and Boulton's scouts well spread out in front in proper form. IJuo men who were in the advance guard of the 90th have told me that the first indication of the enemy's pres- ence they had was in seeing several of the scouts in front fall from their saddles under the deadlv fire of the half-breeds concealed in the Crnnpriif/ni)/;/ y affonled almost jiorleet cover to tlio enemy, and from it a hot t'usilade was poured upon th(3 advancing;' troops. Dumont's men also set the praii'ie on fire so that the smoke would conl'ust; tlie volunteers, l>ut they l)ut out the fin^ and advanced steadily, ado[)tin^- the enemy's tactics and takin<^ cover as nmch as ])ossil)le. At'ti'i* some houi's the half-hi'eeds, except a IV'W in the ravine, were dislodni'd fi'om their ])()sition, and as a JH'axy thunderstorm was he rrto[)pe(l l»y what Adjutant (Jt \'er\- classical names of Ermine-Skin, Cayot(', and l')o])tail. w i .m IGt The MiikiiKj of (Jir ('(nniilitni Went. Wlietlicr tlieso wen; disposed to be liostile or not we did not know, but oui" Colonel lield tlie men in readiness for Jinv event; and then, witli bayonets fixed and riHes at tlie slope, with band ])layini,' and every weapon «'xposed to view, we niarclied tlironfdi, while the Indians j-atliered in INTKKIUK or II. II. ( <». S I'OUT AT KDMONToN. the woods by the roadside and gazed wonder- ingly at the spectacle. We readied Edmonton on May Sth, and encamped sontli of the town in the midst of wigwams. The Indians were lo^al enongh now, with llags displayed from tlie tepees, in the presence of an armed force ; l)ut the Edmonton people gratefnlly assurer! us that only the /'. M "."■,;n' ' r 2n •J. O ii V'. ■/. — ^- c^ X - u if 1 IS o Li 5 i o s e r. o ii S ( '(iiii/xi i)/ii niff nit flii' Priin'i'^. \{\:^ tiiML'ly Jirrival oi' our coliinm ]i;i*l pi-cvtMitrd ivjietitioUH of tlic Fro^;' Luke iiwissaerr at many points alon;;' (lie North Saskatclicwan. At Kdinonton wc met tlw cniiiinandrr of our l)ri;4a(l<*, (}(Mirral Stran<;(', wlio with jiai't <>1' that phicivy iv^^inicut, the ()">th oi Montreal, and a, dutachinont of Mount d Pnlicf under Majoi- Perry, liad ])i'('ced('(l \is a few days. (Jcnri'al Stranev was a retired l>iMtish arniv otlicej-, who was liviiie' on a ranch near Calevny when the rebellion hi'oke out. ami was n-i\-eii coiiiinnnd of our colunui. We had done sie-nal and distin- ii'uishei I service as an otlicei- of arlillei'\' in the Indian nnitiny and elsrwhere, and in exei-y res|M.'et was a splendid type of the l^i'itish soldier. Somewhat eeeentrie in (;ei'tain wa\s, he was. withal, as kindly of heai't as he was brusqia! of mannei-, and so eool and eourai;-eous that l>v the end (jf th(.' eami)aie'ii e\-er\' man in tlui eolunni ha/' tlm Cutiiulidit W'rsf. into Edmonton, wr saw tlu; ]»i('tui'«'S(|n(' town, witli its Hudson's Way jiost, tlic ni-cat disti'il)Ut- in;;- point for tlio (■oinpanys rui'-tr.idc, visino- liii;'h on tho north \)i\\\k of tlif Xortli Sas- katclicwjin, .*uid stretching' ont o\ ci" ('onsidt'i'al>h' territory. Kchiionton liad hoi-iie its ])art in the " hooin," and was mainly rcsjjonsihlc I'or thr lircakini;" oi' it, as some men, coniiii'^' to tla-m- S('l\('s, rcah'ziMl how I'ooh'sh tlicy had Ix'cn to l»n\' lots at Mil cnoi'mous tiiiure in a idaci', at tliat (hitc, *210 miles from even a jn-osprctiv •• railway station (tliouuli it is now connected ])y rail with the (M\R. fj'om Cale-aiy). We remained at Keai' and his band, who were nowsullenlv i-eti'eatiiii'' bcl'oi'e ns with all the prisoners and theii' ill-L;'otten pinndei-. On Sunday, the 17th, we had three church services. In the morniiiL,^ CN»I. Smith, assisted 'w Adit. Constantine and Sureeoii Penn\'fath<'i', read the Church of l^iiiiiand scrx ice. wit', the !• 1 ' b. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■JO ^^~ •■■ tii JtM 12.2 ^ U£ 12.0 ^ '/ ^ PhotDgrajiric Sciences Corporation ^ <^ ^ 23 WIST MAIM STRliT WiKTIR.N.Y. US80 (716) •72-4503 4% 168 The Mnlclitf/ of tloi ('atnulum Wesf. big drum for a pulpit ; in tlie afternoon tlie well-known Methodist minister, the Rev. John McDou<(all, of Morley, who was with our column, preached in a lon^i^ building near by ; while Mr. Mackenzie, the Presbyterian cliap- lain to the Mounted Police, became a " field preacher," and conducted service in the woods in the evening. Reference already has been made to the amateur drill witnessed on such an expedition as this, and an incident that occurred at the close of the morning service was, I fear, more discussed anear, who lia«l " looted " all the posts ])etweeu Efhnoiiton and Piattleford, and at Fort Pitt, near the sceiir of tlie Ki'oi; Lake iiiassaere, had received the sur- render of Mr. W. J. McLean, the Hudson's Hay ofhcei" in charge, together with all his family and <'iu|)loyees, whom he now held as prisoners. To secure the r<'lease of these prisoners and to lnvak up the arnu'd force of the Indians became now the objects of our expedition, and as the se(|uel showerought from Edmonton, would reach us, we were on half rations. It was an uncomfortable pre(licament Camjmif/tiittff on (he Prairies. 171 to be in, and I remember standing by a camp- fire wliich the rain was like to extino;uish, and distinctly envyin<( two scouts wlio were enjoy- in^r a repast of " liard tack " and black tea after a day of hard ridin^r. On ^lay 23rd, after a long day's march, we had orders to camp on the low ground beneath a ridge to avoid advertising our presence to the Indians, but the place was a shaking bog, and after a few vain attempts to prevent the tent- poles and pegs from going through towards the antipodes, Surgeon Pennyfather refused to risk the health of the men by asking them to sleep there, and preferred rightly to have them risk their lives as targets on the ridge, where we accordingly encamped. On the following morning rrvciUn sounded as usual at 4J^0, and we rose from our cheerless bivouacs on the muddy ground. At 7).\0 we fell in camidst drenchin<»; rain and driviuix wind, ani'ly to 11 nd the fort (except two huildin<^s) a hea]> of smokiuir ruins and the Indians vanished in retreat. As we came down over the brow of the river bank to the fort we found the body of youn/ ihr Ciniffffhm Wruf. hIucm', wlicn rclutin;^ tli«' story of tlio n-lxillion, I was ^la«l to ln'iir, from one wlio stutrd that In* was yoiin;;- ('owaiiH cousin, tliat tlic l»o«ly thus huricd on that lonely hanU was cxhuinrd tho next winter hy oi'th-r of tlic; youn;^ sohlier's niotlier, anla('(! ill wliich wr now int't the enemy wuH full of ravines and liravilv wcKxletl, Tlie In/ the (J(nnnlu(ti Went. own colossal figure seated on a horse seventeen hands hi^h. Once more tlie bu^le broke in witli tlie " Advance," and the line ruslied up the hill and over the sunnnit only to find the Indians retreatin*:,^ and leavint^ us in possession. For some hours we skirmished through tlie woods, and then our wa^^on train having; come up we camped in the forest for the night. Humanly speakiuf^, I have never heen able to make out why the enemy, who were in force outnumbering us three to one, did not make short work of us in the darkness. The clearing in which we encamped was small and surrounded by dense forest, the wagons were in zareba form with all the men and horses inside, and the night was intensely dark. The Indians must have been already in panic, or, with their know- ledge of the situation, they might have rushed in, stampeded our horses, and in the confusion done serious execution. With the sunrise we moved on again, and soon encountered the enemy in a position which a glance showed to the merest amateur to be impregnable to our handful if held by any considerable force. The Indians occupied a steep conical-shaped hill, moated by a deep valley and marshy stream, topped with forest and fortified with rifle-pits, there being, as we afterwards found, no less than five rows J^che/fion at nti Etiicked men out of the Police, the Alberta Rifles and Oswald's scouts, he left camp, accompanied by the " f^rey team " and wai;on with amnuuiition and supplies, I remendjer how these fellows — mataining, as from day to day hope deferred had made their hearts sick. Here, too, I remendter seeing one of those touches of natuie which make the whole world kin. One of the roughest riders and apparentl}' one of the most reckless of the cowboy scouts was seen coming into camp, leading his rougher horse and carrying carefully upon his arm a small wooden box, such as originally might have contained groceries of some kind. At once curious men oathered in a knot at the edge of the camj), and wondered what find Jack (as we will call him) had made. As he approached, one of the men stepped in his way and lifted the cover of leaves, unveiling the wan dead face of a white child some few months ohl, whose body had thus been reverently cofiined and covered by the hand of the mother and left in the woods as the iirisoners were drauii'od alono*. The man Rebellion at an End. 1 83 whose curioHity had tempted liim to discover the nature of Jack's "tind" started to make some contemptuous remark to the crowd, ])ut the scout's eyes Hashed such a (hm^erous fire that tlie remark stopped sliort, and the rest mach^ way for that strange funeral procession. Picketing liis wikl broncho, tlie scout dug a grave with liis own hands, and witli a gentleness that would have done that mother's heart good, connnitted the little body to the ground. After all, we are every one of us under the influence of an unseen world. Perhaps tlie ([uiet sympathy Jack had with the unknown mother's grief, or p<»rhaps the tender recollections of child-life as he re- membered it, made that rough scout for the time being as gentle as a woman, or it may have been that sometime in an older land he had laid his own dead under the sod, an ^' y. i-' D 4- p ^ N-- x ^ m^ T. , — , -- u .:£ Z ;j^ 2 ^ ^ •^ i ^ ^. - ^ .^^ T -r .- c I- C 3 i/ c s ))ainl at Cut Kiiit'e. Farther ea.stwanl, at tlu' tit'iy lieart of the trouble, (Jenenil Middletoii had captured Hatoche, the stronj^liold of Kiel. The advance fi'oin Fish Creek had heen care- fully made. I^atoche was Kiel's "last ditch." and after the battle (Jeneral Middleton hinjsilf expressed wonder at the splendid use the rebels lia 192 The Jfakhifj of the Cinuuliitn West. fight. After careful investigrce if made tents starry Duches k ithout Lake, miles ap or if he pack ot yet ■j part fallen le the now rear irough nusing idents which ab d to th ys seemed to come nick of time to relieve the pressure of weariness and restore the equilibrium of the men. An Indian pony behind took fright at a tea-kettk^ which fell off his back, and which, being tied, as everything on a pack-horse is, kept hitting him on the heels. The pony, after having first kicked vigorously without being able to break the tough " shagganappi " line, finally came tearing along our colunni like a hurricane, upsetting a captain who had done his best to get out of the way, and then bowling over a color-sergeant, who was taken wholly by sur- prise. The sergeant, who was a middle-aged and grizzled man, wore his hair very long and very thick, the military crop not being insisted on during prairie campaigning, and he was, moreover, a man of great dignity, polite address, independent opinioiis and high-toned bearing. He was not seriously hurt by t)'e cavalry onslaught, but in taking his involuntary somer- sault the pack which he carried on his back was thrown over his head, to the serious detri- ment of his toilet, and I can still hear the roar of laughter that made the woods ring as the wild tangles of his hair appeared above the long grass, his face wearing the appearance of a man caught in a cyclone. m If 198 The .Vnkin;/ of t^ Cnnalaciv was a man of ^ivat cner^ry, as well as of ripe schoiaiship, and his peoph^ in Kihlonan hecame tlie pioneers in church extension and also the founders of the educational institutions which have done so much for the Presbyterians, and in which have; l)een trained for various walks in life many \'vi)u\ other churches, Protestant and Koman Catholic alike. The parish school at Kildonan fed the e fV)ll()\viiiai*('' Speaker of tlw Loral Leijlxlature. the West, Protestant and Roman Catholic, as well as the Medical College. It is still without buildin<^H, an examinin<; body principally, the teaching except in one or two departments beinfif done in the collews maintained bv the several churches. Notwithstandini^ this com- 22H Till" Miikhui of fhf Camullnn Wrnt. |)()sitc cliaivictcr of tli<' institution, tlio nianinT of its adnniiistnition luis evidenced such an adniindtlc spirit of nintnal j^ood-will, and such an cniMHfHt desire to a«lvanc(^ the connuon cause of hi^dier e(hication, that tlie University has heen a signal and unbroken success. All tht; colleges and tlie ^rachiates eh'ct representatives, wlio fonu the Council, which is tlie ^overninj; body of the TTniversity. Altogether we can say, in closin*,^ this l>rief chapter on the religious and educational life of the country, tliat in an eminent dejL^ree for anew land the West furnishes advantaj^es in these directions to all who come within her borders. ! I ;i ■ ' ! 1 As we close this volume and pause a moment to tak(i another h^ok Ijack over the way l)y which we have come, we are impressed with the marvellously I'apid strides that have been taken in the march of the country's progress. Prairies over which not many years ago we liave ridden for days in succession without meeting a human being except the roving Indian, or seeing a dwelling other than his wigwam, now are trans- formed into thriving farms, where in autumn the wheat fields wave and toss like a golden sea. \'erily the wilderness has been made glad, and the desert has rejoiced and blossomed like the Jit'lilfiouH (itid hjiliiiiitlnnid l)i I'tlopuu'tit. 220 rose. Railways now run like a network over tlie once vir<^in plains, and alonj^ the various lines towns have risen from the level sod as if by nm;^ne. At these towns, which are jjjrowini,^ with a rapidity sui'i)risin(j to anyone who visits them t're(|uently, hu<^e elevators in lar^e num- bei's receive the finest wheat in the world and send it abroad into ready markets. On the wide plains, once the home of roamin«»* herds of bufi'aloes, vast numbers of tlx'ir tamer species feed on the richest grasses, and from every station these cattle are shipped by the hundred to the i^reat food-devouriny,' centres of the world. Away on our Pacific shore the Orient and the Occident stand face to face, and great ships from every (pnirter of the globe drop anchor in the harbors (^f our coast cities: while rush- intf on to the wondrous fjold fields, throniiiiiii" multitudes pass with eager tread. Thus from tlip isolation of a few y«'ars ago has the (Jana- d,;'n West come into touch with the bus\' haunts 01 men, and instead of the feeble throbbings of a primitive trade, the blood of a world's com- merce, that "calm health of nations," now flows steadily throuii'h the oiant arteries of a new nation. From what has been related in the closing chapter of this book, it may justly be inferred that those who believe that without •*^ HI 230 Tlie MakitKj of the Caitadian West. reli t lie iiistory of the Xort h-W'est. . . . .Mr. .MacHeth was l)rou^ht \\\) \ ithe colony, and recalls some of its pi'imitive laws, metliods of aj^riciili urc^ and social cusloms, with a llavorof personal reminiscence." J/o»arly days were a jierfect Iliad of disaster. Flood, famine and hostile Imlians sorely tried the faith and patience of tlw hra\c pioneers. .\ de- scendant of one of these tells in the: o pages the si irrin^' story." (Jnirard. Kcv. Robert Murray, Kditor of the /'rrsfn/fci ian n'*7/i< .^.s- (IIalifa\, \.S.), writes the author : " Accept of my t haid delighted with it. Hrought up among the Highlanders I appreciate some of the c!;apters more than others; but the book as a whole is excelier.i. I only wish it were amjiler in its details." "As the title indicates, the aim of the w ritei- i> to give to the i»eople of to-day an idea of how tlie settlers lived in tlicii- home.-, as apai't from their struggles as a community for i)olitical and commercial rights. In this he has been eminently successful, and a \aluable pictui-c of tlu; social life as it then was has been i)reserved for future generations. ' Winnipeg Tribune. WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher 29-33 Richmond Street West, - - TORONTO, ONT. Manitoba Memories LEAVES FROM MV LIFE IN.^.^ THE PRAIRIE PROVINCE. ^ ^ By REV. GEORGE YOUNG, D.D., Fonndtr of M( I hod Is/ Missions in the, " liul h'inr Stfth nynt.'' WITH INTRODUCTION BY REV. ALEXANDER SUTHERLAND, D.D., General Secretary of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Church. In Extra English Cloth Boards^ with \5 Portrai'cs and Illustrations. PRICE, Si. 00, POSTPAID. i 'I 1 1 i 4 « « Pmonal and Press Comments « « '•Tlie hook is of fascinating interest, and <,'ives authentic information not else- wliere to he ohtained on tlie slirrinj,' events of tlie early history of Manitoha. It is handsomely printed, with numerous portraits and otheren;;raviti}is.'- O/ucarf/, "The reader will readily perceive that > ne who has lived so long in such varied scenes as have fallen to the lot of l>r. Voun^' must have witnessed many tirm;{s worthy of record, and will rejoiie with the i)resent writer that the \ener- ahle author, notwithstandinj; his characteristic modesty, was ))revailed upon, after much entreaty, to send forth this charmin;^ volume." — Ahiil and Empire. " An iiitcrestinjj chapter is devoted to the IVnian Raid of 1871 ; another to l>r. Lachlan Taylor's tour anion;; the missions in the '(Jreat Lone Land,' taken from Dr. Taylor's own re))ort and journal ; and still another chapter recounts the history of the early educational niovemeni in the West. v)n the whole the hook is a very interestin;^ and indeed valuahle one. not only to memhers of the author's Chur(!h, hut also to the <,'encral reader."— O/^ncrt Citizi'ii. S. R. PARSONS, Esq., writes: "Oidy one who has lived in that land of ' illimitulile possihilities,' and experienced the hri^htncss of its winter and summer sunshine, and tasted of the water of the Hed Kiver, that ever after leaves an un(|Uenchahle thirst, and sniffed the ozone of the prairies, and mingled with liie heartiest and most frientil\ i)eoi)le on earth, can fidly appreciate this hook. The hiyii respect \v which the autlKjr is deservedly held will, nodouht, ensure a lar^^e sale for the work. Fn the North- West, particularly, it should he in every home and Sunday School lihrary." WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher, 29-33 Richmond St. West, TORONTO, ONT. Forest. \M Prairie TWENTY YEARS OF FRONTIER LIFE IN WESTERN CANADA, 1842-1862. By JOHN McDOUGALL. With 27 Full-Page Illustrations bv J. E. Laimmilin. I t I i FRIOE, Sl.OO- ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Road tho followlugr coininents : "This is a true boy's book, and equals in stirrin;^ interest any- thiiij,' written by Kin;,'sloii or Ballantyne. It oiifjht to sell by the thousand."— Mrs. y. A. Ciir- zon, in Orillia Packet. " Possessed oi an intimate ac- quainlunie with all the varied aspects of frontier life, Mr. Mi-- l)oni;aIl has i>roduied a hook that will (k'liyht the heart of every boy reader." — Endeaivr Ileiuld. " There are many Rrai>lii(' des criptions of scenes in that vust fertile rej;ion in those early days V lien tra\ ellini; was ditlictilt and daiiirerfius, but most fascinatinj; to a yovith f John McI>o\i>,Mirs teni|ieranient and trainin^,^ He lives those stirrinj;' tinies over apiin in his lively narrative, and relates his personal exjieriences with all the j.'low and vividness of an ardent, yoiithfiU hunter." — Caiuuliitn Baptiift. WILLIAM BRIGCiH, Fublisheiv Toronto. PIONEERING ON THE SASKATCHEWAN IN THE SIXTIE3 ^ By JOHN McDOUGALL, Author of "FOSEST, LAZS AND FSAIBIZ." With lu Full-Pa(;e Illustrations r.v J. E. LArciiiux. I FI^IOE, Sl.OO- ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ "... If it be their <;ood fortune to obtain it, ' Saddlk, Sled and Sxowshok' will not disappoint their most sant^uine expectations. . . . AVhile hard wirk, hard- ship, and plucky endurance claracterize and j^ive \ini and go to the story, the incidents in which the love of fiui, inherent in e\ery boy's nature, find;* opportunity of play, add inueii to the brii^htnos and realistic value of the boftk. 'J'he hnok is well illustratcil, the drawini;"' bcin^' faithful to the renlity, and the scenes well chosen."— 77(^ Week. Press Comments on "Forest. Lake and Prairie." " Mr. McDou/ " < 'iiiKd/ldii Suni'ii FolL\" > Ir. Illjstrated by J. E. LAUGHUN. CLOTH, $1.25, POSTPAID. Contents: Tlie Wurden of the I'lains— Asokoa, tlie Chiefs I);uij,'ht(i-The Sky I'ilot — The Lone I'iiie-The Wriliii',' Stone — Aksj>ine — <>l(i C!l;ul - Tlie Spirit (luide -Alahciislu The Hidden Treusnre -Tiie Wliile Man's lliide — The Coming,' of Apauakas. (S)(«)(«xix«)®®(i!X«xsxsx?:^^^ ^.,a«l?#m^ n " l»r. Maclean's finiiliarily willi western life is e\i urillen. They iiresent tlie life and liuends of the vrreat .North-West in a manner cal- culated 10 excite a sincere and u-eful interest iinion^,' stranj,'ers." Mull iiml Kiiijiiir. " .\ collcciioii of short stories, some dramatic, some pathetic, all s. rious. . . . The Indian taU'S are \ci\ jia- th«'tic and most interest in^' from an ethiioKiuiciil ^latldpojllt. . . The stories are accutate pictures of Nuiiii- WesL life."— Victaria Tinn's. WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher, 29-33 Richmond St, West, TORONTO, ONT. . ]l ti Canadian $ai)age folk ti i^iiUhUiliCir . .) ^ KjEjIj 1 !' : ^^ANADlAN 1 Is SjXvage Folk | |: , JohkMwxeaN.Bujx 1 lili'iiilj:} IBM .1 iii. ! ^« i £■ ■-:■ ' ,■"'; imrir IBi ' ^L t£_~" ..^sf^lHil' i^ \W •■'' :: :::««;- ;s^« ,f^sw?«««fl 'I Cf igMliaUliLiit!PJ.!iHL'i i>^'ijlW|III^J51'^J>!M.W^*"'WS^ By JOHN MACLEAN, M.A., Ph.D. Aiifhor of " 77ook." — Mimtreul Witness. " It is the best volume that has been written ui>on the subject of the Cana- dian Indians."— J?/(«'r/f«;i Aniiqiiaeian. " It is well put tojjether, and will beastandard woik."— iitc. Dr. Peet, Editor of American Antiijiiarian. "The work, which is i!0i)ii)usly illustrated, is a most able and interestin}^ one, not oidy for the specialist, but for the yeneral reader aho."- -Juttriuil o/Moyal ColiiniaJ In,stitiite. " This is, we believe, the larj^est find niostimi)ort.int book on the native races of Canada that has yet been published. It is the roiilt of a careful and thorough study of many years."— iJey. W. II. Withruw, 1).I>., in Onward. WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher, 29-33 Richmond St. West, - - TORONTO, ONT. ti Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada<^ 3.200 \flLES BY CANOE AND SNUWSHOE THROUGH THE BARREN LANDS (•{•<•)• By J. W. TYRRELL, C.E., D.L.S. Illustrated by Engravings from Photographs and from Drawings by ARTHUR HEMING. CLOTH, $1.50. POSTPAID. ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ^jle, pleasing and vivid style.'" — Xciv ]Vi-s/iniii-^f«-r JhiUy Coli(mlnan. "The nariati\-e teems with interesting details of travel thirty years ago. . . . The work is highly entertaining and well worth j)crusal." -./o/nvif(/ of /lie Roi/al Colonial Instil iil(. "This modest expedition, luitrumpeted, unljooined, did more for the |)rogrcss of humanity than all tlie Are ie exploring expedi- tions ever did or ever could aeeomplish." — iJinxlo- Ailriyrtist ,-. " Tlu! jouiiiey deserihed was an iiistoric event in the development of the VVest, and as such is worthy of the perusal of everyone intei'ested in the progress of the countvy.''— Ed nionf on Bulletin. " iSiU'h hooks as these throw a clearer light on the rapidity of the advancement which Canada is making, l)esi(les j)aying a just tiil)Ute to the memory of those intrepid individuals who laii$toric,\ iitmy .i. .Moii;an. Clolli .«:• INI Haliburton: A Centenary Chaplet. a Series ct nit.j-nvpiiiral and Critieiil I'lipers, with I 'cut rait ami lliust rat inns i ■_'.' Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, r.v l>. U. Uvw. (,».('., witii portrait and I'iiistrations ■ ."lO Life and Work of D. J. Macdonnell. iviited i.v I'mf. .i. r. .MeCui'iv, LI-.l). With l'urlr;iits, .i». iihistrat • uo History of Canada. r..\ w. ii. i'. cienicni, LL.ii. with Maps ,.iid lliu>tralii)Ms (I .'.(1 History ot British Columbia. \'y .\U\. I'.eu-, i'.r. with I'ortr.iii and Ilhistrations :; (hi la the Days of the Canada Company. r>y Kohina and Kathleen m. lii/.ais. Ilhistrated -J mi Humours of 'o7, Grave, Gay and Grim. KeheUion Times in the C'anadas. Uy Uohiiia and Kathleen .M. Lizars | -J,'. The Story of the Union Jack. i'>\ r.arlnw rmnl)erland. Illnstraled ill ( 'oImi's .... 1 ."id Ten Ye'rs of Upper Carada in Peace and War 180:-15. i'.\ .Mis. .1. I). Kd-;ir 1 .Vi The Selkirk Settlers .^n Real Life. My n. (;. .Ma( lieth. .M..\ u 7,-, The Makin? of the Caiadian West. Hy it. <; .Ma.Ueiii, .M..\. with I'oi traits and lllusf aliiuis 1 (mi The History of Annapolis County, iieiudin- dd I'.iri i;i>\al .ind .\eadia. I!y .Indue S^.ivaiN . Wi' h I'mtiails .; -J,') The History of Lunenburg County. i'>.\ .lud-e n. -Urisav. with llhist rations •_' .Vi Canadian Savage Folk. I'.\ .lohn .Maelean, I'h.l). Illu-lrated -J ."ill The Forge in the Forest. -\ Historical Hoinaine of .\eadia. |{\ ('has C. I). Roberts. Illustrated " lii.'. Postpaid to niiLj Address. WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher, 29-33 Richmond Street West, - TORONTO, ONT. Books on the Canadian North-West liV REV. E. R. YOUNG. By Canoe and Dojc-TraJn amon^: the Cree and Salteaux Indians. Illustr.iird .^ii no Stories from Indian Wigwams and Northern Camp- Fires. lilustiatcd )•_>.") Oowikapun ; or, How the Gospel Reached the Nel- son River Indians. Illustrated |(M> Three Boys in the Wild North Land. Illustiatcl ,. 1 J,-) On the Indian Trail. lilustiatcd 1 :J.') W'oiiKs i;v Tin; l,\TK HON. ALEXANDER MORRIS. LieuU'iiant-dovoriior of .Miiiiit"lia. The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North=West Territories. Including the negotiations on which they arc hascd, and othci" iuf'ii ination relating thereto. CLOTH, $1.00. Nova Britannia ; or, Our New Canadian Dominion Foreshadowed. Being a sci'i"s of lA'cturcs. Speeches and Aildresses. CLOTH, 75 Cents. WILLIAM BRIGGS, Publisher, 29-33 Richmond St. West, - - TORONTO, ONT. ^est ^d i\ I DO 1 J.') ns of ies. 1, rninion I'S.