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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'Impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbole — ^signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent fttre film6s i des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droits, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. irrata to pelure, n d □ 32X 1 2 3 \ 1 1 2 3 A 5 6 I ^ / THEORY AND FACTS. A complete review of the development of Canada under Protection. X N ^ The protectionist politicians profess a jgreat contempt for theories. A theory must be logical, and there can be no consistency In the argument of a pro- tectionist. Listen to any of these mono- poly taxers and try to summarize their argument. You will find that it runs something like this :— Alii. a- I r Prices low, A hiL'ii taritl makes ,,. • , " { V\ ages lii>{li, .at one and the same time, thus com- pelling the manufacturers To {Fav out more money, I'al ike in It^ss money, than they would without a high tariff. And they conclude by contending that the manufacturers will all be ruined, unless this same high tariff ( Ke'luoes tiieir revenue, \Inurca8es tiieir expenses, Is maintained. Which A FATAL WANT OF LOGIC. It l3 this fatal lack of logic to be found -at the bottom of all their arguments which makes protectionists so averse to any attempt at systematic reasoning. Their only hope of success is to confuse the public by a mass of incoherent de- tails and half truths. When contradicted and proved to be In error on one point, they can always, by this system, cover their defeats by bringing forward some new assertion. ThuE, when forced to admit that their system is a tax on the consumer, they will plead that the consumer receives ample compensation in the form of higher wages; and If you have time to reply that high wages are a disadvant- age to the manufacturer, they will pro- bably tell you that the manufacturer geta compensation out of somebody else. In public meetings time docs not al- ways permit a thorough discussion of these oophlsms. The oDject of this little book Is to put In a concise form the theory and the facts concerning the leading isoue now before the public. The theory Is only a common sense view of things, the value of which every man may judge for him- self. The facus consist mainly of sta- tljtlcs taken from the Canadian census, compiled by Conservatives, and arranged to favor the ca.se of protection as much as possible. The perfect accord between theory and results, on every point, con- stlt 'tes the most eloquent proof that a policy which scorns the law of common sense carmot be productive of anything but disorder, corruption and disaster. PROTECTION A TAX. The government of any country Isi an aggregation of men who live at the ex- pense of the people at large. The governi- ment has no revenue but that which It levies on the people. The men who ad- minister public alfalrs are non-producers and have nol^hlng to give but what they take from the nation. That being true, when a government undertakes to subt-ldlze, '.^ protect or to extend privileges of any kind which will cause a particular industry to prosper, it must levy the value of that assistance from the people by means of taxation.^ In the dark ages, when public opinion was an unknown oxprcs^ion,when kings ruled absolute by divine right, the gov- ernments did not take the trouble to dLs- guise the privileges which they chose to ■ JJJ,Jlll>klUI'UI /g?s(i3) grant tc their I'avorlteo. The right of ex- acting a tiluuU' ircm ihe tliltr.s of ihe soil, of coUecling a tax on the salt pf the people, or the monopoly of selUnj £i cer- tain articli-. wai gi/en or solJ juuighc. In tljTies of financial stringency, Ahen the king wantej mcncy badiy, he riade no scruples of issuing a decree increa.sing the valu3 of hU currency two or three- fold. It mattered little whether econo- mists would have declared the royal orders to be "enormous taxation" or eimply "confiscation." But the people oi to-day have the van- ity of calling thcm-=elves free men. Tihey have written it upon the .statute boolcs that all men are equal before the law, that all privileges aro abolished, and that the people, through their repreaenta- tlvp.s. have the sole rignc oi taxing '.hem- selves. It has been solemnly declared by eloquent patriots, and tho popular mind has become profoundly imbued with the Idea, that these conditions are es.sential to the liberty and wellfare of a nation. It would not be wise for any 'politician to attack openly these nations of rig^ht and justice. Still, the race of parasites who are always found In the train of those in power, lives, and must be satia- flec Subsidies and bonuses have been given to them from time to time, but the people could easily control the amount thus taken from them. It wa.s necps.sary to find a system by which the people might be taxed for the benefit of the few, in such a way that they would become convinced that this taxation wa" essential to th^lr prosper- ity, as the serfs of the middle .age.g be- li'^vpH that their lords were essential to the maintenance of the social peace and national greatness. That system was dl'^covered when the ennhonlous name of "protection" was ushered into the world. With what suc- cesR It has been anplied one has c ily to look around him to know. Rut thf secret of this success, it is equRliv obvious, has been due to popular Indifference. WFTERE PROFITS COME FROM. Let any man think for a moment and h" will nuickiy find for hin.sclf that ."Ince thp profits realized through protection by certain industries do net come out of the public chest they must come out of the po'keta of the people. Th" wVole cyst em of protection pr^^,.^..^ *r) >b's : The p-ovprnment w''-h'ng- to a.Si^lst acme particular In- ''•"i-trv, ani knowing that public cwinion wl" "o* f'onsent to have the money n^- rf"-f>iry to do sn t^kpn from the public ehe^^t. gives to the promoters of that in- dustry the power of levying a tax on Canadian conpumers, by shutting out foreign competition. No one denies that the ob>3ct of pro- te.Llori ij la restrict competition en the LanaUian market oy excluding foreign ■merchandise to a i' setr or greater de- gree. That being admitted, tvery man Knows that restriction of compc'tltioa means Increase of prlc;8. Every man has had something to sell in hl-=! life-time, ani he knows that he had a better chance ^l g'-'itiing a good price for that com- oiioaitj if he waw the only man that had It for sale thAn if he ha:* a half-dozen rivals seeking to sell the same goods. When not ou.sy defending some other point in their illogical system, protec- tionists win nevertheless deny that pro- tectijon has the effect of increasing' prices. They w^U argue that the effect of protection being to create new Indus- trle.-i It follows mat come^tic conipeil- tlan is increased and thifX prices corre- spondingly decrease. In support of this theory it is customary to quote the price of a particular line of commodities years ago S^nd to compare It with the price under a protection tariff. The argument U contrary to the rules of common sen.se, because it stands to reaiion that the manufacturer can bene- fit from protection only to the extent that it lncrea,se3 the price of what h-; hai^ to sell without increasing the cost of what he miLst buy. If protection does not increase the price of the manufac- turer's product m a greater ratio than it increases the cost of production, it is not an advantage to tho^e whom It is in<.ended to tieneflt. The monopoly of the domestisc market without an increase In prices would not be an advantage, because the Canadian manufacturer can enjoy that privilege without protection, so long as he can .sell his good-^ on terms as advantageous as those ofi'ered by the foreign producer. He has always in his favor the cost of transportation, the speed of delivery and a more Intimate knowledge of the needs of the country. AS TO THE PRICES which are quoted In support of the pro- tectionist argument, they constitute a proof, the weakness of which Is apparent. The tariff Is not the only thing which regulates prlcea. The Invention of labor saving machinery has contributed enor- mously to reduce the price of nearly all manufactured goods ; the opening up of new sources of supply has likewise af- fected the price of agrrlculturai and min- eral products. European statisticians agree that the average value of one hun- dred leading commodities hx^ fallen forty per cent, since 187.3 in the world's mar- ket. Under such circumstances it would be surprising Indeed if the price of many oommodille*' had not actually decreased in Canada sines 1873. The decrease has occurred as a rule despite protection. I 7'. which, by retarding this natural fall ot prices, has prodaced a rtal increase com- paratively with free tratle pries. WHEN PROTECTION OPERATES TO LOWER PRICES. it l.s when it i&ilH to attain itn ojject. " For Instaiice, In P'rance,'* say^ Mr. BastUt, a leading- French economi-st, "to proie:;t Lhe farmer h law wa.s pas:ois Imno-t'-'d in 1S9'! w^« o Mttlfj nyp- thl-ty per c^nt. On the other hand, the p oJu"t o; thi^ industrial establtsh- i^ents of th" country ws o«tiinatei In the h-^t census at ?47n.-i55,705. At least o'^e-h'l' of th-'se pst'^bllshments have de- rh'-ed thmuph th'> lpider=i o" th^ (^nn- .'-e'-vi t Ive narty that th'^y are dependent on Do'cfflm. Thit mc-n': rh^t they are png.Tgod In th" n-oduction of goods ^dmi- 1'- if those sunj"pfe-d to the dutv, and thpt thpy want p'-otp'^tlon maintained in '^'■der to bf> Rb!e to .«ell twenty, thirty o" ,1 himdred tv^r cent, higher thin the fo-elgner is willing to take for his pro- ducl9. Some of the prcKlucts of the mine, Buch as Iron ore, are also affec ed by the tariff. The value of domest c pro- ducts affected by the tariff Is tJereforo not less than two hundred and flf^y mill- ions of dollars, and an average Increase of thirty per cent, on this value means a tax of $75,000,000 levied by the manu- facturers. Add to this the lwenty-|flve millions levied by the Government, and you have a round sum of a hundred millions which Is taken cmt of the poc- ket of the Canadian consumer every year. A HUNDRED MILLIONS. that is. one hundred dollars taken out of the Income of every family In Can- ada, for the benefit of a. few. A.s an example of how it is done, Mr. Dalton McCarthy has quoted flgure.s which he obtained from a Toronto im- porter, showing that on cotton goods Canadians pay 41 PER CENT. MORE THAN THE ENGLISH PRICE. or, In other words, that every time a Canadian spends JIO on cottons he con- tributes $4.10 to the support of the cot- ton combine, which, without protec- tion, he would have retained in his pocket. These figures showed that s?il- esia, 34 by 36 inches, cost 6 cents a yard in Canada and 4 1-2 cents In Eng- land, or a dlflerence of 23 per cent.; printed sllesla, 8 3-4 cents in Canada and 6 cents In England, a difference of 45 per cent.; Oxford shirting. 7 1-4 cents in Canada and 5 cents in England, a dif- ference of 45 per cent.; prints, 6 3-4 oents tn Canada and 5 cents in England, a dif- ference of 35 per cent.; prints of a dif- ferent description, 8 1-4 cents In Canada and 6 cents In England, a differenre of 87 per cent.; flannelettes, 8 cents In Canada and 6 cents In England, a dif- ference of 83 per cent. Without protection cotton could and would be sold to Canadians by Can- adian manufacturers at English prices. Canadian manufacturers are no'w com- peting with the English and the Am- erican producers on the Chinese mar- ket, and in 1893 they exported goods to the value of $371,000. The farmers and worklngmen of Canada were taxed that the Chinese might get cheap cotton. AS TO IRON. In his budget speech of 1888, Sir Chaa. Tupper quoted the price paid by the city of Montreal for Its Iron water pipes as a fair means of ascertaining the Influ- ence of the tariff oh the price of that commodity. Well, In 1886 the city of Montreal boiught Ita water pipes from home manufacturers fo <26.21 per ton. In 1887 Sir Charles Tupper Inaugurated his .scheme of protection to the Iron In- dustries, and In the fall of that year the city had to pay $33.14 for the same goods. But protectionists then predicted that under the Influence of protection so many foundries would spring up In the txjuntry that competition among them would soon bring the prices down again. As a matter of fact, prices have come down the v/orld over, not as the result of any tariff legislation, but on account of the continuous Improvement In the process of manufacturing. In spite of these Influences the city of Montreal has to pay this year $35.95 per ton for Its water pipes, an Increase of thirty-five per cent, over the prices of 1888, when there should have been a large decrease. Now, Iron and cotton are u.sed by all classes of people, and the Increase In prices has been a tax on the whole community. How many have benefited by It ? THE TAX AND THOSE IT BENE- FITS. The output of the cotton mills of Cana- da was In 1891 not less than $8,451,724, value at ths factory. By the time the goods reached the constumers their value had consideriably Increased, to pay the profits of middlemen of every class, so that It ran be safely asserted that the people of Carvada disburse annuallv not ict.s than ten millions of dollars for domestic cottons. Mr. McCarthy sp,y8, spealcing by the book, tha*^ 41 per cent, of this amount would represent the in- crease of prices caused by protection. But we will say to be liberial that these ten niilllons of goods could not have been suplled by Elngland for leas thjan -■•^even millions. We have it then that the Canadian consumers are out of pocket three millions of dollars every year for cottons manufactured In this coun- try. In addition the duty flald In 1893 on the five milUona of cotton goods Im- ported in spite of the national poUcyl wap not less than $1,400,000. So that all t things considered the Canadian people pay nearly four millions and a half more for their cotton than they v/ould with- out protection. That is what they do for the f^ntton industry. What does the cotton Industry do for the people ? It gets Its raw material and Its machinery from abroad, so that the only benefit the people get Is the wages that are paid out by the coit.ton mills. These wages tn 1890, according to the figures supplied { hy the manufacturers, amounted only to ' $2,102,603. less than ono half the taxes paid by the people on cotton. The . Canadian consumers could have support- ed the 8.502 employes of the cotton mills in perfect idleness, and they would still have aaved over two mllllonfl of dollars every year. But totton. mills constitute one of the most respectable of protected industriep. The Iron industry Jiaa been above all a favorite of the Government. A bounty has been paid to encourage the produc- tion of Iron at home, and heavy duties were laid to keep out the foreign iron. Well. In 1893. whlb bar iron sold in Liverpool at J27.57, the Canadian com- bine was charging $4G for an Inferior article. The output of our rolling mills, according to the Conservative census, is Jl, 750,000 annually, so that the consu- mer pays not less than two millions for the Canadian bar iron, while they could have bought the same quantity, and of a superior quality, for twelve hundred thousand dollars, a net loss of 1800.000. These rolling mills employed 831 men and paid them only J335,000 in wages. SMALL INDUSTRIES. GREAT TAXES. But the smaller the Industry the great- er the scandal. In Canada there are two rice-cleaning factories. These factories employ a total of 75 men. The actual cost to the people of supporting these factories is |l50,000 per annum. This would give each of the 75 men $2,000. It would bo better for the country to give them $1,000 each and let rice in free. But employes do not get such princely salaries. The average wages in flour and grist mills was $374 a year. At this rate there were $1,626 of the $2,000 which did not go to the workers of the rice factories, but to the owner.s. Out of $150,000 the manufacturers got $122,000 and the workmen $28,000. The wallpaper industry employs 139 men, and It costs the consumers not less than $170,000 a year, $1,200 for every person employed. A POLICY OF DISCRIMINATION AND PRIVILEGE. Assuming for the moment that these Industries would not have existed and that these people would have been with- out work, but for the protective tariff, every sensible man will admit that the game has not been worth the candle ; that the benefits have been limited to a fiw, while the masses have stood the loss. That l<3 the essential feature of pro- tection, to discriminate, to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. Like all privileges, It has a value only so long as the enjoyment of it Is limited to a few. If the kings of old had made all th"ir subjects barons or princes those titles would not have been a mark of distinction and power. Likewise, if a government could and would to-day ap- ply the sy.stem of protection in such a manner that It could enhance the value of every inan's labor and of every man'-s property in the same proportion, It would not re.^ult in an advantage lu any one. It would simply mean that every man would have tup privilege of taking from his neighbor a dollar which some other neighbor would take from him. What the protectionist manufacturer wants is the privilege to take a dollar from each of his fellow citizens and to keep it. THE SCRAMBLE FOR FAVORS. We see them at every session of Par- liament, the-se advocates of monopoly, asking for greater protection on the articles which they have to .sell, and begging that the duty be removed from the articles they must buy. Protection for myself, but for no one el.se, Is the true protectionist's motto. The larm- ers have neither the time nor the m.oney to go to the Capital and bjsiege Par- liament about these matters. They are chained to the plow. The worklngman cannot leave his job without the boss's permission. They cannot look after their Interests If they would. But the owners of Iron mines, the leaders of protected and subsidized combines, are In daily at- tendance when a tariff bill is discussed. THE GOVERNMENT'S WEAKNESS. The Government must bow Its head be- fore the mllUoinalres who help it, by their liberal subscriptions, to roll up a majority, and ignore the complaints of the people. The tariff and the acts of the Govern- ment at)ound In the most glaring instan- ces of discrimination. The capitalists who propose to speculate on the mines which the Government has given them out of the national domain, lately ob- tained permission to import the machin- ery which they wanted free of all taxes. Can any one recall that such a favor was f ver granted to a farmer who needed a harvesting machine to develop the na- tural resources of his farm? When the cotton combines were fitting up th'lr mills the Government gave them nrrmission to import then- machinery f;°e of duty. They were millionaires. The poc^r dressmaker who also runs an industrial establLshm^nt, according to census, has enjoyed the uniform privi- leg'^ of paying a tax of thirty-five per cent, on her r-'^wlng: machine. Ten per cent. Is the moderate tax which the Gnv- 6rm"nt dare not collect on the rich man''^ diamonds and ruMes: hut it has not hesitated to put duties cf 70 or 90 per f">nt. on the poor man's coal cU or on the farmer's binder twine. Thf former producer wool, hut wool is admitted fre", because th° mil' onslre proprie'toTs of th-: woolen mills claim that It 1-j a raw matfirlaL Iron la Sk raw material of €v:ry Industry; but thare are forriR Influential frlcn.ls of Sir Jharles Tupp:r who arc Intrre^ted In Iron and coal nilr:5H, and this raw material can- not b? admitted free. Surh Is ihe hvs- tem and such Its application the world over. A DANOi3R TO FREEDOM. Mr. C&rnegle, the typ^ of the para- elte? who fattea at the expjn^e o' a nr- tion— th.) ;nan who reduced tlie pay or his employes twenty per cent., Immedi- ately after the prctectLoaLsts had re- g-alnel a majority In the American Con- fess— ha? had the audaitty to write in the took which he haa h.ai the audacity to entitle " Triumphant Democracy," the following words: "Wealth cannot remain permanently In any class i:^ economic laws are allowrl free play." But have economic Liwg free p ay In a country where ome man has the advan- tage to tax all others for his personal |b€nefLt ? The haughty lord? oi th? mid- dl2 ages were certainly more brutal, less tk'. ITul Ln concealing their tyranny and th Ir cruelty than the plutocrats cf pro'.ejtion', but h-i^torians have failed to show that any one of them enjoyed moro vali.'a''b privileges than the gov- ernments of to-day give to their favorite?, or that they ruled their S3rrs with mors despotic will than the great modern monopolists show to their employes. Privileges, excluded from the constitu- tions o' modern states, have found refuge in legli?latlon. All men are torn equal, but what chance ha? the man who de- pends only on Intelligence, h^n3sty of purpo-e and persistent lat>or, to amass wealth, when part of hi? earnings and of tho-e of hLs fellow men are taken from Mm by law, and) given: to him who com3s Into the world as the heir of a protected Industry. Ii It surprising that In the short space of one generation that syst-'m of dis- crimination has created In the United States an aristocracy whose wealth ex- ceeds that accumulated during centuries by th? nobi'lty of England or of Russia ? Is It surprl)~lng that In that short spare of time young states In which happiness and hope were the lot of all and great wealth the attribute o' none, hav^ been transformed into sad images of the old nations of Europe, where th° masses having loit a'l hope of elevating them- selves by labor look to revolution for a change, while above them a heartless clique depend ,ipon the discipline of armies for the protection of their 111- gxjtten millions ? The system Is already bearing frulit in thl.? as In other lands. If you cannot believe that protection Is what reanon teacher It to b?, If you do not reocgnlze th? seed of the tree, we win a.sk you to Judge it by Its fruits. A CONCLUSIVE TEST. With Us vast territory, with a wealth of natural resources which everytody re ognlzes, with a population which embodies represent at ive^ of the most energetic and clvlilzsd nations of the world, Canada should have progressed rapidly In all the tranches of Industrial and commercial development. It should have progrea^edi more rapidly during the last decade than ever tefore. During ths flftean y5ars which elapsed from 1867 to iSil the Dominion Govern- ment had taken rank among the nations cf the world; Its representatives had teen Invited to take part In foreign negotiations. Immense sums of money had teen expanded to build canals and railways, which not only provided easier mean=i of transportation in the settled rl trl^t'', but which also opened up almost boundless belts of fertile territory. Every; hlng was ready for the extension of our ccmmerclaj relations and the re- cep Ion of millions of new settlers. Under these circumstances It is clear that it the .system of protection In- augurated in 1879 wa< the great toon which its friends claim It to have been, the country must have entered on an era of prosperity unexampled In Its history, and of such duration that the end should not be yet in sight. On the other hand, If protection Is ■ hat we have pictured It; If it Is true that It is annually taking from the peo- uL. this huge sam of 1100,000,000, equal to rn'--fifth of their Income, there can not b3 any rermanent nor any general. pro. parity. At first the enthusiasm and the confidence Inspired by a new policy, th? natural reaction following a period of d?pression, have no doubt caused u temporary revival In tu£lne5,8. But iv. was not long b-fore the protected In- dustri?". found that they had been en- rouragf^d to increase their production un- duly. As they were guaranteed a mon- opoly of the market, they resorted to combines to restrict production and to maintain prices at the highest point au- thorized by the tariff. Then the old-ee- tabii'^hed industries began to feel th-^ burden that had been put upon them. Th°y rould no longer produce as cheaply as In the past, and found more difficulty to m:€t foreign competition abroad. Th'^se Industries had to take means to limit their operations to the local mar- ket al o. The farmer formd himself at ■\ disadvantage on the European mar- ket, and with an Insufllclsnt local mar- < ket. He had to abandon his farm for the city, where he lnrreas'>d the com- petition In the labor market withoui be- ing able to prevent the Increase In the <«et of living. The people left the country In large numbers, Immigration languished, and finally none profited but the pet manufacturers, who, like vul- tures, fatten c the dead and rejoice in destruction. Let UK go over the statlPilcs prepared by the Conservative Government and as certain which of the two pictures Is the true one, that of unexampled prosperity or that of limited growth and early de- cay. .1 PROTECTION AND COMMERCE. Th(> Slaii«rht<>r Mark<'t idoa aiul the balance uf Trade. T Canadians doing less business to-day than twenty years ago. i > In 1868 the grand total of Canada's Im- ports and exports was $131,027,532; in 1877 It was 5175,203,355, an increasi^ of over thirty per cent, in those ten years, under a revenue tariff. In 18S3 the volume of our foreign trade was S230,.339,826 and in 1892, the banner year, it did not> exceed J241,- 638,620; so that the incrrase during ten years of protection did not exceed five per cent. During the decade of low tariff the average trade was $48 p<;r capita, and dur- ing the last ten years $45 per capita. Slow as the increase of population has beit under protection, the increase of trade has been slower still. INTERNAL COMMERCE. The protectionists answer that internal commerce has developed at the expense of foreign trade. As an evidence of this fact, they point to the increased tonnage carried by railways. The great majority of rail- ways did not exist at the beginning ofe Confederation, and consequently they could not carry a quantity of produce which went by water or was carted to the markbt by farmers. When we come to consider the. length of the lines in operation we find that in 1882 the railways carried l,Sf)2 tons for every mile of line open; while in 1893, they carried only 1,465 tons. A more reliable measure of the internal commerce in the amount of money required by the business community. In 1868 the amount of Dominion and bank notes in cir- culation was $9,350,646 and in 1878 it was $20,475,000, an increase of 119 per cent, in Ten years. In- 1895f the amount of notes in circulation Is $29,000,000, an increase of only 45 per cent, in sixteen years. THE RESULT OP IGNORANCE. If protection has thus impeded our mer- cantile' development, it is not the result of an accident, but the natural outcome of the system. Hon. Mr. Foster once boasted in Parlia- ment that his party has been trying to det velop foreign commerce. He was trying to deceive or he forgot the true protectionist floctrine when he Hpoke thus. While pro-i tectionists are continually crying that we must foster Canadian industry they show by their actions that they have no clear idea of what industry is. Carried out logir cally and to their fullest extent, the views of protectionists about ind^ustry would amount to this: that every man must try to produce a great deal and to sell nothing. This was only recently demonstrated by that orthodox organ, the Montreal Gazette. In a series of questions that paper insinuat- ed that since the manufacturing of a cer- tain quantity of goods will give more em- ployment to labor than the transportation of the same goods would give Canadians must neglect commerce in order that in- dustry may prosper. It becomes necessary in presence of such heresies to go back once more to first prin- ciples. TH ^ACTORS OF INDUSTRY. Industry consists of two factors, produc- tion and exchange, or selling of the things produced. Industry can not thrive without both. Commerce is and has always been an es- sential foundation for the industrial ad-* vancement of a nation. Every child stud- ent of history knows that the commercial nations of the past were recognized as the' most wealthy and the most happy. While it is true, as the Gazette says, that imported goods displace a certain class of goods made at home, it does not follow that the capital engaged in the prodaction of those goods will remain idle. Before we had protection we liad years of prosperity,. r J. = J ■when rapital and labor were I'lnploycd in in- duHtrieH which were self HUpportinp;. When protection ramo and deprived our people of the privilege of importing a rcr- taln clasp of goods, it did not create at the Hame time an army of min to manufueturr those goods. The men and capital which found paying employment in existing indus- tries, which were Hclf-supporting and pay- ing, had to be withdrawn to be put into th*) new industrieH, which after fifteen years of protection can n<»t yet stand alone. It was not an increase of wealth, but a most <1iHa richer by the amojni of pro- fit realized by the Canadian. POLITICIANS AS ARBITERS OF BUSI- NESS. When the Government intervenes in •<»'■« a transaction and jays to our merchants "you shall not buy such goods fioii su'ii a place under a penalty of 50 per cent. " it simply assumes tliat it undi r>-tan;!s lusi- ness bettor than the intensud la.'ties. Is vhat true? Can it be suppos d thai tha men who paid such an enormous pri'e for the Curran Bridge, the men who run evrry Government eiitcrpris(! at a loss- under- stand better the needs of commerce t!an the business men themselves. Men stand in awe at the name of fo ii'l- ism. Protection is worse than sociali.sm. 10 Socialism is a system by which the State would carry on busimss on its own ac- eonnt; the community at large woild share the losHes; but it would also take the berxC- flts. With protection, if the Governmert foolisi ly unl.rta'es to foster a certain in- dnstry, the loss is borne by the corsimcis; on the other hand if the indu try su.;cteds, the profits go into the pockets cf the favor- ites of the Government. Nevertheless there are men who will ai- gne seriously that without a pioective tai- iB Canada would become a slpughtor mar- ket for foreign manufacturers, that we would send all our money abrtad, and that we would be left bankrii[ t. What is the n e ming of the slnug';ter mar- ket? It' appears that In times cf dei rts- sion, the manufacturers • f the United, States, who find themselves with a surplus stock on hand, are willing to sell at low prices abroad in order to I'e-rea e competi- tion at home and maintain their high rrii.es in the market over which protectii n g.vea them a monopoly. With a low tariff the Canadian consumer would have the full ad- Tantage of these slaughter prices, he wou'.d get for fifty cents the American goods for which the protected American citizen would still have to pay a dollar. Is that a disad- vantage? Is there not a profit in buying at half price goods that you want? The Gov- ernment of Canada does not think so. It pats up a wall to keep out these cheap foreign goods and it taxoB the ptople to foster national industries. But we have our own times of depression. Our industries produce more than tliiy can ucU at home, and they find too that they liave to sell part of their goods at a loss. iSut again protection interferes ard r^e' Tents the Canadian consumer fiom profiting by the sacrifice.s of the Canadian manufac- turer. The slaughtered goods, like cotton, for example, are sent to the Chinese o' tl e Japanese, and the Canadian continues to pay the big, high price, which is the s1an- dard in a protected country. So that It is the glorious privilege of a protected pro- pie to bear all the burdens of hard times, but never to profit by any of the incidental advantages, which help to alleviate suffir- ing and to hasten the revival of business. IMPORTS BEGET EXPORTS. Impirtation vil' always be followed by expoitation. Misers ar? the ( nly ones that can or will sell always and never buy. There is no srch tling rs a nation of n:is- ers. The ma«s ( f men the world over do not rrcdrce to git gild and hoard it, but to live an! to eijoy life. As poon ^s a na- tio.n R:6i an adv; n'agdi s n^ar'.et for SDme class of goods which it produces a larger number of men are employed in that in- dustry, and the nation mu-it import what these men produced before. So it happens that whatever the policy of a nation may be, whether it is living under a free trade- or a protective tariff, the imports and ex- ports will be almost eriual ar.d will in- crease or decrease tozfther. The proof palp able ot this is found in the record of the trade of the world. In 1892 the e-xports and imports of the lead- ing nations were as follows: IMPORTS. United Kingdom $2,C62,3n2,9r7 Germany l,Of e,0L6,f'52 France 99l,228,39S United States 810,930,955 Spain 145,452,790 Canada 127,406,065 EXPORTS. United Kingdom $l,419,''e6,86S Germany 719,721,752 France 878,3r7,2ri' United Stites 938,120,eMO Spain 141,397,801 Canada 113,?63,675 THE BALANCE OF TRADE. ProtectioniBi 8 speak a'out the balance of trade. According to siat^-stics eveiy ccun- try imports more than it exports, with the exception of the United S a'es. The ex- planation is first contained in the mam r in which stati ties are prepared. Generi il- ly the cost of transportation is adrled to- the value of imports and not to that of e.xforts. In the United States the freight and packing is not comprised in the valua- tion of imports, so that the official figures- do not give the real value of the goods to the importer. That being said, what does an excess in the value of imports over exports really mean? I^et us take a concrete case. A Canadian merchant exports flour to the West Indies of the registered value of $10,- 000. He sells at a profit, and the ship takes a return cargo of sugars and cigars valued at $12,000 by the Montreal customs. There is an excess of imports over exports; but the merchant feels that he has made $2,000 .and he can not s e how the country lost anything by the tran^a^tin. The bal n-e of t*ad^ i-i also Inrg ly pft<^c- tei by fl' ancial conditiora. So bng aa t'le government of a country or its puU c in- stitit'ons borrow a' r' ad. tbe im^'or^s w'lT exresd the exports; because na'ions do not 11 borrow to get go'd, but t'> get materials and ma:hin^ry for public worke and mar u- Factures. Tfcat hasi leenr the rave witb Canada. So long as our Governments and municipal corpoiations borrowed largely in England, that mon; y was used to brin^ gnois from abroad, aid we h d a la g; bal- ance of trade against us. The tar.ff iiad no influence in the mat'cr. The balance of trade again^t us diirirg the ten years 1881- i;0 was tl e s ime as during the ten vears of low tariff. 1869-78, that is $2;!.0„0,6i 0. When a count ty ceases to borrow and has to make heivy paymiuis abroal th n ex- ports exceed impo taticns. That is the case of the United i^tates who now have not only their national di'bt to repay, hut also heavy interests on foreign capital in- vested in the countiy. England's position in pe uliar. Its excess of imports over exports represents the amount of interest it is receiving annually from all the nations of the world who have borrowed money from British caritalists. That is a most prosperous ctrndltion. ' In a word, large international payments are not made in pold, but in p.ooJs, if the paying nation has the gooc's to sell ard the receiving nation has need for them. Imports represent receipts, and experts, disbur8?ments. Just as it weuld be folly to lay down as a rule that the man who diviburses tie most money is the man wlioh has the most money left at heme, so it would be folly to contend that the nation which exporis the greatest quantity of goods is +hat which has the most goods at home. But considering the general laws of crm- merce large imports are a sign of prosre- ity, of purchasnj; power, ji st as exforts arc the evidence of producing power. Take any of the y ar-f in w^hich our forei^rn trad^ reached a high point, and business men will tell yc.u that was a year of prosperity. Our manufactures did not stop then. Tl ey went on with increased activity, wilh re- newed life; the madunery worked inore constantly, the wheels flew faster ar.d all the operatives were employed. ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES. If that were not sufficient to dispel all prejudices against so-called fortiftn trade, we wcu d ir.v t> a cem'arison between Eng- land and the United States. The fore'gn trade of Great Britain amounts to about $96 per bead of her population, that of the United States to $28 per head. We lave been repeatedly told that Great Britain was living on her capital, graelually ruining herself by her large importations. That" has been going en for nearly half a cen- tury. What do we find now? Is there a scarcity of money in England? No, British, capital is everywhere, builcing up nations in every point of the go' e. "Scarcely a profitable industry in the United States but is at present the subject of competition of British cafital seeking investment then in " sail the Chicigo News seme time agp. "for a few y. as past our Western and Southern lands, our cattle ranches, our sheep farms, have been in the process of absorption l.y British capital, in spite of preventive le;;i lation. Later, John Bull has turned his attention to our breweries; later still te> our Eas'tern retail dry g oJs stores; stiil later to uur Seuihern iren and limestone fields; final. y, the latest and most phenomenal British investments in American fields of industry come in the shape of investments in our great '^atirg boLses. In fact, the very cream of our moi ey mak- ing properties and enterpiists is new being skimmed by these remorseliss British s 'ek- ers of places in which to plant the fertiliz- ing sfctds of their omni-preyent and il imit- able capital." Lo'v is it with the Uni'ed Starts. With restricted imports, wi'h an excess of ex- ports for many years, they are face to face with a gold famine, on the brink of bankruptcy, and oHig d again to rewort to foreign loans. Is it so hard to understand the secret of England's greatness? "The income of a friend of mine 'n Lon- don last year," said Hon. Mr. Boultf n on the floor of the Senate, "who is engaged in trade, was .€lCO,fUIO. Tlie profits of the firm of which he was a fourth partner were £400,000, made out of a t'ade that draws Its raw mati'rial from all jjarts of the world, and ships the product of its indus- try to all parts of the world, and redistri- butes his capital again to all parts of the \vorl.l. Canadians have quite ability e;iough, have quite e-iterpri-e enoegh, and hfave ample facilifes to compc t-' for a share in such a trade if the conditions are made equal." To make conditions equal, it is ncv^essary that our industries whi'^h are aide to ex- port shall not be burdened with taxes to support imports of any Kird. By restricting) impo.-tations, pmteeticn effecttaliy shuts out Canaeiians from one of the most fer- t'le fled* of oc.pation. MARINE AND FISHERIES. PROTECTION STOPS THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOTH. The Decrease in Ship Building, Shipping and Fishing Fleet. Sir George E. Cartier was fond of re- peatinp; on all occasions that the throe es- sential elements of a nation's greatness were population, territory and a navy. He might have gone further, because history proves that many nations have attained to greatness and wealth without possessing a large territory, by devoting their attention to the development of their mercantile fleet. The carrying trade of the world is a field which never grows barren, and which affords a nation the greatest opportunity of making a clear profit at the expense of the other nations. With a protective tariff' no nation can have a prosperous merchant navy. The res- trictions on commerce and the taxes on im- ports operate at the same time to discour- ajre shipping and to make ship building un- profitable. The necessity and opportunity for the use of any instrument must exist before the instrument can be ns-edcd or profitanly em- ployed. The soil must exist and be rendy for the plow, or the plow will be n U't be impi)rted and ex- ported is done by foreigners who reap the profit and take it home with then.. Such are the logical results of protec- tion; and such they have been in fact. Canadians took naturally to ship building. In 1806 the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada owned 291 ships, having an aggre- gate tonnage of 17,583; forty years later the number of ships had increased to 604, and the tonnage to 67,523. At the same time there were in the British Navy 326 Cana- dian built ships, the aggregate tonnage of which was not less than 1M,930 tons. A DECREASE IN TONNAGE. On the 1st of July, 1<^67, when Confedera- tion was created, there were 5,693 vessels ^vith a regi<try it would soon become the great source of wealth in Canada. THE RESULT OF PROTECTION ON IRON, The encouragement was given. First, in 1893, Parliament voted a bonui of $1.50 a ton for the produc- tion of pig iron. In 1889 the bounty was reduced to $1.00 per ton, but in 1892 it was increased to $2.00 per ton and made ' ; 15 ' 1881, ff ff ■■• ••• 1886, Geological Commission i •eport 1887, u 1888, ti 1883, «t 1890, (t 1891, i« 1892, n 1893, M permanent Ontil 1897. Besides a duty of 14.00 a ton was imposed on imported pig iron and the duty or protection put against the importation of anthracite coal was re- moved. What has been the result? The production of iron ore, accord ng to available figures, has been as follows: Year. Tons. 223,057 69,708 76,330 78,587 84,181 76,511 68,973 103,248 124,702 So that after eight years of active pro- tection the output of our iron mines is juet about one half what it was in 1881, and be- low the production of 1871 even. Had the rate of increase of the decade from 1871 to 1881 been maintained the output would to-day be four times what it is. As to the production of pig iron, since the Government began paying bounties it lias been as follows: Tons. 1884 29,394 1885 25,770 1886 26,180 1887 39,718 1888 2i;,210 1889 37,234 1890 25,697 1891 20,153 1892 30,294 1893 46,948 1894 46,523 The duties have failed to stimulate pro- -duction and consequently to prevent impor- tation. Thei aggregate value- of pig iron imported into Canada during the five years 1882-86 was $4,045,587 and during the lastr five years it has been $4,738,946, an Increase of $693,359^ since the fiigh tariff has been imposed. WHAT IT COST. There can be no mistake as to tho mean- ing of these figures. The people of Canada have paid out as duty on imported pig iron since the high tariff came into for^e a sum ■of two millions in round figures. On Cana- dian made pig iron they have paid under the form of increased prices not less than eight hundred thousand dollars, and the bounties paid out of the public treasury ati the end of 1894 exceeded a half million. We have thus a burden of $3,H00,('00 whicn has been weighing on all the industries which use iron as a raw material. And the industry which it was intended to protect fit this cost is in a worst' condition than it was fifteen years ago. How could it be otherwise when the taxes imposed for the benefit of the iron mines were the ruin of the industries which could give a mar- ket to those mines. So much for the iron industry. THE COAL MINES. Everything; in the natural' evolution of Canada has Ven in favor of the develop- ment of our coal mines. The ever inoreas- ing price of wood, the substitution of coal as fuel, and the cheapening of the cost of transporta ion could not but increase the demand and facilitate the task of meeting it. It is satisfactory to learn that all these causes have not operated abso'uteiy in vcn ilw post of everything tliat the lumberman needs, so that he could better mret foreign competi- tion abroad, would therefore seem to bo the real) national policy. But Conserva- tive politicians have thought otherwise. They tax the lumberman on his tools and on his clothing; and they levy a tribute on the machinery of the saw mill. The annual output of timber products which amounted to $?:<, 429,922 in ISSO, for the four provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Branawick and Nova Scotia, has fallen to $67,261,458 in 1891. In 1871 the value of the output was $44,4ti2,907. There was an in- crease of 66 per cent, during a decade of revenue tariff and a decrease of eight per cent, dnring a decade of protection, which means that the lumber industry is employ- ing probably 50,000 men less to-day ttan it would if it had been allowed to develop freely. A COMPARISON. Is that a natural or a satisfactory state of affairs. In the State of Michigan whoso forests are said to be exhausted "the num-" ber off men/ engaged in the manufacturing/ of lumber increased from 19,252 in 1&70 to 22,732 in 1880, and to 4.'1,000 in 1890. The development of the Canadian industry was much more rapid than that of this state while we had a low tariff, but we have woe- fully fallen behind since the introduction of protection. A' comparison/ with MinnesotC) or Wisconsin shows the same state of af- fairs. These three states with a popula- tion smaller than that of Canada, with a smaller forests area, employ !^6,000 men in their lumbering estapliehments, against 56,- 000 employed in Canada. The value of their timber products was not lef^s than $167,237,816, while Canadian forests, includ- ing those of the Northwest and British Columbia, only yielded JKii.OTl, tlfi. These figures show el< qcently what might have been. Our forests might be made to produce enough to repay in a few years a Bum equal to the national debt. ANOTHER DECREASE IN EXPORTS. Instead we find that our exports of the products of the forest have been de-reasirg. During the decade from 1869 to 1878 the an- nual exports of products of the foreBt* gave an average of $22,9S'i,S7l. During tho next ten yiars, with the immense resources of British Columbia added, the exports of forest products have averagrd only $21,406,- 079, a decrease of seven jx^r cent. In 1893, the year of the largest export of foresO products since the introdu"t)on of protec- tion, the value was only $26,359,910 against $28,-586, 816 in 1873. RAW MATERIAL SENT ABROAD. One of the features of the present ex- port trade is the sale to thv United State.q of large quantities of saw logs. During tho four years 18S2-85 th( annual export of saw logs did not exceed $37,000 a year, but since it has grown every year, until in 1S93 h reached the value of $i,056,3f)5. Cana- ciian lumbermen finding the cost of manu-" facturing increased in Canada through the- operation of protection, are sending their raw materials abroad. While, at great cost to the people at large, we are trying to establish industries which must import their raw material, pro- tection operates to destroy those national industries which utilize the natural re-' sources of the country. One need not be an economist to see that such displacements of industry can not be made without beget- ting heavy losses to the country at large. PROTECTION AND AGRICULTURE. It increases the expenditure of the Farmer but not His income. Boiielits disappear, fariiiors sci'k oHnn* oeciiptitioiiH and farm values tall. The possibilities of aRrit'ulture in Can- ada are practically unlimited. Acci rding to Professor Saunders, who is in the eini.loy of the Governments only ten per cent, of 'he •whole arable land of the country is under cultivation. With such a heritage thero must be a great future for the country on account of its enormous food producing capacity. These truth.s are so plain and self evi- dent that every government has been lavish in its expenditure to promote agricultural interests. The Provincial Governments have given bonuses to stimulate production, and have taken great care to educate the farmers ill their businuss. Both these gov- ernments and the Dominion have subsidiz- ed railways, improved canals to open up Hew territory,, to- facilitate colonization. Over $250,000,000 have been invested in Ihcse public worke by the people of Can- ada. That means an annual charge of over $12,000,000 annually. Surely the Conservative governments who ■were foremost in these vast expenditures expected to get 6om& return, they were^ convinced that the opening of new lands would attract people in large numbers, and that the annual production of the country would be increased in proportion. WHAT SIR CHARLES TUPPER EX- PECTED. Sir Charles' Tupper, supported by Sir John A. Macdonald. told the country on a memorable occasion that' by the 31st of December, 1891, the Government would be in receipt of $.58,300,000 of cash or seruri- ties which would be better than cash from the .sale of our lunds in the Northwest to indemnify us for our outlay on the C. P. Rk Sir Charles also promised that 640,- 000,000 bushels of wheat would be exported ■fennually from the Northwest before the year 1804. What are the facts? THE NUMBER OF FARMERS DE- CREASES. On page 1S4 of the Statistical Abstract for 18t)3 there is the following table indi- cating the number of farmers and farmers' sons in the country. Provinces. 1S81. 1891. British Columbia 2,381 5,874 Manitoba 13,497 29,014 New Brunswick 51,48,-> 45,880 Nova Scotia 03,435 53,340 Ontario 300,5!)4 292,270 Prince Edward Island 20,492 20,227 Quebec 200 857 191,564 Northwest Territory 1,011 9,826 Canada 656,712 649,506 The only result of the construction of the Canadian Pacific, and of a handsome expenditure every year, has been the addi- tion of 28,8,'i6 farmers to the population of the Northwest, and this is more than off- set by a decrease of 36,042 in the old pro- vinces. Taken on the whole the decrease in the number of farmers during the de- cade amounts to 1.09 pe'' cent. In the four provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec the decrease was equal to 5.60 per cent. During the decade of 1871-81, under a low tariff, the number of farmers in these same provinces increased from 476,000 to 639,000, or by 34 per cent. An increase of 34 per cent, against a decrease of over 5 per cent, under a protec- tive tariff. That shows the extent to which agriculture has been benefited by protec- tion. THE WHEAT CROP. In 1871 the wheat crop of Canada was about 17,000,000 bushels; in 1881 it was over 32,000,000, an increase of over 15,000,- 000 bushels; in 1891, it was 42,000,000, an increase of only 10,000,000 bushels, although le the average yie'd ppr arte was flft rn huto Sir Charles Tupper. Canadians hitve deserted farming; the Government \m<* been unable to inuuce for- eigners to take U|) our lands. Thf ro couli be no c'eire" dem ns rc^tion that the farm- ers themselves ha\T rut attached any value to THE HOME MARKET which pruiiction wan to give them. A little reflection will satisfy every in- telligent man that there can b<^ no such thing as a home mariiet for the f aimer of Canada. Prote tion has restricted the im- portation of agricullural products, it is true, to a small e.xtent, but it his re tri t- ed exportation to a much greater extent. On page 267 of the Statistical Abstract there is a little table showing the imports and exports of all bread stuffs. From this table it appears that during the five years 1875-79 Canada importetl of brfadstuffs, $62,640,106, but it also exported of the same products during the same period not less than $112.3«2,794. During the fve years 1889-93 the imports of breadstuff s fell to $41,016,631, but thH exports also fell 1o $89,.f,06,922. During the low tariff period the excess of exports over imvorts of breadstuffs was $49,702,693 and during the period of protection it was only $48,490- 288. This signifies that when they were left alone a portion of the Canadian people bought their brcadstuffs in the American market, to aT^id f eiehts. To-diy they are deprived of that convenience by the tariff; but the farmer has not benefited by the hardships imposed on his fellow country- men. The prices of his products are regulated by the quotations on the Livcrprol market, where he has to export his surplus, and he has not increased his output as much as he would have done under normal condi- tions. THE FARMER SUFFERS FROM DUTIES. Take for example the case of cattle and horses. In 1833 we exported large quanti- ties of cattle and horses, but it happened that there were some sections of the Northwest which could not commtinicate as easily with Ontario as Great Britain could The people of thnne sections had a more convenient a -cess to the neinhhoilng States and in spite of the tariff ticy im- ported horses io the value of $7S 000 and <'iirtle to the v;tlue of f2(),4;<7. In this rase the \Ve>tern Canadian fanners self' re 'i from a duty impovei'-for their prote'tion, while the Ontario or CJuehec farmers derived no l)enefit from it. Take also the cave of corn. Canada is not naturally a g'eat corn growing conn- try. Still the corn crop of Canada which was 3,NOO,000 biwhels in IS70. increased to 9,000,000 bushels in lh«0, witi.out protec- tion. The Con.'-crNiitive Oovcrnmcnt put a duty on corn, and in 1890 tie crop in '"'an- ada did not exceed 10, 000, 000 nu»-hel»;, and a million dollars worth of this product still hiKl to he import* d. The duty failed to increase t.he prodution of corn, because the country was not adartod to it, and on the other hand it has hecn a burden on all the farmers who engage in raising cattle. HE DOES NOT REAP THE ADVAN- TAGE. Still another instance of the operation of protection on agricultural products. One quarter of the wheat raised in Canada has to be exported and sold at whatever is the current price in Europe. Under natural conditions, if wheat brought one cent more when sold for consumption in Canada than %vhen sold for export, every farmer would hold his wheat for the hone market, and just as quick, the price would come down. There in only one way to stop the opera- tion of this natural law— combination— by which a certain quantity of wheat is sold abroad at a sacrifice, thus creating a scar- city at home, resulting in an increase in price, as the tariff of Vi cents per bushel prevents importation of foreign whent foe home consumption. The farmtrs thernsel.es cannot form a combine, they are t'lo num- erous to allow of an understanding between them all by which competition would be re- stricted. But this year two great compan- ies have succeeded in getting a corner on wheat. The Ogilvies and the Lake of the Woods Milling Co. have bought the wheat' of the Canadian farmers at the price re^n- lated by competition, and now they have, formed' a combine which' has. put' up the price of every barrel of iHour sold in the country. Once more the farmer has not derived any advantage from the protection m wheat; but through the monopoly creat- ed by the tariff every farmer who buys flour and bread has to pay more for it. 20 DErENDENT ON THE FOKEION MAU- KET. All the leadiriK pnniurts of the CanHilian farms, wheat, barhy, hay, oats, lattli', butter anrl chrese iniii^t find a m.irkt t. abroad if th«' output is to he incroasud. The total value of our ac^irultural firo- ducts in 1891 was estimated at J2:Ul,()00,(if,0 and of this .*.')2,non,0( were ex|o!te(l. The European and Ameiiian market is the Can- adian farmers' field, and in those markets the Canadian Governmenl cannot [notPct him. Proiertion in Cana la lia'^ nothing hut nih- advantages for the farmer. It weigiis uii him not only as a consumer, but also as a producer. He. is. taxr'd on the implements and rolling sltK'k whirh he requires in his inrlustrv,' on the clothes he wears and on liis houKehold goods. When the manufacturer of iron comes to the Government and says, "I can live, or I can make a profit, if a certain duly Is im' posed," wh.it is he saying' He is simply saying "If you give me a certain duty you can put \t in my power to charge over that duty as an additional tax on the farm 'rs of Canaequ''ntly tie Ca' ad an far- mer has to contend witli si-rious drawbacks in his efforts to extend his trade abroad in competition with other farmers who havJ not the same burdens to bear. THE EFFECT OF THESE DRAWBACKS 1:5 clearly indicated in the statistics of our foreign commerce. During the ten years which elapsed from 1874 to 1883 Canada exported $207,731,68,5 cf agricultural produce, and during the last ten years, 1884-93, the exports have fallen to $189,180,987, a decrease of nine percent, when there was every reason to expect a large increase.. There has been an increase in the export of cattle, but the progress was not propor- tionately as great as under the revenue tariff. The value of the exports of Cann- dlan cattle in 1868 was $6,893,167; in 1878, 114,000,000 and in 1888, $21,719,297. The increase in the export of cheese is given as a sign of the prosperity of agri- culture. This increase was much greater uder a revenue tariff. In 1S72 the exports of cheese were $1,830,786; in 1882, $5,490,- 112; an increase of three hundred per cent; and in 1892, $11,593,690, an increase of lit- tle more than two hundred per cent. What protectionists' arc careful not to show is that the increase in the exports of cattle aaid cheese under protection has been AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER HHANCHES of agriculture, while under the old tariff all branches were devt loped. Thus fnm 1879 to 1SH4 there w» re HI,0(iO,(100 pounds of but- ter exported from Canada, of the value of Sl.S.OOO.OnO; and during the five years 1885- 90, only ?."),0(Mi,(i(X) pounds of the value of $4,700,0(H). During the first five years ot protection the avciage value of our exports of butter was $3,000,000 per annum; in 1893 the ixportulioiv bmounted' only* to 51,2^0,- 000. The Federal and I'rovinc ial Govern- mt n'.K find themselvrs under itt'c neccs^ily of giving bonuses to restore the butt.i indus- try to the position it occuiled before pro- tection was inaugurated. In 1871 we exported $2,170,000 of pork, bacon and ham, and in 1890 only $651,000; and in 1893,— a year in which exports were muih over that of prtvious years-not more than $2,010,000. Taken as a whole, the export of dairy products has not increased under produc- tion to a perceptible extent, in spite of the efforts of the Provincial Governments to develop this indu^tIy. " . THAT NATURAL? Is it s.vtisfactory? Was it because thero was lio market? No, the market was there. Great Hritain alone increased her imports of butter from £767,000 In 1870 to £4,848,735 in 1S92, but Canadians were pre- vented from taking advantage of this in- creased market becau'-c they could not com- pete with free trade Denmark, which sells $25,000,000 of butter annually on the Brit- ish market*. FREE TRADE WHERE IT IS APPLIED. This little country of Denmark which haa an area of only 15,289 square miles, or less than one-twelfth that of the Province of Quebec, has under free trade developed its agriculture to su'h a point that it exports, every year $5.1,000,000 of animal and dairy products, equal to the entire exports of agricultural products of Canada. It main- tains a population of 2,185,000 of whom 886,231 or more than one-third are deposit- ors in the savings banks, the total am' unt to their credit being $137,687,310, or about $300 for every family in the land. In Holland, where the highest duties are> five per cent., there is a population equal to that of Canada living on 12,0C0 square miles, or one-fifteenth the area of the Pro- vince of Quebec, The value of agricultural products raised for export every year froin 1 ai ar& ual are ro- iral . thin itmall parrel of land Is about $50,000.- UOO, more than, the avorapo export from- Can.'i'la. Diirinp Hio last dpcado tho popiiH- ti'in inirr-ascd by twenty fier tent. Tim nunibtT iif depositors in tlie savinj^s h.mkii increased from 538,413 in lS8t t<) in 1891, and the depositH angregated $3r).000,- 000 in the savings lianks, or at^oiit $10 for every ta,mily in the land. Sweden, also a free trade country with tin ar.a a little less than that of the IV"- vinre of fVuclier, .supports a p«<[u!ation etpiul to that of Canada, and of hiitter alone ex- ports $«, (100,1100 to (tnat Britain annnally. These examples nhow what development the dairy indusfry mi^ht attain in The older |jrovinres of the Dominion under fav(»r- ahle rinumstances and what a source of wealth it might be. THE NORTHWEST AND ARGENTINA. What we might have done with onr vast Northwest and whi.t we may still do with it can he short n l>y a eom[iarison with the SVrgentine Republic. That country has an urea of : i :;.,000 square miles, so that Ml extent it ia about equal 1o tlie fertile belt of the r'unadian Northwest. In ISVO tlii>i country h.id l,slO,000 inhabitants and in 3S!)0 its population w^as 4.2.')7,()00. In 1892 it exported $76,000,000 of animal products, or three times as much as C'anadn. It l.e- gan to export wheat in ISftO and in IS'.t'J it sent 25,000,000 bushels to Lurope. In 18|U the .shipments amounted to 45,000,(00; in ISOl the shipments would apurei^ate 75.000,000. Its tr.ide exMendcd not only to threat Iliitain. but also to Franc and tJer- many and Uelgium. Meanwhile, thr' exports tif treads tuff ^? from Canada as already shown have fallon. In lS7t we supplied Gr.al Hritain with .s.7l per cent, of the wheat which it impoite.i; in J,s!i2 our proportion had fallen to 5 [or tent. CROV^DED OUT OF THE MARKET. The. link r.f fnelH is > lear. f'nable t'> compete on foreign markets, the ("anadian farmers have hjid to de>ert their farnm. And th( dt'creasin>c d( mand for farm landa has* broujtht a deereaKe in value. In On- tario the av( raf»<' vdue of farm lands ha>^ fall.'U from $110. 43 .n lS->2 to nd.'^b in 1SII3. The farn\er has not suffi-rcd only by the do- preciiili >n of his labor, his capital invested in lands and buildings has also depreciated. Why? Our farmers have the intelligenet ; they have the laml to produce all that Europe need** of food products. Instead of supply- ing one per cent, of the meat, or five ptr cent, of the wheat that ({real Hritain im- ports, onr Northwest could prcxlu-e tln! Avhole of it. As Sir Charles Tnppcr con- tended we could export two «jr three hun- dred millions of aRricultural products every year. To d^ so the Can.idian fanner must be in a position to m'vt the competition of all comers. It is not in the power of the r';inadian Government to increase the revenue of .ur farmers, liecaiise it cannot incna^e tie' price of agili ulti'.ral products in Euroi e. Hut it is in the power of the, Canadian liov- crnment to REDUCE- THE EXPENSES of the farmer by retnovinp the nneeessary taxe.s on all thinga that he must buy. In this >vay, and in thin w.iy only, can the prolits of till' Canadian farmers be inereas- (d to the point wlu-n agriculture will ;ip;ii i be a paying industry. Then people will flock to it, tile land Avill be made to yield it>5 annsial crop of wealth, which will le di'^tributed in all classes of s(.ci(ty and will become the basis of national uriatniss. That will be the first object in a reduc- tion of the taiiT. L The authentic fisrures in the Census show a smaller increase than in any previous decade. CAPITAL AND LABOR TURNED INTO UNPROFITABLE ENTERPRISES. Tht' I'lilof incusiry of 'Canada,' says the Yearly Aottraci. isauei by ihe Con- st'ivaii/*'c Government, "is that of agri- culiurt;. WhatevLT aifect-s il. i-rejuaic- cially or beneficially, alfects direcciy ail (j.ner inip.o,. ip.t'nb'. ' Inoi Gn'.y is that. abfcOluLeiy true, liut it is equally prove 1 by expeiicnte ihal manuiacLures w.ll not develop lo any great exien.! in a country until the ag^ricul^ural population has te- come ro ■.irTi:Ee that i: afJords a valuable niarkpt for man uf acUire "l produces, anl supplies tihe latcir \vhich the manufac-' turer ■nce-:^?^. Just in the proporfon ihat th? agrikullural populaiion 'ncreases in a ig'ivn territory do manufacairing es- tabiirhments aris'^. ani it dopp not ina'.- fer a straw whether that given terri- tory Is pro'.ectei by a tar.'fi' or wh' ther it has free trade with a manufacturing: di/Urict. ORIGIN OP MANUFACTURES. Take for instance the \Veo,;crn «lat'j=. Thirty years ago that territory was pure- ly an agricultural country. Manufac.ur- UJng in<"iust!ics did noc exist lr,ct.'iu?e the populatiian was too spar-c, because i.. would have been difficul;; fo^- a manufac- turer to gather a suffi^'cient numler of hands to run a large e>iabii''hm(n'. A; that time the New En,?land States sup- plied the western farmers wiih manu- facturo'.i grods. The New Eng!.;. n:i manu- faclur( rs had the start, thov had the e'-:- r(-!:»n'''e. the capital and ihe ^dvantai^-' of (hnp"^^" la^or. becau-^e wages were lower in the ear-t than in th'^ west. Never- thrle'!s, in the fac-^ of .a,!l these arvarent dl'^cdvantages, wiihou; anv tariff rro- tecflrn against the competition of ea-t- err. man''r'"t"re"'^. riV'riu*!an'u"es rard- ly rieveinped In the we^t a.s soon as ;he populatllnn of the Wepte-n Sta'e'^ becam'^ so gro.'it th-'t th'^ Tiannra''ture- roul 1' fl'nd in his Immediate neigh^orhoml a market and the la^-or wh'ch he i-fo'drf-di Ll\kewiBe had our agricultural popula- t*r>n e7'own. as our resources lead Sir Charl9a Ti'pper to t^e'l'^ve It avouH grow. the developm.ent of manufactures would •have been rapiU and healthy. Indeed, m. in uf at lulling incu.stries were born in. thi? roimtry during the period of reci-i proci,'y with the United States, and of low tariff, when agriculture was pros- perous and the num'ber of farmers iji- creaeed rapidly- ; In 18)1 the centsus shows that there were 215,273 persona engaged in agricul- ture and 102, QS were engaged in indus- tr;iil pursuits. In 1871 there were 479.- 512 engaged In agriculture, and 212.748 engaged in indust'dal pursuits, so iha6 toth the number of farmers and that ,ol work!n£-mcn hfld more than doubled dur- ing the '•^eriod of rejip.-ocily and rev- f nue tariff. Protectlfin. having crippled the growth of our agriculture, as already shown, and nine-tenfhs of our man'ifactuvi'-g Indus- trV'3 i^eing restricted to and dependent I'Don the hoiTie market, i: is evUfnt that th^r" conH be no p-ren* Dro?^f'-'! in 'man- ufactures during the las; decade. THE PROOF OF FF^AUD. Thp protectionist Governmcnl vaguely suspected thl.'^, and it has made a des- r^rate effort to show hv ?tati-tics that the trach->'"Ts of common s^-ir-e are false. The i!n'''"'ilable rhnrac*er of the indus- t'inl statistic- coptain'^l In the census has be'^n penerallv expnspd, but the most i-'onc'M'-dfe froof of thp deception which the GnvrrTim^nt a'temoted to nractice up- on the people is found in the census It- SP'f. J3pcf-';aef 11 p'^r v nt is ! y ta^- the smallest o' any decade sine? Canada has any manufactures at ali. HOW PROTECTION l^EVELORS IN- DUSTRY. Having given the proof that manufac- tures havp not prosperrd wher:^ agricul- ture did not pro-^po". w-^ ■• i" i.n-,in r'f"r to the Government "tat 5Vl .; ou r.an-. fic- turo^. Alhough the'^e st.ntir'irs r-'^ 'n."\nrf^', as we have shown they are not Viith- out a certain value to show how protec- tion allects the tnausirial dt,,e.opment of a country. Th: Jtck-of-al'.-t; a; er-and-^mas.er-of- ncne is the beau ideal of the protection- i.vt. He holds that every dollar which .1 country ciufcurses ist a dollar losi. even though i; may get twice Ih:- value in re- turn, and en the other hani if hf^ can succeed in making a piece of goods for h;inself, even though it takes him in 'ame an:l outlay ten times th'? value ol' the article, he holds that he is the. gainer 'oy the amount of th^^ prii-e of that piece of goods. In the aDp]!»qtion o' these p-incip'es our protecij.nnist Govrrnmenr has fos- tered a lo; of baby Indu -'tries, which are intenied to tr:u.h Crnadipns to make for themselves thimgs th.at thev might buy much cheaper than i' will co.st them to miinufacture. That i's cal''H creating a r'ifersity of indnhstries. How far we have proprossed In th^t line is .'-hown hy th" fact that Ontario has now 257 f^iffr^'- en^ kinds of Industries aeain^t ^^■<'^ in 1881, Qurv>pc 21.1 agajiiist 14=1 in 1881, 'and F.0 on with the other provinces. But all thps" expe-imont-i in new in- dustries reqtiir'^ CHO'tal ; oftentim''s afte" a plant has hp^r. ai^qui'-ecl at g'-eat cc^^t. it is fo'in'l thn th^ Inral ma'-kpt canmt con^tim'^ half of whnt could hp produced. "^0 thnt th''^ expen'^ive r)lant is idle h^lf th" y'>a-, ani rap'tal is tied thc"" unproductive, while the nntn-ql wealth o** th*' countrv Hr.;- Vmij.. led because there is no capital available. SMALLER PROFITS. Thp proof of it again 's in the Gov- r-nm^rit <-ta1istics. In 1871 the '"fpUal invested in manufactu'-!ng was J77 964,- 020. nnd the v.^hie of *h" D-oiu('t;=5 If2''l'?17,77^ In 1891 the capital had >n- r-p-^r..,.^ t^ th'' enormous sum o° J.^SS.- S*"? 817, "'^'^ th" value of the p-oducts was on'v ?475 4ri5,705. In 1^71 to orodure Jl Of'fl o*" good^ only J'"5] of rqpltal was '•pr-ul-ed: '1 1S9'1 it r^cjuirei ^744 of canl- tal to r)-f>iu"e th" s^m'^ vrImo of go'vi;. In ""S'l jt "piulred only ?41?) o' rap't-'l to giv" rrnp'ov'-npnt to one m^": in 1891 it reoui-pd r9'2. ''"^';ch mr^r" than tw'rp the nmormt ]n 1871 25 pe-- crnt. o' the P"oduct Avqq Ip't to th" nnnfifaf'turfir aftf>" mvlntr f'^r ri'^v mat"ria' ani 'a^^or* an.-' th-^t •■"nr"'^"nfod a oro^'lt of 72 rer '"f'nt. nn his f^anitTl, with which to p^v fo- v"nr and tepr. interest, etr'. In THl the-" Avas "-till th'^ sfmo nronor- H^n o' th" n-oduct l"ft ov"r the cn^-t of raw- material and liVor, hut in this casp 25 pe- f^ent. of the product repre- ••■'^"ts fi n-o*'it of only 34 per cent, on ^J^nM" rV"*'V 0*^" CT n sori (^-i'^ flno (Sp- yr^t^^.^^^-t- Ur,^ ryQf ^""pfl in f YiB fp'P'^ ♦ of the capitalist, no- of tho working 24 man, nor of the consumer. It has been an unhealthy growth. Canada needs all the capital available to develop its natural resources, and it should not be tied up in green-house industries* which can never tve productive of great returns. LEGITIMATE INDUSTRIES SUFFER. When capital is thus tied up, the great and legitimate industries uf the country suffer, because they are de- prived of the money they require for their development. They suffer also be- cause they have to bear the burden of the taxes Imposed for the benefit of the combines in which capital is tied. The result is that these industries decline and empluy less people. A few figures from the census will again confirm this theory. The number of blacksmith-: in the country ha-^ dc- crea,sed from 19,846 in 18S1 to 17,957 in 1891; the number of shormukers has de- creased from 17,423 to 15,81(5 in the same period; the number o!; furniture and cabi- net makers has decreased from 4,731 to 4,L'94: ihe number of carpenters and join- ers which was 40 518 in 1S81 did not ex- ceed 45,229 in 181)1, a bare increase of t\velve p?- cent.; the number of rooper.s decreased from 4,621 to 3,420; the num- be-- of millers rircmsed from 5,(171 lo 4. 384; the number of harness maker-: has remained stationary, it being 3.578 in 1881 and ,3,647 in 1.891. In contrast wl'.h this it is litpmst- Ing to note that the number of Govern- ment emploves increased from 4,519 In 1881 to 13,034 in 1S91. PROTECTIO.X FAVORS ONLY. COMBINES Tanneries are supposed to be rrotec- trd. There is a he;ivy duty on leather. Well, during tho d'^cade of 18<1-91 (here has heen a d'^c-ea-e of 2'^ ])or rent, in the numbc'- of people employed in tfin- nerles; and th"^ value of the output has decreased 24 per cent. Boot and sho"-' nnking is a protoctrd Indu-l'-y; at loa-t th^re is a heavy duty on shoes. We havo already seen that Ihe number of shormaker'^ Ins decreased during the d 'cad'^ of prote'tlnn by over f) per crnt.; th' value o" the output of the shoe manufactu-e-^, according to the inflated stati-tics, has only inc-easod 6 pc cent. Saddle and harnes^s mnking is a pro- tected lndu=-.try. The increi'^e in num- ber of hands empioyrd In this industry h;is bef>n five ne'- cent., accordiri^s' to the in'i'larri statlst'rv, and thf^ vnluf of the product has only increa<:;'"d 23 p^r cent. The wooll'^n mills are protected, ac- co'ding to thf tariff. This industry grow ra-^idly before the national policy. During the decade of protec- tion the number of hands it employs has Increased by only 4 per cent., and there has been an actual decrease in the value of the output of 3-10 of one per cent. The manufactures of sewing machines are highly protected. Tne price of every sewing machine is increased by about |15 by protection. Still the number of men employed in thase manufactures hii» decreased by 24 per cent, during the decade of protection; and the value of the output has also decreased by 34 per cent. The manufactures of agricultural im- plements, of carriages and wagons and of furniture are also protected in- dustries. Grouping these eight protected indus- tries together, to make a long story p.hort, we find that the number of people Thev employ has decreased fro(n 48,963 in 1881 to 48,311 in 1891, while the value of their output has not increased by more than 15 per cent. So much for this group of eight of the most impo-tant protected industries. In all the industrlLs in which th''* num- ber of establi~:hm(nts is so great that a combine is impo?;?:ible, the burden of protection is shared by the manufacturer and the consumer. The power which is given to the former to increase in a sm.ill dogrve the price of some of his products is more than counterbalanced by thf duti."'S which ho h:ts to pay on his raw materials. As it has truly been sail of the shoe manufactures: "Canada has advantages which, taken proper ad- vantage of, might make he- the greatest shoe manufp^t>.tring cerstrc in the world. To ensure the retention by home-grown rmnM''a''tu;"er-:! of tho Canadian m."i*'ket,^ w^hich they were never in danger of losing, the Governmrnt has made an ex- po-t bu"-iness impossible. Th" duty has not Venr''ited th" manulactu-er, for the protection that it gave on the finished p-odurt war-; taken away by taxes on the maleriils used. All the Govern- ment has .succeeded in doing 1^ In add- ing to th" ro-.t of the Canadian boot, thereby burdening the consumer and ]imi(1ne^ the maniLfacturer's field to the confine- of Canada." To the majo-lty of the industries which gave employmrnf to 250 000 peo- ple befor" protection came into force, a hi^h tn'-ff m"''ns the loss of th" mar- ke* of th" v.'oid. x\nd in exchange prr>- tectlon ha':; giv"n th'm only a re;trirted dnmesll" market, ruined by over-taxa- tim and over-trading. THE STORY OF COMBINER. How Is It with the combines ? The la-gesi and mo-t pro-pt rous of thrm, the cotton industry, '-hould be a fair ex- ample. How much has protection ad- 25 rrho : ni, rx- ad- vanced the Interests of that industry ? When the census of 1871 was taken the Industry had just been introduced in Canada. At that time it employed 745 hands and the capital invested am- ounted to J632,000. That was not much, but it proved that business men at that time were satisfied with the pos- sibility of Hialcing the cotton industry prosper under a low tarii'f. Events proved that they were not mistaken. The progress of the industry is proved by the increased importation of raw cot- ton, which continued steadily through the disastrous years 1877, 1878, 1879. The Imports of raw cotton increased from 19,526 cwts. in 1S72 to 97,207 cwts. in 1879, which is an increase of not less than five hundred per cent, in seven year^. In 1880 the number of hands em- ployed in the cotton industry was not less than 3,537. an increase of 374 per cent, in ten years, and the value of ine output reached 13,759,412, an increase ol 881 per cent. The home production was Thus steadily increased in the face of universal depression and a decreasing demand, which is s^own by the fact that imports of manufactured cotton in Can- ada gradually fell from $11,301,000 in 1871 to J6,638,583 in 1879. In 1879 the Canadian cotton manufac- turers saw an opix>rtunity of making ex- tra6rdinary profit by the operation of the tariff which the Conservative party offered to them, and they grasped it. But at the same time capital which had previously found fair investment in other enterprises turned from the old channels to partake of the in'ardinate profits which protection held forth to cotton manufacturers. There was a boom for four years and then failures resulting from over-prr^luction and over competition. The importation of raw colton, which had contincu-^ly 'n. . -as- ed since 1872, decreased for the fir«t time in 1884, and by not less than 30 per cent. Then the combine was fornved, pr*-*- duction was restricted, some of the mills were closed, and prices were put up so that (h? consumer might b'» made to fur- nish dividends on a large amount of capital which was lying practically idle. According to the census the capital in- vested In tih? cotton indu.strv during ihe last decade increased by 279 per cent., while the value of the product incrca-ed only by 124 per cent., compared with an Increase of 381 per cent, during the previous decade. It Is to pay the interest on this un- called for Increase of capital that Cana- dian consumers pay annually four and a half millions of dollars, under the form of Incr^a^ed prices for cotton goods. As even with this enormous sacrifice on their p&ri the number of people .iri- ployed in the cotto(n industry has not Increa.sea as fast as might have been expected if the low taritf had remained in force. For the last six years the cotton in- dustry has been at a stand still. The manufacturers can not increa.se their output without exporting, and as protec- tion increa:;es the cost of production even to them, they are not in la favcw-a - bi9 position to export. MOVING BACKWARD. All the textile Industrie-^ are moving backward, as i^hown by the Importation of raw material. In order to strike a fair average of the import.'* of raw wool, it is necessary to takt two years to- gether; and this i>^ what official statis- tics show : Cwt3. 1881-82 176,870 188u-84 159 858 .l8?5-83 197.183 1887-88 204,376 1889-90 195,695 1891-92 180,727 1893-94 176,696 So that for eight years past the quan- tity of raw material used by the woollen factories has been decreasing steadily, and we have got back to where we were twelve years ago, the production of wool in Canada having also decreased. The imports of raw cotton fell off from 463,225 cwts. in 1892 to 361,700 cwts. in 1894, and have now reached the lowest figure since 1888. The imports of un- dres-ed hemp have fallen to 102,247 cwts.. which is just over- 25 p-^r cent, loss rhan the average during the last eight years. The Impo-ts of crude India rubber and gutta pe-cha have fa'k'n from 21 000 cwts. to 5,188 cvi-ts., which is the lowest fig- ure since 1880— fourteen years ago. The impo'-tation of rags of all kinds for the textile indu'=itries al'-o shows a steady decrease, and is ju'^t one-tenth of what it was in 1888. It is not a m-atte- for surorise. This result o^ flft.'^en year= of production siin- ply proves the old rule. "HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY." The short sighted and over-ambitious manufacturers have madf' money during a few years by plundering the nia«seg,- But a part of the people got tired of being robbed and sought refuge in emi- P'-atlon. Som"^ day it will be found that those who remain b'^hi .d have al- ready been ro much r.Muced by th" exac- tions o" monoply that they hav^ nothing left which can be stolen from them. WEALTH AND WAGES. Protection reduces the earning power of Capital and Labor. Then it takes part of the wages of labor to enrich favorites. After what preceeds as to the pro- gress of manulactures in this country under protection, it is hardly necessary to refer to the question of wage -I. The protectionist's theory on thi^^ point is that protection by increasing the pro- lit:s of the manufacturer enatile; him to pay higher wages to liis employes. But this theory, were it not contradicted by common sense, could be refuted by the very statistics which th° Government has compiled to show the progress of manufactures. APPLICATION OF THE PROTECTION THEORY. As we have shown, the profits of the manufacturer are lesis to-day than they were twenty-five years ago, as the re- sult of the expt.rir..i.nts into which in- dustry has been forced by the restric- tions put upon exchange. A moments thought will also suffice to show that the th'^ory that a manu- facturer will pay higher wages because he is making greater profit i3 abso- lutely contrary to common sense. No man would pay high wages just be- cause he is able to do it. As Hon. Mr. Mills said in the i^merican Congress, "Mr. Gould, with his immense income, Is able to pay his bootblack 5500 a day, but does he do it ? Oh. no; he pays the market pric" of the street. He gets his boot^ blacked and pays his nickel like a Utile man. Mr. Vanderhilt, from the income arising from the interest on the Immense amount of bonds of the Federal Government he has got, can afford to pay his hostler JIO 000 a year. He Is able to do it; his bonds enable him to do it, hut does he do it ? Oh, no; he goes out into the market and employs "his labor at the market value, and pays the same p;i 'e iluit the humblest clti- :zen in New York do"s." If protection in itself was sufftclrnt to regulate the rate of wLges, then the •wages In a certain trade ."-hould be the -same throughout the country. Every working man knows that wages are higher in some localities than in others at times, although the tariff is the same from one end of the country to thq other. If it is protection that makes wages inf'rease, then the increase should have been greatest in those industries which '.vere supposed to enjoy the highest pro- tection. Has it been so? PROTECTED AND NON-PROTECTED INDUSTRIES. In the eight protected industries to which refer>'nce was made in the pre- ceding chapter the aggregate wages paid increased from $16,926,275 to $22,565,883; that Is an Increase of about 35 per cent.; in the group of eight non-protected in- dustries which were selected for com- parison the amount of wages paid in- creased from $6 356,773 to $13,761,198, an increase of 116 per cent., or three times greater than that in the protected in- duct rleR. In the highly protected manufactured of sewing machines the wages paid to each fell from $391 in 1881 to $329 In 1S91, a decrease of 16 per cent. On-'the other hand In the photographic galler- ies, which derive no benefit from the tariff, not only did the number of hands i(^mployed increase, but the wages of each Increased froui $339 in 1881 to $407 in 1891, an increase o*" 20 per cent. Taking It on the whole wages appear to have Increased by 60 per cent, fast- er In thf^ unprotected Industries than In those \/hlch wee to get the direct benefit of p-otectlon. Hapnlly the Conservative Government Itself has furnished us with data which enable us to safely measure the influ- ence of p»-otectIon on "w-ages. In 1884 Sir Leonard Tllley. then Minister of Finance, wishing to lmpre"'s upon the country the extraordinary bene''lts of the nation- al policy, entni.sted Mr. A. H. Blacke- by and Hon. Edward Willis, two enthus- iastic partisans of nrotectlon, with the task of going around the country to get frum the protected mamilfacturers a statement of their operations In 1878 and 27 in 1884. The item o! wages was natur- ally included in this enquiry. Had it been proved that there h«d been during that period oJ .six years a fair Increase in wages, it would not have been a matter for wonder. The year 1878 was one of exceptional dep-e-.sion, due to commercial conditions In lorrign countries, while the year lSis4 saw the culminating point o' the little boom caused by the Introduction of th;- i.a- tlon.il poilcy, assisted by a nai.ural re- action. In view of the facts, it is simply a.s- tounding thit Instead o" showing a great and general In-rease this inve-tigation only showed sm^U and pa'-tial in'-rea^es of wage? mo e than counterbalanced by great p.nd general decrease -s. In the cotton indust-y we see from the statement o'' M". Blackeby that the ^vages of ope'-ativos in cotton mills, which ave-ag.-d ?!?0'' ::i in 187S, d'd not exceed J210.28 in 1884, a paltry increase of 14 cents a week fo- the emp'.oye^. In the manufactu-e of n'orhing, wfig^-s increased from J226 in 1878 to .<227 'n 1884, .iust 2 cents a week. In the shoe m^nufactu-es, the increase of wages amounted to ?0 cents a week. In the woo'len ♦'acto-ns. the increase in wage= amounted to ^4 32 a year, or 8 cents a week. In th" ag-icultural implement factn"les, the increase amounted to a fraction over 10 epn^s a week. Tho-e ■wf^vp the favored indu'^trie^ in the mo^t prosperou'= sections of the country. In the Ma'-itime Provinces, where Mr. Willis appja'-s to have made a mo-t thorough investigation, there was a general d*"^' ea.se in wages. Taking the grand result of the en- quiry in over two thousand e~tablish- ments, hy the two commissionc-s. it was foun 1 that th*^ average rate of wage'^ In 1878 was S.'?2.'^ and in 1884 only $815 per year, a decrease o*" '8.00. We reo'^at that this was an astounding finding, but it \<= based on fact';! as roMccfed bv I he employes of ment. a p-otectionist govern- Now, if we consld'^r that th^ average rate of wages In all I'^d'istrie-^. accord- ing to the f^ensu^ of 1891. is only *271 per year, the price o^ Canadian labor does not ''^^^m to hive im.p-oved since 1884. In 1884 Mr. Blackebv put the averag" rat" of wages of the employes of agfieultnral Implement factor'f^-' at V%. and the cer«u« of 1891 at mi: in clothing manufactu»-i s the wag"^^ in 1884 a-e given nt J227 and in 1891 at only $?0"' ir fu-niture mak'ng. the wqe-> s were K% In 1S84 a^d on'v «.388 in ISHI- in boot qnd .sho" mak'ng. J27'^ in 1884 find only $2()2 in 1891; all according to the same authorities. WAGES RISI.NG THF: WORLD OVEH. But it is not our purpa-e to contend that there hi.- not bten an increa-f of wage.H In many trades. Wages have a tendency to increase the world over. They have increased in free trade Eng- land as they have increa-ed elsewhere in Europe. Gladsto;u has declared in !he British i'arliamv'nt that th.^ wages of the Engli-h ag.-icultural laborer in- ereased 15 per cent, during the last twenty years. Mulhall. Tcoke and New- ar^.k show that wagCr; have notably in- creased while the price of commodities was falling. The average wage-; of ar- ti-an labor in EIngland are troni 48 to 70 pence sterling a day, and in protec- ted France, where arlicles of food and clothing are dearer, the wages do not ex^'Cfd 8'^ to 38 pence '^te-ling. Comparing 1850 with 1884, Mulhall, in hi'; "Hi-to-y of Prices" shows that Ihc-^ has been i ri-e of artisans' wages in Eu-ope of 40 to 50 p:'r cent., while the p-i-^e of fo-od (except meats, butter, ''nd wine) has fallen in th" inte-val. During the s^me period he shows there has be«n a rise of 44 per cent, in simi- lar wages in America, accompanied by a Mke de^l'n'- in p-ices o' produv'ts. Th" tariff has no benrficial influen-i-e on wages because, whatever may be their fiscal oolicy, ail guvernments main- tain AB.SOLUTE FREE TRADE I\ LABOii. The price of labor, like that of every other commodity, is regulated by sup- ply and demand. Every working man knows that if there are nine .lobs and ten men looking for work the price of down, bi-cau-e the one without work will cut that one wage= will come m-'ti that is left prices. The me"e fact scarce and «ells at a high cauf^e the price of another rice. I^'or example, if the toes has failed and the demand exceeds the supply, the pri'e of potatoes will ga un: but at the sam" tim'\ if the crop of wh'^at has been exceedingly large, the p-ice of wheat The pri'^p of every lated by the comn^ti lar line. Protection the p'i'^es of certain p-eventlng th" importation of tho^e ar- ti'^les, q.nd diminishing eompetition, hut there Is no duty on labor, and 'lie (""an'Tdian workman mu'^t .'^•ell hK' labor at free trade Drives. If for a single year wa^-^-s rr.^s'^ so hirrh in Cinada as to make th^ impor^'ation of English labor- e»'s P'-ofitable, thf mnnufacttu-er would immedlntelv resort to that means of get- Mner '■'mT>'io^v"K and th'^ rate of wages would again come down In Canada to commodlry is price will not commodity to eroD of potn- will go down, co.mmodity is regu- lion in that particu- oD'^rates to make commoditle-j rise by 28 the level of English wage;^. all olher conditions being (X)n--idtr(ii. The very lad that European immigra- tion to this country has not locen large, despite the efi'orts of an army of Immi- gration agents, Is projf that waged are so low in Canada that it DOES NOT PAY TO IMPORT FuR- 5IGN LABOR. And so long as there is free trade in labor wages cannot rise in Canada any faster than they rije abroad. Of course if wiigos vvcn- so low as to be regula'.ed by the amount which it will talcc to keep a man from abso- lute starvation, then protection would have some influence on the rate of wagesw If It takes 75 cents a day to keep a man from starving in a free trade country, it will take a dollar in a protected ccvuntry. But in the one case or in the other th- lot of the working- man would not be envied, and pro'.ee- tionistt; are not ready to admit that the starving point is the regulator of wage'^^ In thi.s country. If worklng:-nen believe in protection, let them ask for a duty on labor. They Avill rapidly find out what inonopolists think of that kind of protection. iPROTECTIOX MAY LOWER WAGES. But if protection cannot cause wages to rise, b-ecause it do?s not even attempt to restrict the importation of foreign lafco]', it can have a very disa.«trous in- fluen^'e on wages by fihe restrictions and the burdens which it imiposes ion hon- est industry. The secret of the ri?e in wages the world over lies in the conarrui^t'on n railroads and other means of tran-^por- t at ion, in the opening up of new terri- tory to the activity of tiun, and in the invention of new mai-hinery which have Increased his prrduclng power. A'l these things wnich constitute modern progre=;s have on the one hand opened new fields, given greater opportunities for the emplovinf^nt of labor. Con~P- Quc'n'tly they have had th^ tendency to decrease roir.petltlon in the lahnr mar- ket; and that has been the fir-a cau=^o of th(' increase of wage-^. Has protec- tion oneralc.i in this copntrv to hasten devolooment in thi=5 direction ? In the rural ditriets, by tli^ burden of taxation it nas put upon the people, V 1. ■ rT^d!"- ai?riculiur'^ and all our gr^at ' V' Industrie? lors profilabie; it has 1 the nrople of the count rv ro flock b^ vUins; and 'consequently it h?..s j::!'' 1 he- c.eni' •■icy of increi'Jing the com- pft!'*on 'u fr.'' labor rrnrkel and of pre- venting a .natural increase in thi> rate of waares. On the other hand, mod' rn invention?. contribute to increase wages by in- creasl.ig the producing po^ver oi the peo- ple. That nation wnich produces the greatest value of gooiis per head will be the richest in (he end, and the work- ing people will partake of the general prosperity. The total wealth produced in Canada every year may be roughly estimated at Jti&0,C0u,OOO. That is an average of about $650 per family per year. If the produition could be increased to double rliat amount, the people as a whole would be better olf. What has been the Influence of pi-o- tection in this respect ? Has it directed the efforts of the pt>ople and of capital into the mo-t remunerative channels? No ! We have already shown that It has directed industry into cxpt:nsive and fruit le.=;s experiments or into enterprises where restriction of production is essen- tial to pro.-perity. It has reduced the efficiency of capital to such a point that it takes to-day twice the amount of money it did in IS.^j lo produce the same quantity of wealth and to employ the same number of people. It has set our people to work manufacturing on raw materials which must be imported and for which we mu-^-t pay foreigners, while ihe raw materials contained in our for- est, our mines and our farms receive no attention. PROTECTION REDUCES THE DUCTION OF WEALTH. PRO- Let us make a simple comparisoni. In the cotton industry, which has been a favorite of protectionists, ih<> raw ma- terials ased amoum to M. 200.000 and the t value of the finished product is J8,450,- 000. In that industry there wa« $1.3,- 200,000 of capital invested and S.509 peo- ple employed, and as the result of the combined efforts cf this vast capital and of this largf numbf-r of people there was added o»ily $1,250,000 'to th- wealth of the country, because the raw materia' was iiTipor'! eel and had to b^ paid for. Conse- quently in this protect ed industry it takes three dollar-- of capital to produce on" doUar o*" wealth, and the kibor of one person during one year only yield.9 S500 in net pri>iucts. Tn the chre~e factories, v.'hich sell their products al fre^ trad'' prl'v-; in the mar- kets of the world th" number of hand'3 emp'oved wa« 1 Fiin and the capital In- vent pd n.r.?!^i.5fl9 Th" value of the out- put Avas J9 7S4.2.'=('! nnd that of the raw m.iterlal u'-'ed ?ti 804,011, lepviner a net jnorea«'^ of w.-^alth of $2 979.677. Every doMar o*" capital in thi^^ indudry produced Jl.lii of wealth and every ncf-'on's labor pave a net product o*" ^1 H97, whilf^ every doUa'- o*' the cevrn md' lions of raw ma- terial utilized was produced in the coun- -, •29 sorn. boon ma- the 450,- 513,- ppo- the and the '.vas n.?e- It 'duce • of eld.9 rhelr mar- and'5 in- rmt- raw net very urod abor vpry ma- XI n- i try and represented money paid to our .. farmers. ' The labor and the capital invested in the cheese industry not only produced three times a.s much wealth an that placed In the cotton industry, but Ihey utilized the naiural re&ourceg of the country and gave an immense assistance to agriculture. Such arc the advantage.^ obtainable when capital and labor operate in har- mony with the forces ot nature. Had jiot protection turned the attention of our people from the natural resources of the country to the operation nl' green- house Indu'.tries, every man and woman In Canada could easily have produced FIFTY PER CENT. MORE WEALTH. Capital would have given employment to more people, the prosperity of the country "would have attracted immigra- tion and retained Canadian.^ at home, and national greatness would have been the natural re.siilt of natural prosperity. There is another way through which protection really decrease.^ wage.s. That is 'by affecting- THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH. I If the total production of wealth by the nation during one year would give to each family $700 and no more, it follows that every individual which gets more than his share is taking a part of the Khare of the other Individuals. Protetc- tlon, by enabling the few whom it bene- fits to Ignore competition, which evefy other class has to sustain, gives them the right to take a tenth or a fifth ot the eamlng-s of the masses under tHe form Df increased prices for certain clasi^- es of goodfi. The worklngman may stl'U iget his eight or his ten dollars a week, but he finds that the purchasing power of those dollars has decreased. He loses just by the amount that the favored cap- italists are benefited, he grows poorer as they grow rlcaer. Thus while it has never formed part of the protective policy to put a duty on the importation of foreign labor, so that the Canadian worklngman might he relieved of foreign comptHltion, that policy has re- reduced his onportunities for producing advantageously, and e"en takes from him directly a large part o.' the wraKh which he still produces by hard labor to give ' It to the favored monopolies. THE SAVINGS BANKS DEPOSITS. Protectionists are fond of pointing to the increase of deposits in the banks as the measure of the Increasing wealth of the people. In 1830 less than two millions of this wealth was regls.tered in the banks of the country. In 1868 the am.ount of de- posits had swollen to nearly forty mll- 'lion.si. During the ten years which fol- lowed Confederation the deposits in the •■-•avings banics incrca.'^e.l by ITy per cent.; during the ten years 1883-9o the increase has not exceeded 56 per cent. In the chartered banks, deposits increased by 110 per cent, from 1868 to 187^ ; during the ten years of protection, 1883 to 1»:»3, they have increased by only 62 per cent. If bank deposits arr- a criterion of wealt h FREE TRADERS CAN POINT WITH PRIDE, to the record. They could show not only that the rate of increase was greatest in this country under a revenue tariff, ibut they could make comparsion with free trade coun- tries, which would not be to the advan- tage of Canada. Thus in 1892. in the Australian colonies, the amount of depos- its In the saving's banks was equal to $20.61 per head of the population, while in Canada it was only J8 05. The popu- lation of Ausftralasia is somewhat less than that of Canada, yet the number of depositors was 708,50;). a^ against 165.- 601 in Canada, showing a much more general distribution of wealth. In the United Kingdom the amount on depos- it in the savings banks amounted to J13.92 per head of population, and the number of depositors was not less than 5,800,473. THE DEBTS OF CANADIANS. Now to complete the statistics as to Canavdlan banks it is necessary to say that the discounts, or loans, have in- creased from $102,166,115 in 1880 to $205.- 623,012 in 1893. While the loans of the people to the banks increased by $89 000.- 000, the loans of the banks to the busi- ness community have increased by $103,- 000,000, so (hat there appears to have been a decrease erf money in the coun- try at large rather than an increase under protection. The conditions of the banks them- selves is not an indication of increasing wealth. In 1879 their a'-sets were $173.- 518,490 and their liabilities- •&6,760,113; in 1893 the a.ssets were $;^02. 696.715 and the liabilities $217,195,975. The .ncrease irt liabilities has been 124 pei cent., while the increase In assess has been only 74 per cent. An interesting feature of the census would have been to get a record of the mortgages on real estate. I3ut protec- ; llonist governments here and el'-ewhere ', have never dared to Investlgat? the sub- ject. We have only the reports of the loan and building societies, and these ishow that the total loans made by these societies, nearly a'l secured by mortgages 30 on real e-tate, amounted to y3j,6T5,687 In 187!) and to UM659,640 In ]8)2. an in- crease o.' over two hundred p?r c:nl. In thirteen years. ARE MORTGAGES A PROOP^ OF WEALTH ? Over half of the mcinty loaned by these companies come-? from free trada Eng- land, lo that a sig-n o.' the poverty oi the O.d Country ? Same will yay, "Thess m^rtgagp^ were give.i by worK.ngm?n who wLshed to ac- qule th::l." homi.'-', o:- by farm hand.s wno wi-ihei to buy a farm. But ii is the toattary that is true. Farmers who formerly owned their fa-m* have been di pOv-es.:;ed by the holders oi m?r!,- gages and fcroed to te.-ome tenants. The proof i.s in the census which shows that in 1881 8" oat of every thou^ai'd occu- pier o." land wa.3 the proprieio;, while in 18.ll there were only 8;1 p"oprietors out cf a thou.sand occupiers. The num- ber of tenant.s Increased by 62 p-r cent., while the number o. proprietors Increas- ed only by 31 per cent. Pi'orectLon is concentrating- not only capital, but land also in the hands uf the few, making the p:>or poorer and the ri:h riche.-. AS TO PAUPERISM. Pro;ectionists never c:a.se to repeat that in England one out of every forty i--.- hahilants receives Ftate a'-sistanco, as a p.o>r of the poverty of the people. So far a=; that may be an argument against free trade it is a puffici'-nt ans- we" to ."ay that in prrtective Germany one In every twenty-nine inhabitants is lil rsylum?, hosp> tal:-, penitentiaries and reform '-choois increa'^ed by 27 p?r cent, during the last le aie, whle th^ po' u'at'.oi o' th" coun- try in'rea^'ed by on'y 11 p:?r cent. In th? fi^y cv^ Montreal the St. Vin- cent de Paul Societies: a'on^^ had to as l=t 6,500 r,e:\'.;c-n^ in 189.3 and 8 000 in 1891, cfdt of a Catholic po,;u'at:on o.° less' than two hundred thou^'and. That alone woiM •^■how one pauper out of every twenty-.'^ive persons In the metropolis c'f Canada. A'-e no^ th"? derre"'=e i'l mcra'lty and (his Increase in pauper! -in the natu'-al re-ult f*" pro;ect:on. which drives the people from ih.^ coimtry into the slums o" larg« cities ? Fina'-ly the census grive.g us A SUPREME TEST of thi^ prosperity of the country at la^'ge, whei It gives us the figures of popula- tion. Increasing population In a coun- try pos.se sing the extent a' territory tha; Lanada p:).'^e ses is at once a sigri and a cause ui pr-sperity. Ii l-i a .'•Ign o. prc)sperlty because the mas-e-, wh > ire tne be:)t judg.^s of thel;- londliion, wi.l Hock where they can get the greate-t advanfajes. The people may labor under Illusions for a few- month-, but in the course of years they llnd out whivh is the place which offers to them the greatest inducements. It ' ''anadlan goes to the United States i. does not tind himself bet.^r oft than at nome he will not remain there long-, nor win he invite others to fellow him. If an Englishman comes to Canada and linds po-perlty he v/iil not only remain here hut he will invite others to Join him. So that the growth of population be omes th^ most reliabl:; sign oi' the pro-^perity of a country compared to that of other nations. Ill turn the l.-urease of population be- ccTies a cau.sc of prosperity because It will increa-'e thf value of real estate, give a greater market to industry and a wider field to commerce. Every immi- grant who coimes to the country to re- main in:rea.scs the demand for land, for hoj p^ iu. Clothing and for food, while he will contribute by his labor to de- velop the resources of th? country. On the o'.her hand, every man who leaves the country contributes to decrease the value of p"operty and the volume of trade. The country lo-es a labore.' and a consumer at the sam * time, or it gainjs rne as p:,pu!ation inoreaso"; or decreases. Oar ra'lways which employ 25 000 men, and whi'h could employ twice that num- ber, will nev'cr be in a p'osperous con- ^'ition until the population along the 'Ine-: beccmes den'^e enough to give a large volume of traffl". The industries, whether they are pro;ect?d o- not, can- not grow faster than the population, be- cau-e uon the po.;:uIation they must de- pend fo" hqndis as well as for a market. It is the increase of population which, by enabling th? industries to produce in .'a'-gp quantl'ie=:, will enable thc-m to P"oduce cheaply and advantageously for th"m='lve=( and for the p->ople. What has been the eff:^ct of protr.-* tion, .judge ; by this standard, and what has it do'ie TO INCREASE POPULATION ? During the de:ade from 1871 to 18<1 the population of Canada increa'^ed by 17 p«?r cent., during tho decad' o' 1881-91 it In- creased les, than 10 per c=nt. { Now th-1-' de rr-a-e might b^ du > in part to ?ome exlenal cau-^e It mljht b-* that European countries we"e so pro^p;rcus that they did not send immigrants to Canada. But an enquiry intr> th'^ facts p-ove^ the 'ontrary. Acco'-ding to the offi ial .'^tatiti-.-? rf the tawa Govern- 31 meat iicxL loss than HuO.OjO Immigrants arriveJ in ( anacla with the inttiuion of eetiiing hvw during th: ten years fr-cm' 1881 to 1'59 , while during the previous decade the immigration did no:, roach .'•50- 000. The population con- the a ies, :an- bc- de- ■kot. ich, in ta for tf ,-« .'hat the p«?r In- ( )art hat :;us to ictg the rn- SHOULD HAVE INTREASED FASTER. TWi: during the las ten years than during the ae.au' o. low tarjf, ow.ng to this Immigration. Buc yio ejtl:>n had Imposed such a bur^ den Oil the farmer mat these imm.- gjants. after reaching Canada, could noi tee their way clear to tak? land here, and they only passed through the coun- try. More than that. Thousands of native Canadians fcvliowed the path of these Immigrants. The exodu.- oJ •L'anaaian,- Ls no;; a matter of yesterday. It is a regrettanle fact that it has been going on foiT a half century. TH3 E.\:ODUS SHOULD STOP. But there are reasoJis why It should not continue. Th.' Canadian? who lefl the country twenty years ago were at- tracted to the States by the <-;xceedingly high wages, by the extraordinary de-f mand for labor which exi^sted after the war. O-hers left to take up the rich lands of Illinoi's and Minnesota. To-day conditions have changed. The Unlied Stales no longer olfer ths same Inducements, and here in Canada we have built colonization roads and trans- continental railways, so that any man who wants land may reach it easily. These are causes which have operate:! to deirea^e the exodus. The protection- ists themselves did not think it v.-ou.d be Impossible to stop It aUoge'h'-r. They promised to stop it. "Canada for the Canadians" was the battle cry. Have they kepi their pledge ? Never before had the emigration of Canadian--^ been so great a- during the past de:a-;e. Their po'.icy, far from as- .'•Istirig the natural forces which were opera; Ing to decrease the exodus, has rendered their effect null. EMIGRATION' FROM CANADA. Wc have a ve-y s-f ' &ni ro lible '.\av of figuring the numbers of Canadians who leave Canada every year for the United States in exces:^ of those who return to Canada. In 1870 the number of native Canadians 'n the United States was 494,000, in 18.90 it was 717 000, and in 1893. 981,000 The apparent increase was 2:.3 03') du'-lng the Irgt ce ade, and 26 ,0 d .rl ig the las: derade. This alc'ne wouid show that cmigraticn from Cana:ia wa^ grtutcT unce.- prjtejilm than befo-e. But to havir a p cjise ll.'a o' th-? in- crea.-e of 1' ave th" country every year is one of m" m.nst seriou.s charH'rs which c^n be Uiid against the rrg'm^' of protectio-i. It is a lo-s which i.s U'lexampled In the hl-tory of any count -y as well a.s in th" ann'^.ls n^ Canada. The "migra- tion o'' nai-ivps from lOnpland and Wale^ in ]8y! was onlv l.M .■i02. The annual eT'dgrition from C'nnada represent ~ about rno HT cent, of the poru'.atien. in I'^ng- !and it represents only one h-Uf of one P"r crni:. Sweden has been known for some year- as one of the countries whirh ar" .^•j-f-.rlng 'h" greite-t loses through 'migration. li has to suopnrt a popu- lation e-^uil to that of Canada on one twentieth o*" th" territory yet the num- ber o*" Swede emigrants does "ot aver- age .?5,0t»0 a veer again-^t 47.000 for C'irida. Whi'" th'' number of C^ina- di^n: in the United St^te-.j incr'''i«ed bv ''6'?.781. th" number o' native Iri'-hmen infreised only bv 17 O'^O. the number of Austrian^ bv onlv 84 000. that o*" Dan'"'?? bv onlv P8 000. that o'' Italians by 1:^8.- 000 and that of Russians, including the Jew^= whieh were expelled by force, did p-f iirj-mco j^v over 14*5 000. Th" '^ri itio'i fn wh'ch Canadn ha-^ fp.ll- , „ ,,-ri .J. protection, wc repeat, is al- together ■«# sa UNPRECEDENTED IN THE HISTORY oX the country. Since the beginning of thU century the development oi Canada had always been mure rapid than that of the neighboring iSlates. Dr. Fergason, M.P., in 1888 nmdo a speech In favor of protection in which he pointed with pride to the Huperijof Increase in the population of Canada. He said : Notwlihrilanding the cries about the exodus, the population of Prince Edward IsLa.nd increased 15 .'i-4 per cent, between liiTl and liSi. During the .same period Nova Hf'Otia increastd 13 per cent., New Brunswick 12 per cent., while the xManllmo Provinces, a.s a whole, increased 15 1-4 per cent. The Slate of Maine, from 1870 to 1880. in- creased In population only 3 per cent. The New England States, as a whole, lncrea.sed 14 1-2 per cent., compare*! with the Increase in the Maritime Pro< vlnces of 151-4 per cent. The State of New York, from 1870 to 188U, incn:\a,s«i 15 per cent., while the Province of On- tario, from 1871 to IW, had increa.siedi 18 3-4 per cent. Manitoba, from 1871 to 1881, increa-^ed in population 247 percent., while Minnesota, lying south, from 1870 to 1880 had only Increased 77 1-2 per cent. Dr. Ferpuson, protectionist though he may be, could no longer draw thi ?« hopeful comparisons since the last cen- 8\i« has demonstrated the result of pro- tection. In thi? New England States the rato of Increase during the decade 1880-90 has gone up from 14 to 17 per cent.; Ibut In the Maritime Provinces, under the influence of protection, the rate of in- crease has fallen from Ifi to a hare one per cent. The rate of increase ^n the State of New York has gone up from 15 to IS i>rr cent.; but in the Province •of Ontario it has fallen from IS to 10 per cent. Minnesota his continued to in- creas.e at the rate of 60 per cent., which m^-ans a gain of 521,000 Inhabitams, while the rate of Inrreaso in Manitoba ha-s fallen from 247 to 116 per Cv-^nt., the numerical gain being only 86,000 in- habilants. In North Dakota the rate of increase was 395 per cent., ana the numerical gain not lesgs than 145,000. THESE COMPARISONS LADDER ARE MADE when wo remember that Ihese States have grown largely through ihe access of I'anadlanB. In 1892 and in 1893 over two millions of dollars of household goods, the property ol Canadian emi- grants, have lett the country. The emi- grants prcl'crred to pay the freight and take the goods with them, because among these they left behind them they found no one able tj buy. It U the youth, the hope of the coun- try, which protection has driven to work for a foreign nation. When we look at the ages of the peo- ple, recorded in the cen.sus. we find that the Increase of population has been only 10 per cent, among (hose less than 25 years of age, again«t an increase of 15 per cent, among those over that age. There has been an actual decrease in the number of children under one year of age during th€ last ten years. The birth rate has largely decreased in every province. The greatest increase has been among people over fifty years of age. In 1881 the people over 45 years of age formed only 7.89 per cent, of the popu- lation: in 1891 ihey formed 8.36 per cent. The country Is becoming a COMMUNITY OF THE OLD AND IN- FIRM who have no hope for the future, who bring up no more children, and who ask nothing but to die \n peace. Is that the effect of prosperity, or Is it a hopeful sign In a young country ? It is not belittling Canada to say that such an unnatural state of affairs can only be explained by the fact that Canada Is governed by little men with little minds, whose idea of a national policy is to eiu-lch a handiul of their friends. I For the readers Avho have weighed carefully the facts reported in the pre- ceedlng pages, It is not necessary to In- .si«t on the conclusions. They are self- -evldent. There is not one single branch of Indastry or commerce which has grown with greater speed under protec- tion than during the years of low tariff and of reciprocity, while a great number of Industries have been positively des- troyed. The unusual efforts made to oT)en up new fields, to attract Immigra- tion, to keep Canadians at home, to give new markets to the farmer, by meansi of subsidies and bonuses, have been render- ed completely fruitless by a policy ofi ex- action and of taxation wh'ch has discour- aged the most manly elements of our K.»fJ ^' ' 7 33 Is es- to ra- Ive =iof ier- ex- )ur- our population. To-day we are left with an enormoas debt, with large interests to pay, and with nothing to reward us for our sacriflcea. A change is absolutely nacessary. There can be no mistake about that point. Everybody feels the necessity of relief fronx the burdens of taxation. Tho demand is universal; it Is heard In every public gathering, whether for munici- pal, provincial or federal affairs. The party now In power has ItseUP been compelled to recognize the popu- lar clamor for a reduction of taxes. But the efforts of Conservative statesmen to meet this demand have shown that the issue now involved in the tariff is more than a mere question of dollars and cents; their failure to accomplish anything has proven that the people of Canada have really lost the power to tax themselves so long as the present combination remains in power. AXtfl(r sixteen years of protection private in- terests are so strongly Intrenched In the tariff, and have so overgrown national conslderatioas, that they regard it aa their exclusive domain and resent the Intrusion of the people as that of tres- passers When the Hon. Mr. Foster had to do something In the way of revising the tariff to satisfy public opinion, he came first before Parllam^'nt not with a bill to reduce the people's taxes, but with a set argument that he, the people's re- presentative, was unable to frame such a bin until he had gone all around the country to consult the protected momopolles. He did as he had sa^d. Every change in the tariff which did not suit these monopolies was with- drawn, even after they had been sub- mitted to the House, and the country was left in a worse position than be- fore. The (Conservative revision of the tar- iff --vas the embodiment of the princi- ple of protection, which Is that cus- toms duties are not levied for the bene- fit of the Government, but for that of the protected Industries. There is noth- ing In the WM-ld that so vexes the soul of a genuine protectionist as a taX' that goes into the public treasury. If he cannot devise a law by which to trans- fer a large part of It fram( the pockets ot the man who earned It to the poc- ket of somebody who did not earn It, he never rests satisfied until he has wiped' It from the statute book. That Is not a misrepresentfttlon. Hon. Mr. Pos- ter himself In his budget speech de- clared* ; "The difference between a re- venue tariff and a protective tariff Is not that there may not be in both an incidental protection, but that in a pure- ly revenue tariff that protection is .sim- ply incidental and not deslgnt-d; whilst in a protective tariff It Is designed to be a protection, and is put upon the statue book for that purpost." With such views in mind the Conser- vative party so manipulated the tariff that the rate of protection to ih-^lr friends, the monopolies and combines, were not reduced one per cent., while the revenues of the Government were re- duced by Hoveral millions of dollars. At the; a&rrni time srhe.me.=i ot cvcryi des- cription for extravagant and useless ex- penditure of public monpy have been brought forward to empty the public chest as fast as the unnecessary taxa- tion could fill it. in order that the elec- torate might be bribed and the taxes fastened on the people. That has been and that only can be the policy of the Conservative party. Privilege fattens with what has raised it, and it is ever assuming a higher tone. The kings of old were unable to protect the people against the cruelty of the barons whom thoy had made pow- erful. The Conservative party cannot be expected to give relief from the exac- tions of the industrial barons whom their policy has raised and from whom they have received subscriptions for their eler-tlon funds. The two are accomplices and show it by their attitude. The time was when the test of loyal- ty to the country was devotion to Its public Institutions and to the freedom of the people. To-day the Conservative lead- ers and the organs of the combines have set up another t^st. Men who could stand up before the world as the fore- most representatives of Canadian intel- ligence and of Integrity in public life are denounced as traitors because they have refused to bow down before the fetish of protection. The powers of wealth and combinatton, of monopoly in pU Its odious and defiant forms, have formed in lynx phalanx around the sys- tem which enables to rule and to ruin. The Liberal party has gone Into the fight knowing well the conditions. The peop'e must realize the greatness of the stake. All that we can hone for tho fu- ture greq.tne9s of Canada hangs upon the Issue. The choice lies between thp men who are bound by their past record to protect all existing abuses and the men who under the le^idershlp of Laur- ler h<»ve declared that the law of the land should guarantee equal rights to all, pri- vileges for none. Electors, read and think I