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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiim^s d des taux de reduction d:ff6rents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est film^ d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent ia mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Harnessing of Niagara THH CASSIHR MAC.AZINH CO. New York anij London Copyrighted, 1S95, BV THK CASSIKR MAGAZINH CO. All Rights Reserved. i I V ,i i PREFACE. RECOGNIZING llic great interest wliicli tlie world is showing in the work at Niagara Kails, hj' whieh it is proposed eventually to obtain the enormous quantity of 45(j,oo() horse-pcnver, to be distributed elee- trically hundreds of miles away, the publishers of Ca.ssikr's Maoazixic arranged with the eminent engineers and electricians in charge of the work, to supply them with the first complete and authentic account of this, the greatest engineering feat of the century, from its inception to the application of the current for commercial purposes. The result was a magazine of unusr-il size and without doubt the most important engineer- ing pii!>lication ever issued, clearly destined to be an enduring work of reference on the subject. A more substantial binding than the conventional paper cover therefore suggested itself for the number, for library use, and led to the issuing of the magazine in the present shape, in which it will connneud itself, even more than before, to every one interested in the reniarkable enterprise at Niagara Falls. TiiK Cassii'R Maca/.ink Co. Ni;w York and London. / CONTENTS, Portraits of Officers and Directors of the Cataract Construction Co . . . 162-172 The Use of the Xiaj^ara Water Power. Francis Lynde Stetson 173 Mechanical Ivnergy anci Industrial Progress. Prof. W. Cawthorne Unwin, P. R. vS '95 Some Details of the Niagara Tunuei. Albert H. Porter 203 The Construction of the Niagara Tunnel, Wheel-Pit and Canal, (ieorge P. Burbank 213 Niagara Mill .Sites. Water Connections and Turbines. Clemens Herschel. 2.-;7 Electric Power Generation at Niagara. Lewis Puckley Stillwell 253 The Industrial Village of iCchota at Niagara. John Bogart 3"7 Notable European Water Power Installations. Col. Th. Turrettini 322 Distribution of the IClectric ICnergy from Niagara Falls. S. Dana Greene. 333 The Niagara Region in History. Peter A. Porter 3^5 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTHAIIS- PAOR Hilwiiril l>. Adiiiiis i6a Cliiis. I' Clark ,(i, Jolm Jiic()l> Astiir ,f,. CicorKC S. Iliiwiloin ij, Clinii. I.aiiier I^A ("S. I.nrocqiic l6y I>.<> Mills ,fg Will M. Kniikine ,gq K W Wliilrileiiiaii Sellers I)f Couicy May Jolm IloKnrt ^„g Thco. Turnttiiii S. Dana (irecne IVter A. I'orfcr "71 17a «>4 til 30' lat .Via 3^4 I"atlier Hciiiiepiii g_ Rene Robert Cavelier Sieiir De I,n Snile Tlie Horseshoe Falls The Falls from rrospcct I'oiiit A View of the Old Milling District From Coat Island, I.ookiiiK Towards I nna Island Peter I';iiislie's Map, Showing the Karly Canal and Reservoir Proposed in 1S46. The Ninxara I-"alls Railway Snspension llriil^e Depths and Levels of the f.ieat Lakes . <68 '73 >74 '75 "76 '77 irs '79 Near Prospect Point at Night ,^, The Whirlpool Rapids llelow the Falls Map of Niagara Falls and Vicinity, Showing the location of the Oreat Tnnnel Huiraloand the Territory Which P.iys Iler Trilaite Niagara Falls in Winter.. Ice Uridgc under the Falls The Horseshoe Falls from Coat Island Another View Near Prospect Point The Horseshoe I"alls at Niagara The Falls Near Prospect Point neginning the Power Canal at Niagara Ill the Niagara Wheel-Pit During Construction 1S2 i8i 186 187 184 Iqo igl 197 n)8 '99 ' /A'/)/-:.\' or ILI.rSTRATlOXS. opciiiiiK CiTcniotili-M :it the Ik'KiiiniiiK i>f the I'lrst Sliiin for tlie NliiKiirn 'riiiinrl l.iiwiTiiiK n (•inter into tlic Wlit-el-l'it CriHH Scctiiiti of Tiiiiiit'l, Slii>»iii){ I'osilioii (if Drill Holts CrosH Stctioii of TiiniR-l, Showing MttlnHt of I.iiiiiiK Map ami I'rofilc, SluiwiiiK Method of ■{'itiililishiiiK Centre I.iiie ntiil Orndc of Tiiiiiiel I.oiiKitiKliiiiil Set'tiiiii ShowiiiK MetluKl ICiiiployeil hi SiiikiiiK Shaft, and TimherliiK. Ilrick-MiiiiiK, niid Driving the Main Tunnel HvcKoii of I'ower Hoiihc, Wheel-Pit niid Tunnel, HhowlnK "ne of the Tnrljitiis and (lenerntors in I'lacr . Plan Showing ArniiiKeinint ofTronKh nnil Canvni Plan Ailopteil for llandlint; WaUr at Shaft No » . The Niagara I'alls Power Company 'H Station The Tunnel DnrhiK C(nistruction One of the Canal InlelH at an luirly Statte Lowering a I'enstock into flu- Wheel-Pit The Mouth of the Tunnel DnriUK Construction A PrognsH View of I lie Canal Another luirly View of Tunnel's Month A View of the Wheel-Pit DnriiiK Construction A TiMinel View Showing the MethiKl of Lining With Brick CettinK Kiady for the Turliiiies A I.ateril Tunnel Junction A nird's-Sye View and Secliou of the Niagara Installation Section KU-vation of the Power Mouse and Wheel-Pit of the Niagara ImiIIs Power Company, to Contain Ten s'loo Horse-Power Ulectric <'.enerators, and Ten ,si««i Horse-Power Turliines . In the Main Tunnel . . The fieneral Power Plan , ■|"lie Main Power Station and the Transformer House, with Connecting llrldgc .. .. . .. . Section of Wheel and (lovernor Designed by Hscher, Wyss .V Co Section and Plan of Kscher, Wyss St Co, 's Wheel Section of C.overniir Designt.l liy Hscher, Wyss ,V Co Another I'hin of Wheel ilesigneit liy ICschcr, Wyss A' Co Half Sectional Plan of Wheel Designed by I'aescli Jt Piccard ('•eneral Ivlevation of Haesch >S: Piccard Design Riveting up the Peustoek of the Niagara Palls Paper Coni])any's Plant A View of the Wheel- Pit Dnriin an Karly Stage of Conslrnctiou The Moutli of the Tunnel One of the Niagara Power Company's sooo Horse-Power Turbines Designed by l''aesch & Piccard, Geneva, Swit/erland. Iluilt by the 1. P. Morris Co., Philadelphia, I 'a Section of the Turbine Vertical Section Through I.ower Wheel One of the Sliafl Hearings One of the Turbine Castings C.eueral Ulevation. Paescli A- Piccard Design .. Section of Governour. Haesch >Si Piccard Design Sectional View . I Governour. I''aesch Penstock Coiiiiection with Turbine The I'ae-sch Sc Piccard Governour in Place The Interior of the Power-House, Showing One Generator Completed Diagram ofa Multi-Phase System of Klectrical Transmission and Distribution One of the 5000 Horse- Power Armatures A Kield Ring Ready to be Lowered on a Generator Shafl , The Hirst Generator in Pcsition in the Power House at Niagara Side Ulevation of One of the Generators A Top View Hrout Elevation and Section Through Pouudation AliK •'•1 304 205 tat an; 3119 aoq »'3 314 JI5 al< »i7 fiS 910 »o 931 tit »J1 •'.^" •i.T tn »35 »)6 ».!7 a.,S »3<) 1411 241 24- 24 < 244 214 24.'; ..46 247 248 249 250 254 256 257 2.Sc) 260 260 261 /.\7U:\ ( )/•• //. /. / 'S IK A Ik )\S ■ i'M ao4 . 905 . 9ofi aa ■ aai . aaH I ^;,o f1> 23J 2.13 »14 a35 a/, a.t7 2,8 »)*< aji) a^ii 241 24' 241 244 214 24s .•46 247 24S 249 2,SO 254 258 260 260 . 261 VM>V. . Jl J r.irliiil l.oiiKillKliliHl Siiiioii ol llip I'liwcrlli'iisc iiinl Wlu'd I'll Crii-.s Sirliiiii 111 I'ipwcr lloii-tr mill Wlirpt I'll jfi, Vi riiiiil Sicliuii cil One ul tlif S"'" IIdisi rciwiT C.eilcrntorH j<:\ lliiri/oiiliit Scctiiin Ids Till- Ariniiliirt- of the Arrond ('•iMicrator ill rliu'v il<(i Tlie Ariimliirf Siippml .iiiil Ciirr . a' 7 Siili- View 111 iHsliiiK CiiiiyiiiK Spiili-i fur Hi iiiiiii,"< t<'7 IvikI View (it llii' CiiKlinj{-i 267 Dcliiilx or Ariunliiri' llciirjiiKH . .. . 21.8 One ol llif SluTls Miikiiij. up till' \riiiiiltiir I'oir i'^l liiiii'ti'iii III Aiiiniliiir lliirH iitiil t (iiiiivcli>r-< llcrntc SiiMcriiiR 11 ml liiHiiliitliiK .... at s Isliitrii'.illy Suldi linn llif Cmiiu ciii)ii> <>r;iii Al liliiliiK' WiinliiiK jfy riit.-1'.iiuralor Sliafl 270 'rill.' Idivci fill tlif I'iiM kiiin .. . 271 ■ 'rtst I'ieits Iroiii III!' r.iiii i;ii.ii Slialt a7l Nii'ki-I SIrfl I'iflil Kiiif;, Iniiyfcl Wiliicmi a Wild liv llir lldlili liriii Iniil (.'utilpiniy. dl»liu-tft 11 fl. ->/, 111 .^72 Siilid liiKut iill'liiid Ciiiiipri'ssrd ^l(;t'l. I'sed fiii MiikiiiK tliv Imm^iiI I'it'ld Kiii^. I.i'IIkHi. I'(7 i» i I'iu- liU'tiT. 54 in.; WeiH'il. I/".""' I'i'iiiidH 274 Ciimprcssi'd Steel IiikoI with Hole TliriiiiKli Centre, I'repnnitory to FiirRiinj 275 A l''iild I'ole with Wiiidiiiu ill I'lace. Weiglit, jl.oo roiiuilH 271. A I'i'ld Pole 27(1 l''ielil Kiiii; with I'oles and lloliliiiis in I'liice 377 Metlioo uiucii to make the ri'coril of the nineteeiuh century mem )ral)le. is the evolution of yreat industrial establishments eni])luyin,i; thousands of hands, and comhininy the laixir and skill of the employees with the best machinery known to the mechanic arts. Of such establishments one which is, perliaps, amuni; the lar.i^est, one that is certainly amonjj;- the newest, and one which is ot esi)ecial interest to all who inteliij^entlv observe the tendencies of industrial evolution in America, is that recentlv completed bv the We, :''ii;h(nise Klectric ami Manu- ficturuii; Companv at ICast I'ittsbiM-iih, a new station on the main line of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, twelve miles east of the L'nion Station at l'ittsbur_i;h. Many features are perhaps no less interotiu):; to the student of social economy than are others to the i)ractical manuficturer, while all who are interested in recent pro- j^ress in the tlevelo|)ment of the applic.itions of electricity to the li_t;htinn- ot our cities, the propulsion oi' our street cars, and especially to the operation ol machinery in mills ami fictories, can luTe t'md much to study with interest and profit. Hut to the m.muf.icturer anil enu;ineer the feature whicli is most strikini^ and of special inten-st is the use of electricity to drive all shaftini^ and machine tools, iind to perform other work necessary 'n large manufacturing; establishments. This is here accom|)lished upon a scale not previously attempted. A power plant centrally located with reference to the various shojjs, and e(iui])ped with boilers, engines and electric generators aggregating 2500 h. j). is used to supply current to a l.u'ge mnnber of motors throughout the shops, conveniently located with reference to the machinery which they are employed totlrive. It is believed that the eflicieiicy, tlexibility anil economy attained are superit)r to anything previously re.ilised in distributing power in large mills and factories. The motors employed for the purpose are of the latest pattern of what is be\'ond ([uestion the most intJresting and v.dualile t\pe of electric motor known, — the celebraicd Tt'sla alternating current motor, invented by Xikola Tesla, and developed by the able t'.'chnical statf of the Westinghouse Klectric and Mfg. Company. It is the i-s|)ecial object of this article to call the attention of those interested in the jjrogress of the mechanic arts, and especially of those who may have occa- sion to investigate the problem of the distribution of power from central stations, to the method and apparatus here used, in the belief that it is an ol)iect lesson not only of scientific interest but of great jjractical value. A year ago the Westing- house Electric and Mfg. Compan\' (at that time employing about thri'e thousand hands) was operating three tactories, located resi)ectively in Pittsburgh, P.i., .Vllegheny, P.i. . .uid Newark, X J. The business of the companv had outgrown the capacity ol the old shops, which w re, nioreover, somewhat scattered and inconvenient for the most economical manuf.icture of electrical ai)paratus. Rea- lising the advantages of concentration, anil desiring to carry out certain improve- ments in methoils of manutacture, and esi)ecially in shop facilities, the company purchased ;i tract of land located, as has been said, about tweke miles from the centre of Pittsburgh, on the main line of the Pennsylvania R. R., with the inten- tion of there erecting new shops, with especial reference to economy in manu- facturing. It was determined that no expense should be spared in making these shops a model of the best jiractice of the day. The tract of land purchased embraces forty acres, and is in the form of a rectangular block, having a frontage of 2300 ft. along the line of the Pennsylvania, with ani|>le railroad facilities to and ui H'csliHi^/iOKSc l-.h-clric ami Miinii/iuiKiiiii; Couipa II r. I! iv \\ hshi Motors ill a (,ri(it Mtvinj\uti(riii^ Establisluih i;l . I 'A ]l'(sliiii:/ioi(sc Ell, trie ,vid MaiiiiUutiirin;^ Company . 5l 4 % VI fif w i' 1- 7',s/ti Motors in /)t:: /^staNis/iiii, ill. artnients of the conijiany, while the eastern half is devoted to the A Ti;Sl..\ MMIilK l)KI\l\i. MACMIM.UV IN 1111 \\ 1 ;S 1 1 Nc, IlcirSi; Sllnl'S. manufacture ot meters, arc lamps, switchboards and similar ai^par.itus. Beyond the Warehouse, and parallel to it, is the Machine .Sho|), the western end of which is shown in the ])hotoiujraph. This building; is divitletl by the roof lines and the columns supporting them into three aisles of ecjual width. Railway tracks in each aisle extend entirely through the buildiniL;, antl are connected l)y switches outsitle. The main aisle is open from the ground to the root", and two 3(j-ton travelling cranes traverse the aisle from end to end. The side aisles coiUain a second story, anil each is further divided by a row of columns supporting the second floor. These columns also serve to carry the runways tor two lo-ton travelling cranes, a pair ol" cranes in each runway traversing the side aisles from end to end. There is a gallery bridge at each end of the Machine .Shop connecting the side aisles. For communication between the floors there are ten .stairways and ten elevators, each of the latter being driven by belt from a lo h. p motor. The side wails of the Machine Shop, as well as those of the Warehouse, Power House, Blacksmith Shop and Punch Shop are constructed of brick, the brickwork enclosing the steel columns which support the floors and roof. The girders ami roof of the building Vll ]Vcsliin;/ioi(ii/\ VII 1 Jl '/'tlislnihi!t. A 51) II. 1'. TI.SI.A MdTdR 1>K1\1N(, 111; AW MAClllNi:RY IN llli: \V I.S Tl M i 111 MSi; S'lol'S. Nl \Vistim;honsf lilnttii tuiU MtiiiHjaiiniing lo»//>(n/r, is rt'in.iik.iMc, a\u\ dcsi'ivt's \fiy careful cniisidcr.itioii on the part iil'.ill int(ri>t<(! ill inamiraitiirinj; I'hlaMi.slimciits wlicri'a coiisiili raiili'.imoimt ol |i(t\V( r is i(.'(|uir((l. Witlj sliops as larjji- as tliesL- the oKI iiiliIukI orsupplyinjf power to the tools Wy a system of line slialtinjj ami ix'Ils drivi'ii by tiij^iiu's located at a j^iveii jioint would i)e scarcely practicable. It the length, size atul cost ol the line shalts weie not prohibitive the losses involved would certainly reduce the etticiency of tlu' system to a very low ])oint. An alternative method somelinus adopted is to use a niMni)er ol en^ini'S locati'd at dilterent points, and supplieil with steam Irom a boiler plant central with reference to these points. This also means jxior economy and involves niany objectionable features. As compared with the central power i! M A .M()I>1;K.N COMMT lATOK lOR AN ORDINARY KI.IXTKH; MornU. f I 1 1 ■ '' *i hi plant usinji- line shaftinj^ and belts a very material gain is effected by the reduction of the amount of shaftintj, but to offset this the losses due to ratliation from the steam pipint? must be taken into account, and it must also he remembered that the smaller enjjiiies are less economical than the larger ones, which may lie used untler the plan first described. More than this, in its relation to economy the jL,freater amount of fuel required to develop a j^iven amount of power is not usually the largest factor ; every engine must be looked after, and the cost of attendance where engines are located at a number of difterent |)()ints are used is greatly increased. It is difficult to obtain accurate data in regard to the actual cost of power distributed throughout manufacturing establishments by these several plans, but XU 'I't.shi Motors ill ay point either to the rii^ht or to the left, depeiidini,' upon the direction of tlu' current. If a currt-nt were passed throujrh both .sets of coils at the same time, the needle would a.ssume a midway or 45 dejrree position between the poles I-'ii;. 5. We may suj)posc that current is pas.sed throUL^h tiie vertical coils in such a direction that the needle |)oints upward and that this current decrtases in stren_i;th, while another current through the horizontal coils t,MMdually increases its .strenj^th. The needle will be drawn from the vertical ])osition, I'i^'. 3, throui^h the midway position, I'"it;. 5, to tin- horizontal position, Fiy. 4, when the first current lias ceased to tlow. If now the current in the first coils be ])assed in the reversed direction, the needle will be pulled below the horizontal, assuming a inreater and greater detlection until it points downward, when the current in the horizontal coils has ceased to tlow. A continuation of this action will evidently cause the needle to revolve in obedience to the revolvint^ resultant of the two magnetic fiekls. The currents which have been assumed to tlow vary in intensity, increasing to a maximum and then decreasing, reversin,t( in directicju and aj^ain reaching- a maximum, and then decreasinjT to zero, and are alternatinij currents. Moreover the two currents have their maximum values at different times, /. c, they differ in phase, so that the maximum of one ciu'rent occurs at the .same time that the other current is pass'utj throuj^h zero. Tlie resultant action of alternating currents differini; in phase is the production of a maj;netic tield which is constantly shifting its direction, similar to the shifting caused by the rotation of a permanent magnet. .Such a .shifting magnetic field may cause the rotation of a compa.ss needle as illustrated above, or it may be made to act upon an ek'Ctro-magnet, which will in general produce a much stronger action than can be secured by action upon a permanent magnet. If an iron core with copjjcr windings be placetl in the rotating magnetic field, currents will be set up in the coils and these currents will produce magnetic poles in the core. These poles will be drawn by the revolving magnetic field, producing rotation very similar to that produced in the compass needle. A mechanical analogy of the rotary field motor is found in the cranks of an ordinary engine. If a shaft have a single crank the tonpie is not uniform and there are dead points. If, however, a second crank is placed at right angles to the first, this crank will have its maximum effort at the time when the first crank is on its dead point, and the resultant action of the two cranks is to give a uniform torcjue. All of the various polyphase systems — the 2phase, the 3-phase, the so-called monocyclic, etc. — depend upon this beautifiil i)rinci|)le. In all of them we have a magnetic field which is the rt'sultant of two or more alternating currents differ- ing in phase, and which therefore revolves at a speed depending upon the frequency, as it were dragging the armature around with it. VViiSTiNGHousK Elixtkic anmj Ml (;. Co. xvu 1 I ■ I > Leading Real Estate Firms of Buffalo Niagara Falls and Tonawanda. BUFFALO. ALBERT L. WILLIAMS. W. H. JOHNSON, Owner and dealer in Niagara Falls and Niojf- ani I'rontier Realty, solicits corresi)ons. Blue Cloth. Half Morocco, HalfSheep $2.1 ni S2.75 $2.75 2.00 2.75 2.75 2.00 2.75 2.75 2.00 2.78 2.7& 2.00 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.75 3.73 None. 10.00 Very .scarce. None. BACK NUMBERS WANTED. We will pay jPi.oo each for copies of Nov., '91, Dec, '91 and Jan., '92. THE GASSIER MAGAZINE CO,, World Building, N. Y. Alphabetical Index to Advertisers. N. Y. Half Sheep. $2.75 2.76 2.75 2.7j 2.;5 .". 75 Xone. 1 FAGH Ailchison, Kiihert, Perforaled Melal Co 1-1 Alli> Co., 1 1r- ]:. V IM Aliiiv Watpr TjI.c H.ilrr Co I» American Mall No//leCo 41 Americ:an .Steam (iaiiuc Co H'l' A:iuricaii Mininy and .MilliiiK Machine Co IHl .■\tne-. Iron Works -- <'^> A-^h. roft MfL'. Co Ill" Aiiliison Perforated Metal Co 1~4 .Alias Kiii;iiie Worl<.s ~M Aii-i;ii Scpiiralor Co UHl Hall Kn>;ineCo 75 liaihcr A^iphah C HI Hanlttt & Co lli> Haiiio, W. K. & John VM Hass Foil nil ry and .Machine Works t)>t B,.f.s Machine Co Ii» H .ttle C'reek Sleant Pump Co ^'> lUilin Iron liiiduc Co ll» HIiss School of Klectricilv V^'-i Hrivlev, W. li '. xMi Hi own \- Co., C. H '0 P>rown Hoisliin; aiul Conveying Machine Co lOSJ lliowntll, 'I'lic, A' C!o "~ Hiickeyc Kn^ine Co 71 liiilTalo Fori^e Co 18 and back cover liullard Machine Tool Co 127 Mullock Mlj:. Co. 77 Cameron Steam Pump Works HO Cat.ir.act House 1*1) Chapman Valve Co 1118 Chase riirliiiie Mrtiuifactlirin;; Co 'M Clayton Air tluinpre-sor Works 1(11 Cloiibrock Steam Uoiler Works '.14 Coiliurn KIcctric .Manufacturing Co 114 ConnersviUe Blower Co H'J Consolidatctl Rooting Works hack cover I'oiisoliriated Safety Valve Co 1118 Crescent Sleel Co 1.S4 t rookes Hros 13li Hiniels, C. A 1H7 Oaylon (Jas Knt'ine and .Manufacturing Co 7H Hayton Cilobe Iroti Woiks iNI Dean Bros. Steam Pump Works HO D'Kste & Secley Co 110 DeminK Co 13.5 De l.uVerKne Refri>;eraling Machine Co.. Hll Detroit 1 uhricator Co KK) Di.\ )n Crucible Co _ lOti Knterprise Boiler Co 40 Krie Kngine Works !JH I'.iirhanks Co UW Keathcrstone's Sons, John 88 Filer A; Stowell ],S,5 Fisher Guverner Co Kill Fleming, Wilfred H._ 118 I on Wayne Flectric Co !l, 10, 11, l,' Fuel F;conomizer Co 101 Fulton Sicam Boiler WorKS 0(i Carvin .Machine Co 133 (General K.le:tric Co ..facing title page Globe Manulacturing Co 30 Gould Packing Co lU) Greenfield, W. G. & G 70 GrilTin^ Iron Co 100 Han is. Win. A., Steam Kinjine Co.. VU li.inishuri; Foundry and Machine Woiks 73 ll.iiiishurg Pipe Bending Co 88 H.utford Steam Boiler Insp. and Ins. Co back cover Heine Safety Boiler Co 04 Hill- A; Koberison elo i;« Hoppes .Manufacturing Co 07 rlooven, Owens & Kenlschler Co (17 Ide, A. I.. Jt Son fj Inierior Conduit and Insulation Company 138 Jenkins Bros Joa lenney Electric Co 34 Jones i Lanison Machine Co U'8 Jessup's Sleel 131 Jessop, Win. & Sons, Ltd 131 Keasby, Robert A 05 Keasby & Maltison Co inside back cover l.aidlaw-Diinn-GordonCo 38 l.ane & Bodley Co (17 l.-^irmouth. Robert 07 I.etlcl, James, iS Co '.'....'....'. 45 r.vr.R I.ehigh Valley R. K 110 Leslie A: Iriiikle 3li Locke RegulatorCo 100 Lombard Water Wiieel Governor Co.. Oli London, Chatham & Dover R. R 117 Long & Allstatter Co 18(1 Lunkenhciiner Co llW Manning, Maxwell & Moore VM McGowan, J. H. Co W'. Mcintosh, Seymour & Co 74 McN.aull. W. D. &Co 05 Mianiis Elect lie Co 137 Michigan Lubricator Co KX! Michigan Central R. R Hn Morse Twist Drill and Machine Co VH^ Mundy, J. S 183 National Tube Works HXI New Kra lion Works, The 113 New Process Twist Drill Co 128 New York Air Brake Co 84 New York Central R. R IV'l New York and Ohio Co xxiv Nicholson File Co 184 Niles Tool Works VS) North American Metaline Co I(f8 Northern Steamship Co front cover Norwalk IronWorksCo 83 Norton Emery Wheel Co 131 Olin Gas F.ng' Co 28 Payne, B. W. & Sons 68 Penberthy liijeclor Co 113 Phosphor Bion/e Smelting Co KW PhiKnix Iron Works Co 74,03 Pittsburg Crushed Sleel Co back cover Pond Machine Tool Co 120 Pulsometer Steam Pump Co 87 Packard Elec. Co xxiv Q.&C. Company 120 Racine Manufacturing Co 70 R.and Drill Co 32 Reliance tiauge Co 42 Reliance Gauge Co 100 Remington Arms Co back cover Rider Engine Co 77 Rochester Machine Tools Works 78 Rodgers,J. C xx Roots Co.. P. H. & F. M 82 Schaffer* Budenherg 108 Scbiffler Bridge Co 22 Seibert Cylinder Oil Cup Co Ul5 Sharon Boiler Works. 05 Sherwood Manufacturing Company 101 Shultz Belling Co back cover Skinner Chuck Co 11(3 .Solar Carbon Co xxii Southwark I'oundry and Machine Company 7t> Springheld Mfg. Co 12(1 Standard Tool Co 128 Stanley Electric Co xxi Stearns Mfg. Co 7(i Stewart Heater Co 08-00 Sliilwell-Bierce & Smith- Vaile Co 87 Stillwell-Bierce&Smith-Vaile Co 01 Sturtevant, B. F.,Co 80-81 Syracuse I'wist Drill Co 128 Taunton Locomotive Mfg. Co 07 The Electric Storage Battery Co I(i Thompson & Bushnell Co 107 Tonkin Boiler and Kngine Works Co 08 Vacuum iVil Co 1114 V.i.r. \Vie, Irvin 87 Walker Mfg. Co xxii Warren Chemical and Mfg. Co back cover Warren Webster A: to 1.37 Watson & Stillman 1,30 West Shi le R. R 118 Weston FIcclncal Inst. Co xxiii Weston Engine Co |;i"i Wesiinghouse Electric and .Manufacturing Co.. i to xvii Westinghouse Machine Co 72 Wetherill, Robert & Co fill Wheeler Coiuienser Co 102 Wilkin-.,n, Wm. H 108 Wood A: Co., R. D 30 Worcester Polytechnic Institute 133 World Specially Co 113 Wrought Iron Bridge Co, 114 ■1 \- i > Contractor.^ ^^I^^^^a^in^ J. c. i«)i)('.i;us. J. C. RODQERS, CONTRACTOR. MR. ROnCP^RS is the senior iiiemher of llie firin wlio built the Niagara Falls Power Tunnel for the Cataract Construction Company. At present he is engaj^ed in building the Public Driveway between Higii Bridge and Dyl(man Street, in tlie 12th Ward of the City of New Yorl<, better Icnown as "The Speedway." OTHER IMPORTANT WORKS FOR WKlCH MR. RODQERS HAS BEEN THE CONTRACTOR: A part of the New Yorl< and Canada R R. for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co. Sections 9 and 10 of the Lachine Canal for the Dominion of Canada. The Sideling Hill Tunnel on the South Penn. R.R., 6,900 feet long. New Croton Aqueduct, about five miles of the thirty miles built, having received the first final estimate for Section 13, one of the last sections let and first completed. OFFICE: 2512 Amsterdam Avenue, Cor. iSsth street, New York City. XX hGAZINE? Ills Power gh Bridge :er known BEEN i Hudson jceived the 1 I i -4 |g^ ^ Electric al Apparatus ^g The H ighest Grade of Electrical Apparatus for Long: Distance Transmission and Central Station Distribution. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. Stanley Electric Mfg. Co, PITTSFIELD, MASS. WESTERN OFFICE: 307 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO, ILL. XXI f I i • ! I U ' Ia.--'>^'^: K^^ fck^if^ Electrical Apparatus. The Walker Manufacturing Co. GENERAL OFFICE AND WORKS : Cleveland, O. BRANCH OFFICES : iii,t9i.) I'ostal Telfuraph lliiililiiig, Ni:\v York. uj=. Crocker IliiililiiiK. San Francisco. 31 York Street, ToKDNTo. i64.s-i'^'l'^ Moiiiuiiioc IliiildiiiK. CiiiCAC.ii. 510 Security lluiUluifr, St. I.oris. Hrie Canal DIock HiiilcliiiK, llii'FAi.ii. 30.! CiOUld Iliiilclitif;, Atlanta. Ca. 1 1 20 Iletz HuildiiiK. PlIII.ADKI.rlllA. 416 'I'nist liiiildiiig Dallas, Tkxas. Mamifacturtr.s of Incandescent Arc Lighting Apparatus. Large Generators and Street Railway Motors. IIHAVY IvLKCKIC.VL MACIIINERYA SPKCIALTY Insulated Wires and Cables For Aerial, Submarine and Underground Use. Transmission of Power, Wiring Buildings. Telegrapli and Telephone Wires a Specialty. Ask for Samples. Send for Catalogue W. R. BRIXEY, Manufacturer, 203 Broadway, New York City. J. E. HAM, General Agent. SOLAR CARBONS MANUFACTURING GO. ,v\v.(i|||), ».,^ tWiANUFACTURERS OF Carbon Brashes, Battery Carbons. SOLID ELECTRIC LIGHT CARBONS, For any System, of any decree of liardness SOFT CORED CARBONS (NOT HOLLOW), For Arc I,aini)s ou Incandescent and Railway Circuits. SOLAR CARBON AND MANUFACTURING CO., 95 FIFTH AVENUE, PITTSBURG, PA. ■i :1 >1 Circuits. f I f^pij) Electrical Apparatus i^i^^M^^ THe WeslOD Eleclfical iDSlrupl Go. make a specialty of niamifactnriiiji; electrical ineasurinjj: instruinents for use ill Central Stations, Isolated Plants, Laboratories and for the use of electrical en<;ineers. The Weston Ammeters ami Volt-meters are known and used as standards throughout the civilized world. The Ammeters are made in a number of different .styles and various rani^es to niea.sure from i 200,000 of an ampere to 100,000 amperes. The Volt meters are also made in many different .styles, and embrace instruments adapted to measure from 1/100,000 of a volt to 10,000 volts. We also make a large variety of direct reading watt-meters for meas- uring the energy in electrical circuits and determining the efficiency of generators, motors, incandescent lamps and other electrical apparatus. THE WESTON GROUND DETECTOR for use on direct current circuits will be found to be an invalualjle aid in discov- ering defects in electric light and power circuits, hy its u.se, the condition of the insulation of electrical circuits can be instantly determined from time to time during the da}', and any deterioration at once detected. By its use fires from defective insulation are rendered almost impossible. If you need instruments of any kind for electrical measurement, we shall be pleased to serve you. Nos. 114-120 WILLIAM STREET, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, U. S. A. xxiii •1! ( i ! I I: i ■ fe?|i^^l Electrical Apparatus k^^iMm '/ THE THE ELET- <}^' WARREN OHIO '''<^. TRANSFORMER PATENTED MAR 20 94 OCT 9 94 PATAPPLDFOR ■■ Packard Electric Co, WARREN, OHIO, Manufaotureia of the ^^PACKARD TRANSFORMER. NEW YORK & OHIO CO. Warren, Ohio. PACKARD STANDARD AND MOGUL [RMPS 5 to 500 Candle Power The Packard Electric Co., Ltd ST. CATHARINES, ONTARIO (II Miles from Niagara Falls), MAKERS OF PACKARD LAMPS AND TRANSFORMERS, DEALERS IN Electrical Supplies. WATER OR ELECTRIC POWDER TO RENT. GOOD OPPORTUNITY FOR PARTY WISHING TO START CANADIAN FACTORY. xxiv I ^ —lid. iil cCo. o, ER. SO. i Ltd. :rs, J^%^v%^v^^%^ %%/%/V%^%^^W%%'%^V%^V%%%/%/%%%^'%%%%^%'^ THE CELEBRATED "Wood" Arc Light Dynamos ^^^NuHr'^i' — * — i PB[^g»i ■S^^^^l are automatic in regulation under any and all conditions, perfect in ventilation, and the design embodies features which give it the highest attainable efficiency. "WOOD" ARC LAMPS are made for all currents, simple in construction, easily adjusted, and are renowned for their freedom from complicated mechanism. JADIAN FORT WAYNE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, Fort Wayne, Indiana. «i! r I, 1 f > I FOR Long Distance Transmission of Light and Power. THIS APPARATUS IS PARTlCUliARliY NOTED FOR ITS EXCEbLEjSlT MECHANlCAb CONSTRUCTION. RElilABILilTY AND EFFICIENCY. Fort W^ayne Electric Corporation, BRANCH OFFICES New Yokk City— I is Broadway. Chicago— 1S5 Dearborn Street. Phil.\I)Ki,phia— 907 Filbert Street. Bo.sTON— 17 Federal Street. RociiKSTKK, N. Y.- Powers Duilding. Coi.uMuiT.s, OHIO— 57 East State Street. San Francisco -35 New Montgomery Street. I'lTTSHUKCn, Pa.— 405 Times Building. New OrlivA.ns, La. -Southern Elec. Mfg. and Supply Co. O.maha, Nkii. — 104 Bee Building. Minnf.ai'oi.is, Min.n.— New York Life Building. Ci.N'Ci.NNATi, Ohio- 402 Neave Building. Richmond, Va.— Chamber of Commerce. St. Louis, Mo.— 60 Turner Building. Atlanta, Ga. 10 ^%^'^ 9S a IIER. I ' (' (' (' :: ;; (I (' I' I' Wood" Transformers ARE BUILT IN CAPACITIES RANGING FROM 6 TO 750 LIGHTS. N. { >n, fg. mill lildiiig. q^HE "WOOD" TRANSFORMER is compactly built, occupying less space than any other transformer, is thoroughly insulated, and possesses the closest regulation and highest percentage of efficiency. t Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana. »^ BRANCH OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES. %i8 II tl' F II '>i 1 I If 1 1 I; 1 "' i n k%%^/^^^%%%%'%%%%%%%%^^%>%%^%%%^%%%%%^^%/%^%^i Li WOOD" Multipolar Generator -AND Beauliiul iq Desigi OQexGelled in EifiEieqcji ami Woikiqaqsliip. We wish to attract your special attention to our iNi^w irvip=>i=?CD\/ Alternating Current Synchronous Motor -HOR SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS. i It is self-starting under load, self-exciting, and requires no ^ starting rheostat. HIQH AND LOW SPEED MOTORS FURNISHED AS DESIRED. • Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, : FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. Bar See list of Branch Offices on former page. °^a 12 hi 1 » m J^%^%^fc^%%^%% %/%/%^/%/%,'%/%^%/%/%/^'%/^^t/%/^^'%'%^%^/^^'%^%/%/%/%/^'* THE CELEBRATED "Wood" Arc Light Dynamos are automatic in regulation under any and all conditions, perfect in ventilation, and the design embodies features which give it the highest attainable efficiency. "WOOD" ARC LAMPS are made for all currents, simple in construction, easily adjusted, and are renowned for their freedom from complicated mechanism. FORT WAYNE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, Fort Wayne, Indiana. : t ■ n .1 t i !! , j 'I ;i ■ ll ,1 I f ■% k<%/%/%^'%^/%%^%%%%%'%%'W%%%%.%%^/%%%'%%%%^^%/%^^ F=OR Long Distance Transmission of Light and Power. THIS APPAf^ATUS IS PARTlCUbARbY NOTED FOR ITS EXCEDliEfJT MECHANlCAli CONSTRUCTION, RELilABlblTY AND EFFICIENCY. Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, BRANCH OFFICES New York City— i 15 Broadway. Chicago— 1S5 Dearborn Street. Philadei-phia— 907 I'ilbert Street. Boston— 17 Kederal Street. RociiKSTKK, N. Y.- rowers Building. Cdi.umiu's, 01110—57 Ka.st State Street. San Fkancisi;()"35 New Montgomerj' Street. l'iTTSBUR<;ii, Pa.— 405 Times Building. New Ori.f..\ns, I.,a.— Southern Elec. Mfg. Supply Co. Omaii.\, Ni:i>. — 104 Bee Building. MiNNF.Ai'oi.is, Mix.v.— New York Life Build CiNCiNN.\Ti, Ohio— 402 Ncave Building. Ricn.MOND, Va.— Chamber of Commerce St. Louis, Mo.— 60 Turner Building. ATLANTA, Ga. and ing. 10 ti %/%/^^ M ii Wood" Transformers ARE BUILT IN CAPACITIES RANGING FROM 6 TO 750 LIGHTS. q^HE "WOOD" TRANSFORMER is compactly built, occupj'ing less space than any other transformer, is thoroughly insulated, and possesses the closest regulation and highest percentage of efficiency. i Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Jter BRANCH OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES. y:« II tmm k'%/%/^%/%/%.%%.%%%%%%%%%^%%'%/%^%/V%%'%%%/%%%%%'%/%.1 v: ft ' i •f ■!' ' 1 ! ii WOOD" Multipolar Generator -AND- IMIOTOIRS, Beaoiitui iq Design, llpceiied in Ediiiieiicy aim Workniaqsiiip. t We wish to attract your special attention to onr Alternating Current Synchronous Motor t -FOR- SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS. ^ It is self-starting nnder load, self-exciting, and requires no • starting rheostat. HIGH AND LOW SPEED MOTORS FURNISHED flS DESIRED. Fort Wayne Electric Corporation, FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. H)^ See list of Branch Offices on former page. "^S^ 12 ^^^1 OR ELECTRIC SUPPLIES. RECORDING WATT HETERS For Direct, Railway and Alternating Circnils. TRANSFORMERS. WIRES AND CABLES, SUBMARINE CABLES. istiip. ITOR CUTOUTS and SWITCHES ON PORCELAIN BASES, PORCELAIN INSULATORS for High Tension Cnrrenls, VOLT METERS, AHHETERS, POTENTIAL INDICATORS, APPLIANCES OH ALL KINDS. RAILWAY STATION AND LINE MATERIAL. Carpenter rename! Rheostats. ELECTRIC MINING APPARATUS. ELECTRIC LOCOnOTIVES, HOISTS, DRILLS, ELECTRIC BLOWERS, PUMPS, COAL CUTTERS. 2S no on, ELECTROLYTIC DYNAHOS. STATIONARY MOTORS, for Mills, Factories, Shops, Ktc. General Electric Company. Main Officic: Sciii;ni;ctauy. X. Y. SALES OFFICES: Ciiii:A. 1'a., 509 .\fcli Street. B.\i.TiMORii. Ml).. 227 Fiast Oertnan Street. I'lTTSiiiRii, I'.v . Tinie.s Building. .\Ti,.\NTA. Oa . Equitable Building. Cincinnati. Ohio. 4211 West I'ourtli Street. Com .mhus, Ohio, 14 North High Street. N.\siiviLi.i;. Tkn.n., 308 North Summer Street For all business outside the United Stales and Canada : Foreign Dept., Schenectady, X. Y. and 44 Broad Street, New York. For Canada, address Canadian General F^lectric Company, I.,t(l., Toronto, Canada. 13 ml I' I I I I I '11; 'A I il 'M ji^..^Mi}:ii/ii;fe>:l^^ ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPARATUS COMPLETE STATION EQUIPMENTS. DIRECT CURRENT. ALTERNATING SINGLE PHASE. ALTERNATING HONOCYCLIC. ALTERNATING THREE PHASE. EDISON INCANDESCENT LAMPS, ARC LAMPS For use on Direct, Alteniatiiifj, Power and Railway Circuits. HARINE ELECTRICAL PLANTS. SEARCHLIGHTS, Etc. ELECTRIC RAILWAY APPARATUS COMPLETE EQUIPriENTS KOK STREET RAILWAYS. SURBURBAN AND INTERURBAN RAILWAYS. ELEVATED RAILWAYS. TRUNK LINE RAILROADS. ELECTRIC Railway Generators FROM loo Kilowatts to 1500 Kilowatts. ELECTRIC RAILWAY MOTORS. ALL RAILWAY SUPPLIES. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. Main Ori'ici;; Sciinkctady, X. Y. SALES OFFICES : Boston-, Mass., iSu Summer Street. New York, N. Y., 4.1 Broad Street SvRACUSi;, N Y., Sedgwick, Andrews & Ken- nedy Building. Buffalo, N.Y.. KrieCo\inty Savings Bk. Bldg. PEiii.ADKi.rHiA. P.\., 509 Arch Street. Baltimork, Ml).. 227 East German Street. PiTTsmiRC, Pa., Times Building. Atlanta, Ga., Kquitable Building, Cincinnati, Ohio. 421) West Honrtli Street. CoiA'MBUS, Ohio. 14 .North High Street Chicago, Ii.i... Moiiadnock Building. Dktroit, Mich , 13 Rowland Street. O.MAHA, Ni:n., 30 ) South 13th Street. Kansas City, Mo., New York I.ife Building. St. I.oris, Mo . Wainwright Building. Dallas, Tkxas, Cor. I\lin and Griffin Streets, Hklk.na, .Mont.. Klectric Building. I)i:.\vi;r, Colo , 505 Kith Street. San I'KANCisco, Cai... is First Street. Portland, Ori; , Kront and Ankeiiy Streets. Skattli;, Wash., Bailey Building. N.\sHViLLi;, Tfn.n., 30S North Summei Street. For all business outside the United States and Canada: Foreign Uept., SchLuecta'i It '' I ,, ,1 i ' ''$ '2. ^l^^tA^y-Tt^l-^- I; L0^^^^^ CZ. -^ m it f J! , i '! ir JOHN JACOB ASIOR. • I I I liJi s i ^ r i i^^ ( W,mk^ ^^^^^H ^^L v^T^I^^^^^^H BA^^^ 4 •*7' '¥ ' if' "''^ ' T *'*''"■■ ^'»>'/ GEORGE S. HOWDOIN. '4' H i i- I 'I .1 f ' 1! ii \ I C^cw^ Q<^ I ■m i^^W^ 1 I I iri! ■f'{ I; M:i i 1 '1 J ^^^ 1 ■■te -I //^^t^ =K I -f ^--^^^^ A^ "^ . ^AI^— «-A^^— A i II I \ \ I i f i u : I i I < - ' ii I i I M j |i 1 J^^r ' "^ mm^fii i-i III \ ^^^^l.^^^^i^t^'^^ -fi-^^*^::^ ■F li ■liJl )^^ ^ l:;i I ) ;;. i I Ir. y c^izi^::^^ Francis Lynde Stetson is the first vice- president of the Cataract Construction Com- pany, and, as such, is among the best qualified to present a general and compre- hensive account of the use of Niagara water power. |1llagava Bximbcv. Cassier's Magazine. Vol. VIII. JULY, 1895. No. 3. THK IIDKSKSIIUI-: I Al.l.S. THE USE OF THE NIAGARA WATER POWER. A'l' Francis I.\')idi' S/r/smi. SINCIC l-alher RatjcMicau, in 164S. wrote t(j his I'atluT SupL'i'ior con- CLTiiiiitj Niagara, " a cataract of Icarfiil hciiLjht," sj)cctator.s by the niiUioii unconsciously Iiave re\ealecl sonietliinv' of tlienisclvcs in various ettbrts to dis- close to others the essential character ol" the Falls oi"Niai>ara, conlesseclly inconi- paral)le witli any other natural object. To souls sensitive to the beautiful and the sublime, the ])lun<;in!^ torrent has ai)|)ealed i^y the stateliness of its stream, the brilliance of its boisterous rapids, and tiie deep s^la.ssy ^tjreen of its silent forebodiujL^ brink, as well as bv iis drop Copyright, 1895, by Tui; Cassu;r Maiv into the seeniin,t,dy intinitc depth, from which there comes to him who listens the noteof the welcominiir aljyss, deeper than the diapason of any or,t;an's pipe. To most, the first impression, and to many the endurini^^ inipression, is that of awe, in whicli the subjective mood ])revails and a certain sense of personal dantjer dominates all other thouj^hts of this mii^liiy mo\in!,j Hood, pouring resistlessly down throuj^h the f^orgc, which, for itself, it has forced t]u'ouy;li multiplied strata of nnks of many ai^es. Daui^er there certainly is, and death in this resistless, remorseless tide has been A/.i.si; CoMi-AXY. All rights resers-ed. 173 T^ •\i l.-Ui .«■ (I !■ 'I fill! it I hi I I'M I 1 ! r i'M '11 '74 CASS/EK ' 6" MA GAZINE. Tin; lAi.i.s luoM i'R()Si'i;cT point. M THE USh. OF THE XIAGARA WATER POWER. I .■> 1(11111(1 ami also lias hi't'ii sdiiinht 1>\- luiii(lri.'(ls ; l)iit iidtwitiistaiuliii)^ its ai)|)alliiin aspect, it is tlmniyh tiiis very sense of P.'sistless |i(>\ver that tlie I'"alls speak to miiuls of ^riMt (iit^nity and si'lf- restraint, and lead tliem to observe as did Mr. ''alter of New York, in his eharacteristically fine oration at tin- oi)enin;4 of .Niagara Park, that the •'seiisi' wliich res|)ondsto this mai^niti- ceiil inotio'i " is the " sense of ])o\ver." And wiiv slioiild it not l)e so ? Nearlv The ordinary llow h.is been found to he ahonl 275, ()()() ciil)ie let't per second, and in its daily force, ('i.\\\\\\ to the lattnt powir of all the coal mined in the world each day— soiiiethint:^ more than 2i)(>.()()0 tons. This natural (•om])aris()n at once suy- ]i;ests, as throii,i;h the cenlnry it has invited, an estimate of this puwi'r in the terms of mechanics, and it has ht'en computtd by I'rofessor L'nwin that these falls represent theoretically seven mil- i:J 1 1 A vii;\v oi' Tin: 01. i> mii,i,in(, distkict 6ootT cubic miles of water, pouring' down from the upjicr lakes with 90,000 s(|uare miles of reservoir area, reach this i^orti^e of the Niaj^ara river at a point where its extreme width of one mile is by islands reduced to two channels of only 3800 feet. Here, in less than half a mile of rajjids, the Nia,i;:ara river falls 55 feet, and then, with a depth of about 20 feet at the crest of the Horse Shoe Kails, pluni^es 165 feet more into the lower river. lion horse-])ower (others think more), and for practical use, without appreciable diminution of the natural beauty, sev- eral hundreds of thousands of horse- power. The idea of subjecting- to indus- trial uses some part of the enormous l)ower of Niat^^ara Falls has, since the location of the ])ioneer saw-mill in 1725, occupied the minds and stirred the inven- tive faculty of en)L,nncers, mechanics and manufacturers. ICarly in the century, the pioneers in the locality, to which I I I ] I I I t 'I . I, i t !:r ;ii'. 1:; i 176 CASS/ER'S MAGAZINE. VROM COAT ISLAND, I.OOKIXC. TOWARDS LT.NA ISLAND. i IS THI USE OF THE NIAGARA WATER POWER. ■3 jy V 'c&^(i /\W V ■\ClCDC_itM V R » I r; A n IMCTHR I;MSI.II:'S MAI", SHOWlNl. Till; 1:ARI.V CANAI, AN1> Kl.SIKVOlU I'KDl'Orti;!) I.N 1S46. they then gave the name of Manchester, contemplated the probal)ility, but were unable to demonstrate the practicability, of reducing this mighty force to obe- dient and useful service. They dwelt upon, and to some extent ex|)loited, the idea; but before the development or adoption of any method promising satisfactory returns, steam and steam engines had i)roperly attainetl such a place in the favourable estimation of manufacturers that water-powers in general, and es])ecially those incon- veniently situated and variable in ([uan- tity and quality, fell into comparative disesteem. The economical production and dis- tribution of coal for use in connection with the engines developed by the gen- ius of Corliss and his fellows, naturally led manufacturers to prefer to produce their own power at their own homes or in proximity to favourable markets, rather than to set out in search of re- mote and uncertain water-jiowers. But some water-powers were operated and continuously employed, notwithstand- ing, and even during, the steady de- velopment of the advantages of steam 2-1, power. \o one needs much persuasion to admit that, except for the decided merits of water-])o\vcr e\'en in compe- tition with steam, the names of Man- chester, Lowell, Lawrtiice, Holyoke, Paterson, Cohoes and Minneapolis, in the United States, would ])os.sess nothing like their present significance. In view of the ol)vious advantages offeretl by water-jiowers such as these, Augustus Porter, one of the principal pro])rietors at Niagara, in 1S42 pro- |)osed a considerable extension of the system of canals or races then em- ]iloyed, and in January, 1847, inconnec- tion with Peter FMUslie, a civil engineer, he published a foriual ])lan, which be- came the subject of negotiations with Walter Bryant and Caleb S. Woodhull, formerly ^Iayor of New York. An agreement was finally reached with these gentlemen by which they were to construct a canal, for which they were to receive a right of way, 100 feet in width, together with a certain amount of land at its terminus. After various interruptions, in 1861, their successor, Horace H. Day, completed a canal, about 35 feet in width, 8 feet in depth f 9 I ( i 178 C.'tSS//iA' ' S MA GA ZINE. Tin; N1A(.AKA I'AI.I.S KAII.WAV SI'Sl'ENSION IIKIIKli:, I- i» ■ ■ ■ ; ' ! l]l' and 4400 feet in length, by whicli the water of the n])|)ei' Niagara river was brought to a basin or reservoir at the high bhiff of the lower river, 214 feet above the water below. Upon the margin of this basin have been con- structed various mills, to whose wheels the water was conducted from the canal and discharged by short tunnels through the bluff into the river below, so that in 1885, about 10,000 horse-power, sub- stantially the available capacity of the canal, was in use. In th.it year there hapj^ened to be at Niagara an able and experienced engi- neer, engaged in the State's service in laying out a proposed reservation, just as nearly 50 years before he had been there engaged in assisting the State Geological Survey of Prof James Hall, who, in his report on the Niagara river district for 1843, specially mentions the services of Thomas Evershed. During this very long internal, Mr. Evershed had been engaged as a public engineer, usually upon the Erie canal in that vicinity, and it was natural that he should be called upon to devise a sys- tem for the development of hydraulic power from the river with which his whole professional career had been associated, his last great work being in connection with the effort to protect Niagara, in its principal character as the most magniticent and impressive terrestrial natural object, from \andal- ism and utilitarian desecration. This protection of the natural beauty of Niagara was the underlying idea in his conception and development of his ])lan, which contemplated the taking of water and the develo])ment of ])ower in a dis- trict more than a mile above, and out of sight of the Falls, with an outlet tunnel discharging inconspicuouslv at the river's edge below the Falls, involv- ing the diversion of less than four per cent of the total flow of the river, and a reduction of the dejith d t iter at the crest of th Fal' by le.ss ih.in two inches. After con . with Mr. E' -shed, Capt. Char li. Ga.skill, th' oklest user of powei mm the lydraulic canal, with seven other gen' 'inen of Niagara Falls, obtained from lii.' legislature of the .State of New York, a special char- ter, passed March 31, 1886, whicli has since been amended and enlarged by several successive acts. Upon Julv M THE USE OF THE S'lAGARA WATER POWER. 179 < being in o protect iracter as npressive m vandal- ^w. This jcauty ot lea in liis This plan, ir of water in a (lis- :;, antl out \\\ outlet aiously at Is, involv- four per ver, anil a iter at than two shed, oUlest Lilic canal, f Niagara islature of ecial char- 86, which 1 enlarged Upon July % I, iSSf), Mr. I'.veriluil i>sufd \\\> lirst formal plan and estimate, which was coii>i(Iered worthy of discussion in Al)p!et(in's Cycloi)a(lia for 1.S.S7, when' it is described in general terms. Ihit, of (iiurse, the pul)!icatioi\ of this l)lan invileiland encountered thedenioii- stralion of its a!)soiute iinjiracticabiHty, as will as the imi)ro!)abiliiy of tlie use of the power if developed. In Mradstreets, ( )ctob(r 30, issri, apix'anil a Itttirfrom Mr. I'.dward Atkinson ( coiuplitely an- swered by Mr. C'lemens Herschel on November 6, iHSf)), undertaking to show that cheaj) power alone would not bring people to Xiagara l'"a!ls; and, somewhat later, on August 8, i.S.Sij, there appeareil in 'riie Nation, a carefully written article tending to show that Mr. l''.\irslu(l's tuimel would not Ik' practicable for the production of powtr, nor conunercially profital)le. IJut strange to say, these objections have been fully answered through the demonstration of actual exi)erience. For three years the f)riginators of the Niagara water-power |)roject were en- gaged in c(jn\incirig cajjitalists that it woukl be commercially profitable to Mellows I'"all^ and ("ohoi's, and would very largely e.xceed the actually devel- oped power of all these places, and Augusta, I'ater.son and Minneapolis in addition. Considering thefurtiier riglit to construct an. uldition.il tumiel ot loo,- 000 horse-powt'r on the American siilo, and to develop at least 250,000 horse- ])owir on the Canadian side, it was readily recognized how vastly this local development promised, in extent, to surpass the combine ' , ter-powers of almost ;i.iy Americ, .1 ..L.ite or st'ction. In the special volunu- U|)on water- jiower, constituting part ol the United .Stall's lensus of l.S.So, it is stated th.it there were then in oper.ition 55.404 water wheels, with an average of 22.12 horse-power each, making in the .ig- gregate 1,225,379 horse-power. It tluis appeared that the 450,000 horse- ])ower available to the Niagara l'"alls Power Company re])resented nu)re than a tiiird of tile ])ower of all the wlieels in the United States in i.S.So. The cpiestion of thepr.ictical iuiport- ,ince of the Niagara ])ower being settU'd, Mr. .Atkinson's ne.xl fiuestion arost' as to the advantages of Niagara as a lo- ''in I'rtt .>■> .'•*( .;•»/ itit /'ttt /— -^^ %^ ... iR-1 r.tif.s Di.rriis AM) i.i;vi.i.s oi- iiii; (.ki.at i.akks. undertake and complete the develop- ment of Mr. Evershed's p\i\n, and the first step necessary to be taken was to demonstrate the advantages of the locality. It was shown that the ca- pacity of the original tunnel, about 120,000 horse-power, would exceed the combineil theoretical horse-power ofLawrence, Lowell, Holyoke, Turners Falls, Manchester, Windsor Locks, cality, and to this, answer was readily made by pointing out that there in the very heart of densestpopulation, touched bv nearly all the East and West trunk- lines, within a night's journey of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Chi- cago, Toronto and Montreal, was a natural port of the great lakes, sus- tained bv a salubrious antl fruitful ;ii it n^^^nm i\ m^ V M! m ' •' 1. 1 80 GASSIER' S MAGAZINE. countrv, and protected by the orderly and established institutions and tradi- tions ol the most opulent and ])o])ul()Us of the States of tlie Union. Tiie exist- ence of niaiuil;icturinj4' estahlishinents sutiicient to exhaust all of the ])o\ver then sujjplied by the hydraulic canal, and the subsecjucnt a])plications for the new power, were and are tlie complete' answer to the (piestion whether, as a locality, Xiatjara would be attractive to users ot power. Hut the (juesti(jn still remained whether water-power could be useil suc- cessfully in com]K'tition with steam, and there are few ])laccs in respect of which this cjuestion can be asked with more deadly effect; for, in the city of Huffalo, and indeed throu<^h the entire lenj^di of the district lyin^- north of rittsburirh, j^ood steaming coal can be obtained at less than Si. 50 a ton. With coal at this i)rice, it would, at rirst, seem impracticable to establish any ])ower plant capable of o])eratin!.;' in comi)etition with steam. Hut a careful examination has satisfied me, at least, that with coal furnished free at the furnace yard, it would still be economical for the manufacturer to em|)lo_v water- j)ower such as that at Xiat^ara. When in Mn^land in iStjo, I was told bv an eminent ,L;entleman that it was useless to discuss the prolitable employment an hour," to which I answeretl . — ■" \'ery well, let us work out tiie problem I Coal, at a farthing' an hour, would, in America, represent five cents for a tlay of ten hours, or 12 cents for a day of 24 hours, which is, for 300 days in the year, Si 5 for the short day and S,i6 for the lonj^' dav for fuel onlv. At Xiagara we will gladly furnish con- tinuous 24-hour water-jiower for S15 a year, in any considerable (piantitv. " After careful consitleration, the offi- cers of the Xiagara Falls Power Com- pany reached the conclusions that 24- hour steam hor.se-])ower is not produced anywhere in the world for less than S24 a year; that in the jiroduction of the steam-power the cost of the fuel does not represent more than one-half of the total cost; that very few, if any, manu- facturers have ever kejjt any separate account of the cost of their power, or have any actual knowledge of its cost; and that, asitle from the cost of the power, many coiu'eniences will come from the employment of ])ower as it mav lie furnished from the Xiagara river. In view of all these considerations, in the year 1S.S9 the present interests in the Xiagara I""alls power development were combined in a new cor|)oration called the Cataract Construction Com- l)any, whose accei)tance of the construc- tion contract rested U])oit two pro])o- sitions : First, that witli projier organ- ization and de\elo])ment the Niagara |)r()iect would be valuable solely as a hvdraulic installation; and, seconilly, that it gave [iromise of becoming, within the very near future, vastly more valu- able as a source of ])ower for transmis- sion. This com|)any was the outgrowth of the very keen and appreciative ii-.terest in these propositions sh.own l)y the following gentlemen in the order named: William \\. Rankine, Francis Lvnde Stetson J. I'lorpont Morgan, Hamilton McK. Twombly, Edward A. Wickes, Morris K. Jesu]), Darius Ogden Mills, Charles F. Clark, Edward 1). Adams, Charles Lanier, A.J. Forbe.s- Feith, Walter Howe, John Crosby Hr(,v 1., Frederick W. Whitridge, Willi:ni K. Vanderbilt, George S. Bowdoin, Joseph Farocciue, Charles A. Sweet of Huffalo and John Jacob Astor, most of whom ha\e ser\e(l as officers and directors of the construction com- ])anv, gi\ing freely of their time and ex])erience to the conduct of the enter- prise. Among all these names it may seem in\"dious to select any for sjiecial connnent, but, alter the early and con- tinuing interest of Mr. Morgan and Mr. Mills, and the later accession of Mr. Astor, it was, as it continues to be, a matter of congratulation to the Cata- ract Construction Company that the origination, the develo])ment and the guidance of its affairs have, from the hrst, received the intelligent and con- tinuous attention of its president, Mr. Edward O. Ad.uns. ny, maiui- y separate ])<)\vc'r, or )f its cost; Dst of the will come iiwcr as it L' \iajL,Mra ■rations, in ntcrcsts in vclopmcnt orporation ^ion Coni- _' construc- \o ])ro])o- ler or^^an- e Niagara olely as a seconilly, mg, within lore valu- transniis- ;)utt4r()wth )j)rfciative shiown by the order :', Francis Morgan, :dwartl A. ), Darius , Edward . Forbes- Crosby hitridge, orge S. harles A. b Astor, s officers ion coni- tinic and he enter- es it may r special and con- m and ession of les to be, the Cata- that the and the from the and con- ent, Mr. THE USE OF THE NIAGARA WATER POWER. iSi iJiilii ni:ak TRosrieT phini- \t mcim. r >4 I. IS2 GASSIER' S MAGAZINE, Till-; wiiiKi rooi. UAi'iiis uiu.uw tiik i-ai.i.s. THE USE OF THE NIAGARA WATER POWER. i«3 In the order of development, of course, the fnst ste]) was tlie ado])tion of a pfcneral plan. Dr. Coleman Sellers of Philadelphia having been retained as general consulting engineer, Mr. Clem- ens Herschel, formerly of Holyoke, was engaged as hydraulic engineer, and, in accordance with the views of these gentlemen, some slight modifications of wheel-pit in the jiower hou.se at the side of the canal. This wheel-pit is 178 feet in depth, and is connected by a lateral tunnel with the main tun- nel,, serving the purpose of a tail- race, 7000 feet in length, with an a\er- agc- hvdraulic slope ot si.\ feet in 1000, tlie tunnel having a maximum height of 21 feet and width of iS feet 10 inches, its net section being 3S6 square feet. Its slope is such that a chip, thrown into the water at the wheel-pit, will ])ass out of the ])ortal in three and one-half minutes, showing the water to have a velocity of 26 'j feet per second, or a little less than 20 miles an hour when running at its maximum capacity. Over ■i MAP 0|- NIAGARA I AM.S AND VICINITY, SlIOWINi; TI112 LOCATKIV OK TIIK (.KKAT TINNKI.. ^•S»«>i~9 Mr. Evershed's pro])osition were adopted, fienerally speaking, the final jilan comprises a surface canal, 250 feet in width at its mouth, on the margin of the Niagara river, a mile and a (juartcr above the Falls, extending inwardly 1700 feet, with an average depth of about 12 feet, serving water sufficient for the development of about 100,000 horse- power. The solid masonry walls of this canal are pierced at intervals with ten inlets, guarded by gates which permit the delivery of water to the 1000 men were cng.iged continuously for more than three years in the con- •struction of this tunnel, which called for the remo\'al of more than 300,000 tons of rock, and the use of more than 16,000,000 bricks for lining. The con- struction of the canal, and especially of the wheel-pit, 17S feet in length, with its surmounting power-house, were works of corresponding tlifiiculty and im|iortance. After conference with various wheel- makers in tlie United States, it was if' ': "n I)! ■. ' 1 \ ;j ViV. it 184 CASSIER'S MAGAZINE. J3 H a o O Z a £ 0. S in w £ THE USE OF THE NIAGARA WATER POWER. iS: t 3 H I- o Z 3 o u t: S S a i finind that while American water-wiieels of standard grades could be obtained of considerable excellence, yet, except in the case of the Pelton water-wheel, it was not easy to find wheels suitable for special recjuirenients such as those ol the Niagara Falls Power Conii)any. The conclusion, therefore, to consider the employment of wheels of special design, which, in the nature of things, involved conference with foreign makers, to whom alone special design had become a matter of freciuent occur- rence, was reached U])on the advice of Mr. Clemens Herschel, who was familiar with the use of the wheels at Holyoke which he had made a subject of careful study. The fact that Mr. Herscliel himself advised recourse to foreign de- signers is a sufficient answer to some New England criticism that we did not adopt wheels such as have been used at Holyoke. But, as soon as careful consideration was given to the subject of turbines, it also became quite apparent that it was desirable, contemporaneously and from the beginning, to take up and ex- amine the question of power transmis- sion, and it became e(iually apparent that by reason of the rapid advance in the art and science of the development and transmission of power, even the latest books upon this subject had be- come inadequate to our demand for in- formation. In conseciuence of these conditions, Mr. Adams, while in F^urope in the winter of 1890, hap ily conceived the idea of obtaining ana perpetuating information as to the results and achieve- ments of the engineers and manufactu- rers of the world not yet in the books, and, in conformity with this purpose, established in London, in June, 1890, an International Niagara Commission, with j)ower to award $22,000 in prizes. The commission consisted of Sir William Thomson (now Lord Kelvin) as chairman, with Dr. Coleman Sellers of Philadel])hia, Lieut. -Col. Theodore Turrettini of C.eneva, Switzerland, origi- nator and engineer of the great water- power installation on the Rhone, and Prof E. Mascart of the College of France, as members, and Prof. William Cawthorne L'nwin, Dean of the Central Institute of the Guilds of the City of London, as secretary. Inquiries and examination concerning the best known existing methods of development and transmission in England, France, Switz- erland and Italy, were made personally by the otTicers and engineers of the com- pany, and competitive plans were re- ceived from twenty carefully selected engineers, designers, manufacturers and users of power in England and the Con- tinent of Europe and also in America. All of these plans were submitted to the conunission at London on or before Jan- uary I, 1 89 1, and awards of prizes were made in resijcct of a nunil)er of the ])lans considered worthy by the commission. The first important result of this commission was the selection of Messrs. Faesch cS: Piccard of Geneva, as designers of the turbines, of which a careful description by Mr. Clemens Herschel is given elsewhere in this magazine. It is enough here to say that these wheels, calculated to yield 5000 horse-power each, are intended for a position in the wheel- pit, 140 feet below the surface, to which water is conducted by a tube or pen-stock leading from the service canal and dis- charging between the twin wheels, from which the water falls away into the side tunnel conducting it to the main tunnel and thus to the lower river. The power, of course, is developed through the drop in the wheel-pit, the tunnel serv- ing the purpose only of a tail-race. Three of these wheels have actually been built after designs of Faesch & Piccard, by the I. P. Morris Company, of Phila- del[)hia, and are now in place. Tluy are about five feet in diameter. The pen-stock, 7 ' j feet in diameter, is made of steel, and tiie constant pressure of its column of water, discharging be- tween the twin turbine wheels, serves to support the entire weight of all the revolving parts, namely, the weight of the wheels, the vertical shaft and the re- volving parts of the generator driven by the wheel, to which reference will be hereafter mad''. The mechaiiical problem to be solved in this case, viz. : how to get 5000 [i rt i Jli i i ' yldl ■ I' II : :ti isr^ CASS/EJ?'S MAGAZINE. liorse-iiowcr from the point of develop- ment at the wheels to the surfiice, 140 feet above, was considered to be much less difhcult than that presented in the case of an Atlantic steamer, where the nioli\e power of the 5000 horse-power cnijine is delivered by a horizontal shaft to the screw at the stern of the vessel, more than 140 feet away, the water- wheelsat Niagara bein,<»' our enj^ine, the i^'-enerator at the surliice, our screw, and the connectinsr shaft (adopted in ])reference to belting or ropes), 140 feet in length, being vertical instead of horizontal. This shaft is of steel, ^ inch thick, carefully rolled into tubes, 38 inches in diameter, without any riveted vertical seams ; but at several in- ter\-als, where journals are needed to steady this vertical siiaft on fixed collar bearings, it is solid and at those points measures 1 1 inches in diameter. While these turbines were made after foreign designs, the contract for building them was given to and was performed by the I. P. Morris Company, of Philadelphia, and, upon the observation of competent and disinterested experts, the Niagara I'"alls Power Company feels no hesitation in inviting general observation and criti- cism of this unusually difficult con- struction. The (jucstion of tlie turbines having been thus disposed of, it became neces- .sary to determine up(Mi the mode of transmitting the power to be develoi)ed from them, and to this subject the care- ful attention of the officers and en 4 ineers of the company was addressed for more than three years, both in America and Europe. In 1.S90, four different methods of power transmission were seriously considered, viz., that by manilla or wire rope, that by hydraulic ])ii)es, that by compressed air, and that by elec- tricity. How rapid has been the pro- gress of thought ujjon this subject within four years, maybe realized when I say that in 1S90, I was advised that power could be transmitted from Ni- agara to Buffalo, not by electricity, but only by compressed air, and that my adviser was Air. George Westinghouse. But methods are clearer now than in 1890, and this largely is the result of the competition initiated by the Interna- tional Niagara Commission. Rapidly summarizing the results and incidents of a tour of inspection made l)y Mr. John Bogart, one ofthe engineers of the company, and myself, in 1890, I may observe that we saw five instances of transmission of power by manilla or wire ropes, viz., at Schaffhausen, Win- terthur, Zurich and Friljourg, in Switz- erland, and at Beilegrade, in France, CHICAQO lill'FALO AND T:'E TliRRlTORY WIHUII f.VVS HER TRIBUTE. /: THE USE OE THE NIAGARA WATER POWER. 187 ime neccs- ; mode of dc'velo])cy' NIAGARA I'AI.I.S IN WINTKR. all of these installations representing the effect of the original installation under Mr. Moser at Schaffhausen in 1867. Mr. Moser, agentleui.m ofgreat intelligence, was among the first to observe that the use of \vater-|)o\ver had declined, and that the preference for steam-power had developed, because of the common inconvenience of the bring- ing of the factory to the source of the water-]iower, which inconvenience he thought to ob\-iate by taking the power to the convenient site of the factory. This he did l)y the use of the wire ro])es, sometimes to the distance of nearly a mile. But while this device served a use- ful purpose, it developed its own diflicul- ties, especially in localities affected by cold or frost, under which conditions the wire rope frequently slipped on the wheels, an occurrence disastrous to spinning-mills, and which at Schaff- hausen, is now leading to the substitu- tion of electricity for the original wire transmission. The second system of transmission visited by us was that upon a very large scale at Geneva, in Switzerland, insti- tuted under the direction of Col. Tur- rettini, viz., hydraulic transmission of hydraulic power from the turbines, through pipes to different parts of the city, even for the purpose of operating dynamos for electric lighting. While this method of hydraulic transmission at Geneva did excellent work, it was already recognizeil in i8go that it was not ecjual to electrical transmission of power, and in the duplication of the work now being made under the direc- tion of Col. Turrettini, electricity is substitutetl as the means of transmission. The third system of transmission, the pneumatic, had been develojjed to a very large extent in Paris, upon the system of Mr. Popp, under the observation of that most accom- plished engineer. Prof. Riedler. Im- mense steam-power plants were estab- lisheil at Belleville, nearly seven miles i ! --n ,,....j|)er to say that in tlie adoption of the alter- natiufj system, as opposed to the con- tinuous system, in the adoption o{ the two-phase, as distinjii^uished from the anotiii;r vikw nkar i-kospkct toixt. at Telluride, in Coloratlo, in all which places power, generated at a water- power station, is transmitted with bare copper wires on poles for ten miles and more with commercial success, the Ni- agara Company, in December, 1891, under the advice of Prof Rowland, of Johns Hopkins University, Prof. George Forbes, of London, and Prof Sellers, of Philadelphia, invited competitive plans and estimates for the development ol its electrical power and of its transmis- sion both locally and at Buffalo. As the result of this advice and this competition, the company adopted a two-phase alter- nating generator of 5000 horse-power, developing about 2000 volts with a frequency of 25, as the best practicable unit and method for the development of electricity for power purposes. It is distinctly recognized that a higher fre- three-phase, and in the adoption of the frequency of 25, the company was diversely advised and criticised, and the result finally reached was that which, upon the whole, under existing, present conditions, seemed best. The form of dynamo em|)loyed is that devised by the company's electri- cal engineer. Prof George Forbes, of London, resembling a mushroom or umbrella, in which the stalk or handle is the shaft of the turbine, and the cap is the revolving jxu't of the generator, serving the purj^ose also of a fly-wheel for the turbine, this special advantage having resulted from Prof. Forbes' happy idea of a dynamo in which the field magnets should revolve instead of the armature. A contract for three such dynamos, of 5000 horse-power each, was made with, and was performed by, ;il !'il I I i 'A MHlf j! ! 1 ; w ■tf-'^ I .!' ! I ig: CASSIJiR ' S MA GAZINH. tlic Wi'stiiijifhnusc Comiiany at Pitts- biir^'h. Tlic first uslts of the power (icvclopL'd from tlu-se dynamos were tlie Pittshurj^h Reduction Works, man- ufarturers of aliiniimim, havinjif an estaljlisliment also at Pittsburj^h. Their works at Niajjara are upon the lands of the comi)any, 2500 feet distant from the jiower-house, which is reached by an underjjround conduit for electrical transmission. After a competition for a desif^^n and construction of works suit- able for the transmission of electrical power to this establishment, and for converting the alternatinji^ into a con- tinuous current, a contract was made with, and carried out by, the General Electric Company, (jf Schenectady, N.Y. At the same time, both the West- injrlu)use Company and the General Electric Company, in competition, have submited plans for the transmis- sion of electric power to Buffalo, and, upon the adoption of the successful plan, the Niaj^ara Falls Power Company is prepared to proceed with the construc- tion and operation of a ])lant for trans- mission of electricity to that important city on Lake Erie. How much farther such power may be transmitted at a commercial profit remains to be seen. Messrs. Houston & Kennelly, well known electrical engineers, independently reached the conclusion that even so far away as Albany (a distance of 330 miles) elec- trical power, with a steady load of 24 hours per day, can be delivered at$22. 14 j)cr kilowatt, which is cheaper than it can be produced by triple-expansion steam engines, though the cost would be proportionately greater for lo-hour power. Though these figures are grat- ifying, they are not those upon which the Niagara Falls Power Company is resting for the success of its undertaking. Whether or not electrical power can be furnished 330 miles away at less than $24 a day for 24-hour horse-power, it can, within much nearer distances, be furnished at such prices as to leave very little surplus power for distribution at such remote points ; and, on the other hand, if it be practicable to transmit power at a conunircial profit in these moderate (luaiuities to Albany, the courage of the practical man will not halt there, but, inclined to follow the daring i)romise of Nikola Ti'sla, would be disposed to j>lace 100,000 horse- power on a wire and send it 450 miles in one direction to New York, the Metro])olis of the East, and 500 miles in the other direction to Chicago, the Metropolis of the West, and serve the puqioses and su])ply the wants of these greatest urban communities. Conscious of the difficulties of trans- ferring, at once, large industries to a new site, even as attractive as it has made Niagara, with its new industrial village of Echota, designed by Stanford White, and the new Terminal Railroad owned by kindred corporations, the Power Company, notwithstanding en- couragement from such home tenants as the great Paper Company and the Alum- inium and the Carborundum works, has definitely determined to furnish its ])ower to distant consumers, even at the risk of work which, in some measure, must be ex]X'rimental, though not in so large a degree as many may suppose. Tivoli, Turin, Telluride, Ge- noa, Williamette, San Bernardino, all tell that commercial success lies back of the brilliant e.xperiment, in 1S91, of Lauflen and Frankfort, 109 miles apart. Bufi;ilo, being reached, is only on the way to points beyond. How far be- yond, it is not necessary now to deter- mine ; but having once set in motion these mighty wheels, we may at least imagine and admire a bow of brilliant promise, — an arc of electrical energy stretching from the Metropolis of the Atlantic to the Metropolis of Lake Michigan, whose waters, swelling the mighty flood that stirs Niagara, may then be called upon to drive " The roarini? loom of time itself." ;l ■il)uli()n at the otluT ) transmit t in these )any, the n will not "ollow the sla, would oo horse- 4,'>o miles i'ork, the 5(jo miles caj^o, the serve the :s of these 5 of trans- itries to a as it has industrial y Stanford Railroad tions, the nding en- tenants as the Alum- ,vorks, has urnish its 3, even at in some a), though many may uride, Ge- irdino, all ies back of 1891, of 09 miles )nly on the nv far be- V to deter- in motion lay at least of brilliant :al energy olis of the of Lake veiling the gara, may !>i l! itself." 1. 1 ;=^ :i 'I If il, mi VI Jli';!' I t iiii 11 It I :|'H ?: Proi- \\m. Caw kkikm: 1".n\\i.n is one ot the best ktiowii eiifjiiieers, aulliors awd teachers of eiijfiiiec'riiiH; science in laiKlan"!, as well as in America, He was a member of the lutcrnalional Niagara Halls Commission. Si MECHANICAL ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS. /.'!■ //■. Ciuc/Zionir I'liu'iii. /■'. A' S. :'f^5 IT is an honour to have been invited to con- tribute a short article to a number of Cassii.k's Ma(;.\/ixi:, devoted to a description of tiie work at Niagara, and it is pleasant to be so associated with those who have had the task of plaiuiino- the arraiigeiueiits, superintending the works and design- ing the machinery of that grand instal- lation. W^'iting, howe\er, on the European siile of the Atlantic, it will be wisest, — not to say most modest, — to avoid details and to (.leal, in jircfer- ence, with some general consideration bearing on the (juestion of utilizing and distributing ]>ower. In all producing industries, there are operations retiuiring greati^r, and o])- erations recpiiring less, intelligence : operations retiuiring gre it manu.il skill, and others rec|uiring little manu.il .->kill. The sub-di\'ision of laiiour which has arisen in modern industries has for its object to economize the intelligence and skill and other special ficulties of the v.orkers. A fictory should be so arranged that manufacture is carried on by the most advantageous number of jirocesses, each worker doing what he is best fitted to do, and the number of workers in each class being propor- tioned to the recjuirement of tlic process allotted to it. The sub-division f)f luan- ufactui'e in this way greatly ficilitates the introduction of machinery, and with the use of machinery comes the need for motive power, more constant and tireless than muscular eftbrt. Compar- ing the last luuulred years with any previous ])eriod, their most olivious characteristic is the enormous exten- sion of the use of mechanical energy ilerixed from natural sources. At first, factories were placed near waterfalls from which alone, at that time, mechanical energy could be easily obtained in sufficient cjuantity. Then, about the year 1790, steam power l)e- gan to re|)lace water power. For a time, thefictories were aggregated near coal fields. To some extent this is still the case, though ficilities of transport, ihu; again to the use of natural supplies of energy, permit manufactures to sjiread more widely. In any ca.se, the location and the growth of manufactures have been largely determined by facili- ties for obtaining chea[)ly large (pianti- ties of ])ower. In 1S32, Charles I>al)bage, the in- ventor of the well-known calculatinjf engine, published an interesting work on "The Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. ' ' It deals with the guitl- ing principles underlying modern meth- ods of manufacture, then already so far ilexeloped as to be recfignized as con- stituting a new system. It is curious that Babbage says little about the pro- duction of power or its cost, though, cle.irh', the use of che,i|) steam |)ower was the principal factor in the indus- trial change which he discusses. Towards the end of the book, however, he does luention that the a])plic.ition of the steam engine had added millions to the |)opulation of Great Britain. =!= Then 'Mr Thomas HawksUy often sriiil tli.nt tlie popii- laUon of Oreat Ilritaiii Mad trebled in his lifetime. '95 m r, |)roc- esscs beinji; multiplied to secure .tjreater perfection of protlucl, and then the cost of power is an increasing; t.ix. Lastly, there are new electrical and cheiuico- electric industries in which the amount of power used is \x'ry l.irije, and its cost is not a small fraction of the ex- pentliture. In electrical industries, mechanical enerijy is virtually the raw material of the manuficture, and its cost is not a subordinate, but a princi- pal, factor in the'cost of produi tion. In .in article in Jiiii^i)icrri)ii;-, sever.d years ac^o, Dr. Coleman Sellers quoted some estimates of the amount of power reijuired in different industries. These ;t' that hot f)served to in lemper- ]Mactically "In Ice- ;s of heat )ximity to iioints out I! i\ Till 1 MIS MAX I'KOSI'la I I'llIM, mr ^1 i di \i\ ti 'i !l ■ 1' ! 1 : 1 i" i KJS CASS//':R ' S Jl/A GAZINfi. ». m MECHAMi \ \r, EXI'.RG Y. 199 are given conveniently in horse-power per iirtizan or worker employed. Tak- in;.f the cost of one horse-power \ear at about £\2 or $60, whicii is a moderate, average estimate, the annual exjjendi- ture i)er worker can be calculated in is enormously greater. From figures known to be reliable, it apjjears that in stations in luigland the cost of fuel alone |)er electrical unit sold, apart from iiiten st on cost ot boilers and engines and wages and maintenance, is seldom n IN 1111; NIACAUA W lll;l;l, I'll lirislM. CIINSTKIXTIO.N. f (i supplying the mechanical eneri^y nec- essarv to make his labour effective. Hi)rsepo\vi.r Cost per Iiulustrv. loreacli auiHimpLT haiul em- Maud em- jilnvt'il. ploved. /" s.' 5 Flour and j;rist mills 13.20 15s ,s 171,21 LumbcT sawin.i; 5. 5(1 66 12 L^.Vi 1 Cotton " 1.49 17 16 I 89) I'apc-r 5.07 60 16 ( 304 ) Woollen goods. . . . 1.2;, 14 16 (74) Iron and steel 2.vS3 33 16 (169) Ai;ri(-'ral implcin'ts. 1.13 13 12 ( 6S 1 Worsted gootls II. S7 10 S 1521 !'•(■ figures in the last colimui are the anno .1 charges, adilitional to his wages, for e.ich worker for the mechanical en- er^v he uses. Ob\iouslv, these chaiges are not amon}4st the negligabK- small items of a manufacturer's expenses. In the case of electric lighting sta- tions, the proportionate cost of power less than one peimy, and is, in some cases, double this. Htit the ordinary selling price of electricity is 6 pence p( r unit, so that the fuel cost alone absorbs one-sixth of the gross income of the works, and in some cases one-third. Up to the present time by far the largest part of tin.' mechanical energy used in the world has been derived from the combustion of fuel. Btit in the best steam engines the limit of possible economy has been nearly reached. A good deal may be effected, no doubt, by re|)lacing bad engines and boilers by good engines and boilers, but liiere is little reason to hope that any steam machinery of the futine will work with materially greater economy than the best at ]ire.sent in use. Nor Is there mtich hope of considerable economv from the improvement of other heat M \m iiih ii.i I f \ 1 I i I 1 : '^' 1 1 1* 1 1 li 200 GASSIER' S MAGAZINE. engines. Short of going to Iceland, tiiere is only on-j widely distributed, easily utilizable source of mechanical energy, and that is water power. Under favourable conditions, and utilized on a large scale, the cost of water power near the waterfall may be one- tenth or one-twentieth of the cost of steam power. The difference is so great that even when considerable cost is incurred in transmitting the power from the waterfill to localities where jiower is required, there may be a mar- gin of economy in using water power. No doubt, in many cases, especially where very great, permanent structures had to be erected to render falls of cf)nsiderable height available, water l>ower has proved as expensive as steam power. Modern facilities of transmission and distribution have gready altered the conditions of the ])robleni, and engi- neers in several countries have come to realize the value of the waste energy of the streams. No one can now travel in Switzerland or southern Norway without perceiving that a new im|)etus has been given to industry by the de- velojiment of large wajter power plants. In Norway a new industry, — the paper ])ulp trade, — has, in a few years, become extremely important, and the manu- facture is carried on entirely by cheap water ]iower, derived from considerable falls on the glacier-fed streams. In utilizing a great waterfall and distribut- ing widely cheap mechanical power, the capitalists and engineers at Niagara are helping to solve one of the most interesting and important problems of the present time. ^liiii I ; ■sa. i II I h' I'll' li I ;i :ni|^ j iifiiil im Aldrrt IIowki.l I'oktp.r was the resident engineer r>r tlie Cataract Constnictioii Co. until the coMiplelioi of the tnnnci, and the proliniinnrv work was done un ler liis ininie- .liaVe supervision. M, SOME DETAILS OF THE NIAGARA TUNNEL. /,'!• .•///',■// //. Poiin-. .)/. Am. Soi. (•. /■'. ;i:i:l cii'i;\iNc, i.'i;i^ / / ■ 4 t^Wi^imffJI ■ ^ ^ ;i! m f^tm ,' ii»*c<^ .-1* ■ Wr : ■< !* .:« 'isaS' • ' Hki; ■ . r H^Mjri.'. Pm^'i i'i , P^Pil m 1 IHil \, 1^^/ f/: ■ M , wHb^-'h' \:- *3fe* -;, i.o\vi;kim; .iriii;k into Till; \viii;i:i.-i'it. the inside one being the tripod for the alignment instrument, while the outside one, which was entirely clear of the tripod, in order that there should be no jarring or vibration, had a platfor .1 for the engineers to stand on in sighting the instrument. From the top of the tower all buildings could be cleared and \'antage, and will readily explain the method of alignment. The work of cons: ucting the tunnel was prosecuted from two shafts and the portal in the lower river. There was also a shaft at the portal at the top of the sloping bank to enable a straight lift to the top of the bluff. Shaft No. i DETAILS (>/•■ rHE NlAi.AR.l lU.WIiL. 3() 4 . .*%^ — - If, wmmmmmm m u •hi ,:) . i ■I 206 CASSIF.R'S MAGAZINE. was located 2600 feet, mil shaft No. 2, 3200 feet from the portal. Points for dia- moiui drill boriiij,fs were lo- cated alonjr the line of the tunnel, and borinjj^s were made at several places. From the results of these borinjrs the profile showinjj the rock stratifacti(jn was made. From the rock cores taken out by these borings, it was thought that an un- lined tunnel could be driven, but after sinking the shafts and driving the headings a .short distance, the rock was found to be of such a char- acter that, upon consultation, it; was deemed necessary to line the tunnel throughout, not only to make a safe and jjractical construction, but to have a more perfect tailrace. The upper stratum, or the Niagara lime-stone, is a hard rock, but is full of seams, through which the water comes in great quantities, and in sinking the shafts this water caused much trouble and greatly increased the difficulties of construction. In order to intercept the wa- ter from falling to the bot- tom, the plan shown in one of the appended illustrations was devised, by which gut- ters were cut anti built around the shafts leading to basins or sumps in the sides of the shafts where pumps were placed and the water was forced to the surface. In shaft No. I fully eight hun- dred gallons of water a min- ute were pumped. When the brick work of the tunnel was completed and the working shafts were being closed up, the water again caused serious obsta- cles to the construction of the brick work and masonry. To obviate this, tar paper was \ I •i i DETAILS OF THE XIACARA /IXXEf.. 207 feet, iikI feet from fur (iia- were lo- ne of the ,t;s w ere I i)laces. t)f tliese ? sliowinj^ :ti(jii was ock cores l)orings, It an un- je driven, the shafts eadiiijrs a rock was \\ a char- isnltation, X'ssary to rouujhout, safe and on, but to t tail race. im, or the , is a hard of seams, le water juantities, shafts this ii trouble ased the struction. )t the wa- the bot- vn in one ustrations hich j^ut- la built leadinjf to the sides re pumps :he water rface. In ight hun- er a niin- work of ompleted lafts were he water us oljsta- uction of masonry. )aper was M- put over the ]a}4;i>:injLj on the timber- in^', and gutters built to lead tlie water to weepers or holes in the brick work, located at the wall plates. Al)()ve this point the filling was of dry packing, and the water j)ercolated through this to the gutters below. A manhole was left in the arch at the shaft, 5 ft. in diameter, and was built up the shaft to the .solid rock. The sj)ace around this manhole to the sides of the shaft was filled with dry ])acking of good-sized stone, and, ujjon reaching solid rock, a la)er of about 12 inches of broken stone was placed on top of the dry packing ; coarse gravel was put on top of this, then came gravel and cement, and then three courses of brick work, the top course being of vitrified paving brick. By this time the water was falling down the man- hole, the weepers in the tunnel were dry, and no damage was done to any of the masonry. The shafts above were built up by a brick arch thrown across at the .solid rock nearest below tiie surface, and a manhole, directly over the bottom manhole, built to fice. Tl rock, a|)parently wiien tirsi up in th ings, fell ^ H^ .^UiAlr^ -rrA n UUilUy'u'JJUUU il I li- ft' ; 1 I 'i. |!' i| ir^ im 208 CASS//: A' 'S MAGAZ/N/:. '' P !,■; j, M 1 1 : _;• f. a •^ = . ^ <'' :c jj ■< Y, ■- -J C - ^ < t *• - 1. y. H z < . i"..l 1 1. ■> ^^ ^.\ l^l l;irj;(.' sl.ihs when exposed to the air, and necessitated not only temporary tiniljcrinj^ and jjrops in tlie acKance headiiijr, Init ])ernianent timbering lliroughout. Tlie layer of limestone under the shale was a firm stronjj rock, and in that portion of the tunnel where it A)rmeil the roof, no timberinj^ was re- ([uireil. The sand stone and sand sliak' uiukr the limestone were full of clay seams. The system of blastinj;- used in the headinji^ was the American, or centre cut method, the location of drill holes for the heading and benches beir.;; shown on the accompanying cross sec- tion and protlle. The permanent timber arch was formed of five blocks of 12 x 12-inch timbers, covered with three- inch lag- ginv^, ])acki'd over with dry stone to the rock roof. The first heading was excavated to the bottom of the longi- tudinal timber or wall plates. The second bench followed within about fifty feet of the heading, posts being placed under the wall j)lates, as exca- vated. The heading and first or upper bench were carred along together until the headings met. The lower bench was excavated a short distance ahead of the brick lining. In some cases, on account of the poor rock, it was found necessary to place long posts to the bottom of this bench to support the wall plates. The best progress made in any heading during the construction i)f the tunnel was 94 feet in one week. The best progress for the five headings was 331 feet in one week, an average of over 66 feet to each heading, and the same week 321 feet of the first bench were taken out and the timbering was carried along. The brick work was built in the different sections, as shown on the profile and plan. The brick side-wall first. a specialty were formed built brick jeing usee I'here the invert (jr bottom joined on. The invert was the last brick work to be laid in the tunnel. For setting the.se hi ■■: '; ni-.r.iii.s OF /•///': x/.ia.iK.i vc.v.v/-:/.. Jl K) side w.ills a tfiii|)l»t i>r lonn w.is set on On ihr acciir.ny of aliyiinicnt and (■(iiic( I uiadi' and lino. 'I'his was ni.idi', nr.idc dt'in-ndfil the nu'otin^ and ont- as shown in tliu st\\ I.NCr AKKANl.L:MENr OK TROlt.ll .\.N1> CANVAS 1 ^:2^ DEPTH TO FLOOR t ■ . >-^,' /% : ' ' f V >/''V*V b Sump 10 Aioc, 10 lonq, . I 4'OECP -"iiiif.;5*r.„ ^I.i^iJ'y '^. > SIX rid.N TiiKorcii i:i;Mki, ur nun rs. I'l.AX Mllll'TIJI inn II \M.l INi. \\ V 11 IJ \ I -ll M I M 8 I I J especially adapted to the arrani;enienl ofscattoidinjr and tiie method ol hand- linjr material used, which are shown on the cross and lonj^itudinal si'ctions. The spaces l)elween the brick work and the rock and around the posts were all filled with rubble masonry up to the haunch of the arch. Above tiiis and over the brick arch dry packing was used. 4-3 with .V) 11). ilanged ])lumb bobs, hang- ing in buckets tilled with oil. These wires were on movable screws on the surface, and were kept on the tri ';ne with a transit instrument about 30 or 41 > lei't from the shaft. The distance be- tween the wires was about 17 feet. l-"rom these wires at the bottom a transit in>trument was sighted .uid vvorked on to the true line and points % II '!l: :!:»!| 11 i I 2IO CASS/ER ' S MA GAZ/NE. m set in tlie tumifl. This was rt'iuatccl tlirce times, or until tlie result proved satisfactory. The elevations were established at the bottom of the shafts by means of a long arcuratily tested steel ta|)e, kept on a known elevation on the siirf.ice by means of a level instrument, and read at the ijoltom by another level from which the elevations were estal)lished on bench marks of iron l)olts, secured in the rock. This was also done three times, or until a satisfactory result was obtained. The result of the alignment and grade of the tunnel was most satis- factory, as there was no deviation or error in all the construction, and no work had to be changed or torn out. The clearance allowed betv.een the tim- bering and ijrick work was only 4 inches, the smallest in any tunnel. The tunnel shafts were started late in .September, 1S90. The tumul for a length of 67(^0 feet was entirely coui- pleted in January, 1S93, and the fmal estimate for the contract of the main tunnel was made in March, 1893. The material excavated from the tunnel was used to fill up the lands under water accpiired by the company, a small rail- road being built from shafts Nos. i anil 2 for that purpose. Today the greater part of the |)lant of the Niagara Falls Paper Mill stands on land which was then mostly all under the water of the Niagara River. During the summer and fall of 1890, contour surveys of the lands and river adjoining them were made, and from these the best entrances from the river, location of the canal, wheel-pits, etc., were determined u])on by the engineers. «| * * \^'^- k ^i, 5^1 li : A :i|J i Il ' ■ii ! t i \ <°.Ki>R(;k HvkkKK lllKllANK " ;is till- Ilsi lU'tit ,<"onsiiUinj; ciiKi'ifi" of the Cataract Cdiistniclidn Co. diiriiifj the prriod coveriiin pnibably ll.e most imiorlaiil pari of the work, anil later was chief engineer. His article' here embraces the first official state- ment ever ninde reRardinii it. ! ^T*. ■ " 3 1 » ^ p IS r; B p M p El r- Ub r- U. r ^'■^ p Mi p .IN Jl |g3| MB. i3l ai-*r^^_ -■*-«■ *-:r. iril SIVi.VHi 1 VI.I.S IMIWI K lilMI' \NV >i SIM I'IN. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NIAGARA . WHEEL-PIT AND CANAL /,'v (,'iiijxr 11. HioIhiiiIc. Mriit. Am. Sot . I'. /■.'. TUNNEL, IX the liitltr p.iit til" May, 1S91, tlu- writer was calknl u])(ni by tin- Cataract C'onstnution C()in])any to f.Namine and rcpiirt as to tlic nc-ct-ssity ot lininji^ the main timiicl of the Niagara I'. ills I'ower Coin|)any at Niaitjara Falls. At that time, under the direction u( Roident ICnj^inecr Albert H. I'orter. the shat'ts had bvcii sunk to the tunnel level, and hea(linj.(s had been driven (or 50 to 75 feet trom the sh.itts. In tiiese headinijs the m.iterial to be encountered while driving the tunnel was fully dt'\c]o])ed. An .iriL^ill.iceons shale was tbuiul which, upon exposure to the air, crumbled away, necessitatinjf l)rompt sui)port with timber to avoid serious falls from the roof After an extended examination of all the w')rk- intjs, it became clearly evident to me tiiat liniujii with brick throuiLjiiout was an absolute necessity, .md that timberinij would also be required for the entire leuiLjth of the tunnel, with the j)ossil)le exception of a distance of about S(x) IitI where a ledi^e of iiineslone, eij^ht leet in thickness, could be utilized for the roof My report was rendered in ao ord- anci- with tiiese fmdint;s, and the sui)- secjuent construction fully conlirmtd the correctness of the reconuniMidations. .\fter m.ikinj^ tliis nport, and assisting; in tile remodelin;.^ of the construction contracts, I was invited to supervise tiie work, as resident consultint^ ens^ineer, and, lesit^ninir m;' connection with the New \'ork Aciuednct, 1 became estab- lished in tiiat cap.icitv at Nia^.u^a Falls early in the montii of June. Upon the completion of the tunnel to the fjjoo- foot station, in j.inuary, 1.S93, I became chief enjrineer of the work, and of the companies allied to tlu- (".itaract Con- »>3 P '111 ii (I I 3! * I'll • III 1: M 'I '. Ml i! t ' I '.!!' i| I 214 (.ISS//:A'\S M.\(,.\/.IM'.. E,,.;^^n;i|l \ % Till-: NIAC.ARA 7Y/A'AV-;/., \\Hi:i:l . I'lT ./A7> (.I.V.I/.. J15 stniction Comp.iiiv, and roiuimu-d in i-xclusivcly l>>v nioit.ir in l.iyini^ Inick that c.tp.ii'itv until liu' fonipKtion (il con- and stone m.isoiuv in tin- tnnntl .i\u\ >tru(tionin \Si).[. Alter llu' decision ulieel-pit. The I'oniposition of the in nmard to Hnini; w.is made, the tun- mortar neiu-raily used w.is one [lart nil work was \ iiL^orousIy prosecuted by cement to tliri'e p.irts saml, hut at the the contractors, until its eoinijletion, shafts and the whei-l-pit, where the llow uiiih r the special supervision of Resi- (1( nt I'nyineer I'orter and Division lavnineer Mr. William S. llumUert. Tile tunnel is lined throui^houl with ol water was \-eiy stroni^, the propor- tion was chan,m'd to one to two, and in some iMst'S one to one. Tiiis Itrickini^ commenced in M.irch, iSijj, and fol- INI: 01 I HI'. I A\ AI. INI. I l> \ I AN I VKI \ -.1 A1.I-: at least four rin,e[sof tiie ht'st hard-hurned brick, makintj a solid brick wall si.xteen inclies in thickness. At points where, from tile nature of the material throujL;h which the tunnel was driven, it was tJKHij^hl possible that j^reater slren,^th mii^ht be reijuired, the thickness was increased to si.\ ami e\en eij^ihl rin<4s. The upper or face rin^' of the invert was laid with the best ijuality of vitrit'icd l)aving brick. All spaces between the l)rick work anil sides or roof of the tun- nel were filled with rubble masonry. American Portland cement was used lowi'd the work of excavating .is closely as was consistent with safity. A very satisfactory metlioil of lininir the arch was ado|)ted. The main feature was the construction of a platform about ten feet above the invert after the side walls were laid to as hiijh a point as was con\enient for the handlint^ of brick and mortar. ( )n this ])lattorm tracks were laid, and the brick and mortar wire hauled to their destination, a scjianite landiuir beinij made in the shafts at the proper elevation. The, threat advantage of this svstem consisted in enablin same time, surfaci' of water, wluii a ledije dI witliDUt tin- possibility lli.it tin- oiitydiiij; white saiidstdiie was struck, wliieli w.is cars, loaded uitli iiialcri.u excavated in (Iriviiii^ tile tunnel, coiiltl iiitertere with cars coming in, loadi'd with hrick and mortar, the hrick work, at times, heinn carried on within less tha i loo feel ol the (ace of bench excavation in the tunnel. At the portal il was decided to droii entirely satisfactorv for a lonndation. The first contract was with Messrs. Rodt-ers vV Cleiiunt, of .\e\v \'ork City, for 671 K) leet ()f tunnel with two main shafts and a smaller sh.ift at the bluft lU'ar the i)ortal. This contract was com- pleted in January, 1H93. On January 5, i.Sij2. a contract was ni.ide with A. the jL^r.idi' tif the invert about eleven (.'. l)oii)L^las, of Niai.;.u-.i Falls, for an ■t b the average low water of the extension of the main tunnel ■sod leet river thus pt'rmittiiuf fully one half the furtlu'r. iiiakiniL,^ a total length of Jotx) tlow from the tunnel to discharne below feet in main tunnel ; for a tumie! < 011- the surf ice. To tliiseiid, tin- .i^rade was iiection of same size to the wheel-pit. chant^ed into an o<4;ee commenciiiiuj at a .md for tiie wlu'el-pit, and for a short point (JO feet fn m the portal, droppini:; tunnel, circular in shape and ten feit in nearly ileveii feet in that distance. diameter, providiiii;' for a possible de- This portion of the tunnel, to the eie- xelopmeut of lands owned by the com- vation of the sprin!.,^ line, was lined with pany on the north side of the tunnel, steel boiler plati ri\( ■ted t o steel rib The wheel-|)it, which is reallv an liree to four fi'et ih de|)th, which were elongated shaft, is an uncommon feature bedded solidly in Portland cement eon- in construction, |)articularlv in its n he (Imiensioiis are ia'.4m- .eiii'tli. crete, the arch beinn turiud with brick tiuU e.xcept for 25 feet at the |)ortal, where 1.4.1) feet; width, r.S feet; depth, 1 7.S the construction was j^ranite masonry. teet. This ])it is lined on the bottom The ni.isonry fortius facad V w; c.irried with 16 inches of brick, the to|) course bolitlly to a depth of ,^S leet bi-low the beinii;' of best (juality |)avin.i.; brick, .1 iiu rill-: MACARA 7f 'XX /•:[., \vni:i:i.~i'iT Axn caxai.. .m; f oil till' sidc^, 111 llic lici^lil mI'vi li'fl tlif m.iiii iimiicl iiml tlio -idc tunnels, .iliiiM tile iiui It, willi ti<'m twii til two ,nnl at tlir |>iiit.»I it |>l.irr uI' ilisrli.iiijc .iiiil .1 li.iHti'it olMiliil liiirk niiiMiiiry. inlo tin- Inwrr ri\i r. I'"ii>t in iniiiDil.mrf I'liis w.ill is (MppL'd w ith a .siiiylf cmirsi' is ilir ininintinn liriwciii two liorsesliof Mcll J I Iri't Ili'jll .mil IS I'crt Id III Iniir>lonr, two anil oi \v liall ti'ct in arrlii tliirkncss, on wliiili the j^inli r>, wfiv;li- inrlirs uiiic at tlu- >l>riiin line, at .111 iiH4 alioiil twriitN' livi' tons, air pl.n nl aiinli'iit 'm (Icjurcfs ; and sn'ond, lln' Tln>i' rari'V till- wcij^iil 111' till- |irnsliirls"- coiiiiciiiun I icl wrrii a ciriiilar airli ii> .iinl tiniiini's, ot"5i)i «) liKi'sr iiovvcrcarli. Ii'i't in di.iiiK tit. itiiie iijiii- 17.S itom mrsf anci ?f Tin; Mill 111 ()i- Till TiN.vr;i. dirini; coNSTki ctidn. 218 CASS/IiR ' S MA GAZINE. (♦Ill m\ ;i ■'li ' 1' * - partmcnt of tlie work. The Hiaiuly- wiiH' (iranitc Company, of Wilming- ton, Del., furnished all .tjranite in this construction, ci'i into shape and to the dimensions required. The arches for the connection with the tunnel were laid by the contractor under the direct supervision of Mr. J. G. Tait, assistant engineer, who found all i)re])aratory work so accurately donetiiat practically no difficulties were encoimtered, except such mechanical ones as would naturally with two lines of crib-work filled with stone, the outer one 12 feet in width, the inner one 10 feet in width, with an intervening space of H feet, which was carefully lined on each side with sl.eet piling. After the piling was completed, the loose and sandy material was re- moved to a h.uxl clay bottom by the use of a centrifugal ])ump, and the space was then filled with clay which was dumped into the water and worked as much as ])ossiblc. This dam was prac- A rRu(iKi:ss vii;\v oi- nii; ca.vai.. be expected in constructing arches of that massive character in tunnels, allow- ing an average clearance not exceeding one foot. In August, 1 89 1, work had been commenced, with a company force under the direct management of myself on the main and inlet canals. The mouth of the '-anal is 600 feet from the shore line, necessitating the construction of em- bankments on each side for that tlistance into tlie river. After these embank- ments liad been extended to the proper places, a coffer dam, 450 feet in length, was thrown across the mouth and con- nected with the ends of these embank- ments. This coffer tlani was constructed tically water-tight and remained in per- fect condition until removed in the spring of 1S94. One leak, which gave trouble for several hours, was due to an imperfect connection with the side dump from the shore at the east end of the dam. No delay in the work of excavation or of laying masonry was, however, ex- perienced from this cause. The side walls of the canal are of solid masonry, 17 feet high, 3 feet thick at the top and about S feet at base. This work was laid in ordinary American cement mortar, composed of one part of cement and two ])arts of .sand. The excavation and masonry were carried on sinuiltaneouslv, and the canal was per- the olid c at )ase. ■ican part The ricd was THE NIAGARA TUNNEL. WHEEL-PIT AND CANAL. jh) 4 111 iii' 1 I, i 'I < : lii t ; i I ,i '. \ \ !^!t! AN-OTIIICK i;.\KI.Y Vir.W <)1- Tin; rlNNl-.I,'S MOITEI. i^ ^^BW^Ip^J^ CA SSJER ' S MA CAZINE. yy/A NIAGARA TUNXI.l , WHIJ-I.-riT ANP CANAL. 221 ■^\ ■"\ 'm 'W r-* 222 CASSI/iR'S MAGAZINE. completed in October, 1892. TIu- canal carries twelve feet depth of water at the ordinary low stage of the river. During the year 1892-93, the Niagara Junction Railway was constructed, its rails arc laid, making connection with the traffic of the (ireat Lakes. Hy this railway, materials and freights are received from, and delivered to, all the manufacturing sites which this develop- -\ 1 ■■ i 1 1 1 'J, li! 1 I r ij 'i I I' i' 'It l GBTTINU READY FOR THE TURBINES. which runs through the entire length of the property owned by the various cor- porations allied in interest. This rail- way connects with all the trunk lines, and extensive docks have been con- structed on the Niagara River, on which ment opens to the public. During the same time a new water-works plant was established with a capacity of 6, 000, 000 gallons per day, the water being taken from the Niagara River one mile above the falls. the iken 30ve THE NIAGARA TUNNEL, WHEEL-PIT AND CANAL, 223 A LATERAL TLNNEl. JUNCTION. .".. i I ' 1: i f 1 I: I'" I ' I lilHI I i WJ^ *l1 ' I r 22 + C. / SS//:/^ ' S MA GA ZINE. i' \s Accoiniiindations have alsoln'cii |)r(>- videil lor oiu-Tatives, by the erection of 50 haiulsonie and convenient cottages, witii tine macadam streets, a conipU'le system of draina}4e and sevveraiije, with disposal work.-^ mdunhmited water sup- ply. ()f this work, as well as of the water-works and railway constrnction, Division Engineer Mr. William A. Ihackenridije was in s|)ecial chartje. A handsome power house has been completed over the wheel-pit, after de- si.i,nis bv Messrs. McKim, Mead iS; White, of New York City, the contrac- tors beinji; Messrs. James .Stewart iS: Ct). , ofSt. Louis and Huffalo. The outer sur- face is of limestone, and the inner, for a heij^ht of six feet from the floor, is of en- ameled brick, and above that of onli- n.iry brick, coated with white t'liamel paint. In thisbuildinij, wliich is soofeet in lenjj;d), a 50-ton travelins,^ cr.uu' tnms- ferred the machinery for the turbines froni the cars to their location in the wheel-pit. The j^reatest numl)er of men employed at any one time was about 2500 In the construction 600,000 tons of material were removed, and there were used 16,000,000 bricks, I ij, 000,000 feet of timber and lumber, 60,000 cubic yards (jf stone, 55,000 barrt'ls of ( iiant American Portland cement, 12,000 barrels of natural ce- ment and 26,000 cubic ^■ards of sand. (., ■4, • I t m\ !J;i h t<: Utl ! 'i I. II 1 i Pi ill' ''hi liiii' i ,0 1 1 •I It) I il^ 'M I r •" C^l^UA^Ui^iiL^^^ Clemens Hkkschel was coiisultiiiif hy- draulic engineer o( the Cataract Coiistnictiou Company during the period of construction. NIAGARA MILL SITES, WATER CONNECTIONS AND TURBINES. By Clemens tlerse/iel, Ihdraulic Kre^ineer. V,-!l*4- ,?*• .'k^r^i^ " "^aJV--- -»\ m f If^kj:.- ■m i;»^H*Sf^ li! "■ {5 , » m I ill III hJ tlV I m^ l! ^ I n 'if! !l. ! aaS CASSJER ' S MAGAZINE. < < M < N/. id. IRA MILL SITES AND TURIUNES. 339 a definite (luaiitity of wiitiT, ;it (lofincd times, with tin- privilege (if (liscliar^injf it at a lower level, ami the inill-Dwner iliil the rest; whereas, at Niagara Falls, the rij4:ht is leased to discharge a defi- nite (iiiantity of water into the tail-race tunnel, with the privilege of drawing this (juantity from the head-canal, or from the river. Hut over and above this the i)rodnct, — power, — may be contracted for at Niagara l'"alls, de- liveretl on the shaft. To create a large group of mill-sites of the older sort, there was necessary, in the first instance, a large continuous body of land, properly located for the purpose. If this could not be bought up secretly, and in large blocks, the whole water-power enterprise would fail to come to fruition. In luirope, however, several such enterprises came into being in spite of the inability of the projectors to primarily buy tracts of land such as have been described. This was done by establishing central power stations near the dam, or head canal, and then transmitting the power produced, instead of the water to pro- duce it, to the consumers, or mill-own- ers. Up to within say five years, this had always been accomplished by means of wire-rope transmissions of power, and it is easy to see that the in- vention of the electrical transmission of power would give this form of the utilization of a large water-power a great impetus. Many such plants are, therefore, already in existence, many are l)uilding, but among them all, no one is probably so celebrated, and is at- tracting the attention of all intelligent men as this at Niagara Falls. The work at Niagara Falls is designed to be utilized in both of the methods above described, and examples of both methods of distributing power are built. The plant of the Niagara F"alls Paper Company is an example of the first and older method of power utilization, while the Central Power Station of the Ni- agara Falls Power Company is the grandest example yet undertaken of the second described, and the later method of power distribution. The Niagara Falls Power Company also owns some I2ooacresof land adjoining the Cen- tral Power.Station and the present head canal, all of which can be utilizid for the sites of manufacturing establish- ments by one or the other of the meth- ods described. This has been laid out in streets and blocks, with a freight rail- roatl, to be spoken of presentlv, con- necting the mill sites with all the trunk lines that ])ass Niagara Falls, and adjoins the residential tlistrict being developed by the Niagara Develop- ment Com])any, whose first fruits are the village called Fchota. aiul the ad- joining wharf and other projjcrty. lint over and beyond all this, a transmission of power to HutTalo, only 20 miles off, and po.ssibly .still fiirther, is within the sco|)e and design of the Central Power Station now building. It is interesting to find how the work of to-day was dreamt of in 1876. In that year the late Sir William .Siemens came to America to see the Centennial exhibition. Proceeding to Niagara Falls, he was struck with its capabilities as a power-producing centre, and car- ried out what was probably the first computation ever made of the cost of distributing power from Niagara Falls to the country around it by electricity. In the " Life of Sir William Siemens," ijy William Pole, this subject is treated at length, and the following quotation froi.i it may be interesting in thisj)lace: " When such a machine as a dynamo was once brought into existence, it was sure to be taken advanL..ge of for other applications of powerful electric energy. '^- * -i^ It is necessary here to allude to one remarkable case which was among the earliest to which Dr. Sie- mens gave his attention. In this the electric current is used, not for action of its own, but merely as a vehicle for the transmission of power ; just as a boat on a river, or a wagon on a railway is used to transport some valuable com- modity for use at a distant place. The power of horses, or of a waterfall, or of a steam engine, is apjjlied in a dy- namo to e.xcite a current ; that current is passed along a wire, and will, by the aid of another dynamo at the other end of the wire, reproduce the j)ower (or a l!:, \ :'f If m rnnr u\ i ! I M- 230 CASS//:/i'S MAGAZINE, \i !^ ., C •< NIAGARA MIL!. S/'/V-S AJVP TfR/UNES. \\ portion of it) in a far distant lotality. t'nfrjj;y. And he at onci- hrijan to "This nsi- (»t" fliTtriiity iDrnu'd a spi'ciilatc wlictluT it was ahsolutily ni'c- liivoritc study for Dr. Sit'niuns, and it «.'ssaiy 'hat tiic wliolf of tiiis ^;I >rious sti'nis to iiavf first stronj^dy ini|)rfssi'd inaiiniuidi' ol' powrr slionid l)i' wastcil itsi'll on iiis mind when, in tin- autinnn in dasliiiiL; itsi'lt into the cliaMn l)ci(uv — of iS7r), Ik- WL'nt to Anu'rica and visited wlu'tlicr it was not possilik' lliat at least Niaj^ara Falls. In all liis many jour- somi- miylit Ik- practically utili/.fd l<>r ncys in diCrcri'iit conntriis notliinij made tlic hcndit of mankind ? such a deep im|)ri'ssion on him as this " ilf had not lonj^ to think l)cft)rc a •r IN Till; MAIN Tl'NNIiL. wonderful natural phenomenon. The stU])endous rush of waters t'llled him with fear and adniirati(jn, as it does every one who comes within the sound of its mighty roar. But lie saw in it something far beyond what was obvious to the multitude, for his scientitic mind could not helji viewing it as an inex- pressible manifestation of mechanical possible means of doing this presented itself to him. The dynamo machine hail just then been brought to perfec- tion, partly by his own labors ; and he asked himself, why should not this colossal power actuate a colossal series of dynamos, whose conducting wires might transmit its activity to places miles away? This great idea, formed a» .iim 0i iiiii II:; V 51 232 a^SS/EJ^'S MAGAZINE. amid the thiindcriiigs of the cataract, accompanied hiinalltlie way home, and was meditated on in the quiet of his study. He submitted it to the test of ma'hematical calculation, and so far convinced himself of its reasonable na- ture, that he determined, when a fitting occasion arrived, to make it known. "The opportunity arrived in the sjMMng of 1877, when he had to give an opening adclress as presitlent of the Iron and Steel Institute. In that ad- dress he had to jioint out the dependence of the iron and steel manufacture on c• >j M •«! H < O S a I NIAGARA MILL SITES AND TURBINES. 241 and are set in a rock exca- vation. The water used carries no sand, and experi- ence has already shown that the taihaces line them- selves with a layer of slime in s])ite of the j^reat velocity in them. So lonj^ as this slime adheres to the brick and to the cement joints, there can evidently l)e no wear of the brick masonry linin},^. The wheel-pit of the Nia- (jara Falls Power Company is a long slot cut in the rock, instead of a group of small wheel-pits, and to save ex- cavation, though at the cost of some fall wasted, the wheels are set on plate- girder bridges spanning the slot, and so as to leave a tail-race beneath the plate girders. This tailrace, or bottom of the slot, is con- nected by a short curve with the main tail-race tunnel. Tile fashionable turbine of the present day, in the United States, is, no doubt, tiie twin turbine, with hori- zontal axis, this axis pro- jecting from the wheel case, ;it one or both ends, and either driving its attached machine directly, or carry- ing a pulley, to belt from. Several attempts were made to fit this general form of motive power for the case in hand. These all failed from the great space re- quired for the belts or drive- ropes, which, in this case, would have had to be gained at the price of a material increase in the amount of rock excavation. Not to transmit the power to the surface of the ground and to attach the machinery underground, brings with it che necessity of excavated chambers 140 feet below 6-3 IK*^ M THF, MOUTH OF Till-: TUNNKL. I'i' ; '■ ;i' ' I IPHH I ■'■■ ii i ! Ii I ur 242 C/1SS/f:A"S MAGAZINE. ONE OK THK NIAGARA I'UWKK COMPANY'S Simi) HORSE-rOWl.R TlKlilNKS l)i;SIC.Ni:i> MY KAICSLll .V I'lCl. \KI), CKNKVA, SWIT/.ICRl.ANI). IHMI.T IIY TlIF, I. 1'. MORRIS CO., I'llILAlJEI.ril I A, I'A., r. S. A tlie surface, lial)lu t(i l)c daini), or wet, and rcciuiriiio- coiistant artificial light ; in short, forming a likewise undesir- able arrangement. These considera- tions led, therefore, in the case of the Central Power Station of the Niagara Falls Power Comi)any, to wheels with vertical shafts, and, as has been de- scribed, to rows of such wheels, set in a continuous slot, direcdy over the appurtenant tail-race ; and to a grou]) of such wheels, set in a scjuare pit, for the Niagara Falls Paper Company. Considerations of economy in regard to rock excavation per horse-power de- veloped, led to large cjuantities of power per wheel; actually, to some iioo horse-power per wheel in the case of the Paper Company, and to 5000 horse- power per wheel in the case of the Cen- tral Power Station. The very idea of a central power station serves, by the way, to meet considerations of economy in rock excavation, by avoiding the ne- cessity of constructing wheel-pits to supply only small ])owers. When such small blocks of power are wanted, they will be furnisheil as parts of a larger plant, by transmitted power, as it would not jiay to sink a wheel-pit for them alone. We may say, in round figures, that blocks of between 500 and 1000 hor.se-power will probably, and of less than 500 horse-power will certainly, be furnished on these mill-sites bv trans- mitted jiower, and the Niagara Falls Power Company is [preparing to trans- mit and distribute such power by elec- tricity. Given, then, turbines with vertical shafts of 5000 horse-i)ower, on about 140 feet of fall, and a prescribed num- ber of revolutions per minute, it follows that American wheel builders are not accustomed, or their shops not fitted, to supply such wheels. The turbine wheel business in the United States. is, in point of fact, carried on in a way i A'/.I(;.IA\{ MILL S/7'J:S ,IA7) / / 'AV.VA'A.V. 243 I I lie cic'sirc efficiency. European wheels, on the other hand, are mostly of the standard simple action kinds, and have been jierfected mainly by learned computations of forms of guides and buckets. Most American builders also shun high falls, anc in their work, turned out in quan- tity, aim to suit only the ordinary heights of fall. Tlie one special high fall wheel built in the United States, the Pelton wheel, has a horizontal axis. To use it on a vertical axis, and with the multiplicity of nozzles ricpiired for jiroducing 5000 horse-power at Niagara, would constitute practi- cally a new wheel. Swiss and other European wheel builders were, there- fore, early in the field with designs for producing 5000 horse-power under a 140-foot fall, and having any de- sired number of revolutions per min- ute, which with their constant practice SiXTid.v _-j) — 1+- ONK 01- THi: SIIATT IIKARINCS. ' N/AG.U^A /I///.A SITF.S AND TfA'/U/VZ-S. 245 siyiicd ;i w.itiT piston l)i';irinjf ; (ttluT-i l)c citluT of thr I'luinns run, in America hit ii|inn till- idcM ol" hiiviii.ij twin wlu'i'ls olun imIKiI ItoydiMi, iy|>c, or i-lsc sit, till' one larj^i'r in diamitir and jonval wlu'cis. TIn' 1 loo liorM'-powcr vi'rtiialiv (i\(r the ntlii r, ,{\\(\ tluw ti!rl)ini's ordcrt'd l>y the Niaij.ira I'alis ni'ntralizinn liu' uiiL^Iil of tiir ulnnin Taper Company ar<' of llic Ioii\,i| tvpc, ol water actinn on llu- wlieels ; and, dcsii^m-d and Imilt l)y R. 1). Wood I'i iiM. (11 rill. 1 ruiUM ,. \^i ; \. fmally, \vc have also a coml)ination of certain of these metiioils of bearing, safely, the threat weit^ht on the revolv- ing parts that support the wheel and the weights u|)on the shaft. The wheels themselves, it is agreed among European turbine builders, must Co., of Philadel|)hia, under the direc- tion of the veteran jonval wheel builder in the United .States, Mr. K. (ieyelin, and are very much like the Jonval wheels described below as submitted to the Niag.ira Falls Powder Company by Esclier, Wyss iS: Co., of Zurich, r, ' 1^ M-i* u, 1;? I 4' ii*.;! r !i liii:; f • f 246 % I Ir i, 'M ill. ^l! r' ki i> I CASS/ER ' S AIA GAZINE. i;i:ni:kai, i:i.i;v.\tion. iwi'scii .v riccARO dicsic.N'. Switzerland, hut omitting the upper of the twin wheels. The three wheels now set anil eoni- pleted for the Xiagara Kails Power Company were designed by Faesch «S: Piccard, of Cieneva, Switzerland, and were built r.nder eontract with the I. P. Morris Company of Philadelphia. They consist of two Fournevron tur- bines, one being set inverted and ver- tically over the other, .so as to neutral- ize weight on the step or bearing. Fach of these twin wheels is, moreover, made three stories high or deep, and the speed-gate consists of a cylindrical rim, moving u|) and down on the out- side of each wheel. To further neutral- ize weight on the upper bearing of the shaft, tile water from the penstock is allowed to pass through the disc of the ral- 'er, uul iciil uit- il- tlie is ihe N/AGANA MILL SJTJ-S AND TURBINES. 247 upper nuulc-wlieels, ami to act VLTtic- ally upward upon tlie ilisc ul tin; U|)pcr turl:)inL' wlifcl. Tlie disc of the lower i^uide- wheel is, on the other iiand, solid, and the weit^ht of water upon it is supportetl by three inclip.eil rods passing through it anil the wheel casing. These wheels will discharge 430 cubic feet per second, antl, acting under 136 feet oi fall from the surface of the upper water to the centre between the upper and lower wheels, will make 250 revolu- tions i)er minute ; at 75 i)er cent, ctti ciency they will give 5000 lu)rse-j)ower. gale. The turl)iiie wheels are made of bronze, the rim and buckets forming a single casting. The .shalt is a steel tube, 3S inches in diameter, except at SI CTIliN OI- C.OVI;KNi>R. lAlCSCII ,^ I'lLCAKll iii,si(;.N. The guide-wheel has 36 buckets ; the turbine-wheel, 32. These buckets are thickened in the middle, this being the most approved form of bucket, especially useful when the wheel is acting at part points where it passes the journal beat- ings or guides, at which it is 1 1 inches in diameter and solid. A heavy fly- wheel was originally designed to be mounted on this shaft, to enable the governor the better to control the speed of the wheel, but has been re- placed by the revolving held of the dynamo. This fly-wheel was to have been 14 'j feet in diameter, to have weighed 10 tons, and was to ha\'e been I':' t { \ ■ ii I. it.: 11:1 ••^i i ;:i]^|n! 1:1. r ■■ m v. li;- ii ' ( ■I. '^; , 248 CASS/Ji/^'S MAGAZINE i '^k T .' '■ 1 ,'i ■I' 'I I , pi I :«i tl NIAGARA MIIJ. SITES AND TURIilNES. 249 niaclo of forced iron. It was (U'si^^iicil tor a circiiinfcrciitial sik'wI ot 11,400 feet jii-T minute. Tlic spt'ccl-^atc'S of tliL' wheels are ])lain circular rims, \vhi(.h throttle the discharge on the outside of the wheels. This makes a balanced gate, ea.sy of motion. Together with the gi>v- ernor shown and the Hy- wheel, it is wairantcd by the makers to kee[) the speed constant within two per ct'Ut. under ordinary conditions of operation, and not to allow it to vary more than four per cent, should the work done be suddenly in- creased or diniinislu'd i)y 25 ])er cent. To shut the wheel down tight, reli- ance is had u|)oii the headgates leading to the |)enstock. At the u])]X'r end of the main shaft is a thrust bearing, likewise shown in tiie drawings, to take U|) ])ressure along the shaft, in either direction — ii])\\ard or downward. This pres- sure will, naturally, vary with the speed of the whet'l, among other causes ; hence a thrust hearing, thus operatixe in either vertical direc- tion, is a necessity. A system of water cooling is provided for this upper thrust bearing. The plans of Escher, Wyss & Co. show twin Jonval wheels, hut haxing their discharge from out of the wheel case in a horizontal direction ; hence, capable of being governed, and actually governed, by a speed-gate of very nuich the same construction as that already described in the case of the Faesch iS: I'iccard wheel. There is a post or column passing up through the wheel from the bottom of the wheel case, and an ordinary Fontaine oil-bearing near the upper limit of the case. These wheels, as drawn, are submerged, and they discharge sideways from the slot in which they are to be set, instead of having the tail-race formetl at the bot- tom of the slot and directly under the row of wheels set on beams sjjanning ric.NSTotK coN-Nix' jiiiN WITH iruMiNi;, the .slot, as is the case for the turbines now erected. Hy ])lacing the goxeruor near the level of the water in the tail- race, water from the ])enstock is ob- tained underpressure, and the governor can be, and is, designed to be ojjerated by hydraulic power. In an article by the present writer, pre|)ared several years ago, it was shown that Lowell, Lawrence and Ilolyoke, Mass., combined, had only one-fifth the horse-|)ower now being developed by I I ■ *.. . ■.V> '! ' t't ; ■ 1 \- p^ ; i^ ! t ff- - 'i ; 5 Ul ':-\ i:::ir I'll 1:? i!^ f : m u , ; I'l 1) \ 250 CASSfF.R ' .9 MA GAZINE. the works of the Xiatrara I''alls Power Company ; that those cities had i^row 11 to ha\e a population of about I5o,(Kjo |)L'opk' in 45 years, essentially by reason of naving some 2o,(joo horse-j)()\ver of \vater-])o\ver to keep their intiahitanls in employment ; that Niagara I'"alls is more favorably sitnatetl as re!;;arcls frei^rht rates to the rest of the United Stales tiian these cities are ; and that it would, therefore, not be a rash pre- diction that the now existine^ (then future) cit\' of Niagara l-'alls woukl have a million inhabitants in 50 years. This sentence, the ever active real es- tate boomer turned to his own uses, though to the discredit of its quoted author, by writing^ "in a few years," instead of 50 years. Rut such as it was then written, the author still sub- scribes to. With a park on both sides of the river, thai has resloretl and will forever l)reser\e the natural beauties of Ni- agar.i l-'alls to succeeding generations ; with a power develo|)ment, likewise, on both sides of the river, that has been designed with full regard had to the preservation of all of these wonderful natural beauties ; with constant power delivered at home and to the surround- ing country, at rates never before of- fered so favoral)le ; the future develop- ment of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls dis- trict, as a manufacturing centre, no less than as a ])lace of residence, cannot fail to be one of the marvels of the fast approaching twentieth century. i % i t \ Tin; I'AKsjii >>^ riucARii (.(ivi;rnih i< in i'i.ack. ■♦ . ' m ! !?' li m ■ ■ 1 I j . I ; I! ■I tii- ■■ g 1 %\ u i ' j I' ii !;■ ' ■) '• 1 !■: ■ , I'.i l( ■ i; ; . : i-l^ ' ^ ,; ; \ m ' ^ I 'i'-' il'-: I ■ ? II f i\ i 1 l! I I ii a i 'I w I,. B. Srii.i.WKM, is tlie electrical eiifjineer and assistant niaiiaKcr of the WeEtiiiKlioiise Electric and Manufacturing Company, aiul had under siipervision the entire installation ol'electrical.apparatus at Niagara l-'alls. ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AT NIAGARA. lly /.(Ti'/.v lliiiklcy S!ill:crll, /'/ti/ric a/ /•'.iii^inrrr. E iLKCTRICITV as an aj^ent for transmitting and distributing- power has received its most weiglity endorse- ment in its adoption by the Cataract Construction Company, of New \'ork, for their great project at Niagara. No enterprise of modern times, involving special and extraordinary engineering jM'oblems, has been more carefully, more patiently, more systemati- cally or more intelligently studied than has tlie utili- zation of this, the greatest water power in the world. The officers and directors of the companv, controll- ing financial means aiuplefor their j)ur- pose, have, for five years, energetically and persistently endeavored to avail themselves of the best resources of modern engineering science. Confront- ing a problem without j)recedent in its magnitude, and almost without parallel in its significance, they have attacked it with energy and abilitv of the highest order, studied it with keen insight and sound judgment and, in solving it with success, have contributed a chapter of rare interest and meaning to the history of industrial progress. The utilization of Niagara for indus- trial j)nri)oses imposes upon tliose un- dertaking it a res|)onsibility far beyond that which is measured by the capital invested. Science is cosmopolitan; she recognizes no boundary of race or na- tion; and engineering science of the twentieth century, in passing judgment upon the methods and ajiparatus em- ployed, while not failing to take into consideration the difficulties and limita- tions imposed by the boundaries of our ])resent knowledge, will allow no excuse for failure to find out and use the best means known to our age. It is, tiierefore, a source of j)rofound gratification that, from tiie outstart, the policy of the company has been characterized by a breaclth of view com- mensurate with the far-reaching import- ance of the enterprise. The directors have allowed no local or even national prejudice to bias their judgiuent. Thev early threw the lists wide open and in the original com])etition which they in- augurated, the international commission |)assed u[)on no less than twenty-two ])lans covering jjractically the whole known range of electric, hydraulic and pneumatic di'-tribution of jjower, and originating from places as far East as the city of Buda-Pesth, and as fu" West as .San Francisco. It must be gratifying to Americans tiiat under tliese conditions a system develo])ed l)y an American comi)any has l)een adojited, but lor the recent rapid advancement in engineering science which has made this work possi- ble, America is in no position to claim exclusive credit, if she would. In the ])lans for the hydraulic plant, Switzer- land, the land of water powers, shows the way, wiiile in the design of the great electric generators, the most |)owerfiil as yet jjroduced, Cireat Britain is represi'uted directly in the excellent general form of construction adoi)ted, which was proposed by Prof. (ieo. Forbes, and indirectly in the work of llopkinson, Kapp, Thompson, Mordev, and others, whose carefiil study of the principles underlying the construction of electrical machinery has done nuich to make it possible to design a machine so far beyond the range of actual ex- perience, in full confidence that the resiilts predicted from theory would 254 GASSIER ' S MA GAZINE. \\ F.LFATRIC Pi^Ul'R A I' Xl.lC.lK.l. bo rcali/rd in juMcticr. l'i.Th:i|)s no coiiiUi')' is more larLjtly i>r more; crc'clital)ly ri'|)rc'seiUr(l in tlu.' threat Nia,y;ar;i installation tiian Smiijan Lika. — tliat stnrdy little province on the Adriatic, which has honoured it~.ell by protlucinj4' Mr. Nicola Telsa, and were it possible to trace to its true source each one of the j^reat number of ideas embodied in the complete installation, it is probable that we should fmd nearly every civilized nation represented — iMii^land, Anu'rica, Switzerland, ]■ r.mce, Gerniany, Italy, some in greater de- gree, some in less, Ijut all co-operatini^' to achie\e what is, beyond question, one of the most significant trium|)hs (jf nineteenth century enu^ineerino^ skill. The ])roblem in electrical cni^incerinjLj presented by the Cataract Construction Companv, as defmed by the organiza- tion of the hydraulic ]ilant in the power house and the reipiirements of the pro- posed marki't for the power developed, maybe stated as follows: Given, ist: — Four vertical shafts, di- rect-driven by turl)iiies makinyf 250 revolutions ])er minute and capable of deliverint^' at the to|) of each shaft from 5000 to 5500 mechanical horse-power. Additional turl)ines and shafts to be in- stalled as the demand for power in- creases. 2(1: — A market for power, be^inniniL:;' just outside the walls of the power house and e.\tenilint^ at least twenty miles (and as much further as possible), said power to be used for, ( A) iL^eneral industrial ])urposes, such as the operation of macliinery in mills and factories; (H) the operation of street railways; (C) lii;htin!4;bv arc and incan- descent lights; ( l)j electn)lytic pur- poses; (K) heating. Required: — The most reliable and etficient method antl machinery for util- izing the jjower for the purposes named. The system or organization of electric apparatus which was adopted is known as the Tesla Polyphase Alternating- Current System. Each generator de- livers alternating current to each of two circuits, the currents in these circuits differing from each other in their time relation, or phase, by 90 degrees; that is to say, the current delivered to each circuit attains its m.ixiinuni x'alue at the instant when tiie current deli\ered to l!ie other circuit is zero. TIu.- fre(|uenc\- is 25 c\'cles pt'r second. — in other wi uds, the direction of the current is ri'vcrst'd ■^ooi) times per minute. iSv me.ms of rheostats, controlling tin; tield circuits of the generators, the ])otential of the current delivered is adiustable U|) to the limit of 24.00 eftective volts, in ordi- nary service, and until transnii>>ion over great distances is undertaken, the normal potential will a|)pro.\im ite 2iil a aififF1I]_ lilM. HI AliV lo lU: I.l>\Vl-.KI.i) ll\- A (.l.NI.UA IIIK SIIAIT. cliaiigcd, so that any of the transmission circuits may l)e used to supply any of the local distributint;- circuits, as may be advantageous or convenient, or all of tlie local circuits may l)e supplied with current from bus bars to which the transmission circuits of like j)]iase are connected in parallel. In the diati^ram, beginning at the left of the switchboard, the first four-wire circuit is used to supply alternating cur- rent to the m()tor-t»'enerator or rotary transformer M(i, which, in turn, de- livers direct current at 500 volts tea trolley line, from which the street car K issu])plied. The second circuit supplies the motors M, iM', M', and M' of the two-phase, synchronous type, or of the induction type, which are adapted to general power purposes in mills, fac- \^ I'J.I'.CIRU' J'i>W/:h' .//• \/.l(,.IA'.l. -59 toric's, cU'. Tln'iuxt tiiur-wirL' circuit is divided into two two- will.' circuits, and is used to supply iiuandcsci'iit lamps tiudu^h tin; tninsfornicr.s I), h', and b'. 'I'lie next circuit supplies alternating;- current to tlie niotors^enorator M("i', which delivers dinct current for arc ii^diting purposes. The last circuit shown su|i])lies the inotor-ji^enerator M(i', which, in turn, delivtrs direct currcntat ii low ])otential for electrolytic purposes, as indicated in the \ats \', V, V-', and V: It is not intended to attempt the sup- ])ly of incandescent lights in p^cneral in the manner indicatefactory. Arc liji^hl- inn can, of course, he accomplished not only in the way shown in the diai^ram, hut also hy the indirect method f)f em- |)loyiiii,'' polyphase-' motors to drive arc lijL^ht machines of the typi's ^cner ill\- in use. The frequency select d is in evtiv res|)e(t admirable lor power purposes, and was chosen in preferi'nce to a lnu;her fre(|uency because the amount of energy re<|uirt'd for litihlinn from Niagara will, for m.my years, and |)er- haps for all time, constitute hut a coni- l)arativt'ly small jiart of th.e enert^y dis- tributed. Atjiresent the only practicable way to utilize Niagara power for lii^ht- ing purposes is by substitutmg motors for the engines now used in arc and in- candescent lighting i)lants in Niagara, Tonawanda, Buffalo and other cities and towns to which the circuits may be extended. Wh?n the demaml for .ii it I Ii ' 'I I I! Tin; 1 IKST GKNKRATOR I.N I'OSITION IN TIIK I'OWKK IIOUSK AT NIAOARA. 26(1 CASS IE R ' S MA GA ZINE. FLOOR LINE i i A Ti>i' \ii:\v. ELECTRIC POWER AT XIACARA. 261 current to be used lor lightint^ purposes becomes sufficiently important to justify •a change in the apparatus, and, per- haps, in the methods now employed for lighting the cities and towns to which the circuits may be extended, a certain number of generators of higlier fre- quency may be installed. The drawings leprotluccd on this and the opposite pages are front and side elevations ancl a plan, showing the relation of the generator, the bed space occupied \^y the generators, with the actual size of the machine as shown on page 25S. The height of each generator from the bottom of the bedplate 10 the top of the tloor of the bridge is 11 ft. Gin. The diameter of tiie bedplate is 14 ft., and the outside diameter of the revolving held ring is 11 ft. 7 '3 in. Each gene- rator delivers 5000 electrical horse- power, and re(iuires about 5150 horse- power delivered through the turbine IKONT l:l.|-.V.\TI(i;^ ANP Sl'CTlnV TIIKIMI.II liirNI>,\TI(lN. of concrete supporting the massive cap- stone and the excellently constructed arch wliich spans the wheel pit. On pages 262 and 263 sections through the power house and wheel pit, reproduced from the general drawings, show the genera- tors in relation to the power house, the wheel pit and the hydraulic plant. The large scale upon which the work has been planned and carried out is graphi- cally evident upon comparison of these sections, illustrating the relatively small shaft to (lri\ e it luider full load. lv\- clusive of the britlge, which is smiply used to gi\e access to the brushes bear- ing u[)()n tiie collecting rings at the to|) of the shaft, the entire machine could he placed in a room 15 ft. square and 15 ft. higli. The weight of each generator is 170,000 lbs., of which about 79,000 lbs. are in the revolving element, which is made u|> of the shaft, the drivei to which the field ring is attached, the [.? > ■^. f \^ 1 \ :;, "^i Si •f HS 26; CASSJER ' S MA GA ZINE. I'ARTIAI, I.ONGITUDINAI. SECTION' OK Till; I'OWI.R IIOISi; AND Wll I%1 .1.TIT. field ring with its i)ole pieces and bob- bins, and the collecting rings, carried ui)on an extensior of the shaft above the driver. The speed at which the field revolves is normally 250 revolutions j)er minute, and the fly-wheel effect of the revolving parts of the machine, measured by the pounds multiplied by feet per •second squared, is 1,274,000,000. The conditions to be met in the con- struction of the generators, as deter- mined by the plans adopted for the hydraulic ])lant, were such as to impose very considerable difticulty ujion the designers and manufacturers. Tiiese conditions were, in brief, an output of 5000 electrical horse-power, a speed of 250 revolutions per minute, a weight in KLliClRIC P0\\1:R .//• XI.H.AR.l. 2(y- the revolving eleineiit of tlie machine not exceeding 80,000 Uw., and a tly wheel effect of tiie revolving parts, measured by the pounds multiplied by feet per second squared, of not less than 1, 100,000,000. In saying that the im|)()sition of these conditions involved difficulties, no re- flection u|)on the wisdom of the decision which imposed these conditions is in- tended. It would Ijc, perhaps, more exact to say that the general specifica- tions laid down were such as called for the higliest skill in the designers and builders of the generators. The con- ditions have been met successfully, and the object which the officers of the Cataract Construction Company had in view is attained. The Niagara gene- rators represent to-day the highest state of the art of design and construction 01 electrical machinery. The construction of the generators is illustrated by the reproductions from the general drawings on jxiges 264 and 265. In the vertical section through the centre line of the shaft on page 264, a re])resents the stationary armature, secured in place by the armature sup- port AS, which, in turn, rests u])on the bedplate B. One of the four terminals at which the current from the armature is delivered to the cables leading to the switchboard, is sliown at T. Of course, since the armature is stationary, no ring collectors or brusiies are needed. The revolving part of the generator consists of the shaft S, carrying tlie driver D, the field ring I'"R, the steel pole pieces P, the field bobbins Y\\ (each bobbin surrounding a jiole piece), and the collector C, by means of which the current delivered from the exciters to the brush holders /', /»', is conveyed to the field bobbins. In the horizontal section through the armature and field, a is the armature, I-R the field ring, P, P', etc., are the jiole pieces and H, B', etc. , the field bobbins. The clear- ance between the armature and the field poles is one inch. The power house is ef|uipped with a 50-ton electric crane, buiU bv Messrs. Wm. Sellers ^ Co., of Philadelphia, which is of ample strengtli to handle -^:^rr^~-xys&;. cuiiss sit iiiiN 111 I'liu.K iiorsi; VNU \viii-.:-.i.i'iT. auv ])art of the electric or hydraulic machinery, and by means of this the revolving i)arts of the machines may be removed when necessary. In doing this the collecting rings near the top of the shaft are first removed, and the bridge is taken out of the way. The key which fixes the driver to the shaft is then withdrawn, and a special tool, 1 , 1 it' ■ 1 \'-A ^' i i^fi ') I "' } ill ■ 1 ' ^ ;ii i CASS/HR'S MAGAZINE. 0= \ I KiiL.M. SIC mix 111' om; m- riii; ^ooo iiDKSi.-rowiK i.i.MiKAroRS. wliich may I'o described as a combined eycbolt and liydraulic pump, is attached to the driver l)y eij^^iit heavy tap bolts. Tiie pressure pump is tiien operated by hand, and, leai- to lift the tirivcr with reference to the shaft, is exerted. In this way the driver is loosened from the shaft, and, with the field, is then raised bodily by the electric crane. The bearings and the castings which sup])ort them are ne.xt lifted out, and theshaft is removed if necessary. When this has been accomplished, a clear space is left within the fi.xed part of the machine, that is, within the armature sup|)ort, five feet in diameter, through which i)arts of the turbine shaft or other machinery from the wheel ])it can be raised. An attractive feature of the form of construction adopted is the fact that the magnetic attraction between the field poles and the armature acts against the centrifugal force. As com- pared with the centrifugal force at high s[)eeds at which the ring must still be safe, the magnetic attraction is not very great, and, unless the field is charged, there is, of course, no magnetic pull between armature and field. But with normal conditions, this attraction tends to reduce the strains in the ring, due to centrifugal force, whereas, were the armature revolved inside of the field, i !'■ i-j.F.CTRir j\)\vi-:r at xiacara. ^65 tile magnetic ])ull would he added to the centrifugal force. Tlie armature and field are ventilated by means of openings in the driver, j)rovided with special ventilators 7', f', so arranged as to draw air u]) through the machine, and throw it out at the to|). A considerable draught is neces- sarv, since, at full load, heat eciuivalent to about I GO horse-power, representing the loss in the generator due to mag- netization of the iron and the resistance encountered by the currents traversing the conductors, must be dissijjated. The sections on pages 260 and 26 r show the method of securing the bed plate in place. Eight 2'. --inch bolts are used, and, at their lower ends, are se- curely held by castings buried in the concrete foundation. The masonry is of the highest class, massive blocks of Oueenston limestone being used for the capstone and in the construction of the arch. In the latter a cylindrical steel casting takes the place of the keystone, the turbine shaft passing through it to the dynamo shaft above. The armature supi)ort is a single casting of cylindrical form, and is se- curely bolted to the bedplate, upon which it is adjusted by set screws in a flange around the circular bed, and is afterwards babbitted to secure rigidity. This cylindrical casting has on its outer I)eriphery a series of vertical ril)s, which terminate at the lower ends in a flange upon which the armature ring rests. The latter was lowered to this flange ' If % IS 1*1 if H - ■ f n !i i ii IloRIZnXTAT, SnCTTOV, v^ '• m w t 266 CASSJER'S MAGAZINE. illi; AUMATlRi: (II Tin; SlX'UNll l.l'.Ni:RAri)R IN I'l.ACI.. while heated, and then shrunk inlij place against the ribs on the cylindrical support. Five of these ribs are i)ro- vided with dove-tailed keyways, corre- si)onding with keyways in the armature ring. Into these, after the ring was shrunk into place, metal keys were cast. While the outer surface of this casting which supports the armature is cylindrical, its inner surfaces, at the top and bottom, form sections of two truncated cones into which fits and is securely bolted a second casting carry- ing two massive, five-ann spiders, which support the upper and lower bearings. The illustration on page 267 shows the armature support and arma- ture core after the latter has been shrunk into place. The vertical slots which will be noted around the periph- ery of the core, are ready for the re- ception of the armature conductors. The construction of the casting which carries the spitlers supporting the bear- ings is illustrated on the same page. The end view shows the bushings in l)lace, and these Inishings are sepa- rately illustrated on page 268. The bearings, which are of the best quality of bearing metal, are in two parts, are fitted into conical bearings of iron sur- rountling the shaft, and are provided with set screws to assist in withdrawing or tightening when necessary. The bearings are lubricated by oil under pressure, admitted at a point midway between the top and bottom, and also at a point near the to]i. Grooves are cast in the hub of each spider, with pipes at each end, permit- ting the circulation of water to cool the bearings, this water being conveyed to the bearings direct from the city mains at a pressure of 60 pounds per square inch. The oil is supplied from a reser- voir jilaced at an elevation of about 30 ELI'A TRR ' PL ) // 7s/v' . / /" X/. I (,.IK. I. 267 ft. above the upper Ijeaiiii,!^. After havinij;' passetl tliroiigh the bearinjrs, it is filtered and i)iuiiped hack into tlie reservoir. Tlie |)ressure at which it is supplied to the machine is that due to gravity. iafi^L__.i-.a : Tin: AUMATiui; sri'i'oKT and cdki;. The illustrations on images 269 and 266 show, respectively, the armature core, or ring, in place upon its support before winding, and the armature com- plete, with conductors in the grooves or slots around the jieriphery of the core. The armature core is built up of of the core consists of eleven segments, which are so placed that all joints in each layer are overlapped by the seg- ments of the adjacent layers. One of tlie sheets of steel is shown on page 26.S. These pieces are punched out of large sheets of a certain prede- termined ciuality, .015 of an inch thick, by steel dies in powerful presses. They are afterwards thoroughly an- nealed. In this .process of annealing, the surfaces of the .segments are oxi- dized, the oxide serving as insulation to reduce the eddy currents which are set up in the iron of the armature when the machine is in operation. The ring thus built up is securely held together by sixty-six bolts of nickel steel, containing a high per- centage of nickel which renders them practically non-magnetic. These bolts are, of course, carefully insulated from the core. The large discs, or end- plates, at the top and bottom of the armature ring are of brass. At the time of tightening the bolts, the steel plates are i)ressed closely together by SIDl: VIl.W Ol' C.VbTINc; CARRVI.NO SlUDliR I'OK IIKAKINCIS, thin sheets of mild steel, No. 30 B. W., G., and, to secure free circulation of air, is divided horizontally into six equal parts, separated from one an- other by one- inch spaces. Each layer i;nu view of Tilt; casting. powerful hand-presses. The six equal parts, or layers, into which the core of the armature is divided, are separated from one another by segments of cast brass, these segments being cast in such form that, while they have sufficient strength to withstand the pressure under which the armature core is assembled, the larger part of the spaces between the six adjacent rings or steel plates is left open for the circulation of air. The armature ring, when finally v: I, ^ ■ I!;, i ii T^^IT' •1 J ' I f M .1 * 'it. > M.Kl 14 » I" n ;. 11?: Mil! ^ns C/? SS//':/i ' S MA GA /.INI-:. built up, is turned on the inner surface so as to accurately tit tlie ribs of the armature sui)port. It is then heated, and lowered into place against the flange on the support, and, in cooling, shrinks itself tightly into place against the ribs. The armature conductors consist of copper bars i',i- in. by I'r in. in section, the edges of the bars being rounded to a railius of about one-eighth of an inch to .avoid cutting the insulation. Two of these bars, after being insulated, are placed in each of the 1S7 slots around the periphery of tiie arma- ture core. The conductivity ot the bars used is al)()ve 100 per cent., by DICTAILS Ol- AU.MATURl-; lli:A U I N( ,S. Matthiesen's standard. In the case of the second generator the conductivity of the copper, furnished by the Wash- burn (S: Moen Mfg. Co., of Worcester, Mass., is 102.6 ])ercent., which strik- ingly illustrates the fact that what was considered pure cojiper when the stand- ard referred to, and still generally used. oNii Ol' nil; siii:i;ts MAKiNci vi' 1111; AKMAllUi: CORl;. was determinetl, is now inferior to cer- tain gratles of commercial copper. The proper insulation of these conductors is a matter of the greatest importance. Each conductor must be .separated from its neighbors and from the iron of the armature c(jre by in.nilating mate- rial which is abundantly able to with- stand tlie potential to which it will be subjected, and in order to be sure of this, a large factor of .safety is allowed; that is, the insulation is tested by apply- JlNl.' Iln\ (ir AK.MATIKi; liAKri AND (.(IN-. MXTiiks ii];if>Ki; sdi.dicri.vi. ami I.NSII.ATIM',. ing a |)otential several times as great as any to which it will be subjected in service. At the factory, the insulation of each bar was tested by applying a potential of 15,000 volts. One terminal of the transformer used in testing was cor,- nected to the conductor, and the other terminal was connected to a layer of tin- foil, wrapped about the outside of the insulation. During the erection of the generators at Niagara, the insulation was again tested by applying a potential of 6000 volts, one terminal of the testing transformer being connected to the con- ductors, while the other was connected to tlie armature core. An alternating potential was used in both tests, and the values given are in each case tiie mean or effective potential. The material used for insulating the bars is principallv mica. The armature conductors project above and below the core, as sliown in the illustration on page 269, and connections are made by pieces of copper, punched from large sheets and shaped into proper form by presses and iron moulds. These con- nectors are insulated by mica and rub- ber insulating tape, the former being- used only where connectors conveying I ! /•;/,/•;( /'A'A i\ > \\i-:r . i r .\i. k,. ia\ i. currciits of considerable (lilfciriue of jiDteiitial are adjaiX'iit to each other. It is very important that pxxl elec- trical coiuiectioii i)L made at the junction of connector and ; rnialure bar. The illustration on ]ia!^e 208 illustrates the connection before the solder is aiiplied. Three holes drilled through the sjilit end of the connector correspond to three holes in the end of the armature bar. The split end of the connector is fitted closely to the end of the bar, and when the holes in the connector and bar are ])ro])erly aligned they are se- curely llxed in ])lace by three wrought iron bolls, the Jioles through one side of the connector being reamed ont to receive the heads of the bolts. After the nuts are tightened into i)lace, the pro- jecting ends of the bolts are up.set; that is to say, they are split and, as it were, riveted to lock the nuts. The joint is then thoroughly soldered, this work being greatly facilitated by the nse of an electrical soldering tool. The proct'ss will be best understood by referring to the illustration on this page, which was taken during the eri'ction of the tirst generator. A tr.insformer, supplied with alternating current at a potential of about 150 volts, is so wound as to deliver a current of very large quantity but low ])ressnre. This cur- rent is coveyed through hea\'y jaws, or terminals, of copjjcr to the poiiu of junction between the armatun.' bar and \ ! > ■ i ■ ,1 '!■ • 1 T : 1 ; , 4 ■■ ' h , !l: _,t,,t ■J ■ ti ii'' 1 •■' KI.KCTKICAI.I.V SOI.DI.KlNr, Till; 1. 1 i\N |;i:TInNS ill AN MtMMI Ki; WlNlilNd ■!- ! !i ' r 270 CASS/IiR ' S A/A GAZINE. its connector, and in a few seconds this point is iieatcd to a lii^h temperature. The joint is then readily flooded with solder. This is afterwards dressed up by a file, and the joint is thoroui,dily insulated. In the illustration tiie solderini,^ trans- former and one of the operatives are page 266, the conductors are so con- nected as to form two complete circuits, each tiiorouifhly insulated from the other antl from the steel core, and so related to each other that the electro- motive forces induced in them by the revolving,'' niat,nietic field are ninety de- grees apart. Till-; <;i;.Ni'.i ri.N(. reached, and it is provided with rails upon which the transformer is pushed forward until the copper jaws grasp the connection, or withdrawn after the sold- ering is completed. When the armature is completely wound, as shown in the illustration on flange, 27 in. in diameter, is forged at the lower end to provide means for con- nection to the flange at the top of the turbine shaft. These flanges are bolted together by eight tapered steel bolts. At its extreme upper end the shaft is threaded to provide means for securing : ;, I 1 JilJiL IKIC POWER .//' .\7.I(,.IA'.I. in place the revolvini,^ parts which \n-n- ject above the chiver and curry the col- lecting rinjL;s. For the pur[)ose of secnrini>' informa- tion as to tile pliysical properties of the steel used for the shaft, it wasorij^inally forjjed of extra lengtli ; an end, several inches in length, was then cut off, and from this five samples were taken, two being cut from the periphery of the shaft atopposite ends ofa diameter; one, from the centre of tlie shaft; and two, from points midway between the periphery and the centre, as illustrated in the cut on this page, where the mimljers i, 2, 3, 4 and 5 indicate the places in the section of the shaft from which the test samples were taken. These samples were tested by the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory at Pittsburgh, and the fact that forged shafts are stronger near their outer surface than elsewhere is shown in an interesting manner by the results, which are set forth in the following table : Sample No. Tensile StreiiRth in Pounds Per sq. in. 63,cxx) Sqooo 56.000 51^,500 62,^00 Klii«tic Limit in Pounds I'LT sq. in. .15.5"° 2g.50o 2S,500 3,5, OoO KediKtiDn Klongn- ()( .\rca tion in iM I'er- ccnUiKe ofAr'a Before Test. .=;3 51 375 4"..=; 53.5 I'crcenl- Hjfc of I.engtli Hefore Tisl. 3' ,18 A view of the driver is given on ])age 270. It is II ft. 8 in. in diameter. As has been noted in describing the shaft, the latter is tapered at its upper end, and by referring to tlie illustration on page 270 it will be seen that a heavy key-way is cut into the tapered portion. The bearing in the driver which fits over this tapered end of the shaft is also provided with a key way, and the driver and shaft are held together bv a long and massive steel key. The driver is of mild cast steel, and was turned out by the Midvale Steel Com- pany, of Philadelphia. It was guar- anteed to have a tensile strength of about 60,000 lbs. per sq. in., but the tests of samples of steel, taken from the casting near the periphery of the first driver, showed a tensile strength of 74,701) ll)s. ])er s(i. in., an ilaslic limit of 44,590 lbs. per St], in., an elongation of 30 ])cr cent, in 3 in., and a reduction of area of 43 per cent. The surfue of the fracture w.is silky and fine-grained. The drivers are turned on their outside surfaces and are strengthened bv ."^i.v deep ribs on the iiisiile, Periiaps the most interesting part of each generator is the field magnet ring, which not only illustrates the wonderlul |)hysical pro|)erties of nickel steel, Ixit demonstrates in a most striking manner the perfection of modern forging ma- (^ ,1- ; Ti:sT riKCiv.s FROM Tin; (.i.m;k.\t<>k sii.m r. chinery and the skill of those who use it in the great plant of the Bethlehem Iron Company, at South Bethlehem, Pa. The ring is forged in one j)iece without wekl, and is shown in the photographic reproduction on the follow- ing page. The Bethlehem Iron Company guaranteed that the rings for the first tiiree generators should have a tensile strength of not less than 70,000 lbs. per sq. in., an elastic limit of 38,000 ll)s. per sq. in., and an elonga- tion of about 25 per cent, in 2 in.; but they have done much better. Three samples, cut from the first ring before it 41 TWI^f* CASSJJiR • S MA GA/.lNIi, NICKi.r. STicici. lii.i.i) KIM., loRiiioi) WITIIoiT A W1;1.I) iiv Till; iu:riii.i:ii];M ikhn udmi'anv. DIAMICTI.H, I 1 I'l'. 7I « IN. turniiij;' WLTi; Icstcil wiih tlic lollowinj. rL'sulls : Sample No. 'rtiisile Strt-iiylli Mrasnrfil in Pounds W r sii. in. S2,yi5 Si,i 111 8.-.. 40 Wa-itic Limit Mea->iiriiiii\il ill I'cnc iit- aiL'f cil Original i.'-.'igtli. I -idcnt of iipany. A cs in.dianicter \V. iJiUL-iipurt, sccoii'l llio Ik'tlik'licm III nickel .slecl ingot, 54 ;it tiiL- Ijottom, 197 . lies Im ^, and wcii^hing about i2o,ouu lbs., a, is cast solid, and compressed by Iraulic l)ressui'e when tUiid and tku-iiii; solidifi- cation. This ingot is shown in the illustration on ])age 274. A hole was bored through its longitudinal a.xis, as The following brief account of the shownon j)age 275, andablock ofjjfoper method of making the field rings is weight was then cut from the ingot. based upon notes furnished by Mr. R. The cylinder thus formed was brought ( !; /■:/./■:( 7 h'/( lu > // 7;a' . / /■ xi.ic,. \r. i. -V3 to a fortfinjr heat, and cxpaiulcd on a niaiulril uiuIlt a i4,(joo ton hydranlir press. 'I'lic liij^h (k'j^riL- of skill, and tlic perfection of nieclianir.d appliances recpiired to expanil part ot the lylinder, shown on J'aj^e 275, to the rin^, illus- trated on |)aye .'yj, are evidi'nt, and re- Hect much credit u|)on the IJelhleheui Iron Company. After for^^inJ,^ the rinj^ was carefully treated to ohtaiu the phy- sical qualities desired, and was then bored and rouy;h-turned on a larj^e borintj mill. It was finally turned trui' in the shojjs of the \\'estini,diouse Electric iSc Slanufacturinjj Company, at Pittsburj^, Pa. Not only are the physical pro])crties of the rintf extraordinary ; in size it is without precedent, and to those inter- ested in the recent remarkable im])rove- ment in the quality of steel, and in the methods of workinjr it, the interest which attaches to this ring, as an ex- ample of the finished jiroduct of the Bethlehem Iron Company, is not less than that which it derives from the im- portant part which it sustains in the Niagara installation. Why it is necessary that these rings should be so strong, and that they should be so forged as to eliminate the possibility of weakness in any part, will be better understood when we consider the speed at which they revolve, and the weight of the pole pieces and field bobbins which they carry. The illus- trations on page 276 show one of the field poles without its winding, and one of tlie field poles with bobbin in place. The poles are of mild open- hearth steel, and were cast by the Mid- vale Steel Company. Their magnetic ciualities have been carefully tested by- sample, and are excellent. The field winding, which consists of copper conductor of rectangular section, thoroughly insulated, is contained in ribbed brass boxes or covers, one of which is well illustrated on page 276. The weight of each pole piece with its bobbin is 2800 lbs. The relation of the pole pieces and bobbins to the ring is shown in the illustration on page 277. The speed of the ring at its periphery is 9300 ft. per minute when making 250 S-3 revolutions i)er minute, and at this speed the centrifiigal force, due to each field ])ole .md jjobbin, is 2727 lbs. The strain is, of course, a maximum at a point in the ring midway between each pair of adjacent poles. The strain due to tin- mass of the ring itself is 2325 lbs. The total maximum stn'' <-\ the ring at 250 revoh'tions per > te is, there- fore, by calculation, 5(152 lbs. It is not sufficient that the ring should be simply strong enough to withstand the centrifugal force due to the field |)oles, l)ol)i)ins and its own mass when revolving at 250 revolutions per minute; it must be able to run safely at a much higher speed, for it is conceivable that, should anything happen to the a[)pa- ratus which governs the turbines, a much higher speed may be attained. It was judged necessary, therefore, to so design the machine that itshoukl be safe when running at a speed of 400 revolutions per minute, and at this speed the centrifiigal force due to each pole jiiece anil bobbin becomes 6500 lbs. The strains in the ring have been, as may be snp|)o.sed, calculated with great care, and even at 400 revolutions per minute, ecjuivalent to 241 feet per second at the periphery, the total strain will not exceed 13,000 lbs. per sq. in. As the elastic limit of the material used in the rings is 48,000 pounds, the factor of safety at this speed, which will prob- ably never be realised in practice, is nearly four. At a speed of 800 revolu- tions per minute, which means 482 feet per second, or nearly six miles per minute at the periphery, the ring would burst. But it is, of course, impossible that any such speed could, under any circumstances, be attained ; in fact, the calculations of the designers of the hydraulic machinery show that the speed could in no case exceed 400 revolutions per minute. Above the driver in the illustration on page 254 are the collector and brushes by which the current is con- veyed from the exciters to the revoh-ing field of the generator. The conductor conveying the field current comes from the exciters through covered conduits beneath the level of the floor, passes i I* » ,1 'il' 'i-;l m .•I H 4 w -P- t' 274 CASSJER ' S MA GA ZINE. III. II) IMAIT oi' I'l.ru) C()Mi'Ki:ssi:i> STi'.i:i, rsi;ii ini< makinc. iiii-: i(iuc.i:ii i-ii:i.ii kinc i.i;.NC.Tii, 197 IN. i>iAMi:ri;K, 51 in. \vi:u-,iit, 1211 ocj i.ms. IM if i :'fl throut:;h an iron j)ipe concealed in tlie capstone of the foundation, uj) one of the hollow iron columns sup|Jortint;' the bridge or jilatforni across the machine, and thence, along the bridge, to the brushes. From the collector rings it ])asses under the driver through the shaft, and thence, along one of the ribs inside of the driver, to the field boljbins. The collector rings are built upon a separate cylindrical casting placed above the driver, and securely fixed to the hub of the latterby heavy screws through a flange at its base. The brush-holder rods are held in place by a heavy iron bracket encircling the casting below the collector rings. This bracket rests upon the bridge which spans the machine. Balancing the Revolving Field. The longitudinal and transverse sec- tions of the power house and wheel-pit, showing turl)ines, shafts and genera- tors in j)lace, reproduced on pages 262 and 263, illustrate the relation of these elements in the plant more graphically and exactly than is pos- sible in a mere verbal description. The turbines are so designed that they and the shaft and the revolv- ing part of the dynamo above them are sui)ported u])on the water passing through the wheels. By calculation, the force of the water tending to lift the shaft and generator varies from about 149,000 lbs. to about 155,000 lbs., depending upon the amount of water passing through the turbines, which, in turn, depends upon the amount of current which the generator is delivering to the circuits. The weight of the shaft and revolving part of the generator is very nearly 152,000 lbs. The diflierence between this weight and the upward gi 1' if ELECTRJC POWER AT NIAGARA. 275 .,a! S thrust of tlic water is taken care of by the thrust beariuir locateil on tlie third gallery above the turbines. When the ujjwarcl thrust of the water exceeds 152,000 lbs., tlie collars on the steel shaft are jjressed upward against the t^rooves in the bearinj.^- in which they revolve, and when the ujiward pressure is less than 152,000 lbs. the collars are drawn downward by ji^ravity against the grooves in the bearing. This ])ress- ure, however, whether upward or down- ward, in direction, never exceeds 3500 lbs. in amount, and this, of course, puts very little work u])on tlie bearing. The entire revolving parts of each unit of the plant, therefore, consist- ing of the turbines, the dynamo iield and the .shaft, 166 feet in length, constitute a huge top, the weight of which is j^ractically carried upon the water in the turbines. The bear- ings on the first and second galleries of the wheel ]>it, and the upper and lower bearings in the generator, are simply guides for the shaft, to kee|) it in a vertical ])ositi()n, while the thrust bearing on the third gallery acts as a guide, and also carries the relativelv small difference between the weight of the revolving mechanism and the U])- ward thrust of the water. The turl)ines, shaft, and generator field revohe at the high sjieed of 250 revolutions per min- ute, and it is obvious that all of the revolving i)arts, es])eci;illy the heavy generator field, weighing al)()ut 70,000 ll)s. and measuring nearly 12 feet in t'.iameter, must be balanced with the utmost accuracy to prevent vibrations which might l)ecome dangerous. The method employed in balancing the revolving element of the generators is illustrated on page 278. A special shaft was placed in tlie bearings of the machine, and sujiported at its lower end by a thiust bearing into which oil was jjumped at a pressure of about 1000 lbs. per s(|. in. This pressure was sufficient to lift the weight of the revolving j)arts, C(i.MrRi;ssi;i) STi;i;i. i.nt.ot with iloi.i; riiRouiiii ci;.nti r, rKiii'AR.vTouv to i ()R(a.N 1 1 > *■ I I ! 27S CASS/IiR'S MAGAZINE. found, — must uc controlled, combined, subdivided and directed. It is evidently desirable to operate the generators i.i parallel, this method tending to im- prove regulation of speed and poten- tial, insuring continuity in the delivery of current to the users of power, and BALANCING FOR DRIVER house, and the latter referring to the service which will supply consumers in Buffalo and other distant places. This consideration makes it probable that it will prove convenient and desirable to operate the generators in two sets, for the following reason : — ARRANGEMENT — 5000 H,P. ALTERNATOR CENTER OF GRAVITY Mi.Tiion or ii.\i..\NLi\(; Till-; iikivi:r and in. in kim minimizing the necessity of oiiening switches conveying heavy currents of high potential in circuits of very con- sideraljJe inductance and capacity. But it is also evident that the service will, in the near future, divide itself into two classes, which we may call " local serv- ice " and "longdistance service," the former referring to the service which will supply consumers within a radius of a icw miles from the power Distribution of electricity at constant potential is strictly analogous to the methods commonly employed in sup- plying gas and water. Each consumer has a small, indei)endent circuit through which he draws his supply from the distril)uting mains, and he may open or close this circuit without in any way interfering with thesup])ly to his neigh- bours, provitled tiie potential or press- ure in the network of mains is kept m RLECTRIC POWER AT NIACARA. 279 TiRNiM'. Till: Mi:i.i) KIN(. IN" Till: \vi:STi N( . iioisi: SHOPS. constant. For satisfactory service, this last ])rovision is a necessity, — the po- tential in the distributing mains must be constant. The local circuits at Niagara are supplied direct from the power house, through feeder or supply circuits of comparatively short length, and, consequently, the los! of potential, or drop, as it is technicall) called, will, in these circuits, not exceed one or two per cent. The distributing mains in Buffalo, however, will be necessarily supplied from feeders extending from the power house, a distance of al)()ut twenty miles, and in these feeders, unless a very higli ])otential be used, the drop will vary from a maximum of, say, five or possibly ten per cent., depending upon the amount of copper in the circuits, down to one-half, one-fourth or one-tenth of these percentages, depending ui)on whether the current transmitted along tlie feeders is the full load current for which these feeders are designed, or one half, one-fourth or one- tenth of the full load current. It follows that at certain times during each day the poten- tial delivered to the long-distance feeders must exceed that delivered to the local feeders by a not inconsider- able percentage, and the readiest means to meet this condition is to operate the generators in two sets or groups, the units constituting each set working in parallel. When two or more generators work " in jiarallel," they are so connected that their currents are delivered to a set of large conductors, called " bus bars, " just as two engines, belted to the same line shaft, deliver the power which they develop to that shaft. Hy suitable devices, such as friction clutches or fast and loose pulleys, either engine may be put into service, or shut down without stopping the line shaft ; and, in a simi- lar manner, any electric generator of a group may be made to add its current to that of an< ler generator or group operating in p.u-allel with it, or may be slu't down without interfering with the .'I! , u !( £ 5 ■! il 41 III 't ."■■: 1 28o CASS I/: R 'S MAG A ZINE. ONi; <11' TIIK (',KNl;U.\T(lK lot NDATION'S. IJ 1 1 ■ vm i^i ■' continuity of the supply of energy de- livered by the group. As an alternative to the plan of operating the generators in two groups, they may all be operated in one group, provision being made for adjusting the potential in either the local mains at Niagara, or the distant mains in liutifalo, by special regulating devices. For a limited number of generators this latter plan offers some advantages, but, look- ing forward to the time when a dozen or a score of generators will be installed, the method of operating in two groups ap])ears preferable. In the case of transmission to places more remote than Buffalo, it will be necessary to adopt special means for regulating jjotential in the distributing mains, at least until the time when im- proved methods of insulating circuits shall make it jiracticable to employ very high potentials. When that time comes, the drop in the circuits between the power house and the city of Buffalo will become so small that we may treat the Buffalo feeders as local circuits and can supply them with current from the same bus bars that are used in supplying power in the 'iimediate vicinity of the power house ; and when the practica- bility of commercially employing these very high patentials, c. q-. 25,000 or even 50.000 volts, is demonstrated, transmission to places more distant than Buffalo will naturally be undertaken. Here again the second set of bus bars will be useful. The diagram on page 282 illustrates the connections of generators, generator switches, bus bars, feeder switches and local and long-distance feeder or supply circuits. To avoid complication but two generators and one long-distance and one local feeder are shown. The currents are conveyed from the generators i and 2, to the generator switches, S, .S", through in- sulated cables, each made up of 427 tinned wires. The aggregate section of copper in each cable is i sq. in. Through the generator switches the currents from the respective generators pass at the r, ELECTRIC POWER AT XIAC.ARA. 281 will of the engineer in charge, to either of the two sets of bus bars A, H. Each set consists of four thoroughly insulated copper conductors, the construction of which will be again referred to. The switches are operated by compressed air, controlled by levers mounted on iron stands placed upon the platform above the switchboard structure within which the switches are located. By them any one of the generators, or any combination of the five generators con- the other end, establishing metallic connection between the four terminals in the row c, and the four terminals in the row d. If the two sets of bus bars are to be ch;irged with the same potential we may supply both from the generator, i, by closing both ends of the switch simultaneously. Similar con- nections are, of course, possible in the case of the other generators and the bus bars. The feeder switch .S' is similar in Till: S\\ ITL'llllOAKIl STRICTrRi;. stituting the group, may be connected to either set of bus bars. Each switch has two separate and in- dependent air cylinders, lay which the two ends of the switch are indepen- dently controlled. The construction of the switch is shown in the illustra- tion on page 292. To charge the bus bars A with current from the dynamo, i, the switch is closed at one end, establishing connections between four points in the horizontal row of terminals, marked a, and the four points b. To connect the dynamo to the bus bars B, the switch is closed at construction to the dynamo switches, but the connections are different. So far as the feeders are concerned, it is not necessary that we should be able to connect them to more than one set of bus bars. Until long-distance trans- mission is begun, either set of bus bars may be used, or both may be charged from the same generator or generators, in which case they will, of course, be charged with the same potential. When additional generators are installed, and long-distance as well as local service is undertaken, as I have said, it will prob- ably be advantageous to operate the r- ; 4« -I i *ii, f! » i M^ 282 C.ISSJB/^ ' S MA GAZINE. iIAGRAM SHOWING Till' COXXIX'TIONS OK Tin; C, !■ NIvKATORS WITH LOCAL AND I.ONC- DIST ANC K I-i;i:l >i:iiS. ELECTRR • P( > 11'/-: A' A /' \/.l(,. I A'. J. '■^^ generators in two sets to permit adjust- ment of potential to com])ensate for losses in transmission. Tiie respective local and long-distance supply circuits will then be simply arranged for con- nection througli their switches to the local or long-distance bus bars, as de- sired. In the diagram on page 2S2, L rep- " — u — ^4J TRANSFORMER HOUSE of circuits in the case of simjjle two- phase transmission by four wires. The diagram on page 2^2 shows an arrange- ment of transformers by which the two-])hase currents, delivered by the generators, are changeil t(j three-phase currents in the transmitting circuits, and then changed back to tw(!-|)hase currents in the local distributing cir- cuits at a distance. This method effects a consideral)le economy in the amount of copper recjuired for transmission. The potential that will be used in the transmission circuits for long-distance work has not been determined. For transmission to Buffalo it will probably CANAL COHPANV'ti • OFFICEt / / iniJtj I INLET ; I NO. 2 I I INLET I I No. 3 I i%[E]n"i" POWER HOUSE r_T SWITCH GOARD STHUCTURE ^, Tlv " " I I il i III ■' » 1 lu h I'l.AX (U- rowi-.K AND TUAN.si ukmi;k I1c)1S|:S. resents a sui:)ply circuit used for long- distance service, and L' represents a similar circuit used for local service. In the diagruii of the long-distance circuit, T and T' are step- up trans- formers, used to increase the ])otential for transmission, while T" and T'" are step-down transformers, located at the tlistant end of the transmission cir- cuit, for example, at Huftalo or Tona- wanda. In the gi-neral diagram on page 256 is illustrated the arrangement not be k'ss than 10,000 \-olts, antl not more than 25,000 volts. For trans- mission to greater distances, still higher potentials are contemplated. The illustration on page 2Sr shows the structure erected for the switchlioard ajiparalus. It is of white enameled brick, and is 57 ft. 10 in. long, 13 ft. wide and a little less than 8 ft. in height. It is erected directly o\er the sub-wav, as shown in the floor ])lan on page 2S3. The to;) of the structure is of slate sup- 384 CASSIER ' S MA GAZINE. :l i I M ' j)(>rtc(l upon iron I-l)caiiis, and thL'])lat- fonn'tlius foniR(l is siiri'ouiulL'cl by a neat brass hand-rail, Tlic sub-way be- neath tlio s\vil(hl)()ard is spanned at suilal)lL' distances l)y iron I-I)fanis, to vvliicii tlie dynamo and feeder switclies are bolted in place. The cal^les passinj^; from the generators through ducts be- neath the iloor line are connected to the jjenerator switches, while the outpoint;- cables, constitutinir the feeder or supply circuits, dro]) direi lly from the feeder switches into the subway. Iron stand- anla are secured to each side of the sub- way by exi)ausion bolts. They ari' placed at intervals of al)out 4 ft., and adjustable iron brackets set into these standards supi)ort thelead-sheatlied ca- bles passintj throus^h the sub-way and brids^e to the translbrmer house on the cast bank of the canal. The drawiujLj on {lajre 2.S3, showing' thei]oor])lan of the power house, bridtje and the transformer house, will make clear the position of the switchboard structure with n'ference to the first three generators and the sub-way. Additional generators will, in due time, be erected in line beyond the generator marked "Dynamo, No. 3," and the switch- boartl structure is designed to accom- modate all instruments and switches needed in connection with the tlrst five generators. The organization of the switchboard apparatus and the general features of the construction of the essential elements will be best understood l)y reference to tlie illustration on page 2iS6, which is re- produced from the official drawing. The upper ])art of the illustration at the read- er's right hand isa front elevation of the stands which carry the instruments for the several generators and for the ex- citers, and also shows one of the U'ver stands for the feeder circuits. Beneatli the floor line of the switchlujard platform is seen one set of bus bars in connec- tion with an end elevation of the gener- ator and feeder switches. A i)lan of the switchI)oard platform is also given in the illustration on ]xige 2SS, a j)art of the])latform being cut away to show a plan of one generator switch and one feeder switch. On page 2S6, again, is shown a plan of the rheostat chamber and sub-way for the cables, and just above this, a section through the switch- board, sub- way and rheostat cliamber, at right angles to the direction of the sub-way, is given. The essential elements of the switch- board apparatusare, — the generator and feeder switches, the bus bars, the switching' and safety devices for the ex- citing currents, the rheostats fov con- trolling the generator fields, and the indicating and measuring instruments. As shown by the plans, the switches and bus bars are located within the switchboard structure. Upon the switchboard i)latform are erected the instrument stands, one for each gen- erator, two for the rotary transformers, and one forthe engine-driven generator, tem])orarily used as an exciter, and in front of each instrument stand is placed a cast-iron stand, about 30 inches in height, carrying the levers which con- trol the admission of air to the switch cylinders, and a wheel by means of which the rheostats are controlled. Each of the lever stands used for con- trolling the large generator switches carries also levers for ojiening and clos- ing the field circuit of the correspond- ing generator, and a hand wheel by which the rheostat resistance in the field of the generator is adjusted. The rheostats are located in a special cham- ber below the floor line of power hou.se, the face-plates beingf located in the bases of the instrument stands. Connection between the face-plates and resistance coils of the rheostats is secured by insu- lated cables of suitable section. The compressed air used in ojjerating the switches comes from a compressor direct, driven b)' a Worth ington water motor. This compressor is located at the bot- tom of the wheel pit, and supplies air to a large cylindrical reservoir from which pipes are led to the various switches. The jiressure used is 125 pounds per square inch. Engineers, not familiar with the i)Ossi- bilitics of electricity, will be impressed by the fact that the currents actually measured are not the heavy currents traversing tlie cables within the switch- 1, ilk I I: r.LFATRU /'Oil 7- A' .1 V .\7. / (/. I A'. /. 2S5 I )m \M ■ • 1,1; ■ '^ •J ■ft' l-l^' p 1' ^ 286 C/iSS/JiA"S MAGAZINE. \ ] rr — A " \ := ^ -M I'.I.IU IRK ■ /'< > ffV.A' , / /■ .\7. I<;. /A'. /. jSr hoard structure, Imt art- diTivcd cur- rcuts, hi'ariu); a kuowu relation to tlio lieavy curri'iUs dL-livcred l)y the j^i'uc- rators. Tliey arc .small in (|uaiitity and absolutely harudess, Tlir o|)crator, staudiu)^ upon the swit(hl)oarim tlie n'iative slrennlii of the twisliiij^ nionieiit, (hie to the ciineiUs and the resistini^' loice of liie sprint;', and tiie position of tile disc, with reference to its position wiieii no enrreiit traxtrses the coils, l)ecoine.s a measure of the eneri^v. The scale is attached to the circiimterence of the disc, and de|)eiids from it much as the fu'ld rini;' of the generator (k'|)ends from the dii\er. This scale is carried with the disc, from its ziMO positi(jn, throui^h an an^le cle- pendint;- u])on the current measund, and th:;enious and, to the elec- trician, interestint;. l^ut this i.s not the place to describe them in detail. The ammeters, which nu'asure the currents in the fields of the tjenerators, were furnished by the Weston Instru- ment Company, of Newark, N. J., and are of their well-known type, in whii h the current actually measured by the instrument is that which flows tiiroujt^h a circuit connected in shunt to a resist- ance which is placed in the circuit trav- ersed by the current to be measured. All of the currents measured by the instruments located in the instrument stand are supplied through insulated 9-3 conductors o( small section, which coii- \ey the small derived currents i'roin coiu'erlers or iVom the terminals of re- sistances ])lacetl beneath the .swilcii- board ])latforin. h.ach geiurator in- strument stand carries, in addition to the instruments already described, a phase indicator, by means of which the attendant or the engineir in cliari;e, who desires to connect a generator in |)aralk"l w ilh anollu'r generator or group of generators, deti'rmines the j)r()per lime for closing the switch. The instruments provided for the stands belonging to the rotarv trans- formers used as exciters, are not the ^ | - 1 i ii iii M i in M j i ,i;i. i .M|ro\ i(icd for o the temporary Tliey comprise crnatini; cm-rent ra type and a and voltmeter istrunient Com- 1114- contacts are uliicli the ratio tic transformers to the rotary n-ited. the bus bars is, eniarkabic, the ities dealt with sary to devise in outside the s has been said, )rovided, but it <• :u ]■« :li i^ti, r ^4 ■¥■.. 1 !1 ■ l! fi 290 ( : /.s-.svA"A' ■ .V J/, k;. \/.i\'e. is, of course, conceivable that under certain circumstances it may l)e desir- able to cut one set out of service and control the outjiut of five generators through the other set. By arrant!;-ing- the JL^enerator switches a.'d feeder switches as sjiown in the illustration, in such a way that the former, through which current is delivered to the bus bars, alternate with the latter, through which current is drawn from the bus bars, the maximum current which it is necessary to convey through any sec- tion of the bus bars becomes that auj)- ])lietl bv tin-ee generators. This is e(iuivalent in each bar to about 3000 ;unp( res, and, assuming a current den- sity of KJoo amperes jjer sip in., would recpiire a section of aliout 3 S(i. in. in the bus bar. The ])otential of the cir- rents may be as high as 2400 volts. A slv.irtcircuit might obviously be very dangiTous, and this fact, in con- nection with the fact that at certain times the atmospliere of the ])ower house is liable to carry a considerable amount of moisture, ready to be pre- cipitated upon metallic surfices, jjoints to the tlesirability of insulating the bars. To insulate them in the most satisfactory maimer, rountled surfices are necessary, but in a round soliil conductor. 3 scpiare inches in section, nearly 2 inchis in diameter, two other difticulties nmst l)e fued : ]'"irst, the surf ice from which the heat, due to resistance, must be radiated, is small as comi>arcd with that obtained In' us- ing Hat bars or stra])S of ecpial section ; and, second, an alternating current in such a conductor will not distribute it- self miiformly, but will seek the surtaci', leaving the copper at the centre re- lativelv idle and. ineffective. These diffv ulties have been success- fullv overcome by the construction adopted. From the middle each bar tajjcrs toward the ends. The middle section consists of a copper tube of about 3 inches outside diameter and 2 inches inside diameter. Into this, at either end is screwed a tube, the outside diameter of which is ap- ])ro.\imatelv 2 inches, while its inside diameter is al)ont 1 1, in. Into the other ends ot each of these tubes, in like manner, a co])per rod I ' ,3 met ni diameter is sere .ed. The offsets or connections from which short lengths of cable convey current to or from the several .switches, are clamped to the bar thus formed, all surfices being rounded. The entire bar with offsets is then insulated with very high- class rubber insulation. These bars were con- structed by the Brown cS: Sharpe Manu- facturing Company, of Providence, R. I., U. S. A., according to the designs of the Westinghouse C'omi)any, ami were insulated by the India Rubl)i r immt) Gntta-I'ercha Insulating Comj)aii\ , of New York, the method employed being that cov(.'red by the Habirsha\v])atents. The insulation consi.sts of alternate layers of ])ure Para gum and vulcanized rubber, two layers of each being used, and the outer layer of vulcanized rubber protected bv a special braided covering chemically treated to make it non-coin- bustible. .Similar insulation is used for the cables between the generators and the switches and for the connections between the bus bars and .sw itches. A .s'^ction of the Habirshaw cable is re- l^roduced on the opposite ])age. The illustration is very nearly the exact size of the cable. The maki'rs guarantee th.'t the insulation of cables and bus bars, erected in place, shall stand an alternat- ing current ])otential of 10,000 effective v Its between coi)|)erand earth. Samples submitted and tested in the laboratory of the Westinghouse Company suc- cessfully resisted the application of potentials exceeding 40,000 volts. The calculated losses in a set of four bus bars con\-eying the full output of five generators. 25,000 electrical horse- power, are lc;^s th.m 10 horse-pow^T. The rad.iatingsnrfa.ce is, of course, con- siderably greater tlian it would be in the case of solid circular bars of equal section. At the ends of the bars, where the section is about i .scp in., the current is that coming from one generator only, and in ,1 bar of this section the tendency of the current to seek the surface is negligil)le. In that |)art of the bar which has an outside diameter of 2 inches the current con- '^'k.-H'. :(i' > ; I ■ j' ii I 290 C •. /.S\SVA'A' ' .V J/. / CA/.IXE. is, of course, conceivable that under certain circumstances it may be desir- able to cut one set out of service and control tiie output of five generators through tiie other st.'t. By arrant^ing the generator switrhes a.'d feeder switches as siiown in the illustration, in such a way that the former, through which current is delivered to the bus bars, alternate with the latter, through which current is drawn from the bus bars, the maximum current which it is necessary to convey through any sec- tion of the bus bars becomes that suj)- l)lied by tiU'ee generators. This is equivalent in each bar to about 3000 lunpi'res, and, assuming a current den- sitv of 1000 amperes i)er s(j. in., -would recjuire a section of about 3 sq. in. in the bus bar. The f)otential of the car- rents mav be as high as 2400 voUs. A sh.)rt-circuit might obviously be very dangerous, and this fact, in con- nection with the fact tliat at certain times the atmosphere ot the ])ower house is liable to carry a considerable amount of moisture, ready to l)e pre- cii)itated U|)()n metallic surfices, ])oinls to the desirai)ility of insulating the bars. To insulate them in the most satisfactory manner, rountled surfaces are necessary, but in a round solitl conductor, 3 square inches in section, nearlv 2 inches in diameter, two other difficultii'S must be fared : I'irst, the surtiue from which the heat, due to resistance, must be radiated, is small as compared with that obtained by us- ing flat bars or strajjs of equal section ; and, second, an alternating current in such a conductor will not distribute it- self imiformly, but will seek the surface, leaving the cojtpi'r at the centre re- latively idle and ineftective. The.se difficulties have been success- fullv overcome by the construction adopted. From the middle each bar tapers toward the ends. The middle section consists of a cop|)er \.\\\w of about 3 inches nutside diameter and 2 inches inside diameter. Into this, at either end is screwed a tube, the outside diameter of which is ap- |)ro.\imatelv 2 inches, while its inside diameter is about li in. Into the other ends ot each of these tubes, in like manner, a cop|)er rod i ',3 inch in diameter is sere ,ed. Tlie offsi-ts or connections from which short lengths of cable convey current to or from the se\'eral switches, are clamped to the l)ar thus formed, all surfaces being rounded. The entire bar with offsets is then insulated with, very high- class rubber insulation. These! bars were con- structed by the Brown iS: Shar])e Manu- facturing Company, of Providence, R. I., U. S. A., according to the designs of the Westinghouse Company, and were insulated bv the India Rubbi i Gutta-Percha Insulating Comj)any, of New York, the method em])loyed being that cov(.'red by the Habirshaw])atents. The insulation consists of alternate layers of ])ure Para gum and vulcanized rubber, two lavers of each being used, and the outer layer of vulcanized rubber protected bv a s])ecial braided covering chemically treated \.o make it non-com- l)ustible. .Similar insulation is used for the cables between the generators and the switches and for the connections between the bus bars anil suitclu's. A sf-ction of the Haiiirshaw cable is re- produced on the opposite page. The illustration is very nearly the exact size of the cable. The maki'rs guarantee th.'t the insulation of cables and bus bars, erected in ])lace, shall stand an alternat- ing current potential of 10,000 effective v'llts between co])|)crand earth. Samples .submitted and tested in the laboratory of the Westinghouse Company suc- cessfully resisted the application of l)otentials exceeding 40,000 volts. The calculated losses in a set of four bus bars con\-eying the full out|nit of '(wi^: generators. 25,000 electrical horse- power, are less than 10 horse-powLT. The radiating surfj'.ce is, of course, con- sider.iblv greater than it would be in the case of solid circular bars of equal section. At the ends of the bars, where the section is about i s(|. in., the current is that coming from one generator only, and in .1 bar of this section the tendency of the current to seek the surface is negligible. In that ])art of the bar which has an oiUside diameter of 2 inches the cnrrcnt con- ! i I ic- of )ur of II. < ilU' liis to Kit licle on- l-J.F.CI'RU ■ J'OW'ER . I '/' .\7. IC. IR.l. 391 veyed may be that comiiit,^ from two j;l'iu rators, aiKi llie teiulcncy to seek the surtace would l)e ai)i)rL'ciable in a solid circular coiidiictt)r of e([ual section, while in that ])art of the bar which is 3 inches in dianuter and which may be called upon to convey current ironi three f Comi)any, at Pitts- l)ur!:^h, careful tests were made of the materials used in tlie construction of the various elements of the machines. ()l these, the tests of the phvsical jjrop- erties of the shaft, field riiii^' antl driver h.ive been referred to. The s|)ecial means adopted for balancinj^- the re- volvini^ parts of the i^enerator liave also II riii: MAIN sui reins. Two Static transformers, each capable of deliverin_^' loo kilowatts each, are used to sup])ly alternating- current to each rotary transformer. They are placed in cyliiulrical boxes of boiler iron, and are immersed m oil. This secures an extremely thoroui;h insula- tion. The oil is kept cool by water, which circulates throut;h a spiral of gal- vanized iron pipe, fitting closely to the inside of the cylindrical box. Each box is j)ro\'i(-led with .-ui oil gauge by which th(.' height of oil may be determined. Prov ision is made for readily drawing off the oil at the bottom of the liox in case of necessity. The transformer, the box, and the spiral of pipe through bet'n describeil. Among (ither tests, the following are of es|)ecial interest : Tksts oi' Till': M.\(;xi:ric Oi Ai.nii'.s OK THK P'iKI.I) Rl.\(i. Two samples of stcl, cut from the v Mr. ("has. F. Scott, electrician of tlie Westiii.nhouse Klectric and Mannfacturiny Coni[)any, and car- rietl out under his direction. All the measurements are illustrated i.jra|)hically in the chart on pai^e 297. Curxes A and W are res])ecti\ely the 1^-11 cur\es lor \vr()U|q;ht-iron and cast- iron, as determined hvDr. John lloi)- The tests l)y the rin^- method indi- cate hii^ln'r \'alues of the induction for moderate niaiinelizin,L;f forces than were obtained bvthepermeameter. The for- mer is the more reli;ible method, and curxe II undoubtedly n'presents ^•ery closely the true relation of induction ami mai^netizint;- force in the t'leld rinjr I if the hrst ^eiierator. The ])ermeability If ' \ ^tS, ler- : is ve ; the ter- led ini>' t'ry ent \K M \ ITKi: klnson c' London, and are here tj^iven for puri'.'^es of comparison. Curve C is the K- H curve for nickel, as deter- mined l>v Prof. j. A. Ewing. Curves D and E are determineil by permeameter from samples cut from the edv^e of the rin;4. Cur\ e K was determined by the rini^' method, usini^ the entire field rini;. The very hii^h values of the induction, for all e.Kcept very low magnetizing forces, are remarkable. ■ r m;\ 1 K \\ad, each machine was erected in such a manner that tlu! wiMght ot the ^ o 1; :l\ini4' clenicnt was carried ii|i(in a collar or thrust ijcarint,^ at the bottom ol' the shatt. Into tiiis bearing- oil was forced by a pump, at a ])ressiire ajjproxi- iiiatiiii;' looo pounds j)er S(|iiare'in(h, the resulr. l)cin_tf tiiat the collars on the shall and the corresponding' yroovis in the liearinLj' were thoroughly lubricated. The oil was kept in circulation so thai it mij^ht not bi'come excessively heated. That the friction in the bt'arinj^ was reduced within \'er3' moderate limits was demonstrated during;' some of the later tests, when, the driving' belt coming- off the pulUy suddenly when the machintf was rumiiu"' at ai)out 2^0 A ICH) KILOWATT TK.ANSl (lUMKU. revolutions per minute, the field con- tinued to revolve for thirty-nine min- utes by reason of its own inertia. I)i:'n;KMix.\ riox of thk Potential Ct'Rvi:. As is now ])retty well understood i)\' those who are in any way interested in enji^ineering, the potential at the ter- niinali- of an alternating' current t>-ener ator varies from zerij to a jjositive ma.\- innnn value, then to zero, then to a nti^alive ma.ximum vahu', and ttun tltmeters, capable of reading accur- ately to tmit of a volt, were connected direct! V across the terminals of the .ar- mature, and, as the field ri'\'ol\'ed, readini's wire taken at intervals of three P' /■:/. I'A • iRn • ni)\\ 'i-:r a r m.ic.ira. ^w5 seconds, tliese iiuurvals hfiiii;- timed 1)\- ;in observer, wliile two otlurs re;ul tlic voltmeters, aiul two assistanls recorded tlie readinj4S. This test was repeated many times with very close agreement ill the rt'sults. It is due to Mr. Scott, Mr. l.amme and Mr. Mcl.ari'n, of the technical staff of the Westini^honse Coni|)any, to say tliat the results, when V)lotte(t to the same scale as the theo- aturi' conductors, tlu' excitint;' current in the field wiiulin|i,'-, and eddy currents which may he set up in the armat'.;re conductors, in the core of the armature, in the field po'.es and in the field hoh- hins. The niajnietic losses are those k\\\u. to the ma}4neti/ation of the core of the armature, which is, of course, alti'rnal- injL>' in si,nn, and to fluctuations in the ina,i,nietization of the field. Not all of hi 1)i;taii,s ()1- Tin; mci kii.ouai i' 1 1 1 ; 1 '- 1 III \\ \ 1 K A N S I- o 1< M )■. K . retical curve which tlu-y calculated be- fore the test was made, can scarcely be distinguished from the actual curve determined by experiment. By the efiticiency of the ji^enerator we me.m the ratio of electrical output to nu'chanical input ; that is to say, the quotient obtained by dividing- the amount of energy delivered to the cir- cuits by the generator, by the energy delivered to the shaft of the generator at the top of the long shaft which con- nects the generator and tiie turbine. This quotient is expressed as a percentage of the ini)Ut. The difiereiice between the input and output of energy is repre- sented bv the various losses in the generator. These losses are mechanical, elec- trical and magnetic. The mechanical losses are those due to air friction of the revolving parts of the generator, and the friction of the two bearings which guide the generator shaft. The elec- trical losses are those due to the main or primary current traversing the arni- these various losses can with conveni- ence or accuracy lie segregated , Ijut fbrtu- natelv, practically all that are of special importance can be measured. Tests were, therefore, made at the Westing- house fictorv which determined the efficiency of each machine with a very fair degree of accuracy. The\' were made with great can;, and in the case of the first generator all important measurements were repeated many times. This is not the |)lace for a com- plete statement and discussion of the tests made, which, in itself would be as long as this entire article, but the methods employed and the results oi)- tained may be briefly summarized. As the generator was erected in the shops, the revolving element was sus- tained, as already stated, by a collar or tlirust bearing. A direct current motor, ca]7al)le of delivering 200 horse-power, was used to dri\e the generator, the motor being turned u])on its side, st) that the shaft, supjiorted upon a thrust bearing, was vertical, and, therefore, Mt-J vHjss <* i fifi r il '. f4' ■ ! nm ; : 21)6 (.iss//':a"s m.\(;.\/.i.\i-:. Tin- A^ri: RICAX IWM.S AT XIAr.ARA. l-l.l'Al'RIC POWI'R .//' .\I.\(,.\R.\. -V7 i| parallel to the sh.ilt nf the m'licTator. The tirld of tin- dimt currnil motor was iii(K'|)(iiil('ntl\' oxcitt'd, and irail- inms of the ciirri'iit and imiiiuial, de- livered to its armature lioin a ilirect current i^enerator, drivx'n liy an en;^ine, were t.iki-n in a series of tests, which were repeated sever.il times durini^ a period of about two weeks. The results show that when the tield of the eene- rator w.is not c-hariLjed by excitinL^ cur- rent, it was necx'ssary to deli\-er to the motor 76 horse-|)ower to tlri\e tlu' what this hell iViction, and the increa^nl iriction in tin.' iH'arin^s, due totii^hlue^> ofllH.'heJt, amounted to t'ould not he easily determined, nor was any attt'injit mad(! to se^reiL^ate the loss in the thrust hearinsj^ from the other losses. This loss in the thrust hearinj^- is not ])ropi'rIs' charnciMe to the t^eniMMtoi'. since the machines, as erected at NiaiLjara, have no thrust hearing;' above the point in the sli alt where the jiouer is delivereil to tlie mauMMlor. It can safely be said, tlu'refore, that at Xia'^.ira 30 M 10 50 CO TO SO ',10 100 ]10 r,'0 laO 110 liO IliO IVO 180 lUO :J00 aiU :JiO liW :;10 350 '.'liO UTO 360 :;W ^00 310 J^o 3ao ;ilO CHART SlIOWINii Till, M\c,N|,:tIC yCA MTl 1:S III' Tin: lll.I.H HINC, generator field at a sjji'ed of 250 revolu- tions j)er minute. The belt connectini>' motor and generator bcinq; taken ott, 26 electrical horse-power were required to drive the motor at the same speed as before. The difference between these two (juantities, or 50 horse-power, represents the mechanical friction in the s^eiierator, made \\\> of air friction, the Iriction of the two bearins^s which i^uide the shaft, the friction of the step-uj) or thrust bearing at the bottom of the shaft, and ;ilso the loss in the belt, which was necessarily kept very tight. Just the total mechanic, il losses in tlu' gene- rator will be less than 50 horse-power, — that is, less than one per cent, of the power recpiired to drive them. The determination of the amount of energy represented bv tlu; current which excites the fkkl of the generator is easily made. The method emi)loved was to charge the tield, beginning with a very small current, and increase this by successive ste|)s until the jioten- tial at the terminals of the armature, at a sjieed of 250 revolutions per minute, approximated 3000 volts, takuig at each J! 1 \ 1 »! 1 4o r ♦1 • ti' l! r'l; I ill. ' ■^' ,, Mm if Jy,S C.ISS//:A"S .]/.!(,. I /J.yj:. stt'p siimiltancoiis rcachiniLjs of tlu' ciir- rc'Mt ill the licltl, the ixitL-iitial at tliu tk'Id tcnuiiials, and tliu jxiti'iuial at tlio anuatiin! tcnninals, Tlic tidil ciincnt was thru t^radually reduced, sinuiltaiK'- oiis iiUMsiircmciits luiiiii;' taken as l)er(irc' of the eiirn nt in the lield, the poU'ntial at the fK-Id terminals, ami the potential at the arniatnre terminals. In this w.iy the WcVX current re<|nired to induce in the arm.iture, without load, .my juiveit electromotive force not less than 300 volts and not i^n-ater th.m ^uoo the field current in c.ich j^enerator under full load will in no case exceed i5liorse- l)ower. The next loss to be determined is that due to the iiianneti/alion of the armature core. This is made up of two factors, but for our jjiirpose, these need not l)e dilferciUi.ited from each other. The test was made as follows : The ^eiu'iator being- driven at a speed of 25(j revolutions ])er minute by the di- rect current motor, me.isiirinunls of the electric energy delivi'red to the II 1:; i , — 1 ,-- --- --- — — i^''"' — • ■ ■ 1 - i 1 11 /''' 1 1 1 — s (1 8 \/Te. N bgUArlt /y 1 1 . - t r-i-77 ' 1 1 \ \ \ \" \' \ \ — 1 // 1 ; 1_J } f I 1 1 j r i \ \ \ \ \ \ I 1 ' i \ \ \ \ \ \ ^\ \\ 1 1 1 , 1 1 / f 1 1 WAVE FORM 1 — — /' 1 SINUSOID ...u \\ / i 1 i 1 ' 1:. au ' IJ- (iu ;.i w lo."j i-Jo i:ri i:.u iil.l l»o' iin; roll. Nil. M, cruvi; iiiu (iM. m iin: i,i.\i;i< \ inns. volts, was determined. I'rom this the field current which corres])on(ls to any armature potential when the generator is loaded, — that is, when the armature is di'livering current, — can be deter- mined with close accuracy by calcula- tion. With some types of machines this would not be so easily done, but in these generators the relations existing be- tween the armature and field are similar to those which exist in many of the large generators em])loyed in street rail- way service, and in making the calcula- tion, therefore, we are not far removed from the .safe basis of exi^erimental fact. In this way it was determined that under conditions which will exist at Niagara, latter were made coinciilently with measurements of the ])otentiaI at the terminals of tlu; generator armaturi". As the current in the field of the generator is varied, by adjusting resistance in its circuit, the magnetization of the aim- ature, of course, varies, and the jxiteii- tial at its terminals is a measure of the magnetization, or, more strictly, induc- tion in the armature core. As the magneti.viatiGn incr ases, more power is required to revolve the field, the ditference in the ])ower delivered bv the motor to the generator for any given ])otential at the armature termi- nals (that is, for any given degree of magnetization), and the po^ver required to tlrive the iiekl at the same .sjieed with II 'J iir he te- lle py liv Ith 1f^ ^ Dk. Coi.KMAN Si;i.LEKS, oiie o( the best known engineers on both sides of the At- lantic, is the cousnltin^ engineer ol the Cataract Constrnclion Company, and is also president an y /A w Hiotographic Sciences (Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STMET WEBSTIR.N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 <■-;* m h ^0r^^£'%i4^ cy /H^y^ 4« Mf i 1)1 Cdiki. \ M\v was till- iiiKiiict-r ami (teiicral supcriiitciicKiit of tlic Cntaract Con- stnictioii Coiiit>aii\ diivc motor ami yc-iK'rator, as dctcrmiiud in tlie case of the first inatliiiK', is 76 liorsc-powfr, ami by suhtraitiiijj;' tliis ainoimt from the amounts rc volts 121 — T(t - 45 lionie-ii(H%-cr ■ii^yi " I VI - -.'' M •(■l"" " 1(1 - 7" ''5 Were the armature in service, dc- liverinif currents repri'sentini!;' the full output of the machine, the distrilmtion of the magnetic lines in the armature core would he .somewhat, l)Ut not vcrv radically ditferi'nt, and consi-(puntly tlu-se nieasurc-ments do not tell us ex- actly what the loss in the core will W- under conditions of actual sei\ice. Hut, niakini"' a fair allowance for an in- creased loss due to this and other minor causes which may makif them- seKes felt in the coninuTcial opi'ration t)f the ]L;eneralor, it would .seem safe to say that the loss in the arm.iture core, operatini,^ at 2100 volts, which is alioul the voltaije at which those jreiierators su|)pl\in}^ local si-rviie willl)e opera.ted, will not exceed 60 horse-power. The loss due tt) the current in the armature conductors could not '>e ;tc- cnrately determined from tests in the shop. This loss, ho\ve\i'r, is easi!\- calculated with close accuracy from measurements of the resistance.' of tin; armature conductors and the known value of the full load currents whidi they will caiT" in .service. Disre^jard- iiii^ possible eddy currents in the con- ductors, which, fioin the construction, should he almost ne^lijLjihle, calcul.i- tions show that the loss in the armature conductors under full load will not ex- ceed 30 horse-power. Theory indicates that other losses, with the possible exception of cdily currents in the field poles, will he so small as to be practi- cally nei;li)^ible, and inclndiniij the loss in the field poles, which could not be readily determined, their amount will not he snlli( icnt to materially affect the efficiency t>f the jfenerator. To sum up till- mech.mical, electric and maj;netic losses, when the Liemra- tor is dtliverinjLj current at 2100 \olts, w<- have ronj;hIy the tollowinL;: Mnxliniiiii Iii'i'* ill ficM CDppcr is limsr power I.ii'.s 111 iirmaluri' con- fri l,os hoise-jjower to the ciicuits it is, therefore, neces.sary that 5 1 55 horse- power be transmitted to it through the shaft. l)i\idinij 5<"hj horse-power, the output, by 5155 horse-] )o\\tr, the as- sumed input, we ha\e almost ex.ictlv 97 jier cent. l'"rom all i, lis it appears pertectlv saft; to sav l!iat the, generators, uiuler the conditions of commercial ser\ice, will, at full load, operate at an efficiency exceeding;' 97 jier cent. At the time of writinif this, the- tests of the Hemralors as erected in the ])ower house at .Nias^ara are not yet completed. The description of the electric }.;en- eratiniLr plant in the foreiiioinjLf j)aj,n's is necessarily incomplete. Much that would interest .scientific specialists ; omitted or merely glanced at, and on the other hand, .spaie and time h.ive not permitted the attempt to elucid.ite statements which, to those not fimiliar with electric work, must appear more or less obscured by technical phrase- olojjjy. This I cannot hope to amend. The tests of the first 5\ ( ASSIF.R ' S AM GA/JNE. iiioniiiij;- (if April 4tii, 1.S95, Mi. Ku- (lolplu; Ii.imniiiiM, tlic Swixs ciiiL^inccr, who li.is lor sivinil years (k-votid his skill iind iiicrgy to ]nrk'(t the hydr.ui lie pi. lilt, j^fiitly iiiovid the 'laiid wliccl whii h controls the fust tiirhini.', tlu- titlil of tiie jii'iHTiitor l)iL;aii to rcvolvi-, ni)i- Imrst power unit of inachinerv, ca|)alileof transforni- ini,'' the energy of fallinir water to elec- tric i'iicri;y, live, vibrant, needini^ only siiitalile conductors to j^uide it across miles ofcountry, to places where it may turn the wheels of a thousand mills and factorivs. The Niagara ycnerators wen- (on- stnnted by the Westing house Com- ])any, following, as rei^ards mechanical ibrni, the ty|)e of machine ])roposed by the eiiiL^ineers of the Cataract Construc- tion Coni])any. This was fully de- scribed by I'rof (ieoitje l-'orbes in a j)apcr read in Xoveniber, i.'^o,^. before the Hritish Institution of b.lectrical I'ji.nineers. The au.xiliary electric ap- ])aratus. includin)Lj e.xciters, .switchinj^ devices, me.isurinuf instruments, etc., were designed and constructed by the West ini; house Company, assisted, as to the bus bars, by the IJrown iS: .Sharpe .Maiiufii turinij^ Company, of Provi- dence, R. ]., V . S. A., and the India Rubber and (iutta I'ercha Insulalinm; Company, of Niw York. Amoiij^j those who have been i>ar- ticularly ])rominent in the work are : Mr. .\ll)ert Schmid, licneral .superin- tendent ; Mr. C. ]•". vScott, electrician ; Mr. I'hilip I.anije, ,sii])erinteiulent ; Mr. ' >. li. Shallenberi|t'r, consultinjj elec- trician ; Mr. 1{. C. Lamme, Mr. V.. C. Means, Mr. II. V. Davis; Messrs. .Sij;fried, Wrii^ht, Hoe.nel, \V. I-". Lamme, Beinitz, Alberi^er, Mirault. Friedlander, .Strauss, Mould and Parks. To Dr. Coh man .Sellers, ])resident and chief eiij^iiicer of the Niagara I-'alls I'ower Company, and Mr. De Con rev May, late su|)erintendent and enijineer of the Cataract Construction Companv, who, in consultation with Mr. Schmid and his assistants, made many ^■aluable sui;!L,a'stions, the thanks of the \\'e,'^tinj;- house Company are also due. S ;*f e-'-#d% HJ?'' 11 !i n! h 'i'l] r * ii '■ •! il Jons IloOART i- iiie of tlie coiisiilltng euKiiiteis If" '1"' Catatiict Coiislnution Co., ami, ns siu'li. has taken a ))riiiiiiiii.'iit part in most ol the work pertaining In the 'great Niagain enterprise. p i I Till M MS SI HI. IT THE INDUSTRIAL VILLAGE OF ECHOTA AT NIAGARA. /t'y /ii/t/i /•(ii; e a 4 « ■« i 1 3 !in" ?i? 5 • • •i ' r iTff^nS^T^frmlt '] ^ 3 N I A o a d n j 1 |hH ■ * ■ 1 {ill t B /■///•; /.\7>r\rA'/.i/ r///. !(,/■: o/' /■:( //ov.i. .VHJ general avoratrc lovi'l of tlic rivi-r, s'>-' left ahovf tiili'wattr at Niw N'oik, is al)<)iit thit'L' ffL't luwcr tliaii tlio lower |)arts oftlu' village, l)iittlio water ol tlie ri\er Dicasioiially rises to very marly the ilevation of this villaj^e surliice. It was, tliereforc, iin|)ractical)le to carrv the (Iraiiia^,^.' of these j^roiiiuls to the river, with suflficieiu fall in pipes or jjtitters tu (juickly relieve tlie siirfice the villaije was coveretj with water of coiisiderahle depth soon after the !><■- j^iniiin^; of the works of iniprovcineiit. I'liiier a few iiiclu-s of loam whieh covers these ]L;roiintls, there is a stratum of ahoiit eiijht or nine li-et of liiiie rlav, then a red clay, and then a comp.ict j^ravel and clay overlies tin- rock, which is found at depths of not less than foin- teen feet. In their n.itnnil st.ite these ! I' ■ I AXtlTllI l< ^0 Mil from the water of rainfalls, while to carry the rcipiisitc sub-drainage directly to the river was simply impossible. The western boundary of the village is a stream of very moderate and sluij- jfish flow in ordinary seasons, but sud- denly expanding; and overllowinjr with an enormous volume of water at times of heavy rainfall or sudden thaw. A branch of this stream, with the same characteristics, runs just north of the villaije line. The i)lace is thus exposed on two sides to the overflow of these streams, and, in fact, the whole area of fields were in very b.id condition for lon^' jxriods after every rainlall, and durini^ the gradual meltinj^ of the win- ter snow. The water ^;athered in shal- low pools. There was not sufficient ^'ner.il snrliicc slopi- to carry it awav, and it coulil not pass through the tenacious underlyiny^ clay. It disaji- peared only by evaporation. Iv\i)eri- nienlal excavations for cellars of houses retained water as timaciously as well- cemented cisterns. The land durinjr these seasons was wet, sticky and heavy, and when the water did evajx)- 3"<' CASS/K/^ 'S A/AaAZ/N/i. ^ H. I Mil SI WAi.l IMSI'IISM UiiKk" rato, the j;roiiiul became baked and seamed with wide and narrow cracks in tile hard clay soil. The roads in the vicinity were either very dusty or very muddy. One of the features of the dcsij^n is that every house shall be provided with a dry cellar and shall have a fair j^'arden area. The plans for the streets also contemplate considc ..ole ^Tassy sur- faces and ample provision of shade trees. It was, therefore, essential that the soil should !)e always in fit condition to maintain {.jrass, lawns, trees, gardens and llowers. Streets and roads cannot be kept in ^oo(.\ order nor taken care of economi- cally unless thoroughly under-drained. Ill _^_. .1 m^-m:^ n g-?' SKCTIOX AND KLKVATIOX OF TIIK SK\VAc;k UISI'OSAI. IHILDING. ruH /.\7> I 'STRi. \L I 'II. I. . I (,/■: ( )/■' /A //( ) '/: i. .^" I'lirthcrmorc, iiiid of >lill ^riMtcr mu- imnt, it would liavi- hitn nimiiial to li.ivo iiuiti'd liimiliis to t.ikr up tluii .iIkxIc in lioiisrs l)iiilt iii>on ^^roiiiid in siu'h condition. M.ilaiia and kindred diseases would have had a liitile tiild. Uiit tlie waters, Imth of tlie small stre.ini l)oun»lin>i the village, and of the Nia,L;ara river, some distant e away, were at too y;reat an elevation to receive even tije rainfall rnntiinj; over the sinface, to say nothinjj; of the water taken from the subsoil tU(|)ly i-noii^h to .ijive tlii' Ir-e tlrainairo retiuired. It was necessary also to |)i-o\'ide an outlet for the sewajreof the houses, and the elevation of the streams mach- a direct dischary;e into them im|)racti- cahle. A discharije of this drainage anil sewage into the lower river helow the I'alls, would have heen possihli-, but it would Iiave involved the construction of a conduit of ^reat len.i;th, which, to secure the necessary j^jradit-nt, would h.ive been mostly in dei p rock excava- tion and would have necessarily been of considerable si/.e to provide, in addition, for the sewage of all the dis- trict lyinjf between I'.chota and the lower river. The authoritii's of the city of Niagara Falls did not feel that it was necessary, at present, to extend their sewer system to I'.chota and the con- sultinij engineer of the iN'iaijara I )evelop- nient Company found a much less e.\- ])ensive method of ])rovidinij fully for its needs. It will, howiver, be practicable to directly connect both the drainaj>e and sewera}:je systems with the extended trunk lini'S of t''e city sewers when they reach Echota. The ncei\ in_v; well and the disposal house have been located particularly with this in view. A complete system of under-drainaj|e was designed and executed just as desiji^ned. The street j)lan of Echota, as shown in the illustration on page 313, includes alleys in the rear of the resi- dence lots. Advantage was taken of this fact to separate the lines of drain- age conduits, and those of the sewerage .system, the latter carrying only house wastes. The principal i?ipes of the drainage system follow the .streets ; those to convey sewage are in the I I IIM M I t t M IIII II H MOm iiii e j f PLAMnnnf 1 i ■ "^. ,'. V'.;., of rt^F^ ;■ ri.AN cii ST \ri"N lou wn i.s ,\si> immps, SI WAl.l, mSIMISM. .\N1> I I.IA lUll. i.K.iniM.. /3 t iKiiss SI I Tinv 111' S'WAiii: si:ttiin<'. t.vvks. alleys. The latter are at a higher elevation than the drain tiles, and, thus, house connections for sewage can be made without danger of disturbance of the drainage system. The basis of the drainage plan is a I! <4 il' I-. ,, I 312 C.ISS//-:A' ' S A/. I C.A/.INE. system of tiU's of two inclics iiitcriml diameter, and laid, .is a rule, forty feet apart Their dejith is, generally, from fonr to six feet below the surfaee. They have open joints, no cement or mortar bcinjj used, hut around the joints was \vra])|)cd a (h)iil)le thickness of cheese cloth. Where strata of (juicksantl oc- casionally occurred, the tik's were laid on a hoard. The exterior of the tiles was octagonal. The minimum gradient of tiles with otluT lines were made i)v special Y and T pieces, no cutting (if tiles being allowed. The three-inch tiles led, at freciuent intervals, to receiv- ing basins in the centre of the streets, and the ettluent from these basins is conducted by lines of vitrified pipe to a large masonry well, l)uilt near the north- western angle of the village in connec- tion with the sewage disposal works. This well is oval in form, 15 feet by I M I. IN II KlilU rin: si u m.i; ihspusai. \mikks. M i^ U \: was three-tenths of one per cent, antl very great care was taken l)y the engineers in charge of construction to secure perfect alignment. The excellent working of the system proves this to have been accomi)lished. The two-inch tiles deliver into lines of three-inch tiles, laid in the same way and placed, generally, in the streets, under the grass surfaces, but so dis- posed as to draw the water fully froiu the ground uniler and on both sides of the paved parts. All junctions of lines 20 feet in diameter, and of sufficient de|)th to provide for the suction pii)es leading to the jiumps It is divided, by a brick wall, into two compartments, one of which receives th.e sewage and the other, the drainage water. The latter is pumped directly into the outlet chamber of the disposal works, whence it i)asses with the jiurified sewage etHu- ent into the small stream al)Ove referred to and, thence, to the Niagara river. The illustration on the ojjposite page shows, by the line dotted lines, that the THE IXDCS IRIAL llLLACl-. OF /■\//'>•» a ■»)'•• 314 I ASSI/iR ' S AfA GA/.INE. eKiiss sixrio.N or an kuiiota STRi;i,r with ikliord-macauam i-avlmunt. wholu village is uiulcTlaid by this tlrain- age system. These open jointed small tiles have utterly changed the physical and sani- tary conditions of the ground on which the village is built. It is no longer heavy or muddy after rains, neither is it dusty nor dry during the warm season. The hard clay has become friable ; the water of rains sinks quickly into the ground and disapi)ears, grasses flourish, the lawns are in excellent con- dition, the trees which have been set out are healthy, and the cellars are pe-fectly dry. In fact, the level of the ground water has been lowered fully four feet, which is virtually, and for all horticultural and sanitary j)ur])oses, ex- actly the same as though the whole surface had been lifted four feet. The place no longer suggests dampness and discomfort, and the difference in the feel of the air is very perceptible to those who have spent much time there before and after the introduction of this drainage. As every house to be built in the village is to be provided with running water, with closets and with kitchen sinks, a system of sewerage was re- (piired which would convey all house wastes (juickly and certainly to their ultimate disjiosal. A separate svstem was designed, which takes no storm or drainage water. Its conduits are vitri- fied pi]K'S, with a minimum interior diameter of six inches. These are laiil generally in the alleys, at an elevation above the drain tiles. House connec- tions will thus be made without disturb- ing the street surfaces. The pi])es have cemented joints and are automatically flushed at regular periods. They con- duct the sewage to one compartment of the well above described. From this well the sewage might be pumped to the small stream near at hand, or through a pipe of projjcr size, directly i ■ I;: 1 ]1 ' ^H 1 ' ■ h- DRAIN QSEWEH CROSS SKCTiiiv i>r Tin: iKiri.i-.VAHi) at iaiiota ^^^ii^/^vjfc4^%a^>f oti^ O WATER THE IXDCSTRIAL \ II. I. AGE OE ECIIOTA. .V5 into the Niagara river. While the dihition would he great, it was not tleenieci advisahle, nor desirable, to thus deliver untreated sewage into the river, and a system was, therefore, ado|)ted which secures the separation of all solids, the purification of the liciuid and the delivery of an efthunt deprived of all unsightly and unwholesome char- acteristics. This is effected in the sewage dis- posal works of which the location is seen in the drawing. The details of ct)nstruction of these works are also illustrated. There is a double set of elongated tanks or deposition chambers, so arrangeil in section and in length as to ensure a very slow ])assage of the sewage undergoing treatment. It is pum|)ed from the well directly to the end of one of these elongated cham- bers, and is there treated automatically, by the action of float valves, with milk of lime and a solution of perchloride of iron. Sedimentation and i)reci])itation of the solids follow, and any floating sub- stances are intercepted by screens. Chlorine is delivered through perforated pipes su|)ported on brackets near the bottom of the chambers. When a cer tain quantity of the purified lluid has pass'.'d over a weir into the terminal tank, it flows, by syphonage, into the ePiluent chamber and, thence, with the pure drainage water, pumped from the other compartment of the well, it en- ters the stream. While one s'?t of tanks is in use, tiie deposited materia! is removed by traveling buckets from the other tank, and is used U])on the cultivated grounds of the com|)any. The effluent is clear and clean. These works were constructed by Mr. James J. Powers, an exjjcrt in the treatment of sewage. The building which shelters the well, the pum]is and the disposal tanks is of an exterior construction in harmony with the architecture of the dwellings in the village. This building has also the dynamo for the electric light service of the place. The occasional sudden engorgement and overflow of the small streams at the site of Echota has been alreadv spoken of While the .system of drain- age will take care of all ortlinary rain- fall, e.\])erience on two occasions has given reason to feel that special meas- ures were desirable to prevent the dam- age and discomfort which m'ght fi)llow the erratic action of these streams. At such times they overflow their banks. Hut observation has shown that a con- siderable e\|)anse of country surround- ing I'Lchota ma\' then also bi' under water. A" elevation of the bank of ^^^ ■UWTTTTUW" Utli ON-K 111- Tllli C.VrCIl IIASIXS l-OK TlIK UKAINAGB SVSI'I'.M. tlie Stream immediately adjacent to the village wouitlnot suffice. In order to protect the whole area of tl' .' improved district, it must be guarded on every side. This has been accom- plished by the construction of a bank or dyke along the boundary liii)- and en- tirely surrounding the village. This dyke is eight feet wide on top, has side slopes of one and a half to one and is com])actly l)uilt so as to resist the pass- age of water, (^n the east boundary of the grounds it is supplemented by a ditch on the outer side, ten feet in width, so placed as to intercept and carry to the Niagara river any volume of water that mav come towards Echota til 3 :i •i \ 1 u il':' i^ m ,1 ft ■ ' iiiB'' ^K 1 iHm If iflH i :- 1 i K V>; 1, B ii , 1 li [1 1 316 cass//:r ' s a/.i(;a zine. 'WW. scmnM. A r itnoi-.v. from tlu' liiijIiorjLjrouiuls above. Wlurc the small .stifam above alluiled to is ad- jacent to the village, the dyke is widened to fifty feet and becomes an exterior street. As an additional ])recaution, and especially to ])revent any possible dam- age in the event of a temporary stop- l>ai;e of the pinni)s, a relief condnit has i)cen laid to the river, arranged with a check valve so as to open whenever the level of the ground water should rise higher than the water in the river. These combineil measures have not only brought the land included within the boundaries of Kchota to the .satis- factory condition described above, but they have secured them from all danger of overHow. The study of a design for the ground plan of streets was ])rimarily affected by some existing conditions. The village was bounded on the west by the small stream, on the soutii by straight lines of raiiro.ul and on the north and east by detintil pro|)erty lines. There was one street, sixty-si.x feet wide, passing through the property, which couiil not, for legal reasons, be changed. Necessarily accepting these conditions, the plan adopted is shown on page 313. The system of streets and alleys was based mainly on parallelism with the longer siile of the village. The streets are, generally, fifty feet in widlh, but all houses are placed twenty feet back from the street line. The fifty feet street thus becomes virtually ninety feet 77//; i\/>is7h'/.u. Mi.i.Aci-: OF i-:ciior.\. :>'7 wiulations which will be made and continued, the objections against alleys, found to exist in some places, will not there obtain. One street, to meet the extension of a proposed boulevard to lUiffalo, is loo feet in width. It has a roadway of forty feet, a ])rovision for electric cars a roadway of twenty- live feet, and a siniLjIe line of trees on each side. On the drawinir of this street there are, in- cidentally, shown the lines of <)riiL,Mnal water level and of the j)resent level to which it has been lowered. The road- ways have a Telford-Macadam pave- ment. This is formed by brin.trinjj^ the earth to lines parallel with the proi)osed ) I ' * 3'« CASS I I-: R ' S MA a A Z INK IlKINT l:i.l;\' A IKIN', l_ RAWfNQ ROOM 2'iJ X 17'0' I-IKSr Mix IK. SKCOND FLOOR, 1 I.IV.M ION AMI I'I.\.\S HI' IIM. Ill' IIIK i.Am;i K mil Ki>i at ioiicha. tinal surfiicc and the earth is then well conipacti-d by rolling. On this surface is placed the Tillord foundation of quarried limestone blocks, eij^ht inches in thickness. L'pon these stones is placed a small (juantity of sandy bindinjr material, and the surface is rolled smooth. Tlu n follows trap rock broken into pieces not to exceed two inches in si/e. This is three inches in (kpth and, with another bindinj;' coat on its top, is a!.^ain well rolK-d. There is then added another layer, two inches in depth, of tra|) rock, broken into pieces not to exceed one inch in size. This is rolled, co\ered with screening's from the broken trap and (inaily broui^ht to the reipiired lines by thorouj^h rollintr, usinij water durini; the operation. A steam roller is used for this work. Majile and elm trees have been set three feet within the lines of curb. Tiie paved surliices liave a crown of four inches in the width of twenty-five feet, and of six inclu'S on the one street, .Su^ar strei't, where the ])avement is forty-two 'ct in wiilth. The grades of streets an . tjutters are necessarily very li.U^ht, but the lines have been laid so truly that no trouljje lias been ex])eri- enceil from sto|)pa_i;e of the (low of water. Inlet '.)asins, of which the con- struction is shown by the sketch on ])aiL^e ,:; 15 are placed at the corners of streets and at other points, so that they are never farther apart than 440 feet and (generally not more than 300 feet. These receive the water from the street surfaces and gutters and are connected by tra])ped inlets with the drainage conduits. They have a large depressed chamber beK)w the level of the outlet ])ipe, in which any solids or street detritus are ])recijMtatcd by gravity and freciuently removed through the cover at the surface. The same jjrovision of a settling or silt basin, to intercept detritus, is made in the basins receiving drainage from the lines of sub-surface tiles, and wherever more than two lines of tiles met at one point there was placed a silt basin, made of vitrified i)ii)es, fifteen inches in diameter, extending below the inlet and outlet. Connections with THE IXncSTRlAL VIIJ.ACE (>/•' ECHOTA. ;^'9 tlu'so hiisins wiiv iiiiuU' l>y s|)ccial vilri- tii'd pipe witli hraiiclu'S to tit tlu- iinijlcs (if the (Iniins. All the houses in thi' villatje are hiiilt by the company. Their architec- ture coniliines a ^a-neral uiiiforniity of (Icsitjn with ninch variety in form and detail. The architects were Messrs. McKim, Meade i\: White, of New York. Tlie general appearance of the houses is well indicated in the se\eral illustrations reproduced from jilioto- one roof, hut with I'litircly separate entrances in »he front and rear, and each with its own yard and j^arden space. The l.irijer house has ten rooms, with furnace, hath and other desirahli' arrangements. The rental ior the houses runs from S>) toS,V) ( £\ i6s. to _/,"6) a month and includes, in each ca.se, water and I'lectric li.uht. It is the in- tention of the company, as soon as the character of the settlement is tirmly established, to j^ive its tenants an ASSIMllI.V RIMIM, SKlRi: .\M> IllH Sl:S AT IXllOTA. In graphs. All are jiainted in the cohjrs ado|)ted by the company, — yellow and white. Houses for al)out fifty funilies have already been built. These vary both in exterior appearance and interior ar- ran,t(ement. One of the simpler and smaller houses and one of the lartjer and more elaborate ones are illustratetl by elevations and plans on pajnes 317 and 318. The .smaller house has four rooms of good size and also a large cellar. It has electric light, running water, closet and kitchen sink. vSome of the houses with this ground plan and numl)er of rooms are detached, others are built with either two or four under opportunity to purchase their homes on easy term;;, thus avoiding the evils which have at times resulted from the too positi\e application f)f the pro- prietary system. The general ap|)ear- ance of the parts of the village where houses have been built is very pleasing and attractive. Water, filtered by the Morison «!v: Jewell gravity system, is furnished by the Niagara I^'alls Water Works (.'om- ])any, one of the allied comjianies of the ])Ower company, and hydrants are placed at convenient distances. Ample ])rovision of hose is made for fire j)n)- tcction. The streets are lighted by in- candescent lights of fifty candle power ► \ h,H 1] \A ' :. I i (1 i i I. ! f ^1 i^ I . ,! !1« 1^!:' ;j. 320 CASSI/iR ' S MA GAZINI-: '/•///;■ /.\7> r S TRl. 1 1. I ILL. \ CE ( )/■' ECHO T. I. 321 each. A l.ir^ff l)iiil(liii,i; lias bcuii |)l.ici.'cl at one of tlie promiiHiU street corners. The lower door is for a neiieral store, ami the upper tloor h.is a haiulsoiiie hall, with (Iressinii; and toilet rooms, which is put at the service of the resi ileiits of the vill.ijLje. A couimodious brick school-house, also, has receiitiv hcen built at ICchota by the city of Xiai^ara l-"alls. All the works of constructi m have i)etMi continuously in charge of the resi- dent en,!.;ineer, Mr. \V. A. linicken- rid;^c, who has also i^iven m.my wiluable ori'^in.il su,^j.;estions, particularly in the development of the ])rotection dykes, the construction of the roads ami the arranj^ement of the houses. The word ICchota sii^nities, in the Indian lant,nia)4e, " Place of Refuije." It w.is sui^jijested as an a|)pr()priate name by Mr. ICdwanl 1). .\danis, the ])resi(lent of the Cataract Construction Company. ICchota is adjaient to the principal lines of railroad, the company haxini;- already built a handsome station on the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. Two principal streets of the city of Niagara halls run ])ast and throui^h the village, and lines of electric cars are now in operation, connecting with all parts of the city. At the foot of one of the main streets of the village is the wharf from which a daily line of steamers runs to Mutfdo. The \illageof Ilcliot.i has, thus, been evolved in accurd.mce with the careful study of the mill to whom w.is com- mitted the re-^ponsibility of ihesolutioii of a complex problem. A district, not lit for C()mt()rtable re->i;k'nce, h,is been transformed int* an ideal, healtliliil \ill.ige. (iroiiiid upon which no vege- tation would thri\e has been cliangi'd to a region of vilvet lawns and bloom- ing gardens. Roads which were adis- comtiirt Irom du>.t, or an annoy.mce trom mild, h.ive been made into well- paved, beautiful streets. An unattrac- tive e\|)aiise of jxior meadowland has become a model town, witii iiuiting ri'sideiices at very moderate e.\|)ense for the families of all who may have to do with the busy industries calli'd into action bv the wondeihil power drawn from the halls. The ])rii(Ient foresight ot the man.igers of ca|)ital, the artistic dtsign of the architects and the well- in, itiired ])lans of the engineers have given a result about which the author does not hesitate to write, because that result will have an etiective ])art in the great story of the succt'ssful dex'eloji- meiit of the forces of .Niagara. i ' "-3 !t i^r '5' ij^:.:. II ^1 u NOTABLE EUROPEAN WATER POWER INSTALLATIONS. />']■ ( III. Til. 7'innUiiii. .WINCi hceii in- vited Ijv llic editor to (• on tribute, as iimMiltin^ i'iiiL,diU'er totiicCataract Coii- striKtion Company, an article to this nunihir of Cass- ikk's M \(;.\/.ini,, it si'iins proper to say that my I'.njLjIisli . and American col- v I e a ^ II es, wlio are livin)L,f closer to the .^ v< ]L;reat Niagara work. speak ot'this ^i^antic under- •^takinj:;, and to descril)e how tile impetuous Niai^ara river was mastered and iiow the wonderful machinery was installed, which, 1)\- I'leclric means, will spreail liilht and power far arcund Xi;ii;ara Kails. Lea\in,!4, theretore, all actount of the Niai^ara plant toothers, I will endeaxour to f^ive, for interesting comparison, a description of similar works which have been, or are beini;, carritd out in lauope, more espcv:..'.!> the works whicli the city of (ieneva, in .Switzer- land, is now huildint^' and which I have the honour of dirt'ctinjL; as president of the (ieneva municipality and director of its public works. In com|>arison with the installation at Niat^ara l'"alls even the greatest hairo- pean works for the utili/ation of water power are small ; they are to the Xiai^ara works in the |)roporti()n of the luiro- pean to the American continent, in the proportion of the Rhone or the Rhine to the Mississippi and tlu' .St. Lawrence. The town of .Schatfhauseii, on the Rhine, was the tirst in .Switzerland to cndea\'our to use the ri\-er passin_i> throuijh it to procure power for drivin^f the machiner\ of the manulacturers in its neighbourhood. Its works were established twenty-one years aj;o throuj^h the generosity of one of its wealthy citizens, M. Moser, who, to endow his native city with this impor- tant water j)ower, laid out larj^e simis of money. At that time no otiier means of transmittin}4' jiowerwas known than that of wire ropes, and to that pur|)ose vi'ry costly appar.itus was set up in the middle of the river, the Rhine beinj; dammed up .so as to procure a fall to drive a set of turbines. About 1500 horse-])ower was obtained in this wav and was distributed to neiijhbourini,'^ workshops. The .system of wire ropes necessarily limited the ilevelopment of the works, and the SchalThausen plant remained as it was when started, until the ])roj4ress of electrical knowleds^e allowed of further extension. Three years a^o, three new turbines, of 500 horse-power each, were added, drivini> dynamos which distribute electric |)ower to neighbouriiiJLj tiictories. The e\am])le of Schaffhausen was followed a few years later at I^ellet^arde, on the Rhone. The little town of Helle^arde is situated in 1"" ranee close to the .Swiss frontier. There the Rhone, cased in between high cliffs of rock, has pierced for itself a subterranean channel in which it disappears entirely in winter when the waters are low ; for this reason the ])lace is calleil the " Perte tlu Rhone." An ICnglish company ob- tained the concession to establish in this |)lace a water-power plant amount- ing to several thousand horse-power. The company formed a reservoir to re- ceive the waters of the Rhone above the " I'erte du Rhone," cut a tunnel in the rock aljout 1200 meters, or nearly 4000 feet long, and erectid ;! o as ■r n u i>t>4j^* /yTt.* ■ I V 'i Coi,. riiKoiK)KK TrRKHTTiM was tint of tlic iiKinhiTS cil' the IiiUriintiiiiiiil Niamira I";ills ConiiiiisKioii. Hf is now proidi lit of tlie municipality of Cenfva, Switzerland, and ilircctor nl its public works. I I li I II I • M i'lU :1 'I- 11 i A : /: / J^opj-:. i\ ii:i ri:R powi.k issi all. i //o.vs. i^s liuililin;^ liir tin- liuii^iii^j of ^ix liirliiiu's of Gy) lioi-M'-pduir r.'icli, wurkiiij; under a IilsuI of water of 14 im-tc-rs, or aliinil 4^) left. Tlic water- powiT was used to |)iiin|) wati'r to tlie ii|i|)er level of the town above, and to distrilmte |)ower in IJellemarde l)y means of tlie pnvionslv inentioni'(l wire ropes. Tliere, again, tlie cable transmission was a cause of restraint in the development of tile worlds and sevi r.d companies suc- ceeded one aniitlier without attaining tlie utilization of all the availal)Ie ])ower. In 1S7H, tile town of Zurich tstab- lisiu'd in the Linimat, where it issues from tin- lake, and in the town itsi'lf, works of 1500 horse-power, by the sue cessive setlinif up of seveial turbines of 200 horse-powir, working under a fall of water varying between 2 and 3 meters, or about 6 ' .. anil 10 leet. These remarkable works were constructed under the direction of M. Hurkli, then town-engineer of Zurich. The greater part of the power obtained was used for providing water to the town ; what re- mained was distril)Uti'd to factories for driving small private turbines up to 5 horse-power. liesides this, from about 2(KJ to 41 K) horsepower could be dis- tributed bv wire rope to an industrial ([uarter in the immediate neighbourhood of the water-works. While the distri- l>uti()n of ])ower through water-pressure was rapidiv taken u|), the distriliution of power through cables proved a failure just as it had been at Schaffhauscn and Hellegarde. At the same time a company was formed in l''rii)ourg, for utilizing the power of the Sarine in the immediate neightjourhood of the town of l-ribourg. There were 1 500 horse-power to Ijc dis- posed of, and the system of trans- mission was again that of wire rope. The use of this system o*' transmission was there again a fiilure, and the com- pany had to l)e wound u|). Se\'eral years ago the works were Ijought up by the Fribourg (iovernment, and electric transmission was introduced. This transformation has given the works a fresh start and tliev are now doing well. Ill 18S2, I was elected bv mv fellow- citizens to the direction of the i)ii''.'ic works of t..e town of ( ieiieva in conse- (|uence of a paper uhicli I published in support of the idea of utilizing the wlmle power of tlu," Rhone as it issiu's from the lake of ( lencva and passes tlirougli till- town. The studies made with that oiiji'ct, and to wliiili several distin- guished .Swi>s engineers contributed, such as .Messrs. Merle d'Aiibigne, I.igler, A. Achardaiid Prof I'estalozzi, proved that the Rhone affordeil, at ( ieiiesa, al)out 6000 horsepower. The system to be adopted for the distribu- tion of the powi'r was tlu' subject of a special study. Wire rope transmission of power had been condemned i)y experience, for it h.is been amply jjrovcd that fictories will not come to the source of jiower, liut, on the contrary, that the power must be transmitted to wlieri'ver fac- tories are established. Transmission by conii)ressed air gave unsatisfactory results, and transmission by electricity had not, in 1SS2, reached the degree of perfection which it li.is attained since then, anil could not be thought of The only system which remained to be considereil was that of water under pressure, and this was the means of transmission which was adopted. I^x- perieiice has proved that the choice of that system was a good one. The efficiency of water-pressure tr.msmission is not considerable, but this dr.iwback was counterbalanced by numerous ad- vantages, some of which result, it is true, from the special situation of (iiiieva. The water of the lake, employed for the distribution of the power, is absolutely pure. It could, therefore, be utilized as ilrinking water, as well as for general industrial jjurposes and motive ])ower. The same water mains could also be used for town uses and for working private turbines. The water employed, containing no sand in suspension, does not wear out machinery. The studies ])reliminary to undertak- ing the new works were completed at the end of 18S3. A credit of two mill- ion francs was voted by the Municipal Council of (icneva and the works were begun at once. The plan consisted in 1 % ': T J 326 C^ SS/ER • S A/A c;.l ZINE. >'■■!' ErROPEAN WATER POWER /NST.U./..1 77(K\S. ^^7 rill MAN iMiwi K iimsi; .ni;\k .i;.Ni;\ A, CilN lAIMNi It KIUNI.S Ml 1_'0. IIOUSI -rilWIU 1 \1.H. the setting up of eijj^htecn turbines, of 300 horse-power eacli, representing' a total of 5400 horse-power. Tlie avail- able fill varied between i.So meter (about 6 feet) in sununer, and 4 meters (about 13 feet) in winter. The first credit which was voted con- templated the carryinj^ out of all the con- struction work, dams, buiklini^s, etc., and the establishment of five ,t{;rou])s of turbines and pumps. The reji;ulatiou of the level of the Lake of Geneva formed a part of the niiw scheme. For more than 200 years constant quarrels had arisen between the inhabitants of the lake shores and the city of Oeneva because of a supposed raisiujLr of the level of the lake arisiny^ from the works carried out in the Geneva estuary, and it was hoped that the carrvinjr out of the new scheme for utilizing the forces of the Rhone would allow an end to be put to these dis])utes. Geneva obtained 1, 100,000 francs from the various States bordering on the lake to carry out, simultaneously with its water-works, a movable dam which would permit keeping the lake always at exactly the same level in all seasons. The works were actively pushed along and on June 16, 1886, the inauguration festivities took plact'. Tlianks to the system of power distribution adoptetl, the deveIo|)ment was faster than had l)een anticij)ated, and to-day, in less than nine years from tiie starting of the machinery, seventeen turbines, out of the eighteen contemplatetl, have been erected and the eighteentli is now l)eing constructed. From a tinancial point of view, the town of (ieneva has clone well, for, in tiie year 1894, the works gave a net profit of 2 ' j jkt cent, after deducting 3'.. per cent, for the interest on the capital and tlie sinking fund for tlie wear and tear of inachiner\-. Tiie capital engaged in tliis uiiiler- taking amounted, on Deci-mber 31, 1894, to 5, 5(51), 000 francs. Tliis com- prisetl the cost of the system of water ])ipes for distribution whicli, put end to end, would be iJ[o kilometers, or about 87 miles long. The success of Geneva in the estab- lishment of water motive power encour- aged otiier towns also to try to make use of the natural water power in their neighbourhood. At Lyons, in I-" ranee, a company was formed to construct a diverting canal above tiie city and create a fill of about 8 meters (about 26 feet ) at a place called Jonage, about if '1 I HI' ; i ■ C.-l SSI/iR ' S MA GA '/J NIL 5 kilometers {}, luiles) from llu- city. About 1 5,000 liorst'-powcr is a\Mil,il)k' tlu-rc ;iml t'lt'ctrical transmission will br employed. Tiu' works lia\e just been comincnccd. At Rheinfelden on the Rhine, about 15 miles abo\e I lisle a company has obtained a concession for 12,000 horse- power, under 4 meters (about i^fi'et) fall. The works are to be commenced at once. In the canton of Xeuchatel, the ri\er Reuss, which comes down the \'al de Travers, is t^oint;' to be com- pletely utilized in four successive i)l.ints, its fu-st venture, decided in iSijj to establish on the Rhone, about 6 kilo- meters ( ne.irly 4 miles) down stre.im. new works, \ery much more powerful than thohc previously built. A short descri|)tion of the locality will render the adopted ])l.ms clearer. The fir.-^t works, mentioned abo\e, were situated in the town itself !5ut, at a i)omt 150,) meters (5000 feet) below tlie town, the clear blue Rlione recci\'es the river .-\rve which descends from Mont Blanc. The waters of this river, comin.u^ direct from the ijlacier, are as troubled as t \\ %.. '\ \l\ \'. 'f • < w , ;U' Mill '■ !■ ;iiiNi:v ii\M m;.\h i,i:m;\a, i.rn.i' in l^95. each to develop 1000 h(irsc-power. This power will supply the wants of the towns of Neuchatel, Chaux de Fonds and Locle, and also of ail the \'al de Travers. In the canton of .Soleure 3000 horse-power will be obtained in a short time from the river Aar above Soleure and will supply that town and its nei,i;h- bourhood. On the same ri\er, at X'iznau, near Langenthal, the fn-m of Siemens >.\; I lalske is constructing^ works to obtain about 2000 horse-power ant! to ilistribute it in the iieit;hl)ourhood. E.xamples of similar imdertakings could be multiplied. The town of ( ieneva, encouraged by the success of those of the Rhone are lim[)id, ISeyond the junction of the two rivers, their waters run side by side, without mi.xinjr, for about a kilometer (0.6 mile), form- ing a blue and a white riband. Thanks to (ieneva Lake, the Rhone has a How of water varying from 120 to 700 cubic meters (4230 to 24.675 cubic feet) per second, whereas the (low of the Arve varies from 20 to 1200 cubic meters (700 to 42,300 cubic feet) ])er second. Helow the junction of the two rivers, the Rhone runs deej^ly cased in between wild clitfs (or several miles, and this lias al- lowed the adoi)tion of a very simple |)lan for the establishment of the new work.s. El ROPE. \X WATER POWER IXSIALLAIIOXS. :>-') :it^li>"f i' ill 1 '.^ f-l', hi ■:l .. -il I; r yi 330 cass/j-:r's magazine. Tlie place selected for settinjj;' up tlie dam and the buildiiii^s for the turbines, called Ciievres, is al)out (^ kihjnieter.s (nearly 4 miles ) below the former works. The width of the river, after tlie erection of the works, will be 130 meters, or about 426 feet. On the left bank, a Stoney movable dam, the .same as that adopted for the Manchester canal, in Mngland, allows the raising of the level of the river. The dam, which is go meters (295 feet) lon,i>-, is connected with the rij^ht bank by the building con- tainintj the turbines. Tliis building is pi icetl in a skew position along the sujjply chaiuiel, and, in connection with the Stoney dam, forms a complete dam across the river. The dam has si.\ oi)enings, each 10 meters (al)out 33 feet) wide. Each opening can be closed ad libitum by a sluice, 8 meters (about 26 feet) high. The sluices are in one piece, hung with counterweights, and slide on rollers. Thanks to this, they are easily lifted or let down by two men, in spite of the enormous pressure of water which they bear. The fall produced by the dam varies with the seasons. It is 8 iiK ..s, or about 26 feet, high in winter, and diminishes to 4.50 meters, or about 15 feet, in summer. The building for the turbines is 150 meters (492 feet) long and will eventu- ally contain 15 turbines of 1200 horse- power each. To obtain a sufficient velocity for directly working the dy- namos which they set in motion, each turbine is comji'ised really of two tur- bines of 600 horse-power, placed one above the other on the same shaft. In winter, when the fall is highes', the lower tnrl)ine alone is open ; in summer, when the fall is less, the two turbines work sin .iltaneously. The wheels were constructed by the Messrs. Escher, Wyss tS: Co., of Zurich. The dynamos, constructed by the Compagnie de 1' Industrie I'^lectrique de Geneve, are on the two phase system. I*2ach turbine-shaft carries two dynamos of 600 horse |)ower. The teeth of one of the wheels are displaced by a quarter of the pitch with respect to those of the other wheel and each has a separate e.xciting current so as to be able to vary the load of each machine without in- convenience. The weight of each dy namo is about 70,000 kilog. , or about 154,000 lbs. The armature is fi.xed, and the re- volving part, weighing 16,000 kilogs., or about 35,200 lbs., contains no wire and is only a mass of revolving steel. The speed of rotation is 80 revolutions per minute. All the dynamos may be coupled in parallel. The aerial trans- mission, 6 kilometers, about 3:*:| miles, long, mounted on iron posts, is com- posed of return wires concentric with the outgoing wires, so as to reduce induction as much as possible. The transmission for light will be independ- ent of the ])ower transmission. The tension is 2400 volts. These new works of the town of Geneva, which will make another 18,000 horse-power available, are nearly com|)leted. The tirst three turbines are being erected and the dynamos are ready, so that the machines will be started during this sununer. The works have been carried out under my direc- tion by M. Butticaz, chief engineer of the Geneva water and water-power works. They will be the most iiupor- tant in existence after those at Niagara Falls, but they are very far from rival- ling them . My purpose in writing these lines has been to furnish a point of comparison whir h would allow one to gauge the immense advantages of the gigantic instrument which American industry now possesses. n Hi ■\ , > ■ *'. & ■*■■ J 1: ■ I I, i S Dana Greene is a r. S. Naval Academy graduate, and resigned from the Navy in 1887 to become assistant, and later, chief engineer of one of the prominent electric establish- ments. He is now assistant general manager of the General Electric Company. WIMIK AT llll-: I'.M.I.S. DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELECTRICAL NIAGARA FALLS. /)')' .v. nana (irmi(\ i'.lrilrical I'.iii^iiirir. ENERGY FROM HE utilization tjfat least a portion of tlio enormous amount of cnt-ryy which, in the parlance of this practical atje, " runs to waste " annually over the Falls of Niagara, has been written and talked of studied and su<;i^ested, for the jjast hundred years. It has been re- served, however, for those of us who will see the n i n e t e e nth c e n t n r y rounded out and the twentieth ushert'd in, to witness the practical ac- complishment of this great undertaking. Other articles in this niagazine tell of the engineering skill, perseverance and ingenuity which, combined, have helped to bring about tlie harnessmg of Niagara. It is the purpose of this article to ])oint out some of the a|)|)li- citions to which the electric energv is generated at the h'alls has already been ]uit, and to discuss other ap|)lications which suggest tlu'mseUes as ])robabili- ties or ])ossibilities. These applications can be broadb' divided into two classes : (i) Those which are undertaken near the generating station, within a radius of, sav, ten miles. (2) Those which necessitate a transmission ot the ]>o\ver f(jr a distance of more than ten miles before it is utilized. The first class offers a tempting field to those ])ractical men who prefer ]ires- ent certainties to future possibilities ; while the second class preseiUs an array of scientific problems, and ot theoretical and empirical studies and calculations which are attracting the attention of the whole engineering world. Time alone can tell how many of these problems will be solved, and how far ])ractical re- sults will verify the theoretical figures. We may, however, assume with reason- able certainty, that as the science of electricitv, which is yet young, ail- vances from year to year, the area of ,': :l!^ '^ 334 r.lSS//:A'S M. I (,. \/.L\E. e!: ,i;^i nil. i:i.i;uiin. For reliability, simplicity and certainty of operation, it stands without a peer in the motor field. It follows, as a matter of business, that industrial power consumers can, with profit, substitute the electric motor for that which they now use, provided the electric jiower can be delivered to the motor at a cost less than that now paid for other jiower, inckuling the cost of operating and maintaining the motor. Such a change of motive power has been, as a matter of fact, progressing actively for the past five years, es])e- cially in the larger cities, where a net- work of wires, either overhead or under- ground, has gradually covered the terri- tory like a system of gas or water pipes, really to be tap])ed for any consumer who drsires to use the electric ])ower. The extent to which the change has been effected is not generally realized. Thus in New York, it is estimated that not less than 8000 horse-power in electric motors are at jiresent in use, the motors \arying in size from ].'i horse-])ower to 100 horse-power ; in Brooklyn about .;ooo horse-power are employed, while 25.000 horse-power additional in motors are used in that city for electric traction pur|)oses. In many large industrial manufactur- ing establishments it has been found economical to generate electric power in a central jiower station, and then distribute it throughout the various shops, electric motors being utilized to operate the lines of shafting, heavy tools, cranes, rolling mills, etc. In all of these applications, the reason for the change in power is found, first, in the ease and economy with which the elec- D/s 7 A' //.' cT/ox OF x/.i(;.i K. I /■:.\ ■/;■ A' (,): 3o5 trie jM)\vcr can lie transmitted ; anil, In addition, ilcctricity has a lari^L-, secdnd. in the high ethciencv and h)\v and ever widening tield in lij^lilinL;, cost of maintenance of tlie electric heatiiijjf and cooking;' ; in jjlatin^' and motor. Althonj^h additional conver- electrotypini; ; in the smeltini; and re- sions of energy are involvi'd, these con- dnction of refractory ores ; and in sm'- V(.'rsions are accomplisheil in huge imits, gical and medical work. It is, intact. M, Mfc V *;■ l»iRi-;c r-t.M"Kw IN r sii>i: ny nii: i4orAk\' k:/> CASS/HR ' S MA GA/JNE. II 1111. miTAKV i.'iin\i;kii:i two i>r riii-: siAiic i KAs-ii humi us is riii-; I'll ISmUl.Il KKIll'LTIllX idMl'ANY'S I'l.ANT. 1 ■ "' Willi such ;i field of uscfiiliu'ss for c'luclric power, and willi the assuraiue of the best technical advice attainable that tlie work was feasii)le from an en- i^ineerinjj;' standpoint, antl that the cost was not at all jirohibitive, one can realize why it has been possible to secnre capital for the Niagara power ])lant ; and as the i)resent power house stands ready to deliver lifleen thoiisaiul horse- power in electrical energy, with an ulti- mate capacity of fifty thousand horse- power (ihe intake canal being large enough to supply two power houses of this capacity ), we can consider tiie near- by applicaticjns of power about to be made. The Niagara Falls Power Company owns somewhat more than a siiuare mile of huul around the jxiwer house, and it jjinposes to rent or sell this land to iiulustrial establishments desiring to locate tlu're, ami to sell them electrical ])ower, available for twent\-four hours a day, every day in the year, at a price so low that these establishments can afford to move from their i)resent loca- lions and sell their present plants. The power, as geni'rated, is an aller- nating two-phase current of tw.nly five cycles i)er second, or tline thousand alternations per minute, the eleclro- moti\'e force, or electrical pressure, be- ing about two thousand volts. At this voltage, and with the short distances invoked in local distribution, the trans- mission invokes no engineering difficul- ties, electrical or otherwise ; in f ict, it is similar to many such transmissions in various cities and towns. Many in- (jiiiries have been receiveil from all p.u'ts of the country a.sking for inlorm i- tion as to the character and cost of the ])ower service, the iimount of power a\'ailal)le, etc. Two maiuifacturing establishments ha\e already closed contracts, ertfcted new ])lants on the ground, and are about ready to .start o|)erations, viz. : the Pitts- burgh Reiluction Company, of Pitts- burgh, manuficturers of aluminium, re- tpiiring 2oi)o horse- power ; and the Car- borundum Company, also of Pittsburgh, manufacturers of carborundum, a variety of emery, recpiiring looo horse-power. As each of these companies will utilize -r< r-f i '^' ll s an allci"- IwciUy live iDUsaiid cleclro- 11 IH", 1)0- At this istaiux'S le trans- (lifticul- fact, it is ssions ill my iii- roin all intiiniia- st ot" tlic t" power sliinL'iits (ji't'ctcd re aliDiit lie I'ills- >f Pitts- ill 111, re- the ( "ar- isljiiryh, \ariety -power. |1 utilize lUSTRIIil •■/'/( KV ( >/■ .\7. IC. I A'. I /■."AV-.AV/ ): 337 the electric current lor a s|)t'cial |)iirpnsc, each (lilflrin.n' entinly Iroin the other, a hrict description of the two plants will l>e of interest. Tile I'ittshnrjjjh Rediiclion Coinpaiiv produces ])uiv aluininium, — a metal which is be.ijinninjL,'' to attract favourable attention — from aliimin.i, an oxide of aluminium, by smeltiii.tf the lalUr with the projier tlux, in carbon-lined ntoris or crucibles, the mass beiiii^ li(|uelie(l and the aluminium reduced by an elec- tric current, passiny^ from a series of carbon rods suspi'uded over the top of the crucible and forminij one poleof the circuit, to the carbon linini^^ at the bot- tom of the crucible which forms the other pole. The current re(|uired is what is commonly called a direct cur- rent, the voltatft', or jjressure, at the terminals in the reduciniij room beini^' maintained constant at k'io volts, and about 6o retorts beiiii:^ i)lacedanjund the room in series with one another. As the current, delivered to the Pitts- bury;h Reduction Com])any by the power company, is of the two-jihase v.u'ietv, allernatiiijL;, at jodo volts press- ure, it is lU'cessary to reri:ssiri-; ok thk two-phasi; ai.tkrxatixg CIRRKNT KROJI 24OO TO 200 VOI.TS. ! , : ! '. t t \ DlSTRlIiUTIOX OF XIACARA EXl^RC.Y. -Ui of the power station, Between Niagara Falls and Tonawanda — a tlistancc of about ten miles — is an open, farming country, which is already being bought up for the purpose of cutting it up for manufacturing sites. Tonawanda itself, which may be considered within the radius of what has been classed as " near-by distribution," has special ad- vantages as a manufacturing centre. Ten thousand additional horse-power The consumers will reap the benefit of very cheap power, available at any hour, day or night, wl ile the Power Company will be assured of a definite revenue, without the large expenditure necessary for heavy transmission lines and their accessories. The applications of power thus far suggested or discussed are such as come substantially within the present stage of electrical development, and sA ^rc! .|i^ il Tin; (.'AKIloKINDrM (.(IMl'A.NV'S ONi; TIIDlSANn MOKSK-l'ilWI.K CIKKINT 1< I .(,11. ATI IK. is a reasonable estimate of the power that will be utilized in this territory, so that it seems fair to jjredict that in five years, with moderately prosperous business conditions, the "near-by" consumers of power will aggregate about 25,000 horse-power. This power will be distributed and used on the general lines already develoiied in other places, except that the individual consumers will be larger users. No radically new electrical engineering problems are involved, and the cost of distribution will be relatively small. liave little about them, therefore, to cause distrust of their successful out- come, financially or otiierwise, even in tiie minds of those who have given no special attention cither to the rapid growth of the electrical art in general or to the develo])ment of this great power plant in particular. We come now to the second and larger phase of the subject — the trans- mission of the power from Niagara to Buffalo and points beyond, where, in order that its sale may be rendered tlie more profitable by reason of the quan- cftl M •\ i; n* u- I 342 CASSIER ' S MA GAZINE. DISTRIBUTION OF NIAGARA ENERGY. 343 i a Is o c •J ,5» III -il li J{ ( i' 'I m l"rTTI.N (HM) 198 8,246,000 1,967,000 4"o 272,0130 342 II,150,IH)0 2,733."0" Al)out one-fifth of the population of the United .States is included within a radius of 400 miles from Niagara. The conditions controlling the commercial delivery of power to a point within anv of the areas given depend upon the answers to the following questions: ¥ 344 GASSIER ' S MA GAZINE. ■ I f ! \ \ \ • i .- I - 1 m DISTRIBITION OF XI AG ARA ILXERC, Y. 1. What amount of power can be sold, provided it is delivered ? That is, what are the local demands ? 2. Are the transmission and delivery to the desired jioints practicable iVom an enjj^ineering standjioint? 3. If the power can be delivered successfully, can it be sold by the Power Com]5any at such a figure as to comi)ete with the jirice of power gen- erated locally ; that is, compete with the large and economical local power plants, such as electric liglit and rail- way stations and city water works, as well as with the small and comparatively wasteful users ? The latter class of power consumers are, of course, much more numerous in point of numbers, but not necessarily so in point of amount of power consumed throughout the twenty-four hours. The first question can be answered only by a local investigation and can- vass of the power users, their present consumption and the probal)le annual growth of this consumption. This latter point is of importance, for the transmission line and transformer stations should be built so as to provide for reason- able growth in demands for a period of from five to ten years. It should not be necessary to erect new buildings, nor to provide new pole lines or conduits for this growth; they should be built of such a capacity as to make it necessary only to in- stall additional appara- tus or additional coj)- perwire in the stations or on the pole lines ori- ginally provided. The following table gives an idea of the demands for power in some of the principal cities included in Table I. on page 343. The second question, TAHLt; II. City. Popula. tion. Census 1S9... Distance by Wire from Niag ara Falls to City I.,imits. Ksti- mated Horse- Power L-.sed. nuffalo, N. v.. Rochester, N. V ... Krie, Pa 25t'),ooo i,'5 i,;4,(ioo 7S 41,000 113 84,|>'H> 150 8S,0CO IC2 .(4,oi.50o 9s, 000 240 281 2S, 3"9 Schenectady, N. Y.. Sandusky. O Albany, N. Y S.ooo 5.000 15,000 Total regarding the engineering possibilities, is a vital one, and demands careful consideration. Apart from engineer- ing prolilems pure and simple, it is to be remembered that the transmis- sion line to any of the points men- tioned in Table I. must pass through ill I! 1 ' 1 t, i r I. . . . ij . CROSS SKCTIDN OK A CAIlLi: CONlJlTi". 1-. t ' I ! I, M !; (! rill |i^^;i' 4' III 34^' C.ISSIER ' S J/. / fil y.IXE. A.V ALTKKXATlNi; CIKRK.NT 1 N DICTION MOTOR, OlARl'.l) TO A HOIST. a more or less i)opulous country, and if the necessary voltage or pressure of the current is so high, or if the pole lines and conductors must be of such a size and so placed, that the insulation of the line cannot be main- tained, or danger to human life cannot be avoided by any reasonable precau- tion, then the transmission cannot be considered practicable commercially. Precedents are always of value in studying the solutions of engineering problems, and it is interesting to con- sider briefly two remarkable long-dis- tance transmissions of power in success- ful operation in the United States, although neither are electric transmis- sions, and each differs materially from the other. One is the trarsPMssion of oil by piiie-line, from the natural oil fields of New York, Ohio and Pennsyl- vania, to tide-water, a distance of over 400 miles. The other is the transmis- sion of natural gas, also by pipe-line, from the Indiana fields to the city of Chicago, a distance of about 120 miles. The piping of oil, first from the in- dividual oil wells to storage centres, and then from these storage centres to tide- water, has been a process of gradual development for the last thirty years. The necessity for what may be called the "collecting system" of pipes was felt shortly after the discovery of the natural oil wells, and arose from the rough and mountainous character of the oil country, which made the ques- tion of transportation an exceedingly difficult one. The individual wells were gradually connected by feed pipes to larger trunk lines, which carry the oil to the storage centres. The largest of these centres is at Olean, N.Y., about seventy-five miles from Buffalo. There the Standard Oil Company have large storage tanks, with DiSTRinrrioN of Niagara hxercy. T^A', an aggrccfate capacity of nearly 9,000,- 000 barrels of oil, and from this point starts the great trnnk line, composed of three 6-inch wrought iron pipes, run- ning to tide-water in New York harbor, where the oil is loaded into tank steam- ers and sliip])c'd ail over the world. There are twelve pumping stations along this trunk line, situated about 35 miles apart, and both the i)um])s, the pij)e-lines and the subsidiary fittings are marvels of mechanical ingenuity and perfection. The pumps ojjcrate at a pressure of about 1000 pounds per square inch, and the capacity of the line is al)out 30,000 barrels a day. The main pipe-line is divided into divisions and sections, much like a trunk railway system, and has, simi- larly, its di\ision superintendents and engineers, section foremen, line gangs and line walkers, telegraph stations and daily reports. The system works smoothly and quietly, and as the pipes are buried under ground from one to two feet, and run through a s])arse!y settled country, the general pul)lic sees or hears but iillle of the system. A trunk line runs from the Ohio fields to Chicago, another line has been projected from these fields to .St. l.ouis, and two other lines run from West \'ir- ginia and Pennsylvania to Philadel|)hia and lialtimore. The oliject of the pipe- lines is to chea]K'n the handling and transportation of oil to the great con- sumption centres of the countrv, ami while there is no general distribution .system at the ])oint of delivery, the line, nevertheless, can properly be consitlered as a transmission of power on a large scale, where the difficulties of transmis- sion are many and great. The natural gas l)ipe line is, perhaps, a more simple example of long-distance power transmission, and bears many striking points of resemblance to trans- mission by electricity. The Indiana gas rteld covers a territory in the north- ern part of the State, about 38 miles long and 18 miles wide. There are about 60 wells in operation, having an AN KI.IX'TRIC UlAMONM) DRILI, FOR I'RdSI'KCTI X(i WORK. 'V'tf ^W ■ ^B !l .If ; .1] 348 CASS/EJ^'S MAGAZINE. IRAMl; OK THE I.AHdK RK<;rl.AT()R OK Til!. CARm)Rr.NM)T'M CO. (SKK I'AGIi 339.) II ■■ : average daily capacity of about 5,000,- 000 cubic feet each. As in tlie oil fields, so here, the individual wells are connected by feed pipes to a supply line, which collects the gas and carries it to the pumping-station at Greentown. There large compressors, capable of producing and sustaining a pressure ot 2000 pounds per square inch, force the gas into the transmission line to Chi- cago. The normal pressure carried on this line is 300 ]:)Ounds per square inch, which admits of a daily delivery of 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 cubic feet of gas in Chicago. Along the line, which consists of two 8-inch wrought-iron pipes, laid 2'^ feet under ground, are located what are known as ' ' by-pass ' ' stations, about 20 miles apart. At the " by-pass " either of the two main lines can be cut off and the gas sent through the other line. The stations are also utilized as head- quarters for division superintendents, telegraph operators and repair gangs. At the Indiana State line the pressure DISTRinUTIOX OF NIAC.ARA ENERCY. :^49 IS automatically reduced, in a " rcyu- latiuj^ station," to 40 pounds, at which ])rc'ssure the gas is carried into the city by two lo-inch wrought-iron pipes. From these pipes it is fed into an ex- tensive system of distributing mains, throughout the city, the i)ressure being again reduced to less than i pound j)cr square inch. From the city mains the gas is delivered to individual customers for cooking, heating and operating gas engines, and for applying heat under sional man. The essential i-iii^in(i riiii^ /ratlins of the natural gas transmission are : 1. An initial station where the gas is collected from the wells and delivered to 2. A |)um|)ing station where the/>;7'.v,N-- iirc is raised to a higii point, measured by ordinary ])ractice, in order to per- mit of the transmission of a large vol- ume of the gas a great distance, with a reasonable and practicable size of trans- mission pipe and loss in transmission. :'• m. 1 1 ^ ^; ■^^^MflflV \ /. /^m •""^^v --^ If \ 1 1 a1^^- i M r kJSWy^ "i** ;. .'■"'a^..^-^' 1 3L- , >f mt*:::.:-^-'^- --■■ \ - .» r 11 1 .Vi:- 4 (i. AN KLIXTKICAI.I.V URIVKN III.OWKR. steam boilers, at a price much cheaper than the ordinary illuminating gas. We have here an e.\ami)le of a great natural force of nature, harnessed by man, carried to a distant point, and there distributed and sold for many l>urposes and to many customers, at a cost below that of the same force locally produced and distributed. The analogy between the commercial fea- tures of this transmission and that of the Niagara power (without reference to the means of transmission) is clear and striking, even to the non-profes- 3. A duplicate transmission line, with stations every 20 miles, where a section of the pipe in use can be cut out for inspection or repairs, the station also serving as headquarters for those in charge of the section. 4. A line construction involving the best material (much of it specially made) and the most careful work of install. i- tion, in order to insure continuity of service and immunity from leaks, breaks or other accidents. 5. A "regulating station" at the delivery end, where the high and dan- : I 35° C.lSS/E/i ' S J/. I CA/.INR. Ii< i;H Sli'it A ^50 HI)USI;-1'0\VKR THRKKI'llASU A I. IIOUN ATINO CIRKIC.VT MOTOK. ^'%- ■ i^ilii! l gerous transmission pressure is reduced to one that can be safely carried througli the crowded streets of a great city. 6. A distribution system in the city by wiiich the gas, transmitted whole- sale, is distributed retail to individual consumers, 7. Finally, a complete and thorough organization for the care and preserva- tion of the plant, including, especially, a continuous and minute inspection of the transmission line, with facilities at every " by- pass " station for instant re])air ; in short, every facility for the maintenance of the plant in a high state of efficiency and repair. As will be seen, the analogy between these salient engineering features and those which will distinguish the Niagara transmission is quite as marked as is the commercial analogy already noticed. Returning now to the engineering problems of the Niagara transmission, the conductors can be carried either overhead, on a pole line of iron or wood, or a combination of iron and wood, or underground, thnjugh a sub- way, where cables are laid or hung in the Hul:)way, with a passagewav for inspection, or in individual undergroui. 1 ])ipes or tubes. Where the conductors pass through a city, one or the other of the underground methods will, un- doubtedly, be recjuired, but for the main transmission line, across country, it is quite possible to construct an overhead line so substantial as to reduce to a small and unimportant factor liie danger to the line from storms of wind, rain, snow or sleet, or from lightning. We have a practical c.xam])le of such a line in the modern, long-distrnce, telephone trunk lines, which are the finest ex- amples of line construction anywhere in the world, and some of which are more than 1000 miles in length. The next important cjuestion is the size and insulation of copper conduc- tors necessary. Practical considerations limit the size of a wire for good o\'er- head construction to one having a cross :^ I DlSTRIin'TION OF NIAGARA KXERi.Y. .VSi si'ctional wxca of somclhiinr less than In lliis C" represents a nnnuM-iral '-on- 'j sijiiare iiicli ; and if a greater area slant; A'tlie nnnilur of eleclrieal liorse- lie necessary, it is divided amon^'' two power to he cU'livi. red ; /> the len,i;tli of or more conductors. The area of con- transmission lint-, in feet; /;" tlie elec- cUictor necessarv to transmit a j^ixen tromotive force (Or pressnre) at tlie amoinit of electric power a j^iven dis- ddivcry end of the line; and /'the tance may be expressed by the ec] na- tion : .1 (area in sf]nan'inch) = 6'X Xy. D Ex V ' loss of ])ressnre in volts on tiu' line, tine to its resistance. This t'cpiation a|)i)lies strictlv to direct currents, and while tin- transniis- •\ t w CENTRIl'lGAI. rUJU' WITH DIKIX'T-CONMXTI;!) MOTOR jl], 'II 'if lit itt'l m\ . ;j|;,:u : 352 C :iSS/I£R 'S M. I (lA/JXE, TAIU.l. III. FROM LaiinVii . Water Power. To a \ Voi.TAdi;. II. P, I'raiikfort, Germany 105 I 1 I W.iler Power Tivuli Water Pinver Pacliiicn, Mexico Milan, Italy Koine, Italy a.1 3(M»^ 5'. 40,tXM) a.ooo 700 lO.cxx) River C.orzetite. Water Power. .. Water Power. .. I.anfleii Kiilielieu River. Hleiii ScliweKar. Padenone I'olsani Water Power Water Power r'.iiay, 300*2,500 I,lJOO 5,000 5,oo(j 5,0011 550 D.C 6, 0001 2,5oo| '.13 Water Power Canandaigna, N. Y., U. ,S Pelzer, S C. U. S Silverton, Col., U. S Del Air, Md.,U.S Ilartlbrd, Conn,, U. S Water Power .. Water Power .. Water Power Water Power , 7 4H 4 4 3 3 3 II Water Power San Antonio, Cal., U.S Water Power Water Power . Colniuhia Cotton Mills, Columbia, S. C, U. S y^ Pomona Cal., U. S 15 Andersjii, S. C, U. S 7 8oO| 400 2,500' I I 400 7,200 100 3,000 10,000 I OfH) 3,500 2,soo 2,200 2,000 2,000 1007,080 2,080 2,000 Ii500 3 300 125 2,300 75 300 1,340 2,300 800 600 3,300 3,300 2,300 2,000 2.200 2,(X)0 7,000 800 600 .S50 Tlirce-pliase alt. current plant for I'ixposition iHga. Vari- ous e.xperiiueut.s were made on lliis line, riiree-pliase Gen. Klec Co., under constrncliuii. Under construction. Ganz System, in operation three years. Three phase G. V,. Co., oper- ated three years at 5,'«»i v. on line, last three nionlhs I at I i.oiKi volts, Ganz System. Three-jihase <'i. K. Co., used in miiiiii); operations In operation three years. l"liree-i)lmse, in operation three years. Threeiihase G. K. Co. Just complete. Ganz System. Three-phase G. K. Co. Co. alt. I current, under construction. ■SiiiKle-i)hase WestiiiKl u.se, in operation four yep .Three-phase G. K. Cr -r con.struction. Ope, R. R. by rotary con Ditto. Three-phase G. E. Co., in operation i '.• years. Single-phase WestiuKhouse. Three-phase G. K Co., in operation one year. Ditto. Single-phase G. R. Co , syti. motor. Three-phase G. K. Co., under construction. Ditto. Three-phase I . K. Co., run- ning three months. Ditto. Three-phase .'iagara. From experiments and tests already made on the Lauffen- Frankfort line, and elsewhere, it does not seem hazard- ous to predict that a maximum jiressure of 5C),ooo volts at the* delivery end of the line will be successfully adopted for long distances, if business conditions warrant the transmission. It is inter- esting to observe that in the transmission of either oil, gas or electricity, the limiting engineering condition is, in each case, the line pressure that can be safely carried. One other engineering feature should be mentioned, and that is the efficiency of the apparatus and transmission line. The transformation of energy by elec- trical apparatus is accomplished with a very small loss, and the efficiency in- creases with the size of unit employed. For generators, transformers and motors of looo horse-jjower size, or larger, commercial efficiencies, that is the ratio of power delivered to power received, of from 97 to 98 i)cr cent, at full load can be maintained ; and as the load varies in a large plant, it will always be possible to keep the units that are in actual o]jeration on full load duty, so as to realize the highest efficiency. The line efficiency ; . Power delivered to slei)(losvn transformers \ V Power received from step-up transformers./ will vary with tlie distance and the pressure on the line. For the most economical conductor cost, the line efficiency will vary, probably, in prac- tice, from 92 per cent, for a Buffalo delivery of say, 10,000 horse-power, at 10,000 volts (distance 15 miles), to something less than 60 per cent, for an Albany delivery of the same amount of power, at 50,000 volts (distance about 310 miles). The third, and last question for con- sideration is the cost of Niagara power, delivered at various distances, as com- pared with the cost of power produced I'll. ■■■[ V'. :■ t; i- f,'l I ' ^.w^ f 1 '^^^^' 1 :'; i^ \k A TYPICAL ELECTRIC STREET CAR MOTOR. 35 HORSE-POWER. 358 CASSIER'S MAGAZINE. I •a ji \ mm w J! DISTRIBUTION OF NIAGARA ENERGY. 359 0, locally ; and as steam power is now generally used, either for application to mechanical work direct, or else for driving electric generators, the question is, really, the cost of Niagara electric power, delivered in bulk, versus cost of local steam power. It goes without saying that if a city, as, for example, Rochester, is fortunate enough to possess a reliable water power close at for 365 days a year, or $5 1 per horse- power for 24-hour power, for 365 days. This cost includes interest on cost of plant, insurance, ta.\es, operating e.\- I)enses and depreciation and repairs. As the coal cost is low as compared with other cities, and as the load of the particular plant tested is unusually steady and uniform, it is probable that this cost of steam power is as low as r w 'fi ■r .ij r I- A Tvi'icAi. ai.ti;rnati.n(; cikrknt i.vductio.n motor ok 125 ii()rsi:-I'o\vi;r. :;:■ hand, and of sufficient size to provide for most of the city's requirements, Niagara power cannot hope to compete with it. From recent careful tests, made by disinterested experts, it appears that the cost per horse-power per annum in large and economical steam plants (1000 horse-power or more) in Buffalo, coal costing $1.50 per long ton, is about $33 fo'' power used 1 1 hours per day, will be found within the area of influence of Niagara electric power. It remains, therefore, to determine the approximate cost of this power, delivered at certain typical points within this area. About a year ago, there appeared in one of the technical journals, a very interesting and able paper by Messrs. Houston & Kennelly, two well-known American electrical engineers, entitled " An Estimate of the distance to which 3^0 GASSIER' S MAGAZINE. i|-1 t r < 2 «■ o c « - S o ^ A O » DISTRIBUTION OF NIAGARA ENERGY. ,V'i '< % « - o o S u H u HI ■A % O > AN i;i,i;CTRic mini: i. I ratio ,, , — , ) will be considerably higher than is usual in central station electric lighting practice. The co.st of local steam power assumed in the paper was also criticised as being too low, but as the figures were taken from tables carefully prepared and published by a well-kncjwn engineer, and as they agreed closely with those obtained from the test llit;-^' \ \\ ''!■;'. it! .:: ' 362 CASSJER'S MAGAZINE. alreafly referred to, they were probably accurate. While some of the data anil assumptions used by Houston & Ken- nelly were, doubtless, subject to cor- rection in detail, they were, in the opinion of the writer, approximately correct, if taken as a whole. The conclusion to be drawn from their figures is " that on the basis of prices and voltages assumed and detailed, the power of Niagara F"alls can be trans- mitted to a radius of 200 miles, cheaper than it can be produced at any point within that range by steam engines of the most economical type, with coal at I2S., or about $3, per ton ; that Niagara power can maintain at Albany, in New York State, a large day and night output cheaper than steam en- gines at Albany can develop it ; but that for power taken at Albany for 10 hours per diem, the best steam engines have somewhat the advantage over Niagara, unless exceptionally favorable conditions of load could be secured for Niagara power. ' ' Speaking of electric transmission from water powers in general, Hous- ton & Kennelly say : ' ' The broad conclusion to which an inquiry of this nature inevitably leads, is that while under ordinary conditions the com- mercial limit of electrical transmission of power from water powers of less than 500 kilowatts can hardly exceed fifty miles, the radius at which it will be profitable, with good fortune and management, to electrically transmit a water jiower aggregating 50,000 kilo- watts, or more, is, perhaps, t(j-day, two hundred miles, and that it miglit be commercially advantageous for such a large water power to undersell large steam powers at twice this distance with no i)rofit, in order to reduce the general expense upon delivery nearer home. The reason for this difference in the trans- mission radius between small and large water powers, lies obviously in the fact that electrical and hydraulic machines can be built and purchased much more economically in large sizes than in small, so that the cost of producing and of maintaining one kilowatt is very much less for large than for small water powers." While time alone can prove the truth of these conclusions, the writer is of the opinion that, with the present cost and efficiency of steam generators, they are substantially correct. If, on the other hand, a method be discovered for trans- forming the heat energy of coal into electricity direct, at an efficiency com- parable with that of modern electrical apparatus, the area of influence of Niagara electric power will, undoubt- edly, be contracted. While such a discovery would undoubtedly be a great one, it should be stated that there is no prospect, at present, of its ac- complishment. In any event, it is probable that the Niagara power company will find enough profitable business to insure a satisfactory return on the money which they have invested. 1! ■.,{• |!i:N 'i 'JHii r Si! Li ) kilo- (j-clay, might r such large e with eneral ;. Tlie trans- large le fact :hines more small, ,nd of much water truth of the it and '.y are other trans- into com- :trical ;e of oubt- ch a be a there s ac- it is lower i table eturn isted. 'I ■ Mi 'm * ( j ■ ■fi" ■ P i"| 1 hi v^ fit - :^f 1," " I fi \\Vi ", ,' I I' '.1% |;::m ' I'll V. i ; i! l' 5 1,1 3i ' 'I. 41 f V. \ 'Hi,. . 14 I 1 Till-; OLl MAG/ T^^^^ Jf^/^ofc ^ Peter A. Porter is prominently identi- fied with the interests of the city of Niagara Falls. As a member of the New York State Legislature in i886, he introduced the Niagara Tunnel Bill, under which the Niagara power is now being developed. !i, THE NIAGARA REGION IN HISTORY. /,'!' Pelrr .1. I'orln: Till-; OLD STONE CHIMNEY AT NIAGARA, IIUII.T IN 1 75O. IN 1764 Sir Williiim John- son, commander of the English forces in tlie Niagara region, supplement- ing the treaty of the preced- ing year between England France, assemblecl all the Indian warriors of that region, some2Qoo , in number, comprising chiefly the hostile Sen- ecas, at Fort Niagara, and acquired from them, for the English Crown, together with other territory, a strip of land, four miles wide, on each bank of the Niagara river (the islands being excepted) from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. The Senecas also ceded to him, personally, at this time, ' ' as proof of their regard and of their knowledge of the trouble which he had had with them from time to time," all the islands in the Niagara river, and he, in turn, as compelled by the military law of that period, ceded them to his Sovereign. It is ot the territory included in the above two grants, a region now popularly known as "the Niagara frontier," that the writer proposes to treat. And a famed and famous terri- tory it is, for it would be difficult to fmd anywhere else an equal area of country (36 miles long and 8 miles broad, be- sides the islands) around which cluster so many, so important and such varied associations as one finds there. Through its centre flows the grand Niagara river, between whose banks the waters of four great lakes, — the water- shed of almost half a continent, — find their way to the ocean ; and through the centre of the deepest channel of this river runs the boundary line between the two great nations of North Amer- ica. In it are located the Falls of Ni- agara, tile ideal waterfall of the universe; in it are found the two government ])arks or reservations, established, re- spectively, by the State of New York and the province of Ontario, in order that the immediate surroundings of Ni- agara might be preserved, as nearly as ])ossible, in their natural state ancj be forever free to all mankind. In it one meets with many and wondrous aspects of natural scenery ; in it one finds geo- logic records, laid bare along the river's chasm by the force of the water thou- sands of years ago, and which hold so high a place in that science, that among its classifications the name Niagara is applied to one of the groups. In it are found botanic specimens of beauty and rarity, and it is stated that on Cioat Island, embracing So acres, are to be found a greater number of species and flora than can be found in an ecjual area anywhere else. In it are to be found, also, the development of hydraulic en- terprises which are regarded as stupen- dous even in this age of marvels ; while as to places noted ibr historic interest, one may truly say that it is all historic ground. Within sight of the spray of the Falls the red men, in ages long gone by, lived, held their councils, waged their inhuman warfares and offered up their human sacrifices. To this Niagara re- gion long ago came the adventurous French traders, the forerunners of the " coureurs de hois," believed to have been the first white men who ever gazed upon the Falls, though the name of the man to whom that honour belongs, and the e.xact date at which he saw them will probably forever remain unknown. Across Niagara's rapid stream went several of the early missionaries of the .365 m ^ W^ :;l, I 1 T I "P ;; . I|U'. -1 lilk 36r, CASS/J'IR'S MAGAZINE, Tin; FIRST KNOWN IMCTIKK OK NIAC.AUA l-Al.I.S. (From Father Heuuepiu's " Nouvelle Dccouverte," 1697.) Catholic church as they carried the gos- pel to the various Indian tribes in the unknown wilderness. To this region came the French, first officially in the person of La Salle ; afterwards, by the nrniies, seeking conquest and the con- trol of the fur trade. At the mouth of the Niagara river t'le French established one of their most important jiosts. There they traded with, conferred with and intrigued with the Indians, making firm friends of some of the tribes and bitter enemies of others ; and during the fourscore years that France held sway on the American continent, this region was a famous part of her domain in the new world. Later on, steadily but surely driving the French before them, and finally totally depriving them of their po.-ses- sions, came the English. Shortly after England became the undisputed owner of the region, the American Revolution began, and within twenty years after England had dispossessed France of this famous territory, she herself was compelled to recognize a new nation. formed by her own descendants, and to cede to it one-half, or, counting the islands, more than one-half of the lands bordering on the Niagara river. From thai time on, the United .States and Great Britain have held undisputed possession of all this wondrous section. Looking back in history for the first references to the Niagara region, we find them derived from Indian tradition or hearsay, and that, almost entirely by reason of the Falls and Rnpi'l However, it was not thrir gr alcui , but the fact that the Indi com- pelled to carry their o many miles around them that . ssed them. Thus, the existence of a . at fall;' this point was known to the Indians .'11 over the North American continent, w I now not how far back ; certainly as early as the arrival of Columbus at San Salva- dor. In 1535 Jacques Cartier made his second voyage to the St. Lawrence, and the Indians living along that river narrated to him what they had heard of the upper part of that stream, and of m N/AC.lh'.l /.V If/STORV. ;/'7 tlic lakes hcyoiul, iiu'iuioiiiiijf, in coii- ncrlioii tluTcwitli, ;i cataract ami a por- tajfc. Lcscarbot, in his "History ot New France," |)iil)lisliecl in iGui;, tells of this in his story of Cartior's voyajre. Tiiis is tlu! earliest reference (i.S35) to the (Ireat J.akc rcj^Hon and Niau;ara's cataract. Cliani|ilain, in lis "Des Sanvaj^es," ])ui)lisluil in 1603, speaks of a "fall," which, cli'arly, is Niaj^ara, and on the map, in liis "X'oyatjcs," published in 1613, he locates a river with such approximate ex- actness as to be the Niatjara beyond doubt, and in that river he indicates a " sault d'eau," or water-fall. In 16 1 5 Etienne Brule, who was Champlain's inter- preter, was in that vicinity, in the territory of the Neu- ter nation, and may have been the first pale-face to have seen the Falls. In 1626 the Franciscan priest Joseph de la Roche Dallion was on the Niagara river in the course of his missionary labors among the Neutrals. It is more than probable that at this date the Ni- agara route westward, as distinguished from the Ot- tawa route, was known and had been traversed by white men — the French traders or "coureurs de bois" previ- ously mentioned. In the 1632 edition of his "Voy- ages," Chamjilain again, though inaccurately, lo- cates on his map a river which cannot be any other than the Niagara, and quite accurately locates also a "waterfall, very high, at the end of Lake St Louis (Ontario), where many kinds of fish are stunned in the descent." In 1640 the Jesuit fathers Brebeuf and Chaumonot undertook their mis- sion to the Neuter nation, the existence of the famous river of this nation having been familiar to the Jesuits before this d.ite. 'i'lu'V crossed from the westerly to the easterly shore of the Niagara river, recrossing again, iie.ir where the village of Lewi-stoii now staiuis, wlu'ii their mission jirovcd unsuccessful. In tlie Jesuit Relations we find ri'ferences to this region. In tli.it of 1641, publislud in 1642, l'"ather L' Allenv .,,>eaks of "the Neut(;r nation, Oi.guiaahra, hav- ing the same name as the river," and ^^•^^^^^rJ3ft5*^|w W'" ■^ifc * ■' ^*s^ H^^^B^ Xw*'.*' JhW Mj^SL^ #: ■'^K A'' '^^1 HjBI ii'S\ 1^8 V7 ^^^j^Ri'A II^ *■ 'ivf s H^ HH I^^^H jH w*"\ i^m w 11 h/l mf fi'^T^ '4|tt|^B| ^iriv Wt 'ir. ' V . #^*""»n«im,.i»«^^B B \^^^K^r %l ^; ^ '^^A \mtF w FATIIKR iii:n.\i:i'IN, (From an Edition of 1702.) in that of 164S, published in 1649, Father Ragueneau speaks of "Lake Erie which is formed by the waters from the Mcr Douce (Lake Huron), and which discharges itself into a third lake, called Ontario, over a cataract of fearful height." Sanson in his map of Canada, 1657, correctly locates the lakes and this re- gion, and calls the Falls " Ongiara n, I !?:: .1!, ! * 368 CASSIER ' S MA GA ZINE ■li, i'« '-■■.I- f) Saiilt." In Davity, 1660, Le Siciir Gciulron refers to the Falls in tiie exact words of Father Ra, •■J X y. ti •c -: £1 O - a C ■/: ■•J "^ ill: 'm ' a^ ^i I A . .:l, 14-3 370 GASSIER' S MAGAZINE. n 1' n ■■! IWtut% r',", I m".'h :m ■yHi< cartography. In 1691 Father Le Clercq, in his " EstabHshnient of the Faith in New France," uses tlie words "Niagara Falls." In 1697 Father Hennepin published his "New Dis- covery," in which he gives the well known description of Niagara Falls, commencing " betwi.xt the lakes On- tario and Erie tiiere is a vast and j)ro- digious cadence of water which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner insomuch that the universe does not afford its parallel." Later on, in the same work, he describes them again, giving their height as 600 feet. He also gives in that work the first known picture of Niagara Falls, re- produced on jiage 366 Hennepin' s two works as above, and a third, entitled " Nouveau Voyage," were translated into almost all the languages of Europe and by means of this, as well as by the work of Campanius Holm, published in 1702, who reproduces Hennepin's sketch of Niagara, and by the works of La Hontan, published in 1703, and of others later on, this region and Niagara Falls became familiar to all Eurojieans. It was reserved for Charlevoix and Borassow, each independently of the other, in 1721, to accurately measure the height of the Falls. Hennepin was the first to use the modern spelling "Niagara," and he was followed by De Nonville, Coro- nelli and by all French writers since that time. English writers, on the other hand, did not uniformly adopt this spelling until the middle of the i8th century. The Neuter nation of Indians occupied all the territory now called " the Niagara Peninsula," by far the larger number of their villages being on the western side of the river. It was the Indian custom to give their tribal name to, or to take it from, the chief nat- ural feature of, the country which they inhabited ; hence, they were called " Onguiaahra, the same name as the river," as noted by Father Ragueneau. The Neuter nation were so called, be- cause, living between the Hurons on the west and the Iroquois on the east, — two tribes which were sworn enemies,— they were at peace with both, and in their cabins the warriors of these two nations met without strife and in safety. The Neuters, however, were frequently at war with other tribes, and eventually even their neutrality towards the Hu- rons and the Iroquois disappeared and about 1643 the Senecas, the most west- erly and also the most savage tribe of the Iroquois confederacy, attacked and annihilated the Neuters, their remnant being merged into the Iroquois. There are numerous ways of spelling the Indian name of this Neuter nation, thirty- nine of them being given in the inde.K volume of the Colonial History of the State of New York. The forms most commonly met with in early days were Jagara, Oneagerah, Onygara, lagara, Onigara, Ochniagara, Ognio- gorah, and those previously noted in this article. The word Niagara, ac- cording to Marshall, was derived by the French from Ongiara. The Senecas, when they conquered the Neuters, adopted that name as applied to the river and region, as near as the idiom of their language would allow; hence, their spelling, Nyah-ga-ah. The word, thus derived through the Iroquois and ■ from the Neuter language, is said to mean the "thunder of the waters," though this jioetic significance has been questioned by some who claim that it signifies "neck," alluding to the river being the connecting link between the two lakes. The Iroquois language had no labial sound and all their words were spoken without closing the lips. They seem to have pronounced it " Nydh-ga- rah," and later on " Nee-dh-ga-rah," while in more modern Indian dialect, all vowels being still sounded, " Ni-ah- gah-rah " was the ordinary pronuncia- tion. Our modern word "Niagara" should really be pronounced Ni-a-ga-ra. Many were the superstitions and legends which the Indians, living along the Niagara river and in the whole re- gion, held as sacred. To the Neuter nation, naturally, the Falls of Niagara ap|)eared in the nature of a divinity. From them they had taken their tribal name, and considered them the em- bodiment of religion and ])ovver. To them they offered sacrifices of many NIAGARA IN HISTORY. 371 kinds, often journeyini? lonii;- distances for the jjurposc. In the thunder of the Falls they believed they heard the voice of the Great Spirit. In the spray they believed they saw his habitation. To him they regularly and religiously contributed a portion of their croj)s and of the results of the chase, and exult- ingly offered human sacrifices and trophies on returning from such war- like expeditions as they were compelled to undertake. To him each warrior frequently made offerings of his personal adornments and weapons, and as an annual offering of good will from the tribe and a propitiation for continued neutrality, and therefore existence, they sacrificed each spring the fairest maiden of their tribe, sending her over tiie Falls in a white canoe, which was filled with fruits and flowers and guided solely by her own hand. The honour of be- ing selected for this a..rul death was earnestly coveted by tlie maidens of that stoical race, and the clan to which the one selected belonged, held such choice to be a special honour to itself Tradition says that this annual sacri- fice was abandoned, because, one year, tiie daughter of the great chief of tlie tribe was selected. Her father betrayed no emotion, but on the fateful day, as the white canoe, guided liy his daugh- ter's hand, entered tiie rapids, another canoe, propelled by a paddle in her father's hand, shot swiftly from the bank, followed the same channel and reached the brink and disapjjeared into the abyss but a moment after the one which bore his daughter. The tribe thought the loss of such a chief in such a way to be so serious a blow th.it the sacrifice was abaiuloiied in order to pre- vent the possibility of a repetition. A more likely, but less poetic, reason for its abandonment lies in the belief that on the extermination of the Neuters, their conquerors, ha\ing no such inherent adoration for the (ireat Spirit of Ni- agara, and for many years not even occu[n'ing the lands of their victims, failed to continue the custom. The Neuter warriors also wanted to be bur- ied beside their river, as many exhumed skeletons at various ])oints along its banks prove ; and the nearer to the Falls, t'ne greater the honour, (ioat Island is said to have been the burying ground reserved for great chiefs and brave warriors, and the body of many an Indian brave lies in the soil of that beautiful spot. Prior to 1678 France laid claim to a vast area, now embraced by Canada and the northern portion of the Unitetl .States, east of the Mississippi, includ- ing the Niagara region, by reascm of early explorations and discoveries by her seamen, traders and missionaries. From that date, when La Salle began his westward journeys of exploration, for eighty years, she was a paramount force in that region, though during the last few years of that period her prowess and sui)n;macy were waning and were swept away in 1659 by the capture of ( hiebec and Fort Niagara, the latter being the last of the important jjosts that she held in the long line of fortifications which connected the great tract, known as Louisiana, with her eastern Canadian possessions. From 1759, by occupa- tion, and from 1763, by treaty, England ownedall this territory until 1776, when the Colonists demanded recognition as a separate nation. This I'^ngland con- ceded in 17.S3, and thus relincpiished all ownership of that portion of the Ni- agara region that lies east of the river, although it was not until after the ratifi- cation of Jay's treaty, in 1796, that England relinciuished Fort Niagara ; nor until the treaty of Ghent, in 1816, was it absolutely conceded that most of the islands in the Niagara river be- longed to the United .States. On December 6, 167S, La Salle anchored his brigantine of ten tons in the Niagara river, just above its mouth. He saw the value, from a military stand- point, of the point of land at the mouth of the river and straightway built there a trading post. Proceeding up the river to where Lewiston now stands, he built there a fort of palisades, and carrying the anchors, cordage, etc., which he had brought with him for that purpose, up the mountain side and through the forest to tiie mouth of Cay- uga creek, five miles above the Falls on 1 '' ■ '• il i ': ■! 'lis!.'' i!:^li •-: •• > k < « 372 CASSIER'S MAGAZINE. ii* I I 4\ n \ ; t'i- j! 'V''» ;1. -ai'N'' (,/ ' ^:;- i 'I i Tin; wiirn; man's i\N(.\. . ' *■ .'' NIAGARA IN HISTORY. )73 III '4 1 1 ' THE Ri:i) MAN S FACT. i':). .t» » I i m 374 CASSIER'S MAGAZINE. Tin; iirn.iiiN(. oi' Tiiic (.kmpon, 1679. (I-"ac-simile rtpro'luctioii of the original copperplate eiifcraving, first published in Kather Hennepin's "Nouvelle IJecouverte," Anistcrdain, 17(14) the American side, where to-day is a hamlet bearing his name, he there built and lauiiehed the Ciritfon, the first ves- sel, other than Indian canoes, that ever sailed the upper lakes, and the I)ioneer of an inland commerce of un- told value. In 16S7, the Marcjuis de Nonville, returning from his expedition against the Senecas, fortified La Salle's trading post at the mouth of the river, but it was abandoned during uhe following- year. It was. however, rebuilt in stone in 1725 by consent of the Irociuois, and thereafter maintained. The site of the present village of l.ewiston, named in honour of Governor' Lewis of New York, — the head of navigation on the lower Niagara, — was tlie commence- ment of a portage of which the unper terminus was about a mile and a iialf above the Falls, the road tra\ersed being, even now, called the " i)ortage road." The upper end of this jwrtage, at first merely an open landing place for boats, necessarily grew into a fortifi- cation, which was completed in 1750 and was called Fort de Portage, or, by some. Fort Little Niagara. A short distance below the site of this fort the French built their barracks. These and the fort itself were burnt in 1759 by Joncaire, who was in command, to i)re- vent their falling into the hands of the victorious English, and he and his men retreated to a station on Chippewa creek, across the river. An old stone chimney, believed to be the first stone structure built in that part of '"le coun- try, and around which were built the French barracks, stands to-day solitary and alone, the only reminder of the early commercial and military activities at this point. It was in 1759 that the English com- menced that short, memorable and de- cisive campaign which was fore\er to crush out F'rench rule in North America, (ieiieral Prideaux was in charge of the English forces thereabouts, and, carry- ing out that part of the plan assigned to him, collected his forces east of Fort Niagara on the shore of Lake Ontario. That fort had been strongly fortified, and this fact, coupled with its location, made its capture necessary for English success. Prideaux' s demand for its surrender having been refused, he laid siege to it. He was killed during the continuance of the siege, and the com- mand devolved on Sir ^Villiam John- son, who pushed operations vigorously NIAGARA IN HISTORY. W3 and captured tlie fort before French re- inforcements could arrive. These reinforcements had been sent from Venant;o, on Lake Erie, and, cominq- down the Niai^ani river, had reached Navy Island (Isle de Marine), then held by the French, when they heard of the fall of Fort Niat^ara. The certainty that the two vessels which had brought the troops and annnunition from VenansTO would be captured by the Enoi^Iisli, induced the French to take them, toj^ether with some small vessels nected with the j^reat French and Fnpf- lish struti^le. Champlain's early hos- tility to the Iro % s' ^jyUk^ -«»ife ' -x^ r m»MimmSk , J ..it^ti-.j ..8^ ^11 Till-: LAi'irKi-; iii' i'okt i,i;(ii<(;i;, iRi.i. iFrom ail Old KiigraviiiK. » which had recently been built on Nav)' Island, over to the northern shore of Grand Island, lying close by, into a quiet bay, where they set them on fire and totally destroyed them. As late as the middle of the present century, portions of these vessels were clearly visible under water in the arm of the river, which, from this incident, has become known as " Burnt Ship Bay." One more historical point, the scene of the Devil's Hole massacre, is con- English on the part of the .Senecas, abetted, no doubt, by French inthiences, led them to commence a bloody cam- ])aign against the English in 1763. They knew the English were, on a certain day, to send a long train of wagons, filled with supplies and ammu- nition, from Fort Niagara to Fort Schlosser, a station, built in 1761 by Capt. Joseph Schlosser of the English army, to replacj Fortde Portagt^, which had been destroyed two years pre- c.-^ss//;a"S magazine. vioiisly. They knew also that the military force accoini)anyiii,i;' the train was to be a small one. At a j)oint, known as the Devil's Hole, about three miles below the Falls, and at the edge of the precipice, they aml)ushed this fated supply train and destroyed it, forcing both train and escort over the high bank, and killing all but three of the escort and drivers. They then cun- ning! ambushed the relief force, which at the .sound of the tiring had set out irt)m I^ewiston where the English main- tained a slight encampment, and killeil all but eight of these. It was a striking example of Inilian warfare and of Indian shrewdness. .Shortly after this, in 1763, the treaty between France and I'jigland was signed, whereby England became the absolute owner and master of the northeastern i)ortion of the North American continent. No serious conflict marked England's rule in her new territory, acciuired by so long and fierce a struggle ami at so great a cost of lives and money. But thirteen years after the above treaty vvas signed, the American Revolution com- menced. Had Oen. Sullivan's expedi- tion against the Senecas in 1779, been successful, as planned, he would have |)ursued the dusky warriors who fled to Fort Niagara, and would have attacked and ])robably cai)tured that fort, then in possession of the English ; but mis- fortune Ijcfel him on his westward march, and the Niagara region was never the scene of actual hostilities tlur- ing that war. When it closed, England had lost and relinquished to the United States all that portion of this region that lies east of the Niagara river. The Niagara region, especially that ])art lying along the banks of the river, felt the full burden of the three years of border warfiro between American and English forces, each with their Indian allies, known in history as the war of 1812. In the fill of 1812, about four months after the declaration of war, (ien. Van Rensselaer established his camp just east of the village of Lewiston, and collected an army for the invasion of Canada. After some delay and one unsuccessful attempt to cross the river, many of his men reached the Canadian shore and promjitly and easily occujiied an advantageous position on Queenston Heights. Gen. Brock hastened from Fort George, at the mouth of the river, with luiglish reinforcements, and, in endeavoring to recapture this point of vantage, was killed at the head of his troops. Other English reinforcements having arrived, the Americans were defeated and di-slodged from their jjosi- tion, many being forced over the edge of the bluff Most of these and many on the brow of the mountain were taken prisoners. Meanwhile, directly across the river, on the American side, in full view of the battle, were several hundred American volunteers who basely refused to go to the aid of their companions. The results of this first battle were most depressing to the American cause. At the foot of Queenston Heights an inscribed stone, set in place in i860 by the Prince of Wales with appropriate ceremonies, marks the spot where Gen. Brock fell, and on the heights above a lofty column was erected to his memory in TS26, as a monument of his country's gratitude. This was blown up by a miscreant in 1840, but was replaced in 1853 by the present more beautiful shaft, within whose foundations Gen. Brock's remains lie buried. It was in November, 181 2, that Gen. Alexander Smythe, of Virginia, com- manding the American army on this frontier, issued his famous bombastic circular, inviting everybody to assemble at Black Rock, near the source of the Niagara river and to invade Canada. "Come in companies, half companies, pairs or singly ; come anyhow, but come," was its substance, and about 4000 men responded. But Smythe proved incapable, and having made himself a laughing-stock in many ways, among others in challenging Gen. Porter, who had questioned his courage, to a duel (which challenge was ac- cepted and shots were exchanged on Grand Island), the contemplated in- vasion was abandoned. In May, 18 13, the Americans cap- tured Fort George and the village of Newark, both on the Canadian shore m \ rage, ae- on in- cap- ^e of shore N/AGANA IN HIS 'ION V. 377 near the mouth of tlic rivrr, and held them until December of that year. So effectual was American supremacy at this time, that the Knglish Fort ICrie, al the source of the river, and Chi|)pawa, just above the Falls, together with all barracks and store houses along the river, were abandoned, and the Fnglish evacuated the entire frontier. Fort Frie was promptly occupied by the Americans. Several minor attacks were made by small |)arties of luiglish at points on the American sitle during 1813, one at Black Rock, where the English were badly repulsed, being the most important. In December, 18 13, the British as- sumed the offensive on their side of the river and soon Gen. McClure, who was in command of the American forces holding Fort (ieorge, determined to abandon it and cross to I-'ort Niagara. He blew up Fort George and ap|)lied the torch to the beautiful adjoining village of Newark. This was the oldest settlement in that part of Canada, was at one time the residence of her lieu- tenant-governor, and was further noted as the place where the first Parliament of Ujjper Canada was held in 1792. Its destruction was in the line of military tactics which leaves nothing to shelter an enemy when they occupy evacuated ground ; but it was a severe winter, the snow was deep, and the sufferings of those whose homes were thus burnt, were e.xcessive. The burning of Newark raised a storm of wrath throughoutCanadaand England which stimulated the English forces to make great efforts for victory and re- taliation. In these they were decidedly successful, for ten days later, at three o'clock in the morning, Col. Murray, of the British Army, surprised and cajv tured Fort Niagara. Had Capt. Leon- ard, who was in charge of the Fort while Gen. McClure was at his head- quarters in Buffalo, been vigilant, the Fort would have, probably, been suc- cessfully defended. As it was, it fell an easy prey. Lossingsays: "It might have been an almost bloodless victory had not the unhallowed spirit of re- venge demanded victims." As it was, many of the garrison, including inva- lids, were bayonetted after all resist- ance had ce.ised. The British General Riall, with a fitrce of regulars and Indians was waiting at Uueenston for the agreed signal of success, and when the cannon's roar announced the vic- tory, lie hurried them across the river to the village of l.ewislon, which was sacked and destroyed in spile of such o|)position as the few Americans in l"'ort Grav on Lewiston Heights could make. After a temporary check on Lewiston I leights the British pushed on to Man- chester (that name having been given to it in anticipation of its ultimately becoming the gre;it manufacturing vil- lage of America) as the settlement at the Falls was then called. That place, the settlement at Schlosser, two miles above, and the country for some miles iiack shared the fate of Lewiston ; the same was meted out to Youngstown, near Fort Niagara, The destruction t)f the bridge across the creek at Tona- wanda saved Bnlf.ilo from the same fiite, but only for a few days. Cien. Riall crossed the river at Oueenston, and a few days later ajipeared opposite Black Rock which adjoined Buffalo. This he promptly attacked and captured. The liastily gathered and imorganized American forces not only offered little resistance, but hundreds deserted. Buffalo was burnt, only four houses being left standing, and many persons were killed. The o|)ening of the campaign of 1S14 found an American army at Buffalo, and on J illy 3, Fort Erie surrendered to the Americans. On July 5, the Ameri- cans met and, after a fierce fight, de- feated the British in the memorable battle of Chippawa, on the Canadian side, two miles above the Falls. Soon afterwards, the British retreated to Oueenston, followed by the Ameri- cans under Gen. Brown, who then de- termined to recapture Fort George ; but learning that the expected fleet could not co-operate with him, he changed his plans and returned to Chippawa. Gen. .Scott, reconnoitering from this place in the late afternoon of July 25, found (ien. Riall with his re- :.':!!. ill! |r •>j ■1 w .v1f c.iss/f:A"s .u.ir;. \/iXE. \\ I'M ■; over the lu'ads of the opposini" armies and the thunder of the Falls minj^ilint;' with the roar of the cannon, it is not ])ossii)le to recount mut-h. The central point on the hill was held by a liritish battery, and it was in response to an order to capture it that Col. .Miller made his famous rei)ly, " I'll try, .Sir." lie did try, and successfully, and the l)attery, once captured, was lield by the Americans au^ainst oft- rejieated anil brave attacks by the British. When at last the British army re- treated, the Americans fell back to their camp at Chippawa, and before they returned the ne.xt mornin.tj', the British had once more, owing to the American (ieneral Ri|)ley's netjligence, occupied the held and drat^^t^ed away the cannon whicli had been captured from them. The battle of Niagara Falls, Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater as it is variously called was claimed as a victory by the British, and is still annu- ally celebrated, on the battlefield, as such. The Americans, too, regarded it as a substantial victory, and the United States Congress voted to Generals Scott, Brown, Porter, Gaines and Rip- ley gold medals for their services in this and other battles of the war. The American army now returned to Fort Erie which they sU'ongly fortified, and where they were besieged on August 3, by the British. F"or ten days both armies were busy preparing for the inevitable and decisive contest. Just after midnight on August 14, the British attacked the fort, but were finally re- pulsed. From this time to September 17, there was frecjuent cannonading, but on that date a sortie from the fort was made by the Americans, and was so boldly planned and so faithfully exe- cuted, that the British were completely routed, and Buffalo anil Western New York saved from invasion. Lord Napier refers to this sortie as the only instance in modern warfare, where a besieging army was totally routed bv such a movement. A ^i^w more desultory en gagements occurred along the Canadian bank of the river. Gen. Izard having assumed command of the American army ; but the season was too far ad- vanced for anv further olh iisi\'e o[Hra- tions on this peninsula, and Canada was ai)aiidoned. Fort Krie was mined, and on November 5, 1S14, was laid in ruins. It still remains so, — a picturesque spot. Some space has been devoteil to this war, although not a fraction of what its importance ilemands. During its con- tinuance almost every foot of land along both banks of the Niagara river was the scene of strife, of victory and defeat, of trium])hs of armies and of l)raver'- and heroism of individuals. The treaty of Ghent restored peace to both countries, to the ilelight of all, especially of the inhabitants along the frontier. The commissioners appointed under that treaty to settle the question of the boundary between the L^iited States and Canada agreed subsequently that that line, " between Lake I'Lrie and Lake Ontario should run through the centre of the deepest channel of the Niagara river, anil through the point of the Horse Shoe Fall." Later years proved this to be a variable line as far as the point of the F"all is concerned, though this fact will never impair the validity of the boundary line. By the above decision Grand Island and Goat Island became American soil, and Navy Island fell under British rule. The frontier, especially on the American side, recovered rapidly from the effects of the war, for it was a section sought by settlers, and many who reached the Niagara river on a projected journey to lands farther west, became residents of the locality. Prior to 1825, all heavy goods were sent westwards by Lake ()ntario vessels to Lewiston ; thence, were carted over the well-known "Portage road" to Schlosser, and there again reloaded into vessels which went up the Niagara N /Ac;. IK A IX ///SVOA'V .179 tlie tlie nt of cars IS far ncd, tlic the ".(lat Navy The rican ffects niij^ht the cy to its of were 3ssels over ' to into igara river, past lilack Rock and IJuffalo at the source of tlie ri\er, ami then out into J-ake ICrie. Frcij^hts froui the west followed the opposite course, over the same route ; and this carryinir trade alom,"- the fnnitii'r, controlletl almost en- tirely by one tirm, was a source of |)cr- sonal wealth to its members, a UR'ans of livelihood to many a familv, and a prominent fictor in the speedy develop- nu'ntoftIu're,L,non. On October 26, 1.S25, a camion in the villa.ge of Hulfalo, at the source of the NiaiL^ara river boomed forth its greeting, followeil, a few sec- onds later, by another cannon, near IJlack Kock ; and thus thundered can- non after cannon, down the Niagara river, toTonawanda; thence, easterly to All)any, and south, along the Hudson river, to New York city, announcing the glad message that, at the source of the Niagara river, the waters of Lake Erie liacl just been let into that barely completed water-way, the Erie Canal. The completion of the canal built uj) Buffalo, but at the same time, checked the rapid growth of tiie northern portion of the region, by causing a total sus- pension of traffic over the old portage. Two events, entirely dissimilar and in no way connected with warlike opera- tions, occurred in this region in the year 1S26, and each attracted the attention of the whole world. The first was the proposal of Major Mordccai M. Noah to create a second City of Jerusalem within clear view of the h'alls of Niagara, by buying Cirand Island, comprising some 18,000 acres, and there building uj) for the Hebrew race an ideal com- munity of wealth and industry. He even went so far, in his assumed capa- city of the Oreat High Priest of the project, as to lay the corner stone of the future city of Ararat. This he did, not even within the boundaries of his proposed city, but some miles away, on thealtar of a Christian church in Buffalo, to which church, clad in sacerdotal robes, attended in procession by mili- tary and civic authorities, local societies, and a great concourse of people he was impressively escorted. The Patriarch of Jerusalem, however, refused his sanction to the project, money did not l)our m to Its support, and it was ulti- mately abandoned. The cornei stone was, however, built into a small brick nionumeiit at White Haven, a jxiint on (inmd Island opi)osite Toiiawanda, and is now Ml the rooirs of the Biilfalo Historical Society. The other event was the reputed murder of William Morj^an, of Batavia, who had threatened to disclose the secrets of the masonic fraternity in l)rint. He was (piit'tly seized and taken away from his home, and was traced, in the haiuls of his abductors, through Lewistoii, to Fort Niagara. There he was confnud in what is still called "Morgan's Dungeon," a windowless cell th;it was ])rol)al)ly used as ,1 ])owder maga/ine. All trace of him was lost after he entered the fort, and tradition says he was taken from his dungeon by night, placed in a boat, to be sent, as he was told, to Canada, rowed out on Lake Ontario, and forceil into a watery grave. Scwral persons were arrested and tried for his murder, but no proof of their being directly con- cerned in the matter, nor, in fact, any direct ])roof of Morgan's death being introduced, they were dischargee!. Some persons, however, were si.'iitenced to imprisonment for conspiracy in con- nection with the matter. Thus the episode upon which the famous, jjower- ful and wides])read anti-masonic agita- tion was based, occurred in, and became an integral part of Niagara's history. In the same year, the first survey and report were made at Lewist(jn on a ])ro- ject, which, so far as any commence- ment of it is concerned, is now as re- mote as it was then, ^'et, it is a pro- ject which has a national importance, on which, in at least four surveys, the Cnited States (iovernment has em- ployed some of its greatest engineers, aiui one which has, on numerous occa- sions, been discussed and atlvocated by commercial bodies, and in the halls of the United States Congress ; namely, a ship canal, of a capacity large enough to float the largest war vessels around the Falls of Niagara. From a point from two to four miles above the Falls, to the deep and quiet waters near iii w 1 ■ i ' .■! i' ■ I* 1 f;::ii ! i.? i ,' a '•> '■,' i,.:: f ; i i 1 iii:' , i ■ h ' IM 1 f ■1 i. 1 ii & i Li .^■SO CASSI/iR ' S J/. / C.I ZINE. I.i'uistoii, liiis 1)1111 tlu; route most },'L'iKrally approved for Huch a canal, of which the roil \vmu1<1 Ih- I'lioriiKms. The rcsiiJtiiiJL; l)tii(tits, li()Ut\(;r, L'-.ptci>illv as the population and wealth of the United States increase, nii^lit he ines- tiinai)ie, especially in the event of a war with I'jiyland and Canada. 'Ilu.' Niagara region amain hecaniethe theatre of war in iSj^j, when the i'alriiils iMidertook Id njiscf the ( lovern- nient of Canada, While the fust revolt occurred at \'ork, now Toronto, the entire Canadian h.uik of tin- Niagara ri\'er was kt'pt in a tennent for .several months. Navy Island was at one time the ])rineipal rendezvous of the Patriots, and from there, on December 17, 1837, William I. yon Mackenzie, the leader, signing himself "Chairman ])ro tem of the provincial (a printer's error, which should read provisional) goverimieiit of the .Slate of t'pj)er Canada," issued his famous proclamation l(j the inhabitants of the Province. Without reference to the various in- trigues carried on all along the frontier by the Patriots with their American sympathizers, of whom there were, doubtless, a goodly number, the writer would mention only the crucial event of the war, the Caroline episode. It was openly charged by the Canadians that substantial aid was being rendered from the American side to the Patriots, both by ])rivate indixiduals in various ways, and especially by reason of the non-in- terference of the national and New York .State authorities when informed, on credil)le testimony, that arms ancl amunition were being shii^ped and other aid was being furnished from American .soil to the Canadian rebels. This feel- ing was so bitter on the part of the English that it is not surprising that they seized the first opportunity for retaliation. A small steamer, the Caroline, had been chartered by some ])eople in Buffalo to run between that city, Navy Island where the insurgents were en- camped, and .Schlosser, on the Ameri- can side, where there was a landing place for boats and a hotel. They maintained that If. was a private money- making venture, trans]iorting the sight- seers to tile Patriot's c,nii|) ; but (rom the Canadian's vit'W the real ()l)jcct was to coiu'c)' i)ro\isions and arms to their eiiemii'S. ( )n tiie night of l)ecemi)er 2i>, iS;,7, tile Caroline lay moored at .SchloN-^cr dock. Tile excitement of the rei)illion had drawn many people to this locality, the little hotel was lilled and some persons had sought a night's lodging on th<' boat. At midnight, six boats, filled with British soldiers, sent from Chippawa by .Sir Allan Mc.N'ab, silently approached the Caroline. Tiie soldiers |)roniiitly boarded lu'r, drove off all on board, both crew and lodgers, cut her adrift, set her on fire, and again taking to their boats, towed her out to the middle of the river ami east her loose. And u £,Iorious sight, viewed merely from a scenic standpoint, it was. The clear dark sky aljove and the cold dark body of water beneath. ;\blaze all along her decks, her sh.ipe clearly outlined by the flaiius, she drifted grandly and swiftly towards the Falls. Reaching the rapids, the waves extinguished most of the tl.unes ; but, still on tire, racked and brt)ken, she pitchetl and tossed forward to and over the Hor.se .Shoe I'"all, into the gulf below. The whole affair, the incentive therefor, the methods employed, and the manner of the attack caused intense excitement, ami once again the Niagara frontier was threatened with war, and the militia along the border were actually called into the field. Long diplomatic correspondence fol- lowed, the British (iovernment assum- ing full responsibility for the claimed breaches of international law and the acts of her ofticers. During the melee at the dock, one man, Amos Durfee, was killed. A British subject, Alex- ander McLeod, claimed to have been one of the attacking force, was soon after arrested on American s-oil and was tried for the murder in New York State, but was finally accjuitted. War was wiselv averted, but another fateful chap- ter had been added to Niagara's history. With the exception of the Fenian outbreak on the Canadian siile of the N/.l(;.lk\l /X ///STOA')'. .vs I lent, was litiii illcd lol- um- 111 ed the clcc rfce, |\lex- 3con soon was tate, was liap- tory. nian f the rivi r in iSAf), tlu' n'j^ion has been fiie ("nun war's alarms siiuc thi- days of ilu- Patriots. Tiie I'"i'iiiaii oiitl)nMl< was one of the results of the pi, in nf the revohitionary Irishmen to oppose the I'.n^Iish ( icnernment, and to compel tiiat j^overnnunt to resture Ireland's rights. The I'enian hostility to Canada was solely because of the fact that the latter was an lMi)j[lish dependency. Tlur special time was selected, ht'canse of the actual service that manv loval Irishmi n In iSSt, th(> .Stat(> of New ^■ork, alter an agitation 1)V proniiiu'nl men for st'V- eral vears, |)nrch,isi'd the land on the American side, includinji;' ( ioat Island .iiid all the smaller islands adjacent to the I'all>, and above and below tin in, for a State Reservation. In 1SS7, the I'rovince of t)ntaiio, (\mada, took a similar action. The Canadian (io\crn- nient, many years aijo, with rare Ibre- siyht had reserved a stri|) of land, sixty- >ix fe( t witle, alon;^ the water's ed;^e Till-; STl.AMl.R CAKDMM; m UNI' AMI I ciKLI.I) <>\ in Tin; 1 ALLS O.N lil.Ll.Mlll.U :'), I8.i7. I I'lOiii .TU Old ICiigraviiigj had ju>t then seen in the I'nited .Stales army during;- the Rebt'llioii. Of actual hostilities on this frontier there was but one occurrence duriii!^ the brief at^ita- tion, fcju.yht on the Canadian side opposite Biilfdo, from which city the Fenians invaded Canada. It was known as the battle of Ridj.jew:iy, the main contest ha\in,2^ been at that [joiiit, with a subordinate ent^ayement at a hamlet called Waterloo, close to the water'sed_^e. The henians were tempo- rarily successful, but were ultimately entirely defeatetl and their invading force quickly disi)crsed. abox'c the b'.ills, and aloiii^' the edt^e of the lii.nh bank below them, from Lake lirie to Lake ()iitario, as a military reser\e. This is now under the control of the Canadian J'ark Commissioners, and, to.i^elher with the additional hmds acfiuired near the halls, and the land around Brock's Monument, forms an ideal £^o\eriinient reservation. The hfinour of first suq-^estini,'' the ])reservation of the .scenery about the h'alls has been claimed for many ]Hr- sons. Others, later on, simi^e^led it ol'ficially ; others still, advocated it more publicly and more persistently, il 11: f^m i I 3,S2 GASSIER ' S MA GAZINE. I i -It It I !• ^■■.,. V A RliCENT Vri:\V OF NIAGARA FALLS. NIACAKA IN mS'IORY. hut the first real su'^.y'cstlon, tlioutjli inade witliout any rL't'erence to details, came from two Scotchineii, Andrew Reed and James Matheson, wiio, in i.S;,5, in a work descril)ini,f their visit as a dejjiitation to the American churches, first broached the idea that " N'ia,<,fara does not Ijeioni^' to Canada or Anuriia. Such s|)ots sliouUl he deemed the |)roi)- erty of civilized mankind, and nothing;' should he allowed to weaken their effi- cacy on the tastes, the nujrals, and the enjoyment of men." Such, in the ordinary accept;'!:. -li of the word and in the l)riefc'st form, is an outline of the history of the Xiai^-.ira region. Many points and fads of in- terest have necessarily heen left un- touchid, i>ut brief reference should he made to the old tramwaw built fi'om the water's edge, at tlie \er\' head of navigatifjn on the K)wer ri\ei, up the almost per|)endicu!ar bank, 300 feel higii, close to Hennepin's " three nK)un- tains." It was used in very early davs, probably before the American Re\'olu- tion, for raising and lowering heavv goods between the vessels and the port- age wagons, and consisted of a. tlat car, on broad runners, mo\ing on wooden rails. It was raised and lowered by a windlass, and this latter was o]ierated b\' Indian labour tlien accessible only at the Indians' own price. Hraves who orilinarily would scorn to work at any manual labour, gladly toiled all day for a ])!ug of tobacco and a ])int of whiskey. Tlu' tramway was notabk; as being tiie iirst kncnvn ada|)lalion of tlu' crude principle of a raih'oad in the I'nitcd States. It ma)' not be amiss to mention also, the reservation of the Tuscarora Indi.ins, east of Lewiston, where the half breed remnants of the last-embraced tribe of the .Six Nations now^ reside, cultivating their fields, and educating their chikh-en under the care of the State. A tribute also is (\\\v to Canadian foresight in the building oi the Wellaiid Canal which connects Canada's frontage on the (ireat Lakes with her s\-stein of St. Lawrence canals to the seaboard. Mention, tinally, should he made of the modern suggestion of a ship railway arouiul llie b'alls, touching, at its termi- nals, about the same points on the upper and lower river as those held in \'iew ill the |iie\-iouslv-suggested sliip canal, and pro|)osing, in the ascent and descent of the Lewiston mountain f which was the old shore of Lake ( )ntai"io before it receded to its present level), as remarkable a trium])h of engi- neering skill as was shown in the inormous projected locks and uu. I.iin- dred acre basin of the ship canal. Next, glance hark to the 111, mv Indian \illages which, long years ago, dotted the region, the four or more of liie .\eut(.r nation, or Kahku.is, on the eastern side of the ri\'er, and a much larger nuiiil)er on the western side ; later on, to the gradual occupation ot these lands by the Senecas, almost three generations aftt'r their ancestors had annihilated the Neuters ; then, to the .Seneca village, built on the site of the lire.seiit city (jf Huffalo, and then to the one built years ago on the site of tli .' village still called Tonawanda, where, ot late \'ears, at the " long Iioust\" was .mnually held the cc^uncil of the remnants of the .Six Nations; and then at till' docks in that \illage wlu're once floated the Indian's canoe, and where now is seen the m.ize of \'essels whose cargoes ha\e, in the list two decades, built up the coiuiuercial trade of this, the second largest lumber market in America. Turn, next, to the gt'ological page and recall the ever fresh and still miK-li- disciissed (pu-stion ,as to the ages that it has taken the I""alls ti^ cut their w.iv back from Lewiston to their present location ; consider, too, the ([uestion regarding the time when a great inland sea covered the whole res ion of which proof is, even to-day, found in the shells which underlie the soil on ( ioat Island and tlu.' adjacent country. Coii- .sitler, liirlher, the ipiery as to when and why the great flood of waters abandoned its old channel which r.ui westward from the whirlpool to the edge of the bluff at St. D.ivids, fir to the west of the present outlet of the river into Lake Ontario, and how that old channel, still easily traceable, was I -m lii- 1 m)^ I 1 3«4 GASSIER' S MAGAZINE, m: filled up to nearly the level of the sur- rounding country. Look also at the view, cjiven in very recent years by nature, of how iier forces worked to excavate thj Niai>a.-a gorge in the mass of old Table Rock, left hang- ing over the abvss for years and falling by its own weight in 1S53. Remember the thrilling trij) of the little steamer "Maid of the Mist," which, from the fjuict v.'.ucrs of her usual, circumscribed limit below the Falls, was, in i86r, taken through the mad rapids safely into the whirljjool and, thence, tlirough the lower rapid-s into Lake ( )ntario, — the only vessel that, during the 100 vears of Ouecnston's existence as a port of entry, ever entered it from up-stream; and which vessel was compelled by the canny officer then in charge of the port, to take out entrance and clearance papers, although, according to these, she carried ''no passengers and no freight." The trip of that litde steamer proved, so {\\k as the river below the Falls was concerned, what the courts have since decided, that the Niagara river throughout its entire length is a navigable stream. Finally, think of Niagara as the Mecca of all travelers to the New World, think of " what tioo], (if tourists have eiicainpcil upon tlu- ii\er's lirink. Wlial piKts have slu-dfroin countless quills, Niagaras of'ink.'' Turn also to the long list of noted persons wlio have paid their devotions and tributes at Niagara's shrine. Poten- tates and princes have come, gazed on the Falls, and gone aw.iy, their visit to Niagara, perhaps like their lives, color- less and without a trace. Then, with greater 8atisficti'.:\ turn to the large number of funous men and wumen, un- crowned, but still, by reason of their abilities, rulers of the people, who by their words, their pens, or their pencils, have given their imi)ressions of the cataract to the world, and have, at least, earned for themselves thereby the right to be allowed a niche in Niagara's temple of fune. And numerous are the names of men and women who, in these and other ways, have coimected their names .vith Niagara, embracing the leaders in every branch of science, knowledge and an. There is yet another set of men whose greatest notoriety has been accjuired at Niagara. Among these are Francis Abbott, "the iiermit of Niagara," whose solitary life, close to the Falls themselves, and his death bv drowning, have stood as a perpetual proof of the intkience of the great cataract on human nature; Sam Patch, whose daring led him to make two jumps from a scaffold, 100 feet high, into the deep waters at the oa.e of the (ioat Lsland cliff, sat' ^ in both cases, although, not long after- wards, a similar attempt at the( ienesee Falls proved to be his last ; Blondin, whose marvelous nerve led him repeat- edly, and under various conditions, to cross the gorge on a tight- rope ; Joel Robinson, whose life was often risked thereabouts to save that of others ; and ^Lltthew Webb, whose j)rowess as a swimmer led him to try, unaided by artificial appliances, to swim through the whirl]iool rapids, in which attempt he lost his life. (Kearly Lidian names on the frontier, two are s|)ecially prominent, — Red jacket, a .Seneca, the greatest of all Indian orators, who spent most of his long life near Buffalo, and died there, and who fought, with the rest of his tribal warriors, in the American army in the war of r8 1 2 ; and John Brant, son of iiie famous Joseph Brant, a Mohawk, educateil mamly at Niagara at the mouth of the river in Canada, whose first leadership in w;ir was as an ally of the British at the battle of Oiieenston. Forever and inseparately connected with the Niagara region will be the names of all of the persons here refernxi to, some mention, 'd merely as members ofachiss, others individually. Among the first on this roll of honour, as they were among the first to view, depict, ,uid roduct of the industry or les- sening cost of output are the usual avenues through which these uses open up. .Special study of the problems incident thereto, with detailed e.\])eriments, must then be carried on until an economical in:;! rdialile basis for calculating the proper sizes of a])paraius are establishetl. These tests have entailed the manu- facture of a number of delicate and special instruments and devices for making air tests under a variety of atmospheric conditions and temperatures. The engrav- ings a|)i)earing in connection with this article have been preparetl from sketciies 1 Ii.. I. .\IK SICTION KEMtlVI.NC K.MERY GKINBINGS. iS .///.' .IS .IN /N/)rS7'h'/.U. /'.IC'rOA'. m FOKCKD AIR IlKArc'.lIT r.NllKK IIOII.EK C.KATKS. t.ikeii ,it iMiKhmi, aiul soiiK' iiu'- cliaiiical rfaturi'S art' iidt as cor- rectly pdi'lfavcd In' the artist as th(>il!j;ll llicv had J l)ecn made troin orii^inal jihdtd- ,t,na|)hs. Since the recent attitude ot" tlie \ari(iiis State U'!:;islatiires has been S(j forcil)Iy directed Knvard tlie abatement of e x i s t i n l; nui- sances in facto- ries, easily ac- complished I)\- the introduction oi fans and the improving ot the atmosphere in all cases where rendered foul by the incident processes of manufacture, we (ibserve a threat many fans used for accomplishing;' these results, heretofore found only in the lar^yer and more com])leto mills whose (jwners did not want to be ct)nipelled by law to introduie them, but who appreciate the j)ossibility of their obtaininij more work from their o|)eratives by rendering- the workint,^ apartnU'Uts habitable. In the fust illustration, we ha\e what is known as a "H" \'olume Ivxhauster, haiullinL; the refuse from a series of emery wheels. There are two tvjjes of fans used for this class of work, — steel plate exhausters, specially built and extra heavy, and also cast iron fans as shown, the latter beinq' more durable. The former style of fans are built in larger diameters and capacities, .lud, there- tore, are more readily adapted to large plants. The operation of an emery exhaust outfit is exceedingly sim])le and readily understood. The construction of the fuis is such as to handle a comjiaratix ely hu^ge \'ol- unie of air at a strong pressure, .and the rush of the air toward the exh. Ulster carries with it the emery grindings. K; -1 the fni the griml- ing->- are ordinarily de- posited in a vat of water, or, by the use of a prop- erlv constructed sepa- rator in .1 closed bin or room. Blast gates are usually employed at each Ijranch pipc% and by closing' these ^Vtlcn that i „, , whkrk a strom, aik iu.ast is i.sdisi'h.vsaulk Ti 19 AIR AS AN INDUSTRIAL FACTOR. rU',..). AIK CAUKIHS WOOD RKllSK TO TllK IIUII.ICK IIUI 1* i -m^ i 1 . « 4 1 H ; ■<(,. particular wheel is not running, a saving in power is effected in proportion to the number closed off, and the consequent reduction of the amount of air allowed to pass through the exhauster. h'oundry tumbling barrels in many States are now recpiired by the factory insjx'ctors to be connected to an exhauster, the kinds above mentioned being suitable. With a barrel of proper construction, many of those now on the market being very convenient and efficient, the working conditions oi employes are no longer what they used to lie. We ha\ e now an atmosphere comparatively The "H" volume fan blast wheels may other special nondestructive metals for free from dust and other impurities also be constructed of copper or handling fumes from acid baths, the mateiial. The second engraving illustrate: made of air as furnished by blow- ers in recent \ears. The largest and most complete boiler plants are now erected with short chim- neys at great reduction of first cost, tall ones being renderetl en- tirely unnecessary to obtain sufti- cient combustion of fuel, because fins are applied either to force air under the boiler grates or in connection with fuel economizer ])lants to create an induced tlraught. By forcing the air under the grates, it is possible ^ to obtain perfect combustion of cheap grades of fuel, such as hard coal screening and soft coal slack. Mixed in the percentage shells ha\in<' an interior Iininr season- ing timber. Rajiic and cfihcient work calls for a contin- THE AIR IIRKATHES UPON US HERK MOST hWKliTI.V. Irmpeil. 21 »T,_- AIR AS AX ixnrsiRiAi. i-AcrcR. 11, il and tVefiuciU cliaiiJLje ol air in (irvini^ a])arlim'nts, at a comparatively Iii.uh tLMniicrature, witli tlu' luiniiilily uiukr pnlict contml. Tliis n'siilt is obtained liy llu' combination ofaslcci plate tan ami steam hot blast heater, with an air chanL^e capacity in the drying a])artments a|)|)ro.\imately two or tiirec times per minute, and of he.iter cajiacit}' suiruient to maintain ,i temi)er,itiire of from 120'' to i.So". The lumiidity is principally res^ulated by the introduction of a steam jet into the main air duct between the fan and the dryer. The space at command prohibits not only a brief description but even a com- plete enumeration of all the uses of air as an industrial factor in the present state of ])ronress. A few of the more common ones are the remoxal of odors from oil ami grease, sanitar\' arrangements, steam dryins^ cyliiulers, dje houses, bleacheis, .ylue pots, laccjuer and picklinii^' rooms, \-a<^ warehouses, removal of steam from ])aper mills, and abating dust, etc., in multitude of particnhu' jirocesses lor brin^in^ forth the various manufacturers' products. The heatiiii^' and ventilating system to day first considered for important pn!)lic or manu(acturinjL>' buil Stct'l l'laiit>, KdUini,; Mills, I'liiiiulry and Macliint' sliops while cranes and olliei inaeliini r\- ari' cdn^tanlK' wnrkint;, the detenninatinn nfstre^ses and the pmixirtioninL; nt material tn resi>t them, is, in this ai;e of scieiitil'ie kiiowlcdt^e and i>i-,utieal art, liL;nred with tlir ;^realest accnracy and the pmnrietor ot' an induslri.il |)l.int of to(la\' kVw^ not think ol eonstructint;' liis hiiikiinj^' witliout the aid ot" the e\|)erienced engineer. The construction of iron i)ridnes ante-dates the o])en framework of ihc industrial huildinn' and the enyineerinij' science re(|uired to determine the stresses : ' ' U» \\ iixE OF Tin; xi;w sudps oi- Tin; \vi;sti.V(;hcii-si-: i;i.i:ctiih: axu M.VNfiwcTCKixc, iii.mi'anv, 11RI.XTC1X, r.\. i;ui;cTi'D iiv tiik siiiiti.i.r iiridck comi'Axy, i'ittsiur(,ii, i'a. of loads on bridi^es, it may he said, has been tlie forerunner of the eniiineerint^ knowled,!L;e reiiuired to properly design and construct the industrial l)uilding. 'las Tin us throu''h the ordinarv course of events it is the l)rid '■e designer w ho 1 developed into tiie Iniilder of the nianuficturin<> plant and the framework of the artistic i)usiness hlock. Xatundly, therefore, some of the bridge building establish- ments have departments in their works es])eciallv ada|ited to this kind of con- struction which is now in demand e\erywhere from the fact th.it the scarcitv of timber and its miadaptability to present needs ])recludes its use. A magnificent exam |)le of uKKlern steel construction in an industrial establish- ment, is shown liy the accompanymg illustration of a warehouse, 76' 2" wide b" /.-I 4' long, taken dur ui<> he course of erection. It is one ot a numl .f i)uild- ings of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company at Hrintoii, V constructed by the Shiftier Bridge Com])any of I'ittsburgh, Pa., to w lom we \re indebted for this cut and informat ion. TlIK .SllIIM.l.R HRIlJlif. CoMl'.VW, Pittsbup'h, ]• 23 TURN ON THE SEARCH LIGHT. COXSCIOUS tliat this article is acklressftl to men ol the hit^hest culture in science and that the audience is a \ery large one, the writer liesitates to use ether than the simplest language in otifering to the Mechanical ICngi- neers of America, claims or explanations for an engine, which is believed to be the very best e.x|)ression of intelligent and progressive thought in the line of steam engineering that has been brought to general attention, since the day that the Corliss typ(' of engine was designed. During tlu- present wonderful electric ])criod, great strides ha\e been made in the various phases of electrical develo])ment, the possibilities of which are so generally admitted as bevond conception, and the exacting demands for perfection in the generating power jjehind tl;e dynamo are so great that it has recjuired con- siderai)le courage on the part of engine builders to |)romise satisfaction. The uncertainty as to whether the f.uilts were with the electric or steam machinery and the natur.il tendency on the part of the electrician and the engineer to disclaim responsibilit)' for imperfection, has reslraineil the engine builder, for commercial reasons, from entering a tield in which he was so uncertain of success. The time has, however, now arrived, when the electrician has so far mastered the many phases of his subject that to-day, there is no longer hesitation on the part of the general public for the installation of needed electrical machines, and the steam engine builder is forced to stand abreast with the electrician in the perfection oi his profluct. Ha\ing duly considered all this, and after many years dealing with the sub- ject of the best u'le of steam, it was decided by The Atlas Engine Works of Indianapolis, Ind., to undertake to meet the recjuirements of the day. To tell the story that has led to the development of this high grade engine in the sim])lest way seems the most forceful manner of bringing the engine to the attention of those who are best |)repared, by :,tudy and experience, to appreciate its merits. It was determined to design an engine, with the end in view, of building the most perfect machine possible, without reference to what others were olTering or without reference to the cost of construction. To this end, al! known designs of 24 /YAW ('.\' riiii si-:.\i<( II i.ii.iir. lie cniijincs wLTi' cari'l'iilly studied and invest i_i,Mtt'd to discoNer, it' possiUU', the most vaiual)lt' fuatiircs of cacli and everyone, with the ileterniiiiation of iniprovinij upon everytliini; tliat had already been done, if it were jjossihle to do so. As a result, the Atlas Cycloidal I leavy I >uty llnijine is presentid to the world as tiie most conspicuous forenuiner in all that relates to merit in steam enjLjinecrinL;' that is now known, and this article is written in the hope of l)rinjiin,n it to the attention of that class of experts, who have ^iven so much thouyht alonj^ the lire of better things, and who, we believe, will readily recotj;ni/e tlu' sin'eral meritorious features of the various j)arts that enter into the so generally successful plan. The minimum use of lieat and water and the most uniform speed, under varyiny^ conditions, supported by the greatest strenj^th, is what has been obtained in the desit,ni of this engine. Accepting the four-valve system, as ])roven the best in principle for the (juickest use and release of steam, the effort was made to simplify the valves and the valve-operating mechanism, and to substitute for the rotating, the llat multi- jiorted valve. Either high or moderate speed necessities are accommodated, with economical results. Clearance is reduced to the lowest i)os;ible limit by form of valves and short- ness of ports. I'inished inner faces of cylinder heads and finished piston heads reiluccs con- nd fi.xcs 1 \MilM i.n.\HM)rM> ATI.AS (.'Vll.Olli.M. lll:AVV HI T \ I M.IM., Till. ATLAS I XCINI; WOKKS, I M 11 AN A I'l IMS, l.NI). iini.i \\\ densation the amount of clear- ance. Th" ease with which admission, re- lease and compres- sion can be regulated is a conspicuous feat- ure of excellence. The direct pas- sage fnjui high to low |)ressure cylinders in double expansion, avoids loss of heat ■ - " "" and pressure. iKONT \ii \v. The full opening of the steam port is so slight a movement ot a very light valve that it admits of possibilities of range in speed that is remarkable, and the lightness of the valve avoids the trouble- some momentum so common in valve motion, under high speed. The strains are held to straight lines, without sacrifice of attractive form. -1^,1 25 ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 128 1^ m m ■ 2.2 •u ..,. Mia 12.0 1.25 |U 1.6 « 6" ► *^- ^? /A WVW' 7 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 873-4503 ''^^^■^ k M •'•» iif I,: imiii TURN ON 77//: S/w\/; by the least motion of a simple cycloid ; closed by steam pressure ; without motion when under heavy pressure and removable for examination and return in three minutes time, without adjustment. Positive motion multi- ported exhaust valves o])- erated by a fixed eccentric ; inaintainiufr uniform com- l)ression under all load vari- ations ; remoxable same as the steam vahes for exam- ination or exchanj^e for new parts. The mechanism operat- ing the valves is strijiped of all crab claws, trips ar 1 dash pots. Rods direct from the i,fovernor and two eccentrics work in lateral motion sim- ple cycloids for the steam valves and cranks for the ex- haust valves. All are made of clo.sest steei, are free from perceptible wear, conven- iently accessilile for care, with but very light duty. Every part is constructed in Kxiivrsr vAi.vK. the most particular and best manner known. A heavy locomotive main cross head of abundant weight to take the impact of steam on the i)iston, ecjualize the pressure on the crank pin and diminish wear upon the piston and cylinder. Direct connection between eccentrics and valve rods. Absence of objection- able rock shafts. Diminution of wear by the mounting of one slide upon the other. Only the diflerenlial motion occurs between the two ports of the valve cro.ss head. 36 STKAM VAI.Vi;, -^ 7 1 'AW O.V nil: Sh.ARCII l.K.hT. A i)l;iin heavy straj) joint rod, llic slia)) ot whirli is the special feature. Xo parts strained by liendini;. Huilt lip of two silks aiul one eiul i)iece. T(.'nons on the I'nds ecpial in strenj;th to tile sides take tlu' entire strain. The throni^h i^joinj^ bolts nie'X'ly hold tlie parts toirether. A removable main bear- ing, whose diameter equals in inches one-half the cyl- inder diameter and whose leMj^th measures the same as the full diameter of the cyl- inder, the frictionless journal box of which can be taken out for renewal by simply jack- ing up the shaft and wheel. A strong roller bearing wheel form controls the light weight, non- resisting bal; yi^ STTAM VM.Vl: r.KACKTT shaft governor ot rtia or uiced v; ;:'l: CVI.IMU K SIXTIO.V THKIlM.ll V.\I.V1;S. with so little eflort tha': there is practically no variance in sjieed. All the joints of the governor have roller bearings. Tv.rn on the .Search Light. Tin: An. AS Kn(;im-. Co., Indianapolis, Ind. a? !*! ' wini a iu.in las iiNciiNi; wii.i. i-kddiii; riiKii; i6 c. r i:i.i.i.tkh.' i.k.mts. ECONOMICAL POWER. 01'" ;i!l tlic machines that mark tlie iiKhislrial j,'rc'atncss ot tlic Ninett'cnth Century, the eiitijiiie iMKiuestionably stands first. It is a thermometer of our progress, l-'or in snch clet^ree as it lias Ijeen made a ready and effi- cient serv.mt ; so has our commercial life expanded. For many years the ster.m entjiiie h is been the motor which has chietly contril)ntcd to this result. Hut it has now reached the point where its improvement is very slow, ;uul its |)ractical efficiency very near liie theoretical, that can be obtained. It is but com|)arativcIy recent that the j^as enq^ine lias come to the front. The last fifteen years marks in it a jjcriod of remarkable growth. I-roai a crude aff.iir, continually getting out of order, and noisy, it has become a quiet, highly economical and reliable machine of the first order. I'"or a gas engine to come up to the ideal standard it must \)c simple in design ; not liable to get out of order : the parts must be accessible ; it must be econoinic.il in the use of fuel ; the ignition of the charge must be positive : the governing must be close ; it must run quiet ; anil it must l)e durable. These points of excellence have been striven for by many builders and designers with varying success. Hut to get the foregoing combination in the highest degree, without sacrificing one good ])oint for another, is not so easy. However, as illustrative of what has been done, and can be, attention is invited to the engines of The Oliii (">as I*'ngine Company of HutTalo, N. V., whose agents in .New ^'ork City are the Ruggles-Coles Engineering Com|)any, 39-41 Cort- landt street. This company manufacture two general types of engines. That is, engines getting an im|)iilse every revolution ; and those getting one every second revolution ; or four-cycle and two-cycle. The two-cycle are built only in sizes of 10 h. p. and over and are horizontal in style. The impulse every revolu- tion is obtained by enclosing the crank chamber into which ])ure air is drawn, then slightly compressed and transferred to the working end of the cylinder : also by an independent gas-pump for pumping the gas into the working cylinder with the air just before the charge is compressed and fired. The cycle of o|)era- tioiis is as follows : the piston on its instroke dr.iws air into the crank-chamber ; then on its out stroke slightly compres.ses it : when the jiiston has gone three- fourths of its out-stroke the exhaust valve is o|)eiied and the exhaust relieved ; then as the piston completes the out stroke it uncovers |»orts admitting the slightly compressed air to sweep through the cylinder ancl clean out the old charge and replace it with the pure air from the crank-chamber. Then when the |)iston has made about one-half of its instroke a little gas valve is tapped by the governor eccentric-rod, and it admits a charge of gas into the working cham- ber irom the independent gas pump ; then the exhaust closes and the mixed 28 /•(V'.\( >.!//(. /A /'OU /:A: lievod a tin lie old wliL-ii heel bv Ich; iiii- liiiixcd VI KTUAl. III. IN <.AS I.N. .INI. i'hari^c is (.■oiniirt'ii.M'd and tired. Tluis every revolution .m ini|)iil.^e is oht.iiiied when workinjjj at lull power. This engine is characterized by j^reat smoothness and steadiness. The desij^ii is Mich as to admit ot" a leather se.it lor the air-suction valve ; and the exhaust-valve is handled by rockin.i; lever and eccentric. m.ikiiiL; it c.xceedinjrly (juict. Lubrication is so provided tor that it is thorouj^h and relia- ble. All friction surfaces subjected to heat are water-jacketed. I-lven the <'.\hausi- valve-stem is w.iter-jackiti'tl ami means proviiled lor its lubric.ition. in tliis cntjine the compression of the charj^e btoirinin}.,^ at one-half in-stroke .ind the e.xhaust ojicninj; at thn-e ipiarter oul-stroke, the expan- sion is carrietl much f.irtiier than in other enii;ines ; thus tendinj,^ to tjri'ater economy and .1 (piiet exhaust. These en^inesjire ada|>ted for mannf n t- ured, natural, or producer ijas. The four cycle enjjines built by this coin| any are both vertical and horizontal. The vertical ones ranginjr from two-thirds to S h. |). , and the horizontal ones from lo h. p. upwards, and are adipted for any kind of jL^a', or gasoline direct from the tank, Th.eir rem.irkable >,im- plicity will be a|)|)reciated from the following statements : The j^as engine has three simple pop])ett-valves and two \'al\e chambers, and the irasoline engines only two |)()j)i)ett \al\es and one v.ilve-chamber. Any one of these valves can be easily removed and put back in place a.ijain in a minute's time. No fine adjustments are re(piired in any jiart of the t'nj.,Mne. The ^^overiiinjr is accomplished by automatically controllinj^ the exhaust-valve ; that is, hoklin^ it o])en when the speed is up to the normal. This metiunl has been founil to be ecoiiouiical as well as efficient, as it relieves the piston from doinij work in com- l>ressinj.j idle charges of air when the engine is running iight. The governor is located in the gear and is sensitive enougli to please tlie most fastidious. Ihe work thrown upon it is very light, as its Junction is merely to indicate the time tiiat the engine is to take an impulse. All horizontal engines of this type are so designed th.it the speed may be varied, and all parts lubricated, while the engine is nmning. Tliis is found desirable in l.irge engines for many kind of manuficturing and imlus- trial work. The effort to make this, as well as the other type of engine, silent has been crowned with succes>, as the action of the valves in seat- ing is so easy, and their moving parts so cushioned and murtied that the noise is very slight. The gasoline engines take gasoline directly froni a tank (which may be at a distance from the building i by a simple pump. The vaporization of the gasoline is so perfect that the heaviest grades may be used, even low grades of kerosene have been used with success. In the manufacture of these engines, the interchangeable system has been .Jidopted ; standard gauges, re.imers, jigs anil temi)lates being used, so that any part 39 IKIKI/.O.ST.M. OLI.N l..\S ll.NOINi;. I'm: H^ " "■ "'I /■( o.vo.w/i.i/. /'(>ii7:a\ trnm ,1 r.t'.v |)i^tipiMin!L; t^ .i new l);i>c cm l>c (ndiiid uitli tlic ((Ttiiiiilv' nl its Ijfinii;' ri.nlit. l^'>|ic'(i,il ciii- i>]L;i\(ii ['< ilic (lu.ilitv nf iimti ri.il um(I. N'olliini; luit tiiL' best is 11 niiixiiii with tlic liiiil(l(i>. All cr.mks .trc steel ; i vliiidcrs, |)i>t<)ii-, riiiys, viiKt.'se.its, etc., an- cast tVoin a special line <;i',nne(l tutij^li iioii : iiIidsjiIkh- bro'ize, A i babbitt, chilled iron, and hardened tool >teel Ibr such jiiurii.ils .iiici weariiii^f surfaces as i'\]KTieMce has |)i'n\en best adapted. I'DP isdl.ited lit^lituij^ |)lants the ,i,Ms en),;iiie is cuniin;^ into .^rcil Lixor, and Ini- a ninnber ol re.isons, viz.: the price of i;as is practicdiv a fixed thini; for any j^iven loc.ility, and is not subject to tiie ciprice and yreed of electric lijiiht conijia- nies : ayain it is a motor e.isily handled, not reipiirini^ a licensee! cnijinecr, but snn|(ly the occision.d attention ol a careful m.m or woman of fiir intelligence. It is cle.mlv and s.ile as there is no lire-bo\ with its attend. ml dirt and ashes, and no boiler with its ste.im and d.mi;er ol ex|jl()sion. Its economx' as com|)are(l uith the steam eni^ine is ver\' m.irked, as tlu- average n.is entwine will convert five or six times the number of heat miits in the fuel, into work that the axerat^e ste.un ciiiiine will do. The followiii!:; jirobleni uill make clear the economy of the gas engine for electric lil:^htin,l,^ We will take for example an en_gine iisini; 20 feet of iC) can(ile-|)ower i^as tor each liorse-])o\\(r an hour. This j^as would furnish four 5 foot burners j.(ivin)4 16 candle-power of li!L;;ht each— or (^ candle-power of light for one horn'. Now, this same 20 feet of gas used in the gas engine gives one horse-power one hour, which horse power will run ti'ii ib candle-power incandescent electric lights — or 160 cantUe-powtr of light for one hour. Thus making a clear gain of the difference between 160 and 64 — or cj6 candle-i)ower of light more than the 20 feet of gas. In i)roducing arc lights 12 times the light is obtained from the sanu- ])owcr or gas consumption as would be (jbtained in producing incandescent lights. In produc- ing electric lights with natural gas used in tiie engine, the economy is greater than the pro|)ortionate diffi'ivnce of price of the two gases, as natm'al gas contains more heat units to the cubic foot than the illuminating gas. These are fair esti- mates and show the remarkable economy of the gas engine for electric lighting. Why not use electric lights instead of gas lights? Ul.I.N (i.\S K.NCINI-; CoMTANV, Buffalo, X. V. THE GEYELiN-JONVAL TURBINES. k Z > l^t i Tl 1I'~ accomp.mying cut is a general view of the now famous series of (ieyelin- Jonval Inverted Turbines, each of 1 100 hor.se-])ower, erected for the Niagara I'alls I'.iper Coiujiany, Niagara I'"alls, N. ^'., by R. 1). Wood iV Co., I'hihulelphia, which are especially notable in th.it they were tlie fust to be installed and oijer.ited with the water power su|)])licd by the Niagara I'alls Power Company through their s|)lendiil canal and tunnel. .\s is clearly shown, the great pressure due to the 140 feet of fall, instead ol tending to decrease the efficiency of the turbines, is in part utilized through the ado|)tion of the inverted tyjie of wheel, to counter-balance the weight of the verticil shafts and gearing ; tlu- installation including the iron and steel supports in which these heavv vertical shafts anil gearing are carried. These turbines have now been in operation some eighteen months, giving a high percentage of efficiency, and showing a surprising degree uf durability and steadiness under X'arving conditions of service. The builders of the rievelin-Jonval Turbiiu's are i)repared to offer both single and double wheels, especially adapted to meet local conditions, and for any required service. They are also prepared to build l)oth single and 30 Illy iii Its )tliiii.L; I'Ul • , i)i>t(iii>, |)ll()y|ill Now, til is lur, wliicli ;s — or 1 60 (litlL-rL-iKc ■ct of JL^as. Acr or i^as 11 proiliic- is s^ri-atcr IS contains lair rsti- c lijilitiiijL;. X. V. 7///-; (,/■:)■/■:/. /.v-/( >\i : //. / / a'/,'/.\7-:x jfticvtliii- 1 for the Wood .\: first to lie ills Power instead ot iroiinh tile :;lit of the 1 supports e tiirl)ines centajtie of less under otli sinj^de d for any nj;le and d' 7i7/t(/s iirr !^/z'/>/l; inlirc satisfactioi. They hair iiOu' run ovir four viars with- out a luttikdi^c or sto/>/>oi^('. bc- iiii;- (onipact, iioisc/iss, nonouii- cat ami if/'fdtrc" R. i). WociDiS: Co., Philadelphia. I'a. , i 31 THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TUNNEL illl'.RI^ is IK) iiKjre iiilercsliii)^' cliaptei ol tlic Niin;.tr.t I-'alls cMitcrprisc than that rflatinjf to tlu- coiist ruction ul tin- liiniiL'l. I-'asi tiiniul driving; in tlic I'nitod Slater l)(.'iL;an witli tliu ('(instnictidi; of tlie Wfst Shore Raih'oacI, till' liiniiL'ls of tliat Koad licinL; aljont the liir^t to miploy ro( k (hills of tile niodern type and almost every ini|)oitant tmnu-l niadi- since the West Shore Road was l)i:ili has seen a new record made for s|)eed. To this the .Niaj^ara I'alls tnnnel is no exception, the speed made there ijein^' nothinj4 less than phenomenal and fir in advance of anv other record. To c()m|)lete the tunnel within the lime recpiired it was necessary to sink three shafts Iroin the surlace from which the tunnel was driven in Ixjtlulirection^. In tnnni'l driviui; the up|)er portion or " headinin " i> taken out fu'st, the remainder bein.t'' removed in one or more " beiirhes." In previ(Mis work there lias been much loss of tinv: and labor due to reh.mdlini; tiu- broken rock from the headiui^ wl/ich was tlu,n])e(i over the hrst bt'uch and reloaded at its bottom. In the Niagara I'"alls work a removable platform was I ! s»»»,. reat amount of labor w.is saved as will be readily seen. The plan described was also of assistance in reaching the remarkable speed with which the tunnel was driven. The fust of the accompanying illustrations is from a flash light photograjjh ot .^J TtrR coxsTRfrc 77o.y OF 77 m rr-xx/'if.. A CiUDt I- C)l COMrRllSSllRS. M \ a tunnel hcadinj;^ at work. It accurately shows the niethods employed and is the first authentic picture of its kind to find its way into the pui)lic print and illustrate the doinjrs of the underground world. No picture, however, can reproduce the stirring scene which forms the reality, than which there is none more impressive in the entire fiekl of legitimate industry. It is a hand to hand contest with nature in her stronghold. The deafening roar of the drilling machines, the shadowy forms of the workmen seen through the smoke and dust and rendered barely visible by the flickering light of the torch lamps, while over all hangs the sugges- tive odor of dynamite, all combine to form a scene not to be f(jrgotten by any one who has once witnessed it. The rock drills will be seen in position mounted upon their columns, which latter are held in position by powerful jack screws. The drill holes are arranged in vertical rows, the two centre rows inclining toward one another, forming what is called the \' or centre cut, this disposition of the holes being made to assist in breaking out the central portion of the rock by the dynamite blast. Outside this centre cut two rows of holes are usually jjlaced on each side. The entire set of holes is drilled before the machines are removed, after which the holes are loaded with explosive and fired — the centre cut first, and the first and second "side rounds" following in succession. The excavating machinery employed consisted of three 18 x ,^0 duplex air compressors and twenty-five Little Giant rock drills furnished by the Rand Drill Company, 23 Park place, New York. The second illustration shows the plant of compressors in position and at work, their large cajjacity being reciuired by the pumping occasioned by the immense quantity of water met with. The highest record of work for a single heading was 338 lineal feet of tunnel in 26J2 days, which as before stated leads the record. Great credit is due to Messrs. Rodgers & Clement, contractors for the tunnel, which is unicjue among such enterprises from having been completed in less than contract time. The R.\nd Drim. Company, 23 Park Place, New York. 33 ECONOMICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION. I 1 'III'", clfitric (lisliil)utioii of powt-r in shops is now rcLL'ivinvj considi'rablc attintion. It has Ikh-u (Icnionstiatrti in many cases that tliis nuthcKl is the most economical, as well as liavinj^ many aclvantaj^i's over the usual method where a series ol" shafts, countershafts and lultin^ are em- ployed. ICxperience has tauuhl that in sho])s where both larj^e and small machinery is used it is economy to operati- each larye machine with a separate motor, and to j^roup the small macliinery toj^elher in sections, drivinj; each section with a motor. The principal savinj^ in power realizi-d ' by the electrical system of disliilmlion is due to the fact that when a machine is stopped the power required to drive it stops at the j4enerator and not simi)ly at the machine it- self, as is the case when driven by a system of shaftinjj. Further, when the load is re- duced the loss in line wire between j^enerator and motor is reduced directly in proportion to the reduction of current consumed by motor. This rej^ulation is instantaneous, and at any one time the dynamo only generates as nuich current as is needed by the motors at that particular time. The attention of shopi owners is invited to the followinjj fitjures taken from the books of the Hrown-Ketcham Iron Works Co., Indianapolis, Iniliana, where Jenney electrical apparatus is in operation. This com])any is enj>;ajred in the manufacture of structural iron work for buildings and bridges, and fre(iuently handles pieces of from 2o,(X)o to 30,000 pounds weight, the average yearly output being from eight to twelve million pounds. The principal shop is fitted with heavy machinery, very much scattered on account of the bulky character of much of the work done. P'ollowing is a partial list of machines in operation : A heavy shear capable of cutting off a 6" x 6" x i" angle iron, operated by a seven and one-half horse-])ow'er motor directly belted to lly wheel. A heavy i)late shear similarly driven. .Six (6) punches capable of punching a ijj" hole in ^'4" steel, each run by three horsc-])o\ver motor, one of which is shown by the accompanying illustration. A double-headed rotary planer capable of facing otTthe ends of a column 2' 6" in diameter and 34' long. A short shaft, ojierated by a ten horse-power motor, runs several lathes and shapers, seven machines in all. A ten horse motor on a .Sturtevant blower, consiuning fourteen horse-power during ten hours' run (has been doing this for nearly three years). In addition to the above is a 15,000 pound traveling crane, traversed by a three horse-power motor. The maximum power taken by these machines was thirty-five horse-power, and the average load about twenty-five horse-power, actually shown by the elec- trical meters in power room. (What would it have been with the ordinary shaft and belt transmission ?) This may be accounted for by the fact that all machines do not run at maximum |)ower at same time. In the old and smaller building, burned and replaced by the present structure, 34 ECONOA//C.I/, rowEK iusTRinvrio\\ shiiftiiij^, j;i';irs, coiintcislial'ts, (niiiitcr-turii Ixlts iuul hiiii^jcis wciv iiscil, and wlicn a machine' was sliilltjd in position a n-alii^inncnt of shafting oltfii lu-caini.' necessary. We have from tlie company tiiat iheir average yearly expense for power maintenance in old plant amounted to ?3(xm). On the other hand, with present e(|uipment an averaije taken for the twiiity C20) weeks endinij June 30, 1894, shows a yearly cost of maiiUeiiance with the electrical system of 549,V If the present shop (much larj^er than its predecessor) were run by shaftinjf, it would he necessary to use counters, hanjjers, pulleys and helt for each machine and to drive the whole system from a shaft y,(i feet lonjf. All of this shaftiujf would have to he run whether the machines did or not, and the])ower thus expended would he a larjje per cent, of the total enerj^y (generated hy the |)ower plant, an' ! ]!\ THE USE OF "GIANT" PORTLAND CEMENT ON THE NIAGARA FALLS TUNNEL WIIKN the work of putting in the heavy brick lininjj of the Tininel was bejfun, tests were made of a number of dilferent cements, and fuially "Giant" Portland was selected on account of its superior merit. The work to l)c done was considerable, there being i3,(X3o,fX)o brick required, together with much massive cut stone in the Wheel- I'it and connecting timnels, and what was absolutely necessary was a cement that combined strength and uniformity in ([uality. The matter of price was a secondary consideration, as the ultimate success of the whole stupendous undertaking was dependent on the stability anil sound- ness of the masonry lining of the Tunnel, for should this be faulty, the rushing water passing through with a velocity of 26J ii feet per second would soon tear out the lining and render the Tunnel useless until repairs could be made. The heavy brick lining was necessary on account of the rock formation being a friable shale, which crumbled badly upon exposure to the air for a few hours. As Division ICngineer in chaige of Construction, it was 1 important part of my duties to see that all materials furnished for the work were fully up to stand- ard, and in all about 70,000 barrels of " Giant " Portland cement were used and with the most gratifying results. The mortar, composed of i part Cement and 3 parts Sand, set up finely, and after the work was completed it was necessary to cut through the brick lin- ing to connect the small lateral Tunnel from the Niagara Falls Paper Co.'s Wheel-Pit. This Tunnel is about 7 feet in diameter, and it required four men working for two days before the opening could be cut through to the sc>Iid rock wall. The bricks of the tunnel lining were shattered and split into small frag- ments, and the mortar was found to be much harder and stronger than the brick, and not a whole brick was taken out. " Giant " Portland was put to a j)eculiar " boiler test " on the work here. A discharged employee, for revenge, cut a hole in the side of one of the boilers used on the ])umps, and it was necessary to keep these pumps at work and there was no time to ])ut on a jxitch, so as a makeshift a patch oi neat "(iiant" Cement was plastered on the outside of the boiler, and si.\ hours afterwards the boiler was filled and steamed up. It was found that the improvised jiatch was all that was required, and the boiler worked in this condition, under iio lbs. press- ure of steam, until the work was completed (about three weeks). This is a remarkable tes^ to put any cement to, and goes to show the strength and adher- ing (jualities possessed by "Giant" Portland Cement. Yours very truly, Wm. S, Humbert. NiAc.AKA Falls, N. Y., June 10, 1895. On the next page will be found a series of Long Time Tests of Giant Port- land cement on the Niagara Tunnel and other important work in America. Leslie ik Trinkle, 22 South 15th Street, Philadelphia. 36 c;/./A'/' P()A'77..iA7) c/:.u/:x'/\ I ! i "2 .2 i « J Cf) a; a be c h4 ♦J la a On d a «i ts" -2 cd ,0 c e 2 3 C4 o ■3 T) S a rt 4-1 B ii u & ce TJ a o^ a |H.i)i 11) fiiTiiii S.JIOll lisl'>i 110 aiipis.i'x 11) llM Ol H.1|nn mii'l 'aA.>|S(W ov no aii|i|s.i» Kplllicxl n| '.isliii.iAv •S.)llJllll(4U JO 4.H|nin)pilll| III |() 4.n|lllil.\; SpillllKl III '.l^fll.MAV siU'iiI'Mll JO 4.wpilil\' I u I 8 » 3 8 SplllKxl III '.)>*1!4.).\V ■s»ii.-mlii4H JO 4.>'|>>lil>; 'spiiniiil HI '.iXiuj.w s.)nnil>14(t JO 4.i<|iiin<>j spiiiiod III 'jXiu.iav •S.1)l.lllI>(4(I JO 4.«|IIIIIM 'spiiiiod ni '.iHiu.iAV ■s.>iiJ"l'!4U JO 4.><|lllil.N{ spiiiiod 11} '0SU4.1AV g ■saji->ii!>!4a JO 4.K|Ulil.M •spiiiiod III '.>Ml)4.>AV s.inanbuii JO J.xiiuii.s; spiinod ni ',iXu4.r\v s.iij'iii'iMtl JO 4.>(|iiiii,M >|)iiMi)d ni '.^a iu.iAy ■s.iii,inl>! ifj JO J^^uIil^J 'spiiiiod III '.1}1|I43AV 7 i-»i" 2 8 2' v2§ 0\ r<^vO is i« -^ I IN l>. t-.| Si- '2'85 IlSiiz ^1 |l COO o vo o rO >0 fO 8"* o CO •" X'n;— Si- •— © M Ct CO Z) lO 1^1 _3»i 3 « l/> M Q O ■■• X 9 ^ *« « •■•as-* "*x^ «j !■• at i^»»y t IT -» »»y8 » » [33 - rOi Ov't^ •- M 00 I 1^ M to N 00 H IH I rr fO - i lO J ,.II^X— -fi x— — "|io«-'0!"-«'0 gOt>. NOi O CO >0 lOCO I 1/^ N •»■ lO I « i-""5 it* - ••— as -* o t^ vO S?-i5 1- 1-^ M •2' 11 to O M N ri 00 fO i^i- •-" ^Z ^ N •<• to M lO ^ >^r>'a!^if «w 51 w— —« I -♦rl»- l t^ t I t^ >" fo AO -t Iied. Aihoiiil; the more recent is the ai)])lication to drivinj^ I'ower I'nmps lor water-works for llie s!ii>|)ly of towns and villai^es. It has been found that where a Water-Works Plant and an I'.leetric l.inhtinjj Plant can he operated from the same boilers and in the same buildint;, there is much greater econt)my, and especially so, if the plant can be located on the line of a railroad where fuel can be procured without the ex])ensc of hanlini; ; but the troul)le is, a good water supply cannot always l)e ol)tained on or near the railroad, and it Ininij necessary to place the Pumpinji; Machinery in close proximity to where a ,H()od water sujjply can be secured, and that sometimes a lontj distance from a railroad and often from the village, makes it very expensive and inaccessible. I lere is where the ecoiUMny comes in by putting in a Power Pumping Plant opiiated by an IClectric Motor. The generators can be i)laced at the lighting ])lanl and the current carried to the motor at the pumping plant. The Pumps can be driven direct from Motor by worm gear, or by belt from the motor to pulley on pinion shaft of Pumj). The accompanying engraving shows a l)u])lex Power Pump of 3,txx),cxx) gallons capacity in 7;. hours. The plungers are 18" diameter by iS" stroke, and the I'umps are designed for a safe working pressure of I25ll» ]H'r square inch. The pinion on this particular Pum|Mng Engine is placed on top of the spur wheel, so as to be near the floor level, as the Pumps are placed in a i)it about 5' deep to get them closer to the water supply. The length ot I'um|)s overall is 19' and the width 11'. The diameter ofs|)ur wheel is c/ 2" and the pinion wheel 2' 6". The diameter of steel crank shaft is 9'_" and the pinion shaft 5". These Pumps have 18" suction and 16" discharge and were erected at Logans])ort, Ind., by the Laidlaw-Dunn- ("lordon Company of Cincinnati. Pumps of this type can be used for mines, where Pumps driven by IClectric Motors can be used to great advantage, also in hotels or any other place where pumping water is necessary. DUPLEX PUWKR I'lMl" M ANUFACTIKKI) BV THK I.AIDI.A W-DUNN-tiOKDON CO., LINCINNAII, OHIO 3S LABOR SAVING DEVICES. - •»*rt that niDSt vit.d principle ol l)usincss siicii'.-.s ; namely, llic direct relation of producer and consumer. No otlu-r dealers in Office l''nrniture and I'iiin^ Devices in this country, so far .is we know, make their own j^'oods and sell them exclusively diri'ct to the consumer, and we are the only ones sellinij similar ^oods to the user who are not either jobbers of t>()ods made by various manufictuiers, or who make only a portion of the article they sell. The ( ilobe Company has lont^ been the leader in the (|uality and extent of their stock of the ditferent I ,abor .Saving Devices, with which modern offices are daily becouiin^ better e(iuippecl. No one who has any rej^ard for the time and labor of himself or his subordinates, will think ot doinjj; l)usiness without all the tievices for systematizinij and arrant;- ini,f the different classes of papers, and the information contained in them, that can bv used to advantaj^e. For the systematic |)reservation of ])ai)ers, the (ilobe I''ilini;-.Systeni is without a ])eer, and any ])aper or li'tter that A UK WVl K I KliM A f.I.lllM. CARD 1NI)1;.\ SV.STllM CAIII.NKT. may be wanted, can be produced instantly, and without any of the annoyance and inconvenience of handling a larj^e (juantity of more or less dusty pajier. It is fre([uently the case that one wants a more comi)rehensive system o, filinii^ than can be j^otten by a division of matter, either by name or subject. Constantly we desire to index a paper under not only the name, but also the subject as well, and, in addition, make many cross references there- to. It is manifestly impossible to have one pa])er in more than one place, and we are therefore compelled to use an outside index or reference. For a complete and comprehensive index of this character, nothing has yet been devised which can compare with the (ilobe Card Index System. Originating as it did from the necessity for indexing the contents of libraries, the uses of it have spread to almost every branch of the professional and I '.iioN-iKM.!; 1 ii.i;s 39 LABOR SAVING DF. VICES. f" \^ 5 :nf ■ 1 A MODKRN DESK. business world. In no profession is its use more advantageous than to engineers. For keeping track of the cost of construction and maintenance, as an index for any facts worth preserving, to classify and arrange any growing lists of names or things, its advantages are apparent on the most casual inspection, and the long use simply confirms and strengthens the opinion formed in the first place. Anyone who has ever tried to keep an index of facts, or arrange a growing list of names in a book index, must have recognized its limitations and vexations. All this labor, fore- thought and worry can be avoided by the use of the Globe Card Index System. Its advantages are manifold. Reference to the same paper can be had und-r as many names or subjects, or both, as may be deemed ty LETTER FILE FOR SMALL SPACE. 40 index by sim- and its Eastern ire a full :sired can York. THE BALI. NOZZLE-A MARVELOUS CONTRIVANCE. From tiii: Hai.timorf. Undkku kii i.u. IN the liap])eninjj of the unexpected, a contrivance for a new and curious appli- cation of the water that is still our main reliance, has l)ecn added to onr * hre tiyhtinj^ ecpiipnients by the American Bail N'oz/le Company of New \'{)vk City. ^ VVe do not pretend to see further throuj;h a <|rindstone than other ])foj)le, nor tlo we claim a hij^her ^r.ide of intuitive jjerception than the averas^e ; Imt when we first saw the liall Nozzle in • / A . operation, its capabilities tlash^d upon ^Ts-\ } us in a twinkling. We saw at once ^^vih,'"***' ^'u- that the funnel-slia|)ed stream would "*' extinj^iiish tlame without drowning and ruining valuable property. We saw at Till; ii.vi.i, M)//I,i;. entire blaze with a deflected and a scril)ed single to speak. We saw ing the amount of was raining drops mist that would undergo rapid original elements and thereby to the flame. We saw its special ships, to theatres, to manufactur ber yards. VV^e saw that there was the sedimentitous deposits or cor damage automatic sprink sooner or later it will come it will, more than any in minimize the ratio of fwe duction of fire insurance gradual realization of these to talk in the "we told of intelligent lookers-on must they appeared to us. lav a glance that it is a ixiwerfui smoke i\ driver • and in forcing suiok^ before it, T it will enal)lea fueman holding the l)ipc to advance at a rate that has heretotore been impossible in the rescue of im- periled lives. We saw that in contest- ing the spread of a tire, it covers the distributed sheet instead of throwing a circiun- stream in si)ots so "^V . . TY that without lessen- water delivi'red it — n o t intangible separation into its furnish hyI.VINl. SI'KINKl.lCR I'OK rAcriiR NI) STANDI'II'K.S. Ill ! it' 41 .s A Firry wathr columns. While it is a mysterious principle involved, and difticult to explain why the ball remains against pressure ; whatever the cause is, the fact remains ; and at one bound, as it were, the ball noz/le has become one of our most valuable possessions. It is destined to take a place in the fire extinguishing ecpiipments as indispensible as that of the telephone in the transmission of intellij^ence. American Hai.i, No/.zi k Comi'anv, 837-847 Broadway, New York. SAFETY WATER COLUMNS. Tiii.ik Tunc Valine P'rom an Economic Standpoint, *.«;;;!. IH) T By A. J. Wiii^ht. *IIE argument of economy is a threadbare one, and he who uses it courts ridicule, and must be prejiared to defend the proposition, but if the recent developments at Niagara Falls enforce proper consideration of the subject on the part of the steam user, that influence will not merely be of assistance to me in this connection, but will hardly be less valuable to the manufacturers of the United States than the direct results, for most of the "economy" as practiced in the present age, instead of being "the road to wealth," is a short cut to the poorhouse, and accounts for a very large part of the ninety-five per cent, who fail in business. There is no room here in which to pay respects to that large class of steam users who willingly, but unwittingly, pay the coal dealer over and over again for appliances which they feel too poor to buy, under the erroneous impression that fuel, no matter how much it takes, is a necessary expense ; or to those who will renew their boiler plant, when the old boilers are worn out, because they consider it necessary to do so ; but, ridicule the argument of economy as much as you may, the fact remains that .steady water at the proper level in a steam boiler saves coal, saves the boiler, and obviates repairs, all of which co.st money. Each of these savings is greater and more important than would at first be supposed. The saving of fuel dejjends very largely upon the location and con- sequent cost per ton, but being continuous, no matter how small, it is important, and as applied to a safety water column may be realized to some extent, at least, when the fact is taken into consideration that a saving so small as five cents per day per boiler, will agregate a saving equivalent to a dividend of 75 per cent, to 100 per cent, per annum on the cost of the appliance. With proper care and steady water, a well made steam boiler, instead of being short lived and expensive to maintain, would be practically indestructible. A clean boiler is not burned with the water at the proper level, nor is it racked and strained and worn out by contraction and expansion, if the water is carried steadily ; nor is there trouble even with leaky tubes, under ordinary circumstances. It follows therefore that the question of the value of safety water columns hinges upon the question as to whether their use does, or does not result in steady water. I know of no better way in which to settle that question than by bringing it home to every steam user. What therefore would be the result if you had safety 4a SAFirr) WATER COLf'A/NS. water columns in use in your plant? If you had them, and your eni|)loyec's were so blind to their own interests as to allow these columns to whistle, yon would hear the whistles and hear them frequently, and your engineer and superintendent and everyone else interested would hear them. Remembering that the alarm points are at the upper and lower gauge cocks, extremes which the water line is never supposed to reach ; and remembering that the water tender has the water gauge and three gauge cocks on each boiler for his guidance ; and remembering that fuel is being wasted, irregular power is being furnished, and that your boilers are being worn out more rapidly than they can l)e in any other way, by reason ol the expansion and contraction incident to unsteady water, would you tolerate any such action on their part ? The logical conclusion is that you would say to these employees, if they were so lacking in personal pride as to furnish an occasion for your doing so, that the water gauge and gauge cocks are there for their guidance, and that you expect them to keep the water at least within the prescribed limits, thus keeping the whistles quiet, and that their failure to do so would at least call for an explanation ; and the actual fact of the matter is that personal i)ride on the one hand, and discipline on the other, causes any class of help that has any right to be tolerated in a boiler room, or to have a place of responsibility, to watch the water closely and continuously, and thereby to carry it steadily as nearly midway between the two alarm points as possible, for obvious reasons. What then Is the true value of the safety water column ? We will not men- tion the uncertain value of lives lost ; the average loss by steam boiler explosion which has been placed at 53ooo, nor the extreme cases where the loss was many times greater, as for instance at Shamokin, I'a., where twenty-seven of thirty-six boilers exploded on October iith, 1S94, with an estimated loss of $iocj,ooo, but will ignore the question of explosions entirely. There can be no doubt that the steady water resulting from the use of these ap|)liances increases the durability of the boilers, decreases the cost of maintenance, anil reduces the fuel account. If the life of a boiler costing $1000 is thus prolonged 25 per cent., the safety water column effects a saving of $250 for its purchaser in this way alone, and if it saves $15 per year in re[)airs, the aggregate in twenty years, from this source, would be $300, and this estimate is probably not high, for repairs to leaky tubes, burned crown sheets, etc., etc., are never inexpensive, and they are ])ractically unknown where safety water columns are used. Add to this as small a saving as you wish, or say, 5 cents per day for fuel, and counting three hundred working days to the year, you have another saving of $15 per annum, or $300 more, during twenty years, the period selected for convenience for this estimate. Here is a saving of $850, with explosions left out of the consideration, along with the general protection to life and projierty, all resulting from the use of an appliance which costs on the average about $20. It may be said that this estimate is extravagant. Taken as an aggregate it looks so, but taken item by item you will admit that it seems to be reasonable, but cut it in two and divide it by ten and you still have a return of 200 per cent, per annum on the investment. Divide it again and still again by ten and you still have left, after all this dividing, a return of 10 per cent, per annum, or the ecjuivalent of a dividend sufficient to delight any financier. Is there any practical difference between dividend saved and a dividend earned ? Make enough such investments as this and the divi- dends will take care of themselves. I believe that I have establi.shed the fact that it is not the safety water column but getting along without it that is expensive. All these remarks are made with special reference to the Reliance Safety Water Columns, appliances which have been on the market since 1884, and which are in general use, and known to be reliable, for it is obvious that the desired results cannot be secured through the medium of an unreliable appliance. III ■' i, 1 > ii 43 SAFETY WA7T.R CO/ J /Jf /ATS. Sp.ice here is too liiuitcd and too valuable to justify a detailed description of these columns, but it is in order to say that their success is due laritjely to the fact that the floats are reliable, less than 2 per cent, ever either fillinjf with water or collap- sing — and even these beinjj rc|)laced free of charge, no matter how long they may have been in use. Without reliable floats no safety water column can be depended upon for anything except trouble and exj)ense. Hardly less potent in securing success for the Reliance Columns is the sediment chamber, which obviates trouble from sediment, and kje|)S the glass and gauge cocks clean, a feature possessed by no other safety water column, which is pronounced by no less authority than President |. M. Allen, of the Hartford Steam Holier Inspection and Insurance Cf)mpany, to be one of the finest ideas ever brought to his notice in connection with a steam apjiliance. Other ])oints of superiority are the short and direct outlet to the whistle and the mechanical construction and workmanshij). Everything is of mechanical proportions, the parts all l)eing ecpially and sufficiently strong, insuring freedom from trouble even with such minor details as the gaskets. Some idea of the construction of these columns may be had from the fact that they are constructed for use up to 250 lbs. pressure, with a factor of ten for safety. Any information desired may be had from The R!;i.i.\N( k Cj.\i'(;k Comi'ANV, Sole Manufacturers, No. 93 to 103 Kast Prospect street, Cleveland, O. i '!:[:<■ 44 on of these le fact tliat r or collap- lonyf they inn can he s |)otent in ber, which ks clean, a 1 l)y no less jcction ami is notice in i the short knianship. [iially and r details as e Iiad from a factor of ers, land, O. THE JAMES LEFFFX WATER WHEEL AT THE FALLS. During the progress of tiie work on tlu' 'I'lninel Company Hex el()i)meiil the Cliff I'aper Co., lessee of the Xiajjara hails Hydraulic i'ower tS: Manufacturinj; Co., contracted for two of the I)owbK' Discharge, Horizontal Shaft Water Wheels, s|)ecially desiu;ned and e.xchisively built by J.imes I.effel iS: Co., of Sprinjrfield, Ohio, The illustrati(Mi herewith shows only the nnuKr or wheel proper of these turbines. The runners were designed of 6f) inches outride diame- ter, that a re(piirc(l speed of .2"25 ri'volutioiismi^ht be obtained, which was si't forth in the s|)e(ificati()ns of the piiriii:i> each wheel shalt; ^Ifff^fff /^^^HB^~^?^^P*^^SB^ ^''^^^ grinders being located upon each '■jflw^^^^W^ .^^mBBS^SS^^ side of each wheel, while other ad- ditional machinery is driven also, but by pulley and belt connections. The wheels and their attachments are illustrated and described in detail in a i)a])er giving a full description of the Cliff Paper Company's Mill, read attheannual convention, June, 1895, of the American Society of Civil j Engineers, by Wallace C. Johnson, a member of that society. Three pairs of Samson Turbines, built by the same Water Wheel Com- pany, of 20 inches diameter, aggre- gating 1800 horse-power, are transmitting their power at the Falls of Juanacitlan, Mexico, a distance of eighteen miles, thus demonstrating the practicability of long transmissions and the future available power of Niagara Falls by that means. Jamks Leitkl & Co. Tin: wiiKKi- 1'R()Pi;k. J5 ELECTRICAL ACCUiMULATORS. I low to operate economically electric plants muler extremely HucliiatiiiK tiemaiids has l)ec()iue a (piestion (jr;;reat iniportaiice, owinj; to the enciriiious increase in the iiunihcrand maKnitnde of such installations for hoth li^jhlinj; and railway work. It is unnecessary to demonstrate the IiIkIi edicieiu y and (•onse(|Ueiil ecouonu of a ^eneralin^ plant workinjj under a constant load as a^jainst one working; under a varyinj; load, i'lie prohlem has been how to convert a lliictuatinvrload into a steady one. I'".lectrical sl()raj;e is of course the most feasihk' way of accomiilishinK the desired result ; heretofore the liijjh lirst cost ami the expensive maintenance have hindered the application of storaj;e batteries for this purpose. I'ntil (|uite recently the first cost of a storage batterx installation was approximately tiiree times that of a direct >;eneratinsj; jilatit, including; boilers, eiijrine ami dynamo ; to-day, owing to the decre.ise m the cost of manufacture resulting; from a larger demaiul for batteries, ti ^etlier with a more perfect battery capable of (lischarjjing at hinii rates without undue deterioration, a storaj;e battery pl.int can be installed (or less than two-thirtis the cost of a direct plant of the most modern and approved type, and the dejireciation on the battery will CHLORIDE ACCUMCLATOH, MAMKACTURED IIY TUK ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERY CO., PHILADELPHIA. PA. •i iii be less than on direct apparatus. Conse(iuent'y in stations where the maximum load is more than double the average load, the introduction of a battery connected across the line in multiple with the generators will allow of discarding between forty and tifty per cent, of the generating capacity, and enable the remaining portion to be operated at a constant load, and consequently at maximum efficiency. Great economy can be shown in all sta- tions, in proportion to the variation in load ; the greater the variation the greater the benefits derived from the application of a battery. The battery would be so arranged that it would charge when the tiemand for jiower on the line is less than the output on the generators, and will discharge when the power demanded is greater than the generator output, thus automatically transforming a variable demand into a constant one. Another advantage gained is the higher efficiency of the system owing to an approximately constant voltage on the line. Not the least of the advantages to be derived fron. the application of a storage battery is the great reliability resulting from its use, owing to its ability in ca.e of accident to the generating plant to take up for sliort periods the wliole of the load. The production of a cheap, efficient and durable storage battery has opened a new field of electrical industry, which it has heretofore been impossible to enter, owing to the limitation of direct current distribution, which, without storage, is as a gas works would be without a gas holder. The Iu.ectric Storage Hatterv Co. Drexel Building, IMiiladelphia, Pa. 46 i^^'M^ IS line of taiU sta- the that the ator ther tant n of e of lew the l)e ^^m^-^ Corliss Engines ^^^gUM THE EDWARD P. ALUS COMPANY,. Milwaukee, Wis. MANUPACTURIRS OP (Reynolds iSijo Frame Undine. I Hlowiiig P'tifjines, Hoistiiij^ Knjjines, I'uiiipiiig Engines, Air Coinjjres- sors, S' .ecial IviiKines for ICk-clric Lighting, Street Railways and Rolling Mills, Ore Crushers, Crnsli- ing Rolls, Stamp Mills, Concentra- tors, General Mining, Milling and Smelting Machinery. Some of our Recent Sales for Electric Street Ry. Purposes. 3-1000 HP., Peoples Traction Co., Phila. 2- 1 500 H. P. , I )etroit Citizens Ry . Co. , Detroit. 1-500 H.P., Kl Paso Klec. Ry., Col. Springs. 2-600 H.P., Portland Ry. Co., Portland, Me. 1-300 H.P., 2-1000 H.P., Detroit Rv. Co., Detroit, Mich. 2-500 H.P., I Pair of 2000 H.P. Union Depot, R. R., St. Louis. 1-400 H. P., Kansas City Cable Ry. Co., Kansas City, Mo. 6-300 H.P., Akron, Bedford and Cleveland R.R., Cleveland. 2-400 H.P., Orleans Ry. Co., New Orleans. 1-500 H.P., Atlantic Coast Ry. Co., Asbury Park. N. J. i-iooo H.P., Albany Ry. Co., Albany, N. Y. Besides a great many Engines for Factories, Breweries, Tanneries, etc., etc. BRANCH New York City, Rodm I It I, Havemeyer Bldg. Ohicaso, III., Room 500, Home Ins. BIda;* Mlnneapolla, Minn. .Room 4 16, Corn Cxch. Denver, Ool., 1316 18th Street. REYNOLDS-CORLISS ENGINES. Reynolds Patent Vertical Boilers. Reliance Roller. OFFICES. San Francisco, Cal.. 31 Main Street. Pittsburgh, Pa., Room 702, Oer. Nat. Bk. Bidg. Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Bank Bldg. Kansas Olty, Armour Bldg. Butte, Mont., Room 7, Lewia^hn Bldg. E^Send For Our Illustrated Catalogue.*«» 65 } litt' I. «i' :i> :»! m .#!' Iifn iilf^^^/^^' Corliss Engines "'il^^ ROBT. WETHERILL & CO., Chester, pa. BUILDERS OF CORLISS ENGINES. CONTRACTORS FOR STEAM-POWER PLANTS COMPLETE. 66 te?^^'- Corliss Engines ^^^§ffl THE HOOVEN, OWENS & RENTSCHLER CO, HAMILTON, O. HAMILTON-CORLISS ENGINES. ENaiSES FOR ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. ELECTRIC LIGHTS A^D ROLLING MILLS. ENGINES OF ALL SIZES AND FOR ALL PURPOSES. 46 S. CANAL STREET. CHICAGO. 39 and 41 CORTLANDT STREET, NEW YORK. 10-12 CARNEGIE BUILDING, PITTSBURGH, PA. ROOM A, LACLEDE BUILDING, ST. LOUIS. MO. C. C. MOORE ft CO., SAN FRANCISCa u , THE LANE & BODLEY GO. BUILD A FULL LINE OF GORUSS AUTOMATIC ENGINES, Shafting, Hangers and Pulleys, Of standard excellence. Send for circulars. 67 IVI m-'' m Wi ''ifi'U ■m ^^^^-^'^^ Corliss Engines IMPROVED PAYNE CORLISS ENGINE EeoBOBj Equals any Corliss. The nrrangeraent ond conntruction of the valves in this enfrlne are the same as used in the ordinary Corliss. As there is no trippini; Rear the dash-pots are dispensed with, and the valve motion greatly simple fied. The eugine can therefore run at the nigh rolttlve speeds necessary to olose regulation. Having independent exhaust valves, the eleartnoe Is reduced to a minimum. Hur a Riven horse power, the floor space ticcupied and the cost of foundation, are far less than for the older type of Corliss engine. Advantages ofTcred by this form of engine : PERFECT REGUUTION, SIMPLICITY OF CONSTRUCTION, SMOOTH RUNNING, DURABILITY, ECONOMY. ALSO AUTOMATIC AND COMPOUND ENGINES. B. W. PAYNE * SONS, «— ^ - - - ^ lew York Offloe, 41 Day Straat BASS FOUNDRY ^"^ MACHINE WORKS, SIMPLE, CONDENSING and COMPOUND. Unsurpassed in Kxcellence of Workmanship and rerforniauce. TUBULAR BOILERS AND COMPLBTB STBA.M POWER OUTFITS for Factory, Electric Light and Railway Service. Send for illustrated Catalogue. NEW YORK OFFICE: 3Mi CORTUNOT ST. CHICIGO OFFICE: ROOM 707, THE ROOKERY 68 the ordlnnry eatly gimuli- lon. IlavliiK f er, the floor NSTRUCTION, ENGINES. ay Street ^ KS, 'orkmaiiship H.F=, ro ) H.F>. 1^ Ught and t ROOKERY mm^^.-^^ Corriss Engines ">ii!^;ot« BATES M ACHIME CO., Jollet, 111. Exclusive Manufacturers. Complete Motive Power Plants Furnished. BO lo 1600 HORSE-POWER. Wk Oi'Akantkk lliKhcst I'A'oiioiiiy. f ClDStst KrKlllntioii, I.rnst Com- '' 1)licnte(l Valve <".tur, <".riatrsl * )iiral>ility. 'I Heavy Fly-Wheels A SPECIALTY. XT SAGimAW, E. S., MICH. Sc CO. ENCINES. High Pressure and Compound and Condensing CORLISS GEAR. Marine and Stationary Slide Valves Bound Volume W. will exchange bound volumes in cloth, for unbound copies ol Cas.sier's Magazine, if in good condition, for 75 cents each. Bound in half morocco, $1.25 each. Packages cor taining magazines should be plainly marked with address of sender. VOLUMES END WITH APRIL AND OCTOBER ISSUES. Vol. VI, May, '9-1-Oct., '94. V, Nov.,'03-AprU, '94. " IV, May, 'Oa-Oct., '0.3. •• III, Nov., '02-Aprll, '93. II, May, '92-Oct., '92. I, Nov., '91- April, '92. •t • 4 e Cloth. Half Morocco. HalfShccp $2.00 $2.75 $2.00 2.00 2.75 2.00 2.00 2.75 2.7B 2.00 2.75 2.75 3.00 8.75 8.75 None. 10.00 Very scarce. None. BACK NUMBERS WANTED. We will pay $1.00 each for copies of Nov., '91, Dec, '91 and Jan., '92. THE GASSIER MAGAZINE CO., World Building, N. Y, 69 m . The Brown Engine — ^ I ■ »'^. I ■■ ^'•v— ^— ^v_ „~i^ _ I -"i. The Buckeye Engines u? ' '] IMI High=Speed Engines e^SiP^"" THG iDnAL nNomn. Direct connectfd. direct belted, simple m compound, automhtic self-oilinb. THK IDEAL KNCINE Direct-couuected to External Armature Multipolar Dynamo, with sub-base and out-board self-oiling bearing A. L. IDE & SON, Springfield, III. ROBNTSi A. L. IDE dc SON, 308 Home Iniursnce Building, Chicago. MAOHINBRV etIPPI.Y CO., Loi Angelea, Cal. W. H. POST dc CO., 69 Home Bank IBalldlDg, Detroit. J. H. eiBORIST, Jr., dc CO., 13 Larlede Building, 8t. Louia, Ho. J. tt. R0BBRT60N, Oermania Life Building, Nt. Paul, Minn. M. T. MORRILL, Golden, Colo. R. M. JONB8, Salt Lake City, Utah. EN»LI8H HVPPLY dc B\OII«K CO., Kanaas City, Mo. HDNTBR dc B0080, Dallaa, Texaa. HOU.STON OBKEBAL BLBCTRir CO., Houaton, Texaa. Send for Catalogue of Half Tone Illustrations of D. C. Engines with different type dyuamos, also large halftone cut suitable for framing, mcntion this papsm. Economical Results in Cuba. Havana, Cuba, May i8th, 1895. The Westinghouse Machine Company, Pittsburg, Pa., U. S. A. Gentlemen : — We began running the large ( 23 in. and 40 in. by 20 in. —600 H. P. ffestinghottso Compottni Sngine and the 250 K. W. Dynamo last Monday. Everything went off all right the first time and has since been running perfectly, making a saving of over 4,000 lbs. of Coal each nigbt, over and above what we were using with the engines. We have been able to shut down three boilers, and do not have to force the remaining ones at all. The whole story is told in one word, "Perfection." Yours truly, SPANISH-AMERICAN UGHT & POWER CO. (Signed )_F. H.Thompson. 7a iling bearing PPIiV CO., II8T, Jr., <& ig, at. Paul, SUPPLY i' ni WmM' I If! • H 1^ I t'^r:--«r^f'. ' cMfB^swing the IMPS. a Building. ). ENGINE hange mplicity. listing Minn. ■H^J^ High=Speed Engines ^^^ WILLANS' PATENT HIGH SPEED For Electric Llehting, Mill Driving Purposes. Cver: 95,000 H. P. In use or on Order. Economy of Steam, Space. Oil and Attendance Surpass' ing that of the Highest Class of Slow-running Engines. M.C.Bullock MFG.Co.,'rsn^ T"^ BROWNELL DAYTON, OHIO, AUTOMATIC AND THROTTLING ENGINES, BOILERS °^ ^^^"^ W I b B n O DESCRIPTION, STAND PIPES, TANKS, AND General Sheet Iron Work. DO YOU USE WATER? Do you want it only when the wind blows just right ? Do you want to buy new pumping^ apparatus after a stifif windstorm? If you do, a windmill is wliat you want. But if you like to know that you have, or can have, an abundant supply at all times, without waiting for the wind to blow, or fearing its blowing too hard, write us for Catalogue "C " of Improved Rider and Kricsson Hot-Air Pumping Engines. Present users of our Engines are invited to send for Directions for Running " up to date ^" free. RIDER ENGINE CO. 86 LAKE STREET, CHICA60. 37 DEY STREET, NEW YORK. 77 ij "■^1 ■ a:5'.s ! :m W-: m\ MB^MS W'^ Engines, j^^^^^t^^ THE DAYTON GAS AND GASOLINE ENGINE Can be changed from gas to gasoline without stopping the Engine. TQeDaytoiiGas Engine awiiiiro. Go. DAYTON, O. CSTABLISHCO 10TO. INCOHPORATCD 1893. CDir ENGINE liiIlworks (CLEVELAND & HARDWICK.) ERIE,PA. Manuftetartrt of STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS. ACME AUTOMATIC EN6INE WITH PATENT NON-EXPLOSIVE BOILER. sizes 1 to 4 H. P. Fuel, Kerosene CCoal) Oil 11(1" to 120" fire test. No dust, ashes or smoke. No skilled engineer reqnired. " Brake " Tests show that 3% gallons of fncl will deliver a full H. P. on belt for ten hours in the case of our 1 H. P. Engine and Boiler. No extra charge for insurance. MANUKACTUKEl) BY ROCHESTER MACHINE TOOL WORKS, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Star, Wilson, N.Y., an 8-page paper, is printed ou Cylinder Press, while " Jobl>er " is running. The Tribune, Medina, N. Y,, has been using a 8 H. P. "Acme," for 40 mouths, driving Cylinder Press and three Jobbers, and has not cost one cent for repairs. The Berlin Courant, Berlin, Wis., ruus Potter Cylinder and Peerless Jobber with a 1 H. P. " Acme," and the exhaust steam heats the office. The Florence Times, Florence. S.C, a l*i-page paper, is printed on a new Scott Cylinder Press at the rate of 1600 per hour, with aS H. P. "Acme " and Boiler, on a fuel consumption oi six gallons of oil for 10 hours' work. Beloit Weekly CiVii^n, Beloit, Wis., runs two large Cylinder Presses with a SH. P. "Acme," and have power to spare. Send for Catalogue with Complete List of Testimonials. 78 ^1 'A^SJIER'S), /ix. >M^^'^^& ^0^^ Engines. RACINE AUTOMATIC ENGINES Vertical and Horizontal FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT AND GENERAL PURPOSES From 1 to 100 HP Carried In Stock. Ktigiiies and I'orciipiiie Iloilers from i to i> HI', luoiiiited on one base aud filled with Feed Water Heater, Pump, Water Regulator, Oil Burner, I'iltiuKS, etc., making a complete, SMALL POWER PLAINT. Doiler fitted with combina- tion grate for Imrning coal and wood in connec- tion wilh it. RACINE HARDWARE CO. W. F. FABISH, General Sales Manager. Works; Racine, Wis. UAEQUETTE BUXLSINO, CHICAGO, ILLS., U. S. A. I ( 'I' I Cylinder GREENFIELD E3tal)lisheoL 1874^ Steam Engine Works COR. FIFTH AND CROSS STS.. EAST NEWARK, N. J. W. 0. & 0. GREENFIELD, Engineers and Machinists. Manufacturers of- Greenfield Stationary Engine. " Yacht Engine. " VariableCut-offEngines. " Steam Pumps. Horizontal and Vertical Boilers for Stationary and Marine Purposes, Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers, etc, ADAMS'S PAT'D GRATEBAR. BEST IN USE. 79 r ■t' »' ':' '* >« I Hit 1 1 r]: f ■I 'il' I III '•f' t '^di^ERts:;;' Sturtevant Engines jto5iA^a Catalogue No. 81 shows application for Electric Work, Direct Connected, Etc. IFSTl/RTEVANTCOj SINGLE, DOUBLE, VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, SIMPLE AND COMPOUND. OVER 5000 SOLD. RTEVy^T} (riBFSWRTEVANTCOl STORES: BOSTON. NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA. CHICAGO. LONDON, ENGLAND. 80 r ^^ ' g-J-^i^C^ ' - " - ' ' .J...V. - - > . :J«*t : casSerSs:)?^ Sturtevant Blowers i}(Afi^^mm Catalogues Issued describing Application. SIv'RTEVANTCO " ! 1 1; ■ ■ i OVER I 00,000 SOLD. ALL SIZES and STYLES for Every DUTY a BLOWER OR EXHAUSTER can be used. {5T\/RTEVANT> KBLOWEgi/ BF STURTEVANT col STORES: BOSTON. NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA. CHiCACO. LONDON, ENGLAND. 8i Ik :^ \ 1^^^0rj^,^" Blowers j*|gp i|g STANDARD IMPELLER. Beit adapted to nil kindsof smeltiiiK purposes, furci'. sviile, Ind. trk. R5 40LEDJ N- - :NCY. i^Jvj; Air Compressors .r' THE COMPRESSORS MANUl-"ACTURi;i) HY The Norwalk Iron Works Co. SOUTH NORWALK, CONN., received the most fiivorable Cdiisideralioii from the very distinj^uished enj^iiieers of ICurojie and America, composinjj the Iiiteniational Commission for the consideration of ])rojects for the development of the ])o\ver of Niaj^ara Falls, and were awardi'd a prize and |)reniinm of one thonsand dollars. These machines also received the highest award at the Worlds Columbian Flxposition. They are used by the most critical buyers and arc approved by the most eininunt engi- neers. The machines are made in great varietj-, for steam, water, electrical ami other ])owers. A few prominent users are, for manufacturing, ])neumatic riveting ;ind hoistim;, Illinois Steel Co., I'ctina. Steel Co., New Jersey Steel and Iron Co., I'encoyd Iron Works, Cofrode : i'!i: te|: !i' I • ^*^ .- *•■ <;■ "■^'■•i SVJ Cameron Steam Pump, SIMPLE, COMPACT, DURABLE, EFFICIENT. NO OUTSIDE VALVE GEAR. FOR CATALOCUE, ADDRESS THE A. S. CAMERON STEAM PUMP WORKS. FOOT OF EAST 23d STREET. NEW YORK. PUMPS FOR EVERY SERVICE OHIO, . LIST ON APPLI CftTION Agts. : J, W Parker & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ; New Orleans Ry. & Mill Supply Co., New Orleans. I,a. Brnnrh Hoiiiie, 142.1 E. ^Iniii 8treet, Rioliinond, Va. PUMPINS MACHINERY FOR ALL PURPOSES.! 86 ^^'~ ^ > -n"*^ Siii|g|\^g|r Steam Pumps The SMITH.VAILE STFflM PUMPS FOR EVERY POSSIBLE DUTY. The only Pumps with Patented Removable Water Cylinders and Adjustable Water Pistons. LESS WATER SLIPPAGE THAN IN ANY OTHER DUPLEX PUMP SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. MANUFACTURED BY The StUwell-Biera & Smith-Vaile Co. DAYTON, OHIO. NEW YORK, 110 Liberty Street. CHICAGO, 63 S. Canal Street. SEND FOR catalogue: • • ' ^Li-L^^ISMaiiSt^ufti.^ PULSOMETER STEAM PUMP CO. SOLE OWNERS-NEW YORK (COPYRIGHTED 1891 J Establislieil in nalihviiisvillc, N. Y., iSfii. Keinovcd to Svr.icusi-, N. Y., iSSi. The Baldwinsville Centrifugal Pump Oldest, Best and Latest Improved. Kspicially adapted for Contractors' Use, r\i:ni)iiig CoflfLr-dams, Sfwers, Sand I'liiupiuj;, etc. IRRIQATINQ PLANTS A SPECIALTY. Address for Catalogue, IRVIN VAN WIE, 330 to 2j6 West Street, SYRACIJSK, N. Y. 87 ■l^li iv^-rr*' '^, . fc^p-^ Refrigerating Machinesj!pl?|p(fc JI'iU ' I'- 354 to 358 N. PBLSTED ST., ,j CmCIIGO, ILL. Engineers, Founders and Machinists. MANUFACTURERS OF Dredging, Pile Driving, Excavating and Derrick Machinery. The Nasmith Steam Pile Driving Hammer, Drop Ham- mers, Leader Irons, Nippers and Toggle Irons; Steel Cast- ings, Dipper Handle Racks, Spud Racks, and all sizes of Chain and Rope Sheaves. Ice Making and Refrigerating Machinery, Corliss Engines, AMMONIA VALVES AND T^ITTINQS. Successors to THE CONSOLIDATED ICE MACHINE. COMPANY, Chicago, Ml. Our line of patterns includes all of the patterns for the Boyle and the Consolidated Ice Machine Co.'s Single Acting Ammonia Com- pressors, with both Slide Valve and Corliss Engines, the latter of both Vertical and Horizontal pat- tern; also the latest Improved Featherstone, Double Acting, Hori- zontal Ammonia Compressors, with Corliss Engines, built on Improved Tangee Frames; the heaviest and strongest machine in the market of double acting pattern. We manufacture and carry in stock a complete line of Ammonia Valves and Fittings of every description and of the latest and most improved patterns and designs and are prepared to execute all orders promptly. Small machines, with or without power, for Refrigerating Dairies and other small Cold Storage Rooms. CATALOaUES AND ESTIMATES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. KREISS & STUPP, READING, PA., General Eastern Sales Agents. 88 FOOT EAST 138th STREET, NEW YORK. BUILDERS OF Refrigerating AND Ice Machines. CAPITAL, $2,000,000.00 450 Machines Now in Successful Operation. Capacity of these machines combined represent over 25,000 TONS of Ice melted every 24 hours. Among them the largest ever built, one of 500 Tons, and three of 300 Tons. Used iu Breweries, Abattoirs, Cold Storage Houses, Markets, Hotels, Chemical Factories, etc. The most successful system for Ice Factories. WRITE FOR PAMPHLETS AND LIST OF CUSTOMERS. Harrisburg Pipe Bending Co., Limited, Harrisburg, Pa., Manufacturers of Pipe Coils^of every description. Anhydrous Ammonia Flaslts and Carbonic Acid Gas Cylinders of liighest grade. All coils and cylinders thoroughly tested to required pressures. Galvanized Iron ice Cans, all sizes. S9 ^l^^fSI Water Wheels ^ ; {i^^^m ;i h1 U i""LIUIwl IIM "A R Y O aplly (Inscribes the above engrav- ing. Set down in plain Knglish it illustrates the following tremendous facts : NINETY-FIVE FEET HEAD OF WATER Acting on four of our 30 inch Turbines of reduced discharge, mounted horizontally, resulting in EIGHT HUNDRED HORSE POWER. The practical results are Electric Light for the City of Ithaca, N. Y. Motive Power for Ithaca Street Railway Co. DICSIGNKD AND ERKCTKD IIY THE DAYTON GLOBE IRON WORKS CO., DAYTON, 0. See article in April number this magazine, go ^Wi IPi^S^ Victor Turbines '^^-ifcfi^fiSM STILWELL-BIERCE & SMITH-VAILE CO., DAYTON, OHIO. MANUFACTURERS, ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF COMPLETE Water Power Plants, USING VICTOR TURBINES. Cut of 5,000 HORSE POWER PLANT now in process of erection. 0. Tlie above cut shows llie 5,000 lioisc power plant now l)eiiig iiislalled l)y lis at I'elzir, S. C, tlic entire power being electricallv delivered in the new Pelzer Cotton Mill now being erected. The generators are direct, connected to VICTOR TURBINES. WE HAVE ERECTED MANY OF THE BEST PLANTS IN AMERICA, AND OUR ENGINEERS ARE OF RECOGN ZED ABILITY. CONTRACTS FOR ENTIRE POWER EQUIPMENT TAKEN. ALL WORK GUARANTEED. NEW YORK : 1 1 2 Liberty St. CHICAGO: 63 So. Canal St. ATLANTA, GA.: 21 So. Forsyth St. 91 LONDON: 97 Queen Victoria St. i ','1' ' !• I 1 1 "•'-^^V'f Water Wheels. BULK HEAD GATE HOISTINGS. . If ^ W ^'"--Ix^ . , ^HJl^^B^jfl^Hj^^SHK'^^^'^'T'^ ■■■ ^^^^-^v'*-;.;^ ^^ ^ -'■ \ i r i^^ " *■' -:^'^ J^-^ '— ^ BUILT BY CHASE TURBINE MFC. CO., ORANGE, MASS. DESIGNED BY SHEDD A SARLE, WORCESTER, MASS. In use by Pelepscot Paper Co., Brunswick, Me. Bridge Mill Power Co., Pawtucket, R. I. WRITE FOR ESTIMATES. .i^^ The only governor that has proved suc- cessful where water- wheel regulation Is expected to come up to good steam engine practice. LOMBARD WATER-WHEEL GOVERNOR CO., 6i HAHPSHIRE ST. (Roxbury District), BOSTON, MASS. When writing for proposals send full engineering details of water-wheel plant, with blue prints if possible. 92 1»s^|rM Cassier's Magazine fe'iSSii^ WHAT SOME ADVERTISERS SAY. LANE & BODLEY CO. Tlie finest engineering publica- tion that ever came under our notice. STAR BRASS MFG. CO. Your -naKaziue is tlie finest eiigineeriuif piil>licatiou in this country. 80UTHWALK FOUNDRY MACHINE CO. The character of the papers commend it lo the highest praise. MICHIGAN LUBRICATOR CO. As .-in advertising medium we consider it invaluable. BUCKEYE ENGINE CO. We consider it very artistic ami full of excellent matter. THOMPSON A. BUSHNELL. We think ajjreat deal of it, both as an iidvertising medium and its general line appearance. THE FISHER GOVERNOR CO. The articles are practical and the illustrations unexcelled. Ivven the advertisements are good to look over a second time. SCHLEICHER, SCHUMM & CO. Have ahvavs admired its push and general excellence. THE E. P. ALLIS CO. We consider y(nir magazine very beautiful iiideeractically and tlicuretically the best boiler so far invented. Yours truly, Tiios. A. KnisoN. MANtFACTURED BY GIOPOGK STEl BOILER WOHKS, COURT, SMITH. CRAMER AND LORRAINE STS., BROOKLYN, N. Y. iff: //^^ A Textbook of Modern Boiler Practice FREE. 94 Boilers ALMY'S PATENT SECTIONAL WATER-TUBE BOILERS, NOW USED IN 18 PASSENGER BOATS From 70 to 160 Feet Long. 27 STEAM YACHTS From 50 to 160 Feet Lonq. U. S. Torpedo Boat "Stiletto," Nuiufroiis Stimll T.aiiiK'lirs nml Slatioimry H<)il>;rs, all arc K'vitig iiiDst ]<;xi.ti;fiit Resiill.s. ALMY WATER-TUBE BOILER CO., 47 Clifford Street, Providence, R. I. O^ZZEl I^oST.^XTXjXj Safety, Economic WATER TUBE BOILERS. Patented. Class B. IIIc.ItKST EFFICIENCY IN ECONOMY. llKSr WORKMANSIIIIV Ill';sr MAl'i:kIAI,S, ami GKKAT SAVINC, IN HKICK WOKK. NO wKunrr on waij.s. OFFICES: 245 Arcade, Cleveland, Ohio. 614 BettB Building, Philadelphia, Fa. 34 St. Charles Street. New Orleans, La. Corbctt Hill & Machine Co., Washington, D. C, M. M. Buck Ufg. Co., St. Louis, Ho, W. D. McNUUll S CO.. ""•■••h'.'-o':"- SHIIBOK BOILEB WOP Limited, ALL KINDS OF BOILERS AND SHEET- IRON WORK. Robert A. Keasbey 54 Warren St., N. Y. Branch Office : //9 Franklin St., Buffalo, N. Y. MAGNESIA SECTIONAL COVERINGS. Rank Al. They have no superior. The only expense is the first cost, not great. The saving is con> tinuous. Fire-Prool. Durable. Economical. wh Hi m wm I m I m itl 111 m iji Boilers MANUFACTURERS OF ''* HIGH GRADE KUTOTV^KTIC ENGINES, HORIZONTAL TUBULAR, PORTABLE, AND ANNINC PATENT VERTICAL BOILERS. See our Advertisement of Automatic Engines. BEIHEIHTHE BOILER Jusmtss. S ^Iakinq StationaryTIibular ^owtns Exclusively. 5E14THEH FOR LESS MONEY sT?}i ones. WErURKlSH^EAHIl blTH06RAPM5 Arib PCTAIL I1.LU5TIWTI0MS OP r'^Bo'^" ThM AI^ flRM IK TrfE l/NITED 5TATC5. i^ULTSM STEAM B9ILER WgRKSX^i^PgUHDRY. XlCilflOND, InD ••••• ••••• •••• •••• cn'.r';us^TH*N0lQSTYil THE TONKIN BOILER AND ENGINE WORKS CO., MANUFACTURERS OP BOILERS, OIL TANKS, STAND PIPES, ENGINES, STEAM PUMPS AND GENERAL MACHINERY. PLANS PREPARED FOR STEAM POWER PLANTS FOR ALL PURPOSES. BOILERS SET FOR BURNING CHEAP FUEL. OSWEGO, N. Y. 96 Feed=Water Heaters -•'^feMAG^'ziVEl The Temperature of Feed Water depends mainly upon the number of lineal feet of Tubinj; in the Heater. CORRUGATED, COPPER TUBES are worth more per foot than plain ones. We have tested both kinds, and would like to tell you about our experiments. WE MAKE -*-^ THE WAINWRIQHT HEATERS. THE TAUNTON (MASS.) LOCOMOTIVE MFG. CO. i''i5's"!fei*'An'"«|f|f«^-.,.«'^''^^^ -:f222S2E22y ' f^' ''--^ TtiE H0PPBS'kF'GXo,\.SprmgfieldJ^ I0.U.5.A: Buffalo Feed Water Heater AND PURIFIER. Made in all Sizes and to Suit all Conditions. ROBERT LEARMOUTH, 200 Bouck Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. SEND FOR CATALOQUB. 97 Feed=Water Heaters (^^^#4?^^N^.^i Ir 'iN'-l'l i ir^ THE OTIS TOBDLAR FEED-WATER HEATER. EXH AUST [INLE T EXH AUST f OUT LET With Seamless Brass Tubes. The only Tubular Heater with settling chamber below the tubes. The only Heater that will separate the ^1 oil and condensation from the exhaust. WHAT WE GUARANTEE. I St. — One square foot of heating surface per each horse-power. 2d. — To heat the feed water to the boiling point (210" or 212") with the exhaust steam without causing any back pressure. 3d — That it will never get foul with scale, as it can be thoroughl}^ cleaned through the manhole without disconnecting any pipes. 4th. — A larger heater with more heating surface and water capacity than any other heater for less monej'. 5th. — That if Heaters are not as represented it will cost nothing to try them. For circular and further information, address STEWART HEATER CO 95 AND 97 NORFOLK AVE., BUFFALO, N. Y. 98 fji Sl^P^ Feed=Water Heaters i^^^^p^fj UTLET SCUM COlO 3 MITE* o. DOUBLE SYSTEM HEATER. With two separate sets of tubes, one for exhaust and the other for live steam. Entirely independent of, and not interfering with, each other in any way. This heater is adapted for, and can be used in Hospitals, Laundries, Hotels, Breweries, or an}' place where a large amount of hot water is i^equired and the amount of exhaust steam is limited ; by using a small quantit_y of live steam, ^°^ the water can be heated and retained at the proper temper- ature. For further information send for special circular. STEWART HEATER CO.. 95 ip 97 NORFOLK AVE., BUFFALO, N. Y., U. S. A. 99 Miscel laneouSfi;^^SS;GASE S=M/^lc iMnth,~\f/A POUIIL TUBE WOKKS 60. Boston, 70 Federal Street. PinsBURGH, 121 Fourth Avenue. New York, Havemeyer Building. Chicago, Clinton and Fulton Sts. St. Louis, 938 N. Second St. Largest Manufacturers in the world of Wroiiglit iroD FlDlslieil Piiie M Tutes, SPECIAL PIPE for laying ELECTRIC WIRES TROLLEY POLES BOILER TUBES of Wrought Iron and Steel, CYLINDERS of all sizes, INJECTORS for Locomotive and Stationary Engines for Gas and Acids. 100 10. BrEEH'S EGONOmiZER FOR SAVING FUEL IN STEAM BOILERS. Avenue. cond St. IRES IRS ve and ngines ADVANTAGES: — Great saving in coal from lo percent, to 20 percent.; High temperature of feed water above the evaporative point. Increased efficiencj' and prolongation of life of boilers. Large reserve of feed water to meet sudden demands for power. Utilizes heat which otherwise goes to waste. SOLE MAKERS IN THE UNITED STATES. The Fuel Economizer Co... THE SHERWOOD INJECTOR. Double Tube operated entirely by one Lever. A higher degree of efficiency secured than ever before. Will lift either hot or cold wa- ter, and isgnaranleed to work satisfactorily under all pressures from 20 to 200 lbs. and to lift from 10 to 24 feet, or take supply direct I from tanks or water works pressure. A High Chadc Machine for High Duty. Eagle Ejectors, Duplex Flue Scrapers, Felthousen Gauge Cocks, Improved Glass Oil Cups and Lubricators, Cylinder Oil Pumps, Compression Grease Cups, etc. Mention SilfMf.gazine. Shepwood Mfg. Co. , Buffalo, N. Y. Huropenn Agents, C'.Hr.i'.N' ,% not7i,DiNO, 21 Featlicrstone St., London, E. C. For All] Pressures and Purposes. ECONOMICAL, EFFICIENT, and DURABLE. If you are Using or intend to Use Compressed Air in vour Shops write for Catalogue of the CLAYTON AIR COMPRESSORS. 0LA7TCN AIB OOMFBESSOR WOBES, 36 Cortlandt SI., NEW YOHH CITY. lOI T II ,:.,, If ::* 1 I m i-.m Hi ' ! '' * m l! » 1 :: it H Miscellaneous so. THE BROWH HOn HUD WilW IDHIIIE CLEVELAND, OHIO, U S. A., Complete Systems for Handling of Materials. '.-•'vi^s:^ The Brown Patent Cantilever Cranes, in use on the Chicago Uain Drainage Canal. view sliowiiij; "CAXTIMiVHKS " taking rock from cliannel and Iraiislirriiig same to spoil bank. I.enKlh of CanlilLver over all, 353 ft, Ma,\imum height of spoil bank, So ft. Working capacity ol "CANTILEVER" 550 to 700 yards " solid rock in place " per day of 10 hours. -v?l5?- THE BBOWH PflTEUT ( Bridge Tramway. < Cable Tramway. ( Shed Tramway. Sewer Machine Tramway. Warehouse Tramway. Automatic Furnace Hoist. The best machinery for handling material in Ship-Building Yards, such as Marine PlateS, AriTIOr Plates, Structural Work, etc. Designers and Builders ofTRAVELING, LOCOMOTIVE, JIB, PILLAK, aud other CRANES, FRICTION CLUTCH HOISTING ENGINES, BOILERS, SKIP CARS, SELF-DU3IPING BUCKETS, FRICTION CLUTCHES, ETC. New York Office, Havemeyer Bldg. Pittsburgh Office, Carnegie Bldg. Wheeler Condenser & Engineering Co., 39 and 41 CORTLANDT ST., NEW YORK, I'KOI'KIETOK.S AND MANll- AC ITKKUS OK WHEELER-STANDARD SURFACE CONDENSER. WHEELER-ADMIRALTY SURFACE CONDENSER. WhEFLER-LIQHTHALL SURFACE CONDENSER. VOLZ PATENT COMBINED SURFACE CONDENSER AND FEED WATER HEATER. WHEELER'S IMPROVED EVAPORATOR AND DISTILLER. EDMISTON PATENT FEED WATER FILTER. WHEELER'S IMPROVED FEED WATER HEATER. Jenkins Bros. Valves. Honestly manufactured. Warranted as represented. Look for Trade Mark. JENKINS BROS., NiiW YORK. PHILADELPHIA. CHICAGO. Cassier's Magazine is got up in the usual sumptuous American manner, and the illustrations to tlie various articles are marvels of effective engraving. — G/asgo"u> Hcmld. 102 JENKINS - MARK BOSTON. BOSTON. '^G^^ER's),|^Kfe'3 Valves -^*Tr— ♦ J fU Jg 1 Locomotive, Marine and Stationary Engine Cylinders. (Under the Seibert, Gates and other Patents.) Originators of the method of I-'eedinj; Oil drop by drop to the cylinder through glass filleu with water. Makers also of DOUBLE SIGHT FEED LUBRICATORS FOR COMPOUND ENQINES. When vou order an Engine, specify a SKIBERT LUHRICATOk. Send for Catalogue and I'rice List. Liberal dis- count allowed. Thirty days' trial to responsible parties. 53 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. The "DETROIT" METALLIC PACKING THE " DETROIT ' PATENTED. SinPLEST, CHEAPEST and BEST. Contains no Springs or Small Parts. Section of Stuffing Box. EASY TO ADJUST. CAN BE APPLIED WITHOUT DISCONNECTING THE ROD. Satisfaction Guaranteed. One Customer savs : "Gives better satisfaction than any other Metallic Packing." "Has used no sets and no complaint," Metal Cone. SEND FOR CIRCULAR. DETROIT LUBRICATOR CO., DETROIT, MICH. Elastic Cushion. SIGHT FEED LUBRICATORS. OVER 150,000 IN USE In all parts of the world, on all kinds of Steam ICtigines, Pumps, etc. improved Designs. ORDER THE it DETROIT," AND GET THE BEST. Qold Medal and Three Premiums Awarded ot World's Columbian Exposition. SBND FOR CKTKUOGUB. Address. DETROIT LUBRICATOR CO., 176 Griswold Street, Detroit, Micli. 105 m :;■ t , Miscellaneous CllICAC.O. lUlSTON. ANOTHER INSIDE VIEW This is the BUNDY TANK TRAP. .Sent free on 30 davs' trial. Don't cost you one cent to try it. Our book C on application. A postal to us may save you like many others a dollar a day. A. A. Criffinc Iron Co. 66-68 Centre Street, NEW YORK. l'iriI,;VDUI,PlIIA. JKRSKY CITY, N.J. SAMPLE FREE AND THE SAMPLE TELLS THE STORY DIXON'S PURE FLAKE LUBRICATING GRAPHITE Is useful in hundreds of ways. A sample will be sent free if you mention Cassier's Magazine, and accompanied by an interesting and instructive pamphlet. Every engineer and machinist should send for them. Jos. Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J. FIQ. 17. FIQ, 175. NO. 3. Michigan Lubricator Co. 661-669 Beaubien St., Detroit, Mich. MANUFACTURE SIGHT-FEED LUBRICATORS, CLASS OIL CUPS, CREASE CUPS, WATER CACES, ETC. Catalogues Furnished on Application. MENTION CASSIBR. ]o6 Indicators lAP. Co. ^ N. J. IPLE ORY intion ictive .J. INC0HH01 lh54. American Steam Gauge Company (original STIAM OAUQK CO. I SOLE MANUFACTURERS OR THE AMERICAN THOMPSON IMPROVED INDICATOR nore than 5,000 in Use. Adopted by the United States Navy for use on all the New Cruisers and tiunboats to be built. ALSO manufaciurirs of the AMERICAN POP SAFETY VALVE. Also Pressure and Veicmiiii CaUKCs, Water Causes, Oaiigc Cocks, Whistles. Revoliilioii Counters, Marine Clocks, I'yroin- eters, Hydrometers, Salinometers, and uU instruments incidental to tlie use of Steam, :iO Chardon St., BOSTON, MASS. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATKD OATALOGUK. THE ASHCROFT MANUFACTURING CO. Sole Manufacturers of THE TPOB STEflin EPE IPI6)IT0B. Approved and Adopted l)y the U. S. (lovernment on all the New Cruisers. ALSO STEAM AND VACUUIV! GAUGES. a^VENT seamless Fitted with HOUQHTALINQ REDUCING flOTION. The most Complete, Compact, and Reliable Indicator Outfit, for indicnt- in(r hijch or slow speed eufrines, now made. This Instrument received nt "The World's Columbian Kxposition " the HIGHEST AWARD for Excel- lence of Design, Superior C.nide of Workmanship and Tinish. Reliability and Efficiency. SEND FOR SPECIAL PAMPHLET. Office and Salesroom I I I LIBERTY ST., NEW YORK. REMOVEDTOI 10 LIBERTY STREET. •^i-- !«• THE •>! •K- Badieider iiii]u$ialiie Spring WMw, For any speed or pressure. The ♦♦IDEAL" Reducing Wheel, A simple, accurate and convenient reducing motion. Griinm's Patent Injector Blower, and Thompson's Patent Soot Sucker for cleaning Boiler Tubes. Shaking, Inter- locking and Sectional Grate Bars, Steam Specialties and Supplies. Write for Cata- logue. Patented. THOMPSON & BUSHNELL CO., 110 Liberty Street, New York. 107 w '^alf r^'^i^mjM ^fer^^Miscellaneous ■v*^*^"'^^^ SCHAFFER » BUDENBERC, M ANVi'ACTV It i: Its or Till-: THOMPSON INDICATOR. Adiiptrd for nil speeds, iiiisiirpiissd for ftiiiiplitity, Kelinbility iiiid Kxcelleiice iif Woikinau- ship. Sold at a Modcratf Price. TACIIOltlKTKItS, I'mmurr lliiiiiifn for all Viir- pintvH, I'.'mfliiK I'oinitern aixt llrfflnterii, Marine i'lovh-H, llifriuoiiiiti-ni. THE PEERLESS AND MANHATTAN AUTOMATIC INJECTORS. REDUCING AND REGULATING VALVES, ETC. WKirii FOR CAT.M.OOUl:. WORKS: BROOKLYN, N. Y. SAUSROOMSt 22 W. LAKE ST., CHICAGO. 68 JOHN ST., N. Y. 99 Crank-Pin Oilers, Wiping-Devlce.' St^u* K^^^ r%:i r^,,w^^ You can run your eiiHino continuously, Witt Ight reed on cups, tins arrangement applied. Wm. H. Wilkinson, 352 Atlantic Ave., Boston. M6l3lin6(l LOOS6 rllllfiy bllSb6S at^Uie slan or occasioiial'ly afterward* and will run perfectly dry for years. Send for I.oose Pulley Circular No. 5. NORTH AMERICAN METALINE CO., 41 to 40 THIRD STREET, LOMG I8LAIVD CITY, N. Y. I' s Mokal-Seated Valvt. The Consolidated Safety Valve Co., SOI.B MANUFACTURERS OP THE Only A Solid « Nickel-Seated ^ Safety ^ Valve, FOR MARINE AlfD STATIONARY BOII.ERS. Approved by U.S. Board Supervising Inspectors. Adopted by U.S. Navy and Furnished to all the New Cruisers and Gunboats. MADE SPECIALLY TO COMPLY WITH RECENT REQUIREMENTS OF U. S. STEAMBOAT INSPECTORS. Angle of seat 45°, and allowed sojj higher ratings than Govern- ment lever valve. THE ONLY SAFKTY VAT.VB MADE WITH BICHABDSON'S PATE!s||fe JJg^Miscel laneous ii^S^Qi^ THE FISHER GOVERNOR F"« 5TEAM PUMP5 Was the only one iiwnrded a MEDAL AND DIPLOMA AT THH WORLD'S PAIR. More of them in service than of ail other maiies combined, MADK R)k PRKssuki-s LP TO 8,ooo LBS. PER SQUARE INCH. We Make a Special Goueinor for STEAM FIRE PUMP SERVICE. Send f(ir Circulars and Testimonials, and note wlmt the best Isnifinttrs in the Conntry say of these Governors. FISHER GOVERNOR CO., Marshalltown, Iowa. LOCKE REGUUATOIR. CO.. iLocKE ^ DAMPER < regulator) W J CHECK ^ TRfi^P REGULATORS '^uVWe";' FACTORY. ."SAL M.MAS S. >5EIIDF0liCATAlOCl)ET/c"l,'u'aTT THE AUSTIN SEPARATOR (I'ateiited) Eliminates Moisture (rom LIVE STEAM. Extracts Oil and Condensation from EXHAUST STEAM. Satisfaction Guaranteed. Sold on Merit. ' VERTICAL." ,| Detail and Prit-eH on appliealion. / INFINITELY SUPERIOR TO All OTHERS. AUSTIN SEPARATOR CO., 69 WOODBRIDGE ST. WEST. DETROIT. MICH. HORIZONTAL." THE ^^t^^^^m "They have RELIANCE 'Ki^-A& * taught our fire- GApp"pY ^^^ ^o carry the water steady WATER '•^"" ^^ ^^ ■ I ■ |tj| ^1 g% That feature makes them worth many times what ^^ ^J La ^J Iwl IV CP they cost to any steam user. Boilers last longer. Fuel goes further. Repairs are less, and life is safer wherever they are used. Sent on trial subject to satisfaction. Write for prices and particulars. The Reliance Gauge Company, 92 to 102 east prospect st., Cleveland, c, 109 f ins. CURTIS BALANCED STEAM TRAP. Combines More Superior Features than Any Other Trap on the Harket. INLET t The Valve is tubular bal- anced and of larKf area. The Renewable Seat is in til'.' caji, and both scat and valve can be removed in one minute without start- inf^a joint, bolt or jjasket. The Float is large, hard, round, and warranted aj^ainst 150 lbs. jiressure. The Trap Outlet is always sealed by two or three inches of water. THBRB ARE NO OTHER TRAPS HAPE WHICH POSSESS ALL THESE FEATURES. Manufactured by the D'E5TE & SEELEY CO., 29 to 33 Haverhill St., Boston, Hass. NEW YORK : 109 Liberty St. CHICAGO : 218 Lake St. I.' J Gould's Steam and Water Packing. Pnteiilcd .lime 1, IKHO TlieOriKliml Kiii» Pncklii^. For Piston Rods, Valve Stem of Steam En- gines. Steam Pumps, and especially adapted for PAPER AND PULP MILLS and Elect ic Light Plants. fsp"!]! ordering', give exnot diameter of Stuffiiip latoii Rod or Value Steam. Self-Lubricating, Steam and Wate iM. Less friction than any other known I'ack Never jjrows hard if directions are followed. Does not corrode the rod. Every Package Fully Warranted. N. B — Thia Packing will be sent to any address, and if not satislac- tory, after h -rial of 811 days, can be returned at our expense. None TBADB MARK. genuine without tliislrade-markand date of patent stamped on wrapper. All similar Packings are Imitations, and calculated to deceive. THE GOULD PACKING CO., EAST CAMBRIDGE, MASS. ALBION CHIPMAN, Treasurer, no '' ii -r' — " / • Asphalt PavBTRBnts, The Standard Pavement of Amc. ca. 17.000,000 SQUARE YARDS OF TRINIDAD ASPHALT PAVEMENT LAID IN THE UNITED STATES. 8,600,000 SQUARE YARDS, OR MORE THAN ONE-HALF LAID BY THIS COMPANY. No Asphalt Pavenieiit laid by The Barber Asphalt Paving Com- pany in the United States has ever been replaced by another form of pavement. This Company received the HIGHEST AWARDS at the WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, CHICAGO, 1893. I St.-'' ASPHALT AND ASPHALTIC CEMENTS." 2d. -"TRINIDAD ASPHALT PAVEMENTS." Sd.-" MACHINERY AND PROCESSES." I", v. GREKNP:, President. CIIAS. K. ROBINvSON, Treas. J. C. ROCK, vSec'y. l". J. URISTOL, .Asst. Sec'y. FOR PLANS AND ESTIMATES APPLY TO THE BARBER ASPHALT PAVING COMPANY, Washington Building, No. I Broadway, New York. Ill Iron Buildings BERLIN IRON BRIDGE CO. Cbas. M. Jarvis, Bdrr K. Field, Prea't and Chief E'lgitieer. Vice-President. Geo. H. Sage, Secretary. F. L. Wilcox, Treasurer ENQINEERS, ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS OF IRON BRIDQES, IRON BUILDINQS, IRON ROOFS, ETC., ETC. „1 ■ »• i: The above illustration, taken direct from a photograph, shows the interior of an Iron Foundiy designed and built by us for The Farrel Foundry and Machine Co., at Ausouia, Conn. The building is i2y (eet in width by 302 feet respectively, and the central portion is 56 feet in width. The central portion of the building is controlled by a hydraulic Crane with a travel the full length of the bn-Idi"-;. f.nd is also arranged with lib cranes for delivering material from the traveliiifj crane to the cranes ir t'.c .. mg trusses. The above illustration is taken direct from a photograph and shows the interior of a Car Shed designed and built by u.i for The New Orleans and Carrollton R. R. Co., at New Orleans, La. The building is coustructed entirely of steel and covered with corrugated steel. It is 130 feet wide and 300 feet long The sides are left open for a distance of 10 feet, from the surface of the ground and the ends are lefl onen entirely from the tie beam to the ground. Send for llluitrated Catalogue. OHIca and Workt, BAST BERLIN, CONN. 112 ECONOMY IN STKAM IS SECUUKI) 1$V FEEDING YOUK BOILEK WITH AN INTERNATIONAL HIGH GRADE AUTOMATIC INJECTOR. USES LKSS STEA3I, DKLIVEKS HOTTEU AVATEK THAN ANY OTIIEK INJECTOR. CATAI.OCi TELLS "WHY. v\vvvv\vvv\« WORLD SPECIALTY CO., 1 14 Seventh St., DETROIT, MICH. 173^X2 AUTOMATIC INJECTOR. THE OLD RELIABLE. 85,000 L\ USE. ALL OIVINO SATISFACTION Branch Factory, PENBERTHY INJECTOR CO Windsor, Ont. DETROIT, MICH. 1 1 1 Miscellaneous WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CO. Mississippi River Bridge, Centre Spans eacli 456 feet. CANTON, OHIO. •*' R ! i] NEW ERA ENGINES FOR CAS AND GASOLINE. <^^^- M UCII is claiiiied for thetii. Write for our book, General Ajruiicies for Remote Territory. — -^^i NEW ERA IRON WORKS, Dayton, O. ^'•t THE FLEMING WOVEN WIRE DYNAMO BRUSH. Increased Discounts off Standard List. Excellence and Lasting Quality maintained. Senl for fiesctiptWe Circular. WILFRID H. FLEMING, ^r^^ar" sue't. new york. The Best Typewriter, LIKE The Best Steam Engine, is so constructed niechniiically that it will give the very best results at tlie least pussibk' friction and yet inaiutaiu a iiiaxiiuuni ot ctricicncy. Its constnictiou is i)asc(l upon the host mechanical prin- ciples, anil upon the rules of common sense. Such is the ^Vllliams Typewriter. SEND FOR CATALOOL'E. "I am now convinced that the Williams' uniy be compared to a Walthaiu Watch in points of fineness, finish and accuracy ; and to a Corliss ]-;u(jine in toughness." — G. W. KlDDKI.l., .St. P.iul, Minn. THE WILLIAMS TYPEWRITER CO., 319 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. /v\ANUFACTURERS OF^ INCANDESCEN-r, 'c POWER . 'Electro-Plating :,/ MACHINES. (OLBURN [LEtTRIC /^FgYo. FiTCHBU RG.A\ASS. Cassier's Magazine meets a loiii;- felt want lor a periodical devoted to Enj^iiieeriiii."- Industries. "BOSTON DAILY TRAVELLER." 114 ::^^5).^;?* T BAYTO a- If I ©SULY 1S96 PICTCLE BROUQHT OUT IN 1835. FINEST QUALITY THROUGHOUT. PRICE, $100. Best Grade Seamless Steel Tubing, that in the main frame, incUuliiig head, being ONE AND ONE-FOURTH INCHES in diameter, giving the lightest 'and strongest frame ever produced. For Complete Catalogue, address, DAVIS SEWING MACHINE GO. DAYTON, OHIO, CHICAGO, ILLS. CO., no- felt ted to LER." Bound Volume W' U V ill exchantre bound volumes in cloth, for unboun .'i.7.") 10,01) Very BC.Trcc. lalfSIieep. ^■2.7 ■■< 2.T.") 2.7.5 :f.7.-) Xnllf. THE nACK XlINinERS WANTED. We will pay 51. 0(! each for cojnis of Nov., ".)! , Die, '!U and Jan., ",i-_'. C.A.SSIEIi 3Vr.A.GA.ZI3SrE CO., "World Bia-g-, osr.-sr. 115 t i IC -I'f'"' I' 1L J '«il :0€!#Mg^ Railroads f4^..MKGgL^E ^ ^ % ^ % ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ % Comfort in Travel Is a phrase that among experienced travelers has come to be almost synonymous with "Michigan Cen- tral." — Rochester Dcmoa\it an i Chronicle. "The Favorite Summer Tourist Route of the Country." The Only Line running directly by and in full view of Niagara Falls. As for the premise of ''Comfort in Travel" , ' ■■ by this road, as well as the speed and safety "'^i realized, the many tlioiisantls who pass over it will surely testify that it is kept to the letter. — .'' \\\^ •■"! .'■ The SlanJard, Chicago. Chicago - New York - Boston VIA N lAGARA TALLS - B UFFALO. "The main line is as near perfection in the way of construction, appointments, service and able man- agement as can be conceived in modern railroading. No skill or expenditure has bten spared to make it the model railroail of the country " — Ojfficiiil Report of Inspection hy Railroad Connnissioner of Michigan. ROBERT MILLER, r.enoral Superintemknt, DKTROrr, O. W. RUOGLES, Cen'l Pass'r .ind Ticket Agent, CHICAGO. Il6 v^^'^ ^^y^ Railroads f4:PM..MUAZ:iNg LONDON, CHATHAM & DOVER RAILWAY I LONDON and PARIS in 8 hours THREE SERVICES DAILY. SWITZERLAND, Victoria, ■ I St. Paul's & Holborn Stations. VIA I, AON AND VIA I'AKIS. First'Class Through Carriages by both Routes. BRUSSELS IN 5 HOURS. ROYAL MAIL ROUTE and Shortest Sea Passage to FRANCE. J J Passengers by tliis Comiiiiny's Route Iuivl- the privilege of brcakiiiK' the joiirnev at KOCHKSTER nud CANTKKBfKY, aliording an excelleul upportiuiity ot'visiliii^ the many Imildiii^js of fiisloricnl interest in the iniinediate vicinity of those cities. BERLIN IN The QUEENBOROUOH and FLUSHING ROUTE Victoria, St. Paul's & Holborn Stations. TME QUICKEST TO AND FROM 22 HOURS. HOLLAND, ! NORTH GERMANY, -^ NORWAY and SWEDEN. HT^TVTBURC IN 20 HOURS. The Company's American Representative, Jlr. A. Thome {Joi iiicily at If. />'. C'.ajlin c'-' Co.'s, Ne~u York), will be Rlad to atford every facility to intendintj passengers. .Address in London," at the Chief Offices of the Company: CONTINENTAL MANAGER'S DEPART- MENT, Victoria .Station, London, where all arrangements can be made and every inlormation obtained •n:i.i:<',R M'Mic audkiiss; " cai.dovkk, i.onmio.v ' BlE FOUl QOOTE. Cleveland, Cincinnati, hicago and St. Louis Railway Western and Southern Points Through Sleeping Cars from New Yot'Jc to Cincinnati, Indian- apolis and St, Louis VIA New York Central to Buffalo^ L. S. «C' 31. S. Jif/. to Cleveland, Big Four Route to Destination. Elegant Connections With all Trunk ],iiies in New York Stati-. Ask for Tickets via BIG FOUR ROUTE. E. 0. Mccormick, d. b. martin, Passenger TrafSc Uasagsr. Q:n'l Pass, ft Tkt. Agt. BIG FOUR ROUTE, CINCINNATI, 0. 3k Days FROM CHICAGO. Variable Route Tourist Tickets, allowin.o' •special pii vilej4cs without extra iiist, can lie 'il)taiiu'(l with i lull inlonnation are run through to upon aptilica- ^ r- tiou to any ^an Francisco lirkct at,a'nt r to the (IciKi I'.isseni^cr A.ut., leaving Chicago Chicaf^o. ^daily via the North-Western Line. CHICAGO & NORTH-WESTERN RY. Ail meals served in Dining Cars. Palace Drawing- Room Sleeping Cars and Tourist Sleepers without change, w ■i .■ =!,,» Mi it !■' Hi; ilfr 111; ' ! i 'I, :.4--a i Mi' ' I ^ISHfe. Railroads ^-^^W^c^mli VIEWS OF. .-'^.^^,^t•I5ll?p'?;.:^?':ap^■ *5»;v 7 ««"!>"nii^!!r , • f||Ml«; ,.. ;•-*;. I ■^:y^^>^±£r"^-'v^ NIAGARA FALLS ►♦"^ AT THIi Western Terminal of the West Shore R. R. ii8 Mm /^s5 ER'sA j\5lQy v; ^ Rai I roads .- ■,;-^7r^:^ .. ^.x?^ ■*,1 , ,■ i'^|!^:;:■/v.. magazine;! SPEND YOUR SUMMER VACATION Among the Lakes of Northern New York, In the Mountains of Pennsylvania, Or at the Seashore. THE MOST DIRECT LINE IS ;.-"^^^ /-H^- . The pici^ures€|iie |K i-—l/n: ANTHRACITE COAL USED EXCLUSIVELY, ENSURING CLEANLINESS AND COMFORT. NO OUST, NO SMOKE. NO CINDERS. he Send for printed matter and full particulars, to CHAS. S. LEE, General Passenger Agent, PHILADELPHIA. PA. 119 hii m w -■* « ! li . . m 11-1} s t. - ! I ; fi 1 ii'. The Cataract House ^fei ^gN| i^^^J^'t^^L^^iS^l ^ , ■ (uv >,.m^» w^'*'^ T^^l.^ OPEN UNTIL NOVEMBER. J. E. DEVEREUX, Manager. At the abovt' lioltl, wliicli is the h's/ lialrl at I^'iagara. will he foiiiul a maj) room, coiitniniiif; all the mans ever issued of this locality, and also designs showins the utilization of the imiueiisc water power uiKlertakeu by the "Cataract Construction Co " A new and iiuiqiie leature which has been placed in the hotel is a perfect model of the tuiiueraiifl works ol this company, showinpr at a Rlance their method of developiui; tliis enormous power. Tins model, which has just been finished at a large expen.se. is tw^' .e feet long ana four feet wide, and exhibits not only the American Falls and the tunnel in operation, bin also a working model of the power house, peiist-]l ' 'fa J J - M iscel laneous rtM^-ir^^^ KING OF BICYCLES. LIGHT, STRONG, SPEEDY, HAND50ME. FOUR MODELS, $85 and $100. Elegant 40-Page Catalogue for Postage MONARCH CYCLE MFG. CO., LAKE AND HALSTED STREETS, CHICAGO, ILL. Eastern Distributing and Sales Agents: THE C. F. GUYON CO., Ltd., 79 Reade Street and 97 Chambers Street, NEW YORK. BRANCHES: SAN FRANCISCO, PORTLAND, SALT LAKE CITY, DENVER MEMPHIS, DETROIT, TORONTO 122 Professional Cards. C. M. CONRADSON, M.lv., Coiisiiltin^r EiiKiiiPPr, Mrinu- factiiriiifj Miicliiiu- Slioji Iviuipineiit, S])crial niul Standard I, allies, Millin;^ Machines, HoriiiK Machines, etc. Electrically Driven Machine Tools. Mmiison, \Vm. FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, Consulting, Desi>,'ninj^ and Construct- ing Mechanical Kuf^ineer. Specialties : Inventions, Patents, Manufactures. Researches and Experiments Con- ducted. Expert ill Patent Cases. IlARTroKi), Conn. WILLIAM O. WEBBER, A.S.M.IC, Conwultins Engineer, .Shop ISIethods and Production, Steam V.\- l)ert, Power Tests, Hydraulic Engi- neering and Patent Causes. 88 Mason nrii.niNC, RosToN, Mass. STEPHEN E. BABCOCK, Consulting Engineer. Water-Works and Sewerage. Little Palis, N. y. EDWARD P.THOMPSON, M.E. PROF. WM. A. ANTHONY, United .States and Foreign Patents. Engineering Specifications. Consult- ing P^ngineers. 3 AND 5 Rkkkmax Strkkt, Ni;\v York. HORACE SEE, Engineer and Naval Architect. Plans and Specifications Prepared of Hulls and Machinery. Also Work Superin- tended. Expert in Engineering. Admiralty Patent Cases. No. I Broadway, New York. HENRY C. TOWNSEND, Attorney and Counsellor at Law. Patents, Designs, Trade-INLirks. 5 Beekman Street, Temple Court, New York. THE ROBERT W. HUNT CO., Bureau of Inspection, Tests and Con- sultation. General OITice: "The Rookery," Chicago. Branch OflTices: Hamilton Huilding, Pittsburgh. Union Trust Co. Bi.g., N. Y. City. 328 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. JULIAN KENNEDY, Consulting and Contracting Engineer, Blast I'urnaces, Bessemer and Ojien Hearth Steel Works, Rolling Mills, Steam and Hydraulic iSLichinerv, etc. Vandegrift IUmlding, Pittsiiurgii, Pa. D. ASHWORTH, Mechanical and Consulting Engineei anil Steam ICxpert. 108 I'ouRTH Avenue, PiTTsnuRGH, Pa. WYNKOOP KIERSTED, Civil Engineer, I\L Am. Soc. C. E. Advice with respect to Water-Works, Water Supplies, Sewerage and Sewage Disposal. jS Water- Works Building, Kansas City, Mo. JOHN W. HILL, Consulting and Constructing En- gineer, M. Am. Soc. C. E. Water- Works, Sewerage, etc. 35 and 36 Glenn Building, Cincinnati, O. CHARLES E. EMERY, Consulting Engineer. Bennett Building, Fulton and Nassau Sts., New York. OLIN H. LANDRETH, Consulting lingineer, I\L Am. Soc. C. ¥.., M. Am. vSoc. 1\L P)., Engineering Department, Union College, Expert Tests, Re])orts, Designs, Specifications and Estimates. Schenectady, N. Y. JOSEPH SACHS, Electrical Engineer. Devising and Perfecting New and Special Electrical Apparatus and A]iiilications. Con- sulting and Construction. ;^2 Nassau StrI'.et, New York. WILLIAM KENT, M. E., Consulting Pjigineer. .Steam P^ngineering, Iron and Steel INIetal- lurgy, etc. PA.S.SAIC, N. J. 12" i Pl\ w M , I is?" [I'll ill i ;,' llj:'^' Mi^ I - ci iiMi mi ii n,> « c Professional Cards. Si^^^fe^^ CHA8. J. COOCH, raltiil Atioriioy. r.ilciUs |)r()(ur(.'(l with n(K)(l cl:iiiiis ill all coiiiitrii-s. Ciiaiil insurid. 'I'otal losl ri'fim(le years' experii'iicc. l"ailliful service. WasiiincTon, I). C. Cable Aildress, "C.odili, WasliiiiHtoii." (1'. (), llox ,(6. ) CEO. HILL, Consulting Kngiiieer, nuil(lin^;s, •14 Uroadwav, N'i:\v ^■()l])lications, plans, specifications and supervision. II(jmK I5ANK lii.nc.., DivTROlT, MlCII. PERFORATED METALS FOR USE IN Mining, Milling and Agricultural Machinery. PERFORATED BRASS FOR SUGAR MACHINERY. FILTEK PRESS PLATES. A Full Assortment of Sizes. Correspondence Solicited. The Robert Aitchison Perforated Metal Co., 2Gg DEARBOR^J STREET, CHICAGO, ILL. 124 Niles Tools Works - ^ — ^ fe'v MAGAZINE; «<>.SEE ONE OF CUR MACHINES ILLUSTRATED ON PAGE 279. ••» DliSIONERS AND BUIIDKRS. I Labor 3^ving iVI^achlnery | HIUH UKADE ONLY. COMPLETE EQUIPMENTS FURNISHED. ■t>^ The machine shown in the cnt is one of our HORIZONTAL, liORINQ, DRILLING and MILLING MACHINES in actual o]uration on heavy housings. Works : HAHILTON, OHIO. Boston. New York. BRANCHES : Chicago. Philadelphia. Pittsburg. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 125 n f 1 ' ' ; Wt ' ' 1 ' 1 r;CASStER*S-.'/) Machine Tools. y> /^ ^ j^vKlAG'^'ziNE; ESTKBLISHeO IN 1BT5 BRIOaEPORX, CONN- SUCCESSORS TO The Springfield Emery Wheel Co. The Springfield Emery Wheel Mfg. Co. AND The Springfield Glue and Emery Wheel Go. MANUFACTURERS OF THE Largest Line of Grinding Machinery in the United States. Three different Processes of Emery Wheels for Wet Tool Grinding, Saw Gumnner and General Grinding. 126 ,-SI; Machine Tools. Boring and Turning Mills. Lathes. Turret Machines. In Great Varietj . The Bullard Machine Tool Co., E. P. Bullard, Prest. Bridgeport, Conn. New York Office, 145 Broadway and 86 Libertj' Street. J97 kIIPI^ Machine Tools feSpltiNSil MORSE TWIST DRILL & MACHINE CO. MANUFACTURERS OF DRILLS, REAMERS, CUTTERS, CHUCKS, TAPS, DIES, DRILL GRINDING MACHINES AND SPECIAL TOOLS. Sozxcl foir OO'ta.losxi.o. STANDARD TOOL CO., ox3:xo. Manufacture TWIST DRILLS, REAMERS, TAPS and DRILL CHUCKS. Spring Cotters. Flat Spring Keys. SWEET'S Measuring Machine. Tlic only luicronieter that wiU'iiut lose its acciir;iov by werir. Satlsfactioa Quarauteed. SYRACUSE TWIST DRILL CO.' Syracuse, N. Y. li Our Drills are Hot Forged. The best part of the steel IS NOT GUT OUT and thrown away. They are ToUgher, Stronger, Better tluin is imssible to attain by luilHiig. CalaloijMes sent ou application NEW PROCESS TWIST DRILL COMPANY. Taunton, Mass. Our Catalogue entitled J^^pj J L^t^o WorR "^ BY NEW METHOD (HARTNESS SYSTEM) mUSTRATES AXl> DESCItlHES TUB FLAT TURRET LATHE. JONES & LAMMACHINE CO, a X 84 FLAT TUnnCT LATHI. SPRINGFIELD, VERMONT, U. S. A. 1 28 1># away. HE. CO. Machine Tools. feMAG'AZINE;! Tim Poiiii niaGimc Tool go., Formerly of Worcester, Mass., MANUFACTURERS OK .IRON-WORKING MACHINE TOOLS, DRIVING WHEEL LATHES, BORING MILLS, RADIAL DRILLS, PLANERS, LATHES, Heavy uiid I'i>werful, from N<;W Patterns of the LiatKHt and IteHf Df-HiKnx. SALESliOOM AMI OFFICE, 113 Liberty St., New York City. New Shops, PLAINFIELD. N. J- HENRY S. MANNING. EUGENE L. MAXWELL. CHAS. A. MOORE. MANNING, MAXWELL & MOORE, Itallway aDl piacWsts' Tools M Supplies III and 113 LIBERTY NEW YORK. Foot Power Lathes For Electrical and Experimental Work. For Gunsmiths and Tool Makers. For (jeneral Machine Shop Work. High grade Tools ; correct in principle, elegant in design, superior in construe^ tion. THE BEST FOOT = POWER LATHES MADE. Send for catalogue and prices. W. F. & JOHN BARNES CO., 229 Ruby St., ROCKFORD, ILl ' LATEST; BEST; CHEAPEST! COLD IVIETAL SAWING MACHINES .,^^ For All Classes of Work. EVERY MACHINE WARRANTED. SEND FOR LATEST CATALOOtlE. CHICAGO, ILL., 703-7 Western Union BIdg. NEW YORK, 29 Broadway. 129 ' i ' ■~— ■ ■ — " ■ .--I' ' ■ -' i ■ fc«i pha ■ ■■■! ^ I ^— ■■■ I ■ ■ i I i» THE LONB & ALLSTATTER CO Manufacturers of and MULTIPLE* PUNCH. Power Punching Shearing Machinery €>¥=■ EiZERY DESCRIRTIOIS HAMILTON, OHIO, U. S. A. JJYDRAUUC JACKS. ALL SIZES. ALL STYLES. ALL GUARANTEED. XjA.xrse "\7"a-rloty lix Stools. HYDRAULIC PUNCHES, SHEARS, BENDERS, RIVETTERS, Etc., Etc. ir HYDRAULIC PUMPS, ACCUMULATORS, VALVES, GAUGES and FITTINGS. Send for Catalogue XI. WATSON & STILLMAN, 204-210 E. 43d STREET, NEW YORK. HYDRAULIC PRESSES. 130 .^■\Ji^- ^'^^'I^.II^^Miscellaneous ^-\\ W^ and IPTION JESSOF'S STEEL MANLIACTUUKIl l;V WM. JESSOP &. SONS, L'0.,SHEFFIELC,'£KaLAKI3. of BEST QUALITY, in BABS, SHEETS and PLATES, l.^iif- n->.'rliii,iil ..f;i/j'. in >llniiit. Four jvais' coutxrs in Civil, Mechanical, Klectricil Engineering anil Chemistry. New and e.xtensi' e laboratories and workshops, thoroughly equipped. Expenses low. For cat.iIogue and information addres.s T. C Mendenhai.i,, Presideut. Hoistinj^, Mining, Bridge Erecting, Dock Building, Pile Driving, Coal Hoisting and Quarry Engines of any power. Sugar Cane Transferring Engines, ^lachines fur Uepositing Cane from Carrier, with my imj)roved Patent Priction Drums, with or without Boilers. Any amount of reference given. Estal)- lislied 1870. Send for Catalogue. J. 5. MUNDY, Newark, N. J. 1744 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. 22 Light St.. Baltimore, Md. 117 Water St., Pittsburg, Pa. 249 South JefTerson St , Chicago, 111. 715 North Second St., St. I,ouis, Mo. 39 Magazine St., New Orleans, I,a. j4 Fremont St., San Francisco, Cal. 85 I'ront St., Portland. Ore. Fourth and Wakouta Sts., St. Paul, Minn. 21.'* Congress St.. Boston. Mass. -^^ INDICATORS The ROBERTSON THOMPSON GUARANTEED EQUAL TO THEBES I. —Send for Catalog — Steam Sicp.vkatoks, Oil E.XTKACTORS Etc. W 'ssd W^ik ^ HiNE & Robertson Co. Co.npieto. ^Slr^ iii'VonuwdtSt.,N.Y Slil ^- '^'^^"^"^""S' ^i^ISi^ THE LARGEST AND MOST COMPLETE 1 FILE WORKS IN THE WORLD. ■»»»»» p\» t\ts \. ^. S. ^' 3,000 VARIETIES FILES INCREMENT CUT FILES MaV-eri of Klcholson Iccreme&t Cut FUcg American Brani Files and S. P. Swiss Pattern Files. »▼▼-•▼»▼▼»»* J CRESCENT STEEL CO., CHICAGO, ILL. PITTSBURG, PA. new YORK, n.y. MANUFACTURERS OF CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL of the finest quality. FOR TOOLS AND DIES OF ALL KINDS ROCK DRILL STEEL. SHEET STEEL FOR SAWS, KNIVES, Etc. POLISHED DRILL RODS AND NEEDLE WIRE, SPRING AND MACHINERY STEEL, Etc. COILED SPRINGS, STEEL FORCINGS, Etc. isfo'T^.^Mj^uJA^u^rs PHOSPHOR-BRONZE RtCjVADEMARKS I N G TS, C AS Tl N G S , WiR E, S H E E T &C. TheRhosphor Bronze SmeltincCo. Limited 2 200WashingtonAve.,Philadei.phia.,Pa. ORIGINAL manufacturers OF Phosphor- -■■-"- . Sole i II THE HARRIS=CORLISS ENGINE. The BEST Four-Value Automatic Engine in the Marliet. ^'noc Afl tn Qlflfl HnRCC PhU/PD Non-Condensing, Condensing or Compound Condensing. OltCO; '»U '" ^OUU nunOC rUWCn BUILT ONLY BY WM. A. HARRIS STEAM ENGINE CO., providence, r. i. Of the general get up of Cassikr's ^L\GAZINE we cannot speak too highly. — Mechanical Progress. 134 TI5IE=XjE22: E>-U-2v£X='S J FOR ELECTRIC AND OTHER POWER. FOUR TYF>ES and EIGHT SIZES of TRIPLEX PUMPS made with both SINGLE and DOUBLE-ACTING CYLINDERS. UNEQJJALED In DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION. This 4>IIV|-HVillt? r« pr<-. iil>-iir Iripl'A 1-1- .■- trir I'll in (I, l'ii;..'i;'Kmln|tti 'I lur L'lii |tou[i"Ui)ri.i--iin-) — lin'rllv ci'un-.l tn plciMrlc nioi ir. Tin- I'mnii Id funibhri'lwith I.h.i.; f.ir^iriy lypr of Motor. Th.-Viihr r(i(iiiitnr-i im-l M.i'nr It i--- mh- iiii'T'-li;nii;iiil>K'. Adapted for Water Works, Hydraulic Elevators. Boiler Feeding, Apartment Houses, Mine Pumping, Irrigation, Paper Mills, Refineries, Breweries, Etc. . MANUFACTURED BY . THE DEMINQ COMPANY, SALEM, OHIO, U. S. A. NEW YORK I Wallace Building. 5Al.l£5 OPriCE : I s6 & 58 Pine Street. GENERAL f HEMON & HUBBEI.L, WESTERN AGENTS : 1 6i.6q N. Jefferson St., ChicaKO. WESTON EMQINES. High Pressure Boilers. Complete Power Plants. Estimates and Drawings Submitted. WESTON ENGINE CO , PAINTED POST, N. Y. RIPRESENTATIVES: .lUI.IAN SCHOM. & CO., i.o Liberty St. N. Y. Cil v. HOl-HMAN.RUSSELL CO., - S2 I.akc St., CliiraK<>, 111. SCKANTON SUPPLY & MACH'Y CO., - Siiaiiton, I'a. THOS. K. CAREY & BROS. CO., 26 I.inlil St., li.illiiuiirc, M, (0 a (M t« s o a 3 " "C o i-I a If, a "^ . 4^ a .■.^ ii^^'s^^"^"^»"^^-!^cMi^ Sustained in the United States Circuit Courts, THE VACUUM SYSTEH OF STEAM HEATINO OWNED BY VS. Send for iitw paiiiplilet just issued. I';stat)lislied l)y years of uiuiualified success, mid >;eneral reco).,'iiiUuu for excellence. Hundreds of references. FIRST-CLASS AGENTS WANTED. WE NEVER SOLD ONE 0/ our Vaemnn Feed Water llpnten* and J*>irip,*^rs until 7vr had firs/ satisfifd our customer that it was capable of saving money for him. Our Catalogue ^ ii'ill make this saving dear to you. Shall ree mail it f We also build the Webster Separator and Williames Vacuum System of Steam //eating. Warren Webster & Co. OPPrCES : NEW YORK : 39 Cortlandt St. CHICAOO; 1503 Monadnock BiilldinK Exhaust Steam Specialists, CAMDEN, N. J. P.P.P. ROD PACKING The BEST for ALL PURPOSES. THE MOST ELASTIC. LESS FRICTION ON ROD. Sliding Wedge Shaped pieces, to compensate for wear. PAT.AUCS. 7IB94 An Absorbant Oil Cushion. No Waste. WARRANTFn ^° ^'^ cheaper and more satisfactory than any other fibrous flMnriMlllLU packing or no pay. Manupacturhd only by C. a. DANIEL, 323 riarl^et Street, PHILA., PA TELEPHONES FOR EXCHANQES, PRIVATE LINES AND FACTORIES. SILVER CHIME MAGNETO BELLS. RECEIVER CORDS AND ALL PARTS OF TELEPHONES. MIANUS ELECTRIC CO. MIANUS, CONN. 137 .J^... IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 |5o "^" m^ ^ 1^ |2.2 2.0 lii V] /] ^ ^>' ^;. 4 <% y Hiotographic Sdeaices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I 1. _ I. illr. III ! !!> ■It ' , 18^^ , ^i^^*"'^^' ^pp^'^'^^- ^^^'i THE INTERIOR CONDUIT SYSTEM THE STANDARD METHOD OF ELECTRIC WIRING. Conductors absolutely protected, insulated and rendurcd always accessible for inspection, renewal, repairs or additions. INSURES ABSOLUTE IMMUNITY FROM FIRE AND ACCESSIBILTYTO CONCEALED CONDUCTORS. BRASS AND IRON ARHORED INSULATING CONDUIT. The Underwriters' " Rules and Requirements" permit Uie use of two Standard wires, either separate or twin conductor, in the Iron Armored Conduit of the Interior Conduit and Insulation Company. WATER PROOF NAIL PROOF SLOW SPEED. FIRE PROOF HIGH EFFICIENCY. \ Lundell Motors and Generators. INTERIOR CONDUIT AND INSULATING COMPANY, General Offices and Works, 527 WEST THIRTY-FOURTH STREET, NEW YORK. EDWARD H. JOHNSON, President. E. W. LITTLE, Vice-President and General Manager. 138 CHAS. P. GEDDES, Secretary and Treasurer. tCbe (SlSiC Company ^■""^o ^'^'^o ^''^o ^'"^o ^^ o ^^ o ^ o ^"^o ^''^o ^"'^o ^""^o ^"^o ^*'^o ^"^o '"'^ o Specialties Scrvis ^ic iplatcs * (Tattle 6uar^0 * * flDctal Sawino * * fIDacbincs * * (lar Doors * * ♦ Car Dcntilators * Brahc a^|u0tcr0 ♦ tgtgi:fltgtSiStgtS-iSt3t8tgtStS .IBroaCtwaxj /Rontrral Office: i^? Imperial .lUullMnrt 2$ i Send for our Cntalo^iuce l3v»oss»^ ljV>yN) Ik>o>. : . "^ . \ '•••t' ►'• TT— r ii i» , : iii I j- m .i-iMiirr"TwrnwT HH !■' I •n k I! 1 I ! h', f I, f'f I ■• i •r I' } cwmoii 1