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 Indian Names 
 
 i 
 
 of Places Near the 
 
 Great Lakes 
 
 BY 
 
 DWIGHT H. KELTON, A.M., 
 
 CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY, 
 
 Author of Annala of Fort Mackinac; History of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 
 
 Corresponding Jleinber of the Wisconsin State Historical Society, 
 
 Corresponding Member of the Chicago Historical Society, 
 
 Member of the American Historical Aasociation, 
 
 Member of The American Folk-Lore Society. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 f 
 
 DETROIT, MICHIGAN. 
 
 188 8. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by 
 
 DWIGHT H. KELTON, 
 in the office of the Librarian of Congress,* at Washington. 
 
 Printed by 
 Detroit Free Press Printing Co. 
 
> 
 
 THIS BOOK 
 
 IS DEDICATED 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF MY FRIEND, 
 
 HONORABLE 
 
 LUKE POTTER POLAND 
 
 OF VERMONT. 
 
 BORN, NOVEMBER i, 1815'. 
 
 DIED, JULY 2, 1887. 
 
 " The last of all ///,; Romans, fare thee well:' 
 
fsam 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAtJH 
 
 Algonkin, \ ^ jj 
 
 Ashland Bay, i^ 
 
 Aurora Borealis, . .... 20 
 
 Chee-chee-ping-way, 20 
 
 Chesapeake, . . . . _ 21 
 
 Chicagvo, . . 22 
 
 Connecticut, 23 
 
 Detroit, . . . 23 
 
 Eskimo, 24 
 
 GardenRiver, . . . . . ^ 25 
 
 Gogokazhogan, 26 
 
 Housatonic, 26 
 
 Huronlslands, . , , . , 2(5 
 
 Illinois, 27 
 
 K a u k a u n a , 30 
 
 LakeWinnebago, 30 
 
 LeechLake, 32 
 
 LesChenaux, 33 
 
 Manitoulinlsland, 33 
 
 ManitouPayment, 34 
 
 MauchChunk, 37 
 
6 coiNTEN rs. 
 
 1 
 
 
 I'AGK 
 
 Metomen, 
 
 37 
 
 Missouri River, 
 
 . 37 
 
 Mindemoya Lake, .... 
 
 4.1 
 
 Monkey, 
 
 . . 42 
 
 Monongahela, 
 
 42 
 
 Mudjekeewis, 
 
 . 43 
 
 Nahma, 
 
 43 
 
 Ottawa, 
 
 . 44 
 
 Penetanguishene, 
 
 46 
 
 Pontiac, . . . . 
 
 . 46 
 
 Pyramid Rock, 
 
 47 
 
 Quebec, ....... 
 
 . 47 
 
 Quinnesec, 
 
 47 
 
 Sachem, 
 
 . 48 
 
 Saskatchiwan, ..... 
 
 48 
 
 Saut Ste. Marie, 
 
 . . 48 
 
 Shiawassee, ...... 
 
 . 60 
 
 Sun-Dial, ....... 
 
 60 
 
 Tadoussac, 
 
 . 61 
 
 Thermometer, ..... 
 
 61 
 
 Totem, 
 
 . 52 
 
 Wabash, 
 
 53 
 
 Washington Island, . . 
 
 . 53 
 
 Wicomico, 
 
 54 
 
 Yenadizze, 
 
 . 56 
 
 York Island, 
 
 55 
 
 ' 
 
' 
 
.^-ta-' 
 
 .-^ 
 
 / 
 
 fa^.M^A 
 
 '^f^. 
 
\ 
 
 / 
 
 GREETING. 
 
 A glance at a map of the country adjacent 
 to our Great Lakes, will show that a laree num- 
 ber of Indian Names of places, rivers, et cetera, 
 have been retained in their oritrinal or in a 
 mutilated form ; and it is with some of these, of 
 Algonkin origin, with which we deal, in order to 
 rescue from oblivion some interesting historical facts 
 and legendary tales, as well as to give a clearer 
 insight into the beautiful and well-equipped lan- 
 guage of the fast disappearing race of red men 
 who once occupied that country. 
 
 Most of these words have never appeared on 
 the printed page, at least not in their present 
 form; and those which the reader may have en- 
 countered in similar publications, will here be 
 found interpreted either differently, or more fully. 
 
 Absolute freedom from errors and inaccuracies, 
 
 \. 
 
 , 
 
8 
 
 GREETING. 
 
 is not claimed ; and scholars acquainted with the 
 difficulty of the task will be the most lenient 
 critics. 
 
 As to the extent of explanation, a middle 
 course has been followed. Some readers, would 
 be content with a simple interpretation ; others, 
 might ask for even more stringent proofs, or de- 
 sire a still fuller account of the processes by 
 which the results were obtained. Explanations 
 which, to some, may appear mere verbiage, will, to 
 severe critics, seem to be still waiting in com- 
 pleteness. Let the former pass over what is, to 
 them, devoid of interest. 
 
 The terminology of Indian grammar, being as 
 yet in an unsettled state, some liberty has been 
 taken in this matter. Thus, by "formative," will 
 be understood any single sound, syllable, or aggre- 
 gate of syllables, that never appears as an inde- 
 pendent word, but still conveys some idea or 
 co7icept — often quite vague indeed — and obtains 
 a definite meaning, .or serves to determine the 
 vague concept, when combined with other forma- 
 tives or words, or when completed by mere formal 
 
GREETING. g 
 
 endings, or prefixes. The formative may be sub- 
 stantival, verbal, adjectival, or adverbial; also, a 
 single root, a mutilated, enlarged, or metamor- 
 phosed root ; or even the fragment of a compound ; 
 and employed in the way of a prefix, infix, or 
 suffix. But, in all cases, it is to be distin<ruished 
 from mere formal sounds or syllables, employed 
 to show the relation of ideas, whether they be 
 used in the form of prefix, infix, suftix, or of 
 reduplication, augment, et cetera. This distinction 
 may sometimes be difficult, or appear arbitrary; 
 but, as a working rule, for the present purpose, 
 it is convenient. 
 
 A word about the use of the short dashes, in this 
 volume. They serve to show whether a formative, 
 or any other component of a word, is employed 
 as a prefix, infix, or suffix. Thus, in Mamo- 
 7mwangwatan, ma- (a formal syllable, a reduplica- 
 tion), is a prefix; so is mon- (a formative, a 
 verbal, a metamorphosed root) ; -aivang (a forma- 
 tive, a substantival, an enlarged root), is a suffix; 
 -w- (a formal sound, a truncated verbal endin<r) 
 is an infix; -atan (a formative, a verbal, an en- 
 
lO 
 
 GREETING. 
 
 larged root), is a suffix. The fact that mon-, and 
 -awang, in the example here analyzed, appear in 
 the form of infixes, is left out of consideration, 
 their proper character being that of prefix and 
 suffix, respectively. • (See Monongakela) 
 
 For the purpose of more definite explanation, 
 let us take the word Kakiweonanin^^ " at the 
 place where they cross a point by water." Kak- 
 C straight," "right across," "diagonally"), is a 
 formative (an adverbial, a simple root), that re- 
 quires a terminal addition ; hence the dash is 
 placed at the end. In the present case, that 
 addition is -iwe, a verbal ending implying action 
 or motion in a general way. It gives the compound 
 i^kakiwe) the conventional meaning, " he crosses a 
 point," " he travels straight across ;" and, if no 
 more be added, the journey will be understood to 
 be made by land. Now, to derive from this verb 
 a noun designating a place, and the manner of 
 crossing, the formative -onan, "a boat channel," is 
 added; thus, kakiweonan^ "a place where one 
 travels straight across in a canoe, or, by water." 
 The formal ending, -ing, places the word in the 
 
GREETING. 
 
 II 
 
 locative case; thus, ''at the place where one travels 
 straight across in a canoe, or, by water." (See 
 
 Kewccnazv.) 
 
 The accentuation of the Ojibwa names in this 
 volume is a venture. Readers practically ac- 
 quainted with the language will easily perceive 
 that in many cases the acute accent (') has been 
 placed on syllables pronounced with no other 
 stress of voice than others not thus distinguished. 
 But they will also fmd that all these syllables 
 contain long vowels. To insure a perfect pronun- 
 ciation, not only every long vowel should be 
 marked as such, but also those pronounced very 
 rapidly should be distinguished by a sign of 
 quantity. Such a degree of accuracy being hardly 
 required in a work not intended to teach the 
 language, accents have been somewhat liberally 
 employed to make up for the deficiency in this 
 respect. Moreover, the accentuation of Ojibwa 
 words is frequently optional (as in the French 
 language), and cannot be determined with the 
 same precision as in English. 
 
 Other words produced by means of the forma- 
 
12 
 
 GREETING. 
 
 tives contained in this term, are e.g., kakakama- 
 gad, " it is square ;" ( kak-kak-, " straight-straight," 
 "straight on all sides;" -amagad, "it is thus;") 
 gkvideoonan, ''a turning point leading into a 
 channel;" {giwidc-, "around," "turning;" -o, con- 
 tracted from -iva, the last syllable in ghvideiva, 
 "he turns, sailing or rowing;" -onan, "a boat chan- 
 nel," from oil-, "a canoe," and the s bstantive 
 endmg -an; inaonan, when used as an independent 
 word.) (See Detour^ 
 
 This example, while illustrating the manipula- 
 tion of formatives, also shows how necessary it is 
 for the successful analysis and full interpretation 
 of Indian words, to leave not a single component 
 untouched by the critical scalpel. The neglect of 
 this rule has led to innumerable failures. Hence, 
 in preparing this collection, that rule has been 
 strictly adhered to in all cases, where the meaning 
 was not sufficiently obvious and certain without 
 applying that severe test; and whenever deemed 
 desirable, the process has been embodied in the 
 explanation. To do this in all cases would have 
 swelled this volume to an undesirable size. 
 
GREETING. 
 
 , 
 
 13 
 
 These remarks may serve as an apology, to 
 the general reader, for the philological minutia 
 embodied in this collection of Indian names. Of 
 the approval, by linguists, of the course here 
 followed, there can be no doubt, whether the re- 
 sults obtained agree with their own views, or not. 
 
 Approximate pronunciation of vowels and con- 
 sonants in the Ojibwa and other Algic dialects, 
 used in the text : 
 
 a^ as in father^ though frequently short. 
 
 e, as in net, 
 
 . g, as in get, 
 
 z\ as in live. 
 
 o, as in bo7te. 
 
 d, 4 i, o, represent the nasn^l sounds of these 
 vowels. 
 
 ^> ^? g J J K ^. ^' A ^^ ^? as in English ; though 
 the distinction between the sonant and surd mutes 
 {b and p, d and /, g and k^ is not so pronounced. 
 In many instances these sounds are interchange- 
 
 t 
 
\ 
 
 H 
 
 GREETING. 
 
 able. The same holds good of / and c/z, zh and sh. 
 The sound of s sometimes approaches that of z. 
 The letters f, /, r, and v^ are not found in the 
 Ojibwa alphabet, and in the case of older Indians 
 these sounds are often utterly unpronounceable. 
 They generally substitute b or /, for / and v; and 
 n^ for / and r. 
 
 w is pronounced as in English, or nearly so, 
 except at the end of words, where aw is almost 
 equivalent to ao; iw to iu; ow to o-o. 
 
 c and hy occur only in the combination ch, 
 which is pronounced as in church. 
 
 For qu we write kw. 
 
 X (a compound sound) would have to be 
 written ks^ but this combination does not occur ; 
 whenever English ears hear it, it is in reality kas, 
 kisy or kos; e. g., Metaxigay, or Met-ax-e-kay, 
 properly Metdkosige; Pawtuxet, from Pawitikoset. 
 
 d is peculiar to the Menominee dialect. It has 
 a sound intermediate between that of a in man 
 and the same vowel in fare. The same, or 
 nearly the same, sound occurs in the Delaware 
 {Lenape) dialect, where the Moravian {German) 
 
 
r 
 
 GREETING. 
 
 ' 
 
 15 
 
 writers rendered it by the combination ae. Both 
 of these dialects have also the gutteral German 
 ch, pronounced as gh in the Celtic lough (or loch, 
 as spelled in Gaelic and Irish). 
 
 The combination ai has almost the (diphthong) 
 sound of the English i; in many words, however, 
 each letter is distinctly pronounced. The same 
 holds good of aa, ee, ti, 00, ae, ao, ou, and ei; 
 pronounced ah-ah, ay-ay, e-e, et cetera. 
 
 . 
 
 In addition to the usual abbreviations of the 
 names of states and territories, the following are 
 used : 
 
 ^° County. 
 
 L. H Lake Huron. 
 
 ^- ^ Lake Superior. 
 
 L. M. . . Lake Michigan. 
 
 S. of M Straits of Mackinac. 
 
 U. P. Mich. . . . Upper Peninsula of Michigan. 
 L. P. Mich. . . . Lower Peninsula of Michigan. 
 
'^ 
 
 i6 
 
 GRIiETING. 
 
 The particular locality to which the Indian name 
 properly belongs (although the same geographical 
 name may be found elsewhere) is in parenthesis 
 following the geographical name. 
 
 Unless otherwise noted, the Indian words are 
 in the Ojibwa (Chippewa) tongue, one of the 
 best preserved and most widely known among the 
 dialects of the great Algonkin family of languages. 
 
 y()7-?v:-7tiX^.„ 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
I 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 1 
 
 Algonkin. French A Igojiguin; originally ^Z- 
 goumekin {Ango?nel:t), a tribal name of obscure 
 signification. It was first applied to the Indians 
 of the Upper St. Lawrence and some of its 
 northern tributaries; afterwards, to all the western 
 tribes of a similar speech, such as the Ottawa, 
 Ojibzva, PottawatomieSy Sacs and Foxes, the '■'Upper 
 Algonkins'' of the early French writers, and 
 finally to all tribes of kindred speech, including 
 the Micmacs, Abcnakis, Delawares, and others in 
 the east; the Illinois, Shawnees, and others in the 
 south ; the Crees and the Satsikaa, or " Blackfeet," 
 in the north and northwest. 
 
 To distinguish the whole family from the 
 Algonkins proper, or "Old Algonkins," all these 
 Indians may be conveniently comprised under the 
 name of the Algic tribes, or Indians of the Algic 
 tongue. The term is of spurious coinage, but has 
 
i8 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 obtained sufficient currency to be considered legiti- 
 mate. 
 
 A small remnant of the "Old Algonkins" now 
 have their home on the Lake of Two Mount- 
 ains, near Montreal. The early French mission- 
 aries studied their dialect, in preference to the 
 Montagnais (in use on the Lower St. Lawrence), 
 as more distinctly spoken, and more closely resem- 
 bling the dialects of the *' Upper Algonkins," 
 among whom many of them went to labor. 
 Among the Algic dialects, the Ojibwa is the 
 most widely understood, and extensively studied. 
 The nearest approach to the parent dialect, or 
 oriorinal form of the lanQruao['e, is found in the 
 Cree, Old Algonkm, Ojibwa, and Ottawa dialects. 
 
 Note, — Angomelchik, a name found in the Del- 
 aware '"'Wahim Ohim!' but hardly yet explained, 
 may have some connection with Algoutnekin. 
 
 Ashland Bay. (Ashland Co., Wis.) Zhagd- 
 wamlk, in the locative Zhdgawdmikong, "long- 
 stretched beaver." Zhagaw-, "oblong;" amik^ ''a 
 beaver." 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 19 
 
 Probably the original form of the name was 
 zhagawamika, locative zhagawamikag, "a long 
 shoal," or ''far-strctchino- breakers." Zliaraw-, 
 "oblong;" minamt/ca, -amika^ "a shoal," "there 
 are breakers." 
 
 The change of form and signification would 
 seem to be due to a legend which runs thus : 
 Menabosho, pursuing the Great Beaver from the 
 St. Mary's River (where he broke his dams, and 
 thus formed the upper and lower rapids), through 
 his pond (Lake Superior), drove him into Ash- 
 land Bay. To secure his capture, Menabosho built 
 a long dam from the south-shore to Madeline 
 Island. While engaged in this work he threw 
 handfulls of earth behind him into the outer lake, 
 where they remain as the smaller Apostle Islands. 
 
 The dam being finished, Menabosho sure of 
 having cornered his game, entered through the 
 North Channel, between Madeline Island and Bay- 
 field Peninsula, but, behold ! the Great Beaver, 
 digging out the South Channel (between Made- 
 line Island and Shagawarnikon Point), broke 
 through Menabosho's dam, and escaped. 
 
20 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 The width of the South Channel is now two 
 and a half miles ; but the older inhabitants say 
 that formerly a point of land, extending from the 
 western extremity of the island towards S/inj^a- 
 tvamikon, made it much narrower; and at one 
 time, according to tradition, the distance was so 
 short that an arrow could be shot across. The 
 neck of the long point has been washed through, 
 within the last thirty years. 
 
 Aurora Borealis. Chibdyag nimiidhvag, Cree 
 chipayak nitnituivak, " the dead are dancing." 
 Chibai, " a dead person," " a corpse," " a ghost ;" 
 nimi, "he is dancing;" nimiidhuag, "they are 
 dancing with each other." 
 
 Chee-chee-ping-way. The Indian name of 
 Alexander Robinson, (" Indian Robinson," also 
 "Chief Robinson,") who was partly of Indian 
 descent, and one of the best known characters in 
 the early history of Chicago. Chichibiiigive, 
 " Blinking Eyes ;" thus nicknamed by the Indians 
 on account of a physical peculiarity. Chibingweni^ 
 
INDIAN NAMKS. 
 
 21 
 
 or chichibins^weni, "his eyes are twinklin.L; ;" from 
 ckib-, "movino- rapidly hilher and thiihcr, or up 
 and down f -ingive, "eye ;" -eni, an ending- of verbs 
 referrin«r to bodily states. 
 
 C/nbai, "ghost;" and chibam, (Ottawa) ''soul/' 
 arc from the root chib ; chic hair (Ojibwa), "soul," 
 is from chug, which has a similar mcanino". The 
 conception is that of a (lutterin,L,^ shadow. Some- 
 times they use Chic hag for " shadow." 
 
 Chesapeake. (Hay.) Delaware Kichizhiivi- 
 pck, or Kichishvipek, "at the <gx^A\. salt water." 
 0]\h\wA Kichizhhoibing, {K'lchi-, "orreat;" nhizci-, 
 "sour," ''salty;" -bi, "water;") thou^i^di ordinarily, 
 they now say zhiivitaganikichi garni ; zhiwitagati, 
 "salt;" kichigaini, "great body of water." 
 
 Zhiivilagan literally means "something used 
 for making things sour." This shows the modern 
 origin of the term ; for salt, as a spice, was a 
 commodity unknown to the Indians before their 
 acquaintance with the whites. 
 
) 
 
 22 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 Chicago. (111.) Zhikdgong, the locative case 
 of zhikdgo, *^a skunk," also used as a personal 
 name. 
 
 Early French writers mention a chief named 
 Chicagou, who lived near the site of the present 
 city. According to tradition, Chicagou was 
 drowned in the river. 
 
 Whatever may have been the occasion for 
 applying that name to the locality, there can be 
 no question about the etymology of the word. 
 Algic proper names are very commonly derived 
 from the name of animals by the addition of o. 
 Thus Zkikcigo, is zhikag used as a man's name ; 
 and zhikag, or skigag, is the Mephitis Americana, 
 or "skunk." The English term "skunk," itself is 
 a corruption of the Abenaki form of the word, 
 which is, si kail (TO. 
 
 Some have souo^ht to lend difnitv to the term, 
 by tracing in its first syllable, the second syllable 
 of kichi, "great." This is plainly inconsistent 
 with the Indian pronunciation of the name. 
 
 Thf' orii^in of the word, however undiLrnificd. 
 is plain: zhig, is the Latin mingere ; and kag, or 
 
 

 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 25 
 
 gag, thoug-h now restricted to the porcupine spe- 
 cies, was oriorinally any horrid Htde beast; hence 
 zhi-kag, is equal to bcstiola foeda mingens. 
 
 Others liave had recourse to zhigagaiudzh, 
 "wild garhc;" but this does not help matters, for 
 the ug-ly root zhig, is still there, followed by -aga- 
 ludz/i, " a plant ;" hence planta urinam redolens. 
 (See Des Plaines.) 
 
 Connecticut. Kinndtikwat, "at the long 
 river." Ojibwa gcnwatigzveyag, or genwatig07ig ; 
 from gino-, ''long;" and -tigzueya, "the water 
 runs." The verbal -tigzveya is derived from li'gow, 
 " a wave ;" and this from the root ^/g, from which 
 we have -a//g, "a tree ;^' and -^ig, -shtigivan, 
 "head;" the common idea being that of ''top," 
 "elevation." 
 
 Detroit. (Mich.) From the French Le De- 
 troit, "The Strait," i. e., the passage between 
 Lakes St. Clair and Erie. 
 
 The Indian name is IVaiuiydtaitong, the loca- 
 tive case of IVazuiyalan, " the river turns," or " a 
 
H 
 
 Indian names. 
 
 curving channel." Wawiya-, ''round" (circular, or 
 semi-circular) ; -atan, '^ the river runs thus," " a 
 channel." (Compounds with this ending are used 
 as verbs or nouns.) Hence the name of the 
 lVeatano7ts, Ouata7ions, or IVeas, a small tribe, 
 now at the Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory. 
 Their orii^inal home seems to have been at the 
 turn of the Illinois river near Hennepin (111.), 
 which also bore the name of Wawiyatan. (See 
 Apph'ton.) 
 
 Eskimo. Eshkibod, "one who eats his food 
 (meat) raw." Ashk-, "raw," "green;" -pzva, "to 
 taste,"" to eat." 
 
 From the root ash/c, in the Massachusetts 
 dialect asq, plural asquash, we have the word 
 "squash." In Ojibwa, the term eshkandammg, 
 "what is eaten raw," from the same root, is used 
 for melons, cucumbers, ct cetera. 
 
 The Micmac form of the word is said to be 
 Eskimook, or Esku7noga; Cree Ayiskimew. 
 
 Frenchman. WcmitigozJii (Cree Wemistiko- 
 zhi)j "one who has a canoe (vessel) of wood." 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 25 
 
 Mitig, "tree," "wood;" -071, (Cree osi, 02/n,) 
 "canoe," "boat," "ship;" omitjgoni (Cree omisti- 
 kosi), "he has a wooden boat." The chancre of 
 the initial into we, malces the participle. The 
 change of n to zk is quite common. 
 
 The term dates from the first appearance of 
 the French in the St. Lawrence River, when their 
 vessels excited the admiration of the natives. 
 Among the Cree, the word is now also applied to 
 any white or civilized man ; just as the Ojibwa 
 call whites of any nationality Kichimoko7nana(r, 
 "Big Knives;" which originally meant Virginians, 
 and later, Americans. 
 
 ! 
 
 Garden River. (Ontario. A tributary of St. 
 Mary's River.) Kitiglinisibi, "Plantation River." 
 Kit; kicki-, '^ notching," "hacking;" kiiigc, "he 
 plants," "he makes a garden;" kitigan, "a planta- 
 tion." 
 
 In the beginning of this century, the In- 
 dians living on that stream raised all the corn 
 needed for the fur trade in the Lake Superior 
 country. 
 
3 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 Gogokazhogan, or " The Bridge of the 
 Dead." The meaninof of this word is not " Owl 
 Bridge ' (J'Cokokoo-azhogafi) , as has been suggested, 
 but "unsteady bridge;" from the redupHcated root 
 gok, goshk, givashk, "trembHng,' 'jumping." Azho- 
 gan, "a bridge;" from azJioge (azkazu, "on the 
 other side"), "he crosses over." 
 
 The bridge of the dead consists of a tree so 
 Hghtly supported that it swings up and down, 
 when the soul of the departed steps on it to cross 
 the river which must be passed in order to reach 
 the "happy hunting grounds;" consequently many 
 fail, and falling into the river are changed into 
 toads. Similar myths are met with among most 
 Indian tribes throughout America, not to speak of 
 the ancient beliefs of the old. world. 
 
 Housatonic, Wassdtinak, the New Eng- 
 land form of the Ojibwa Awassadinang, "beyond 
 the mountain (or mountains)." Awass, "further," 
 '* beyond;" -adiji, "there is high land." 
 
 Huron Islands. (Marquette Co., Mich., L. S.) 
 Mandkondnitig, "whither they go for moss." Man-, 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 27 
 
 contracted from mawau-, "to go for;" wakon, 
 "moss," "iichen;" -ino^, locative affix. 
 
 The lichen referred to is the edible gyrophoea 
 known by the French name of tripe dc roche, 
 "stone tripe;" in time of starvation used for 
 makingr soup. Ojibwa ozhashakon, from ozkash-, 
 "slippery," "gelatinous;" and wakoji, "moss." 
 Other species are windigoiuakon, "giant's {windi- 
 go) moss;" missabcnjakon, {inissabc, "great man;" 
 -oji, "abdomen," "bowels;") "great man's bowels' 
 moss;" both names referring to a legend in which 
 Mcnabosho changed his bowels, or other parts of 
 his body, into eatable moss. 
 
 Illinois. This is the French renderinor of 
 Ininozvc (pronounced e-ncc-no-zva), the Indian name 
 of the large tribe which once dwelt on the Illinois 
 River. The substitution of the letters // for n, is 
 accounted for by the circumstance that the / sound 
 being wanting in many of the Algic dialects, the 
 Indians of that speech generally change it into n 
 when trying to pronounce it in foreign words. 
 Now, by a curious process, — not without its analo- 
 
28 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 iries in other liniri-iistic phenomena, — the whites, 
 when pronouncing Algic words containing the n 
 sound, frequently replace this by the /. The 
 Indians say Noc, Nossi, Binih, and Nazhenckwe, for 
 the French Louis, Lucie, Phillipc, and LAngdiquc; 
 while the P'rench have changed the Indian Mishi- 
 jiimakinang, Mincivag, Okaganing, and Ininoive, into 
 Michilliviakinac, Milouaki or Mcllcoki (Milwau- 
 kee), Kakaiin, and LI lino is. 
 
 The word Ininoive, is the Illinois form of a 
 name apparently once common to all the Algic 
 tribes. Its original form, probably ininawe, or ani- 
 iiawe, underwent various modifications with the 
 breaking up of the parent tribe and the conse- 
 quent formation of dialects. 
 
 With the Crees it became nehiyazu, ninaiue, 
 and ncithaive; and with the Algonkins proper, 
 niina. It appears in the Icnnilcnape of the Dela- 
 wares, and in the corresponding anishinabe (orig- 
 inally inininabe, anininabc,) of the Ojibwa, Ottawa, 
 et cetera. 
 
 Etymologically, the word consists of ini^i, 
 •'simply," "without any specification;" and aiue, ''7\ 
 
i 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 29 
 
 living being;" and means "a person," and in the 
 plural, "people." 
 
 Readers superficially acquainted with some one 
 of the Algic tongues, will be apt to doubt the 
 correctness of this explanation, since the words 
 inin, and aioc, are probably unknown to them ; 
 nor are they to be found in dictionaries. Neither 
 of them, it is true, occurs independently, but 
 their meaning is evident from such combinations 
 as the following: ZJiishib, means a duck of an)- 
 kind; while ininishib means "the common duck," 
 "the duck that has no other name." Kinoseii\ 
 (Cree) etymologically "long mouth," is any sort 
 of fish; iyinikinoseiv, is the fish, "the fish that 
 has no other name," "a pike." Other examples 
 are imnati'g; "a maple;" ininandagy "a spruce;" 
 Cree iyininiiu (Ojibwa iniii)^ "a huckleberry;" ct 
 cetera. 
 
 Awe appears in oshkinaur, "a youth;" awessi, 
 "an animal;" awciien, "who;" aK'cgzccji, ''some one 
 unknown to mc;" tibimuve, "self;" in haivdtok 
 (Menominee), "a spirit," literally "who may he 
 be," and iMdJ-Hawatok, "the Great Unknown," 
 
;o 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 /. c, God ; also in awe nuts, the New England 
 form of haivdtok, and once applied to ihc; whites, 
 who were for some time looked upon as "spirits," 
 or superior beings. 
 
 Kaukauna. (Outagamie Co., Wis.) Ogdka- 
 ii/iio; ''at the place where pickerels are caught." 
 
 Little Kaukauna, farther down on the Fox 
 River, is the locality mentioned by Father Allouez, 
 and by him called Kekalin. He made the portage 
 May 1 8, 1670. (See Kawkawlin River.) 
 
 Lake Winnebago. (Wis.) The Indians 
 now call it Winibigo-Sdgaigan, "the Lake of the 
 Winnebago Indians;" but the original name was 
 Winibi (pronounced win-ne-be), "dirty water;" in 
 the locative case, Winibing; or, in the southern 
 Algonkin dialects, Winibig, Winipeg, is the Cree 
 form of the same word. 
 
 From the Fake, the Winnebago Indians, who 
 lived in that neighborhood before they moved to 
 Green Bay, received their Algonkin name ; and 
 the early French, being informed of the fact that 
 
 t 
 
tNDIAN NAMK-S. 
 
 3i 
 
 tlie tribe had formerly lived on the ''dirty zvatcr'' 
 were led into*the erroneous belief that the tribe 
 had formerly lived on the sea, or on salt water, 
 which the Indians also called ''dirty water'' 
 
 This circumstance accounts for Nicolet's much 
 discussed assertion that on his voyage to Green 
 Hay he was within three days' journey of the sea. 
 
 A three days' sail from Green Bay, would have 
 brought him to JVinii)io; the ''dirty -a'atcr.'' 
 
 The assumption that he reached a iK)in't within 
 three days' journey of either the Wisconsin or the 
 Mississippi, and mistook the Mishisibi, "the great 
 river," for the ocean, is entirely improbable. No 
 one accpiainted with the Algic tongues, as he was, 
 would have made such a mistake ; for sibi never 
 means any other than runuino- 7oatcr. 
 
 Th(;re is absolutely nothino- in the account of 
 Nicok;t's journey {Kelatious of 1643,) that would 
 make a trip up the Vox River probable; no more 
 so than the diversion to the Rapids of St. Mary, 
 which has also been surmised. The assertion that, 
 by the word "sea," Nicolet meant '*a river lead- 
 
32 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 ing to the sea," should be supported 1)y at least 
 one analogous exani[)le, to obtain credit. 
 
 The removal of the Winnebagoes from Lake 
 Winnebago to Green Bay, was caused by the 
 Dakota raids mentioned in the Relations of the 
 Jesuits. The shores of the lake were still unin- 
 habited in 1670, for that very reason. 
 
 Leech Lake. (Minn.) Gasagdskwdjimdka, 
 "there are leeches there;" generally used in the 
 locative case, Gasagaskivajimekang. 
 
 Sagaskwaajime, "a leech." Saga-, '' coming 
 forth ;" -skiv- {-skzui, -skiva, the radical part of 
 miskwi), "blood;" oji-, "drawing in;" -m-, **mouth;" 
 (as in ashama, "he is fed," "something is put in 
 his mouth;" ojibv^mo, "he speaks Ojibwa;") -e, a 
 substantive ending, for the names of beasts, birds, 
 fishes, et cetera; hence, sagas kwajime, "a beast 
 that makes come forth blood by drawing with the 
 mouth," "a blood-sucker." (Sangsue, the French 
 for "leech," also means "blood-sucker.") The 
 prefix ga-, and the ending -ka, are explained else- 
 where. 
 
^r 
 
 INDIAN NAMKS. 
 
 33 
 
 Les Chenaux. (Mackinac Co., Mich.) "The 
 Channels;" the! phiral of the French le c/icnal, 
 " the channel." The Ojibwa name is Andminang, 
 "in th(! bowels." Andiuina, "underneath/' "in the 
 body." The name refers to the intricate tortuosity 
 of the channels. 
 
 Manitoulin Island. (L. H.) Manitlnvdnmg^ 
 "at the Spirit's cave." Manito, "a supernatural 
 being;" wazlt, "the den of a wild animal;" -ing\ 
 locative ending. WazJi is a modification of wan, 
 "hollow;" {e. g., wanike, "he digs a hole.") The 
 term refers to a "lightning hole" on the rocky 
 shore of the deep inlet on the north side of the 
 island. This hole was believed to be the den of 
 the Spirit-Snake, — personified lightning. 
 
 The form Manitonliti is a corruption of Mani- 
 ioozmlin, which is the French rendering of Mani- 
 towaning. 
 
 The Indians generally call it Otaiuaminiss, 
 "Ottawa Island;" as the ancient home of that 
 tribe and now again inhabited by a considerable 
 number of them. 
 
 Its Huron name was Ekaentoion. 
 
34 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 Manitou Payment. (Mackinac Co., Mich.) 
 A French corruption of the Ojihwa Manito Bimiva, 
 "the shooting of the Spirit." 
 
 Legend. Mislnniakioa, the Big Bear, a spirit of 
 the great lakes, had wantonly slain Moialwshos 
 nephew and ward Maiuoaiics, the Little Wolf, 
 
 The hero, wan and haggard from grief, and 
 planning revenge, wandered along the shore until he 
 discovered the playground of Mishimakwa and his 
 spirit companions. It was on the sand beach at the 
 foot of the clay banks {Lcs Ecores), east of Manitou 
 Payment Point. There Menabosho waited his 
 chance. His stratagem and success are related by 
 the Indian story tellers, with appropriate panto- 
 mines, in this wise: The sun stood high. The 
 spirits emerged from their mansions under the 
 water; Mishimakwa and Mislii(^inebiir (the Big Ser- 
 pent), with the Ntbanadcc^ (Half-Fish Men), and 
 other monstrous beings. They played and gamboled 
 on the broad smooth beach, like happy children. 
 
 Menabosho stood on high at the brink of the 
 bank, silent and motionless. His toes had spread 
 out, and, root-like, worked themselves into the loose 
 soil. 
 
 His nether limbs and his trunk were scaly and 
 spotted with patches of lichen. His unevenly ex- 
 tended arms looked knotty and crooked, like the 
 limbs of a tree hoary with age, and his fingers like 
 its leafless branches. Thus stood Menabosho mo- 
 tionless. 
 
 Tzwef ("hello") cried the Big Serpent, what is 
 that up there.? A tree ? No, brothers, I tell you, 
 
IXKIAN NAMKS. 
 
 35 
 
 it is not a tree. Tliere was no tree there before. 
 Perhaps it is Menahosho. 
 
 If it be Menabosho, said the Hitr licar, we shall 
 soon know it. I will try him. 
 
 ^{^'//, /<;'//, shouted the spirits. 
 
 Mishiniakwa clinilKHJ the bank, stood up a^^ainst 
 the tree-like man, huo<r(nl him, scratched and 
 scratched, till the scaly bark came down in pieces 
 from his Hanks and back. It pained Menabosho, 
 but he did not wince. He neither shivered nor 
 moaned. 
 
 The Great Hear loosened his hold, roiled down 
 the bank, and c^uietly walked back to his com- 
 panions. 
 
 It is not Menabosho. he said to them. I have 
 tried him. 
 
 Easy, easy ! whispered the Bi^r Serpent. Be on 
 your guard! Menabosho is wily. Let mc try him. 
 
 ^(^■//. Ui^h, shouted the spirits. 
 
 MishiL,nnebig went to work. With mighty folds 
 he twisted around the trunk of the man-tree, up to 
 the spreading limbs ; and then he began to squeeze 
 him. It pained Menabosho, but he bore it without 
 a moan. 
 
 Once more the Big Serpent tightened his folds, 
 and squeezed with twofold power.' The pain was so 
 great, Menabosho gasped for breath ; but he did not 
 moan. 
 
 _ And again Mishiginebig tried him. With all his 
 might he squeezed the man-tree. It was beginning 
 to be too much, even for Menabosho. Anothe^r 
 squeeze and he would have cried out; but Mishi- 
 ginebig gave up, satisfied with the trials. 
 
3^ 
 
 INDIAN NAMKS. 
 
 Slowly he unfolded his coils, and o^lided down 
 the bank. 
 
 It is no^ Menabosho, said he. I have tried him. 
 Menabosho is a coward. He would have moaned. 
 Come, comrades, to our sport again ! 
 
 Thus spoke Mishiginebig. Again the spirits 
 gamboled on the broad, smooth beach. 
 
 Alter a while they rested. Scattered on the 
 shining sand, they lay basking in the sun. 
 
 This is thy time, Menabosho ! He does not stir. 
 E'lsy, easy ! See his arms move, slowly, cautiously, 
 keep still ! He draws an arrow from his quiver, a 
 sharp, stone-tipped arrow. Easy, easy ! The bow 
 is in his hand ; Kkkimitigzvab, Menabosho's good 
 bow. Keep still ! The arrow is on the string. He 
 draws '♦■ back with might. The arrow flies. 
 
 Whoop ! whoop ! ! whoop ! ! ! the war-whoop 
 sounds from on hitrh. The monsters are startled. 
 The tree is gone ; Menabosho's war-whoop resounds 
 through the woods. The spirits scamper. Mishi- 
 makwa lies or the ground, dying. The arrow sticks 
 in. his heart. 
 
 It was Menabosho. 
 
 Note. — A tall pine overlooking the Epoufette 
 settlement and visible from a great distance, has, in 
 the Indian mind, some connection with this fabulous 
 event. 
 
 (The sequel to this legend can be found 
 under Misha Mokwa.) 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 o7 
 
 Mauch Chunk. (Carbon Co., Penn.) 
 Delaware Maskdchiwink, "on the bear mountain;" 
 corresponding- to the '" "ibwa Makzvajiwing ; from 
 nmkiua (Delaware muskd), "a bear;" and wajiw, 
 "a mountain." (See Bear Creek.) 
 
 Me torn en. Manddmin, "a grain of corn 
 (maize) ;" used as a personal name. Pottawatomie 
 nmtamiji, Ottawa miiidaniin, " large grain ;" from 
 mind-, 7nand-, "large." 
 
 Mandauiincs, "Little Corn," was the Indian 
 name of the famous voyagcur Nicolas Perrot. A 
 Pottawatomie of the same name (J\fan-daw-mm) 
 was one of the signers of the first (1821) Indian 
 Treaty made at Chicago. 
 
 -i 
 
 Missouri River, (i.) Mishduisibi, or Mesho- 
 m'sibi, " River of the Big Canoe Trib'j ;" " River 
 of the Big-Tubs ;" " IMandan River." 
 
 Mishi-, niish-, "large;" -on, "canoe," "vessel;" 
 -t, verbal ending; misJioni, "he has (or sails in) 
 a large canoe ;" mcskoiiid, " one who owns (or 
 uses) a large canoe." When a parlici[)lc is used 
 
;8 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 as a proper noun, the ending- d is generally 
 dropped ; and in thic case, the change of the 
 first vowel is also sometimes omitted ; as, c. g., in 
 Wemitigozhi, " a Frenchman ;" instead of Wcmiti- 
 gozJiid, from omitigoncy "he has a wooden canoe." 
 
 The name MisJioni appears on old maps, and 
 is mentioned l:)y early writers, under the guise of 
 Missotiritcs, the ending, tcs, being adtled by the 
 French, according to their custom ; the sh changed 
 to ss (as in Mississippi) ; and Ji turned into r, 
 also a matter of frequent occurrence. Accordingly, 
 La rivih'e dcs Missouritcs^ or the River of tJic 
 Massorztcs, as Coxe has it, is the '' River of the 
 Big Canoe Tribe." 
 
 Among the Indians who lived upon the upper 
 Missouri, in the seventeenth century, the allied 
 Mandans, Arickarces, and Gros Vcnti'cs, are the 
 only ones now known to have made use (as a 
 rule) of boats different from those of all other 
 tribes, — not large, indeed, but of a very pecu- 
 liar construction. They were the so-called "bull- 
 boats," made of wickerwork in the shape of a 
 tub and covered with skins ; and. though but 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 39 
 
 about five feet in diameter, capable of holding 
 six persons. 
 
 If not large canoes, they were certainly large 
 tubs; and Miskoni means also "one who uses a 
 large tub ;" for the formative -oji (from the root 
 wan, "hollow"), originally signified any kind of 
 hollow fixture or vessel, as, c. g. in the word ojia- 
 i^a;/, "a dish." Any of those three tribes, then, 
 or the whole confederacy, may be the people 
 whose ancient Algic name is preserved in the 
 name of the Missouri River. 
 
 This surmise would gain strength, if the name 
 Mandan could be proved to be also of Alo-ic 
 origin, like Sioux, Winnebago, and the current 
 names of several other tribes of different speech. 
 In that case, its most obvious interpretation would 
 be the same as that of Mishout : for mandoni, or 
 mindoni (from maud-, or mind-, " large "), and nian- 
 goni (from mang-, "big"), likewise mean "he has 
 a large canoe ;" and any of these words might in 
 the course of time, or in the mouth of white 
 speakers, have become Mandan. 
 
 (2.) Pcngwiivdnowesihi, "River of the Painted 
 
40 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 Cheeks;" "Piegan River/' Piiigivi, "ashes," "dust," 
 "paint in the form of ^^oxnA^x \ pingiviivime, "he 
 p6wders a person;" -now, -anow, "cheek;" pingwi- 
 wanowe, "he has powdered cheeks," or "his cheeks 
 are painted." 
 
 This name was mentioned to Father Mar- 
 quette in the form of Pekitanoui, most hkeiy by 
 the IlHnois, whose dialect differs very much from 
 that of the Ojibwa. Pekitanoiii is said to signify 
 "muddy water," or "muddy river," which, in the 
 Cree dialect, would be pikagamisipiy, pikagamkhi- 
 wan, pikinichiwan, or, simply, pikittin. 
 
 The last of these terms would explain a part 
 of the name Pekitanoui ; but the ending -anoui 
 must be accounted for. Now, the Cree pikinaiia- 
 zvcw {ivom pikiu-, "powder," and -atiaway, "cheek"), 
 is the same as the Ojibwa pingiviwanaive ; and 
 changing the first n to t (a frequent transition in 
 the Algic languages), we obtain pikitanawcii), 
 which resembles Father Marquette's Pekitanoui, as 
 closely as can be desired. 
 
 The name, then, would seem to refer, like 
 Mishoni, to a tribe living on the Missouri (or 
 
Indian names. 
 
 41 
 
 some of its tributaries), whose peculiarity was 
 to paint the cheeks. And, in fact, there is such 
 a tribe. In the sign language of the western 
 Indians, the Picgans are still known as the 
 "Cheek-Painters," or " Painted Cheeks." (See the 
 gesture in "The Indian Sign Language," by 
 W. P. Clark, U. S. Army.) And their Cree name, 
 Pikanowiyiniw (from pik- "muddy," ''dirty;" and 
 -anaway, "cheek"), means "dirty cheek man." 
 
 The river itself is now called, in Cree, Piega- 
 nowisipiy, '' Piegan River." 
 
 As to the transition from ;^ to ^ or d, and 
 vice versa, compare Cree atak, and Ojibwa anaiig 
 "a star;" Ojibwe i?izve, and Cv<iQ itowe, "bespeaks 
 such a language ;" Ottawa zhizhodcwaam, and Cree 
 sisonehaam, "she sails along the beach." It is 
 possible, however, that Pckitanwi was a misunder- 
 standing on the part of Father Marquette, and 
 that the name given to him was PekinanivL 
 
 \ ii 
 
 Mindemoya Lake. (Manitoulin Island, L. 
 H.) Mindwtdyesdgaigan, "Old Woman Lake." It 
 has its name from an island, which is said to bear 
 
42 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 a striking resemblance to a woman floating on the 
 water, and therefore called by the Indians Mijidi- 
 moye, "the old woman." 
 
 Monkey. Nandomdkotndshi, "louse-searching 
 beast." Nandomakonic, " he is searching for lice ;" 
 -ski, a substantive ending, for the name of beasts, 
 birds, insects, et cetera. 
 
 Cree ayismakesk, also otayisinakesk, " one who 
 is in the habit of imitating." 
 
 Monongahela. (River in Pennsylvania.) 
 Memondwangehdlak (Delaware), the participle of 
 Mamonawangehela, " the river is digging away its 
 shores." 
 
 The Ojibwa equivalent is Mondivangwdtan, or 
 Mamondwangwdttui, in the participle, Monona- 
 zuaiio'watanc'- Monawe, " he is diufirins: ;" (e. e- 
 })ionaapini, " he is digging potatoes ;" monashkwe, 
 " he is tearing out weeds ;") -awatig, " sand," 
 "sand bank;" [e. g. ■rnitazvanga, "the beach con- 
 sists of pure sand ;") monazvangwe, " he is digging 
 out sand;" -aian, "there is a water-course;" "the 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 43 
 
 Stream Is actincr in such a way." The reduph'ca- 
 tion of the first syUalMc {mo, as customary, being 
 changed to ma,^ marks the repeated action. The 
 Delaware termination -hcla, {-kclla, -henna,) sig- 
 nifies "running water;" Hke the Ojibwa sibi, 
 -tigweya, and -atan. 
 
 Instead of monawangwatan, the Ojihwa usually 
 say nictatawaiigivatan ; from met-^ "wearing out;" 
 -ataivang, "sand bank;" and -atan, as above. 
 
 The French rendering of Mainonaivangehela, is 
 Malanguclc. (See La Poifiie, for mo7i-; Sandy 
 Lake, for -awang; and Detroit, for -atan.) 
 
 Mudjekeewis. ''The West-Wind; father of 
 Hiawatha;'' in Longfellow's poem. Majikiwiss, 
 "the first-born son;" from maji-, "beginning ;" and 
 the obsolete kiwis, "man." Hence akiwesi, "an 
 old man;" kwiwises, "a boy;" -gwiss, "a son." 
 
 Nahma. (Delta Co., Mich.) Name, "a stur- 
 geon." The town is situated on Sturgeon River 
 {Namesibi). 
 
 The Delaware namaes, pronounced nanids, is 
 
44 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 the diminutive form of tliis word, but in that 
 dialect means "fish." This is the meaning of 
 name {-anicg) in other dialects also, whenever it 
 forms part of compounds, such as, c. £-. Ojibwa 
 namctcg, zlugwameg, " dried fish ;" Crce zvahamek, 
 " a whitish fish ;" attikamek, " a white-fish." 
 
 The Delaware Namasisipee, "• Fish River," men- 
 tioned in the traditional account of their wander- 
 ines, is the same word. 
 
 The pronunciation of a in the Delaware dia- 
 lect is practically the same as in Menominee, — a 
 sound intermediate between a in man, and ay, 
 with somewhat of a nasal tone. 
 
 Ottawa. One of the largest and most ad- 
 vanced Algic tribes, and nearly related with the 
 Ojibwa. Olawa, plural Oiawag, shortened from 
 the obsolete odaiodzvc, Cree odattaw,' " he has 
 (owns) fur." (From -waive, -aive, " fur," we have 
 e. g. minwawe, "it has a good fur;" bissagzvawc, 
 "' it has a thick costly fur ;" atawe, "■ he traffics; " 
 atawagan, "peltry" (in trade); Cree nandawaga- 
 new, "he hunts for fun") 
 
 n 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 45 
 
 n 
 
 Like the names of many other tribes (as well 
 as of some nations, ancient and modern), this 
 name is of foreign oricrjn. It was first given b)' 
 the Algonkins on the St. Lawrence; "to one of the 
 Ottawa clans on the east shore of Georgian Bay, 
 who opened the fur trade with the French (de- 
 scending by way of the Ottawa River), and, for 
 some time, claimed its monopoly. From these, it 
 passed to other clans of like; speech, and for some 
 time, was even applied to all the " Upper Algon- 
 kins ;" (Pottawatomies, Ojibwa, Menominees, ct 
 cetera^ 
 
 The French first called the tribe Chcveux 
 Relev4s^ "Standing Hairs," from their fashion of 
 wearing the hair in crest-like shape; afterwards, 
 Ouiaouixn, Ondataonaonat (pronounced odatawa- 
 wa)\ and finally Gutaonak, and Oufawais. 
 
 The term Chcveux Rclevcs lias made room for 
 the more modern name Courtes Oreilles^ "Short 
 Ears." This is an erroneous translation of OUizua<r 
 Kishkakoyag (or KisJikakosag-), "Otawa of the 
 Short-tailed Bear Totem," one of the most i)rom- 
 inent clans of the tribe. {^KisJikitaivagc, '' his ear 
 
46 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 is cut off," or "his ear is shortened;" a part being- 
 cut off.) (See Kish-kau-ko^ 
 
 Penetanguishene. COntarlo. Canada.) 
 BertatdzvamrwishmQ- "where the sand slides down 
 the bank." Bin-, hina-, "coming- off," "dropping," 
 "casting" (as in binaiue, "it moults f binakwi, "the 
 trees shed their leaves;" binagidoneshka, "the skin 
 comes off his lips"); mitawanga, "there is sand 
 on the shore;" hence binatawanga, "the sand 
 slides down the bank." The remaining part of 
 the word may include the vituperative or com- 
 miserative ending -ish (as in Nadoivekweyamish- 
 ing; see St. Ignacc), or the formative -is kin, "it 
 lies thus." 
 
 Pontiac. Ottawa BivanMiyag, or Bonitiyak, 
 "Anchor." Bon- "stopping;" anit, "a spear;" -ak, 
 "a stick;" anitiyak, "a spear handle;" hence boni- 
 tiyak, a stick planted in the ground to anchor 
 (stop) a canoe. 
 
 The term is not in common use ; they say 
 instead, bonakaj'igan, from bonakcijigc^ " he stops 
 something {bon-), by means of a stick (-^?/')." 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 47 
 
 The name just suits the famous chief Pontiac, 
 who was l/ie last anchor of the Indian cause. 
 
 Pyramid Rock. (Mackinac Island, Mich.) 
 Pctakdbikideg dzkibik, "standing rock." Petaki- 
 dcg, "standing-," "sticking in the ground;" -adti-, 
 "hard mineral;" az/ubik, "rock." 
 
 The term petakabikideo; is a sample of the 
 curious system of compounding words, called 
 "incapsulation." An imitation of the word in 
 English, would be stick-stonc-up-ing^ instead of 
 sticking up stone. 
 
 The modern name, "Sugar-Loaf Rock," would 
 be translated, sisibakwatong ezhinagwak azkibik, 
 "sugar shaped rock." 
 
 Quebec. (Canada.) Montagnais Kawdpak, 
 "where the river is narrow." Ojibwa gawibwak, 
 the archaic participle of zvibzva, " it becomes nar- 
 row;" Cree wapa^ "a strait." 
 
 Quinnesec. (Menominee County, Mich.) 
 Pekiv^nesseg, "where the river forms smoke 
 (spray)." Pakzvene "there is smoke," "a rising 
 
48 
 
 IMJJIAN NAMES. 
 
 cloud of smoke;" -esse, "the river runs thus;" the 
 change of a to e, and the tinal /, make the 
 
 participle. 
 
 Pekwdncsseg is the name of a fall of the 
 Menominee River, in the nei<,diborhood of the 
 villao-e. A few miles distant there are the "Little 
 Quinnesec Falls;" Ojibwa Pckivincsscs. 
 
 Sachem. Sd<riiua, ''a chief." From sag-, 
 "coming forth," or "rising al:)Ove." 
 
 Sacramore is a corruption of the same word. 
 
 Saskatchiwan. (River in Canada.) 
 Cree Kisiskdchiwan, "the river runs rapidly." 
 O'y'o^?. Kizkijkvan, from kizhi-, "fast," and -ijhvim, 
 -jiwau, ''the river runs thus." 
 
 Saut Ste. Marie. (Mich.) Father Dablon 
 named the mission established by him at the foot 
 of the rapids in 1668, Sainte Marie dit Sault, 
 " Saint Mr.ry's of the Rapids." Saut, is the modern 
 spelling; '' Soo^' the popular pronunciation. 
 
 From the word Saut, "falls," or "rapids," the 
 Ojibwa tribe obtained its French name, Santeux. 
 
■J~ 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 49 
 
 At first, those only whose honu was at the "Soo" 
 were called by that name; hut by degrees it 
 passed to all Indians of the same speech. The 
 spelling '' Saute ur,'' though very common, is wrong; 
 this word is pronounced differently, and denotes 
 "a spnnger," or "a jumper." 
 
 The Indian name of the town or rapids is 
 BaivUing, from bawitig, "rapids." This is an 
 abbreviation of baiuitigiveya, "the river is beaten 
 into spray." (Some Indians pronounce it bagzvi- 
 tmg, "where the river is shallow.") 
 
 The Ojibwa band residing at the Saut were 
 called BawitigdzvininiWi ", or BaivUing-ddzlu-iiUni- 
 wag, "Men of the RapiJs." 
 
 The Indians have no general name for St. 
 Mary's River; but have for the lakes into which 
 it expands. The mouth of the river is called 
 Giwideoonaning, "where they sail around a point." 
 
 Pawttickct, Pozvatan, Pawcatuck, Paivtttxet 
 (Ojibwa Baivitigosing, "at the little falls"), and 
 many other similar names in different dialects, are 
 of the same root as bawitig, and denote a fall or 
 rapids. The root is biuv, "to scatter by striking;" 
 
50 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 hence, e. g. bawinigodc, " it is shaken off ;" bawisi- 
 dcshiDiono, "he shakes the dust (or snow) off his 
 feet." Cree pazvahainoyaiu^ "the snow falls off 
 the trees." (See Detour.) 
 
 
 Shiawassee. (River in L. P. of Mich.) 
 Azhabwdsse (generally used as a participle, Azhao- 
 wcssig), " it runs back and forwards," " the river 
 twists about." AzJiazv-, "across," "from one side 
 to the other" (as in azhawa, "he crosses a body 
 of water;" azhaok, "from one side to the other"); 
 and -esse, "the river runs thus." A look at \\\v. 
 map shows the appropriateness of the term, espec- 
 ially if you compare the course of the Shiawassee 
 wath that of the Tittabawassee. 
 
 S u n - D i a 1 . Dibaigisisszvan, " sun-measure." 
 Dibaigan, ''measure ;" _<,'7>as\v, "sun." 
 
 The only sun-dial known to the Indians in 
 their untutored state was a stick or twig stuck 
 into the ground or snow, with a line traced in 
 the direction of its shadow. This contrivance 
 was, and is still, used by travelers. The intention 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 51 
 
 is to let those in the rear know the time of the 
 day at which the advance party started from, or 
 passed, the spot thus marked. 
 
 At present, dibaigisissivan is the name of a 
 watch, clock, or any time-piece. 
 
 Tadoussac. (Canada.) Totoshak, "breasts.'' 
 The place is so called from its landmark, two 
 dome-shaped mountains. 
 
 Thermometer. Kissina-dibdbishkodco- "where 
 the cold is weighed," ''cold-balance," "cold-scales." 
 Ki'ssina, "it is cold;" di'b-, fi/)-, "equal," " opposite f' 
 -abishk, -abik, "stone," "metal;" -ode, verbal end- 
 i'"^g'" S^ participle ending. Dibabishkode, "it is 
 weighed," literally means, "it is balanced by 
 means of a stone (or piece of metal)." 
 
 The archaic form -abishk (now -abik ; Massa- 
 chusetts -ambsk; Crce -ab/s/c), shows that the term 
 is not of modern coining, and, consequently, that 
 the Ojibwa made use of weights before civiliza- 
 tion reached them. 
 
52 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 Totem. Odl, "family," "gens," "family 
 mark," "ancestral animal." Whenever this word 
 Is used in the sense of "family mark," or "ances- 
 tral animal," it is invariably connected with a per- 
 sonal pronoun ; and as In this case the connective 
 d, and the possessive ending m are required, it 
 has passed into the French and English languages 
 under the form of dodem, or totem. 
 
 Here are some examples of its use. Nizhode 
 ayawag, "there are two families there." Wcdetojig, 
 '^ persons living together In a village." Nindodcm, 
 "my family mark," "my ancestral animal." Migi- 
 si niiid ododeminan, "I have the eagle for my 
 totem." Makzvan odododoninau, "his totem is the 
 
 bear." 
 
 The principal totems of the Ojibwa tribe are, 
 the bear {viakwa), the crane {ajlja/c), the marten 
 {wabizhesJii\ the catfish {inanamei), the wolf 
 {^maingan\ the loon {mang), the moose {in6s\ 
 the burbot {azvassi, awasstssi), the bear's sirloin 
 {iioke), the pigeon-tail (ciazve), the eagle {mighi). 
 Others, less wide-spread, are the reind-^er (atik), 
 the "merman" (nibanabe), the lynx {b'shiw), the 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 53 
 
 black duck {makatcshib\ the pike {ginozhe\ the 
 whitefish {atikamco), the sucker {iiamcbin), the 
 beaver {amik), tlie wild goose {nika), the gull 
 {gayaskk\ the hawk [kckek). 
 
 Most of these totems are ako found among 
 the Ottawa, together with tne following: the 
 rattle-snake {zhishig-we), the water-snake {omissan- 
 damo), the sturgeon {name), the sparrow-hawk 
 {p'lpignvises), the thunder, or thunder-bird (.i/^/w/Zv), 
 and the fork {^nissawakivad). 
 
 Wabash. (River in Indiana and Illinois.) 
 Wahashkikisihi, "Hog River." IWibashkiki, "a 
 bog." "a marsh;" from luab-, "white;" -ashk, 
 "grass;" -iki, '\ground." 
 
 Washington Island. (Green Bay, Wis.) 
 IVassekigancso, ''his (sweat-covert^d) breast is shin- 
 ing." IVassc-, "shining;" kakigan, "breast;" -eso, 
 the ending of many x'erlw referring to the condi- 
 tion of the human body. This compound is used 
 when a man is perceived at a distance, by- the 
 reflection ol the sunbeams from his bare breast 
 
54 
 
 INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 covered with perspiration ; c. o: while paddhng a 
 canoe. The term is properly applicable to per- 
 sons only; by a bold figure of speech it has been 
 transferred to that island, visible at a great dis- 
 tance when its perpendicular white cliffs rellect 
 the light of the sun. 
 
 The hrst name found on maps, was " Potta- 
 wattomie Island" {Potcivaiamiminisi) \ it having 
 been occupied by that tribe about the middle of 
 
 the i/th century. 
 
 The French name was Isle dcs Poux ; from 
 the nickname of those Indians. This name led 
 some map makers to call it "Louse Island" 
 {^Pcni^ "a louse"). 
 
 Wicomico. (River in Maryland.) Delaware 
 Wikdiiiika (Ojibwa uigkvdmika), " there are houses 
 (lodges, wigwams) there." 
 
 The term for "house," among the Ojibwa, is 
 wakaioan ; for "lodge," wuriivam ; while the 
 Ottawa use the latter word for both houses and 
 lodges, reserving the term 7vakaigan for a forti- 
 fied enclosure, "a fort." Both words are appar- 
 
INDIAN NAMES. 
 
 55 
 
 ently derived from the root wa^^-^ wak, or wik, 
 "somethinor round," which appears in the follow- 
 ing derivatives; ivakwi (Ottawa), ''heaven;" zvagi- 
 nogan, "a round lodge;" zvikwcya, "there is a 
 bay ;" wak, '' spawn ;" and many others, including 
 those derived from the form loashk, as zuashkossc, 
 "he makes a crooked route;" meaning "he walks 
 circuitously ;" waivxshkamo, "the trail is crooked;" 
 and probably also luawLXshkcski, "a deer." 
 
 Yenadizze. The ''idler and oarnbhr'^ in 
 Longfellow's Iliaioal/ia. Ainadisi, "he behaves 
 in different vva\s," "he k:ads a rovino" life;" aiioch 
 ainadisi, "he conducts Iiimsc^lf oLldly;" the iterative 
 forni of iiiadisi, " he behaves thus ;" from iii- 
 iizJii-)^ "so;'' and -adisi, "he is," "he behaves." 
 
 York Island. (One of the Apostle Islands, 
 L. S. ) Gamis kwdbunizhi kang, " where red willows 
 abound," or " where there is plenty of Kiuuiki- 
 nickr Miskwahimizh, "red willow;" -ika, "it is 
 plentiful there;" ga-, an obsolete participial prefix. 
 The red willow, is one of the plants that fur- 
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E. P. FOLEY. 
 
 R. P. FOLEY. 
 
 Fo!ey's/\R7"Galle 
 
 ry 
 
 HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL KINDS OF 
 
 Photographic Views, 
 
 OIL ANu WATER COLOR PAINTINGS. 
 
 Artists will go with parties to any point on or off Mackinac 
 
 Island, to make special views on demand 
 
 for a reasonable compensation. 
 
 Steam Lapidary Machinery 
 
 In connection, for siiaping and polishing Agates, many of 
 which are found on this lapideoiis Island. 
 
 AGATE JEWELRY A SPECIALTY. 
 
 Do not fail to call and examine the many fine specimens of 
 Northern Michigan Animals exhibited here free of chat ge. 
 
 FOLEY BROS., Prop's, 
 
 Cor. Fort and Main Streets. 
 
 MACKINAC ISLAND, 
 
 ( 
 
OHN-JACOB-ASTOR-HOUSE 
 
 -4J *-L 
 
 ■:^ 
 
 MACKINAC ISLAND. MICH. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS OF ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS. 
 
 Former Headquarters of the American Fur 
 
 Company. _ 
 
 i 
 
 The Astor House is conveniently located about one hundred yards 
 from the wharf whore all passengers are landed. Tourists stopping at 
 the Astor will save carriage hire to and from all boats stopping at the 
 Island. 
 
 No fire traps— 12 easy fire-escapes. 
 
 Fresh eggs and poultry from the Astor Farm. Fresh milk and 
 butter from the Astor Jersey Dairy. 
 
 This is the only hotel on the Inland which is supplied with pure 
 running spring water. By authority of a special Act of Congress, we 
 have run a pipe from the noted "Manitou Spring." and the Astor 
 House is now supplied for all purposes with the best and purest water 
 on earth. It was in their vain but determined attempt to retain pos- 
 session of this, their sacred spring, the ancient tribe of the MlMnimaki 
 were utterly exterminated (This is the only spring on this continent 
 north of the City of Mexico, where the natural temperature of the 
 water is twenty degrees colder in the summer than in winter. Winter, 
 55 degrees; Summer, 35 degrees Fahrenheit.) 
 
 Guests of the Astor have access to the old and original books of the 
 American Fur Company. 
 
 In the basement of the Astor House is the celebrated Astor Fire- 
 Place-so often referred to by Irving-the largest fire-place in the 
 United States. 
 
 JAMES F. CABLE, Propr. 
 
ffilCHIGANrENTRAL 
 
 THE 
 
 i DIRECT ROUTE 
 
 TO 
 
 ^/[ ackinac 
 
 -~=[ SL.\ND. 
 
 Through Cars from Detroit, con- 
 necting at Bay City with through 
 cars from Chicago and Jackson. 
 
 To 
 
 An island, 
 
 GRCEN 
 
 AND • 
 
 GRASSY, 
 
 yondeh in the 
 Big-Sea-Water 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
TH 
 
 C ommercial H o^el- 
 
 C. W. DABB & CO., Proprietors. 
 
 ACCOMMODATIONS FOR FIVE HUNDRED GUESTS. 
 
 k 
 
 Corner Lake and Dearborn Streets, 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 The location is most iwcessible to Depots, Steamboat Landings, Theatres, Public Buildings, 
 
 Parhs, and all objects of interest. Full South and East Fronts, Passenger 
 
 Elevator, Electric Lights and all Modern Improvements. 
 
 TERMS, $2.00 AND $2.50 PER DAY, INCLUDING MEALS. 
 
 Supper, Lodgiin^ and Breakfast, $1.50. Lodging and Breakfast, 8I.OO. 
 
 Meals, 50 Cents Each. 
 
A. B. DICKINSON, 
 
 III' 
 Hniilh'M llutel, lllllHiliili-. Mich. 
 
 FRANK H. OARR, 
 
 Kiirnii'i-ly CiiHhlor llooily Hoiisu, 
 Tdlfdo, Ohio 
 
 ^^^ BRUNSJ^,^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ill'iitti 
 
 ^ 
 
 Cor, of State and Griswold Sts, 
 
 One Square from City Hall, 
 
 DETROIT, 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 Location Cknthai-. Convenient to tlu; leading stores and places of 
 aniii.senient. First-class in all appointments, liavins passenger elevator, 
 heated by steam, liot and cold water in rooms, and all modern improve- 
 ments. A large number of very desirable guest and sample rooms have 
 recently been completed in the adjoining building on State Street, im- 
 mediately in the rear of M. S. Smith & C^o.'s jevpelry store, making our 
 location absolutely central, and giving ample accommodations for over 
 one hundred guests. 
 
 RATES, $2.50 aiul $2.00 PEK DAY. 
 
 mC KINS ON & CARR, 
 
 Proprietors, 
 
Cheboygan. Mackinac & Sault Ste Marie 
 
 DAILY LINE STEAMERS. 
 
 The Only Daily Line on this Popular Route. 
 
 Stmr. "Soo City." 
 
 BY HON ARMSTHUNQ, Captain. 
 
 ED A. PLUM, VIerh. 
 
 I.KAVKS 
 
 CHEBOYGAN 
 
 Mondays. Wednesdays and Fridays. 
 
 •) o'clock a. ni. 
 
 MACKINAC ISLAND 
 
 9 o'clock a. m. 
 AKKIVIXJ AT 
 
 SAULT STE MARIE 
 
 () o'clock p. 111. 
 
 I.KAVKS 
 
 SAULT STE MARIE 
 
 Tuesdays, Ttmrsdays and Saturdays 
 
 ti o'clock a. m. 
 AUKIVKS AT 
 
 MACKINAC ISLAND 
 
 !i 80 o'clock p. III. 
 
 CHEBOYGAN 
 
 5 o'clock p. in. 
 
 Stmr. "Minnie M." 
 
 J. ti. MONOOH, Captain. 
 F. M. HUBBARD. Clerk. 
 
 I-KAVKS 
 
 CHEBOYGAN 
 
 Tuesdays, Tlinisdays and Saturdays, 
 
 <i o'clock II. 111. 
 
 MACKINAC ISLAND 
 
 it o'clock a. Ill, 
 
 AKKIVINO AT 
 
 SAULT STE MARIE 
 
 o'clock p. in. 
 
 tKAVK.S 
 
 SAULT STE MARIE 
 
 IWondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, 
 
 o'clock a. m. 
 AHHIVKS AT 
 
 MACKINAC ISLAND 
 
 2.30 o'clock p. 111. 
 
 CHEBOYGAN 
 
 5 o'clock p. 111. 
 
 STOPPING AT ALL PLACES OF LANDING ON THIS ROUTE. 
 
 Kor further information, call on any of the following agents: 
 
 F, H, HORNE, LAMOND & KOBINSON, A. S. RUSSEL, 
 
 Mackinaw City. Ht. Ignace. 
 
 GEO. KEMP, 
 
 Sault Ste Marie, or 
 
 W. R. OWEN, Manager, 
 
 ;53 >letro]>olitiiii Itlock, 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 Cheboygan, 
 
 GEO. T. ARNOLD, 
 
 Mackinac Island. 
 
Chippewa House 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. 
 
 loo leoojvi®. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 ' HEADQUARTERS FOR ALU FISHING CLUBS. 
 
 The Chippewa House is conveniently located on 
 Water Street, (nearer the river than any other hotel in 
 the city), a few yards from \A^here all the passengers 
 are landed who arrive Vjy boat; fifty yards from the 
 mair. entrance to Fort Brady, (the Army Officers 
 messing at the Chippewa), and one hundred yards 
 from the Canal Locks. 
 
 Electric lights in every room, and the house fitted 
 >A/-ith all modern conveniences. No danger^ from fires, 
 as the rooms are on the ground floor, or up but one 
 flight of stairs. 
 
 All passengers arriving by boat will save carriage 
 hire to and from all boats, by stopping at the Chippe\A^a. 
 
 Ferry boats running to the Canada side of the river 
 start every fifteen minutes from the wharf opposite 
 the Chippewa. 
 
 HENRY P. SMITH, Prop'r d^ Manager. 
 

 'he New Mackinac 
 
 {Built in iSSS, upon the site of the old "Mackinac House" 
 which was burned in January, iSSy.) 
 
 Mackinac Island, 
 
 Mich, 
 
 100 GOOD BED ROOMS. 
 
 Tei'iiif^, .VB2.00 and 6'^.5() Per Day. 
 
 This house is well arranged for the comfort of tourists, and is con 
 
 veniently located opposite the end of the only passenger wharf 
 
 on the Island. The turnitnre, carpets, etc., are ali new. 
 
 The house is equipped with electric bells, ami 
 
 all modern conveniences. 
 
 FRED. R. EMERICK, - - Proprietor and Manager. 
 
 This hotel has heen built and arranged for the special comfort and convenience of 
 summer boarders. 
 
 On arrival, each guest will be asked how he likes tlie situation, and if he says the 
 hotel ought to have been iilaeed upon Fort Holmes or on Round Island, the location 
 of the hotel will be immediately changed. 
 
 Corner front rooms, up only one flight, for every guest. Baths, gas, electricity, 
 hot and cold water, lauml.-v, telegraph, resta\u'ant, fire alarm, bar-rooin, billiard 
 table, daily papers, sewing ma 'bine, grand piano, and all other modern conveniences 
 in every room. Meals every minute, if desired, and consequently no second table. 
 Englisli, French and Geiniaii dictionaries furnished every guest, to make up such a 
 bill of fare as he may desire. 
 
 Waiters of any nationality and color desired. Every waiter furnished wiihalihret- 
 to, button-hole boquet, fidl di ess suit, liall tablet, and his hair parted in the middle. 
 
 Every guest will have the best seat in the dining hall and the best waiter in 
 the house. 
 
 Our clerk was carefully educated for this hotel, and he Is prepared to please every- 
 body. He is always ready to sing any song you desire, play upon your favorite 
 musical instrument, match worsted, take a hand at draw-poker, jjlay billiards, study 
 astronomy, lead the german, amuse the children, make a fourth at whist, or flirt 
 with any young lady, and will not mind being "cut dead when Pa comes down." He 
 will attend to the telephone and answer all questions in Choctaw, Chinese, Chippewa, 
 Volapuk, or any other of the Court languages of Europe. 
 
 The proprietor will always be happy to hear that some other hotel is "the bes 
 in the country." Special attention given to parties who can give information as to 
 " how these things are done in Boston." 
 
 For climate, beautiful scenery and health, Mackinac Island cannot be surpassed; 
 only one funeral in 1887,— the patient called a doctor. 
 
BOOKIS 
 
 BIT 
 
 DWIGHT H. Kelton, 
 
 CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY. 
 
 History flftleSaultSteJary Canal; 
 
 PAPER, 15 CENTS. 
 
 Annals of Fort Mackinac; 
 
 PAPER, 25 CENTS. 
 
 I 
 
 D 
 
 8 lira 
 
 CLOTH. Si.OO. 
 
 10 
 
 li L 
 
 The above sent by mail upon receipt of price. 
 
 KELTON & CO., 
 
 GiXJinsrc-x-, jsjulcelxcs-j^t^t. 
 
 T 
 
 I 
 
T