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32X
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
i
f
f
Indian Names
i
of Places Near the
Great Lakes
BY
DWIGHT H. KELTON, A.M.,
CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY,
Author of Annala of Fort Mackinac; History of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal,
Corresponding Jleinber of the Wisconsin State Historical Society,
Corresponding Member of the Chicago Historical Society,
Member of the American Historical Aasociation,
Member of The American Folk-Lore Society.
VOL. I.
f
DETROIT, MICHIGAN.
188 8.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by
DWIGHT H. KELTON,
in the office of the Librarian of Congress,* at Washington.
Printed by
Detroit Free Press Printing Co.
>
THIS BOOK
IS DEDICATED
TO THE MEMORY OF MY FRIEND,
HONORABLE
LUKE POTTER POLAND
OF VERMONT.
BORN, NOVEMBER i, 1815'.
DIED, JULY 2, 1887.
" The last of all ///,; Romans, fare thee well:'
fsam
CONTENTS.
PAtJH
Algonkin, \ ^ jj
Ashland Bay, i^
Aurora Borealis, . .... 20
Chee-chee-ping-way, 20
Chesapeake, . . . . _ 21
Chicagvo, . . 22
Connecticut, 23
Detroit, . . . 23
Eskimo, 24
GardenRiver, . . . . . ^ 25
Gogokazhogan, 26
Housatonic, 26
Huronlslands, . , , . , 2(5
Illinois, 27
K a u k a u n a , 30
LakeWinnebago, 30
LeechLake, 32
LesChenaux, 33
Manitoulinlsland, 33
ManitouPayment, 34
MauchChunk, 37
6 coiNTEN rs.
1
I'AGK
Metomen,
37
Missouri River,
. 37
Mindemoya Lake, ....
4.1
Monkey,
. . 42
Monongahela,
42
Mudjekeewis,
. 43
Nahma,
43
Ottawa,
. 44
Penetanguishene,
46
Pontiac, . . . .
. 46
Pyramid Rock,
47
Quebec, .......
. 47
Quinnesec,
47
Sachem,
. 48
Saskatchiwan, .....
48
Saut Ste. Marie,
. . 48
Shiawassee, ......
. 60
Sun-Dial, .......
60
Tadoussac,
. 61
Thermometer, .....
61
Totem,
. 52
Wabash,
53
Washington Island, . .
. 53
Wicomico,
54
Yenadizze,
. 56
York Island,
55
'
'
.^-ta-'
.-^
/
fa^.M^A
'^f^.
\
/
GREETING.
A glance at a map of the country adjacent
to our Great Lakes, will show that a laree num-
ber of Indian Names of places, rivers, et cetera,
have been retained in their oritrinal or in a
mutilated form ; and it is with some of these, of
Algonkin origin, with which we deal, in order to
rescue from oblivion some interesting historical facts
and legendary tales, as well as to give a clearer
insight into the beautiful and well-equipped lan-
guage of the fast disappearing race of red men
who once occupied that country.
Most of these words have never appeared on
the printed page, at least not in their present
form; and those which the reader may have en-
countered in similar publications, will here be
found interpreted either differently, or more fully.
Absolute freedom from errors and inaccuracies,
\.
,
8
GREETING.
is not claimed ; and scholars acquainted with the
difficulty of the task will be the most lenient
critics.
As to the extent of explanation, a middle
course has been followed. Some readers, would
be content with a simple interpretation ; others,
might ask for even more stringent proofs, or de-
sire a still fuller account of the processes by
which the results were obtained. Explanations
which, to some, may appear mere verbiage, will, to
severe critics, seem to be still waiting in com-
pleteness. Let the former pass over what is, to
them, devoid of interest.
The terminology of Indian grammar, being as
yet in an unsettled state, some liberty has been
taken in this matter. Thus, by "formative," will
be understood any single sound, syllable, or aggre-
gate of syllables, that never appears as an inde-
pendent word, but still conveys some idea or
co7icept — often quite vague indeed — and obtains
a definite meaning, .or serves to determine the
vague concept, when combined with other forma-
tives or words, or when completed by mere formal
GREETING. g
endings, or prefixes. The formative may be sub-
stantival, verbal, adjectival, or adverbial; also, a
single root, a mutilated, enlarged, or metamor-
phosed root ; or even the fragment of a compound ;
and employed in the way of a prefix, infix, or
suffix. But, in all cases, it is to be distin<ruished
from mere formal sounds or syllables, employed
to show the relation of ideas, whether they be
used in the form of prefix, infix, suftix, or of
reduplication, augment, et cetera. This distinction
may sometimes be difficult, or appear arbitrary;
but, as a working rule, for the present purpose,
it is convenient.
A word about the use of the short dashes, in this
volume. They serve to show whether a formative,
or any other component of a word, is employed
as a prefix, infix, or suffix. Thus, in Mamo-
7mwangwatan, ma- (a formal syllable, a reduplica-
tion), is a prefix; so is mon- (a formative, a
verbal, a metamorphosed root) ; -aivang (a forma-
tive, a substantival, an enlarged root), is a suffix;
-w- (a formal sound, a truncated verbal endin<r)
is an infix; -atan (a formative, a verbal, an en-
lO
GREETING.
larged root), is a suffix. The fact that mon-, and
-awang, in the example here analyzed, appear in
the form of infixes, is left out of consideration,
their proper character being that of prefix and
suffix, respectively. • (See Monongakela)
For the purpose of more definite explanation,
let us take the word Kakiweonanin^^ " at the
place where they cross a point by water." Kak-
C straight," "right across," "diagonally"), is a
formative (an adverbial, a simple root), that re-
quires a terminal addition ; hence the dash is
placed at the end. In the present case, that
addition is -iwe, a verbal ending implying action
or motion in a general way. It gives the compound
i^kakiwe) the conventional meaning, " he crosses a
point," " he travels straight across ;" and, if no
more be added, the journey will be understood to
be made by land. Now, to derive from this verb
a noun designating a place, and the manner of
crossing, the formative -onan, "a boat channel," is
added; thus, kakiweonan^ "a place where one
travels straight across in a canoe, or, by water."
The formal ending, -ing, places the word in the
GREETING.
II
locative case; thus, ''at the place where one travels
straight across in a canoe, or, by water." (See
Kewccnazv.)
The accentuation of the Ojibwa names in this
volume is a venture. Readers practically ac-
quainted with the language will easily perceive
that in many cases the acute accent (') has been
placed on syllables pronounced with no other
stress of voice than others not thus distinguished.
But they will also fmd that all these syllables
contain long vowels. To insure a perfect pronun-
ciation, not only every long vowel should be
marked as such, but also those pronounced very
rapidly should be distinguished by a sign of
quantity. Such a degree of accuracy being hardly
required in a work not intended to teach the
language, accents have been somewhat liberally
employed to make up for the deficiency in this
respect. Moreover, the accentuation of Ojibwa
words is frequently optional (as in the French
language), and cannot be determined with the
same precision as in English.
Other words produced by means of the forma-
12
GREETING.
tives contained in this term, are e.g., kakakama-
gad, " it is square ;" ( kak-kak-, " straight-straight,"
"straight on all sides;" -amagad, "it is thus;")
gkvideoonan, ''a turning point leading into a
channel;" {giwidc-, "around," "turning;" -o, con-
tracted from -iva, the last syllable in ghvideiva,
"he turns, sailing or rowing;" -onan, "a boat chan-
nel," from oil-, "a canoe," and the s bstantive
endmg -an; inaonan, when used as an independent
word.) (See Detour^
This example, while illustrating the manipula-
tion of formatives, also shows how necessary it is
for the successful analysis and full interpretation
of Indian words, to leave not a single component
untouched by the critical scalpel. The neglect of
this rule has led to innumerable failures. Hence,
in preparing this collection, that rule has been
strictly adhered to in all cases, where the meaning
was not sufficiently obvious and certain without
applying that severe test; and whenever deemed
desirable, the process has been embodied in the
explanation. To do this in all cases would have
swelled this volume to an undesirable size.
GREETING.
,
13
These remarks may serve as an apology, to
the general reader, for the philological minutia
embodied in this collection of Indian names. Of
the approval, by linguists, of the course here
followed, there can be no doubt, whether the re-
sults obtained agree with their own views, or not.
Approximate pronunciation of vowels and con-
sonants in the Ojibwa and other Algic dialects,
used in the text :
a^ as in father^ though frequently short.
e, as in net,
. g, as in get,
z\ as in live.
o, as in bo7te.
d, 4 i, o, represent the nasn^l sounds of these
vowels.
^> ^? g J J K ^. ^' A ^^ ^? as in English ; though
the distinction between the sonant and surd mutes
{b and p, d and /, g and k^ is not so pronounced.
In many instances these sounds are interchange-
t
\
H
GREETING.
able. The same holds good of / and c/z, zh and sh.
The sound of s sometimes approaches that of z.
The letters f, /, r, and v^ are not found in the
Ojibwa alphabet, and in the case of older Indians
these sounds are often utterly unpronounceable.
They generally substitute b or /, for / and v; and
n^ for / and r.
w is pronounced as in English, or nearly so,
except at the end of words, where aw is almost
equivalent to ao; iw to iu; ow to o-o.
c and hy occur only in the combination ch,
which is pronounced as in church.
For qu we write kw.
X (a compound sound) would have to be
written ks^ but this combination does not occur ;
whenever English ears hear it, it is in reality kas,
kisy or kos; e. g., Metaxigay, or Met-ax-e-kay,
properly Metdkosige; Pawtuxet, from Pawitikoset.
d is peculiar to the Menominee dialect. It has
a sound intermediate between that of a in man
and the same vowel in fare. The same, or
nearly the same, sound occurs in the Delaware
{Lenape) dialect, where the Moravian {German)
r
GREETING.
'
15
writers rendered it by the combination ae. Both
of these dialects have also the gutteral German
ch, pronounced as gh in the Celtic lough (or loch,
as spelled in Gaelic and Irish).
The combination ai has almost the (diphthong)
sound of the English i; in many words, however,
each letter is distinctly pronounced. The same
holds good of aa, ee, ti, 00, ae, ao, ou, and ei;
pronounced ah-ah, ay-ay, e-e, et cetera.
.
In addition to the usual abbreviations of the
names of states and territories, the following are
used :
^° County.
L. H Lake Huron.
^- ^ Lake Superior.
L. M. . . Lake Michigan.
S. of M Straits of Mackinac.
U. P. Mich. . . . Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
L. P. Mich. . . . Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
'^
i6
GRIiETING.
The particular locality to which the Indian name
properly belongs (although the same geographical
name may be found elsewhere) is in parenthesis
following the geographical name.
Unless otherwise noted, the Indian words are
in the Ojibwa (Chippewa) tongue, one of the
best preserved and most widely known among the
dialects of the great Algonkin family of languages.
y()7-?v:-7tiX^.„
Detroit, Mich.
I
INDIAN NAMES.
1
Algonkin. French A Igojiguin; originally ^Z-
goumekin {Ango?nel:t), a tribal name of obscure
signification. It was first applied to the Indians
of the Upper St. Lawrence and some of its
northern tributaries; afterwards, to all the western
tribes of a similar speech, such as the Ottawa,
Ojibzva, PottawatomieSy Sacs and Foxes, the '■'Upper
Algonkins'' of the early French writers, and
finally to all tribes of kindred speech, including
the Micmacs, Abcnakis, Delawares, and others in
the east; the Illinois, Shawnees, and others in the
south ; the Crees and the Satsikaa, or " Blackfeet,"
in the north and northwest.
To distinguish the whole family from the
Algonkins proper, or "Old Algonkins," all these
Indians may be conveniently comprised under the
name of the Algic tribes, or Indians of the Algic
tongue. The term is of spurious coinage, but has
i8
INDIAN NAMES.
obtained sufficient currency to be considered legiti-
mate.
A small remnant of the "Old Algonkins" now
have their home on the Lake of Two Mount-
ains, near Montreal. The early French mission-
aries studied their dialect, in preference to the
Montagnais (in use on the Lower St. Lawrence),
as more distinctly spoken, and more closely resem-
bling the dialects of the *' Upper Algonkins,"
among whom many of them went to labor.
Among the Algic dialects, the Ojibwa is the
most widely understood, and extensively studied.
The nearest approach to the parent dialect, or
oriorinal form of the lanQruao['e, is found in the
Cree, Old Algonkm, Ojibwa, and Ottawa dialects.
Note, — Angomelchik, a name found in the Del-
aware '"'Wahim Ohim!' but hardly yet explained,
may have some connection with Algoutnekin.
Ashland Bay. (Ashland Co., Wis.) Zhagd-
wamlk, in the locative Zhdgawdmikong, "long-
stretched beaver." Zhagaw-, "oblong;" amik^ ''a
beaver."
INDIAN NAMES.
19
Probably the original form of the name was
zhagawamika, locative zhagawamikag, "a long
shoal," or ''far-strctchino- breakers." Zliaraw-,
"oblong;" minamt/ca, -amika^ "a shoal," "there
are breakers."
The change of form and signification would
seem to be due to a legend which runs thus :
Menabosho, pursuing the Great Beaver from the
St. Mary's River (where he broke his dams, and
thus formed the upper and lower rapids), through
his pond (Lake Superior), drove him into Ash-
land Bay. To secure his capture, Menabosho built
a long dam from the south-shore to Madeline
Island. While engaged in this work he threw
handfulls of earth behind him into the outer lake,
where they remain as the smaller Apostle Islands.
The dam being finished, Menabosho sure of
having cornered his game, entered through the
North Channel, between Madeline Island and Bay-
field Peninsula, but, behold ! the Great Beaver,
digging out the South Channel (between Made-
line Island and Shagawarnikon Point), broke
through Menabosho's dam, and escaped.
20
INDIAN NAMES.
The width of the South Channel is now two
and a half miles ; but the older inhabitants say
that formerly a point of land, extending from the
western extremity of the island towards S/inj^a-
tvamikon, made it much narrower; and at one
time, according to tradition, the distance was so
short that an arrow could be shot across. The
neck of the long point has been washed through,
within the last thirty years.
Aurora Borealis. Chibdyag nimiidhvag, Cree
chipayak nitnituivak, " the dead are dancing."
Chibai, " a dead person," " a corpse," " a ghost ;"
nimi, "he is dancing;" nimiidhuag, "they are
dancing with each other."
Chee-chee-ping-way. The Indian name of
Alexander Robinson, (" Indian Robinson," also
"Chief Robinson,") who was partly of Indian
descent, and one of the best known characters in
the early history of Chicago. Chichibiiigive,
" Blinking Eyes ;" thus nicknamed by the Indians
on account of a physical peculiarity. Chibingweni^
INDIAN NAMKS.
21
or chichibins^weni, "his eyes are twinklin.L; ;" from
ckib-, "movino- rapidly hilher and thiihcr, or up
and down f -ingive, "eye ;" -eni, an ending- of verbs
referrin«r to bodily states.
C/nbai, "ghost;" and chibam, (Ottawa) ''soul/'
arc from the root chib ; chic hair (Ojibwa), "soul,"
is from chug, which has a similar mcanino". The
conception is that of a (lutterin,L,^ shadow. Some-
times they use Chic hag for " shadow."
Chesapeake. (Hay.) Delaware Kichizhiivi-
pck, or Kichishvipek, "at the <gx^A\. salt water."
0]\h\wA Kichizhhoibing, {K'lchi-, "orreat;" nhizci-,
"sour," ''salty;" -bi, "water;") thou^i^di ordinarily,
they now say zhiivitaganikichi garni ; zhiwitagati,
"salt;" kichigaini, "great body of water."
Zhiivilagan literally means "something used
for making things sour." This shows the modern
origin of the term ; for salt, as a spice, was a
commodity unknown to the Indians before their
acquaintance with the whites.
)
22
INDIAN NAMES.
Chicago. (111.) Zhikdgong, the locative case
of zhikdgo, *^a skunk," also used as a personal
name.
Early French writers mention a chief named
Chicagou, who lived near the site of the present
city. According to tradition, Chicagou was
drowned in the river.
Whatever may have been the occasion for
applying that name to the locality, there can be
no question about the etymology of the word.
Algic proper names are very commonly derived
from the name of animals by the addition of o.
Thus Zkikcigo, is zhikag used as a man's name ;
and zhikag, or skigag, is the Mephitis Americana,
or "skunk." The English term "skunk," itself is
a corruption of the Abenaki form of the word,
which is, si kail (TO.
Some have souo^ht to lend difnitv to the term,
by tracing in its first syllable, the second syllable
of kichi, "great." This is plainly inconsistent
with the Indian pronunciation of the name.
Thf' orii^in of the word, however undiLrnificd.
is plain: zhig, is the Latin mingere ; and kag, or
INDIAN NAMES.
25
gag, thoug-h now restricted to the porcupine spe-
cies, was oriorinally any horrid Htde beast; hence
zhi-kag, is equal to bcstiola foeda mingens.
Others liave had recourse to zhigagaiudzh,
"wild garhc;" but this does not help matters, for
the ug-ly root zhig, is still there, followed by -aga-
ludz/i, " a plant ;" hence planta urinam redolens.
(See Des Plaines.)
Connecticut. Kinndtikwat, "at the long
river." Ojibwa gcnwatigzveyag, or genwatig07ig ;
from gino-, ''long;" and -tigzueya, "the water
runs." The verbal -tigzveya is derived from li'gow,
" a wave ;" and this from the root ^/g, from which
we have -a//g, "a tree ;^' and -^ig, -shtigivan,
"head;" the common idea being that of ''top,"
"elevation."
Detroit. (Mich.) From the French Le De-
troit, "The Strait," i. e., the passage between
Lakes St. Clair and Erie.
The Indian name is IVaiuiydtaitong, the loca-
tive case of IVazuiyalan, " the river turns," or " a
H
Indian names.
curving channel." Wawiya-, ''round" (circular, or
semi-circular) ; -atan, '^ the river runs thus," " a
channel." (Compounds with this ending are used
as verbs or nouns.) Hence the name of the
lVeatano7ts, Ouata7ions, or IVeas, a small tribe,
now at the Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory.
Their orii^inal home seems to have been at the
turn of the Illinois river near Hennepin (111.),
which also bore the name of Wawiyatan. (See
Apph'ton.)
Eskimo. Eshkibod, "one who eats his food
(meat) raw." Ashk-, "raw," "green;" -pzva, "to
taste,"" to eat."
From the root ash/c, in the Massachusetts
dialect asq, plural asquash, we have the word
"squash." In Ojibwa, the term eshkandammg,
"what is eaten raw," from the same root, is used
for melons, cucumbers, ct cetera.
The Micmac form of the word is said to be
Eskimook, or Esku7noga; Cree Ayiskimew.
Frenchman. WcmitigozJii (Cree Wemistiko-
zhi)j "one who has a canoe (vessel) of wood."
INDIAN NAMES.
25
Mitig, "tree," "wood;" -071, (Cree osi, 02/n,)
"canoe," "boat," "ship;" omitjgoni (Cree omisti-
kosi), "he has a wooden boat." The chancre of
the initial into we, malces the participle. The
change of n to zk is quite common.
The term dates from the first appearance of
the French in the St. Lawrence River, when their
vessels excited the admiration of the natives.
Among the Cree, the word is now also applied to
any white or civilized man ; just as the Ojibwa
call whites of any nationality Kichimoko7nana(r,
"Big Knives;" which originally meant Virginians,
and later, Americans.
!
Garden River. (Ontario. A tributary of St.
Mary's River.) Kitiglinisibi, "Plantation River."
Kit; kicki-, '^ notching," "hacking;" kiiigc, "he
plants," "he makes a garden;" kitigan, "a planta-
tion."
In the beginning of this century, the In-
dians living on that stream raised all the corn
needed for the fur trade in the Lake Superior
country.
3
INDIAN NAMES.
Gogokazhogan, or " The Bridge of the
Dead." The meaninof of this word is not " Owl
Bridge ' (J'Cokokoo-azhogafi) , as has been suggested,
but "unsteady bridge;" from the redupHcated root
gok, goshk, givashk, "trembHng,' 'jumping." Azho-
gan, "a bridge;" from azJioge (azkazu, "on the
other side"), "he crosses over."
The bridge of the dead consists of a tree so
Hghtly supported that it swings up and down,
when the soul of the departed steps on it to cross
the river which must be passed in order to reach
the "happy hunting grounds;" consequently many
fail, and falling into the river are changed into
toads. Similar myths are met with among most
Indian tribes throughout America, not to speak of
the ancient beliefs of the old. world.
Housatonic, Wassdtinak, the New Eng-
land form of the Ojibwa Awassadinang, "beyond
the mountain (or mountains)." Awass, "further,"
'* beyond;" -adiji, "there is high land."
Huron Islands. (Marquette Co., Mich., L. S.)
Mandkondnitig, "whither they go for moss." Man-,
INDIAN NAMES.
27
contracted from mawau-, "to go for;" wakon,
"moss," "iichen;" -ino^, locative affix.
The lichen referred to is the edible gyrophoea
known by the French name of tripe dc roche,
"stone tripe;" in time of starvation used for
makingr soup. Ojibwa ozhashakon, from ozkash-,
"slippery," "gelatinous;" and wakoji, "moss."
Other species are windigoiuakon, "giant's {windi-
go) moss;" missabcnjakon, {inissabc, "great man;"
-oji, "abdomen," "bowels;") "great man's bowels'
moss;" both names referring to a legend in which
Mcnabosho changed his bowels, or other parts of
his body, into eatable moss.
Illinois. This is the French renderinor of
Ininozvc (pronounced e-ncc-no-zva), the Indian name
of the large tribe which once dwelt on the Illinois
River. The substitution of the letters // for n, is
accounted for by the circumstance that the / sound
being wanting in many of the Algic dialects, the
Indians of that speech generally change it into n
when trying to pronounce it in foreign words.
Now, by a curious process, — not without its analo-
28
INDIAN NAMES.
iries in other liniri-iistic phenomena, — the whites,
when pronouncing Algic words containing the n
sound, frequently replace this by the /. The
Indians say Noc, Nossi, Binih, and Nazhenckwe, for
the French Louis, Lucie, Phillipc, and LAngdiquc;
while the P'rench have changed the Indian Mishi-
jiimakinang, Mincivag, Okaganing, and Ininoive, into
Michilliviakinac, Milouaki or Mcllcoki (Milwau-
kee), Kakaiin, and LI lino is.
The word Ininoive, is the Illinois form of a
name apparently once common to all the Algic
tribes. Its original form, probably ininawe, or ani-
iiawe, underwent various modifications with the
breaking up of the parent tribe and the conse-
quent formation of dialects.
With the Crees it became nehiyazu, ninaiue,
and ncithaive; and with the Algonkins proper,
niina. It appears in the Icnnilcnape of the Dela-
wares, and in the corresponding anishinabe (orig-
inally inininabe, anininabc,) of the Ojibwa, Ottawa,
et cetera.
Etymologically, the word consists of ini^i,
•'simply," "without any specification;" and aiue, ''7\
i
INDIAN NAMES.
29
living being;" and means "a person," and in the
plural, "people."
Readers superficially acquainted with some one
of the Algic tongues, will be apt to doubt the
correctness of this explanation, since the words
inin, and aioc, are probably unknown to them ;
nor are they to be found in dictionaries. Neither
of them, it is true, occurs independently, but
their meaning is evident from such combinations
as the following: ZJiishib, means a duck of an)-
kind; while ininishib means "the common duck,"
"the duck that has no other name." Kinoseii\
(Cree) etymologically "long mouth," is any sort
of fish; iyinikinoseiv, is the fish, "the fish that
has no other name," "a pike." Other examples
are imnati'g; "a maple;" ininandagy "a spruce;"
Cree iyininiiu (Ojibwa iniii)^ "a huckleberry;" ct
cetera.
Awe appears in oshkinaur, "a youth;" awessi,
"an animal;" awciien, "who;" aK'cgzccji, ''some one
unknown to mc;" tibimuve, "self;" in haivdtok
(Menominee), "a spirit," literally "who may he
be," and iMdJ-Hawatok, "the Great Unknown,"
;o
INDIAN NAMES.
/. c, God ; also in awe nuts, the New England
form of haivdtok, and once applied to ihc; whites,
who were for some time looked upon as "spirits,"
or superior beings.
Kaukauna. (Outagamie Co., Wis.) Ogdka-
ii/iio; ''at the place where pickerels are caught."
Little Kaukauna, farther down on the Fox
River, is the locality mentioned by Father Allouez,
and by him called Kekalin. He made the portage
May 1 8, 1670. (See Kawkawlin River.)
Lake Winnebago. (Wis.) The Indians
now call it Winibigo-Sdgaigan, "the Lake of the
Winnebago Indians;" but the original name was
Winibi (pronounced win-ne-be), "dirty water;" in
the locative case, Winibing; or, in the southern
Algonkin dialects, Winibig, Winipeg, is the Cree
form of the same word.
From the Fake, the Winnebago Indians, who
lived in that neighborhood before they moved to
Green Bay, received their Algonkin name ; and
the early French, being informed of the fact that
t
tNDIAN NAMK-S.
3i
tlie tribe had formerly lived on the ''dirty zvatcr''
were led into*the erroneous belief that the tribe
had formerly lived on the sea, or on salt water,
which the Indians also called ''dirty water''
This circumstance accounts for Nicolet's much
discussed assertion that on his voyage to Green
Hay he was within three days' journey of the sea.
A three days' sail from Green Bay, would have
brought him to JVinii)io; the ''dirty -a'atcr.''
The assumption that he reached a iK)in't within
three days' journey of either the Wisconsin or the
Mississippi, and mistook the Mishisibi, "the great
river," for the ocean, is entirely improbable. No
one accpiainted with the Algic tongues, as he was,
would have made such a mistake ; for sibi never
means any other than runuino- 7oatcr.
Th(;re is absolutely nothino- in the account of
Nicok;t's journey {Kelatious of 1643,) that would
make a trip up the Vox River probable; no more
so than the diversion to the Rapids of St. Mary,
which has also been surmised. The assertion that,
by the word "sea," Nicolet meant '*a river lead-
32
INDIAN NAMES.
ing to the sea," should be supported 1)y at least
one analogous exani[)le, to obtain credit.
The removal of the Winnebagoes from Lake
Winnebago to Green Bay, was caused by the
Dakota raids mentioned in the Relations of the
Jesuits. The shores of the lake were still unin-
habited in 1670, for that very reason.
Leech Lake. (Minn.) Gasagdskwdjimdka,
"there are leeches there;" generally used in the
locative case, Gasagaskivajimekang.
Sagaskwaajime, "a leech." Saga-, '' coming
forth ;" -skiv- {-skzui, -skiva, the radical part of
miskwi), "blood;" oji-, "drawing in;" -m-, **mouth;"
(as in ashama, "he is fed," "something is put in
his mouth;" ojibv^mo, "he speaks Ojibwa;") -e, a
substantive ending, for the names of beasts, birds,
fishes, et cetera; hence, sagas kwajime, "a beast
that makes come forth blood by drawing with the
mouth," "a blood-sucker." (Sangsue, the French
for "leech," also means "blood-sucker.") The
prefix ga-, and the ending -ka, are explained else-
where.
^r
INDIAN NAMKS.
33
Les Chenaux. (Mackinac Co., Mich.) "The
Channels;" the! phiral of the French le c/icnal,
" the channel." The Ojibwa name is Andminang,
"in th(! bowels." Andiuina, "underneath/' "in the
body." The name refers to the intricate tortuosity
of the channels.
Manitoulin Island. (L. H.) Manitlnvdnmg^
"at the Spirit's cave." Manito, "a supernatural
being;" wazlt, "the den of a wild animal;" -ing\
locative ending. WazJi is a modification of wan,
"hollow;" {e. g., wanike, "he digs a hole.") The
term refers to a "lightning hole" on the rocky
shore of the deep inlet on the north side of the
island. This hole was believed to be the den of
the Spirit-Snake, — personified lightning.
The form Manitonliti is a corruption of Mani-
ioozmlin, which is the French rendering of Mani-
towaning.
The Indians generally call it Otaiuaminiss,
"Ottawa Island;" as the ancient home of that
tribe and now again inhabited by a considerable
number of them.
Its Huron name was Ekaentoion.
34
INDIAN NAMES.
Manitou Payment. (Mackinac Co., Mich.)
A French corruption of the Ojihwa Manito Bimiva,
"the shooting of the Spirit."
Legend. Mislnniakioa, the Big Bear, a spirit of
the great lakes, had wantonly slain Moialwshos
nephew and ward Maiuoaiics, the Little Wolf,
The hero, wan and haggard from grief, and
planning revenge, wandered along the shore until he
discovered the playground of Mishimakwa and his
spirit companions. It was on the sand beach at the
foot of the clay banks {Lcs Ecores), east of Manitou
Payment Point. There Menabosho waited his
chance. His stratagem and success are related by
the Indian story tellers, with appropriate panto-
mines, in this wise: The sun stood high. The
spirits emerged from their mansions under the
water; Mishimakwa and Mislii(^inebiir (the Big Ser-
pent), with the Ntbanadcc^ (Half-Fish Men), and
other monstrous beings. They played and gamboled
on the broad smooth beach, like happy children.
Menabosho stood on high at the brink of the
bank, silent and motionless. His toes had spread
out, and, root-like, worked themselves into the loose
soil.
His nether limbs and his trunk were scaly and
spotted with patches of lichen. His unevenly ex-
tended arms looked knotty and crooked, like the
limbs of a tree hoary with age, and his fingers like
its leafless branches. Thus stood Menabosho mo-
tionless.
Tzwef ("hello") cried the Big Serpent, what is
that up there.? A tree ? No, brothers, I tell you,
IXKIAN NAMKS.
35
it is not a tree. Tliere was no tree there before.
Perhaps it is Menahosho.
If it be Menabosho, said the Hitr licar, we shall
soon know it. I will try him.
^{^'//, /<;'//, shouted the spirits.
Mishiniakwa clinilKHJ the bank, stood up a^^ainst
the tree-like man, huo<r(nl him, scratched and
scratched, till the scaly bark came down in pieces
from his Hanks and back. It pained Menabosho,
but he did not wince. He neither shivered nor
moaned.
The Great Hear loosened his hold, roiled down
the bank, and c^uietly walked back to his com-
panions.
It is not Menabosho. he said to them. I have
tried him.
Easy, easy ! whispered the Bi^r Serpent. Be on
your guard! Menabosho is wily. Let mc try him.
^(^■//. Ui^h, shouted the spirits.
MishiL,nnebig went to work. With mighty folds
he twisted around the trunk of the man-tree, up to
the spreading limbs ; and then he began to squeeze
him. It pained Menabosho, but he bore it without
a moan.
Once more the Big Serpent tightened his folds,
and squeezed with twofold power.' The pain was so
great, Menabosho gasped for breath ; but he did not
moan.
_ And again Mishiginebig tried him. With all his
might he squeezed the man-tree. It was beginning
to be too much, even for Menabosho. Anothe^r
squeeze and he would have cried out; but Mishi-
ginebig gave up, satisfied with the trials.
3^
INDIAN NAMKS.
Slowly he unfolded his coils, and o^lided down
the bank.
It is no^ Menabosho, said he. I have tried him.
Menabosho is a coward. He would have moaned.
Come, comrades, to our sport again !
Thus spoke Mishiginebig. Again the spirits
gamboled on the broad, smooth beach.
Alter a while they rested. Scattered on the
shining sand, they lay basking in the sun.
This is thy time, Menabosho ! He does not stir.
E'lsy, easy ! See his arms move, slowly, cautiously,
keep still ! He draws an arrow from his quiver, a
sharp, stone-tipped arrow. Easy, easy ! The bow
is in his hand ; Kkkimitigzvab, Menabosho's good
bow. Keep still ! The arrow is on the string. He
draws '♦■ back with might. The arrow flies.
Whoop ! whoop ! ! whoop ! ! ! the war-whoop
sounds from on hitrh. The monsters are startled.
The tree is gone ; Menabosho's war-whoop resounds
through the woods. The spirits scamper. Mishi-
makwa lies or the ground, dying. The arrow sticks
in. his heart.
It was Menabosho.
Note. — A tall pine overlooking the Epoufette
settlement and visible from a great distance, has, in
the Indian mind, some connection with this fabulous
event.
(The sequel to this legend can be found
under Misha Mokwa.)
INDIAN NAMES.
o7
Mauch Chunk. (Carbon Co., Penn.)
Delaware Maskdchiwink, "on the bear mountain;"
corresponding- to the '" "ibwa Makzvajiwing ; from
nmkiua (Delaware muskd), "a bear;" and wajiw,
"a mountain." (See Bear Creek.)
Me torn en. Manddmin, "a grain of corn
(maize) ;" used as a personal name. Pottawatomie
nmtamiji, Ottawa miiidaniin, " large grain ;" from
mind-, 7nand-, "large."
Mandauiincs, "Little Corn," was the Indian
name of the famous voyagcur Nicolas Perrot. A
Pottawatomie of the same name (J\fan-daw-mm)
was one of the signers of the first (1821) Indian
Treaty made at Chicago.
-i
Missouri River, (i.) Mishduisibi, or Mesho-
m'sibi, " River of the Big Canoe Trib'j ;" " River
of the Big-Tubs ;" " IMandan River."
Mishi-, niish-, "large;" -on, "canoe," "vessel;"
-t, verbal ending; misJioni, "he has (or sails in)
a large canoe ;" mcskoiiid, " one who owns (or
uses) a large canoe." When a parlici[)lc is used
;8
INDIAN NAMES.
as a proper noun, the ending- d is generally
dropped ; and in thic case, the change of the
first vowel is also sometimes omitted ; as, c. g., in
Wemitigozhi, " a Frenchman ;" instead of Wcmiti-
gozJiid, from omitigoncy "he has a wooden canoe."
The name MisJioni appears on old maps, and
is mentioned l:)y early writers, under the guise of
Missotiritcs, the ending, tcs, being adtled by the
French, according to their custom ; the sh changed
to ss (as in Mississippi) ; and Ji turned into r,
also a matter of frequent occurrence. Accordingly,
La rivih'e dcs Missouritcs^ or the River of tJic
Massorztcs, as Coxe has it, is the '' River of the
Big Canoe Tribe."
Among the Indians who lived upon the upper
Missouri, in the seventeenth century, the allied
Mandans, Arickarces, and Gros Vcnti'cs, are the
only ones now known to have made use (as a
rule) of boats different from those of all other
tribes, — not large, indeed, but of a very pecu-
liar construction. They were the so-called "bull-
boats," made of wickerwork in the shape of a
tub and covered with skins ; and. though but
INDIAN NAMES.
39
about five feet in diameter, capable of holding
six persons.
If not large canoes, they were certainly large
tubs; and Miskoni means also "one who uses a
large tub ;" for the formative -oji (from the root
wan, "hollow"), originally signified any kind of
hollow fixture or vessel, as, c. g. in the word ojia-
i^a;/, "a dish." Any of those three tribes, then,
or the whole confederacy, may be the people
whose ancient Algic name is preserved in the
name of the Missouri River.
This surmise would gain strength, if the name
Mandan could be proved to be also of Alo-ic
origin, like Sioux, Winnebago, and the current
names of several other tribes of different speech.
In that case, its most obvious interpretation would
be the same as that of Mishout : for mandoni, or
mindoni (from maud-, or mind-, " large "), and nian-
goni (from mang-, "big"), likewise mean "he has
a large canoe ;" and any of these words might in
the course of time, or in the mouth of white
speakers, have become Mandan.
(2.) Pcngwiivdnowesihi, "River of the Painted
40
INDIAN NAMES.
Cheeks;" "Piegan River/' Piiigivi, "ashes," "dust,"
"paint in the form of ^^oxnA^x \ pingiviivime, "he
p6wders a person;" -now, -anow, "cheek;" pingwi-
wanowe, "he has powdered cheeks," or "his cheeks
are painted."
This name was mentioned to Father Mar-
quette in the form of Pekitanoui, most hkeiy by
the IlHnois, whose dialect differs very much from
that of the Ojibwa. Pekitanoiii is said to signify
"muddy water," or "muddy river," which, in the
Cree dialect, would be pikagamisipiy, pikagamkhi-
wan, pikinichiwan, or, simply, pikittin.
The last of these terms would explain a part
of the name Pekitanoui ; but the ending -anoui
must be accounted for. Now, the Cree pikinaiia-
zvcw {ivom pikiu-, "powder," and -atiaway, "cheek"),
is the same as the Ojibwa pingiviwanaive ; and
changing the first n to t (a frequent transition in
the Algic languages), we obtain pikitanawcii),
which resembles Father Marquette's Pekitanoui, as
closely as can be desired.
The name, then, would seem to refer, like
Mishoni, to a tribe living on the Missouri (or
Indian names.
41
some of its tributaries), whose peculiarity was
to paint the cheeks. And, in fact, there is such
a tribe. In the sign language of the western
Indians, the Picgans are still known as the
"Cheek-Painters," or " Painted Cheeks." (See the
gesture in "The Indian Sign Language," by
W. P. Clark, U. S. Army.) And their Cree name,
Pikanowiyiniw (from pik- "muddy," ''dirty;" and
-anaway, "cheek"), means "dirty cheek man."
The river itself is now called, in Cree, Piega-
nowisipiy, '' Piegan River."
As to the transition from ;^ to ^ or d, and
vice versa, compare Cree atak, and Ojibwa anaiig
"a star;" Ojibwe i?izve, and Cv<iQ itowe, "bespeaks
such a language ;" Ottawa zhizhodcwaam, and Cree
sisonehaam, "she sails along the beach." It is
possible, however, that Pckitanwi was a misunder-
standing on the part of Father Marquette, and
that the name given to him was PekinanivL
\ ii
Mindemoya Lake. (Manitoulin Island, L.
H.) Mindwtdyesdgaigan, "Old Woman Lake." It
has its name from an island, which is said to bear
42
INDIAN NAMES.
a striking resemblance to a woman floating on the
water, and therefore called by the Indians Mijidi-
moye, "the old woman."
Monkey. Nandomdkotndshi, "louse-searching
beast." Nandomakonic, " he is searching for lice ;"
-ski, a substantive ending, for the name of beasts,
birds, insects, et cetera.
Cree ayismakesk, also otayisinakesk, " one who
is in the habit of imitating."
Monongahela. (River in Pennsylvania.)
Memondwangehdlak (Delaware), the participle of
Mamonawangehela, " the river is digging away its
shores."
The Ojibwa equivalent is Mondivangwdtan, or
Mamondwangwdttui, in the participle, Monona-
zuaiio'watanc'- Monawe, " he is diufirins: ;" (e. e-
})ionaapini, " he is digging potatoes ;" monashkwe,
" he is tearing out weeds ;") -awatig, " sand,"
"sand bank;" [e. g. ■rnitazvanga, "the beach con-
sists of pure sand ;") monazvangwe, " he is digging
out sand;" -aian, "there is a water-course;" "the
INDIAN NAMES.
43
Stream Is actincr in such a way." The reduph'ca-
tion of the first syUalMc {mo, as customary, being
changed to ma,^ marks the repeated action. The
Delaware termination -hcla, {-kclla, -henna,) sig-
nifies "running water;" Hke the Ojibwa sibi,
-tigweya, and -atan.
Instead of monawangwatan, the Ojihwa usually
say nictatawaiigivatan ; from met-^ "wearing out;"
-ataivang, "sand bank;" and -atan, as above.
The French rendering of Mainonaivangehela, is
Malanguclc. (See La Poifiie, for mo7i-; Sandy
Lake, for -awang; and Detroit, for -atan.)
Mudjekeewis. ''The West-Wind; father of
Hiawatha;'' in Longfellow's poem. Majikiwiss,
"the first-born son;" from maji-, "beginning ;" and
the obsolete kiwis, "man." Hence akiwesi, "an
old man;" kwiwises, "a boy;" -gwiss, "a son."
Nahma. (Delta Co., Mich.) Name, "a stur-
geon." The town is situated on Sturgeon River
{Namesibi).
The Delaware namaes, pronounced nanids, is
44
INDIAN NAMES.
the diminutive form of tliis word, but in that
dialect means "fish." This is the meaning of
name {-anicg) in other dialects also, whenever it
forms part of compounds, such as, c. £-. Ojibwa
namctcg, zlugwameg, " dried fish ;" Crce zvahamek,
" a whitish fish ;" attikamek, " a white-fish."
The Delaware Namasisipee, "• Fish River," men-
tioned in the traditional account of their wander-
ines, is the same word.
The pronunciation of a in the Delaware dia-
lect is practically the same as in Menominee, — a
sound intermediate between a in man, and ay,
with somewhat of a nasal tone.
Ottawa. One of the largest and most ad-
vanced Algic tribes, and nearly related with the
Ojibwa. Olawa, plural Oiawag, shortened from
the obsolete odaiodzvc, Cree odattaw,' " he has
(owns) fur." (From -waive, -aive, " fur," we have
e. g. minwawe, "it has a good fur;" bissagzvawc,
"' it has a thick costly fur ;" atawe, "■ he traffics; "
atawagan, "peltry" (in trade); Cree nandawaga-
new, "he hunts for fun")
n
INDIAN NAMES.
45
n
Like the names of many other tribes (as well
as of some nations, ancient and modern), this
name is of foreign oricrjn. It was first given b)'
the Algonkins on the St. Lawrence; "to one of the
Ottawa clans on the east shore of Georgian Bay,
who opened the fur trade with the French (de-
scending by way of the Ottawa River), and, for
some time, claimed its monopoly. From these, it
passed to other clans of like; speech, and for some
time, was even applied to all the " Upper Algon-
kins ;" (Pottawatomies, Ojibwa, Menominees, ct
cetera^
The French first called the tribe Chcveux
Relev4s^ "Standing Hairs," from their fashion of
wearing the hair in crest-like shape; afterwards,
Ouiaouixn, Ondataonaonat (pronounced odatawa-
wa)\ and finally Gutaonak, and Oufawais.
The term Chcveux Rclevcs lias made room for
the more modern name Courtes Oreilles^ "Short
Ears." This is an erroneous translation of OUizua<r
Kishkakoyag (or KisJikakosag-), "Otawa of the
Short-tailed Bear Totem," one of the most i)rom-
inent clans of the tribe. {^KisJikitaivagc, '' his ear
46
INDIAN NAMES.
is cut off," or "his ear is shortened;" a part being-
cut off.) (See Kish-kau-ko^
Penetanguishene. COntarlo. Canada.)
BertatdzvamrwishmQ- "where the sand slides down
the bank." Bin-, hina-, "coming- off," "dropping,"
"casting" (as in binaiue, "it moults f binakwi, "the
trees shed their leaves;" binagidoneshka, "the skin
comes off his lips"); mitawanga, "there is sand
on the shore;" hence binatawanga, "the sand
slides down the bank." The remaining part of
the word may include the vituperative or com-
miserative ending -ish (as in Nadoivekweyamish-
ing; see St. Ignacc), or the formative -is kin, "it
lies thus."
Pontiac. Ottawa BivanMiyag, or Bonitiyak,
"Anchor." Bon- "stopping;" anit, "a spear;" -ak,
"a stick;" anitiyak, "a spear handle;" hence boni-
tiyak, a stick planted in the ground to anchor
(stop) a canoe.
The term is not in common use ; they say
instead, bonakaj'igan, from bonakcijigc^ " he stops
something {bon-), by means of a stick (-^?/')."
INDIAN NAMES.
47
The name just suits the famous chief Pontiac,
who was l/ie last anchor of the Indian cause.
Pyramid Rock. (Mackinac Island, Mich.)
Pctakdbikideg dzkibik, "standing rock." Petaki-
dcg, "standing-," "sticking in the ground;" -adti-,
"hard mineral;" az/ubik, "rock."
The term petakabikideo; is a sample of the
curious system of compounding words, called
"incapsulation." An imitation of the word in
English, would be stick-stonc-up-ing^ instead of
sticking up stone.
The modern name, "Sugar-Loaf Rock," would
be translated, sisibakwatong ezhinagwak azkibik,
"sugar shaped rock."
Quebec. (Canada.) Montagnais Kawdpak,
"where the river is narrow." Ojibwa gawibwak,
the archaic participle of zvibzva, " it becomes nar-
row;" Cree wapa^ "a strait."
Quinnesec. (Menominee County, Mich.)
Pekiv^nesseg, "where the river forms smoke
(spray)." Pakzvene "there is smoke," "a rising
48
IMJJIAN NAMES.
cloud of smoke;" -esse, "the river runs thus;" the
change of a to e, and the tinal /, make the
participle.
Pekwdncsseg is the name of a fall of the
Menominee River, in the nei<,diborhood of the
villao-e. A few miles distant there are the "Little
Quinnesec Falls;" Ojibwa Pckivincsscs.
Sachem. Sd<riiua, ''a chief." From sag-,
"coming forth," or "rising al:)Ove."
Sacramore is a corruption of the same word.
Saskatchiwan. (River in Canada.)
Cree Kisiskdchiwan, "the river runs rapidly."
O'y'o^?. Kizkijkvan, from kizhi-, "fast," and -ijhvim,
-jiwau, ''the river runs thus."
Saut Ste. Marie. (Mich.) Father Dablon
named the mission established by him at the foot
of the rapids in 1668, Sainte Marie dit Sault,
" Saint Mr.ry's of the Rapids." Saut, is the modern
spelling; '' Soo^' the popular pronunciation.
From the word Saut, "falls," or "rapids," the
Ojibwa tribe obtained its French name, Santeux.
■J~
INDIAN NAMES.
49
At first, those only whose honu was at the "Soo"
were called by that name; hut by degrees it
passed to all Indians of the same speech. The
spelling '' Saute ur,'' though very common, is wrong;
this word is pronounced differently, and denotes
"a spnnger," or "a jumper."
The Indian name of the town or rapids is
BaivUing, from bawitig, "rapids." This is an
abbreviation of baiuitigiveya, "the river is beaten
into spray." (Some Indians pronounce it bagzvi-
tmg, "where the river is shallow.")
The Ojibwa band residing at the Saut were
called BawitigdzvininiWi ", or BaivUing-ddzlu-iiUni-
wag, "Men of the RapiJs."
The Indians have no general name for St.
Mary's River; but have for the lakes into which
it expands. The mouth of the river is called
Giwideoonaning, "where they sail around a point."
Pawttickct, Pozvatan, Pawcatuck, Paivtttxet
(Ojibwa Baivitigosing, "at the little falls"), and
many other similar names in different dialects, are
of the same root as bawitig, and denote a fall or
rapids. The root is biuv, "to scatter by striking;"
50
INDIAN NAMES.
hence, e. g. bawinigodc, " it is shaken off ;" bawisi-
dcshiDiono, "he shakes the dust (or snow) off his
feet." Cree pazvahainoyaiu^ "the snow falls off
the trees." (See Detour.)
Shiawassee. (River in L. P. of Mich.)
Azhabwdsse (generally used as a participle, Azhao-
wcssig), " it runs back and forwards," " the river
twists about." AzJiazv-, "across," "from one side
to the other" (as in azhawa, "he crosses a body
of water;" azhaok, "from one side to the other");
and -esse, "the river runs thus." A look at \\\v.
map shows the appropriateness of the term, espec-
ially if you compare the course of the Shiawassee
wath that of the Tittabawassee.
S u n - D i a 1 . Dibaigisisszvan, " sun-measure."
Dibaigan, ''measure ;" _<,'7>as\v, "sun."
The only sun-dial known to the Indians in
their untutored state was a stick or twig stuck
into the ground or snow, with a line traced in
the direction of its shadow. This contrivance
was, and is still, used by travelers. The intention
INDIAN NAMES.
51
is to let those in the rear know the time of the
day at which the advance party started from, or
passed, the spot thus marked.
At present, dibaigisissivan is the name of a
watch, clock, or any time-piece.
Tadoussac. (Canada.) Totoshak, "breasts.''
The place is so called from its landmark, two
dome-shaped mountains.
Thermometer. Kissina-dibdbishkodco- "where
the cold is weighed," ''cold-balance," "cold-scales."
Ki'ssina, "it is cold;" di'b-, fi/)-, "equal," " opposite f'
-abishk, -abik, "stone," "metal;" -ode, verbal end-
i'"^g'" S^ participle ending. Dibabishkode, "it is
weighed," literally means, "it is balanced by
means of a stone (or piece of metal)."
The archaic form -abishk (now -abik ; Massa-
chusetts -ambsk; Crce -ab/s/c), shows that the term
is not of modern coining, and, consequently, that
the Ojibwa made use of weights before civiliza-
tion reached them.
52
INDIAN NAMES.
Totem. Odl, "family," "gens," "family
mark," "ancestral animal." Whenever this word
Is used in the sense of "family mark," or "ances-
tral animal," it is invariably connected with a per-
sonal pronoun ; and as In this case the connective
d, and the possessive ending m are required, it
has passed into the French and English languages
under the form of dodem, or totem.
Here are some examples of its use. Nizhode
ayawag, "there are two families there." Wcdetojig,
'^ persons living together In a village." Nindodcm,
"my family mark," "my ancestral animal." Migi-
si niiid ododeminan, "I have the eagle for my
totem." Makzvan odododoninau, "his totem is the
bear."
The principal totems of the Ojibwa tribe are,
the bear {viakwa), the crane {ajlja/c), the marten
{wabizhesJii\ the catfish {inanamei), the wolf
{^maingan\ the loon {mang), the moose {in6s\
the burbot {azvassi, awasstssi), the bear's sirloin
{iioke), the pigeon-tail (ciazve), the eagle {mighi).
Others, less wide-spread, are the reind-^er (atik),
the "merman" (nibanabe), the lynx {b'shiw), the
INDIAN NAMES.
53
black duck {makatcshib\ the pike {ginozhe\ the
whitefish {atikamco), the sucker {iiamcbin), the
beaver {amik), tlie wild goose {nika), the gull
{gayaskk\ the hawk [kckek).
Most of these totems are ako found among
the Ottawa, together with tne following: the
rattle-snake {zhishig-we), the water-snake {omissan-
damo), the sturgeon {name), the sparrow-hawk
{p'lpignvises), the thunder, or thunder-bird (.i/^/w/Zv),
and the fork {^nissawakivad).
Wabash. (River in Indiana and Illinois.)
Wahashkikisihi, "Hog River." IWibashkiki, "a
bog." "a marsh;" from luab-, "white;" -ashk,
"grass;" -iki, '\ground."
Washington Island. (Green Bay, Wis.)
IVassekigancso, ''his (sweat-covert^d) breast is shin-
ing." IVassc-, "shining;" kakigan, "breast;" -eso,
the ending of many x'erlw referring to the condi-
tion of the human body. This compound is used
when a man is perceived at a distance, by- the
reflection ol the sunbeams from his bare breast
54
INDIAN NAMES.
covered with perspiration ; c. o: while paddhng a
canoe. The term is properly applicable to per-
sons only; by a bold figure of speech it has been
transferred to that island, visible at a great dis-
tance when its perpendicular white cliffs rellect
the light of the sun.
The hrst name found on maps, was " Potta-
wattomie Island" {Potcivaiamiminisi) \ it having
been occupied by that tribe about the middle of
the i/th century.
The French name was Isle dcs Poux ; from
the nickname of those Indians. This name led
some map makers to call it "Louse Island"
{^Pcni^ "a louse").
Wicomico. (River in Maryland.) Delaware
Wikdiiiika (Ojibwa uigkvdmika), " there are houses
(lodges, wigwams) there."
The term for "house," among the Ojibwa, is
wakaioan ; for "lodge," wuriivam ; while the
Ottawa use the latter word for both houses and
lodges, reserving the term 7vakaigan for a forti-
fied enclosure, "a fort." Both words are appar-
INDIAN NAMES.
55
ently derived from the root wa^^-^ wak, or wik,
"somethinor round," which appears in the follow-
ing derivatives; ivakwi (Ottawa), ''heaven;" zvagi-
nogan, "a round lodge;" zvikwcya, "there is a
bay ;" wak, '' spawn ;" and many others, including
those derived from the form loashk, as zuashkossc,
"he makes a crooked route;" meaning "he walks
circuitously ;" waivxshkamo, "the trail is crooked;"
and probably also luawLXshkcski, "a deer."
Yenadizze. The ''idler and oarnbhr'^ in
Longfellow's Iliaioal/ia. Ainadisi, "he behaves
in different vva\s," "he k:ads a rovino" life;" aiioch
ainadisi, "he conducts Iiimsc^lf oLldly;" the iterative
forni of iiiadisi, " he behaves thus ;" from iii-
iizJii-)^ "so;'' and -adisi, "he is," "he behaves."
York Island. (One of the Apostle Islands,
L. S. ) Gamis kwdbunizhi kang, " where red willows
abound," or " where there is plenty of Kiuuiki-
nickr Miskwahimizh, "red willow;" -ika, "it is
plentiful there;" ga-, an obsolete participial prefix.
The red willow, is one of the plants that fur-
nishes the; Kinuikinick.
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E. P. FOLEY.
R. P. FOLEY.
Fo!ey's/\R7"Galle
ry
HEADQUARTERS FOR ALL KINDS OF
Photographic Views,
OIL ANu WATER COLOR PAINTINGS.
Artists will go with parties to any point on or off Mackinac
Island, to make special views on demand
for a reasonable compensation.
Steam Lapidary Machinery
In connection, for siiaping and polishing Agates, many of
which are found on this lapideoiis Island.
AGATE JEWELRY A SPECIALTY.
Do not fail to call and examine the many fine specimens of
Northern Michigan Animals exhibited here free of chat ge.
FOLEY BROS., Prop's,
Cor. Fort and Main Streets.
MACKINAC ISLAND,
(
OHN-JACOB-ASTOR-HOUSE
-4J *-L
■:^
MACKINAC ISLAND. MICH.
HEADQUARTERS OF ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS.
Former Headquarters of the American Fur
Company. _
i
The Astor House is conveniently located about one hundred yards
from the wharf whore all passengers are landed. Tourists stopping at
the Astor will save carriage hire to and from all boats stopping at the
Island.
No fire traps— 12 easy fire-escapes.
Fresh eggs and poultry from the Astor Farm. Fresh milk and
butter from the Astor Jersey Dairy.
This is the only hotel on the Inland which is supplied with pure
running spring water. By authority of a special Act of Congress, we
have run a pipe from the noted "Manitou Spring." and the Astor
House is now supplied for all purposes with the best and purest water
on earth. It was in their vain but determined attempt to retain pos-
session of this, their sacred spring, the ancient tribe of the MlMnimaki
were utterly exterminated (This is the only spring on this continent
north of the City of Mexico, where the natural temperature of the
water is twenty degrees colder in the summer than in winter. Winter,
55 degrees; Summer, 35 degrees Fahrenheit.)
Guests of the Astor have access to the old and original books of the
American Fur Company.
In the basement of the Astor House is the celebrated Astor Fire-
Place-so often referred to by Irving-the largest fire-place in the
United States.
JAMES F. CABLE, Propr.
ffilCHIGANrENTRAL
THE
i DIRECT ROUTE
TO
^/[ ackinac
-~=[ SL.\ND.
Through Cars from Detroit, con-
necting at Bay City with through
cars from Chicago and Jackson.
To
An island,
GRCEN
AND •
GRASSY,
yondeh in the
Big-Sea-Water
1
I
TH
C ommercial H o^el-
C. W. DABB & CO., Proprietors.
ACCOMMODATIONS FOR FIVE HUNDRED GUESTS.
k
Corner Lake and Dearborn Streets,
CHICAGO.
The location is most iwcessible to Depots, Steamboat Landings, Theatres, Public Buildings,
Parhs, and all objects of interest. Full South and East Fronts, Passenger
Elevator, Electric Lights and all Modern Improvements.
TERMS, $2.00 AND $2.50 PER DAY, INCLUDING MEALS.
Supper, Lodgiin^ and Breakfast, $1.50. Lodging and Breakfast, 8I.OO.
Meals, 50 Cents Each.
A. B. DICKINSON,
III'
Hniilh'M llutel, lllllHiliili-. Mich.
FRANK H. OARR,
Kiirnii'i-ly CiiHhlor llooily Hoiisu,
Tdlfdo, Ohio
^^^ BRUNSJ^,^
^
^
ill'iitti
^
Cor, of State and Griswold Sts,
One Square from City Hall,
DETROIT,
MICHIGAN.
Location Cknthai-. Convenient to tlu; leading stores and places of
aniii.senient. First-class in all appointments, liavins passenger elevator,
heated by steam, liot and cold water in rooms, and all modern improve-
ments. A large number of very desirable guest and sample rooms have
recently been completed in the adjoining building on State Street, im-
mediately in the rear of M. S. Smith & C^o.'s jevpelry store, making our
location absolutely central, and giving ample accommodations for over
one hundred guests.
RATES, $2.50 aiul $2.00 PEK DAY.
mC KINS ON & CARR,
Proprietors,
Cheboygan. Mackinac & Sault Ste Marie
DAILY LINE STEAMERS.
The Only Daily Line on this Popular Route.
Stmr. "Soo City."
BY HON ARMSTHUNQ, Captain.
ED A. PLUM, VIerh.
I.KAVKS
CHEBOYGAN
Mondays. Wednesdays and Fridays.
•) o'clock a. ni.
MACKINAC ISLAND
9 o'clock a. m.
AKKIVIXJ AT
SAULT STE MARIE
() o'clock p. 111.
I.KAVKS
SAULT STE MARIE
Tuesdays, Ttmrsdays and Saturdays
ti o'clock a. m.
AUKIVKS AT
MACKINAC ISLAND
!i 80 o'clock p. III.
CHEBOYGAN
5 o'clock p. in.
Stmr. "Minnie M."
J. ti. MONOOH, Captain.
F. M. HUBBARD. Clerk.
I-KAVKS
CHEBOYGAN
Tuesdays, Tlinisdays and Saturdays,
<i o'clock II. 111.
MACKINAC ISLAND
it o'clock a. Ill,
AKKIVINO AT
SAULT STE MARIE
o'clock p. in.
tKAVK.S
SAULT STE MARIE
IWondays, Wednesdays and Fridays,
o'clock a. m.
AHHIVKS AT
MACKINAC ISLAND
2.30 o'clock p. 111.
CHEBOYGAN
5 o'clock p. 111.
STOPPING AT ALL PLACES OF LANDING ON THIS ROUTE.
Kor further information, call on any of the following agents:
F, H, HORNE, LAMOND & KOBINSON, A. S. RUSSEL,
Mackinaw City. Ht. Ignace.
GEO. KEMP,
Sault Ste Marie, or
W. R. OWEN, Manager,
;53 >letro]>olitiiii Itlock,
CHICAGO, ILL.
Cheboygan,
GEO. T. ARNOLD,
Mackinac Island.
Chippewa House
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.
loo leoojvi®.
HEADQUARTERS FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY.
' HEADQUARTERS FOR ALU FISHING CLUBS.
The Chippewa House is conveniently located on
Water Street, (nearer the river than any other hotel in
the city), a few yards from \A^here all the passengers
are landed who arrive Vjy boat; fifty yards from the
mair. entrance to Fort Brady, (the Army Officers
messing at the Chippewa), and one hundred yards
from the Canal Locks.
Electric lights in every room, and the house fitted
>A/-ith all modern conveniences. No danger^ from fires,
as the rooms are on the ground floor, or up but one
flight of stairs.
All passengers arriving by boat will save carriage
hire to and from all boats, by stopping at the Chippe\A^a.
Ferry boats running to the Canada side of the river
start every fifteen minutes from the wharf opposite
the Chippewa.
HENRY P. SMITH, Prop'r d^ Manager.
'he New Mackinac
{Built in iSSS, upon the site of the old "Mackinac House"
which was burned in January, iSSy.)
Mackinac Island,
Mich,
100 GOOD BED ROOMS.
Tei'iiif^, .VB2.00 and 6'^.5() Per Day.
This house is well arranged for the comfort of tourists, and is con
veniently located opposite the end of the only passenger wharf
on the Island. The turnitnre, carpets, etc., are ali new.
The house is equipped with electric bells, ami
all modern conveniences.
FRED. R. EMERICK, - - Proprietor and Manager.
This hotel has heen built and arranged for the special comfort and convenience of
summer boarders.
On arrival, each guest will be asked how he likes tlie situation, and if he says the
hotel ought to have been iilaeed upon Fort Holmes or on Round Island, the location
of the hotel will be immediately changed.
Corner front rooms, up only one flight, for every guest. Baths, gas, electricity,
hot and cold water, lauml.-v, telegraph, resta\u'ant, fire alarm, bar-rooin, billiard
table, daily papers, sewing ma 'bine, grand piano, and all other modern conveniences
in every room. Meals every minute, if desired, and consequently no second table.
Englisli, French and Geiniaii dictionaries furnished every guest, to make up such a
bill of fare as he may desire.
Waiters of any nationality and color desired. Every waiter furnished wiihalihret-
to, button-hole boquet, fidl di ess suit, liall tablet, and his hair parted in the middle.
Every guest will have the best seat in the dining hall and the best waiter in
the house.
Our clerk was carefully educated for this hotel, and he Is prepared to please every-
body. He is always ready to sing any song you desire, play upon your favorite
musical instrument, match worsted, take a hand at draw-poker, jjlay billiards, study
astronomy, lead the german, amuse the children, make a fourth at whist, or flirt
with any young lady, and will not mind being "cut dead when Pa comes down." He
will attend to the telephone and answer all questions in Choctaw, Chinese, Chippewa,
Volapuk, or any other of the Court languages of Europe.
The proprietor will always be happy to hear that some other hotel is "the bes
in the country." Special attention given to parties who can give information as to
" how these things are done in Boston."
For climate, beautiful scenery and health, Mackinac Island cannot be surpassed;
only one funeral in 1887,— the patient called a doctor.
BOOKIS
BIT
DWIGHT H. Kelton,
CAPTAIN U. S. ARMY.
History flftleSaultSteJary Canal;
PAPER, 15 CENTS.
Annals of Fort Mackinac;
PAPER, 25 CENTS.
I
D
8 lira
CLOTH. Si.OO.
10
li L
The above sent by mail upon receipt of price.
KELTON & CO.,
GiXJinsrc-x-, jsjulcelxcs-j^t^t.
T
I
T