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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
ARTIFICIAL KEY 
 
 TO niSTIMiL'ISII TUB 
 
 LAND BIRDS AND WATER BIRDS. 
 
 All Itinls li.'iviiii; toes more or less webbed and no feathers 
 on the tarsus (all inter};r:iilati«>ns Im»1\v«h'ii llanos A and H). 
 exi'i'pt tilt' Viiltun's.* antl also all birds liavinj; the bill more 
 than three Inches long, wln'tln-r the toes are wclihcd or not, arc <«!!«a>:ii22<f^ 
 Water Birds. Then' arc al-<> a few Water IJirds which do not, 
 a<!;rc»' with the above description, wliicli may be described as 
 follows: — 15 
 
 (iailiiiiilcs. 
 
 RiiilK. 
 
 I.tasl Hitterns ami Sinall IIitoii.-. 
 
 SiioKK IJiuits. — The majority «»f the Shore Ilirds cither have ihe toes with small wel», or 
 the !)ill over thrc<' inches ion;;;. Those which do not may l)e rccoy;iii/.ed l>y t!ie followliiir 
 characters: hind toe, wlien present, elevated above level of front toes: bill, rather soft ; iios- 
 trd, a sht; lower portion of tiltia (upiHT part of lej;). not feathered: first primary, about 
 equal to second. 
 
 Gallixules. — Hail-like l>lrds, inhabiting marshy places; foreheatl, coviMed by a horny 
 plate or shield. 
 
 Rails. — Winj;, rather short and ronnded: toes. Ions;; liiiid to*', on level with front toes 
 (true Kails); first primary, much shorter than second. 
 
 Least Bitteisns and Small Herons. — Toes, four; lores, bare; inner aide of middle 
 toe nail, with coml»-hke «'dge. 
 
 All other birds are called Land Birds. 
 
 ♦ Sevoral Land Birds ha «• tot-s jiartlv \vi'I>Ih'<>, such as tlie (ioatsucl^tMs, CaprimnUihUv, the ViilturetJ, 
 
 OiUharlDhi; ami a few others; ...... all liave the Ursii< iii')r»' or Icbb teatlicred, except the Vultures, the only Lund 
 
 Birds which have webbed toes, uiid no feathers on the UrbUii. 
 
THE BIRDS 
 
 OK 
 
 Eastern North America 
 
 KNOWN To OCCUR EAST OF THE NINETIETH MERIDIAN 
 
 WATER BIRDS 
 
 PART I 
 
 KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND SPECIES 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES B. CORY 
 
 Curator of the Department of Ornit'ioloi^y i'l the Field Coluni/'iiin A/useuni, Chicai;o : l'iee-/^resi<fent of 
 
 the .tnieriidit Ornilhologis/s' ( 'iiioii ; /■'ei/o:i> oj the /.iniiHitn and Zooto^ieal Societies of London : 
 
 Afeinher of the />iitish ihnitholoip ts^ Cnion : Honorary Meniher of the California 
 
 Aeadeiiiy of Si iences : Cor. Metnher Xexo York Aeademv of Sciences, etc , etc. 
 
 AVTIIOK «il' '• TllK liKAUrilUI. AND ClUKIolS 1J|K1>S « iK lllli WoKI.D," " TlIK lilKDS <>l Mil. BAHAMA 
 
 IsiwVNKs," "TlIK IJiuns iM- IlAiri AMI San l)i)MiN(io,"'«TiiK Uikds ok mm-. W'Ksr Indies," 
 "A Nati'uai.isi in iiik M\i;i>ai.i:n Islands," "IIcntim; and Kisuini; 
 
 IN Kl.OUII>A," '• Kl.Y TO IMK WaIKK KiKDS or Kl.oKIDA," " 1 low TO 
 
 KNOW riir. Siiouic Uikds ok Norih Amkkka," "IIow to 
 KN»)W Tnii Ducks, (iuESK, and Swans," ktc, I'Ttc. 
 
 Sl'KOIAI- KDITIOX I'KIXTKU H>1J TIIK 
 
 FIKLI) COLrMIUAX Ml'SKl'M, cniCACJO, ILL. 
 
O^A.i.^/ 165107 
 
 
 Col'VKItillTKK, 
 
 OIIA l{ LK.S n. ( <)RT, 
 BOSTON, 
 
 .\LKKK1» MI'IMIK A HUN, I'KINTKKM, 
 •24 KUAN KLIN STKKKT. 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Ohnitiiologv is the science of birds ((Jr., opri6'os, oniillios^ of a bird ; Aflyos, Infjns^ 
 :i iliscoursc), suul to become an expert ornitiiolo^ist lecjuires years of hard woriv, coni- 
 bined with a love for the study itself; but tiiero are many students of nature who 
 would like to know the birds about them, but do not have tlie time nor desire to fi;o 
 deei)ly into the subject. To meet such a want, the present "keys" have been pre- 
 pared, in which the sj)€cies are grouped according to size, and it is believed they will 
 enable the novice to accurately identify any of our birds. 
 
 Careful comparison of large series of l)irds has siiown that while adult birds of 
 the same species differ consideraldy in len<rth. the wing measure is very constant, the 
 variation in a large number of specimens being so small that, allowing for possible 
 extremes, we may safely •' range our birds in groups according to length of wing. 
 A Song Sparrow m.ay vary slightly in size, but the largest Song Sparrow is never as 
 large as the smallest adult Hobin, and rin' rcrsn. IJy grouping the various birds from 
 the Ilunnning liinl to the Eagle and Alliatross, according to the length of wing (allow- 
 ing, of course, for uiuisual extremes), the identillcation of any species then becomes a 
 comparatively simple matter, as usually the birds containt'd in each group are so few 
 ill mnnl)er that characteristic dilTerences in each species arc easily indicated. 
 
 Let us, for exampU'. assume we have a bird before us which we wish to identify; 
 we lirst should liml out to which family it belongs. Turning to the Key to Familie> 
 page 10, we fnul this an easy matter (as the families are few and the illustrated dilTer- 
 ences in the bills and feet very characteristic), we discover our bird to be a <luck. 
 Having asci'rtained the family to which our bird belongs, we turn to the Key to 
 Species. We have, of course, measiu'cd the wing and found it to be i).[)0 inches long, 
 measured from the carpus (bend of wing) to tip. (See illustration, •' How to Measure 
 a Bird," on page S.) 
 
 We now turn to the Ducks, and discover they are divided into subfamilies, the 
 Hay and Sea Ducks having a tlap or lobe on the hind toe, and the fresh-water ducks, 
 or River and Fond Ducks, have no large llap on the hind toe. Our bird has a tlap on 
 its hind toe, and is evidently a salt-water duck, belonging to the subfamily FHligidime. 
 This subfamily, we find, contains two sections. Section 1 having the tail feathers 
 
 Ciii) 
 
IV HIUDS OF EASTERN XOKTII AMERICA. 
 
 not stiff and pointed, aud Section 2, tail featlierH stiff and ixMnted. Our duck has 
 stiff, pointed tail featiiers, and tiierefore belongs in Section 2. Section 2 contains two 
 species ; one having whole front of head and cheeks W'wA-, the other, with sides of 
 head more or less white. As our duck has a patch of white on the side of the head, 
 it must, therefore, be the Huddy Duck, Erisiiuitnm jamaicenMjt. 
 
 All measurements of birds are given in inches and fractions of an inch. The 
 diagrams on page « will illustrate how a bird should Ije measured, and the chart (pages 
 viii and ix) will be useful to the young student of ornithology who nm^' not be familiar 
 with the technical terms used in describing birds. Such terms as primaries and axillars 
 should be learned at once. It is customary to indicate the sexes by the signs of 
 Mars and Veims ; the male, of course, Wing given that of Mars, $, and the female, 
 V^enuH, 9. 
 
 In preparing the Key, a very large nundNrr of birds were examined and measured. 
 In addition to the large collection of North American birds contained in the Field 
 Cohnnbian Museum, by courtesy of my friends. Dr. .1, A. Allen and Prof. Robert 
 Kidgway, the collections of the Smithsonian Institution and the American Museum 
 of Natural History were always open to me, as well a.s the splendid private collection 
 of Mr. William Brewster, at Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 A few species which occur in Greenlaml, but which have not l>een observed else- 
 where in North America, and rare exotic stragglers Iiavt* Iteen excluded from the Key, 
 but are given in their proper place in the bo«ly of the work. 
 
 The larger portion of the illustrations are original and arc tiie work of Mr. Kihvard 
 Knobel, of Boston. Numerous cuts are also include«l by arrangement with Messrs. 
 Little, lirown & Co., of Boston, which are taken from IJaird, Brewer & Kidgway's 
 NoKTii Amkuican BiitDS. A few others were obtaine<l from Messrs. Estes tJc J^auriat, 
 used in Dr. Elliott Coues' Key to Noktii Amkrican Hikus. 
 
 C. B. CORY. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 TlTLEI'A<iK 
 
 Pkeface 
 
 Contents ......... 
 
 CIlossauy ......... 
 
 TorojiiJAi'iiv OK A Uii{i> ...... 
 
 Intuoih rjiox ........ 
 
 IIow TO Mkaslue A Hii:i» ...... 
 
 Index to Key t<> Famii.ie*. Watei: Hiim»s 
 
 Gkoit 1. Toos, four, with lol»alo wel»H, or w('l)s on si(h's of 
 
 Gkoup 2. Toes, four; front toc.s pnlniatc (full wi'hiu'd ) ; 
 
 nooted witli front ones l»y welt 
 Gworr .'5. TtM'S, four, full w»'l»l»o<l ; liin<l tof ('onm>cto<l w 
 
 WC'l> ....... 
 
 fiKoii" 1. Toes, four, ;iot full wehlM'd; suiall wt-lts Itotws'ci 
 
 toes entirely without web 
 Section 1. Hind toe, rai.sed above level of front 
 Section 2. Hind tw, on level with front toes 
 finoLi" .'». Toes, three, full webbed; no hind toe 
 Groli* (*». Toes, three; a small web between toes, or entire! 
 Key to the Si'ecies ok Water Hiim»s ok Eastekn Noktii 
 Family Pooicm'Id.e. (iuEUEs ..... 
 
 Family Gaviid^e. Loons ...... 
 
 Family Alcid.e. Aiks, Pi kfins, and Mj khes 
 
 FaMILV StEKCOHAUIID.E. SkIAS and .I.E<iEKK 
 
 Family Lakid.e. Gills and Teijns .... 
 
 SlBKAMILY LaKIN.E. GuLLS ..... 
 
 Si UFAMII.Y StEUNIN.E. TeRN8 ..... 
 
 Family Rmynciioi'ID.e. Skimmer.^ .... 
 Family Diomedeid^:. Albatkus.-'E!' .... 
 
 (V) 
 
 
 PACE 
 
 • • 
 
 i 
 
 a • ■ 
 
 • >• 
 
 111 
 
 • 
 
 V 
 
 • • 
 
 vii 
 
 • • 
 
 • •• 
 
 VIII 
 
 . 
 
 1 
 
 • • 
 
 8 
 
 • ■ 
 
 in 
 
 toes . 
 
 11 
 
 lind too not e«Mi 
 
 
 • • 
 
 12 
 
 til front ones ]>} 
 
 
 • • 
 
 1.'. 
 
 toes at lian.'. o 
 
 
 . 
 
 17 
 
 Ot'S . 
 
 17 
 
 . 
 
 1«» 
 
 . 
 
 21 
 
 V without w»-li 
 
 23 
 
 Amkim< A . 
 
 2.') 
 
 . 
 
 2o 
 
 . 
 
 27 
 
 . . 
 
 29 
 
 , 
 
 33 
 
 . . 
 
 35 
 
 . . 
 
 33 
 
 . • 
 
 41 
 
 • • 
 
 45 
 
 • • 
 
 46 
 
▼1 nnjDS OF KASTEH> NORTH AMRKICA 
 
 Family Pkocki.lakiid.k. Siikawwatkiss, I'ktkkis, axi» Fri 
 
 FaMII.V I'llAKTMONTin.K. TiMM'ir Illl{l»>i 
 
 Family Si i.id.k. (iannkts .... 
 
 Family Amiixcjiim:. Daktkks. Sn.\kk Uiicu" 
 Family PiiALAcKorouAciD.i:. CouMnKAXTs . 
 Family I'ki,k( amm.k. I'i.i.kans 
 Family Fi{K(iATii».i.. Max-ok-wak Ilii:i»s . 
 Family Anatid.i.. Dickh, Gek.-^k, am> Swans . 
 
 Si BKAMII.Y MkKCIN.I:. MkUCJANSEKH, SllKI.I>liAKF> 
 
 Slufamily Anatin.i;. Fkksii-watkh 1)i < ks, Kivei: axi» 1 
 
 SlBKAMILY Fl LKirLIN.K. SaI.T-WATKK Ditks. BaY AM» Sk 
 
 SriiKAMiLY Anskkin.k. (Jeesk .... 
 
 SrUFAMILY CycXIN.E. SwaNS .... 
 
 Family Pikkmcoitekiim:. Flamin<;uks 
 
 Family Pi.atalkii>.k. Si'(»o\i;m.i.s 
 
 Family Iisidid.k. Iisises ..... 
 
 Family CicoMin.v.. Sioijks am> Wtmu* Ii;i«es . 
 
 Family Aui»eii».e. Hi-i.-ons, FtiUEis, am» P>ittei£\» 
 
 Family Oiuid-e. Ckanes ..... 
 
 Family Auamid.e. Coiklans, Limi-kixs 
 
 Family Rallii>.e. Rails, Galliniles, avm C«m>t> 
 
 StiiKAMiLY Rallin.i-:. Rails 
 
 SlBKAMILY (rALLINLLIN.K. (IaLLINILES 
 
 slhkamily fulicin.k. c(m»ts 
 
 Ohpeh Limicol^e. Shore Birds 
 
 Family Piialauoi'Odioe. Piialaroi'es 
 
 Family Recirvirostrid.e. Avocets and Stilts 
 
 Family Scoloi'acid.k. Snipes, Sandi'iteks, Curlews, etc 
 
 Family Charadriiilk. Plovers .... 
 
 Family AriiRizin.E. Ti rnstones .... 
 
 Family II.ematoi'ouiu.e. Oyster-Catciieks 
 
 MARS 
 
 )XI» 
 
 I) 
 
 )L(K 
 (KS 
 
 l>A<iR 
 
 ti; 
 
 ;'»;{ 
 
 :.t 
 
 5M 
 
 fil 
 
 03 
 71 
 
 HI 
 HI 
 
 H.'t 
 Hi\ 
 
 Hi 
 HH 
 
 )s:» 
 
 t>7 
 •»7 
 
 101 
 100 
 102 
 104 
 10() 
 107 
 124 
 129 
 130 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 Nearly all the terms used in (l(>s(*ri>»in<; a IhpI maj tte more ea«ily and clearly 
 aiKlerstood liy exaiiiinin*; tlic illustrations of •• bini Ut\tttzr»\Jkty." <hi fui^eM viii and ix, 
 than from a written description ; a few. however, may f**|uire a wrird of explanation. 
 
 Cere. — A hard skin-like ooverinj; on the l»ase of the a|i|«er •nawlible ( I'amitrt, 
 llawkri, etc.). 
 
 Mandibles. — Some aiitiiors use the word masifla Utr the ofifier lialf of the !»ill. and 
 
 mantlible for the lower. I pnsfer, how»'ver. to ^UrM-tihe the two halves of the hill 
 
 as u|)|>er and lower njandilde. 
 Cuimen. — The ridire of the upper mandible. 
 Oonys- — I><»wer outline (middle) of under m»n«lible. 
 Unguis. — 'I'iie nail on the end of the npfXT inaiflililt': v*Ty |trr»iKMiw^e<| in s«*veral 
 
 famili(>s of water birds (Ducks. Pelicans, and |Vln-|j»». 
 Axillars or Axillary Plumes. — Several eloniraieff f^^ibers at tlie juiM-tion of the 
 
 winj: and ImmIv. (Lat. aj-illa, the arm-pit.) 
 Carpus or Carpal Joint. — Hend of the winir. The thirrl Moment of the win? 
 
 eonvtiiKjnding to the wrist (see illustration). 
 Speculum. — A winjr band or patch (nsuallvof a diifcreiit *iol'»r from t lie rest of 
 
 the winjr). formed by tlu; terminal portion of the s«c<Mwlane$ : very wjticeable in 
 
 the Ducks. 
 
 Tarsus. — Extends from the root of the tm^s to the eii»l of the til>ia (wliat aj/pefirs to 
 be the l^end of the leg or knee ; but which is, in reality, the hefl joint). See illus- 
 tration. 
 
 Toes Syndactyle Outer and middle toes more or le» joined tojiether (King- 
 
 fi.'^her, etc. ) . 
 
 Toes Zyg^odactyle. — Arranged in pairs, two in front, two behind (Cuekorj*. etc.). 
 
 Tarsus Reticulate. — Covered with numerous small, aoeveo st-alf* (Movers, etc.). 
 
 Tarsus Scutellate. — Comparatively large, somewhat s<juaiv-<iit scales, one above 
 
 the other, covering the front of the tarsus. 
 Booted Tarsus. — Scales fused together on greater portion of tarsus so as to lie 
 
 indistinct or invisible except on lower part ( Robio^. etc.). 
 Superciliary Stripe. — Stripe over the eye. 
 
 evil) 
 
VIII 
 
 BIKI>8 OF KA8TERN NOUTII AMERICA. 
 
 U 
 
 O 
 
 >- 
 I 
 Q. 
 < 
 (£ 
 O 
 O 
 Q. 
 
 o 
 
 I- 
 
 J 
 
ToriMjKAriiv OK \ ri-()VKR. 
 
 IX 
 
 Under Primary ,f^or>*TU 
 
 PrimttHtt 
 
 - -- :^ - Anllar$ itr AxiUury Ptumt* 
 
 - -■'^CndeT Tail Cov«rtt or fi 
 
 Culmfn 
 
 / \ Superciliiiry Srnj^- 
 (fpper 3fandihU' ^Lorm /'r<t»c.i 
 
 ForeAewi 
 '•■jXotlri/ ', 
 
 Lower Mamlibte,- 
 
 Gape .--'■ 
 ^> Chin 
 Hu/t-maiiUtiry 
 
 Lin* 
 
 Occiptm 
 -Aiirieulnrt ,)t Xii^r Coetrtt 
 Xapt 
 '.Va/iir Ret/ion or Cheek 
 Side nf ytdt Back 
 
 Speruium 
 
 tFtng of Duck showing speculum. 
 
 Vnguxt 
 
 Carjxtl Jotnt - 
 Le4$er Winy Coceru ' \ "% 
 Middle Wing CoverU 
 OreaUr CoverU 
 
 •.Under Tail C'ocerto 
 or Criuum. 
 
 Bill of Fulmar Petrel, Outer^Toe \ 
 
 Middle Toe- (^ 
 
 Inner Toe 
 
 Black -breast Plover. 
 
 -Bind Tot 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY OF A PLOVER 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A BIRD 
 
 Is !i t'oatbered vertebrate animal; or, to describe it more fully, it is nn air-breathiiiil. 
 warm-blooded, featlu'recl, oviparou.s (egg-layini!;)» vertebrati' animal, liavin»j a fonr- 
 cliambered heart, and a complete double circulation. Hirds occupy a place in nature 
 intermediate between the mammals and the reptiles, and many naturalists consMer a 
 bird to be merely a modified reptile. r»e that as it may; we are morally certain that 
 thousands of years a<i() there existed on the earth huge, lizard-like birds, of many of 
 which we know notIiin<>;. The oldest known form of which we have any nctual 
 knowledge is the celebrated Arch(i'()pter>i.i\ a fossil found by Andreas Wagner, in the 
 Oolitic slate of Solenhofer, Havana, in l.S(!l. This reptile bird had a lizard-like 
 tidl l)ordered with feathers, and jaws armed with teeth. 
 
 Of late years, numy important osteological discoveries have been made, and from 
 
 Dodo. 
 
 Ostrich. 
 
 Moa. 
 
 the reconstructed skeletons we are aljle to form some idea of the size and shape of a 
 few of the nuxny huge and strange birds which lived and died in the forgotten past. 
 The ILo'jHtgoniis, an immense raptorial bird, or some similar monster, may have orig- 
 inated the stories of the Koc of nursery lore. Still later, we have the l)<xlo of Mauri- 
 tius, and the Moa of New Zealand, the latter a giant bird, nnich larger than the 
 
2 I5IIJI»S OF KASTEHX NOKTH '.MEKICA. 
 
 largest Ostrich, wliicli, it is cluinH'tl, was still in existt'iifc at tiif l>t'i;iiiiiiii<r of the 
 present centiiry, and a few of the oKler natives claim to have heanl tiieir fathers talk 
 (»f seeinji; it alive. We know of sevi-ral s|K*cies which have become extinct »liirin<i; the 
 past tifty years, notably the (Ireat Auk ami the Laljr;)clor Duck, Caiiiptolfi'mns labni- 
 floriiiti. 
 
 In the West Indies we have numerous instances of the recent disai»i)earance of 
 insular forms, 'i'he .hunaica IVtr«'l, Aestrt'hiUi rmi/Mia, is now supposed to have been 
 exterminated l)y tiic .Mon<;oose { IIer/if^.slt^.t)^ which animal was introduced into the 
 island some years a<ro for the purpose of killin<r the rats. Wallace, in his *' Distri- 
 Itution of Animals," stati's that no K-ss than six species of I'arrots weri' sai<l to have 
 lieen formerly found in (Wiadaloupe and Martinitjue, but at the present time no I'arrots 
 are known to exist on either of those islands. 
 
 Ledru, in his •• Voya<;e aux lies TenerilT«'," published in Paris, in 1<S10, men- 
 tions several birds which are now unknown, among them a green pigeon from St. 
 Thomas. 
 
 While many species have become extinct, others iiave extended their range, and, 
 accoimnodatiiig themst'lves to changed conditions and environment, have in the course 
 of time developed new forms. Birds showing deci<led and constant ditYerences are 
 recognized as .syw'cV.s, whereas if the ditTcrences in color or size are not very great and 
 intermediate fonus occiu* showing an intergradation from one to the otiu'r, they are 
 called r<ici',s or siihs/n'cies. Races are really species in process of development and 
 are caused by dilTerence in climate, foo«l. etc. Insular forms whicii are sulliciently 
 removed from the parent st»x*k to warrant the belief that their isolation is comph'ti', 
 are generally recognize<l as species even though the ditTerences would hardly be worthy 
 of specific recognition if the two forms «x'curred in close i)roximity on the main land. 
 It should be borne in mind, h<jwevi'r, that the line of demarkation between a species 
 and a subspecies is a purely arbitrary one and is largely a matter of individual oi)inion. 
 Subsi)ecies are distinguished by a thinl name; for example, JJendroiai jiuliuiinna 
 hif/)oi'hi'>i!^('(i is a race or subspecies of Dfinlroka jHilmarum. 
 
 Having learned something as to what a bird is, let us take up in order the more 
 important external parts, such jis the wing, tail, bill, and feet. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 3 
 
 Carpus 
 
 THE WIN(j. 
 
 As an ai<l to i(U-iititi(':ition, the wing cluiriictvrs are most important. The terms 
 primaries, secondaries, axillars, wing coverts, etc., are constantly used in 
 (lescril>inu: birds, anil tiie stucUnu slioukl learn to recognize them at a glauee. 
 The Remiges are the lli<fht 
 featiiers of the wing, 
 and the Tt'ct rif's are 
 the small featlu'rs cov- 
 ering the ni>i)er part of 
 the wing or shonlder 
 (see ilhistration). and 
 are usually called cov- 
 erts. The Heniiges 
 are divided into pri- 
 maries, secondaries, 
 and tertials, accord- 
 ing to the location in 
 the wing. 
 The Primaries are the 
 feathers growing from 
 the outer section of the 
 
 wing ; that is to say, from the outer bend of the wing (carpus) to tij*, C to I), the 
 numl)er ranging from ii to 10 (and rari'ly 11) in various families. At first, it is 
 
 not always easy to distinguish the last 
 l)rimaryfrom the lirst secondary ; I»ut 
 experience is the best teacher, and the 
 l)oint can always be settled by exam- 
 ining the roots of the feathers. 
 The Secondaries are the remiges at- 
 tached to the nbia or forearm, I> to C 
 (see illustration) ; they number from 
 (> to 10 in the vtirions families; the 
 Humming-bird having the smallest 
 number, and the Albatross more 
 than 40. 
 
 The Tertials are the few renndning remiges which grow from the hiimei'Kn^ A to Ii. 
 The Tectrices, or Wing Coverts, are small feathers covering the larger wing 
 feathers; the feathers lining the edge of the under surface of the wing are called 
 under wing coverts. The outer wing coverts are divided and described as 
 greater wing coverts, middle wing coverts, and lesser wing coverts, 
 respectively. (See illustration.) 
 
HIUDS OF EASTEKN NOKTII AMKKICA. 
 
 The Speculum. A toriii iisfil to iiulicatt* a piitch «>r btiiid on tho wiiii> (iiHiiallyof 
 diffi'ii'iit color from tlie rest of tin* featluTs). fniincd by the tenuiiial portion 
 of the seeomhiries, very uotieeable in the Ducks. (See ilhistration, Topouraphy 
 of ii Duck, pa^e H.) 
 
 (Tntler Primary ^CocerU 
 
 Ondtr Wing ('overtt 
 
 Jtay* 
 
 Primaiies 
 
 ^-J2^y~-AjriUar$ or AxiUary Plvmm 
 
 I'luler Surface of Wing. 
 
 The Axillary Plumes, or Axillars, are au important aid in tlie itU'ntilication of 
 many species ; these are several ratlier eh»n«iated feather growinj^ from the arm- 
 pit (cwv7/a), at the junction of tlie win*; and body. 
 
 THE TAIL. 
 
 The Rectices, or Tail Feathers, proper, number from -s to 21, and in some very few 
 cases even more. \i\ far tlie ";reater ninnber of birds, however, have 12 rectices. 
 
 TVuncate or ai/uare tail 
 
 PMmIM or iMH«i/« fart Forked UmI 
 
 Oradttated tail 
 
 The small feathers overlai)pinnr the rectices are called upper tail coverts, while 
 those below are the under tail coverts or crissum. (For illustration of tail 
 coverts and crissum, see Topojiraphy of a IJird.) 
 
fNTIJODlCTIOX, 
 
 5 
 
 THE LEG AND FOOT. 
 
 A bird's log may be briclly desciibecl as hr.ving only the kuee dowmvanl exposed ; 
 
 the true tlii<rli is eoneeah'd, but may be felt under the skin on the side of the body. 
 
 riie true knee is close to the botly just under the skin. 'I'lie tirst exposed joint which is 
 
 apparently the knee, but which hpuds hcu-h- 
 
 /nnv/, is really the heel. (See illustration. ) ^ /'— x_ '''■''""• 
 
 The bird does not walk on the foot (from c-'^V/ / 
 
 the heel downward), but merely walks on V ^-^ f *^^^ D 
 
 his toes. 
 
 Iteticiilaie Tardus S/i 
 
 Booted Tamtix ScutellcUe Tarsus 
 
 The Tarsus, which is measured from the bend of the leg (end of tibia) f.o the roots 
 <»f the toes (C to I) in illustration), is an imi)ortant ftictor in the identilication of 
 many species. The feet are very variMl)le in shape and arrangement of the toes. 
 These variations are of the greatest importance, representing geniu'ic and, often, 
 family difl'erences. 
 
 Adjz 
 
 Types of Feet. — Water Minis. 
 
6 
 
 BHIDS OF KASTFUN NOKTII AMF.RICA. 
 
 The Toes are sometiisjos three or four (the Ostrich has hut two), sometimes two in 
 front and two liehind ; two in front and one 1 ohind ; or. in one fannly (not North 
 Auu'rica), all four turned forward, Sonie families have the toes joined or fused 
 t /)<rether for ])art «>f their len«ith, as in the lvin<i:lisher. Some species havewehhed 
 feet, others have the toes arnied with curved talons, and so on ; but the various 
 dilTereuces witli whieli we wish to bec<mie familiar can better be illustrated than 
 described. 
 
 Foot of three-toed Woodi^ecker 
 
 Foot of Sjiarrow 
 
 Types of Feet. — Lii.lvl Hi 
 
 THE BILL. 
 
 The Bill consists of an upper and a lower mandible, both of whicli are 
 movable. The shape is of gi-eat assistance in determinin<r the family to which the 
 species belong. Four principal types are recognized : — 
 
 1. Epignathous. Tpper uumdiblc longer than lower ; the tip bent or hooked over 
 the end of lower mandible. (Examples : Hawks, Gulls, Petrels, Parrots.) 
 
 2. Hypognathous. Lower mandible, longer than upper mandible. (Examples: 
 IJlack Skim.mers, Jihi/ttrftojts.) 
 
 3. Paragnathous. Both mandibles of about e(pml length. 
 
 4. rietagnathous. Mandibles crossed. (Example: Crossbill. Lnxia.) 
 
INTIUUnCTION. 
 
 TIio sliMpo and size of flu- hill vary {ireiitiy, as will bo seen by the following 
 iliiistiations represiMiting llfteen of the principal tyi>eH ainont; our birds : — 
 
 /Sill of WhiftjxxtrutU 
 
 n 
 
 Hill Ql Smg Si>arrntr 
 
 lull lit' liitmrmnfi'liint 
 
 Hill of Ltml miliin 
 
 Bill o' Shrilr 
 
 liill ul Vf-ci 
 
 ' BUioJ »-<wd(«cfar 
 
 Bin of Utnn 
 
 Cere. A mcinbrane (nsnally hard), which covers the base of the upper mancbble. 
 
 (Hawks, Parrots, Ja-gers.) 
 Nasal Fossa, or Nasal Groove. Groove in which the nostrils open. 
 Qonys. Lower outline (middle) of the under mandible, A to H. 
 Culmen. The ridge of the upper mandible. 
 Unguis. The nail on the end of the upper mandible. Very pronounced in some 
 
 families of Water Birds, — Ducks, Pelicans, and Petrels. 
 
 riandibles. — Some authors use the word nxwilhi for the upper half of the bill, and 
 mmulihlo^ for the lower. I prefer, however, to descrihc the two halves of the lull 
 as upper and lower mandible. 
 
8 
 
 mUDS or KASTKIJN Nuuril AMEIUCA. 
 
 Bta 
 
 HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD. 
 
 Lu.i/Uk 
 
 Wing 
 /- 
 
 / 
 
 f V 
 
 For description see page 9. 
 
HOW TO MKASUKK A KIIM). 
 
 9 
 
 HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD. 
 
 See Illustration, page 8. 
 
 Wing. — Distance from carpal joint C (ben<l of wing) to the tip of the longest 
 primary 1). See cut on page 8. 
 
 Length. — Distance in a straight line from the end of the bill to the tip of the 
 longest tail feather. (Occasionally the middle feathers are nnich elong- 
 ated, as in the Old Squaw and Pintail Duck, and in other families of 
 birds, such as Pha*thon and Stereorarius. In such cases it is well to 
 give the length from Ijill to longest tail feather, and also to end of 
 outer tail feather.) 
 
 Tail. — Distance from the tip of the longest tail feather to its base (the point where 
 it enters the body). 
 
 Bill. — The distance in a straight line from where the bill (upper mandible) joins 
 the skin of the forehead (A) to the tip (IJ). (There are a few excep- 
 tions to this rule, in other families, such as birds with frontal plate, etc. 
 Some curved bills are measured along the curve of the culmen, and at 
 times it is advisable to measure from the nostril to tiie tip of the bill, 
 but in such cases it should always be so stated.) 
 
 Tarsus. — Distance in front of the leg from what apppam to be the knee joint (end 
 of tibia) to the root of the middle toe. All measurements are given 
 in inches and fractions of an inch. 
 
INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES. 
 
 WATER BIRDS. 
 
 Group 1. Toes, four, with lohatc wrli or wrl» on si«l<-s «»f tot's. Stv pjij^o 11. 
 
 /^4 
 
 Group 2. Toes, four; front toes, palmate (full \vel»lK«<l); hind toe, not connected 
 with front ones by web. See pasc 12. 
 
 Group 3. Toes, four; toto-palnmte (all toes full weblK-d) ; hind toe, connected 
 with front ones by web. See j»a<iP l.'». 
 
 Group 4. Toes, four, not fnll webbed : small web l»etween toes at base, or toes 
 entirely without web ; hind toe, sometimes very small. See ptige 17. 
 
 iSection 1. Hind toe, raised above level of front toes. See i)a<j;e 17. 
 
 Section 2. Hind toe, on same level with front toes. See page 11). 
 Group .">. Toes, three, full webbed; no hind tf»e. See pagr 21. 
 Group 6. Tcies, three, not lull webbe<l ; a small wel» iM'tween toes at base, or toes 
 entirely without web. See page 23. 
 
 (10) 
 
KEY TO FAMILIES. 
 
 WATER BIRDS, 
 GROUP 1. 
 
 Toes, four, with lobate webs, or webs on sides of toes. 
 
 Kill, |MMiit''«l : fi'ot. j»1:hmm1 f.ir Itnck. n<':ir tai! : nrjiiorpart*. *ilr*-rr »lih<»-: tail- T^-rr -?iort- 
 
 FawHIy POOICIPID^. Grebes. 
 
 r . — 
 * 
 
 F"rp|iea<l. with Unvp shield; bill, rather short : ir»n»-r3l e*,l*n; *lafltT Cray; t"**--- with 
 l.»h:ife welM. Family RALLID/E. SubUmmiy PLUCINVE. Coots. 
 
 paj^ KM). 
 
[2 
 
 TIIK lillChS «»F KASTKISN NoUTII .\MKUH \. 
 
 Iliinl tor, clcvntt'il ;iln»vr till* li'vel of lli«! otluT-* ; l>ill. slrinlcr; no-itrils, op«'nin{; tliroiigh 
 slits; sides of toes, webbed. Family PHALAROPODII)/£. Phalaropes. 
 
 S«*»* pap* 104. 
 
 GROUP 2. 
 
 Toes, four; front toes, palmate (full webbed); hind toe, 
 not connected with front ones by web. 
 
 Hill, !<tr:ii;;lit :iiiil |Hiiiit)-ii: tiirsiis, tlat- 
 teue«l: liiiid to<', with tl:ij> or IoIm*; fe»'t, 
 phu-«'«l f:ir Icirk m»:ir tin- tail: lail. very 
 short. 
 
 Family aAVIID/E. Loons. 
 Sva paffc •2S. 
 
 Yory lar;;o winjr, ov»'r 10 iiu-he* loiij;; upixT iiiandilil*-, 
 furvctl near til), foniiiii;; a lMM>k, th«' eml (mi-ruis) «Milarjr<'<l : 
 nostrils, separate aud ttihular : IiIimI toe. nuliinentary, often 
 apparently wautiiiir. 
 
 Family DIOMEDEID/E. Albatrosses. 
 ."^et- pa«;e 40. 
 
 
 '% 
 
 \ 
 
 *. 
 
 Xostills, tubular, united in one double-barrelled tube; front toes, palmate (full weblietl); 
 hind toe, very small, and sn some ca>>es entirely absent; upper mandible, cuire*! near tip? 
 wing, less than 19 inches long. 
 
 Family PROCCLLARIID/E. Shearwaters, Petrels, and Fulmars. 
 
 See page 4C. 
 
KKV TO FAMILIK>. 
 
 \V.\IKi: I11U1'> 
 
 13 
 
 N«»!«tril-. j»«*paiaW' not tulmlar: bill, with cere ( a liuriiy or -kin-lili*' «'ov»'riiijr on l»»fM» of 
 iip|HT inaniiiMr) : liiml lof, soni<'lini)-s vny <inall; fti<l of u|i|h'|- uiamliMe iiMi;;uirt). •twollfii 
 ami "*<Miii-\vliat I'uuiulfil ; hack aiiil \vinj{'», aUvay-* tlark. •iuiiii-iiiin-.. mtoiy, •^ouK'tiiii)"' liairtMl 
 Willi brown; tsiil, never white or j^ray, iHiiallv very dark; midille tali feathers, longest, 
 
 lint only very lonj; in ailuit llinl^', sometimes only sli^litly l«)ii;ier tiian r»Mt of tail featliers in 
 iiinnatin-e liirds; in Itrowii |iluina^c.4, tlic axillar!< (featliers extentlin^ from armpit) are 
 lieavily liarred, brown an<l wliile; in otlier plninaiie-i, tlie axiiiar- ami under wins; eoverls are 
 sooty lirowii or dark -ijaty lirown. Family STERCOKARIID/E. Skuas and Jaegers. 
 
 >«•!• page ■M. 
 
 Sfe^^A 
 
 
 1 
 
 '*'m 
 
 J^. 
 
 Nostril-, separate not tiilMilar ; bill, without cere ; liind toe. sometimes very small; iip|)er 
 Mian*lild<-. curved; unguis i^cnd of bill), not sudjlcii: niiddle tail fe.-itliers, about «'<jnai in 
 lengtli to the otiiers; tail, rarely dark, altliougit sometimes tipped witli blaek «»r brown; 
 axill;irs and undi'r wing coverts, wliite or gray, sometimes with tiarroic gray lines or faint 
 wavy l»ars. 
 
 Family LARID/E. Subfamily LAKIN/E. Gulls. 
 
 .See page lUi. 
 
 Nostrils, separate not tubular: hind toe, sometimes very small; upi>er mandible, nearly 
 straiglit, not hooked or decidedly rounded near tip: outer t.-iil feather-. i:-ually lotiger tlian 
 middle feathers. Family LARID/E. Subfamily STERNIN/C. Terns. 
 
 • .s«M' page 4 1 . 
 
 Bill, like blade of u knife, the under maudil)le the longer: plumage, black alnive. white 
 below. Family RHYNCHOPID/E. Skimmers. 
 
 See page 45. 
 
14 
 
 TIIK IJIUnS or KASTEUN NOKTIl A.MKKICA. 
 
 Bill, very imieli l)eiU, witli tootli-like senution.s on ed^i;. L;ir<;e, tall hinla witli loiig necks 
 an.l lefTs, usually kmI or piuk. Family PHCENICOPTERID/E. Flamingoes 
 
 Bill, lon<; ami narrow, liaviiij;- tooth-like serrations on e(l<;es; toes, four, the Iront ones, 
 full webbed; hind toe, with llaj). 
 
 Family ANATID/E. Subfamily MERQIN/E. Mergansers. 
 
 See l)a<;e (il. 
 
 Z^ 
 
 Ti>|i "il liill "p1 Mcii;!in.>i'i-. 
 
 ISiilc ol l)ill. 
 
 Bill, nut naiiow; tarsus, seutellate in iron! (transverse scales) ; toes, four, 
 the I'roiit ones, lull weitbeii: /liinf (dcs, viHinnt ilrt-idiil iIi'ji or h>lir. 
 
 Family ANATID/E. Subfamily ANATIN^. River and Pond Ducks. 
 
 See pant' t'>^. 
 
 Ducks, 
 
 Itill ol' Duck. 
 
 Bill, not narrow; tarsus, seutellate in front (transverse scales) ; toes, four, 
 the front ones, full webbed : hiiid tin\ willijlitft or lohr. 
 
 Family ANATID/C. Subfamily FUlJOULIN/t. Sea Ducks. 
 
 !See page 71. 
 
 .. .--.^ 1...V-1. 
 
KEY TO I'AMILIKS. WATEK lUUJJtS. 
 
 15 
 
 Lores, feathered; tarsus, reticulate (scales rounded) ; wiuij, niori' thuti thirteen inches hnig; 
 toes, four, the frout ones full welthed. 
 
 FamHy ANATID/E. Subfamily ANSERIN/E. Geese and Brant. 
 
 See paj^e SI. 
 
 (Jeef-o mill Swjiii. 
 
 T.ores, ])artly hare; tarsus, reticulate (scales rounded; ; size, lar^-e; neck, lotiij; winir. over 
 eighteen inches long; plumage, wliite or gray. Subfamily CYGNIN/fi. Swans. 
 
 See page JS4. 
 
 GROUP 3. 
 
 Toes, four, toto=paImate ; (front toes, full webbed ;) 
 hind toe, connected with front ones by web. 
 
 
 >-^.-* 
 
 Bill, sliarp pointed ; ciiin, teatlitMcd; tofs, tour. m11 connected oy wehs. 
 
 Family PHAETHONTID/E. Tropic Birds. 
 
 tjee page GO. 
 
 Bill, stout, but uot hooked; dun, bare; neck, thick; tons, four, all connected by webs. 
 
 Family SULID/E. Gannets. 
 
 See pngo 51. 
 
16 
 
 THK BIRDS OF KASTEKN XOllTII AMEUICA. 
 
 Rill, shiiri>-|>oiiit«Hl ainj sleinltM-: cliiu, Itiire; neck, loiij; :iii<t slemU-r; 
 toes, lour, :ill f«niuecte<l liy \v«'l>-i; mitidlc tail feathtTS, r<»iTii,it:it«'(l or 
 fluted. 
 
 Family ANHINOID/E. Darters, Snake Birds. 
 
 See |(;ii::t' HU. 
 
 Hill, liookcil at tip, over twelve inches lonjt aud having ; 
 large nouoh ; lores, hare: toes. four, all connected by webs. 
 
 Family PELECANID/E. Pelicans 
 
 S«-»* i»age 56. 
 
 liili, hooked at tip, and ie^*s than twelve iuches long; bare skiu at l>ase of bill aud chin: 
 lores, bare; toes, tour, all connected by web.;. 
 
 Family PHALACROCORACID/E. Cormorants. 
 
 See page 51. 
 
 :i 
 
 ' Bill, hooked at tip; lores, feathered; upper plumage, entirely 
 
 black: toi-s. four, all connected by webs; tail, forked: wings, very 
 ! long. 
 ^ { Family FREUATID/E. Man-of°war Birds, Frigate Birds. 
 
 *s I 8ee l)age 58. 
 
KEY Ti) FAMILIES. WATEIi lUKDS. 
 
 17 
 
 GROUP 4. 
 
 Toes, four; toes, not full webbed; small webs between 
 toes at base, or toes entirely without webs; hind toe, 
 sometimes small. 
 
 Section 1. Hind toe, raised above level of front toes. 
 
 7 
 
 ^^\ 
 
 ^ \ '■"^'■ 
 
 Avocot. Avoc-et. 
 
 Tarsus, over ."{.50 iuclics lou*;: bill, ourvfd upwiinl or stnii.ulil. 
 
 Family RECURVIROSl RID/E. Avocets. 
 
 See page 106. 
 
 Iliml t(»', higher than front toes: tarsus, less than iJ.oO in(.'ht'< loni;; uiiiMIe toe and daw 
 to^i't'tlicr sliorter tlian hill, execpt a !V\v of tlie small spccit'-;. whii-li have niidtlle toe and claw 
 (Miiial 111 or loii':;er than l)ill; hut all sueh have the helly and under tail eoverts jture wliite in 
 most plumages. Family SCOLOPAClD/l:. Snipe, Curlews, Sandpipers, etc. 
 
 Sec pagf 1(>7. 
 
 i 
 
 C- .'-' \ 'iHI'llnJ'Tllil xsm 
 
 Hind toe, higher than frontoncs: lower 
 
 haek and rumi>. white, with black band. 
 
 Family APHRIZID/E. Turnstones. 
 
 i «ee page 12y. 
 
18 
 
 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMKRICA. 
 
 Hind toe, higher tliau front oues; hiud tot-, very small, liardly iioticeal)le; hill, i»laek, 
 rather short umi stout ; all other spenes l)eloii<riiijf to this family liave hut throe toes. 
 
 Family CHARADRIID/E {Charadriiis squatcrola). Black-^bellied Plover. 
 
 See paj^e 12 J. 
 
 King Itai 
 
 Hind toe, ahove level of fnmt toes; hill, less than 'A iiiehes lon<; : toes, 
 foin', no eonil»-like eilire on inner side of noddle to.; nail; middle toe and 
 claw together not shorter than bill, usually decidedly l<)n«>er; under tail 
 coverts, not white. Family RALLID/E. Rails, etc. 
 
 See page U7. 
 
 Vlr}?inia Kiiil 
 
 Rails. 
 
 Hind too, ahove level of front toes: l>ill, over 'A inches long; 
 wing, over 16 inches; tarsus, over 7 inches; toes, tour, no 
 comb-like edge on inner side of middle toe nail ; lores, with 
 hiiir-like hristles. Family GRUID/fE. Cranes. 
 
 .See page Jt5. 
 
 lliud toe, ahove level of front toes; hill, over !{ inches long; tarsus, 
 under 7; wing, uiuler 16; toes, four, no comh-like edge on inner side of 
 middle toe nail; under mandihle, often slightly twisted near tip; plumage, 
 <lark l)rown with white streaks. Family ARAMID/E. Courlans. 
 
 bee page 'JO. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
KEY TO lAMlLIK.s. WATKIC IJIKDS. 
 
 19 
 
 Section 2. Hind toe, on level with front toes. 
 
 I'les, loiij;; iiiid slfiiilcr; hill, short iind i)()i!it»'<l; ;i liare shiold or plat*' on loichcad : witi';. 
 ahoiit 7 hu'hcs lonu, laipii.-* (hciid of wiii^) to lip: under tail covt'it-;. white. 
 
 Family RALLID/C. Subfamily (jALLINULIN/E. 
 Purple (jallinule, or Florida Gallinule. 
 
 See pa^e 100. 
 
 ^'^SW*' 
 
 i^s'ja* 
 
 Hill, iKiarly straij;lit and sharply pointed ; inner side of middle toe nail, with dislintt oonilt- 
 like edire; toes, four, uU ou same level. Bitterns, tail with ten feathers. Herons, tail with 
 twelve featliers. Family ARDKID.1E. Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns. 
 
 See pajie Hit. 
 
20 
 
 TiiK i5iiM>s (»|- i;ami;i;.\ nouiii a.mkimca. 
 
 (Jreatcr part ui pluina;;)', whili'; bill, rouiuh'tl and soiiu'wliiil nnved, 
 v*'iy thick ami stroiij;; ^//•.s«^•, iil(C<i>i.s orcr jin- iui'lics loinj ; toi's, lour, all 
 ou same level; ho co)iif>-likr ithje on iutursiilc nf tnidtlle tuc lutil. 
 
 Family CICONIID/E. Storks and Wood Ibises. 
 
 Sec i)afie .ss. 
 
 S."^ i^U;^ 
 
 A -^er-^ — ii5n»..- 
 
 K^ 
 
 Bill, lonj;, ratlier fdender, and docididly curved 
 downward; Inrsus, nlimi/s less tlinn rire iiirhfs hm(j : 
 toes, four, all on the same level : no conih-like ed^c („i 
 side of midtlle toe nail. Family IBIDID/E. Ibises. 
 
 8ee pajrc 87. 
 
 Bill, wide and tlat al the end : toes, four, all on same level; win*: 
 7 (carpus to tij)), over twelve inches loiiij. 
 
 , Family PLATALEID/E. Spoonbills. 
 
 See page 86. 
 
 i 
 
KI.Y TO FAMILIKS. — V ATEU HIUDS. 
 
 21 
 
 GROUP 5. 
 
 Toes, three, full webbed ; no hind toe. 
 
 Nostrils, scpiiiiitc, not o|ifirni<; iuio one iloiiblo-hiirrellt'd tiil)e; upper mandible, cnrvi'd 
 near tip; bill, yellowisli. or o^rrcnisb yellow: an indication of a hind toe, in ilio lonii ol a 
 
 .■^.^ small kiiol> witboiit nail; tail, cntiicly wiiitf, or 
 
 .. — -.^ wliitf willi lilack baud ucar tij). This is the ouly 
 
 '"^^.i' -^••' North Americau jrull lackiuir a hiud toe. 
 
 f^ ~ "J*h-^ — '-^ Family LARiD-4^ (I.drim tridarUjhn. 
 
 '>^t^ Kittiwal<e (iull. 
 
 See pa>^e .'{(I. 
 
 Bill, leddi-ih (iu life show iui; also yellow aud blue), 
 peouliiir in forui, su»iirestini; that of panoi. 
 Family ALCID/E. 
 
 Subfamily FRATERCULIN/E. Puffins. 
 
 See piifje ',\0. 
 
 Xti- 
 
 IVdl, blaek, with narrow white band. 
 Family ALCID/E. 
 Subfamily ALCIN/E. Auks. 
 
 See pajre ;^0. 
 
 TVdl, blai'k or brownish ; wini;, 
 over 7.'ir» inehes lonj;. earpus (bend 
 of win>r) to tij). 
 
 Family ALCID,^. 
 Subfamily ALCIN/E. 
 Murres. 
 See pa«r»' -^O. 
 
 Bill, blaek. or blaekish: win<;. less than 7.25. but more than '^.'^0, measured, carpus to tip. 
 
 Family ALCID/E. Subfamily PHALARIN/E. Guillemots. 
 
 See page 30. 
 
22 
 
 TIIK MIKDS «>l" K.VSTKK.v NoKTil A.MKKK'A. 
 
 iiirli«»« 
 
 "^ liill, black, or Mackish; win;;, le-*^ than '» 
 
 lou;; ( faipiirt to tip). 
 
 Family ALCID/fi. Subfamily ALLIN/C. 
 
 Dovekies. 
 Little Auks. 
 Sh»- page :W. 
 
 Very Iarif«' win;;, «iv»t V* imcIip-s lon«:: iippor niandiMo, 
 
 curved M»-ar ti|>. forinin;; a lionk. tli<* »'ii<l .un;;iii>) fii- 
 
 hiij;t'il: iiosiiil-i, sfparatt* and ttilHiiar: liind t<)«\ iiidinifii- 
 
 tary. often appan-nily w.-mtin;;. 
 
 \S/'"\/i Family DIOMEDEID/C. Albatrosses. 
 
 See pa;;e 4fi. 
 
 Shearwater. 
 
 Petrel. 
 
 Fulniar. 
 
 Xostril-i, tubular, unite<l in one (louble-lKirreiJed 
 tube; front toe*, palmate (full webbed;; hind toe, very 
 small, anil in some ca«e<» entirely absent; upper mandi- 
 ble, cur\'ed near tip: winy. le»-< than 19 inelies lon<;. 
 
 Family PROCELLARIID/E. 
 5hearwaiers, Petrels, and Fulmars. 
 See page 4G. 
 
KFV TO FAMILIES. — WAIKU lUKDS. 
 
 23 
 
 GROUP 6. 
 
 Toes, three; a small web between toes, or, entirely 
 without web. 
 
 Bill, sU'IkUt; wiiii;, alxHit 5 iir'.-he*: l»ill, atmut one incli ; this is thi' only n-preseu- 
 
 lativi' of this family with three toes, all <»th«Ts have fmir: tarsus, less than IjIO inches loug. 
 
 Family SCOLOPACID/E. ( Calnfrix iirimn-Hi.) Sander ling. Sandpiper. 
 
 See |)ai:e 107. 
 
 rf- • ' -f. 
 
 A 
 
 .'.-». V-: 
 
 u- 
 
 Toes, three, partly wehhed : t:ii'Hiis, tiv.-r .{ inches lontj; sreneral plu)na«;e, hiaek aud 
 white; lesr^. pink le.l in life. Family RECURVIROSTRID/E. Stilts. 
 
 See paj?e KXJ. 
 
24 
 
 TlIK IMUDS OF KASTKKN NOUTII AMKIJICA. 
 
 r 
 
 ,, ' ^m yii^ip'?^^''' '^ ' 
 
 ■■■ f t| ip injB,m" —-j 
 
 Plovers. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Bill. iJhort: some species luive l»ill less Miiiii three «|nartpra ineli lonjr; none have l)ill over 
 two inches long. Family CHARADRIID/E. Plovers. 
 
 See pa^e 124. 
 
 Bill, over 2.50 inches lono;; liead and neck, hl.ick or blackish: bill, red. 
 
 Family H/CnATOPODID/E. Oyster-catchers. 
 
 See pag(^ 130. 
 
I AMILY rODiniMD.K. — €iKF.HK.*. 
 
 25 
 
 WATER BIRDS. 
 
 KEY TO THE SPECIES. 
 
 FAMILY PODICIPID/E. 
 
 Grebes. 
 
 "A%. Toes, four ; three in front, one behind, with lobate webs. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, less than 6.50 inches long. 
 
 Depth of bill at base of culmen, over .40. In anmm^-^r: tan. vhli Uburk I*mm41; throat, 
 black. 
 
 /« vimtfr: Bill, witliout hlark 1>:iih1; lliroat, white. 
 
 Podiiymhm poih'r^'9. Picd-biBed Grebe. Heii I>iver. 
 
 S**- Xo. 4. 
 
 Depth of bill at liyase of culmeti, less than .40. /« rmmm^: T«ro raiaH taft« of 
 f>roniii-h ^niy or hiiH'-colored foatlior.s iM'liiiid the eye: crown, tuf^-. ai*<l ihr*ai, l*iack. 
 
 /*« triHtir: I'laiii colored, wiMiont hlack or Imff on lie:«»|; ai«f^Y Ylunutx*'. grayi-h Mack: 
 rindfr|Mirt.*. silvery wliite. often tiiijred with ush ^ray on thmat awl ^V-^. 
 
 Cfilfrnfm* ^mritm* Horned Grebe. 
 S**" Xo. 2. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, over 6.50 inches long. 
 
 Imsmaaicr: <"rown, hlack: upper throat, fjray; lower throat aoKl '<r*a«t- <-b«^oat mfoo-*; 
 rest of uiMleq*art«, silvery jrrayisli white. 
 
 Imtrimler: Xo rufous hrowu on throat or breast. CtAfimfiiK* hftlttmni. Holboeli's Grebe. 
 
 Shp Xo. 1 . 
 
 ♦ For directions for measnremeiit, steepai^th. 
 
L>»; 
 
 KKY TO TIIK lUKDS OF KASTKUN XOUTH AMF.UHA. 
 
 Ureltes. 
 
 Horned Grebe. 
 
 Pled-billeri Grebe. 
 
FAMILY (JAVIID.K. — L<MJNS. 
 
 27 
 
 FAMILY QAVIID/E. 
 
 Loons. 
 
 Toes, four; front toes, palmate (full webbed) ; bill, pointed; 
 tarsus, flattened ; hind toe, with flap or small lobe. 
 
 * Group i. Wing, 9.50 to 11 inches lonj?:. 
 
 Back, with white spots ; throat, whit)* or whitish (iiiiiiiatiin' or winter). 
 
 iinvia Iniivm-. Ked'thn>ated Loon. 
 
 S»'c \o. 7. 
 
 Ba«-1<. witliout tlisliiu-t white spots; tlit- fi-atlu-r-. etl%cd with ashy: throat, white or 
 iliisky 1 iiiiiiiatiin' or winter). iiacin m-rtirun. Black-throated Loon. 
 
 See \i». C. 
 
 |[eail, a-hy jrray ; tliroat, l»la<l, fa(hiit). (htrin iin-tinis. Biack-throated Loon. 
 
 .See No. <>. 
 
 Throat, gray; fnmt of neek, chestnut hrowu (ailuU). 
 
 <Tiivi<i hiiiimi . Ked-throated Loon. 
 
 See No. 7. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, II to 15 inches long. 
 Section 1. Depth of bill at base, more than .85. 
 
 Head. Iiiac-k (adult). 
 
 Top of liead, grayish; tliroat, wliite (innnature «>r winter phnn:iirej. 
 
 Gavin imfur. Loon. 
 .See Xo. .'». 
 
 fffiPia hiil'ir. Loon. 
 .See Xo, .*). 
 
 Section 2. Depth of bill at base, less than .85. 
 
 Head, asli gray; tliroat, liiaek (adult). 
 
 Throat, gray ; fr<»nt of neck, chestnut hrown (a<lult) 
 
 Gavia arcticus. Black-throated Loon. 
 
 .See Xo. i>. 
 
 Gavia lumme. Red-throated Loon. 
 
 . See No. 7. 
 
 * F'or directions for meMarement, see pag^e U. 
 
2S 
 
 KEY TO THK HlUnS OF KASTKllN NOHTII AMKKICA. 
 
 " ^"^ "^ . ? . ^ ' . ' .'. ' ?. * " * V i * • ■'-* "? 
 
 
 Siiniiner. 
 
 liUons. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Loon. 
 
 Black tliroateiJ F.oon. 
 
FAMILY ALCID.E. 
 
 AUKS, PUFFINS, AND AIURUPIS. 
 
 29 
 
 Back, with white spots ; throat, white or whitisli (immature or winter). 
 
 GavKi Iniiimr. Red-throated Loon. 
 
 See Nu. 7. 
 
 Baeli, without distinct white spots ; Hie leathers, edged with asliy; tliroat, wiiite or 
 iliislvv (^iimnalure or V, inter), Gavia uMicus. Black-throated Loon. 
 
 .See No. (J. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, over 15 inches long. 
 
 Feet, wel)bed; lieatl, blaeli, in atlult; head, j^ray; tliroat, wliitisli, in innnature. 
 
 I'n'iKitor iinhrr. Loon. 
 See No. 5. 
 
 FAMILY ALCID^. 
 Auks, Puffins, and Murres. 
 
 Toes, three; no hind toe (hallux); toes, palmate (full 
 
 s 
 
 webbed) ; nostrils, separate, and not tubular. 
 
 * Group I. Wing, less than 5 inches long. 
 
 Winter jilunuKje : Ipper jiarts, hiaeli ; untlerparts, wliite. fn siinuiur : 'I'he 
 breast, liiroat, and sides of tlie liead and necii, sooty brown. 
 
 Aili' (ill( . Dovekie. Little Auk. 
 
 See No. 17. .1? 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long. 
 
 Rill, parrot like; underi>arts, white: baek. black: usnally a lilaek 
 collar. Fraterntla arctim. Puffin. Sea Parrot. 
 
 See No. <J. 
 
 Ailnlt in siiinnicr: General plumage, black, a while patch on 
 the shoulder: basal half of the greater wing coverts (feathers 
 b)niiiniv the wliite patch on the winj;), black. Winter bii-ds have 
 the nnderparts white, and the ni>per |)arts, lil.ick and white. 
 
 Crpphus (jriiUv. Black (iuillemot. Sea Pigeon. 
 
 See No. 11. 
 
 Similar to IMaek (iuillemot, but has the wing coverts (feathers forming the white wing 
 pntch) entirely white and not with basal half black. 
 
 Immature ;ind winter birds (except wing coverts i, resemiiling tin; IJIack (Jnilleniot. 
 
 Ccpphus mnndtii. Mandt's (iuillemot. 
 
 See No. V2. 
 
 ♦ For tUrwtions for meaflureinent, B»;e page 0, 
 
;^o 
 
 KKY TO TMK HIKDS « >F EASTEHX XOliTH AMKHITA. 
 
 Mu'its. 
 
 I'ullin. 
 
 ijUllll-IIIUtli. 
 
FA.MILY aLCID.K. — AUKS, PUFFINS, AND MUUKES. 
 
 31 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, 6.50 to 7.50 inches long. 
 
 Bill, parrot like; uiiderpnrts, white; hiit-k, lihu-U, ii«;ii!illy a hlack 
 collar. Fnitcmila arctiru, tiitd run:^. Puffin. Sea Parrot. 
 
 See No. '.•. 
 
 Aihilt in KHiiihirr: General plumage, black; a white i)aic'h on 
 the shovilder; basal half of the greater wing coverts (feathcr.-t 
 fonniiij? tli(^ wliite patch on the slioulder), black. Winter hinis 
 Iiave tlie underparts white, and the upper piiiina<je, mixed hhieiv, 
 ;iray. and white. t'epphus (jrijlU'. Black Guillemot. 
 
 See \o. 11. 
 
 Similar to tiie HIaek Ouillenujt, but has the wing coverts entirely white and not with 
 tiasal hall' black. Crjipltus tinindtii. Mandt's Guillemot. 
 
 See No. 12. 
 
 Summer pi luii'ifii' ■' Head, back, win^js. and tail, sooty lirown : underparts aud tips of secon- 
 daries, white. Wiii/i'i- ithtiiKiijr : Tuderparts, white, more or less marked with sooty brown, 
 or blackisii about the throat, belly, and Hanks. Uria lomvia. Brunnich's Murre. 
 
 See No. 14. 
 
 Sinmnfr pJumaiic : Head and nei'k, back, winjjs, and tail, black; tips of 
 secondaries and rest of underparts, white. Winti r jihitmit/e : Shiiilar, but 
 has the throat white. AIra tordn. Razor^bilied Auk. 
 
 Se»^ No. 15. 
 
 * Group 4. Wing, 7.50 to 8.50 inches long. 
 
 Suiiriiur phnu'Cj'' : Head and neciv. I»ack, winj^s, and tail, l)lack. 'I'ip^ of secondarie<j and 
 rest of underparts. while. Alrn tunln. Razor-billed Auk. 
 
 Sec \(>. 15. 
 
 Siimntrr plKindije: Head, bick. winif-». and tail, dark sooty bi'oun; underparts and tips of 
 secondaiies. white. II7//^r i>liiin<nif : rndeiparts, white, more or less marked with sooty 
 blown or Itlackisli about tin' throat, belly, and flaidvs; iiill, usually over 1.(10. 
 
 Cri'i troilr. Murre. 
 See No. i:{. 
 
 Similar to rn'n lrnil<\ but has the head darker than the throat; bill. iHin.ily under l.fio. 
 
 I't'iii linni'ifi. Brunnich's Murre. 
 See No. 14. 
 
 ♦ For fllrectloiiri for iiieasurt'iiuMit, see page 9. 
 
 ismn 
 
32 
 
 KKY TO THH MIKDS OF KASTEKN' NOIJTII AMKUKA. 
 
 * Group 5. Wing, over 8.50 inches long. 
 
 fe 
 
 i^ 
 
 Auk. 
 
 Head Miid neok, black, easily distiuguished 
 by the sliape of tlu; bill; a white line on liill. 
 Aim tarda. Razor-billed Auk. 
 bee >io. 15. 
 
 Munc, 
 
 Auk. 
 
 .■»■-* 
 
 Head and neck, sooty brown; bill pointed, no white line on bill. Vnn troilr. Murre. 
 
 See No. 13. 
 
 • For directions for measurement, nee page 1*. 
 
FAMILY STKliCOUAUUD.E. SKUAS AND J.EOEKS. 33 
 
 FAHILY ST^RCORARIID^. 
 
 Skuas and Jaegers. 
 
 Nostrils, separate, and not tubular; bill, with cere; front toes, palmate 
 (full webbed); hind toe, small, but always present; end of upper mandible 
 (unguis), swollen, and somewhat rounded; back and wings, 
 " always dark, sometimes sooty, sometimes barred with brown ; 
 tail, never white or gray, usually very dark; middle tail feath- 
 ers, longest. The cere (hard skin-like covering on base of upper 
 mandible) will distinguish these birds from Gulls. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, 11 to 15 inches long. 
 
 Underparts, not entirely pure white; bill, over 1.35; tarsu?, over 1.80; middle tail 
 feathers, not pointed ; i)luin;ii;t', souu'iinu's dark lirttwii ; soniotiinos mixed Si;ray, l)n)\vii, and 
 whitt'. Stcrconviiui i>(»nariii)is. Pomarine Jseger. 
 
 Set' No. 1!». 
 
 Bill, under 1.35; tarsus, undi'r 1.81); middle tail feathers, pointed; base of unguis 
 to frontal feathers less than length of unguis; shafts of priniarus. yellow wliito. 
 
 >'^,ti'rcoi'arins loiigiotudits. Long'tailed Jsger. 
 
 See \o. -21. 
 
 Bill, under 1.35; tarsus, under 1.80: uuddle tail feathers, pointed; base of unguis to 
 frontal feathers, greater than length of unguis; sliatts of primaries, yellowish wliiie. 
 
 Stercoramis pamniticm. Parasitic Jaeger. 
 
 See No. '20. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, over 15 inches long. 
 
 Bill, with cere; f^etieral color, dark brown, more or less streaked witii liglit brown; a 
 patch of white at base of primaries. Mctjalestris sk-int. Skua. 
 
 See No. 18. 
 
 * For directions for meaourenient, pce vnige 0. 
 
M 
 
 KKY TO THE lUUDS OF KASTEIJN \0|{TII AMKUICA. 
 
 -■■/yjfr 
 
 
 Skua. 
 
 h 
 
 Ja?jrer. 
 
FAMILY LAHfD.E. — GULLS ANI> TKKNS. 
 
 Sb 
 
 FAMILY LARIDv*]. 
 
 (U'LLS AM) TKHNS. 
 
 SUBFAMILY LAKIN^E. UUJ.LS. 
 
 Tail, ii^iam-y nkaki.y .s^iahe. 
 
 (iROir 1. Wiiif^, {t.50 to 11 iuclu's loujj. St-e paj^*' ;W. 
 GliOL'i' 2. Wmj;, 11 to l;{ iiK'lu's loiij;. Se(> page ^^6. 
 (Juoii' ;<. Wiiij:;, l;{ to 15 iurlies lonj^. See paj;e US. 
 tJKOur 4. WniiT, !•') to 17 iiiehes loiij;. See pajje ."{S. 
 
 Seetioii 1. Leiigtli, over 21 ; bill, over 2; uiulerparts. white. See p;.ge 38. 
 
 Section 2. Len<rtli, over 21 ; l)ill, over 2; underparts, not white. See paire 8J». 
 
 Section 3. liCngth, over 21 ; Itill, under 2; underparts, wliite. S«'e page ;W. 
 
 Section 4. Length, over 21 ; bill, under 2; underparts, not white. See i)age 40. 
 
 Sections. Length, under 21. See page 40. 
 Groi r '). Wing, over 17 inches long. See page 40. 
 
 SL BFAM 1 LY 8TEKN I N .E. 
 
 TERNS. 
 
 Tail, usuallv fokkkd. 
 
 (jiuoL r 1. Wing. .*).50 to 7.50 inches long. See page 41. 
 
 GrolI' 2. Wiug, 7.50 to B.-iO inches long. See page 4L 
 
 (iROiP 3. Wing, S.50 to 9.50 inches long. See page 41. 
 
 (JROIP 4. Wing, n.no to 11 inches long. See page 41. 
 
 GRorp 5. Wing, 11 to 1-5 inches long. See page 43. 
 Grolu* (j. Wing, 13 to 17 inclies long. See page 43. 
 Group 7. Wing, over 17 inches long. See page 43. 
 
36 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTKKN NOUTll AMERICA. 
 
 FAMILY LARID/E. 
 
 Gulls and Terns. 
 
 SUB-FAMILY LARIN>E. 
 Gulls. 
 
 Upper mandible, curved ; unguis (end of bill), not swollen; middle tail 
 
 feathers, about equal in length to the others ; 
 tail, rarely dark, although sometimes tipped 
 with black or brown ; hind toe, small, but 
 always present except in one genus ; bill, with- 
 out cere. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, 9.50 to 11 inches long. 
 
 riiderparls, white; iimtT web of first piiinaiy. white, with Mack ^^pot lu-ar the fiid; the 
 tip, white; shaft of feather, white; adult birds have the hill ilark n-d: in inmiat'in' birds 
 it 13 hrownisli. Lams franklinii. Franklin's Gull. 
 
 See No. Ji4. 
 
 riidnpaits, white; itiuer wel) of first priiiiaiy, white; tlu- tip, black; hill, black: shaft 
 of feather, white. L<trux /•hilndflfhiti. Bonaparte's Qull. 
 
 S«'f No. ;^5. 
 
 I'nderparts. white; inner web of first primary, about half white; shaft of feather, 
 dark brown on upper surface. In the a(hilt the bill i.s black, tipped with yellow. 
 
 Xenut mhinii. Sabine's Gull. 
 
 See No. 3S. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 11 to 13 inches long. 
 
 Shafts of primaries, l)lack or dark brown; underparts. not pure wliite (immature). 
 
 Lams atrkill". Laughing Gull. 
 S.-.' No. 33. 
 
 I'nderparls, ])ure whiti;; inner wel) of first primary, white, witli black spot near the 
 end, the tip, white; shaft of feathers, white. Adult binls have bill dark red: in immature 
 birds it is browuisli. Lams franklinii. Franklin's Qull. 
 
 See \o. 34. 
 
 * For directlonB for meaauremont, see page a. 
 
FAMILY LAKIIKK. GULLS AM) TEUN'S. 
 
 37 
 
 ' J.I 
 .•1 / 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Laughing Gull. 
 
 Wlnt«»r. 
 
 Bonaparte's Gnll. Summer. 
 Bonai)arte'B (J»ill loses the black heail in >Tinter. 
 
 Sabine's Gull. 
 
38 KKV TO THE BIIIDS OF EASTKKN XOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 IJnderparls, wliit**; first iiHmary, oiitircly Mack or dark hrowii (adult). 
 
 Imths atricilla. LauKhinK (iull. 
 .See No. ;W. 
 
 (icupral i>luina<;t', wliilf: l>nrk, white; Jli-^t itriniaiy rntindy wliiU', <»r w itli a lilackisli 
 s|)<)t at tip; hind toe, with nail; Mil, yellow. Paijophiln clba. ivory Qull. 
 
 See No. 22. 
 
 Baek, pearl fjray ; inner welt of primary, white, tiro.-idly tipped with black; a -mall riuli- 
 uieiitary hind toe without nail. Jii^ani tridnrtijif. Kittiwake (iull. 
 
 .See No. 2;{. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing» 13 to 15 inches long. 
 
 Uud.'rparts, wliite; lirst priujury eutirely black, or il.irk l»rowu. 
 
 Lnrm alrhilUt. Laughing: Gull. 
 
 See No. :{.{. 
 
 General jilumajre, white; first primary, entirely white, or with a diisk.v spot near tip: hind 
 toe, with nail; bill, le.ss than 1.50; wing, less than 14 ; bill, yellow, 
 
 Pnijophilfi (ilha. Ivory Qull. 
 See No. 22. 
 
 Uuderparts, white; inner web of j)riinary, white, broadly tipped witli Itlaek; a small 
 rudimentary hind toe. without nail. Lanis triilardjht. Kittiwake Gull. 
 
 See No. 2H. 
 
 Uuderparts, white; terminal portion of first primary, black, with white spot near ti]). 
 
 Lnriis ilelfurtiri-nsiit. Ring-billed Gull. 
 
 See No. .'H. 
 
 rrim.-iries, pale pearl f^ray, Iteeoming white at tip; Jiill, over 1..50: wing, over 14. 
 
 Larus lei>.co/>lt'riis. Iceland Gull. 
 
 See No. 25. 
 
 * Group 4. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long. 
 Section 1. Length, over 21 ; bill, over 2 ; underparts, white. 
 
 No black on primaries (adulfi. lAtrtttt f/lauais. Glaucous Gull. 
 
 See No. 24. 
 
 Hack, slaty black; primaries, black with more or less white (adult). 
 
 Larus mart/iM.-*. Great Black-backed Gull. 
 
 See No. 27. 
 
 Back, pale bluish, gray, or pearl gray ; primaries, dull black or brownish black, more 
 
 or less marked with white. 
 
 Lams ur(jentatus smithsonianus. American Herring Gull. 
 
 See No. 30. 
 
 * Fur directious for lucaduremeut, bee page 9. 
 
FAMILY LAUID.K. (ill,!-- .%M» TKUSft. 
 
 39 
 
 Section 2. Length, over 21 ; bill, over 2; underparts, 
 
 not white. 
 
 l/grmM ^l/tm/'H*. GlaUTOUS (iuil. 
 
 \... 21. 
 
 r»ut«*r \v4'l»i» of primaries, ash color (iiniiiatiire). 
 
 Om^T «el>!< of i»ritiiarie!i, (lark tirowii; wing, over IT.-'iO: •l*'|»€li <.f IjIII at aii:rlf. ov«t .I»0 
 iinniaiiire;. hintA m'trim-.*. Great Black-backed (iull. 
 
 S*f Xo. 27- 
 
 Outer w«*l»s of primaries, darli brown; «l»'pth of h\\\ nl .ids^. aivk-r .!*•: «lij;:. iiih1»t 17..V» 
 ( immature J. f.nnis )ir'i>iif'if>i.<t :n>tftAM/mt»rmmjf. Aiaerican Herring Gull. 
 
 S^- No. -l**. 
 
 Section 3. Length, over 21 ; bill, under 2; underparts, white. 
 
 Hack, grayish i»Iii«', moit; or less hiack on primari***. 
 
 Liini.t iiriifHtiitu.t »-n*itk»irm!<itmmjr. AfBcrican Herring Gull. 
 
 \... Mi. 
 
 Back, pale j>oar! ciijor; i»ri- 
 mari**-. whiti-^ii or pearl color, 
 shadin<; t<i \%iiite at tips. 
 
 L'lniit Ji'iifiiptcriis. 
 
 Iceland Gull. 
 
 Biuj^-bilU-il (iull 
 
 Back. pa!e \wm-\ color: ])rimari«'s 
 marke<l with platy ;riav. 
 
 L/irus kumlieni. Kumlien's Gull. 
 
 .See No. '2('>. 
 
 :M^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 'i^ 
 
 4 
 
 V 
 
 *iT*:M Kla^k U»(rk<- 1 (^ull. 
 
 fUrrtimg 
 
40 
 
 KKY TO TIIK HIKDS OF KASTKKX NOKTM AMKIJIOA. 
 
 Section 4. Length, over 21 ; bill, under 2; underparts, 
 
 not white. 
 
 Outer \\fh< of i>riiiiarl<'ri, dark l.nnvn: l»ill, over 1.1>0 (iniinatunO- 
 
 htni.1 'iriji »t<ihi.t Kiiiil>i.iuiii(iiiiis. Air^^'ican Herring (iuil. 
 
 '. No. 30. 
 
 Outer w.'Im of iH-linarifo. Iirowiiish; l»ill, uinl«'r l.'.H) (limiiatunO- 
 
 J.iini.t kiiinlii'iii. Kumlien's Ciull. 
 
 ' S«-«' No. 2t!. 
 
 Outer wfli-* of priiiiarie ', ash color (uniuaturp). 
 
 I.iirus Iriirn/ife-"'. Iceland Oull. 
 Stf .>{,. 25. 
 
 Section 5. Length, under 21. 
 
 A lianil of l.huk on th.' I.ill ^ailult . Hill, dull yellow, tipped with Itlaik ^ immature" . 
 
 L<(rit!t ilrlfitrtirrnxis. Ring-billed Oull. 
 See No. 31. 
 
 Terns. Gulls. 
 
 * Group 5. Wing, over 17 inches long. 
 
 rrimaries, tn.irked with more or less Mack. Iaitus marimis. Great Black^backed Gull. 
 
 See No. 27. 
 
 No black on primaries. Larus (jlanrns. Glaucous Gull. 
 
 See No. 24. 
 
 • For direotiona for measurement, see page !). 
 
FAMILY LAKID.I-:. — OULLS A\I> TEKN8. 
 
 41 
 
 5UB-FAMILY STERNIN/E. 
 Terns. 
 
 Upper mandible, nearly straight, not hooked or decid- 
 edly rounded near tip; outer tail feathers, usually longer 
 than middle feathers; toes, four; front toes, webbed; 
 hind toe, small, but well developed. 
 
 Group 1. Wing, 5.50 to 7.50 inches long. 
 
 ForelH'jitl, white; liill, black: iiii<ler|)art.->, white; l):u-k, 
 pt-arl jjiay ; crown. Idack adult in summer) ; back and crown, 
 mottled (immature). Sierun nntiUnruin. Least Tern. 
 
 Sec \o. 4s. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 7.50 to 8.50 inches long. 
 
 Head and undcrparts, l)lack (achilt). A patch of Id.ack belnnd tlie eye: l).ick <»f licad, 
 dusky: rest of head, wiiite (iminatun'). Jli/drorhi'liilmt nii/ni siirimnnt iikis. Black Tern. 
 
 See \o. ni. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, 8.50 to 9.50 inches long. 
 
 Outer tail feathers, pure white 
 
 Inner web of outer tail feather, fjray 
 
 Sterna iIou/ffiUL Roseate Tern. 
 See No. 47. 
 
 Stprnaforstpri. Forster's Tern. 
 
 .See No. 44. 
 
 * Group 4. Wing, 9.50 to 1 1 inches long. 
 
 Outer web of outer tail feather, darker than inner web; l>ack, pearl p^ray: lireast, 
 washed witli pearl {;ray ; bill in adults, red, tiitped witli black: tarsus, usually over .70. 
 
 Sterna hiriimlo. Common Tern. Wilson's Tern. 
 
 See Xo. 4.5. 
 
 Inner web of outer tail feather, darker than outer web; back, pearl <;ray; breast, 
 white; iiill in achilts, black, slightly yellowish at tip. Stirna forsteri. Forster's Tern. 
 
 See No. 44. 
 
 Outer tail feather, entirely pure white ; back, pearl gray ; breast, white, often tinged 
 with faint rose color; 1)111, iu adults, black with basal portion, red. 
 
 Sterna dourfalli. Roseate Tern. 
 See Xo. 47. 
 
 * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 
 
42 
 
 KEY TO THE lUHDS OF KASTEIIV NOUTJr AXEKIOA. 
 
 :^ 
 
 -.:«ty 
 
 — > 
 
 ForsterV Tern. Winter. 
 
 Roiseate Tern. 
 
 
 Common Tern. 
 
 A^. 
 
 Least Tern. Gull-bille.l Tern. 
 
 Adult Terns (exeept the No.ldy) liave tlie top of the heail entirely blaek, part of the year, varying with aRC 
 and i^eaHoii. 
 
FAMILY LAHID^E. — (JULLS AND TERNS. 
 
 43 
 
 Outer web of outer tail feather, darker than inner web; back, pearl gray; breast 
 ami uiKlcrpart-j, ])fail <;ra\ ; l>ill, in atiiilts, entirely reel; tarsus, usually less than .70. 
 
 Sterna paradimrn. Arctic Tern. 
 
 See No. 4r>. 
 
 Hark, blaek ; a white stripe from forehead, extending over the eye; l)reast, white: bill, 
 in adults, black. Sterna fnUijinoxa. Sooty Tern. 
 
 See No. 4!». 
 
 Back, sooty or <;rayish brown; a white stripe from forehead, not reaching above the 
 eye; liill, tdack. Sterna anathitus. Bridled Tern. 
 
 See No. .')(). 
 
 IJack, sooty brown; underparts, sooty brown. Anotts stolklns. Noddy Tern. 
 
 See No. o'A. 
 
 * Group 5. Wing, 11 to 13 inches long. 
 
 Hill, black, not tipped wiih yellow ; feet, blai-kish ; bacic, pearl gray ; bill, comparatively 
 short and stout. GelodieUdun nihitiea. Quil-billed Tern. 
 
 See No. :<!). 
 
 Bill, lilack, not tipped with yellow: feet, iilack: back, black or sooty. 
 
 Sterna fiiliijiiKisa. Sooty Tern. 
 See Xo. 4it. 
 
 Bill, red, tipped with black; feet, oranne I'ed ; back, pearl fjjray or jjray and butf. 
 
 Strriia hiriindo. Common Tern. Wilson's Tern. 
 
 See No. 45. 
 
 Bill, black, tipped with pale yellow; feet, dark; i)ilU comparatively loiij; and slender. 
 
 Sterna sandriernsis aenflavida. Cabot's Tern. 
 
 See No. 30. 
 
 * Group 6. Wing, 13 to 17 inches long. 
 
 Bill, orange or yellowish; tarsus, less than l.oO; inner web of outer i)rimary, usually 
 with more or less white. Sterna niaxinta. Royal Tern. 
 
 See No. 41. 
 
 Bill, red or reddish; tarsus, over 1. ;■)(); nner web of outer i)rimary, usually without 
 white. SteriKi raspia. Caspian Tern. 
 
 See No. 40. 
 
 Bill, black, tipped witli yedow. Sterna sandvice)isis arujiarida. Cabot's Tern. 
 
 See No. 3\). 
 
 * Group 7. Wing, over 17 inches long. 
 
 Bill, red or reddish. . Sterna e<isijiti. Caspian Tern. 
 
 See No 40. 
 
 ♦ For directions for mcaHurLMiicnt, huc jiagu !(. 
 
44 
 
 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NOKTH AMERICA. 
 
 Caspian Tern. 
 
 Royal Tern. 
 Top of licad is at times entirely l)laf k. 
 
 Sooty Tern. 
 
 Noddy Tern. 
 
FAMILY KlIYNClIoriU.E. 8KIMMKKS. 
 
 45 
 
 FAniLY RHYNCHOPID^. 
 Skimmers. 
 
 Bill, like blade of a knife, the under mandible the longer ; plumage, 
 black above, white below. 
 
 * Group I. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long. 
 
 s^."?-*.,*^. 
 
 <',■ -1 ■ 
 
 Bill, thin, kiiiff-like; lower iiiaiidildt', tinMonjiei'; luisal luilt uT liill. vi'iiuilioii icil, hlack- 
 i'iliattip; ui)j)t'r plmiia^e. I>lat'k •, uiuleiparts, wiiitc. It'll ;niilii>/>.s iiiijni. Black Skimmer. 
 
 See No. ;■)». 
 
 ♦ Kor (Urcctioiin fur ineaHureniunt, sec page !>. 
 
46 
 
 KKY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERIfA, 
 
 FAMILY DIOMEDEID^C. 
 
 Albatrosses. 
 
 Very large wing, over IQ inches long; upper mandible, curved near 
 tip, lorming a hook, the end (unguis) enlarged; nostrils, separate and 
 tubular; hind toe, rudimentary, often apparently vk^anting. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, 17 to 21 inches long 
 
 Hill, (link: tli*' t<t|i (I'uirnoii). vfllow . A v<mv liirj^c 
 -ca l>irtl. 
 
 '/'/iiiltissoiiiroit riihiiiiiiiiKs. Yellow-nosed Albatross. 
 
 St'(' No. ")('). 
 
 FAMILY PROCELLARIID/E. 
 
 Shearwaters, Petrels, and Fulmars. 
 
 Nostrils, tubular, united in one double-barrelled tube; front toes, pal- 
 mate (full webbed); hind toe, very small, and in some cases entirely 
 absent; upper mandible, curved near tip; wing, less than 19 inches long. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, less than 5.50 inches long. 
 
 General pliniia<;f, gooty Idaok, tlio uiul<Tpaits with fainl 
 f)ro\vni<li tiuirt': u])|H'r tail lovt-rts, whitf, souk- "f tlii-m tipiH-d 
 with hlaok. Proccllarid pelnijini. Stormy Petrel. 
 
 Set" No. (i7. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long. 
 
 Tail, nearly square; u|>|kt tail coverts, white, not tijipcil with hiaek; uinlrriiarls. dull 
 blaek : tarsus, over 1 .05. OcenuUcs lu-cainrus. Wilson's Petrel. 
 
 See No. (19. 
 
 T.ail. th'i-iileilly forkeil; upptT tail eoverts. white, not tii»pe(l with lihu'k; umlerimit?, 
 brownisli hlaik or sooty hiowii: tarsus, less than 1.05. 
 
 Orednodroma hiirorhixi. Leach's Petrel. 
 
 See No, 08. 
 
 L'nderparts, white. Pi'la(j<itlr<>iii<i mitrinn. White=faced Petrel. 
 
 See >«'(». 71. 
 
 * For directions for mc-isurenu'iit, ^ee iiago y. 
 
FAMIIA I'UOCKLLAKllD^E. — SIIEAKWATEKS, I'KTUKLS, AND Fl LMAHS. 47 
 
 I. .' V^.-; 
 
 stormy I'otrel. 
 
 LeachV Petrel. 
 
 • vf', 
 
 WilM)ii's I'etrel. 
 
 .m 
 
 White-faced Petrel. 
 
 -.::..z.aj!li 
 
48 
 
 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, 6.50 to 9.50 inches long. 
 
 Ipppr i>;irts, dark sooty brown or fxrayisli l)lack : un- 
 (l^'i-parts, white; slides of breast, tinged with iiray ; middle 
 toe and claw, less than 2 inches long. 
 
 l\innus audnboni. Audubon's Shearwater. 
 
 Sot- No. 02. 
 
 The Manx Shearwater, Puffinus ptifflnus, a Eniopeau 
 species, somewhat resembles Andubon's Shearwater, l»ut it 
 i.s 'artrer. the l)ack darker, the wins: rarely, if ever, jneasnr- 
 
 inj; less than 8.40 inches, and the middle toe and claw 2 inches or more. It is of accidental 
 
 occurrence on our coast. 
 
 * 
 
 Group 4. Wing, 11 to 13 inches long. 
 
 Upper and under tail coverts, gray o.- l)rowuish fjjray ; breast, white. 
 
 I'liffiniiti major. Greater Shearwater. 
 See No. 00. 
 Under tail coverts, gray; upper tail coverts, sooty; l)reast, gray. 
 
 I'i^UnKsfulii/inu.sHs. Sooty Shearwater. 
 See No. (I.'i. 
 
 Upper and under tail coverts, white. ^Ustrelata hasitata. BIack=capped Petrel. 
 
 See No. ()4. 
 
 Upper tail coverts, pearl gray; under tail coverts, white, or entire plumage, dark slate 
 color (dark phase). Fulniarits (ilacialin, and raves. Fulmar Petrel. 
 
 See Nos. 57 and 58. 
 
 * Group 5. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long. 
 
 Upper surface of tail feathers, dark slaty lu'own; under tail coverts, ash gray or brownish 
 gray. Piiffimts majur. Greater Shearwater. 
 
 • See No. (tO. 
 
 Upper snrface of tail feathers, dark slaty brown: under tail coverts, white, sonietiines 
 slightly mottled with grayish. Piijiniis hurealis. Cory's Shearwater. 
 
 See No. 5i>. 
 
 Upper surface of tail feathers, pale pearl gray; uitper tall coverts, pearl gray; under tail 
 coverts, white ; or entire plumage, dark slate color (dark phase). 
 
 Fithnarns r/larialis., and races. Fulmar Petrel. 
 
 See Nos. 57 and 58. 
 
 * Group 6. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long. 
 
 Upper surface of tail fe ners, dark slaty brown: under tail coverts, ash gray, (m- 
 brownish gray. Pnfmus major. Greater Shearwater. 
 
 See No. 60. 
 
 Upper surf.ice of tail feathers, dark slaty brown ; under tail coverts, white; sometimes 
 slightly mottknl with grayish. Pii^finus horealis. Cory's Shearwater. 
 
 See No. 59. 
 
 ♦ For directions lor ineJisurcment, sec page 5). 
 
FAMILY I'JiOCKLI.AUIIlJ.i:. — SlIEAnu ATKKS, I'KTUKLS, AM) lULMAUS. IJJ 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 I:- 
 
 Fulmar 
 
 
 •Corv's tihearwaler. 
 
 PuHiuui major. 
 
 .ludubon'a Sliearwatcr. 
 
 Black-capped Petrel. 
 
50 
 
 KEY TO THK lUliDS OF KASTEKN' XOKTII AMEKIPA. 
 
 ORDER STEGAN0P0DE5. 
 
 Gannets, Pelicans, Cormorants, etc. 
 
 Toes, four, all connected by webs. 
 
 FAMILY PHAETHONTID/E. 
 Tropic Birds. 
 
 Bill, sharp pointed; chin, feathered; toes, four, all 
 connected by webs. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, 9.50 to 13 inches long. m^ 
 
 Bill, yellowish; jjt-neral pluin;is;<>, whito; outer \vpI»< of primaries aud lei^ser witifjj eoverts, 
 hliic'k: iiiiildle uiil feathers, very loiij!;; hill, yellow or |>.ile oraiiir*": sliafts of tail feathers, 
 hiack. Phaethon nmeriaiwi. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird. 
 
 See Xo. 72. 
 
 Hill, red; hack, fluely harred with hlaek. liare straf^frler, recorded from Newfoutidland 
 bauks. Phaethon wlherens. Red-billed Tropic Bird. 
 
 See Xo. 73. 
 
 ♦ For direi'tlons for ineaoiirement, see page i». 
 
FAMir.Y SILIIKK. OAXNKTS. 51 
 
 FAMILY SULID/E 
 
 Gannets. 
 
 Bill, 5tout, but not hooked; chin, bare; neck, thick; 2^^iE^S 
 toes, four, ali connected by webs. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long. 
 
 Head, sooty lirowri; l»('ll\- ^vhite; feet, yellowish or fjnHUii.sh, l)ul lu'vcr n-tl (adult). 
 
 Sula sulii. Booby Qannet' 
 
 See No. 75. 
 Fle.iil, sooty lirowii: liflly, l>ro\vui-ih: feet, not reil ( lininattire). 
 
 SuJn sn!n. Booby Gannet. 
 
 See No. 75. 
 Head, white, tiiij^ed witli hiitl ; belly, whit*-; feet, red (adult). 
 
 Siild piscator. Red-footed Booby. 
 
 See No. 7G. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long. 
 
 Section I. Side of chin, feathered; a narrow strip of bare 
 skin down the middle of the throat. 
 
 Adult, white ht'ad, tinged with bull"; primaries, »hnk; iinniature birds are niotth>d. gray- 
 ish brown and white. Sidit h(t,'<i<a)ia. (iannet. 
 
 See No. 77. 
 
 Section 2. Whole of chin and upper part of throat, bare 
 
 skin without feathers-. 
 
 (Jrner.il plumage, sooty brown (rarely whitish); underparts, white; feet, greenish 
 
 yellow, or pale yellow. Sula sithi. Booby Qannet. 
 
 See No. 75. 
 
 fJenerai piumagf, white; feet, red; gular sack, blackish; bare skin in front of eye 
 and angle of jaw, pink red; tail, white: immature birds are grayish brown. 
 
 Snla iiiscator. Red -footed Booby. 
 
 See No. 7(). 
 
 General i»Iinnagt', whitf: feet, leaden blue; gular saek, blackish: bare skin in front of 
 eye, bluish; tail, sooty brown: the middle feathers tinged with hoary; young l»ir(ls are 
 sooty gray. Srila cyanops. Blue^faced Booby. 
 
 See No. 74. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, 17 to 21 inches long. 
 
 Sides of chin, feathered ; a narrow strip of bare skin down "'Idle of throat; adults, white; 
 head tinged with butt': immature birds, mottled gravish b.own a d hite. tSnhihasmna. Qannet.* 
 
 See No. 77. 
 
 Whole chin and upper throat, bare ; feet, leaden Itlue ; wing, always less than 18. Acci- 
 dental straggler, on Florida coast, not recorde«l elsewhere in Eastern North America. 
 
 Sula cyanops. Blue-faced Booby Gannet. 
 
 See No. 74. 
 
 • For directions for mcaBurement, pee page 9. 
 
52 
 
 KEY TO TJIK JJIUDS OF EASTEUN NOKTll AMKKICA. 
 
 
 
 
 Adult. 
 
 Uunnet. 
 
 Jiuiuuture. 
 
 Booby Gannct , 
 
FAMILY ANHIN'GID.%:. — liSAKE. BieiAS. 
 
 53 
 
 FAMILY ANHINGID>e. 
 
 Darters. Snake Birds. 
 
 Bill, sharp-pointed and slender; chin, bare; neck, long and 
 slender; toes, four, all connected by webs. 
 
 Group I. Wing, 12.50 to 15.50 inches long. 
 
 Xeck. loiitr, suake-Iikt'; lioud and nock, black in male: brown in fpinak^: out/»r w*»h3 of 
 two middle tuil feathers, ^Minted.*'' Anhingn nnhinga. S«ake Bird. Water Turkey. 
 
 ^** Xo. 78. 
 
 ♦For directions for measurement, a«e pace Ol 
 
54 
 
 KKV TO TllK BIKDS OF EASTKUN NOllTII AMEIilCA. 
 
 FAMILY PHALACROCORACID/E. 
 
 Cormorants. 
 
 Bill, hooked at tip, and less than twelve inches long; 
 
 -'^ 5S^^«^^ bare skin at base of bill and chin; lores, bare; toes, four, 
 all connected by webs. 
 
 * Group I. Wing, 11 to 15 inches long. 
 
 Tail iMiniiMKtMl of foiiitfi'ii IfatluTs. 
 
 Phahirrocnrnxcarho. Common Cormorant. ShaK. 
 
 S«'.' No. 7'.>. 
 
 Tall ooiupo,«'(l of twclvt' ft'atlKTs. 
 
 Phalurrocorn.i- 'inopfius, mul r<ir,s. Double^crested Cormorant and Florida Cormorant. 
 
 Sf«' Xo<. so ami si 
 
 The Mexican ("ormoraiit, a siualtt-r sjH'cie.-*, occasionally occurs in the Mississippi Nallcy. 
 
 * For tlirectioug for lueasureiiifiit, see iia^c 9. 
 
FAMILY IMIAI.Af'HOCOHAClD.E. — fOHMOK.ANTS. 
 
 O.) 
 
 al-< 
 
 ^ 
 
 f» •< 
 
 I— — ta>^<' * -T... rf. 
 
 Comuiou Coruioiaut. 
 
 rs-*" 
 
 ~ir.*^'"'W'5 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 Double-cresU'il Cormorant. 
 
 Mexican Conuoraut. 
 
50 
 
 KEY TO THE HIUDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 FAHILY PELECANID^. 
 
 Pelicans. 
 
 Bill, hooked at tip, over twelve inches long and having a large 
 pouch ; lores, bare ; toes, four, all connected by webs. 
 
 
 '3«^S!?>'i'^, 
 
 ^■¥^ 
 
 White rclicaii. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, over 17 inches long. 
 
 (ieneral i)lum:ij;<', white. 
 
 Pelecamts cnjthrorhijnchos. White Pelican. 
 
 See No. 83. 
 
 General pluinii<;»>, not white (colorntio?' vin-y Viiriable according to age and season, but 
 never white). Pclecaniis fuscus. Brown Pelican. 
 
 See T^o. 84. 
 
 * For iliroctlons for mcasureinunt, hoc pago 9. 
 
FAMILY PKLECANID.K. — PELICANS. 
 
 57 
 
 IJrowu Pe.'icau. 
 
 (ioiicral itlumago, variable, aceordiuy lo age and season, hut nerrr n'fnte. 
 
 Felicamtsj'nsnis. Brown Pelican. 
 fcjee No. S4. 
 
58 
 
 KKY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTEKN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 FAMILY FREGATID>e. 
 
 Man-of-war Birds. Frigate Birds. 
 
 Bill, hooked at tip; lores, feathered; upper plumage, entirely black; 
 toes, four, all connected by webs ; tail, forked ; wings, very long. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, over 21 inches long. 
 
 ■rf<- 
 
 \ \ 
 
 \ 
 
 Entirt' ])limia<;t', bliu-k (adult, mule) ; general j>lum:ige, black; belly, white {female) ; head 
 auil ueek, wliilisli; hclly, white; rest of pUnnaj;:e, black (^immature). 
 
 Frerjnta aquila. Man-of-war Bird. 
 
 Sey No. 85. 
 
 * For dlructiuua fur nieat<ureineiit, »ce pagi- tt. 
 
FAMILY ANATID.E. DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 
 
 59 
 
 fa:mtly anatid^.. 
 
 DICKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 
 SUIiFAMILY iAIEH(iIN.E. IMKHCIANSEHS. 
 FisH-EATiNc Dicks having nakkow hills with tooth-likk serrations ox 
 
 KI>Gi:s; TARSUS, SCUTELLATK IN KKOXT ( TltANSYKKSE SCALKS). 
 
 Group 1. Witijj, n.no to S.no inches loni"-. S<M' piigt' (!1. 
 GuOl T 2. Wiiio-. S.no to 12 iiu'ht's loiii>-. See p:i<r<' (j:{. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ANATIN.E. HIVEH AND I'OXD DICKS. 
 Ducks iiavino hind toe without wkll dkveloped. ^meaikkaneous lobe or 
 
 flap; TAliSUS, SCUTEI.LATE (TRANSVERSE SCALES) IN FRONT. 
 
 Group 1. Wiuo;, 5 to 7.50 inches lon»j. See pi'ge (>.'{. 
 
 jCjROUP 2. Wino;, 8 to 10 inches lon<,'. See p;ii?e 04. 
 
 Section 1. Heliy, wliiti'. See page 04. 
 
 Section 2. Belly, not wiiite. See page G4. 
 
 Group ;L Wing, 10 to 14 inches long. See page 0.5. 
 
 Section 1. Belly, white, or tinged with dusky or gray on lower part. See i)age 0.5. 
 
 Section 2. Belly, not white. See page 00. 
 
 SUBFAMILY FULIGULINii:. BAY AND SEA DUCKS. 
 Ducks having a flap or membraneous lobe on hind toe; tarsi s. set tellate 
 
 (TRAN8VEI{SE SCALES) IN FRONT. 
 
 Group 1. Wing, 5 to 0.50 inches long. See page 71. 
 
 Section 1. 'I'ail feathers, not stirt and pointed. See page 71. 
 Section 2. Tail feathers, stitl and pointed. Se(^ |>age 71. 
 Group 2. Wing, 0..50 to 7. .50 inches long. See page 71. 
 Section 1. Belly, white. See page 71. 
 Section 2. Belly, not white. See page 72. 
 Group 3. AVing, 7.50 to S..50 inches long. See j)age 72. 
 
 Section 1. Head, with more or less white or brownish white; iielly, white, sometimes 
 
 tinged with dusky or graj' on lower part. See page 72. 
 Section 2. No white or grayish white on head; belly, while; sometimes tinged with 
 
 grayish white on head. See page 73. 
 Section 3, Belly, not white. See page 73. 
 Group 4. Wing, 8. .50 to 10 inches long. See page 74. 
 
 Section 1. Mind toe, with (lap or lobe; belly, white, sonietimes tinged on lower part 
 with dusky or gray; head, marked ^cith mure ur less n-liite, or brownish white. See 
 page 74. 
 
60 KEY TO THE HIRD8 OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Section 2. Belly, white, sonietimrs tinned on lower purt with gray or dusky; no 
 
 white or grayish white on head. See page 74. 
 Section 8. Belly, not white; head, marked with more or less white, or grayish 
 
 white. See page 76. 
 Section 4. Belly, not white ; no white on head. See page 77. 
 Gkolt 5. Wing, 10 to 14 inches long. See page 77. 
 
 Section 1. Head, with more ov less white, or grayish wliite: belly, black. See 
 
 page 77. 
 Section 2. Xo white on head; belly, black. See page 70. 
 Section .3. Head, with more or less white, or grayish white; belly, mottled brown, 
 
 or grayish brown, or slaty. See page 70. 
 Section 4. No white on head: belly, mottled brown, or grayish brown. Seepage SO. 
 
 SUr.FAMU.Y AXSKUINM:. (rp:ESE. 
 
 L0RE8, FKATHEUKl) ; TAKSI S, KlVriCrr.A TK. 
 
 Groit 1. Wing. 12 to 14 inches long. See page SI. 
 GuOlP 2. W;iig, 14 to 20 inches long. Sec page SI. 
 
 Section 1. Head and neck, black or blackish, msirked with nion^ or less white; bill 
 
 and feet, black See page SI. 
 Section 2. Head, white, sometimes tinged with brownish orange; bill and I'eet, pink 
 
 or rtesh color in life; yellowish or pale l)ro\vnish in driecl skin. Se(^ p.tge s;{. 
 Section :{. Head, brownish or grayish, sometimes marked with white; bill, pinkish; 
 feet, yellow or pink. See page S3. 
 
 SUBFAIMILY CYdNIN.E. SWANS. 
 
 livUK SKUX r.KTWKKN TIIK r.U.I. AND F.VK ; TARSI S, KKTKU LATK ; XKOK, VI.HV 
 
 lom; ; wiNci. ovKK 10 inciiks i.on<;. See page 84. 
 
FAMILY AiNATIDE. — DICKS, GEESE, AM) SWANS. 
 
 61 
 
 ORDER ANSERES. 
 
 Lamelli rostral Swimmers. 
 FAMILY ANATID/E. 
 
 Ducks, Geese, and Swans. 
 
 SUBFAMILY MERQIN^E. 
 Mergansers. 
 
 Fish-eating Ducks having narrow bills with tooth°like serrations on 
 edges, and the tarsus, scutellate in front. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, from 6.50 to 8.50 inclies long. 
 Section I. Bill, narrow, with tooth=like serrations. 
 
 ^^a»i 
 
 l.oiiliodyto.- (uit'ullatvis (male). 
 
 I.oiilioilytes ciu'iillalii;^ 
 
 Head, brownish or grayish; tarsus, less iIimm 1. HO: t-ifsi, sncill ( IVuialc and iminatui-e). 
 
 Lophodt/hs riiritlliinit^. Hooded Merganser. 
 
 See No. 88. 
 
 Head, with black and white crest; tarsus, less than l.r»i) (inalc). 
 
 Lnphudyteti ciicidhUus, Hooded Herganser. 
 
 Set! No. S8, 
 
 * For dhc<!Uons for measureineiit, nee page !l. 
 
♦52 
 
 KEY TO THK MIHDS OF KASTEHN NOKTII AMERICA. 
 
 'ill 
 
 Keil Itrt'iittc'il Merganser. 
 
 ;._., 
 
 ^ 
 
 Male. 
 
 Aiuerictui McrgiinBcr. 
 
 Feuialu, 
 
 Male. 
 
 Hoixlt'il M('ijfaiit»»'r. 
 
 Female, 
 
FAMILY ANATID.K. — DUCK.S, (iKK«K, ANI> SWAN.s. 
 
 63 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, from 8.50 to 12 inches long. 
 Section 1. Bill, narrow, with tooth=like serrations. 
 
 Distiiiu'c from nostril to tip of hill, less than 1.50; lu'.id 
 and iHH'k, greenish black; uiKlciparls, cn'Miiiy wliilc, tinged 
 with Siihnon i-olor; feet, icd (iiimIc). 
 
 Meryanstr amerii'ana . American Merganser. Sheldrake. 
 
 Se»i No. 86. 
 
 Distance fi-oni nostril to tip of hill, less than 1 .50 ; head, 
 
 rufous brown ; upper throat, white; feet, orange red (female). 
 
 Meriiauser amcricana. American flerganser. Sheldrake. 
 
 See No. ««. 
 
 TdP ul liil 
 .Mergaii.-or ainoricana. 
 
 Distance from no,stril to tip of hill, more than 1.50; head, 
 black, tinged with green; in-east, rufous, streaked witli hlaek 
 (male). Mcrijauxir sirrator. Red-breasted Herganser. 
 
 Se(^ \o. S7. 
 
 ^Icrganeer ueiTator. 
 
 Distance from nostril to tip of bill, more than 1.50; head, brownish, palest on the 
 throat; speculum, while (female;. Mrnjunscr sirratur. Red-breasted Jlerganser. 
 
 See No. 87. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ANATIN/E. 
 River and F^ond Ducks. 
 
 Ducks having hind toe without membraneous 
 lobe or flap ; tarsus, scutellate in front. 
 
 * Group I. Wing, 5 to 7.50 inches long. 
 Section 1. Hind toe, without flap or lobe. 
 
 Large patch pale blue on wing (coverts) ; 
 white crescent on face onalr); no white 
 crescent, fac<> speckled: chin whitish (fe- 
 male). <'ommon in Eastern Inited States. 
 
 An((s dismrs. Blue-winged Teal. 
 AnaHdiscors. See No. '.)7. 
 
 Large patch of pale blue on wing i coverts) ; head and hreast, rufous l)rowu; crown, 
 
 * For directions for measurement, see page 9. 
 
CA 
 
 KKY TO TIIK inUD.S OF KASTKIJN NOKTir A.MKHICA. 
 
 hhu-kish (iiial*) ; sides of head, speckled (dull while, dotted witli hluek; ; chin and throat, 
 dusky, tinted with rufous i female). Weiiteru species rare east of the Mississippi IJiver. 
 
 Aittut ryuHoptera. Cinnamon Teal. 
 
 »^cc Nil. Us. 
 
 No blue patch on wing; head, rufous brown with large patch of green through eye 
 
 lu nape; speculum, black uud j^reiiu (inalej ; iicad, sp<'cki«;d. "So l»iue patcli on wiiij; (fem.ili-). 
 
 AnfUi carol ineiuf is. Green -winged Teal. 
 See No. 'J(j. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, from 8 to 10 inches long. 
 Section 1. Belly, white; no flap or lobe on hind toe. 
 
 Head, green, purple. l)lack, aud white: cliiu and upper throat, 
 white; Itfi, y»'ilow in life ,ni:de). 
 
 Aij- iliion.sa. Wood Duck. Summer Duck. 
 
 See No. 101 . 
 Head, grayish brown with white 
 stripe thrniii^h the eye; chin .ind ui>- 
 per throat, while; toes, dull yellow in 
 life (female). 
 
 Aix spoHsd. Wood Duck. 
 
 Summer Duck. 
 
 See Xo. 101. 
 
 Aix f|IOIlr-;i. 
 
 Head, brown; chin, not white; .1 white siri]te t>n sides of the neck: tail, pointed (niah;). 
 
 Dujila nintn. Pintail Duck. 
 See No. KM), 
 
 Section 2. Belly, not white; hind toe, without mem= 
 
 braneous lobe or flap. 
 
 Hill, more than one inch wide near tijc head, green 
 or greenish ; speculum, metallic green ; axillas, white; 
 
 I'eet, oranjj;e itMl in life (male). 
 
 Sixttula dijpmki. Shoveller Duck. Broad-bill. 
 
 .See No. 9i>. 
 
 Bill, more than one inch wide near tiji; head, nar- 
 rowly streaked and speckled with brown and dull white; 
 speculum, metallic green; tt-i-i, uranijn rid in life; axil- 
 lars, wliite (female). 
 
 Spatula i-lypt'itn. Shoveller Duck. Broad-bill. 
 ^-ii__-,. - See No. 1^9. 
 
 Spatula ctyiteutii. 
 
 ' Kor (liivetioiiH for ni(':ii<urenient, see yiif^e !». 
 
FA.MILV ANATIM.i;. DITKS, OEF.SK, AM) SWANS. 
 
 65 
 
 Hill, less than one iiuli wUW in-ar tip: head, lined ami speckled with brown aiul 
 lirowiiinh white; simtuIiiiii. not ntrtdllir <jrnu ; axillars, white, barred with brown; iiiiii|) 
 
 ami tail ri»veil<. I)ni\vii. iiailu\vl\ fdncil ami l-amlrd with 
 white; I'eel. (lu.<ky (^leiuale). 
 
 Dajita ucuin. Pintail Duck. 
 AxiUar. Dania acuta. Sec No. 100. 
 
 Kelly, wliiti-. with more or less brown spots; axillars, white; Itili. itss tliari .'.ki 
 witlf at witU'st [lart (_t'einalej, Aikis stri/nm. (iadwall. 
 
 Sff No. '.»:>. 
 
 lifljy, iiioit! or less spoitcil; throat, whiti-: i-iiiii|i, olive l»io\vii ; sci-omlaries, iiietallie 
 fjreeii. ti|»|MMl willi white; axillars auti uiiik-r win;; «oveiH, lit-aviiy liarrt'd; toes, vfllowi^li in 
 lite (lenialt). Aix >/...«>//. Wood Duck. Summer Duck. 
 
 S.'.' N... 101. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, from 10 to 14 inches long. 
 
 Section 1. Hind toe, without membraneous lobe or flap; 
 belly, white, sometimes faintly tinged with dusky or 
 gray on lower part. 
 
 Axillars, while : the shal'is. while : cxpo-i-d -jpt'cidniii, hiack 
 Mini white: head, tawny brown; cheeks and throat, tawny, 
 speckled with brown ^^inaiei. 
 
 Aims St n III ni. Uadwail. Creek Duck. 
 >ee No. lij. 
 
 ^C 
 
 '-'^ 
 
 Axillars, white; the shafts, white; head, speckled; 
 
 e\|io-ed »|>efuluin, hlaekaiid while (leiiialei. 
 
 Alias sin'iH ra. (jadwall. Creek Duck. 
 
 Sei- No. Ii-J. 
 
 Axillars, white with dark shafts; -ipceuhnn. ^reeii and lilaek; wliite i)atoli on 
 shoidder: top of head, white iin.de Ah-is <nii>rii:ni'i. American Widgeon. Baldpate. 
 
 See No. ill. 
 
 Kor ilirections for iiio:ir>iireiiiciit, .--t'e page !). 
 
H6 
 
 KKY TO I'lli; BIRDS OF KASTKUX SOUTH VMEIMCA. 
 
 Axillars, white with darlc shafts; no wliiu; sIkmiIiUt p.-ttrli: head, speckled i liihiiU')' 
 
 Alius iiiiifihuHu. American Widi^eon. Baldpate. 
 
 Si'e No. !»». 
 
 Axillars, grayish white; head, bruwn, not speckled; -tri|M> ol \vhit<- on »i(lt>H of 
 iu'«U : i;iil, |ioiiit*;<l; middle IVnilu'is, loii>^ (ni.ilri. Uujihi <i<iitii. Pintail Duck. 
 
 S.M- \o. 100. 
 
 Section 2. Hind toe, without membraneous lobe or flap ; 
 
 belly, not white. 
 
 Speculum, bluish purple edged with white; head, green ; 
 
 :i wliilf rinu' ;ir<iiMiil nfcU : hi't'M^t, flifsliiin ; liclly. <:r:ivi-'li \vliit«*; 
 fct't. or;iii«jt' red; Jixilhiis, white (iiiiiie). 
 
 Aii'iK i>i,.sri,,is. Mallard Duck. 
 Sec No. ^;t. 
 
 Anas: l)(j.-cl»aH. 
 
 Helly, wliite, siiowiiii; more or les-; hi'owii spots: axillars, white; liill. less liiaii .'.tO wide 
 !it wiliest pail; speculum, blaeU and white (tVmalej. Aims strr/nru. Gadwall. 
 
 See No. 'J2. 
 
 Speculum, bluish purple, edged with white 
 and black; i^n-ater winj; eoverts, with l>road hand 
 ol white; head, tawny brown, streaked with dark 
 brown; iieily. pal<- IwitV. mottled with l)rown; ieet, 
 oratiiie fell: axillar-;, while ( lemale), 
 
 Aii'is iim^rhiis. Mallard Duck. 
 
 See No. S'.l. 
 
 Anas boschas. 
 
 Speculum, purplish blue; no white hand on ;rreatei- win;; eoveit<: Inad and throat, 
 streaked: Ihfoat, not Imll". no hlaek spot at hase of hill: fei-t. olive (-iometimes leij) : axillais. 
 white; Kastern North America. Anus nbsruni. Black Duck. Dusky Duck. 
 
 See No. ;i(). 
 
 Speculum, purplish blue; no white hand on greater win;: coverts; head, pale hrown; 
 upper throat, buff, not streaked; hill, yellowish olive: nail of l»ill and spot at hase, hiack: 
 feel, pale orauire red; axillars, white. I'lorida specie-; occasionally ohserved on (iulf coast to 
 Louisiana. Aifis niiriijuhi. Florida Black Duck. Florida Dusky Duck. 
 
 See No. '.H. 
 
FAMILY ANATIIJ.K. DUCKS, OEE^E, XSlf .*Wj|N*. 
 
 61 
 
 Ahlkk as ^I^.K^,A^^hK. Male. 
 \vin:iiA> M»k<jANskk. Kfni.'ilc. 
 IJKI« BKKA-rM' MKI8<;ANSKI{. MmIc. 
 I!n» Bi!F»-TKi> Mkk<;ansku. Feiiiiilc. 
 >iiH>i>»i> >It.K«;A>sKK. -Mall'. 
 
 III. 
 
 HooDKD MER<;AS<kER. Female. 
 Mai.i.auu 1)1 «k. MalP. 
 Mai. I. Mill IM CK. Female. 
 
 r.l.A< K I»l < K. 
 KlUlMliA IM . K. 
 
 IL. •>«!■« ALL. M»ie. 
 fi, <.»I'«»LL. K«-male. 
 
 Female. 
 
 I 
 
(J8 
 
 KKY TO rm: itii:i»s «)F kastkkn njumii amkuka 
 
 ^■^^i^yi^i 
 
 
 I. (JltKKN \\IN<;| l> TlAI.. M.tlc. 
 
 J. (.lil.K.N \VIN(ii;l> 'I'K.AI,. Ki'kimIiv 
 
 :!. I'll I I- wiM.i l> 'I'i'.Al,. M;ili'. 
 
 4. Hl.rK \vi M.!;i> 'rKAI.. Kfiiiale. 
 
 .). tlNNAMON IKAI,. 
 
 <;. SllKVKI.I.KK l»l < K. M.lli'. 
 
 7. siiovKi.i.Ki: Dfi K. K<'iii:i 
 
 >. ri\T\tl, iMi k. M;ilc. 
 :>. I'INT\II. IMi K. KcIIIJllo. 
 In. \V<M>|i IM < K. >!.ilc. 
 
 II. \Vui»l> I»l I K. K< ■.ii.ilr. 
 
 IJ. l{i:i>MI Vl> IM I k. Mall-. 
 
 I;!. I{i DiiK vi> l>r< k. KiMii.'ili'. 
 
 II. (' VN\ AS »A< K IM I k. Mak". 
 
 1... CANVAS l«A< k I'l I k. Kflll.llf. 
 
KA.MII.V ANATID.i;. — DLCKS, (IKKSK, AM> SWANS. 
 
 c:* 
 
 AMKItir VN SiAl r rn t K. M.llr. I\. A MKKir \N ( iol.KKN KVK I »l< K. Male. 1 1. < >I..'> Si^lAW. M.llf. 
 
 AMIIMiAN Si Al !■ I>l I K. |-"tlli:il«'. 7. A Mlltli VN ( i" >l.|i| \ l/> I I >!< Iv. rcilKllf. I'.'. < >!.|i Si;IA W. Kclii.ilf. 
 
 I.l>^l i: S< Al !• l»l < K. S. I'.MMCUW •< (;ol.l>l,N K\ I. I»l < u. I:!. HA'II.KVI IN IM< K. M::]i-. 
 
 IJiMi M < Kl;i> llr< K. M lit-. '.I. I'll I I I.I IIIAK IM . K. M.llr. U. 1 1 A I: l.l.<M I N l»li K. Kflll.llf 
 
 l!lN'. NMKKK l»l « K. I'ciii.ilf. 111. r.ri I I.I lll.vn Hi c K. Kihi.ili'. 15. STKLl-KK'.S Dt'CK. 
 
70 
 
 KEY TO TIIK BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMEKirA. 
 
 I. NoUTIIKH«-' KIDKK IM < K. 
 
 •2. AMKKHAN KllU'.K l»l < K. M.ili'. 
 
 ;{. AMIKIC AN KlUKU Pi «lv. Kl'llllllc 
 
 4. KlN<i KIKK.K 1)1 (K. 
 
 5. AMKUK AN SCOTKU Dlt K. Mali'. 
 
 11. 
 
 III. 
 
 AMKItlCAN SrOTKKl»r< K. FcDialc'. 
 
 Wiini: \viN(iKi> S( ((HI! Diu iv. Male. 
 Wiirn; wiMji M .">< <m.i! Itn k. Ki'iii.ilr 
 
 S| lir .S( IIT, 1! I»n K. Male. 
 Slltl' S< oll.lt in I K. Kciiialc. 
 
 11. Hi i>i)\ In ( K. Malo. 
 li. Kri'in hi ( K. Ki'iiialc. 
 1:H. M v<kki> Dri k. >!al<'. 
 n. .Mamu.k Dii k. KciiiaU 
 
KAMM.V ANATID.K. DUCKS, GEESP:, AM) ISWANS. 
 
 71 
 
 SUBFAMILY FULIGULIN/E. 
 Bay and Sea Ducks. 
 
 Ducks having flap or membraneous lobe on 
 hind toe; tarsus, scutellate (transverse scales) in 
 front. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, from 5 to 6.50 inches long. 
 Section 1. Tail feathers, not stiff and pointed. 
 
 IIcjiil, •iTcciiish pur|)lo, with whito patch (iiialo) ; head, 
 grayish lirciwri with x^liitt- pali'li i tVinalc nr iiiiiiiatui'*') : no 
 (lark stripoi on clit'cl;; hill, li's-i than liner tdniths inch wide. 
 
 ClttiritnihUit uliiinhi. Buffle=head Duck. Dipper Duck. 
 
 Set' No. no. 
 
 Charitoncfta albeola. 
 
 Section 2. Tail feathers, stiff and pointed. 
 
 'I'hroal, whitish ; fli"t'ks, white nr uhilish ; l)iil. hidad, thici' (luartci-; inch or more wide 
 
 h'risiiuttitrd jdiiniii'insis. Ruddy Duck. 
 Sec No. 
 
 Front of liead, iiicludin!;' cheeks, hlaek (adnlti; head with black -^tripes on side (I'eniah' 
 or ininialnre). 'rropical species accideiilal in the linted Slates. 
 
 XniiKinijy (Inminiinis. Hasked Duck. 
 See N'o. \i:\. 
 
 ^ Group 2. Wing, from 6.50 to 7.50 inches long. 
 
 Section I. Belly, white. 
 
 Head, t;i''e?ii-ih puiple, no while on head: hack. I'aiied 
 Idack and white: speculum, white (male)- 
 
 Aiiihii'i ii^iliiiis. Lesser Scaup Duck. Blue-bill. 
 
 See No. lUG. 
 Aytliya alliniH. 
 Head, hrowJiish. a patch of dull white at hase of hill; no white on ear coverts; speculum, 
 white (female). Ainhiin <ifniis. Lesser Scaup Duck. Blue>bill. 
 
 See N((. 10(». 
 
 * ^^l^ (lii'crtioiiH for iiH'ii>iii»'nii'iit, sec |i.ii;i! '.i. 
 
72 KKV TO THK lUUDS OF EASTEUN NORTH AMEKICA. 
 
 Ilfiid. ^nc.-iiisli iiur|.lc, no wliit.- on lif;iil; h.u-k. tlull Mack : speculum, ^ray (ninle). 
 
 Aiiili^ift rolhiris. Ring=neck Duck. 
 Sec No. 107. 
 
 Il.-aii. (lull Itrowu. hro\vni-1( wliitf at l»ase of l.ill and l.flow oyi' : speculum, gray 
 (Iciii.-il,.). A'jth'jK ritliiifis. Riiig=neck Duck. 
 
 .S'f No. }()7. 
 
 Hea'l, greenish purple, a lar^^c patch of wliit*' on lia«k of ln-atl (male). 
 
 rh.trlinn.thi <iUi,i,hi. Buffle=headed Duck. 
 
 .■^t'c \o. 110. 
 
 Head, daik tii-o\vn or dusky, a patch of white behind the eye (on car coverts): no 
 whit.' or lirowni-li wintc at l)asc of Idll: speculum, white i female . 
 
 Chnritouittii alhrnhi. Buffle^headed Duck. 
 
 See No. 110. 
 
 Section 2. Belly, not white. 
 
 i'liuii.iiie. variously niaiiced uilli wldte. slate-color, and cliestinit (male). 
 
 Hi.ttriotiii'is histrlniiirvs. Harlequin Duck. 
 
 See \o. 112. 
 (iener.d iiltimai^e, dull lirown. mottled on the unil<T i»;irts (female). 
 
 lliMnonicus histritniiriis. Harlequin Duck. 
 
 See \o. 11-2. 
 Ile.ad. mostly while. <;re<'t)ish on lores and occipnl (male). 
 
 Eiiicniiritx strllcri. Stellers' Duck. 
 
 Se.. No. 114. 
 Head, liiilil hrow n : helly. clear, sooty hrown fem:ile). 
 
 Enir„iutt<i sh-lhri. Stellers' Duck. 
 See No. 114. 
 
 % 
 
 Group 3. Wing, from 7.50 to 8.50 inches long. 
 
 Section 1. Head, marked with more or less white or 
 brownish white; belly, white, sometimes tinged with 
 dusky or gray on lower part. 
 
 Head, brownish ; .1 |iatch of dull uliite on face at hase 
 of hHl- speculum, white (female). 
 
 Aiilli!i<( iiKiriltt. (ireater Scaup Duck. Blue^bill. 
 
 See No. I0."i. 
 
 Aytliya iiiiirilJi neaictica. 
 Specnimu. ii-hiti\ siiiilar to preceding Imt soniewhat sniallor (female). More common in 
 the South Ihati the (Ji-eafer Si'aiip Duck. A;ith>i<i tijlhns. LeSSer Scaup Duck. 
 
 See No. 100. 
 
 * Kcii- cliroi-tioiis for inoasureinent, i^ee page !•. 
 
FAMILY ANATID.K. 1)UCK8, GEKSE, AND SAVANS. 
 
 73 
 
 Speculum, gray ; licnl .•ind m-ck, hrowiiish; fhiii and anterior portion of lores, lirownish 
 w iiite or wliitisli ( tt-MiaJi') ; rt'siMiililcs tVinaie Ifed-liead, lint, is sniallt-r. 
 
 Aiiihijd riiihn-is. Ring^necked Duck. 
 Sec Xo. 107. 
 
 A patch of white or grayish white on the head, including the eye; no speculum; 
 
 under tail coverts, wiiite; adult males have the tail leathers loni;- .-uid pointed. 
 
 CUinijiiht hyroKtlis. Old Squaw. Long^tailed Duck. 
 
 See No. 111. 
 
 Section 2. Belly, white, sometimes tinged on lower part 
 with dusky or gray ; no white or grayish white on head. 
 
 ileail. Iirown; a distiiu-t winj; hand of white ( female i. 
 
 (UduciiniiUd rliiiHjulii (tiniricinui. (iolden Eye. 
 
 See No, lOS. 
 
 (ilauciniictta claii^'iila 
 amci'icaiia. 
 
 Head, black, glossed with green; speculum, white; liack, <ii:iyish white, linely 
 lined with hiaek (male). 
 
 Aijtfiija mariht. Greater Scaup Duck. Blue^bill or Black-head. 
 
 See No. 10."., 
 
 Head, black, glossed with purple, linely lined with hIaek; speculum, white; hack, 
 jxrayish while, smaller than I he jtreeediiii;' specie^, hut re^emhics it closely (^male). 
 
 A'jthiin </,[Uiiis. Lesser Scaup Duck, [ilue-bill or Black-head. 
 
 See No. 100. 
 
 Head, black, with violet or bluish gloss, a spot of \\hii*> on the chin: speculum, 
 gray; hack, dull hIaek (male). Aiith'ja ci>ll<u-is. Ring-necked Duck. 
 
 See N-.. 107. 
 
 Section 3. Belly, not white. 
 
 rinmaee, variously marked with while, slatt'-eoior, and chestnut ; specidum. hluish : top 
 of head .and winjj; covei'ts, not white (.male). nis/riniiinis liis/riiDiirns. Harlequin Duck. 
 
 See No. 112. 
 
 Top of head and winy- coverts, not white; jtlumai^e, dull Iirown. mottled on the iinder- 
 parts ffeuiale). Ilis/n'inn'nis liistrinnirns. Harlequin Duck, 
 
 S.'c No. 11-J. 
 '!'<ip of head, white; winj; coverts, white; rump, hluish hlack. 
 
 E)iir,,,iittii siilhri. Stellers' Duck, 
 
 See No. 114. 
 
74 
 
 KKV TO Tin: r.iiiDs or k\stei;n noktii amkkka. 
 
 Group 4. Wing, 8.50 to 10 inches long. 
 
 Section 1. Hind toes, with well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap; belly, white, sometimes tinged on lower part 
 with dusky or gray; head, marked with more or less 
 white, or brownish white. 
 
 Head, brownish ; ,i jiatdi nt iliili whitf on tuc' :ii tiusc ni' 
 liill : ^pi'i'iilmii. wliilc rfin.ilc . 
 
 Aiithijii iii'irihi. (ireater Scaup Duck. 
 Blue bill. Blackhead. 
 
 Sfi- \... i():>. 
 
 A \ tin M iiiiirilii. 
 
 Head and neck, dark glossy jrreen ; ;i iif.-irly nuiinl icitcli dl' whiii' im clifck nt Im^f 
 ol liill: Icirk. Iihick: -ipfculiini. wliilf iiiiiilt'). 
 
 (ihiuriinirttd rhni'jii/'i iiiiicririnKi. American Golden Kye. Whistler, 
 
 Sc.' \(>. Ids. 
 
 Head, bluish black, or purplish blue; .in irrciriilni- wliitc juiicli <mi clicck .u h:i<(' ot 
 Itill (m:il«M. (;iiiurii,)iiitii ishniiiifii. Barrow's (iolden Kye. 
 
 Scr \(). lO'.t. 
 
 Top of head, iTown; sides of head, brownish white; speculum, gray ; hill, iniiii' 
 
 tliaii tint' :iiitl .-i (|u;ir cr iiiflics l(>ii<>' ( tViuiilo)- Aiitlnht niiicriciiiKi. Red=headed Duck. 
 
 Sc.' \(i. !();{. 
 
 Hill. iK'i over l.-J.") luim: a patch of white, or grayish white, on the head, including 
 
 the eye; im spciiiluiii : iiiidcf tail invfrl. while: atlitli iiiali- ha\i' the tail Ifaihi'is Iniii; .ind 
 poimcil. ('laiHjtiIii /iiji ),i<(lis. Old Squaw. Long-tailed Duck. 
 
 Sec No. 111. 
 
 Section 2. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap ; belly, white, sometimes tinged on lower part 
 with dusky or gray, no white, or grayish white, on 
 head. 
 
 Head, black, i;lo--i('(l with "rrccii : hack. i;iavish whitf. lincly 
 liiii'il with Itlai'k: speculum, white (lualiM. 
 
 A'jtiKia iiKirii'i. Greater Scaup [)uck. 
 Blue-'bili. Black-head. 
 
 Soc No. lo.j. 
 
 .\vtliv;i ULirUa iintictica. 
 
 * Kor illri'Clioiis for iiRaMirciiu-iil, m'c \>:iin' !). 
 
FAMILY AXATID.K. — DUCKiS, (iKKSK, AN1> SWANS. 
 
 ?:» 
 
 
 a 
 
 ■s 
 
 3 
 G 
 
 ■3 
 
7(i 
 
 KKV TO TUK HIUDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Head, cinnamon brown; iiii|ici- Inciist mid li.ick. ;i-liy iiriiy, imi ImitciI; s|n'(iilmn. 
 wliiti' (fViiiMlf 1 : Very simil.ir lo Icmnlc Uiirmw's (Joldni Kyc luit sli>i-lilly siii.-ilh'i-. imicli 
 iMorc <'nniiiinii tli:in the ii»'\t <itccics, on tin- All;iiitic i'(t;isl. 
 
 liliiHi-iiDti (ta riiiiiiiiila iiiiii ricinid. American (iolden Eye. Whistler. 
 
 Si'c No. Ids. 
 
 Head, cinnamon brown; uiumt l>ri';i»i iuid .Imi'k, ;isliy <ii';iy. imt li.irrcd; siiccmIiiiii, 
 
 wliilf ( rcniiilf) ; Vi-ry siinihir lo in-cccdini; spcfit'^, Iml slij.<,iitly InrirtT. 
 
 aiuuriiniiKii islandlc". Barrow's Golden Eye. 
 
 Sff No. Id!). 
 
 / 
 / 
 
 Head, rufous brown; crown. l)l;i(l<i<li : breast, blacl< ; 
 
 lower l>:i('k, \\A\y whih', liiifly lined witli l)l:ick (inMliO : liill. very 
 dirti'itMit from that <d" IJcd-lic-id. (S-^i' i-iit."* 
 
 Aijlhija rollitoicriii. Canvas=back Duck. 
 S.'c No. 101. 
 
 Aylliy,! v;illi>iicii;i. 
 
 Head, neclv, and upper breast, dull cinnamon brown, i),il('st on tliro.ii : lower luick. 
 dnll lirow II. harrt'd w iili liiii". w a\ y. w liitf lines ( I em ale ; ea -ily dislinunislied liy <lia|ie of bill. 
 (See cut.) A'lt/t'iii ri(llis)in-i<(. Canvas=back Duck. 
 
 See .No. 101. 
 / 
 
 Head, reddish brown; crown, not Idackisli; In-east, Id.ack : 
 lower li.'ick. irrayisli. tinely lined with black (male); Inll, very dilVer- 
 oiit from tliat (d' ( 'anva--back. (.S<'e cut.) 
 >•- Aijthijii >im('rii-(t)i<i. Red-headed Duck. 
 
 See No. 10:{. 
 
 Aytliya MiiH'ricaii.'*. 
 
 Section 3. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap; belly, not white; more or less white, or jj:ray= 
 ish white, on head. 
 
 General plumaji:e, black ; a jtatcli of wliite on front i>f crown 
 and na|M': liill. laii;e. marked with oraii<;e. red, black, and while; 
 no white on w itiiis (male). 
 
 (ilili uilit iirrsi,i'-illiil<i. Surf Scoter. Skunk-head Coot. 
 
 See No. l-_'l. 
 
 (ieneral plumage, brown; i">j> >•' head and wind's, dark; a spot of dull white at h.ase of 
 bill and lieliindeye; no while on winii's ( female). 
 
 OiiJimiii prfsiiirillii/it. Surf Scoter. Skunk^head Coot. 
 
 :«ee No. 1-21 
 
 'rop and sides ,\{ head, white; a ])alch o| ^eeenish in fi-ont ot eye: liiroat, black; all 
 wing coverts, white . male;. Kuicnnitin sttliiri. Steiiers' Duck. Stellers' Eider. 
 
 See No. 111. 
 
FAMILY ANATID.i;. Dl CKS, CKKSH, AM) SW ANS. 77 
 
 Section 4. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap; belly, not white; no white on head. 
 
 Axill.irs, brown; st'ivmdnrit's, wliilf. loniiiiii;' .-i w li'm- w iiifi 
 p.itcli; ii|i|MT |i.irl -. dark Itniwii; iimiI«'ii>;hMs. sonicliiiH-; ln'uwii, 
 SdiiK'tiiiics iii'ay i-ili IViiialc . 
 
 Oiii, mill (hiiliniiii. WhitC'winjjeil Scoter. 
 White-winded Coot. 
 Sfc No. 1-J(I. 
 
 * Group 5. Wing, 10 to 14 inches long. 
 
 Section 1. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap ; head, with more or less white, or grayish 
 white; belly, black. / 
 
 General plumage, black; speculum, white; spot imdcr 
 I'jT, wlnlc; axillai's, Idaik : hill, oraiiuc at liasc iinalc . 
 
 Oidi milt (lr,;l<iiiili. White-winged Scoter. 
 White^winged Coot = 
 
 Sec No. I-J(». oiiliinia lU'uhiiidi. 
 
 Cienera! plumage, black; licad, Idai'k, with pahdi of wldic on <towii and iia|if. no 
 white on wing ; a\illar<. hlarl; ; hill, oraiiiit', hhick. and wldtc (male). 
 
 Oidcmia porxpirillata. Surf Scoter. Skunk=head Coot. 
 
 See No. 121. 
 
 Itir.-siT'.-. Killer DmU. 
 SoiiiMtfii.i ciressfii. 
 
 NiirtluTii KiiU'r Duck. 
 Siiiiiatrri.i lioifalN. 
 
 Top of head, black, dividrd on trown; more or less green on head ; ilnoai, whitf; 
 axillais. wliitc: hill, enhncn. di\id('il and ronndrd al hasc i nialc). iSn- cut of liijl.) 
 
 Sniiinin-i'i ilrrssri-i. American Eider Duck. 
 
 ►See iNio. 1 Iti. 
 
 * h'l'i iliii'ctiDiis for iiii'asiiri'imnl, >L'e page '.i, 
 
78 
 
 KKV TO TIIK IMUDS <»l KASTKKN NOIITII AMKIMCA. 
 
 12^ 
 
 
 Labrador or I'ieil Duckb. 
 
 ('ami)liil:t'iiHi> I'ltinidiiriii-). 
 
 Koniifrlv iKit iiiHniMiMuii i)!i tli»^ Atliliitic coar-t. I'loltalily imw cvtiint. 
 
 See No. 118. 
 
FAMILY ANATIh.i:. — MITKS, OEKSK. AM) SWANS. 
 
 ::> 
 
 lop of head, black, .livi.i.-.i ,,i, ,i-.n\ii; more or less ^reen ,,\i Ii.miI; tlnu.it, whit*-; 
 .■ixiil:ii>, while; inliiit-u, dividftl and i.wiiii.-il at Itasi- (nialf). i S..- ciii of hill. 
 
 Snmiitirin ln,r,<('i.s. (ireenland Hider Duck. 
 
 St'f \(). II.-,. 
 
 Top of head, slate color; .•h.-.-k^. -.•.■.•„i.h : ilin.ai, ul.ii.., uin, i.n-.., l.la.U. V-shaped 
 '"^'"'* ""•■'''•'• Sun„i!rri.> >i,rr/„i,ihs. King Klder Ouck. 
 
 Sec No. 117. 
 
 Section 2. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap; no white on head; belly, black. 
 
 General plumage, black; axillir-, hiack : no ul,it , uinjr; 
 
 I'iil. oiaiii:.- at l.a-.-: l.-aih.-r^ on l.ill, nioii- than (.ik liall iiirh 
 lioin iio-tril , nialcj. 
 
 (Hdi mill iiDn rirnihi. American Scoter. 
 Eilack Coot. 
 Butter=bill Coot. 
 Set" No. US. 
 
 Section 3. Hind toe, witl. well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap; head, marked with more or less white, or 
 grayish white; belly, mottled brown, or grayish brown, 
 or slaty. 
 
 (ieneral plumage, brownish; no wliii.- ..n wini;: feather* 
 on bill, more than one half inch from nostril I. malt- and in- 
 niainrc). 
 
 O/ih'iiii'i (iim ri<;i„,f. American Scoter. 
 Butter bill Coot. 
 
 Si'c \o. I is. 
 
 < >iili'iiii.i .niu'riciii.i. 
 
 General plumage, grayish brown ; speculum, white ; feathers on bill, less than one 
 half inch from nostril ( Imialf ami imnianni' . 
 
 Oidi mia ih-iilnicV. \\'hite=winged Scoter. White-winged Coot. 
 
 Sft' No. liid. 
 
 (ieneral plumage, grayish brown : t<'athfr< rxirndinu,' on npjM'r part of hill nioi-c than on 
 llif siiit'<; no while on u ini^ ; feathers on bill, less than one half inch from nostril i Icniajf). 
 
 Ouleiiiiif jfrsjiirllliit'i. Surf Scoter. Sku'/k=head Coot. 
 
 .See No. 121. 
 
80 
 
 KKY TO rilK I'.IUnS (>!•■ KASTKUN XOirill AMKKKA. 
 
 Section 4. Hind toe, with well defined membraneous lobe 
 or flap; no white on head; belly, mottled brown, or 
 j^rayish brown. 
 
 Cjeneral plumage, brownish; no wliitt- <>n wiiiir-: axillars, 
 black ; feathers on the bill, mure than one half inch from 
 nostril (, female). 
 
 Oiilntiia iimcrii'iniii. American Scoter. 
 Butter-bill Coot. 
 Gray Coot. 
 S»H' \(». lis. 
 
 TTt'ad. (l.ii-k brown oi- lilacU: feathers on bill, less than one half inch from nostril ; 
 axillars, black; no white on win^s (iniMiaiun' inalt>). 
 
 Okkinin iiirsitifiii,it,i. Surf Scoter. Skunk-head Coot. 
 
 See No. 121. 
 
 A pati'h of wiiitc on tlu' \viiij;s ; hack and ii|>[M'r part-s. <laik l)ri»\vii: Icatiiers on tiic liasc; 
 0I l>i[l, t'xtt'udinu to witliin one lialf indi of nostril ffcnialc). 
 
 Okhini'i <ii:jl-nuli. White-winged Scoter. 
 
 Sff No. iL'O. 
 
 Head, tawny, streakcil wiili lii'own : axillars, white, or grayish white ; tliroat, sircakcd ; 
 feathers on bill, within one fourth inch from nostril ; decided difference in bill from 
 nt'xt spc(.-it's (IVmalf). (.See cut.) Kastcrn North Amt'ric;i. 
 
 Sovnoteriii tfnxsm'. American Eider Duck. 
 
 Sec No. lit;. 
 
 Head, tawny, streaked witii hi-oun; .ixillars. white, or grayish white; throat, 
 ^ti-fakt'tl: tV'athci's on hill, within one fourth inch from nostril ; decided difference in bill 
 
 from piVL'C»liii«^ spticies (tVmah'). (Set' out.) Kastt'iii N'ortii Amt-rii-a. 
 
 iiomaterHi i>,>n:'ilis. Northern Eider Duck. 
 
 .Sff No. 1 1."). 
 
 Head, tawny, streaked with in-own: .•ixillar-. white, or grayish white; -throat, imi 
 Ptnaktd : feathers on bill, more than one fourth inch from nostril (f. mah). 
 
 ^omati ria mi'-xttibilis. King Eider Duck. 
 
 iSee >iu. 117. 
 
FAMILY A.N.VTIU.I.. l)L( R.'*, «;fcK>K, AM» *WA.%>*. Hi 
 
 SUBFAMILY AN5ERINVE. 
 Qeese. 
 
 Loi-es, feathered ; tarsus, reticulate. 
 
 * Group I. Wing, 12 to 14 inches long. 
 
 Kill :ttj<l fi-ct Itlack: head and neck, black ; sides of neck not front , mottled with 
 
 «v'hite ; ii<* >|><-i-iiluiii ; lower breast, grayish ; ii<> u liirr- -•n ii'-ft. 
 
 hr-ift't ft-ruirhi. Brant. 
 
 >«^- \m. \'.i'l. 
 
 Head and neck, black; front and sides of neck, mottled with white; ■•> >|k-4-uIiiiii: 
 lower breast, dark, not pale ^ray ; ii<> uhiii- <>ti lu:i<t. 
 
 fif'tmU'i miiyrirnu^. Black Brant. 
 S»* Xo. \x\. 
 
 A patch of white on side of head, .xttnilinu t'. chnRit: r«— i mI \v^A :<ii-I neck, black. 
 Wf-UTu Initt'tl Stales, rarely to Wiseuii<iii. li' rni'hi .-.^n, /»/»•*>:» •mJniiMtt-i. Cackling Goose. 
 
 rs^ \... I.JI. 
 
 * Group 2, Wing, from 14 to 20 inches long. 
 
 Section 1. Head and neck, black or blackish, marked with 
 more or less white ; bill and feet, black. 
 
 Head and neck, black ; a patch of white on each cheek. *-\t*-xf\\tf^ u* iiy\t*-r thro.u ; 
 no w liite <tri in'i'k. Ih-'t»t't '-'fMrt't".**'* 'ifi r-i^'*. Canada (ioose. 
 
 Head and neck, black; side {ii"t fmut of neck, speckkrd with white; iipiHi- Ih-IIv. 
 
 wliiii-li. < uiiimuii I'll Allaiitic *na»t. .',v j „./'*//,« /'/. Brant. 
 
 s*^ \.i. i:{-j. 
 
 Head and neck, black; side and front of neck, spexkled with white; ii|>|>»-r i>»'lly. 
 irrayi-li liKjwii. Ifaie on .\i jaiilie loa^t. D- • ' ■ fftrir^ion. Black Brant. 
 
 X'.- \o. l.'U. 
 
 Face and upper breast, white; lures, hlaek: »>aik «•< h*- k. Kiiro|i«Mii s|)ecie!* 
 
 ij>cca.»i<>ua]ly luuinl uM our eoasi, Br' ;.*'*. Barnacle Cioose. 
 
 Sc^ \<>. I.i4. 
 
 * hiif ilirections tor iiieui^urfment, -»-c p-k^e 'f 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 4 
 
 Ia 
 
 </ 
 
 ^ 
 
 >\^ 
 
 
 Wr 
 
 y 
 
 
 I.C 
 
 I.I 
 
 u US 
 
 40 mil 2.0 
 
 P-25 i 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 V] 
 
 (^ 
 
 /a 
 
 / 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 /a 
 
 '-^i 
 
 '/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 fP 
 
 ,v 
 
 « 
 
 ^y 
 
 ^\/^\ 
 
 
 ^i.> 
 
 ^' 
 
82 
 
 KKV TO rm: ijii:i>s ok kastkijn noktii amkijica. 
 
 ^•tWB*! 
 
 Snow Goose. 
 
 Bniiit. 
 
 
 Hliitk Krant. 
 
 White frouted Goouc. 
 
FAMFLV ANA'ni).!.. KICKS, (iKKSK, AXI» SWANS SH 
 
 Section 2. Bill and feet, pink or flesh color in life; head, 
 white, sometimes tinged with brownish orange. 
 
 Entire plumajce, white; primaries, black; sm.ill.r ili;m C h. ninths; l.ill. over l.KO; 
 
 tarsus, ovt-r -i.so; nii.idle toe, ovt-r 2.10 (adult). Cliiflly I'.uilU- f<>a>t l<> M\<<U<\\>\>] \;illi-y, 
 rare on Atlaut'u' i-oast. Clifn lii/jirrhorcn. Lesser Snow (ioose. 
 
 Sec No. lL>l. 
 
 Entire plumag;e, white; primaries, hiack ; resiMiililt's i»rei-e<liii>; spt-oies Imt i-; lariror 
 (adult). Eastern North Aiueriea, soiuli in wiiilir on Ailaiilic coa^t to I lorida and < ulia. 
 
 ♦ //( ;/ luijii rhnmi iiiriilis. Jreater Snow (ioose. 
 
 See \o. Il'.'i. 
 
 Haek, slaty l>ro\vii: iM-lly and rump, gray ; the fealhiis. not iiaind: terminal half of tail, 
 not white (adult). Cln u ruriilLirfnn. Itlue (ioose. 
 
 See No. I2«;. 
 
 Section 3. Bill, pinkish ; feet, yellow or pink ; head, 
 brownish or grayish, sometimes marked with white. 
 
 Forehead and feathers at base of bill, white; nail of bill i unguis , whitish; iiill, 
 yellowish in «lried skiu; l»reast, <j;rayish, more or less marked or spotted witli IdaeU i adnll i. 
 
 Ans< r (tlhi/i'uiis ijitiiiiirli. American White Fronted (ioose. 
 
 >fe No. 12S. 
 
 No white on forehead or hase of hill ; liill. yellowish in drit>d skin : nail of bill unguis , 
 
 dusky ; runip, slaty lirown: winj; eo\rrl». ediicd witii white imniatun' i. 
 
 Anmr aVtifmua ijniuhdi. American White Fronted (ioose. 
 
 .S-e No. 12S. 
 
 General plumage, grayish; rump, white; -Miiiili-r than ''. h. ni'-nlis; hill, over l.'.to: 
 tar-iUs. o\er-_».S(»; middle toe, over '2.10 ('"•"'"'"''■ • 'liii'Mv I'acilic foa»l lo Mississippi N'alley: 
 ran- on Atlaniif eoa-i . '7k// li;tjii rhnn ^i. Lesser Snow (ioose. 
 
 s.'.- No. 121. 
 
 (Jeneral plumage, grayish; rump, white; larirer th.in tiinifis. imujainn')- Kastern 
 North .Vmcriea, south in uinlcr to Kloiida and < ulia. 
 
 Chi n liijiterhitrea nirnlis (ireater Snow (ioose. 
 
 See No. IJ.'t. 
 
 Head, brownish gray ; chin, white; rump, gray; >ini;uis ^uail of l»ill), yellow; «iug 
 coverts, <jrayish, showing very little white on the edj^e of the f"atherrt (innnatureK 
 
 Chen civrnhnn'iis. Blue (ioose. 
 
 See No. 12«i. 
 
84 
 
 KEY TO TIIK HIHDS OF KASTKKN XOIJTII AMEIMCA. 
 
 SUBFAMILY CYQNIN/E. 
 Swans. 
 
 Bare skin, between the bill and eye ; tarsus, reticulate ; neck, very long ; 
 wing, over 19 inches long. 
 
 General plumage, white; bill, black wilh yi'llow spoi (adult); distance from tip of bill 
 to nostril, Ifss tlian distance from nostril to eye (immature birds are jjray or brownisb irray). 
 Conunon on some purt!< of the coast. Olnr cnlnmhinnnti. Whistling Swan. 
 
 See No. \'M\. 
 
 Oeneral plumage, white; bill, black, showinj;; no yellow; distam-e from tip of bill lo 
 nostril, more than distance from nostril to eye. ("hielly found in the interior ot North America ; 
 not connnon on the coast. Olor hucciun/or. Trumpeter Swan. 
 
 See Xp. 1;17. 
 
 Olor columbianuH. 
 
 General plumage, gray, or brownish gray; birds this description may be the 
 yourijrof either of the a»)ove species, the difference in the distance from the bill to the eye 
 beinjj characteristic as io the old birds. 
 
FAMILY I'lKENICOPTKUlD.K. — FLAMINiiOKS. 
 
 85 
 
 FAHILY PHCENICOPTERID/C. 
 
 Flamingoes. 
 
 Lar^e, tall birds, usually red or pink; bill, very much bent, with tooth- 
 like serrations on edge. 
 
 Wing, over 17 inches long (carpus to tip). 
 
 Genenil plumug*!, nnl or pluk: ueek aud legs, loug; bil!, much l>ent with tooth-like scini- 
 tions ou edge. Phtenicopterns rii/xr. Flamingo. 
 
 See No. 138. 
 
 A fow Flamingoos iirc still fouml in oxtronic southern Floriila. The spcclcH in rominon in 
 tht> Htihiiiiiii IhIuikIh. 
 
so 
 
 KKV TO TIIK IWHDS (>F KASTKI:.\ NOUTli AMKIMCA. 
 
 FAHILY PLATALEID/E. 
 
 Spoonbills. 
 
 Bill, wide and flat at the end ; toes, four, all on same level. 
 
 Wing, 13 to 17 inches long. 
 
 Itill, flat, wUleiied aiul roiUKU'tl at tip; jjeuoral pUunaj^o, pink and wiiite. 
 
 Ajdj'f ojajii. Roseate Spoonbill. 
 See N«>. l;r.». 
 
 Tin- S|»(»oiiliill may Ih" loatlily n'c'<><;ni/.« d liy its pcruliar l)ill. Allli()iif;li l»y no means 
 common, it siill oirnrs in some numiuTs in tlie swamps of soutliern Klorida. 
 
FAMILY IlUIHDvK. — IIWSKS. 
 
 87 
 
 FAMILY IBIDID/E. 
 
 Ibises. 
 
 Bill, long, rather slender, and decidedly curved downward ; tarsus, 
 always less than five inches long; toes, four, all on the same level, no comb- 
 like ed^e on side of middle toe nail ; wing, from 8.50 to 13 inches long. 
 
 Vviiig, less than 10.50 inches long. 
 
 (it'iipnil plmii.iiro. |)iir|>li<li clK'stmit. sliowiiiy; pinplish icil(>( linn- mi licul, miil lirociii^h 
 nti \viii;:s: ;i\ill;irs ;iiiil iiiiil<'i- witiiT ctivcits, iiiir|tli<li linm/r: feathers, bordering base of 
 bill, whitish. I*li iimlis iiinirmni.i. White-=faced (ilossy Ibis. 
 
 (i*>iici-;il |iliiiii:i<;c, tl.irk eht'stiuit ; feathers, at base of bill, not white. 
 
 IHiijmlin iiniiiniii'ilis. (ilossy ibis. 
 
 St'.' \... I 12. 
 
 (JpiHTiil |tIuin:i«io, whito; priin!irl«>s, blackish (adult). Ouuvi "li"(. White Ibis. 
 
 S.r No. 1 Id. 
 
 (J<'tn'r:il plimi.iii'''. l>ro\vnis',> or ^r.iyisli, oft»Mi more or loss mixt'd lirowii. jini.v mikI wliitr; 
 rump, white (^iiuniature). <;wir<t nVxt. White ibis. 
 
 S»M> No. 1 1(». 
 
 Geiienil pluiM;i<r<', soarlct. Tli" youiis; Soarit't Ibis soinowhnt n'soinl)I«'s tb«' yoiiiiii ^^ liilc 
 Ibis, but dlllors in bavliiii tin- ruiii]) not wliit*'. (innrn ruhrn. Scarlet Ibis. 
 
 S«M' No. 111. 
 
88 
 
 KEY TO TIIK IHKDS OF EASTKKX XOKTII .\>IEUICA. 
 
 FAMILY CICONIID/E. 
 
 Storks and Wood Ibises. 
 
 Greater part of plumage, white; bill, rounded and somewhat curved, 
 very thick and stronjf ; tarsus, always over 5 inches long; toes, four, all 
 on same level ; no comb-like ed^e on inner side of middle toe nail. 
 
 Wing, 17 to 19 inches long. 
 
 <;<»iM-r.Ml |)lutn:ii<:<>, wliito; the wings and tail, more or le?? ltl:n-k: ndult birds liMVf ilit- 
 head lieire. TiHtUihis hnaihitcr. Wood Ibis. 
 
 See No. 144. 
 
FAMILY AKI>Kil>.K. IIKKONS, KiJUKTS, AND UIIIKKNS. 
 
 89 
 
 FAMILY ARDEID/E. 
 
 Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns. 
 
 Bill, nearly strai]j:ht and sharply pointed ; inner side of middle toe nail, 
 with distinct comb-like edj^e ; toes, four, all on same level. Bitterns, tail 
 with ten feathers. Herons, tail with twelve feathers. 
 
 * Group I. Wing, less than 6 inches long. 
 
 I^ra-l r.iltfrn. 
 
 Uii(l*>r|i:ii-ts ;iii(l sides of the head and throat, buff white; u Mack p.-iidi on "M"*: of 
 th.' Im-ast. Arilittii i-xilis. Least Bittern. 
 
 Set" No. 1 |(i. 
 
 I'lKlorpui-ts and sides of the head and throat, rufous chestnut; iiiulcr tail covfrti, 
 dull )>liick. Anh'Ua npoxenn. Cory's Least Bittern. 
 
 St'c No. 147. 
 
 * For illrei-tioiw («>r BieaLrarruM-ut, eet; piiKU !>• 
 
IM) 
 
 KKV TO TIIK niKDS OK KASTKliN NOUTII A.MKKIOA. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 6 to 7.50 inches long:. 
 
 Crown, !»T«*nir*li or ^n^'nish l)luclv; legs, oiuugc yellow in liff. 
 
 Ardi'ii rfrfsrcnu. Oreen Heron. 
 See N'«». l"»s. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, 8.50 to 1 1 inches long. 
 
 Gn'atPf i»:irt of plumage, slaty blue: belly, slaty blue; head. tin«rtMl witli j»iirplii5h brown 
 (adult). Ardm cnrnhn. Little Blue Heron. 
 
 S«!H X<». 157. 
 
 • For directioim lor meJiBurenient, Bee page 9. 
 
FAMILY .\i:i)Kir)/K. IIKKONS, KlMJKTS, \M> HHTKI{NS. 
 
 !»1 
 
 Gfiipr.-tl ptiiiiij;;«>. uliitr; tipj( of primaries, tinned with slaty hlue ; l<';r-. \»II<'w'hIi 
 olive liiiiiiiatiin;;. A,<l>'i r.i riil..i. Little Blue Heron. 
 
 fH-f S>>. l.'>7. 
 
 (Jeneral pliiin:ii»'. \vliit«': ••ml- <>f prima- 
 rioa, not tl-iirfil wiih slaty Ithic: lejjs, black; 
 fe«'t, y«'llow. 
 
 Arihii eiintliilhshini. Snowy Heron. 
 Snowy Egret. 
 Sp.' To. inj. 
 
 Lonlsinna Horon. 
 
 Back, ashy gray: priinari«'rJ. slaty jjray: belly and sides, white. 
 
 Ai-ih'ii trill, li,r fiirirnllis. Louisiana Heron, 
 
 S«'«' Nt». l.">(>. 
 
98 
 
 KKV TO THK IIIKMS t}V KASTKHN NfUJTir AMKIMPA. 
 
 ♦ Jni.T.il hIuiii.il;-.', tawny brown, mottled .nnl stn-.-ikt'd willnlnrU l>ii>\vii; ii|i|M'r *iirf.iro of 
 piiiii.iiics, blackish. liotnvnis Ifiitiiiiimsiis. American liittern. 
 
 See No. 1 l.'i. 
 
 liill, l:ii«;f'; top of head, blacic; luick, 
 
 jrn-cii C;l(lult). 
 
 Xilflifiii'iiy jijir/irni'ii.i' )iiiriu>i. 
 
 NiKht Heron. 
 
 See No. ir>!). 
 
 Hill, l.ii-;r<': top of head, white or whit- 
 ish ; l);ick. not urct'ii (;iiliill). 
 Niivliriit'iii' ridhircirK. 
 
 Yellow-crowned Night Heron. 
 
 Set' \o, TOO. 
 
 Bill. liir'To ; jioiH'r;!! i)liiin:i«;(', iiiotth'd, 
 iiiid strcMki'd Iirowii .'ind wliilf; oiitiT cdiic 
 C)f i»riiii;irit's, rcddisli lirowii (iiniiintun'). 
 Nti<'l!i'iir<i.i' iiijrilriirnx inrrius. 
 
 Night Heron. 
 Sec Xo. l.")',). 
 
 Bill, Inrire; <;eiier:d |»luin:ij;e, mottled 
 and streaked brown and white; primaries, 
 slaty brown (immature). 
 Xyitimrdx vioJareuK. 
 
 Yellow-crowned Night Heron. 
 tSee }\o. 100. 
 
FA.MII,\ AKDKIIJ.K. — IIKIiO.N.H, KtiUKTM, \SU liriTEl:>N. 
 
 9;; 
 
 * Group 4. Wing, 11 to 15 inches long. 
 
 BUI, fltoiit; top «>f tli«! hruil, black; l»ack, dark firtfti (ailult . 
 
 \ytirifntf mifrtirt,rtt/ tfrrhin. Ni]cht Meron. 
 
 S«^ X.>. I.V.I. . 
 
 Hill, Atuiit: tu]) of litMil, wliit«* or \\iiiti<(h: tnifk. ikK ';:rf*-u :a<liill). 
 
 Stjrtirnniy ri,^.tr> m». Yellow-crowned Nlviit Heron. 
 
 ><-i' No. \s\). 
 
 Itill, ><toiit : •rt'twriil |iliiin:i<;c, iiiiittl«>«| ami ^trr^k*^! br**«n ami nliitc: outer ed};e of 
 primaries, reddish brown i iiiiiii:itiir«-). S^Uftnu m>frt4r„ntf luiriiin. Nijcht Heron. 
 
 ">*•*• No, |,V.». 
 
 Itiil. ~loiit ; ireiicr.il pitiina;:*-. ttiotll«-i| :iri<l •«ir»':ik»'«i ;frayi«li firow n .uiil \\hit<-: primaries, 
 slaty brown (iiiiiiiaiun>). S>jiti>of>ix rinl'tr*M». Yellow -crowned Nijcht Heron. 
 
 .s-.' No, \m. 
 
 fJeneral pliiiiiaijf'. \vhit«'; bill, yellow; !»■:;•'. M-u-k. Anlt-t ^-jr-tui. American Rgret. 
 
 Set- No. l.V!. 
 
 <oMi<>ral pliniiai;i>, white: l<-irs. <lark o|iv«>: terminal half of bill, black; Sasal half, 
 flesh color I wliite phasH). .\ni"i rw' *<%.«>. Reddish H^ret. 
 
 >♦*«" No. \h't. 
 
 Head and neck, rufous chestnut; x>-*\ <>{ plumas;e, slate color, "f -latv ^ray. 
 
 Ar.i.-f fiUgrt-tiji. Reddish Egret. 
 S»^ No. I.'m. 
 
 Gen«Tal pliiina;;<*, y«;llo\v hrowii. mottled !ifi«l •*irH;ik»-»l i»iili 'hirk l>rowii: iipp«-r <uifaf»' of 
 primaries, blackish. B^A^itrm* /*■*/*> i»/»*«*. American Bittern. 
 
 .**«* No. 11.5. 
 
 • For <lire«-ti«>n!i for in«;ar>a>-eiBKnt, a*^ Vf •- 
 
94 
 
 KKY TO THE IMUDS OF KASTKK.N NOltTIl A.MKUICA. 
 
 * Group 5. Wing, over 15 inches long. 
 
 l'5uiiiajr»N cutirfly whiU;; wiu<^, over 17 iiu-lifs: l>ill, over ").")(): tarsus, dvcr T.-l't. 
 
 Anlid ocriticiUdlix. Great White Heron. 
 
 Sec No. 14S. 
 
 I'luina},'*', entirely white; \vin<,', less iliiiii 17 iiieli.-s loii-,'; l)ill, under a.^O; tarsus 
 under 7.25. Ai-ii,<i ajrcWi. American Egret. 
 
 See No. 1 ").■{. 
 
 Greater part ot ujiper jjluniajie, bluish giiiy or slaty Jiray; .-idults iu hreeditij; havt^ 
 middle of erown and throat, white: tiill. less tliaii <>."2r) ; innuiitiiit! birds have the top of the 
 head, black. Artlm hcrnilins. Great Blue Heron. 
 
 See N(.. l.')l. 
 
 Similar to Great Blue Heroti, but larjjer: bill, over fi-'i"). ( >ci'urs only in Floiida, 
 
 Ardfif ti-itviji. Ward's Heron. 
 See No. irw). 
 
 I'op of liead .anil sometimes i^reater jiortion of head, white; winiis and back, bluish ^ray, 
 or slaty <iiay ; j;»'neral .appearanre of WaiiTs Heron except color i>f head. ()ccur.s oidy in 
 Florida; probably ji color phase of Ardca orriilmfulis, 
 
 Arden wuerdemanni. Wuerdemfln's Heron. 
 
 Sec No. 11!). 
 
 * For dlroftiyHB for iiicasiireiiiciit, «eo page U, 
 
JAMILV (li:ill).K. 
 
 (KAN KM. 
 
 9.') 
 
 ORDER PALLIDECOL/E. 
 
 Cranes, Rails, Courlans. 
 
 FAHILY GRUID.«. 
 
 Cranes. 
 
 Bill, over 3 inches long; wing, over 16 inches; tarsus, over 7 inches; 
 toes, four, no comb-like edge on inner side of middle toe nail ; hind toe, 
 elevated above level of front toes. 
 
 General plumage, white ; 
 primaries, black; wiiij;, ovn- 
 20 im-lit's luii:^ (r;ir|<us to tip); 
 iiiiiii.iturc l)inls an- more or less 
 Idill'. (irii-1 tiiinririnm. 
 
 Whooping Crane. 
 t^eo Xo, IGI. 
 
 General plumage, slaty 
 
 gray ; Imif «kiii. on head of 
 iuliilt : nd, in lite: inunntiiK- 
 birds arc liro\\ni-li: .viinr. Iroin 
 15 to 'I'l int'lu-* long. 
 
 iiriis nil jfiiiiii'i . 
 
 Sandhill Crane. 
 
 ik'f No. ICi.!. 
 
 Whooping Crane. 
 
96 
 
 Ki:V TO illK HIlil>S »)F EASTEKN XOKTII AMKHiCA. 
 
 FAMILY ARAfllD/E. 
 Courlans. Limpkins. 
 
 Bill, over 3 inches long; tarsus, under 7; wing, under 16; toes, four, 
 no comb-like edge on inner side of middle toe nail ; hind toe, raised above 
 level of front toes. 
 
 '•.*A-' 
 
 y 
 
 (ieiieral plmna^o, dark olive brown, streakwl and marked with piiro wliile; tail. purpli^»h 
 hrowii. siunviuj; MiclairK jrloss when lidd in liic liijlit; fVatluM-!* of tin' back, breast, and 
 \vin<; covert'*, brown, with wliiti- ^tript' in niiMlf of cacli ft^atlier; tip of lower mandible often 
 slightly twisted. Uocurs in Athmtic State-* only in Floridai. Aranius [ilijaideus. Limpkin. 
 
 See No. \U. 
 
FAMILY HALLID.K. — IJAILS. J)', 
 
 FAHILY RALLID/E. 
 
 Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. 
 
 SUBFAMILY RALUN/tS. 
 Rails. 
 
 Birds which frequent marshy places. Toes, long; wings, short and 
 rounded ; bill, shorter than middle toe and claw together. 
 
 * Group I. Wing, less than 3.75 inches long. 
 
 niark Kail. 
 
 'I'lii«»;it, hn'ast, mid sides of head, slaty gra> ; priiiiaiics, with nioro or less wliiii- spots. 
 li<'i|iit'iits marshes. Porzunn jiomiin nxis. Black Rail, 
 
 See No. 17;{. 
 
 Yellow Itail. 
 
 'Throat, hreast, and sides of the head, tawny liruwii, no wliite spots on prhuar'n's. 
 
 Pnrr:iinn noi-rlinritn tisis. Yellow Rail. 
 See No. 172. 
 
 ♦ For dircftioii-i lor nii' i^ui'eiiUMit, sol- page !». 
 
9r 
 
 KKY ro THE BIRDS OF EASTEKN NOUTII AMERICA. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, from 3.75 to 4.75 inches long. 
 
 Virginia Kail. 
 
 Back, black or fuscous, Un' tciihcr-i cdijicd willi l)r(»\vtusli oi- grayish olivf; underparts, 
 cinnamon rufous, whiiish «ui tlu- ilmcit ; Itill, slij;hlly i-urvcd. 
 
 Iiiillnf> rinjiiiiKiiKs. Virginia Rail. 
 
 S»M' No. l(i!». 
 
 Back, with more or less white streaks ; hirasi, <;ray 
 ir lawny, ai'i-onliii;;' to .I'jf; lower Ix'lly, dull wliilf. 
 
 Porsana caroUtia. Carolina Rail or 5ora. 
 
 See No. 171. 
 
 * For tllroclioiis fui' me i-iuroinent, isoe paxo II. 
 
FAMIJ-V 1;ALLII)/K. HAILS. 
 
 J)!i 
 
 Group 3. Wing, 4.75 to 6.50 inches long. 
 
 Feathers on back, dark olive, edged with gray ; cheeks and ear coverts, pale cinna- 
 mon rufous, soinclimi's lilackish in youug birds; hill, ovt-r 1.25 iiu-hcs loiijr, I'siiiiily ruiiml 
 lu'ur fresh \vat«ir. lidllits ihiidiix. King Rail. 
 
 See No. Ki*). 
 
 Feathers on the back, black, edged with grayish olive; ohfcUs and cur ruvcris. j;ray. 
 I'rcfers salt-water inarshcs. Jiitl/us /mii/iroslrix crrintdiis miil i-Krictiis. Clapper Kail* 
 
 See No. KKJ. 
 
 ♦ For ilirectioiis for incjitiureiuciit, «i'i' piigo 11. 
 
100 
 
 KKY TO TIIK HIUDS OF KASTKUN NiHMII AMKHICA. 
 
 •X- 
 
 Group 4. Wing, over 6.50 inches long. 
 
 %^ 
 
 
 Virginia lliiil. 
 
 Ivin- Itail. 
 
 i'.lack lliiil. 
 
 Sorii lliiil. 
 
 lln-ast, tiii<i<'(l Willi nifoiis fh»'i'k<; niloii< throat, wliiii^li ; l>:K-k, streaked; liilK loiii; ami 
 slightly curved. raillm cU^kihs. King Rail. 
 
 See No. l(i."i. 
 
 SUBFAMILY FULICIN/E. 
 Coots. 
 
 Bill, short and pointed; forehead, with more or less of a shield; toes, with large lobate 
 wehs; liead, bhu'kish; baek, <lark slat j' graj- ; uiiderparts, dark ash gray, whitish, on iihdoiiieii. 
 
 Fulka nmrrinniit. American Coot, flud Hen. Blue Peter. 
 
 See No. 178. 
 
 * For <llreftlon-i tor iiicaBiiruniciit, sec intge !l. 
 
FAMILY HALLIDvl-:. UAIL.S. 
 
 101 
 
 SUBFAMILY QALLINULIN/e. 
 Gallinules. 
 
 Foes, not \v«'l)h(>tl ; no wliitt' on sidt-s 
 of body; Ih'.uI :im(1 Itri'Mst, |»ur|)lish lilnc; 
 
 ^'•'y-'^y^ '' ,1 ;^ back, 'nccnisli. 
 
 Purple Gallinule. 
 
 ."iiM" Xo. 17"). 
 
 lli';i(l, smoky l>l;u'lc: I'.roast. »l:irk ir'":iy: toes, not 
 wclilifd : more or Ic-s \\ liilc on ^idis id' body. 
 
 (iiilliiiiilii ijiirdhi. Florida fiallinule. 
 Sc- No. 17'.i. 
 
 «ifAM -r^ »^ 
 
 ClMlt. 
 
 (iulliiuile. 
 
102 KKY TO THK l5ini>S OF K.\.STKI:N XOKTII AMKKICA. 
 
 ORDER LIMTCOL.E. 
 
 SIIORK lilHDS. 
 
 IIlXU TOE, WHKN rUKSKNT, AI.WAVS KI,EVATEI» AIM^IVE LEVEL OF FRONT TOES. 
 
 FAMILY PIIALAROIMD.K. PIIALAKOPES. 
 Sides ok t<^)E8 with koundki* lobes or narkow weuh. See page 101. 
 
 FAMILY HKCl'IiVIKOSTRID.E. AVCiCETS AND STILTS. 
 
 Toes, more oh less \vkiw!i;i> (not lobate) ; tarsis, over ;).."»(); t.ill (irvei) 
 i"pwARi» OR sTRAKiirr. Soc pnjre 1 iO. 
 
 FAMILY SCOLOPACID.E. 
 SNIPE, SANDPIPERS, CURLE\VS, WOOIKOCK. f'ODWITS, AVILLEFS, ETC. 
 
 TaRSIS. less than 3..')0 inches LOX«i; SIDES OF TOES, WITHOIT LOHATK. WEBS; 
 TOES. FOUR (nSV. EXCEITION, THE SANDERLINt; ). 
 
 liROCr 1. Hirds havinj:; winjijfi from .'{.2.5 to 3.75 inehejs long. .See p:i«;o 107. 
 <»ROl"P 2. Birds liaviiii; winj^s from 3.7.'> to 4..tO inehejs loug. See pajje lOS. 
 
 iset-tiou 1. Toes, four, with small web (not lobale at Itas**). See page 108. 
 
 Sei-tion 2. Toes, four, without weh. See p««?e 109. 
 
 Section 3. Toes, tliree; l)ill, over .7.'). S«»e page 101». 
 GROri* 3. I»ii-(ls haviujjf wiiifjs from 4..">0 to .5..tO iuchei? long. See page lOU. 
 
 Section 1. Toes, four, a small web betw»'en toe«; bill. less than .7."). See page 109. 
 
 Section 2. Toes, four, a small wel) l»etween outer ami middle toes: bill, over 1.7.^. 
 .See l)age 1 i 0. 
 
 Section 3. Toes, four, without web; bill, over 2 inches long. See page 110. 
 
 Se<*tiou 4. Toes, four, without web ; bill, over 1.10 and less than l.JK). See page 112. 
 
 Sei'tion .5. Toes, four, without web; l»ill. auiler 1.10. See page 114. 
 
 Section 0. Toes, thref; bill, over .60 inch long. See page 11.5. 
 CiROCP 4. Birds having wings from 5.50 to 0.75 inche^s long. See page 110. 
 
 Section 1. Toes, four, a small web f)etweeu outer and middle toes; bill, over l.SO. 
 See p.ige 110. 
 
 Section 2. Toes, four, a small web Iwtween outer aud middle toe; bill, under 1.80. 
 See page 110. 
 
 Section 3. Toes, four, without web; bill, over 2 inches long. See page 117. 
 
 Section 4. Toes, four, without web; bill, nuder 2. See page 118. 
 Groi'P 5. Birds h.'iving wings from 0.75 to 9 inches long. See page 119. 
 
 Section 1. Toes, four, with inore or leas w^b: bill. curve<] upwards or straight ; bill, 
 over 2.00 inches. See page 119. 
 
OKDEi: LIMK'OL.i:. — SHOUK lUIiDS. \06 
 
 Section i. Toon four, vitkomt nyh; Mil, marly straijiht; hill. nv<'r 2 IiicIh'- l«»ug. 
 
 S(!e page 120. 
 Sectiou ;{. Toea, four, with •^inall web; hill, slightly curved iipw.-inl «)r r^rraiglil ; 
 
 hill, iiiuler 2.»J0 and over 1 .jO iuvh«'-i l<mor. See page 121. 
 Section 4. 'foes, four, with small welt; hill, nearly -itraight ; hill. N'sstlian l..*»Oiiielie« 
 
 long. See page 121. 
 Section 5. Toes, four, with fmall wel»; '*j7Z, curves! dowmcfinl ; hill, over 2 iuelieo loug. 
 
 See page 122. 
 Groui' fl. Hinli^ having wing* from 9 to 12 inches long. See page 12.'l. 
 Section 1. Toes, four; hill curvwl <lo\vn\vanl. .See page 12:{. 
 Section 2. Toes, four; bill, curve<l upward or nearly straight. Sei> page \'£i. 
 
 FAMILY CIIARADRIID.K. PLOVERS. 
 Toes, tuhkk (one k.m eitiox. isla(k-kklliki> i'LOVkis) ; nii.i., (o.MrAHATivELY 
 
 SHORT AND THICK. 
 
 Guoi'l* 1. Wing, .3.75 to 4..50 inches long: toes, three, no hind toe. S«'«> pag«' 124. 
 
 Section 1. Bill, under .Gil iui-h loug. .See page 124. 
 
 Section 2. Bill, over .GO inch loug. Sec page 125. 
 Groui* 2. Wing, 4 50 to 5.50 iui-li«-« long; toes, three, no hind toe. Sit pag«> 125. 
 
 Section 1. Bill, over .W im-li long. See page 125. 
 
 Section 2. Bill, under .fiO inch long. Sec page 125. 
 Group 3. Wing, 5. .50 to fi.75 inclios long: toes, three, no hind toe. See page 12S. 
 Groui* 4. Wing, over G.75 inche* long. .See page 12S. 
 
 Set'tion 1. Toes, tliree. no himl tf»e. See page 12S. 
 
 Section 2. Toes. four. See page 128. 
 
 FAMILY APHRIZIDJ:. TIRXSTONKS. 
 Toes, kouu ; lowei: nAfK axi» RiJir, whitk with clack mand. Seepage 129. 
 
 FAMILY ILK.MATOPUDID.K. OYSTEH-CA TCIIERS. 
 Toes, three; bill, over 2.."»i» inches l<>n(j. 
 Section 1. Toes, three; l»iii, r»-»l. Sf-«' page 130. 
 
104 
 
 KEV TO TlIK HIIfDS OF 1:a>STKKN NOUTII AMKUICA. 
 
 ORDER LiniCOL/E. 
 
 Snipes, Plovers, Sandpipers, Curlews, Phalaropes, etc. 
 
 Hind toe, when present, always elevated above level of front toes. 
 
 FAMILY PHALAROPID/E. 
 
 Phalaropes. 
 Sides of toes, with lobes or narrow webs. 
 
 *. •^. 
 
 r 
 
 -1 
 
 k 
 
 Wilson's I'hulurupe. 
 
 Red Fhalarope. Winter plumage. 
 
r 
 
 FAMILY I'llALAKOriD.K. — rilALAKOrKS. 
 
 10/) 
 
 < 'i-yinii|iliilii- riilii-iinii^. 
 
 Ba<'k, In'iivily >tP';iK(Ml witli lil.ick :mil tjiwiiy: belly, reddish brown, ^lio\vin;j iiion' or 
 Ic^^ whih-: toes, wiih small lobate web; u in^. .">.2i) to .'...Vi. 
 
 (Jrtiinnjihihis fiilifKrhis. Red Phalarope. 
 
 Set- No. I7;i. 
 
 I*li:il:iii>|>il-- liilmtiiM. 
 
 Back, ;jr:iyi«li. ■5(r»'.ik<'il u illi t;i\\ iiy : Ix-lly. wliilc : lot'-i, iciiilv wi-IiIm'iI: liill, iiii(1<t I .0"» : 
 :ii-iii-!. iiiider 1 : \viii<r. A to J.'iO. Pliiiliiri>i>iis i.,i.,,i,is. Northern Phalarope. 
 
 S«'(' No. |S(). 
 
 *^^^^^ 
 
 l'lialani|>u> trioilor. 
 
 Back. j;r:iyi<li. iiiarkt'il wiili chestnut brown; belly, white; bill, over 1.05; t.-iisus, 
 ov<M- 1 : tiH?s. with narrow wcl* on sides; \\'\u'^. ."i.lO lo ."».J() (|>inal»'). 
 
 PlKitarnpHs ii-ir,,!,,,-. Wilson's Phalarope. 
 
 Scr No. Isl . 
 
 Back, j^rayi^h, mot titvl with ilusky of wliitisli; hill, ovt-r 1.0.'i: tarsu*. ov«'r 1 inch: toen, 
 with narrow web on -"idHs: wirij;, 4.7.'» to -1. '.»."> (luaU'). 
 
 rhitj<irt>t>iis triinh-r. Wilson's Phalarope. 
 
 S«'t' .No. 1S{. 
 
10(> 
 
 KKV TO TIIK HIKDS OF KASTKKN N«)inil AMFRirAc 
 
 FAMILY RECURVIROSTRID/E. 
 Avocets and Stilts. 
 
 Tarsus over 3.50 inches ; bill, curved upward or straight. 
 
 A VCMX't. 
 
 salt. 
 
 JTc.iul and nock, pale nifciis (suni- 
 inor) ; whito or fjrMyi>Jh (wintPi) : 
 Itack and tiiil, wliitf: axillars, white; 
 boll}', white; first primary, dark 
 with dark shaft ; hill, nirved iiji- 
 ward; toes, four. 
 
 Jiirim'iroslra amrrionm. 
 American Avocet. 
 See No. 182. 
 
 KtTiiiviroirtra amorioana. 
 
FAMILY SrDLOpACID.K. SXIPF, MANrU'IPKi:«*, riRLFWS. RTf 
 
 1(»; 
 
 Top of head and iiapo, l)l:M-k: ;;«'i»t:iI upiKT 
 pliiiu:ii;t>, •;lo>i>iy lil:i*k ; front of Ii«>:mI :iihI from of 
 rii-ck, nnnp, :iimI nnili'rp:irt>>, \vliit<> ; axillars, 
 white; first primary, dark, with dark shaft; 
 !(•;;«, vi-ry lonj;. ro<»' pink in life: liill. nearly 
 stniijflit : toes, three. 
 
 Iliiiiiiiitoiiiis nil tiiinnis. Biack-necked Stilt. 
 
 s«'o \o. is;i. 
 
 iiinuiiiU>i>Uf^ iiiexii-aiMi". 
 
 FAMILY SCOLOPACID/E. 
 Snipe, Sandpipers, Curlews, etc. 
 
 Tarsus, less than 3,50 inches; toes, four (one exception, Sanderling 
 Sandpiper). 
 
 * 
 
 Group I. Wing, from 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. 
 
 /' 
 
 
 No uf'lt ))ot\vpeu toes; l)eny, white. 
 
 Triiuj'i MtHMiilhi. Least Sandpiper. 
 
 S»?f So. lyC, 
 
 ' For direcMoD!* for mca.-»iin;m«rnt, r»r |nu;e 'j. 
 
108 
 
 KKV TO TIIK IMK'DS OF KASTKI.'N NOUTH AMKHIC.V. 
 
 Tops, wltli small wob; bill, usually uiidfi- .S"). 
 
 Ercuiirfrs j)HsiUii!i. Semipalmated Sandpiper. 
 
 .See No. 200. 
 
 J 
 
 rl 
 
 < 
 ^>^ 
 
 KrtMiiicics im-illii- 
 
 (K«Mlt.) 
 
 'IWs. with small wo])- l>ill. usii->llv ovor .Sa. 
 
 ErcuiH'/rs iK-ridcntuJis. Western Sandpiper. 
 
 StM- No. 201. 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 3.75 to 4.5(X inches long. 
 Section I. Toes, four, with small web (not lobate) at base. 
 
 Bill, under .85; liack. not, <;rot'uish olive: hill, ontirelv Mack. 
 
 h'rrunciis jiiini/liis. Semipalmated Sandpiper. 
 
 Sec No. -200. 
 
 Bill, over .85; Itat-k, not <>rceni»h olive: liill. Iilack: no white patch on inner wch (.1 
 third primary. Kronidis nrriilnitnlis. Western Sandpiper. 
 
 Sec No. 201. 
 
 Small wel) between outer an<l middle toe: hill, over .S,")-, back, greenish olive, sometimes 
 handed: uiider mandihle. pale yellow (inlile): thiid piiniai-y and inner ptimaries with patch 
 of white on inner web. Ariihs vKinilarin. Spotted Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. 210. 
 
 * For ilir('<'ti(His for iiicMsnicnifiil, m'c piiKU •. 
 
FAMILY SCOLOPAriD.i: — SXII'K, SANF)PIPEKS, CriJLKWS, KTC. 
 
 lO'.i 
 
 Section 2. Toes, four, without web. 
 
 Belly, white: Itiil, l»lack. 
 
 TriiKjd minutiUa. Least Sandpiper. 
 
 Sec No. I'.Mi. 
 
 Trill};:! iiitiiiitilh: 
 
 Section 3. Toes, three; bill, over .75 inches long. 
 
 Vi-rx. 
 
 5 
 
 Belly, white; h:i>!:il half of outer webs of inner pritnarie^, white: hack, niixeil nifouia, hlack 
 and white, or >jrayish brown, or «'ntirely black (breeding;), aocordinj; to season : bill, aliotit one 
 
 CaUdrix (trcnaria. Sanderlins Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. I'dJ. 
 
 inch lon^ 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, 4.50 to 5.50 inches long. 
 
 Section I. Toes, four, a small web between toes; bill, 
 
 under 1.75. 
 
 Bill, under 1.75; tarsus, over 1.30. All other s|)eries in this section liave the tar-u< 
 
 Micri>i>iili(uiii himiintojius. Stilt Sandpiper. 
 
 S«'e No. UK). 
 Tarsus, under 1.30; liack. dirk olive spolted with while, or 
 ''io\viii-;b iriay spotteil with dull while, acci.i diiiir !<» season. Axillars, 
 htra\ ily barred ; a small web lieiween the outer and middle [or. 
 
 Ttititnus ,si,litiiriiis. Solitary Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. -iOK. 
 
 less than L.JO. 
 
 Axillaiti. 
 Tottthiis l<olital'ill^ 
 
 • For ilirtH'tioii-. lor nica.suriMiii^nt, r^t-e i" !,.,'•' '.i 
 
110 
 
 KKY TO THK HIKDS OF KASTEKN NOHTI! AMEItlCA. 
 
 H;u'k, ^rconisli olive, .sDnutiiios Iiairnl wiili Iil;uk; axiilars, white, without l»iirs. At 
 some scasou?* uiidt'rparl.s with rouud black .spots; a small web Itclweeii tlie outer and 
 uiidille, toe. Actitis macHlamt. Spotted Sandpiper. 
 
 See Xo. 216. 
 
 Suinnu'f. 
 
 Spotted Sandpipers. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Section 2. Toes, four, a small web between outer and 
 
 middle toes; bill, over 1.75. 
 
 ^Z2 
 
 Mucri(rliiiiii|iliii> i;ri>fiih. 
 
 M;ici<)ili:tiii|iliii> ^riseus. 
 
 Bill, over 1.75 ; axiilars. white, barred with dark brown; luiiip and tail, while, s|H>tU;d 
 aud banded willi l)lack. Miicr<>rli<imi'hns nn'si us. Dowitcher. Red-breasted Snipe. 
 
 MacrorlKiitijihuif sroloparcKs. Long'billed Dowitcher. 
 
 See Nos. 188 ami 189. 
 
 Section 3. Toes, four, without web ; bill, over 2 inches long. 
 
 Axiilars, rufous Jbrown, without Ijurs: belly, buff color. Philohda minor. Woodcock. 
 
 See No. 185. 
 
 Axiilars, barred black and white; belly, wlnte; up|MT tail 
 coverts aud tail, tawny, uiore or less marked with l)laek. 
 
 Galliiiatjo delicaia. Wilson's Snipe. Jack Snipe. 
 
 bee No. 1S7. 
 
 Galltiiagij ilelicuta. 
 
FAMILY SCOLUl'ACID.t. SNU'E, .sANDlMl'KU.s, CI KLKWS, ETC 
 
 111 
 
 ''^N^' 
 
 WooitwH'k. 
 
 Wllsou'H Suipc. 
 
112 
 
 RKV TO TllK BIUDM OK KASiTKUN NOlilll A.MKUICA. 
 
 Section 4. Toes, four, without web; bill, over 1.10; and 
 
 less than 1.90. 
 
 Suininer. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Bill, decurved 110:11- tip: one or more of inner secondaries, 
 almost entirely white ; «/</" /• hiH iunrl.i, nut irhUi\ Ixtrrcd n-iih hlmk ; 
 legs and feet, black. Sprin-;' hinls have, bliic-k 011 the belly, and 
 li,i«'k, niluus l)ro\\ II ami Idat-k. Kail birds have tlie belly wliilt! and 
 back gray. Trinya ulpina pacijini. Red^^backed Sandpiper, 
 
 American Dunlin. 
 fcsec .\u. I'.tS. 
 
 Triiifra alpiiia pacifica. 
 
FAMILY .SCOLOl'ACUXK. — SNU'i:, SANDl'H'EUS, (UUI.KWS, KK. 
 
 ii;i 
 
 ^^ T"r"-s5C;" 
 
 ■■-^'ftV'^ 
 
 r . 
 
 h- 
 
 ■W 
 
 Curlew Siimlpiiier. 
 
 Uill. (iccmvt'd iH'MT tilt' ti|p; upper tail coverts, white, 
 banded with black m- dark Itruwii. 
 
 Trimjii f>rraijni< •'■ Curlew Sandpiper. 
 bcf .No. li>l>. 
 
 Triiifra fcrniy:lnca. 
 Tiiil and upiicr tail oovertb. 
 
Ill 
 
 KKY TO TIIK lUliDS Of KA.STKKN NOKTII AMKUUA, 
 
 I- '-fiatf-vv' 
 
 Pectoral Sandpiper. 
 
 ilMck: 
 
 iinn I 
 
 Triiifiii niiiciilata. 
 Tail ami upper tail covi-it^ 
 
 Hill, iii'iii'ly sti-;iij:lit : liarw, niiirktul with Inwiiy and I 
 bn-ast with numerous narrow, brown streaks ; none <>/ 
 .11 riiiitiiirii s nliiiosi < iiiifijij iriiiic ; lowcr rump 
 and upper tail coverts, blacl< ; tlu' IVatlK i _^ 
 
 luorc oi' less tipped wiih hull : two middlr ^^^^^^^^ 
 tail feathers longer than the others. ^ 
 
 'J'rniii'i iiHiriiliitd. Pccloral 3andpiper. ''nnfia maculata. 
 
 Grass Bird. 
 
 Sec No. I UK. 
 
 Hill, nearly straight: back, dark; ft-athcrs. 
 edj^fd with iishy or hull': breast, grayish, without 
 hrown streaks; one or more of imier stcinid.irics 
 almost entirely white: legs and feet, yellow in lile, 
 pale hrown in dried skin. 
 
 Trinija luuntiniit. Purple Sandpiper. 
 .See Xo. 1M2. 
 
 >0^ 
 
 I'urpli' Samlpiper. 
 
 Section 5. Toes, four, without web; bill, under 1.10. 
 
 Tringii fusdcolllp. 
 
 Upper tail coverts, white ; inner webs 
 of priinarie«. not -ipeckled. 
 Ttinf/n fiisiirnllis. 
 
 White-rumped Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. 1114. 
 
 Trlnga tu»i'ii'ollls. 
 
FAMILY SrOLOPACIDyE. — SNIPE, SANDriPKKS, CURLEWS, ETC. 
 
 115 
 
 Middle upper tail coverts, smoky or dusky, <>n<>ii 
 tipprd Willi liiill'; inner wclis id jirim.irit's not speckled : side*, 
 white; middle toe and claw, less than .95; le^s .md liili. 
 blackish. Trimja hnirdii. Baird's Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. l'.)5. 
 
 TriiiK!! Iwiirdil. 
 T;iil ami uiiper tiiil coverts. 
 
 Trinjra inaciilatii. 
 Tail anil upper tJiil coverts. 
 
 niddle upper tail coverts, black, tdieii n;iiro\vly tipped 
 witii Inowiiisli liiirt": iimer welts of primaries, not speekled: 
 middle toe and elaw. over .'.M ; middle tail feathers decidedly 
 lonj;«'r than the rest; lej^s, yidlo\vi>h olive; hase of hill, dnll 
 olive ; tip, hlaek. 
 
 Trinya macithttn. Pectoral Sandpiper, (irass Bird. 
 
 See So. llt;{. 
 
 Inner weh of primaries speckled. 
 Tr>jn[iites snbrujicoJIis. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. 2ir>. 
 
 
 'rryn!iitc> siibnillcollis. 
 l'ii>t luiiiiary. 
 
 Huff brea.-tcd Sandpiper. 
 
 Section 6. Toes, three ; bill, over ,60 inch. 
 
 Hill, Itlack; shoulder (lesser and middle win;;- i-overts). hrown; no weh 
 Itetwecu toes; legs, black. CaUdrisafi)i<in<i. Sanderling Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. 202. 
 
IIB 
 
 KKY TO Tin: lUI.'DS OF EASTKUX XOIiTH AMKUIfA. 
 
 * Group 4. Wing, 5.50 to 6.75 inches long. 
 
 Section I. Toes, four, a small web between outer and 
 
 middle toe; bill, over 1.80. 
 
 I'ltp*'!- t.iil c'<)v»'rt.^ :iiii1 :i\ill:ir>. white spotted or hjirn-tl with 
 ilusky; liill. iifjirly strii'mlil. 
 
 Miirmrhnmiihns ijri^n*. Red-breasted Snipe, or Dowitcher. 
 
 S(M! \o. IsS. 
 
 Miufin-humphns !st>A»i>'ir, Hs. Western Red«brea5ted Snipe, or 
 
 Long-billed Dowitcher. 
 
 Marn.rtKnn|ilius griscus. ^^*' ^'*' ^'^''* 
 
 Section 2. Toes, four, a small web between outer and 
 
 middle toe; bill, under 1.80. 
 
 Tardus and middle toe toj:;etiier. more tli.-iii 2.i5«l» iiirlie* loiijj: 
 oiucr primary, slate brown, without Itar-; : niiiipati<l iip|MTl;iil i-overts, 
 whit**, more or less liarred with hrowii: legs, yellow. 
 
 Tutaiins /(•//«. v. Summer Yellow=leg. 
 See No. 208. 
 
 TiiiMiiiis llavipfs. 
 
 Stilt .>^un«Jpiper. 
 
 Tarsus and middle toe, toj^ether, less than 2.<>0; H/t/tr t^rfU r4i\crts^whitr, nr whitr fmrred tcith 
 hlafk: outer primary, slate brown, without bars. 
 
 MirrttitabuHft hiinnntupus. Stilt Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. 190. 
 
 * For ilirections for nieat^umiieiit, M?e |>aj^ it. 
 
FAMILY SCOLOrACID.t. — SNIPE, SANUlM'KU.s, CLJKLKW8, ETC. 
 
 1!7 
 
 , r|i]an<l Plover. 
 
 (>iili r |)riin;iiv, wliitish, l>.irri^i willi "l.-irk ltn>\vii. 
 
 Btirtnttniti /•>iMiiir4t»,hi. Bartramian Sandpiper. Upland Plover. 
 
 Sfc No. 214. 
 
 Section 3. Toes, four, without web ; bill, over 2 inches long. 
 
 Lower liflly, whitish or rthitc: ;i\ill;irs. h.-int'd lii.uk :iiitl 
 white. (r"Ulinagu delintta. Wilson's Snipe. Jack Snipe. 
 
 .S»'»> No. 1S7. 
 
 tiiillinjigo (lelk-nta. 
 
118 
 
 KEY TO THK BIRDS OF KASTEllN NOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Ht'lly, Imtr color : axill:irs, nit'ou-* brown. 
 
 J'hilohflit minor. Woodcock. 
 See Xo. l^fo. 
 
 rhilohcia ininur. 
 
 Section 4. Toes, four, without web; bill, under 2 inches 
 
 long. 
 
 Rump, gray ; ui>|)er tail coverts, whitish, bamlotl or marked witli 
 Itiack : inner webs or primaries not speckled. 
 
 Trinijii rtninfiis. Knot. 
 See No. lUl. 
 
 ^i^R^ 
 
 Tringa i-anutUB. 
 
 Rump, blackish ; middle upper tail coverts, black (not 
 landed) : inner wel> of primaries not sjM'ckled. 
 
 TriiKja manilata. Pectoral Sandpiper. Grass Bird. 
 
 See No. 193. 
 
 Triugii niarulatii. 
 
 Inner webs of primaries, s|)eekled. 
 Tryiujites subruiivulli^. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. 
 
 See No. 215. 
 
 Tryitgito.-' ^uliruficulUtj. 
 
FAMILY SfOr.OPAflD.K. ^- SNIPR, SANDI'IPKRJS, m.'LKWS, KTC. 
 
 11!> 
 
 * Group 5. Wing, 6 75 to 9 inches long. 
 
 Section I. Toes, four, with more or less web; bill, curved 
 upwards or straight ; bill, over 2.60. 
 
 ,=:^r^^'I=23^®^->' 
 
 Syiiipln'nii;i s('iiii|i;iliii!il^i. 
 
 Axillars, smoky black; Ix-lly, wliin-; tt'iini- 
 ii:il lliinl <»f oiiu T i>rim:iry. I»l:u-k: the rc^t, white; 
 hill. iH'arly stmijjht. 
 
 SiDiijihi iitiii srmijHfhiUlht. WillCt. 
 
 >>ltiii'lifutift ."I'mij'tihiii'fif iiinnitit'i. 
 
 Western Willet. 
 
 S.'.- Nm^. 211 ami 212. 
 
 Willet. 
 
 Axillars, dark gray, or sooty 
 irray : ImIIv. i:rayi<h whitf; first 
 primary, dark siaty brown with 
 white shaft; hill, curved upward; 
 upper tail coverts mostly white. 
 
 l.iinm^il li'i iii'istirii, 
 
 Hudsonian (iodwit. 
 
 S.-.- \(». 2.)-!. 
 
 
 Ilndsonian Godwlt 
 
 Km- liin-rtionH for iiieafjurcmpnt, see page U. 
 
120 
 
 KKY TO IMK UIKD.S OF KASTLIiN NOIMII AMEKICA. 
 
 Marbled Godwit. 
 
 Axillars, rufous brown ; iippi'i- tail 
 (•overt-, imt, wliitc: l)fllv, Itiill, soiiictimc-J 
 l».irn'(l wiih daik ttrowii: primaries, pale 
 rufuus brown with numerous dark dots; 
 shaft of primaries, white; hill. <Mirv*'il 
 upward. 
 
 Limosd frill lit. riarbied (iodwit. 
 See No. 20:J. 
 
 IJni(>:>a IVdua. 
 
 Section 2. Toes, four, without web; bill, nearly straight; 
 
 bill, over 2.60. 
 
 Axillars, banded with white and grayish brown ; belly, pale brown, bamlod with 
 dark brown: piiniarics, j^rayi-'li brown; outer web, banded v/ith pale brown or rufous 
 brown; slmH of i>riinarie>4, dark: bill, uearly straiglit. 
 
 Sculopiu- rusticola. European Woodcock. 
 
 See No. 184. 
 
FAMILY HCOLOPACID.K. — .SNII'K, >.4XI»ni'KK-«*, CL'KLKWs. ETC. 
 
 121 
 
 Section 3. Toes, four (with small web); bill, slig:htly curved 
 upward or straig^ht; bill, under 2.60 and over 1.50. 
 
 Axillars, smoky black; Iwlly, n!ijt«': oiitpr primary t«r- 
 mitiiil third, black, re-it wliiu*; rump, jfray: ii|»|i«t tail covi'ii-. 
 white. Si/mjttifun'i n^-mifiltHtila. Willrt. 
 
 S«' No. 211. 
 
 Axillars, white, witli f«'\v li«rht lirowii ihrt* ii«*:ir il*** #«iHlf(: \tfl\y. white; outer primary 
 (larli. wiih sli.-itl. wliite; rump, white without bars; upper tail coverts, white, without 
 bars; le^s* olive green. T-^'tn't" in-hiihinun. Qreenshank. 
 
 s<M- \o. -iot;, 
 
 Axillars, white, banded with brown ; iH'lly. whitf. «Mjtfr primary, hiark: ohaft, while: 
 rump, grayish brown; feathers, tipped with white; upper tail coverts, white, more 
 or less barred with dark brown ; tegs, bright yellow. 
 
 J'utftnus iitiliiiiiihHiitA. Winter Yellowlegs. Cireater Yellowlegs. 
 
 •»<••• \<i. 'JOT. 
 
 Section 4. Toes, four, with small web; bill, nearly straight; 
 
 bill, under 1.50. 
 
 1 
 
 rjpland Ptorer. 
 Axillars, white, banded with brown; fir-'t primary. f»rown. with white harr on iuner 
 wel); tip, dark. linrlrnmin Innijlrtniiln. Bartramian Sandpiper. Upland Plover. 
 
 .See Xo. 214. 
 
122 
 
 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EaSTKHN NOimi AMERICA. 
 
 Section 5. Toes, four, with small web ; bill, curved down- 
 ward ; bill, over 2 inches long. 
 
 Primnrios, 1»a rrcd ; 
 ixilliirrt b;nn'(l. 
 
 Xitmcii ills h lulsoii iriis. 
 Hudsonian Curlew. 
 Jack Curlew. 
 Sec No. 21S. 
 
 I'rimarios, without bars ; a x i 1 1 a r s , 
 l)arr<'(l. 
 
 Xiitni'niKs lionnlis. Esquimaux Curlew 
 Dough Bird. 
 
 See No. 21!). 
 
 P- 
 
 b"ii-Ht |n-iiu;uy. 
 
 Curlews 
 
FAMILY SCOLOPACID.fi. — SNIPK, SANDPIPERS, CCKLEWS, ETC. 
 
 123 
 
 * Group 6. Wing, 9 to 12 inches long. 
 Section 1. Toes, four; bill, curved downward. 
 
 Axillars, reddish brown with narrow blacl^ marks; iicily. luit]': bill, usually over 
 four inches. Nmninius lonyirnstrin. Long-billed Curlew. 5ickle-bill Curlew 
 
 • See No. 217. 
 
 Axillars, banded with 
 slaty brown and duU whitej; 
 
 belly, whitisli: bill, under four 
 inches. 
 
 Jack Curlew. 
 
 Hudsonian Curlew. 
 
 See Xo. 21 S. 
 
 First iirinmry. Iliirtsoniaii (,'urlew. Axillars. 
 
 Toes, four; bill, curved upward, or nearly 
 straight. 
 
 ./ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Axillar.s, rufous ; priuwirii's. rufous, 
 (lottetl with lilui-k. 
 
 Limiixii fnhm. flarbled (iodwit. 
 
 See No. 2(>;i. 
 
 Section 2. 
 
 l.iiiKisH fi'iloa. 
 
 * For (liret-tloiiB for iiieiisurenH-iit, see page ». 
 
124 
 
 KEY TO THE IJIKUS OF EASTEItX NOUTH AMElUCA. 
 
 FAMILY CHARADRIID/E. 
 
 Plovers. 
 
 Toes, three, no hind toe. 
 
 The Plovers are a cosmopolitan family, numberinjr': fsomething less than oue hundred 
 species, fifteen of which occur in North Anu-rioa. inclucUn^ exotic stragglers. As a rule thfv 
 have but three toes, although two genera, Squatarola and Vanellus, have four. The tarsus is 
 reticulate and the toes are partly webbed. 
 
 Block-bellitMj IMovor (Winter; 
 
 IMjfiiifi Plover 
 
 Semlpalmateii Plover. 
 
 * Group 1. Wing, 3.75 to 4.50 inches long. 
 Section 1. Bill, under .60. 
 
 Ihll, orange at base, the tip, black; legs, dull llcsh color: a black 
 stripe from bill passing uixlcr «-ye. 
 
 Apifinlitis simipdimata. Semipalmated Plover. 
 
 See No. 22(J. 
 
 APfrialitih xt-nit 
 pHliiiiita. 
 
 ♦ Fur itirecttuiii<> for iiR'asiinMiii'iit, r^i-e \mge !(. 
 
FAMILY f'HARADRIID.E. I'LOVKKS. 
 
 125 
 
 Hill, orange at liase, the tip, Itlack: legs, orange yellow; two niiiMIe tail feathers, tipped 
 with white; no black stripe from bill to eye; black breast Itatul ni)t eonfhieiil. Species 
 not found west of the Rocky flountains. Acijiulitis mdmla. Piping Plover. 
 
 Sec No. -i-iS. 
 
 Bill, orange at base, tlie tip, blaek; legs, orange yellow; middle tail feathers, tipped with 
 wliite; no black stripe from Itill to eye; a continuous black band on breast. Species not 
 
 found west of Rocky ilountains. 
 
 Aetjialitis mehnla circnmcinrta. Belted Piping Plover. 
 
 See No. 2-iJt. 
 
 Bill, entirely black; legs, slate color; two outer tail featln-rs. entirely 
 white; two middle featht-rs, not tipped with while; no black stripe from 
 bill to eye. I'anges from Texas and Kaixas west to the I'acitie Ocean; 
 casual in Western Florida and Cuba ; not known to occur on the Atlantic 
 Coast. Ai'fjiutUis nivosa. Snowy Plover. 
 
 See No. 2'2U<i. 
 
 Section 2. Bill, over .60 inch long. 
 
 At'irialitis nivotsa. 
 
 A ('Kinlitis wilsonia. 
 
 A very small web between outer and middle toes: bill, large and thick; 
 a baud of black (male) or brown (female) on lu-east. 
 
 Acffialitis tcilsoniu. Wilson's Plover. 
 See No, 2:{(). 
 
 * Group 2. Wing, 4.50 to 5.50 inches long; toes, three, 
 
 no hind toe. 
 
 Section 1. Bill, over .60 inch long. 
 
 Bill, thick; slioubler Jesser ami middle wing coverts), asliy gray: 
 legs, dull llesh c<»Ior: a «mall web between toes. 
 
 Ai'fjinlitis wilHonin. Wilson's Plover. 
 See No. -I'M). 
 
 Section 2. Bill, under ,60 inch long. 
 
 \ 
 
 Aijrlalilis wiltsonia. 
 
 Rill, orange at base, the tip, black; h'gs, dull Mesh color; a l>lack 
 stripe from bill passing under eye. 
 
 Argialitissnnipalmatii. Semi pal mated Plover. Ring Neck. 
 
 See No. 22(5. 
 
 AcglaUtlB BCMiilpHltiiatu. 
 
 * For iliri'ctioiis for nicnsiirciiH'nt, spo paffc 9. 
 
126 
 
 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH A3I ERICA. 
 
 mil, oraii;;*,' :il l)a»e, the tip, black; le<5s, onin<;e yf'Ilow: no black stript; from bill to eye; 
 black lirca'Jt l»aud, not confluent; two niiiklle tall feathers, tipped with wliite. Eastern 
 species not found west of Rocky Mountaihs. AeginUtis meloda. Piping Plover. 
 
 See No. 228. 
 
 Hill, oianj^e at base, the tip, l)laek; lei^s, oran<re yellow; no black stripe from bill to eye; 
 breast band, continuous and not )>rokcii in the middle; two middle tail featiiers. tipped with 
 white. Eastern .species not found west of l{ocky Mountains. 
 
 Aegialitis m- loda circumcincta. Belted Piping Plover. 
 
 See No. 229. 
 
 Aegialitls nivosa. 
 
 Hill, entirely black; leji;s, slate color; no black, stripe from bill to eye ; two middle tail 
 leathers, not tipped with white; two outer tail featliers, white. Western species ranges 
 from Texas uud Kausas, west, to the Pacific Ocean. Accidental in Florida. 
 
 Aeyialitis nivo.sa. Snowy Plover. 
 See No. 229a. 
 
 * Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 6.75 inches long; toes, three, 
 
 no hind toe. 
 
 Breast, with two bhick bunds; unchM-parts, white: rump and upper tail coverts, orange 
 brown. ^E>jialiti.s vucifera. Killdeer Plover. 
 
 See No. 225. 
 
 \o black l)and on I)reast; l)ack, brownish gray; rump, not orange brown. Western 
 species of casual occurrence in Florida. yEgialitix montanu. Mountain Plover. 
 
 See No. 231. 
 
 * For ilirectloni!* for niL'Uisurcnieiit, nei' \ni):v it. 
 
FAMILY CIIARADUIID^. — PLOVERS. 
 
 127 
 
 Rlaokliollied Plover, 
 
 Killdcer Plover. 
 
 ■^t^. 
 
 Kiiijr iK'ck I'Jovor. 
 
 PiiJing- Plover. 
 
 VVlleon's Plover. 
 
 .Snowy I'iDver. 
 
128 
 
 KKY TO THK BIUDS OF' EASTEliN NORTH AMKKICA. 
 
 * Group 4. Wing, over 6.75 inches long. 
 Section 1. Toes, three. 
 
 ninck nxillarsdf ISIa.k.l.fllioil Plover. 
 
 Gray axillara of (Joldcn Plover. 
 
 Axilliirs, j?r:iy ; runii). iini, orjiiii^c iiniun. 
 
 Chnradn'iis (luiiinilruK, (iolden Plover. 
 Sec No. -l-n. 
 
 ( iiariKlriii- iloininicus. 
 
 Axilliirs, smoky hinck; rump :iiiil upinT tiiil (.-ovci'ts, not ornnirc l)io\vii. 
 
 (Jluvadriiis fiqinttdrolii. Black>beilied Plover. 
 
 S«M' No. H-l. 
 
 This siK'cii's lias fouf toi-s (the liiml tot- Woiiij!: so small tliat it ot'tcii cscaiK's noticci, and proporly hi'lonjr.- in 
 (iriiU)) ."), Section ;{, l)ut owinj; to the tact that it is constantly looked lor anioiifr the, three-toed species it is included 
 in lioth sections. 
 
 Ittiinp, oraii;,';*' hrowu; muloriKirts. white, with two l)l;u'k l);ui(ls on the breast; axillars. 
 pure V. iiite. ^iE(jinlitis rocifcnt. Killdeer Plover. 
 
 See No. '225. 
 
 No hlaek bauds on breast; shaft of first primary, white ; back, brownish <>fay ; axillars, 
 while. A Western s|>ecies of casual occurrence in Florida; not rei-orded elsewhere on 
 Atlantic coast. ^iJfjialitin luiDi/nnd.. Mountain Plover. 
 
 See No. 231 . 
 
 Section 2. Toes, four. 
 
 Axillars, smoky black; tarsus, over 1.7lt; hind toe, very small. 
 
 Cluiradriiis sniuttnrohi. black=«bellied Plover. 
 
 See No. 222. 
 
 * For (Ureetlona for nieasmciiient, see pane II. 
 
FAMILY AniRlZID.E. — 8UKF IJIUDS AND TUHNSTONES. 
 
 129 
 
 FAniLY APHRIZID^. 
 
 Surf Birds and Turnstones. 
 
 SUBFAMILY ARENARIIN/E. 
 Turnstones. 
 
 Toes, four; lower back and rump, white 
 with black band. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Turnstone. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 A<hilt ill summer: (Jeueral tipper parts, mottled ami varie>rat('il with lilaek, white, rufous, 
 aiultawuy; throat ami hreast, Idaok ami wliite; rest of uiiderparts, white; tail, with siihter- 
 iniiial haiul of l>laek, tipped with white. 
 
 Adult in irinlrr: Ahove, lijjht. streaked and dashed with dark hrowii; an imperfect Iiaiid 
 of dark hrown on tlu' juiiuluni : chin and upper part »d" the throat, white; sides of Itreast, like 
 the hack; rest of the underparts, white; a distinct white l)aiid on the win>j; rumj), white, hut 
 with !i broad i)iitch of l)L'H'k on the upper tail coverts; tail, dark hrown, the tips and hasal half 
 of the inner feathers, and nearly two thirds of the outer feathers, white; legs, reddish orange; 
 bill, black. 
 
 Length, S.fiH; wing, 5.70; tail, 2.G0; tarsus, 1; hill, .on. 
 
 Arenaria iiitrr}>res. Turnstone. 
 See No. 232. 
 
130 
 
 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF KA!>TERN XOKTIl AMEKICA. 
 
 FAMILY H^MATOPODID^. 
 Oyster=catchers. 
 
 Toes, three; bill, over 2.50 inches long. 
 
 Section 1. Toes, three; bill, red. 
 
 Ilxiuatoi)us palliatuB. 
 
 Head auil neck, hlackish, or very dark Inown ; back, 
 brovvn; upi>er tail t-overts, white; bill, red ; ])ill, over 
 2.50 inches long; wing, about ten inches long; lower 
 breast and belly, white. 
 
 Hirmat»p»s paUiatus. American Oyster-catcher. 
 
 See No. '2M. 
 
 American Ovster-^atcher. 
 
ORDER PYGOPODES. 
 
 Diving Birds. 
 
 Suborder PODICIPIDES. Grebes. 
 
 Family PODICIPID^. Grebes. 
 
 Six species of Grebes oeeiir in North Ainerif.-i. Their toes iire lobe webbeil ami tlie legs 
 are phu-eil far baek, reiuleriii;^ walking; dilficult. Tliey feed priueipally on tUh. About 
 thirty-two species are liuowu throughout tlu- wurld. 
 
 Genus COLYMBUS Linn. 
 Suia;EXLS COLYMBUS Linn. 
 
 ■r 
 
 ^>*#^'' 
 
 HolbocU's Grebe. 
 
 Pied-bllkd Grebe. 
 
 (13!) 
 
132 
 
 THK UIUOS OF KASTKUN NOKTII AMKIUCA. 
 
 1 
 
 COLYMBUS HOLBOELLII (Reinli.). 
 
 Holboell's Grebe. 
 
 Sft. char. Smanwr: ('rf)\vii. ii;i|)f, and Itaek of Iht- iiwk^ l)lai'k; back, dull blnck <»r 
 Iilafkisli; tliroat, belly, and sides of tlie bead, silv»T}' wbitt*; front 
 and sides of iieek, rnfous lirown, <;radually sbadiug liirbter on breast ; 
 sides of liody, more or less rnfons. 
 
 AihiU in ii-intir : ITppor pluniap;, sooty brown: tbroat and undcr- 
 parts, silvery wliite; neek, more or less tin<;ed witli rufous. Innnatnn' 
 birds liave tbe tbroat and sides tin<;ed witb ;jray. 
 
 Liiiijth, IS to 20; winj;-, 7.00; tarsus, 2.15; bill, l.MO to i. 
 DhtrihtUiii}) : .N'ortli America at larj^e, ineludin<;<jireeuland (.^^1. O.V.) : 
 soutb in winter to Xortb Carolin.a and .Middle .State:* of tbe interior: 
 breeds from ^linnesota and Dakota nortbw.tnls. 
 
 Xist 1(11(1 ct/'js: Tlu! nest is usually eomposetl of «?ra.ss and rriMJ-;. 
 often Hoatiii;;. Tlu; ef;j?s are soiled wbite or pale s^reenisb wbite, from tbree to live In nmnl)er. 
 and measure 2. 20 x l..'!'). 
 
 Holhoeir.'* (irohe h the largest of the family in Ensterii North America. 
 It is not uncommon on the Athmtic coast (liirinu: the winter months. Like 
 others of if.s family it is an ex[)ert diver, and rarely takes wing when pursued, 
 usually disappearini; benciith the watcn- with an ease and <juickness which has 
 won for it the solMi(juet of Hell Diver. When frightened it often swims under 
 water with only a small portion of the head and hill exposed. 
 
 SuBGENis DYTES Kauf. 
 
 COLYMBUS AURITUS Ltm. 
 
 Horned Grebe. Water Witch. 
 
 Ailiilf in sniiniK r : Ipiter parts, inehidiui;' l)aek, winj^s, top 
 of tbe bead and baek of Ibf neek, i;iossy hlaek ; tbroat, black ; 
 front of tbe ueck, breast, and sides of tlie body, rufous ebe.st- 
 uut ; rest of umlerparls, wbite; winj^s, dusky blaeli; secon- 
 daries, wliite; lores, dull cbestmit ; tbe two small tufts of 
 leatbers at tin- si«les of tbe occiput, browuisb bull". 
 
 AditU ill iriiUer mid immature: Head and back, f^rayish; 
 iinderparts, wbitr. u>ually tini/t'd tcith (jnvj on the brcust and 
 lower tbroat: no tufts mi sidiH of the hiiul in wintir plnmuiji'. 
 
 Lcuiith: 13.J0; winjr. 5.40; tarsus, 1.70; bill, .85 to .*>5. 
 
 DistrHnition : Nortbern Ileinispbere, l)reedin*; from tbe 
 rniled States nortbward (.1. O. (/.), migratin*? soutb in 
 winter to Florida and tbe Gulf States. 
 
 Xest mid eijijs: The uest is a mass of floating «ifrass or " ^ 
 
 weeds or a mat of grass on a partly submerged marsb ; tbe 
 
 eggs are four to seven, dull wbite or yellowisb white, or soiled brownish white, and measure 
 1.75 X 1.15. 
 
 \ 
 
FAMILY roDICiriD.E. — (il.F.nKS. 
 
 l.\:\ 
 
 The Horned (Jrelu' in soiiietimos confouudod with the Pied-billed Greho 
 in winter dress, Imt the fonuer sixHies has a n)ore pointed and JsliLditly I()i)«rer 
 Mil and tarsus, lioth this juid the next speeies are known to jrunners by 
 various names, among the moat e(»n)mon being, Water Witch, Hell Diver, and 
 Die Dipper. 
 
 \m. 'A. The Ainorieaii Enrctl iin-lic, C ui<jrki>Uix iiilifnrnirus,\ix\<i Im'«>ii talo'ii in llliiini-;. 
 
 Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. 
 
 PODILYMBUS PODICEPS (Lixn.) 
 
 Pied'billed Qrebe. Hell Diver. 
 
 Sp. chtir. Aihilt in sumrnrr : A1k)V(', <>l()?»sy 
 tlark Itrowii or Inow iiisli lilnek; tliioal, lilack. 
 ami a hiai-k liainl on til*' l)ill; front of iifck 
 aixl suit's of neck and hody, tinjjril with 
 pale hrowu; helly, silvery white. 
 
 Adult in trhitcr: Similar, l)ut lac'kin«; tlu^ 
 Mack throat and without the l)laek hand ou 
 tln! hill : lower helly, tinged with f?niy. 
 
 Tj>uijth : 13. .50; wing, 5; tarsus, 1.45; 
 hill, .rio. 
 
 Dhtrihution : Uritish l*rovinees, south- 
 ward to Hra/il. Argentine Kepuldie, and Chili, 
 iueluding West Indies and Herniuda, hreeding 
 nearly throughout its range (/I. O. U.) ; win- 
 ters from New Jersey southward. 
 
 Xest and eggs: The nest is eomposed of a 
 mass of floating vegetation or a mat of grass 
 on slightly suhmerged marshes. The eggs 
 are yellowish white or dirty white, usually 
 from three to eight, and measun; ahout 1.70 
 X l.-iO. 
 
 4 
 
 Family GAVIID/K. Loons. 
 
 Uestrleted to five known species. The toes are four, full wehhed in front: the hind toe, 
 separate', with small (lap or lolie; the tarsus is nattencd. Tin- legs are set far hack, HMideriug 
 walking dilHcult. Their food consists principally of tish, which they catch with great d«'x- 
 terity, being exi)ert swimmers and divers. 
 
ia4 
 
 THE B'KDS OP EASTKRN NORTFF AMKHICA. 
 
 Genus GAVIA. I'orster. 
 
 QAVIA IMBER ((4inn). 
 Loon. 
 
 Common Loon. lin; I^oon. Xoktiikhn Divkh. 
 
 Adult in Ktnmner : Head and neck 
 hliiok, sliowhi;^ j^it'cu in some lifrhts ; a 
 paU'h of white strt'iikcd with black on 
 th«! tlii'oatand Hides of t lie neck ; under- 
 parts, wlilte; back and wlnj^s, black, 
 streaked and spotted with white; 
 when; the white spots oi'cnr ther(> are 
 iisnaliy two spots near the end ofeacli 
 feather ; siiles of breast, streaked with 
 black. 
 
 Advit in winter and imimiture: 
 Head, grayish; i)ack, grayish brown 
 ordiiskj' brow n, withont spots; under- 
 parts, white; tliroat, often tinged witli 
 gray; primaries, dark; tail feathers, 
 tipped with gray. 
 
 L(-n(ith: ,'JO to .'{0; wing, 12 to 
 14.50; bill, 2.r,0to:{.10; height of bill 
 at nostril, about .SO; tarsus, .S to 3.<i0. 
 
 Distrihntion : Northern portion of 
 Northern Hemisphere, ranging south 
 in w inter to (Julf of Mexico and Lower 
 California. Hr(!eds from Northern 
 United States northward. 
 
 AV.s^ and et/t/s : Nest, a mass of 
 grass or weeds and leaves, close to 
 water, more commonly on islets or 
 •m shores of some i)ond or lake. Two 
 ' <^ggs, grayish brown or greenisli 
 brown, heavily blotdu'd with dark 
 brown, and measure 3.50 x 2.25. 
 
 Although less numerous than formerly, Loons are common on the Atlantic 
 coast during migrations, and the wild, laugh-like note is a well-known sound 
 on shore and hike. 
 
FAMILY «i.%viii»,»:. — ixxys». 
 
 185 
 
 
 
 
 Tl 
 
 •■ 
 
 . 
 
 f 
 
 5^^^^ 
 
 ii 
 
 
 li. 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 , # 
 
 
 ^HH^^^r^^k 
 
 f JM 
 
 ^ 
 
 T^ 
 
 ^ "-/ *^^l 
 
 8P!^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 ^% 
 
 r-^- ' 
 
 - ^^^^ 
 
 
 ^-1 
 
 1^ 
 
 r. 
 
 
 Slimmer. 
 
 Looiu. 
 
 Winter. 
 
INDKX. 
 
 A. 
 
 l'A<iE 
 
 Actitis inaoiilaila 108,110 
 
 /E>;iiilitis iiu'loda 125, Vlli 
 
 " <'lrcuiii«Miict;i 1,!."), l-2(i 
 
 niontana IJii, 128 
 
 nivKsa 12"), 120 
 
 Henil|)ii1iiiat;i 124 
 
 vocifeia 12fi, 128 
 
 wilsonia Vir> 
 
 /Estrclata liasitata -is 
 
 Alx spoiisa ()4, Chj 
 
 Ajajaajaja Sf! 
 
 Albatrossfs 12, 4r. 
 
 Yellow nost'il u; 
 
 Alcatonla 3I,;{2 
 
 AloidiH 21,21t, .'id 
 
 Alcina" 21,30 
 
 Ailcalk- 211 
 
 Allina' 22, SO 
 
 Allan aim'ricana (I."), (Wi 
 
 boscliart <',(i 
 
 caroliiu'iiiJiw (il 
 
 cyaiuijitera fl4 
 
 lUncors ><'i 
 
 fulvlgula cti 
 
 oliscura . . <><> 
 
 strepcra <>'>, <><) 
 
 Anatl<li« 14, 1.-), 5!t, (ll.ra, 71,81 
 
 Anatiiia* 14, Sit, (1:1 
 
 AnliinKii "iilii'ij?" •'^^ 
 
 Anhingiihi' Ifi, ,");i 
 
 AiiouH stolidii.s 4.'t 
 
 Aiiserallnfniiis gaiulK'i 83 
 
 Aiisert'H *>1 
 
 AiiniTiiuv 15, (iO, 81 
 
 Aphri/idu' 17, 10.!, 1211 
 
 Aranililu' 18, iKI 
 
 AranuiSKiKanteuH !«> 
 
 Ardeaca'iuU'a 90, ill 
 
 (•ainliilishlnm ill 
 
 CKiettii !«. '-M 
 
 lieroilias !M 
 
 o«-<'lilt'iitaliri iM 
 
 rufoscoiih \Ki 
 
 tricolor riillfollis ill 
 
 YiroscMis IK) 
 
 warill • • i»4 
 
 wuenlemaiinl !M 
 
 PAfiK 
 
 A rdeldas I ft, 81 » 
 
 Ardetta exilis 8!i 
 
 neoxena 81t 
 
 Arenaria intorjires 129 
 
 Aienarina> I2i) 
 
 Avocots 17, 102, Kr, 
 
 Anierican 10<; 
 
 Auks 21. 22, 20, ;{0,. 31,. 32 
 
 Little 22, 2!>, .30 
 
 Itazor liiilcd 31,32 
 
 Aythyaadinis 71,72,73 
 
 anu'iicaiia 74, "(! 
 
 t'ollaris 7>, 73 
 
 niaiila 72,7.3,74 
 
 " noarrtica 72, 74 
 
 valli.fiit'ria 70 
 
 Bald pate a% nr. 
 
 ISMrti'.'tinia loiigicaudn 117, 121 
 
 Itcrnicla canadon.si.-. niiiiinia 81 
 
 Bird, Diving 131 
 
 noiigli 122 
 
 Grass Ill, 11.'), 118 
 
 Man of war 10, .W 
 
 Ht'd billed Tropic 60 
 
 Shore 102 
 
 Snake IC, .^3 
 
 .Surf 129 
 
 Trojiic 15, .'K) 
 
 Yellow liilled Tro|>ic .50 
 
 Hittei 
 
 19, .8i» 
 
 Anierican 
 Cory's Lea 
 Least . . 
 
 !I2, 9.3 
 
 811 
 89 
 
 Blue bill 71,72,73,74 
 
 nine I'etei 
 
 100 
 
 Booby, Blue faced ' .51 
 
 Red footed 51 
 
 Botaurus lentigiiiosiiP !r2, 03 
 
 Brant . . . " 1.5,81,82 
 
 81, K2 
 
 81 
 
 Black . . 
 Brantii beriiicia 
 
 canadeiisi.-i 
 
 leucopsis . 
 
 iiigrlcan.s . 
 Broad bill . . 
 
 81 
 81 
 81 
 64 
 
 (137) 
 
138 
 
 THE BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 C. 
 
 PAUE 
 
 Calidrie arenarla 23, 107, 109, 115 
 
 CumptolaeniuB labradoriun 78 
 
 Cepphus grylle "29 
 
 Jiiandtii 29,31 
 
 Chararlriidae 18, 24, 103, 12 ( 
 
 Charadriusdoiniiiicus 128 
 
 Bquatarola 18, 128 
 
 Charitonetta albeola 71, 72 
 
 Chen casrulesccns S3 
 
 hyperborca 83 
 
 nivalis 83 
 
 Clcoiiiidae 20,88 
 
 Clangula liyenialie 73, 74 
 
 Colyiubus 131 
 
 auiituB 25, 132 
 
 liolboelll 25, 132 
 
 nigrlcolllHi'rtliforiiicus 133 
 
 Coota 11,97,100 
 
 Auierlcan 100 
 
 Black 79 
 
 Butturbill 79,80 
 
 Gray 80 
 
 Skunk-liead 7t!, 77, 79, 80 
 
 White winged 77,79 
 
 Cormorants 1<>, 50, 54 
 
 Common 54, 55 
 
 Double crested 54, 55 
 
 Florida 54 
 
 Mexican 54, 55 
 
 Courlans 18, 95, !« 
 
 Cranes 18,95 
 
 Sandhill 95 
 
 Whooping 95 
 
 Crymophilus fulicariuH 105 
 
 Curlews 17. lo2, 104, 107 
 
 Esquimaux 122 
 
 Hudsonian 122, 12:1 
 
 Jack 1-22, liJ 
 
 Longbilled , . . . . 123 
 
 Sickle bill 123 
 
 Cygnlna> 15,00,84 
 
 D. 
 
 Daflla acuta 64,65,66 
 
 Darters 10, 5:1 
 
 Diomedeidic ............ 12, 22, 4«; 
 
 Diver, Northern 134 
 
 Dowlicher, Long billed 110, IIC 
 
 Dovekics 22,29,30 
 
 DH<-k8 69, 01 
 
 American Golden eye 09,73,74,76 
 
 Hay 69,71 
 
 Harrow's (Joldeii eye 69,74,76 
 
 Black 66, (:7 
 
 Black head 73, 74 
 
 Blue hill 71,72,73,74 
 
 Bullle headed 69, 71, 72 
 
 OnckB—Oontinued. page 
 
 Canvas back 68,76 
 
 Creek 65 
 
 Dipper 71 
 
 Dusky 66 
 
 Eider, American 70, 77, 80 
 
 " Dresser's 77 
 
 " Greenland 79 
 
 King 70, 79, 80 
 
 " Northern 70,77,80 
 
 " Stellei's 76 
 
 Florida Black 66,67 
 
 Dusky 66 
 
 Harlequin 69,72,73,75 
 
 Labrador 78 
 
 Long-tailed 73, 74 
 
 Mallard 66,67 
 
 Masked 70, 71 
 
 Old Squaw 69, 73, 74, 75 
 
 Pled 78 
 
 Pintail 64, 65, 66, 68 
 
 Pond 14,59,63 
 
 Redhead 68, 74, 76 
 
 Ring-necked 69, 72, 73 
 
 River 14,59,63 
 
 Ruddy 70, 71 
 
 Scaup, Amerii-an 69 
 
 " Greater 72,73,74 
 
 " Lesser 69,71,72,73 
 
 Scoter, .Vmerican 70 
 
 " Surf 70, 76 
 
 White winged 70 
 
 Sea 14,59,71 
 
 Shoveller 64,68 
 
 Steller's 69,72,73,76 
 
 Summer 64, 65 
 
 Whistler 74,76 
 
 Wood 64,65,68 
 
 Dunlin, Anierican 112 
 
 Dytes 132 
 
 Egrets 
 
 American .... 
 
 Reddish 
 
 Snowy 
 
 Eni<'onettJi stelleri . . . 
 Ereunetcs o<;cidentalis . 
 
 pusillus 
 
 Erismatura jamaicensis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 19,89 
 
 9C1,!M 
 
 10 
 
 91 
 
 73,76 
 
 108 
 
 108 
 
 71 
 
 Flamingoes 
 
 14,85 
 
 Fratonula an'tlca 
 
 -29, .31 
 
 Kraterculina^ 
 
 21,30 
 
 FregatJi a(|ulla 
 
 68 
 
 Fregatida' 
 
 16, 58 
 
INDEX. 
 
 139 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Frigate Birds 16, 58 
 
 Pulica americana 100 
 
 Fuliclnaj 11, 100 
 
 Fuligulina; 14, SO, "1 
 
 Fulmars 12, 22, 46 
 
 Fulniarus Klaclalin 48 
 
 G. 
 
 Gadwall (io, 66, 67 
 
 (Jalliiiago delicata 110,117 
 
 (iallinula galeaUi 101 
 
 (iiiHimile 97, 101 
 
 Florida 19, 101 
 
 I'urple 19, 101 
 
 Gallinuliiia' 19, 101 
 
 GannetH 15, 50, 51 
 
 Booby 51, 52 
 
 Blue-liu-ed I'.()ol)y 51 
 
 Gavia arcticus 27, 29 
 
 iniber 27, 134 
 
 IiimiDU 27,29 
 
 Gavli(ia> 12, 27, 28, 133 
 
 Gci-KC i:>, .V.t, 60, 61, 81 
 
 Gelochelidoii nilotica 43 
 
 Glaucionetta dangula americana .... 73, 74, 76 
 
 islaiidit-a 74, 76 
 
 Godwit 102 
 
 Huilsoiilan 119 
 
 Rlarblcd 120, 123 
 
 Goose 81 
 
 American White-fronti-d 82,83 
 
 Barnacle 81 
 
 Blue 83 
 
 Cacklin •: 81 
 
 Canada 81 
 
 Greater Snow 83 
 
 Lesser Snow 83 
 
 Snow 82 
 
 Grebes 11,2.5,26,131 
 
 Holboell's 25,131,132 
 
 Horned 25, 26, 132 
 
 Pied billed 2.5, 2(5, 131, 133 
 
 Greensliank 121 
 
 Grulda- 18, 95 
 
 Grus americana 95 
 
 mexicana 95 
 
 Guaraalba 87 
 
 rubra 87 
 
 Guillemots 21,30 
 
 Black 29 
 
 Gulls 13,35,36,37 
 
 American Herring 38,39,40 
 
 Black (iulllemot 29 
 
 Bonaparte's 36, 37 
 
 Franklin's 36 
 
 Glaucous .38, 39, 40 
 
 (ireat Black liacked 3S, ;19, 40 
 
 Iceland :18, .39, 40 
 
 Ivory 87, ;« 
 
 Gulls — Continued. PAOE 
 
 Kittiwake 21, »i, .^s 
 
 Kumlien's 39, 40 
 
 Laughing ,3«i, .37, :« 
 
 Mandt's 29, 31 
 
 Ring-billed .3.^ 40 
 
 Sabine's 36, .37 
 
 H. 
 
 Haglet 22-48 
 
 ITa3matopodi(!a.' 24, 103, 130 
 
 IIiLMnatopus palliatus 130 
 
 Hell Diver 2,5, 133 
 
 Elen, Mud loo 
 
 Herons 19, 89 
 
 Great White 94 
 
 •' Blue 94 
 
 Green <io 
 
 Little Blue 90, 91 
 
 Louisiana 91 
 
 N'if?''t 92, !« 
 
 Snowy 91 
 
 Ward's 94 
 
 Wuerdenian's 94 
 
 Ycllow-crow:ied Night 92, H3 
 
 Himantopus mexicanus 107 
 
 Histrionicus liistrionicus 72,73 
 
 Ifydrochelldon nigra surinaniensis 41 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibidlda3 20, ,87 
 
 Ibises 20, 87 
 
 Glossy 87 
 
 Scarlet 87 
 
 White 87 
 
 Wliite-faced Glossy 87 
 
 Wood 20, ss 
 
 lonornis martinlca loi 
 
 J. 
 
 .Ticgers 13,3.3,34 
 
 Long tailed ;« 
 
 Parasitic :i:j 
 
 Pomarlne :« 
 
 Kittiwake Gull 21,36 
 
 Knot lis 
 
 Larlda; 13, 21, ;!.5, .36, 41 
 
 La rime 13, 3.5, :16 
 
 Larus argentjitus smithsonlanus .... 38, :i9, 40 
 
 atricilla :m, .^s 
 
 delawarensis 38, 40 
 
140 
 
 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Lani>< — Oontinuetl. PAGE 
 
 frankliilii 3fi 
 
 glaucus 38, 30, 40 
 
 leucopteru8 38, 3!>, 40 
 
 kunilicnl 3!), 40 
 
 iiiiitimis 38, 39, 40 
 
 l)hilaiii!l|)liia 30 
 
 triilactylii 21, 3S 
 
 Llniicola* 102, 104 
 
 Liinosa feiloa 120, 12:< 
 
 lia'tnastica Hit 
 
 Litnpkiii iXi 
 
 Loons 12, 27, 28, 39, 133, V.\r> 
 
 IllfT 134 
 
 Black tliroatL'il 27, 28, 211 
 
 Coininoii 134 
 
 UlmI tliroaUMl 27, 2!» 
 
 IjO|)lii»iyU>scu<'ullatim (il 
 
 M. 
 
 Marrorliainphiis prist-iis 
 
 sfoloiiacciis .... 
 
 MallanI 
 
 110,110 
 110. IK; 
 
 . (il), 07 
 
 Man ofwar Ilinls Hi, .^S 
 
 Mcjjfah'stris skua :V.i 
 
 Merganser anierirana (i3 
 
 serrator 03 
 
 Mergansers 14, 50, (II 
 
 .\nu"-ican (ii, 03, (!7 
 
 Hooool 01,02,07 
 
 Red lirea.steil 02, Cii, 07 
 
 Mergina' 14, 50, 01 
 
 MIcropalaMia hiniantopiis 100,110 
 
 Mud Hen 100 
 
 Murres • 21,20,30,31,32 
 
 Brunnich's 31 
 
 N. 
 
 Nonionyx dominlrus 
 Nunienius liorealis 
 
 liudsonictis . . 
 
 Ittiigii'iistrih . . 
 Nyctleorax nyetieorax na>viu 
 
 vioIuceuH . . . 
 
 71 
 
 122 
 
 122 
 
 123 
 
 92, 03 
 
 i»2, 03 
 
 o. 
 
 Oeanltes o4'ennlrim 40 
 
 Oceanodroma h'Uforlio'i 40 
 
 Oideniia anierirana 70,80 
 
 deglandl 77,70,80 
 
 |iers|i»clllatn 70, 77, 70, 80 
 
 Oliir liuceinator 84 
 
 ('tilunil)ianuri 84 
 
 OysU-r catclierH 24, 30, 103, 130 
 
 American 130 
 
 P. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pahidecolae 95 
 
 I'agophUa alba 38 
 
 I 'a not. Sea 20,31 
 
 I'elagodronia marina 40 
 
 I'elecanldaj 10, 5<J 
 
 Pelicans 10, ,'V), 5(i 
 
 nrowii 50, .57 
 
 White bt; 
 
 Telecanus (M-ythrorhyncliog ,5(i 
 
 fuscufi .'Wi 
 
 Petrels 12, 22. 4(! 
 
 Black-capped 4S, 40 
 
 Fulmar 18, 40 
 
 Leach's 4fl, 47 
 
 Stormy 4(!, 47 
 
 White- laced 40, 47 
 
 Wilson's , 4t;, 47 
 
 Phaethoiitida' 1.5,50 
 
 Pliactlion a'thereus 50 
 
 aniericaiia 50 
 
 Phalacrocorax carlio 54 
 
 <lilophns .54 
 
 Plialaci'DCoi-aciila' 10, 51 
 
 I'iialarina* 21, .io 
 
 Plialaropes 12, 102, 104 
 
 Northern 105 
 
 Iteii 104, 105 
 
 Wilson's 104, 105 
 
 l'halanii)odida» 12, 1(12, 104 
 
 l'halar(i)ius lol)atus 105 
 
 tricolor 105 
 
 Philohela minor 110, lis 
 
 riHcnicopterida- 14, 85 
 
 Phu'ni<'oi)teriis nil>er 85 
 
 Pigeon, Sea 20 
 
 Plataleida- 20, 80 
 
 Plegadis autiiiiinalis 87 
 
 guarauna 87 
 
 Plovers 21, 103, 104, 124 
 
 Belted i)iping 125, 120 
 
 Blackhellieil 18, 124, 127, 128 
 
 Golilen 128 
 
 Killdeer 120, 127, 128 
 
 Mounted n 120, 128 
 
 IMpiiig 124, 125, 120, 127 
 
 King neck 125, 127 
 
 Semipalniated 124, 125 
 
 Snowy 125, 120, 127 
 
 Upland 117, 121 
 
 Wilson's 125, 127 
 
 I'odic'liida' 11,25,20,131 
 
 Piidicipides 131 
 
 Podilyinlms podiceps 25, 133 
 
 Por/.ana Carolina 08 
 
 jamalcensis 0" 
 
 novelioracensi-' 07 
 
 Procellaria pelagica 40 
 
 Procelhirllda' 12, 22, 40 
 
 PulUns 21,20,30,31 
 
INDEX. 
 
 141 
 
 I'uftimis amluhont 4tS 
 
 borcalis 48 
 
 I'uligtnoisiis 4S 
 
 major 4f<, 4!) 
 
 lUilUiiUK 48 
 
 R. 
 
 Rails is, <t5, ",)7 
 
 Black il7, 100 
 
 Carolina lis 
 
 C'la|)|)or i)!) 
 
 Kill}? ii'.i, 1(10 
 
 Sora . . . ; lis, lOO 
 
 Vir<^iiiia '.is, 100 
 
 Yellow .... i)7 
 
 Ralliila' 1 1, Is, !'.', 1)7, 1(K) 
 
 Ualhna' !)7 
 
 Rallus elegaiis itii, 100 
 
 loiigiroi^tiis ciTpitaiis !)i) 
 
 virKiiiiamis !is 
 
 Recurvirostriila- 17, •.'.'{, loj, UK! 
 
 Kecurviro.slra americaiia 10{) 
 
 Rliynclioiis nijrra 4.") 
 
 Uhyiu'liopiilic i;i, 4.i 
 
 Rissa tridactyla ;is 
 
 s. 
 
 Siinik'rliiig -2:!, 107 
 
 Saniliiipev 17, '.':'., Id-.', 104, Ul7 
 
 r.aiiil's 11.-, 
 
 Bartraiiiiaii 117, IJl 
 
 Biiff-biuas^ted II."), lis 
 
 Curlew . . ' ll;i 
 
 Least 107, lo!) 
 
 I'eetoral 114, I ir., lis 
 
 I'liijile . . ,. 114 
 
 Uetl-ii!iekeil 112 
 
 Sanilerling Id!), 11,") 
 
 Seiiiliiaiiiiateil los 
 
 Solitary 10!) 
 
 spotted Ids, 110 
 
 Stilt Id!), iii; 
 
 Westt'rn IdS 
 
 Wliiti' iimiped 114 
 
 Seolopaeida' 17, •.','!, Id.', 107 
 
 Seolopa.\ riif^licola 12(i 
 
 .Scoter, American 70, 7!), SO 
 
 Surf 70, 77, 7!), SO 
 
 White wiiijte<l 70, 77 
 
 Sea I'ljfeon 21) 
 
 Parrot 29 
 
 Shearwater IJ, 2'.>, 46 
 
 Audubon'H 4S, 4!t 
 
 Cory's 4S, 4il 
 
 Greater 48 
 
 Manx 48 
 
 Sooty 48 
 
 I'A(iE 
 
 Sheldrake m 
 
 Skiniiner.s 13,4.5 
 
 niack 45 
 
 Skiia.s l.i, 33,34 
 
 Snake Birds ic, T),'! 
 
 Snipes 17, 102, 104, 107 
 
 •Jack . . lid, 117 
 
 Red-brea.stL(l 110, IKi 
 
 Western Red-llrea^ted IIG 
 
 Wil.son's 110, 111, 117 
 
 Souiateiia horcalis 77,79,80 
 
 drcsserl . 77, 80 
 
 spectabilis 7!), 80 
 
 Sora !)S, 100 
 
 Spatula clype t,i (il 
 
 Spi)onl)ill8 20, S() 
 
 Roseate 8(! 
 
 .Steganopodes ,'')() 
 
 Stercorariida; l.li, ;«, 34 
 
 Stercorai'ius loiigicaiidus 33 
 
 (larasiticuB ,33 
 
 p((marinu8 33 
 
 Sterna .'Dia'thetu ■ 43 
 
 a)itillarum 41 
 
 caspla 43 
 
 dougalli 41 
 
 I'orsteri ... 41 
 
 lulijfinosa 43 
 
 iiirundo ... 41 
 
 maxima 43 
 
 paradisca 43 
 
 sa)idricensis ai'ullavida 43 
 
 Sterninai . 13, .T), 41 
 
 Stilts ... 17, 23, lOJ, 100 
 
 Black-necked 107 
 
 Storks 20, 88 
 
 Sula iNe^sada ... fil 
 
 cyanoiis t>\ 
 
 piscalor ."jl 
 
 sula .'"il 
 
 Sulida^ l."i, ."d 
 
 Swans I.I, ."'.I, dO, (d, s4 
 
 'I'lannpcler s4 
 
 Whisllin- sj 
 
 Swi)nmers, I,;uiU'llii(.-tral . i'A 
 
 Svmphemi.i .^eniipabiiMta 110, l'2l 
 
 iiioDiata 119 
 
 T. 
 
 Tantalus leucolatoi 
 Teal, Blue winged 
 
 Common . . 
 
 (ireen winged 
 Terns .... 
 
 Arctic . . . 
 
 Black . . . 
 
 Bridled . . 
 
 (-'iibot's . . 
 
 13, 
 
 . . 88 
 
 0.3, CH 
 
 M , (\S 
 
 . (i4, <>H 
 
 3.'), 3ti, 41 
 
 . . 43 
 
 , . 41 
 
 43, 44 
 
 . . 48 
 
142 
 
 THE mUDS OF EASTEUN NOUTH AMEU'CA. 
 
 Terns— ConlinueJ. 
 
 CaHpiun . . 
 
 Cuniinun ... 41 
 
 Korsler's ... 
 
 Gull-billcd . • 
 
 Leust 
 
 Noddy ... 
 
 lioijuato . 
 
 Royal 
 
 Sooty 
 
 Wilsoii'H 
 
 Thaliissogeroii culniinatuB 
 
 Totimiis flavipes 
 
 mcla Hole lie U8 
 
 nebularius 
 
 Bolitarius 
 
 Trlnga alpiiia paclflcft . 
 
 bairdii . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 43,44 
 
 ,42,43 
 
 41,42 
 
 42, 43 
 
 41,42 
 
 43,44 
 
 41, 42 
 
 43,44 
 
 43,44 
 
 41,43 
 
 40 
 
 UG 
 
 . 121 
 
 . 121 
 
 , 109 
 
 . 112 
 
 115 
 
 canulus 118 
 
 ferruginea 113 
 
 fuscicollis 114 
 
 inaculata 114,115,118 
 
 uiaritinia 114 
 
 ininutilla 107, 109 
 
 Tropic Birds 15, 50 
 
 Ucdbilied 50 
 
 Yellow-billed 50 
 
 Tryngites Riibruflcollis . . 115, 118 
 
 Turkey, Water 53 
 
 Turnstones 17, 103, 129 
 
 u. 
 
 I'AUE 
 
 Urlalomvia 31 
 
 trollc 31,32 
 
 Urinator Imbur 29 
 
 Wat«r Witch 132 
 
 Widgeon, A incrican G5, (i(i, G7 
 
 European 07 
 
 Whistler 74,76 
 
 Willet 102,119,121 
 
 Western Ipj 
 
 Woodcock 102,110,111,118 
 
 European 120 
 
 Wood Ibis 20, 88 
 
 X. 
 
 Xeina sabinil 
 
 38 
 
 Y. 
 
 Vellow-leg, Greater 121 
 
 Summer lu; 
 
 Winter 121