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Lorsqua la documant aat trop grand pour atra raproduit an un saul ciichA. il aat film* A partir da I'angia supAriaur gaucha. da gaucha A droita. at da haut an bas. an pranant la nombra d'imagas nAcassaira. Las diagrammas suivsnts illustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPV RBOIUTION THT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 3) Jk /APPLIED IM/IGE In 1653 Eajl Mom Street Rochester. New York U609 US* (716) *82 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 - 5989 - Fo, m ' DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OP AQRIOULTDBB 'BANOH OP THE LIVE SIOOK 00MMIS8I0i« .^icultural -H.- tncU of 0.„.da h.B been «, extensive that the 20,000 i«„e of Bulletin No 10 ' tL ^'rHZ 1 ?:T '" *'" ^"*'"' """"* ' "- '-'>- exhau-ted In view of L^ u«e«ed tJ.0 need of,nfonn.t.on upon the economical u.e of akin, milk and whey leedinj gathered fmm the experience of exten-ire user, of theM by-producta. X IT; th'""r'!:J'"""' •-O'-od.tion. The subject of hou ingT. c^,^ fully de«h with m tha edit' m in a di«,u«iion of shelter and exercise and soa^T. have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, J. G. RUTHERFORD. Live Stock Oommig$ion„r, 890«— li :> t; OONTEITTS. I. 11. III. iNTHODt'CTId.V Thb Stavdabd Bacon Ttpe. FiniHhofi Ftoga. . IV y.~ VI. VII. VIII.- IX. X.- Scon. Curdii. Scale of PoinU -r'.VDI«,HAB,.K ri.KW roi, n«ON PHrtDrcTION; riifinishwl Hojfs Ovor-Fat Ilojrs. . Pritnntiirrlv Sows Kreed8 and Brkkdixo Selection of Sow Seloction of Sim <'ahe OF Brkkdno Am\hi« The Boar ' ' ' ' The Sow -Hot'8r\(j Plan and De«cription of Moveable Pen i he Largre Piggeiy A Quebec PiRircry A Manitoba PisKei^^ A Well Lighted Pi«r..ry. . . . -RlARINO AND FlNHHINO Parturing and Soilingr. . The Cost or Rabinu Swixe. cLS2t:'o^?t;;it!Jif:^"::^'"-"'"--^- Feeding Ashes and Bone Meaj Soft Bacok FocDB Barley Wheat MiddlingH Bran Pew Oats Com Rye Buckwheat Beans Clover (Common Red) . Alfalfa Rape Roots Potatoes Dairy By-Products. . . . Feeding Skim Milk. . . . Feeding Whey Pun,: I I) 11 U' tt 14 1.-. 1.1 1.'. IT IT 1H 111 lit ll» 12 22 24 2.". 26 2fl 28 20 ;u ..4 ;* 38 38 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 41 41 42 >42 43 44 44 4« 46 1 w XL — Preparation of Feed ^ Slop Feeding 7^ Dry Feeding ^ Cooking ,Q Feeding Experiments . Whole Grain vs. Meal ''^ Xn.— Composition of the Leading Foods Used in Swine FEEDrao 52 Table of Composition ']? Explanation of Terms Used ^^ Ash JJ3 Protein jg Carbohydrates ,g Fat 53 Nutritive Ratio XIII.— Gestation Table XIV.— The Present and Future of the Canadian Bacon Industry LIST OI" ILLUSTRATIONS. Diagram 1 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 9. Fig, Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fin. 17. Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Fig. 23. Fig. 24. Fig. 26. fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 29. Showing Points of the Hog. (Page 13.) Unfinished Hogs. Ideal Hogs for the Bacon Trade. Hogs '00 Short and Fat for Export Trade. Side of Unfinished Hog. No. 1 Wiltshire Side. A Side too Thick and Fat. Carcass of a Model Hog. A Short, Thick Carcass. A Shipment at the Packing House. A Dozen Selects. A Pair Just Right. A Side of Bacon Showing location and Value of Cuts. Berkshire Sow. Yorkshire Sow. A Group of Tamworth Sows. Berkshire Boar. Yorkshire Boar. Tamworth Boar. The Portable Pen. Each Yard Provided with a Cabin. Piggery on Stadacona Farm. Floor Plan of Stadaoona Farm Piggery. , „. , s Piggery at Manitoh.a Agricultural College (South Side). Piggery at M.initohsi Agricultural College (North Side). Floor Plan, Manitoba Piggery. End Elevation, Manitoba Piggery. A Well Lighted Piggery. Interior of Well Lighted Piggery. Floor Plan of Well Lighted Piggery. !•— nrTRODUCTION. reach. Eapecial acknowledJ^entTdueTo S 'o"^^'n°"'"VV"^ '''*"' tural College. Quelph Ont whn hJl *''/'°/- <^- E. Day, of the Ontario Agricul- pork producing countriw hTnTl^ f„ i,^^ experiment stations of leading matter selected as walTikeb to ^ ^t Z "^ ,P0^'^1« ?"ef ""y «one over, and such won became evident that the Can^ian f.Z.? u f "^ '^"'"« '»»du8try. It in the production of th"thick fat ho ° -^t • k "°* T'"'**' ^'^^ *« Americans tories and dairy farms, but of thi J^a't co"V«1^ r^^^^i^r* °* *^« ''^««^ fa«=- em states. lu these P^rtioM of thTuni^St.t f ^ ""*^'''' ''^^^^ '""^ "O"*" on the blue grass and'^wr The/ ^'J^f f j^, ^'f /'^'l'L<'f ?'«« are reared com. until they are of suitable age Jw 1 W f n •f^'*'?"'^ '^«d' *Wch is usually fields, in the proportion of four^« to L^tf ifr*?* '"t**'"'''^ '■*«'• in the corn the cattle br«ak down a^d oZ^. t lu"^' ^'^ ^'^ P'<* "P the eara that that the c«t of p^u^on°S^Z^^rtT!.'^' T**' ^* " ''^''^ ''^ •<"»« '^^ers but in this way only thVtSick fa C o^of^ """T^ *^'^ *^°*' »«' P0""<1- bacon. It follows lien that Swte Sal^*' ' produced-not the finer clattes of the thick, fat pig the American fi£^»?^»"fuT T^^^^ ™ *« production of bacon; even if ttiey coiSTt Ts d^^.r^Wl. ^^"^^ *° P'"?l"* **»« «•>«' o^-^^^ "^ their entire system of bSing and f^S/J ^»f ^^^ ''°"'*^ •»« ^'"^ng to chang<^ produce ^ Wiltshire «IS an/1 Sf ^a5t '^n\^' "°"" '«' "^"--'^ '"" for Canadian packers to seek for a marW f! tf-' t. .1 *""°.^ necessary, thew^fore. direct competition with thf^ap Xuth T.f "^ *^'^ ^°"'** "°' •>« »''°"^'>t '"to fields. This they found n the E^il^ £L JS"/' P'?«^"«^ °* t^e American cor. of the Wiltshire side. (See Fig « ) rSon 1 % ^'^'' 'T ''"'''''^ »" ^^ ^orm although willing to pay Sra Dril f^^ . °. m**** °?''^ ''^ ^^« ™"ket. which. This is a disc^inat^ng m„ket for^ fanc^ 1^^ Roods is e.eeedingly fastidious, practically limited to Canada, Denmark and^Sl' "^^ *' «»n.pettion. which i, lities for cheap production as of skin If^ ^^'"j'*'',." '^"^ ~ niuch a matter of faci- The class of hogs S fn Canada fiftSn P'°''"'=*'°" »* « ^'^h «!««« article, quirements of this tVade^d the packelSr^ "f 7"" T'^ """"'*«'' '° the re- conformation. Some.nt;^2sS;Sr„\^«^" J° "^5 ^°' " ^''^ "^ « ""•'« different this demand by importing anim^aK trwXfZ'C-?^'^ ^*^^ *° '"'''-'' nounced the ideal one for their purnoee AffiLf I ^ "*"^ '"'*'°" «'"«'«' Pro type was not heartily welcomed. It Tt^e That 7*. ' "'''*"* °* ^'^''^ "^ th« ne-^ them, but it was. in the beginlng the^mand thar-r" " P^*^«t«"dy demand for rather thaa the recognition of the val„o nf t^ that always anses for something new. ther^ wa. the determined opp^it on othLl /, ""^ *" .*" ''"""*''^- Then a^ain -ho could see no rneritZ^Z^lZlnZ'Zl^ZZT^^^ ''t!^' '" °^^'''°-' wonderful changes, and now these same hrZTJ I ^'- ^'""'' ''^^ever. wrought with considerable success to thT^o^ratlT riheT bt^^t^ Tt t' ^"^ ^"^^ of the packer. '^ oreeos to nie t the requirements phiJS.\":ss*s,:,'K,ri,™Ltfh'* "' •"? ^"- -■» » '^» Buffalo, New York and other large cities that maiutaiua : he price of pork. They have in the United States a very large foreign population, aa well as a large negro population; these people prefer the thick, fat pork, and consume large quantities of it, and of lard. In Canada, on the other hand, our home trade is small. There is, it is true, • rapidly increasing consumption of hams and bacon in our towns and cities, but the demand ]fi for mild-cured, lean, nicely marbled meat; just ihe class of goods required by our export trade. There is, in some country districts, and with an occasional customer in the city and town, still a demand for stout bacon, but over 90 per cent of the trade calls for meat that has been described as 'streaked,' meaning that the fat ia freely intermixed with lean. The mining and lumber camps iwill buy and use large quan- tities of fat meat, but even here there is a growing demand for lighter and lear.er jroods, both as long cleaifi and as barrelled pork. Recently a Canadian packin,? house had a large stock of long clears running from 36 lbs. to 60 lbs. average. A great deal of this went to the lumber cnmps and gave satisfaction. A provision dealer in Toronto told the writer that on aceount of this light bacon having gone to the lumbermen, they now wanted nothing eW in many cases, as it suited their require- ments exactly. The big, heavy fat eida* that formerly found a ready market in the lumber camps, are now in many cases not wanted. Dealers say that it is difficult to sell these heavy sides, and that they must be sold at a low price in order to get rid of them. The lumber camps use a great deal of mess pork, which as a rule they buy in the United States, ds it can generally be bought there at a lower price than Cana- dian packers can afford to put it up for. and this pork has the additional advantage that it can be carried for many months much better than long clears; so iwe suppose there will always he more or less of that cut wantetl. Lumber shanties, the French population in Qud)ec, and the fishermen still call for a considerable quantity of fat meats. This trade, however, is growing smaller each succeeding year. The province of British Columbia is an important market for hog products, calling altogether for the product of sizeable hogs with plenty of lean in it. .\ large; part of the requirements of that province is supplied by the I'nited States; this is because the price in Canada is often too hiflrh. Curers in the Western Statue are able to name prices that put the Eastern f'nnadian oireis out of the market. This accounts for the important figures in the trade and navigation returns of imports of hog products into British Columbia. The trade in Montreal, which uses a considerable quantity of fresh pork, as well as the large sausage and lard trade in that city, results in a quite important market there for heavy fat stock. Though the greatest care may be taken by both o\ir feeders and breedew to pro- duce just what the markets require in the way of lean singers, there will aWays be more than enough of the heavy fat type to meet the demand. ^'^i„,;;;5:t;fcj;tf;:;i~t;a,s;rc;:.ss;,3;;;,„:^n;;— ■■ %L»;«j;.'^:i^&rr^t,tjuur,,:,a'^^ Tb,. finishing [ipriml. line rapid Krcwth f,>ll„w,. h.m»^,l .,ml f„l an , ,i|H.n»iM- ratum which in.himl fatt^nin^ rather f cut (in the lower side. >I1H»» «»M. to produce the b.con hog th-u tuTnS „f ti "Ti.^'rf ''™'"» '»"'» «' «»t. obt..„ed .t our experiment .uTion. „,S,AS kJ tl ^'^ ^"' ••^^- T'"' "-"!«" •nd .ucce«ful feeder, hare all gone TS S. J '*^u"°'' "' "'" '»°« «'«-«»• In an experiment by Prof. D.f ,t ihe ZtT^- ' / "I'y'^'"'- *»»« .ctrary i, true, groups of pig,, the groups wor^ «„» .„^ .u^";' A«"C"'t"'"l College, out of dx -daptability for the ^po'^tTa^ iel fi«t*td l^'l ?""'" *"" *''" ''-'^ "' '»>: ' It cMinot be denied that more akilfuT hL^lr' .,'2 V"""' "^ "'«• HIAO. «Hor;Xti^^J::„f^-l;,-':^^^^^^^ ,e„gth. a .«,, ve^.K narrow «no„t. and head. ]Z lonl W "^ '*'^' "" *''* °*^"' »""'d. * 'e«1ing , .alities. ' * " '""* '«'* "" « 't<*r, generally in.Hca»-s p<;or .nd W,j'i'JSrearii.r:'I"'''-\"""^^^ -•• -'^^'^ '-;^. a coa«. poor feeding qualiti«. *" " •'"«'"'' ^^'"Pe'-ment. delicate con.tituti„ra^ Pe JSt.-In^ Situ" 7^JX''"nt.:f S^S' ""? "^ *" *'''' — *- ?« quickly and aurely by the eye3 m by^nv other^- *""* J-arour will be indicated ^^^^:^:^^^;^^^ ini-£^ff ^ ;;-nd prominent. bHght Jt pE^df^'tl ^iS:Xt';td^^ 1^ n/BX-HVARTgga. 10 not enough that a pig be loug from tip to tip, he muat be long from shoulder blade to ham. borne apparently kngthy pigs will cut a thort side of bacon, bccauae of faulty conformation of the ahoulder, the ahoulder blades btiiig too obUque and run- ning back too far into the side. Breast, of good width and full, indicating a large cheat with plenty of room for Tital organs. Sometimes the apparent width of the breast is increased by faulty attachment of the fore-legs, th^ being tacked on, so to speak, on the outside of the body. This conformation is always accompanied with a rough shoulder. Fore-legi, set well apart without going to the extreme already spoken of, medium length and straight; pasterns strong upright and moderately fine. The legs should be of fair length. Nature insists on preserving a certain measure of symmetry or co-relation of parts, and a short legged animal is usually a short bodied animal. It is hard to get them long and low; and since our aim is to breed for long sides, we must be willing to allow a corresponding length of leg. ijxcessively fine bone is usually associated with a tendency to fatten at the expense of growth, and this, of course, is fatal to lihe production of the Wiltshire side; on the other hand, very coarse bone is indicative of general grossness throughout, and is therefore undesirable. BODY. Back, of medium width, rising slightly above the straight line, and forming a slight arch from neck to tail. A sagging back indicates a lack of muscle or lean meat throughout. Note the ezaMsive fat and lack of lean flesh or muscle down the back in Fig 6. Sometimes a pig will show a drop in the back just behind the shoulder. This often indicates a iweak constitution. The back should be nicely rounded from side to side and of medium width. A broad, flat back is usually associated with a short thick, chunky conformation throughout. On the other hand the ribs should not fall away too abruptly from the backbone, giving the formation known as a ' herring back.' A back of this description will, on cutting, be found to be bare and lacking in muscle or lean flesh. Loin, should be strong and full, but not unduly arched. It should be of the same width as the rest of the back and well covered with flesh. Side: — Since the side is the most valuable part of a bacon hog, it should be long, smooth, and filled out even with the shoulder and ham; it should be deep enough to provide for constitution, but not so deep as to give an excess of thin, flabby belly meat. See Figs. 2 and 11 and note length or side from shoulder to point of ham ; note also the trim, firm belly and entire absence of flabbiness. Fig. Sshorws a Wiltshire side of the type that commands the highest price on the English market; contrast Fig. 5 with Fig. 3. The former are worth 60 cents per cwt. live weight more on tho Cana- dian market than the latter. The first sells readily on the English market, while the other is abnc^*' unsaleable. Heart-girth should be full, indicating constitution; the fore flank should be well let down and full behind the elbow. The packer would not oViject to a slightly tucked up nppearance behind the fore-legs, but it is a fault that the breeder and feeder cannot afford to overlook. This is an opportune time to sound a note of warning to Canadian breeders. There is a noticeable tendency toward over-fineness with lack of vigour to be seen in many of our breeding herds. Judges at exhibitions are in part to blame for this. In too many cases undue stress is laid on smoothness of shoulder, length of side, shapeliness of ham, &c., while those features of the con- formation that indicate constitution are apparently ignored. This is quite right in bacon clnases ; these should be judged wholly on their adaptability to the requirements of the consumer, but in judging breeding elusses the interests of the producer must not he overlooked, or even be placed second to those of the consumer. Fortiinately tho two can be easily harmonized ; the depth and fullness of the chest and fore-flank. t u value of the carcaw. ^' "' "' *"y °t'»e' way detract from tie aiND^UABTERS. '^ f nuatuM BACK niBS. PkmtniiT llMtST tn or low come* FOK HOCK """" THICK STRt/IKr fUHf GAimON HOCK ".io„ length ..f Hide, and BjrJ,^^/! ^^ «ck UVJ'rjl '^m'"- '>- '•■"/M.lai..s the ^^X^ SCORE CARDS. effort should b^ made to come aTi^r to hH "? ^."^'^ *° '^ <^'^«'-^' «°ecomee very important.' SCALE or POINTS FOB HOGS OF BACON TYPE. Prepared by Prof. G. E. Day. Head and Neck — 8 pointe. Snout, mo^rately fine 1 Eyes, good size, full and bright 1 Jowl, light and neat 3 Neck, medium length and r."- .r light, with no tendency to arch on top. ... 8 Fore-quarters — 17 points. Shoulders, light and smooth, rounded from aide to side over top and very compact, no wider ihan back 9 Breaat, good width «n>i full 4 Fore-legs, set well apart, medium length, and straight, pasterns upright, bone flat, clean and moderately fine 4 Body — 40 points. Back, medium width, rising slightly above the straight line, and forming a very slight arch from neck to tail ft Loin, strong and full but not unduly arched, wide as rest of back H Ribs, good length and moderately arched 3 Side, fairly deep, long, smooth and straight between shoulder and ham, a straight edge laid over shoulder point and ham ehould touch the side throughout 12 Heart-girth, full, but not flabby at fore flanks, filled out even with side of shoulder; there should be no tucked up appearance back of fore legs, nor droop back of shoulder top 5 Flank, full and low 1 Underline, straight; the belly should be markedly trim and neat !i Hind-quartew— 16 pointi. Quality— 16 points. io.1. f.™ Jimk, ww\"^ J^* ""<" •''""■« » P-mluen^ on .id. Style— 6 points. """"uVonS™":*: :''':"^ ''*^°"* " ^->-«^ -«"n «na .tandin. well 1.'. Perfect! 100 1. Snout. 1 Tmce. S. Jowl. 4. Neck. DiAORAn SHowrao Location of Poctw or tbi Hoo. S. Ean. & Shoulder. 7. Chat & tig. 9. Putnrn 10. Loin. 11. Ribs. U Sid& la Oirth. 14. Fore-Flank. 16. Hind-FUnk. 16. Rump. 17. H»m. la T»il. 19. BMk. 20. Belly. 1 3 14 III.— UNDESIRABLE HOGS FOB BACON PRODUCTION. There are a number of claaeea of undesirable hoga being marketed for bacon at all Masons of the year. Theee include unfinished, overfat, prematurely finished hogs, and sows that have been used for breeding purposes. Of these the unfinished animala ■re moat objectionable, and during the season of 190V have been marketed in num- bers out of ull proportion to iwhat they should be. UNFINISHED HOGS. According to rejMrta from a number of the large packing companies, the pro- portion of unfinished hogs is much too large, running at times as high as fifteen per cent of the total receipts at packing houses in Central Ontario, twenty per cent in Eaatem Ontario and Quebec, and about fifteen per cent in Western Ontario. This is a Tery serious matter from the standpoint of all concerned, as such pigs dress poorly, giving a low percentage of carcass, and they make such inferior meat that uoe repu- tation of Canadian bacon stands in danger of serious injury if the present proportion of these pigs continues to go forward as bacon. Why hog raisers persist in sending this unfiuMhed stuff to market is not easy to understand, unless it is the comparatively high price of coarse grains which are necessary in finishing these animals, and perhaps in son" .ises a fear that the high values for hogs which have prevailed for some Hp- ould suddenly drop. These, however, are not valid reasons when the injury .^cb animals do the trade is con- sidered. The ' grass ' or unfinished hog is a serio- ■< menace to the bacon industry, and the time has come when the farmers, the buyers and the packers ought to co- operate against him. One of the leading Canadian pork packere and exporters, speaking of the objec- tions to the unfinished hog, says: ''He won't make gqod bacon; he is an unprofitable kog to ship alive, an unprofitable hog to slaughter, and when he is made into bacon it is thin and tough and has to be sold at a heavy reduction o~± select goods.' Ano&er packer says : ' The thin unfinished hog is not a bacon producer at all, and should be kept back and fed up until it weighs not less than 180 lbs. When thin sides are eonverted into bacon they invariably cause trouble as well as direct monetary loi the herd, which will in time ahow itself in a race of mrine that are not good thriTers and are prone to ailmenta and weakneaaes that iwill seriously interfere with profit-making in pig rearing. To market young brood sows in medium flesh ia to injure the bacon industry both directly and indirectly — directly in lowering the arerage quality of our bacon, and indirectly in weakening the oonstitution of oui bacon herda. The question will arise, what is to be done with the animak that have outlived their profitable uaef jlneaa in the breeding herd. It has been shown that it is not in the interest of the industry to turn them off aa bacon wnimah. It is the animab of this class that may be depended upon to supply the heavy pork and lard trade and for this purpose they ahould be made thick fat. How to make them so a a profit is a question of importance. A thin sow placed in a pen and '«! almoel excluaively on gr/iin will, in all probability, ' eat her head off ' before she is thicl fat, but there are better iwaya of fattening such an animal. The d'et of an old so^ or ' stag ' ahould be composed largely of such cheap foods aa mangels and sugar beets if in deaaon, or pasture crops such aa clover, alfalfa, rape, Ac.; a vigorous sow oi stag getting an abundance of any of these foods will gain rapidly and if given '; moderate grain ratiou will soon be 5'. for the market. The best time to place a thin sow in the ' feed lot ' is in the early summer aftei her spring litter haa been weaned and tHae haa dried off. If turned on a luxurian luwture and given a small grain ration, gradually increasing it, she will, as a rule in from eight to twelve weeks be fat enough to meet the requirements of the market While the gains made by such an animal have cost high per cwt, it ahould h remembered that she has given a profit many times over as a mother, and it ia th( laat hundred or two of gain that renders her entire carcass of marketable va'^ie. ten from them o9 idividual* not good fere with iesh ia to trinK tfae in of our i outlived it is not e tnimals ird trade, lem so at «1 almost ) is thick n old sow [gar beets, js sow or f given a imer after luxuriant as a rule, ie market, should be I it ia the Kip. \X - l!i.| kshin- Si>« Fig. U. Y.)rk>liirt- Sow. KiK- l."i.- A ifMiin of T am worth Sows. mamm Kii.'. III. liirk^liiri' l!«" alr..«ly -vv. of ,h,... ki„,« ,,h..„ cTolTturn.U if tl ""■''"* '^''' P'*' '"'" ""-• "e.' It SELECTION OF TIIK SOW. - -i"i^t:e::!i::,i;,::^;^'^'-;»- ^- ^^ *.. herd to choo« o„,y tho. noUy. diwsontented .ow- no o„i, i. l^ •'' *". '^ exasperating thai, a rovin,, but.l,ei8cro8a„Tf„rm;ir,i°;^'*,''"' ",'""•""'« ".ennce to f.ncv. ami ga^ i. seldom or never rro.ln fir 'n , "'""',' '" *'''^' " "'^^ '^' '''^ -lescription on a batch of /.l L de^LT 1 ;V1;".;'m n'.'h '""T 'T/'"; ^- '■'' '^' '"^^ MX or eight weeks Tbn n>,IL.- i- . , "'-^ *"'''' '" ''f'' durinir t .o first looked orUorJwhen tlee it^ 'i "'^' T }f " -""^ '- -^'en ove" to take it for granted "hit if hLn f ' " '''"'"""« '"='■''• ^'""-V "'en seem a matter of efu^ nou" h tern . t^^^^Hs" Th*^ "•"'■""' " '"'""^ ''"'*'•• ''•^- ''""' - i>' their milking propensi.re, 7« w elv „, tt •' " >''^'"' r''"^"- So.>, vary pigs the ability to give a larL flolnf . Z • '." "" "«*l«''t' « or flabbiness. and, tho^^gh not wi d or norvoi '"h 17 "" •^""'^^""'^ *° ^"'^^'''^ An animal having a heavr !«Tp1 i ' n "^ .""f '* ""*'^« *" ^'^^ "lorement.. in^ herd. Th.-s Tnd eaL7a' 1 ck Tf t7foZe\''T'' ""* *", '«?"'"-^ ^" » ^'-^- istic is not likely to be To nrenotent nl oni Z' "" "™*' ^*^ *»'» «h«"Cter. The brood sow shot^Id ;riE.t:d f o^ proll^rfamr''' '^'1'''''' ^^-P^™--*- given number of pigs each vearrnlJ^ Prohfic fam.hes. A sow must raise . « profit. There is however a HmU to thT^ K ""/ "'"^ •"''J>t'<'"«l P''^ -.pr«ents laree litters are .vToT " f *" ^'"' """^^ "* P'B« i" « profitable litter; very nourish m"eTha;'fonrt^n pi "d l^T "l'.?""'?, ^^"^ '"''^ -" P^»r>er^ •tr. ,g, lusty f^llows'TZreTr^ie thara £^ ^ ^^^^ '-'^ [flabby and ill-nourishw* g3 '^ """"'^ *""" "^ ''"«•' »' «*teen or eighteen weak, 890ft— 2 18 f^ JTION OF TllK SI UK. Thu choice of tht .•< > .^ perhapt the nioitt important itep in all brcoding opera' tioiM. Tho trite rcmmrk that ' the siri' in half the brad ' ia only part of the truth He i« much more than half of the Iwrd l>ci'aiuM', of the two parent*, h« ufiua Ij iXPrtj the frrratcr influence on tho coiiforniation of the offspriuK. This, of eoune, ia trw only whf>n he ia the more iutimacly brc is luit likely to prove nii itnprpsKive sire. Mil stock can fcarccly fail to be irrogiilar in tyix". Thia point cnniint woll lie over-cmph* aixrd, for it is just here that the novice in bre^'ilinK i« most apt to make niiatakea I* is a t(ii) common practice to eoloct and buy lircedinif stock from among the winner .1 our )'.\hit>itiiina, taking care only to stipulate that tliey l>e riifrible for regiatration Frequently n phenomenal show yard animal is an accident of birth, and, even thougl he be registered in the herd Iwrnk, is none the less n ' scrub ' in point of brt'eding, sn« can reproduce his good qualitieo only by accident. It is unfortunately true that i certificate of registration is not always a certificate of merit. The only tnfe way it aeleet br(>eding stock ia to visit the ]on,i eetnbliahed herd of some bre ler of repute and buy after aeeing the sire and dam, and if possible, the jrrand-sire and grand-dan of the animal selected. Choo/«e a boar from n large, even litter; fecundity is an her* ditary trait and ia esaential to profitable hog rnisino , and the evenness of the Httei is n valuable guaranty of the excellence of hia breeding and of his consequent pra potency. The offspring of immature parents should seldom or never be iwed for breedini purposes. They are apt to lack in constitution and vigour; this is especially th( ease in the offspring of an immature dam. Few things will more quickly and surelj deteriorate a herd in size, vigour and fecundity than the continued nse of immatnn females. In conformation the boar not on'y must be of the approved bacon type, but mvut have that distinct and unmistakable masculinity of appenrni «• - easily r,"'oq nized but not easily described. Masculnity does not necessarily impi,y undue coargp neea; it consists rather in a bold, fearless 'come on, who's afraid,' exprS'^si' n of counten ance than in any peculiarity of conformation. A certain amount of coarseness I unavoidable, captoially in an aged boar; but he must not have such excessive rough ness as would indicate poor feeding qualities. Nor ia it desirable that he be o: extreme size. Mr. Sanders Spencer, the noted English breeder, says on this point ' Although some persons make mere size a great point when choosing a boar, our ox perience leads us to consider thia to be a mistake ; a very large boar seldom lasta lonff he becomes too heavy for the sows ; he probably proves to be slow and his litters fei and small in number. A very large and heavy boar is ako more likely to suffer fron weakness of the spine or hind quarters, and is frequently weak in his joints an< crooked in his legs. These latter failings especially should be avoided, as they ar hereditary, and will frequently crop up for several generations. Weakness of ankle and roundness of bone, two qualities which should be avoided in a sire, are oftei allied with great size. A medium size, compact boar, heavy in the hind-quarten unil light in the fore-quarters will frequently continue fruitful for at leaat twice aj long as will the heavy shouldered and coarse boned boar. Nearly all of the moit sue cessful pigs have been on a small rather than a large scale.' l» V.-CARE OP BREKDINO ANIMALS. 'niK IIOAK. '"'•' '- '"Trow of „l,o„t hi, .;«•, nJ ' *" "' "■" '," " '""'''"<•'«• It i., w,.|I ,0 live t'k... ,.nll,„^ into ucfive play evory m ' .'""''"••'^: '' '» the \.^, ox, r.-i*. h,. ran tT. L '''^:" '!"•' '"''' »""''»>>y «nd active h„.„^i ^'"J ^"■.l-'ntly; if not only The t„>k. should b« removed a. 8oon «, well {..l^ *" ™'''" '»'" ""*-* «'"' '^•"tl.. THE SOW. Hr.-e.iin|f »nvn should not he closo'v n „« i K.v,.n th.. run of „ pasture inl.nuiT^^.i^a hLri3'' "' r^^'' '"" "'^W ''« r.nstnke,„oree«mmon thai, another in th. , ^ *^"'^ '" '""'^'•- I^ there ia one ni.-.r. to provide f.,r „nd eo„,H ,h . WrXS;' ?" '-^"'"'^ ^>-' '' ^« "ho nature a ^^i„^ animal, and exercise is ^ n .«! to f l"'"'*''^''- '^^'^ ^'^^ *" by »?.v,.n the rnn of a p«,ture during thT. aZr ^n 1 / Z.' '^t' \T " '^" --" <•"" «^ Inquire little else to k«,p them in ex.^Zt LLJ '»>^.« "''bio in nutum,, they will havj. water „nd «helter:'^if Zv h"e " L'' rfif ""''"'""• '^''^ "■"»«• "* -""- nntlow so much the better A m ,1 > »K "">n>nK stream in whieh they mar henlthy and fr,. from ve^r^nin " Sheltl t WrnTv^TM"' '^'^'"^-'^ « »'"'^'« "«» Tn winter they «ho„M hnv. the run of t .J '^ '^f ""^ "^ ■> r'"'-t"hl« Pen. provided for t),em to .leep in. A .,o able .mT, . '"!' " ^''' '^"^'"'^^^ "^» ''eing befternot to !.. too w.nr„rso Ion,- ns ti d^ jr ', "^" ]"'?•"" '"^'"' "'''•''■ It :. «traw in ^hieh they m«v hu.Hle Tf jheir^.I • "' '^'''^^- ^'°^^ '''^PVu'd with chill too ,„iekly on „nn, on to the Jard aXh^v'" •n"^/"',""'''^ •°° ""^ *^«- Morcise. '" ""^ y'^'l «'"' they will not voluntarily take enough root., preferably mangels Tr^arltl^J Dur n"J "" " "'*'",'; """""^^'"^ '"'^'^ *}.o„ldbe piren to aR.«i«t in maintni^ne Se «„,iT'^* v^ry cold .nap some ^in advanced in the period of ^tat on it i, neeT^^ )"^*- ^ '^^ """^ '"'"""'^ f«'»»'« bjdk. therefore the allowanrof man^ ZddT Id'TirT """l^h-^"' in leM Pl^-ment of prain correspondingly ine^Ld'.^e '^■"^"""j ''«''cased and the com- ihould be of a flesh-forming raSer "ha7rf alt IT" ":^"'""^- "^^ '^'"" '"«„ TV- ^ ^ , weather, la to impose an unnece^srv f«, a surplus of' water whicrsomffZr '" 7™."^,'""^ ^^'^w off from the sys-tem 2U The obijictive point to l>e nimed ut in the wintering of brood bow* is to nouri^jh and care for them in such a wi.y that the spring littens will consist of good sized, well nourished, healthy, vigoroiia pips, and that the sows themfielves will be in such n eondition of flesh as will carry thcni well over the trying period of nursing. To do this, the sows must have plenty of exercise, and must l)e rtewliy but not t'tit. Sow carrying a load of soft. iliil>liy fiH put >,n in ■■In-,' \,fu.- will dmp uiKJiTsiz.'ii .ih,| deli cate pigs and they themselves will fail nipidiy during the niilkiiiK pfjriod. In addi tion to this, sows kept closely eontiiK-ii ami fcl liir^i-ly on (T.iin .in- :;pt in h .vr thcii (lif'cslivc pvslrviv so ricraniifd ns to develop iibnonnid appditrs, and at farrowing time are as likely as not to devour a portion if not .ill of their otfspriiiK. On tin contrary, experience has shown tliiit the systi'ui of wintering previously reoomniended in which the sows are given abundant exercise and fed on a nourishing hut eouiinf. succulent ration, has invariably been followed with the ;ii<)st satisf.ietorv result^. A week ov ten day.s before farroiwinw: the sow should be placed in the breeding pen. in order that s-he may become reconciled to her new surroundings before the cntic4il time arrives. It is also important that the attendant get on good terms with the sow; a few minutes spent on her every day with a stiff brush will be a good investment of time. This ' currying favour ' with the fow .should not, of course, be a more spn.smodic effort at each farrowititr period, it is the habittial practice of the thorough-going and successful stockman. The breeding pen should not be too large; about eight feet square. If the pen is too large, there is danger in cold weather of the newly farrowed pigs wandering: away from the dam, getting lost and iH>rishing from the cold. The pen should bt warm and dry, and furnished with a fonder to prevent the dam overlying her .young. This consists of a plank or pole place sow should l>e given a drink of warm water into iwhieh not more than a handful or two of shorts or meal haa been stirred. Verj little grain .should be given the first day ; overfeeding with grain during the few day; immediately befor<' and after farrowing is apt to derange the digestive system and also cause trotible with the udder. The feed should be gradually increased until «1 the end of the first week she is getting all she will eat up clean. Nursing sows shoulr be liberally fed on a ration well adapted to milk prndiii'tinn. A sow nursing a larg« litter is sub.ieeted to a ver.v severe strain, and if she be a good milker will fall awa.\ rapidly in flesh in spite of the most skilful feeding. This, however, is no reflector on the sow; for at no other period in the life of the pig is gain more eeonomica11> obtaine cv well they ma,y then be given acce.^^.s to separ.'-.te feeding pens. Tti 1 'Id weather, the food for the nursing sows should b» given warm and no ton ,=lnp,i.v, water V)eing stiiiplied separately. Tt is also important that both sow an( litter '.nve frequent access to earth; it is easily potsible to ruin the digestive systen of n )iig rvrn brfnrr it is rrn-.nvrd 'rom flu- d.-.rp. and fhcrr !k perhaps nt better cor rective for hops than soil. In cold weather it t:iust be furnished by artificial meani it wanted. These a.^ bl\. r if ken fir.!. , """^ '"" '"' ""'•^''*' "''^'''''^^ ^''«" shouWbeeain^t l^arrelrolr.h.?:.^ '^■'' ^^'^ ,"''1^ ^.v ^[at time they «he is .amoved/ The wUiuL"h^t/^-":ir/'"^^^^^^ '"''' '^'" •^"'« "''*"' sow oneo or twico if necessa y at ^ als T, i VT' io '."* """ ^"^"^ *° ^'^'^ udder. It is quite a common pra c-o t t.; . no ' -^o Z .kT' i" 'f '"" ]"*' days for this n„r,K«P TV,i. ;= = ,1 ' '"'" ""^'^ ^^« <^''™ foi" « few the object for which he wa« left wna t^.o utl "' '" '^'' ^""^ ''^^^^^''^ e or radi- 9 in both 22 VI.— HOUSING. to treat 8wi..e with due <^^^"^'>'^''°'' ,^Z^"^^J^oi money in building l^ve, during the past few years, ^l'^ '^J^Z^dihe^r stock of all agee and elaborate warm houses for t^eir herds. Havmg wi ^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^ dt co.idition^ in th.«e structure, for ^^ °^J\^'^^„e instea.l of showing greater became apparent by rea«>n of the f f^^jV eoughing. lameness, .curfiness of vigour, exhibit..! signs of ill-health '^ f'«/°"^^°^' ^^^^ difficulty from these dose skin ami other evidences of lack of thrift. ^^^ ^^ -^ j^cni. After rising bouses is due to the lack of exercise ^^J-^^^^.^T^ts ,Lally provided regularly^ j from their comfortable bods to take their tooo ^^^^^ye» and again return near at hand and in palatable «°f '*';°: J^JXwed for weeks and months at a to their resting plac«,. Th.s mode of 1 vmg fol o ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ season of year when outdoor life "f "-^^"^f ^^^^ther fonns of sluggishness, causing is attended with indigestion. 'io/^^'P** "'^^^^ ^^^od weanlings and alow gains in weak litters, lack of a good m^k flow •« d«^^- ^^ ^^ ^,, if hog raising is to be older hogs. Exero^ .8 one ^^-f^^J'^^'!^^, that the warm pen UBe.1 for both made a success, and it is in not J^^l^erTcoming in cold weather a warm pen sleeping and feeding fails. For young litters ^^^J ^ ^„,t profitable gams i^ .Llary. and rather close ..uart-rs «- ^^^^ J^' \L in a hog^ life is close during a hog's final fattening period, but at no otne housing advantageous. „„;„ the late winter or early spring months 1h«ei« For brood sows due to farrow in the late win ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^,^6 by no better shelter than the -^<^f\.fj^-^,^ZX bedded four or five large bows side in or near the barn yard. « ^«P^ J^^^^^ according to directionB given fur- will lie very comfortably in a cabin ',°"™7 ^^^^ ,tack. so long as tt >s .'losod ther on. The old style of rail c^'- «^ ^f^, even growing pigs. On some on three sides, affords a fine bed for ^r^»«g ^^J^ ° , ^^^^ ^i,en the sows in cf the ,no.., extensive ^^^^^^''^^f.tf to kS^^he draughts out. and baying a con- winter is an old barn or shod. Imed up to ^f^P ^^ ° ^^^^ ^he open air. The feed- Intly open door which » «-/^\^7j;:fi;SrS tTTak^ a ^-^---^^J^^^' ing is done in ^h- open which compels the he ^^^^ ^^^^^^ and fed on exercise, upon which good health f ^^'^'^^^^^^^ ^ran, &c., given in a rather dry SSi^r^wi^fllSuTfi^'coSS^r succ^ful motherhood. T.T VN AXn T1ES^RIPTIO^- OF MOVABLE PEN. The movable pen shown in the ^-:^-^Z^Zfr,:.^t: r:^^ requirements. It n,ay be "-^louSt -" H"^ ^oc.iiol where the air may cir- i„ ,;,,,., As a summer Kn ^^^f^^ "^n, should be placed in the hog paB^re; rulnte freely al.ont ,t. Tn ^"'"'^'.™^^ T^^J^ 5^ ^ i„ge rather than a small field niuch better r^ultsbein. obtain^ If the Pastu^^ ^^^^^ ^^ the lv„rn yard. As a winter house it shouW h.ve n ^^",'**''^!™," • .^i^ if well made and all cracks are A pen n.ado of single inch lumber <^?f r'^'t^t «iree inches wide and these onrefullv b-.ttencl. The batten. *°"[l,^/;heTside to guard against warping. Lurelv nailed on. the nails being «'>"*^fl2Te n^^sary. both for the comfort of Whother for summer "-inte. - a fl-----Xg nailed on 4 by 4-inc^ the animals and the strength of the pen. 1 ^^ ^^^ .^ ^ -3. H cedar .-ills is de-iraWe for the floor. The e^**'^^ ^^^ -^^^ ^,„ners for movinc i,^,, ,. ..,,.d .ff the lower angles of J^^ -^«- JeS may be fa^t.ned t. the front 0, the pen from place ^o Pla**- J^ ""/ back end of each of the outeide mllfc :^ Figures B and C show a form and sizo of doorway that answers very well for the hogs to go in and out, l.„t it is not large enough for an atten,lant to ont<,r with comfort. It .8 well to have a doorway at least five feet high. The door should be cut m half so that the .. i)er part may be kept closed when not in.usa Many hog raisers hang the lower to the upper half in such a iway that the former swings in and out as the hogs enter or leave the pen. In summer the lower door may be hooked up out ol the way. On severe winternights the door may be protected bv a heaw curtain or a banK of strawy manure to keep out cold draughts, which are always detrimental to a hog s welfare. A pen arranged for cold weather requires ii window in the front (south end) to admit the sun's rays. This may be placed in the upiK-r hclf of the door or above it. A pen requires an opening for ventilation, Snme reeomniend a hole 3 or 4 inches acroM at the back, close up to the peak : another form is shown in Fig. B. and 9«11 another in Fig. D, which is perhaps the best. An 8-ft. pen requires about 200 feet of lumber. Sixteen feet boards are best to use. iy these cut without wa^te. Thi.» p»n woul.l also require .56 feet of scantling for sills, and 64 feet of planking for flooiing. A pen of those dimensions will accommodate from « to 10 growing man or a sow and litter. 1 Fig. A.— Slidwinir xilU made of 4 .\ 4 inch Boan*ling, and slope of roof. Two 4x4 ncli ..uwtlinKS 16 feet limg, make the silk. a FT Fig. B.— Front vifw of fiortable hug |ien, where three scantlings are used as sills. Fig. C— Front view of Fig. A Fig. 19. Fig. I). -.Shiiwing a methixl of arranging nHgons, but these are usually coH, oomfortlf^s and damp during the winter aoason. Without doubt wooden walls constructed in such n way as to provide for a con.p.otc ch'ad air space in the centre are the best, A v.ry sntisfnctory wall is made >y ^^etting 2 by 4 inch scantlings on end and boarding inside and out with rough luiTiber. Both inside and outside should then be covered with tar pnper well lapped at the joints and then cloeely boarded up with matched lumber. A very suitable out.ule covering would consist of clapboards or lumber of good quality nailed on perpendicular and having the cracks battc-ned. The inside tier of boards should con- sist of matc.iod lumber. A tight or a closed ceiling is frequently a wet and even dripping one. or is cafed with frost, in very c-ld weather, and this is usually attended with dire results for the pigs. Probably the ra«t satisfactory ceiling at the present time is one constructed of board. ,^ poles sepurafci at such a distance as to bo oa.siiy pervious to the atmos- phere. This, when covered several feet deep with straw, nrovides ,.^rhnp. the mos- Buitabk. style of ventilation, and therefore the driest pen that may be secured without artificial heat, A iiiuiiber of extensive hog breeders in tlio country have re-sorted to the use of artificial heat in their liog pens. This is provided, not so much for the sake of the heat tor the aninial.=, but for the cooking of foods. The escaping st.am from the cooker sbo.i d not be allowed to escape into the hog pen on account of the moisture that It would deposit . the building. Where such a system of heating is installe.l tho question of vent.Iatio. .. very easily solved, and the pen is usually comfortab'y diy. Artificid warmth, however, for any class of live stock, has its disadvantages in ren- dering the animals kept within ite influence subject to colds and lack of vigour. ^\here only a small number of sows are kept there is no better pen for farrowing sows m cold weather than a bo.-s stall in a cattle stable, which seems to possess a warmth and condition of atmosphere suitable to the young things. Tiie question of light is receiving much greater 'attention than it did years ago J^very j^-n where swine are kept, more particularly in the winter season, should have an abundance of sunlight. To get this a large proportion of the wall on the east south and west sides should consist of windows, which should be made double and very close m order to conserve the warmth of the pen. There is no better material for a hog pen floor Ihan cement concrete. This how- ever. IS not a suitable material for tho hogs to lie upon aa it is usually cold and in many cases damp, even though large quantities of bedding are used. An elevated slw-ping pen, whether it be a platform some three or four inches above the floor, or elevated sufficiently high to allow the pigs to run underneath, is quite popular throughout the country. '1 he ' upstairs ' plan has the disadvantage of shutting out light to some extent, but the advantage of providing a large additional floor space for the animals. Where the pen is of good size the lower sleeping platform is perhaps to be preferred. When this platform is limited in space to little more tihan is sufficient for the hogs to he comfortably there is little or no probability of the bedding being dampened or soiled in any way by the hogs. For the guidance of hog raisers who wish to build large piggeries, three styles of buildings have been selected for description. Each has been used sufficioctly to prove its suitability from the standpoint of the hogs, the owner and the attendant I'll,'. 20. Kwh yard i.roii,|,,| „i,|, ,, calii ^ t'i Vig. L'l.-l'isrKery .„. Studucma Kari.i. Ca,, Kouge, (^ueW. L^^S^^ =_. EXERCISING SHED I03a' • 13 a* i"iK. 22. -Floor plan of Stadacona Farm Pigifery. WOOD SHED t Vm. i-t. PlKK.-.y ut ,|„. M t , AKric„l,„n.l C.II..^., .s,„m1, Si, Fig. 24. ^-Pi^^^ery at tl„. .M«.it.>l« A.^ricultnral ColWH-\orth Si,. ,.., Fi(f. a-..-KIo<,r ril»n r.f Manitoba Affritiilturarc.ll.-K.. [.i^K-rv Fi(r. 38.— End elevatiun of Manitoba Agricultural College piggery. KiK. LV. A w.-ll li^|„..,| |.,,,,„.ry, ,.„„„,, „„„|„„, ,,^,|„ ,|,„ -"Utii ,.,« ,,n.i iif)N I U1II.1..U, rli« Upl^T wilifl.m'., ' c ■ 1 ir 111 u 1 • t 25 A QUEBEC PIGGERY. Which u':cs zisr}::^'r.u'%^r\\^^^- ^- ^^ - a .0. .« exerasinK shed at .he side JLdinJ thi 7uT"l l^*."'' "''"-"«' feature of ^n Juild^ng u. p«,i«ed with artiSl LS % ro" th"^"/ "^ '^•" ^uildi^. Th"° farrowinK pens in the winter season. '"'" "^^ '^'^^^ •»»"«« for waring 5.0 1*118 piggery is built on ground th«t =i ing shown m Fig. 21 is 90 ft. x 30 f anf 9 ft S*'"? W'°''°''^- ^he main buiS-' tnd a manure shed 30 ft x 19 ft , ,« , ,"• '*'«^'' *° the ceiling U tJ,« „«.♦ south side the exercl^Tb^. ^^ f I" it ft'^' ^''T-r ^"""^■"- ^^i'-W th™ boiler house and storage rooms whinl!" / / i """ *'" "»''' ^y the wood shed ^l ■« 23 ft. X 16 ft. and 12^-t high' Th. h "1 °;f "'""'^ ^^'^ '"""^'^ «" up of fly. p.Si •;^:< u-ithtijs^ri-i': s r • .T t-" °* »' -« •««-■ i»«.8<. are oloaed by doon to corS™ A "»''' '">'''<1«1 1<> *e ooiline. ,hilo IkJ ;-, *re ..„^°' tS-Zl^^Z ZZLtXtr^ '"-« •" "" 0" .» hoM H"..d fo, fc Wort of™. „iX "»' '»"»''• •' >»w ^P.r.;„re" .""hrto te .'.Is nine inches from end to end nf fkJ^k 'iJ. ^^ manure shed. The nii««.~ |.»'.^^-:»t^".T;r„sr^o' -r;:^ %^ ^ ^-^ » a ^^ ,„,,, _ the doors and door framee, are covered with tin, and the roof a of galvanized iron, making the place practically fireproof. The feed vata are made of matched and grooved deal lined with galvanized metal throughout. They slope a couple of inches toward one end where a large tap, about six inches iu diameter, is situated. The covers are lifted by a rope and pulley attached to the ceiling. A large pipe with a funnel end runs from beside one of these vats to a Lirpc trough in the exercising shed to carry the food for the noon meal when necessary. The floor of this is seven feet lower than the floor of the piggery. A MANITOBA PIGGEKY. A piggery designed for the climate of Manitoba has been built and used for one season at the Agricultural College at Winnipeg. As will be seen from the exterior views, Figs. 23 and 24 and the floor plan Fig. 26, the building has a lean-to on each side to be used as a driveway and as an exercising shed for brood sows and young pigs in rough weather. Fig. 23 shows that the windows on the south aider are almost continuous from end to end, while there is much less window space in the north wall. Above the piggery is a loft for storing straw. The floor of this over the side windows elopes, allowing the sunlight to reach the pens on the opposite side. This is shown in the cross-section. Fig. 26. Beneath the piggery is a cellar for storing rot^ts. The floors of the piggery, except in the feed room, are of cement concrete whi' is also used for the foundation of the walls and partitions. Each i)en is provide ' , a plank sleeping bed overlying cement. The floors of the pens slope to th' .« order that the liquid may be absorbed by litter. The surface of the feed .i slightly rounded, leaving a shallow rounded gutter on each side to prevent valk from becoming wet from liquid slopped out of the troughs. Ventilation is provided by U-shaped inlets built underneath the wall on each side of the passage at the west end. The outlets consist of four flues passing through the loft and roof as shown in the cross-aection. Fig 26, and exterior view of the south nde, Tig. 23. These are providwl with trap doors at the floor line of the loft, to be worked by cords and pulleys. The photograph. Fig. 24, was made before the outlet ventilators were installed. The building is 56 feet long and 46 feet 6 inches wide, including the driveways, each of which is feet wide. The piggery is 8 feet 6 inches high to the ceiling. The windows are double throughout A greater number of windows in the exercis- ing shed would be beneficial. It would also improve the light in the piggcfry if the lean-to roof had less slope, allowing greater depth for the upper windows. A WELL-LIGHTED PIGGERY. A piggery possessing new and desirable features is in use at the Agricultural College at Urbana, Illinoia. It was designed by Prof. William Dietrich of that institution. The building is 120 f t. x 80 ft., with an 8 ft alloy between the two rows of pens. It is so arranged that each row of pens is lighted from a raw of window:* on the south side of the building. Beferring to the situation of the windows. Prof. Dietrich writes: 'The important factor to consider is the height of the iwindowD, represented at E and D, in connection with the width and manner of oorjtruction of the building. The window E is so placed that at noon of the shortest day of the year the ray of light which passes through the upper part will fall upon the floor of the south side pen on the opposite side from the window. This allows the total amonTit of light coming through the window at this season of the year, and time of the dav to fall within the pen In the morning and in the afternoon when the son is nn at its highest point, a part or all of this beam of light will pass beyond the pen. The I lower part of the window D in the upper part of the building performs the same I function for the pen on th» nort^ mde of the alley as does the window E for the ppo ( pn the soutii sida By this armnccinent tiie pen floon leoriTs the graatest amonntl of lifi-bt at H ti-nn ixrhen it is most needed, via., during the winter months, to warin| and dry the building. |tl «7 The alley, S feet wide, allows of '■ '■'"■'' plan 'ix'iticin) uf « The ground floor is represented by Find the door opens so as to facilitate turning n^« "fu^^ ",^**^ ^''l* « f^'*"'' a the opposite end leads to a door throSTichTb„ "^^ *''" "t"'"'- ^ '^»"«' ^^o^ rhute The large feed bins have oiS Wtl ""^ '"^i' ^ ^"^^'» ^ « '""^i"* ""loaded directly from the wagon ^ '""" ""^y- «" *«t t^^ can he i..r.e;irb:.?sr^Vi:rn^^^^ -t8 and troughs outside. The remainL T.rT TJ^! "^^"'^ ''""^ •""PP'i'^^ with -gth desire! and may lead to trpa^.'S ^a'^d'^^rti to'"' '"'''•}"'' ™'^ »- -^ of common fencing. 16 feet and 12 feet, respe^dvelv'^ Th i .r*'-'"'^*' "^ ''^^ '^"^ ml made ,nto a gate so that it will swi^r^v nin,' ^''* ^T' " "^'^ *•>« ''"iM^g them free away from the building an aHe^is foLeTforVjini^""*,^'*^ «"'' «"'"'^"? . For drainage purposes the floor of each Z sloL f^ "^ *^ '*"* '^ "^"•'«'- ■ ram wh.ch leads to a main drain outaide of^hl fe "JT*"* '"'«'• » ^-incl* the be end of a large sewer pipe. The floor and^o d,' """• ^ f"*''* » '"-J i" Al the gates and partition i«ri3e the buHd^n^ ^«"" T''^'* ?"^''«' ^'■*'' ^''^r. W.re allows the sunlight to reach df S^rof th^ T ""if* "' T*'* "'»«'''» ^nels. .".other and the attendant. This m^ SL so^ .^■"' '""'^ •*" ''"'^ »« «« on« v^nta them f,«m fighting w*en puTl^A^ ?!rJ of T"^ "^^ *'"'"*"'■ -""^ r>^ Pirt of cement. The bricks are laid on swli^ ft f "°" «"* "* '»"«'' ""'I A wooden floor of 1-inch or 1* inch lumW co^M L'T"^ ""^^ u°° *'«« >" *« -Hey"- f'>r a bed for the hog.. * '""'^ "^^''^ ^ ''"J » tJ"* comer of each i^ H VII.— REARING AND FINISHING. Care is necessary at weaning time to get the pigs safely over this crisis in their 'ivos and well sturtc-d without any serious set-buek. iiuiiy breeders sacritiee the profit from a batch of pigs because of lack of skill or care in weaning. Sanders Speiieer, speaking on this point, says: 'There are more pigs lost or irretrievably ruined when they are first woane "'^1' |'>e to pstiiiuiie their re-iuirenu'nts. may overtei d to such an extent that food often lies in the trough from <>ne f.M^dinfr to an.)tlur. This is a mis- take for two reasons: the weanlings, missing their dam, are tempted to overtax their digestive systems; and the portion of the food remaining in the trough is apt to become foul as a result of fermentation and other causes. In either ca.se digestive troubles will inevitably follow; and these, if not fatal to the pig. are disastrous to the owner's chance of profit. While the other extreme also must bo avoided, it is better for a while at least to err a little on the side of under-feeding than to over- feed Ideal conditions would be to feed at frequent regular intervals as much as they will eat up clean in a few minutes after feeding. It is not often possible to make our practice conform wholly to the ideal, but the nearer we can approach to it the better will bo our suece.s?. . A mixture of middlings and chopped oats, supplemented with a htt e skim nnlk. constitutes a.i excellent ration for weanling pigs. It is rich in ash and j.rofe.n for the nourishment of the growing bones and muscles, thus enabling the pig to buiKI up framework rather than to lay on fat. It not on'y funiishrs th" right knid of nourishment for a growing pig. but supplies it in a palatable and easily digested form. For pigs under twelve weeks the oat chop should be passed over a coarse screen, to remove most of the hulls. If this be done, it may be well to add as much bran in bulk as wa.s removed of oat hulls. The bran is more ptlatablo and more easily digested th.in the oat hulls, and it lightens up the ration, preventiuff tbe meal from lying in too close and solid a mass in the stomach. The addition of the bnn, how- ex er will dopr>nd on the quality of the middlings used, and it devolvf^ upon each individual feeder to exercise his personal judgment in this matter. The nature of the ma erial sold as middlings by different milb varies from coarse dark coloured flour to finely ground bran. The feed stuff the writer has in mmd, when speaking of middlings, would consist of about an even mixture of these two matenais. ^ Roots or some other kind of green food, either in the form of pasture otam^^ ing crop cut and fed in the pen. should be gradually introduced until they co«rtitute about one-half of the ration, hy the time the pig is three months old. Many practica feeders are firm in the belief that, in summer, pigs can be most cheaply raised on pas- (fi having LrrictracloLrt^ atlTaS Z tv" r°"'-" ^''"^•- '^^'^ •''^' healthy; there is never aTv tronhW i^ *'*'''"«. P'^^^^'y, «* exercise, are vigorous and and with goliten^I^LI^fV''^ ?""* ^'" "' "''^ P'«" going ' off their feed'; attention, SrWlui^ not J'n "r^r^ t"^'' ""^ ''"'^ " -•°™"- »' lerienng little or not at all with the ordinary operations of the farm. PASTURING AXD SOILING. th. ,^''^"">^"*-'' '-"nJi'cted by Prof. Luy „ (.,,1,,], ;„ ,,,,,1 ,„„, ,„;„ ;„ , S £;rr^i:iT^i;^iir'i^v''^';':'j'' '"''^'•'•''''^^^ p;«.^refod.^.i,i..^j':,if^X^-,r;;--:^^ nn,| Mxtcen wore turn..,l into a pastur.- of ..nllMnrv tw. , until \ ,..„ r /I . .ere turned into raj. pasture. Both outride and' inside C we 1 1 u .".'S: .,1 thHrrC 7!nt:r "^ n"''''- '^'l' """''^ ''''*^ ^^'^ ^^^^ '" '"Edition to the . al .11 the green food they would tat. receiving tares until August .tnd rape after The et """f' '^' '""" ^"'"^^ «* *^"' °" ^'''^h ^h'' °the^ lot we pa^uring Id Ze^oTtf t T"""' °" -""l^ "• "'"^ °" ««*"''«>• 1* °» "f the iS p°S YorkrhTre !f ?h. r^f ^K^ T"''' '"'t ^"^ ^^'P'""'**- ^-^«'' Perkshires and thrS \Wnho;i'. >, I ' '*"""'' """;'' '"" ""finished and had to be carried over until Noiember IJ when they, too. were shipped to the slaughter house. '". "":"' e-nsumed per 100 lbs. train was as follows :-Group on pasture. «26 lbs. '■i,.ii!> feci jn the pens, 30.5 lbs. r . . uo. The packing house reported on the pigs as follows:— 'The last shipment of hogs which you sent to us is just out of snlt, and we have of firn^u... 0„- ^octor-s report is that all the sid« grade No 1 in re^S^ encer?,rn,i"ht";" T ^'T "' ''"' ^"'■^- """" '"''' ^'^ ^^^^"^ -' ^'"^^ ' ences that mipht Ic of some value to von. was that there was or.u.tln.,!!,. „ \a ence betw«.n the different sides, either i„ the ^o,.p. tl.::::,,:::: Z^^ , ' ^^^i Ji^, by A «nd P. or m contrasting the two groups. Whatever your method of fading h^ ttt\:i-?reLSSr.^" '^-- ■-« --^"'^ ''- ''^— ^ -e r^t'em Prof. Day .sums up the experiments as follows:— wbor^" ^"f **!•' ^^«"'"«'>t feeding hogs on pasture prove.l a very expensive n>etho,l whereas feeding ,„ ,..ns with sau.e kinds of foo.l ,.,ve reasonably eeon.mieal S,. 2. The outside hogs ate more meal and ma.le slower gains than those fed inside. 3. All the hogs produced bneon of satisfactory firmness. This confirms the r«,ult of a previous expenmen with rape, and goes to show that a reasonable supply of gTee feed with a liberal meal ration produces a good quality of bacon. 4 Succulent food tends to keep animals thrifty, whether it be green food or roots and thnftiness is conducive to firmness in the bacon produced. 5. The inside h.^?s consumed, on nn average, nearly 4 pounds of green food each per day, together with 4J pounds of meal. "™ 6. As this proportion of green feed to meal ispractically the same as the pronor- tion of roots to meal Tvhich we have used with good results, it ^ma -afe to assume tiiat the use of equal weights of succulent food and meal tends to pr^uoe bacon of nrm quality. ■»••«».» ui 7. The time required to attend to the outside hogs was just about half of that riquired for those inside. li 80 A siinilap experiment couduoted in 1902 resulted in favour of Boiling, but not to nearly so marked an extent aa in the previous year. It must not be forgotten that the pigs fed in the pens had the run of a sniaU paddock in which they took exercise at wiU, and had uurwtricted acoeas to the clay. Where these conditiona do not obtain so good results caiinot be had from soiling It must also be remembered that, although greater gains may be obtained from a given amount of food consumed, there is a conaiderable item for labour to be included iu the cost of pork produced in this way. Whether or not it will pay any given fanner to pasture his hogs in summer, or to cut green forage and cart it to tliem in the peas, will depend largely on the facilities he has at his disposal, eapecially in the matter of labour. Probably rape is the most valuable crop for this purpose or for pasturing. It grows rapidly and may be sown at successive intervals so as to furnish a continuous supply fioni the first of June until the frost; it fumishea a large supply of food from n given ar.^i; although hogs do not take to it readily at first they soon acquire a tastp for it aud c.i it freely; and it has an excellent effect on the quality of the product, producing almost invariably a firm carcaas. For hogs, rape should be sown somewhat thickly in roiws about 24 to 28 inches apart. Three pounda of seed per acre will give a very good stand, if the seed is fresh and of erood quality. If the rape is too thin it grows somewhat coarse in texture and the pigs do not eat it so readily. Another valuable green crop for hogs is alfalfa. Pigg are fond of it and will make very satisfactory gains if it is fed with discretion. It should be fed before it blossoms or it becomes too woody; and is not only leas palatable, but also less digest- ible. Common red clover is also excellent; peas, vetches, almost any aucculent forage crop may be used with advantage. For winter feeding the succulent portion of the ration can be most cheaply and satisfactorily furnished in the form of roots, preferably mangels or supar beet!>. It has been pretty well established that hogs cannot be fed to the best advantage on an exclusive grain diet, especially during the growing period. The result of heavy grain feeding is to eheck g.owth, and to cause the pig to lay on flesh and become too thick and fat before the desired weight has been attained. (See Figs. 8, 6 and 8^ He is the most successful feeder who maintains his pigs on a cheap, bulky, easily digested ration, rich in bone and muscle forming elements, until they reach a weifrht nf from 130 to 150 pounds, then finishes on a stronger ration until they are in primi* oondition. but not too fat and weigh from 180 to 220 pounds. m VHI.-THE COST OF RAISING OWIITE. The question of ascertaiuin, the cost of raising hogs from birth to marketin. rate«'Ld dmft 1""' "°" ''"'^'"^^"^ ^"'^ experimentation iTo f"w .S rauers had time to ki-cp ■„, accurate account of the quantities of food used ov lar^lvT; "" ^"^ ': •'"^. '^" ''"""'''" °^ ^«'"'"« infomation on th^int Is IcS ^n secured through the co-operation of Prof. Day of the Ontario Agricultural Col- SuTk'wt'u "„7Tr"\':l '"'''"'' '""^ ^ '""'"^ -'«^*^ upon OnUrro farm, in f n.5 "^ "''^^^'-t-''^^ «t the suggestion of one of the leading bacon curing firms m Canada. ,u ho encourage ,t by oifering to pay for finished hogs 50 cents p^r cwt! above the market pnce when the piga w.re marketed to those who would rende^a fu report upon the food consumed by the hogs from the time of weaning until shipped to market and upon certain other points nec«»ary to an intelligent study of E question, ^o restrictions .vhatever were placed upon the feeders rrlrarding the kinds of food used or the methods of feeding to be followed. th«e being I'ft entfrely t» °he d^cretion of the farmers to whose interests it would be to feed in ,he manner t nd by each .n his experience to yield the greatest profit upon his own farm. Tn ale,, Smrnter''*'" "" accompanied by a declaration of accuracy signed by the w«^^^ f ""^{"g t«ble prepared by Prof. Day pr«ents many interesting facts. It is worthy of very careful study inasmuch as it represents hog-feeding carried on under the east to Oxford, Middlesex and Bruce in the west and north. li 3 i. ■g S 5 I'. r> 5f « s ? ?^ r: r I I I O S u ^ r! 5 i if i- I ?,5 rt = 5.= 3r .J is ic ^ — ' S 3 ll ll *.5 ?■?. *-i .--, IS s i X 9 if: ?! r> n S ^ 5 « 3C X £ e >H !- j: j= — e (i ii i i J s il r — il 5 « lis ■5 5« i a i If Pi T — * ~ — "J — '"^ 1 vm S?: i^ i il |51 jj- -i i .a H i ss from a largo number of .ow. co.t ZfL cT^ • f '"i*"' **' '"**' '''•" "■"'"lin,, .i-.»u«„^,. „... tTst;Lr.™.^rri°'i£?,t■:;'^r■ per cwt.: roots and other green foods «2 twr tnn "" , ""7' "''■ P*'' <^wt.; whey, 4o. laneous food, appear in thrtabirfn'/Lr, / u 7'"''«/'"- Pa^'"^' «>"! '"i-'cel- the e.xperimenteT "^'"'*''"* "'"'"* *''•' '"l"'*' P^""^ ^-n those by COST OF GAIN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH. thp ^!,P'«".'"P'''"'^ i" yeight. the amo,>nt of feed eaten daily increase, rnnidly the daily ga.n increases also, but not in the same ratio; so that the amount of fi^ ZTJ^Z '"" ^"""' "' f '" '---^ -th the weight of tho pL ™s°« t^ o.i^i5r7;h:i.^«i;--^ nu?i w' H I "" "^ "^ •' u 'r ^'^ '"*""«• " *« '«'™'^ ^^^ heavier IT our pure bri^ hogs were weighed at regular intervals and as every pound of meal th^ consumed was carefully weighed, an opportunity was afforded t^t^t fuXX tS^ ^!,ti% "Ji, ""''• " '*''*!"""', "^ *^« '^"'*« " l^^" »«1°^- These rewlS ?« ™ puted from the gams made and the food consumed by 36 hops so that they aCd ^ conclusive evidence^ In computing the average weight. ^ the C frJcdon. rf pounds were omitted, the nearest whole number of pounds being taken in ^ch ca s^.' of differenf^igt- '*"''""* "' '"^ """"'*^ ^" °°'' '"""^ °* ^'"^ ^^ '»•'«• pound!^":;;rpr„j"or;ar'"'* ''°™ '' ^'"•* *« «* '^'^ ''°«' «^--^ ^-^^ 3.75'Zdstr;T^unroftf ^-"'^ «^ ^--^^ - ^^^^ ^-''- •>«- ^^^^^ 4..8'^ilt^rSf XIJdTiat '""^ "'^ ^"''''- *'^ ^^ '-"'^^' ^"^^ -'"'-^ 4-55'rrdVrriTi''undVit '"" ''' ^""^'^ ^^ ''' ^""'^^- ^°^ '^''-'^ ,-«, -T^'! '^'''T^"* «how8 that there is a steady increase in the amount of meal required to produce a pound of gain a« tho ho^s inc^.,^ in wHght a JS -Cng Sr in wefght' ' "' ""''''"' ""^ '' ""^ ''-''' °' " ""'^ '^^°^' *«^ -ch"^ 300e— 3 * M Prof. Henijr. in hia book, ' Feed* and Feeding,' gives the following data, whiob it especially valuable and reliable by reason of the large number of animals fed and reported on; it also agrees with Prof. Day's experiment. The laat column will be found especially inttrciiting to the practical feeder. The food used is valued at $1 per cwt. W.iKlitiir piK^iii 111.. Jl-g; J, \i \'i «-s iil it 5 5 it l^i 1 i i s s ■is id la : il ;« ' C.- I.I in. 4 via. 1 1 Ll«. } Lbi. I Ll«. I.I.H. ill. !!! i5t.) 5i» :i8 ol> t<> ItKJ 78 lIMlKi l."i(l : las IVltd-JH) j 171 2110 tii2."i" I 2-.'tl iTjOt.iIKIO 271 ;(lMiici.t;'>ii . . ... :ij(i !t *» 1 174 2 23 .-> !I5 "11 2!I3 2 'Xi i:! XWt 417 3 ;« 4 .'2 m:i l*KI' « INI in n:i 4!C. 4 7!" 3 7:1 I 10 437 4 37 11 1117 ' 4M!I r. ill 3 13 1 24 4H2 4 M2 12 72 ;«lll ti &7 2 111 13;* 4!W 4 '.If « 4i; 2-'3 7 40 2.74 lUi .ill b 11 ;i lit lii'i 7'. VI 2:i'i 1 4(1 .:o 5 3,% CONDIMENTS OR CORRECTIVES. Hogs that are closely confined and highly fed roquire a corrective of some kinJ to maintain the digestive system in a normal condition of health, and the fatter the pig the greater the necessity. When the digestive organs become clogged with fat, their ability to digest and aasioiilate ii weakened. When a hog is running at large, he does not root up the pasture from pi:/e love of exercise, nor does he do it from innate ctissedness. He roots to obtain something for which his system craves. It is tho craving that causes a confined pig to gnaw and tear at the trough and the sides of the pen. Hogs have been known to tear apart brick walla in order to get at the mor- tar. The cause of this unnatural craving is not well understood. It may be due in part to a lack of ash in the food ; for, as has already been stated, a hog may be get- ting all the grain he can eat and yet be partially starved, because c tin require- ments of the system are insufSciently supplied. It has been attribu by some to the presence of intestinal worms; and by others to some form of ind' ii .a. What- ever may be the part played in the animal economy by these subst^i .,, one thing is clear, that when they are supplied, hogs are heartier, eat better, tt.^ive better, and consequently pay better. Charcoal is probably one of the best correctives; and when it can be readily obtained it will pay to keep a supply in some place (where the hogs can get at it when- ever they wish. The following preparation was used by the late Theodore Louis, one of the most successful hog feeders in tiie United States, and found to be an excellent tonic: — ' Take six bushels of corncob charcoal, or three bushels of common charcoal ; eight pounds of salt ; two quarts of air-slaked lime ; one bushel of wood ashes. Break the charcoal well down th -^ shovel or other implement, and thoroughly mix; then lake one and one-qnarte. pounds of copperas and dissolve it in hot water. With an ordinary watering pot sprinkle this over the whole mass and then again mix thorough- ly. Put this mixutre into the self-feeding boxes, and place where hops of all ages can eat of the contents at pleasure.' The charcoal furnishes the required mineral matter which may han been la^ng in the food, and is also an excellent corrective for digestive troubles, while the cop- peras is a valuable tonic and stomachic. If the charcoal ia hard to gat, iu place ia taken almoat aa well by aoda of earth vit'n ""::, /f ?"'""?•'''•'• '""^'^^ '^ »»'««' » •'>yt»>i"« better r^^,lr.^ v^tablo mould tdten from the wood lot If a .mall quantity be thrown in i^J,^ daily. It li aatoniahin* to aee how much of it the hoif* will eon3«^..7j^ nj^trii'it""' ''-''' "^ "^^ "'^»- '''" "^ • -etenrtirr.r'wrh^„e':'; FEEDIKO ASHES AND BOiNE MEAL. th« ^.ZT*^ bone, rwood fcihea. wft coal, old mortar, rotten wood. &o.. are al«> wnons the .ubetance. uwd and recommended for thi* purpose. I'rof. Uenry reporU .ome TavI u "" "'"^ **"' ^^- ^^** ''«''• •l''''l«l i"'" "■'«■ lots and all wer. mixed with their food at each feedingr. The piga were confined in pen. with accen. to .mall yard, for cxerc*. Theee yar,l. were floored with b.-ard. to prov.nt the ^ from getting at the earth and eating quantities of it. which tho«,. e«pc"i .1 y tlM ^om '84 foSXi." """' °' '""*' """' """'' '"'^ '•"""• '''" '"'-"trills W,l Concerning the resulta of the experiments, Prof. Henry aayg:— 'As the trials progreeaed it became evident that none of the pigs were properly T^' tk"**? ti** difference, in farour of tho«, getting bone meal or a.hes was^. y marked. The picp allowed neither aahes nor bone meal were r. .st painfully dwarfed It was evident that the com meal, .alt and water did not supply all the element. easen lal to building a nomal framework of bone and muscle. These dwarf, became ,Vir° ■ ^ *"** ^"*" °* ■*""* °^ *^^'» "^^''y touched the ground The pigs getting ashes or bone meal grew very well for some time, but towur I the close of the trial they made only fair gains, showing that the nutrient supplied were .till too limited in efaanetar to allow nonnal drndopownt. On slaughter tl„ several lots showed no difference in the proportion of fat to lean, nor wa. there any difference in the size and character of the various internal organs. The bones how- ever, were a most interesting study. The thigh bones of these pigs were broken in a testing machine, with results shown below.' The following table shows results with pigs living on com meal with or without bone meal and hardwood ashes in addition. (Wisconsin station.) When Utne m*"*! wuK fed. Commfal t)-i|iiire'«teiii m( 'ity of the pruduct is of 'iuite eciuol iiiiporiiiiice. I i.iid Irish bncon was ijuoU'd l-"!s. per cwt. iii>;licr Canadian. Thi» liiffcrence ii. price, if it couM farnur about $1.50 per cwt. live w iiflil ino • for 'Tctofori' which, it is m-edless to say, woii'd vi-n I t:.c fi>f 01 ..aal .' yan e Ens n>ii of 1, ltd *' tL- K ' 'i feeiiiiig and uinnugt'n. t In August, 10O5, U <• on the English market .'^i 'i be obtiiinid would net th L. at his hogs than ho ha« bcei. 'voe. considerably enhance hit- |'r>fi, The defect in our ' .iC'' which is ehielly reaponf i i' percentage of soft sidr • . ments. It i« true that ' during the past two or tin . before we can hope to top said to have rcnrhed the farmera. Soft bacon does not necessarily imply fat bacon. A pig may be •' '"k fiit and yet kill out a firm carca.-:<; on the other hand, a thin, underfed pip like thnsi- shown in Fig. 1 is almost sure to bo soft. The terms ' soft ' and ' firm ' refer (n the eondition of tbo fat in a side of bacon when it is taken out of the salt. Sometimce it may be notii>(>d before the bacon goe* into the salt; but frequently sides that were iipparently rirpi when put into the salt will come out decidedly soft. Softness re u*o.| u> finish thrif'y sboats that hnvo had plfnty of exercise iincl ii ration of niixcl gnnu^ iititii they liiivc rruchiHl u live weight of 100 !!(•. :!. PIks thut hiiv . U^tt rai«phort iiUownnee to prt-vt-nt thera 'roni ln'coming too henvy, while hnhiing for improved prl'-.'s .,r liny oilu r reason, tuvve a marked tendency to aot'tness. SimiLir exixriments were conducted in 1901 by J. H. Oriidale, Agriculturist, and F. T. Shutt. rhemist at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, and these corroborate the conclu-« *« best single grain for the production of bacon of he highest quality its value in swine feeding is apparent.' An interesting feature of this experiment was the fact that the barley fed hogs drank nearly twice as much water as those fed on com. Barley is a valuable food for growing hogs, containing all the elements neces- sary to growth, in about the right proportion^.. It should, ho.wevcr be fed verv sparingly to nursing sows; it is safer to avoid ilr altogether because of its tendene'v to induce a feverish condition of the system. This affects the milk and trouble with the litter immediately follows. Cases have been reported where the loss of large numberf of sucking pigs was attributed to the too liberal feeding of barley to the dams, and as soon as the barley was stopped the pigs began to do better. ' WHEAT. Wheat has a very high feeding value, producing gain« quite equal to those obtained from corn. At the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, experiments were conducted to determine the value of frozen wheat from Manitoba in feeding hogs. On hogs aver- aging 61 pounds at the beginning of the experiment and fed until they averaged 166 pounds, 100 pounds of gain was obtained from 428 pounds of wheat fed. It was concluded from this experiment that when hogs are selling at 5 cents per pound live weight, with an allowance of 5 per cent for shrinkage, frozen wheat fed under the least favourable conditions may realiee 48| cents per bushel. At the same price for hogs, frozen wheat fed under favourable condi- tions in quality and age of the hogs, and preparation of the feed, may lealiee prac- tically 73J cents per bushel. Prof. Henry summarizes experiments at four leading American stations aa fol- lows: — ss> •Station. ! AverikKe weight at i IH-Kinning llll.V« of f.-!) llHtll>». 11. Coriitin-al Wheat fell. iiiejtl ftil. Ci iniiiii-ul. Wlitat IllHui. Wluut Kan-^ilH ! Lb*. 1 Lbx. 7<«' 't pre-eminently a fat and hea producing food, and render it quite unsuitable as the basis or main part of a ration andTI'f 'S' -^^ *V'°t be liberally supplemented with foods f Jn ^ ! ^f r' "^ "* ""^"^ ""? '' *'"^'''''°*- ^''''^ ""'"^ ■» *he exact complement Ik V^ I t "'f """f «>"» f'oni three to five pounds of skim milk per day. com may be fed to the extent of about half of the grain ration, with excellent^ul J boA if !rrr 7"" ""'^ ''".""*^ '( ''''^"''*- ^^^ -^ ^"'^ «« ^«" ^^^^ to a weigh? wLn^fh ^"" ^'^ \«°<','^^">"«'^Je f<>"«in«r "tion. and have had enough exercise to keep them m vigorous health, they may be finished on a ration containing a much larger percentage^of com without any bad effect on the quality of the bacon. But If corn 18 made the main pari oi a ration for a young, growing pig, it result, in the production of a stunted, undersized, fine boned, light muscled J^aturelv fat pf^! the carcass of which wUl almost inevitablv cure out soft It is well to remember tha % p g may become fat although insufficiently nourished. A growing pig fed exdu- awat the r™1 '• "T )'"' ""A'"; P'^"''''"^ ^""^ tl*"' »>« miuires. and he sto^ rik^hrbeeJUmpSr'^"' ^ ^""^"^ ''' '''"^^ "" * "''"^^ •'«^- ^'^^ RYK. In its chemical analysis, rye is very similar to barley, although sHghtlv richer m protem. Extensive experiments in Denmark have shown the two iin's to be almost equal in value for swme feeding. But although the ground rye itself has given excellent results both m amount of gam and in the quality of the bacon produced, m^iSiMrfi"^*. '^v^'"i"fv "^'-'T^' ^""^ ""^ middlings, were found to be very prejudicial to the quality of the product. BFOKWHEAT. In experiments conducted at Ottawa buckwheat was found to have a feeding value but little inferior to wheat. This is a much better showing than its chemical analvsi* would lead one to expect. In this experiment 14 hogs were fed, divided into three lots, aa nearly even in quality as possible. 41 Katiim ftnt. I-ot I, (4 lui({«),.. Ijot 2, (."i hogs) Liit;i, (jiiDtTK) 42S llw. t c.f th. tlm.fJMt.. 41(1 lU. -IW l„,(r, ,.,„v,d „„t .„ft ami two Hriii Onf lioK cured out „,|t an,! f,.nr tiriii. a« 8 food for swine! indicate that buckwheat has considerable value BEANS. thatt^^^^t:f'i«srL":^,^,^';i„^^'r. ^ "• ^;i «"^-'' ^°-^ factory gniria. and tlio carcaases were^oft " ''""'' '"^'^*' ''^"^ "'^'"«- of ' «,ft..' o"f course^trdLT;"! ^ "Tr^ed tf 'i^; "f"'" t '"^. '"^^•^°*-^ denco is all against them, and Cana linf, f«rnL; P*^ at any Umo. bnt the evl- dious a market as that for hiJhoTass bacon '""" "^"'^ *" '""'" "'*'' "" '"*•- CLOVKR (COAIMOX RED.) ratioI^^o:1:;f„;;rr:'el^l^w^^z^ ^/^^r °'.'". » ^-^ -^ ^•'^ --^- Animals.' reports an e.^rfmlnt in Th ch hp f J • '" *"" '"^^'"'^^' ^°^'^' ' ^•^'^«»"« eom meal, two quarts Kort'"'!?'^!- P'«f r""*^"*^ ^' P*'""'^'' ^^^^^ ^'th the whole wet with hot Lter and al ol'L ^f '"« "?f *« """h d«y'« «"owance. and feeding. Another lot reclv^' meal n p^L ° ^^^ '""" *^" *° *'^'''^^ ^^o"" ^ton mixture. The lot g^S cTov" l7s'^'lj",^**\"""" ^'^' ''"^ '''»'«'"» the clover and made the steadi«t ia!n« The nL ^ n^ ^'',* "P'^*"''- ^''^ '^*'«""" *»>"«. 120 days, while thoTe haWng le cut ewi"? ""^"l "'^"^ .^^^^ HO pounds each in pounds each, or .TO per c^nt more '^ "'^"^ ^'* *''"'' "'«"' '^"i"*'' 1« satisfayo'^^sSut^TrtrL^r^d^d-i";:^'*''' '•""' '*^»7^ ^'-- » -^ The following figures summarising t"h"e ^S^rimen^: areTn^er^C^^ "'"'^'"'^ ^"^^ Lot of 6 pigs fed on steamed clover and grain- To 6 pigs, average weight 7.1 Ihs. at $4.50 each *27 00 i tons clover at |5 per ton ' « « 1.476 Ihs. meal at 90 cents per owt '. ". '. '. '. ' " j, g^ '^°*-' i^ By 1.085 lbs. of pork at $6 per cwt. ... »»k in Profit on lot '••^12 Pr,-,flt per pig ■■..■■.;■..■ ^l'^. Cost to produce 100 Ihs. porit. . , '.."..".."," g m 41 Ix>t of 6 piga fed on grain and milk — To pifLcti, average weight 46 Iba. at $3 eauh $18 00 1,94<, Iba. skim milk at 16 cts. per cwt 3 01 2,003 lbs. meal at 90 eta. per cwt 18 03 Total $38 04 By 1,162 lbs. pork at $6 per cwt $<>9 12 Profit on lota 3108 Profit per pig 6 18 Coat to produce 100 lbs. pork 2 28 ALFALFA. Alfalfa aecma to be even more acceptable to pigs than the red clover. In a pas- ture in which the two clovera are mixed, the pigs will eat the alfalfa bare to the ground before touching the other. It is important, therefore, that an alfalfa pasture be not overstocked, as this plant will not stand close cropping. At the Kansas station, alfalfa hay has been found a very profitable addition to the winter ration for fattening hogs. The hay used was of first-class quality, and was fed whole, as an adjunct to com. It was given freely so that the pigs ate only the leaves and finer portions, rejecting the coarser stems, wliich, although charged against tlfe hogs, were used as bedding. It was found that the hogs getting alfalfa hay in addition to their grain, consumed more feed but made much more rapid and economical gains. The hogs receif ing alfalfa hay in addition to com made an aver- lage gain of 90 '9 lbs. in 9 weeks, while those getting oom alone gained only 68*4 lbs. The gains per bushel of feed were as follows : — One bushel com and 7*83 lbs. alfalfa hay produced 10-^ lbs. gain. One bushel com alone produced 7*48 " At the Utah station alfalfa hay was fed in addition to a full grain ration of chopped wheat and bran, and the hogs thus fed consumed mote grain, and made much larger and more economical gains than those fed on grain alone. These results, as nrell as others that might be quoted, if space would permit, indicate that alfalfa has a feeding value in addition to the actual nutrients contained. It stimulates the appetite, aids digestion, and improves the general health and liirift of the animal. It has been shown that anything that will contribute to this i«ralt will at the same time tend to the production of firm bacon. Tiie most profitable results at all stations were obtained by feeding all the grain the pigs would eat in addition to the alfalfa. Larger gains for a given quantity of feed consumed were obtained by feeding a limited grain ration and compelling th<« pigs to eat more of th'- alfalfa, but much more rapid gains and better general thrift of the pigs getting a lull grain ration in addition to the alfalfa was found to yield a large net profit, ^nd to be more satisfactory in every way. The alfalfa was fed dry, eitlier whole or cut into chaff, and separate from the meal. Better results are obtained in this iway than by mixing with the meal and thus forcing the pigs to consume an undue amount of it RAPE. An things considered, rape is perhaps the most valuable crop for summer rough- age. Hogs soon become very fond of it, and if the rape is supplemented wit^ a liberal grain ration, they will make very cheap and satisfactory gains. Like all other bulky forage crops its only value is as a supplement to a grrain ration; hogs will not make satisfactory grains on rape pasture alone. 48 59 lbs. The aver^ da^Tygai. without rar-T^^^ "n "^^ '7"' ''^^ ^'^^ ''"'"^ hurdled on rape 420 Z. Th corL ^ht^dr: TT T ^^ 'f '**- ''^ *^ '»* without rapb )is;5.;jr,. Prof rarh 1 . ^„,,, I ^ "^ «*'" ^'*** "'* '"« ^2.73. appetites, and nmkecorr^nondSi V TV "^^^ "" "'""" "^"^'y- ''"^-^ ^^'^^ conjunction with a gra'^^t^on tLrrr"" ^T ^''''^" P'«'\"''«l o" '"Pe Paature in B.tis^tor.v and fJ^^^ ^i^i;:z:tT^z:^' ^"'^- ^^ "'^ --' consisting of two-thirds com and one^hirdThoi ' "' " '^"° ""*"" ROOTS. to del™in"^h:^S:eT^:t/rhr'f^^ ""•'•""'^ «« ^^^^^^^^ - i»«i Orou|iH. Ejtperii.itiit A - (imup I - .-, hfigs ; hnrl.y and mi l.tlinirs „ "I' Group ,., . "K» : «irn and iiiicldlinKn I V— o hogs ; corn, niiddlinK" and nioU. Total j Av«ra(re 'J'eiglit, i daily ifnin May 7. j {^.r hiiif. Dm. tiTO .H40 !H0 i.oat 11*. 63!t «77 "ST S-'\:~E iff "-^^^^^^^^ them better and eat them more readily. Sugar beets have an additional advantage in that they are better keepers than either mangck or turnips, and will tfaua furnish a supply of succulent food during the month of May and the early part of June, when not much else is available. POTATOES. Prof. Henry, of the Wisconain station, fed cooked potatoes with com meal to ono lot of pigs and a full corn meal ration to a oorreaponding lot, and found that 440 Iba. of corn meal fed alone produced 100 lbs. of gain, and that 262 lbs. of com meal together with 744 lbs. of cooked potatoea produced the same gain. Thus 441 lbs. of potatoes effected a saving of 100 lbs. of com meal. If potatoes were fed in conjunction with, »ay, pea meal or some other substance rich in muscle forming elements they would probably make a better showing. Corn is relatively poor in muscle formers and rich in fat and heat producing elements, and potatoes are doubly so. To add potatoes, therefore, to a corn meal ration is t,i intensify the evil by widening a nutritive ratio that is already too wide. The Danes found 400 lbs. of potatoes cooked and fed with skim milk pqvial to 100 lbs. of grain fed with a similar quantity of skim milk, nnd found that the quality ->f the pork produced from potatoes and skim milk was excollent. Potatoes should in all cases be cooked for pigs. If fed raw they nre very hard to digest and of comparatively small fording vnluo. The water in which they are boiled should be poured off, as ! . contains substances prejudicial to health. The feeding value of potatoes consists almost wholly in the large amount of starch that they con- tain. They are therefore an extremely one-sided food, and should be stippleraentad with some food stuff rich in muscle formers. For this purpose nothing is better than pea meal, and if some skim milk or buttermilk can be added to the ration, very satisfactory results will be obtained. DAIRY BY-PRODUCTS. So valuable are the by-products of the dairy, viz.: skim milk, buttermilk and whey, that they are regarded by many farmers as indispensable in the rearing of young pigs, and it must be acknowledged that, although many feeders are rearing hoga profitably without these foods, much better and cheaper results are possible iwhen a limited amount of milk can be added to the ration. This is especially tme in the case of pigs only recently weaned. Milk, being rich in ash and protein, is peculiarly adapted to the building up of the musclea and bony framework of growing animals. Better results are obtained from skim milk or buttermilk when fed in conjunction with some cereal rich in starch, such as com or barley, than when fed with other meals too rich in protein, such as gluten meal or pea meal. At the Cornell station cheaper gains were obtained from com meal at $14 per ton than from gluten meal at $18 per ton wh^ each was fed in conjunction iwith skim milk. It has also been found that milk is most valuable when fed in small quantities, vi«.. from 3 to 6 lbs. of milk for each pound of grain fed. Prof. Robertson found that: — When feeding 2 lbs. of milk per head per day, 168 lbs. of milk effected a saving of 100 lbs. grain. When feeding 3 lbs. milk per head per day 323 lbs. milk effected a saving of 100 lbs. grain. When feeding 5 4 lbs. milk per head per day, 633 lbs. milk effected a saving of 100 lbs. grain. When feeding 16 7 Ibe. milk per head per day, 784 lbs. milk effected a saving of 10( , ?rain. When feeding 17*1 lbs. milk per head per day, 882 lbs, milk effected a saving of 100 lbs. grain. .ki J.'ik !::i"foJ L'Tar"' "''' '"" ' *" ' ""• *''"-*°' •>'"" -"•- «2^ '»'- Average of all, 642 lbs. skim milk equals 100 lbs. meal, di Jen^^Zmiiresr-' "''" '"' '" •"'"•'""'"°» ^^^ -^ «» -'^-^ prices and in V i!up of corn jier ton. Value of skim milk per 100 ll«. when f«l i„ tl„. f„l|„wi„^ ,,,u,ntiti.. 1 t« a Ib^to 1 11,. at.,:, IbH. to 1 11,. :-i u, 7 ll«. to 1 11,. , . ,. „ «:o"i- • corn. corn ^ '" " "'» ' • 1 !'<• ' <16.0O <2r>.on.. •24.(IU 24c SUc. 36c. 17. He. 22 Oe 2fi.4c. 14 ()c, 17. 4t. 20. Cc 14 .V'. \Xi"- with Rrain^ation'^prf^n"'^-'''^''/'^''*"^/'''"*' ^'''"" ^"^^ '" conjunction with a liberal S-a n from 760^^800 r '°;'\^ '^"2 ^^'" ^'"^'''^ "»""■* ^ lbs. of whey to 1 Ih. of r^loJ^*" 'esulte of experiments conducted at Guelph and at Vermont to test the re «t.ve values of sweet skim milk nnd whey «s eop.p,red with the snmn feeds suLhtly sour seem to indicate that a little better result- .re obtained by souriS b»ni -T^ T" *^"*i^^ ''"^ '•*^"'*''"^ ^^"^ •'' "'i''' fermentation of milk have a mifk and^u "lirr' '^r>- 'V""^'"*^- "''^^ """" ^^•"' « compensation for the however not^ l^lZ i'""'' ^ P'""'"'" "^ ^-nnentation. Oar^ mu.t he taken. in IS T M ^i! fermentation to proceed too far. If the barrels or tanks fer^S wilTbe? "J''V 'T -"^ «""--' ^ '-<«™« »ff«"»!-ly foul, deleterious ferments will be formed and pood result*, cannot reaseiaWy he expected. M FEEDING SKIM MILK. An inveBtigation of the niethoda of prmotioal awine raiaera in feeding skim milk to hugx hag revealed valuable leaaona upon the aubjeot Many of the moit raooMaful hoK raiaera feud their yotauK pig* very largely upon akim milk, adding to it a email pniportioD of shorU or finely ground oats or barley with the ooarae bulla remored. For three or four weeka after the piga are weaned, at aeTen to eight weeks old, akim milk is fo.lded the farm, in go^ feeding SS Z^W h ' 1^ '*'.*''* ^"""•- ^''y- ^ "•»»' at the factory; that «e^S fr^.^nH \T^^, ""^ **""" ""^ «' •*«"«» tank, t-nk. which*^. en.pt^rdll?J"onXLarda;r- ''""' '"""'"* '"^ '^^ hrnvvor. to givo a lirfUgra n ™U^..^n^ ° •'™- ^* '" """'"^ P-'ferred. thP hog, are «,14 ° " ''^"' »"<"••«"»« it a. judgment dictntee. until 'ro.t/ZX1:1:7fZ'^^J,^^7a:''^Z'^ ^- ^rij^or^ or «„e,y the ration until the hogg weigh abo^t8o\v«f„'A.*r^ fv™" *•"* **•* *''*'» P"t of oaf, with the coar^t'^f To hulb :^Lo.<^?^;^^^^^^ ^Y^' -™ -nd farmew in Ontan. .ell from tMO Tto^ 11 T I ^*"^ h'mdred-acre dairy comparatively little ^ru^^TtZeTtrj^L-^ ^^"^ """^""^ ""'* P""''"-^ with the rwult that Aeir lanTi. l^"-r ""'^""'"y "." ^»'^ i" -t* raw «tato. enable, them to ke^ mo« n<>t«d The water should be auppiied in a separate trough, or. better still, hy means of a drinking fountain attached to a barrel. In bulletin No, 33 of the Central Fxperimental Farm. .T. H. Orisdale. Agricul- turist, sums up a series of experiments^ in the following taMe. which contains some 40 K»I"Tinifnt K™-.|. How |ir<'|un'brt • jnMmrl, «.N,k«| .(4i|,r, \Uiiil.-, dry liniiiiid, dry htm. m H. H7 KM VM llk-i IIM II!. Ill) II!) II!) Ill) nil 7ti 7)1 73 »7 'lii I '■» wi I m I iif 117 Mm. .'Mi 4.Vj Itl I.Vi 4)11) <)i7 ;«)7 a)7 Mm. MS 41 »« :i7i> :iiii> of nearly 8 per ct>nt («« exp* 4 and 6) '""^ '^""*'' '» " '«« ^..pin?L°o;i!„^r.t'rTi;:'::lt'^°^^ ij-^ -^-^ the „«., wd barley meal i«,aked consumed 4S«7fI ^/ • P'** ^"'"» " '»''"" o' wheat Kettin^ ,he same ration Tld a 1 ^oM^";," T '""JoV •^•"- '^''''« '»«"« At the Indiana -.tation" foTL« of L1^ (""" ^''^ '^•- <*' '^''•" f«J-+ J-ot No. 1 received the meal dry Lot No. 4 rSrSthe ^e^' Te^j;? ^''^ .'*" "-» -«'rf>t of water. ^ In addition each lof SL^anlh^.ti^^^^^^^^ "^ --• L..r. Ration. Daily gain, 11... Poundn i)f tfraiii i«.n«iiiiifct |wr ino IIm. iif (fttin. -Mfiil, drv Mp»I »nil water i ■ I 1-2. < " IS. H :c>it t! 1 3K)> i .174 4^ ' ICJ Avcraginir the rwults of lot* 2 3 anrJ 4 «„-) »oak>ng^ resulted in a lo« „f ne^ly- 6 ^r It '^"'"P"""^ ''>'•' 'ot '. we find that pea« which, if soaked until thoy arTsoff L?^ fJ exception i., in thr- case of results. Some ^o..,! f.odo« pfvT their nla^^ '"' ^''t "'*'' ^''^ ^atisfacto^ and allow the pi,, to thn.h'them forTml^^ T l'""' f, »-"'. ■"" ^he .rrZ able to discover no experimental work hn. Wn ^' . I "" ^'"^ ''"*^' ^J^-" Wn this ..thod of feeding peas. hut. if the triTi/r; fJT'"'' *'"' "^""-"y «' than for beddin,,. the practice has n,«ch to Inl /r^'x ^"' ""^ "*'"''■ P'"Tk>«. ch«|^ which the hoir. appear to reliTh ver^ m^h nn^ ' \ ^V'"*^'»«' «" a,rreeaWe '.BhH that anything which contributes to the P^aS"^. of «' ^" T.!!""" «*«''- increases the activities of the digestive J^l^ T - '" '"""'^' ^"« '««««« R«in slowly and mastication is t^X^S^'tW-.T T '^"^"'^ *" ««* ^ '""'••bgh: they are induced to take 89W^-4 Agricultural CoIl*g.. •0 more PMrcia«. and there if ■ eonaidcrable ••vinf of ezpenae for thrBshinc and grind- ing. COOKING. The adviaabilitj of cooking or ataaming food for awine waa for many yean the vubject of much oontroTersy; many of the moat aucoeaaful feeder* botli in Canada and iu the United Sutea held widely different opinion, and differed quite oi widely in their practice. During the past decade, howerer, the proocM, unleaa in the caae of potatoes, kaa fallen very largely into diauae. It haa been pretty concluaively proven that, unleaa under exceptional circumatanoea, better reaulta are obtained fr>m ii KtTrMi amount of grain or noota given raw than from a aimilar amount after it haa been oooked. It waa formerly believed, and ia atill by many feederp, that the proceM of cooking increaaea the digestibility of tb« food; but it haa been ahown that as a rule the con- trary ia tri especially in the caae of food rich in protein. Eztenaive ezperimenta conducted buth in Oermany and in America have been remarkably uniform in their reaulta, and unite to ahow that protein ia leaa digeatible after expoaure to high tem- perature. The digestibility of atardi ia to aoma extent iucreaM^d by cooking, and for thia reaaon potatoes should always be oooked for hog feeding. It must be conceded that some feed stuffs such as turnips and pumpkins are made much more acceptable to pigs by cooking, and will therefore in aome caaea irive better reaulta cooked than raw ; there is alao some advantage in giving feed warm during ecld weather, but both Oerman and American inveatigatora are practically unanimous in condemning the practice of cooking feeds, other than potatoea, that are palatable in their raw atate. because it reduces the digestibility of the protein ; a loaa for which, in the absence of any increased palatability, it offers no oompenaating advantages. It ia now generally conceded by thoae who have given the feeding of potatoea a fair atndy, that these tubers fed raw have very little nutritive value, but when cooked they are worth about one-quarter aa much oa mixed grains. FEEDING EXPERIMENTS. At the Kanaaa atation, Prof. Shelton fed two lota of pigs on oooked com and uncooked com respectively for 90 days. The lot on oooked com made an average gain per hog of 104 lbs. during that period, while the lot on raw com made an average gain of 151 lbs. ; the lot fed on cooked com consumed 750 Ihe. of grain per 100 lbs. of jraiq, while the lot receiving uncooked com consumed only 680 Iba. of grain per 100 Iba. of increase. These figuwa show a loss of nearly 80 per cent l^ cooking. These were very heavy pigs at the commencement of the experiment, which accounts for the unusually large amounts of grain consumed in both cases per 100 Iba. of gain. The lowB station compared dry com meal with cooked com meal for a period of four months, ^with the following reaulta: — The lot on dry com meal made an average gain of 202 Iba., while the average gain on floohed mail wm only 14t Iba. The food consumed per 100 lbs of gain was 4J7 lbs. of dry meal aa compared with 692 Iba. of cookej meal. Here waa a loss of nearly 40 per cent by cooking. Raw and cooked peas were compared at the Ontario Agricultural College in two experiments. Averaging the two experiments, 100 lbs. of gain was obtained from 482 lbs. of raw peas, and from 497 n». of cooked peas. Experiments were conducted for nine sueoaasive years at the Ifaine station, in which, without a aingle exception, bttter reaulta were obtained from the uncooked ginins. Similar resnlte were obtained st Wisconsin, Ohio and other stations; all of which go to ahow that the cooking of grain resuHa in a loaa in feeding value in addi- tion to tlie expense of labour and of oooking. SI WHOLE GRAIN VS. MEAI. whicK.T.-'Z^t t'nf irtL" ^^i -^ ^V„ .peHn..„u , ««, 4. in r-ulr^ in , ^,.„, „, . littte'oA, W .Trn":^/?* ?' '''• experiment, .rrindln, which the. piB* weighed over 100 Ib^ ,t the^l '" «I»ri,r,.„ta 7 .„d 8. in «T«.,. Mv„.| by grinding ».. waLlTS ' ^!?'^*"'*™*'?' °' '^ experiment, th.- the grain w« «,«ke,J in both J^'th. S!vir\ ^'' !"«»*" "«'"•• « -nd «. in which cent It will be n-.ioed th.t iT^J^mZ7l InTT^- ^' ^l'^"^ ""' •»>""' ^ P" o. e,.rim..^ li:!;-rSr ^S -I- - 1-;^^;^ . -e. Avpr. »t. «t l> •iriniiiiiK INi r ct-nt ■ari'd imt Innt. IH!»7. IHflK. ItKM.. 1«» vm . 1M13 t'.WJ . w 10 M « 1» u it • 6 < 211 I'D) IH& ItH 188 1» 148 71 MO 133 ^ 'iwvwil.ypmJi,,^,. 17. B ,, 1 1, (I ''■""-'•'')• >frii„lii,«. ;• I savxl V grimliiii,. 15 «»:,v«i hy (frinding. •"'""' ''.V (flilldJMlf. ZXI.— COMPOSITION OF THE LEADIHO FOODS USED IN SWINE FEEDING. Thp Rubjoiiiod tiible of roiniiotiitidii of fou-»1 liarLy Oalit 1 : 8 1 : 8 1 : « Ry !•.•«» Kiickw h.-al 1 ; 7 1 . 3 \Vli.-,it Whfat liroii Whi'at ini.UII Lin»»il im-al ('li)\fr (itrtfii Alfalfa Kh|». nifx 1 IH» (micnut). . . 1 : 7 1 : 4 1 : S 1 ; 1 I : « 1 « 1 « 1 : • Mhiii^'Ih 1 5 1 9 AriH'hiik™ . IVitatiH'N . Hkiininilk 1 9 1 ; 18 1 2 Hiitt'Tiiiilk \Vli...v . 1 ; 2 1 • " 1 . 1 EXPLANATION OF TEBHS USED. Asn. Ash includes all the mineral constituents of tho fiol. wbii-li cmsist mninly of carbonotw and phosphates of potnsh, lime, magnesia «nd soda. In animal nutri- tion th<»e mineral constituents of the food are essenti.-il to the nourishment and growth of the bony framework. Tlone formation cannot take place in the absence of phosphoric acid and lime, hencp the great importance of ash in the food of young, growing animals. The well known vahie of such foods as milk, oats and bran in fhe f'=pding of ynong sU-.rk may he quit*- larrely attrjhntrd in thHr riehness In ssJ>. n PKOTEIN. Protein iucludes al' the nitrogenous compounds ..f tl.c raUon \ well knuw,. example of almoat pure protein i. found in tlie white of an egg Protein is Leo.v •uch a. the tendon, and ligamenU. the hoof., riein. hair. &c. It ta therefore not onU important ba e^ential that the food of growing animaU in ^aVucuTar contain, a «e aL!^^ ^hl 1^^ ♦ '*'/ ^"."""/r °* "in'il" compounds in the l>odyTthoy «e aJ*, uaed in the production of animal heat, or energy, and in the formation of fat CARBOHYDRATES. .»,;„?'"'*' |^» •'««4°* '" in^uped a numb«-r of substaupos, the mo.t important of to lirT T^:"- '"• '-'T *•"*. i"*'"'"'""^ -'^'' •"-" ""'- compound Sy a i^ It wa. for a long time believed by animal chomiat, that thi. wa. ihoir only funoti^ FAT. Fat also includes, with the -egeteble fats and oil., a t,u„,b.r of oth.r s„l, •tances very ..m.lar to the fat. in their gennral character Th^ sub. Un^ Lml ^n..W / ; .u ) , " ?^''**''" ^''"* " " •"•"' ""•' '"'•'•^ prorlnprr thn., ,my other Z . the o^ariS^vZ'; »"'»,« «-!i,7«lt°»- -bout 2j timos L valnnbic for X Jur r^e Mv i^anfr.W t .'• '"""''^ ♦»"" ''°"«' -' •»"' vegetabl. fats are deposL-d d^tlom "^ ""^ considerable changr- during tho proce« of NUTRITIVE RATIO. Hi^^M***" K™1 *! ""^'"^ *.''", proportion of digestible protein compared with fl„. dig.;«t.Mo cnrbonhydrate« and fat. The fat is ,„„ltipliod by '.'-4 to .letonnino L S, to 77-(S !?J "'"'♦.'P''«^,^y 2-4 «nd added to the .arbobydrntes bri,,^ ,1,.. b,„or u 7^.f» i^' "^"/^ **"" "'"*"•" ♦" ♦'"" oarbohydrstf,. therefore, i. as 7 :» t« 77-02.or as 1 » to 0-7. or praoficnliy 1:10. ■«..'» This i. regarded as a wide nutritive ratio, while 1-3. as i„ the ,.«,r of pens is spoken of as a narrow nutritiv,. ratio, ,\ l.„l„,„od ration is one eo„taining ToTein (flerf. former) and carbon hydra,,, rheat and fat former,) in just the n>ht p^r thT. 1 TJ:" ';^n.nr.n,ent. of ,ho animal to which it i., f^nl. It will thus heTen that a balanced ration cannot be cnleulated with matbematieal exactness and that i" Tn ma7diff I f T "' T'"'"' '" "^"'' " '■" '"'' '^'^ -n-iremonts of n ^ow n. animal differ from tW of a mature animal; therefore, „ balanced rnfion for the one would not be a 'alaneed ration for the ntbor. Tt may be laid down as . "afe nde »oun,( ,n prmcip,. and borne out by the experience of the bes, feeder.^ that a fnirlv narrow ration (say 1 -.n will ^ive the b.*t results with prowin^ stock. whiV a vi r ration ri.7. not e,c^.l.:n. 1 •,«) i, ^„^ .c-.nan.i.al f... „.„tur,.. fationin^ anim.i. 54 XIII— OESTATIOir TABLE. 1 he jieriod of gestation in swine is almost invMiably 112 days, or 16 weeks. Occasionally an old sow will carry her litter for one or two days longer, and sometimes a spuiiK sow will farrow a few days earlier, but as a rule they are lemuriubly regular fm gestation. The follo(\vin(r tsble is calculated on the basis of 112 days and is conTenicnt for reference. Th) .infi J •pamiV r- '.H*|KK 3 'Muljvj a j _>, ! 1 •< -.miuasj oj aiy^ '-. j p^nv i ■«oaj«4 .n.m,| 7. •P-WK •MOAW.4 m rfiif, £ ■? ■|Mi«iv S ?' ?! S Ifi S h ?i S 9 5 a" *"«'*'«';>~x«»o — wrj'^intci.x C! - - - ------ ---M»>Ji>5«!HSlRS?iff — «« fiSai.X - - — — — — ---«?iM*l?i(H JiNfijiS?: ►- — — — — — „_„„„fj — ««"rit;wi,r 9i c — «nf«-rt-«r. e— «»>»>ftff^», ^ "" — — — — — — — — — ?Sm?im s« XIV.— THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE CANADIAN BACON INDUSTRY. While each of the provinces of Canada contributes hojw to the bacon industry, from 76 to 85 \ier amt of the annual pack enmt« from Ontario farms. The hofrs raised in Quclwc up to quite recently have been consumed largely within the province. An effort has been mnrle by the Dominiini Department of Aijriculture to improve and increaHe the hog stock of Quebec by introducing, by a system of auction sales, hogs suitable to the requirements of the eiport trade. In the maritime provinces the raising of hogs is not as extensively carrio-rij under heavier delivery, we have t^ bu^^k ,t K ™°'"^ *''"" "' » '•'•' P«"«>d. During the put two aeanol^, f^ , f . ' ^""'""* *"*** "««'«»• not hed mdficient hog. of al .on to kt^ tt" ''^•**^° *^« Packing houses have full c,«it,. Thk is attribu^ t^ rt.7,^wn '""''' *"!"* "' •'^»'« -i'''^' "'eir »o«eth.r with . Karcity of fa^het P'<«Per'ty of the farming claa.. p.n^ J^rr:.lrk;nh:frt;^'rr :ss" ^^7 ^- * ^''••-^ - «>« I-ck of grain, oftener throuKh fe«° of t.kr„.^ *'*'*"'t""°- ^'^^'^^^ from •uch condition, or at .uch wLht/ that 1L« 'J-T'* *"j**" l"*"' *««" ^«« "oW "' light or unfinished product TbTilull ? ■ ^' ^**^^. ''"'^«'«* '"»» » ""rf^t of a. hog. in that pmSe .;« iLi «ttr fint.h^'^"*..'^ pronounced in Ontario, province of Quebec, where too lUtlelil"'^"^:*^. "°'' ""*" '" '^ ""''' *•"» '«» *« l«ted in an unfinid.ed condition ^ " '" *~''"' **^ """^ »>'>8» «re mar- .u^tMreTrnl^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ .-nually. i, gukr supply and a failure in mlZ se^tioM^o m J^ woaknease. .re the irre- not producing the type of hog c'dlS^fo, t?.""*^'*^* '«!""••«'•»«'• of the trade by ovr»me by a closer atudy of t^e quesUon J,*"^. ' ''S^" '^ ^'^f^'dinK «upply may be . htten. and the cheaper pr^uction of S, „» n P'"''"'^''"" of "winter and spring .rrowing hog. and b^h^TBt^k Jn a dSe In '*""'"',■ ^^^ ^»"»*"' '**" ^^ hi, is not going to continue t^raS p^rk foIXT "" ?." "^r^' "*'='"*"'' ^'''' "^ ^»i" He muat uw green crop., ^u Sire bv^l T" '''."* u' "'""'°' '"''''« '' P'«fi»'«l'l-- Wimahi in .uch a way SktT've^^f i^?^"^ ■ut"'^"'. '*^"^' ""'^ <=«"> ^o' ^i. The most urgeni need of ThT hf • "" '^ "**''**' ^■''"" *''« ^ood given, ^gotten of the berfthXa,>n;rar'o^^^^^^^ i". a e'^^^dy- P«>rM«te„t support right lines. If this is done tl, .V^lC„r ''Tr '''"^^P'^* '^^*" P"""«^ alo"« cu« of distance from Set and ZT j^*'^''"'* for Canadian baeon. «* Canadian bacon has n". u7to ,he P^ntTil iT/" — ^-^ly mild-cured article, or Danish brand., whieh are wiihinT^ul ^f J °" T? *"""" ^'"^ '^^ ^''' !""»• improved c^ld storage facilUiron stLTht f 1"^! "/ .'h'' -""rket. How-.v-r. with price between Canadian andThe mo^nX V "' ""'T'' P"'*"- ♦''" •^'ff'""'"" '« overcome, and the HnestciiTnTsTat^X^"^^^^^ '^ '"•"'^"""•V »«■!..» in Britain. Our bueon o.vupi^ « JsU of T' "^ u n'^ ""^ '"'' '''"" "*"'' ^"^ l""••'•• than Amerinan and with7t«TZiLTl T f:••"^t'' '"»f^ P«>- h,„,.|ro.l.,v..i«ht Utt-r be the bacon of the p.'.prinrst fhH "^ ^"u "'" ^■"''^'''^' •"'-"■'" ^- '' ^^-^M of the people of OreatHitai T .at U rM"' »^V. f^-id'"" ^J— i« the clux^s.. be. on the part of the fan. er ' porSstent „?!•''''' •"'" " ^'♦'"". ''"« *i"' '!'<*> .-.nditi,.,.., thoy BriUin .nd otln-r LurwtZkL [7^ de,.rnb o a.wl valuable tn..!., will. Cr.-.a tho«,^ho pen.ist in rail ^ hZ sl,!;;„l 'T " ^"^' """'"■^^ "" ""^ ""'"' '"'"-'• either too fa. or t.K, .hi,..\t veTX .'veK- T '^""" ':'"■''",'' '''■^'^•'"•' "' ^'-"' mu^e p^,.., . ca„.z:t;-i;,-'x^:!i-'s:^^^:^S 63 tu du thoir part iti \\>c careful curing and marketing of the product ai will ntealt'^ build up iu reputation for quality uud uniforiuity, that its position in relatioil *■ other brandii on the English market may be gradually improved. If, in addidif-^ rclntiona of eonfidciu'c are maintained between packer and farmer, through opgn oi^ ing and intelligent co-ojieration in the common problem, there is no ronson why Ci^*« dian bacon should not become, like Canadian ciieese, a prime iieceosity to the Br consumer. 3 3286 07560142 3" ''•. .. M *'i