IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // (/ C^> !!I.O I.I 1.25 !f IM IIIIM " I— ill 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.6 - 6' 'e,. ^^S'^^ \ "^^ ? Photographic Corporation » Jv 4V ^ O \ >* Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes tachniquas at bibiiographiquas The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ n □ D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur r~n Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculde I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que blaue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli^ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou da la distorsion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans lo texta, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti film^es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires: Tlw toti L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a iti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithoda normale de filmage sent indiquAs ci-dessous. r~'| Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages dumaged/ Pages endommagdes D v/ n Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolor^es, tachet^es ou piquees The pos oft film Ori( beg th« slor oth( first sior or II □ Pages detached/ Pages d^tach^es SShowthrough/ Transparence r~1 Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du matiriel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible The sha TIN whi Mai diff enti beg rigt reqi mei Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc.. cnt it6 filmies A nouveau de facon A obtenir le meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmA au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X I8X 22X 12X 16X 20X 26X y 30X ] 24X 28X 32X itails ( du odifier une mage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering th » condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire f ilm6 f ut reproduit grAce d la g4n4rosit6 de: La bibliothdque des Archives pubiiques du Canada Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec ie plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6. et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couvertjre en papier est imprimie sont filmAs en commenpant par Ie premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par Ie second plat, salon Ie cas. Tcius les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiim^s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par ia dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte, The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque misrofiche, selon ie cas: Ie symbols — ► signifi6 "A SUIVRE", Ie symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as requirect. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre fiim6s A des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6. il est fiim6 d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. rrata to pelure, n ^ n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 {Alt ftyhis reserved) ADVANCE PROOF— (SHliject to revisioti). This Proof l« sent to you for discussion only, and on the express understanding that ti is not to be used for ai/ otlie.' purpose :whatSOeVer.—(*' S":- 40 of tlu Constitution.) resenl form of i;ov<'rnnienf, irreat and mar- vellous cliauges have been eflVcted. The present municipal control is vested in a "muuicipai council ; " it is expected that at the next meet- ing of the Legislature, a proper form of civic goveinmcnt will be granted to the; city. Wiien th's is cffecied its influence on the good of the city will be rapidly felt. That portion of the town siti' which slopes towards the harbour was in the early days intersected by a number of natural waters, tw( Ivc or four- teen in all, which were ascd for a long time for culinary and dietetic pur- poses. With the gradual growth of the po]iulitii'n, these water courstw were turned into drains or storm-water courses, and in the ordinary course of events they became sewers, discharging into the harbour. WATER SUPPLY. The first efl'ort to obtain wattr supply was made about 1860, when water wp i brought i'lom a small lake situated at the hill commiinding the entrance to the harbour, called " Signal Hill." The lake is 300 feet above the sea level. A small distribution wasiuadc along Water street, on which tiic pipes still remain, 8upi)lying water from the present systom under a pressure of 100 lbs. In 1858, the present system was laid out by Messrs. Robson, Fore, man and McCall of Glas-gow. The water is brought from Windsor Lake, 4-J miles northwest of the city. The surface of the lake is 500 feet above the tide water ; it has a surface area of 1370 acres. The grade for t'le first mile is very flat, eonipared to the rest, particularly to the last 2J miles, where the fall is 27". feet. The supply of water was not satisfactory, and the Company who originally constructed the work consulted Messrs. Kinipple and ilorris in 1873. Then Jlr. Morris came to Newfcmndhind and made exhaust ive resi'arclies, which were presented in a full and carefully detailed report. The pipe as originally laid was 16 ins. diameter for its entire length. Mr. Morris found, as would be expected, that the ]iortion nearest he lake was iiicapable of supplying to its full capacity the pipe nearest the town. He also found a remark- able ar d unnecosary waste of water going on : in some houses in the lowest lying parts, wheie pressure was greati^st, there were no fixtures on the pipes, only a bent end, with the water flowing at the full bore. After making many practical suggestions us to prevention of water waste, he advised eertai;; alterations on the sizes of the pipes, which were carried out. t\. 24 ' "h supplanted the IG in. for 903 yards from the lake, two double !' ncli stretched for 1490 yards turther, and tlie single 16 inch remained for tlie balance of the distance. This arrangement worked well for some time, though it did not give entire satisfaction. In 1883 Air. Joiin Martin, M. Am. W. W. Assoc, added a 12 inch pipe to the end of the double ItJ, for a distance of 1188 yards, bringing it to the head of the heavy grade next the city. This addition now balances the relative discliaiging capacities of the grades, and keeps the single 16 inch full. The daily flow is now close on 5,000,000 gallons (Imperial) jier day. In spite oi' these gradual approches to the full capacity of the pipe, the supj)ly was unsatisfactory, as the ui)per j)ait ol' the city had very poor supply and low pressure, and during winter was without water. The writer has just tinislied an examination into the causes of the dearth of water ill the higher levels. Ilejfiuds that an undw^imount of water is run to waste in wintc'r through constant flowing taps in the lowest levels ; ihateeonoiuy in the u.'^e oi' water is not practised in winter ; and tliat the main supplying " Water street " robs the other streets, the water having to rise to the upper levels etiiefly from this low level of Water street. Observations taken with a pressure gauge have agreed closely with calculated pressures. The alterations recommended by the writer will probably be eariied out next year, wlien all the trouble, it is Imped, will pass awiiy. The pipes are of cast iron, with turned and bored joints ; they have 2 boon imported from Scotlund till livtoly, wlu>n ttioy wort' fast in the city. ThoHc madi' in city won' ciist oii tlicir sidt^s. A f-liort di-tuiicc of the supply miiin was laid with leaded joint*. The Mi|M,inteiident informed the writer lie found the idiMn^e of lemperatiire in the water afFreted the leadetl joints, iiud that they began to leak alter two yenrs, and had to be attended to every second year. The turned and bored joints had ncv('r jriven him any trouble. Thin seeniH to be an unusual expei ience, IIouMC services are of lead, stop cock boxes are of east iron, placed over the valve, close to the main, and not in the service on i he sidewalk. Fire hydrants are of the Leadbetter pattern, whicii was the first one used here; it has hee'i ad'ipU^d ever since. Public fountains are scattered over the city ; ihey an; constant flow- iiitr, (liseharjiioi; fioni two to i'mir and in a few oases more i^allons per minute. Selfaeting and elosing valves /ire now being attached to the fountains. Tliere are about: 9^ miles (d'maius. 2(10(1 house si'rviccs. 165 tire hydr.ints. 70 public fountains. The quality of the water is }j;ood, soft, pure, potable water, well adapted to culinary and dietetic purposes. It is rather hard on steam boilers, pitting the shells and lubes severely. 'J'iie iattet liave to be renewed fnquently, inferiors ranging from six to twelve months. The su[)ply main from the lake was cleaned out in 1885, by Mr. H. C. Burchell, M. Can. Soc. C. K,, during .Mr. .Martiii".s abs.^nceon sick leave. 'J he writer is very pleased to state that Mr. Burchell will shortly give to the Society a paper on this very interesting piece of work. The pipes have been dr.-.ned out every two years since that date (1885), about a (juarter of an inch of ru.st or incrustation forms in that time. A descrijition of the present meth-' ofcleruiiiig the pipes will he giveu by the writer as an addendum to .Mr. Burcheh's paper. Ihe position of many of the hikes i,s remarkable, they are on the highest points of the water shed. Windsor Jiake has a water shed to its south oi jierhajis eight sijuare miles, otherwise it is at the higiiest point of land. The level was rai.sed 9 feet when the works were con- structed; the top of the intake pipe is t) ft. ius. below high water, and 2 feet 9 ii;s. below low water. The water is drawn from the shal- lowest end. Had the jjipe hue been carried up the valley immediately to the north of its present line, a much more uniform iiydraulic grade could have been e ;tablislitd, and water drawn ivhcie the lake is -10 feet deep, 'file lands immediately surrounding the lake are nearly all con- trolled by the City, who now own the water-works. A small dam of rip raj) encloses an area of about half an acre, in which the intake pipe is placed. A good deal of trouble was experi- enced from anchor ice ; this has been cleverly overcome, by forming a number of telegraph poles into an open raft. They are fastened together by wire, about 10 feet apart, and anciiored over the mouth of the pipe. The ice forms quickly between them, and prevents the formation of anchor ice. The annual rainfall for the past six years is about 49.15 ins. per annum. A careful record of water level since the commenc;;ment has been kept by the superintendent, who kindly permits its publication in this paper. The gradual fall In the lake level is due to tlie equaliza- tion of the diseliarging capacities of the supply main. There are good reasons for believing the lake is supplied by springs: it is the last sheet id' water in the neighbourhood to freeze, and the last to thaw out in spring. The works were constructed by a joint stock company with a capital of ^400,000, tlie interest of which was guaranteed by the Governuient, wImi aftervvanls purchased the woik.s, and handed them over to the City, bonding the cost of them at §4:3,800. Tlie estimated revenue is §30,000 per annum. SEWER V(iK. The natural water course which intersected the city became in course f)f time more or le«s pnlhUrd by sewaj;e, .Large stone drains or eul- verts, rectangular in ,seetion, were built from time to time on, the lines of till' wiiiii' (.'(lurm H, cdnBcquintly tlicy urc crooked, lunl in too many iustuiicoH situutiil on priviitu projurty. In iator years tin' Oovmiuiint, throuf^li its Board of Works, eon^tnl(■le^l a iimulu i- of .sewrr^-, varying from 12 to 'it ins, in diameter, without r. ^ard to any systeniatie plan. The pollution of the water front of the iiarlioiir and necissitiis of life demanded a heller arran,i;enient. Mes>rs. Kinijiple and .Morris, MM, Inst. (*. E. of London, wer. aj:aiu eon.-ulteil, and pn pareil plans for a syste'Ui of sewerage on the conihined system. They propo-ed to collect the sewer igu at a point in the eastern end id' tlie harbour, and either discharge it tiierc at the level of half tide, or raise it hy punipin.; to a higher level and discharge it into tlie open sea. The) strongly leeom- mended the latter course, in wliich tluy were undouht 'dly eorrect. Two outlets were propo.sed : one direelly iiiio the open ocean, by which plan the works would have cost jCHO, 1 Ki stj'. ($:i'M, U'l't) ; the other ai the entrance to the harbour ut a rock locally known as the "chain " rock. By this syst.Mu the works would have < ost £74,88(J stg, (83(i-l,- 595). Their scheme propo.sed 19 miles of sewers. No action appears to have been taken on this report. Some years after, in 188G, Mr. [I. C. Uuicliell, .M, C.iii, Soc. C. E. the Government engineer, was instructed to report on the .sanitary con. dition of the city, which was followed up by another report from him in February, 1S87, '• on the subject of inifiroved .sewerage for tlio town of St. John's," Mr. Bui chell went over ilu' ground very carefully and prepared an exhaustive and valuable report, in which ho differed materially from .Messrs, Kinipple and Morris, and recommended the separate .>-ystem, having the (.\i sting sewers for stJrm wntcr and surface water sewers. He selected his point of outfall at the chain rook. Under his proposal then; wer about i4i miles of sewers, which he estimated to cost 18205,875. In March of 1889, the City consulted Mr. Rudolf Hiring, M. Can. Soo. C. E., who prepared the scheme which is now being eariied out. lie lecommended tlu' UattLnsoii's .-.ystem of small .sewers, the principles of which are well V'"nvii to ihe inembers of the Society. He adopted the chain rock as the pirniaiieiit outlall. Under his directions, the City Engineer, the late Mr. ('. K. llaney, lias worked out the details of the system. There are 15J miles of sewers eoriteinplatcd, at a cost of $272,188. -Mr. Ilaivey added $75,000 for imiirovemeiit of old .-^ewers culverls, suiierinieiidcnee, storage, etc.. otiierwi.-e his estimate would not differ materially from Mr, Bui' hell's. Copies oftlie.se three reports can be fmiMd in the library. The intercepting scwei' was ealeulateil lo receive as much roof water as the ma,\imuin (jua'itity of sewage, wliich was assumed at 12.5 cubic feet per section, for IJO.OllO persons, on ,i ba-is of 75 gallons ficr head p.r day. The grades are st-ep everywhere, e.wpt for the iiitereepting sewer on Water street, which is 1 in IIIOO. A jiortinii of this .scwer (and the most difficult jvrtion), the outfiili and the poitiioi ihxtt.it are now being constructed. About 2,000 fct an! in tiuiiiel uork. The llunmiaii rocks are generally very hard, and form a gond ro(d' lor the Innnel, which will dispen.st! with the need of arching llie eiiKert, cvcepl in a few places where the rock is iiiiieh shaiteivd, and pockets of loo.se earth are encountered. A good many lateral .sewers have been laid, which are temporarily connected to the existing surface water sewers. As the eonstruction of tlie Water street iotcreejiling sewer is ccmipleted, the .several lines of branch sewers will be coiuicetcd to it, leaviim only storm watcn' to escape into the harbour. The western poriion of the city lies ralln^r low, the intercepting sewer f .r it i> al.so on Water strc it, with a temporary out- fall into the harbour; it is intended eventually to rai.se this by pumps for a short lift, and di.sch urge the si wage at the permanent outfall. A temporary outfall has been selected at llie eastern end of the har- bour. The permanent outfall will be at the mouth of the harbour, at the " chain rock " ; at this point the discharge will tako place into a strong current and ensure perfect scenrity. The outfall sewer will be in rock tunnelling for its entire length, and di.seliarge li inches above low water mark : the cost is estimated at $35,000. The ordinary range of tides is :! feet (i inches, extremes tides rise to 5 feet 3 inches. TUNNEL. Tho till. ml uimIit Wiiti- .ti'cct i.s 2000 fiictlnnir ; it in Mx'fi'ut liij^li by 4 fuel widir, uml () iiinliiM ImIow tiu' Hnl(> |ilttti> nt iiivoit block, ti) iillow lor n Kii'iicb driiin. Bi;iii;,' tln^ tiist wipi'k of iix kimi, a jioml i|,mI nf oxpciinniital work bud to bo carricil out roniirdiii^^ priooM mid iiindcot' con-tna'tiiiii. 'I'lii' wmk was all li md diifti'd. iHMuinito was uoi'd. A Hr.Mt (leal iifdithi'ulty was cxpcrieiiriil t'loin want of proper vi'iitilation. Tbe work wan let in short nontriiots to working iiiiinis, who inch worki^l froMi a siial't. 'riicirc am six sluifts, tli.' 'jruaiust distutici! betWiu-n any two bciiii; 4(10 Ictt ami tlic aviMUic .iM t'uot. Ventilation was ovciitu- ally effcctod by plaoins? a stove iit the head of the shaft, and leading air pipes from the worlviii};s to ir. The men sntt'eivd a good dual from foul air :oid damji. In additi(oi to the hard uud inej;iilar formation of the rook, iiiueli tiouhle was met with from sliattcrod roof roek, wet seams aod loose earth. Two snrf.ce water .-iewers e.iV'd in .iml one witer pipe burst. After baitliiif,' for a eon^ideiable t'liie witli tliu water and pumpiii',' it, tho ea-tern portion was abaiidom'd and filled rapidly. This work was attended with great difficulties during construction, and is a satisCaetory reeord to the energy, per.severaiiee and engineering skill of the late i\Jr. C. Harvey. TKENC'HING. In dig-im,'the trenches, benehiisg is not used. The earth is thrown up at once from the bottom of the In neh, when! it dojs iu)t exceed 9 or 10 feet, by long handled shovels— tho blade is smaller and .sharper In .shape than the ordinaiy navvy shovel. MAT K RIALS. TheC'ity siipi)lie- all l\u' materials ie(juired, as recommended by Mr. Harvey in hi.s repirt; the eontraetors are called on to cut aul till in trenches, build brick work, etc. The City employs its own pipe liyers. The bricks were puiehased in Hoston, as there were mi home made obtainable. This year two tirms have m mnf letured on an esporimcntal scale ; there is good clay within rea-onable shipping dlstaueo. Some of the home-made bricks wire tirst-rate, well shaped, hard-burned clinker Iniek, (juite as good as the American aitielc. The .sewer pipe is chiefly Doulion's make, and ranges from 9 to 24 inches. There nre two ([ualities, th^ " Lonih)ii " and '■ Liverpool " Doulton. The lirsl is a hard sl.nicwarc subslance, with light yellow ,i;Iaze ; so far it has i)ioveil very satisfactory ; it cuts more easily and regularly than the (Uher (ju ilities. The other i(ualities arc similar to tho best grade of Ohio pipe. Scotch pipe has been u.sed to s ne ex- tent, they have not much of it in .stock. All ueecssary tittiiigs. such as channels, bends lor manholes, hall' j.ipes, i;ulleys, junetiim bloek.s, are Doulton's m.ike. The invert blocks of the same make have a lan'O riilius; the chord is ill lo lOA inches, ver. sin. 2 to 21 inches, which makes a large invert. The breakage on the pipes during shipment is very great, often 50 per cent. ; thi- adds greatly to the cost of the p'pe. The cemciii is of two bran Is, l•;llgli^ll acd Alscn. Tho 1 itter, a Ger- man brand and a slow setting couieut, gives good .satisfaction and makes excellent work. Under tin- Board of Works a good many sewers were laid, Scotch pipe being largi'ly use i. In one 12 inch s ^wer whicli had been laid for about 15 years, on a very steep j;raae, 1 in 8, it was found that no wear had taken place, tlie pipe w.is sound and hard, and almost as nood as when laid. The large sizcl pipes, IS, 21 and 24 inches, break in the same manner as those described in .Mr. Kusli's paper,* ou the a.xia of the pipe ai the crown and i',t tiie haunches. •Toronto .Sewers, Vol. If, I'arl II. MANHOLKS. The manholes are eirenlar, 4 feet diameter at the bottom, taperinir to 2 feet at the loj, wiih junctions of sewers arranged aocordin;' to liiw- linson's suggestions. They are built in 8 inch brick work. 5 TImro arn n few Inn pliolcs ami iti-^pcctiMn iiibos. Dirt bnskftH are hiis|n'iicl((| uii>l< ncli (vivcr, wliiiili cutcli ii lar^n quantity of dirt. SEWKU INSl'KCTIOX. Mr. Hytin, tho newor in«|i(d(ir, liiis sucotcilcd in oonntnictinjj nn effective li>i;ht, or lamp, for iiispi'iain^; iind locate! junctions, Hu liaM located a junction at 68 feet from a iminliole, in a !l inch sower. A flo.it or bout at the radium of the sewer, and nearly half its diatnetho streets, as III the present financial condition the revenue will 6 nnt. pnriiiit this to Jhi oarriiMl outon a IiirtrO >m,i|.«. Tho m! ivoimiii.' in mnr« ilirocily ciirriiitl out in tim niirrow hI,'c|> Mtrii.'tM iiml laniM which form the •' poor " part of tlio i-ity. Th.- rii«ht soil is i(.il..ct..(l iiiMl.r th.- "piiil «yst.'in;" iho paiJM arc put out :it'tcr 10 oViodk at ni^ht (22 o'clock). At luidiiinht, ilw cartN loiivc thi" stabios to oollcot iii^»|,t, „oil, which they do in ahout .'{J hnurn ; tho liorn.'N arc fcil, Niartout at 4.80 to collect ashcH, which takes i hi' same tim- then aliout 11 o'clock the cartH again ^'o out to collect },'arba.,'.' .inii sweep the streets, ami finish about 12 o'clock. There are only 14 carls for niKht soil and 14 for fiarba-^o and 14 horses, which are hard worke.l umler existinj; arraiij;euienr». Tho carts for nii^lit soil are of iron, semicircul ir, liunj; on trunnions, and fulf-tippinjf. Tim lid is held .lown by clamps, and in it is a manhole for emptying' the pall. The oirt^ are wa^ied out .it the stables every day. The »y^fenl of Hcnvcnfjing is well and ably managed and handled by Mr. lluj^hes. the inspector. The writer .h'vuutiy hopes th.it no steps may over bo taken to impair the efficiency luid u.sefulness of this ilepartinent. It is worked with the least offence to the ciiizens, and tho vor) best results. The nijiht soil is carted to the udjoininR farm lands, where it is cov- e-ed duriiii! tho day with narbane and stroct sweepinj,'s, the farmers frt,|Uontly adding.' emth and peat bos' to the niixiure. There is a Rwd demand for this maierial, it is readily disposed of; during summer it is pat on laiols .some distance from the main roads, and so far the work has been carried on without crcatinjr a nuisanci-. The work costs about «1 7,000 per annum, the City owns the whole outfit. FLUSHING OK SEWERS. It is a part of the suwerane plan to have flushin- tanks introduced at proper pouits on all thesewei.s. Tliis is not yet pr:icticable, owinj; to the want of pressure and scarcity of water in llie hi.u'lier part.s of the city, where much sowera^'e has been put in. All fiewcrsare e.Kamined weekly' and flusluv'. from tlie lire liydrants. ,ind .soon a .syjtein will be at work flushinj,' tlicm by automatic ili.scliai{,'es liijcd from the w;,.-.te water of the public fountains, as well as by direct supply in the way rocommeuded by Sir Jtobert U.iwliuson and Air. Ilerin<'. SANITAHY WORK. The wriUT desires to record his appreciation of the excellent sanitary ariangemcMts which exist. The nature of the .-ubsoil has fortunately prev(Mitcd tlie formation and u.so of privy pits, and oompelled some form of renioviil of night .soil. The record of tho past is not flattering to the manners of the citizens, hut since the present rdf,'i me has been inauuur- ated a j;reat change for the better lias taken place. The sanitary department have had to ileal with a poor class who have not tl'e means to introdtice water and sewera.i-e into their houses. The apariuients which serve as a domicile are from one to throe rooms, Uvre is not thercfofe accommodation for a elo.sct. The custom of the country differs from Canada in the m itter of house heatiii!.', the principles and practice are much more British than Canadian ; as a general rule, houses are not heated. In the very coldest wc;ither. a small had stove or " healer " tempers the atmosphere of the house, but as far as the writer can learn can hardly bi^ said to heat it. If this condition exists in the houjes of the upper ehi.sses, it is useless to expect lho.se of the lower to be warmed • therefore if water, even, were introduced into their houses, it would certainly frei /.e. The writer has had sufficient experience of sanitary work in Western cities to know what the -condition of drainage in cheap houses leads to and tlio tioubles caused by it, and the dangers to wliieh iimiatos are suhjecied. [m St. John's he finds a .syst<;m of water supply from public fountain.s in full vorking order, the people aicu.stomed to draw from them, and siifl'ering no ineimvcnience from tlie arrangeincnt ; the slops emptied into well-formeil and graded side chamiel.s, which ire carefully swept every day, and in numerous .streets flusheil by the waste water of the fountains; a daily collection of garbage, and a nightly one of night soil. Here evri'vthiii.L- tftiil.s to internal oicaidine.ss uf the household tmd no danger of dissemination of di.scase from .sewage <;as cati exist 7 fVom dofooUvo plumbing arrain;?'"'' '"**■ *^" ''"' "'h'T l'*'i'l iiu' Hx. turw, CNiH-oirtlly water clow N, intriHliiooil, tlion- wouUl Ih> bail joiiitH, stoppB^eH, hri'ukiiKt'M in pipt'H, ainl n'miltiint niitlircakx 2.;J4 4.29 I.C.7 4.13 1 ■I 7 K 4 :{.()M 2 . il'J 28.24 48.25 4li.07 42 07 ms. 4.74 2.42 ;i.84 (!.87 4.:t:t ;t.44 .S.9G ;i.2i 2.70 4.17 4.22 2.17 ins. ;t.58 (!.14 4.40 .1.20 1.98 (i . 05 2.88 1.97 2.H4 5.20 5ti.80 1884 1887 ins. 4.:i5 1.90 (;.77 4.9(i 4.05 1.01 2.10 3.75 5 . ')■ 4.42 5,19 4.81 19.09 1888 ins. 7.72 5.01 3.78 3.41 3.70 3.90 2.13 t.43 l.ti3 10.00 4.19 2.73 52.(13 Okkatkst Daily Uainkali.. •January. . . . February ... March April May June 1872 1875 1884 1885 Ins. 1.4« 3.4 l.(;3 I1.77 July Au{j;iist. ..'.... 1 . 22 Sepieniber |2. 10 October i3.71 November 11.27 Ueeember i2.0 Hrs. Iiis.'Hrs.j Ins. Hrs, VJ.TTTi.nTiT ,.'.... o.(ii' 4 .J....io.8(i* 10 12 i....i....|....'.... 22 1.03: 7 l.()4 17 13 1.80' 10 0.03 (i 1887 1888 Ins. Hrs, Ins. Hrs. 0.82 7 (j.()6~9' 2.40t 24 1 9 1.04 Ins, 1.371 12 10 1.30i i'i" !."!."! 8 15 1.70 1.93 22 ....! ^•^« 24i,,y 24 0.761 0.88 4 iO.91 ' 3 1O.57 •i- 1.14 12 !l.4« 12 .... ....;1. 20 1.50 9 I 3.52 20 i 1.27 15 ....1.... 12.78 Hr». 1.30 3 12 AIM'KNDIX N... ','. WiNDIOH LaKK. DkI'TH .>► W'mkh (IVKR IMI.KT PiPB. Uiit. ! Month. TltiolinoM Febr-y. a 1 a!) MO IHli^ .■I.J IH(i,1 28 1««« M IHtiT •29 iNliM •M U:ti» •iV 1870 1 .| na 1H71 I 4 39 1872 1 1 ao 187.'' 1 2 »3 1874 1 I 1 .<<<• 1870 3 ao 1876 1 2» 1877 3 .12 1N7« 1 :t:i IH71) •t :m iHhO 1 :i2 1881 ! 'i :il 18H2 ! 1 .14 ih«a a 2!' 1HH4 1 :t(i 1HH5 4 Hit IHMIi 1 ao 1HH7 2 H2 IHHH 1 34 IHH'J 5 H!> JH'JO ;j ;f4 l.iiw w«t«r Ifveln. D«tt^ tiept. Drpih on iiilti pi|» Depth on 8 ft. 6 U it ti ti 6 6 « 6 << S fi S 6 5 ft fi fi 4 I 4 4 4 :i H 6 6 tf « 6 6 6 6 ti 6 6 6 U 1 6 a (I 4 ;t *; 4 2 ft .i 10 !» I.1H. W«lcp turneJ oii 1(1 town tdJl.rir, iMtia Water imji- |>l it'll lUm'U ini;ln)iiK>, Mr, Morrin pimi. 12 in odileij, 'M Murtiii'N pluti 1-11* (Ir. APPKNDIX No. a. Ckment Tki«t« bv tiik i.atk Mh. C. J, Harvkv. Niinie of liraml Neat cement. Ceinent, 1 jiart. Sand, ;) pait,-. Age ill ilayn. Teii.iile i-lreii):tli. AIhpm'h Portluiid. Average of 4 Knniiile.-, 7 10 " 10 " ! 2H 13 " i (liriiiid not l\-n'>\vn)i Avfiiigf of 4 sanipii's.l 7 9 " I 2H C TiHts l,y Mr. Mr[Dougail, Alticn, iii HloL'k Jilil. 12i iiiontli.H.j Averageof6lirii|iu'iie.s Wl.iies, in Htouk 12 iiiontlis, Avpnijrf'of'4 liri(|iu'tl('s 8 Wliitc.-',liiisyiNii->tiK'l< Avenijj;fot'4'liri(|netUsi 8 I ^ lb*. 410.5 4i;o.:i .•W4.7.'. 41 .!» OlIoUt, 1H90. 300 188 19,H Age in duyM. 7 2« 28 Tensile H rcngtii. lbs. 1.18 188.9 123.(i(i Ain'KN[)IXNo. 4. Cost ok 8kheiis. IV'aver,-. L;ine 9 5 180 Clia|ii'l Stroi't C r> to 7 200 Darliii;; Siri'et 9 8 to 1' 0.18 Bai.'iiii'H l,aiie li 4 to 7 lOH KniglitiV Oiircw St.-i. 9 5 to 9 902 Wnlci' Sli-cel We.st.. 15 & 18 () to 1 1 200 La/.yl]ank Itoad.. .. 9 5 to 10 142,-. Oowei- Street Ea- to 7 491 Balsam Street 9& 6 7 to 9 42i, BriiiJ Street 9 5 to 10 788 Plynioutli Hoad.. . . White Cat Hill.... 9 6 to 9 303 9 5 toO 1.1.5 Sanitary Staliles. .. 6 117 Clancy's [jane 9 6 20 Hawant Ave 9 8 to 9 882 James Street 9 8 to 9 719 Monksiown Road.. 12 5 to 9 1290.i b l?'ninj; Street .... 9 7 to 9 421"! Ma.xse Street 9 ! 7 to 9 48(! William Street 9 7ao 10 793 > Monkstuwnon Hall. 12 4 to 11 1176 7(: 1,13 730 r.i 701 410 ir.oi; 228 oaO 404 033 244 82 40 1 131 :;oo 1440 407 411 942 9„'6 90 (>3 08i 12, 22 77i 40: 03 80 39 09, 00; 90! 05 2o; 27 1 5') 97 30 5 78 20 $0.41.1 Hard gravel and rock. 0.00 1.15 0.47 0.78 l.Oll 1.12 1.70 1.12 1.10. 0.80. 0.80. 0.01. 0.39. 0.50 1.49. 1.25 1.11. 1.11 1.05. 1.18. 84. Oravel Hard gravel and rock. Hard gravel. " " and rock. ' " and lioulder. Han! gravel. Gravel. Gravel and rock. Hard gravel ami -ock. Gravel.