^•^o. '■'..^ \ Sir IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V. /. 1.0 I.I IA£I28 ■2.5 lii Kii 12.2 S? 124 ■" 11.25 ini 1.4 11^ Phctographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET V«BSTEt,N.Y. 14SE0 (716)172-4503 ■r ;4^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques x"^ '> Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographiques I The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^e — T^ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque pn Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) |~n Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D D D D Planches et/ou Illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ RallA avac d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along Interior margin/ La re liuro serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de ia marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouttes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais. lorsque ceia Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ilk filmtes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires.- L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'ii iui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. D D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes I — I Pages restored and/or laminated/ K Pages restauries et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqu6es I I Pages detached/ D D Pages d^tachdes Showthrough> Transparence Quality of prir Qualit^ inigale de i'impression includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire I I Showthrougli/ I I Quality of print varies/ rn Includes supplementary materiel/ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellementf obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure, etc.. ont AtA filmtes A nouveau de fa^on A obtenir la meilleur* image possible. TMa item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ C« document est filmi au taux de rMuctlon indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 12X 16X 20X 24X 26X XX 28X 32X IIM IML .K mplaire Les details jniques du vent modifier t exiger une le de filmage d/ - ies oxed/ I piqu6es » iai/ nentaire ured by errata refilmed to »/ illemenr ata, une pelure, J de fafon A sible. »X n 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanlcs to the generosity of: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The followlnc diagrams Illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exempiaire fiimi fut reproduit grAce A la gAn6rosit6 de: Library of Congress Photoduplication Service Les Images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec ie plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetA de l'exempiaire fiim6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont fiimds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmAs en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernldre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon ie cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvant Atre fiimAs i des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, ii est f iimA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lilustrent la mAthode. i 1 I t ■ 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 SIX MONTHS IN 0J "77/63 ahierica. «y GODFREY T. VIGNE, ESQ. tt OF LINCOLN'S INN, lAERISTER AT LAW. PHILADELPHIA: PtTBLISHED BY THOMAS T. ASH, 140 OHCBTNVT mutn. 1833. .«*"■ lull r"'lM II I i- ''pf M PT l^ Mf^^C r' % >M> Tyt^^ ^^^^' ft' Uba-^ ? Prtfact to the First Amriean EdUion. :;r"xriMrrJ:in: -. we .^o. thought it necomry in dl ««. to notice. Every cndm reJtor wiU pronounce «wh error. nHmUble. to ^ ^ cU-L tty country i. perfecUy wscurte mfor- SontobeobinedT And in a «m country of wch :S^Mil^^r^Wthi.diffic^be^e«jdl STbooki. given unrftered. «ul a few »c^«^ where they we«ed •*««-«y »» ""^ " •" ""SSHcco-nU of our-lve. -e^y --^ froiTtoUigent travelkr.. «d i« J- "^r;;^ WiU «nito la hi. dlo-on. to the " in/r««i« ^r«^^ «»dwhenhe«g«e-thec«»eofthel.wofprHnog«^ mttVwiU think hi. eloquence thrown away. toPO>»«»«" r^rmaynot-waychi^e « '[J* ^ «5£^ ^^ the reader, but taken •I'-K'*'*'*^"^'*^*^^ America," may be admitted, to be of a wperior OMt. ir^mpJi with the ma- of book. ^-^ JJJ of BritiA tourirt. who have ««ted «.. and peid their e>penM« by pubUdiing their crudiUe. and abwe. ■Vf'. ^^W^PWIP'ii llHWHIIHimillilllilliyiiiiii ji I HI, «/-» • , i ve»^ l^' N MWiiiini(i>'ii>iiMn(ri«fiiii-iiiiiVi.>, . -._» .-,1,..; — ^ ^,^ — , ^ .^ , g , ^^ ^ ^ j . "S jiit^»*Wb5i» Iboc monm (K nmttutu Bum, with the drtenniwlioo rf »»«»f» J-^,:" ".^ft HMD OHi.ba, unprwiidkw* ; md of •«eli^ aU I eqoW of Having .^ thii, I bagof-yoa *• J^^««^J??ii do not MoftM to taU yoo «*it n»J[ »« •«« •^"Z^ iWfoXrod to i«i-io-^*««i*.t«»0«-r grill U u^ of the »)«•» of tlio **«»«y-^,I**f** JJIS? ft«in Livwjool to Sttmai put* of North A«?J; lAthSiimmw-l of the !«««« ^H mffMl^ to hkii*ooin from the wywt of ■«■""■■*■% indnlfing a moet Attentie dJSSSto the memory of CiAiirt-^ «rfta.t ««««^. c-is^^^r«-2w-.-; inci , - dri;^;) w euM th»^'the W««»«2««,*^ hot ■iWtiHiaramileia ■THTio * 4 :.. lA • MX MONTHi hundred piccej o^ cannon. The moHt prominent object •»» dianiond.ithaiicd fort, which appiarBto riic out ofthe water, and la called Fort La Fay.tto, kcauHo it fired itH Brat aalute in honour ot that (feneral. upon hia arrival on the ahorei. of Anjoricn in 1824. The fort on tlie Niw Jone^ aide, na it in oppoKition to ita French.nnmed an- T^^ki'na." ^^ ^'^ *'"^ '^njt'i'h name of Fort On the Irf)ngr Island beach is accn New Utrecht, a •mall sca-bathing place, and celebrated aa tlio apot where Uie Bntiah trooi*, under the command of Sir Henry .Ji? .: *'"«>??ded without opposition, pnvioualy t^ their attack of Now York in 1776. Nummou. vciaela of different aizca that had been detained outaido by con- trary yinda, were working their way tlirouffh the Nar- row. at the aamc Ume, uid preaented a most animatinir ■pectade. Th^y were from all parU of the world ; tlie ■un shown fliU upon their white aula ; the broad briirht pme.8trcak reddened beneath his deeUning raya, ^d added a charactenatic elepuice to the appeaiancc of the American ahipa, which taken a> a claw, arc certainly handMimer than thoae of any other nation. That Uie tnm and fimre of a British merchantman arc uaually mfenor to tfioae of America, ia owing to the circum- ■tiBco of there being no tonnageJuty in America ; and therefore, their ahipa are conrtruoted for the carriage of the ^tuh method of rating their ships, a merchantman can be ooiutructed ao as to carry more than her leiral tonnage without paying for it ; of which John Bull very properly take, advantage by awelUng out his shipe u much a> powiUe, ao long as he can avoid the liabih'ty of beinc charged at a higher rate. We had scarcely entered the bay when the wind «^'*r.i ■*«*™-^*« ,*^«« plying in all directions, and one ^ than coming along aide, I was glad to avaU my- !^1; . wT"^**' ?"•" ""'^"•^ "tNew York before ^h ■ .^"i*^". """"*«■ "^^ I •»«d landed I found myself in the Broadway, the principal street and pro. menade in the city. At two o'clock on every fine day. M the ft^on and too-gailv dressed beauty of New York are to be aeen there. It contains the ^eat ahopa. -i.rjIk^^'L'^ * "^^ ^"^^y '^ city.liko appearanb«; which, nevertheha., ^era conaiderabty on iSoount rf the hoMB. being mortlj^buih of red hridi. It* width. I MooW «ay, u about the aame as that of Oxford^traet; in iHt prominent object ;ar« to riic out ofthe j, iH'cauHC it fired itM upon Ilia arrival on JO fort on tln! New Frvnchwmincd on- gliih name of Fort en New Utrecht, a ed 08 tlio gpot where nnnd of Sir Henry iition, prt viuusly to Numnioui vcMcIs incd outHido by con- IV tlirough the Nar- d a nio«t animating M of tho world ; tlio ■ ; the broad bright IcoUning rayit, and e appearance of the cloBR, arc certainly nation. That tlie uitman are uiually ing to the circum- ty in Araof icB ; and for the carriage of wtest apsed ; but by ipB, a merchantman lore than her legal lich John Bull very >g out hia ahipa aa ivoid the liabikty of y when the wind I all directions, and 18 glad to avail my- t New York before had landed I found pal street and pro- on every fine day, d beauty of New IS the finest ■hops, itv.like appearance, tkh CO aoooont of rick. It* width, I if Osfi>rd>itiieet; in IN AMERICA. T length it is, or rather will bo when finished, about three miles. Tho courts of justice hold their sittinffs in tho city-hall, a largo and handsome building of Massacliu- 8«!ttii white marble and brown freo-stone, which stands in tho centre of what is called tho Park, a green open apace on tho sidn of the Broadway. The prison, a gloomv- looking structure, is too conspicuous, and excoodin^ly handy, being i^o near to it that a " ponto do 'i sospiri ' might be thrown across from ono to the other with great effect. But it is not in the contemplation of the most refined and magnificent works of art, that the European travollor in the United States must expect to derive his principal gratification. The public buildings in New York for tho different purposes of charity, education, and commerce, are very numerous ; but there are none that can lay claim to his particular attention ; in a few hours, witlt a little assistonco from a cabriolet or an omnibus, ho might see all that is worth his notice in tho city, considered merely as a collection of buildings, con- taining 200,000 inhabitanU. It ia the extraordinary energy and urgency of commerce that will chiefly at- tract his attention. Tho wharfii on the North river are flanked by superb steam-boats, daily and hourly em- ployed in the conveyance of thousands ; those on the Eaat river, by double and triple lines of the most beautifUl merchantmen ; while the three streets which run suc- cessively parallel to them might be taken for one enor- mous warehouse, the pavement being* nearly blocked up with merchandise from every counby, and exhibiting a rattling and somewhat dangerous confusion of carts and cranes, that ia quite beyond a " private gontlnman's be- lief," till ho has seen it Altliough the actual numerical tonnage of the trade of New York is four times less than that of Liverpool, yet the appearance of bustle and busi- ness is fitf more striking at New York : tlie reason is, that there is so much more retail trade carried on in the •latter city than in Liverpool, or any other citv in tho world. Innumerable boats descend the North river, Uden with timber, or live and dead stock, and provisions fbr the marknts of New York, and carry back a petty and varied cargo of wearing apparel and other necessa- ry that are wanted in the mterior. Although Philadelphia is a larger place, the balanOBof t(»dB between New York and tlut city is usually, if not a Sm tft , in fevour of New York. Imported goods add at nUOtdelphia, on account of the New York merehaUta ; wBiitiiifiiiii naatelWu B IIX MONTin are paid for In bilU made pnyable nt PhiUdalplila. The baiiH at Now York diacuunt th(3*« bill*, which m they bacome due are wtiaticd on demand hv [Ntynient of ipecie ; BO that tliere li a conatant How of hard dollari ftoni Philadelphia to New York. In order to leo tho city in perfection, the Nortli river must bo criHuicd, and a fine view ii obtained Irom any of the rising irounda on the oppoaitc bank. But to inoludu a diitant view of tho city and the bay in the aanio draw- ing, 1 (hould roGomtncnd a itation on Htatcn Iiland, or on the oppoaito height* about (jowanu*. On tM* tiead tho Britiali public will loon be latiafled. Before I quitted Amerioa, I waa fkvoured with a aight of tho moat exact and admirable drawinga to be umid aa materiaU for the mxt view at tlie Coloaoeum in tlie Revent'a Park, which I underatood waa to be that of New York and lu cnvl- rona. It i> aingulor that, aa In London, thoy ihould all have been taken flrom t)ie top of fi> Paitl'a church. Unk«a I were anzioua to write either an almanac or a guide-book, I tliink I need not here «ay more about New York i reaervinf for another plaoe any remark* that ap- ply generally to one city aa well aa another. I will HMtely add, that I ahould atrongly recommend every one to viait the muaaum before he oommencos a tour ; and that the city containa two excellent theatre*, of which that in tba Park ia the more fkahionablo : I heard the English voraion of the " Conerentola" {lerformed in very giKid atile \ I Vraa delighted wilii the ainging of our countrywoman, Mro. Aoatin, and I laughed heartily at the drolleriea of Mr. Haokett, who i* an unrivalled miinio of the eeoentricitiea at hia countrymen. An Italian open ia oonfUantly expected by the next oeaaon. At preoent the flnt aoeiety in Now York, which ia very good, la oeldom to be wen at the theatre. In my ignoiv/ •nee, I waa very much aatonished the firat evenuigl went thero, at aeeing a multitude of peroona, who would have thought it a ^^roaa miatake not to have been tokm tat gentlemen, aittwg ocooaionally in the front and alraoirt •hvaya in the back aeata of the dreaa circle, with Um^ hata on, in the preaenoe of ladiea, who were oaattarM in diffinrent part* of the oame box. Now, New York, ii not the moat refined, ia oeHdhuh', atrietly apeakinf, the most faahionaUe place ia urn Vtdaa, and it ia not to be wondered at, that ibraimara who have juat landed fVom Europe and who very pnmbhr go to the theatre on the first evening of their arriw. triijtfiWaiiiyjijiii imi.tmtmmmutmaMmi4 Philadelphia. Th« biil(, which a* they ^ INiy nieiit of «pccie i hard dollar* fVom ion, tho North river btained front any of ink. But to inoludu r in the aamo draw- in Htatcn lilond, or nua, ( hi thia head td. Before I quitted it of the muat exact aa matoriaU for tho syent'a Park, which York and its rnvi- don, thoy ahould all h^ Paul'a ehurch. er on almanac or a ay inore about New iiy remarka that ap- u another. I will commend every one lencea a tour; and theatre*, of whien nablo: I heard the oW performed in I the ainving of our laugrhed neartily at u) unrivalled munio 'ymon. An Italian te neit season. At 'ork, which is rery ttre. In my ignor-J tho first evenui^T persons, who would to have been takm the fl'ont and almoat M circle, with tbair who were snttand refined, is certiin^t Mble i^aoe in tba I at, that feraifiMra d who very prMaUr iig of their arrivu. ' ii riT \i uimMMmt^0ttiiHm»» ly AMMBIUA* V iihould thence Imliibn stranifn and unjust ideas of the lirsl Aniorican manners. I have htara that coniiiion sonao is tho characteristic of tlio Amrrlcans; and I think tlioro i* Kr.iat trutli In tho nmark ; but I do not liko it whrn it is so eery common. Those rvpuliiinan l>ii ( Uiurcy arc vtry fonil of woarinK tholr liaU : I never was .U church In tho l)nilc«l HUtcs, without obsorvinif individuals (I do not say many,) who would ovi grown whenever a aoi! of |[Teater fertility and sufficiently protected, waa discovered in tiw interior of the country. Bordentown, is a small, but neat and prettr village, on the banks of the Delaware. On the outskirts is a large and rather insular brick building at the extremity of a court-yard, which is flanked by stabling and other outhouaes, with extensive gardens and pkaswe grounds behind them, laid out a I'Anglais. This is the residence of the Count Surviltora, better known, in England at least, as Joseph Bonaparte. I was provided with oi in> traduction to his excellency, and paid him a morning visit Hia reception of me waa exceedingly courteous. The- inatant he i^peared, I was most forcibly struck with the wry strong resemUanoe he bore to the later portraits of TJapdeon. His person, I should say, waa rather larger ; the expression of the eye waa the same, though more subdued ; the same hair, the same ahaped head, and the same c MliNMh* >-.wMi...,iri>iami iiiilirtliaiiiiifcrr'i 11 \L I I New Jersey. The jTuard-house, can be house resembles a ivBB landed at New ices awaiting the ar- its passengers across thstanding that this hfares between New 1 fairly and quickly gh it was probable 1 bad, yet that I could was worse. Allow- I afterwards saw, in ion of this one waa "eat deal of wood on kl]«i a forest, being wood. A great part the earlier aettwrs, nUed, and to be over' tility and sufficiently irior of the country. and prettv village, n the outskirts is a ding at the extremity ly stabling and other md pleasure grounds This is the residence awn, in England at provided wiUi on in- paid him a morning [ceedingly courteous, most forcibly struck he bore to the later 1, I should say, was e eye was the same, lair, the same shaped ire generally, with a of teeth. I should ervable in the mouth, the jocose than ths tion, which was car* fly on the sub ject of wed me his ptetaovsi og. Hs has seferal Madonaby Vaadrket Sunnily; amoag usse 1 robes, and the well* IN AMERICA. it ■juiaJiiitliJJiilJ ii WW known picture of tiie First Consul on horseback, croesmg the Mm. I folt an cmoUon, which I will not attempt to describe, when, as we passed round the room, he paused before the latter picture, and drew my attratiwi toi^ remarking that ft was the origujal by D*«"J- .^he cabinet of statutes and mosaics is also very fine, and Uie rollecUon altogether by far the best ?n Amenca. Mm excellency occasionally mUes in society both at rnew York and PhUadelphia, and talks without reserve of bu former situation. " Quand j' estais roi d' .£»?»«»•, " Dans mos belles afl&ures," arc occasionaUy mtroduced in his conversation. By his advice I subsequenUy mounted the observatory in his grounds. Thence 1 en- iovedavery fine view of the coimtry on the opposite side of the DeUware, whose brood and tranqml stream was flowing beneath me ; on the left, tto nver seemed to lose itselftunong the distant woods of Penns^^lvama ; an the right, at aAstaaoe of about six mUes, is TVenton, made notorious by the darin« pwHMge of the peUwure, and the subsequent defeat and culture, of a body of I*i8- sians, by General Washington, on the mght of the asth of Deoember, 1776, during a violent storm, and when the danger ef the revolutionists was at »ts cnsis. BordMitown is ahMit twenty.aix miles from Philadrt- phia. The next day I proceeded to *hatc^ ma etewn- boat, which stopped for passengers at every considsfabie village on the wdl-wooded, but flat «nd uninteresting b«£ of the river. At length Philadelphia makes its appearmoe, str«t^inff for nearly three miles ^ong the western ride of a bend or an«^ of the river. This wew is certainly a fine one, but it woidd *e roiich unproved by the uoearance of a few more steeples or k>% struc- tures. tVom the water two or three only are visible above this immense assemblage of red houses ; and yet tlie citv contains nine episcopal churches, agreat&iun- ber of 'public buildings, and charitoble institntwnB with- out eaa. . ^, Great attention is paid to the e4uoatKn of the poorer classes: the constitution of PeKnsyhmma deolamtg, " That the legislctore sbidl, as soon as oonveni^t, pro- vide by law for the establishment of schools, m such maimer tuat the pow may be odueaiod without acpense." VWtadelphia has been oOen desoribsd. The etra^ cross each othw at right angles : thoss raiu^ P"?^ wi^ llw river are numbered, second, thisd, fourth, *c. : the «(lieis usually bear the naiuc of some fruit or tree. aiiijiiniiiii';>iilii» I tb I i^'Mi 12 SIX MOWTHS The word street is usually omitted : in describing the way, a person would tell you that the place you were looking for was in Walnut, bcldw fifth ; Sassafras, above second; Mulberry, between seventh and eighth, &.c. These streets run over a distance of two miles, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill river, which enters the Dela- ware about seven miles to the south of Philadelphia. The Ban!( of Pennsylvania is a small building, but ele- gantly designed from the Temple of the Muses, on the lUyssus, near Athens. The now Mint of the United States was unfinished, but promised to be a chaste and beautifiil building, on a larger scale from the same model. On the 4th of July, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed, and afterwards read from the steps of the State-house, where the state courts of justice are now held. The room in which this took place had been fitted up for La Fayette in 1834, as the most appropriate place for Icveo tenure ; but when I saw it, it was occupied by workmen, who had instructions to replace every thing as it was when it acquired its present reputation. The Academy of Fine Arts much exceeded my ex- pectations. Although the most conspicuous pictures were those of American academicians, yet here and there the eye was attracted by a Vandyke, a Rubens, a Guercino, and a Salvator Rosa, or some good copies from them. There were a few landscapes by Ruysdael, and a fine Murillo : the subject was the Roman daugh- ter. The productions from the English school, were portraits of John H. Powell, 'Esq. by Sir Thomas Law- rence, of John Kemble, W Sir M. A. Shee, and another of Dugald Stuart, by Sir H. Raeburn. Any person cot). versant with the pictures of this latter artist, would have recognised this, by the usual green colouring in the back-ground. There were five admirable portraits by Mr. Stewart, the American artist, of the Presidents, Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. The best fiill-loigth portrait of Washington is that in the FauiMuil Hall at Boston ; but as a half-lengtli this is, I believe, considered the original. They were oil r»- markabl« for their easy and unsophisticated attitudM* Mr. StMvart has been dead about five years. _ Mr. 'Hmi^ dinge hat also very great merit as a portrait pnutar ; bnt Mr. Sully has the reputation of being tiw first in America. A portrait of Sir Thomas Lawrence, by that genUeman, is a most sucoeisful imitation of the s^le of •I rmrm miUitmMmlii^ !d : in describing the it the place you were fifth ; SassairaB, above !nth and eighth, &c. af two miles, from the vhich enters the Dela- Mjuth of Philadclpliia. nail building, but ele- of the Muses, on the States was unfinished, uautiful building, on a On the 4th of July, lence was signed, and the State-house, where V held. The room in tted up for La Fayette place for Icvco tenure ; lied by workmen, who thing as it waa when luch exceeded my cz- conspicuouB pictures nicians, yet here and Vandyke, a Rubena, a or some good copies ndscapes by Ruysdael, ras the Roman daugh- English school, were . by Sir Thomas Law- [. A. Shee, and another urn. Any person coin attei artist, would have ^reen colouring in the admirable portrait* by ist, of the Presidents, Madison, and Monroe. Washington is that in as a half-length this ia, al. Thej were oU r»> sophisticated attitudef. : five yean. Mr. Htr^ as a portrait piuitsr ; n of being the ftrst in imas Lawrence, by that nutation of the s^le of IM AHEBICA. .|Pl|pfip44^- 13 the late president. He exhibited also an e/cjHcnt JJf '- U-nirth iKjrtrait of General La Fayette; and Mr. Inman, a "cCcdy irferior artist, is at present employed m pa.jrt- Z a^orf^er, of Mr. Pemi, which wil occupy a place l^ ride The General in the Hall of Inaependence. I .J» oCrved a composiUon-landscape, by Mr. Fwher, wtaA had very great merit. It was wcU remarked in the pre- fa^ to Sif catalogue, that so many of the pictures did noTneed indulgence, in comparison with that which had heretofore been cheerfiiUy, and with Ju«f««. po"'^''*^*'' them This was very true of a large proportion of them, but wme nevertheless, needed it not a litUe ; and m fact JadrbJ^bess there. It ia a pity that the Amencans do not take warning by the constant ""'"'y. ^"^^ ~f many years has been jusUy '""^^ "gainjrt the ^^arai of Dortraits that annually cluster on the waUs of Somerset & They might weU devote more of their time arid E to historic J painting. With the excepUon of Ih^j " Sortie from Gibraltar," by Colonel Trumbull, and an- other very indifferent picture, there w?"*' ^ "»™\ °° historical pieces in the rtK,m appropriated to modert events. The Americans cannot plead a want of au^ S : the revolution ia not half illustrated ; beaidea, they may depend upon it, portrait paintmg w a very jmrto- cratical thing Sfter all, and should not be generaUy en- couraged, on that account I" "'""'I'S °T«' *J\*"H! of aTodem exhibition-room, the eye is ^^t'^jed ^y .te endeavours to avoid an encounter with the features of individuals in a new character, to which many of them never had the aUghtest pretensions, except upon canvass. ^ water-wor\s on the SchuylkiU are probaWy Oie fineat in the world: they can acarcely be VrtMedtoo highly for beauty of design, simpUcity of «>™t™^"»' M,d Veal naefnlieas. A dam, sixteen hundred feet m Stth! U thrown acroaa the river, by which the stream ia Wked up for aeveral miles, and jm enormoua wato^ 4^r thua created. The aoUd rock has been exc«,^ m order to obtain what ia termed a race ; and by means of huge double forcing pumps, worked bv immense wheelTthe water ia thrown up into an «?pfe je'«'T«f * fiftv-rix feet above the highest ground m the city. It is SSeTthat each whLl and pump could rajse one nSttion two hundred and fifty thousMid gallons » twenjgr. ^hours, if allowed to play without mternuseion. The riSi^d in the nefghWhood of the water-work. 3^ the beat and nearest general view of the city. 3 i&tfttbr— < jir • .'.'I'liiWi 14 SIX UOKTII8 Thenco I vwitod tlio botanical gardens of Mr. Pratt, con- taiiung a very fine orangery, and a choice collection of czoUcs, and deliglitfully situated on tlie eoat side of the Hchuylkill, wliich spreads out to a great extent inimcdi. ately beneath them, witli banks wooded to tlic water's edge. In a very few years this fine scene is destined to be unnatured. By this time a rnil-road is commenced, wluch will run from Philadelphia to Columbia, a distance of e|ghty.two miles : it will Uiere join tlie groat Pennsyl- vama canal, which has been finished nearly all Uie way from the eastern side of the Alleghany mountains. In order to pass these, a rail-road on inclined planes, will bo constructed ; by which the rich mineral productions on the western slope of the mountains, consisting chiefly of iron and bituminous coal of the finest quality, will bo quickly forwarded to PhUadelphia in any quantity. The greatest height of the Alleghany mountains in Pennsyl- vama, is Uurteen hundred feet The rail-road I have mentioned, will pass at a short distance from the water- works; and therefore, in all probability, no very lonji period will elapse before the vicinity will become a coal- yard. The porcelain manufactory is not far off. I was told that the material was little inferior to tliat of Sevres, but I found the paintin«[ indifferent. French China is still preferred, and superiority cannot yet be expected in this department. fo my way back to the city, I visited tlie Penitentiary of Pennsylvania. TTus is the most extensive building on the United States. The front is 670 feet in length—very handsome, and bearing a baronial and gloomy appear- ance, in the style of our old English castles. Its area is a square, with a tower at each angle of the prison wall. It is intended that eight corridors should radiate from an observatory in the centre of tlie area, but only tliree aie m use at present. These contain the colls, and com- mand a flee circulation of air, and a plentiful supply of water. The only punishment adopted, is solitary con- finement This Penitentiary is too young an establish- ment to afford a perfect confidence in tlie opinions of those who are favourable to its system. TTie reports tl Uio inspectors are, however, extremely cncouraginir. The first and present warder (Mr. Samuel R. Woo^ was only appomted in June, 1829. This gentlemaa, who IS well known as a kind of second Howard in his way, has visited many of the principal priaona in. M. ■ W* V l il'llWlW ■ JMJi iB li i i i IN AMERICA. 16 8 of Mr. Pratt, con- clioico collection of lie east side of Uie ;at extent inimodi- (led to t]ic water's iceno is destined to lad is commenced, olumbia, a distance tJie great Pcnnsyl. nearly all tlic way ny mountains. In iclined pianos, will incral productions , consisting chiefly est quality, will l>o ny quantity. Tho ntains in Pcnnsyl- rail-rood I have ce from tho water- lity, no very loiiff viu become a coal- ir off. I was told tlut of Sevres, but inch Chbia is still ^ expected in this d tlie Penitentiary tensive building' Jn Bt in length — very id gloomy appeor- istles. Its area is )f the prison wall. Id radiate from an but only throe ore e cells, and com- tlentiiul supply of 1, is solitai^ con- vmg an establish, n tlie opinions of The reports of ely cncourafing. iamuel R. Wood) This gentlsdMB, d Howard in hia tcipal priaona in. Europe ; and now finds employment for his talents and his humanity in, I believe, his native city. Every crmic cdmmitted in the state of Pennsylvania, on tins side ot the Alleghany mountains, tliat is punishable by imprison- ment at all for tlie space of one year or more, w to bo expiated by solitory confinement witliin this Peniten- tiary. That at PitUburg, on the Ohio, receives • ne whoso crimes arc committed on the western su ol the Alleghany. Every prisoner is allowed to woi.v at his trade ; or if he have none, or one that he cannot fol- low in his cell, he is allowed to choose one, and is in- structcd by one of the overseers, who ore all masters of different trades. Mr. Wood, in his last report, gives it as his opinion, that a prisoner who has two years or up. wards to remain in prison, can, in his solitary cell, earn sufficient to clear all liis expenses from his admission tiU his discharge. The Philadelphia system differs from that at Sing-sing, in the state of New York. At Sing- sing, tho pruonors are brought out to work together, but are not allowed to speak to each other. At Philadelphia they nerer work together ; and from the time of hi* ad- mission, one prisoner never sees, or speaks with another. My English ideas were not a little startled at first, when I found that high treason is expiable by solitary confine- ment for not less than three, nor more than six years; and that the punishment for the second offence was too- tary confinement for ten ye.rs. Treason against the state of Pennsylvania is here aUuded to. By the artictoe of the constitution, treason against the United Statu ehall consist only in levying war against them j or in ad- hering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attamder ot treason, shall work cor.uption of blood or forfeiture, ex- cept durinr the life of tlie person attainted. TreMon against the United States is a capital offence. Murder in the second degree, that is, murder committed in a feodden quarrel, but without malice prepense, is punished by solitary confinement at labour for tliree, and not more than six years; for the second offence, for a period not exceeding ten years. The punishment for burglary ia solitary confinement for not less than two, nor more than ten years ; for the second offence, for a period not UGMding fifteen years. For robbery, or being accessary itiHi»sfi«!!s±i!a~ 16 SIX Hornns thereto before the fact, the period ia for not lens than one, nor more than seven years ; for the second offence, for a period not exceeding twelve years. Mayhem, kid- napping, horsestealing, perjury, &e. are all punished by solitary confinement for different periods. Almost every ■pecies of forgery, or aiding, abetting, or commanding the perpetration of a forgery, whether it be of the coin of the state, or have reference to the sale, utterance or delivery, or having in possession the metallic plate used >n the forging of any note of any bank incorporated in the state of Pennsylvania ; or forging, defacing, corrupt- ing, or embezzling any charters, gifls, grants, bonds, °'K wiHn conveyances, or contracts; or defacing, or falsifying any enrolment, registry, or record j or forging any entir of the acknowledgment, certificate, or endorse- ment, whereby the freehold or inheritance of any person or persons may bo charged ; or of counterfeiting the ■and or seal or another with intent to defraud ; or the pnvy or great seal of the state of Pennsylvania, is pun- ished with solitary confinement for a period of not less than one, nor more than seven years ; and for tiie second oiFence, for a period not exceeding ten years. It is ex- pected that few offenders will run the risk of solitary confinement for a second timet When first received, tha prisoner is left alone, and it ■eldom happens that he does not ask for a Bible, and work, after the lapse of a few hours. A Bible and a few other religious books are allowed him. In a few days the withdrawal of his employment is folt, and .adopted as a punishment, with the most obstinate and bftcdened. The chaplain occasionally visits the prison- ers, and on Sundays ho takes a station whence the words of prayer and exhortation can be heard by eve- ry prisoner in his cell, as they echo along the vaulted roof of the corridor. If any punishment can be said to be dignified, that of solitary confinement has a claim to that epithet. Justice to society is nobly done, not only in the remo- val of the prisoner in the first instance, but, secondly, by enabling him to return, as it were, to the world, a wiser and a better man. The end of solitary confine: ment is the reformation of the criminal, by obliging him to think who never thought before. If reflection can be awakened, and conscience can obtain a hear, log, it« advonUges will be readily acknowledged. Tbo IN AMEItlCA. 17 ia for not Iom than ir the second offfincc, cars. Mayhem, kid- ore all punished by riods. Almost every ing, or commanding her it be of the coin he Mile, utterance or le metallic plate tiBcd bank incorporated in ig, defacing, corrupt- gifts, grants, bonds, xsta; or defacing, or sr record ; or forging ertificate, or endorse- ritance of any person if counterfeiting the it to defraud ; or the Pennsylvania, is pun- a period of not less I ; and for the second ten years. It is ex- i the risk of solitary r is left alone, and it ask for a Bible, and urs. A Bible and a wed him. In a few oyment ia Mt, and 3 most obstinate and illy visits the prison- station whence tho an be heard by eve- along the vaulted to be dignified, that lim to that epithet. It only in tho remo'- lance, but, secondly, ere, to the world, a of aolitary confine- riminal, by obliging afore. If refleotion can obtain a hear, icknowledged. Tho DriMner ia forced to commune with hn own •oul; the all-DOwerful voice of ridicule is absent and unheard , remorse is not stifled, and penitence is not pat to flight, by the sneers of a dissolute companion : with no one to admire, and applaud his resolution to be "game"— to submit, is the only alternative. In England the system could not, generally, I think, succeed. The effect of solitary confinement might be fhe same on the moral character of the P"*"""'- ^ut unless something like a Ver^anent mean, of getting a livelihood be secured to him, after his removal from the prison, the principal and best object of the punishment w"uld not be obtained. This would be extremely dif- ficuU in a country of small extent, with a superabun- Sant population, and a supply of labour far !X~«dln« the demand. The regenerated offender might, per- haps contri;o to avoid observation;. but if necewity JompXd him tofcbour for bis .-b-i.tence, it « pro, bab e that he would ndl find employment ; and thene- cessary consequence would be, that all his good IMO- lutions would vanish at the approach of wmf. J No country is so well adapted for the «PT""«"' " *the United States of America, Enterprise "'^^''»f^ in every direction, and labour is well paid. When the ^r'od of confinement is at an end, tfce "'"»"»> ^^y wander to any corner of that vast cont.nent,-and go where ho will, the wages of industry are always at hii command. ' He is in^ittle fear of fieing recognized by hTfellow-prisoners, because no prisoner is avowed to^ee another. His former associates «" "'^ "^tha't Dcrsed or in prison, or in the grave ; and the hope that SScdhim in his cell is realised, by the facihly of Kng a new character, and friends who "e '«•»«>'•"» of h s «ime. It should be adde.l to this notice of the PeSntiwy.that every cell opens into a «m»ll paved ^S^^in which tlTe prisoner can t'J'^ ««["»! 'J?^ ArttSe system has not been found prejudicial to health „f mind or bodv. as had been anUcipated. °^"St^d a«seum at Philadelphia, which ,. «dto 1-. the h^ in the United States. It contams a skeleton trMdth ; and weighing more than 8000 lbs. in uie g.. 9» ' twwyB.r ii iJIiJ ii '. /y: mmh^ 18 SIX MONTHS Icrv arc arranged a number of portrait*, chiefly of diiitin- giiislMid Aiiiericong, wliioli are Haid to be ailinirablc like- ncHici ; but certainly not valuable 08 pnintini^ii. I waa much better ploa8ed oltoffether with tlie niUHcuiii lN.-Ionfr. inj; to the Academy of Natural Sciences. It in uiueh Rmoller than the otlier, but for more Hcientilicolly or- ran)[;e(.'lonff> ;ii'ncc8. It iti much oru Nuiuntiticolly or- contained, when I ■ly finislii'd, and tho rnuiid Ntcrn, also in > carry one liinidrcd iiH vcttMcl is two liiin. fitVy-cifrlit acroHH tlio ij^lit in proportion to lo not ap|)oar to bo Bcvcnty.four. Tlio rer, ia said to com- i^ her other tinibora. upon lior, and salt- 3r It would lie. She rinidad, destroyed at rliish Bhip of tlio line, lo of Navarino. All bo thirty-two pound long fi^uns on the on 11,000 lbs. With 1, it ia probable tlmt nroar and tear of the our ships wore em- ed from its being op irishablc. This tree ithcrn states ; but is I valuable, as tho cz- t keep pace with the ibly nnd themselves luartcr of a century IN AMBBICA. 10 iTerent kinds of tiin> ccommcndcd in the for 1899. Live-oak ntlis in water, then o protect it agMqat mmersion is recom- it less liable to split Whito.onk, which is inferior to the British wh to or m^vTX»ho.Ud ho docked about eighteen months m freHf/ or two years in saltwater; then taken up am lawcd into sucl. Bi7^s as may bo required, tlien placed mir cover for ateut two or tl»roo yearB. Ye low p no should Ik. docked nteut twelve month;; f'."" ^akcn up. "Sn^a covered for two years. Mast timber should 1« in nersod and covered in mud tdl wanted for use. Si tiXought to be cut when Uje greatest portion o^ »ai H^n circdation, at some time from the hrst of No- rmlK. to the end of February; it should then te im- mertd \n water, and never taken out but eaHjr mjho surinir • and it was given as an opmlon, that it all umncr "mderwcnt this pro^'cess, the ships might lost double the 'tSt^tuTt'pSSpal theatres, but did not^thi^^^ Ti!^i or^x'SoTr:r fird '^.^ New York. 1 »1^Xv of which I forget the name. little inferior to his com edy. Tho United States' bank 'at Philadelphia is a heautifiJ h„nd^?,^ being a copy from tho Parthenon, with such SaUons M were absolutely indispensable m order to alterations as wt. of business. It ha« no sido Smn^ • but A^^^o is a splendid specimen of the d^The Ionic piUars in Uie interior, were brought i^ f . uT The orescnt United States' bank, was to- '""" J?.J"bvTct o?C^s on tho 10th .f April. 1816, S^lC^TvKrSJSS shares ^of 100 ^^-KL^'Stgonof^^^^^^^ p« „. ^t^f. '°'5»;«~™^5^^r^\rGene"«l Was^ r^--^Erto«t-lvrth"?ugh „. e^actly S »# 20 SIX MONTIII by thoHo iiaiiir*, in 1787. In 1790, Mr. Hamilton, the wcretary of the trciiHury, iiiado liis criebrak-d report on the (tato of thu public dobts contractud during tlic revo- lutionary war. Ho proponed tliat tliu dobta o» the conti- nental conf^ruiia, and tlioHc incurri d by the statcH indi- vidually, Hhoul tinguishod democrats. It was asserted that congress had no power to create corporations. Tho federalist was In favour of a liberal construction of the articles of* tho constitution, and an extension of the powers thereby vested in the federal assembly or congress of tho United States, in opposition to what are termed state rights, or liowors clauncd soporaU-ly by the stotes in their indi- vidual capacity. 'Jlie federalist was said to bo friendly to Great Britain, and to bo indiflferont to the principles of the French revolution. He was in favour of the alien law, by which tlio president was enabled to compel sus- pected ibrei^ers to leave the country ; and of tho sedi- tion law, which provided for the prosecution and punish- ment of false and malicious accusations against the pre- sident and members of congress. In &ct, these nica- Burea were passed by congress during tho administration of John Adams, who succeeded General Washington, and was the second and last of the federal party elected to the office of president ^le democrat regarded tfae principle! of the federalist aa far too oristocraticol for the atmoe|riiere of America. He was a strict interpreter o< the articles of the constitution, and kept a carafbl watch, lest the federal government, in its imited eapaoitjr, ■honld usurp anv powers which he oonaidered aa the rights and priviWea of individual statee. Under the oTenrfaeloiiny infliuaoe cA' the democrat priiudplep, "ii)»i>i«»%iii«rtmg|iiii<»»i fin^wrttwiii riTtf-tiiiiiriii 1 Mr. Hamilton, the celebrated report on :toil (liirinff the rovo> V dcbta oi the conti- I by the Btateii indi- general (government, b^ taxcH on articles 'Ilia, it won UiouKht, t'edurol Kovcrnmont, to8 icparati'ly consi- contlictin^ opinionf the two )Ntrties who tution, urted that coni^roM ma. The federaliat on of the urticloa of ■ the powers thereby igrcM of the United lied state rifrhts, or states in their indi- K said to bo friendly int to the urinc'iptes II favour or the alien iblcd to compel sua- y ; and of tho sedi> ecution and punish- ons against the pre- In fact, these nica- ^ the administration sneral Waahiufjton, .'dcral party elected loorat reg&rded tfae 10 aristooratical for I a strict interprolar. and kept • carefiil 1 its united MpMitf , oonsidered m toe •tatee. Under the mocrat prindplem BBB 8SiS t^.u^. IN AHCRIUA. 21 which have been on the increase more and more flrom tho first year of Mr. Jefferson's presidency, the federalist party have cx|)crienced a (jreat decrease in n\unh«r, and tlieir principles have lost much of their riifidity- 'n "i^'i the two parties may lie sola to bo nearly extinct, even in name ; the terms federalist and democrat being rarely mentioned now. . The federalist was always tho enemy of universal suf- frage. He was for imposing a sulwtontial qualification on every voter ; on the principle that projwrty, and not persons, should be represented. In Pennsylvania for in- stance, tlie right of suffrage is possessed by every ftoc- mon of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in tho state for two years next preceding, and who, wiUiin that time, has paid a sUte or county tax, assessed at least six months before the election; and a poll tax of fifly cenU per annum, confers tliis right upon individuals who are not in circumstances to pay anv other. That corruption to a great extent is ^nerated by this system, is admitted on all hunds ; it is obviously a matter of course that it should be so. Even in democraflo Ame- rica there are to be founii thousands who.ri«dlly ac knowledge the real causes of their proepcrity to be »»^ titled with those that haTc prevented this system from figuring in its real colours ; aiid who fVeely admit that it proceeds firom a comparative exemption from taxes ; an unbounded extent of country ; an admirable spirit of enterprise ; a population not too large, and a consequent abundance of emp' -it— not (Vom tho existonce^of a peculiar political I ,« ,\. l But to return to u .ubicct of the United States bank. When Mr. Jefferson and the democrats came into power, tho renewal of the bank charter was discusaed as a party question. At this period excitement woa at its height j and the fcderaliaU made themselves so conspicuous by their indiscriininating opposition to those measures of commercial restriction adopted by tlie democrats in power, against Great Britam, in compliance with tho policy ofthe new French government, tliat they were oonsfdeied by a large proportion of tlie American naUon, M the apologista for the conduct of a country already re- carded m the light of a pubUc enemy. Yet »uch vtm Se genertl ophiion of the good that had been dlffiised tbnmefaoat the Union by tho bank, that the ouestion of Oei^al of ite charter, was only lost by the carting TOto of the president of the senate, and by one vote in 88 ■IX MUXTUI Urn liouw of ri'pri'M'iitalivi'a. In Iimm thnn thrrr ymirt after tlin iixpirutiiin of llic chartur in |H||, id,, war wltli nil»rriiwni«nl oiiil tlw ro-OHtnliliitjMnKUt ot' ffio Unitrd Mind »' luink rt- onininuiuiud liy Mr. Dnlliu, who wait Uicn «- poaod to it. In conaoqutinuo of ihr non.ri'nuwnl of tlir Imnk rhartor, lutnk credit to Uiu amount of i5,(N)0,(l(H) of dolliini wao witlidniwii tVoiii thu |Miblic Krvicc, and a number of local bonkii imiii timated at not Iom than 46,000,000 of dollari, luotoined escluaiveW by want of a aound currency and an efficient •yatem or finance. The United Statot' bank haa eaUbliihod branch banka at twenty.two of thu principal commercial citiea of the Union. When it waa ion, that tho bank had foiled in the great end of eatslM ' lialiing an uniform and sound currency. This is anp. posed to have reforenoe merely to the niroumataneo pt the bonk, not in all cosoh redeeming tlie biUs issoad M v ^aqy one of its branches indiscriminately at all the otlrtnt V* ■H H iil mi );li. ;i II Iriw tlinn thfcp yMrt in IHII, ttif war with I ill Itii^ iiii'iin tiiiic, tlio I'dililo I'liilmrriiMiiioiil i liiitcil StnliV Imiik ri- wan tlii'ii Micn^Ury to nt' .Mr. Mailinon ; and ot'coiiKrcMiduring tlio iii'h wan pri'vioiiHly o|k 'nl nf tlir Imiik rharter, tOIMXNI of (lollura wao ice, and a number of of th« United Sutca* of imprudent trading, ilv diaordurrd tho cur- tii«tandiii|( all bor re- I the lost year of tho on the eve of bank- e national inatitution enciea of government, luin of renoral credit of tiie United Slotet waa no bank, waa ea< of doUari, auatained renoy and an eflioient ibliahod branch ■banka nmereial citica of the d there were, aa wo country, both acting ie number ia now in. a it waa then, left out ?r doea not expire till csidcnt on the aubject 'olvca tho conunercial It bo apoculatud upon diutanco of time. iH unfavourable to its ho oxproaaed an ophi* lu great end of mwm ' rroncy. Thia ia anp. > the ciroumatMiea ^f ng tlie biUa iamiail 1^ ^ atoly at all the othani ^r IK AMItU«'A. ss Kill it would bo an ..bvio..- Injualicc to <.l.li|io U.o b«ftk .!:,;; :S ineaaun. UK. attciVptwocdd.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ,«lil,fc with iu .M.l. 1.0. ; UK 11 w ''*'**' "'',7»."7;iu "c mngc w.r. miluvourable in one -UU-, and fi^*»««»;'^" rrXr. il... How of n«U.« iron, the .fto ^* "^'^ " 'J ,|"v<.ura.lf. W0..1.I «.-m -i"l*nd or cmUact aU Uia i.?Ili»i.« of the Imiik ; a...l tho v.ry ov.l of «• 'noq^J^ Uu) currtn.-y, wIiicjIi U.« cUblinhmcnl w»» d.»»giw« t remedy wofiid 1h, inorea-d by a vain attempt to ,-. ■ •n.ii iiiiwi«.ibilUi.«. I •»'«•<» «">«i howfv.r. pur.ue th" Xcr^X but will only odd, thai all rc«K,nu.g ."d ,^m^1t.|ic. «*m to favour a belief in Uie adwilMJ* XhX Sng e.tabli.h.n,.nt ha. ^-^'J^^.^ oounlrv ll im b«»uleK, in poaM-miuo of a cona deraow rpfund. a^.r deducing . ven P^'^-«;;; -J*"'' ''J ..i..Uu it to moot any coiitingoncea Hint may ariae. in termed a national bank, fo.mded on tl.c .rcdit of the government and iU rev.nurm uu bcnm ijropoacd by flTcral Jaek«>n and other-. F ve hundred •K«nt-J«« . m.loy..l at Hie |.re«,iU moment in {'»»•««'*'"«.?'" 'J^ .,f the United Ht«U>H' bank i but tho eiioriiM.ua increM* , f iMitronage whicli would accrue to t^ie K"*"'"'"*"'^''^, tlJoiubuSimonl of Uie propoacd .mtional bank. wodW 1, nothb* in coi.ii>ari«>n with the p.«ver that would be ^.Ud nft, from iU having mider it. conUol U.e d.^- TOtion of baiik accominodaflon. to the amount of at lea-t So.000,000 of dollar.. When thc«, •^•«^"°"'*" ."^ «naidired. it ia difficult to conceive how aucli a pJai li^^dtad'aupiK-t among U.e .ubjecU of a governn».nt ■•rnfcaainir to be tlioxoughly domocraUcaL ' Th* ^^ty of Philadelphia ia, token altogrlher, the JtinU^Ui^itedBUtea. /'h" B^X -"«'«» ^-^^t winter raonUia. BaU. and concerU arc then frequent and well attended : in thia roapcct 1 waa imfortunate, •• ri-ln Uiat city in May-but I *".P^y.\«X; ^ecd for n.y loi, by U.e r'"""'^Td^rSK3 ^•i>rc which, although ahady enough, and pretUly lajo Sr".'n^ what tl>.f moat Lhionablc P'W-^^'f' J* ^^UKlelphia ought to lM);-and I could »»» *«» J*"""^ UrSoSi.phiy of beauty and elegance ^ h« '"^^Tv^^ about aix o'clock on the afternoon of a hno lay. waa SSrlohly de«)rving of a better oloce ?/««««;• »^ Ctto conViienco aJSertthat, a. & « '* ^'''^J^*?*^, ItlaLl. and vet I am acarcely wiUtng^ to pronwmeo ii iijSto i. .plendTd cortigoV Ken.W« ««««•«.. <>, « ' m" ' i»m l^l 90^ * <« k liMw ■mr 34 SIX MONTU» t- }^ ''T'u*" !^? conclusion that I should not bo able to deftiscnd 0,0 Mississippi to Now Orleans. By the A^i.r'""''' """" **"='"• *•>« extreme lients of an Amen^ summer would have been prevailing in that very unhealUiy climate, and a stranger is almost certain to be attacked by fever and ague. The voyage down the nyer occupies five or six days; tlie voyage up the river is not performed in less than ten or twelve : and I was consoled by learning that the voyage is exceedinsly tedious, as the low banlts offer no variety of scenery Tor many days— «,, much so, that upon rising in the morn- ing, a person might almost be persuaded he had not moved from that part of the river where he had been the previous cvemng. I therefore determined to make a tour through part of Pennsylvania: I had heard "Ti u 1,^^'^''"*? °^ ""^ "'^ne'-y' "fthc trout fishing. ?^ .L IS '^ ''9^riing\v having engaged a place m the coach to Harrisburg, the capital of flie State. I started by it, at the nondescript hour of two in Uie morn- ing, and arrived at Harrisburg the same evening. The road lay through a well.cultivated, but not parSculorlv interestmg country; at least I did not tliink so, for it rained m torrents the whole morning; and although I was inside Uie coach, one arm was completely wet through, in consequence of the oilskin panels being but loosely fastened. The great heat of summer renders it necessary that the conveyances should be as airy as pos- sible ; the panels, which are made either of leatheror oUskin. are rolled up in dry weather, but the « gentle- man m the corner" sometimes «iomea off very biSlv on a cold or rainy day. In addition to this, it must be re- membered that the American coaches usually carry nine inside, and do not afford too much Uberty to the legs The Uu-ec passengers who sit in the middle, lean their shoulders against a broad leather strap, .which passes across the coach ; and aa this occasionally gets unhooked in passing over a forest road, their heads are instanUv thrown in contact with the stomftchs of those who ara behind them. The moat considerable place we passed was Readfaw which has much the appearance of a second rate-com^ town m Enghmd. Viewed from the Sunbury road, br which I returned to it in my way back to PUladdtaAiiL Its situaUon, in a fine surrounding country, appewsto much greater advantage. We pai^ „o .rther pSoe 3^ note but Lebanon ; la the vicinity of which is to befinad- w bi si it la fr td a Pi h al si P I li^jpjrillifiitfyii 1 IN AHBBIOA. 25 I thould not bo able IT OrlcanK. By the ctrcmo licatR of an n prevailing in that for is almost certain The voyage down the voyage up the in or twelve j and I yage is exceedingly iricty of scenery for rising in the morn- -suaded he had not ivhcro he had been ietcrmincd to make mia: I had heard of the trout fishing, ng engaged a place pital of the State, I of two in tlio mom- ame evening. The )ut not particularly not tliink so, for it ig ; and although I ■as completely wet :in panels being but summer renders it !d be as airy as pos- either of Icatlier or r, but the "gentle- « off very badly on ' this, it must be re> ■ usually carry nine liberty to the legs. i middle, lean their itrap, jvhich passes nally gets unhooked heads are instantly a of those who ara ossej was Readinff, second ratc-ooim^ e Sunbury road, by ck to PboladetiAiK, country, ai^Mnto' d no Other plaoe of^ which is to be fband some of the finest arable land in Pennsylvania. Har- risburg is delightfully situated on the Susquehanna. It was here for the first time I saw that beautiflil river ; in breadth about three quarters of a mile. Its dear and shallow stream is not really slow, but at a little distance it appears as tranquil and unruffled as the surface of a lake. Immediately opposite to Harrisbur^ is an island, from either side of which a long wooden bridge is thrown to the opposite bank of tlie river. Harrisburg is the capital of Pennsylvania, and is a thriving, neat and pretty-looking town, containing about four thousand in- habitants. The house of assembly, or capitol, as it is always called in America, is built on an eminence. The sittings of the senate and house of representatives of Pennsylvania were held first at Philadelphia, then at Lancaster, and subsequently for nearly the last twenty vears at Harrisburg, which, from its central situation, nas been found much more convenient The chamber where the representatives hold their sittings is very large, with separate desks for every two or Uiree members, disposed in a semicircle, in the same manner as the French chamber of deputies. The chair in which the speaker sits was filled by the celebrated patriot John Hancock, when he presided in the assembly, by the members of which the declaration of independence was signed in the state house at Philadelphia. The senate and representatives had just finished their sittings, afler wu.ing passed only two hundred and sixty-seven acts. I saw a list of them. They chiefly related to internal improvements ; and many of them made honouraUe pro- vision for old Boldien, or the widows and families of oU soldiers^ who had served in the revolutionary wot. An experiment, which would have been deemed serious in an older country, was on the eve of trial ; an act had been passed for levying a tax on personal property throughout the state. The bulk of the taxes had hitherto been paid by the land owners, and a new assessment mode once every three years. The annual tax is at the rate vt one, two, or three dollars the acre, according to the Talue of the land. The owner of personal property only, however, enjoyed an immunity, of which w present HMarare was intended to devest him, In makinjp him Mfataxof one dollar in a thousand. Emrr individool iqu be oUiged to swear to the amount of bie personal ttf ; and should he be auppoaed to sweat ftlseljiNnn I wUl be empowered to compel the predsotkit^r 3 • , :" [JlfglJfijttiijiriiiiiiiiii; II fg *^ * * " •IX MONTHS tay dead, bend, note, or bill, or of any writing being evidMHW of a debt owinv to him. However, the general opinion seemed to be, that the graoelcBe impost wonld be aoquiesced in aa one of fkirnees and neceaaity. On aeoomit of the enterpriae of canals, railroad^ and other improvements, the rtate debt of Pennsylvania is larger ilHui that of any other of the Union, amounting to 14,463,161 dollarsr-4he debt of New York amounting to neariy 9,000/100 dollars. The individual state debts are veiy likely to be increased rather than diminished, in the end ; but as no state debt has in any instance been increased except tat the purposes of internal im- provement!), the augmentatioB of the debt will but add eventually to tiie proaperity and wealth of the state. Suppose any state, New Ywk for instance, were to bor- row 4,000,(N)0 dollars for some public work, as a canal or railroad, at a fixed rote of interest, and that the capi- tal borrowed were to be reimbursaMe in the year 16S0. flooh a Nta of tonnase would be levied on tm canal or railroad as would, amr payment of the interest, leave a ■inking ftmd available mr the redemption of the capital borrowed, and the state would be left in possession of a large tract of country rendered produetive and valuable an acooont of the additioiid facility afibrded for the oarriageofprodvoe to market Once mly since the for- matiott of the ooastitatio&, and diving the presidency of John Adams, has a direet and general property-taa been impoeed by tiie foderal growmment in time of peaee. The view from the dwne of the e^tol at Harrisburg is ver^ fine ; but a nmdi bMer is obtained from the ■umnutof a hill abouta mile behhid the town, although, perhaps, the town itself is not Men to such advantage. KrwA fut of the surrounding conntrv is very well omivated ; oom-fieldB, pasture uid woocUands, are dis- tribntod over hill and Inflow; and oecasionally here and there is perceived a small fton-house, of a neater and BMve English upearance than any I had yet seen. On «verf sicb the landscape is terndnated aa nsoal h|y a bouadlSMi IMIt The Susquehaima seems to loae itatif thrwogh a gm in the Hue Mountains; and tfarooghaM Hm Wnole of tta eourse, whieh is visible fbr a greaf 4li- tanoe, Ha banks and beratifiil island* are eloMl tvhh the riehest ibHage to the water's edge. I p Mmtiid aUmg tb» muHi bank of the river towards MUMaVi fdand, and afler a ride of eight or nine nikt, I «at««d «t the gap I hwe Jiwt mentioBed. Its semery ft trfWy IM AXSRICA. 97 of any writin|f being Howevw, the gflDeral Mjcleia import wonld 9 and necessity. On I, railroads, and other 'ennayltania te larger Union, amounting to Tew York amounting individoal state debto her than diminished, has in any instance ■poses of internal im- the debt will but add wealth of the state, instance, were to bor- iblie work, as a canal st, and tfiat the capi- lUe in the year ISSO. levied r- ring' the preaidenoy of leiw property^tax been t in time of pea«e. I o^tol at Harriaburg > ia obtained from tte hd the town, although, tm to such advantage. oountrv is very well id woodlands, are dis- oecasiomJly her««nd louM, of a neater aHd y I had yet seen. On linated as usnal bjra na soems to Iom itMf tains; and thranglMM vMUe for a frea*4b> tnte are eloiM tvMh • edge. I pMMMfd rer towwii DlMMfSi mine milw,I«»Mld Its seenerjr ftMlHy reminded mo of the Rhine at Drachenfells. Th»A- rupt and lofty hill on the left is not surroounjed by a "cutled crag," but it overhangs, perhaps, a noUer riyei, whose banks lire covered with Uie forest trees of America, instead of being formally scarped for the culture I^.«»«JT,^ gotbic proprietor of the soil- At first it la net d^- Suit to mteT from this, that » great hiOtle had tU« place in the vicinite^, end that eaeh party bad ed(«wd this place for the burial of the dead,--that imiverselly. and eternally ^stiiwuishing characteristic between man- kind and tnoee of the brute creation that nwke m nearest approaches to humanity. Where, however, ttey are found singly, the researches of Mr. JeOerson and of others, induce us to bdieve that they were heaped t(«etber upon other occasions. In one -which he opened, Mr. Jefferson conjectures that there might be as many as n thousand skeletons ; and appearances indicated that it had derived its origin and enlargement from a custom of coUecUng the bones of the dead on the spot at different times. iTiey were deposited m layers, but in the utmost conftision of relative position ; the bones of the most dis- tant parts (^ the body being crowded together. Those •f i rfti*" and hali^grown porsona were found among thnn. These tumuu are sometimes composed of eciui, end aametimee of loose stones, like the cairn and camedd arifeatknd and Wales. . ^ . "A) eonieetnre, that they were either raised over the daMin battle, or in accordanee with the custom sup- paM'lv Mr- Jeffisraon, ia the mora probable, on acoount iife wiiiftei.] MHi^ 88 SIX MONTES of the bonei being always found in quantitiea. The European tumuli, of whatever age or nation, have either been neaped up over the aahcs of some distinguished peraon, or arc found to contain but a few coflinEi, of rough- newn Uid looae stone. In America, I Ixilieve, none are Buppoaed to cover the remains of one person only, deeply bnned as in Europe, under the superincumbent mass ; but in the tumuli of America the external coating of earth will easily crumble away when disturbed, and will frequently discover the bones at a triffling depth beneath the surface. Arrows and other implements of war are frequently found amongst them. The formation of these tumuli is no where understood to be a modem custom. The Indians have a feeling of reverence for them, and use them as land marks ; but the moat ased are unable to ibmish any clue to the discovery of their antiquity. The knowledge of their own ancestors is confined to three or four generations, and nothing certain is known of the aborigines who formed these tumuli. Humbolt himself, in his "New Spain," after a learned dissertation ' on the subject, is obliged to admit that ** the general question of the first origin of the inhabitants of £e con- tinent, is beyond the limits -prescribed to '■utorv, and is not perhaps even a philosophical question." lliere can be no doubt that thev were a distinct race, and more civiliied than the wild Indians of the present day, whose Asiatic origin is also a subject of dinpute. Humbolt believes that tiie analogy between the languages of Tar- tary and those of the new continent extends to- a very ■mall number of words. He adds, that the want of wheat, oats,, barley, rye, and of all those nutritive grami- na wUch go under tiie name of cereal, seems to prove that if Amatic tribes passed into America, they must have descended from pastoral people. We see in the old continent, that the cultivation of cereal namina, and the use of milk were introduced as far back as we have any historical records. The inhabitants of the new continent, cultivated no other gramina than maiie. „ They fed on no species of milk, though the lamas alpacas, and in the'north of Mexico and Canada, two kinds of indigenous oxen, would have afforded them mijk m abundance. These are striking contrasts between w Mongol and American race. However, in the trauMO- tions of the literary and historical society of Quebeu, there has lately been published a " catalogae of aftw (ninety aix) remarkable instances, which indnoe a bdief ".•f^- ■ 'a * IN AMIRICA. 29 1 in quantitiea. The or nation, have either if gome distinguished L few coffins, of rough- la, I believe, none are le person only, deeply ipcrincumbent mass ; le external coating of en disturbed, and will triffling depth beneath nplements of war are riie formation of these be a Biodem custom, rerence for them, and moat aged arc unable ry of their antiquity, cestora is confined to ^ng certain is known Me tumuli. Humbolt a learned dissertation lit that "the general nhabitants of me con- ibed to history, and is cjuestim." Tliere can stinct race, and more the present day, whose of dispute. Humbolt the langruagea of Tar- lent ezt«idB to* a very Ida, that the want of those nutritive grami- cereal, seems to prove I America, they must ople. We see in the of cereal gramina, and IB far back as we have habitants of the new gramina than maiie. ough the lamas alpaoaa, Canada, two kinds of ifforded them milk in contrasts between tkk bwever, in the tranaac- ^al society of Qnebeii, a "catalogue of a few , which induce a bdief uf tlie Asiatic origin of the North American Indiana. By Miyor Mercer, R. A." These I recommend, w they are very interesting. Robertson says that " the Eaqw* maux Indiana, are tlie only people in America who, in their aspect and character, bear any resemblance to the Northern Europeans." They differ from all the other Indian tribes in their language, dimosition, and habita of life. He thence infera Uie probability of their havinf originally passed over ttom tne North-west of Gurope, and adds, "that among all the other inhabitants of America, there is such a striking ''similitude in the iorm of their bodies, and the t)ualities of their minds, that nol- withatanding the diversities ocoasioned by (be inJitienoe of climate, or unequal progress <^ improvement, we must pronounce tliem to be dMcended from one source— the north east of Asia." It may be bA« added, that Cuvier. when speaking of the mounon of the Blue Mountaina, inibrms us, that it ia the only quadruped of any siie, th* discovery of which is entirely modenn, and givw it •■ liis opinion, that perhaps it is only a Siberian goat that has crossed the ice. The jvnotion of the Susquehanna and Juniata rivers takes piaiee at Punoan's island. The latter is a much smaller river, varying from one to two hundred yards in breadth. In some plaoes its thickly {orMted bwDka rise to a great height above the gloamy-looking stream, wbgae dark plaoidity is oooasionaUy disturbed by small raiuda, or fitUs, as tbey are termed, though they hardly dewrv* the name. I observed a sunken raft, and one aolitwy fish hawk (qaprey). The road oontinnea akog the- aide of the JunialA fbr several miles i it then lewits i^ tai conducts th^raveUer to Lewistown. I obaervBd nathi*|r remarkable Vl this place. It* situation, however, i^ pio- tureaque, as it is aurronnded with abrupt hilla andnUMT ground* of different elevation, with plenty of fimetk w uanaL The distance from l4ewi*tQwn to e place eaBed Brown> Mills, i« not more than five mitea. Hera I fimnd w excellent eountir inn, k*!)t by an Iriaiimn« wi % moat delioious trovAing atream, nnminf ntiitt throntb the woeds, and emeiiipff okiw to the wa, ]| ia wiMKbla in every pert, WM iwwnm* wtlh tteal, *MM qfthini weirtinf more than three ponnda. Tboae UIM , wMl » ilr, do not a,?enfe more than half k ipoond la wMlli viit it i* no unoomman ooenrranee to kill ftw •r w 4am in two or Aree heora, Wbtn I Waa thMw. 3» I-**S 30 SIX MoirrHS and in fact daring the whole time I pawed in Pennayl- vania, the seaaon was early, and the weather cold and unfavourable, bo that I killed but very few fish. A severe walk of twenty-five miles through the forest, and across a range of hills known by the name of the Seven Mountains, brought me to Belfont — a large and thriving town, conspicuous from being placed on a hill in the midst of a very pretty country. Close to Belfont are three fiill mountain streams, or creeks, as they are called in America. Spring creek in particular, contains an enormous quantity o? trout, of about the same size as those at Brown's Mills ; but the weather was still unfa- vourable, and it wa» all in vain that I waded down the stream for nearly four miles. I took but seven or eight moderate-sized nsh. The red hackle is considered the best general fly. The other streams are known by the names of the Bald Eaele, and Logan's creek. The for- mer takes its name Irom a bald eagle's nest, that was annually built in tibe vicinity, or, which is more probable, from a tribe of Indians so called, who resided there. At the head waters of the other creek, is still seen the place of residence of the celebrated Mingo chieft Logan, whoso - eloquent message to Lord Dunmore, is too wwl known to need insertion here. Many of the aged ialiabitants of Belfont stUl lemember him. His fate resembled that of Demosthenes and Cicero : he perished for his eloquence. An old oflEkwr of the United States aruiy, who, soon after the close of the revolutionary war, was ordered to make surreys of the country watered by the AUei^wny river, informed me that Logo's nephew, a remaikaUy Sob young Indian, dined with him one day in his tent, and that be asked him what became of Lo^gan. I killed him, was the reply. Why did you kill him 7 l^e na- tion t Yes : and when I become as great a man as LoMn (h^nff Us hand on his breutwith dignity,) I shaUM cantMl todiff! He added, that he riMt Um iMU the AOegbMijir mmm I paMed in Peniifyl- ho weather cold and t very few fiah. A rough the forest, and le name of the Seven -a large and thriving ecd on a hill in the Close to Belfont are ks, aa they are called rticular, contains an mt the same size aa iathcr was still unfa- t I waded down the >k but seven or eight Me is considered the ns are known by the ut's creek. The for. Baffle's nest, that was lick is more probable, ho resided thiare. At is still seen the place chie^ Logan, whoso re, is too vroll known he aged iahabitanla of (ate resembled that of ihed for his eloquence. tea army, who, aoon ' war, was ordered to red by the Allecbeny lephew, a remukaUy 1 one day in his tent, leofLo^. I killed a kin him 1 The na- f He waa too great a at although the whole an in execution, yet, would soon gain a nuu Vna he not uien mne- I influence divideo liM choote jrou to pot him done H, I wooM ew-, 1 his nephew, thaB'lB- H then kill ywl alioT man aa Loflvn (h^itti' ty,) I slMtt ll* oobImI im new the ASeghMfc V* IM AHBBICA. 31 river. When informed of the resolution of the council of his nation, Logan stopped his horse, drew himself up in an attitude ofgreat dignity, and received tho fatal ball without a murmur. From Belfont I proceeded on foot over the mountains to Philipsburgh, on the western slope of the Allegheny ri^. The distance was about twenty^eight miles. After walking for several hours along the side of the Bald Eagle creek, I arrived ot the foot of the Alleghanics. They are composed of sandstone, and are more extensive than any in the states on this side of the Rocky Mountains, though their height is inconsiderable. The most eleva- ted port of the ridge in Pennsylvania does not, as I have said before, exceed 1300 feet; but at the other peak, in Virginia, it rises to 3950 feet above the level of the great western rivers, being two or three hundred feet higher than Ben Lomond. The high peak on the Rocky Mountains is the highest mountain in the United States, and attains an elevation of 13,500 feet Mount Wash- ington, the highest ot the White Mountains, is 6,234 foot in height ; Mansfield, in Vermont, the most lofty of the Green Mountains, is somewhat hjgter than Ben Nevis in Scotland, as it rises to 4379 feet I ascended the Alle^Hmy by a good road, that wound gradually tip the side of the moimtain, and after a walk of abont three hours and a half, I waa in fidl contemplation of the most extensive forest view I had ever yet beheld. I have seen many of the dark and impenetrable pine forests in the north of Europe, where the mountains are far higher, and the scenery proportionably grander, bnt I never i«member a forest so interminable aa that I am speaidng o£ One small patch of cultivation waa per- ceivable in a very distant valley, called, I believe, PoM's Valley. The vast thickets of Norway, Sweden, and Rnasu, are chiefly of pine trees, and are grand and irfoomy enough, but sometimes tiresome from their monotmiy. Nature has painted them with her usual ability ; but the cokMiring she haa employed may be com- pand to that of a dn^jpg in Indian ink, equally credi. table to the artist, b^ pleaaiag to the eye as a many- tinted pietore. There are jden^ of pinee on the Alle- ghny, but there ia also an immenae assemblage of other Saw. A lady informed me, that being deairooa of aending IftBn^and qiecimena of the different woode of this part iMe iBoantry, she collected fifty-two without any diffi- '^i^i bottheie ai« nuusy vwn than theee. The prin- 'Ill fv 32 nx HONTHI cipal material of thu American navy in, oa I have before noticed, aflTorded by tlio livc-oali, ao called from ito being an evergreen, and from iU elasticity, extreme durability, and other ffcncrouH pro))ertic8. The leaf of thia tre« reeembiei the ilex of Spain and England, but is ra^r Ivgeraodmorepointed, Itia not found in Fennaylvania— growing in the aouthern atatca chicflv, in Georgia and the Carolinaa, whence it ia conveyea to the mtferent dock&« »( the Manor near Baltinwrt . t h » hickory (two varietiea]) *"• W«d^walnnt ; the AnwrieaiHMphr, or tubp.traf, tb«* pn* of the Am«Ho«n fitreal, an« glowing fteqnent^ to op enormoua aiia; yeUow, white, apru^ and hemlock pu)C»-4}M Uieh ia MA found, or IS rarefy to ke net with, in tbe United Stai^t 1 have not seen thmn in th* in »Hv uniHNi o<«iM( I have not seen l|»Bi in wn Can >a» » ~ base wpo«l> » commeii Eoglish-lim*; tMar- ni«pto, whitMDapIe,rMiaMd white elm, wi|k>w,aMM(raf, black and ya|k»w bireh, aab, gnm-tiee, beech, iron-wood, mnUwrry, dcy-woodi rhododendron in great quantitioik kalrooa, btifhUa, ha»l, red and whito cedar, dematb, vtrjriniaas, indigo, and a gre«t variety of ferse and wiB vinM. In the BatinWi or fall, aa it ia universally and pratli^ tanned in America, the ibreet view is excessively be»ii<. tifbl, in eonaaqoenee of the briUnnt aasemblage ef oolanra ozbibited by the diversity of foliage co(lact«4 tMathar. My eye roved over a constant auccaeaiM ofinoantain and valley, and hill and holkw, all alike (dotM in the gferiona fWeat garb, whiL the more 4i«. tant tints became Uner and bluer, till they faded awu at th« Artheat verge of the k^riana- The IndiM M kipg been dnven or bought e«t flrean this i»art t^ Km oonntry; iHit Jhe rooks and thicket* «f the ikteal It*., naathnie WM doubtleea eoneealed Many an ankwihi and witneaaed many a eaniage. Thqi kad reamM to the aharp IwMg af the riae, and le-eeheed the mm* twnve var^whew t but dnriar the tiaM that I leiMd** ed on the top eftlie meuatain, aU arewid «• ivaa af •!- wh an; a I fro nai bac in)] hia at cat pla mc tin ma the ter mo BUI pla sp« am Be th« ell in Jl!«! is, aa I Iwve before ailed from ita being extreme durability, M leaf of thia tre« land, but is rather d in Pcnnaylvaiu»— f, in Ucorvia and I to the dilferent tlian thirty varie- )ct fruit : of tbeee, ality but comca the itain; the red-oak, , are the meet com- it, are oaual^ tlw Mtric-cheanut M nol well; I Mw pnv at ory (two Tarietieai) ir, or tuli|>.tre«, tb» ymiag ffreqnently to ru^ a«d hemHMik 'e(y to ke met with, aeen tbem in th* ifliib-lim*: iMar' n« willow, aaarwtraf, (, beech, iron-wood, in Kreal quantitiea, to cedar, deinatii« ^iatj of fwM. ami «rea]Iy and pratt^y m exaesaiTelv hunh mat aaaeinblage «r >rfo|ia|* coUecM ionatant aucriaipa )d hollow, all altk* vhilt . the more lUt- iU they faded awtj I. ThelndiMhwi ■> tliie iMrt «r titt ini;, in Mr. Cooper'a novel. He will take hia rifle and hia knapsack, and Oequently abaent iiimaelf for weeks at a time in search nf (^ame. If he kill a deer, ho will carry off* the skin, and hang^ up the venison in a secure place, and from his intimate acquaintance with the mountains, and every settlor who lives in them, no long time elapses before he can command any assistance ha may require. The principal tenants of the forest are the cougar or painter, (panther) as it is very improperly termed ; the bear, the wolf, the lynx, (called the cata- mount,) the wild cat, the marmot, the racoon, the opos- sum, and red and grey foxes. Th»deer, which in some places is fery abundant, ia the eerous virginianus, a species unknown in Europe, of a aiae netween the red and common fallow deer, with a amall parmated horn. Beside this there are but two species of deer found ia the eastern states — the moose deer, or great Siberian elk, and the American elk, four of whioh were exhibited in London some years ago under the coined name of wapiti, and which have bred very well in Etag'and. Other kinds of deer, and goats, and sheep, and an ante- lope from the Rocky Mountains, are exhibited in the Zoological museum. The reindeer is found in the colder latitiues of Lower Canada, where it exists in large hM"*«. A species of stag of gigantic size, with enor- mooB horns, which Humboldt considers as a distinct species, is very common in the forests and plains of New California. He thinks it probable that the horna whioh were displayed by Montezuma to the companions of Cortex, as objects of curiosity on account of their im>; maiMB sixe, belonged to this animal. A species of th*' ani^ genus as the European chevrenil, or roebuck, is aliito- 'found in Canada 'and some of the states. It ia I«mr, and longer eared than the European animaL OfVie oenma virginianna, or common deer of America, I? 34 ■IX MONTHS ■ ■ingle bunter will lometimei kill two or thna In ■ day i bul will more often go withoui • ibot, ■■ they are very wild, and their eenie of amelling exceedingly aoote. A itiii day i« unravourable ; a windy day ii the beet, aa the aportaman can then come very near them oa the windward aide. The cougar ia their greatest enemy, but ia Inckily not very eommon. A few years ago an American gentleman who had taken np hfai ahooting^ quarters at tlie tavam I have joat mentioned, woundM a deer, and traokad it by the Mood. On coming up with it, he obaerved a cougar on the animal ; he fired, and had the aatiaihotion to see it drop dead. When he ap. Ctobed.he saw another, that had crouched behind tM y of thx deer. He diaablad him, and killed him with the third *'iot. Aa ho waa returning, he killed another deer, and lurought all the four skins with him to tim UTsrq, TU 4 eld Snglisbman showed me the scalp of a dier llat luid bam kUM dttfisf the last soaeon : a con. gv waa tj fbD porsuit of him ; and Ih* deer look to the water oieeo b* the taTem. The eoofat apranf on hiaa ia the water, b«t made off wfaea h* saw one or the old man's seaa approaehinf with a rifle, from which Hm poor dear raaaivad hi* daath-woawl immediately aiUr- warda. I fiMmd thai there was a penally of ire dollar*
th* wild tar- key, whieli bainff panwd with avidity by the epeita- man, ia heaBi ning more eearea every day : it is largw than the tame turkey, and ita plumage eloeely risa m li M that of the d*rkw odoar.reeeroUior that of the mceoasim or Indian sandal « and the blaek-saake. The latt«V grows to the length of seven or eight Aet, and evf^ longer. It movee with great rapidity, ia a speciee of Dw boa-coustriotor, and ita habita and manner of takiM ila nny are aimiUr to thoae of that tremendona re^ila. The bite ie not poUonoos. The oop|Mr>head ia a very dangemua aaaka, as it givee no warning like the ratll*. snake. Its namq ia iU description, aa ftr aa it foea. Itf •-iitriimiuimmmtiitltK'^- IN AMMIC'A. 86 liM two or thrM in a out • iliot, •• Xbmy ar* ing exceedingly ■ente. ody day ia the beet, m ery near them on the tmir greatest •■amy, A few yaara ago an ■ken np hie •hooting'* t mentioMd, wonndM I. On coming np with animal ; ho fifed, and doad. WhMi h« ap> id eronohed behind tno n, and liilled him with ling 1 he killed anotkor ktnn with him to th» iwod mo the scalp of a Iho hut ••••on : a con> Id Iho deor took to Ibo ooagai ipranf on hiaa ho saw one of tbo old rill*, from whioh Uw ind immediately aiUr- L nonalty of 4to dollars >r tho yoar. •oU arw— tha wild tn- avidity by th* ncita- ivory day : it ia uurgw mago clcooly ro^MnliMi oatod bird, but ia rather irbich ia a ■paeica of liicl) ahoald ratbar bo act,aa I hava horaaftor ■■; the woodooek, mipat •bandanco. •■o foiaata, are tho rat- iqoaain-anaka, ao calM g that of the moeaoain. lek^make. The lattav r eight ibot, and a«a» dity, ia a apaciaa oftlw d manner of takhMilS »t tremendona raptUa. cqtpar>haad ia a nwy varning like tha r»tw> n, aa far aa it goea. It^ length ia about three fbet. Tiie ratHa-enaha ie too wall known to ii«>d much daecription : it invariably raleee ite Ull and rottlee beCure it etrikce, eo that, in general, it ean be eoeily avoided. The Indiana coneider tliti aa proof iU noble nature, and aocordingly tlioy never deetroy it, boUevlng that it hae eomething divine in It. A larfo rattle.anake would maaeura fiwr Aat in Icngtii, perhapa,or a little more, but ia vary thick In proportion. When abonl to atUok, it auddenly cwle itfain with the Uil raiaed, and rattling in the middle of the ooU, and can atrika from nearly ita whole length. It ia a vary apirUad animal » and fl«m ite moving but elowly out of tba way. ie deatroyed with little diffloulty. Much hiie been eaid of tho eitramo danger of ita bite, and of the number of peraone bitten t but Uta the acoidento from canine madnaea in Engtend. thay are fcr mora oflan hoard ofthan met with. It ie moat probable that a par- aon would die, unleeo immadiately aaet«tMi<— «r have at all eventt a very namw eacapa, if bitten on any part of tha bady that liappmed to ha naked; hot if alrwik through hU olothaa, ao groat a jfroportion of poiaon la by tbam abeorbed, or prevented flrom ooo»ing in oontaet with tha bktod. that the bite, if taken in time, ia not dangeroui. . . .t. v-j It ie a well known and aiognlar fkot, that tho body . ■.!.< _:■■ — ^Sik... .kail' -a aikikt nndar of a poraoo bitten, wiU eomat&MB ohu^a wW^ ondar tha infloanceof tha poiaoo, to tha colour of tka nake that bit him. The pfent called tha rattla^ka weed (bidena frondoaa) ie a remedy need by tlia IndiwM, and aomatimea, I waa arMUMy informod, with grant afiaot. Tha ieavae and root are boiled in milk and na^ aa a KItioa; tha milk ia also taken intarnnUy. In Mr. tt'a boUnical garden at Phlladalpbia, I WW • i(pMi- men of another plant which ia also eonaidaradaaoMMons (polygala smiaga) called by the Franah » Phwba a aar- panta a aaunottas." It gMWa in damp and shady parte of tha wooda, to a height of about tiaa fceti h^i ••«»•" poiMad laaA and a sfogia ihaiibrai rwH, "■■■Ninf • Saw of stiok-llquorioa. I waa, »«»»»•»", •aawrad ^ • SmWan of aminenoa at Phibdalphia. that tto only MMdy ha had never known to ikil, w«»*» •r^'Sl ■Untiaiof a eoppingglaai ta tha ww«**Jg:* ^Jff taTapoooflil ofTilniSiiila in a wina ghaa «W wUh ^^V^niatarad avary boor tiU tte •y«l«o*» ««* • •wMmbla torn. It ia waU known tbat fc y aoa n diltta^ •mrj anaka in tlN waoda Moand • mMmmtX. it-a-mnA. 86 •IX MONTHI Thev eat them, and iro leliloni known to luffur fVom IIm dII«, owin^, it ii nid, to th« quantity o( fat in their •jratcm. Almost f-very wild animal ia their cnomr; ■mall bird* will ollen peck at them, althoudh at the aame time oredrnce i« certainly to be vivun to tho »lo- ilea of hicinalion or terror hy which amall animala, ■nch aa aquirrela and liirda, are aomatimca rendered un- able to eacape froin them. Deer will cruih tliein to death, by jumping on them with all their Tour feet brought eloae together. I waa Oequently told that rat- lle-anakeii were common bora and there; but akill I Barer a«w one : the fkct ia, that they generally lie con- cealed. A peraon travelling in the wooda, will nome- tloiM come aaddenly upon Rfty or a hundred of them teaking on the rocka. They all retire aa the cold weather approaohea, and lie torpid during tho whole winter ; ao that a aportamaa ia in no danger from them. A Frvnch gentleman, who a year or two ago waa ahoot- inggrouae very early in the acaaen, on the moniitaina lu New Jeraey, waa auddanly atrnek near hia hip by a rattle-anake of tha largcat aiie ; thanka to hia looae Aiatian trowaarat tha tCnga did not touch him ; the btnte couM not extrieata itaelf, and hong upon him till •tniinad by repeated biowa from hia gun. Philipabarg ia rapidly inereaaing, under the advan- tagea of Engiiah auperintendence : it containa aboat eight hnmlrea inhabitanta in tha town and environa. It ia almoat exeluaively tho property of one Engiiah gentle- man, who ia maaler of nearly 70,000 aerea in that part of tba eountry. While I partook of hia hoapitality, I waa agreeably aorpriaed by tlie circle of English society, which I flnind eoiMeted under his roof. Several Engiiah have made Philipaburg their place of reaidence. Its •dvantagea oonaiat in a remarkably healthy situation on tba wealern alopa of the Alleghaniea, where the deacent ie eo gradual aa to faa hardly perceptible ; an eaay and eoBalaat communication with Philadelphia and Pitta- burgh on tha Ohio ; excellent tront-flabing, and abcot- ing In the foreat ; a very cheap market (a ahcep or dacr can ba bought for a dollar), and excellent medical ad- vice. Unektand land may be pnrohaaed at one, twOk or three ddlara an acre. The large beaver dame in thia neighbourhood affbrd tha flneat paature imaginaUe. They run fer aeTaral milea along tha aida of tha Moahanan croak. What ia i a «i )i ri». IN AHBHICA. 37 nown to lulTur iVom laiilily of fat in tlieir iii is their cnonir; am, BithouKh tt Ina be uivun to the »to- liich mnall animali, latinics rendervd un- will cruih tliein to all their four fact luently told that rat- d there; but aiill I ejr generally lie con- M wooda, will nome- k hundred of them retire aa the cold id during the whole lo danger Iroiii them, ir two ago waa ahoot- m, on the mouutaina k near bia hip by a thanka to hia looae not touch him ; the d hung upon him till ia gun. ig, under the advan- t: it containa abo«t Dwn and environ*. It of one EngUah gantiC' 100 acrea in that part of hia hoapitality, I sle of Engliah anciety, roof. Several Engliah ce of residence. Its f healthy situation on es, where the descent wptible; an easy and liladelphia and Pills- nt'flabing, and aboot- irket (a aheap or daar ixcellant medical ad- Bhaaed at dW, tw«k w naighboarhood aflhrd rhey run for aaranl nan craak. What i» now eallod a boaver lium, is not morely tlia fane* or dam which that industrious animal had thrown aoraas Iha strcum, but the whole meadow over which the water was spread in conscriuonce of its being erraststi ia ita course. The bonvor was held saoreil by Iha Indiana, and tliair habitatiuns wore probably undisturbad ibr centuries. The stream, whan clieckad in iia caraar by the dam which those extraordinary animals had oa» struoted, found its levol, of course, in avory nook to which it could ((aiu access ; and treaa and shruba rollod away with ho much moisture. As the boaver was do* stroyed, or driven out by the progress of oiviliaUion, the dams gave way, and tha stream soon returiMd to ila former channel, and the bottom of the pond or dan ia converted into a Ana maadow, axoeedingly valuabia ftt iIm purposes of tba graaior. A parson may tfmval through tha forest for many niikis, and will suddanly amerga upon a graan open spaoa, with aoarcaly • tne or shrub upon it, although at tha saino time it bo aor* rounded by a leafy wall of the loftiest forast Ifooa. An English gentleman had Just oommanead a htm oa ono of thaaa dams, and I rode about aii uUoa tbraof Ik Ihu woods to visit bira. Tha place luul muok tha appaunaaa of (an English park, which deer and otbar wild aainala would frequently crois, and somatimas within rifla-ahol fVom his window. It waa mora thau a inila in lauftlit with tha shapa and appearanoa of a billiard taUa. At Philipsburg, and in tha neighbourhood, ara aavaral iron works. I visited a curious sorow OMUulkolary there : the machine fiir heading tlie screwa waa inva wto i on the spot, and probably thara is not suoli aaoUiar to ba found auy where. It turned out about aixtjr acrewa in a minute, and finiahed thoaa off with a noatneaa that would excite the aurprise avan of a maohaniat. I have beibro mentioned that PhiUdalphia wiU shortly ba connected with the Ohio rivor, by means of Ilia Co- lumbia rail-rood, from which the great Pannsylvaaia canal will soon to finished to tha foot of tha AlloghaaT fflooataina, where it will ba Joined by another rail-Nad, wbioh will pasa Uie mountains, and communieata with Pittaburg. Anotha' rail-road will, moat probabbr, ba oanatiiNtod, ao as to interaact tha same eanal a little above Huntingdon. It will coma from tha bituninoas epal district, which Ilea about Pbilipahurf and CiaaiBnM oouity, and is spiaad over a great asilMt of ground on 4 fS 38 SIX UONTB8 the wMtern tlope of the Alleghany. Plenty of nione or ■nthraoite coal ii to be found in many parte of Pennsyl- vania, and in vast quantities ; but the bituminous coal used in the transatlantic cities is supplied either from Iiiverpool, from Nova Scotia, or from Virginia. The partioles of the Virginia coal, however, are too much divided, and it more resembles the coal used by a black- nnith, than the Newcastle coal. I have understood that bituminous coal has been lately discovered, although in vary small quantities, in Pennsylvania, on the eastern side of the mountain. The anthracite coal throws out a very powerful heat, but is very troublesome and un- manageable, requiring a long time before it will kindle properly; bunting without flame or smoke, and creating •n nnpleasant and rather unhealthy dryness in the at- mosphere of a room. An experiment had been success- fiilly tried in New York, by which the anthracite coal bad been rendered subservient to the purposes of the ■taam-engina. It was contrived that a stream of hy- drogen-gas, generated by partof the engine, should flow constantly over the burning coal, so that a powerful flame was thus fed under the boiler. But in all cases where a manageable fire is required, the biturriinoas coal ia iiir preferable. By means of the Phiiipsburg rail-road, the whole country will be supplied with this valuable mineral, at a very moderate expense, from the inexhaostibla stores on the western slope of the Alle- ghany. The necessity of making cheaper iron is be- coming daily more imperative in the United 'States. For tliu end, to sav nothing of the carriage of timber, the PhilipiJMirg rail-road will be very advantageous, as it will bring dnwn the coal to be converted into coke, to be used in the melting fbrnaues; and it will pass through the midst of the Juniata iron district, where niore than twenty forges and furnaces already exist in fbll activity ; and whose increasing importance calls for a more adequate and expeditious mode of conveyance than it at present commands. The whole country will be muob benefited ; and independently of the real and lasting advantages to be gained by the construction tf the Philipeburg rail-toad, an early attention to the plan, ftMn the iwoper quarter, will be but joatlee to the itdi- tions of a gentleman, who, with his brothers before him, baa devoted time and eapiul to the enterpriae, and hwi called into eiielence a highly respectable eommtmity, .r- ai W to H an th to of H pi Pl ce di th Wl otl fol so he w di hi sii tu wi bl an is th bu ad ab sit an br th vai in MWMMtMSMta ly. Plenty ofiiione or nany partaof Pennayl- the bituminous coal supplied either from from Virginia. The owever, are too much t coa! used by a black- [ have understood that liscovered, although in Ivania, on the eastern racite coal throws out ' troublesome and un- le before it will kindle or smoke, and creating ;hy dryness in the at- nent iiad been success- !h the anthracite coal to the purposes of the that a stream of hy- the engine, should flow al, so that a powerAil ler. But ill all cases [uired, the bituiiiinoas ms of the Phii^isburg be supplied with this •rate expense, from the lern slope of the Alle- ig cheaper iron is be- in the United* States, he carriage of timber, I very advantageous, as converted into coke, to c«s; and it will pass ita iron district, where rnaces already exist in ing importance calls for IS mode of conveyance The whole country will idently of the real and by the constniction 6f ly attention to the plan, Dot jQstiee to the ndf- liis brotbera before him, the enttirpriM, and has espectable eommunity. miiimiimtitm IN AHKHIVA. 39 and the most thriving and useful settlement in the back woods of Pennsylvania. I left Philipgburg, and returned to Belfont, whence I took the road to Northumberland. In about six hours I again came in sight of the j^isanehanna, flowing through an extensive valley, with its lofty southern bank robed to the very summit by a covert so thickly interwoven aa to be absolutely impassable. I proceedeil down the side of the river till I arrived at thn ferry at Dunnsburg. Here I met with a piece of singular incivility and im- pudence. The insolent young Charon allowed me to place my luggage in his leaky bark ; but as I waa pro- ceeding to take my seat, he " calkilated," with the moat disagreeable twang (at least I thought so) that I had vet heard, " that I must pay him a fip (five-penny bit) before I put my foot into his boat." It was aU in vain that I pointed to my portmanteau, intimating that it would bis '* assets" for the payment of my poMage to the other side. Nothing would satisfy him Imt my fip be- forehand ; and I was obliged to pay it It appeued that some stage-paasengera had gone off without paying, and he did not wish to be cheated a second time. The guard who arrived with the mail, was so enraged at his con- duct, that he actually took out one of the horses, crammed him through the river, and arrived safely on tho other side with me letter-bags. Within a mile or two of Dunnsborg, are swne Indian tumuli ; but I did not stop to see them. I travelled on- ward through a most deliffhtfiil country, aboondinr in black-oak ; the bark of which is tent down the river, and shipped off in great quantities for England, where it is used In dying. I enjoyed a very fine view firom tho hill over which the road passes near Moncey ; but I afterwards saw the same prospect to much greater advantage from Northumberland. This pUoe conUbs about two thousand inhabitants, and is most delightfully situated on the nock of land that separates the northern and western branches of the Susquehanna. The oele- brated Dr. Priestley spent the latter years of his life in this place. He died about twenty-five years ago. I waa ttiaitred by an oUl and intimate firiend of his, who waa irWi him but a few months bcfbro he died, that thew itmtMtt ibnndation for a prevalent belief, that for soine mSf&B previously to his daath, he changed hia oiriniona in fiivoor of the divinity of Christ. TM ll iliiil ll lM 40 SIX MONTHS CSood land, in a state of cultivation, is worth twenty, thirty, forty, or even a hundred dollars the acre, in this partof tlic country. The average profit of land amounts iotwelvo and a half per cent Thirty bushels of wheat is a mod crop. The wages of the married labourer are fifteen doUars a montli (the United States dollar is equal to 4». 6i.) Single men, who board at the house of their employer, receive but ten. Where I made inquiry, I ibnnd the rate of labourers* wages to bo much the same tturoofhaat the States. I eRMNwd the western branch of the Susquehanna by a new and huidsome wooden bridge, built as usual oa ■tooe pier*. Its length waa 1316 feet, and it ooat 70,000 dollars. I then immediately ascended the heights on the other side. From them I had a full view of both bnnebea of this "shining river," an appellation which none deeenres better than the Suaquehuina. I fn Sm ni the aeenery aroond Monoey to that in the di> rection nt Wyoming. The sun waa declining behind the prec^nce on whkh I stood, whieh was thrown more and more into diade, aa the red rays gteneed through 'the pinea on ita summit, and swept downward into toe broad and beantifbl valley beneath me. The windinga at the river were visible to a great distance. Although oonaiderabfy larger, it atrongly reminded me of the Thamea seen &au Richmond.hilL Its tranquil bke-like Btream meandered through the oountrr, encircling seve- ral iaihadu : at one titM gliding in auenoe through the fereal,or emerging to roll its waters over a rich sad ex- tensive meadow, it fireahencd every thing in iU course ; and when it had fVilly performed the task of ornament a^l Mnfiilnnan allotted to it by nature, it seemed to lose itself through a gap in the Blue Mountains, from whieh in reality it issued. Beautiihl as it b, yet, were tliis England, I could not lielp thinking, how different would be the appearance of the country ! I am gnzing on a view, as apleiulid as any one of the same cluracter I ever beheld in any lamt, — I see before me a noble river, winding its way through an exquisite landscape, of hill and dale, ana Wood and verdure, abounding in every resource that could make a country life agreeable ; but it is in vain tliat my disappointed eye roves over th? scene, and l«BMi on the most roa^ficent situations fof park and palace « where, thought I, arc tiic " stately homes of {Ui^andf* mtmmt MI AMKKIUA. 41 on, is worth twenty, lars Uw acre, in this irofitof land amounts y buiihols of wheat is married labourer are State* dollar ia equal at the houee of their B I made inquiry, I to be much the same the Susquehanna by ge, built as usual on set, and it oost 70,000 mded the heights on a fiill view of both er," an appellation the Soaqoehanna. I oey to that in the di> ras declining behind ieh was thrown moro ays gb&ee4 throuffh pt downward into the k ma. The windings t distance. Although reminded mo of the Its tranquil lake-like nntry, encircling Seve- rn suenoe through the rs over a rich aad ex- ry thing in its course ; the task of ornament ture, it seemed to lose lountaina, fVom which England, I could not d be the appearance of view, as apfendid as I ever beheld in any iver, winding its way of hill and dale, and n every resource that lable ; but it is in vain rer the scene, and rwMi sfor parkaiid Mhcet f homes of {kigland?'* —where is the marble-fronted hall, and the village church beside it, with its spire pointing to the heavens ? The powerless genius of embellishment wanders disconsd^ along the beautiful banks of the Susquehanna, and bit- terly complains tliat he is fettered by the spirit ofii emo- I am far from meaning to mier m the above uasMge, that there is any lack of churches in the United StatM. On tlie contrnry, tliey are numerous. As an English- man, I am liere speaking merely with reference to situft- tion, and tlie association of ideas excited in my mind. The Americans, in general, are not fond of compari- sons between England and their own country, except in cases where the balance is in their favour ; but sUU, I have often observed that there is no subject of conversa. tion more gladly discussed by an American gentleman, and more particularly by those who have country house* of tlieir own, than the splendour of the seats of «»">•■ bility and gentry, and the perfection of society which is enjoyed at them. There is nothing in England so a^ to elicit from them a remark of honest regret, as their knowledge of the very remote probability, 1 may almoat add, tlio utter hopelessness, of their ever being we to boost of seats and villas at all equal to those on this side of the Atlantic, so long as the present form of govern, ment exista in luU force. Who would bui d a reaUjr splendid mansion, whicb^ after his death, wUl proba^ become a ruin, or be sold, and converted into an homi- lol ? or who would clear and beautify a park of any ex- tent, to be divided and ploughed up by his needy '»eoM. sors f 1 have seen country houses in America, wboee d«li(rhtfulsituation,andgeutlemanlyappear«Hse,(a.thougll it must bo aUowed, they often look their be^ at a d» tance.) only serve to render the prospect of division the more melancholy. I liave been kindly received at many of them : I have usually noticed a due attention to com- fort and elegance, and invariably to kindness and hoc- pitality ; but I have not been able to avoid a remark, that there did not appear to be much difference in the luze ot the houses, or the extent of tlie grounds, as if there ex- isted a general and mournhil acknowledgment, that a •Bit medium was to be observed between the expoise in- caned with reference to present enjoyment, and the jmr bKUIity of an ultimate loss of capital, when the iutura mmim^ I J,, J ,,M i _ •!*■ 42 SIX MONTHS wu regarded. I could name a few, but very few, ex- ceptions. Whatever the Americana may think of their institu- tions in other respects, tliere are many sensible Ameri- cans—and I have met with them — ^wlio will acknowledge the inctiicacy of those to counteract the disadvantages, not to say miseries, sometimes arising IVom Uio non-ex- islenoe ot' the law of primogeniture. 'Hie object is, to exclude the preponderance ot wealth, because it tends to generate an aristocracy of political power. The non- existence of the law of primogeniture is, I think, witli liveat deference, but lamely defended by Chancellor Kent, in bis admirable Commentarios on American Law, and which, by the way, are most richly deserving of a place in every library, if it be merely on account of the learn- ed dissertations on the history of every republic of note that has ever existed. He quotes Adam Smith in sup- port of his opinions ; the Marquess Uainier, his French ta«iwlator; and the Baron de StacI Ilolstein, — and al- though he acknowledges the attendant evils, yet ho says it vrouM be an error to suppose that tlioy have been al- rwdy felt But surely there are some which he does not oontemplate in his work; but which must bo ac- knowledged to have a miserable ciTcct upon the state of Misiety. A sale, not unattended with sacrifice, takes pUoe at the decease of nearly evenr person who dies in poeeeosion of landed property. This is followed bjr a minute division of tlie proceeds amongst the next of kin. Aa to the law of dower, it is much the same as that of Bngiand generally ; but where the sale has been made, the produce is considered as real estate so far, and tlie Widow receives an annuity from one tliird in lien of her dower. This does not effect the distribution of the re- mainder, which is divided as in Eingland. It often hap- pens, that the share of each person, if young, ie just enoi^fh to purchase his destruction. Very fteqoontly, but in some States more than otliera, its most prominent application is detected by the eKiMla of a vicious indulgence in ardent spirits, principally amonc the seoond and lower classes. DrunkeniMM aliU prevnil* to an alarming extent, notwithstanding the ba- nign presence of the temperate societies. I have heard the most melancholy and appalling accountij of its nmu ges in private life ; and in one place I was infiirnied of its disgusting influence over judicial morality. Tlie root IN AMERICA. 43 but very few, ex- ik of their inatitu- ny sensible Ameri- lo will acknowledge the difladvantagci, ig firom tho non-ex- Tho object is, to because it tends to power. Tlie non- e is, I think, with ly Chancellor Kent, American Law, and eserving of a place :count of the learn- :ry republic of note lam Smith in sup- jtainier, his French Ilolstein, — and ol- it evils, yet he saya ; thoy have been al- mo which ho does which must bo ac- ct upon the state of ritli sacrifice, takes person who dies in lis is followed by a ngst the next of kin. tlie same as that of lalo has been made, tate so far, and the tliird in lieu of her ■tribution of the re- [land. It often hap- n, if young, k just esmore than othen, tectedby the effiMle spirits, principUly . DrunkemMM atiU rithstaading the he- Aties. I have heard accountb of ita rwna- I was inlbrmed of morality. The root of tho evil is in the expectation* which ore formed : it is the certainty of actual po^ession of property at a future time, accompanied by ignorance aa to its amount, that so often cheriblies in Uie children the most dioaolute habits of idleness, with all their attendant ewta. Sup- nosing both of them in the same easy circumstaiwea as country gentlemen, and fathers of iKmilieis how different must of necessity bo tho sentiments of every AmerM»n and an Englishman, when tiiey survey their resncUye fire-sides ! Botii see around them their wives and chU- dren, in the possession of affluence and comfort, and happy in the enjoyment of each other's society. But in the event of his death, how gloomy may be tiie picture drawn by the one, in opposition to the one contemplatoa by the other I A divided esUte and a dispersed ftmily, present themselves to the mind of the American; or perhaps a small part of them living together, but unable to command any share of the luxuries, and not many of the comforta they enjoy during his lifetime, in oonee. quence of a secession of property by marriage, or de- crease of it from dissipation. The Englirimian ieele a debt of gratitude to the oonatitntion of hie country : to tiie event of his death, his house, in tiio possession of his eldest son, will be a home for hi* widow and a plaise of meeting for his children. Hia younger eons have been brought up imdor the idea that they are to be the archi- tects of their own fortunes, and suoh a doctrine baa not rendered them unhappy, because it has enferoed the vir- tue of contentment. "Ilie law of primogeniture perpe- tuates, through the eldest son, a nie«aes of parental aP fection and authority ; and where there is a title te de- soend, there is a further inducement to the eMert son to emulate the virtues or the actions of an illnstrioue fit- thcr ; or, if that father has brought disgrace upon aAa> tinguished name, or sullied the esoutdieon or a distin- g^hed fiunily (Which, be it added, is sometimes the Case,) the son may be naturally deeiroos of wiping away the stain, and o[ giving the benefit of his example to aociety, by hie imttation of tiie character of a noUe an- caeter. There is yet a fbrther deficiency of inducement to exertion existi^ in the American, aiul in every other demoeraey. inuigland, a young man in the enjM- nwiit of a Buffident income, and who is conse(^ueNtIy not obliged to labour at any profession with a view to te increase, yet with the possibility of obtaining a title. fimmtmt 44 dlX MONTIIH will exert liia abilitie* to the utmoat ; but in America, the Bti'.ttul's of titled diatinctioii beingr unknown, it muMt often happen that the finest talenta are doomed to remain uneuiplojred. I croaaed the north branch of the Suaquehanna, and poaaed on to the town of Sunbury, on the bank of the main river, and about two miles distant from Northum- berland. Sunbury is a very pretty country town, with a delightful piomenado along the side of tho river. In all parta of the vicinity there nre some beautiful pros- pects ; near it, a very large dam has been thrown across the stream, where, by the junction of its two branches, it spreads out, and forms a basin three quarters of a mile acroas. I observed some fishermen hauling their nets, and went up to them. They had taken some cat- fiah, and several aalmon. The cat-fish has obtained its name from its appearance : its head, which is out of all proportion to its bodj, ia large and round, with the addi- tion of two worm-like appendages projecting beneath the eye*, like the whiskers of a cat It is altogether a dark, ugly-kwking fish ; but is eatable, with a flavour aomethug like that of an eel, but inferior. In the lar- IV western riven it sometimes attains a weight ef eichhr or one hundred pounds. Ilia fish, improperly ouled the salmon -n no reapecis resembles the real sal- mon of Great Britain. It has none of the peculiarities of the salmo genus ; and does not rise at a fly. In figure it is not remarkable ; in colour it ia more similar to the pilw than to any fish I am acquainted with. The weight of those usually taken, is about a pound ; but some of them are larger. A fly-fiaber would have but moderate apart ob the Smquehanna; but he might kill a great va- riety of fish, if he oondesoended to use a bait, and might oooaaionall^ take a large trout with a minnow. The riv«r coatauM pike and eels, of immense size ; trout, not namerous; rock-fiah, oat-fish, suckers, common and sil- ver peroi»— a beautiftd fish ; and a very small species of lamprey, that ia only used as a bait The shad is abo fimnd m great quantities in this and almaat all the riv«ra at the eastern states. It ia excellent eating, and usoti^ weigfaa about four pounds ; but I thought tlie flavour it the Baaqophanna salmon equal, if not superior, to mtf Ml in the United States. I ahould almost proNBB that it was peculiar to that river, aa I have tn- qnaatly met vnth natives of other States who have iMver heard of it •#riKiMMii US modt; but in America, being unknown, it muat ta ore doomed to remun ' the Suaquehonne, and ry, on the bank oi' the distant tirom Northum- itty country town, with I aide of the river. In e aome beautiful proe- haa been thrown acroaa in of its two branchea, lain three quartera of a iahermeu hauling their ey had taken aome cat- at-fiah haa obtained ita lad, which ia out of all d round, with the addi- «a projecting beneath eat It ia altogether a eatable, with a flavour it inierior. In the lar- I Qttaina a weight ef The iiah, improperly reaemblea the real aal- Dne of the peculiaritiea '. riae at a fly. In figure ia more aimilar to the nted with. The weight 1 pound ; but some of tuid have but moderate i might kill a great va- o uae a bait, and ought with a minnow. The nmenae aize ; trout, not skera, common and ail- a very anudl ipeciea of •it The shad ia alao nd almaat all the riven ent eating, and naulflif thought tile flavour « f not miperior, to mtjf Mnild alraoat prawniwi iver, aa I haw tn- Statea who have onvt IN AMBRIUA. 45 At Sonbur? , I chanced to be told that three York- ahirenien had juat been Uken up. I would bet tJiroe to one, aaid 1 to myself, that the»r orima u horae-ateal. log ! and so it proved when I made inquiry. 1 here turned my atepa away from the Susquehanna, which fbr pUcid beauty aurpwwed, in my opu^, any other river m the States, and proceeded toward* Philadel. phia, by way of Pottsvillo and Reading. Soarcely mor« than a year ago there were but a few houses at the former plaoa; but in oonaequenoe of the immediate vicinity of enormoua bads of anthracite co»l, and the unproyad means of oonveyanoe to Philadelphia, iu a»e and Im- portaaoe had increased in a most extraordinary manner. The country around Philadelphia ia very flat } wttat I could not find a rising groond to take a skotoh frami at what I conaidered tbu beet dutanoe. But, I think, in pasaing down the river, in my way to BaltiaMto, I perceiveda small cliff on the left bank, that wouM have answered the purpose, being distant about two mileo and a half. A view in a flat country rw|uirM great mw nutanesa, if it bo taken correctly, and would havo oo«u- pied too much time; besides, befoTQ oommeneiof » drawing of either of the larger cities in the Vnicn, it really became a matter of consideration, that I had oat one cake of" Newman's light rod " in my colour-hw. A fine ateamer cariiM me down the Debwaro. About thirty-five miles firom Ph i ladel phi a, we PUMd Wilmington and Brandywine. We were then landed at the mouth of the Cbeaapoake and Delaware canal, and were towed onward, at a brisk trot, in one of the canal boaU, and soon entered the Elk river, near the head waters of Chenpeake bay. The country was flat ; and a great proportion of it was covered with forest Here we went on board another ateam-boat, Uiat rat* tied us along at a tremendous pace down the Chesa- peake, passing the mouth of toe Susquehanna. The captain assured me that upon ono occasion, during a oomp^meeting, he had carried no leas than fifteen hun- dred persons at a time; he landed them during the night, and about two hundred got away witliout paying their peasage. In an hoar or two, the North Point, at the entrance of the Patapsoo river, became visible. General Ross hmd« |l4 hare, with the British force of 5000 men, on the ISth MMtrfMatiiii) 46 ■IX MUNTlia that eiLued •hortly .fterwardt. I rode flrom Baltimore to the epot where fie fell, merked by ••"«»" P'»"' '»?"• monumSnt. bythe -ideof the red. The l"tfi»"J' •« out of fourteen lay through a very pretty wood, afford. °ng a mo.t grateful .hade? When wo were w.thm two mL fVom the city, we paaiH^d Fort M«c Henry, which we* bombarded upon the name ocoawon, 'l""^* J™"" the extremity of the range of a shell. SoT?* *5^: where they fell, penetrated the ground to a depth ot five Baltimore, when riewed (Vom the Ch«»apealie, ap- pear* to be built over eereral low hill», or •«?•». ■"" •urroundod by other, that are coniid..r.Wy »"Bh?'- lu.ituation i. much finer than that of Philadelphi.- It i. not .0 ttne a. that of New York ; bet »" •o"" «- •peeU, i., I think, .operior to Boiton. When ap- proached by water, the mo.t con.pieuoue objjecl. are— Wanhlngton'. monument, the .hol-towera, 1 1« Roman Catholic cathedral, and the Unitarhm ehnreh, all K.t. Ured in dilTerent parU of the cHy.Wa.hH.glon'. monument i. a plain column of marbfe, '•'Tf,?" * Moare baeo, 175 feet in height, and .urmoonte* by a 2umu\ .tatuo of Wathington. It i. ••••; w hilla, or alopee, and considerably higher. that of Philadelphia, jfork ; hot h» some r«- i Boston. When ap- •ptcuom objects Bre^ (H-towerr, ttier Ro^an [•rian ehareb, all acat- cHy. Waahinflon'a . marbfe, raised on a and Burmoanted by a It ia seen from a f reat ninanda the Snesf and am rery much imslined iny other than an alle- ifty pillar. The siie of ire ealcniated to excite B judgment, it would ive had a really fine if the cplumn, than to >ht that would make a ord Hill's monument, he memory of General hink, objectionable, for B monu.nent is much hat florid in its orno- icight. The column ia of the Union, twined lames of those who fell imber, 1814; and anp- a female, peraoniiyinc bald eacie, the UnilM rhe Archbishop of Ma- ie States. TlieCatlio^ lie cathedral is a handsome buildinf, with a dome in imitation of the Pantheon. The inside, which is di- vided into pews, contains two »ery good pictures from the French school : a descent from the cross, by Paul Guerin, presented by Louis XVI.; and St. Louis bury- ing his dead officers and soldiers before Toms, by Steuben, presented by Charlea X. The descent from the cross is much and deservedly admired. It has tha merit of being free from that tedious detail that la usually to Be observed in the works of French artists, who paint every thing oa it is, and not as it appears. It occurred to roe, that th« body of Christ did not snf. ficienlly rest on the ground, as intended. The latter picture displays more of the French taste. I did not like it so well, but many prefer it to the other. At Baltimore, is the University of Maryland, which ranks very high as a medical schnol. The average expenses of a student are one hundred and twenty dollars per annum. It has also professors in law »nd divinity. St. Mary's College and BalUmore College are also justly celebrated throughout the Union ; the Intter will accomodate one hundred and fifty atodents, who are instructed, by twelfe profeaaers, in the an- cient and modern languages, mathematiea, natural philoaophy, Ac. The «ty alao containa a good mu- seum, which I did, and many more publio bnildings, which I did not visit, oa I could not learn that there was any thing in them particularly deserving of atten- tion. The theatre was not open. The water* of the Chesapeake and the Patapeoo are the favourite resort of the convaa-baok duck, which I had alwaya been told waa the greateat delicacy ima- ginable; and, "like nothing else, air I I assure ye I" The sporting commences early in November, and af- fords most excellent sport. An experienced shot will sometimes kill three dosen in a morning with a single gun J and occasionally they are shot on the wing with a single rifle. The oanvos-boek duck very much resemUes the red-headed wigeon, or common dun-bird. Lucien Bonaparte, who has so well continued Witatt'* work on American Ornithology, haa suoeeeeniUy ahown that it is unite a dilforent bird. It is about half as lorg* ogUn, with a black and different formed bill and black leg«. Tboee of the red-headed wigeon ore of a dark •Mfii 46 ■IX MONTH! Utd eolour. Th«* breed on the bordon of the greal lekee, or •bent Hudeon'i Beyi but in the winter monthe, they are found in prodff ioui quentitiet on the Cheeapeake, the Patepeco, and the Potomac. Ita fla- vour ii owinf to the root of the ValliMneris America- na, or wild eelenr, on which it fbeda, and for which it will diva to a Apth of eight or Un feet. The red- beaded wigeon, when in eompaay with the eanraa- back, will often wait till it haa riaen (Von the bottom, and then anatoh flrom it the hard-earned moracl. The tent vhamli of America talk of the oanvaa-baek with an intereat that bordera on aiibetation, and iaiometimee Tariramaaing. '•Sir," aaid an old fellow to me, "1 wiaiied to give a duck fiiaat, and aeeordingly I bought nine eouple of them, all fireah killed, and all of the right weight. I ituffed them into every comer of my gig i and would not auffer the cook to touch them, ex- eept in my p r eeenee. I i n mai them all myeelf, in dtf- ment waya, in my parionr, ao aa to have them all done aMwdlng to ngure, eir ! Well, air ! all my com- pany bad arrived, except an old Oarman ; we could not wait, aad ant down without him. When he came, he exelaimad, 'Whatl noahing b«l duokbal' I aUrted op in a rage, air I a violent rage, air! 'Noahing 'ut doekha t* I repealed after him : Why, you d d v^ *d ■ctMOMirel, eaid I, your own Emperor of Analria never had Bueb a dioaer t he could not, air, though he gave the beet jewel in hie eiown for it." I taatad theee birda aeveral timee before I quitted Amerlea, and they oertainlv are extremely good. The meat ii dark, and akonld ba aant to table under-done, or what in Amerl- ea ia called " taie." I think the flavour might be imitatad by a piece of oommon wild dock, and a piece of fine jniey voniaon, taatad at the eame time. The word " rrta** need ia that aanae, and which ia given by Johnaon, on the authority of Dryden, ia no doubt ooe of aaaay wUeh have retained in America, a meaning iu wUeo they an not now uaed in England, bat whim waa doabtlaea aarriad over the Atlaatio by the aattlera of a hundred yaara aco. I eonftae that I waa for ■one time ia orror. I heard every one around m giving ordata that hia meat ahould be "rare," ana I thougnt it a miapronunciation of the word raw. The envlrona of BaltiaMre are e x ceedingly pretty : almeet every eminence ia crowned with a sowUry M « bordon of the grett 'I but in th« wiator fioM quantilMt on the the PotoniM. Iti fla- ValUamaria Ameriea- hada, and for which it >r tan faat. Tha rad- any with tha eanvaa- riaan ftom tha bottom, Uaarnad moracl. Tha tha canTaa-baeli with atioD, and iaaomatimaa old fallow to ma, " 1 i aeeordingljr I boucht kiUad, and all of tha lio a«ary comar of my oak to touch tham, ex- than all myaalf, in dif- iM to hava tham all Wall, air ! all my com- Oannan t wo could not Whan ha eama, he It dookbal' I aUrted [«, air I 'Noahing 'at Why, von d dv'd poror of Anatria navar M, air, though he gave or it." I taatad thaae llad Amariea, Mid they The meat ia dark, and oaa, or what in Amari- the flavour might be wild duok, and a piece , the eama time. Tha , and which ia given by >ryden, ia no doubt one in America, a meaaiag i* Emglaad, bat whieh AUaatio by the aattlara wnftaa that I waa far every one around lould be '•rare," >f the word raw. ire exaeodinfiy pretty : wned with a eonnliy IN AMBIIOA. 40 ad nw •nfl hooae, mrroanded by gardena and pleaanre grennda richly wooded, and laid oat to the beat advantage, ao aa generally to afford a peep through the treea at iome part of the Patapioo, or the Cheaapeaka. They are admirably vi^pted for a foto ohampetre, or a atraw- berry party, aa it ii called at Baltimore. I had the honoQr of an invitation to the only one that waa given daring my atay in that city. The company aaaemblad about iix o'clock. Qoadnllea and waltiea were kept up with great apitit, firat un the lawn, and then in the houae till about eleven. In the mean time atrawbar- riea and cream, iooa, pine applea, and champagne, were aerved up in the greataat proniaion. I had un- deratood, and am quite readv to admit, that BaKi- more deaervedly enjoya a high reputation for ftmale beauty. I am apeaking of the American ladiea in general, whon I remark that it la no injuatiee to tham to maintain, timt where you will aee twenty pretty firia, you will not aee one really handaome woman, have (Voqdently obaerved the prettleit fiMturaa,— aueh oa more reminded ne of England, than of any other country ; bat I think that moat Europeana who have formed a correct taate firom the "atone ideaP* of Oreeee, would agree with me that ladiea with preten- aiona to that higher degree of beautv, are not bo often to be met with in America aa in Eingland. There ia one particular in which they would do wall to imitate my lair countrywomen. They have great charma for the breakfkat table ; but yet, elegant and ladyJika aa many of themnndoubteidly are, how often have I been compelled to wiah, that the breakfkat table had not quite ra many charma for them. Thev mtut know that to eat ia unhminine ; and that ladiea abould in the nreaenco of gentlemen, appear atry hungry, ia a decided proof or* deficiency in national mannera,— juat aa much, or efen more ao, than that men, be they who or what they may, ahoald ait with their hata on in the draaa circle at New York. The infloenoe of a oout woold eatend to and would remedy all thia. I ahonid here again remark, that the Arat aodety ia aal- dom aeen.at the theatre, and would not be guilty of amh beha'viour. It ia a matter of great anrpriae to a atraager, thnt tliaft ia not one lingle promenade at Baltimore. There 5 ■IMl*M 50 UX MOITTHI %n Mna vary •tigibU •iluationi iinmtdiataljr •dJalB< lam tba eiU, and wliioh to all oppatranc* ara ao aaril/ oonvarlitfla into a |»ublio walk, that it ia dilAcull to un- daraUnd whv th« ladiaa do not inaiat upon ila eom- manaaiMnt. I would moat humbly adviaa tbam to da ao. , „ ,, I waa hoBourad with an invitation to " Iba Manor, th« eounirr raaidonea of Mr. Carroll, 'of Carrolltoa. Tha hooaa waa built long bofora the ravolulion, and la a surioua apaciman of Anglo-American archileclura, aonowhat raaambling one of thoaa large old parion- •ga hoaata whieb are to be aaan in lonie partH of bng- laad. It atanda in tha midat of an astenaivo domain, ill K high atata of cultivation, and estremoly wall and MaU* kept, oonaidaring that it ia worlied by ilavaa. 1 could have Anoiad myaalf in England, but fur tha laoaa aigtag faiioaa of aplit logx, which uA'tr to tha «ya bnt a poor apology for tha KngUah hedge row. Hadgaa of au* kind would not, generally ipeaking, thrWa wall in tha United Siataa. It would bo necea- aary, I waa told, that they ahould ba banked up, m or- dar to kaap tham IVoaa being waahed away by tha baav* ntinai and it ia probable that during the ex- trama beat of tha aummer mootha, ibay could not ob- tain moietura auffleiant to preaarva them from being dried up aatiraly. They ara, however, often to be «a«a«laae to a gantlaman'a houae, where tliey can ba aaaataaUy atUnded to. I ahould conceive that the aloa hadgaa of Spain and Portugal might aucceed in tha Unitad BUtae. It it neither a fault, nor a iniafor- tiwa, that thara ia no water ecenery at " the Manor. ' Tha rivaia and lakea of America are'UHually on a vaat and magniAaoDt aoale, fitted eilhur to bound or to daloga a aontinant; email atreamr are aim common; butt* lake for inataooa of a mlia or two in length, ia aaMom to ba aaan, aseeptip^ in New England, wbara thar ara plantifol. Before I arrived there, I do not i)itA that I ha4 aaen mora than half a doaeu ponda, and thoaa all io Kentucky. InaUad of being theof ht aa advantaga, a piaca of water ia avoided ; no Amart- aaa, flom eCoioa, would build on ita banka, aa tha as* halationain tha hot waathar randar aueh aaitoatiaa VMT nnhaallhy.ajwapting in tha mora nottharly Malaa. At tha manor I parto«>k of that hoapitaUty whidi ia I I, II i|aii>,«>ii IN AMMRIilA. St iinmtdMUly adjoia- ■rtnc* arc m aaaU/ ; it ia dilfleull to na- itiit upon ill eont- b\y adviM Uiam to on to " th« Manor," rroll.'of CarrolltoD. j« ravolution, and ia orioan architaotura, M larga old paraon- ■onie parta of Enf • n axtaniive domain, sK'lramoly wall and I worked by alaf aa. .ngland, but fur tha hioh utfer to the aya Dgliah hedge row. generally ipeaking. It would bo necaa- ba banked up, in or- •ihed away by tha that during the ei- I, they could not ob- »e them from baing iwavcr, uflnn to be I, where tliay can b« 1 conceive that the il might BUeceed in . fault, nor a iniafor- try at " the Manor." tra'uKually un a vaat lur to bound or to r are alao common; or two in length, ia lew England, wbara ved there, I do not 1 half a doaen poada, lad of being thought avoided ; no Amari- iU banka, aa the ox* dar aueh a'aitaftUo* BoraaoiUMrljraUlMa hoapitaUty which la ■o kindlf and uni»er«ally ei'^nded to every *]*|y>"* rhovi"t. Baltimore with a proper letter of lntr.aoo. Jon Mr. Carroll hima.-lf la the moat e«traord Inary la- Swiualin America. Thi. venerable oldg«tem.- la In hia ni. . lyflfth year, ia a.oeedlngly cheerW, enjoya mo. excellant h.afth. and ia In g^,f»»^''l^.\fj^}r ftoultioa. He i. the only aorvlvor of the !»•«/'«<* *^« .igned the Deol.raHon of '"•'•«7«*"~ »" J^ i'Ai| Julv 1776. He haa alwaya adhered to the ftdoral fficiplea, and hi. valuabli eaUU ia one of the irary Ct. at lave «!•-•"•««' »»•««»""' 'Vl'^lU^JSi poa.e.aor. Mr. Carroll ia tho gvandlhthof oTtki |*dl«» Welle.ley and Caermarthen, ■- .-LI ,^ No one who viaita Baltimore ahould •«i«^J*H "* ,...cl. known bythena«oofclijyo>a^thg^,y «^ commonly neat «'»f'«:««^'?^ •"teTtJISS K'ooS «,metime.arer»ggidllkaabrlg. ^Mrtodoalf «w^ monly about JKK) looa. They a« c«t J^^^-gt^ at thi bow^ with a giaat ^^tJ^^^fJ^J^lj!^^ ini in the water, thoTiead la «»««**>^y *7*^/Jl?rj tht atom. m> that althoogh th. ^^y^ST!^ 22 anglea with tho holl. Ihoy appear lo«*f «"J «*• Ihfn they really do. Thoy ''j" ri^' ?«l«tl^vS nto of aoven knoU an >»"'. ''»^"*'"' *f. Za^tTS aela can make only «vo and a halC or •»««»«* •J^ m.kti a vova« lo Iha Havaana, whoto thoy aro aoM fcX:7iSor«« Sonth Amorlo^ wtanjthjj^a bought by amag«lefa or pi^t^Aw ^^'^r.^T^^Z thoy are admiSbly adaptod. Thoy aio boilt aoiwhon ■o well aa at Baltimore. . n.i, !---■« Two rall-ioada h«l •-•"^«??'r^Ji.^ii^H ono oalled tho Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, booanao K ^rT.Sndodto'J.ln that river. Tbo.o««tU«. rfconn- try through whlo^it wo.ild pa*,waa aa yot •••"**'»'■ a Llect Sm, who would thua bo ablo to aooow ftoaajho owhora a refliaal of the land throogh whleh It paaao* without beir- oblieed to pay an »"«»««?• P'^-./^ other la calle3 the SuaoueUnna rail-road, "^ ^" »; intondod to join that\\ver at York-haven. ••»«» '^'T ZZ below ^Harriaburg. D-DuUtlona >'• ^""J iVr-. Baltimore to Philadolphia, to ohUin the neooeaary r^^^ to carry it into the atato of I^n^'- a ' Ut Ihoir applicationa have been, I waa i"*»««^,J,'*2 rifiiod. The imU-ioad, however, la atiH oontlnnod, ^1 mtm tmm ■in* 62 SIX MONTHS from a well-grounded persuasion that the inhabitants of the western>parts of Pennsylvania, convinosd of the ad- vantages that'wiU accrue to them bv its affording them tnother means of carriage for their bituminous coal, iron, and timber, will ultimately succeed in obtaining a majority in Congress in &vour of its completion. But does not a jealousy of this kind arise, afler a contempla- tion, however distant, of the political horizon? Has it not a pruspedlive reference to the interest of the Stat^ separately, when the federal government shall ba no more? By the constitution of Maryland the governor docs not possess the right of a veto over the acts of the ge- neral aasembl:^. More flour is annually inspected at Baltimore, tlian at any other pert in the United States excepting New York. The amount for the year 1830, was 597,804 iNurrele; but b^ the leturns made since the first of Janu- ary, 1831, it M Buppoaed that the quantity in this year wm exceed 600,000 barrels. The wheat that is shipped, is sent alnxMt exclusively to England; but it bears a vary small raoportion to the floor, although it sells befp (er in the Snglish market— about 70,000 bushels of wheat were shipped this year Syt England. The quan- tity ia general is good, exoepting that a portion of it is •ooietimM tainted with garbck ; a nnisa^Mx that is al- most naavoidaUe, because the plant grows spontaneous- ly in the wheat distriots. It u said to have been first introdueed by tho Hessiaiu, during the revolutionary war, and it has since increased so much, that it cannot be got rid oC The wheat exported ftom Baltimore ia nown in the State of Maryland, and in many parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Money had been plentifiil for the last two years, and investments that would pro* dace five per cent, were not easily to be met with. A niacket over-stocked with imports ftom Europe and In- dia, was the assignable cause t trade was oompuatively leas brisk, and many capitalists withdrew their fnnda ftom aetivo business, for the purpose of investment in the stoek of buk, insurance, and rail-road eompenioa. A great quantity of money was likewise lying in the market in oonseqoence of the nationid debt lying in m ooorseof rednotion by the payment of government loana. However, when I was there, mouey waa more soaroe, and worth more than six'per cent.; the exchange o^ IN AMERICA. 53 lat tho inhabiUnta of convinced of the ad. b^ its affording them eir bituminolu coal, icceed in obtaining a ts completion. But «, after a contempla- cid horizon? Haa it interest of the Stat^ irnment shall be no the governor docs the acts of the ge- 1 at Baltimore, tlian lates excepting New 1830, was 597,804 Inoe the first of Janu- ^nantitv in this year wheat that is shipped, land; but it boars a although it sells be(- t IQjm bushels of Sngland. The quan- that a portion of it ia I nnisafice that is ah It grows qnntaneous* id to have been first ngthe revolutionary much, that it cannot sd ftom Baltimore ia ind in many parts of lAy had been plentifiil lents that would pro- r to be met with. A Bnua Europe and In- de waa oomparatiTely rithdrew their fonda KMM of investment in rail-road oompaniaa. ikewise lying u tbe onal debt bftng in m t of government loana. tey waa more aoarWi It.; the exchange (m Pncrknd had risen as high as eleven per cent., and a KSquantUy of specie h.'d been exported to.that coun- ''^At Ballimore, 1 first saw the fire-fly. They begin to n«,»r about sunset, after which they are sparkling n •K- M^n. In some places ladies will wear them in all directions. »" ""'^P . y ^^ ^e very brilliant. MisctiievouB u-v , J J advan- fasten them all over lum_ Jhey^sh^^^^ „„«ders.a„d the r^tSs'' thaCc brfiking upon hi™, afford»rnu.e. menTto his tormentors by hopping about .n a state of ''" ACl'Thirlv miles from Baltimore, on the western .« it U termed, stands AnnaH*". t^e capital of rsemblv of Maryland hold their ""ip?'*'"'*'*. »"•*'» :.r;fithatGeU^w..Kr«.T^^^^^^^^ [ttrTrnJurarrle independencJ of the Unite,. 'TB^ltii'^ll'Luiestudiesof two very ^^^^^^ r uf Cope": "aini ought to be, I wjl ve«- fnurpri.e.thev^iceofpcjl.1^^^^^^^^ 64 SIX MONTHS capitol of the United States is built upon tlio most lofty part of it, which is ascended by a fine flight of stepa, and altogether has a very imposing appearance, being visible «t a great distance from almost every side. It is of free, •tone, whidi is found on the river about tliirty mile* below the city. In front is a magnificent portico of Corinthian columns, and behind it there is another; in the same style, (though larger,) as that at Wanstead House in Ea. aes, or Wentworth Castle in Yorksliire, which is a copy of Wanstead. On the top are threo domes; that in the centre would look a great deal better if it were deeply fluted, Uke the dome of St. Paul's; at present it would be much better out of the way, as it gives a general op- pearanoe of heaviness, to what would otherwise bo doserv- •dly thought a very fine building. From Uic balustrade is obtained a delii^tful view of the river, and the ajfround- Uf country. The centre of the interior of the capitol, is pooiumd by a large open space under the dome, contain- ing four pictures, that look very well at a little distance : the sabjecta are the Signing of the Dedaratior < " T^de.' pendence, the Sonendw of General Burgoyni thr u the ■taate, the house of representatives, and the supreme court of the United States. The pillars which support the rot^of the chamber of rejiruBuntatives, are of breccia, m padding-atone; peirhaps tJje mostsmgolor formation of the kind that is to be found anywhere, not ezocpting t^ at Monaerrat in Spain, which is entirely composed of breccia. Fragments of granite, quartz, limestone, and other rocka, have been pressed together in the most e«- traordinary manner, by some stupendous power, and from a Uttle distance the composition might bo mistaken fwr the verd antique. It is found on the Potomac, about thirty miles above Waahington. The president's house u a haadaome building, wiUi an Ionic p«Mrtioo ; and the only uie m the Stnies that resembles the modem residence of a British nobleman. It is cxacUy at the distance of one mUe and a ludf in a straight Imo from the capita, ud the houses are conUnued beyond it for nearWuo. ther. Numerous largo streets radiate from the caaitol and the president's house, as contros-.a method of laying out a city fur handsomer than that which has been adoftM IN AHBItlOA. 65 t upon tho moat lofty ie iliglit of steps, and caronce, being viaiUc ryaide. It is of free- out tliirty milea below portico of Corinthian inother; in the same anstead House in Em. hire, which is a copy domes; that in the ttcr if it wore deeply ; at present it would t gives a general ap- d otherwise bo doserv- E^rom tlie balustrade is rer, and tlie sKound- erioroftlio capitol, is ler the dome, contain- )U at a little distance: Dedaratior < " T;>.c|e. 1 Burmyn< thr >w. noral Washi:' i «. They are ai of the capitol < ) connected w^fii tho "M, and the supreme pillars which support tatiyes, are of breccia, st singular fonliation 'where, not excepting is entirely composed quartz, limestone, and ither in the most ex- ipendous power, and in might be mistaken n the Potomac, about rhc president's house >nic portico ; and the the modem residence 1^ at tho distance of luio from the capitd, pd it for nearly ano* iatc from tho capitol B— a method of laying hich Jus been adopM at Philadelphia, where tho streets croes each other at right angles. Who tliat has seen the " Perspective" at Peters- burgh, can ever forget it? where the principal streets ar^ all pointed towards the beautifully gilt steeple of the Ad- miralty, that is seen glittering at tho end of each of them. It must be allowed that this arrangement has ito disad- vantages in the shape of tlio houses, and apartments, one end of which, if they are regularly divided, must be lar- ger than the other. In the dock-yard at Washington, 1 saw a sixty-gun fVigate in a state of forwardnew, and a small schooner constructed on a plan that luul never been applied to a vessel of war, being of the same shape fore and all, and having no internal timbers. The blocks made thero, are not aU of one piece, as they are at our dock-yard at Forts- mouth. A double block, for instance, is composed of se- ven pieces of wood, exclusively of the sheave. They are, no doubt, much stronger when made in this manner ; but a man can make but one in half an hour. Tho college at Georgetown, adjoining the city, is aCa- tholic estabUshmcnt; its meinbeis are Jesuits, and who, as usual, are increasing their influence, by purchasing lands, &c. Attached to the ooUejie, is the nwanery oi the Sisters erf Visitation, oontaining about fifty nuns. They tell there of a Hohmlohe miracle. Washington, like most of the American cities, can boast of several beauUfiil rides and walks in lU vicmtty. Arlington, the seat of George Washington P. Custis, Esq., occumes a most conspicuous and commanding situaUon, on the south b^ik of the Potcmiac. It is virnblo for ma- ny nulos, ond in the distance has theanioManoe «r a su- perior EngUsh country residence, beyond any place I had scon in the States : but as I come close to it, as .usual, 1 was wolblly disappointed. It contains a woafeto por- trait of Waaliington, when a Major in the Btmm aervicc. and wearing of course the blue-ond-buff uniform. Not fiur from the race-ground, and about three mues from Georgetown, is the residence of a gentleinan who has paid greater and more indefatigable attention 1» the culture of tho vine th^ any other person in America. The vineyards around his house produce eevoral diflur- ent kinds of grapes; from which, considering how few yflars have elapsed since the attempt woe first made, be tan be said to have been very BueoeMlU in producing MMe very good and palatable wines. Amongst others. li 66 SIX MOKTHi the best ia di^ified by the very aristoeratio nuiM of "■Tokay." It is made from the "Catawba" )|;rape, whidi he himself first fomid in a cottager's garden, not far from a tavern bearing the sign of the Catawba Indians, distant about twenty miles from Washington. From this cir- cumstance he called it the Catawba grape. The Cataw- ba is a river of South Carolina, but no grape of the kind is found near it The oottagers could eive him no satis&c- tory account of it, and he never could find out whether it was indigenous, or, which is most likely the (act, import- ed. It is rather a large grape, thick-skinned, but at the same time vcrv transparent, with a fine purple blush, and iar more fit for making wine tha* to form a part of a des- ■ert As yet it appears to tlirive bettor than any kind of (prape that has been trted in the United States ; so much M, that at Pittsburgh, and Lancaster, and other places whero there are vmeyajrds, they have cleared away a larg« portion of the European plants, in favour of the Ca« tawba vine. He informed nw that he had sent cuttings of it to every State in the Union excepting Florida, Ar- kansaw, and Kentucky. A long time, however, must elapse before the Amenean* can compete with the wines of Europe : as yet, comnaratively spmking, little can be known there, either witlmfereiioe to the best fruit, or to the soil and temperatore necessary to bring it to perfec- tion. Upwards of seventy kinds of the wild vine are found in the American forests, but not more than half of them bear fruit, At Boston I tasted a grape called the Isabella crape, whose flavour was still harsh, but was a great aocl decided improvement in evcr^ respect, upon the soiirqesB of the fox-grape of the woods, from which, I was informed. H had b^n originally produced. I am, of course, speaking of the Catawba and other grapes, only in thei^lirine-making capacity ; the grapes raised in the United Sl^es for the table, are exceedingly good and very plentiful. As a matter of oourse, I visited Mount Veman. A steam-boat conveyed me to Alexandria in an hour. Alex- ttddria was taken by the British squadron on the 99th of Angnst, 1814, and the stores of flour, tobacco, and cotton, were carried off by them. It contains a population of 9000 persons, and carries on a trade in noiu-, tobaoeoi fish, and lumber, to the southern States and the West In- dies, although BaltiniOTe has run aiway with the gn»tm part of its oommeroe. A ride of nine miles on a well S£ ii p» in AXBBICA. 69 ariitocratio naiiM of itawba" i^rape, which I garden, not far from iwba Indians, distant ton. From this cir- grape. The Cataw- no grape of the kind 1 pivo )iim no satiafiic. Id find out whether it kelv the fact, import- k-skinned, but at the line purple blush, and I form a part of a des> ttcr than any kind of ited States ; so much ter, and other place* lave cleared away a s, in favour of the Ca> he had sent cuttings [cepting Florida, Ar- time, however, must oupete with the wines peaking, little can be to the best fruit, or to to bring it to perfeo- }f the wild vine are not more than half of »d a grape called the itiU harsh, but was a everjr respect, upon woods, from which, I 1 produced. I am, of lid other grapes, only 3 grapes raised in the idingly good and very Mount Vernon. A ria in an hour. AJex- ladron on the 39th of , tobacco, and cotton, ains a population of de in flour, tobMWOi ites and the West In. ray with the groater tine miiea on a wall shaded nad, conducted mo to Mount Vernon, now in poaaesiion of John Augustine Washington, Esq., nephew to the General, and to tho late Jndfre, whose worth and learning are recorded by an insoniAion in the court- house of Philadelidiia. Of the house itself there is little to be said. I saw there a piece of an old mug, which bear* upon it a small head of the General, said to be the bast likeness of him that is known any where. From tiw lawn, there is a fine view of the Potomac with Fort Waab- ington nearly opposite, which was abandoned at the ^ proach of the British squadron in 1814. In passing Mount Vernon, the ships fired a salute it well deserved. I must confess that I waa greatly disappointed at the sight of the tomb that containa the ashM of Washington. Ididnot expect grandeur, bat I thought tohavesecA something more respectable than either the oU, or the new •imE^ to which the coffin waa femoTcd two yean ago. But far the inscriplioa, I shanU have taken tkem fefacoaplaofiochoiiaaa. AnaToidaneeofemrythiaglikc pretenaiaa udeairabia only ao long aa it ia attended with Boatnaaa; botlbBNiaBOtawBirlntcanbeikiriirealkda path to rither of tiiani. Inlaid of ftalinc as I wiabed, whilst in ocmteinplatiBn of As hat kuufOmnia of thia really great, becanas ggodoMiit my mind was only ooeu- pied % intradm trihrtiom on tfie in sig n i fi ra nt and pamierJika appaanaot, «f tha n^ula aoene befiwe me.) TbTtaan of La Fayatte. wfataviriliMtha tomb inlSas/ might have partly flowad from oliw aonroea than thev mere conaciouaneaa that ha «U afamdiBg in thepreaanea \ mT fkA m«A«*«l *AM«*S««« tJtVXm tAA ^AmmA anil MMMiaMlflSI 111 ' of the mortal remains of hia old Mend and I . . arms. There haa been aome talk of famovmg tha ocffin to the centre of the hall in the capital, aadof •moaoment to he raised over it, but I have midenloodllMl^.tt is not aeriously contemplated. If it wara rf aw d tlMM|^m>ght one day be the means of saving the union. Sbir feiei- hle, Jtow eflEfactive, in a moment of denser, mi|fht be an aloqatnt qipeal to iu pieaence, made by the judgea of the Btqiveme court, or the orators of the A meric a n eon- grass! I waa never fortunate enough to hear a mocking bird iniU wild state; I had frequently heard them in caoea, bat no where in soch perfection as at Was h i n gto n , ttim bbd, one ^the noblest in nature, is an inh a b i t a nt of the aoothem atatesouly, and is thus deacribedby Wibon,tha oeMcated Oimlholagist "The plumage of the mocking *mm 58 BIX KONTm n bird would scarcely entitle him to notice, but his figure ia well proportioned, and even handeome. The eue, elennoe, and rapidity ot bia movemonl*— the animation of'Hia eye, and the intelligenco he diaplaya in liatening and laymg up lesaona from almoat every apedea of the feathered race within bia bearing, are really aurpriaing, ■nd mark the auperiority of hia ^niua. He baa a voice capable of almost every modulation, from the dear mel- km notes of the wood-thruah, to the savage scream of the bald«a^le. In measore and accent, he tUtbiblly i«l> Iowa hia originals ; in force and aweetnesa of expreaaion, he greatly improvea upon them : hia admirable aong riaea paramount over every competitor. Hia own native notes are bold anil- MU and varied beyond all limits. In the height of hia song, hit ardour and animation appear niw boutdedi^-he sweeps round with enthusiastic ecstasy — ^he mounts or descends as his song swells or dies away ; and M itty friend Mr. Bartram, (an American naturalist,) hw bMntilblly e x p res sed it: 'he bounda aloft with the rapi- dity of an arrow, as if to reoover and reoall his very soul, exi^red in the last elevatod stntin.' While thus exerting himflf, a bv-standw deatitnte of sight would suppose, that the whde feathered tribe had assembled together, each •trivingto produce his almost effort, so perfect are his imi*fttMw« He many time* deceives the sportsman, and ■ends him in search of birds that are not within amile of hiin,batwhosenotashaexactlyimitates. Evenbirdsthem- ■ehrea are impoaea upon hv his admirable music, and are decoyed bv the feneied calta of their mates, orarb driven with Hemaitation into the depths of the forest, at the scieaaia o^wluit they suppose to be the sparrow-hawk." He is of a siM between the thrush and the nightingale, bat shuwd like the latter bird. His plumage in general iaof Kauereous brown cdour, with a broad bar of white on the UStg, which he is very fond of disph^ying. I am afraid that I never heard them in perfection; but to judge from what I did bear, I should suppose that aj. though infinitely more varied, his natural notes were nei- ther BO full nor ao rich as those of the nightingale. But there ara many who think differently. One morning I was much amused bv the^ debut of a new volunteer corps, calling themselves the Highlander, — ^Washington being one of the flattest places in the Stetea. The dress would have looked well enoM|^ had it been uniform, but I wa* told there was not idaidenou|^ of II iiillttiliiiifttl'ilrit I I notice, but hia figure luidMine. The eaie, imonla — the animation 9 diaplaya in listening it every ipeciea of the are really aurpriaing, niua. He haa a voice n, from the dear mel- the aavagc acream of «oent, he ioithfiilly fi>l- iveetneaa of ezpreaaion, da admirable aong riaea Hia own native notea ond all limita. In the animation appear uik tthuaiaatic ecataay— he rella or diea away ; and goerican naturaliat,) hw ida aloft with the n^n- lad recall hia very aoul, * While thua exerting ght would auppoae,that lembled together, each fort, ao perfect are hia res the aportaman, and u« not within a mile of itates. Even birds them- tanirable muaic, and are sir mates, orarfe driven I of the forest, at the be the aparrow-hawk." ih and the nightingale, lia plumage in reneral h a ln«ad bar of white id of diapkjnng. I am in perfection; but to hould suppoae that al- natural notes were nei> 'the nightingale. But itly. uaed bv the (debut of a lelvea the HighlandaM, flatteat plaoea in the ked well enough had it was not plaid enoui^ of IK AIUMIOA.. 69 U,e aame pattern to bo obtained in the citv. The bonnet SSi^ery theatrical appearance, and would not have been SSlf 80 W. had not tKrcye been attracted by the wai.t- St^dSe broad lacing, of the coat, all of which were Ta very dark sky.bluc. I have a great respect for the S"n7«nd' -ought it might have hxikcd decent, even rC. -o" as it was, into small-clothes, had they l. -nniu. 'remely tight. Still, howev ' -«. . tumeofthe .- • men might have pn-sec ■ j^ n not Se enormous bows at the knee, been ^r^VP^ of tri-coloured ribbon, and the general effect much height, ^ed by the long nankeen gaiters, wh^ch covered the leg ^'"n S: Sot tA world knows, sit the sena.«^ Uie house of repreaentatives, »« »»•? ""P^^^Tr^f Ae United States. And here I may be permitted to re- SLK when writing generally on •««* • •«bject « the United States, every candid person wUimako allo*- ^ces for the iml««»bfuty o^aVoidmg • 3^«^» »[ fhinM alreadv wS known and well described. Under tSpSeSon tjlati shaU f">^^-^y ^ ''^'ZJ^ Sis hS I think the safest mode is to apologise at once, S ihiid. None, however is -«««2^' »«^ enterine at large upon a subject so tedsoua and so endteaj, D^uW thTSouJto of theWerentstatea in their aep*. ?^«^,»cUy a. to the federal iudiciary. I rnVJ?",": S^ ttSSe Unit«l States are divided into ^jven jud^ S^LSnd thirty-two judicial «>«»"«;•• Y^fpenLu one district, with the exceptions of New York, FennayU vania, Virginia, Tennessee, Louisiana, ^f.J^»^' wMch are^ch of them divided into two fiatricto. TW Te tliree courU belonging to the «?"«^?> °' f «^^ ^ vemment: the district court, the circwt court, fcnd the ™eeoJli. The disUiot court posi^-e8«iomU«d nrfminal admiraltv and maritime jurisdiction, and alao uLTcigKce^f all cases affecting the reyenue^imd aU crimw and offences committed wiihm the dutriot, which we punishable by moderate corporal punishment, Tr toerdCprisonmc^t. It is held by a ^i«' J-J^ (there being one in each «»i«trict,) .;^ng alo^fb« Ume. a vear- hia salary varies from 1000 to dOOU «"»" ■ veTAn aJpeolUe. fVom his decbion i^;^^^"^ Strive of cSSu, the matter in J»P!f "STS^s^w «Jb, of fifty «^o^!«. H'»^TXi^aCSSSS! origiMl junMUction, civil and crunlnal. «» oini jur— — ^jfti II 60 •IX MORTHS jtofaP eximda to kII controveniea botwoen eitiwni of <^imit lUtei, and between a oitiien and an aUen. All oflmeee against the ponal lawa of the United Statea, can be triad in thi« court It ia alwi a court of equity. The dreuit oowt is held before the district jwlge, aitting *w*o* • y««r with the iudg«ofthe aupremo court An appaalUea from its deoisiona to the supreme court of the witad States, where the matter in dupute exceeds two thoiMa ad dollars. In criminal cases, a point may bo ro- aarvad for the oirfnion of the judges of the supreme court, whieh ia aent down to the circuit court to be proceeded won^rwarda. In six of the aUtes, Alabama, Miaais- aippi, Louiaiana, Indiana, lUinoia, and Miaaouri, there is no oircoit oourt, because the judges of the aupreme court ooold not find time to ah there twice a year ; but the dis- trict ooorta pOMBB* the powera and juriadiction of a cir- IWrt^MM oomt of the United Statea, ia a very hivh •ad hwwr iMy tribunal, etaipoaed of a chief juatioe. iriih H"*^.^*"'* **" ("*"-) "«•■*« «wociatejua. Uoaa, with a adory of 4500 doUara each, who hold a sit. ^'V^^I^' rt Washington, commencing on the aeeon d Manday in January. The court aiu five honra •my day for two months, deciding in that time uaually •boot eightv cmuea, u nioh are reported aa those of tlie kw ooorts in Engkuid uaed, and ought atill tob«,b7an oOow of the oourt Ita original jnriadicUon M M&ied to aU MMh iaaea, a£boting ambuaMiara, coiiral«,:#d^ ooiirala,a«acaartof law oanexereiae coMiataatly with Uwbw ofnatknsi and it has original, but not axelMive jnriMiietion of all auiU brought by ambaaaadora, and oOwr public minutora, in which a conani or vice-eodaul ia a part^. But ito dignitv reata chiefly on iu appellate . jnnadiction, which extenda to all eaaea and appeaia, and wriU of error from the circuit oourta : likewlaa in all oaaea where the conatitntion and lawa of the Mend m. vernmont, or the conatruotion of any treaty Milpnd into by tho federal government, or ita validity, or any richt or interMt under a treaty, haa bmn a aubjeot of eoatro. vvrav m the atato Uibunala. Ita deoiaiona and opiniddi on the oonatruction of the eonaitution, are the aaftrard of tba Unioa. But ita amwllato juriadiotiMi ia mSA: and extenda to no caaea but where the power ia afliriMi. tively given. In order to enable it to issue a ■raa, proof ia required that it is an exor«iae,or i -«~^rtm-M!iiMaaMMiaaM •nwmMMi llllyl'li tlft-' IN AinitlOA. ei «• between dtiMm o< liien and ui alien. All the United Stirtee, can I court of eqtdt/. The district judge, utting he lupreme court An H) aupreme court of the in dispute exceeds two ises, a point may be re- ts of the supreme court, t court to be proceeded itates, Alabama, Missis- ', and Missouri, there is |es of the supreme court ieea^ear; butthedis- id jurisdiction of a cir- id States, is a rery high d of a chief justice, wHh I and six ssaociate jus- beach, who hold a sit. n, commencing on the te court sits five hours ing in that time usually 'eported as those of the ought still to be, by an jarisdieUon if fpi&ied •dors, oonsub,^ Tiee. ireise oonaisteDlly wHh ginal, bat not nclmive t by ambassadors, and a consul or vice-consul chiefly on its appellate eases and appeals, and courts ; likewise in all I laws of the Aderal go- any treaty mtond into I validity, or any right len a subject of eontto* decisions and opinkiiii iition, are the safiigwnl jurisdiction is dsfiaSt; re the powtr is afflriaii. I it to issue a auiida- in exoreise,or neeowi.^ ry to an exercise, of iu appellate juiisdietion. The su- preme court hus juriHdicliun in all controterjies where the United Sutes (hall bo a party in controversies be- tween two or more states ; between a sUte and the citi- zens of another state ; between oitisens of diffeient Itates ; between eitiiens of the same state claiming lands under grants of diflbrent states ; and between a state, or the citlxens thereof, and ibreign states, citi- zens, or subjects. A strict and admirable attention to justice, is observable in these arrangements. Evary description of case which might be partially decided by tlie courta of the litigant states is brought to the bar of the great national tribunal to be disposed of. During the last sittings of the supreme court, a ease of great constitutional interest was heard befbre it. It wasenUtled'The Cherokee Nation rer»i« the State of Georgia." The Cherokee nation having been re- peatedly harassed by the incursions and other nnneigh- bourly proceedings of the inhabitants of Georgia, appli- ed to the supreme court for an injunction to restrain the state, its governor, and othsr offioers, from exeeat- ing and enforcing the kws of Georgia within thu Cb»- rokee territory. The counsel tbt the Cberokeee argnad, that not being a state of the Union, the Cherokc« natkw was to be oonaidered as a ibraign state, and was render- ed oapable of suing in the suprame eo«irt by virtue of Um clause I have menthmed above, in whieh the jndiekl power of the ooart is extended to oontroversiee between • state and the dlisens thereof, and fixeign statae, oitinns or saUaeto : bat Chief Joatioe Marshalldeeided, that the rehtien of the Cherokees to the Unitad Statee reeembled that of guardian and ward ; that they could not be oon- sldered either as a foreign state, or as a state of the Union; and that therefore they were rendered inoapa- bfc» ofsi^ in that court. His judgment i^m stren^- en«d 1^^ wording of the articles of the constituUon, in which Congress is empowered to roguhite commerce with foreign natkMis, and the several states and the " In- dian tribes," who being in this manner specifically mentitmed, could not have been considered as a foreign state or nation by the original firamers of the constitu- tion. Imagine tne astonishment of the poor Cherokee* opon being told, that the highest tribunal at the city of twir Gioat Father coald afford them no redress. The aflbir will, of coarse, come before floBfftess. Chief Jus- 6!2 ■ IX MONTHB tie* Marahtll decided aocordiiiK to the letter ofthe con- diny ofCh •titulion ; but the opinion orchtncellor Kent, of New York, ii iiiroly dcaervin; nf tlio grealeil attention, •■ containing an exptBition apparently nnure aKiecable to juatice. He coi<»ideri the Indian tribei, " not only ai ■tatri, but aa foreign atatee, beoauae they do not conali- tute any ingredient or eaaential part of eur own body politic.*^ Ho conaidera the clauae juat referred to, may have contained the additional grant of power to regulate oomimrce with the " Indian tribci," out of abundant caution, and to prevent any jioaaible doubt of tiie appli- cation to them of the power to regulate coniinerce with "foreign nationa." The iaal worda, he apprehenda, would have reached the Indiana; but the couMtitution, in aeveral other inatanoM, baa gone into a like apecifi- oation of pnweia which were, by neceaaary iutplication, iaeluded in the more general grar.t Thua, for inatance, power ii given to oongreaa " to declare war," and it ia immediately aubjoined " to grant lettera of marque and repriaal." They have power to "coin money," and " to regulate the value thereof:" they havo power » to raiae armi«i," and "to provid* and maintain a navy :" and it ia imhiediately aubjoined " to make rulea fo' the governnMnt" (and not government only, but it ia added) » and regulation ofthe army and land force." All the Judgea in the American courta enjoy an im- munity from wiga. and the judgea of the aupreme court alone are clMhed i» " ailk attire." Their robee are black, and fcehloned according to the taate of the wparer. I •nminad four or five of them which were hanffinf up in the court, and found that, although perfectly judicial, they diaplayed no email attention to taate in their cut and g^ialappearanoe. A proper degree of di|(nity ia lequiNfl andobaerved in the aupreme court ; buainoaa la tliere conducted aa it ought to be in every court of iua> tice ; but aoma of the atate courta are remarkably deA- cient in tbia reapect : even in the court-houae at Phila- delphia, during the aitting ofthe circuit cottrt, I have •een a gentleman, a counaellor of eminence, coolly aeat himaelfon the table whilat a judgment waa being givap, and in that attitude I have heard him addreaa acme in> torlooutory obeervation to the court, and preaa them up- on iU ktUntion with great eameatnewi and abilUv. I cannot undaratand why more difoityiboth Jadioiuaad ibrenaio, ahoold not be obMivad in tha ooarU oTtha •f la to tho letUr ofths con- tncellor Kent, of N«w I greuloit attention, a> titly more aitievible to n tribei, " not only aa .UM Ihev do not conill- part of eur own body e juat rol'erred to, may inl of power to ro(ulal« bua," out of abundant jbie doubt of tiie applU egulate commerce with yorda, ha apprehenda, , but the constitution, rone into a Iil(o apecifi- neceaaary implication, r.t Thua, for inatance, daolar* war," and it ia I lettera of marque and o "coin money," and ' they havo power " to and maintain a navy :" '• to make rulea for the ent only, but it ia added) d land force." Ban oourta enjoy an im- [•a of tho aupreim eouit ," Their robea an blaok, taate of the wearer. I which were hanffiiif up iKMigh perfectly judicial, LtoD to taste in their cut iper degree of dignity ia >reroe court ; buamoaa ia be in every court of iua- irta are remarkably deA- Lhe court-houae at Phila- :he circuit cobrt, I have of eminence, coolly aaat dgment waa being giTW, ird him addreaa acme in> sourt, and preaa then Rp- meetneaa and ability. I lignity, both jodiflial aad rad in tha ooartt of tha Itl AMIKICA. 63 United 8lKlm all of them. Tho spirit of equality renders it allowable, and tha impoa'-bilily in distant towns of making the profeoaion answer by eiiy other airangement, rrnders it necessary, that a barrister and volicitor should frequently eommenoa business as partnors,andplay into each other's hands. A judge will frequently travel from town to town unat- tended, in his gig, dr on horseback with his aaddle- bags before him, or in the stage-coach, and dine at the village table d'hote with shop-keeparn, parudo majors, and advertising attorneys. Human nature will out In tha absence of other titlos, it is the pleasure of the Ame- ricans that they ahonid be dignified by the rank of Oe- aaral. Colonel, or Aide-d'^-osmp; but more especially I ftond bv that of Major. Au Engliali gentleman assur- ed ma tnat, being on board m ateameron the Ohio river, ha waa first introduoad h« a friand aa plain Mr., then aa 64 •IX MONTIU CapUin ! mton afkcr Im wm MldrtMMl ■■ Major, uid be- lbr« the aiHl orUia day ha waa fbrmalljr introduoad aa ■ tianeral. Tliera is uiually a Major, or an Aldo, aa tbey call IkaniMlvmi, in avary aUge coach company. TIm captain or a ataamboat, who waa praaidinf at tha dtnnar Ubie, happanad to aak rathar iovdly, " General, a liltia fiah 7" and wai immadiately anawerad in tha affirma- tive by twanty-fira out of tha thirty gentlemen that were preaent. One would have tmaginod, that in tha United Btalei, where an equal partition oftha righta ofmanliind ia the boaatad Toundation of tha government, Juatice would have bean treated with peculiar courtaiy ; but aha ia not properly honoured there. Juatice ia not eicluaively a rapubliaan in principle, whatever the Americana may think. Bha muat reinain unaltered, whatever may be tiM fcrm of MvernnMDt, aa tb* valoa oftha diamond ia Um aam* whathar ito Boaaaaaor be a prince or a paatant. Daring my tt— *'"T1*' viaita to Um eeorta of juatioa in the United SUtaa, looold not help thinking how fortu- naU it waa that Juatice waa blind, and could not thoro- fora ba ahookad by the want of decorum I observed there. Wkat waa my aurpriaa on entering the aupreme court in tiw •Kpilel at Waahington, to perceive her wooden ignra with the eye* unAlleted, and graaping the acatea lika a grocareBH ! W ith ^raat deftrenoa, I woald auggaet that the whole of thia unworthy group ahonld be ramov- •a. The day may arrive, aa I hava aaid bafbr«, when the aupreme court may bo the ommw of aavinf the Union. An* auggeationa recommendatory of an amendment or additional clauie in the oonatitutian, emanate iVom the jndgoa of iJiiH nxalted tribunal. When it ia thought necaaanrythat the conatitution of any particular aUto ahoold be altered or amended, the lagiaUture authoriaee tba people to expreaa their oj^niona aa to whether they are or are not in ftvour of oalUng a gwwral oonventian. Thia ia uaually arranged at the time of a general alao- tion. If there be a majority in fk vour of the ccnvMOiaa, tha legiaUtura then oalla upon the people to elect par. acne to aerve aa membera or delegatea, and it fine tha time of meeting, i f an v amendmonta are made by the convention, thev are anbmitted to the people ftr their approval; and ifa majority decide upon tlieir edoption, thejr firthwitb become part of the eooatitatioa. * mum IN ANRRICA. 6b Med •■ Major, utd be- rmally inlroduoad m ■ ior, or an Aid*, ■■ they cokoh company. TIm pr«udin( at iha dinner diy, "Ueneral, a lilUa iwarad in the affirma- ty genllemen that were t in th« United Hlatei , yhta of manlilnd ia the 'nmant, Juatioo would r courteny ; but ahe ii ■tic« ia not oxcluairely er the Americana may red, wltatover may bo alua of Um diamond ia ) • prinee or a peaaant. M eoarta of juatioe in Ip thinking bow fortu- d, and oould not there- soruDi I obrervetl there. \g the aupreme court in peroeive her wooden uad grmaping tha aoaiea krenoa, I would mggaat group ahonld ba ramoT. ara aaid bafbra, wliea oMMa of aariiif the ,tory of an amandnMnt It^ition, amanata fVom li. Whan it ia thought of any partieular atala a lagiaUiura authoriaae MM M to wbathar they I a, ganaral oonTantiun. tinwofa ganaral alec- ivour of the oonfaatlon, tha paopla to alaat par. igataa, and it fijna tha menu ara nia4a by tha to the paopla ftr UMk de up«ia thair adoiiUaii, I oonatitntioa. Whan it it uonaidered that tha luprama oourt liaa a federal juriMlintion extending over a union of twenty- rourata(««, many oft liem an Urge or larger than Kngland, whose hiimhia and individual importance are increaa- ing, and which are divided and aubdivided by party, and by conHicting and annually ariaing intareila, and which arc becoming more and more democratic in vrery ■uccoeding year, and ronaoquently more and more op- poMil tnthn apirit in which the conititution wat original- iv I'ramod, aoma idea may ba formed of the inipnrtanca (hat ia attached to the deciaiona of thii court, 'vhoae au> thoritiea, fVom flrat to lait, am tnlended aa a afbgnard to the Union. The independence of thia court, and, in (kct, of all tlie (bd ^- haing of no ▼ahM, anapt it ba in epaoial tail. hu\ < Ulcaaaaoe- tataa tail may ba barred by a aimpla dead of bargain and m 66 BIX HONTHS ■ale and which i», in fact, the almott universal aMur- STm; Iwle Md relea«» being but little known. In S*J.1Pt. thedoctrineofthe.Ut«te.on«^^^ onerationVexoepUng in the state of New >««.«"•"'" hS taTCntinued since the new codepas^din 18^. "KcoSigs of the courts of equity are for the ^heaatates have chanceUore, whose ««»«■'"''*;? Uke tbSeTthe other judges. The state of New York hadiuTbwnobUged to ippoint a "i**""^.*^'' X SSrfSreincS«.seofb,l^ess. The duties of the chu^Uor. as for as they go. are the same as tho?« "^ . Sriord dianceUor of fengl"««; but in many of the Iute?^ejuri«licUon in bankruptcy or insolv xcy..j«- S«Se. The terms bankruptcy ani insolven awo^d SSscriminately. although the di«tincUon is of c«u«e ^uallv known and understood among lawyers. By ?£r.S5eSTthe^.tituUon,the«neralgo»erm^^ iTai^ad to nasa uniform laws on the subject of bwk- ni^r^ No KSral bankrupt law has. however, been Mi alttoSgh such a measure \|« br««>««?~»*Si" arS; In th? United State, ap^wtionof ttop^ CrM bevond that of any other oonntry.is engaged more « CSTraffio of «wie kind or other in the couree of ?LW! and the difficulty of coming to any eV"»^ £^^ M to who may « may not b. o«»«dered a Knjt, ha. been the ww-a why no g")^** ^S STsubfe^t ha. been pa««l by the <«l«^««8^-^5 ^tes likewise iiave the power of peanng •*"frP* w^ b«*S5 would only be I«oducti« of confomon. «mS^v would iot be allowed 'o uive Ito •»«» y/^^^jT "^^i««th«tween oitisewi of diffiwent stotes; the l^l^r^ SS^d-SSSuLitadi«a««e«ndertta SSnSt«rin«ilv«Xuwsafonestoto. could not aftct !!^SSma^tobeexecutedinaM»l>er. Aaamatter TJ^w^"tatos bwrin«.lvent tow.of thrir own. ;WSfclSil?TecogMMd and mf'^J^'^ thAmaTfo a. they conveniently eaa Iw. In ■««>• «^ S?e?t.Sn"y,^^thedebt,Ureiea..dkj^Mn^f^ tte debt IS diMharged, but future «w«ltt'^»"^5yP2,5^ t^ or dMcent, a^ liable, though ««* »»»• P«*S*l!S1^ SS'SLlS The whole law on the .u^^l«il» STunilwl llato. ismu^ the same -i«»»4£«Jft A^ithtar to th. United State, can only t»JJMBM»* ny i,i^1[X-euad.r the UmUd Stotei? in«rf..«t * „4))^^MMg>*i*>«"'=''<'>"»'^' ■**»»* t^-A.Ja»-- t univenal luiur- it little known. In tutMof UMBU in flill if New York, wliere it >w code piMed in 1KI9. of equity ate for the id in England. Many whose office! are held he atate of New York vice-ohanoeUor, on a. The duties of the the same as those of but in many of the tey or inaolv xcy is se- id insolven. are need stinctitHi is of course amoof lawyers. By le ceneral government a tile subject of bank- w has, however, been bis been often otrntem- i^wtion of the paoiile, NUitry, is engaged mora other in the course of iming to any equitable y not be ocnsidered •> vhy no general law on B federal oongreae. The ' of passing bankrupt irodnctive of oonftision, ive the efict of resoind- ofdiArent states; the It a discharge under the stale, oould not aflbot n saother. Asainatter rant Ittws of their own, lod w spiol e d in all of eaahe. InaomeflaMs iasedhytheai;inatlwH^ anqtHMtioHe if gift, i». I not the prwnea e(f ft. a the mibJM^Mi b«H in me as thaMf ftiglaitd. .^ in only t>:|^assd by Stater insolvent tiled IM AHBRICA. 67 law. In order to be enabled to apply for a release un- der the insolventlaws of any particular state, a debtor must have resided in that state for a certain period, ge- nerally one year; and on the surrender of all property, (if he has any,) he obtains a discharge from prison, which is also a discharge from the debt itself, and, as a personal discharge, is respected throughout thu Union ; but as a discharge from the debt, it . oilen operates as such only in the state that grants the discharge. Be- tween oitisens of the same state it releases the debt as well as the person ; between citizens of different states, or between a citizen and a foreigner, or between fo- reigners, the discharge depends on circumstances. If the suit be brought in the courts of any particular state, and the party has been released by the laws of tha^ state, the debt is considered equally cancelled as if the controversy had been between citizens of the same state. If the debtor to the United States has applied for, and obtained the benefit of the United States' insolvent law, it can only be in cases where a judgment has been ob- tained against him, and he has been taken in execution. He must, however, remain in prison for thirty days, and surrender all his property, which he must swear does not exceed thirty dollars, over and above his necessary wearing apparel ; for if he has property beyond Hut ainount, he cannot obtain the benefit of tLis law. By this discharge, the person only is released, so that property subsequently obtained ftom any souree is reapoosible. In all other eases of discharge, under the insdvent laws Of individual states, before noticed, the person or the Mbi are diaoharged, (as mentioned above,) but still with the reservation, that all property acquired by deaoeut, gift, or devise, shall bo subjected to execution, but not the fu- ture aequisitioas of the debtor by other means. Fugitive debtors from other oountries can be sued and impriaooed only as if they were citizens of America, that is, by exUbitiiig against them a bailable cause of action. TiMy araet remain in priscm, if taken iminedi- ately on their aninl, uatU entitled by a residence in the •Ula (waaUy for one year) to aroly for the benefit of the iastlvttnt laws. 8Uto oitisenship is required only in a fow of rk ; the fact it, there le United Slates tlun . often one dollar the to confinement. The ly toon be followed in trong pwtv in favour I wan ID that ttate, a aider of its propriety ; J ipeakera, tended to vaa moat probably ac. hfburtha oif thoae who hat can be aaid on the ;eelf, namely, that the iro highly unjust, and would M very objeo- Sning one whoae con- w oonttitution of the debt it disallowed, ez- lal of the debtor to de- it of hit oredilort. 'any court or officer to I aooovnt of their mia- ifeitterof the parents ■nittble penon to tnka lid to made to the or- 1 atale. Ita autborMjr [lor In caaoa of iiiftat|i >i of real and penoMl exaouton andadoil- his oourt,flMa whew shanoeUcir. AH datda IN AMERICA. M are by law required to be registered. Wills ore proved and witnetted at in England ; and a timilar '"w pre- TonU a witneaa from takinff a legacy. A case of fraud uaed in obtaining a will, the only fraud of which the Englith court of chancery does not take notice, is de- cided by the chancellor in some states ; in otiiers, it is usual to send it, as in England, to a jury. The whole taw of mortgage is, generally speaking, much the same as in England. The proceedings in a chancery suit, differ only in the pleadings being a little more simple: a bill for inatance, contains merely the sUting and interrogating parte, and the prayer. Witnessea aro examined, as in England, upon written interrogatories. The effect of an answer and the mode of using it in court, are alao timilar. There it no auch officer as an accountant-general. Masters in ehanoery are known onl^ in eome of tlie ttetes. Their daties are somewhat simitar ; and mat- ters are leftrred to an v one of them whom the pt'ties may agree upon. In New York, I observed that " Mr. A, iiaSBf in chancery," was almost as frequenUy to be seen on the door, as the names of a counsellor and sou- oitor. In those states where there are no masters in chanoerr, the conn has a » Permanent Aoditor, who diseharcM nearly all the datiea assigned to the uiastors in Bngbnd. . The ferm of an action, the pleadings, and the method oTobtaimn* evidence, are essentiaUy the same as thost used in England, generally. In some states the aetwa of ejectment is unknown ; in others, it has merely un- dergone some modification. Real acUons, such M^wn.r of right, write of entry, are much used; the periodorU- mitatiott has, however, been altered tram that of Eng- land. The Englith taw of pretcription it acknowtadg- ed, with a very nw necessarily constitutional exceptions. The period of limitation alkiwed in an action of axsump* sit, alao varies in difibrent states; in some it is three years, in others it is rj^ as in England. Where the ac- tion oTaJMstment is in use. the period of Umitation uin sooM states twenty years, as in England ; in others, sneaywrs is thought sufficient . „ , . ... Juries are generally constituted as in England, with tl» exoeption of special juries, which are never forme^ ThlMfhoat tbs United States a floqaaelktr u aUowed H^ 70 SIX HOKTHI to make a speech for the prisoner, and act generally in hi* behalf, as in a civil cause. Every state in the Union has its rules for the admis- non of counsellurs, solicitors, and attorneys.. They ge- uerally require that a student shaH have studied law with some couusellor for at least thrbe years. On ap- plication for an admissiim as an attorney, the court usu- ally appoints three gentlemen of the bar to examine into the moral and legal qualifications of the applicant. If be be previonsly and favourably known to them, the ex- amination is almost nominal. If he be unknown, or be known, but with unfavourable impressions, the exami- nation is proportbnably more strict. When admitted •s either counsellor ci solicitor, he can generally prae- tise in both characters, the distinction being nominal, excepting in the supreme court of the United States, where no person can be oounselk>r and solicitor at the ■ame time. In thr country particnlarly, it ia usual for » lawyer toassume the dntiee of attorney, canveyaneer, praetor, solicitor, and counsellor ; bat after having prae- tiaed some time, he usually eonfines himself to the prae- tioe of a counsellor only. A barrister and solicitor are fl«qaently partners: aa I have before remarked, it would be impossible for any practitioner to obtain a livelihood, excelling in the larger towns, without exer* eising his abilities m both capacities. For the " mate- rial" of a great part of the foregoing remark* I am in- Mlti to &e kind and able assistance of a gentlejnan of the Baltimore bar, and I have endeavoured that their aoenraojr should not suffer under my pen. It would be tedious to enter into anv detail of the dif- ftrent state constitutions. It is sofiicient to remark, that their affairs are usually administered bra governor, a •«nato,and a house of representatives. The executive aathority is vested in the governor, who has in some state* the benefit of a council. In some states he is elected ' for a period of four years, but more usually for two. The legislature consists of a senate, and house ofrepie- ■entative* s both, or the latter, are usually elected aii. naally; but sometimer for a longer period, with mo- , ^fications. In the state of Rhode Island, whose go- mmmtnt is founded on the provision* of the charter (ranted to the colony by Charle* the Second in 16til, end which i* the only state in the Un*on tfiat ha* no writtei are ele preaen nually tions I and re frage edfur ty. 1 thato voter Wii ject o! that I know] class < the SI genoe edani lowed oorru thep be ui ahoul char! poUti tbe.p men) totb in CO that musi pers< soon WoH infoi ney, cam veri atu; side wh« eaai d*U .-^ ■ g ?A- and act generally ia rulea for the admii- ttorneya.. They g»- lU have studied law irte year*. On ap- omey, the court uru- i bar to examine into of the applicant. If lown to them, the ex- le be unknown, or be jressiona, the exami- lot. When admitted can ffenernlly prae- ction Ming nominal, of the United SUtes, and aolicitor at the nlarly, it is uiml for ttomey, conveyancer, rat after having prae> M hiroielf to the prae^ ater and aolicitor are before remarked, it ctitioner to obtain « town*, without exer> iea. For the *' mate- ing ramarka I am in- inoeofa gentle;nan of dcavoored that their ny pen. a any detail of the dif. BOflicient to remark, aiatered br a governor, itivea. The executive IV ho baa in aome atates e statea he is elected more usually for two. :e, and house ofrepre> '« uauall^ elected «i|. iger period, with ibo- ide Island, wbo«» go- ivbions of the charter ■ the Second in 16S8, be Un'on that hai no |iititiit»ii-iniiTfiri!l- ■ lU AHKKICA. 71 written constitution, the governor, senate, and judgaa are elected annually : the members of the house of re- presentatives are elected every six months, or semi-an- nually, as they term it. In general, no other qualifica- tions are required of voters but those of colour, age, sex, and residence. In nearly all the states the right ofsuf- frage is enjoyed by free white citizens, who have resid- ed For one year in the state, and six months in the coun- ty. Ifi some of the states, colour is no bar. Am to age, that of tweiity.one years is the usual requisition. Every voter mual of cource bo a citiieii of the United Slatet. Without enteririg at large upon the hackneyed aofr- iect of uoicersal sufirage, it may be sufficient to remark, that the juuinsic evils of the systtm are moreor leas ac- knowledged by a very large proportion oftho better olaaa of Americans, although they of course diminish in the same ratio with the increaae of virtue and intelli- genoe j the objection is not merely, that the uncultivat- edand the ignorant part of the sommnnity ahould be ^- lowed the unqualified right of auffrage } but it Ik J in tb« corrupt influence to which it is open. JBoth the rich and the poor man have righta to be protected; bat it most be unreasonable, that the wealthy and enlighteowl should be oontrollod by the needy. The object of my charity goee to the poll ; and not only exercises as madi poUtioal'iberty as myself, but a great deal mora{ bwsanae the poorer clasaes being the more numerouB, the govern- ment is in effect under their direction. If in addition to thU H be >«neidered, that they must frequenUy vot« incompliance with the wishes of a superior, HfoUowa, that the most corrupt, or the most sucoesaful at intrigM, must enjoy the greatest share of poktical power. A person who does not in suob a country as America, gun some aort of qualification by his industry is, surely, un- worthy to be trusted with the right of suffrage. I was informed that votes were very rarely bought with mo- ney, and believed it ; beoauso where the votera and tM candidates are so numeroua, the disburaementa moat bo very Urge, and the difficulty of concealment proportion ataw iacTMMed. They are rathor commanded by oon- aiderationsof iriooo; and it is very evident, that apenoa who oould be influenced by interest m one w«]r, oa|pd auily b« bribed in another, were it not for the nar^W dttimtiwi. The ay •t«ni of treating is eommoo enough. "Why, Sir!" aaid an old woman to a gentleman of ili i 12 BIX Moirrus South Carolina, my inrormani, " 1 ga»m Mr. A. ia the fiHe«t man of the two, but t'otlier whiakiet the taal." The influence of petty demago^nea ia very great j there being uaually two or three in every Tillage. Natarmiii- ed foroignera, as a body of volera, poaaeaa great power in some placea : in New York, where there are Mid to be nearly 30,000 Irish, their inflnence over the elections is much oomplaiiied of. The house of representatives of the United States is oomposed of members chosen every seeond year, by the people of the aeveral states. In Virginia and Kentaeky tliey are voted for, viva vaee, and not by ballot, u in the other Btatet. At present, one member is returned for erery forty thousand persons, five slaves in the rikve states counting as throe whites. The present number is 91& As the number of represenUtives might be too largv, in oonaequence of the inereosing popalation, the constitntion providee that the number should not exceed one for every 30,000, but that no state shall be without lepresentative. As the minimum only is there men- tioned, the foderol congress haa the power of eztandinr the number ^ electors necessary for the return of a member. , _ The senate of the United States is com p eeed cftwo members from each state. They are alMiin hjr the legislature of the several states, for the Imm efriz yean ; one-third of them being elected every two yean. The only qoaUiieations necessary for a senator an— that be be thirty yean of age, in conformity with the age' ef the Roman senator ; and that he have been for nine yean a eitiaen of the United States, and on inhaUtant of the state for which he is elected. The qualifications required of a member of the house of representatives are— that he be twenty-five yean ot ige; seven yean a citizen of the United State^ and an inhabitant of tlie state where h'3 is chosen. No property qualification is required hi either caaet and the conse- quence is, that the house of npresentatives is half filled with young lawyen. The only privilege it enjoiys in its legialative diameter, which is not shared by the sen- al^ is, that It has the exclusive right vf originating aU njlkcy hills. "Chancellor Kent, in his CommentarieB, obeervae, "that the great object of the separation nf the iegislaton iMto two liouses, acting separately, and with co-ordinate p«w- aiMS IN AMBKICA. 78 gourn Mr. A. is the whiakiet the bMt." ii very greet ; tiiefe Tillege. NatnrmUi- pocieM great power Bre there ere Mid to ice over the electioiu the United Statee i« ' lecond year, by the rginiaand Kentucky >t by ballot, u in the mlMr i« returned ibr » slaves in the tibive The present number itatives might be too ng population, tlie ler snould not exoeed Ute shall be without n only is there moB' e power of oztanding for the return of a IS is eump aeed of two r are elMeM by the the Imm of dz yean ; ery two yean. The senator are— tliat lie ty with the age' of the been for nine years a an inhaUtaat of the member of the house I twenty-five years oi United Statea, and an shoaen. No property liaaei and the conse- Mitatives is half filled Hrivilegq it enjoys in lot shued by the sea- f ht »f originating bU taries, observes, "that if the togidatnra falto with oo-ordinate pisw- liiiiififmiimr er., is to destroy the evil efiecU of sudden and strong excitement; and of precipitate meamirM. springing from o^^rS«rioe. pre^dice, pcr«,nal influcnc-. and party C^^.Thicl. have beenVound, by «ad «XP«''«"^»« exerSe a potent and dangerous sway in single «»em. "'Ni'onocan.for a moment, doubt the force of the^ rcmwk.. It i. the best arrangement that can be adopted n^epuWie: sUll it is but splitting one p. Uar mto two, Jov^mWcnt : both are bound by tlie »'«• »[ honouTj-^ thVrfutios of both are defined and exacted by the ccmsU- taUon b^tlh^oTthe houm, of lord, are dicUted by Se forthe ne^-ity of consulting tlieir own^ur^g bv a proper and constant interposiUMi bctvireen tto iUo'iSTtto^plc. Theinfc«rt.oftheon«MeAe wlSe MAoseoftho house of '?PT^''?^'«^J^'L^ ^iill power they enioy "o-^^l^i;^**^ with the liesident, for the purpose of >J»^ Jf»5?^ I^in tliappointment of government offioors. The btteresta of thehouse of tords are identified wth thoeo security to the consUtuUon. by obligmg the peers^ S Britain to keep a watchful eye on every attempt «^^ent up^n the ^igni^ 9^ ^^Sdi^Try own rank in the country, and their nghUae hereanary ?awKirr.." In these time., when 'I*^^ " I*'**; nl M to what they wiU do, but as to what tt«y dare do, hnl tJue JhouM they be to themselves. Their obhga- how *™« "*^-r2ei„hty than the "legal presump- Sr-S « Sewor^^hanoeUor KenJ^"- -P^ U^-l (Sifrlenato with referenoe to the house of repre- SSti^)^ S.^en.te WiU entertain more enlarfjd tSS^rfiub^poUcy. WiU feel a higher and greater ^ of '^onrdiracter, and a greater reg«d for SSltv in the administration of the government.'' iSJprwidentTthrUnited State, must be a citisen 7 74 BIX MONTHS of the United Statoi, muat have attained the ago of twonty-ono venrH, and have been fourteen yean a resi- dent in the United States.* He holds his oIKco for (bur yeart. I'ie ie elected at the same time as the vice- president, who is president of the senate, but who has no vote, ' iiless the votes bo equally divided. The pre- •Idiiit, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United Htater, are removed from office on ini|ieachmcntfor, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanours. The president is commuiidor-in-cliiof of the army and navy : ho has the power by, and with the advice and consent of the senate, to -niaku treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur : be can convene both houses of congress, on extraordinary oceosiona; and adjourn them, in case of their disagree- ment 08 to the lime, to any tunc ho may think proper : he appoints ambaswidori, other public ministers and consuls, jodffes of the supremo court, and all officers of the United States wboae appointments are not otherwise provided for by the con^'Hution, and which shall be established by law, &.C. . The pvosidcnt and vice- president are ilected by uloctori appointed in each atate •qnal to the whole number of senators and rcproRonta- tirea to which tlie state may be eutillod to in congress ; bat no senator, or jreproaoptative, or person hdding an office of trust or profit in the United States, shall be ap- pointed an elector. The method of choosing these •lectors is threefold : by the atate-legislaturea ; by.gene- ral ticket ; and by districts. The two latter aro more generally preferred, as the choice emonatea more directly from the people. Four only of the states, — Delaware, Sontli Carolina, Louisiana, and Tennessee, adopt the former. I think it would be tedious and unnecessary to give an analysis of these thrco methods ; suffice it to re- mark, I have heard it regretted that the constitution did not limit the choice to one mode. Chancellor Kent sayn, " there would be less opportunity for dangerous eoa''i.ion8 and combinations for party, or ambitioui or seltisb purposes, if the choice of electors were reibrred to the people at large ; and this seems now to bo tlw sense and expression of public opinion." When tlw electors have made out the requisite lists, they are enit prei It n 'TheTuFidcnt niiut he a imtiiral IwrncUlaen least tblity-Ave years In ihs United SUlet .— £rf. ho must be al IN AMBIIICA. 76 >.ltl attained tlio ago or lurtoon yoar« a reii- I(Jb liii olFico for lour c timo at the vice- Bonate, but who baa I divided. The pre- jflicera of the United iii|)eachincnt for, and hur higli crimes and commundor-in-chior I power by, and with to, to -niaku treaties, 1 present concur : be SI, on extraordinary ise of their disagree- may think proper : ublic ministers and rt, and ail officers of nts are not otherwise and which shall be pvoaidcnt and vice- pointed in each state LtotB and roprofionta- tillod to in congress ; or person holding an d States, shall be ap- 1 of choosing these egislatures ; by,gene- two latter are more nanates more directly le states, — Delaware, Pennessee, adopt the 18 and uimeoessary to hods ; suffice it to re- Ihat the constitution ie. Chancellor Kent tuiiity for dangeroua arty, or ambitioue or lectors were rvftned seems now to b* Um )pinion." Whan tb* te lists, they are MBt rn citlKD ho must be al up to, and opened in tlio presence of the senate and liouseof ropresontativeit; und the president ond vice- president are chosen in Iho monner proscribed by the twelfth article of the nmondmontH to iho constitution. In the year 1801, tlw federalist candidates for the presl- dency and vice-presidency wore Mr. Adams and ««nc- ral Pinkney ; the republican favourites were Mr. Jell ?• son and C-olonel Burr. The two latter obtained ^ ■■o*''' but equal mojority over the former; and to decide be- tween them was the ollot ted office of the house of rMre- sentatives, Mr. JelTerson was chosen after no less than thirty-five trials. In the mean time the people were kept in suspense ; tho tranquillity of the Unioi» was endangered; the possibility of a recurrence of similar difficulties waa forcibly impressed upon the rouids of Americans: and an alteration of the clause ragolating the mode of election of the president and vioe-praaident was resolved npon. Tho old clause contained theae words: "The person having the greatest numtar of votes to be president, if such number be a majority (^ the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who hare such a majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the liouse of reprwenUtltea shall immediately chooee by ballot one of thorn fbr a president, fcc." Tho mode of election was altered ; but It may still happen that tho vote of a single member of the house of representatives may decide it. In Presi- dent Jackson's message of December, 1830, he says, that "the necessity for an amendment is made so clear to his mind by the observation of its evils, and by the many able discussions which they have elicited on the floor of congress, and elsewhere, that he shiuld be want- ing in his duty were he to withhold another expression of his deep solicitude on the subject. A contingency which sometimes places it in the powerof a single mem- ber of the house of representatives to decide an eleotlon of so high and solemn a character, is unjust to the peo- ple i and becomes, when it occurs, a source of embar- rassment to the individuals thus brought into power, and a cause of distrust of the representative body. Liable as the confederacy is, from its great extent, to aarties fijunded upon sectional interests, and to a cor- •Mpondipg multiplication of candidates for tho preei- deiiOT. the tendency of the constitutional reference to the feuse of representatives is to devolve U» olecUon I: 76 SIX HONTIIH upon th»t body, in tlmoat every in»lancc ; nnd whatever ohoiM may tnu» be made anioiig the candidates thuii preaented to tlieiii, to awcll the influence of |)articular UttarMta to a dcKrco inconaiHtent with tlie [general good." The election of the preHidimt, hnincdiat<rei lou 1 the uo« is u Ihe unc ^re 1 hWM HMH m IN AMKRICA. 77 .!':i iincc ; and whatever the candidateii thuii uoncc nf |iartioular li Ui(i general good." liatrly by Iho people, is lit-rv hinted at. . tlio United States, v» and institutions: y towards cither the ea, that tendencjr is I by no meaiu im- on may, at some fti- dopted. Chan'" jUor iitnicnt of the (jresi- cull -ind momentous e delilxrationa ofthe tiun ; and if ever the turbed, and its peace among themselves, the choice of a pre. eventually to attest of the constitution, be altered, as I have d adieu to the Union Dcreasing population variety of interests, I, I may say, person- lly so or not, — jn the 3, we can, in some lent mode of election, very distant period, ling exhibited at the ■ on the construction during his short as- millions with a scnti- len General Jacksoit ought proper to turn ffioers, whoae places rhe nun:»ier of thoee neement ot •vny pre- mall, bearing i."* pro* ■ed by the gen'ra]. ance of t|ie anair^ of ly a matter of esp> » n probability, fbtore prosidonts will lind tliemselves obliged to fi.Uow the e«. iiniilv. 1 mnk« no renmrk on the latn (ictticoat conlu- -non in tin- United SlnleH cabinet ; like the battle of Navarino, the host that can be said of it is, tliat H WM an " untoward ovonl." .-,«■,,. The salary ol" the president is 95,000 dollars CiWBS) , a yenr, with tho prosidetil's house at Wii' ngton fbr Ills residence ; but his expenses do note<|ual iii« income. Mr. Clalhoun, the vice-president, receives hot 6000 dol- lars (X'll!i5) \ year. Tho secretaries for state, trea- Mirv, war, nnd navy, and the post-mnster-general, re- , ccive a yearly aalory of COOO dollars ( 11330) ooch, and ^ work very hard for it, their time and attention being fully occupied, and often till a late hour ofthe night. In the message of 1830, to which I have liefore re- frrrod. General Jackson invites the attention of congress to Ilia xropriety of promoting such an amendment of tho constitution as will render the president ineligible after one term of service; and yet General Jackson is aeain a candidate, and most probably a sucoessftjl can- didate, for the olllce of president at the next election, on the fi st Wednesday in December, 1832, preparatory to his taking office for the twelfth presidential term of four years, commencing on tho 3d of March, 1833. Tho election of the nest— and lieaveii knows how many ftituro pr«»sidents '—will depend upon the known opinions of eithPf candidate upon the Cherokee case; upon the question of the renewal of the charter of the United States bank, to which I Imve before adverted; on Masonry; on wliellior there is or is not «!»*•» irrantnd by the constitution to lav out the federal flinds upon internal improvements throughout the Union, and lastly, on the still more imporlont question aa to the continuance or modification of the existing laritt. The candidates vviil most likely bo General Jnokuon.llie president of tm duy, Mr. Clay, Mr. Wirl, and Mr. Cal- '°The opinions of Genorol Jackson ore in favour of the removal of tho Cherokoes : he is averso Jo the re- uewal of the ciiarter of tho UiiiUd States llank ; he la a Freemason, and bolieve« that tho application of the fodoral funds to internal improvements would be unconstitutional. His opinions on the tariff (inc«, wrote • omeionry, the Anll- B and more nume- . aecral aocietiri ai and although they ;y to thamaelvea, tly ilrong to de- .3 obiioxioua can- .,jpoa«d 10 coincide but with reaped ti. ind the iariflr que* t of the day, ia tha la of the aoutliern tariff party ; and in elected to tho preni- ur of the removal of lenca of the United f internal improye- > changed, he having a ayatem when aecre- Nullifler," although I prevented him from ir ao uniformly aa ha lullifier," which, like haa now grown Into J tha membara from ttwoyearaagot Um ad at tha aaina Uma. that tha ftd«r»l ooB. league batwcan Um ta haa a right to 4«- infl«ctiona of tkat at, and to noUify « 1 congrtaa witbia Ito IN AMIRICA. 19 E"^r^:;^rSi^=?!r.5:^!^ Son. of the affair, of hi. -""i'/J'^^Cn i-n ' relation, with foreign i;-';'^^:^."^ : "Kr th"e 'com- ""^'oTr:: ofitaif. l aae w th"the Briti.h Wa.t In- r .ndNoSArnerotn colonie.. thereby ..llUng a '''•^.-hiohl^d already boon the .ubject of .l« i.a- b'.«:^"f.t^.»7r':b.:v.St':i.1ror.d b, s o7 ;[b:;.mro" tC'rt «.f "•• »''"•" «""'"•"••" SwJ'during the war. hav. al«, ben lately adj.uUd with that pow*'- , -f eoromerce with Mexico; been Iropoeed upon them , and oy """r" m^chant. kng before •»y.K«'* "^?r^J^o'lh? „.e of Georgia. JlllrrlTS^l ^"Sd"*b."ably obtained on J^^iZ.. th. MUn title to th». 7"^y -^J^f liS; •»* to all the other landa within Jha atate ot SSiia^ Aa Kold minea. within two or three yawj, wT^CL dta^Vad in that rtaU. it baa naturally W- t:il;Xt {b!^nc7in.ti^^ India". ^ ramam,«d 'M !J ..iP« 80 SIX MONTHS that of the OeorgianB to get kid of them, has become fiir more decided than formerly. Tlie Indians (Chero- koes) however, claim a voice in the affair of their re- moval from the land of their fathers ; and that their as- sertiona have other foundations than those of an appeal to common justice and humanity, is proved by the fact, that from the 38th of November 1785, the general ^vern- ment has made with them no less than fifteen different treaties, thereby plainly acknowledging their indepen- dence, and their capacity and power to treat. Within the last two or three years, however, gold, as I have be- fore remarked, has been discovered on the territories of the Indians ; and the state of Georgia has applied to the general government to fulfil the contract, and rid them of the Cherokees. The general government would be willing to come to a proper arrangement with the Cherokees, but they are unwilling to go. The number now left is about 15,000 ; the remainder of the tribe, since the year 1809, having acceded to the of!er of the United BtateB,and removed to the lands provided for them beyond the Mississippi. When this part of the tribe petitioned to be allowed to remove, the answer of the president (Mr. Madison) contained the words, " those who are wilHng to remove may be assured of our patron- age, our aid, and our good neighbourhood." The Georgi- ans, however, happen to think that this is just the time for them to go, and they forcibly prevent them from digging for gold on their own land, saying, that every year will bat increase their anxiety to remain ; and that they have no right to dig for geld when the reversion of the knd is in the state. Theso disputes yet remain unsettled. The Cherokees are far advanced in civilization ; and have among them men of very sui^rior abilities. They adopt in part the costume of Europeans; they have schools, and churches, and a printing press among them ; and were fully competent to understand the following precious piece of humbug, forming part of President Jackson's message to congress, in 1830. " Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country ; and philanthropy has been long buuly em-' ployed in devising means to avert it ; but its progren has never for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from the earth. To follow to the tomb the last of this race, and to tread on the flectioi to thei goneri inents the ex rials or hai age t count! nihila white roUinj the a west, UniU ence Doub fathe or tb condi was year! indi str( rtiiiiii i l nlWfTl-Hf^^^^^^*^''''''":^^' ' "■'^—^^'•^"■' ■' ' ■"'''•<*«'■■- '^'i IN AMERICA. 81 hem, has become e Indians (Chero- laiTair of their re- and that their as* those of an appeal )roved by the fiict, he .general ffovern- in fifteen diflbrent ng their indepen- to treat. Within gold, aa I have be- 1 the territories of I has applied to the act, and rid them trnment would be igement with the go. The number inder of the tribe, o the ofier of the huids provided for n this part of the ove, the answer of i the words, " those >ured of our patron- lood." The Qeorgi- his is just the time revont them from Baling, that every 9 remain ; and that len the reversion of iputes yet remain I civilization; and or abilities. They ipeans; they have press among them ; and the following part of President B30. "Humanity aborigmes of this I long_ busily em-' I but its progreet 1, and one by one d from the earth, race, and to tread on the graves of extinct nations, excites melancholy re- flections. But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes, as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another. In the monu- ments and fortresses of an unknown people spread over the extensive regions of the west, we behold the memo- rials of a once powerful lace, which was exterminated, or has disappeared, to make room for the existing sav- age tribes, &c. &c. The tribes which occupimi the countries now constituting the' eastern states, were an- nihilated or have melted away to make room for the whites. The waves of population and civilization are rolling to the westward; and we now propose to acquire the countries occupied by the red men of the south and west, by a fair exchange, and at the expense of the United States, to send tMm to a land where their exist- ence may be prolonged and perhaps made perpetual. Doubtless it will be painful to leave the grave* of their fathers; but what do they more than our anoeators did, or than our children are now doing 7 To better their conditiou in unknown lands, oiu forefathers left all tiiat was dear in earthly objects; our children by thousanda yearly leave the land of their birth to seek new homes in distant regions. Does humanity weep at these pain- fUl separations from every thing animate and inanimata with which the young heart has become entwined? Far from it ! It is rather a source of joy that our country affordu scope wh^re our voung population may range unconstrained in body or m mind, developing the power and faculties of man u their highest perfection. Those remove hundrpds and almost thousands of miles at their own expense, purchase the lands they occupy, and sup- port themselves at their new home from tho moment of their arrival. Can it be cruel in this government, when, b^ eventn whif^h it cannot control, the Indian is made discontented with his ancient home, to purchase his lauds, to give him a new and extensive territory, to pay the expenses of his removal, and support him i. year in his new abode ? How many thousands of our own people would gladly embrace the opportunity of removing to the.t^-esl on such conditions. If the offers made to the Indians were extended to them, t'ley would be hailed with gratitude and joy. " And is it * uppoeed that the wandering ravage has a stronger attachment to his home than the eeltlM, civil- ...uv-.^-^ 9S SIX MONTHS ized ClirUtian 7 Is it more ufflicting to liim to leave the graves of his fathers, than it is to our brothers and children ? Rightly considered, the policy of the general government towards the red man, is not only liberal but generous. He is unwilling to submit to the laws of the states, and to mingle vfith their population. To save him from this alternative, or, perhaps, utter annihila- tion, the general government kindly offers him a new home ; and proposes to pay the whole expense of his re- moval and settlement." I will here introduce a few remarks on what is called the gold region in the United States, with the kind as- sistance of Mr. Damm, a Swedish gentleman resident at New York, and connected with tlie gold mines. I have selected them, with a very few alterations, from the reports on the subject lately published by the govern- ment. It is now about thirty years since gold was dis- covered in North Carolina ; it was found in the sand and gravel of different water-courses, first in Cabarras county, soon afterwards in a county of Montgomery in that state. Until within a few years past, the process of washing for gold wasprincipally confined to the two counties just named. The ,^eater portion of the gold thus procured was found in small pieces, varying in size from one pennytveight down to particles of extreme minuteness ; at most of the mines, however, it is not uncommon to find piecec of a much larger size; for ex- ample, at Cabarras, a single piece has been found weigh- ing twenty-eight pounds avoirdupois, besides several otlier pieces varying from four to sixteen pounds. The proprietor of the same mine atfirms, that about a hun- dred pounds avoirdupois have been found in pieces, about one pound in weight ; these large pieces, however, compose but a small portion of the whole product of the mines. At a mine ill Montgomery county, a number of pieces of about one pound weight have b«en found. One of them weighed four pounds eleven ounces, and another three pounds. In Anson county, during the summer of 1838, a piece of gold weighing ten pounds, another af four pounds weight, together with a number of small pieces, were taken up out of the sands and gravel of Richardson's creek. These discoveries have been chiefly made in or near beds of streams ; but in some instances sides I It V, the go North veins. was i washi in Mt find it but at covert of tin liio ri of the to the scatte quart: He h beaut Bubse( ingtl and a he fo iiests, virg-it handi tinuei mad'j it wi the 1. new I forg> larly In of B covei these capit stimi these tract cntei ofti and' * ■ " — ' 't' l ' . ' .' I '" " " IN AHEItlCA. 83 to liim 10 leave the our brothers and licy of the general lot only liberal but ; to the laws of the lulation. To save ps, utter annihila- r offers him a new 9 expense of his re- s on what is called , with the kind as- Bfcntlenian resident he gold mines. I V alterations, from shed by the govern- since gold was dis- found in the sand 8, first in Ctibarras of Montgomery in ra past, the process confined to the two portion of the gold ices, varying in size irticles of extreme , however, it is not larger size ; for ex- 8 been found weigh- }is, besides several [teen pounds. The , that about a hun- in found in pieces, rge pieces, however, whole product of the , a number of pieces «en found. One of ounces, and another iring the summer of i pounds, another of a number of amoU sands and gravel cf ies have been chiefly lit in some instances depositee of considerable extent have been foond on the sides and tops of hills. It '.va: "iU however, imtil about six years ago, that the gold mines, properly speaking, were discovered in North Carolina, that is, gold in regular, well-defined veins. This discovery, like that of the alluvial deposits, was in some measure accidental. A person, while washing the sand and gravel of a small rivulet for gold in Montgomery county, observed that he could never find it beyond a certain spot in ascending the streata ; but at the point where Uie gold seemed to cease, he dis- covered a quartz vein runnmg into the hill on one side of tlin cliaiuiel, and at right angles with tlie course of tlie rivulet. Having frequently taJcen up out of the bed of the stream, pieces of quartz with bits of gold attached to them, he came to tlie conclusion that tlie gold found scattered below, must have come out of the vein of quartz; and he determined to pursue it into the Lill. Ho had done so but for a few feet, when he struck a beautiful deposit of the metal in a matrix of quartz, and subsequently another in carbonate of lime. In follow- ing thus vew about thirty or forty feet longitudinally, and at a depth of not more than fiiteen or eighteen feet, he found a. succession of what are technic^ly termed nests, fi-om which he took out more than 15,000 dwt of virgin gold. Soon afterwards the mine fell into other hands ; and the working of the vein has been discon- tinued in consequence of the quantity of water which mado its appcaraf'.ce ; though it is understood that it will be resumed in a short time. This discovery of the iiietal in regular veins, presented the subjed in a new and interestmg point of view; and directed a search for gold among the hills and high grounds, and particu- larly for veins traversing the earth. In the course of the summer, oiler the dr reiopentenf of Barringer'd mine, some valuable mint,;, ■.•■e di» covered in Mccklenbnrgh county. The , .v/Uct o" these, worked in the rudest manner, t7itho a skill o; capital, was so groat as to excite ,^|renerul '.> »dc:>; ; and stimulated the land-owners^n that sect'oi v- search f!< : these hidden treasures. The mines now '•?;;an to at tract Uie attention of the public; and t^c-cral persons o' enterprise, and some capital, rcpoiir ' u> the snot. Some oftStem made investments, bcgai; 'n er>sct mivrhinery, and worked the veins with system 'uid regularity. Tue I Minn V»|ilijiiiJH<'l«J»li 84 8IX MONTHS iiK,ce»8 of the first adventurers in tliis new enterprise, and for a time the attention of every body who sought to entrage m the mining business, was exclusively turned towards Mecklenburgh county. The consequence was, a constant search for gold was kept up in that county, and not unattended witL success, as many very promiB- ing veins were discovered. These Mecklenburgh mines were the first that attracted attention ; and the first that were examined and worked with skiU and management. They were, of course, greatly in advance of every other part of the region, and the products have been greater m proportion to the labour, and capital, and skill that have bcon applied to them. In the course of the succeeding year, a very extensive and rich veil! was discovered in Guilford county; and It was soon operated upon by more than one hundred hands, who flocked in from the country around, and re- ceived permission to dig theve. The discovery of one vein in a district, furnishes the means of finding others. The people of the neighbourhood visit it, examine the appearaifces of the ores, and other signs ond indicaUons, and thus in some degree are quaUfied to make a seweb on their own lands or els-swhere. This was the case in Guilford county ; the discovery of the first vein was soon followed by the opening of several others. I he same plan wUl be followed in every district, unUl the gold re ^ be explored, and the places which exhjbi a^/ ixtemal signs of gold be thoroughly known. About this time Cabarras coSnty, which had hitherto «>««"» "W"; ridered as productive in its washings, was «f e";^"*^ *° be a vein-mining- district; and aiscoveries to the same efTect were «»ae'abbikfc-'the same period at Lincoln. It is 1^-9 thai! two yetos and a half ago, f">«?X".'" veins was first discovei^lin Davidson «««^ty:>t^'»;."^f. previously been found only in and near the hcds °f nvu teTand creeks. Within the last few months, vems have been opened in the adjoining county of R"«>°^Ph- sSwan. situated between DaviSson «^ Cabarn« cmm- Ues, embraces u considerable section of the gold regtor,, M»d contains many veins whose e^"»?' "PP*^' "u. ZoA and promisGig. The metal is also foimd m tje Yearns: some few veins have also been OP?"*^ in Ire- deU county, and are now m a course <>[ de^elopement.^ While Mogrew had been thu« making m oi«nmf veins, and in awertaining their situations, some valuaW* dincovc tlie sta within one of or moi gravel more t gold is of a pi corn; ing mi absenc layer, A nun and sc It ma] Ruthe: yet, D( One \ rcgrula discov luE merou except 80 reaj mate < andG lars ir year, mint, dollar Mexi< from . States Of tV 24,001 from 313,01 It) afler at th amau reaco have smitl] i ,ii the surplus products of the farmer ; and this will en 'irage him to improve his farm, and increase the proui^ctivenoss of his lands. As yet, this influence has not been much fell; but a close observer may see that the improvement has commenced, though it will not bo generally perceptible until the division of labour more fully takes place between the farmer and the miner. Mining and farming are two very different pursuits ; and faimers will soon see that it is prudent for them to stick to the plough, and sell or let the aurife- rous veins to the miner. An important change will also take place (at a very distant period) in the staples of the eold country ; cotton will be less and less cultivated in the mining district* ; while the bread stuff, farinaceous, succulent vegetables — and stock, will claim the chief attention. This change in the staples of the agriculturist, will in itself produce important results. The opening of the mines, and the prospect of profitable employment, will in some degree check that spirit of emigration which has been carrying off so many enterprising and useful citizens, and wiU biing iuttt.the country men of wealth, intelligence, busi- ness habits, and general enterprise. The opening ot the mines has been attended with one primary and bod effect; that of creating a mania for ■peculation. The usually attendant failures and mi ^hapi will co-operate with other causes, to throw the mines into the hands of a distinct class of men, who, having a knowledge of the business, and having capital at com- mand, will ewntually conduct bU the mining operations in the country. Whether the eifecU be good or bad, their influence will I Virg the V in til VV Hary curit Unit be fu than emb most year not, 'i lit* ilffiijim^i ..---M|,^.: — ^ nsequcnce* wore oc- world, it may be re- r>f aimlo|;y ii to be iistonccH of the two sman nor the philo- Its will bo aiinilar. ud is beyond qitea- CB ill the increaaing ng tlie advantagea nieiit of the minei, n{;riculture, in the labour, and giving oale home marketa mor ; and thia will in, and incroaaa the yet, this influence Be obaorvor may aee iced, though it will lie division of labour .he farmer and the two very different 36 that it is prudent sell or let the aurife- ake place (at a very gold country ; cotton he mining districts ; icculcnt vegetablea^ ntion. This change nrill in itself produce the mines, and the will in some degree ;h has been carrjrinff ill citizens, and wiU ii, intelligence, buai- en attended with one reating a mania for failures and mi ^hapa to throw the mine* mei^ who, having a ving capital at eom- le mining operationa bad, their influence IN AMERICA. 8P will not be confined to North Carolina. It will be felt in Virginia, South C'arolinn, and (ieorgia— the people in the upper parts of tlicso states having far more interest in tlio mines than in generally supposed. When the cheapness of obtaining the timber necea- nary for machinery, the certainty of labour, and the se- curity of property under such a government ea that of the United Htates, are deeply consi&rnd ; these mines might be far more worth the attention of an EngUsh company than many a scheme in which English capital is already embarked. Applications to government for charters will moat probably be more numerous in every succeeding year. The capital required to form a company would not, I was informed, exceed 40,000i. or 5U,000/. No one can visit the United Htates without hearing of President Jackson's celebrated " veto" on internal im- provements, and every disinterested individual would, I humbly think, he ready to admit that the sentiments it contains arc just and valuable, because tliey display a Holid attachment to the letter of tlie constitution. By the articles of the constitution, the powers of the federal government, with reference to its expenditure of the na- tional fbnds ii ituiHbu pr*'-ominent* IN AMRni<;A. n approatliing downfall of our conatitution i but at the ■ame time their national vanity receives aometliing very like gratification IVoiii tiio b< liif, tlial wr shall lie forced lo adopt a form of govermncnt similar to ihiir own. That Uie Aniericnn lorin of governiiient in adiiiirably adapted to a new country, Unit that (..uiUry has imtonish- ing resources, und liml tli' /Viii> • lose no time in making thii most of llieni, (1 -, .1" America as a country, not of the Union, for ,nerii ' must thrive come what will to llie govcrnin under its instiliittons, und is ul cmption from iiiony evils incidi it would bo an obsuidity to ■ causesof prosperity which the Am. , ly enjoy, must not bo mistjiken, as they most i.,ndly and frequently urr, for the positive ilVects, and little more than the jKwilive elVccts, of a good government, however good and well adapted that governinunt may lie. The American constitution haa never been Uicd. That it was nearly a bankrupt at tho oloeo of tho last war, waa a trial of tho resources of tho country, not of iU institutions. Forty years is no time to tost tlie strcngtli of a govern- mentlike tliat of tlie United SUtes, when civiUzation is ex- tended over io amall a proportion of tliera. Tho good ia perceived at present ; tlio evila are latent, and com- paratively litUe felt. But there are among the insUtutiona of tho Union the seeds of discord and confUsion, whose growth is only stifled by tho buaUo of commercial pur- suits, and that panacea for every political disease, a fine country, abounding in rcKOurcea, and of small popular tion in comparison to its extent. It is possible tliat the mischief will not bu fulif bo long as tlierc is no real mo- tive for disafl'ection : so long in fact as tho people are not in want, which may not be tlie case while ground yet remains to be cultivated. , „ , , In England and America universal sullroge would bo alike only in name. In Americ i it is true, that al- most every one con vole; but then it is equally true, that excepting in the larger cities in which may be »l- wawMVIHid, even in America, a certain proportion of miSmu without any ostensible means of getting a Uvjttiood, every one haa at least a proapective qer- taintr of the acquisition of property,, Tho, poor, companttivalyipeaKinC* »« •» '«*'• *''■* univorwlauf- Atgo ill at preMnt, but a mere hydra in embryo. i 1 92 MX MUNTIIo Were Ihn proienl oourio »f' improvnment lo proceed without interruption, I'roin ivlmt the politinftl ono- mieta oall the iJlatarbinK ceuaea, — wern luxurj ' r kept it a diitanoe, mil & forned equality end co>' . ment to be iiremrvod by a itrong and uniirerkal ttr • tion of the democratic |jrinoiple, — it would b« demon- etrable, that the American conititution would lait for eenturioa; or in other wordii, till the country became lo thickly peopled ai to be eubject to tlio evila reeultinf to England, and the other dynantiee o( Europe. It a democraoy b« enentially the beat furni ofguvernnienl, it would follow that a aurplua populRti'>n, that unhap- py proof of ita exeellonno, would but Ix. called the aoon- •r into exiatenco. I'lion will oome th' real moment of trial, whether a dnmnvraey can exiat under the prea- Bure of want — whollior thnne that hore any thing to loee, would not be at the merey of thi>He that have not— whether an equality of condition would r. < lie coneidared aa conforritg a title to a ommuu of gooda — whether, when aoch a elate of t'linga li u^^ire- nanded, a alanding armea fiirce, be it tolled by what name it may, would not be neoeaaarv, n-^t to repreaa foreign invaaion, but to put duwn duiiieatic somino- tiona — whether taxea rauat not be levied for ita aup- port — and whether thoao taxea would not be found ex- ceedingly troubleaomfl. In an article in the American Quarterfy Review, (July 1831,) evidently written in a wantonneea of apirit that aavoura of ambition, or die- appointment, or of both, und in which wo are kindly told the eaaieat road to ruin, it ia remarked that "our forefkthera were habituated ta the European ayatnin, but they built up the republican colotiioa with infinite eaae." But may it not bo hore rerriarked, that aa it ia the boaat, and juatly the boast, of the Americana, and of the New EiiglanJora in part'.cukr, that the tone of liberty which pervadoa their institutions ia derived through the bl"ice!idanla are atill living; ao it must not bo forgotto.i that the Hampdena, the Hazelrigs, the Cromwella, and oth^rt, who were prevented from embarking for Amerioa by the order of (heir obatinate and ill-fated monarob. were men of the game opiniona aa ths " forefatbara' mantionad above ; that they did ramai.i bahind — that rovnment to proctod tha political ono- , — warn luxur} ' t iquality tnd cof m..' [ tnd uni*«rk»l nxr • —it would ba defflon- tutiou would Uit for lie country beoame lo to tliu evil* reiulting liei or Europe, ir a , form ofguvernnienl, puletion, timt unhtp >ul Ik. onlied the Men- i« III' real moment of exiiit under the preii. at liQire any thing to y of thi'He that have adilion would n > lie * to a rommuir of iteoft'tings h u^iire- , be it called by what emarv, n-it to raprem nrn duiiieetic aomino- be levied for it* eup- 'outd not be found ex- rticle in the American ividontly written in a re oP ambition, or dit- which wo are kindly I remarked that " our the European lyitnm, I colotiloa with infinite ■emarked, that aa it is 'jf the Americani, and cular, that the tone of nstilutions ia derived ins, who did build up I'd whose d/>sce!idanli bo forgotto.i that the /rumwella, and otMi«t irking for Amcrioa by nd ill-fated monarob. I aa tha » forefatban" I ramab behind— that ^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I ■ 22 1.1 1.25 U&|M 125 mm mm ; 1^ |20 Wuiu 1.4 U^ 6" FhotogFaphic CarpCHBdon 23 WIST HAH STRHT Wnsnil,N.Y. ISM (716) •73-4503 'aimmmmmUKlKi mamm ^ ^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian instituta for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquaa "^ m^Mi;i%y : mwj Hi O- be It- ir- n- 'or •o V a I, ?■ I- >f I- o e e € I • I. I h IN AMERICA. 03 they did fight against the monarchy of England — that they did obtain the victory — that Ihey did enjoy the BHcendancy to tfleir hearts' content — and that they did establish a commonwealth in England, not to flourish for over as an example to the world, but to Le over- thrown by a military force, which brought back th« son of the last king amid the acclamations of every rank of society. Supposing the bloud to bo shed, and the horrors to be pasHed through, that must be shed and passed through before the experiment of a commonwealth could bo again tried in England, is it possible that it could exist, situated as Great Britain is with reference to the other powers of Europe, without an unemploy- ed standing army 7 and then again, is it possible that it could exist with one 7 Where in the annals of the world can the compatibility of the one and the other be pointed to? England it but paying the penalty necessarily consequent oil b«r career of prosperity. Her constitution can no more be blamed for the eziat- ence of a standing army, than for a superabnndant population, or the enormom aize of London. By what then is it probable that the career of the Union will be disturbed 7 Are not wealth and Ivmry to have their due weight 7 It is to the credit of the Americans, that individual wealth has never yet been employed for any unconstitutional purpoae; but it ia nevertheless true, that an aristocracy is moat ondeni- ably springing up in every city of the Union. In the course of time many large fortunes will be amassed, and opulent families wkW be distributed throughout the country. It will be nut in the spirit of human na- ture, that a person in possession of what in common American would be termed "an elegant location," should wish to have upon it a better house than his neighbours, and that another should wish to have a still better ; and is it to be believed that the head of a rich and ambitious family will bo for ever, as now, re- strained by the voice of public opinion from doing hie utmost to prevent a fine place from going out of his family. Can the inclination remain in thraldom, and tiM man be said to enjoy liberty 7 Will not one exam- |fl« be followed as a precedent by five hundred others 7 will not an hereditary aristocracy be produced in thia manner 7 iP 94 SIX MOKTHS The BVitera of entail* in England ii coniidered by the Americing as highly pernicioui; but th"' '*'•*'*•'• extent., far beyond the truth. On th.. h?«^J ^w. heard great ignorance displayed by them. Some think that an entailed estate cannot be destroyed at all; but that an entailed Mtale cannot, in any caae, be deatroy- ed without the eonwnt of the eldest m". •» «e more common error; one which is prevalent with the unini- tiated even in England, and i», of course, still more so among the Americans, who are but little aware that an estate cannot, in any case, be rendered unalienable for more than one generation ; or, technically speak- ing, for more than a life or live, in being, and twenty- ane year, afterward.. Thi. rule ha. been a f^ivurita with English lawyer., becauM, on the one hand, ii Jeventa^ndod property from «»«»? .«"»:"'»"• ^^ mmmercial purpoK.. for a longer period than «»♦• *• father has the present enjoyment of the estate, and the .0. has the inheritance in tail in «P^'«»«y ' ""^^ in this ewe the father and md, a. soon as the atter i. of .g",lMy do what they plea« with the e.tate , and it is a very common arrangement for them to agree to mike a fw.l. «.ltlement, which tie. up the e.tate for "nother generation. But thi. i. only an exercwe of their absolute power of di.powl, which they «n«ght, if they pleased, exercise by selling the estate, or other- w'm Eg rid of it. If no firesh settlement ho been madeTwd the son outlive, the father, he alcme may do what he please, with the estate, without a.king the oonMnt of hi. eldest son or of any other person. The Americans are little aware that there is not a noble- mTn'"^.tate in the country with the exceptionof Blenheim, Strathfieldsay, and perhaps half a d«wi others where the revers on is in the crown under wme eSy old grant, which could not be 'bsoluteW dkj«^ of, b«e«, at lean, in every genoraUon. That "WJ^* power of making unalienable entail. ••» .Be^«»J (with irritant and rwolutive clause., as the SeofaM . lawyers have it,) where the person making them n not r"- ■ --ff-i ■■"■—— IN AMERICA. 06 d is conaidared by tha but their idea of iU On thii bead I have >y them. Some think destroyed at all ; but any case, be destroy dest son, is the more alent with the unini- J* course, still more so but little aware that rendered unalienable or, technically spaak- n being, and twenty- ie has been a frtvurita on the one hand, it being unavailable for r period than one gen- ikea reasonable allow- keeping up the fami- From whence then ..y arise? From this brm of settlement, tha int of the estate, and lil in expectancy ; and IS soon as tha latter is ) with the estate ; and It for them to agree to ties up the estate for is only an exercise of I, which they might, if J the estate, or other, ish settlement has been i father, he alone may ate, without asking the tny other person. The t there is not a nobla- with the exception of perhaps half a doaan I the crown under soma : be absolutely diepoaad ation. That thara k a e entails in Scoyaad, clauses, as the Seotoh . son making them is not i»ri«bted'«t the time, is a truth which I do not con- SwJ^uTd have given rise to the error respecting those in England. _ The proceedings at the next session of congress will beof tfe utmo.t"mportju.ce,and befo|* »*•• W'^J^ out of the press, the tariff question will probably h^e ffiven rise to as much angry discussion as has ever been Beard within the walls of the capitol. ,ifi,,ti«l The tariff, that is to "y. the. pr'n^pJ" »f 'f «^J protection to domesUc industry, is •«??»''«', ^7 •??"! two.thirds of the American people, .„ M«n«ft«t«»W« sprung up during the late war, and million. ?f do«V» have since been Invested in them on. the faith of the S. After the conclusion of hostilities, the war dn- Ues were repealed generally; but some of Ihem were ^ntrnued f« the protection of domestic mdortry. This was effected in 1816, and by the «nflaence of t6a southern voUs ; and, strange as it ^;^J ^fV^'A^*;?.^. peciaUy supported by the members of South Carolma, WhSit the northern members wore not generally pw- SrS^e measure. The southern states at that period, were averse to the expense of a naval ••t»W»««»«'tt they disliked foreign commerce, because it ^nda* W embroil the country in disputes with the EuMp«an Dowers, and they were therelbre firiandly to a moderate K. In »8»4. additional protection wa. given to mlnufiictwe.. It was opposed by New En*iaiid and ^Znb, and supported by the m ddle an^ wesUrn Z^ In 1828. sSu further protection was g«ven. iwi- withstanding a violent oppoaition fVom the ■onthem Ttates who now fblt the •r«,r they had been g«% of. Thi Uriff question, then, w simply this. The north- ern states are manufacturer.; the soaUiern state, en !Sion Trowers. The wnthem sUtes have nwor ob- Setod to such duties on Imported foreign n«ni.fcctur«h M would be sufficient for the purposes of a revenue M,^ to thTgovernment expenditure ; but beyond what uS«W^rtheattainmVntof that obect.thcy «o iku^wrse to the tariff, because Great Britain doe. not buy so much of their cotton as she wou d if her mumfactnred goods were not excluded from the mar. StorftheUnited States, by mean. of the protectmg tetit^ The inhabitants of South Caiohna arc most SdSTtly owK«d to the tariff. One-third of them h i i ■IX MONTHS H«^ would, if tlicy could, loccde from tho Union immedi- kteljr. In the year 1833, tho crop of cotton amounted to 430,000 bales. In tlio year 1831, tho crop has boun ai- ccrtained to bo 1,070,000 bales, of whicli, 165,000 are consumed in the home manufactories, and the remain- der is exported, chiefly to £nglhnd. Certainly, if ever there was a country upon earth where tho principles of free trade could be allowed an txistenec, that country is tho states of North America, M longr as they remain united. When we contemplate their unbounded resources, and their endlexs extent, we must adroit that they afford scope foraHpociosof energy •ito^ether without present parallel in tho old continent; and It is difficult to bolievo, that freo trade should not bo a part of their system, not only because it would cor- respond witli the boasted freedom of tiicir institutions, but on account of the certainty of benefit tliey would ultimately derive from it. But from the entirely dif- ftrent sources of wealth of the northern and southern ■tates, there emanates a disparity of interests, which, with reference to tho onormouslv increasing influence of tho new cotton states, arc, it is plain, but partially developed at present. Tho soltlement of disputes aria- ing from the differences of soil and climate, in them- •elves uncontrdlable by leffislativo interference, must be a subject far more ditficuTt to grapple with, than that which merely relates to internal iuiprovcments, which may bo assisted by an alteration of the constitution. Many Americans wilt probably tell you, as they have told me, that the Union is becoming stronger and stronger; they will assure ;^ou that there is a growing conviction, that tlie complaints of the southern states are without foiuidation, that their sufferings are chiefly imaginary, and that their citizens will, sooner or later, eome to the same opinion ; that four-fifths of all the ar- ticles that aie taxed, either heavily or lightly, are con- ■uraed in the northbro, western, and the tariff states, while at the wuna time, a home market exists for {torn 150,000 to 300,000 bales of the best cotton of the south- ern states, at theJMit prioea: that the party war which rages io , newspapers throughout the Union, roeaaa nothing at all ; apd that, to use the quotation so well ap- plied by Mr. Afbins in his last 4th of July oration, de- livered at Quinqr, near Boston, " We angry lovers mean nmnVii I • iiiiifawiw-iiTi 1 ■ymiv-. 1 tho Union immedi- cnlton amounted to tho crop haa boon as- of which, 165,000 arc irieti, and tho remain- country upon earth e could be allowed an OS of North America, ^lien we contemplate leir ondleHs extent, we lor a Npocioa of energy I in tho old continent ; roo trade should not bo because it would cor- ) of their institutions, af benefit they would from tho entirely dif- >rthern and southern ty of interests, which, f increasing influence is plain, but partially iraent of dispute* aris> nd climate, in them- ivo interlbrencc, must rapple with, than that improvements, which in of the constitution, tell you, as they have coming stronger and hat there is a growing >f the southern states r sufferings are chiefly s will, sooner or later, four-fii'ths of all the ar. ily or lightly, are con- , and the tariff states, marliet exists for ftom eat cotton of the aonth- A the party war which ut the Union, meuu le quotation ao well ap- th of July oration, de- We angry lovera metn IN AHKRIOA. ' '",- 'Idl^ not half we aay." It is probable that some part of what is said by an American country newspaper on the tub- ieet of party, may be nonsense ; but one cannot help Ming a little sceptical, when higher authorities, and the proceedings of pablic meetings, are coniolted, which, if we are to judge by the excitement they occasion, are not quite a farce, whatever county meetings may be in England. The report of the committee read at the anti-tariff convention, which took place a<: Philadelphia on the fith of October, 1831, contains amongst others, the following strongly worded passage, speaking of " that fteling of resentment which is goaded into activity b;^ a sense of oppression, and embittered by tho reooUection, that it is tho hand of a brother that inflicta it," it proceeds, "do you doubt its existence, its nature, or degree? look to the character of this asaembly, and the cir- cumstances under which it is convened : give your attention to the history of the past, and be admonished by the novel and extraordinary spectacle wUch is pre- sented to your view— do not close your eyeJ^iUogether to the fact, that this assembly is without paridlel m the annals of the government; that we are freemen, and the representatives of freemen, who speak to you of our 4 violated rights ; that we have oome from different, and distant parta of the Unioo, to join in dwnanding their restoration; that a conadmianeaa of atrmigth is the off- spriiv of united counsel; and that our purpose is not the leas mm, because it is announced to yoa peaceably, and in the spirit of conciliation." The reports of the differ- ent committeea of investigation, appointed hy the (wpo- sition or tariff convention, which commenced its sittings at New York on the 36tb of October, had not i4>peared in print when I quitted America. Mr. Adama, a strong tariff man,- and residing in the heart of the tariff statm, in his last 4th of Joi^ oration, speaking of the doctrine of " nullification," which, he says, "contains within itself an afaaordit;,' importing a Eretending right of one state in this Uniai^ by vir^ of er aovereignity, to make that null and vmd which it pre-sappoaes to be null and void before," pVMeeds, by sayinr, " that it is a prindirie uader which the^illars of the iMion are totteruig while heii meaUng.*' On the other side, Mr. Calhoun, at the head' of the anii-tariff party, and one of the cleverest men in A mw r icai in Ms 9 . '• t-f' ^iiiiiiHiMiiiUt . I jHW II m i i .K i i i imm n i wp i%r 98 SIX MOHTin "•enUmente upon the subject of iteto rijjhU and l*nff, mvt. that "whatever divewity of opinion may exUt in Xion to the principle, or the effect on the product ve bduMry of the country of Uie preaent, or any other tariff ^ of pwtocuon, there are certain H«t.cal conjjcquen<»^ ^' ilowing from the preacnt which none can doub^ and jdl iiittrt leplore. It would be in vain to attempt to con- omL thiSlt ha. divided the country into two ^reat geo- ImihM diviiion., and arrayed them againrt ead. SfirTto opinion at least if not in the 'ntej^rt aUo^ r«»rt oHhe mcMt vital of poUtlcd "biect^n ita teUM, iu commerce, and it. in««urtry-wbjecU cdou- WedTbove all other., in the time of peace, to produce Mdtement, and ia relation to which the tariff ha. placed ST^ction. in quertion in deep and dangeron. conflict^ inhere be any point on which the (I waagjomg to «y i«thern««^onrb«ttoavoid.a.fara.po^ble^e ^n. fill ftelinn mch di*su»ion. are calculated to e«ite, 1 AM «iy)w«aker of the two .ection. la unan.mou., it i. that it. jiwrity - '" » ^"^ T^'n^ihfe trSe, l&httax.i. eionoinical and, a. far a. po«iWe, 5wl dSbur«>meAt. of the pubUo ""^n""' »f„trm« ^kled indurtry ; leaving tiiem to P«f««jhateverinay Zear mort advintageou. to their intewrt.. F^«? »he pS^»d to the MSSi«ppi there are few indeed, how- J^lrtdrf 0. other poSU who would not^ de^nd- ent on their volition. «id if they *^^,^^ of their particdKr aection only, remove from commerce wd^iaSSr every A«:kle. reduce the revenue to tto lowert point that the wanta of the government ftarly re- quired, and rertrict the appropriaUon. to the mort mode- ?Srwale,con«rtent wlffi the peace, *« '«««"ty',.'"^ STeng^"** "f t^ P""'" ' ?»«>,«''o do not beheve that ttoopporite .yrtem i. calculated to throw on t^m I«u«eqm5^n»theb, to repre* their preeperity, and to S^e^SXn^hriTenjoy^nt On ^ the« deep y im- rSrturt mearowe the oppoeite opinion prevail., if not SrtA iualunMiniity, Vith at lca.t a gi«atly prepon- SrlS^ajoritT fai^the other and -^"ir, '«^'°rC iLnotwo diMlnct nation, ever entertained more op po«te view, of poHey thw. these two *'*«;-„"'° "Vj* S«^>mportant pwnts to which I have referred. *«>•*«• « Tlw ^m,'^ add. in a note, " if '^'^^'^r^J^ end, not only in .ubjecUng the induatrv ««di«operty of Um weaker section to the control of the stronger, but milm ytniji^blm. MtlMMMMtllileiiiiaiiil IN AHBRIOA. 99 late righU and tariff," ' opinion may exirt in Feet on the productive ent, or any other tariff political conaequencoa one can doubt, and all in to attempt to con- ry into two jjreat geo- '^ them againrt each u in the intereat alao, litical aubiecta— on iU lurtry— auDjecU calcu- e of peace, to produce ch the tariff liaa placed ind dangcroua conflict, le (I wa« gfoing to wy ar aa poaaible, the pain. ) calculated to excite, I ions is unanimous, it is grreat measure on free nd, as far as poaaible, lie revenue, and an un- pursue whatever may lir interests. From the ■e are few indeed, how- o would not, if depend- y regarded the interest remove from commerce ace the revenue to the he government lUriy w- ations to the moat mode- peace, the security, and and who do not believe olated to throw on them their proeperity, and to On all these deeply im- opinion prevails, if not Icaat a greaUy prepon- and stronwr section, so rer entertained more op- BC two seotions do on all [ have referred," &.0.&C. ote, " if continued, ranat le industry and property mtrol of the stronger, but in proscription and political disfranchisement. It must finally control clectionB and appointments to offices, oa well as acU of legislation, to the great increase of the feelings of onimosity, and of the fktal tendency to a com- plete alienation between the sections." The remedy proposed by Mr. Calhoun appean w- cecdingly reasonable. In throe years the naUoaal «« of the United States will be paid off, and Uio goven^ent will find itself in possosfion of a surplus ravenoa of 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 of dollars, chiefly arialnf ilraai tariff duties. The applications from the differe nt i for its appropriation under the internal impnyvfaMM system will be innumerable, and it will be impoMible to grant them without adding a stimulus to old caoaea of jealousy, and giving birtlis to new one*. To adrat the system of dividing the money between the diffiinnt states is admitted, on all hands, to be unconstitutiiMMl, not only because no such power is given by the arttolea of the constitution, but because the exorcise of it wwUd tend to render the individual atatea too dependent on the favour of the general government Mr. (Mioun recom- mends, that the money should be left in the po c^fii M tlie people, and affirms tliat there ia but one luAollMl cure — an honest reduction of the duUea to a fkir lyatOfB of revenue, adapted to tlic just and constitutional v«lita of the government, and that nothing short of thia will restore the country to peace, harmony and mutual affec. The example of good citizenship displayed by M««- aachusetts during the existence of the embargo in 1807, is now referred to as worthy of imitation by the southern states; a total stagnation of the trade of that state was the consei^uence of the Berlin decree, and the retaliatory orders in council of the British go- vernment ; and in the opinion that the embargo w^aa unconstitutional, the question was tried before the au- preme court of the United Slates, who decided in ft- vour of the authority of the general government. Maasachusetts behaved with the best »faco imagin- able, conscious that there was no r . . ^ii between submission and separation,— no alternu.;. ■ 'uut actfui- eacenco or disunion. Her behaviour mijj >t be imita- ted, but under very different circumstances. In the case of MassvchusetU, the cause of the evil was un- derstood : it was external; it could be leropved; or 100 ■IX MOHTII8 rathtr would lome day «•««« ai a maltar of oourM \ but with South Carolina, the diieaia ia intornal, axiat- ing in tha timo of naaca, inornaiinif, and moat likaly, bavond tha reach of any but a temporary remedy. The fir»t intimation I had of the exiilonce of tba tariff waa likely to have been a diiagreeable one. Whan I landed at New York I had with me an excel- knt dottUe-barrelled fowling-piece ; and I waa told that I muat either pay thirty per cent on ita ftill value, or I oould dapoaitit in aafe-keeping at the eiutom-houae till my return; and in the mean time I could purchaae an American gun cheap ; I waa indebted to the liberality of 'the gentleman preaiding at the heau of the cuitom-houae, vrho, npon bearing from a friend tlidt I had not brought it to aeU, but merely for my pleaaure, politely and im- mediately gave me an order for it The climate of Waahington haa undergone a conaide- raUe alteration within the memory of thoae who have known it for the laat forty yeara. lU healthineaa haa hy no meana inereaaed aa the foreat haa diwppeared ; on the oaotrary.the rererao effect haa rather been produced. The real nature of a climate cannot be Imown till it haa been rendered flt for the habiUtion of man ; and no land ou be aaid to be in that condition, till it haa been par- tially dewed and culUvated. The proceaa in aome plaoee rendera the climate warmer, and in othera it haa the effect of producing more cold ; ao that it doea not ■Iwaya follow that clearing ia productive of beneficial reauita. Since the foreaU of the Pyreneca have been gradually out down and destroyed, the south of France Is not nearly ao deairable a residence for invalids aa it was formerly. In Germany, a good effect haa been produced ; but not so at Waahington. The summer is ■till Moeaaively hot, (the thermometer ranging above ninety in the ahade,) and the winter very cold : originally theae two aeaaona almost divided the year between them ; but now, the weather cxhibita for more of the variable- ness of the climate of England. The viciaaitudea of temperature ore often painfU, and frequently and rapidly produced by the most violent and piercing gnats of wind from the north-weat The cold or winter, although auB very aevere, haa been much mitigated of late yeara. In 17^, the bay of the Cheaapeake wal solid ice flvm ita . head to the mouth of the Potomac; and in aome [daoea, let ha hi| en lio of 11' »P cs ri< fa er of in in th m sic ar on io m flU di in iSl^. ■c* a mtttar of oourN ) aie ii intorntli txiit- ln|{« and moit likaly, mporarv remedy, the exutence of tba a diiagreeabl* one. id with me an excel- ; and I waa told that on ita <\ill value, or I euilom-hoiue till my 1 could purchaae an ted to the liberality of u of the cuitom-houie, iiat I had not brought lore, politely and Tm- I undergone a coniide- iry of thoae who have I. Ita healthineaa haa It haa disappeared ; on I rather been produced, ot be known till it haa a of man ! and no land n, till it haa been par- The proceaa in aome ir, and in othera it haa d ; BO that it doea not iroductive of beneficial le Pyrenees have been 1, the south of France mce for invalids as it good effect has been gton. The summer is IOmeter ranging above er very cold : originally the year between them > r more of the variable- i. The vicissitudes of i frequently and rapidly I piercing g^xiAa of wind if winter, although still gated of late years. In I wai solid ice from ita ac; and in some ]daoes, '*■:," IN AMERICA. 101 ul Annapolis lor inNtunco, fl-om five to seven inches tliick. In 1773, the f*now in tlio district of Woshin^n waa nearly thruu fuut deep, and in some places it drifted to thi^depth of ten or twelve. The length and soyority of tho winturs have much alwted : but still tlio climate, a* I was infurmed by a gentleman pcrfectJv acquainted witli the subject, has not become more healUiv. In the year 1639, tlio average number of deaths for tho laat ten years, has been one m qvery fiftv-tlircc. The Kroat«st moitality provaiU in tho month of August, and the caatis arc chiefly those of fever. It is owing to tlie malignity and greater ■variety of diseases, accidents, and prlvaUou% to wliich tho poorer inliabitanta of tlio more tlitckly ncoplcd cities aro liable, that the annual mortality at Ne.v York is calculated as one to fifty : and at DoRiniorfi as one to forty-nine. In Charleston, South Carolina, it is ono to forty : tho situation being more southerly, it ia not so hoallliy as that of Washington. Every part of tho United States is said to be more or less unhealtliy during tlio summer months : but the in- liabitanta of tlio northern and middle states^ and of the high lands and ridges, excepting in tho vicinitv of water, enjoy a much purer air than that breathed by tho in- liabitaniK of the southern states, and the lower distriota of tho country. An American writer remarks, that " Tlie intermitting fever which is confined to particular spots, soems to originate from tlie exhalations of'marsh- CB, and borders of stagnant w iters, though it is a cu- rious' fact and wqfthy uio attention of physicians, that families who live in tho neighbourhood of these places ei^oy good health, while others who inhabit the summit of tho adjacent hill, are victims to this annually return- ing malady. When marsliy places become dry, fiah, insects, and decaying vcgetablo substances ozpoaed to tho action of a burning sun, generate thoae gaseous miasms which, absorbed by tho fi)dy, produce w^ness, sickness, and death. Ascending by tlicir lightness they are probably carried by the winds to a neighbouring eminence, where settling, they form a sicklv and nox- ious atmosphore." I have more than once heard it re- marked, that tho Americans of tlie present day are not such men as their fathers, tho soldiers of the war of In- dependence. They con take as true an aim with a rifle, iittt cannot undergo the same fiiti^e, and are not so kW lived, generally. Tho inhabitants of the more 9» i u ,,. .«:?■. . .Aa....j| r -r— 10« ■IX MOKTHI northern lUtiii of New Enijland, ut pcrhape, excep- ttoiii ; but in any jtivcn number of the inhabitanU ol Oeorcia, and the (Carolina! for ln«tanco, there are not to many penont to b«i found of ninety year* old and up. ward*, aa amonr the lame number of peraona living in the muntry in En«land.» I heard thi. from a gentle, man on whowi information I believed that I could rely : yet it ia aingiilar, that according to the ccnaua of 1830, the number of peraoni of a hundred ycara old and up. ward*, ahould be larger in the aouthern t»nn m the nor- thern aUtea. Th« middle aUtea could boaat of a larger namber of whitea of a hundred yeara old and upwarda, t>ian any other. New York in a poptilation of 1,913,508 eontainfnf ftft/.three, and Pennaylvania fifty»ev'n " • poimlaUon of 1,347,678 : the total number in Uio United 8U«0a waa iWM. The targeat number in any one atate waa in Virgliila, 479, but by «kr the rreoU-iit proportion of tlMM aw Maoka. Mango Park affirma that the ne- groM In AlHc* are not a Lng-lived race. SpeaJiing of the Mandingoea, the general name for the mhabitanta of the co«inUy wateiwiV ^ Gambia, he aayi, "They aeldom att^ eitreme old age. At forty, many of them became gray haired, and covered with wrink ea, but few of tliim aurrive the age of ftftyfivc or fifty." It la aincular that they ahould attain a greater age in the United SUtea. By the Ubie which al.owa the nuinber of perabna of one hundred yeara old and upwarda, it will be aeen that the proportion of blacka of that age greaUv noeeda thai of the whitea ; but it may be remarked, that the ag«a of the bUoka are not ao weU known aa thoee of the whitea; and the aiscuracy therefore of the eenaua, aa It reapecta the agea of thia claaa, i. leaa to be wWedin. It nlav be remarked, that Dr. Ramwy. U^ Matorian of South Carolina, aaaerto, that thoee ind.vid- oala who have been bom and brought up in the northern atat^t, and who have afterwarda niigrated to tlie aouth, we ittally more robuat, more capiible of wiUiatandmg the climate, and are longer lived than the nativea of the ■oath. Certain it ia, that the Americana in general have not the healthy look of the Eugliahmen. TBe njtn ue often tiOl, very powerAil, particularly in Kentnoky, * A BrItUh phyrieUa, who ttMti hare aaarhr M woathaji*!* a el«a eoSipaSSa of lii. bUI. oT aaortaUty, toand the loaaaviqr bi (hvoor oTUm IT. S.— M. HHH are pcrhupf, excep- of the iiihabitanta of incr, there arc not ao ty vf^ari old and up- • or prraona living in d tlii» from a gintk- vfA that I could rely ; the cenauii of 1830, vA year* old and up- thern tlian in the nor- uuld boait of a larger lari old and upward*, «ptdalionofl,l)13,S08 rlvonia fifty-»cven in a nunilxT in tlic United nlM'r in any one atate lio greatniit proportion k amrma that the ne- cd race. Bpraking of g for the inhabitant* of nbia, he wty*, " They Lt forty, many of them 3d with wrinkle*, but |\y-fivo or imy." It »• a grrutcr age in the ich ahowi the number lid and upward*, it will ek* of that age greatlv it may be remarked, not BO well known a* curacy therefore of the thi* cla**, i* le»* to be , that Dr. Ram*ay, tlie orta, that tho*e ind.vid- lught up in the northern migratrd to tiie south, >apai>le of withatanding 1 than the native* of the American* ingeneral Euglishmen. The m^ irtlculurly in Kentneky, li.reB«artyl9moBttajaJ|J« trtalHy, foand iIm hMflaviqr ITI AMRRICA. and well proportioned ; but their compleiiion* are not »n(Ve.|ucntly mUow, anil climate-wom, with a count*, nance rc»«mblini{ that of a perww. juit recovered IVom an iUneM. Thin in iwrtly tlie conanqui-ncn of the rllmale, partly of thrir m.Klc of livlnr und tlirir love of ardent ipirit*. itill faUlly prevalent. 1 am apoakmg "f '""'^' ,• fire when I -ay. that the tavern Ubie. are • w«y« *«" and plentifully .upniied ; but no viand. "• h""K^\"» palallible a. tho«. thut are .wimminjf in n.eltcd butter. A lK..ef .U*k that would be excllent if cooked «u ««/Mr«/. i. almoet invariably placed at the »»»??'»»'"*?"••. "^ \ in thi. manner almo.t invariably .polled. At breakfl«t » the bread and cnko* cannot bo too new, o' too hot , and fre.h *upplie* arrive during the meal, wh'«hj; «»««'y; doipatcl ed wilh tho mort extraordinary rapidity. At NeVYork I onco had the tablecloth whwhed from under , my plate by the impatient ae.vanU. The «•»«'•>««; Jinlnce U, an ertreme prevalence of «>y»P«Pi* .'",•" \ part* of the United SUte., which I* not fo<»«'~. ^J*» J ^credible quantity of K)da water, aweetened *'"» dijwr. > Int .yrup*, whlch'i* con*um^ by the An«erlc«, durinj \ the hot weather. At BalU...c.o I have drank, I think, the fineat *oda water I ever taated. The Inn*, or Uvem., a* tliey "«,<:«"««' ''»'«•' \»r with wore generally good, particularly in the towM . thoM) in the country, however, were •ometime. o«c«d. Inalv dirty and dlaagroeable. 1 have •'"»?•», "WJ foSlfd tfie groatcat dl^ition on the part ofth« >««««;^ to render thorn a. comfortable a* po*.lble, •»*,*•;• '«2 •eldom failed in my application for a room With a rtngw bed, aome of tl.om containing a. many «»«^^^• The American, think nothing of »"'■• Yr"JJ?^Sa .Ion. in Kentucky, where I had .eeured •J^"«>«;J*»«~ room, the landlord who appoai-ed to ^^^^^^V^» and thought 1 mu.t be ill. came iip to ">« 'hortly Mn- ward*, and mo«t goodimtiircdly told me, that W room :««ady:"A*Pveunwe.i:*ir,lguej^70U^dUk. to reUre direcUy.'* The expend of living at thjBJjt ^ L* In the Unit'ed State, varie* from '^o to threo doB« a day. For thi. mm a peraon i* prov^ed w^tti a tad, iSTLr meal, at ataterhour*. ^ coffee oomln tht hotel for eating and drinking at one', own time, to » totSif Uw aSUc«« have not yet attained to }• at toMt I: 104 SIX ItOMTHS s I do not remember to liave seen one any where. I did not find tlio reg\)lar hours so troublesome as I expected, M the great neat rendered it impossible for weeks to- gether to take any thing like severe exercise, ezceptine at a very early hour of the morning, or after six o'clock in the evening. I would instance Mr. Head's table at Philadelphia, aa the best in Uio United States. There was a quiet gentlcmanliku style about it, that I never saw ■orpaiMd, or hardly equalled, by a tabic d'hote in any country. I wiah I could speak as well of tiie bed-rooms in that respect ; I much prefer those at Mr. Bamum's at Baltimore, and Mr. Gadsby's at Washington. Take it altogether, the Tremont at Boston, is by far the best bote! in the States. Ice is to be had in the greatest plenty in all parW of the United States ; I have even found it as a luxury at my toilette. On the subject of eating ices, I found that nobody would touch a water ice, and that in ganeral cream icea only were to be met with, even at the DMt shopsi . , The most fearful enemy of health is ardent spirits, which, by those who drink them ot all, arc taken at all iioura, from four in the morning till twelve at mght, and ■wallowed under the various and subdued appcUations of bitters, egg-nogg, mint-julep, and many otters; all sounding watery enough to have capUvated Sangrado himself. The Temperance SocieUes are an honour to the country. There are about 1000 of them in the Umted StateB,compo»d of 1,200,000 members, and affecUng about 3,000,000 of individuals directly or indirectly. They have caused the suppression of 1000 distilleries, and 300O retail stores, "rlie members solemnly promise that they will not touch a drop of any kind of spirits ; of course, the puIsJS of the society are someUmes broken, particularly as they allow wine and brandy when or- •a«ed by the doctor. I have heard it observed by Ui««! who are unfriendly to these associations, that an indi- vidual who cannot abstain from spirits without belonging to a temperance society, wiU not refrain when he be- oomea a member ; but there is a vast difference between the atrength of a resolution mode to oneself, and knovm only to onesdf, and a promise solemnly and publicly given, where fulfilment is demanded by honour, the few of shame, and the duty of example. It is always ob- served, that when a member of the society has once re. lapwd into his old habits, hia course is one of reckless- ^:\^inutm •* 'T^^V ■ ii i i inj(t i iif[r iii ft'i'' i »'" >^ 'i i i ' i i IN AMERICA. 105 le any where. I did Icsomo as I expected, poMiblc for weeks to- e usorcige, excepting e, or after six o'clock Mr. Head's table at Jnited States. There mt it, thut I never saw a tabic d'hote in any well of tiie bed-rooms ic at Mr. Bamum's at Vashington. Take it (I, is by far the best I in tlic greatest plenty have even found it as ibject of eating ices,_ I vatcr ice, and that in met with, even at the 1th is ardent spirite, at all, are token at all II twelve at night, and , subdued appellations uid many others; all 3 captivated Sangrado 38 are an honour to the of them in the United embers, and affecting lirectly or indirectly. n of 1000 distilleries, hen solemnly promise ' any kind of spirits : are sometimes broken, and brandy when or- -d it observed by those ciations, that an indi- iritB without belonging ot refrain when he be- 'ast difference between to oneself, and known lolemnly and publicly led by honour, the fear ^ple. It is always ob- le society has once re- ise is one of reckless- ness and desperation. That the societies have done good is undeniable, by their influence on the wholesale trade in spirits at New York. I now loft Washington to proceed to Harper's ferry. The English and American ideas of the picturesque are widely different The Englishman, who sees enough of cultivation in his own country, travels _ to other lands in search of wilder scenery, and gazes with delight on the immense forests of America. The American would readily dispense with the romantio, and wonders that every body is not like himself, an admirer, by preference, of a rail-road, a cuial, or a piece of 'toewly cleared ground. Excellent as these are in their way, I really believe that the Americans, of the middle and lower class, regard them not merely with reference to their beneficiid effects, but aa the ne pbu tdtra of the beauti- ful. When I inquired which was the prettiest road to- wards Harper's ferry, " Go by such a road," was the reply ; " it runs by the side of the oanal, sir." How- ever, it so happened that the canal-road lay alio along the bank of the Potomac,- and the scenery certainly was very pretty. At a distance of two miles from the road, and thirteen or fourteen from Washington, are the Great Falls of the Potomac. I did not turn out of my way to see them; I have seen a great many, and pur- posed visiting Niagara. After aU f had heard, I must say, that I was disap- pointed with Harper's ferry. The Shenandoah and Potomac rivers unite at the foot of the Blue Mountains, through which they have forced, or rather worn a pas- sage: but the rivers arc of the same width. The mountains, composed of limestone, ond schistose rocks, are of moderate and uniform elevation, and they owear to be perfectly acquiescent, while the stream glioM in silent triumph over its smooth though rocky channel, without the least appearance of exasperation. ^^ I visited the United States' arsenal, contMninjr70,000 stand of arms. "The chief armourer was an old English- man, who served at the battles of Alexandria and Tra- falgar. I observed that, with the exception of the ram- rod and tonchhole, which was of brass, every part ^f^ musket, lock, barrel, and bayonet, was browned. They were not ranged in order, as in other arsenals, but were kept in boxes, so that there was no dis'lay whatever. MaMlMliMM* 106 SIX MONTHS From the arseiua I proceeded to Captain Hall's manu- factory of patent rifles. With one of these, aOer a little practice, a man may load and fire eight or J"ne tunes in k minute. The arrangement is very simple, pe tor- rel appears to have been divided from the breech with a fine sawT The breech U raised by means of a hinge and a spring, which is struck by the hand, and when loaded M Umnediately shut down, bo as to form part o| Cbarrel. similar to that of a screw pistol- .The grea Svantage g«uned by the invention of this rifle is, that ^thita sddier can load, and defend himself with his bayonet at the mme time, „„^k We are also some large saw mills here weU worth ibe attention of the traveller. ei.^.„ I proceeded up the well-cultivated valley of the awnan- doah, and arrived at Winchester, a neat consideraMe torn: thence to a good inn in the middle of the forert. Ky wv I croiiHitlie sandy ridge and the Capon 3Iou£taini^ though they hardly dejerve such a lume, uSiT^ appdLance, scarcely higher than the Wre. SrSshropSfcr IbreakfesteS at T^^%'.?:rfJ ^Uage on thTsouth bank of the Potomac. A litUe fer- theron, tlie road is frowned upon by an overhanging rock of bastard lime-stone : ite appearance ia very sin- irular. The strata are disposed in arches one wiUun Bie other, so that, with the aid of fancy,its "urface may be thought to resemble the so>«l fr'>™«-!'.°'* °*^ ^'*^: pendou. bridge. The highest arch, to which the otters ire pandlel, « nearly semi-circular with a radius of 270 When the mail, in which I was travelling, arrived at the north branch of the Potomac, wc found it so swot len by the late rains that a passage seemed not only daiureroiw but impracticable. The coachman, however, acool and determined feUow, crossed over on horseback , he then returned, placed one of the passengers on^Uic S^ leader, and Vesolutely drove his four horses into Uie torrent, which was sixty or seventy yards m width, r^ninir like a miU-race, and so deep Uiat it re«lffillWW« Captain Hall's manu- B of these, after a litUe eight or nine times in cry simple. Thebar- :om the breoch with a by means of a hinge r the hand, and when , so as to form part of ew pistol. The great 1 of this rifle is, that ifend himself with hb mills here well worth id valley of the Shenu- r, a neat considermfale middle of the forest, ridge and the Capon dewrve such a name, higher than the Wre- at Romney, a pretty Potomac. A little As- ton by an overhanging appearance is very_ sin- in arches one within r fancy, its surface may 1 frame-work of a stu- ch, to which the others lar with a radius of 370 IS travelling, arrived at 3, wc found it so swol- soge seemed not only "he coachman, however, >8Bed over on horseback ; the paasengers on^the ive his four horses into seventy yords in width, so deep tliat it reached orscs. I was with him ers pulled off their coats, iter forced itself into the {)u8ite bank without dis- inj[ the coachman had being entirely carrieil iiiiiinar. tN AHKRIOA. away, by turning the horses' heads down the stream, so tliat the coach and horses were swimming for nearly thirty yards. I think the American coachmen, in gene- ral, are good drivers : the horses are well adapted to their work, and in fine condition ! in summer they are allowed any quantity of oats they can cat, ond in winter a little Indian com is mixed with them. It is too hoat« ing to be much used in the stable during the summer months ; one feed of Indian com is supposed to contain as much nourishment as two of oats. The coaches stop every five or six miles, and the horses drink at least half a pail of water; they could pot work without it on a hot day. The roads in the country would puzzle the tnoet experienced English coachman ; they are often execrat^ badv— and require making, not mending, — ^with 1^ roots of trees sticking up in Uie middle of the road. .iTie expense of finishing good roads throneh the forest would be enormous, far too great to be borne at pre- sent; but in the neifffabourhood of the large towns I have sometimes seen fliem in a state of inexooaable ne- * Cumberland is delightfiilly situated in the valley at the Potomac, surrounded by lo% hills, out-toniM by the distant Alleghany, which had appeared in siglit- to- wanls the dose of the day. Viiginia is famous for iU breed of horses, "nil I passed through that state I had not seen a horse with at all the shape and figure of an English hunter ; but in Virginia I have seen horses on the road, and brood inaitM in the pastures, displaying a great deal of blood and symmetry. In all parts of the Union which I visited, c well>bred horse is termed a " blooded horse t" but «w Americans are quite at liberty to use what terms atf please. Besides the paces usually known in En^fland, the horse in the United States is valuable acoordmg to his performances as a square or natural trotter, a paoer, or a racker. A racker is a beast that can trot beftre, and canter behind, at the same time. The reoonunen- dati«His of a pooer are, that he moves his fore sari hind legs on the same side at the same time, like a «|aie- leopard. When hiring a hack, you are questioned as to which you would prefer. As there is no fox-hunting, a flist trotter is considered the most valuable animal next to the raoer. A horse that otn trot a mik in two II ) W wiw . i ^ y j i .iL i 4 ? t_ ^' 108 SIX MOMTIU minute! and a half, ia not thought very extraordi- At Cumberland I joined the high road or " tampike," between Baltimore and Pittsburgh, and aoon afterwarda I began the aicent of the Alleghany for the second time. The road pastes over Keyser's ridge, one of the highest parte of the mountain, rising to a height of SWO ibet above the level of the western rivers. The mountain presented the same distant and interminable foroat view that I beheM when I passed over it in Pennsylvania; but in that state, there were more Stchea of cultivated land to be seen here and there' in D vicinity of the high road. Silence and tranquillity to a degree I never before witnessed, ' I think, the prevailing characteristics of the Ainciioan forests, where the Indian is no longer an inhabitant They are dark, but never gloomy, excepting where they are composed of pine trees : they are s^itary, and are si- lent as the grave, without inspiring horror. They are curious an9 interesting to the European traveller. In Europe the eye is flrequently attracted bv the ancient nlica ef ftu«ul grandeur, or the formidable structures of oiodem, and more civilised warfare. But the wild -aoenory of America is dependent for ite in- tmeat on nature, and nature only ; the mountain pas* is without banditti, the forest is without fastness, and the glens and glades are quiet and legendleas. I was never tired of the foreat scenerv, although 1 PMsed through it day ailer day. The endleaa diversity of foliage * always prevents it from being monotonous. Sycamores and tulip trees of most gigantic dimensions, are to be seen on the banks of the smaller rivers, or creeks, as they are termed in the United States. With the more ^ atately trees of the foreat are mingled the sassailras, the gnm-tree, the hickory, and many others that are new to the European eye. But the most beautiful sight ia afforded by the wild vine that entwines itself round the acacia, and covers every branch of it with a green tile-work, extended in festoons to the nearest treee; like those which are to be seen in the vineyarda of Italy. Soon after passing the Alleghany, I was shown the remains of an old entrenchment in a meadow on the left of the road : it was formed by Washington, then • Ti*3*k- liiwi'iii'f iriiftMlMMiirliiWiir'i'i I I > i . iiil'IWW'iii igbt vory raUaordi- h road or •' turnpike," I, and MOD aiVerwarda [hany for the Mcond er'a ridge, one of the rising to a height of western riven. The tunt and interminable I passed over it in te, there were more een here and there* in lence and tranquillity iicil, I think, the Aiii(;i >oan forests, an inhabitant. They pting where they are e s^itary, and are si- Ing horror. They are luopean traveller. In racted by the ancient formidable structures i warfkre. But the dependent for its in- y; the mountain pas* without fastness, and nd iegcndleaa. I was 'V, although I pafaed diess diversity of foliage onotonous. Sycamores s dimensions, are to be sr rivers, or creeks, as Sutes. With the more ngled the saasaftas, the ly others that are new nost beautiful sight is entwines itself round neb of it with a green to the nearest trees; en in the vineyards of any, I was shown the in a meadow on the left J Washingtoa, then a IN AHKBIOA. colonel in the British service, when pursued by th» Indians after the defeat of General Braddock. A littla further on, on the right hand, on the bank of a small stream, I saw the spot where the general was buned, on the 9th of July, 1755 ; having neglected the preoaa. tions recommended by Colonel Washington, who oSbr> ed to scour the forest alongaide his Une of march with the provincial troops ; he waa atucked by • he Indians in a defile along the banks of the Monoi /aJiela, when within about ten miles of Fort du Que .ne, at Pitte- burgh, then occupied by the French, and which ha wu marching to besiege : his bravery »»" <>f J'"** "•' •" the officers about his person were killed, ha had flw horses shot under him, and at Iwt he himself reoeivad a mortal wound. He was conveyed away by hi« fB- treating soldiers; but soon afterwards died, and waa buried in the middle of the road, and the wagons and horses were allowed to pass over his gi«va, in order to conceal the spot from the pursuing Indians. With hia dyioB breath he acknowledged to Cokmel WashingtOB the error he had committed in not following bis advioa. He presented him with his horse, and gave his pff^g injunction to au old and faithftil attendant to fStar into the service of Colonel Washington, and IWgiuil with him till the day of his death. Fort DuQiiesna wH afterwards taken by General Forbas, and the name WM changed to Fort Pitt, in compliment to the British minister. The ma: azine and part of the wall are dl that remain of it at present, and are to be seen near Uia point of confluence of the rivers at Pittsburgh. At Washington town I attended a black methodist meeting ; they are to bo found in every eonsideraUa town in the Union, but I had never seen one befora. The preacher was a half-cast, or qoorteroon, as tha na- sroes call them, and he and bis congregation wera aU ranters ; ho talked the meet incoherent nonsansa, ud worked himsilf up to such a pitch of ftanxy, that hia appearance was almost that of a manue. At intanrala 1 was nearly stunned by the noisa ha made; and I could not help thinking of the speech of tha frofs in the fiiMe, who said to the boy as he pelted them, "It maybaverT good fan for jfou, bat tpe raally find itax- OMMttncly ttsagreaabla." Jul uproaehed PitUburgh tha imat baaama laaa aslwai*e» and the country azhibitad a mqre ftnanl 10 i>iiViiii[iiiHHin«»ifci 110 SIX MONTHS ■ppearano* of cultivation, althoagh it may be broadly anerted that the Americana are at least fiity yeari be- hind ua in agriculture ; yet there are many gentlemen's esUtoa on which more than ordinary care and labour have been bestowed, and which, consequently, are far in advance of others. I observed some good farming ad- jacent to the road. Some part of the country 1 am spealiing of, micht have been mistaken for the more woody parts of England, had it not been for the worm or zigxag fence which is in universal use throughout the United State*, and offer* but a poor apolopry for the English hedge row, although they are sometimes com- poeed of cedar logs. Pittsburgh is buili on the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongabela rivers, both of them being about a quarter of a mile in width, whose united streams form the Ohio. They are both passed by a fine wooden "ne city contains 13,000 irthabitants ; but if the su- burb* are included in the calcuhOion, its populatiop will amount to nearly 33,000. It may be called the western oapital of Pennsylvania. It manuftctures annually about 18,000 tons of iron, and the same quantity of ■teeL It haa dso an extensive manufiMtorr of cotton and glass. Bituminous coal is found in the greatest plenty in the neighbonrhood, and in con8eq|ttence of tiM MBoke and black dnst from the manuiStctories, the shop- keepen complain that it is impossible to keep any thing «iean. I entered Fittoburgh on the 4th of July, on which day, as every one knows, the Declaration of Inde- pendence waa signed at Philadelphia. It is, of course, ahraya and nnhrersally a dav of rejoicing in the United States. Tlie militia are called out, a paUic dinner is always given in every town and village in the Union ' and an appropriate oration is delivered by the appointed ' orator or the day. I regretted I did not arrive m time to be present at the diimer, which had taken place under the shade of aoaie trees on the opposite side of the Al- leghuw, bat I heard a great number of sentimento de> liveretC without being drank. Any bmtander vtrrote an idisa upon a dip of paper and handed it to the oratoor, who read it aknid to the company. Tliey were aU man or leas patriotic, but usually couched in the most ridiou- looa bombaetie language. The cause of relbrm in Bn- land, waa a fireqnent theme of enkigy. William iSe M|niii*tMM«'«* IN AMERICA. Ill [h it mmy be broadly t leaat fifty yeara be- .re many geutlemen'a ary care and labour tnsequcntly, are far in )me good farming ad. sf the country I am liatoken for the more been for the worm ersal use throughout a poor apolop^y for the y arc lometimei coro- lence of the Alleghany r them being about a e united streams form id by a fine wooden >itanti ; but if the su- ion, its populatiop will be called the western lanu&ctures annually the same quantity of manufiustoiT of cotton found in the greatest in consecjuence of Ae uuiuiactones, the shop- nUe to keep any thing 1 the 4th of July, on he Declaration of Inde* phia. It is, of course, rejoicing in the United lUt, a panlic dinner is 1 village in the Union ivered by the appointed '. did not arrive m time I had taken place under >ppoaite side of the Al- nber of sentiments d» Iny bjretander wmte an andea it to the orator, f. Hey were all man )hed in the most ridioa- cause of raferm in Eof- eulogy. Willitm Oe reformer was applauded as bemg more glorious than WiUiara the Conqueror. Henry firoiwham was coup^H with Henry Clay, and a drunken Iri.hraw! reouestod " parmi«iion to give a woluntary toast," and "^uded h« mJ^esty to the skies, in terms which I cannot pretend ^^OniSf day died, at New York, James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, havmg twice held that office from 1817 to 1825. His eidogy was spoken ^Mr. Adams, who appears to he the orator-pneral uV.n such ocMsions, and who, in the true .pint of le. pSucanUm. think, it "o ">««''^»^°"*° '^^''2o'^ a member of congress after Tuiving once fiUed the preri- dent's chair. Mr. Monr«. was five years of ^ the date of the stamp act. At an early age »» j«ned th« standard of WasUgton, when ojhers were de^ertimj it He wa« prewsntTttlie celebnited I»r^5[J*r™ ware at Trenton, was wounded m the subseqnnit en- gagement, and was afterwards pr«|«nt m the "^^--of SSndywine, Germantown, and M«;f«^ J^l.*^ his seat in the federal congrw. »»i^"^»*Jr5£ oftwei,ty.four. He was at first owoeed to tieijAigioB of the articles of the constituUpn, bdwving th«» to be imperfect, and of Uttle remedial efficacy; aUhoaf h he Z^d«adedly in fcvourof «»ne un~rt«jt ch^ nMaa Mvemment under the aitioles of cw^r?^ S!Monroe wa. appointed by President Wadungton. Si nSw plenipotentiary to the court of ,Francej«nd wL ^ivedSnth splendfd fbrnmUty by *• "^ convention ; but being un«iccessfiil m Ij-.'W^^ he was recalled, and Sr. Pmkney appomted m "•^P^W. He was afterwards appointed governor of VW«». When Napoleon had 95,000 veterans asKimbled at Hd- vo«Usluy8,^eady for embarkation to Louisiana, Mr. mTc^:^^ ^Jt over by IWdent Jef/^-^ ^^^ cial commission. On his arriviA, the war WWW* 0"« Britain and France wm «'k»"'«»»«V^J?S M^\tA LouisiMia was averted. In ~?J.'»«*'*J*?Jf'i?^ ney.the then United State, minwtor at MwJiW, hj^«w- duded Uu. Ueaty bv ^^ich bouiaiw* w- ced«i^4i toe Si:ii»tS syss^Tm iTSi'tuiTsfSrv.ii^a'rt SrZl UdS toiheFrench, the origi«d settle.. tTo iffl »2teli P^ IS-OOOjOOOof doD«j^ Monroe afterwards went to England •■ minuter pl*ni- v»*. ^^^Etj&SE|^Q^i,<^^^ ^ Otfiiliintiiiii lit nX MONTHS wrfentiary, ho wm preient in Parw at the coronaUon of Napoleon. He returned to the United States in 1B07, and became aecretary of Btate in 1811, and afterwards •ecrctary at war. In 1817 he was elected president, ard waa re-elected in 1821 witliout opposition. His opinion on the subject of internal improvcincnU, was, that a power of establisliing a general system of internal im- provement had not been delegated to congress, and he returned a bill to the house, in which it originated, with k juatification of his exercise of prerogative, in an able and elaborate exposition of the reasons for tlio refusal of Ms assent It is a very singular fact, that Mr. Monroe is the third out of four deceased presidents, who have diCid A the 4th July. The circumstances attending the death* vf PresidenU Jefferson and John Adams were very extraordinary. A committee of five was originally AMMiated to draw up the articles of the consUtution. Jefferson and Adams were selected as a sub-committee, and were in fkct the real framers of the constitution. Theae two gentlemen died on the 4th of July, in the ■•me rear, and the news of their decease arrived at ex- actly tne same time, on die same day, at Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence was signed. From PitUburg I rode to Braddock's field. It was pointed out to me about three hundred vards from the bank of the Monongabela. The ground ha* been consi- derably cleared since the action took place ; but it seems to have been admirablv adapted to the Indian mode of war&r*, on account of the undulating surface oi tlie Oald, that enabled the Indians, with the aid of the forest with which it waa then covered, to lie in ambush, and fire without being perceived. When, as a child, I used to read die account of this sanguinary conflict, aa nar- rated by the highlander in tlie history of " Sandford and Merton," little did I dream that I should ever stand upon the field of battle. - From Pittsburg, I proceeded for fifteen miles down the weatem bank of the Ohio to Economy, a German ■ettlement, under the superintendence of Mr. Rapp, con- ducted on a syitem somewhat resembling that of Mr. Owen, of Lanark. The members call themselves the ** Brothers," and have a community of property. Any person, of any country, however poor, may become a member, by conforming to the rules, and submitting to learn one of the trade* or other occupation* wliicb are mmmm uini i i s to i i WWM i M ii iggg TUB 'aril at the coronation of ) United State* in 1807, in 1811, and afterwards va§ elected pre»idcnt, and opposition. Hi» opinion iprovuuientf, woi, that a il tivstem of internal im- atcd to con$rre««, and he which it originated, with )f prerogative, in an able reason! for tlic refusal of jr fact, that Mr. Monroe sed presidents, who have cumstancea attending the I and John Adams were Itee of five waa originally ticlea of the constitution, scted aa a sub-committee, mcrs of the constitution. the 4th of July, in the eir decease arrived at ex- une day, at Philadelphia, lendence was signed, raddock'a field. It was hundred vards firom the le ground haa been consi- I took place ; but it seems Bd to the Indian mode of ndnlating surface of tlie with the aid of the forest )d, to lie in ambush, and When, aa • child, I used Dffuinary conflict, aa nar- history of " Sandford and I I should ever atand upon d for fifteen mile* down I to Economy, a German ndenoe of Mr. Rapp, con- t resembling that of Mr. ibers call tniemselvea the lunity of property. Any rer poor, may become a rules, and snhmittinf to Br occupations which are IN AMERICA. 113 (au|{lit in t)ie society. If he be weary of its regulations, liu i» at liberty to leave it, and takes with him from the public fimd, all that he brought into it : hia earnings, during his stay, becoming general property. It ia open on tlte same terms, even tu the entirely destitute. 'I^e town is regularly built, and extremely neat : there an 4U0O acres of land belonging to tiie establishment, cultt vatod by tlie members, and at the expense of the society | tliey have a good museum, an admirable band, and poU lie concerta twice in the week. The "Brothers" are chiefly Lutherans, from Wirtenberg, where, I under- stood, they originally attempted to form a society of tba same kind, but it became obnoxious to the government, and waa suppressed. Mr. Rapp himself is a Lutlwan clergyman, and pre^es the doctrine of brotherly mva. His first settlement was on the Wabash river, seWral hundred miles to the south ; but he sold the place to Mr. Owen, whose philanthropic exertions were, as usual, un- attended witli success. Mr. Rapp occasionally goes to Philadelphia, in search of recruits amongst the latest im- portations from Germany ; and it will be readily b» iieved, that ho enlists none but his own countrymen to undergo this voluntary confinement, and second sdiool- ing. It is scarcely necesaary to mention, that nuurriaM and a continuance in the society, are incompatible. It is said, that Mr. Ri4>p's system mis been sufficiently suc- cessful to cheat him mto the idea, that his calling, if not of the prophetic, is, at least, of the patriarchal oraen At economy, I joined the passing steamboat tor Maysrille. For about a hundred and fifty miles of itf course, the average width of the Ohio ia notjireater than that of the Thames at Vauxhall bridge. It is often vert low ; and not navigable for steamboats. Tba water u then extremely dear ; but when I saw it, the river had been swelled by the late rains, and was very muddv. The sur&oe of its tmruflled and rapid stream was nearly covered bv tnmks of trees, which had bee^ was^,ea down by we torrents firom the forests, and render* I it often necessary to stop the engine, in order to pre- vent aooidents to the paddles. In our passago down the river, we passed, aman((st othert, Blennerbasaet's island, so called firom its havmg been the rveidencb of a parson of that name, who haa involved ymself tJk the supposed eonspiracy of Cokmel Bnrr, who, in 1806, fittM out an armed expedition on the Ohio, with whieh I0» ^H ii- (', 114 MX MOMTIII iw Intended either to make a hoatile iiKuraion intu the Spanifh territorioa, or, according to the more ge- naral belief, to make himself master of New Orkons, with a view to the formation of an independent power. BlennerhaMMst hod beautified the island at a ercat ex- peue ; but hia property waa confiacated by order of go- vernment. We pataed Wheeling, a town containmg about 6000 inhabitanta,and manuftctoriea of the same kind ni thoio «t Pitlaburg. At tliis place, it is said, that the Baltimore •nd Ohio rail-road ii to come in contact with the river. Maysville is a much prettier town, with a more pic- tnreaque aituation; ana looks well in spito of iU red lM«ea. I awiended a hill whence I had a fine view of thtOhio, which is here above a quarter of a mile in wMUi. It ia obaervable of ita banks, that they never nse to any height, directly from the water, on both sides of the river at the same time. If they are abrupt on the one aide, the opposite shore is sure to display a fine strip of cultivated land intorvenmg between tl»e hills and the river, in the back ground. Near Portsmouth, on the Ohio, ia a slip of groimd containing 4000 acres, the whole of it planted with Indian corn, but it is hidden from the view of tlie steamboat passengers by the trees on the margin of the river. About twenty-four mile* from Maysville, on the road to Lexington, is k very fine sulphureous spring, called "the Blue Liok." There are several houses in the neighbourhood for the accommodation of visitors, who naort thither for Uie benefit of the water. Lexington is the neateat country town I had yet seen in thoVnited States ; the streeta are regular and apa- dona, and delightfiilly ahaded by acacia trees, which are Cmtad before every house : it containa about 6000 in- bitanti. Although comfortable and cheerfid in jto ap- pearance, Lexington ia the only olace of note in the ^ted Statea, whose proqierity, for several years, has been on the decline, it oouU boast of excellent aooietv ; bat being am inland town, and supported only by the ■nnoundmg country, it ia now paying the pmahy for having enlwged itself beyond ito meana of supply. One ■dditiooal oanae of its dieoline is, the great increaae of ■team navigation on the Ohio and AuasiaainMi which affords lo much greater ftoility to travellera going to New Orkwu, than the land route, which runa thrMgh a to op I* in coi th< de th< an at« sbl « I . ri w i m i mWii i lWI 'J Ii i l' li ' i ' i ' '" ir>iiiinir|iii|irw^ ••tl^mirmm' hostile inciurtion into >rding to the more ge- naator of New Orieani, ui independent power. ie iiland at a great ex. lAacoted by order of go- containinff about 6000 if the aamekind ai thoie said, that the Baltimore I contact with the river. town, with a more pic. well in apite of ita red nee I had a fine view of a quarter of a mile in utkR, that they never riie ! water, on both aides of they are abrupt on the lire to display a fine strip lietween tiie hills and the ear Portsmouth, on the itaining 4000 acres, the in corn, but it is hidden t paaaengers by the trees in MaysviUe, on the road ilphureous spring, called I several houses in the nodation of visiters, who the water. ntry town I had yet seen eti are regular and spa> >y acacia trees, which are contains about 6000 in. ble and cheerfiil in ita ap- Jy place of note in the ,y, for several years, hat koast of excellent aocietr ; id supported only by the N paying the pmahy for ts means of supily. One ia, the great moreaae of » aod Suasiaaipiii, wUoh ry to trmvellers goinf to lUte, which nnu throogii IN AMIKICA. 116 liexington. A collego, which had been established here, did not answer the expectations of ita founders, and a few years since was unfortunately burnt. I'lll lately, the greatest confusion prevailed tlirough the whole of Kentucky, in consequence of the compli. cated state of titles to landed property, which has consi' derably retarded the advance of ita prosperity. Lands were sold by the government of Virginia before the ■eparation of Kentucky from that state, without having been previously surveyed and marked out. The conse> qucnce wan, tliat four or five different persons entered with their warrants of possession, as purchasers of the •ame lots, where, in many cases, tlicir interest had al> ready been sold and re-sold. The endless litigatioiMC> eaaioned bv this state of aiTairs produced a law, limituig the time or action to seven years, after which the oWiu pier was to remain in unidisputed possession of the property. The system of country banks haa been still more ruinoua to Lexington, and Uie state of Kentucky gene. rally. Thev were first estabUshed towards the end of the year 1817. The persons principally connected with them were members of the legislature ; about forty <^ them were opened with, of course, a very limited capital, but an unlimited supply of paper. The eatabliahment of tbe branch bank of^the United States obliged them to pay in specie, and the consequence was the greatest em. barraasment in their affairs. The directors enacted what lawa they pleased, to save themaelves from the im- pending ruin : they abolished imprisonment for debt, aqd passed what were called atay lawa— general and parti. cular enactmenta, which extended the time of payment ; a desperate mode of proceeding, and whieh only served to plunge them deeper in the mire. Thoae who were of opinion that payment of debta, oontraetad at a time when paper waa the only currency, could not now be demanded m speeie, contrived to get a law paased eatabl^ahing a new court, lilM by judgea whose opini— aii<) thfjf wrro takrn into oiwtody. Thrre are alill luch aniniala in exiet^flPP ai ala** merchant!, but they are not numeroua. Sla«»* are purchaied in difTrrent parte of the country, and aent down Iha Mieaimippi tu the aiigar plantationa at New Orleane. An able-bodied younj; niSydney College, tha •lave population amounted, in 1830, to 469,734, baiag ' larger than that of any other atate, and bearing* pro«' portion to the whitea of rather leaa than four to ais. In Oeorgia there ia a county, moat appropriataly call- i ■^/f lie SIX HONTHft ed Libarty county, whore the slave population it to the whitei as five to ooe. The slave children are not instructed to read or write at the expense of their masters ; if they enjoy these advantages, they have been taught by persons of their own colour. If they could write, they would forge their pass-papers and run away ; and those who oan, are always ready to do this for those who cannot The slave population could not be educated, and re- main long in a state of bondage. Its march of intel- lect would be stronger and more terriblo than the fire in the vast American forests which it would traverse : to cheek it ia impossible, «nd flight is unavailing; so that the only means of avoiding destruction is to add ▼igowr, and give direotion to the flame. CM pUi fsell Niria svoteer 11 corio Prewo Cailddl alls volubU onda, O UrdST Borea allor eiro terrible than the fire rhicb it would traverse : flight is unavailing; so ng destruction is to add lie flame. )r II eorio Uonda, Mote 11 doiio il in mare sffonila. irocuring labour for no- id by the conseqneneei arelesa manners of the vd in their maintenance, irform the work of three is not intolerably hot for their masteip ; rat on or eaoh other like rsal led oye would recognise enly eippearanoa of the ueotad with them. Tlid lually at ■ome litM* dii- le of their maMer. The ists of a number of emaU tr the overseer, and will idred or four hwidnd ne- d all more or leaa diataot- I arable farm wfll MW% tdent ha a man of skill. So mueh depend* npoa >f that character, a pwd r, will return a profit «f it ia uaoally not ao lai||*, osoluoMnt of an altenUf* IN AMERICA. - ft# agriculturalist in the northern states, where slaves are unknown. By the last census, the total population of the Uni- ted States was 12,856,165: of these 3,010,436 were alares, existing only in what are Urmed the southern itates, of which Maryland is the most northerly. It ia said, that supposing an inclination to secede ftom the Union should be prevalent in the southern states^ the danger they would incur from their inability to defend themseltres against their black population, would be asrfficient reason for their thinking twice on the subject. There can be no doubt, that the slave*, with an offer of liberty, would prove a most formid- able weapon in the hands of an enemy. This, how- ever, is not very likely to take place, at least not as yet. Before I quitted America, a partial insurrection had taken place in Virginia, in which sixty or aeventy per- sons were brutally massacred by the negroea; and it it most probable that the state legislator* will consider of some measure* by which the supanbuidaBt slave population may be effectually diapowd of. Their at- tention will probably ho directed %o th* ttttrnf of Li- beria, on the windward coast in AfMcA^ hiifcwrto rap- ported exclusively by the fiinds and muiag*ment of the colonization society, which provide* T*9*ele for the transportation of slave* manumitted on eondition of their departure for that place. Within the hut ftw years two or three handred negro** have b*en annu- ally sent ont of the country in this mannar. The eapi- l«l of th* colony, which is defended by a garriami,i* called Monrovia, baeaaa* it was founded dnnng ttepn- sidency of Mr. Monroe. The blacks Bnpport^aai||.i selve* b/ tnOe with the native*, and by ealtivatlnr the (Oil. • J • I really think I had not seen more than one or two ponds in the United States, befbre I entered the stati of Kentaeky ; there they are common enough, aodj^ plenty of bull-frog* may usnaUv be heard gruntinfi^ ike madron their margin*. With th* aid of a Utf ftaey, th*r* is certainly some truth in th* a*Mrti< that the noiaa th*y mak* ra*emblw the wttth **Vh UM'oaBd*,** repeiUtd in a #^ li >i! I TM7 dwp and took-' ■ "■.»!!.' <*■: m. w- -"^ 120 MX MONTHS I confeH that I had formed an erroneoaa idea of Kentucky, at least of that part of it through which I pasaed. Contrary to my expectation*, 1 found the land «a much cleared aa in an^ itate I had previouily ■een. Tho roil is very rich in many parts; and will produce five or six crops of Indian corn or wheat, in •ucceaaivo years, without the astistance of Rianuro. It is a positive fact, that the grazing farmers will not nnfrequently pull down and remove the sheds in the fields, sooner than incur tho trouble and expense of clearing away the quantity of manure that has uccu- mulatod in them. Labour is dear, and land is cheap; ■o that a farmer Vho can clear good fresh land when- ever he pleas^, bM no inducement to be at the ex- pense which is necessarily laid out on a farm in Eng- land, before it is rendered sufficiently productive. The dressing of land, bv laying on manure or otherwiie impioving it, would, in Kentucky, be considered gene- rally a waste of labour. Hemp is the staple article of produce in this state. The finest epeeiinens of American forest scenery are to be found in Kentucky ; the oaks and sycamorei, in particular, grow to an immense sixe, and throw a delicious shade on the soil beneath; which is ofXen free from all kinds of underwood, and covered with a carpet of green award, — affording the finest pasture ground imaginable to great numbers of cattle, which are constantly grazing there. I was forcibly remind- ed of the beautiful description in the opening scene of "Ivanboe." I bad resolved to visit the great Mammoth cave in Sintneky, distant about ISO miles from Lexington, on e right of the Nashville road. I accordingly pro- eeedeo in that direction, and soon arrived on the bank* of the Kentucky river. I considered this ferry as a most beautiful specimen of Indian scenery. The river is here eeventy or eighty yards across, and flows wiib .«.• dark and quiet stream, between two vary bigb dint whose bold, bare, limestone fironts are seen to gtwt ad- vantage, as they rise above the mass of foreet^tbat in- tervenes between their base and the water. Itkeie MOW resemblance to Swiosand ferry, on Um fiMBti« of Swwien and Norway, altboofb eartainljr iBfinior. Shakw's town it oocupiad, u the nune io^fUMi V f ai ai G a in m r« 01 A 01 ct ai fa al tb Pi ni se ei tl) U( w C( la tc Pi tl fc al f^ rns ed an erroneoas Idea of rt of it through which I pectationi, 1 found the y itate I had previouily in many parts; and will ndian corn or wheal, in awiatance of manure, (raxing farmera will not ■emove the aheda in tha trouble and ezpenie of manure that has acco- dear, and land is cheap ; T good fresh land when- sement to be at the ex- 1 out on a farm in Eng- iciently productive. The on manure or otherwise icky, be considered gene- smp is the staple article American forest scenery the oaks and sycamores, imense size, and throw a beneath; wbioh is often wood, and covered with a >rding the finest pasture numbers of cattle, which , I was forcibly remind- n in the opening scene of 9 great Mammoth cave in mile* firom Lexington, on ■oad. I Bceordingly pro- soon arrived on the banks onsidored this ferry as a Indian aoenery. The river da acroas, and flow* with ,ween two very high eliffi*i ronte are seen to grwt ad* Jie masi of fei«al«.that ia- I and the watar. It bora and ferry, on tho fiwirtiw hoof h eertaialy iaIMor. I,u thoMBM im^Om^ IN AMEIIICA. 121 persona of that sect. One of their number, whieh umuunts to a low hundreds, is an orchitect, and this accounts for the superior build of their houses. From Glasgow, a cross road conducted mo to Bell's tavern, a Bulitary house standing at the meeting of the Lex- ington and Louisvillii roads, to Nashville, in the niidiil of what nre called " the barrens." These bar- rens, it is supposed by many, were originally Prairies, or " Pararas," as they are called by tho lower class of Americans, but are now principally covered by dwarf oaks. Wild turkeys, deer, pheasants, and the bird called tho barrcii hen, which is also the prairie hen, and the grous» of tho northern and middle states, are found in the L "rsns; cougars, wolves, foxes, Ac. are also to be mot with there. At Bell's tayern, which, by the way, is a very conifortablo little country inn, I procured horses and a guide, and set out fur the Mam- moth cave. After an agreeable and shady ride of seven miles, I arrived at a small lonely log bouse tav- ern, built about a hundred yards from the mouth of the ereat cave. There are several smaller caves in the neighbourhood; but ihf. only one of these 1 visited was tho white cave ; of no extent, but curious, on ac- count of tho quinber, and diversified shape of its sta- lactitic formations, formed by tho depositions of wa^ ter, dropping through the limestone rock. Immediately in front of the inn begins a narrow path winding down a dark ravine, which conducts to the cave. Its entrance is overshadowed by the dark foliage of the surrounding trees, and ita appearance altogether is exceedingly gloomy, and calculated to in- spire a feeling of horror, The presence of two beau- tiful humming birds very much heightened by contrast, the effects of the scone. They were darting in all di- rections, as quickly as the eye could follow; some- times passing with tho greatest rapidity acrosa the mouth of the cave, or remaining for an anatant, mo- tionless in the air, as they sippcq, on the wing, of the water that was incessantly dripping from the project- ing rock. I could not but think of the inoantation scene in ** Der Freychutxe," The very sudden encounter of cold air at the mofliUl of the oave, is mare agreeable than safe during the hot woathor. Not that the itir itwlf it damp or U'< 11 3i^ \U 12S SIX MONTHS wholewme ; on the contrary, It is particularly dry and healthy. I have been told of its acting aa a febn. fage, and can easily believe it. A great quantity of ■altpetre was made there during the late war. The work* itlU remain, but have no» been uaed for mmy yean. The salt waa procured by pouring water over a wooden trough, filled with the earth from the cave, which, when saturated, was allowed to run off; was then boiled, and the salt separated by vaporization. By this process, two pounds of salt-petre were procu- red from one bushel of earth. The air is so highly impregnated with the saline particles, that meat, but- ter, cheese, and many other substances, afXer remain- ing a short time in the cave, become of a bright red ooTour, and are unfit for use. I was attended by an old man, and two boys, sons of the landlord, each of us carrying a small lamp, with an additional supply of grease to trim them. The rock is very low near the entrance, but soon expands to a magnificent size. The average widUi and height may be about seventy feet, but in some places it is more lofty, and far wider. I first visited an antechamber, and walked a mile be- fore I reached the and, where there is a small but curi- ous waterfall, that has worked its way into the side of the reek in a serpentine direction. Sulphur, red and yellow oohre, may be picked up there ; and gum bo- rax, aalphete of magnesia, and sulphate of soda, are found aohering to the walls in considerable quantities, but not in every part. We returned from the ante- chamber and proceeded up the principal part of the cave. The roof and sidea were but little broken, and ingeneral their evenneaa and regularity of angle were surprising. The walking was very good at first ; but our pUaag0 was soon impeded and rendered fktiguing, by the enormous number of loose blocks of limestone, that were heaped up on every side. At intervals we came to a small pyramid, composed of broken flag- menta, raised by the aborigines, who have left traces of their existence throughout the whole of North America. I pulled down one of them, and found only the remains of a fire ; similar marks are to be seen on the bare rock in many parts of the cave. Pieces of eue, with wbioh Kentucky originally abounded, with- in Uie memory of many now living, were strewed K'f ' UfMinifmsM Ha is particularly dry and its acting ai a febri- A great quantity of ng the late war. Tho D* been uied for nuiny by pouring water over lie earth from tho cave, lowed to run off; woi traled by vaporization. «alt-petre were procu- The air in so highly xticles, that meat, out- ibstances, after remain- become of a bright red was attended by an old he landlord, each of m ■n additional supply of sk is very low near the 1 magnificent size. The r be about seventr feet, lofty, and far wider. I and walked a mile be- ,here is a small but curi- its way into the side of tion. Sulphur, red and jp there; and gum bo- ld sulphate of soda, are oonsiderabla quantities, ■eturned from theante- la principal part of the re but littl« broken, and regularity of knglo were very good at first ; but i and rendered Iktiguing, >0M blocks of limestone, f side. At intorrala we rapoeed of broken ftag- ••, who have left traces It the whole of North of them, and fonod only marks are to bo seen on of the caTO. PiacM of iginally aboandodi with- w living, were strewed IN AlUBICA. ISS around, having evidently afforded the fhel with which these fires were fed. In some places the face of the rock had been slightly worked, but for what purpose will for ever remain undetermined. The floor of the cave is generally parallel with the surface qC the ground above, as no great rise or fall is pererivable throughout its entire direction. At about the distance of a mile and a half from its mouth, the cave takes a majestic bend to the left, and two miles further we ar- rived at what is called " the cross roads." From this large and gloomy expanse, fourtr. distinct cavern* branch out in difierent directions. The glare of our lamps was just sufficiently powerful to dinlay tho opening on the left. It looked ULblaok and dismal aa darkness could make it, and wa^>rmed by vast frag- ments of rock, thrown together with a ooafVision equalling that at the pass in the Pyrenees, usually known by the name of Chaos. We elambered ovor them, and after half an hour's walking we arrived at what seemed to be the termination of the cavern; but, in the comor on the left, is a kind of natural chimney, through which we climbed to another cham- ber. It did not much differ ftom the other parts of the cave, excepting that it is much wider in proportion to its length, and the roof blacker. A solitary bat was clinging to it, and was the only living animal I saw in the cave.* No other* inhabit this mansion of utter darkness. The small pyramids of stone, and the marks of fire, were very numerous. We explored the other branches of the cave in succession. At in« tervals the huge blocks of limestone roea nearly to tho roof, and seemed to set progress at defiance ; bat, af. ter mastering the summit, we were enabled to eon- tinue, till we reached another and similar difficulty. The cave never appeared to such effect a* when ■••& from the top of one of these eminences; because it* downward dimensions were not visible 'hy the light of the lampe, and a bottomless pit was an easy eonjeo. ture. The most terrific place is what is called tha cataract*; hwo, the floor sinks away to a graatar •Tbouaadi of bate toomtw in thli cave dorliic the wiuar. Tbmr hang la cliwten, and ars hannlcM unlcM dlslaibed, whan Umv daitat the lliliis carried by tht vUton. HorriMe Morits ara loM at Um cave of uaTsUefs being left In eoaaeqaencs ta tcMal %:* MMtiijfc— < i'i i i ii i' >i it ^i f il iliHiWM'ao-i ' i Hxr i I "' i rti ii» « ni «l(f 124 8IX MONTHS depth, and n Urge chasm i* formed on one ilde by gi. irantic mis-shapen rocks, fearfully disposed over the head of the explorer, as ho gladly descends to reJre«h himself with a draught of llio pure, delicious water, tha\ falls from the roof. I thought I had nev»r be- fore aeen any thing so unearthly, except ing perhaps the crater of Vesuvius. We subsequently entered a •mailer part of tha cave, which is gradually contract- ed into so narrow a passage, that we were obliged to crawl on oil fours. It led us, in a few minutes, to the brink of a large black pit, down which I tossed some fragments of stone, and wo heard them descending from rock to rock, for the depth, I should jndge, of 150 feet. In this intnner I visited three, and I have reason to believe, all the four extremitiea of the prin. cipal branches of the cave. I had been told that it waa as much as twelve miles to the end of the cavern which I entered through the chimney, and that the cave iUelf had been explored for more than fourteen. The guides make it out to be more than double its real length. I was more than six hours under grround, •nd moving almost incessantly, during which time, as nearly as I could calculate, I walked but nine or ten miloa. The extreme ends of the principal branches, I ■hoold say, were between four and five. There are leveral smaller chambers, which I did not visit, but 1 heard that they contained nothing new, or different from the others; and feeling greatly fatigued, was glad to emerge into the open air. I found it requi- ■ite to pause at the entrance : there is no intermediate temperature between the cool, but not chilly air of the oavo, and the sultry atmosphere of noon. The sensa- tion was extraordinary ; with both my arms extended, one hand would be warm, at the same time that I would gladly withdraw the other from the contact of the colder air of the cave. Those who du not take the precaution of waiting a few minutes, are almost inva- riably attacked with giddiness, or a fainting fit.* * Our author has omitted to mention, that at every an|le or ton In the cave, rude aimws are carved, which oriilinBlly nil P<>"M to the entrance. By this aiinple contrivance, visitors were mails aware of the route they ought to follow. There seems to belM elrcurastanees under which men can he placed where some of las race will not feel an Inclination to docelve his suceessois. WbsB the writer of this note visited the mammoth cave In 1619, aaae 118 rmcd on one tide by gi. ully dispoBod over the dly doineiidi to refreih I pure, delicioua water, ouglit I had nev»r be- hly, cxccpling porhapi 8ubiicquent)y entered a 1 is gradually contract- ;hat we were obliged to in ■ few minutct, to (he irn which I towed Rome heard them descending ipth, I should judge, of isited three, and I have extremitiei of the prin- I had been told that It lo the end of the cavern chimney, and that the for mure than fourteen. .. more than double it* six hour* under ground, f, during which time, ai walked but nine or ten the principal branches, I ur and five. There are ich I did not visit, but I othing new, or different g greatly fatigued, was II air. I found it requi- there is no intermediate , but not chilly air of the an of noon. The senia- both my arms extended, Lt the same lime that I ither from the contact of hose who du not take the minutes, are almost inva* s, or a fdinting fit.* ion, that at every angle or Ian d, which oriKinalljr all patalM lnuivanc^ visltois were msd* illow. Tliere seems Co be few in be placeii where some of llw docelve his sueeaMors. Wbn mammoth cave in 1810, soms IN AKBBIOA. 126 I had erred in believing that the huge bones of the mammoth and other quadrupeds at present unknown, had been found in this cave ; and in imagination I had listened to the dying cries of agony sent forth by thoae stupendous animals as they struggled in the thundering billow of the deluge that had risen, and rolled into their hiding place, and reduced them to a state of frenzy aud desperation. But it has received its name of the ** mam- moth cave" only on account oi' its superior sixe and ex- tent : the term being frequently applied where sixe or importance is intended to be designated. For instance, the branch bank of the United States at Cincinnati, i* called the Mammoth bank. None but human bonca have been found in this cave. These were often dug up by the saltpetre manufiicturers, and were usually found lying side by side, but separated and covered over by • rou^ slab of limestone. I was informed that upwards of a hundred skeletons had been there unearthmi ; and it is probable that more are still remaining in diflferent parts of the cave. In general they are not larger than those of the ordinary race of men. They are doabtlcM the remains of some of that ancient nation, whose very name is unknown ; whose customs and occupation ar« unrecorded ; whose chiefs and heroes remain unohroni- cled, and whose existence is to be traced only in th* monuments of death or warfare. The manner in which this and the other caves in Kentucky have been formed may, perhaps, be more than conjectured. They are all composed of sectmdar^ lime- stone, resting on a substratum of sand, — a singular formation, but one that is common in this part of Aow- rica. The sand may have been gradoally dislodged by the action of water ; a theory which the sloping natare !>. wretch had altered the dlreeUon of the arrow, at ibe opsniag of one of the cbamlwrs, and the luide beini completely deceived, the ptrtr wandered in an unexplored iabyrlnUi (tar an hour, sad were ioiii in a stale ol dlaagieeaMe aneertatai^. Their perplexity was cvulderably auamented by the rrifht of the Clcefone, a mulaMs man, who loformed us it was quite a possible case we mlfht never aialn see day lie ht The total darkness and awAil sUence Miike dwariadon 'intealeriBf, asamoof theinterestiagMtareior Um Disee. Tb( (panskm of the air of the cave In suanMr caasas It toruh out ai tbronly openlnf, where a lighted ewlta is bMa^ sxilMaWMd—tB winter the current is raversed. Tha pnrlqr oftBe liiiimMhtSTi within randeia it very agrasaMe to the linw It Is the neon la sammer of nuaaerous parties ftem the ■alghMmciat ■Brings at Harredsbai|.— £d. 11* 126 SIX utmrm of the ground between tho cave and the Green river, only a lew hundred yards diitant, doet not contradict, A.gentloman intbrnvnd tno that he had lately wilneited a umilar procois. He had for a lon(( time watched the inoroaie of a small sand bank, that had been forming in a stream on his own property in (he lower part of Ken- tucky, — and upon ftirther examination he found, as ha expected, that a cave had been gradually hollowed out by the action of the water behind it. The whole of this country and the region watered by the MiaaiMsippi, it diluvial, and in many places marine shells and the ibsail remains of marine animals have boon found in great abundance. In the neighbourhood of tho cave, there are a great many wild turkeys, and a lolorahio sprinkling of deer, but both were dilticult of approach at that season of the year. , I was exceedingly anxious for a shot at a wild turkey, but committed a great error in loading with ball only ; and although I contrived to get three or four fair •bote on the ground, and on the wing, yet I conftsi through eagerness to have missed thom. Once I con- trived to near a brood, but ha ! the mortification, al- though close to them, to hear them rising one by one on the other side of a thicket ; and when I did pull at the last bird, my gun, which was loaded 'with shot, misled fire through the badness of the copper cap- Af- ter vainly toiling through the forest in search of a deer, for one whole August day, I was poacher enough to drop down the Green river in a canoe, in the vicinity of the cave, at two in the morning, in order to get a shot •t one whilst feeding upon the moss at the bottom of the river. A light was placed at the head of the boat with a board tohind it. I sat in the middle of the canoe, which was paddled forward by a man at the ■tern ; both of us being as silent as possible. Tlie darker the night, the better ; the deer stand gazing at the light, till the canoe almost 'ouches them ; they appear as white •• a eheep, and the aim of a Kentucky rifle is usuallv too true, at any reasonable distance, to render the death of one of them an uncertainty. But I waa agaia ua- fortnnate. I bad been disappointed in the attendance of an experienced hunter, whom 1 had engaged to go with me, and my rompanion, who waa • novice, allowed tkrao deer th"* ' • etanding cloae to oa, bat not dis- tingniihaUe > vr wnong toa tall Mdfo, to nm off an.- jS""''.'iMtMl';i«f.«ffflii mnmm^- 'n* re and the Green river, ,nt, does not contradict, he had lately wilneiiec! a long time watched the hat had been forming in n the lower part of Ken- lination he fonnd, ai he . gradually hollowed out nd it. The whole ofthii od by the MimiHsippi, ji irine shells and the ibstil ive been found in great cave, there are a great rahio sprinkling of deer, Mch at that season of the ous fur a shot at a wild error in loading with ball il to get three or four fair the wing, yet I conftn lied them. Once I con- la ! the mortification, al. them rising one by one ; and when 1 did pull at h was loaded 'with shot, ssof the copper cap. Af- forest in search of a deer, [ was poacher enough to a canoe, in the vicinity of ng, in order to get a shot le moss at the bottom of 1 at the head of the boat •at in the middle of the irward b;^ a man at the ntMpoeaible. The darker ■ stand gaaing at the light, hem ; they appear as white Kentucky rifle is usuallr itance, to render the death y. But 1 waa again un- iwinted in the attendanee mm 1 had engaged to go who w»B a novioa, aUowed X oloM to oa, bat not dii- • tall Mdg«, to ran off OBr IN AHEIIICA. ffr^ touched by the random shot I sent aiVer them. The back-woodsmen are excellent marksmen, their rifles are long and heavy, carrying a very small ball, often not bigger than a large pea. With these a good shot will alternately hit and miss the head of a squirrel at sixty yards distance. I returned to Bell's tavern with the determination of idviiing every travelling friend who visited Kentucky, by no means to leave that state without having seen tM Mammoth cave ; and 1 think that a sportsman, well provided with dogs, guns, &.c. might well spend a week in a very satisfactory manner by taking up his quarters at Bell's tavern. When we had forded the Green river, the coachman addressed a man on the opposite side, and asked him how his wife was, » Thank 'e, I guesa she's smartly unwell this morning," waa the reply- Louisville is about ninety miles fVom the cave. For the last twenty, the road runs along the bouks of the Ohio, passing through the most magniflcent foreat of the beech trees I had ever beheld. There is nothing remarkable in the appearance of Louisville. It is a large and regularly built town, containing 11,000 inhabitants. From this place the larger stenmboats start for New Orleans. Those that come from Pittaburgh are of snMller dimensions, on account of the shallowneas of tho water. The course of the Ohio from Pittsburgh to Louisville is about 600 miles, and thence, to its confluence with the Mississippi, is nearly 300 more. The length of the Mississippi, from its junction with the Ohio, is 1300. The fells, or rapids of the Ohio, are immediately below Louisville, and part of them may be seen from the town. 1 had been very desirous of seeing St. Loaia and tho Missouri -, but the season was too far advanced, and that part of the country ia exceedingly unhealthy daring Um summer heats. Steam-boaU run thither constantly, in three days, from Louisville. There is also a land con- veyance, which occupies nearly the same time on tho iourney, and passes through the groat Prairiea, in In- Sana and lUinois. Wild turkeys are there wry plenti. fnl; qnailsand prairie-hens are frequently to be seen .Mm the road in groat abundance; and I woold strongly lecommend any traveller who ia fend of shooting, and wko will pat up with vary indiSbiant acoomodatioa, to Liuoaad for abeat one handred milea, or oron lMa« by Sua iw4, into t|ia piairiw, for tbo pnrpoM of ahooUBC. 1S8 aix MOUTHS It mutt, however, be added, that he will probably kill much more than ho can either oat or carry away. That there ii a >, .;at quantity of game in lome parti of America ii indinputable ; but it i» equally eo, that it ii ikat decreaiing in other*. Unleia some attention be paid to preiorving, deer will become extremely loarce, except in the unaettled country ; and t!. breed of wild turkeya will be extinct, aa they are not fiiund much to the weit of the Miniisippi and Miatouri riven. Go where you will, you are told there ii plenty of game of ■ome kind; but the iportaman who relie* on thii in- formation at ihi« aeaion of the year, while the treei are yet thick with foliage, will be aurely diiappointed. I have occasionally atsyed for a day at diffetent placet, where I had been induced to believe that I iliould find ■ome iport ; but I aoldom found any gamo, although 1 •Iwaya took with me aome peraon well acquainted with the woode. The want of doga moat certainly be taken into conaideration. The inhabitant! of Kentucky may be called the Gai- oona of America. They have a humoroui, good-natured, boairting, boiateroua peculiarity of language and manner, by which they are known in all parU of the Union. To a etranger, they are courteoua and hoepitable; but Mnongat themaelvea, they quarrel and fight, like the Iriih, for fiin ; or merely to lee which ii the beat man, without any provooation ; and thtty evince great pai- tialitT for their cwn aUte— which they familiarly de- nominate " Old Kentuck,"— perhapa more than the in- habitanta of any other in the Union. Kentooky waa originallr need by the Indiana aa a hunting-field, and for no other purpoee. The neighbour- ing natione agreed never to build upon it. From Lottiavilla« I proceeded in a etoam-boat to Cin- cinnati, in eighteen boura. About forty roilea on thia aide of the town, we paaeed the month of the atream, ao well known by the name of the "fiig Bone Lick," on aeeonnt of the number of the bonea of the mammoth and other aninuJa that have been firequentlv dug up in ita vioMuty. There ia a auJphnr-apring, and a boua* Ar thaaooommodationi^viaitora. Our dHtinguiahad ooun- trymaa, Mr. Bullock, whom I aaw at Cmcinnati, h<«d beea lately redding on the apot for three montha, ami had had twenty men oonatantly employed in diffiag. He had diaooverad, amongat other aniniua, the bonea of iBt ho will probably kill BBt or carry away. >.y of game in loinB parti it it in equally lo, that it Inleii some attention be ccomo extremely loarce, r ; and K\. breed of wild I are not A^und much to nd Miwouri riven. Go ere ii plenty of game of 1 who relie* on thi« in- year, while the treei are ) lurely diiappointod. I day at dilTetent placet, :lieve that I iliould find id any gamo, although I ■on well acquainted with I moat certainly be taken y may be called the Gai- humoroua, good-natured, of language and manner, II parts of the Union. To lus and hospitable; but irrol and fiffht, like the e which is the best nwn, , tb^y evince great par- rbich they familiarly de- srhape more than the in- Jnion. sed by the Indians as a purpoee. The neighbour- iild upon it. d in a steam-boat to Cin- Lbont forty miles on this B mouth of the stream, so he " Big Bone Lick," on I bones of the mammolh Mn flreqoentlv dag np in ■r-spring, uid a noniv Ar , Oar dHtingaiahad oona- [ saw at Cmoinnati, li<*d ot for three montits, taA tly empioyad in diffiaf • lh«r MUmus, the booeaof IN AMKRIl'A. lt§ a smaller and distinct species of migalonyx ; an animal haviri); partly the generic character of the armadillo, and partly that of the sloth, and nearly equalling the rhinoceroii in sixo. Hut the most remarkable remains were thoHe of a youn); colt, and a gigantic horse, that could not have been luiis than twenty-four hands high. Unfortunately, however, for the advancement of science, they were all destroyed by a fire, which took place about throe weeks before my arrival. I'lio fossil remains of about thirty animal*, now supposed to be extinct, have been found at the liig Bone Lick ; and Mr. Bullock conjectures that there are no more remaining. That thii animals did not perish on tlio spot, but were carried and deposited by the mighty torrent, which it is evident once swept over the face of the country, is probable, from the circumstance uf marine shells, plants, and fiw- sil substances having been found, not only mixed with the bones, but adhering to thnm, and tightly wedged into the cavities of the skulls — " those lioles w)iai« eye* did once inhabit," were oAen stopped up by shell* or pieces of coral, forcibly crammed into them. From tho Big Bone to the Blue Lick, a distance of about sixty miles, there is a buffalo-path. Thoee animala existed in great numbers in this part of the country, within the memory of many individuals now living. They passed fVoin one favourite spring to the other in vast herds, always pursuing the same path, seldom turning to the right or left, and overturning very ^oung trees, or any slight obstacle that might occur in their line of march. They have, however, long been killed off from the eastern side of the Ohio, and Mississippi ; not being seen nearer than within fifW miles of St Louis. They ore found in inniunerabb herds in the widely extended plains of the Misaouri, and towards the regions of the rocky mountain*. The Indians kill a great many of them, for the sake of their skins, which sell in Philadelphia at four dollar* t piece, while that of a hear may be purchased for three. They are so numerous, that this traffic occasion* no perceptible difference in tho site of the herd*. An Indian will drive an arrow so hard that the point will ojqiear on the other side of the bufiyo. At certain aea- MMM of the year, their trampling and bellowing may be heard at a vast distance on the plaina, by puttinf the «vto the ground; and in this way, if neard in the I ()' 180 IIX MOMTIIS morning, incrediblti u It nwy appear, it will aoiMtimM be evening befbri- Iho Imnteri can curiie up vith them. The bonamuih exhibited lonut yean ago in Ixiiidon, waa merely tlio common American buffalo; which i», atrictly aiinaking, ttiu biioii, or animal with the hump, and not the buifala The biaon in found of dilTfrent ■ilea and under dilTerent nauici in Africa, in Asia, in the ialand of Madagaacar, and on the Malabar coaat; and exiata, aa wo liave aeon, in immvnae numberi Id North America i and it will asaociato with, and breed with the tame cattle : but tlie real buffalo, which haa no hump on the ihoulder, ia n^t found in the New Conti- nent, but ia common in India, and in AlVica, near the Cape. I have alao aeen them in the Pontine marihei, where they are uaod for agricultural purijoaea. A marked different variety of which, it ia auupoaeil, that our domeatio animala have doaconded, ia to be obaurved in the fkct of the tamo cattle roftUlng to bread with the buffalo, and in the period of goatatiun in that animal being extended to a whole year. The navigation of the Ohio and the Miaaiaaippi la often rendered dugaroua by theUunkaof treea, or anagB,uthey arecalled, whloh,iuflo«tingdowntheatrcani,getentangled and atiokfiutln the mudatthebottom; preaenting a moat fbrmidable, and frequently unaeen point near the aurface of the water. Our ateamer ran upon one of them, but waa Boon got off by meana of a long apar of wood that wma dropped into the water, and then uaed aa a lever, with the aide of tho boat for a fiilcrum, by meana of a rope wound about the capatan and faatcned to the top of the apar. In the midat of the cuufluion, an Amerieon atepped up to mo, and aaid, " Stran^r, I rm we're in a bad fix !" To bo in a good or a bod ia an expresaion very commonly made uae of in OMee of dilemma. Speaking of a man placed in the •tooka, for initanoe, a common American would remark, that he waa in a " bad fix," without the leaat fear of oommitting a pun, even at Philadelphia, where the dia- eaae b very prevalenL The American error ia detected in the formal and decided accentuation of narticular ■yllablea in aeverol common worda, and in the laughaUi mianae of many othera; aad not in any miaprononoia*. tion of the language, g«nerallT. The word angina, fer inatanea, ia pronounced engine; favourito, fkrount*; EuroijMn, Eurdpian, 4m. A pi^ia, or provinwdia- ^ PTIII •l>pe«r, it will hoimUiimi can come up «lth them. n« yearn ajr(! on the Malabar coait; in inimonio numberi io aiiaociato with, and breed real buffalo, which hu no found in the New Conti- I, and in AfVico, near the in the Pontine marihea, agricultural purpoavi. A wnioh, it ia auppoaeil, that laoondod, ii to be obeerved roAiting to breed with the f goitation in that aniiuil lar. and the MiMiaaippi ia often nkaof tree*, or inaga,Mthey >wn tlie itroam, getentangM lebottom ; proaenting a mott laeen point near the lurface ■an upon one of them, but a of a long apar of wood vater, and then used u ■ at for a fulcrum, by meani :apatan and iaatoned to the tidat of the conftiaion, an 0, and aoid, " Stranger, I To bo in a good or a bod commonly mado uac of in f of a man placed in the m American would remark, without the leaat fear of hiladelphia, where the dia> American error ii detected accentuation of particular wordt, and in the laogkabb not in any miapronimoi^ Iv. The word engine, Ar rine; favourite, hrmaiw, A pstoii, or provineiwdia- IN ANXHICA. 131 l«ct, luch aa la heard in the more diatant countiea in Kngland, la unknown aniongat the nativea of the United HMft; and the aimilnritv of lanfpuge to be heard in pviry part of the Union that I viiilod, could not but at- tract my attention oa an l-inKliahman. To travel by the mail, for two or three iiundrcd milni, and to lit beiide a roachman who aiMikv an the one with whom I firat •tarted, had certainly, nt leaat I thought ao, the effect of ■hortrnin)( the diitancr. The education of the poor claaoea ia very much at- tended to, exccptinir perhajia, in the more weitem •latca, whore the inhabitanta think tiiey can get on juat iM well wittiiiut it. In the Atlantic atatoa, there ia not one perion in five hundred (I am apeaking of native Aincricanii,) that cannot read and write. The mail would oflen itop oppoaite a oolitary log-houae, in the midiit of the thickcat fbreat, and throw down a newa- paiicr, which waa immediately picked up, and apelled over with the greatest avidity. Moat of the baok-woodo. men can talk with all roaoonable correctneoa ol the itate of Europe generally, but the reform bill in Eng. land, and the Liverpool rail-road, wore viwaya amaant the moat prominent aubjeota of eager inquiry. An Envliahman cannot travel a mile in a atoge coaoh in.tlie United Btateo, without being aaked whether ..o haa been on the Liverpool rmil-road. In Europe, and in France MLrtioularly, it ia, " Have you aeen de tunnel under de Thamea 7" It ia the uiefmneaa in forwarding the pros- perity of a country that luggeata the American query : whilst with the Frenchman, ue uoe is entirely out of Vm question ; he thinks merely of the magikitode and tba novelty of the undertaking, and nerer fails to aifiwrk, ihat the engineer was a native oi France. A 'great proportion of the inhabitanta of the eastern uMman Dutch and CSerman. They are verr numerous in dM^ rent uarts of Pennsylvania, where tliey have the oiwko- tor or being good and industrious fitfmers ; bat la other respects, tlwy are very ignorant and opiniooatsd, ttBrn- inf the education that is oShred to them gratis ibr Iheir duUrsn, who are, of course, &r behmd the vonng Aiae. riouis in intelUgenoe. I have often, when passing tlnoagh the ibreat stopped to ask • cottager's ehiU. S wbat eeonlry he was, '*Flaaae, sir, fiuher's aa Irish- ■aa^ad mother's Dnteh;" and " I waa raised herar ThalpMar aspresaioB b very commoalgf oaad whm the i»:v 132 SIX HONTHS di place of nativity is inquired after. I have been frequent- ly addressed with. Where were you raised, stranger ? 1 :ueas you're from tlio old country ? There are half a Jozen words in constant use, to which an English ear is unaccustomed, in the sense they are meant to convey, •uch as — ^" to fix, to locate, to euess, to expect, to calkilate, &c" The verb " to fix," Tias perhaps as many ■ignifications as any word in the Chinese language. If any thing is to be done, made, mixed, mended, bespoken, hired, ordered, arranged, procured, finished, lent, or given, it would very probably be designated bjr the verb ** to fix." The tailor or bootmaker who is receiving your instructions, the bar-keeper who is concocting for you a Slats of mint-julep, promise alike to fix you, that is, to it your taste exactly. A lady's hidr is sometimes said to be fixed, instead of dressed; and were I to give mv coat or my boots to a servant to be brushed, and to tell him merely " to fix" them for me, he would perfectly understand what he bad to do. There is a marked pe- culiarity in the word " clever." In America, a man or woman may be very clever without possessing one erain of talent. The epithet is applied almost exclusively to a persoD of an amiable and obliging disposition. Mr. A. is a man of no talent ! no ! but then he is a very elever man ! According to their meaning, Buonaparte was terribly stupid, and Lord North was a very clever fellow indeed. To say nothing of their oaths, tiieir expressions are •ometimes highly amuving. I haye heard a horse ae- •cribed as a '' raal smashn at trotting," and a hiffhwajr robbery conndered as a " pretty tough piece of busi- neaa ;" with a vast number more uf the same kind. I beg it may be understood, that I mean these remarks to apply chiefly to the middle and lower classes of Ameri. Milril;, the language of every one is perfectly intelligible, and ii I have before remarked, there is no patou : I think it should rather be called a " slang." There is also much less of the nasal twang than I had been taught to expect in American parley. Still I was in* formed, that many Americans when they hear a man talk, will instantly mention with certainty the oountiy in wUch he has been long resident, being able to detect •oma words, accents, or exprcMions peoJiar to Mch stale. The Engli^ languaga doM not oontain mxds enongh for them. Th« word ooqgnimiiwl iawtut KTH8 ter. I have been frequcnt- '6 you raised, stranger ? 1 intry ? There are half a to which an English car is hey are meant to convey, , to guess, to expect, to I fix," has perhaps as many the Chinese language. If , mixed, mended, bespoken, rocured, finished, lent, or be designated by the verb laker who is receiving your 'ho is concocting for you a ilike to fix you, that is, to ly's hair is sometimes said 1; and were 1 to give my to be brushed, and to tell )t me, he would perfectly There is a marked pe- In America, a man or rithout possessing one grain iplied almost exclusively to obliging disposition. Mr. DO ! but then he is a very their meaning, Buonaparte d North was a very clever ctaths, tiieir expressions are I have heard a horse ae- at trotting," and a highway pretty tough piece of busi- nore of the same kind. I tat I mean these remarks to and lower classes of Aineri. ' one is perfectly intelli^ble, rked, there is no patois: I »lled a "slang." There is d twang than I had been oan parley. Still I was in'< ans when they hear a man with certainty the oountiy esident, being able to detect cpreaaions pecvJisr to eedi 1^ doea not oontain MMdt ord oongreMkuwI to#&i( in AKJBBIOA. 183 coinage from " congresa," like the word parliamentary from parliament. But a member of congress is said to be deputized ; and a person in danger, to be jeopardiied. I remember that about two years ago being in the Jar- din des Plantes, I was nearly •• cameleoparAied" by the ffiraffe that kicked at me. In New York I obeerred that a gumnaker had pnt up over hi* door, ■* Flint and steel guns altered and percuaakmiwd." Although tlw meaning of all this is perfectly understood, stiU it ia American, not English ; and although the English lan- guage be in use, yet the very un-E!ngliah conatmctioii and distorted meaning of many sentencee, render it eo different from the language spoken in good eodehr in England, that I do not think it can eaftly be dignufled with the name of good ESngliah. But the iJ^ngHJi gpo. ken in the first circles [in all the luger citiea of tbe the Union, is usually very good : so that between the language of the En^ish and the American gentleman, the difference ia exceedingly slight ; but atill there is « difierence here and there, by w&ch I tfaii^ any peraon of observation, who bad been lu the United States, could decide upm the country of the speaker, wileaa ef oottrae he had resided in England. I should however add, tliat , I have in a few instances met with gentlemen whoae language and pronunciation wouM have deoehed wy one. ^^ At Baltimore whilst Uking a aketch, I told adnnkl' on ill-favoured old nigger, that I would taka hia fde- ture. He accordingly plaoed himaelf in altitude^ and I ioon hit him off with the eamera-lueida. He «»■ very much pleased, and showed the pietnta to hit. loured friends, the alavas, who were working nair i He soon returned with an old black, aa ugly aa him* •elf, and aaid, that this man wiahed to have his ■*tiUa** taken too. We arrived at Cincinnati, the emporium of vtm- merce, and the largest city in Western Amerioa, flen> t^iag 30,000 inhabiUnta, and thirty diibrent pl« « worship. In appearanea it diflbra nom moat of I laiger towna in the United Statea, on aMonnt of th«' peat improvement that haa taken plaea In the colour •f the houaaa, which, inataad of being'of the nau«l wight ataring red, are fluquently of a white gray, «r t yii»wiah tint, and diq^lay a great deal of taala, 4il JM wnaaant. The paUie bnUdinga are not kr^, "wngjg rt r a H i» > jii irii i H i " aSiu 134 SIX KOMTHB but very neat and claiaical ; I admired the lecond Preibyterian church, which i* a very pretty specimen of the Doric. The atreets are handtome, and the ■hops have a very fashionable air. The principal trade of Cincinnati is in provisions. Im- mense quantities of corn and grain are sent down the Ohio and the Mississippi to New Orleans. Part of it is consumed by the su^ir planters, who are supposed to grow no com, and part is sent coastwise to Mobile, or expcvted to the Havana and the West Indies generally. In the United States, the word "corn" is applied exclu- sively to the Indian com or maiae, other grain is specified Inr name as in England. The quantity of flour received in 1831 at New Orleans, amounted to 370,000 barrels, fOtont 150,000 barrels more than had been received in any tanaiet year. A ateat quantity of flour had also been shipped to England, bat it is very often soured by the warmth of the water in the Gulf of Mexico. In 183S, the quantity of augar prcdnced at New Orleans was 88378 hemhcada ^ 1000 pounds each, and in 1837, the number m sugar phntationa was seven hundred, in which an acgregate capital of 45,000,000 of dollars was in- vested. Cincinnati has displayed more wisdom than her op- posite neighbouir in Kentucky. A speculative system of buJting was carried on about the same time, and was att ifi rifi with the same results as those 1 have before noticed when speaking of that state. Credit was not to ha obtained, commerce was at an end, and grass was l«i«wing in the streets of Cincinnati. But the judicature, ^mSt equal Justice and determinaiiiHi, immediately en- fereed by its decisions the resumption of cash pigments. Many of the leading families in the place were, of (sonrse, miuBd, and at present there are not above five or six per- sons in CSncinnati, who have been able to regain their tbmuft eminence as men of business. But it was a sa- eri&M of individnds fbr the good of the community, and fortwie«nly dewrted the speculatorB in order to attend upon the owitalMta, who quickly made their appearanos statss, and have raised the city to lU ■ ■>'-* Mstm itcbwptoqMTity. firam the present ptcb C r—r^~j ■ Cineimiati \}\ iifiiTii to have two exeellent taina, both of whiah giw pcoauae at every comfert : Uie taWe wa» Mvh good, but my rest wwi destroyed, not aMtetor dU- turMibythairanitormmiin. A dean had, te it wu M&* • 1*^- HB I admired the second a very pretty ipecimen re handtome, and the lit. lati w in provisions. Im- rain ore sent down the V Orleans. Part of it is ■s, who are aupposed to coastwise to Mobile, or West Indies generally, 'corn" is applied exclu. le, other gram is specified quantity of flour received inted to 370,000 barrels, ui had been received in lantity of flour had also ; is very often soured by Gulf of Mexico. In 1838, 9d at New Orleans was ida each, and in 1837, the 8 seven hundred, in which 0,000 of dollars was in- ire wisdom than her op- A speculative system of the same time, and was m as thoee I have before '. state. Credit was not to t an end, and grass was Innati. Bat the judicature, mination, immediately en- uuption of cash p^ments. 1 the place were, of course, •e not above five or six per- been able to regain their iiaineas. But it waa a aa- ood of the community, and lulators in order to attend kly made their appearanoa lave raised the city to its B two exeelletit fana, bo little larger than oar redwing. However, I met with no >'!f ns oviiioni are exceedingly purchaeed for a dollar ; ings the btuhel, and an only one ahiUing the uantity that is raiwd on unate that the common x> much diapoaed to be- dentified with a land of migrate to America, no henuelvea. The conie. acconnta of their firit to their real privationf, teir friends in England : wn obacrration, and oc- rant countirmen, that it rerer poor ne may be at yeara, to uae a common rorld ; be hia occupation Scotch oommonly travel utry, where dwy became prefer remaining in, or what is very nnosual in it a** rnart-Tm^rr'', rrnol. ;ss tlio result of lieu, iind yeara ago, the population not exceed 15,000; now opulation of prieatndden inturies. I state of Ohio, contains >pearance is very promis- > detain the traveller. [ to remain a day and a e rains having rendered (lately I placed myself in i or tavern, where I met attention, and &r more dten found at a ooontry ■ed a whole morning un- ) woods. "Well,stniger, mfaagT" "Yea; and pray sreat here 7*' I batpni- i some turkey, d|a eon- ivn." TheroUnlaavery •nus, with a rad hreaat, » However, I met with va * IN AMBBIOA. lOT turkey, and contented myself With seeing my coropa- nion hit or " scare" (terrify) the squirrels with his rifle. Sassafras, sarsaparillo, and ginsencr, are found in these foresU. The latter root is so plentiful as to bo an article of commerce ; great quantities of it arc sent to the coast, and exported to China, where, as is well known, it is very highly prized, buinf congidered a panacea. The last five miles into Sandusky, or Porthmd, lie over a small prairie ; but it is not a good specimen, as the herbage is short, and copses of stunted trees are fl«. quent. Prairies are either dify or wet The wet prairie* ore, in fact, nothing but a marsh covered with ioog grrass, and have been so from any indefinite period of time. Of the dry prairies some m.T.y have been origi- nally wet, and some may have been cleared by the b- dians, for the purpose of uains them as hunting fields. But the former supposition, if the fact could be aaeer- tained, would probably, in most caae^ be found to be the true one. The shores of the lake at Sandusky are exceedingly flat. I was fortunate in finding a steum-boat thm which was going to Detroit, Green Bay, and the Saut de SL Marie, at tlie entrance of Lake Superior, and would afterwards return to Buffalo. The "Superior*' as she was called, was, I think, the most oomiortaiiie steamer I had yet entered ; her upper deck, about one hundred and twenty feet in length, was of great width, and afforded a most excellent promenade. We lud on board upwards of sixty passengers, many of whom were ladies ; and there was plenty of room for us all, with the advantage of an excellent table, and a small band.' The lake afforded us a supply of most delicious fteab water. Soon aAer leaving Sandusky we pa— od in sifht of Put- in-Bay, in the Baas Islands, forming one of tiie finest natural harbours to be found any wb^n. Commodor* Perry lay at anchor there on the night previooa to the 10th of September, 1813, on which d«r he gained his victory over our fleet in the vicinity. Night soon rlnaod in upon us. We passed Maiden, vr Anhentburg, aa it irr more usually called. The British aquMbon lay at anehot ^era previously to its engagement with Gaamodtm Perry. . A boat pushed off in toa darknoa^, and aalted to betakmiintow. " Who are you 7" vary HDMwly Mked tbeaaptau. "We British !» was the lacKmManawar ofiMne Franch Canadiana, and the aleaiaar paassd on. 13* f^^ 188 •IX KONTHI A compuiy of the 79th wu itationed at Maiden. In the mornfaig we found ounclvea at Detroit : thia pitice waa a oonaUerable French aettlement ao long ago aathe year 1759, when it fell with the Canadaa into the po«. aetaion of the Britiah, and ia now increoidng with a rapidity to which it ia fkirly entitled by iu lituation, on the outlet of the great Ukea. The French unqueationa- Uy diaplayed their uraal tact and foreaight in their ohoioe of the dillbrent pointa of communication in the •xtenaiTe chain of fbrta which waa originally continued from the Canadaa to the Miaaiaaippi— the proof ij, that ■11 of them are of great importance at the preaent time. A aimilar but more enlarged inatance of thia the highest grade of military stratecy, ia to be found in the vigorona and preaerving policy of great Britain, which haa aecured to her a cham of fortreaaea, by which, aa a gallant ABMriean g^teral-officer ezpreaaed himaelf to me, ••She haa cbeck-mated the world." The maater mind of General Bemrrd, the ettve and aide^e-camp of Na- poleoa, and perhapa the iT< OBginfler now living, whom I had the honour of meetiny at Waahington, haa dia- idaye^ itaeUTin the very extenaive and accurate military rarreya, which he haa taken in almoat everr part of the Unite ij ).Mwt?f ■.y which, as a gallant vsaed himself to me, UL" The master mind nd aide^e-camp of Na- finecr now living, whom It Washington, hasdis- ve and accurate military almost every part of the 6ns which he has con- Bstnaries of the United to an invading fleet, cnown, has lately quitted , and returned to France. Detroit extend along the ixhibit much of the bustle streets are spacioua and lan half a mile in length, ops and a capital hotel, rluch the city is built, is of the country, and com- generally flat, is for from ns are lud out in narrow lei to each other, and at ching to the edge of the I fl«m the citv. By this tabled to buikl theb kabi- of eufa olher;11iOThad sp in repair, and mtiad gainst the raddni ■tiaaks • ABMriflw GmmnI HoB IN AMBBIOA. 139 surrendered to General Brock during the last war, but th« city was subaeqnently retaken, previously to this btttto of the Thames. We entered the lake of St. Clair, — about thirtr miles in length, and twenty-five in breadth ; we passed a con- siderable distance fronf its banks, but they appeat«d to ^ be very flat and unintcrebting. On the right is the mouth of the river Thames; made remarkable by the victory obtained over the British by a i iperior foroa under the American General Harrison. The celebrated Indian chief, Teeumseh, fell in the engagement ; and the importance of this victory to the Americans was ftH by tiie dissolution of the hostile Indian confoderaey conse- quent on the death of their leader. On the left of the entrance to the river St Clair, ia e large wet prairie : on the right are several islanda, form- ing to all appearance but one extensive morass, and abounding in wild fowl. As the channel became nar- rower, we perceived that the American banks were flur more setUed than those on the Canada side ; but they soon alike presented nothing but a dense mass of forest trees, at a slight elevation s««>ve the water. After moving on for about thirty miles, we arrired at Fort Gratiot at the head of the river ; it contained a amidi garrison, just raJBdently strong to resist an attawk from me Indians. The pay of an American private ia eight dollars a month, with an allowance of one. raian per diem ; but his duties are for harder than those of tiie British soldier, which accounts for the frequency of de- sertion. A lieutenant in the army receives but six^ dollars a month, after deduction for subsistenoe, forage, ftiel, quarters, and expenses for servants. The pay Ma captain after the same deduction, amounts -to aboat eighty dollars a month. The stipend of a naval certain amounts altoffether to four thousand four hundred dot. lars a year ; his cabin is flimished better, and the allow- anoe for breakage is more liberal than thatof an En|^isii offieer of die same rank. I here saw an Indian dance : the performers, an iM man and his sons, advanced towaiils us, on a foraat paAh, looking like wood demons, jumping and ra^ng with oaeli ouer, and uttering a amaU ahrill ory at in> tarmis; they were nearly naked, bedaiAed i4i^*v«r with day, and began the daneo with light oMbfl in Umr haua: aonMtiaiaa they writhed on the gronnd ii 140 SIX MONTH! lik* inakaa, at otheri ttiey ibook their clabi tt aach other, and lued the wildcat and mott oxtraragant «■• turea. The old Indian beat time on a imall tkin ■tretched aoroM a piece of hollow tree. When atoep- ing to the ground and looking upwarde, hie featurei aud figure reminded me of the celebrated statue of the •• Bemouleur" at Florence. The whole of tbia part of America is inhabiUd by tha Cbippawaa, by far the largest tribe of Indians on iha ahores of the great lakes. Tbo waters of Lake Huron had been agitated by a furious north wind, and headed directly on the mouth of the river; the currant was running with such velocity, that the ataam-boat did not effect her passage without a long and very saver* atrnggle, and when at last fairly out on the lake, aha made so little progress that she was obliged to put back. Some of the passengers amused tbamaelvaa with fiahing, and caugh*. aome black baas ; BB for Dvsalf, I proceeded with two Indiana in a canoa to tha moraaa oppoaita the fort, which abounded in wild fowl of all kinda; I contrived to ahoot aavaral dudu, notwithatanding tha unaeaaonable cries raised by tha Indiana in token of their delight, on aaeing a bud (all. Their quickneaa of sight and hearing an- i««rod nearly all the purpoaaa of a water apaniel, when I could not iamadiaUly find a wounded bird. At length wa made another attempt, and antorad the vaat axpaaa* of Lake Huron. The coaat on the right atratobad away to the north nearly at right anglea; and we gradually loat eight of it. Our oourae waa along the waatam ahore, where the bauka were, or aoamed to b», a little higher ; but atill vary low, sp- p{»aring nowhere to exoeed thirty feet in height. The unbroken and interminable forest, with which they are oovarad, containa more game than any otlier part bor- daring on tha lakaa, being leaa frequented hj hunteis. The AoMrican elk (tha wapiti of the EgypUan Hall,) the mooaa and common deer, are found there, with pleiUy of baara, wdvae, and other wild inhabitants of tha roreat; tha mooae haa tha power of remaining va- . dar watar fo" * ''"Kf '^Df ^"i"* *od, when in dugai, h|f boMi known to {dunga into a pool, and ranajb at tha bottom 6tt mora mioutaa than I oara t* mmlim hei«. > u III IM AMIRIOA. 141 >k tbair claba at aacli moat extravrngkiit Mt- time on a tinaU uiin )w tree. When itoop- upwards, hii features celebrated itatuo of the merica ia inhabited by eat tribe of Indiana on The walera of Lake _ furioua north wind, jouth of the river; the loh velocity, that the paaaage without a long when at laat fairly out progreaa that abe waa the paaacngera amuaed ingh*. aome black baaa ; trith two Indiana in a be fort, which abounded itrived to ahoot ae*eral laeaaonable criea raiaed air delight, on aeeing a eight and hearing an- lee of a water ananiel, y And a wounded bird, ttempt, and entered the The coaat on the right nearly at right anglee; >f it. Our courae waa Bre the bauka ware, or ) but atill very low, ap- rty feet in height. The eat, with whion they are han any other part bor- I frequented by hnntera. of the EgypUan Hall,) , are found there, with ther wild inhabitanta of power of remaining va- . le, and, when in duigWt 10 a pool, and nmtjmtlt than I oar* t* mwitiiaii W* ataered directly for the Saut de St Marie, at Um foot of Lake Superior, and diatant two hundred and twenty milea. One mile of the ooatt on any of (hae« lakea will give a very tolerable idea of the whole of tliaro, with, of courae, aome exoeptiona. Yet although there waa but little variety in thia reepeot, the Toyaga waa exceedingly intereating. The flneneaa of IM weather, the cool breeie ao refireahing after the aultry heat to which I had been expoaed, the comparative ah* aeac* of muaquitoa, and the ever preaent reoollcetion that we were aailing on the great lakee of North America, where, comparatively epeaking, ao tkw had been before me, gave a tone to the exoaftioii that compenaated for more commanding acenery. Aa wc paaaed Saganaw bay, we were very nearly out of eight of land. The Mannito,or Spirit ialanda, were the next objeeta that preaented themaelvea to our view : thee* are euppoaed by the Indiana to be inhabited by apirila, the word m^nnito in tha Indian langnaga aif- ■ifyinf apirit. We then paaaed Drummond lalaad. which during the laat war contained a Britiah fort and garriaon, but haa been ainoe abandoned. Some rolmi en the large ieland of St. Joeeph were viaiU* fl«m the ateam>boat; they were the temaina of a fort, which waa auffered to fall to decay, previonaly to the fi>r*,lfl< caliona being erected on Drummond'e Ieland. On Ih* American bank, near the entrance of the river St. Marie, we obaerved a apot called the Sailor'* En- campment. The foreat had been partially claarvd away, and there waa no veatige of humanity remain- ing. Some yeara ago, a aloop waa wrecked there; the crew auffered incredible hardahipe, 4ftd many of them died from want, before the aurvivora contrived to make their eacape. We entered a cluater of email ialanda at the mouth of tha river, and I thonglit thia the fineat piece of lake acenery I had yet witneeeod ; aa far aa I eould judge en poaaanl, they appeared to be ehiefly eompoaed of gneiaa, lying in large maaae e of roek, reearobling thoae that are no common in aome parte of Sweden. In comparing theae with the ialanda of Killamey, and Looh-Lomoiid, I ahoold redkark, that the full rich foliage did not aeem eompMe''#itfc* out the arbutna ; and the dark tint of the flr treea, with which they were covered, waa not rolievod, u ii) ..J.. 143 •IX KONTHI tlw SooltMh Ikke, by the ezqaiiitoly delicala apiMar- ■NM of Iha weeping birch. It wee a remerkably fine eveniny: ae the iteanicr oMMd rapidly on, hor paddlen •eomed to lake inflnitn plMraie in defacing the o»toni«hed lurface of llie wo- tor, and eplaahed away through the liquid oryetal willi •a HtUe oeremony ar. if they had been propelling i BMN fcrry boat. Ewy thing beeidee waa huafaed and tiMiqaih tho wj peeeengere, who had all Meembled ■Mr the forward pwt of the deck, were Inteneoly Msiat vpon the eoene aroand them > and wattOied in Z\mnf bfeathlaaa ailenea, ae the veieel rounded each trtiin the deep, but comparatively narrow nver, that 4awl0Md In quick aucceeeion aome new and more bMoUt^I object at erery turn. Suddenly we heard tbo eoTMma of a party of Indian*, who had doeeried ua ftom their wigwama on one of tho Wande, and war* paddling after oe in a canoo with all their might. On« of them waa a chief, who diapla^ed the flag of tha United SUtae. In the coarea of the aiiamaoo, w* had bean amaeing oanMlree by ahootiag with riflaa at a bottle attaohed to a line about forty yardi ia Ungthi thie had been left hanging from the eteni, aod tb* andaaToaia of tbo Indiana to catota hold of tfca itring, alfimlod na no little amaeeoMnt. Their Ateee were doepW aUined with (' e red extract ftom Um blood root (Sangiiiiiaria Cao.i leneie ;) they were in tha beat poaeibia humour, and their wild diaeordant laagh, and the atill wilder ezpreaeion of their ibaturM, aa they enoouraged each other to exertion with quick- ly repeated and guttural eiclamationa, enabled u* to £rm eomr idea of their animated appearanee, when eacited to deeda of a more lavage deecriplion. By dint«f the greateet exertion, they contrived to leiie tha etring; they held on for a moment by it; it anappad,«nd the canoe waa insUntly running aaUrn at the fDta of eeven or eight knot*. They again had reoonrea t« their paadloe, and uiod thorn with redou- bled energy ; we then ■lackoned our pace for a minute or two, and throw them a rope, by which thay aoon pulled Ihemaelvee under the atom. We couveraed with thain through the medium of an interpreter, and mada them preeonte of bread and apirita. They eeem- ad very thankful, threw ua aome pigeone which they m uifitely delictia apiietr- iveninf: m the •Uanicr • leemeil to taka inflnitn liihed lurrace of the wo- (h the liquid crycttl with f had been propelling a ( beaidoe woe huahed and I, who had all aaaembled he deok, were inlenaely d them > and watched in the veiael rounded each itively narrow river, thai an aome new and more rn. Buddenly we heard idiani, who had deacried one of tho ialanda, and inoe with all their might. ho diaplayad the flag of ooarae or the afUmooo, MlTee bjr ahooting with a line aboul forty jrardi t hanging fVom the atem, Indiana to oatoh hold of little amuaement. Their ith f e rod extract ftom Can>i lenaia ;) they were and their wild diaeordant ipreaaion of their fhaturef, »r to exertion with quiok- clamationa, enabled ua to imated appearanoe, when ■avago deacription. By I, I hey contrived to aeiie for a moment by itt it I inataiitly running aatern knota. They again had id uied thorn with redon- ned our pace fur a minute rope, by which th^ aoon le al«rn. We cooveraed urn of an inlerpreter, and 1 and apirita. They eeem- some pigeone which they I.N AMBBIOA. 148 had killed, and flred a f*u-di.joi» with their fowling- piecei at parting. The next morning we came in eight of the Haul, re- lembling the inclined plane of a large artificial dam. The aoonery, though not grand, waa decidedly ourioua and pictureaque. On the right are the Canadian aet- tiementa, ana the original oatabliihmenta of the north- weit company : the Toll bank ia lined by a auoreeaion of email neat>looking counlry-hooaea and white cot- tagee. Near the Saut atanda the fort, large enongh to contain three coropanloa; but then garriaoned, I be- lieve, with but eighty men. Every thing abo«l it wm ID excellent order : before our drawing ■» 4* tlw linding.placo, we were boarded by aevoral Mlana with moocaaina (leathern aandala,) bolta, tohaeeo pouchea, and bark work, for aalo. The Baut de 8t. Marie moat eAetnally pravenU any veaael from aacending the river to Lake Saperior, m- cepting eucli aa are light enongh to be towed np. Aa Iha atesm-boat could not proceed fWrther, we embark- ed in eanoea on a email canal, which baa been cut f>om the fort to the river above the Sant, waA paddled away for the entrance of the lake. ImmedUUly aftar I had atartad, my eanoa began to leak; aha vaa !■• ■Untly drawn on ahore by taa Indiana doaa tn a wif. warn, and turned keel upwards. A ligfat-oolovrad pitch extracted fVom a apecien of pine, waa boiled in about tan roiButee. A piece of oanvaaa waa than ba- imearad with it, and laid over the leak OH tba ontalda. Another layer of pitch waa followed by aiMhaf plaea of eanvaaa, and then a third and laat |laalar of tha piteh waa apread over the whole. Is a qiMirlH of an boor aha waa again launched parAotly water-Ufht, Theea oanoM are of a light and moat elegant eon- ■truction. They are made of birch bark oximded over a alight firaina of cedar, and fastened or nlhat aawed to it, by the flexible rooU of the young aytoaa tree. They aia uauall»^bout fifteen feet in laa|^ and can carry aawn or eight peraona without da^pr. Soma of tMVkowever, are much larger. Tha land on each aide of tha river praaantod moch tha aanaa anpaaranee aa that wa had hilhatto aaan. Laha Snparisr may be fairly said to comma n aaal tka Paint nnx Pins, a flat aandy piDmontctjl, IMant j.^?WfeillW{feL' 144 ■11 MOUTHS ftboul •!■ milM (torn th« 8«ul. Bayond it, lb« inHWe* of th« waur it (udd(« lako ia not viiibla from tlia Point, yat ttia high and ab- rnpl ridgoa of land lliat riia imroadiattljr at Iha an> tranea of the lake, and Iha claar axpama of oloudltii aky that waavstandad bayond thani, claarly informtd oa, lliat tha might/ inland ooaan waa naar at hand. Lako Buparior ta aix hundrad and lafanty milaa in laagtb— of oouraa a vail daai larger than the British Channel^— the water ia ua clear aa cryilal, and eool in Um bollaat weather. Being chiefly auppliad by land aprlagat Uia quantity of water that falla over the Saut ia miMh greater than that which ia poured into the laka hy ita tributary rivara and •treame, which are ooap«rativoly amali and ioaignifioant. The aailora in the eUuB^boat wonld oooaaionalty peel a large pota- to*, and throw it in advane* of the boat, and by the tia* aba arrived at tha apot whore it fell, the potatoa haa aank to the depth of thirty or forty feet, but (Vom tba olaameaa of tha water, ita ahapa and colour ware ptrflMUv diatlnet. Of aU the diflhront plaoM wo toaehed at en onr Toyaga, the Bant had the atrongoal claima on oar time and attantioa. Wa ware much mortified at being obliged to leavo it tba aamo afternoon ; tha eaptain datmniaiiif to rotam, contrary, I belieTO, to the wiah of mntj oaa on board. Only one or two oanoea that bad alartad earlier than tha othara, ware able to pro- •aad ftrtboi^ than tba Point aux Pine. In onr way back to the ataamar, eTcnr canoe ebot down tbo Saut, Thia ia an exceedingly dangerona ea« porimont, except when they are guided by people who MT* boon long acouttomad to the managaotent of tbon. The Saut, which ia tha only outlet to Iha watara cT Lake Superior, may be about one-third of a nila in wiiH)*, una about half-a-inila in length; tha fUl in tb»» apace being about twantjMbnr IteL Tha eanoaa. aritb the paddlee fore and aft, aoon bgf •» to Ibel the elTeet of to* current, and were immedilwly af- ter earriad forward with great Telocity. In irianf plaeaa tbo watara were without foam, and perfbeltf tranaiMraat, aad the large looae racka at tba bof,oa.' wwra diatinetly nan; many of tbam ria* nearly U ^Ha Hiiriitl^lMHMM Bityond it, tb« rarhe* fed to • width of ihrM • open ixpanM of lh« It, yet Iha high tnd ab- immadtttaly at tht on- ar oipania of oloudltu thani, cUarljr informad «an was naar at band. and aavantjr mllfi in larger than tha Brilith 1 aa cryttal, and eool in ibiefljr auppliad by land that falla over the Baut lioh ii poured into the tnd ilreama, whieb are nifleant. Tha aailora in nally peel a large pota- of the boat, and by the rhere it Ml, the potatoe f or fortj feet, but (Vom ehape and colour were we tooohed at en onr igeal olaima on onr time ich mortified at being aAomoon; the captain rjr, I belieTO, to the wiah ' one or two canooa that othera, were able to pro- IX Pina. tamer, evei^ canoe abot icoedingly dangerona ea> re guided by people who to the management of the only outlet to the f be about one-third of a tlf-a-mile in length; the twentfifonr ftet. The I and aft, aoon lM*n to Md were immeduNMy af< reat Telocity. lo irianf lout foam, aad perflwUf oee rocks at tlM haVM: r them rlae navAy U ilw IN AMHRIOA. 140 ■nrflice, but were aToided bv the re-aarhable deateritjr of the aleereman, where the ■lighiaat want of ekJl muit inevitably have overturned the canoe. The de* ■cent occupied between three and four minutaa. The raplda on the left bank were evidently mere ftirieue, iiid are very eeldom deecended. The Beat de 81. Mario waa originally occopiad by (he Frenek aa a military and tiadin^ port. At tM foot of the rapida there ia, I waa iniorroed, eome of the Aneet fly-fiahing in the world t the trout are vary fine, In enoroMHia quanlltiea, and riao wry Araely. B«l our inesorablo captain eared for none of tbeea thlngib Whlle-Aah (auppoaed by eome to be of the ealmo g«* noe,) are oaoeedingly plentiftil. Their flavour ia f markably fine and daliaaU. The next morning wo approached the iaiand of MU ehilimacklnac, aignifylng, in the Indian language, tk« Oreat Turtle ; and ao called ftom ila eotlino bearing a ■uppoaed roaemblanoa lo thai animal when lytog ■!»• the water, though I cannot aay that I eoald dwavrer ■o flattaring a llkeneaa. When within a abort dlataaoa it appeared to be diamond-abaped, with aa angle mn- Jecting twvarda ua, and tha aidae remlari* aaaf po4 by the hand of nature. Apparently aboot tba oantM of the island riaee what In Ameriea ia called a •• binVi" • word which ia provoking ftom Ita abeordily, and «oa< ■tant roenrrenca in American doeeriptiaaa af wmamj. What ia a blniT} I aaked, and ao would any other Engllihman : " A blulT, air ! don't you know wkat • bluir laT A binflr, air, ia a place of rleing gronnd, partly rock, not all of it, with one side steep, bnt yet not very sleep, the other side sloping away, yet not too cnddsniy i the whole of it, except the steep sldn. covered with wood; in short, sir, a bluff is a Uuffi'* The word, I think, may do well enouf^h lo exprees • small rough rooky bill, but somstimes il bappene that a bluff ie highly picturesque, and then to talk of a most beantiiul bluff, is somsthing like talking oT >*Beaaly and the Boaal." Aa a aubaUntive, and, ia tha aeaM in which it is used in Ameriea, Ibo word U eaeineively their own, and it really woald not bo fUr to call it EngUah. Nowlheless, tbeieia, and shall ha " a Maff " ta the midst of the island of BCicUttmaaU* ■afl| rMng ta the height of more than thren hnadred 1& 146 SIX UONTUS ftet •hove the waters of the lake, which have been aioertained to be about «ix hundred feet above the level of the Atlantic. On the left aide of the island is the town, and above it appeared tho fort. In the bay were several trading sloops, smaller craft, and Indian canoes ; and the sun shone brilliantly on the whole of this enlivening scene, which we saw to the best ad- vantage. The town may contain about eight hun- dred inhabitants, exclusively of the garrison. The In- dians are sometiinoe to bo seen in groat numbers, even to tho amount of one thousand or one thousand five hundred, who live in wigwams close to tho water's edge. A wigwam, or Indian village, is a collection of email tents constructed of matting and birch bark. Tho day before, we had met twenty-two canoes in tho open lake, each containing seven or eight Indians, who were going from Mackinac to our settlement at Peii>T-tang-y-8hen, on Lake Huron, to receive their Minwii presents from the British government. _ Mackinac is the rendexvoua of the North-l^eit Ameriean missionary establishment. It contoined six miasionariea ; of whom four were Presbyterian, one a Catholk), and om of the Church of England, and a large establishment for the instruction of one hundred ehildren, of whatever persua«i an, discovered them sitting in the thickest foliage ; his sight seemed to me to be fkr keener tiwn that of an English sportsn \b when looking ibr a hare. The wooda with wliich the island is covered, are pr'.ncipelly com- posed of haael and maple ; I could have Ihncled akjmSt in a Kentish preserve, but that wild ror^rries were in great abundanee in the <^n spaees. In the evening I woat'to see the Indians spear fish by torch light A lightod roll of birch bark, emitting :t most vivid fSame, was held over the head of the boat, where the Indians were stationed with their spears. The water was exceesively clear, and the fish were at- tracted by the light, and several of them were instantly pinned to the ground at the depth of fbor or five feeL About ten miles north-east of Maekinae are tike St.' Martin's island^ ; one of them abounds in sypsnm. At about the same distance from Mackinaic and on tbe main land, I was informed that there was a remarkably Une trout stream that would amply repay the fly-fisher Sat his trouble in going there. There is no fly-fishing at Mackinac, but very fine fish are to be taken with a Mit: they have pike, bass, white-fish, and what are called sal* mon-trout, in great perfectbn. As to these last, I very much question whetiier they are of the salmo genus at dl; as they never rise at a fly. They certainly are not what are called sahnon-tront by English sportsme*, nor are they tiie large bull-trout of the Ehiglish lakifc I saw a tioat-load containing a dozen that had be^n eatoght 148 ■a XOKTIU in one night woighing flfom fifteen to twenty pooBdi Mch; they more roeembled in every reepect the fiib Mlled the aalmon in the Lake Wenner in Sweden, tnd l^ioh I h»ve eeen taken of an enormoiu iiie below the OUa •f TtoUhatta. The meat at thia aeaaon (Auguit) WM "White, but weU flavoured. I waa informed that xt beoooMa of a reddiah oobur in October or November. Maokipy ia an excellent market for Indian cwMutiM. Our next deatination waa Green bay, on Lake Ittichi- na. On our way we paaaed aoveral fine-Iooking lalandi, --•11 thiekly covered with foresta, and apparently uma- ha^^yirf A fort and a flouriahing aottlement are to be Men at Green bay ; bat there ia nothing attrkctive about cither, and the country ia very flat and umntoreatuig, euMtt to a aportaman. There are ptentv of wild fowl to be found at Dock creek, about three milea oS, and 1 pro- OMdad thoie in bofut of altooting aome, but did not fall ui with than nntU it waa too hie to have much wort Hmnmr, I chanced to meet an old Indian who had baui man aaoeeaafiil, and I carried fanok to the ateamJiqat two aihw dooka, which an»w"»««t *imj purpoM, aa no m tT«*~Tf wan aakad My i^mu had been enumerating to aa the dUbiant wild anil n^t> .: found in that part of the foreat, and I ohaaoed . !: m, if foxea were pientiftl; hia aaawer waa aa » • l{aa,air; there » MoaidaraUa fox." lathevar} ^.A.y«i part of the foreat, aboot two and a half milea ft«m tiM aoutt of dM creek, waa the randenoa of an Indian doctraaa and The prin. «i|ial atreet >• apacioue and himdaome, and of great length. And now fi>r Niagara, the diapaam of fireah wateri ! An honr'a drive brought me to the village of BUck Bock, where the Niagara river i* about half a mile in linadth, and run* from the lake with a very atrong cur. mt Oppoaite to Uack Rock are the remaina «l Fort bie, nnaucceaaftilly beaieged ^r the Britiih in 1814. I proceeded along the aide of the river. Ita rapidity Hon oeaaea, and it preaenta a aurface a* atill and aa calm aa that of a lake. A turn of the /oad brought my Toiture to a email inn, doae to the ield of battle of Chip- pewa, Ibught during tlie laat war. At thia apot, which ^y the toad ia about fbur milea distant, vre were within hearing of the deep hoUow roar of the cataract, and firrt ■aw the aprqr that aroae ftwn the gnlph beneath. Both ■leaoBMtlmea perceptible at a &r greater distance. The moon waa juat riaing, and threw a ikint, pale light over liw rinvwhich ia Iwre enanded to a breadth m aeveral milea. There waa aearcely a ri|mle to be aeen; the whole aheet of water waa tran^ou and reaignad: the ■tiaam appeared to ceaae flowing, while lul nature, hnahed and breathleaa, liatened with it to the diatant thondera of the cataract Tbia acene ia ceatinued fitr ahoot a mile ftirther, and thence the tale ia aoon UM. The bed of the river begins to skpe, and the agitation of the watera in dica t e the commencement of the rapida. The mighty atream mahea iorward with ongoveraable TideBce— ita confiiaion and exasperation are inereaaed every inatant—it neara the brink of the precipice in a state of ftenay — and bounds over it to ita dealiny Afmiat and Ibam, in unexampled volume, and with terrifle im- petnoai^. Thia atupendona &11 haa been fteqoentiy and well da- seribed; and I do but treapaaa on your patienoe ia re- marking, that it ia divided mto three porta by twoiataada — « larger and a amaller one. Inobding theaa, the W of the nnt immediately above the fUl u anddsvly aar* nwed to ahoot three quartara of a mile. ThsUeClhs rapida above, msamencing near the village rtfCtlpyew, two miles from the blink of the oatataat, ie eattoaSsd at i>.BMJr- j J . .IIMt HJ-* lie w TUB doubt will be remembered, ere of liberty and equality anJ cheerAil town, con- id inhabitantet The prin- Iflome, and of great length, liapaaon of fresh waters ! to the Tillage of Black ' is about huf a mile in ;e with a very strong cur- are the remains of Fort by the British in 1814 >f the river. Its rapidity sur&ce as still and as n of the ^«ad brought my the field of battle of Chip- var. At this spot, which I distant, we were within ir of the cataract, and first the golph beneath. Both frr greater distance, llie nr a bint, pale light over ded to a breadth of several t riMe to be seen; the inqou and resigned: the owing, while iQl nature, )d wtth it to the distant lis scene is coatianed for noe the tale is soon told. slope, and the agitation unencement of the rapids, irward with ongovemable izasperation are inoreaaed ink of the ]H«cipioe in a rer it to its destiny of mist me, and with tamfie im- in fteqnently and well 4»> 1 on your patieaoe in re- I three ports by two islands Inohiding tJinaa. tha M I the ftUb taMmfymt- ofanilv. Tlwfidl«rdw r the viMage of C1ri|ip— . • catanol, io ailteakri at IM AMniOA. ninety feet On the American side, the river is predpi. tated flrom a height of one bundled and sixty-four ftet : on the Canadian bank, the &11 ie about ten feet lesa; Sit contains by far the greater quantity of water, the pte> cipice having been worn into the form of a vast crescent by the " green water," (so called on account of its bril- liantly trannparent colour when the sun ahines on it), which fidls uem the middle of the river in a solid mass, not less than five or six feet in thickness, and is driven ferwarda with an impetus that hurls it into the gulph below, at a diatance of fifty feet firom the baae «« the rock. * The finest general view ia, I think, to be obtained from the top of Mr. Forsyth's hotel (where, be it added, having just entered the British dominions, we drank hia Majesty's health in a bunper, at the table d'hote), be- cause the whole sumonding ooontry and the rapids, which of themselves are wwUi a long journey, are seen at the same time. The kottem of the fell it ia true ia not visible; bat I believe the view will sot be tbouffht the leas magnifieent on that aoaount,a«itiewn[ AsaiUe fl«m that apet to imagiae the height aCOw JUl to be even giMter than it really is. I maj ali» be aUowi^ |p lemark, that I think tBe immediately surrounding seeftny is suSeiently in fceepu« with Ifae grandeur of the cata- ract, alUioagh I am aware that many are of a difiwent opinion. Tve country ia on the same level both aUove and below the &U, aa the river precipitatea itaelf into a channel which it hM fenaed in the solid, but soft fbtid limestone, and which, as is usually contended, has been hoUewed out by the reoedinfr oatarac^ all the way ftom Lewistown, distant aevcn miles. This fiMt has been aametimee doobted, but it would aniear, without much reason. It has been ascertained that an inragular ledge of rook ia extended between the lakea Erie and Ontariflw at a varying distance ftom eitbdr of them; aometimes pieroinji through the aoil thatoovacs , and in many places jutting out with aalient Ufl re- J the bed flflfce river, tewaids lake Ontada Thit theory, however, b •my amsh waa k a naH , if not • ' u wrt hw ar n , by the gha aw t i o n a W<* to be a pity that such an almighty water power shoinn 4 I ia a service of some ome placea might prove de of the rock, we en- wind, that increased in nil the sheet of water, the Termination Rock, ites, rasping for breath, nched with a ahower of waa obliged to put my i;u!de, and to raise mv with the greatest diffi. da for a moment, and t, aa it mahed over the gh above our heada, and rm'a length of ua, with iUl, the river is crossed an side a wooden bridge ucts the visiter to Goat lich divides the All. A I him to another bridge, t actually overhanga Uie le cataract. I am ftUly I who haa aeen the ftU diaappointed, it ia but a or what Johnaon wonld I possible, that some flat- link of nothing but how' river by a dam ; or MaM Lee, who would "gusM it fhty water power shooM IN AMBBIOA. 163 UBpioyen,' nugnt regara me scene, wnen II any other point, and remain unmoved hf r; hot it is next to impossible to look upon it tridge, and net be affected with somethteg remain ununployed," mi^ht regard the scene, when viewed from "^ - -- — ^ ' -" *— its grandeur; from this bridge, like awe and aatonishment Let the atheist— and, if be will, with wine and warmth in his bosom — repair to this spot, as is usual, by moonlight, when one-half of the cataract is in shade, and the other glistening with moee than snowy whiteneis.— I tb. re gaae in security, and ei^oy the $iMimt w>. ' ' <' n-or; and should one thought of annihilation trouue him — should he eevet the pinion of the bald eagle as he fearlessly glidee over the abyss, or envy the finned tribe thai eon live and revel in the boiling gulf beneath — let him reflect tlMt his reason ia with him, the undoubted substitute fin- these physical advantages; his reason, alike the pto- moter «r his heppinees, and tiw medium of hie mieeiy. Then, taming to a more tranquil see e e, let hhn g«ae en the silvery spirit-like faeontiee of tlK4 lunar rainbow ; kt him observe the worMenpon woiide that throng the liea> vene above hint, declaring the existence of thefr Ovotot, aa they roll onward in eternal obediMCM to bia will, hut in silent amsiement at his meaning I and let bim aak why hie reason should be, ■> it were, eo tantaltM.il bjrUe senses. Had no leweon been intanded, the flrmanMat might as well have been pieced &r beyoad the reaeh of iiiartal night ; and perhape the little be con see and know of it nuy teach him to believe in, and hope for, anot(ier and haniier borne, by proving to him, at enoe, bow much must be withheU from him, and bow much must remain to be enjoyed. I am not aware whether the experiment has ever been tried, but I ahonld oonceive that the efiect of a Bei^ li|(ht, sent up firom thu bridge on a dark stormy winter's night, would be exceedingly fine. At about two miles below the fidl, the river again be- comes a torrent I proceeded along the ed^e of the chasm through which it rages, in rt diatance fVom Niagara, 'deroua and aeverely con. or Lundy'a Lane, which le asth of July, 1814, and [ntage to cither party. A lA, ia a heavy-looking pi|. ' General Brock, who wai leenaton, October 13, 1819, forced to repoaa the river thousanda or their militia other bank. ', on the Canadian aide, ia lan bank atanda Fort Ni. ■ William Morgan, who have before remarked, he BOnry, waa confined tuder ) hia being murdered bv erwarda, aa it ia auppoaed, liagara river, immunicaled by my Ame. Iher the Erie nor the Wei- ocka at Lockport, or the idge. The Welland canal, great national work, and le apirited individuala by r ita means, the obataclea ) ialla of the Niagara, have 1 a communication opened ntario. at of the lakea — ita mean d feet It haa been aaeer. I Erie, whidi ia two hnn> e^, ia aix feet highet jhtm Thediatanoe betWadbUM , in which epaee the river ibout three hundred ft*t| yrUw Erie. IN AMERICA. 160 I embarked in a aplvndid ateamboat, " the Great Bri- tain," proceeding to KIngaton, at the other end of the lake. I could not but rrmark, that although a finer vea- lel, her table waa by no mean* ao well aupplied aa that of the American boat,^in which I had made my excur- lion to the great lakes. During the abort time we remained at Kincaton, we were entertained by the band of the tf6th, which gave us the national aire of England and America in the fineat ■tyle : the principal Britiah naval eatabliahment and dock- yard on the lakea, is at Kingaton. 1 observed two firat- ratera and a large fi'igate on the atocka. The 8t Lawrence, of one hundred and twenty guna, which made one cniiae at the end of the laat war, waa rotten, and half aun> in the water. There were several smaller vessels in ordi- nary ; but thoae on the atocks are not to be proeeeded witn, according to the atipulationa of the treaty of Ghent Immediately aflerwards, we entered the thooaand " islands," extending for aixty milea up the river 8t Law- rence. There are m ftot twelve hundred of them, and although certainly verv pictureaqoe, are without variety, and much resemble tboBe on the lakes, being flat, and thiolLly covered with treea. Their number ia not of courae perceived, aa they lie ao doaely together along the side of the channel, that they appear more like pointa or promontoriea fktnn the main ahme. I quitted the ateamer at Cornwall, and entered a lu|o boat with a number of ladiea and ^fentlenMn, wImi, Um inyaelf, wiaiied to descend the rapida. In our way to Montreal, we were obliged to change our mode of travel, ling byland and water, no leaa than four times in vnv day. The river above Montreal ia fbll of rapids. The most formidable of these are called the Long Seat, and the rapida of the Cedars. We passed down two or three of minor consideration, and then eo^mienced the desosnt of the ** Long Saut." Our boat waa carried along at a great rate for several miles, and soon approaehed the only part that can be considered dangreroua, where the river waa running with appalling violence. The waves, M soon as they are formed, do not subside and then swell^p again at regular distances, bat dart furiowdy enwacd, raeing and crowding upon each other in amoat siliJpiihwiT oonihaion of spray and foair, that riaai to a Mgfat of mar or five fbtt, and splashes over the sides 166 ■IX XOIITHI of the bokt to the great dMcomfltuie of the Udira' djreHCf, •imI the very eerioue looki of the genUemen. The bo«l- men diieoled oar etlMatioii to tiie rapidi of tJie " Lort Channel" on our loft, from which wn were divided by an iaiand. They are &r more dangeroua than those we were pawing, and at x dirtanoe of half a mile, we could •ea that the rive? waa moat terribly agiUted. Tho " Lost Channel" reooivea ila name flrom the number of Mraans that ha*« periahad there. In Iha old French ■ handiMl B WW, •«»> «,mm^^ Britiah troopa war* kwt In the tcr. rant : the Arat boat took the wrong ehannal, the othen foUvwed, and all went to pieoea. The floating bodiet first intimated to a nenoh garriaon on tha river below, the aurpriae that had been intended for them. The boat- man are, of e•a(■^ naually experienced persons, and if ■obar there is no danger ; bat it is not always that they ate so. At one plaee oar tipay pikrta allowed the boat to awing across the stream : fortunately the wont of th* tapUb were pawttil. or an accident might have occurred. Bath the Long Bant, and thoao of the Cedars, which w« nw from tiM iomI, arc certainly more boisterous than thoae at tha Bant da 8t Marie, on account of the greater body of water in tha St. Lawrence, but the deaeent at thelattar is man rapid, aa tha Ul is far more precipiuto in prapertion to ita length. rerSand a ataomboal on the honka of the Ottawa, which, ahhoogh a nabla.loolung stream in other reepecta, ia dark and mrty in oompariaon with the St. Lawrence. Tke latter river aaema not to leliah the allianee. A sud- den change ia perceivable ia the ooioar of the water, th« Itea^Jonatian being distinctly ohaarvabte, and for aeana of milea down tha St. Lawrcnoa, ito dearer wa- tara «m«»m thnaaelvaa to the aaalam bank, whUe those on tha wealan are dlaooloared by the "Ottawa tide." I afterwank aaemdad tha OtUwa. Wa arrived at U Caiine, and praeeedad by land to Montreal The mnu- tain behind it vraa alraHly in eight, but the city itaalf by tUa road ramaiaad hiddan tiU we were within a very Ibw milea of it I pamed throogh it the eame evenhw, imandiM to aee it oa my Ntom. Tha Haroutoa, a««nr ina ataambant, carried me to Qnahac ia aboot tmt»9 hanri, toaabiag at "Uw Thioa Hivara," vigMy^ BUMi ftom ()ari»e, we naaaed the moolh or th^OM^ m AUUUOA. 167 itui • of Um Ikdica' dNMCi, e fentlemen. The bo«t- Um rapids of Uic " Loat htoh we ware di*idc of the Cedars, which we nly more boisterous than , on account of the greater rrenoe, but the descent at fliU is far uMire preeipitato the hwks of the Ottawa, igslnamin other respects, Mw with the St. Lawrence, relish the aUiance. A sud- the ooiour ottht water, the netly obMnrable, and for Lawienoe, iu dearer wa- ) Malem bank, while those rod by the "Ottawa Ude." ttawa. We arrived at La ItoMontreaL The moun. sight, but ths city itadf by lU we were within a wry rough it the same evsniaf , am. Th« Hercntoa, a««7 aOnafaMi ia aboat IfWflr miM Rhrna," vil^iWr tr.«iK ftwn MommL «> ritlMiBaiilbortiw'Clwi- ■ Mb, wUeh IN iiMM' about three or four miles fW>m the spot where it empties itielf into the 8t. Lawrence, whose banks every where interesting, become ■till more no on approaching Quebec, being thickly liru>d with l.'anadian villagoa. Lvery cjt' tage is white; the churrliua sre of the ssmo colour, with theip spires covered with tin, anil arc iVequently to be »een at a great diaUnco, out-topping the neighbouring forest, and gliaktning in the auiibeam. In some places the river is two milra in width ; hut at Quebec it is nar< rowed to about a mile, which adds to the beauty of the view by making the lotYy banka appear higher than they really are. On the left are aecn the fortifications on Cape Diamond, th«i moat elevated spot in the vicinity of the city. On the right ia point Ijcvi. At dUlbront die. tanoeadowr. tlie river are ('ape Tourment, and the Beau- fort mounUina, and the lale of Orleans, dividing tb» river into two channels — that on the left bein^ danger- ous for any but very small vessels. The city tself wu not visible till the boat was standing in for the landing- 'place. Numerous merchant ships were lyixff ^^ anchor in different parU of the river j whilst rafts, ferry-boall, and smaller craft, were moving in all directions. Thtii Oovemment-Houso, or Castle of St Louis, was the most prominent object : below it on the right, is the old parlia- ment house. ITie spacr jvhioh intervenee bMween these buildings and the water, is occupied by the lower town, which, Hke all lower towns, is (kr more dirty and lively than the upper ones, where some of the streets are dull and even gloomy. The only two large steeples in Que- bec, are those of the Protectant and Catholic churches. The upper town is surrounded by a strong rampart, and camion are planted in every place where they eottM be used with advantage in case of a siege. The whole citT M oommanded by the fortress on Cape Diwnohd, wWch it U supposed, when fnished, vrill be impregnable. The interior works occupy a space of about six acres, and are advanced to the edge of tlie precipice, where it is about three hundred awf fifty foet in height In 1774, the Ameriewi General Montgomery, and his iwo aidea^l*. camp, w«re kitted by the same cuuioo-shot at the watar'b edge beneath the fort I tKtiifc I shall never forget the appearaaea of thrvtew fl«m the rmmptfta. It in very beautiflil and iafxpm. iiUy enlivening. In looking down the tinr, tfea Ua dYMews ia on the right; fit the eztiwne distHM* to 14 ■tijMr-i'iiii •I H 168 •IX MONTH* Vttfu TouruMinl i wtUU on llic loft iit « gantly iloitiui tMuk, oxhibiliiiB all tlio vitriutl hiiui of •itunsiv* oulliva- Uon, betw«uii Uiirty aiul forty iiiilu* in laiiKth, tiid ttom two to five Biui «ix iiiilei in width, uid rskohiikg from Iho margin of tho water to ttiu foot of tha BMufort mountalua. The nioit connpicuoui villagus aro Indian LorotlM.C'harkiburtfh, U«auiort,and tiM (liateau Kiah«r, Maily dtatingukhod by tliuir hght atoeplea uov«ir«d with tin. Boaida thoM, nian* houdrndu of wliita vottagaa an aoatUrad over the plain ; and tha road to Mautrao- Nnci ia entirely lined with them. 1 waa reminded by the proepaot, of the highly cultivatud garden that anvi- rona a oity on the eastern coaat of H|iain. Ul've treea and Tiatiyards, it ia true, tliero worn none ; but oliva tiMS aMi viaeywda are not miiaed at a groat diatance, •Mi llw Charleburg eountry ia backed by the Ana range at Um Paaufcrt mountaina, which, although not of the kiclMat eW*alio«, can yet boaet of a very pictureaqua OVUM ; and being thickly covered with a noble fbreii, kvn at Uaat ooa lulTantage over tlie barren rocka that mmaUj r*r thair liaada in (he vicinity of a Bpauah " Taga." Ob Mm aoiitb aide of the city, at a diatanoe of two milaa, are the plaina of Abraham, and at their flutbar •itnmity, ia WoUe'a cave. The view from tlia bank •bova ia aearealy leaa enchanting than that 1 had ae lately turned from. On tha wealcrn horiaon are aeen tha mountaina which by the late deoiaion of the king of the Netberbwb aia to ibrra the boundary line betwaen tiw Canadaa and the United Btatea. The interme^Hata land. •eape ia moat deliglitfiil ; htrge yellow patohea of eoltk vation raaeoed from the apparently endleaa fiireat,ara eapied in diArent dirootiona, each aurrounding aoma Ibiiving village in the interior, whilat the oppoaile baaka of the mer are fringed with Canadian oottagaa, aa wUta •a lima and bruah can make tbam } and the intervening and maieatio watera of tlia St Lawranea having at laofltn eaeapa« from tha turbulence of the rapida, ara aeen flow- ing iMiMath, aa calmly aiid aa ailently, aa when, during tba darkjitaa of a night more than aovanty yeara aga« the gaUant Wolfe woa floated on the retiring tide lo an vialary and hia grave. Till within a year or twa, tha atone akaa l» wUoh be b mth l< Ua laat, waa remaining on tha field; but tha ■lopiiatM, a pwraoa of infinite laaU^ haa bad it nmvmii. MiMM IM loft in It gantly aloiiiiig iiiu* of •atunaiva oulliv»- iiiilu* in Uiigtb, utd in width, and reauhiikg > tiiu liwt of tha Uwufurt iioiiii vilUgu* arc liuliui , and lilt) t!]iati]au Hichw, kt •Uiuplea vuvttrvd wilh (Iredi of wliiUi isolUgM ind th* riiad to Moulmo- int. 1 wu reiniiid«d b« tivttttd garden that anTi- it of Hpain. OVn tree* t) were none ; but oUra M«d at a groat diitonce, liaeked by the line range ich, although not of IM ■t of a very picturaaqua ered wilh a noble fiirMi, er tlie barren rooka thai lie vioinity of a Bpaniah ity, at a diatanca of two km, and at their flutbar I'bo view from tha bank ting than that I had m •torn horiaon ar« Man tha eoiaion of tha king of the tundary Una batmen tha . The intormecHata land- B yeUow patohea of evUW reatlv endleaa fi>reat,«M , each aurrounding whUattha oppoaito baaka ■ludiHaaottagea, aa whH* lam i and the intarvaniac jawrenea haring at lasftn IN AKMICA. tAO the rapida, ara aean flow* ailentlyi aa when, duriBg I tiian MJvanty yean af«t on the retiring tide to IK lie alone alHa towUoh Iw ing on tho field; but tha laata, haa had it ramoaa^ part oif it having been uiad fur Ui« purpoMa of tha boildar, wiiilo other parta i)f it are cniiatanllv undergoing a pro- ocaa ol' lutidiviainn ff>r the benefit «l tlio curious. A plain but very elegant atnne nbeliak, worth a doaan ■uch as Waaliington'a nioniinHmt at Baltimore, or General Hrock'a at Qumin'a town llnighU, had bae« lateljr erectrd to the mrinory of Woltti and Monlealm. The idea of paying tho laat tribute to the memory of Ihoee illuatriouaaoldiers, originated with Iiji« of the monumant. An agad nun ia now living in / ^ Uranlina oonvant al Quebtc, who ramaaabera ' • ng haM a tayar whan the ramaiBoof tha oUvalroua i w.Jt' man were lowered to hia grave in tly> oha^ vaall. I aaw a aaall oval alab of marbla, whio' n > ahoftlyto ba fixod in tlM wall mm* the apot whan be i> bumd. It bore tha ibllowing inaoription:—^ Ha mil Miliwlm i la deal in en lui derobant la viotoite, I'a recompanatf fu lUM mort glorieuaa." Qnebao waa taken from Iha French in Iho raiga vt Cawrlaa I., 130 yeara bafere the death of WoUb, b«l bainf Ihooght of littlo vahw, waa given up ia tho aanM foign to Louia XUI^ by the trealx of Bt Germain. At Loretto are to ba pwwliaajid the bast Indian hmo. caahta, and oihar iMthem oarioaitkj, at tho honiaof Marfi Paul. Tho three Huron ohiefa who viailed Bag. land in 18S5, and who ware introdncod in the firat oifolao ia Loodoa, may bow ba aean, any hot day, aobar ar in- toiiooted, jMt as it mav happen, sittingperhaM in tho dual, before tho doora of their cottages. They uika grant plaaaora in ahowlng the madab and portraito Ihn r». oaivad in Bngland, and the queen, or wife of the pnnei. pal oMaf a abort, dumpy, maaculine wo m a n ww aalon. ■Ily TtnaiBi to- Qiu *t aall moooaains, and haa no M !;■ i)! 160 SIX MOMTHS ' *l» * aboriginal antipathy to a gltM of gin. She c \iumbers, but should the ap«tsman be diaappoSnted in finding his game, he may proce^ to the fidla of St Anne, distant tvralve milea. I mention this, ■npoaing him to be a regular water-fidl man. I had eaased to be ao since I had seen Niagara. The difR)rei|t aecounts I heard of Lake Charlea nevented me flnom Eing there. Some UM me it waa rail of cat-fiah, and ge frogs, which eat the little ones; othera called it a baaudAa Uke, and that good tront-fliihing was to be had time. I eertainly eat aome small onea, which hod been aaaght tbare, of a moat deKdona flavour. flie attracdona erf* Jaques Cartier, twenty^aeven milat from Quebec, were not to be so teifled with. This is the finest place iot Balmon-fiahin|r in the Canadaa, and > very ptetU apot into the bargain. All ia as it ahoirid bo{ HMre la a email, but clean and eomftrtahie «oanlq|> inai tfaa landlord throwa a fly beautiflilly; hia aiaMri a vary pretty Canadian girl, waita at table) and the of g^n. She (xmstantly close to it too) • tilTer id by the Lord Mayor. „ [.hooting at Lorette, t foam spreading itaeif the finest lacework. the St Lawrence, from ide tqieninc is discerned ently the uiannel of the supposed, by a jmiction Charles, made «n island •bee now stands, general extremely neat, 1 remarkably clean, and taff is placed in front of fan officer of militia. will only remark, that the walk, or the sail to tuebec, the river and the njoyed from the ground npenae ; and no stranger ymg them a visit IJie f tbe Chaudiere. They me of Montmorenoi, and I one of the beet snipe tttober they may be shot should the spwtanan be e, be may prooe^ to the milet. I mentien this, r water-frll man. I had Niagara. The di£R)rei|t rles mevented me fl«m was mil of cat-fiah, and ones; others called it a Mtt-fiiUng was to be had til ones, which had been s flavour. ■tier, twenty'.seven miles so trifled with. This is ig in tbe Canadas, and > un. All is as it shoaJd ind eomftHabie «aantqr beantifliUy; his aiator, a aits at table! uti the M i ji H .i i n t )i^ i0#IW>|»wAlui>M IN AMBKICA. m mother broils the sahnon J merveitle. The rivw, at all times a torrent, and now very mueh swollen by two whole days* rain, was rushing with tbe greatest fiirr through the narrow channel it has worn for itself through the suid rook. The bridge which is cloee to the inn, is a very neat government work. Under it is a holei, forty or fifty feet in drpth; and when the river is low and clear, salmon may be seen lying there in great numbers. But the season was too far advanced, the weather entirely too cold, and the river too high : and my friend and I, seeing that we could not expect sport, returned, having killed but one salmon a-piece in the course of the afternoon. A fine c»en ledge of rocks extends along side the river, affi>raing some exoelleat fishing stations. The place is named after Jaqoa* Cartier, who first sailed up the St Lawrence in 1535, and founded the city of Montreal. He is said to have wintered there, at the mouth of tbe rivw which bears his name. On his return to France, he was of course oooUy received, as be brought no preaoas metak. Ife sailed a se<»nd time, with orders to establiab a colony on the St Lawrence, but having iiad the misftrtuBe ta quarrel with the Indians, he returned to hie native eountry to die of a broken heart The Canadian peasantry are of the middle riae, or under it Aldtovgh they breathe aome of the pofeatai* in America, theii countenanees are wan, ud onheaMn in appearance. They may be said tor be sm«k*4riafl, being seldom without a pipe in their mouths, and in winter thoy shut themaelves up in their coktagM,'aad breathe an atmosphere of tobacco fumes; I am not of OHuae speaking m the athletio progei^ of BritUi wMmtt^ when I a£bm thiA a talU fln««KlMeoking inan i« nntly to be met with. Never th a l w i^ lltB French Canadiua an a brave, hardy, independent noe, and hsMtar, I should imagine, than any peasanNtT iu the worm. Tbqr pav m tame, or just sufficient te ke^ the raade is Mt. paw. Moat of them have small iunnu, and And srMiyi market fl» the prodoee; and these who haive are had ef their own, can easily find employment wHb tboee thai kue. They never give away money, hit aseeaaMi. inritv ha(q^laU« ia other respects; and the WMi fMt aHiwaat» who is traveling baxeibal and pem^Iiaailvtiia ■laea of Im daatiaatioB, ia sme of a asad at«aKdi|toM iflwrathav have one U> give. Thew aliH i i^Mi wilt 14* 16« 8IX MONTH! of the French naivete in their character, and at a ftw mile* from Quebec, they know and care aa little about the prooMdiop of government, aa the Irish peasant did, and does now, about Catholic emancipation. Without meaning to detract iVom the merit of their eharity, it may be remoriceu, that there is something like a spirit of conciliation, if not of apprehension, mixed ap with it, for they are afraid that the ■* Bat de tide," as they call the stockingleas Irish, will finally drive thenr and their daaooidantB flx>m bouse and home. The population of Upper Canada, which I did not visit (my time being occupied in the unexpected voyage on the Great Lakes,) is about 350,000. llMt of Lower Canada may be estimated at 500,000 ; but the amount m both provinces is rapidly increasiiu-- Sixty thousand emigmnts had landed atQnebec in iSl, before the river waa ftoaen nn, being more than double the number that arrived in 18a0. IkUny of them brought ont consideraUe sums of money. One morning during my stay at Que- bec, an old Motehmaa, who had lived about fourteen years in the Canadas, returned fi«m Scotland with ninety of his ooontrymen, whom he had persuaded to tiZow him ; he himself bringing with him several thousand pouids, and the atben pnsseswing one, two, or three huiidred pounds a.piece. Two thousand of tiie emi- giants that arrived m Upper Canada, were small form- ers from the North of England. The soil of U|^r Canada is as productive as any in the world, so that the nmimnt has no occasion to pass the United Btatei^ in order to obtain a better, unless he p ro eeed to partwnlor spots, where he would be liable taeateh a fever and mo, and where the excessive beats togMher with the moMnn and richness of the soil, ren- dw itao hastily pniifio, that it is often a nutter of great unentainty iriisthsr a crop will arrive at perftctioa. The strraf natonl prejndioe in fovonr of the British flaf : the feet that the ftitish manuftetures can be par- ehaaod after payment of n very trifling duty of two y«r cent, whereas they must have paid an average duty mT 80;^oeat.,ifoomingiiMthe United States : that iMdi of eipial fcrtffity, and possessing equal advantagM } are additkiMd awl IK AUIBICA. 168 anbetantial induoementa to a permanent reaidencc in the Britiah ooloniea. Good land in the beat aituationa ia aold by the Canada land company at from 10a. to IS*, the acre: their lalea for the year 1831, having amounted to I00;000 acrea at an average price of 10a. per acre. OnOi^eventh of the landa in every townahip in the United Statea ia reaerved for the pajrment of the clergy ; and the agent for the clergy rcaervea, ia authoriaed to aell 100,000 acrea a ylhr at 1^. an acre. The nature of uncleared land ia known by tbo timber which growa upon it. Where a great variety of timber abonnda, the aoil ia generally a Mack loam. A clayey aoil ia known by the great proportion of fira intermixed with other treea, but when they grow al ance in their power. Should emigrante on their arrivalat York not a«tde on the company's landa, die money paid 5thnn will be returned, deducting the actual expaaae oonveyance. At York there are large boildinga ex- iiiiilj approvriated to the reception <.f emigrant Ami- fkt previously to their finding anployment ; andbcthilia goNmment and the Canada L«nd Company hanre wag. OBf drawn 19 on the wharrea, in order to oonv^ them and their 'jaggage from the place of landing. I; ttrnrni 164 aiX MONTHS I cannot add any tiling new io the pnna- ticn they contain ie, of courae, derived from the beet wuroat. Their instructions and adrice on tha subject of imposition, which misht be practised upon amigrants at thair first arrival, wiu be found roost useful Wheat at the Canadas, according to the distance from the place of export, varies from 3*. to 5t. 6d. the buajwl ; baef (winter) iid. the pound, (summer) 3^ to4m 5*. to 7s. a-day ; labourers 3*. &/. to 4%. ■fkday ; handicraft tradesmen from fit. to 7t. 6d. a^y ; hoaseHMrvanta reeeiva from 3d*, to 36>. a-month, with food; bmales from 151. to SOi. a>month, with food. In Qnebee and Montreal, excellent board and lodging may ba obtained in the principal hotola and boarding-fionses at 30*. to 30*. a>week. A labourer or mechanic vroold pay 7*. to 9a. 6A a-week, for which ha will gel tea or •aliM, with moat for brsakftst, a good dinner, and aup- par at night. An exoallunt private dwelling-hoase may be ranted at ilrom 1001. to 150(. a.year unfurnished; aiiopa aaoording to their situation at from 30i. tolOOi. ▲ &rm of 100 aerea with ;iO or 30 acres clear, with a dwaBinchowe, may be purchased in the Canadaa for IML to aOOf. aeeonhng to the situation. There are, I 1^ holiave, fow peraona who woold not alfew that emigre. tioB ahoaU be enoouraoed, at all events as a temporary NBMdy, and the rag* for building discouraged, provid- Hd it oanbodone by just and legitimate means. llieBri. tfth govamaaent have an emigrant ageney at Qoabee ; UMooaragm emigration, and finds oo4>peration and aa- iiitenMintheCanadaLandCompanyandtbeEitoignuita' Hoarital at Quebec. Yet if the timber trade in the Caaaslaa wera aoddenly deetrayed by the meeaHNe wUoh u« a^ to be in eontamplatian, tha immMHMf wuMMMe woold be, that the eflbrta ofgovemaMM hi Nfm to ooa ebjact would be lieatraliied by Ma o«a ■cte wMi nfbionoe to another. At preaen/ than an HS iothe piutieulan »iren amigtation, which are the Canada Land Com- iltihire Letten," or the kad at Quebec Theee pence, and the infi>mia- , derived from tiie beet d adrice on the subjeot -actiied upon mnigranti nd most uaefuL iiig to the dietance from 3t. Io5<.6d.thebn8hol; (summer) d^d. to4d.; i pound, in summer it is m 1«. to 2s. tlie bushel ; chased for 2a. or 2«. 6d,, \t. 6d. Bhip-carpenters ; labonrers 3*. 6d. to 4*. om St. to 7(. &/. a-day ; I. to 36(. a-month, with i-month, with food. In board and lodging may oleand boarding-hooiea orer or mechanic would rhioh be will get tea or a good dinner, and aup- ^ate dwelling-hoase may M. a-year unfurnished; on at from 301.tal00i. r SO acres dear, with a ised in the Canadaa fbr lituatiunc There are, I 1 not allow that emigra- II events as a temporary in^ diseoorag«d,^rovid> :itimate means. llwBri' rant ageney at Quebec ; inds oo4>peratioB and as* ipany and the Eitoignuits' he timber trade la the 'oyed by the meeawes iplatian, the immMHal* I elfbrte of govemoMMia neatraliaed bgr Me own At preaMt/ there are IM AXEBIOA. 165 from six hundred to eight hundred ships employed ev- ery summer in tlte timber trade. They sometimes carry out a car^o of coals, or salt, both paying a very insigni- ficant freight (coals sell in Quebec at 36*. the chaldron) or more usually go out as it is termed in ballast, and thus afford ftcilities of emigration at an exceedinsly cheap rate, lo thousands whose absence from Great Britain is an advantage to both countries, as far as population is concerned ; and who otherwise benefit the mother coun- try by affording an additional market for her cotton and other manufactures, which they soon find the means of purchasing. In destroying the Canada timber trade by a sudden increase of duties, she is depriving herself of all these advantages. She would bring sudden ruin upon a numerous class of individuals who have large capitals invested in saw mills, and other buildings con- nected with the trade ; she would deprive thousands of the means of buying and selling land; a number of •hlpe would be thrown out of employment ; emigration would be stopped, or at least greatly impeded for want of the facilities which are now given ; England would not gain in the aflfootions of the Canadaa ; she would loae a rapidly increasing market, and the benefit of a fine race of British peaaantry, who would be ever ready to fight in deftnoe of their newlv adopted country. The timber is cut in the wmter, before the aap riaea. Suppose then that the new duties were impoeed, that the trade had consequently ceased, and th8< next year a war, by which the Bahio would be cloaed, should break out about the month of March, no timber would have been cut and prepared in the Canada*, and there can be no doubt that Great Britain would be obliged either t0 purchase inferior timber, cut in the summer, and pre- pared at a great additional expense, or remain without asupidy of timber for sixteen months. It is said, and with truth, that clearing, for the sake of the timber only, rather impedes than assisU the progress of cultiva- tion«— a few trees only being selected on a given apace, which are squared on the spot, while the lumber atM branches are left to present additional diffienlty to the flirmer by becoming entangled in the underwood ; and it haa been also remarked, that the annihilation of the trade would benefit the Canadaa, by augmenting tte «Mit»l and labour that is annually expeniied in agri«ai» twal pvryoaes, and that the additional quantity of ex- 166 SIX MONTHS ported wheat would toon make amendi for their tem- porarjr loee i bnt it iihoald alao be oonaldored, that the white-pine, which fanr'tt mach the largect proportion of the timber exported .'rom the Canada*, i« in many piaeea found on a r »;liy and aandy leil, which it not available for the ptt;|iuae* ofoultivation, and rooreorer that the quantity of wheat exported, ia already inoreaa- ing with the tide of emigration to an incalenlable unonnt. In a mercantile and politieal view, it would be betlerthat the Canada timber trade ahoold not be inL rfered with ; bat if any inoreaae of the dutiea be reaolved opon, it ahould oertalnly be gradual. One reason why the Canada tin- bar ia not ao much lilted aa that which come* fVom the Bahie, is, that it ia not ao well aqaared and finiihed oiF for the market. In the ?rat year, a gradual inereaaaof Aitiaa mifht remedy thie defeat, bv encouraging eompe- UtioM, while at the lame time both the Britiah f«veni- SMOt, and tlia Canadian oapitaliat, would be •nablad to ■ee thair waj more oleartv. A great proportion of the lands in Lower Canada ia divided into aeignoriea, which were originally granted by the FVeneh crown, under the fondal tenure. No aeignory baa bean created since the oonqncbt in 1759; but when erown lands have been diapesed of, they have been granted in what is termed fVee and eommon soc> age, and bid eat like the old seignoriee, of wfaiob there are about two hundred, in a direction ef N Jf .W. Iiy EAE^ nearly at right angles with the banks of the St Lawranoe. The seignor tnen made grants or " conees. siona" to hia under tenants, which by the old French custom ware thirty acres in length, by three, fronting the river. This measurement, however, is now often departed from. The seignor receives from Me tenants an annnal rent of a very triflinir amount, which is not redeemable : he is, also, entitled to a mutation fine, call- ed ** lods et vents," being ane>twelflh part of the too- ne|f paid by the pnrohaaer of land within the seignorf. 1%a old Freneh law eompels the tenants to bring tbelr wheat to be ground at the seignor'smill. Thisenstom has been sometimes objected to, bnt nc eomplaint eatt be reasonsbly made on the score of its being an in jury to llie former. It impoeea no bnrdon, because he ean have Ma wheat ground at hia own door, and if the saignorVi n, y rt. « ^, i ,y .1 ) I II ii» B ^i» MlJI. |l >«l i| .U l , l . l ,*lrti. il > ' .!l l> 8 l l lll 'l» l| *fN 19 amend! for their tern- e ooniidered, thtt ibe le largeet proportion of Canadii, if in many indy Mil, which ia not tivation, and moreorer rted, ia already inoreae- on to an incalenlable w, it would be bet ter that >tbe interfered with ; but raaolved npon, it ihoaM >n why tho Canada tim- hich cornea fVom the qnared and finished off ir, a jradaal ineretaeof by encouraring eompe- oth the Britiih g»*am- lat, would be enabled to Ai in Lower Canada ia irere oripnally granted the Ibndal lenore. No I the oonqncbt in 17S9; n diapeaed of, they have fVee and eommon aoc- tifnoriee, of whioh there direeUon of N Jf .W. by riththebankaoftheSt nade granta or " oonoee. lich by the old French gth, by three, fronting however, ia now often loeives from Ma tenanta r amount, which ia not to a mutation finOi call- Iwelilh part of the too- nd within the wngaoif- B tenanta to bring their lor'amill. Thiaeoatom bat nc eoaplaint ean be Pita being an injoty to ton, beoause he ean Mve oor, and if the aelfmirhi IN AMiaUVA. mill doea not perform the worl^ properly, he may take it to another. ' In the Canadai, llie civil and criminal lawi of Eng- land are in foroa ceiierally, aubject to provincial altera- tions. The old French law, which was in azisteoco previously to the year 1663, is still the law of property, with some esceptions, in Lower Canada. Nona of the laws enacted in France since that period, extended to the colony unless enregistor«d there. This is the rea- son why the ordiuanco of 1673, for the better regulatioa nf *.»4e. ia not in force. The ciiuiinal lawa of England were tran»piau'.'<>l into the colonics, by 14 GaOi iiL e. 8S>t and, of course, noue paasf"! since that period can be- come law in th«> Canadaa, unleaa tSe^ are partioulaily apecilied and iucluded in their provisions. Properly speaking, the Canadaa have no oommeroial code. Great Qoafnsion sometimes arises respecting the decisions ae- oording to the Enzliah cuatom of nMrchanta, and tboae made under tlie old French code, and aetiona at law are frequently aettled according to wliat appeara ta be the principle of natural iuslico, rather than aecordtn|;lo eetabliahed precedent. This surely eonveys a reflection upon the wtadom of the provincial legislature } but the fact is, thai the mercantile community is not aufficient- reproaented in the house of aaaembly flw Lowe< Ca- " Lower Canada ia divided into Uiree judicial diatricte —of Qnebec the Three Rivers, and Montreal, the boundary line being drawn nearly at right angles witb the St. Lawrence. , n _i _r There are but throe oourU of juaUce— the Court ef Appeal, the King's Bench, and the Summary Court. The tovernor aomotimea aits as president of the Uwil of Awoal ; but the chair is more often filled by one of the ohief Justices. Tho court is fiwmed by aU the mei». here of the executive council. ....... The Court of King's Bench la divided mto a sujpaiMt and inferior court. The latter haa iuriadiction only where the matter in dispute U of the value of tan ponn* or under. There are a chief justice and three puim* iodMS at Quebec ; the same at Montreal, and a diaUict Sdjiatth. Th«« Rivera. W»»n the «iperjor conrt iTSaid at this Utter place, it ia held by OM ar.tha-idMf lLSl2i!tw«p«i«.*jSdges,andtliedirtB0tji^^ Tta iSmwius e«wt» •»*• juriadietion vm properly to tta 188 SIX MONTO* Tslaa of oiw hundred fVanoi,«nd tre haldonoe • month bolbro a eommiiaioner appointed by tlio provineml go- vernmont, on petition from the country inhabitanta. Quarter aeuions are held regularly before throe magis- tratea, with much the aanie power ai in England, for the puniahment of oifencea againit the criminal law ; and petty civil oaaea may be diapoaed of daily by one or more magiatratei. A magiatrate is required to bare property of the real actual value of 300<., and the oatha ■pon taking office are very atrict. A barrialer may act aa an attorney and aolioitor at the ■ame time, — which, aa in the United Statea, appeara to have originated in the inipoeaibility of making the pro- Aaaion pay, without auch an arrangement. Pleadinga may be written in either language, and Engliih and CSanadian French are apoken almoat indiaoriminately in the oourta. I have obeerved great and unavoidable eooAiaiua in tlie inibrior court of King'a Bench — tlie jndgaa, council, aolicitora, clienla, and witneaeea all talking ooeaaionally at the aame time in either language, juat aa it may happen ; and in the midat of the uproar, the Si'-ntorian voico of the ofBoer of the court may b« hear i he endeavourato restore tranquillity b^ calling oat dilenoe! (Engliah,) Silence! (French,) in quick aaceee ai on. But tne proceodinga in the auperior court are conducted with all the decorum of an Cngliah rourt of Jnatice ; and the old jealoua Briliah lion, painted in the king'a arma over the hoada of the judgea, frowni grimly upon the aoene, with a pair of eyebrowa auffl' oient to inepire even ermined dignity it*elf with awe and veneration. Many of the powora belonging to a court of equity, are exercised by the court of King'a Beach under the old French law. It granta injunctiona by a prooeaa termed a aequastre. It takea care of Ihe property of minors, and appointa curators of the persona and property of lunatics. The law of entail by a limi- tation, called a " aubstitution fidei commisaaire," ia well known in Lower Canada, but seldom acted upon. The attantion of the legislature haa of late been call- •d to tha atate of the law of dower and mortgage, both of which are often productive of neat connMoa had aotnal injuatiee. Suppoaing there haa been no ranaa- eiation of her dower by the marriage contract, the wift upon her marriage ia entitled to a dower of one-half of Uw eatate of inheritance then ia the poaaaaeion of bar irfk„ w n* d are heldonoe a month !d by tho provineial go- le country inhabitanta, arly bolbre three magii- awer aa in Eoffland, for ain«t tho criminal law ; ipoaed of daily by one or ite ia required to have eof30(M., and the oath* et. orney and solicitor at the Jnited States, appeara to tility of roaliinff the pro- rrangement. Pleadinga uage, and Enyliih and almoat indisoriminalely great and unavoidable t of King's Bench— the enta, and witnesses all I time in either language, the midst of the uproar, icer of the court may be re tranquillity b^ calling ice! (I'ronch,) m quick ■gs in the superior court irum of an Cngliah court s British lion, painted in da of the judges, frowns a pair of eyebrows suffi- dignity it*elf with awe I powora belonging to a I by the court of King's w. It grants injunctions re. It lakee care of Ihe Is curators of the persona I law of entail by a limi> dei commissaire," is well ridom acted upon, ure haa of late been eall- Dwer and mortgage, both > of great eoafliaMM tad here iuM been no renoa- irriage ooatraet, the wiib to a dower of oae>half of in the poeaesrion of her III AMIBIOA. ' IM husband ( and this dower ia of itaelf an eatata of Inherit- ance which descends to her children, suppo^af they take nothing; by tiie " communautd," an arrangement by which tho wife is entitled to one-half of all property real and personal, acquired aubaequently to the marriage. A communaut^ may exist with a settlement or withotU on^' . as in the case I have propoaed. At the death of the wife in the lifetime of the husband, or etc* zerta, the law per- mita the children to elect — bet -een one half of the pro- perty in communaute to be enjoyed immediately, and the real estate which would have formed the dower of the wife had she survived her husband, which is not to be di- vided amongst them till after the death of the aurviving parent It aometimes happens that the husband and wife have joined in the sale of the estate, perhapa for the present benefit of the children, and with their knowledge. This sale, however, cannot deprive the children of their estate of inheritance in the dower after the decease of the wife ; and although it is justly reckoned diasiacefiil for the children to claim the estate from a purchaser under such circumstances, ytX it is sometimea done in oaoea where there was notmnff left to be divided in oommu- nautA. A gentleman informed me that sneh aa iiMlanoe had occurred to himself. He had purohaaed ■■ Mlale, and had been in poaaeasion about twenty year*. It had been sold by the husband and wife upwaida of forty years ; but they were both still living, and he was much surpris- ed one dav at being informed by the children, that, at the decease or their motLer, they intended to come npon him for the amount of the dower, aa there waa no prospect of receiving any thing by the communatttri. Till lately, under the then exiating law of mortgage, a purchaser oould seldom besure of baying in nninenm- bered estate ; a pravioua poasessor in want of money might have been before a notary, and have borrowed of a dosen difibrent persons, on what ia called a tacit mortgage. No title deeda were required by the lepder, but all the property of the borrower ia liable for the amount borrowed ; and claims of this kind were con- stantly made upon estatea even after the possessor, who had tuen all pains to dear them off, had reason to think himaelf aeonre in the enjoyment of them. Bat by a bill that p eaaed the legislature in 18M, newly purchased property ia eleued against oroditora who do not pat in 170 «IT ilOMTIlH thair otainn wilhiri foui .iionllm, the ligliU of widown and minor* foiming an exceiitiun. , , . . No writ c»n iiwue to iwnuro the poraon of • debtor in Uie common k""! "ntil nil l'i» property real and pergonal hat been aold, tho real property havinjj Iwon advcrtiMd in Uie Oaielle for four niontha. At tlio expiration <>t that period, attompta arc Knivtiinoa made by a fVauduknt debtor or hi* frienda, to evade imprinonmont by a pur. ahaao in tho dibtor'a name of real property to a trifling amount, which mu»t be again advortiicd, and ao on ; al- thouffh of courae wherever the attempt to dotVaud can be made apparent, tho courta of juatice will interfere. In oaaea of a oommorcial nature, whore a judifmont ban been obtained, Uio debtor ban the ri)(ht of biinif ailar((ed,ui>on jiving aecurity that he will not toavo the luiiita of thr In ireneral, the Canadian formera, when old and unablo to work, make over their property by anotariol writing :o one of their aona, on condition of hia paying a certain Mim of money to hia otiier children ; a cuatom wfc "Ji hiia the effect of preventing too great a dlviaion of real property. In the deed, wliioh ia rather curioua, it la ati- iMtalad that the old man ia to be aupporta4 by lua aon ; that heie to receive from him a certain quantity of tee, B'init UA tobaceo : he ia to be Aimlahed if neoeMa.y viith a horae to ride to chapel on Bundaya and ro|)crty to a trifling dvt-rtiMjd, and oo on ; al- ittonipt to defraud can be jatico will interfere. In liore n jiidjfnient haai been bt of bi'inff ciilnrgcd, ui>on It lonvo the limits of the nera, when old and unabli- rty bjr a notai ial writing >n of hla p«]rinK a certain lildren; a ouatom wb>.h a great a diviaion of real ia rather eurioua, it ia ati- be Bupportod by liia aon ; a certain quantity of lea, be fliraiahed if neoeMw.y m Simdaya and Aalivala ; Mr of inaaae* are te be aaid lada ia asaiatad by an exo- f pemona whom no ehooae* ly for appointment; the a inembera are alao appoint- le Lower Houae, or Houie oacnt of eighty-four niem- 10 Hiieaker ; and the puian^ ra of the Legialative Coun- 1 to procure an act of par- titutional arrangoment- In- Jiat could be urged againit id ample employment for lationa. Thoy were plaeed len the colony waa in ita in- xaacd as the colony haa in- iou. The LegiahtiveCoan- >al officers of the province. IN AXIRIOA. fTI und otiicr pemoiia of consideration. Their number ia unlimited, but is usually about thirty. The inenihers of Ihii ilnuao of Assembly are rli'oted in the same iiinnner RN the iiienihers of tlio IIouho of ( 'nnimons in Kngland. Quebec snd Montreal return four members eseh. There arc but two boroughs ; William Henry or Hfirel return- ing one membur, and the " Three Kivera" returning two members. The other members arc roturn«wB*Miit attMlJiBB8aw i7a ■IX MONTIIt Another iniUnce of unconitilutional irraifuUritjr may be nietilionrd. The 31it of Udo. iii^ c. 31, derUrn who ■hall bn qiwIifWd to «it at. inuiiibi!ra of Ui« aiMiiitily, but it crualos mi diMiimliflcation to ait and voto in iirraona •cceptinK iMctm of tnwt and profit, after their cicction. By tliia act aim, no bill reaerved by l)ie (rovcrnor for tlio royal aignature aliall Imvo any force or authority within eitlier province, unlea* hi» niajcaly'a aaaent tlicreto ahall be ai|miAod within the apac^ of two yeara from the day on wliioh tiie hill nhall havn been pri!«ciitcd for hia ma- jeaty'a aaaent by the Kuvornor. In t)i» year ltS3(l, after yarioua proc«cain|{a in tlie aanie matter, a bill for the dia. qualiAcation of ptiraona accepting government officea, un- til re-elected, from aitting in the legialalivo aaacnibly, waa dmmmI by both houaea, and tlie governor thought it of auf- ficient importance to reaorve it tor tlio royal aaaent. Two jtm, M we have aeen, ia allowed for tlie aignitication of hia majeaty'a pleaaure, and if no anawer ia given in that liiM, the bill pMaM into a law forthwith. The MU waa MOt to EngUnd, and long before the time had expired, the impatient houae ofaaaerobly entered a reaolution on their Joumaia, that any roembw aaoer>ting an office under govemmant ahall be conaideradaa vacating liia aeat iptt /•ele, with the capitbility of being re.eleot«i.' Aa to tha iuatiae of tbeeaae, there can be no doubt; but when they UMmaeWea had commenced the appUoation in a conaUtu- tional manner, their aubaequent attempt to fly in the ftce of the prerogative doea not reflect much credit on tlieir T:.e"net revenue of Lower Canada for theyewr 1830, waa i98,34S<. 3a. 4^I of the provincial logialature ; and ia espen^ "> the eounUy on internal improvemenU of every kind. TTio nropoeed civil liat for the year 1831, amounted to 19,500/.; but iZoOO/, of thia ia all that ia aaked of Uie j^rovmce by the royal mcaaage, beaidea a reaervaUon, bv virtue ol the prerogative, of what are termed the caaual «»o ««"«• torial revenuea of the crown, auch aa the rente of »"• Jj- •uite' eatatea, rmte of the king'a poata, &,o. dtc, wWcb, to uae the words of the govemor'a meaaage, of the MU or February, 1831, can operate in no degree aa a tax upon tha people, or tend either in their nature, or in ue mode of their collection, to impede or impair the V^V*"^'f the province. But nevertheleas the committee of tlie HI utional irregultrity may . iii^ c. 31, decUre* who cm of the uM^iiilily, but ■it and vote in iM-rioiii rofit, after thoir i-loction. I by llw govi-rnor for tlm Torru fir authority within ily'iaMviit tlirreto ahall two ynari (Vom tlie day en prnMintcd fur hia ma- in th» year Ibat), after matter, a bill for the dit> \ ({ovt'rnment officei, Uli> U'|{i«ltttiva aaKUibly, waa rovernur thought it of auf- or tlio royal aaacnt. Two red for tlie aiKitification of o anawer ia given in that forthwith. The biU waa tre the time had expired, f ent< red a reaolution on ^ aoouftting an ofBce under Im vacating liia aeai ipto ing re-eleotMi.' Aa to the D no doubt; but when they B appliostion in a conalitu- it attempt to fly in the face fleet much credit on their Canada for the ve«r 1630, : increaae of aMOi. over the thia aum ia at the diapoaal ; and ia expended in the lenta of every kind. Tho 1831, amounted to 19,5001.; t ia aaked of tlie province a rcaervation, by virtue o< irmed the caaual and terri- luch aa the rente of the Je- g'a poata, &o; &«., which, lor'a menaage, of the 33d of n no degree aa a tax upon heir nature, or in the mode or impair tlie proeperilnr of ilea* the committee oithe IN ANIHIIIA. tn liuuae uf aaauiiibly liavu ruaolved never lo coiiiproiniae what thry call tin- natural ami conatitutionul right of watching over niiil controlling the rucciiit nnd uxpendi- (uru ul the wliolii ruvonue. Will lliry object wlu'ii tho remuneration of llicir riergy ia thrown upon tlH^ni, oa ia ronlfinplat'il by llic Hritiiih gnvernment ( • It would he teiliiHM, and lar U^yond tlm limit* of thia work, to enter into a detail of all tho grievancea com- plained of by tlio liouae of oaaembly ; many of tlium lukvc been, or are in the way of living, remedied, and they may bo found in tho report of tho conmiittev of the houao oi ciiinniona on tho atTaira of tlio C'nnadua, in lHii7. They complain in iheir petition to {larliament that the affaire of tliu province were g..>wiiig worao luider the exiating Saverniiiunt; tliat the value of land waa dimiiiiahed; lat tliero waa a waate of tho public revenue ; tiiat the enactment of lieneftcial lawa waa ngceted by one branch of tliu legialature eom|ioiHid of iMimona dependent on the governincnt ; that the creditor of tlir t;uvcriiincnt had not ■uflicient remedy ; that lufficiont security waa not re- quired of puraona having tho din'KiHal of tlio public mo- noya ; that tho independence of tlit! judgca wna not auiH- cienlly conaultcd ; and tliey aaked for tho appointment of a reaident agent for the coionioa, in England, dec. bo. One of tho achemoa at prcaent in agitation in the houae of aaaembly ia, tho entire diaaolution of tlie legialative council ; a meaauro which tliat more loyal body do not exactly reliah, and on the Slat of March, 1831, they pMa- ed a number of rcaolutiona expreaaivo of their loyal^, and reapectfiilly aotting forth their grievancea at the aomo time. In tlie report of a apecial committee of the houao id aiwmMy, appointed for taking into oonaider- ation the govemora meaaogo, in which hIa mijeaty, rely- ing on tho liberality and juatice of the legialature of Low- er Canada, invitee them to conaidor the propriety of mak- ing aome aettlcd proviaion for auch portion or the civil government of tho province, aa may, upon examination, appear to require an arrangement of a more permanent nature tlian thoae auppUea which it bolongit to the legia- lature to determine or annual votoa ; it was reaoived, that aa information relative to the expenditure of the aum demanded fiir caaual expenaea, and divera aervioea, ami of the manner in which the rente of the Jeauita* eaUl^ and the other caaual and territorial revenuea, are ap|died, HTM atill refbaad by the Britinh government; they had 15» iJ^ 174 SIX KOXTRS therefore deemed it inexpedient to make " aucune alloca* tion perraanente uhetieure pour leg depenaea du gou- vernemenl ;" — the legislative council, in their recolu- tioni noticed aborc, having expressed a cordial disposi- tion to concur with his majesty's government in mak- ing such an irrrangement. The Jesuits' estates, the convent, and the seminary, hold the city of Quebec in aeignory. The convent of the Jesuits is now converted into a barrack, and forms one side of the market-place in the upper town. By the way, I should recommend any traveller to visit the mar- ket-place in the lower town, where he will see some of the old French Canadians, with their long pig-tails tied up with eel-skins. The order of the Jesuits was sup- precwd at the conquest of the colony by the British. Government took posaession of the eiitates belonging to them, and has since enjoyed the whole revenue, amount- ing to about S500I. per annum ; and though ftequentiy applied to by the provincial tegislatnre, has thought fit to conceal the manner in which it has been emploj. edi Amongst other expenses, those incurred in bnild- ingthe episcopal church, were, it is said, defrayed from this Morce. Before I quitted Quebec,! was present at a ball, given by • lady and gentleman who had been united for the firat time that day fifty years, and were again married on that morning by a Catholic priest. ,. , „ I returned flrom Quebec to Montreal by the John Bull steaia-baat, probably the largest river boat in the world. Montreal is cbnsiderably larger than Quebec, and con- tains fifty thousand inhabiUnts. Its front towards the river will be much improved by a fin* quay which is now building. The principal objects are the convents and the new Cathori'; cathedral, a very hirge and hand- some specimen of the simple gothic; but its internal de- corations do not correspond with its majestic exterior. The view from the mountain of Montreal, nearly 700 ftet high, is of the same kind, but I think inferioi to ibe view from the ramparts of QuabeCi The city is nenrly two miles distant, and is seen to great advantage lyi^ along the bank of the magnificent St. Lawrence, wiiwe broadly expanded waters can bo Mowed by the ere ibr many a league, both above and beh>w the cuty. On the oppoeito side, the country ia one vast flat plain, ftem which the isolated Mountain of ChamUi, and — ^"^ 'R8 '• to make " aucone alloca* ir les depenaea du gou- ;ounci), in thoir remlu- iressed a cordial disposi- y'a government in mak- ivent, and the aeminary, ignory. The convent of to a barrack, and fbrmi the upper town. By the traveller to visit the mar- here he will lee some of 1 their long pig-taili tied of the Jesuits was sup- colony by the British, the estate* belonging to I whole revenue, amount- . and though flreqnently legislature, has thought hich it has been employ- those incurred in bni/d- it ia said, defmyed from IS present at a ball, given had been united fbr the and were again married priest. lontreat by the John Bull St river boat in the world. r than Quebec, and cen- ts. Its front towards id by a fin« quay which objects are the convents , a very large and hand- tthic ; but it* internal de- th its majestic exterior, sf Montreal, nearly 700 but I think inferior to ibe beoi The city is nearly o great advantage lyiof BDt St. Lawrence, when followed by the ere fin below the city. On the ae vast flat fdain, ft«m f ChamUi, and IN AHBBIL'A. 1^ peak at a few miles distance, abruptly arise ; and by («• iieving the monotony of the view, have the merit of giving it a decided tone and character, to which it would not otherwise be entitled. The horizon is form- ed by the bold outline of the distant mountains of Ver- mont, and those of the eastern part of the state of New York. I left Montreal to make an excursion up the Ottowa. The beauty of this river, the situation of By town, and the Rideau canal, were themes of admiration with every one who had seen them. I went on board a steam-boat at the village of La Chine, and in a few hours we were in sight of St. AnnV, and alongside the rapids, which we passed by means of a short canal. About this spot the clear but dark coloured " Ottowa tide" is chequer- ed by many a green isle, if they can be so called, when clothed, as I saw them, in the diversified and brilliant ooluuTB that characterise the foliage of the American forest durinff the autumn. Every variety of green can ba diacerneX— firom the darkness oftheflr, to the silvery leaf of the poplar or the willow — while the unaccMtom- ed eye a delighted by the bright yellow of the fading hickory, and the admirable finish which is givon to the picture, by the broad patches of deep and actual crinuon of the sumach and the soft maple. I must again repeat, that I have seen nothing of the kind that can eqnalthe •urpassin^ beautjr of an American forest in " the fllN.*' It may with justice be compared to the brillianevof a bed of tulips. Wo entered the lake of the Two ffOMn- tains, so called from two lofty hills on the right. 'On the top of one of thera, Mount Calvary, is a chapti MiU by the Jesuits, and connected with the Indian Tillage on the margin of the lake by a line of chapels, placed at in- tervals in the pathway. Its sudden appearance in the bosom of the forest, is extremely eflbctive and pictur- esque. Immediately behind the Indian village is a large bank of white sand, which in the distance ropy ba easily Uken for a w«ll-eleared stubble field. At Caril. Ion we were obliged to leave the steamboat, and pro- ceed by land to the town of GrenviUe, alonv the side of the canal, cut for tbe purpose of avoiding the rapid* of the « Long Saut," which, when the river is swolleii, are aaid to b^ exceedingly violent, even more wt ' thidi those of the St. Lawrence. I found the baateiti toth «Mm of the rifw ware cleared and oulUvatad' to a <•• If"! ■■i«i !, } J J, w ^ wwy 176 SIX MONTHS gree that far exceeded my expectationa, whilst the un- BDisbed canal gives em|>loymeiit to eeveral hundred poor emigrants, who were living oliicfly in log-houses along the road-aide, ranged amongst many other d^:!! ings of a better description. The Ottowa, although perceptibly inferior to the St. Lawrence in width and volume, is still one of the largest second-rate rivers in North America. Below Carillon, which is thirty-fivo miles from St. Ann'a, I observed aotbing excepting the foliage I have mentioned, that an acquaintance with American scenery had not ren- dered familiar ; but on approaching Grenviile, a lolly range of hills, containing ricii minsaof plumbago, noges very majestically on the north bank of tbe river, which in many places is widened to a surface equaJlin^ that of a small lake, with its shores broken by majestio head- lands. Soon afterwards, cultivation comparatively ceases, and the river bears a resemblance to the wilder part of the Ohio above Louisville, excepting that the forest trees on its banks and islands, are not so lofty as those of the latter river. .Bytown is 65 miles from Grenviile and 190 from Hiontreal. It is divided into an upper and lower town; containing many excellent houses. Thirty years ago> there was scarcely an habitation in the vicinity, except- ing that of Philemon Wright, Esq., a Dostonian, and ai|»,iaf the best farmers in Canada, who with sinf ulai •Bl^rpuse and sagacity, foresaw that at no very distant pMiM it mast become a place of importance, and as the ^^imieiuH wonld say, "located himseir' in the un- (WWM forMU of tbe Ottowa. A new world has ■prang up around faim, and be now predicts, with gioat ■WWMoe of truth, that Bytown will become the oapi- tu « the country : a glance at the man will show tlie jnstwe of his reasonuig. The Ottowa or Grand river, rons through the country for abonl 600 miles above Bytown. In its course it is joined by several consider- ^lo streams, by means of which a water oommuniear tion can be extended to Hudson's bay on the north ; and on the south it is conneeted with Lake Hnnw, which u not mora than 100 miles distant, through tlw mediom of Ldke Nipisany ; and us the Saut de S. Ma^ m. M the fiwt «r Lake STaperior, is said to be 800 milss wl^mJMrMl than t» New York, U is highly proba- bte t]«t«coaaidMrabl« pfoportion of tbe prodoct of tbi itations, whiUl the un- nt to several hundred g chiefly in log-houws igBt many other dv.:!! tibly inferior to the St. 8 still one of the largeit srica. Below CariUon, St. Ann's, I obaerved I have mentioned, that t scenery had not ren- hing Grenville, a lolly neaof plumbago, raa^es ank of tbe river, which urfaco equalling that of oken by majestio head- livation comparatively einblance to tbe wilder lie, excepting that the ands, are not ao lofty as iSrenvillu and 190 from upper and lower town; MS. Thirty years ago» 1 in the vicinity, except- Esq., a Bostonian, and ida, who with sinpniar V that at no very distant r importance, and as the id bimeeir' in the on- «. A new world has now predicts, with gicat in will become the oapi- t the map will show tbe Ottowa or Grand river, abouk 500 miles above ned by several consider- ich a water communiea- on's bay on the north i ited with Lake Huron, lasdisUnt, through the 1 tts the Saut de m. Ma- r, is said to be 800 miiss ITorki it is hi|(hly probt' m of tha product of tiis iiiwii 111 iniiirinn ifiiiimAdtiilMU IN AMERICA.. m country around the great lakes, even from the further part of Lake Michigan, will find its way to the Ottowa. The pretty, unpretending fall of the Rideau, so called by the French from its resemblance to a white curtain, is seen on the left immediately before the boat rounds the headland that conceals the locks of the celebrated Rideau canal, which are suddenly presented to the view, lying in a slope, between two lofty and precipitous banks, neany perpendicular towards the river. That on the right is 160 feet in height, coiuposed of limestone. On the area of the top, which may he from 500 to 600 yards in circumfermce, are the barracks and the hospital. It wiU probably be the site of an impregnable fortress, which might be built for 60,000<. ; an expense which should nmbe spared, when it is considered that the splendid works on tiie canal, at present unfortified, might be destroyed in hdf-an-hour. The locks themselve^ eight in number, are magnificent in every respect, and reflect the highest credit on tKe engineer, Colonel By. In length they occupy a space of 1260 feet, and HVom the surface of the river to the top of the bank there is a per- peikdieidar rise of 84 feet Each lock is 134 A«t long, 33 videi ond 17 in depth. The canal, for several oilea above Bytown, is sailed by the Rideau .river, tpif be. fore it readies King^cn on Lake Ontario, a dtftUM of 140 miles, a head of water is obtained by tn/Mff' of tliir> teen dams of different dimensions, the largen, m forwarded to Kingston *• ) ; ' ihe Rideau, which thus af- folds tt meth'.d oi comin .' ii-ation 'jiilnitely shorter than any land conveyanots, — n addit'oiial advantage arising from its great distfince .'■on', ihe American firontier, ana proportionate secai-i.y irom hostile incursion. Although die Rideau canal in ;. Jucipnll^ a military work, it mil be of the gretiU"^ import'-no' m f >U affording a riii jot matna <^ «m> 178 SIX MONTIM veyance by iu communication with a number of nnalirr streams that intersect it at intervals, and which will en- able the settlers who live many miles from the iNmks to forward the produce of their farms, with certainty and celerity. The difficulty and expense of conveyance vit» oriirinally a great drawback upon the use of Bntufa manufactures in the Upper Province ; they paid a nejght from Quebec of 51. a ton ; but by moans of the Rideau canal, the freight has been reduced one-half. Land, ac- oordicg U) its situation on different parts of the canal, waa selling from two to five dollars the acre; crown lands at a fixed price of II. the acre. On application to any of the crown land agents, a ticket may be obtained, Gontateinff a permission to cut timber on a certain space of ground, on paymen*. of a duty to govemiAent of one aemiy the feat On the oppoeite aide of the river stands the village of HttlL A wiling road about a miln in length eoodttcted me to the bridges thrown over the fall of the Ottowa, which according to the naual appellation bestowed by the French upon any Adl of magmtude in the Canada*, is termed the » Chaudiere," or " boiler." The had of the river is divided into five chanaela formed in the aolid rock'^ with more or less of a fall in each of them. The largest msy be about thirty feet in height, and firom its greater vMenoe ho* worn away the precipice for a oon. sidBrable distuice behind the others, which project and recede in a most singular manner, whilst the river, not contented with so many ways of esca^ie, rolls ovet the bue ledge e »t in height, and from its y the precipice Tor a ood. others, which project and oner, whilst the river, not I of esca^ie, rolls over tii« ixtended between them, ao ling in all directions. The [mediately at the hea^ ot le. It was not particularly rting through tlie bridges sprmg, when the river is I snow, the whole of the ty the flood, that tliet* is I at tiie Chaudicre, as tlie »iild easily conceive that ion of the year must be wa;; , Tceedmgly carious; itj ' ut first sight, I ttH cursion to Bytown. ^ nen iridge was to be thrown old American who had IN AMBRICA. 179 known the river in its fury, and flrmly believed that such a scheme was impracticable, was heard to predict with groat emphasis, and corresponding action, that some day or other ** it would i;o right slit to immortal smash." Many of tlie poor Scotch emigrants answered to my in> quiry as to their destination, that they were " ganging to Perth ;" a thriving town, about fifty miles above By> town, and situated between the Ottowa and the Ricteau canal. Thirty miles on the river above Bytown, is the settlement on the Lako " des Chats." On the evening of tlio fatal field of Culloden, the nn- fortunale Prince Charles Edward presented himself^ wearied and alone, at the door of a nut, and requested sustenance aud momentary concealment ; the inmate, a poor tailor, who recognised his person, mounted guard at the door whilst his illustrious guest waa sleeping with- in, on a pallet of heather. He was soon aronsed by the tailor, who awakened him by exclaiming in Gtaalie, ** My prince, core of my heart! save yourself ftetha enemy are upon ysn." A party of cavalrv were gallop- ing towards the hut, and the prince hadf just time to escape through a small back window, and reach the Morven mountains. For his greater comfort in tepoae he had deposited his sword upon a bench in a comer eK the hut; and in the precipitancy of his flight he had tar- gotten to take it with him. The tailor had just time to eMKseal it, by removing the earth and burying it under the heather. The cav^ry demanded the prinoe, saying that they had information that he had taken refbge in the bat, and carried off the tailor as their prisoner, who was alierwards c- Ing in state on the banks of the Lake "des Chat*," in the wild foresU of the Ottowa, not less than 150 miles from Montreal? M'Nab of M'Nab, the Bsphew and representative of the late laird, founded the ■ettl e mc n t with the advice and under the auspices of his tinwn a n , tha Earl of Dalhouaie, the late governor of Lower Caaada. He has collected around him about 4wo huadnd of hia dan, whose forefathers followed his an c aatora in the hour of battle, r ■< have now gone with him ia the day of their distress to clear and cultivate the wilderness of the Ottowa under his superintendtnoe. He has possession of the sword, and never shows it to a atrai^er but in the presence of his piper, who :« t»dered to iday the whole time. It was given to him by John M'Nauton, who lidded in Craelic, that "some damned loBg-leggeid fbllow of a Sassenach had asked him 3>r tlie ■word and offered him money for it, but that Iw woold never dianace the clan ot M'Nauton by giving over that awora to an Knglishman." The boundary line between Upper and Lower Cuuuta Iaav«s the St. Lawrence about 38 miles below Cornwall, and after running in nearly a straight direction, comae in contact with the Ottowa river at Point Fortune, op- posite to i^Ulon. It pursues the course of the river for many a iHgae beyond the habitations of civilized society ; and then strikes off to Hudson's bay. During the last ■ession, an act was pasaod in the provincial parliament for the appointment of conunissioners to ascertain its exact direction, in order to satisfV the borderers, who complained of beingsubjucted to the laws of either pro- vince alternately. The idea of an union of the two Ca- nada* has apparently been dropped for the present. Per- haps the majority of the British inhabitents in both ^MTOvinces would be in favour of such a project, or at all event* would not offer much opposition to it; but the F^orted or paasing into Lower Canada without the consent of both provinces, or by the British parliament; and the just proportkm of the duties due to each province settled by arbitrHtiott, and it* slure paid over to the Upper Province. Tha proportion it now receives by the exisitiog regulation is 35 per cent.; but this it will be seen must be increased, when it is con- sidered that by far the greater number of tlie settlers re- sort to the Upper Provmce, that the French Ctnadian peasantry usually prefer the coarse cloth of their own raanu&cture, and that therefore the bulk of the importa ftom Great Britain must find their way to the northern shore of Lake Ontario. It ia probable that much confusion would enaip for » length of time oilur an union should take place, and it is e4|iukUf ao, that the Canadas themselves would eventually be gai oers by the measure ; but the more serious question is, whether it is not better for the mother country to havo two parties there, instead of one ; and whether jt would bo politic in Great Britain to promote an anvngument that would render the colonies far more independent than would be consistent with their allegianoe to their mother country. As it is, tlie French Canadian interest is really on the- decline, and the British populaiion is wonderfully inwcusing. Every thing considered, the Canadas are improving with a rapidity not surpassed by any country upon earth; and I humbly conceive, that ex- perimental interference should be deprecated, because it would lead to a certain iuterruption of their present career of prosperity, for the sake of a distant and not certain advantage. . 16 183 •IX MORTM I returned to Montnal. When a traveller approachee Montreal be natarally turna liU oyo to the mountain be> hind it, and Aela aurpriaed that there ia no fortification bff which a city of lo much importance, and ao near the Aoierican frontier could be commanded, — strictly apeak> in(,*a fort aliould be built on the top of the mountain, and at La Ctiino, and on Nun'a ialand, by which, together with the batteriea on St. Hclen'a ialand in the river, im> mediately oppoaite to the city, tlie paaaage of the 8t. Lawrenoa would be effectually defended. But, wher. it ia conaidered that the top of the hill, or mountain, ii three milea from the city ; that it requiroa eleven pounda of powder to throw a thirtecn-inch shell to the diatance of one mile ; that all the fortifications in the world would not preserve the Canadaa to us, if the natives were against UB i tliat th« Americana could never take Montreal ao long as theCanadiana would fight ou our side ; tliat there ia a proapact of a lasting peace between Great Britain and the United Statea; and finally, the probability that before an- ther half century haa pasaed away, the Canadaa will ceaae, by a bloodleaa negotiation, to be a Britiah colony— an enormotu expense may well be spared, by leaving the cityin its present state. The picturesque island of St Helen's contains a small Sirriaon, and a large quantity of military storea. On e angle of the saluting battery on the south>weat oor- ner of ttw ialand, the French flag waved its laat in the Canada*. I left Montreal, after having diacovered that there waa a pock of fox-hounds, kept close by, and that they hunted regularly* and occasionally on by-days. They had not been long organiaed, but promised very well. I was also present nr one day during the races. The course is two niilea in length, and in exceUent condition, being railed off the wh^ distance. I saw one race, which was ad- mirably contested ; but the ground was not well attended, and the others did not go off with spirit. I was told, however, that there was a great prospect of improvement, as the Canadians were beginning to be fond of the sport The excitement would have been much greater if it had lasted but two days instead of four ; and a public ball af terwatds would not have been . miss. t then crowed the river in a (team-boat to LaPrairie, distant nine miles from Montreal. A miaeraUy bad road condticted me to Blair findie, and subaequeutly to the ' ^"y|gi;i! » Ag^;'* ' ! » ^yi '! i| « 'y""* " M n a traveller •pproachee eyo to the moimtmin be- there it no fortUication artonce, and ao near the itanded, — itrictly epeak- D top of the mountain, iland, by which, together inland in the river, im- tlie paaaago of the St. lefended. But, wher. it till, or mountain, is three luirca eleven pounda of ■hell to the distance of >ns in the world would the nativcB were againat er take Montreal so long our side ; tliat there is a len Great Britain and the robability that before an- y, theConodas will cease. )e a British colony— an I spared, by leaving the Helen's contain* a small of military stores. On ^ on the south-west oor- ig waved its laat in the liscovered that there waa I by, and that they hunted by-days. They had not led very well. 1 was also races. The course is two it condition, being railed one race, which was ad- nd was not well attended, ivith spirit. I was told, prospect of improvement, ig to be fond of the sport !n much greater if it had bur ; and a publio ball af miss. f team-boat to La Prairie, «!. A miserably bad road and subaequeutly to the IM AMERICA. ^ ^t very prttly village of Chambli, where oroharda and com- flelda were to be seen on all sides. Both these plaoes, particularly the former, are well known to the Canadian sportsmen as the fiivouritc haunt of the woodcock— per- haps thfi best in America. They are found ni great num. bers in the low birch woods around Blair Findie, where a good shot will sometime* kill above twenty couple in a morning, and I heard thut in one instance as many aa eighty couple were killed in two days by two guns. The beginning of October is the best season for shoot- ing aU kinds of game in the Taniidaa. The American woodcock is considerably smaller Ui«i the European bird, seldom or very rarely exceeding eight ounces in weight, and iU plumage is, I Uiink, hiuidsomer. The spots of brown on the Uok are larger Mid deeper, and the breast, instead of bcingmarked with dosk^bara, ia of a fine almond colour. Their flavour is »>'««"• The American bird when flushed, rises very rapidly, with a small shriU quickly repeated wWstle, and aeldoBi Biea beyond a distance of one hundred yard* Bp*"^ men who do not mind the heat, wUl find the ■hootin* exceedingly good in the month of July, when the wood- cocks first return from their southern haunta for the purpose of breadmg. In the northern states and Uie Canadas, they may be shot tiU the first fortnight in No- vember has eUpaed, after whicn they retreat to a warmeir clunata for the winter. No pheasant, partridge,^ quail, is strictly speaking found in North America. The par- tridge, 80 called in the States, ia the quail of Uie Canm- daaf but although on account of lU aiie and general appearance it might easily be mUtaken for the latter ijfd^t is in Act a apecies of the new genw^ " ortyx. The diflbrence between the real quail and tte_ortjrx «ff America, like that between the loag and ahort-wmged hawka, conaists in the atructure of ^e wing : in the erne, the aecond fisather is longest; in the other, the fourth, which evidenUy unfita it for takmg a >««« ,^»»'^,^ " ortvx virjrinianus" haa become naturah^d ui SuiTolk, and &aabein shot near Uxteidge. ^ species of ttegjjnoa coti.mix,or real quail, haa beenfonnd •»««*« ^ttartart Magellan. The pheaaant of the Statea w 1b» partndge if tSo Canada., aSd is in fact a very ta^dwme ■pe"*^ ff roose. feathered down to the toea, and haying u» * PtM SZSe Ihe habit, of the «percai^, Umg entoeVm the woods, and treeing readUy whea'yut up by a BnaU ;.l . III i '*«<*■> 184 SIX MONTU8 V dog. I limve before noticed the irruuiie, or barren, or prairio hen. In the Caiiadaa there m alio a darker co- lourud ipeciea called, the Hpruco partridge. A larK>: ffrouM, nearly allied to the capcrcaily in aixc and I'olour, la found near tlio Rocky Mountaini ; and alfhough five or fix diflurunt kinds of grouae are to be found in Nortli America — including, I believe, the ptarmigan — yet the black and red game of Scotland are not amonv them. A ■mailer ipe^iea of red grouse is plentiful in Newfound- land. The lame animal is calind a hare in the Sthtes, and a rabbit in the Canada*. It never burrows; Its usual colour is that of the European haru uud rabbit, mixed, and the meat is dark, litre that of the European haie. A larger speciea, whiob turnr^ white in the winter, and is termed on that account, the varying hare, is more com- mon in the Canadas than in the States, but is no where plentifiil. I would here remark tiiat any traveller who bring! hit {[un with him, and has a decided wish to see •ome American shooting, should bring hi* own dog with him ; any that he can depend on for general purpoues, be it of what breed it may. America offers a fine field to Ute ornithologist, and even a traveller who is usually careless of the study of natural history, cannot fail to be delighted with t!>e va- riety of beautiiU birds which he will see in merely pass- ing throuch the American forests, more particularly in those of tM States. Red birds, blue birds, and yellow or Baltimore birds, (a i^eoies of starling) will frequently fly across his path ; turtle doves pre constantly alighting in the road before him ; a iarg«, magnificent speoios of wood^cker, with a red crest, luwUly termed the wood- cock, will sometimes make hi* appearance; a great va- rietT of the same genus, particularly a small species with a marked plumage of black, white, and crimson, ■re almost alwi-ys in sight j he will be startled and de- ceived by the mrw of the catbird, — and his eye and ear will be attracted by the brilliant plumage of the blue iay, theaingiilg of the mocking-bird, the melodious flute-like whistle of ^e.wood-thrush, or the instantaiieous buz of the possingliumming-bird. Considering t he wildnes s of the country, I was very much surprised at the scarcity of the larger birds of prey ; a small brown vulture, com- monly misnamed the turkey-buxzard, is however an ez- qaptioD. I never -saw but one bald eagle in America: t*(fv* -aa»feii>.i III iii.i iiii)ill'i*iniTliiiiS«l i 'US ' - 10 irrouw, or barrm, or ore ia tUo a darker co- ico partriHi^e. A lorgu rnaily in size and rolour, aiiiM ; and although fiv» are to bo found in North the ptarmigan — yet the are not oinonr them. A plentiful in Newfbund- mr« in the Stbten, and a ver burrow*; it* utual haru and rabbit mixed, of tho European hare, lite in the winter, and ii ying hare, ia more com- e 8t8lea, but ia no where k tiial any traveller who laa a decided with to aeo d bring hi* own dog with on for general purposei, to tht) ornithologiat, and Rareleaa of the atudy of to delighted with t!>e vu- > will aee in merely paia- lata, more particularly in ia, blue birda, and yellow falarling) will iVequently \ are constantly alighting <«, magnificent apeoiaa ^' unally termed the wood- I appearance ; a great va- Icularlv a amalT apeciea aek, white, and crimaon, D will be Btartled and de- rd, — and hia eye and ear t plumage of the blue iay, 1, the melodious fluto-like the inatantaiieoua buz of inaidering the wildnea a of aurpriaed at the acaroity mall brown vulture, corn* lazard, ia however an ex- bald eagle in America : -w IN AMBIIOA. Ili h« WW bMting (br hia pray over th« raoonUin of Mon- tTMl I hie anow-whiu head and tail being discernible at a gr«at distance. They are more numerous on the sea eoaat, near the haunts of the Cah-hawk (osprev). When this latter bird has Uken a fish, the bald eagb, who has been watching hia movementa fVom a neighbouring height, will commence a moat fVtrioas atUok upon him, wUl force him to drop hia prey, and fVequently aeiM it before it can rii ippear under wator. The bald eagle is the MHiionn' remarlied '. hsTc answ' digenoua violent aniipi Chambli haps 5000 I at the Cathu ni of the United Statea. It was well franklin, that the wild turkey would the [ "pose better, being eidusfvely in- lerica, and having an innaU and coals th traggling rlUage, oontaininff per- of wbioh 4000 are oommunieanta «i„e.-«nu. imrcii. The CathoUo doctrine, divested of tho pomp and abeurduy of ceremony, b«>ing bo where more atriolly adhered to, than amongst the peasantry oT Ix>wer Canada. The houses are scattered around what is called the basin of Chambli— a Uke about three roUfls in length and two in breadth, formed in th* RicheUeu river. A canal is now forming, which in a »w years will contribute very much to the ptosparity and import, anoe of the viUage of Chambli and the surrounding country. When Inished, the course of navigation to- tween lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, at pre*i«t impeded by the rapids at ChamUi, wiU be ilA ftwn In- terraption; so that the produce of » the townships," as the lands granted by the crown are termed, wlU be ceo. veyed directly to Quebec instead of passing through ""An'Sd'fort b«ihhy the FWi ketandingatthe foot of the rapids. The situation is selected with their usual judgment^ it being scarcely •«•«■"• *«|>» *^ f'JX; ChimhU has alw barracks for 1000 howe, and 1»,000 inftntry, but at present they are «»««npW; . i would recommend e^y one wl» hae tin» at we disposal, to ascend the Belleisle mountdj^ ''i!?!^'rf mifcTlKH;; Chambli. I» i, P' "'5^ ^K!jl 5 graaito, and risew abruptlyftom the plafii ♦» • "^Xr.^ Store than 2000 Aex. From the top may ■»• — »»*? lineetTiew in the Canadas. The •T* '«»«• JP-T^Z sirfe, over a vast extent of «»™«7l5!?t^,!^"SSJiL reoUoo of the » cooowieieiM" Of hnds W4 in •MT'ort^ 16« * I. It M 180 aix MONTiia contrlbutM not • littl« to tho iiiiigularitv of tli« proiptot. On the north, the 8t. liswmicc ii viiiblo on a cloar day •■ fiir h th« " Tlir«« Rivori," which ii htlf-way to Quebec ; on tha wuth and oaat, are tho mountain* of Naw Yorl< and Vorniont. Ton olty of Monti 'lal, at the diatanoa of aerantaen miloa t - 'in weetwa'd, would ap- pear like a white atraak on th * « of t)i> river ; but that tha aupeiior height of the > .tb of tl « cjlhodral are diatinotly relieved bjr the dar'.. wooded aidea of tho bill, whoae elevation ia much diminiabud by the dii. Unoe, The Riohelieu river appeara' to run at the foot of the mMBtain, and tho wholo uf ita course ii viaible iVotn lalte Champlain to tliu 8t. Lawrence. 'I'liu inoun> tain itaelf i* exceedingly piolureaque ; a aroall and very protty \»ke being emboamiMd in it* woll.wooded re- oeaaea, like ttiat of Tarni near Tivoli. Tho aicent from Chambli occupied a day ; but I thought niyiolf amply repaid for tho time I had expended, and tne fatigue 1 had undergone, I proceeded to St. John'a, and took the ateua-boat for lAke Champlain. In a few houra we raed the old fort at Rouae'a point, which by the late laiun oftlw klnv of the Net! 5 lands, on the boundary ouMtion, ia now in poaaeaaiu. f the Americana, al- though it atanda on the CaD<«d: 0.1 aide of the river. Br the Uoaty of 1788, tha boundary line between tho United Stfttoa and Lower Canada was imperfeotly defined aa •ztandint '*froa tha northweat angle of Nova Scotia (now NewBrunawiek) tothat angle which is (brmed \a m line drawn doe north ftom the wuroe of the St Crou liver to the Highl a n di i alanf tha said Highlanda which diride thoae rivera that emptv themselvea in tho rWer St. Lawrenoe firom thoae which hand, and in a very workman-like manner, withoot locking the wheels, but descending several hills so steep that as a Yanliw expressed himself, " It was like driving off the roof of n house." A detailed description of the road is anneces. sary : it wound through the beautifiU and well cultivated valleys of Vermont and New Hampshire, running for many miles along the banks of the Onion and Con- necticut rivers : whilst the forests on the hills around were every where clothed in their splendid autumnal garb, and overshadowed some of the prettiest and hap- piest looking villages I ever saw in any country ; the houses being chiefly white, with green blinds, and other- wise displaying an excellent taste in dssign. Whole fields were strewed with enormous pumpkins, and others were covered with broom com, which is no bod snlMtitute for oats. We passed through Montpelier, and skirted the rocky mountain of Monadnoe, stopping* iniAm^S.. m Wm i pL i n -M 188 ■IX MONTHS were •««>*q««»^»y »"?f "f ^^^hiee ouartfri of a place at the north bnage, about three quan Lie from the bridge over whwb J^J«J^^ ^f thi. The inhabitants are proud and ju«iiy prou... were fired upon and *-P?'XWheLr .Svance upon the Mune morning, previoudy to their aavanw r« :Sd^ S;^r«d U •nS^'SlSo difference whether he B entablature ana P^'™";"!^ '-Thv thi'fiM eirctofc EiSh appSlation wa. Trimountain. and it. pi«ent •7? r.Swda1 S* «y •nival. I took the oppofU- ^m: as J Connecticut rivet, and , where the fire of the the Americans fcr the ary war, on the 19th of I aent them to aeiae and been aeoretly collected in their attempt, but streat. The fight took ut three quartera of a Bh the road now paaMS. id juatly proud, of this irer to Boeton, atande a of the militia men who by the British troops on to their advance upon It of innumerable lamps, lion of its many bridges, the Tremont hotel,— de- best bouse in the United bed-rooms were equally uiy other I had seen, m I a government buildmg ,ner, tea, and supper are ain hour; and although liberally extended, yet u eUined too long, he must or put up with cold and » him with an iU grace by r a meal expressly served ras are two, or two dollars a no difference whether he istly «^po«te the Tremont. i Ionic pilasters supportuag It The interior is tasto- Tiaited by the first eirdee. on was Shawmnt, it* fiwj imountain, and ita present arrival, I took the opportu- , which stands }-**« «y,\^:::;^VrL^^^^^^^ appear. ^ry5 pis o?^r?Sen^ionB L Boston. The hundred years ago. ™/^ "°\il!^'^Sn it. walls rf the government »f England^It^e^«» ^^^^^ foU.length pMtrwt of Wa-hm^ ^ Stewart The figure *• SL'^"Xr ornaments in the indifferenUy executed. T*e "^^.^ which it is ap. hall, are emblemaUcal of *^\« R"^!!? C.^ there, a^ Shod. Public meeting and iiperB«w told ttw^^ STeompany ^^^7}^^ SSJ^cSL". T^^« "^ that have been mottoed «>' ™« »^"*''J^- » multitude » Skryxnecki " wa« very conspicuous, among » •" of others. • ^^ . „g among the young Societies have always beoi m »°8JJ" » ridiculous BMtonians. The objects of .wme of A«n aw r»m^ enough. Many years '^^^^^fJZ^Z Jews ii .ubs^iption for the FfP^^|iTa instituted col- Enghmd. At a mudi later pen°«; » "*" ^ Emperor of \ Russia; another 8««'.^f°'r'^- .^^ august person- Society." sent a deputaUm to ««J'°rl, "»Hi8 answer age.^uestin? "^JSlS" c^mjS bri^^valuable I wa. very (?«'«>«»'. ""^^Sto firmer,' he. ring of diamond nng. A »"f**""*rj^eBnatched to him an this, immediately f^^ZJ^tytS^Sn » » Bp-oi- enormous turnip, (" *^"S\„ ' , „*odnM. He received no menofAmerican agricultural produce. « Samond ring, which was no^ a ^'^f^the head of I » noble Swede" would no* be^ '^J?^'' i,t to have to the Autocrat A pair of «?>°"5,*b^ Belle., were been worked by Ae^'pSiiSiKnd. rfGeae- UMi IM AHBBICA. 101 Itatea were conitructed teat city in the Union ; particularly sUikinj, Igoinc, nnd there is ui ne every Btreet in the gily detect the absence o complete the appew- MionB BB Boston. The founder, who lived a w forgotten. It » the cauae, within ita walla itiona and the eloquence veara back, were firat Unce by the obaUnacy It containa an original ininhiare«fimentala,by nt, but the horae u very ther omamenta in the rpoMis to which It IB ap. iiiere are held there, and ind them the deooraUona occasion. Thenwneof uouB,amongamulUtade ivogne among the young neofthemareridiciU«»B mofJBSOOwaarawedby • inverting the Jews in iod, a self-constituted col- iploma to the Emperor ot edthemselvea" the Peace the same august peraon- , a member. Hia anawer Bcompanied by a valuable uetta former, hearing of u»d despatched to bun W ae vegetaWe ")«••«?«»- produce. He received no t a fair return, aa it waa at, as of yore, the head of ^ unacceptable prwent tours, which ought to have , of tlie Boston bellejwere through the hanito £<»«»«• ^5ert the United 8trt«s a meeting fitvourable to the Poles waa held at New Or- jeana, and " an army in disguise," consisting of no leaa than twenty-nine volunteera, was waiting at New York in order to sail to their assistance. The delay, I under- stood, had arisen on account of a dispute as to the place of embarkation, because, in case of their triumphant re- turn, the city that last held them would be entitled to the whole honour of the expedition. I waa present at a meeting in the Faneuil Hall, held for the purpoia of adopting resolutions, and electing re- presentativoa to attend the grand meeting on the tariff queation, which was held on the 36th of October, at New York. The literary institutions at Boston are very numerous, and the number of booksellora' shops is quite surprising. Upwards of 60,000 dollars are annually expended in pub- lic education, and perhaps an additional 150,000 mar be the amount laid out in private establishments. There are fourteen infant schools in the city, and sixty primary schools, affording the means of education to about 4000 children. The next in order are the grammar schools, and the Latin school, from which the boys are qualified to go to Cambridge (Harvard) University. Upon enter- ing the infimt sdools, the fint questions I chanced to hear were very national, characteristic, and amusing, " When goods are brought into a country, what do von call it? — Importing gcrads! and when goods are taken out of a country, what do you call it? — Exporting goods!" with a moat joyoua and tumuUuoua emphaais upon the distinguishinjg syllable of either answer. Cambridge, or Harvud Umversity is about three miles from Boston, and situated withm a larse enclosure. The centre ottildinr, amongst several ouiera deteched, and standing apart, is of st» *'" ^ asked."— (Signed 6y the Lx- '''^Tho" whole annual expenses of an undergraduate do not amom^t to more than 250 dollars ; for thu. he .. boarded and instructed by the lectures of dlftcrent pro- feawrs on every subject, irom divinity to 'obstetrics, u>d modicul j'lrisprudonce. Christiamty is respected and promoted in its broadest sense, not according to the teneU of any particular sect: the professor of divinity beinir obUged to declare his belief in the scriptures, as the only perfect rule of feith and manners, and to pro- mise that he wUl explain and open tliem to his pupils with integrity and faithfUness, according to tlio best light that God shall give him, &c. „,•,,. • u:„i. Massachusette is the only state of the Union in which a legislative jurisdiction is made for the support ot reU- ffion. In every other, a person is at liberty to belong to iny sect, or none if he pleases ; but in Uiis state the con- rtitution compels every citizen to be a member of some religions ordeVTor pay for the support of some teacher of reliiion, although & making the choice it aUows him to follow the bent of his own inclinations. With respect to the salaries of clergymen, it may Be mentioned, that in the large ciUesthev vary fr«™ «";« *° thrf* thousand dollars, and from five hundred to a thou- sand in the morejwpulous country ?"»•?««• «*i'V*"^y of perquisites. Every clergyman is paid by his own conwegation, so that his engogement with tliem is a kind 01 contract. , i ■ a At Boston, I attended the Unitarian chapel, in order to hear the celebrated Dr. Channing, whose preaching was so popular during his resident in London a few years a^o. His language was very fine,his accent pure- Iv En^ish, and his manner more subdued than that ot American preachers in general, who are usually too ora- torical to be impressive. I was fortunate m hearing an exposition of his doctrine. He considered Christianity as only a kindred light to nature and reoaon ; that the germs or seeds of the different exceUences in Uie charac- '•■* I iii i.xuM i j wi w xi 38 ivhilHt the librarian wa« liising.the firrt and »c- ■ books in the library of ■son who borrowed, will ir place on the table, he :ca8ion to consult them, ." — {Signed by the Li- af nn undergraduate do dollars; for this he is DCturcs of different pro- divinity to " obeteUics," hristianity is respected jsc, not according to tl»e iie professor of divinity lief in the scriptures, as id manners, and to pro- open tliem to his pupils iccording to tho best light te of the Union in which e for tho support of reli- ib at liberty to belong to but in tliis state tho con- to be a member of some lupport of some teacher of 10 choice it allows him to nations. I of clergymen, it may be ties they vary from one to im five hundred to a thou- mtry parishes, exclusively man is paid by his own ^ogcment with tliem is a Unitarian chapel, in order banning, whose preaching isidcnce in London a few 1 very fine, his accent pure- noro subdued than that of J, who are usually too ora- as fortunate in hearing an Je considered Christianity iture and reason ; that the t excellences in tlie charac- IN AHBRICA. tor of Christ were to be found in the boflom of every man, but that he alone jioBsessed them in an eminent degree ; and that tho doctrine of the atonement had ita founcmtion in the fears of guilty mankind, &.c. &,c. The extraordi- nary eloquence of the preacher did not, however, make roe a convert to his tenets ( yet jt riveted my attention for more than an hour, and I came away with the im- pression that he was one of tho very finest preachers I had ever heard ; although I was not shaken in the con- viction, that where there is no settled form of prayer, the principal part of the service must necessarily be the sermon, and that the sermon, if it be at all worth hear- ing, instead of containing religious admonition, is usual- ly filled with a discussion on controverted points of doc- trine. The medical college at Boston is a department of Harvard University. There has been, and still is, aa in England, a difficulty in obtaining subjects for dissection in the United States. It is remedied by different laws in different states : the more usual provision being, that the bodies of persons who die in almshouses, or by the hands of the executioner, or who are unknown, shall be given up for that purpose. When at Boston, I was favoured with the sight of an admirable picture, just finished by Mr. Alston; the sceiie being taken from Mrs. RadcUf&'s novel of the Italian, where the assassin, who is obliged to commit murder at the instigation of tho monk, is terrified by the fkncied apparition of a bleeding huid. The monk, with a stronger intellect and more determined purpose, is raising a lamp that he may be enabled to see more clear- ly into the darkness of the vault. A better flame and a more murky atmosphere wero never painted. The out- line of the figures is extremely good, and the terror in the countenance of the murderer, u finely contrasted with the cool, stem, and incredulous gaze of the monk. Mr. Alston, who is the first, if not the only historical painter in America, has been employed for many years upon a ver^ large picture, which is not to be seen by any one till finished. The subject is Belshazzar's Feast; and the figures are as large as life. He intends to rest his reputation on the success of this painting, which will not see the light till he himself is perfectly satisfied with it Many ptwts of it are said to luive been repeatedly altered. Chi one occasion when it was threatened by 17 ' I i immiMmiii niiftf Biliil'WihlfMrtWVfi ifcirttiftWiiiiOTHte'i • If4 8IX HOMTIIK towwl Kclux.;. that he might not catch . gUmp- "S'liwoll the M^iichoitor of An.crlca, b twwty-ieveii ■carcofy ahouwin tho place; and "7^ ."K'^J^uX U formed port of a farming »»*«;. ^''"Ijru.eS LLTvdMly^mproductivc. even m th« ""d-t of the .torue ;Sf ^ky region with wWch .t i. •«"«^d«J- ^^ ^h good '^8"»*'^^\.*,'raav; but the calico weaving apindle. had been conUactod (°J' XiUing c*Ued tJie emplo;red »?«« »^«»f.JC^5? IXorTtto attention of machme^op.W^ch »f '^^^t.^™ hlloM^ to the Mcr- Uio traveller. The vaat building" ^'"^Jf/J^J^icuou. rimack and H^'wL'hTt^Ts I^Sl from from the road by ^^^^M;" •"Xch are ranged along Boston, P¥t«"^^^i't'i!'it I bd^^c*. no lineS moat e«*'»"^^,7!„_ui.tion and businesB are perhaps fT?J"ri{uatoK UrShio. The .cenery about £S:S i. ^rTt&^ in intereat and beauty, but U «* icarcely meriU fiuthcr . fore the East India Company entered into the Canada tea trade, the colonies were supplied from tho United ' States. But now the course of smuggling, which from the nature of tho country it is morally imposslbla*^ to prevent, is decidedly in favour of the CanadM. The duties on tea in the United Stales have been re- J daced nearly fifry per cent, since the SIst of Decani- ber, I8ai; but still the duties in the Canadas are very mueh low^r; tho best gunpowder tea, for instance, p«ykig a duty of twenty -five cents, whilst in the Cana- das it pays but four pence, and hyson tea paying a duty of eighteen cents in the United States, atod but sixpence in the Canadas, &o. The Americana have petitioned for a Airther reduction of lb* duties ; but it appears that none will be made as yet. If the Ameri- can government would allow the tariff* dnties and the national debt to expire at the same time, it is not diffi- cult to foresee, that as it is the amount of dnties which governs the trade, the provinces would again be supplied from the United States, unless the British go- vernment should lower their duties also; and then if this were to be done, and the United States and the Canadas wer* on the same footing, as the East India Company are supposed to purchase their teas as cheaply as they can be purchased, no foar need be en- tertained by the Canadas that any advantage will %• gained over the British trade with regard to the ex- penses of importation. And in addition to this, the rapid means of communication with the Copper Pro- vince, afforded by the Rideau canal, will, it is sup- posed, bid defiance to hortfbl competition on the part of tho Americans, when either the time or the cost of conveyance is considered. The conrse of the tea trade between the United States and the Canadas has been ao much in flivonr of the British eolonies, that the East India Company intend this year to sand out four ship* to Quebec and Halifax, instead of two as heretofore. Many of the old contraband traders have J) iMllltyW<)ia W W ** **^* * ' 'tf*' ' W " ^ i ill HWUl W I i^w i i i i< i8»i ^li MMtti ft ailiiillwiiil»i>>ili "wr 19d ■IX NONTHI ■DiMMd Urge forlunei: tha tonwiner. whelh.r royal- Ut or republicon, having bMi. by no inwni ty.nw to rendir awiilanoo whom it wm obviomly for liwown benaflt to do lo. At Bo.ton. l'hlUd.lphi», and BalUmor., houM rant k about fiaeeu par cent, oboapar than "t Na* Yorfc, whaie the rent of a good hoo«i, .ituatad. for »nilanfl«, on a par with thoae in Olouoaaler-plaoe in London, woald amount lo one thou.and or one thouiand two (•hundred dollari a year; but counting-houiee and ^ olhar houaea, taken for their convenient •iluatione with reference to coinmeroittl purpoaee, would rent in either of tho largeet citiee juit mentioned, at a higher rate than in London. , . The aeeeaement or tax upon houaae variae In Uia different ciUo., ftom five to eight dollara in tha thoa- "xt Botton. tha waget of an '"•«>«•»' "•'•••"',"1 are from ten to eighteen dollare a month j of ramalaa iVom one and a quarter to two dollare a week. The e>pen.a of keaping a horjja at livery in either of the larVar citiee ia about ten dollara a month ; but if Broomed by a gentleman'e own «>rvBnt it may be iJThf half that aum exclu.ively of the groom . w«gee. Hay bM been very abundant in Boiton mar ket for the iMt two or three year., ""f ^m »ld at from ten lo fifteen dollar, the ton. Oat. at forty- five to fifty cenU the bwhal, vjhole.ale prjoe- In Boaton a carriage and a pair ofhorje.. In- cluding the coachman', wage., &.o.. «•>:>?•*?* at an annual expenaa of three finndrad and fifty dollar., **l' hS'ivar feel grateful for the hoepitable rec^ion I met with at Boeton. The .oci.ty »• •«f»«''»r»^" Boitonian. more ra^mbllng the E-JBl-h than the in^ ^biUnta of any other cit» I »»"» '"'i''^' 'Pf,'!! hTrrins and appearance of aome of them being .0 SutSrafi tE'at they have much ado »» W on. another in countenance. The governor of Mamchn- :?tuJontUled»hir excellency." and the lie-U^ Bovernor ia addre»ed aa "your honour." The halle* 01 Kiton dr.* exceedingly well, hotter P«»«I»,»^ ^ other, in the Union f Philadelphia •»"» B^^mor. J^ .leaptMl. At New York, a. I have before re. iMliiMa ITT AMnmA. 197 iiuiiicr, wh«th«r royal- by no iiiatni tvaria to obviouily for hit own Balllmoro, houM rent or than at N«w York, , •ituated, for iniUnoo, •iter-placa in London, 1 or one thouitnd two counting-houMi and convenient tiluationi ^urpoMi, would rent in mentioned, at a higher I houaaa variaa in tha [ht dollara in tha thM- II in-door male aervant n a month t of femalea dollara a weeli. tone at livery in oithar m dollara a month ; but own aarvant it may be uaively of the groom'a bundant in Boiton roar- ae yeara, and haa aold the ton. Oata at forty- rholeaalo price. I %. pair of horaea, in- gee, &.O., may ba kept hundred and fifty dollara, r tho hoapitable reception ■ociety ia excelleut — the the EngUah than the in- I had viaited; and the aome of them being ao ) much ado to keep one la governor of Maaaaali«- noyi" and the Ueutenant- uf honour." The ballaa of ell, baiter perbapa than liikdelphia and Baltimora rk, aa I have befcra ». marliail« ttia eotonra of their dreaaea aia flir too gaudy, and certainly Ill-judged ai to the manner and the time of waarlni; tnem. I believe that there ia in England a very miatakpn idea of American nocloty ; aa I have fVe they are careful of their own. SSo^e il th°ng.. iet him/a. "Bob Short" has it, "be «u^ to keep hii temper." Anger is of not the slightest u"!wd a man maVas well be out of humour with his mantelpiece, as with a Yankee. In<»«'P««'«"'=" '! vUible in the countenance both of the Englishman and the American: but in the one, it is stamped as it i'oufdTeoTthe forehead; with the o".«r it is more often entwined in the curl of the nether lip. Never take the corner inside a coach on a rainy day, yon II to wet to the skin: carefully "oid comparwon be- tween any thing that is Ameriw, "i''^"'?,*'" "«*•"*{ is European, pSrUoularly if it shonld be £«?>»•»»• J have «.f»ra times received a friendly cauUon from 5^i?an. themselves on this head Th"e are hbe- ral^inded men in the SUtes who wiU talk like gentle- mi« on«v8rvsubie«t; but I believe there u nothing u^ust in hr«E' that jealousy of England and Engltah arts, and English improvements, "d Eng^uih mSctaHi, may be reasonably «!•«««• .'-*»i""°** DTomineat of their naUonal failings,— and that out of whSmS be designated a. iteam-boat acquamtan», ti^l Tm not fifty men, from Maine to Louisiana, who c« Cn ?o.«chacompari«,n without biting their """lleft Boston, as I did Baltimore, with r^ret, and prJceSedtoProvidenee, the capital of Rh«H»«, W«^- irJhBwav I nassed through Pawtooke^ a very oon- ride^bKLCuring t^wn on the bank, of th. ^ttlS^nr^Jitain. nearly 80,000 W-^J^S^ Jl^!:: raliSmXtur.^ and mm exceedingly good private boiSS? to aTneighhourhood. bJ^^^'^^i^ 2? J 1 Z«JZnA Mne excellent woodcock shooting. fCnmv'^««.lSSScSrbe .landing with mygun SCISnd «mU.S bar of the inn, when • v«/^«^ toouJgAmericaa<»onyremovedaciBMfto^^ and mort civUly addrewed me with, WeU, stranger how do you prosper in gunning 7" ^ At Providence I embarked for «f* J'^. J™J^ .ptendidstaamboat. the President, p«ing by Ne^.a Urge and poputeu. place, much retried to on account of IS ■n servant. With or- ar of losing any thing ften as careless of the careful of their own. Hob Short" has it, "be r is of not the slightest e out of humour with ikee. Independence is of the Englishman and e, it is stamped as it Ih the other, it is more ihe nether lip. Never on a rainy day, you'll avoid comparison be- ]Bn, and any thing that should be English. I friendly caution from bead. There are libe- ho will talk like gentle- elieve there ia nothing ilousy of England and rovements, and English bly classed as the most ilings,— and that out of eam-boat acquaintance, ilaine to Louisiana, who on without biting their timore,with regret, and capital of Rhode Island. 1 Pawtooket, a very oon- n on the banks of the 20,000 inhabitants, Mve. ixceedingly good private id, by the assistance of a Uent woodcock shooting, be standing with my gan 9 inn, when a very decent reda cigar from bis mouth, e with, "WeU, stranger! I?" id for New York io th* lent, passing by Newport, a h resorted to on account of IN AUEBIOA. 199 the sea breeze, which is said to be cool and refleshing during the greatest heats of summer. The Providence river is one of the finest harbours in the Northern States, and the best station fbr ships of war; as a junction could be effected with a fleet from the Chesapeake in less than forty hours, with the same wind that wonM be adverse to a ship sailing from Boston harbour, and would perhaps prevent a junction in less than ten daya. The next morning I found myself once more at New York— standing just where it did when I first left it ; and afler the lapse of a day, I embarked in a steambmt to proceed up the North or Hudson's river. The extreme rapidity with which we were hurried through the water soon carried me into the midst of the most superb river scenery I had yet beheld in America. I congratulate myself upon having deferred this excursion to the end of my tour instead of seeing it at first, and would recom- mend overy traveller to do the same, beoanae all that wiU be seen afterwards of the same description will probably lose by a comparison. The western bank soon presents a perpendicular of trap rock, so denominated on account of its basaltic formations and gwieral m|i. pearance, " the pallisades" continuing for nearly twenty miles along the river, and forming a. natural wall or praol* pice, which varies f^om twenty feettofive hundred net in height, nor is the elevation sensiUy diminielwd Hy the great width of the stream. On the east or opposite bank, at a distance of twenty>five miles from New York, my attention was excited by the beaatiifal sttna^ tiun of a small village embcaomed in woods, and still farther concealed by a projecting headland. Upoo^en- quiry I fimnd it was Tarrytown, where Major AmUf was made prisoner, and its appearance immedtately b«- came donUy interesting. Whether he was or was not « spy, cannot, I think, be determined without an aaawor to the enquiry, " suppose he had succeeded 7" — but ^ whether the cause of freedom would have thriven the ' worse for the generous dismissal of a m^le-minded enemy, or whether the memory of Washington would have descended to posterity the Imw antarniuied in oon- sequenoe of such an action, are questions which are still less problematical. Major Andre was executed at Tap* pan, on the other side of the river, standing on the boundary Una between the states of N*w ¥ ork and New Jersey. >•»?;■ we ht t'ormi^st ttsnj' •■'W9*^'p|*^,»*' -- iiiailiiiiiiiliriimiiMrii 200 ■IX MONTHS The ncnitentiary at Sing-sing is the next object of at- .JLS!J^ H U buflt by the convicts tliemselves, in the S^Cnfinementltdopted there, i" th%»^";;" ^^^^ "^^,^; wn in the western part of the state of New Y orK. i ne on the other hand, with regard to the ^^°^F^*^^^ ,^J. winner in after Ufe, I «ho,Jd humbly conceive the latter SK S preferable ; becaa«. as one PX"!!! JS W^by anttttier. it i. tery ''^^^f y^°\^lTF^i bTcai commckee a new Ufe without risking a sneer from a former companion in confinement. I had lately enjoyed the agreeable society of two French wntleiien, who were traveUmg /?i*®,*^Jf'X JownMi^t.with tostnictions tovi.it the diflferent prisons KcStod States in which the syrtem of solitary ccm- &iemer^wu adopted, with a view of amsertaMiing whe- K^'Sm; in France. Thejr info^-nf^ me S^ M to M they had «en,they were of opinion that the SS^ ««ld ^adopted, were W for the «PB««to gi^rr«i in tho«.^ltewliona whidi ^"^d be neoww- rv. A crimiBBl condemned to imprisonment m France I? turned in amongst a number of oflier persons. » fed Airing the period oThis detention, and comes out of the Driaon just as he entered it __--™, "^We ion came in sight of Westpoint. at the e^n^" «*■ tiie river. This spot waa eelected in the /?" 1»"*;l^ Sedtoof themilitOT college of the United States. The Srilto^cSSnectedWith thV ^"^'^^^^^ f*»^ £;^?lS.'^ffiSL\e^Sn»^^tKt^ tlon of tlie courta of the Umt6dState«. __. ^,^,_^. The dta* and appearMiee of to cadeto i« J^**^ DMt : aaadtting of a slighaybraiiled jacket, M|J^fr«y*" of gny dothTttieir number ia about two hundred and p . < iiii«i i ii i >i i >Mi fis is the next object of at- ricts themBelves, in the i80. TheBystcmofBoli- is the same as that of Au- late of New York. The f, and are brought out to nuarries immediately ad- r allowed to utter a sylla. jpear that under all cir- t more UVciy to prevent led in Philadelphia ; wid , to the reformation of a umbly conceive the latter I as one prisoner is never r he cannot be recognised, without risking a sneer afinement igreeable society of two Savelling for the French to visit thediflferent prisons the system of solitai7 con- view of ascertaining whe- nce. They informed me, ley were of opinion that the e it not for the erpenw to IB which would be necessa- imprisonment in Fif«n* jer of other persons, is ted tion, and comes out of the ^Mtpoint, at the commence- i the most beantifbl part of lected in the year 1802, as lofthe United States. The MtaUiidiment are situated out 160 feet above the sur- rabk ruins of Fori Putnam ipon an eminence 440 fiset iU oontinued behind thetti. mn to Mvenunent, the im- jelieiiig within the Juriadic- Instates. , 1 of the oaMM U extrediely braided jacket, and trowMni r is about two hundred and IN AUBRICA. S0<1 sixty. The a'^odemic staff is composed of thirty.three officers, and gentlemen who act as proftssors and assist* ant professors. The cadets are mstructed in almost every branch of science, but in no language, excepting French. They are publicly examined every year, in the pfdsenco of fifteen visitors, who are invited to at- tend, and have an allowance made them for their tra- velling expenses. Amongst other places, I visited the drawing academy, and another apartment, in which were several cadets studying fortification. When there, I could not avoid remarking that on one of the tables, by the side of the drawing utensils, lay a half demolished roll of tobacco. The disgusting habit of chewing to- bacco is common in every part of America; even the men in the upper classes are not entirely free from it ; but it surely might be discontinoed (by express prohi- bition, if necessary) by the oflScers and cadets of the most gentlemanly establishment in the Union, and against which, laughable as it may appear, objectione have been raised on account of the arutocratical Idea* which the young men bring with them into society. The annual expenses of each cadet do not exceed three hundred and fifly dollars. He is examined at the expiration of four years : if ho does not pass, he is #1- lowed another year of grace. There are usually on HM average about a hundred candidates for admission on tiie list, and about thirty are annually accepted: a prefer- ence being given to the sons of revotutionary officers, or of those who served in the last war. Out of the whole number admitted, I was informed that more than one half of them leave the college from incapacity, dis. orderly behaviour, or other reasons, before their tioM has expired ; and that about one fourth of them usually take their leave within a year ailer the commencement of their studies. Every cadet must have attained the age of fourteen before admittance, and is originally in- tended for the army ; but in the event of his not fi- fing a commiBsion,the education he has received, amidst the present and universal confusion of rail-roads and water-powers, will ensure him three dollars a day for his services as a civil engineer. The cadets form on parade every day at one hour before sunset, and have a very soldier-like appearance, occasionally practisingthe funs at a target on the opposite side of the river. The and, towards the maintenance of which eftoh OMbtcon* % I . "»fei*-,- ..^■"^^i |g| SIX MONTHS Ulbato* twoiily-ftve cents a month, I. wid *° JJf .\|'« ^'ij in the BUtesf If a young man does »»* •''"l^'f hlm«=lf. ho will probajly remain '" |^« -«\'„';^^''^^^^^ det corpa during the four year, of his probation , miv" he di^fav morlthan ordinary abilitie., he mav become IJrSa^Xer the first, and a'«.rgoantafter tfie second te«r«nd may .ubi«q«ently getTii. commission a. .e- oond lieutenant in the army. j,.,i„„ the Koiriuako served in the American ranks during the warTlnSSice. Hi. cenoUph i- a very con.p.- Tu",^ oSecTat Westpoint; and at ^^^^.XZX which he i. said to have frequented, and •" *"»« °. the name of Kosciuako's Garden : a small fi>«»|»'°' "; «rded at this Ume with peculiar l*;?""**' ^"^"«' "^ through a plain marbto .laV, and trickle. overUie letter, of hUrnaie, a. if it w«pt it. «11 to >»« "wmory. Cannon are cast at the fo«nd'7 ?»»*?. «"J"7i!'' thWrWeTnearlvoDiKMite to Westpoint On that side ?CaSfe« fco&, i. the hoU which wa.«Bcu- Zd by Arnold when he wa. carrying on hi. »*•"«'»«• ?«re.«mdence with the ftiUA^ ^cw^^ T^SJ^l whcraTe held hto conftrence with Major Andre, w rranhadowed by a .mall grove of trees, «"'lyj^"*": V^Zd by their superior height I ¥"«>«/? »«^j. ?^ f^rtpoint,'th»t General La Fayette, during h« ''»'»« imT W «id he wa. dining with Arnold, when he re- JSr^ftomMajoT Andre the letter which informed wi rf W.^pt««. «id that Arnold lmm?««"t«»y, made Some excn* for leaving the Ubie, and •«"»H."'; weTknown. by runnin| down a vepr t«.p bank «nd ordering wme boatmen to row .»"'« *«» /j'\-?*„ .loop of war which brought Major Andre, and wa. then lying in the river awaiting hw/e'"™- . „, ,- The American musket carries but eighteen balls to the^u^d Ccharge o^ POwder i.alsopr»port.onabjr le». A general officer who served m the »«* jar, m formed iSe that having ob«>rved the ^fh""*^?" ~ *^ Britidi prisoners, he frequently found them Mack for a month ^r theS captur4 ; and not brmg satisfied ^ STsmaDness o< the charge of powder which had b^n X«dy diminished by an order from the American W- iSarters, he him^lf, Uien a colonel, went 'oundto every S«nb. hieregiment, previously to an «'P»«*«»*'^ .ee that it w5i rtill fcrther reduced "^'H*^^ ™ own Older. The men were thn. convinced of the n«- r injgillM irillniWW » h, \n B«id to be the best n does not distinguish in the ranliB of the ca- Bf his probation ; but if liilities, be may become irgoant after the second his commission »» se- irican ranks during the lOtaph is a very conspi- d at a picturesque spot anted, and is known by n : a small fountain, re- ar reverence, bubbles up I trickles over the totters to his memory, ndryon the east side of estpoint On that side I house which was occu- nrryinff on his traitorous Ush t&cers. The spot B with Major Andre, w re of trees, easily distin- Bight. I understood, at tyette, daring his visit iti vith Arnold, vrhen he re- e tetter which informed imold immediately mad« Ubie, and 'escaped, as is a a very steep bank, and ow him to the British Major Andre, and waa ng his return, ies but eighteen balls to vder is also proportionably erved in the last war, m- rved the shoulders of the ly found them black for a id not being satisfied whh of powder which had been sr &om the American head- Jonel, went round to every islyto an engajfement, to reduced according to hw Ans convinced of the ne- IM AMERICA. SOS oessily of reserving their fire, and of taking a steady aim, so tliat, perhaps, one shot in ten took effect, instead of one in sixty ; the number usually allowed in Euro* pean warfwe. He also informed me, that during the obscurity of the night, and the confiision which took place at the battle of Lundy's lane, ho observed a regi- ment forming on his flank, and being unable to discern immediately whether they were British or Americana, he jumped upon the top of a fence for a better view, and immediately become a mark for a volley of British mdk- ketiy, of which every shot passed over his head. This no doubt was partly caused by the old method of " mak- ■ ng ready ;" in consequence of which tlie musket was trequently discharged before it was brought to the shoulder, from the perpendicular position m which it was held. The British troops suffered more severely than they otherwise would have done on account of the colour of their uniforms, the least portion of which so easily exposed them to the rifle of the back-woodsman. Soon after quitting Westpoint we pasaed the town of Newbury, leaving the Catslull mountaias on our M). I did not visit the hotel at the top of them, aa the seawin was too far advanced, andeverv body bad left it The view from it is said to be, and must be, magnifioent We then arrived at Albany, which has beenfor thiqtx years the capital of the state of New York ; it is a han» some and thriving city, oontaining aboat -0,000 inha- bitants. £very traveller should contrive to be at Albany on Sunday morning, in order that he may proceed to Sha- ker's town, about eight miles distant, and attend the pyblio worship of the sect. At Lebanon, in the same state, there is a larger establishment, but it is more out of the way. Their mode of worship is certainly the most extraordinary that is adopted in any Chitatian community. About fifty men uid fifty women were arranged en nuMu with their fiuses towards each other, and with an intervening space of about ten feet Tbo nervice commenced by an elder coming forward between tliem, and delivering a few words of exhortation. Seve- ral others followed his exam^e at intervak during the service ; one, more eloquent than the rest, who was des- canting cm the proper goveirnment of the paasicvia and tba abuse of talent, thought fit to illastrate hi* argunMnt by 3 quotation from Gmfu fitUe of « The Grecian youth * ^^U^^^^k^^VM^SuAl- ' S04 SIX MONTHS of talents rare." Hymns were then sung by them in their places, each of them shaking the whole time. They then performed a reg;ular dance, holding hands, advancing and retiring, to a most uproarious tune, sung by a <«w of them formed in a small circle, who gave the words and the tune to the others as they afrorwards paraded in pairs around the room, singing very loudly the whole time— Sopping heavily, first on one foot, then on the other — flapjping their hands the whole time before them, with their eloows stuckinto their sides, and looking for aU the world like so many penguins in procession. It wu not till the end of the service that they all fairly foU dn their knees, and sung a hymn, as if they were asking pardon for their vagaries. I reaUy think I had never seen such a curious collec- tion of heads and features : the chin and lower part of the face were generally very small, giving to some on appearance that was perfecdv idiotic, whilst others dis- played a more siibdned modification of that wildness of fBM which micht have distinguished the fimatic com- ' paniMM of Balfour o' Biirley : but there was scarcely MM among them, either male or fbmale, whose features were not remarkable on one aceonnt or other. IVom Albany I proceeded to Schenectady, in the rail- road carriage, whidi whirled me forward with a rapidity very little inferior to that with which I had been carried between Liverpool and Manchester, but by no means so silently or so smoothly, as the rattling was very lotad. Thenoe I went to Utica, a town that at present contains 10,000 inhabitants, but intends at some fliture period to be the cuntal of the state of New York. Its pretensions are foundiBd oo its present proaperity, arising from the Erie canal, which passes through it in its way fhim Albany to Lake Erie, its central situation, and the gra- dual westward movement of the surplus population of the more eaalera cities. fVom Utica I visited tlie Trenton Falls, fifleen miles distant I was very much disappointed : there was not modi water in them, and they appeared more like artifi- oiil ttuoades than a natural cataract. The trout fishinr in the West Canada creek, on which they are situated, is, I conceive, the best recommendation for a visit to the iSvnton Falls. Possibly Niacara had spoiled me for eveiT water-fidl. It is, I tlunk, the author <^ the ** Diary of an Invalid," who remarks that having seen -J* W|| i il i^ >VT< i ll l i i ^ IOMTH8 •rere then ning by them in Bhakin^r the whole time, gular danoc, holding hands, I moat uproarious tune, sung a small circle, who gave the 3 others aa they afurwards e room, singing very loudly eavUy, first on one foot, then ■ hands the whole time before sk into their sides, and looking iny penguins in procession. le service that they aU fairly ig a hymn, as if they were vies. r seen such a curious collec- the chin and lower part of V small, giving to some on Jy idiotic, whOst others dis- ification of that wildneaa of tinguished the fimatie com- ey: but there was scarcely A or female, whose features ) aoeonnt or other. i to Schenectadv, in tlie rail- d me ferward with a rapidity ith which I had been carried [Chester, but by no means so the rattling was very Mid. own that at present contains nda at some ftiture period to ' New York. Its pretensions l>roaperity, arising from the hroogh It in its way Scam ntral situation, and the gra- tf the surplus population of Trenton Falls, fifteen nulea Uaappointed : there was not )y appeared more Uke artifi- cataract The trout fiahinr on which they are situated, unendation for a visit to the fiacara had spoiled me fbr tlunk, the author of tha' remarks that havfaig mmi „- ' a ' ^''Wfis i Mi -r^m- •5-flr- ' "i '-'■' ^! IN AHBRICA. St Peter's, he should be contented with his parish church ever afterwards. I thence proceeded to Saratoga, the Chel> tenham of America : but the company which throng to it from all parts of the Union, bcinff its only attraction, and the season being over, I passed through it without stopping there more than an hour. The vicmity of Balls- ton Springs, which are near it, are much prettier. The waters of both are saline and chalybeate at the same time. The guide books are so filled with accounts of the marches, counter-marches, successes, distresses, and final surrender of General Burgoyne, that I make no apology for merely remarking, that he surrendered to the Anutri- can General Gates at Schuvlersville in tfw oounty of Saratoga, on the 17th of October, 1777. From Saratoga, I proceeded to Lake George, passing by Glen's Falls, so admirably described in Mr. Cooper's novel of tlie Last of the Ikiohioans. Unfortunatelv for me the steam-boat on the kke was laid up in ordinary, and I wu obliged to content mTself with a ride for a few miles along the banks. As nr as I could judse, I thought the scenery equal to that of the finest of ^itish lakes, generally, with the exception of Loch-Lomond. It is thirty-au miles long ; but it has no where the majestic breadth of the famed Scottish lake. Its mountains are not so lofty ■■ Ben Lomond, and it has not the weeping birch of the hi|riilands of Scodand, or the arbutus of the lake ol Kfllamey ; but it can boast of on unrivalled clearness of water, a most delicious perftime from the gum cistus, (vulgo, sweet fern) which grows abundantly on its mar- gin; and the 'autumnal foliage reflected on its sur> nice is certainly far more beautiful and brilliant than any thing of the kmd that Groat Britain can display. Culti- vation wac to be seen in many parts ; but there were no splendid country seats, and the majestic beauty of this lovely lake must bo contented to remain destitute of those unrivalled ornaments, so long as demooracj holds sway over the mountains that surround it At the head of the lake stands the village of Caldwell, and near it are the ruins of Fort George and Fort Wil- liam. It would fkr exceed the limits of this work, were I to take notice of the numerous battles that have been fought during the last eighty years in the vicinity of Life George ; for an account of the massacre that took place after the surrender of Fort William-Henry, by Midor Monroe, to tlie French troops under the command 18 1 V t ■MNAawMMMIlMl " ■'' » ' r S06 SIX MOMTIW of the Muqult of Montodm In 1757, 1 will •gain with pleMure r.fc you to the " Lut of the Mohi^n.. ^^hottU mantion that there w excellent baw fiehing in the lake, and that all nece«arr informaUon, *»• ™Y, be obtained at the \,ke tatrern at <^«»y«" .J' ^l^rdl taken with a ipinning minnow, and when hooked afford, for a riwrt time, even more sport than a lalmon ; but ia much aooner exhauated. , SMidT HiU waa my next deeUnation. In my way, i PMed oTer the groond where General Burgoyne Mr- rendered, and in a fiiw honra again entered a "toarn-boBt, at AlbuiT, with the intention of r«tummg, for Uie laat time, to Now York. . Before I went to America, I had no idea .n how •hort a time a meal could be deapatehed ; «"rtto lee bolUng in perfection, it ie neoeeeary to go on baud an A^ny ■teani.boat The cabin i. cleared ae much aa poiaible, the brMikftH ia Uid, and the free nejjpco etowarda ore pboed aa Kuarda at the top of the atair^saae, to jwevent S^gOTttoSiIii&oBi walking in before the bell rmg.. Sr & hour draw, near, ««ver««J'«» «f"^"^X.,*„T panded, and the compwiy look aa if thw were aU thmk- CTrf Se .«ne aGbject Grouse of lank thin-jawed MWMgee may be «»n » progreaMng" toward, the door. Ed»lwMUin»* themwslve. around it, m expectation ol the approaoblng r«h, Mttmaag to the repeated awu- ™rVe-ground on Long t 1757, 1 will Mgtia with Loftha Mohioun." ia escellmt baw fiahing ltt information, A-c, ma^ It CaldweU. Tlie Imm m and when hooked affords jit than a nlmon ; but ia tination. In my way, 1 General Burgoyne iur- fain entered a stoam-boBt, of returning, for tiie laat had no idea in how ahort hod ; butto aee " bolting" 1 go on board an Albany ired aa much aa poaaible, free negro atawarda nre the atair-oaae, to prerent in beibf« the bell ringa. eraation ia gradually »vm- L aa if thoy were allthink- Jroaps of lank thin-jawed greaaing" towarda the door, roond it, in expectation of ting to the repealed aaau. wnhin, that no gentleman litted befot« the time. At le negro guarda eacape aa riak in their motiona, they headlong down stairs, or I and the open doors. In to, 150 or 200 persons have td an excellent breakfast ot hot rolls, com cakes, aalted :c. is demolished in an in- . The crowd then slowly I three-fonrths of them are old be afflicted with dya- oMially accompanied the iTcr be revived by the Ame* ew York, I amployad my d, the race-ground on MWiT in AMBRIOA. 307 laland, and other plaoea which I had left unseen. The race-ground la incloaed with a high paling, and although well kept, ia not on ao Urge a acale aa mifiit be expect- ed. The Americans believed that their horse, EeUpae, waa &ster than hia celebrated English ancestor, till a paper appeared in their Sporting Maguine, oroving that had they run together, their horae, which la undoubtedly a very good one, particularly np hill, would have Men thoroughly beaten. They nave a mare, named, I be- lieve. Arietta, which ia aaid to be exceedingly faat for a mile, and ia coming to EngUnd, to try her spaed at Newmarket The Americana boaat that they are able to raiae an army of eavalry at a momaat's notice ; and they refer you to the baokwoods, and teU you that a boy can ride ahnoat aa aooa aa ha can walk. TUs is true enough of their riding to plough, or to ohareb, or along the road ; but I do not remember to ham seen a horae take « leap in the United Statea bat oneey— and he had no rider OB hk bade It ia veiy rarely that an American is seen with a good seat on horaebaok. I ahoold say, generally, that the Americana were bad ridera, excepting the New Yortera, . and they ar« Americana. I think M«tr ace the worst I ever aaw. They have neither a nuotary aeat, nor a ioacJinnting aeat, nor a INnkiah aeat, nor oven what OeeAvy Oambado would term " the miataken motion ;** but they ride np and down the Broadway with the toe almost invariablr verr much below the heel ; and the back and ahouldera, like the " genteel and agreeable" of the aame author, ot oourae inclined forward : at the aame time it muat be oea ft see d , that as they ba^ neither cavalry ner ftaJiunting, it is not surprising that they cannot ride. I witoeased an extraordinary «KhiUtiaii, pariwrtirg to be a burlesque upon the militia tfttiun,taiA got np with no inoonsiderable share of humour. A person on horseback, masked, in the uniform of Napoleon, wearing a small Ignre of him on either shoulder, and eanirfng an enormous tin sword, headed a band of ragamnns, habited as their wit ud ingenuity dictated to then. PastoliMrd, pumpkins, spits, and hay-bands, with a hun- dred other things of the same kind, being put hi reanisi- tion to aid the ajHrit of bafToonery, and assist in ridienl- ing the militia. The only motto amongtbe many that # ^^; i u^i.rj.i-ui ! u i ii >« «i i L«ki']inui::i " I I I soe ■IX MOMTHB wu good and pointed, waa ** loldier* in peace, citliana la war." But the whole iccnc, although acted on a leu aerioui occaaion, waa wortliy the dayi of Aitacbariia Klootz. I cannot Ibrbear to relate an inatanco of ttiat mock modoity of which the Atnericani are aometimea accuaed. I waa at ji boll, and waa guilty of joining in a quadrille. When tlio time for the " doa a doa" arrived, I advanced to perform that part of the figure in the name manner aa 1 ahould have done at a ball in Eughuid; but I found that the lady, who waa dancing oppoaite to me, receded initead of coming forward, and nay movement had at- tracted coniidorabic attention. I felt that I had com- mitted loroe error, and my partner, who had travelled a great deal in Europe and had often danced quadrillea in France and England, kindly hinted to me, with a alight archneaa of amile, that I had made a miatake. — " We do not danoe the do* a doe here i we have left off that part of the figure !" Two ciroumitanoea contributed to render my voy- age home agreeable ; one waa, that I aailed in the iplen- did new ohip tlie » North America ;" the other, that ahe waa commanded bv Captain Maoy. Aa the iteam-boat •lowly towed ua nrom the wharf, I felt jpatified and gratefiil for the kindneaa I had mat with m Anwrioa ; and I unheaitaiingly aflirm, that if an En^iahman be treated otherwiae it muat be hia own yj *,ii- ! .Jl l . ii J I Hl ll MWBgw,^" 'H' Li ' .V---Ji^gr, - ■