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(Iteml May 23, 1883.) Tlic Law.s ol' A.ssociiitiou nvc often (listiiisjuishctl by psycliuloyists into Triniary and Swondary, and the di.stimtion is one ol" ini])ortan((> and e\'t'n n(•(■^^ssity. The primary laws aro tliose fundamt'iital relations, which must exist between thoui,dits in order to render one eapable of suu'ii'fsting anoliier. The secondary laws are merely certain sulxirdinate inlineiices, snch as tlic intensity or recmtness of tliouy-hts, which nindify the action of the primary huvs. Accordingly, wlien tiie Laws of A.ssociation are si)oken of witlioul any qualifyim,'' prha.se. it is always the primary laws that are understood. It is to these laws, therefore, that tiie present i)iipcr refers. \ow. there are I wo fundameiilal rchil inns by wlii -li the inutnal sugcrestion of thoughts is dciermined ; and. conseijuently. tlie I'liuiary Laws of Association arc. in ihcir liighcst generalization, ri'ducible to two. Tlicse mav be expressed as follows: — I. States ol' miml, identical in nature, though dill'ering in tiie time of their occur- rence, are capable of suii'u'estinn' each other; II. States of mind, though dillering in nature, if identical in the time of their occur- rence, are cai)able of suggest ilii;' each other. Thes(> two laws evidently e(nnprchend all possible cases of suii'C'estion, as they apply both to phenomena whirevious occasion. The two sounds, therefore, I'ullil the conditions of the lirst law. 15ut the act ol which we aro speaking — the recognition of a [larlicular sound as beinn' the voice (d' a friend — inii)lies something more, ^iot only doe> the present re, all the former sound, but it recalls also the friend's a ppi'arance, with which that >.ounil is associated. Now, there is no natural resem- blance between a man's visual appearance and the soiuid of his voice, but the two have, by hypothesis, been in the mind at the same time, 'i'hey. therefore, I'ullil llie conditions of the second law, ami the one i.s thereby rendered capalile of ."-uiin'c^tiiiii' the other. Such is the general purpoit of these laws. The noiiieiii latuic. by which they are distinuiushedcan scarcely be said ti) bi- uiii\ I'rsally determiiie(l amoiiii' psy, holoi;isls. The minii's. Law of Similarity and liaw of Coiiliunit y. are those adopted, perhaps most commoidy, iu English psycludogical literature At the same lime these terms can scarcely 92 ilKX. .1. CLAEK MUnilAY ON 1)1' said tobi! uucxct'ptional)!!'. Siiiiilanly docs not express tlie ei)iiii>lele identity in nature, whieh the lirst law sui)poses ; and Contiguity expresses a relation oi' space more a]ii>ropriately tluin a relation in time. It semis iinl'orliiinitc, therefore, tlint recent I'lnglish psychologists slionld generally have overlooked the very sngyestive nomenclature adopted Cor these laws by Sir William Hamilton, —ihc ]/iw ol' Direct Remembrance, and the Law ol' Indirect Remembrance.* I'crhaps these terms were suggested by the expressions, iiNiniltvlbdir itii'l mitteUhire Re/iroi.'uclioti, usi>d by Ilerbart. t Hcrbiirfs expressions would bo literally rendered into Ensi'lish by the wm'ds, imiiniliulv and wcf/iatr. These are the terms which Hamilton himseli' unil'ormly employs lor the ideas which he expresses in tho nomenclature of these laws by i/irrcf and ux/irccf. It would not, therefore, )»■ a violation of his own general usage to substitnto the one sot of terms for the other. Although the sifrnificanoe of the terminology adopted by Hamilton has l)eon over- looked among Enu'lish [isycholoii-isls. yet it has not failed to iind recognition in G-ermany. No man has done more for psycholou'y in rei-ent time> than the late Trofessor Lotze ; and the language of his ct)untryman Herbart is that which 1. ■ also employs in speakinii' of tho laws of association. :j: The example ol'oiic of the greatest liviiiu' psvcholoii'ists may also bo cited here, while it affords an opi>ort unity of meutioniim- an ai>parcnlly oriu-inal suugestioii of his own. AVundt not oiilv refers to the terminolouy of Ib'rliart. but h<' uses in addition the phrase, iiuinr iiml iii/ssfrc Assorinlidti. i These adjectives, which in Kiiu-lish would bo properly rendered 1)V iti/n'usir and rrfrii/sic. seem peculiarly adapted to distiimuish associa- tions fouudi'd on intrinsic re>cml)laiices of mental states from those which imply merely the extrinsii' aciideiit of simultaneous occurrence in consciousness. Xcw. an instrinsic identity "1 meulal slate.v is the relation by whicli they art' immeiliaU'ln associated ; simidtaiicjiy, on liic other hand, operates only through tho medium of some .sucji ideiuilv. This may he illustrali'd bv the example cited al)ove, — thi! reooLiiutioii of a IVieud'> voice. — which may be taken lus a simple type of all asso<'iafion. In that instaU'C it was slmwii that sULi'jcstioii runs primarily and immcdiati'ly along the line of the iustiin.^i,' rescialilaiice lictwceii tiie ,>ound lnurd now and the sound heard l)eiore. It was shown i'lirlhcr. that it is only a\ lien the previous sound has been thtis recalled, that llirouii'h it there arc rcin.siated in consciousness any of the attendant circumstances w hich went to maki' up tlie coiai>le1e mental condition of the moment when that sound was heard. The action. therefori\ of simullaiicit v as an associniive or suixges- tive power, is always of necessity mediate. 1 liave found it useful, especially with students, to illustrate the combined operation ol these laws by nieansnf a diagram like tho following, in whieji. coiuinuini.;' the I'xainple already used, we may let Si stiind for a previous sound, S. for any stibseinient reiieiition of the same, \vhile AS is a symbol for any meni;il states, like the visual ai>pearance of a pcisnn, not necessarily ha\ in^' any resem- * St^olii.s DisBortatioii apin'iidiMl to ft i * » * pp. 102-3). It is a inatler r.f n^^Tct tlmt tliis flissort.itiMii \va.s left in nii iiirfimpletii static at tlm uuthor's ileatli. Ipiit it cuntBiiis tlio eiily corrtH't ex|jf)Hiliiin ef liis floctriiic. It sucins strnii-e lliat .Mr. Mill, in iii.s KnnnliKiliim nf Sir W. JInmUloti'!> I'hiUmiihii, Hlimilil liave Imsecl liis criticism of tlii- ilu.'tiiii(^ ■■n a wry imixTfi'd an.l niisli'.ailiii},' exf^isilieii in Hainilten's [.nluriK «» Mil. t W.^rlic, vol. v., pp. Ji-:,. X Mihrol-rrvi, II,'-, \m1. [.. p. L';>1. Sic, able the recr'nt iiinliiie .,f liis liM'tiires en psvi'liulou'v. ilrnint-.i'm,- 'h r /Vi/cAo- logi, (ISSl). p. 21!. I Gmivhicj, lUr I'hiif'int.iiilfcluh I'ni/rhol'iiji, , \n]. II.. ji. ;ji.)ii (Jnil c.l.) THE NOMMN(JLATUI{l': OF TIIR LAWS OP ASSOCIATION. 93 bianco to the sound, but associated with it in consciousiu'ss at the time. The arrows point in the line of suggestion. ■>AS ^ All. science is not reducible, a.s some have .supposed, to mere oxactnesis of nomenclature ; nor, when terms have become fixed in general usage, is it desirtible to introduce the confusion which almost inevitably results from a change. But the present case is one in which usage is still vacillating, and for that reason it appears to me that an improvement would be reached in psychological nomenclature, if for Law of Similarity were substituted Law of Immediate and Intrinsic Association, for Law of Contiguity, Law of Mediate and Extrinsic Association.