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VVakmck '''"""■ 5 Fxaminetl hy Mr. Davis 5 Cross-L'xaniiiK.il b)- Mr. Taylor SECOND [)A\-, ,,M MAN, ,Sc>y. •Mr. Edwin Mall VVarnor, further Cross-examined hv Mr. Taylor. . ' :■■ 27 R>.'-oxaniined hv Mr. Tavlor 42 Cross-examined hv Mr. Cassidv ■ 44 KMUliNCH ov Jamks li. C. LotKwoon ••■•••■■■•••»■•..... 45 Examined b^- Mr. Da\is 45 Cross-examined hy Mr. T.iylor " 57 Redirect hv Mr. Davis 7' I ' ■, 11 .i '■' < i ■■- FIRST DAYS' PROCEEDINGS, 20th MAY, IS9T, '.»• Wl.atisyoui-.ian.e' A. E.hvin Hull Warner. '.»• Where ,Ioyo„ live, Mr. Warner > A. Seattle. Q. VVl.ati.s3our,.r„fe,ssion' A. Civil engineer memi.eroftl.o Ame ic^u 'Si v^icfilp ^'" ^"•'^- ^ "'" '^ ui,ic[_y 01 Civil Kngineers. A. General ,,;,,oti<.e ^ "'^"'= ^'^'^ "">' '^''^^^ •"mi.any ^ f- ally com;;;;;f?ei;"';v' ' Vr' *'''"^"«"^'« ''"^« >-o" '^een aeting -a|.c.,t,es, from «im^, assistant to:!:;:ft;n;!'::h;S en^loe'' ^"'"""•^ Mi'lftan'l?;.Ti!* '""'""^- ^- '^'^^ ««"«''^' Lake Shore .aul -olI^Ll! 'f yJ?" •""' '"'"''"^'J th'« bri.i.e-this span which Q. InMay, 1S9G? A. In Jnne, 1S9(>. • i. HofciiT wo Ko into tlio oiiii(ls to till! niiiiiiiiL^ foot live loud, and *>00 do, id. (l- 'riiiit wonlil l>f l.tJOO |ioiinds altoi^otlier ' A. Vos. i}. \ow. WHS till' dt'iiil load iiicroasod siiliM'(|ni!iitly to tlic sin'cilifutioii-i iii'iiiii' iiuidi' ' A. Vos. (I it was iiicrcasi'd, I suppose, l)y tlio sidewalks, for in-it.iinc, that wt'ii' put i.ii ' A. 1 faiiey so. (J. At any rati' tlu! dead weii^lit. HpeiikiiiLT roiij^lily. w.im increased Uy about liow many liundreil p'tnids;' A. Alioiil '2'<() pounds. (,). I suppose tliese 'I'-rails and stiinij^ers increase it still nmie' A. Still more. <}. That would increase it so far as the dead weiglil is eonceiiicd ' A. Yes. Q. The factor of safety in tlio bridge was originally, 1 bchcvc, T) to 1 f A. That is my ri'collei'tioii. (I. And tliat would be decreasoil by the iiicrca-io in the d( ad weight 'i A. Vea. Q. So that at the time of the accident what would be tin' strain whu-li one of these panels, some 18 feel long, would caii\ with .safety, supposing thi' bridge was in as good a conditinn as when It was built — that is. of the ordinary tratHe over it ''. A. U'ell, it was designed for l,t!00 pounds, with a factor of salVtv ot 5. Q. Takiiiij: from that some i'OO pounds would leave "DO' A. Yes. il. So on the IS-foot span, supposing the bridge t) he us good as originally, would lie something like 12,(I00 poiind.-i? A. Something like that. (I. Seven hundred times 18 — that is 12.H00. I am not speaking now of the factor of safety, i)ut of the carrying ca]ia' ity, in the sense that that is undoistood. It is imncccssary, I sup|i i>i', to ask you it tlio wo, su It still iMnix' ■; uld leiivc TOQ. ' ' '"*'^'^^''"'-*'"'-"""lin.ir,ofh„,.,.n,lifio„ "■'' "* """ '"i'l-f (Ikm.-v X ' V '" ' "" '"• •"■"•■ly =ill ultlu. mate- -">io ..t tl,o ,,a,is w,.,v .i.issiM- ' '''"■'-'"' '"".l"nt.V was f,„lM,l ; A. UoiuJZol hi. x'!. 7."- ' ""'• ^■"" "'"' "'""■ '-^^'rn No. 7? ''<■"'"« tlioro a.v rndsuliiH. ' '• ^'",' " '^S^^^'-ei. tlio (lour :i""""y. wlH... r f .,l a .,•:,.' m" ''"' ^"'^'•'.l-'^-el. Conso- i"'"- in.la.a.., ,1,. . , s , '' I" ''""::^^ '^'"•'' ^i''^' "f tho ..-ntro ""' ""<"• I't'anis sl„nvo/l t . ' h "^*''^'•i"^^»y <0 ''tri.,o.,,,s „„ •l-'o ,vaH nothing t.^Xflr! '" ''" «^'^^'l'^ "'"^ ''«""•' >^"- 2 ;-''nu.h l-V 11 verticals .leitlJr ,, I /'''V''.''' f"""^^"' ' '"'^ '^^o I'cams. ■ '^- ^f ^^'^'-^ ""e ol (|,e origi,a,| floor ;-"-i'io..'S.:li;at^iS;;:;^''A "'if^irr ^r'^''^"'^-' '•• "•'"" hulvs. '^- "^ -^""I'ly sliou-ud rot around tliii ■J: I 8 Q. Would von cull it ill a (airly ^ooii condition, or very liinl, or ill an (!.\c(^|lont coiiditioii, or liow would yoii H|n'city tlio matter ; A. Well, I Hliould not call it in ii fairly good <'ondition. (I. Tell me how minli rot there wiih about tlie^o liiinijer ImlcM y A. My recollection is Hiniply tluit it uliowod rot in llir lianger liolus. Q. Hut ont-ide it did iint' A. Oiitsido it did not niiow loi. (■l. Wo will iiiiHs to No. 'i on that Hpen— what diil you noti.c ivhoiit it? A. Flo(M' heani N'o. 0; 1' by 1({, now; oiit-il. hangers removed, lieain was Sitwii nearly in two near the centir; Ijl, Literal ill Mintli end of lie.im. (.1. In what <()iiditioii was that lioain / A. It was evidently in good eoiidition ; I have made no note. (-1. Vou say it wan new? A. By "now" I moan not one of the original lloor beams. Q. I imilerstaiid yon to say you moan there wore only two original floor beams left in the ^pan? A. Yes. (■I. And this was not mie of those two ? A. No; itwiiH 12 by UI. (i. And speaking from recolloetion and looking iit your notes, in what condition was that/ A. In good condition, a|i|iarently, Q. Speaking ub(Mit ') ? A. Twelve by 1(1 ; bored for yoke banger, one broken yokiii:li ' A. it went tlirougii. , or very liinl, ,■ tllO JUilflcf ■.' III. not hIiow flit. id yoll llOtirl' low; onl>i,|,' • llio cciitir ; \vu8 oviileiitlv ill! not one III' twiiH 12 liy I'l. at your iiotL'>, iililiiireiitly. e a slioe, liiiv u rt it one of till' it'll slioiilil Ih' avoid inittiiiif il to object to of loading is old beams, or k^as not oiii! nt because tlii-- JO nortli I'Hil, I or thruiii;!: ' U- Wliiit did y,)i| (i,„| „, ■y Ii'>. outside | laii^'ciH Ixiili I-,, o. i 'our \(3\\'. till' Houlli cikI. )^ WiiK that A. TInit wiiH not onu oi tl I). No ;! y x_ y„ ., . rtrii.ived, hoatn sluMtod oIK at tiiiiroiy roffon ex"o|.t tl moved, apparently sound, 2J lateral 12 by III one of III,. ,,|,| |,c;iiiHor out in I ori,i;iniil liearii put III by Moinuotie olao ? hill ♦,»'''. 1-' I'V lH,yoke haiiir.,.. |„„|, i'"i\'er on tlie north end, sort Piid Hh.wsdent wlicKr l.roini-| ifiive Wiiy ; l),)tf(.in (.f I ili'litiv to I •II if ai.r,i,iHt ,„,st HJioe \vl on part houikI wood ; tlie oil ion ler leii north end :::::::! .^.'/"":'' r} v- <''"i'i-i int... ovi KU at he hanirer nuts xviiich had l.^on f '"Hu When the brjilir,. iv|| ; tl "leiiiid haii_i,'er and lateral ho'l le wood III tlii >rei'd into tl 10 ■* end IS rotten, and ^^ ^V^'»'I'I y. iioxplaiii a littlo more (ullv (o tl i"iM.( that bourn at ■•! y A. The eon.l ilit mie ot exfi eini' Idttoiiliit.ss. V'uilier; that ih al.oiit uH ,|,ar. > 'i'>nhut hoamat a wan upl'iirently th.' paint on it had held .hell reiiiaine It it to uas .simply a very thin =r';;,7;;:'r»". '■■;".■■ i--;:i;'3',i;,. , H rotten wood that voii ,;,,iild )alan the condition I tnnnd 'that I 'vo your finiror into '|'l,at there was docay ro,|,a| (|,y | t'am in at that end. At t ce wa.s 10 oti litieral bra Q. How dill the Olid wl liuii,i,'or Holes and the holes tor tl ler en, e tins represented iNo. 3_al dell was shrareil Mti; whi.di is thi.s end ymi mean broken i* A ^ lout where was it sheared f Uy sheared '!-„^r:!!.T'"'r \ The beam sheared otr "N the north end I'foko r.s^ht throuifh the hoi at the hanifoffl iiror W; I'Ictcly rotten; tl H it rotten ? A. Oh, yes; a.s I lore was nothinif olsi; but a shell fii'y, It was oom- Mr. Davis: How did the eoiid !;"■'■ with the eondition ol the I iti'iii ot tiie beam up 1 lore eom ''"'"idy part of the beam that e t)eani aiiywhero else ' A. Wei wa ;;^)-s.tthe^ot,ier end, and The' hi" -",::; ■; open at all except here (iiidieat- literal roils iTi) throiiirh Q. And Wa.s that end ne wood wa.s rotiei I a ef", and where the III i'Hbad a eundiiioi, asthis? A. Ni I'oiiiid the holes Vert ■h }'""'.' '':".'^^^ "''"'^" "'"••■t !.<>sts_at 3 venieal leal posts at a. I I liltliili. f\V( I note hero- ofposs, tin post.s ' ^> sawed oti", one pjoee broken at !""''"''Iy N(). ;i, perhaps N tl o. [i. ee in irood eoii- le .sway comieetion, this Q Ho that you think as t I'ost at 3 wa.s brok ar as on ' A. Yes. tl you can locate it that the .swav lat post lit 3 Q. Goinj,' on to 2 to finish these floor b «nd ahouU a^ A V " ' l" T. ''"'■ ''^'""^' ^^'"'t ''*'' ^ou lenioved •.,..•«. h" . ' ^^ ''•^' ^''' "^"'' '"'f'^'''" liaiiirers both -|-V,!;vri;r'i'l,"l":'-,''"- '■;'';«« ■"'"'' '■' '■""■' "^ ■■''' must bo numberod as aL»ove 10 ;-jL'ii-.L'< il Tliiit was noL one of the ori<;inal floor beams of the brido-o ' A. Thiit was not one of the original floor beams of the bridi^e. (J. No. 1. wiiat about that ? A. Floor beam No. 1. new beam, 12 by 16, laterals all removed. One end has two l)y lialf iiuli verticals (:') broken under nuts on to[) ot beam; other end has one \i by h l)roken inider luit on top of beam; otlier vortical broken 11. this xa relating to the iron by the way. (J. Never mind about that ? A. Beam was chopped at on • end by wreckers at tbo lateral rod cotMie(;tiou, shows wet rot. Q, Was that one of the original beams or not (' A. No. (}. Had that beam broken in any way ? A. No, it had iml. (i. So that of all the seven floor Iteams of that s]ian whidi collapsed there were only two of the original floor beams in at tiio time it fell? A. Yes. (I. And ot those two, one, No. 7, was not broken? A. Was not broken. (i. The other one, No. 3, was broken at the Gorge end, where Mr. Co.\ said he bored — is that correct'^ A. Yes. Q. You have examined of course the iron work in the bridge and also the specifications of the iron work? A. Yes, Q. As well as the wood work and the spooiflcations for the wood work ? A . Yes. (J. In that bridge, first spe.iking genenlly, which had the greater fa-itor ot safety, the woodwork or the ironwork, as it wn originally built, that is, when all was new ! A. The iron had tiic higher factor of safety. 'J, The factor of these iron stirrups were I believe, 11 to I ! A. Yes, 11. Q. The highest factor of safety of the wood when new was .' A. Four. Q. So that, /'r/m'/. f«c/^, it would be almost tliree times as like — likely the woodwork would give way flrst thin the ironwoi k .' A. Why, there is no doubt abo .t that. (i. Now, iron is affected in what way by — we will say 11 yeiiis — having been in use that tune — the time th.it the bridge was bn It, if k.. nvn to be all right in the flrst place 'I A, If itwasgood iron ni the tirst place and left unpainted, it will rust and scale ofl' slightly. Q. You saw the iron on this bridge ? A. Yes. (J. How was the iron in that at the time of the collapse of 'he l)ridge, as compared with its origin il strength? VV^as there -iiv appreciable diminution so tar as you could tell? A. No; th^ie was apparently no diminution. ' f ttcatioiis foL' th ciile ott'sliglitly, II ... i'o any partiei^la,. .limiill^: a 1 " S i'TI'^f ""' "'^" ^'^"^'^ (limntutioii ? A. No. years— uny senoiid k vlcl-o, ,vl°, wo, I , ;„ • "''"^'''S.';" »■' "■■•I'ort Ir.„„ ,- ,„p .v,.N'f,,,,.tH,'::r;s;!;.':tT,i^.?,';h;l:;':","'r'-r''-' ''»■'"' tl,., fuc-t,ir of sifotv of fl, it «■,;." '."'•' *'"■ ''"• <"l«it ivotird lio »n-a„se r„„o„ w„„a t, ,l';'''i;liM ,,;; J'"'' ""■>■ """■" '""" J'"" "'" feet, one mi,s.si„.; this is tlio L. If ' /r''^' T '"• ^i' ^ '"•- -'5 ;-■; '^■•"ken th^heaLr;,:^^t„S^rr^i. S ^U h;^:!'^;? ^7^ ton, end. B 4 "nd F -1 -^ ' •"*' ''"^''«^" *■'"' "^ "c.r the bot- tle top on.l one e.^ Lr^lZ" '"'f " ",""''^'""- '''" ''' "ft""^ tl'e lMid,.e. When i i V ' ^ tre-evulontiy been done in wrecking C.^an.lE3-3 Zi St. ■ . ™m" -'-'^^tluTing n,, the wre.k »^'^' to i,i„8 E 3 a d u-e r Ur l"'"""' 5«»' '*!"" : Two are .still l^n.konand.ut s mei'iTevtt ", '^■"' •", "'f ^--^'^ ''^ ^ «i^ ''■'« iJ 2 an.l }) (J-eVZ1. eees l''"^««' «.^'»''ently done iu wrecking. J>'' von care i;;:;;;yrl;;:;^";o:i7 ^^-^'^ ^^'- -• ^1-- or ro,.nd. 12 (J. I do not (.'iirn for tlidse. Yon have not yet meiitioiieil tiio hanijers, and tliat will cover tlio ironwork;' A. One Ij s(|iiiin> yoke hiin<,rer still on |iiii No. 3 ; one pieee 1] sfinare yoke ii;ui:,nr still in tloor hoain, but hmken ; one jiieee 1} yoke luuii^er l)aill\ bent, cracked liaU across at tbe eye ; one 1]- yoke hanger tnis^in^. four outside hancfer or stirrups in good condition, two stirrii|i> missing out of the ten hangers to be accounted for, seven are hen' and tliree are kicking. (2. With reference to those, there are two — one broken nini one cracked — and tliiee are n)issing':' A. Yes (J. We will take tlie one broken, wliat is that — is that one t\i tlie original ^ A. That is one of the original hangers. (I. And tlie three tnissiuir, what are they ? A. One is one of the original hangers ami two of 'he later type of stirru|is. (.). These changed 't A. Yes. (J. That covers practically all the ironwork ' A. That covers all tlie ironwork. Q. What a'oiit that vertical post you spoke of a while ago — was that broken? A. Well, tiuit is, 1 found one [dece « by s broken at the sway coinie( tion. >/. Which en 1 would that be? At what I think you said the Gorge oi' the southern end :* A. That is impossible to dcterininc. 1 believe that is — my notes say this is No. 3 [irobably. (I. I want to ask you a general question, Mr. Warner, bidorc going into reasons for It and that kind of thing, what in your opinion was it that gave way first in that bridge ? Was it sonic of the woodwork or some of the ironwork? I am oidy asking gener- ally now '{ A. The woodwork. (.}. You have showi; that there was some of the ironwork which was broken How in your opinion was that broken V A. It may have been broken in the falling. Q. Supposing the woodwork gives way aial the bridge col- lapses for any reason, could it go down without breaking the lii;lit ironw( -k in coimection with the bridge ^ A. No. Q. It would be absolutely impossible V A. VVhy, I should fancy so. (.}. Would the fact of somn of the ironwork being brokiii necessarily be the slightest reason for suppo.sing that that iron whi' li is found broken was the part which gave way iirst ? A. It would not follow at all ; and in view of that — of the condition of that heinn. there is no (jue.stion in my mind at all as to the iron being all ri::lit and the wood iK)t. (i. This hanger which was found broken was at what llior beam ? A. The broken hanger is in 5. 1.1 )iio broken ami Q. It being your opinion that it was aorao of the wcvxlwnrk winch gave way hrst, I now want to ask you which /ortS ?},« woodwork :t was and thuH cause.l the collapae of b d^i ' 1 *^'? think It was this floor beam. ^^uti^c. a. i irt at what I'lor Q. That is floor beam No. 3? A. That is floor !.eam Xo. 3. ;,o. :Lf M^ e;sr;irKin.r^;- ;^? ;;- rrs tij:;l.-iLJrr;!;tt t^T r t f 7 vertically above it-forcecl that'ont/;oule " utkHng o Tl kl h' i .llnstrating), bracing it and allowing the rest of the^^l to f II I .seems to me after the full examfnation I madias ftltw- the only rational conclusion I could come to— in f^ f H J. V ^ conclusion I could come to. ^''''*' '* '^"'* *''" ""'i' Q. I believe yon gave evidence at the inquest in this m;tu.r • au^ci uoung ! A. 1 had not heard of any auger holes. Q. What stringer was that? Were you able to locate it ^ A. I was able to locate that on the south .idcthiM«« •/ -s one of the In.ide sMnger., and it vvteitt^ 2^1 tl.i'ae' ^^^^U^:^^^:^:,^. ^-^^— '^^^ i* - a stnnger Q. From floor beam No. 1 ? A. From Nn l f« v. o from No. 3 to No. 5. It was broken either oZ 4 o; Jv^r 2 at th: iM'oak there is a large pitching out. "vtr-, at tlio Q. And how was the wood apart from thp I^nn^ „t.>.. h anvtli.ngthe matter with the woo^df A O ^ pieTe V oot '.wl'" broken across the ed^e of floor beam as shown by a dent br c' i^ -her corroborate your view as to the breaking of he fl.w, In ■ e ng the original cause, or does it have the opposite eftS't A 1 .n T '^''' *t^ ^°^f ^'^"^ ^'''^^ ^t No. 3 on the Gorge HidV th t 2 o 4.'5LT/f^ "" the stringers one of which was conSu" us f om so tint it lefVtlfu T '' ''"" '^T'' " ^'•"'^*'" J°"'t °" "'^"t 'l^r ''C"™ tlKit It leU this stringer without supi-.-ii at all and the wei-ht of 14 the cars simply went down through it and breaking the stringor either at that point or that (indicating). Q, Tiiat is either point 2 or -1 ? A. Breaking the stringer iit eitlier 4 or 2— either of tliose breaks would take place if that tloor beam fell. In other words, it is a matter of no importance to Ik- able to dbtinitely locate it at 2 or 4, because it cannot be done. Ft can be located in one or the other of these places, however. (I. What is the principal enemy, if I may so term it, of a wooden beam such as this, so far as its life is concerned ? A. Tho. ordinary rot due to moisture. Q. And what is the cause of the rot ? A. Moisture— alter- liatcly drying and being wet Q. If you took a piece of wood like that and cased it up in copper sheathiniT, we will say, or anything which was air-tigiit, what would be fhe life ot the wood ? A. Well, the lite of the wood would be, enclosed m any air-tight concrete, for instance, it would last indefinitely. Q. The eflect of the air on it is due to moisture— that is, tlie air is injurious because of the mois^^ure derived from the air ? A. Yes, deriving some rajisture from the air. Q. Is there anything, outside of fire, or cutting, or something of that sort, which would" have such a serious effect on the life of a l)iece of wood hke this, as letting water into it in any way ? A. No, nothing that I know of; that is under conditions similar to those of bridgework— except the teredo might enjoy himself, perhaps. Q. The evidence is there was an auger hole that size. 7 inches deep, in the particular beam we are discussing here, and tliat it was only plugged up by having some oakum poked into it with a stick; this was\lone in 'Hi What would be the effect of poking oakum into it with a stick— make it water tight ? A. It would not keep the water out. CJ. As a matter of fact, would it have any effect so far as water was concerned ? A. Oh, it would retard the entrance of water for a short time, but it would also prevent its evaporation. Q. By the last, you mean this — after the water got in there, i*, would be worse than if the oakum was not there ? A. Yes. (J. That auger hole was there, as the evidence shows, for fonr years within a very short time — from .June, 1892, to May, IHIlil. What would be the necessary result of such a hole as that ? Objected to by Mr. Cassidy as leading. Court : The question is quite permif.sible in that form. Mr. Davis : What would be the necessary result of such a hole as that remaining in the way the evidence has shown for four years, esnecially in a wet climate ? A. It would. increase the deteriora- tion — the rottenness. I iloisture — iilter- 15 Q And wlien 60 increase.], would jon mind tellin- tl.o inrv to uhat exton , ,f you can so express it-uhether a slight ovjej or immateriu or niutf,.-i.i1 ,g of H floor beam 1 ou als<, s atod ,n your opinion the cause of^the b eak n^ vas s rotten condition. Now, I ask to what in your opiSn S due the excess.vely rotten condition of that floor beam ? 'a Well I ..u. answer that simply by the result-tliey bore.l a hol^ in th s c.w -It was badly rotten ; they bore.l none iu the other and v^ s rotten round the lateral hole-the hanger hole ; and ag tin n c m- paru.g It with number 7, which was jmt in at the same t^ime tTe note [ liaveof its condition s : iJeam rotten in tlm V,., i lateral bole. It follows then that ^^^^l^:^^^:^:^ hole was very great. '"mia^^c oi mis beam 7 that day. You say, as compared with floor beam 7 this one was very much more rotten-theVe is no question about t'ha ' ali-solutSyrotlr^'^ ""^" ' "'^^ ^ ^^'^^^ "^ '^^-^-^t wa.; Q. You have given your various reasons for comine to th- onclnsion-of course it is patent what your answer m^f be but efll I wish to have it on the notes as to vour opinion. What in j^jtiropmion was tho excessively rotten condition li that flom-tam 1 ■ 1 1 • '^"f 'l"^.*° fiiniishing the opportunity for verv rapid -lecay by bonng holes in the beam'md not properly-aiid furt ei^ more, not properly plugging them up. ^ luruiei- Q. Which hole are you referring to ? A. T am referrin-^ to Scdl"; 'aS'c^ox!''"'' "'"* "'^"' '''''-'^ "'^'^ hole-whichwls V0.1 ]nvo?e.nvl 'n, Tf'""' "^"^ '• ^''. J"'^-' ^'■''"^ »" the evidence voii Jicue heard and from your examination, so fur as vour or.inion joes, haying seen what happene No. 7— you wish to know whether ? the ^^t ..Zth^'"''' y"'"\^"'^^^«r that way ? A. I should say that iht Ldi would have i)a8sed over it with safety. of H,!L J^''''if* ^\o you attribute the difterence in the condition of the wood in floor beams No. 3 and No. 7 at the hangers > A. As 16 I said hefore, it is (liie to the increased opi)ortiinity for decay furnished by the liole which bad been bored in the Q. 'I'liere are the surae holes in the ether beams that there an- in this ? A. No. Q. Ontsideof this hole? A. Yes. Q. The same boles are in this beam as were in the otherH ' A. The conditions were the same in the two beams, with the o.x- ception of this. Q. That exception being the one hole made by Mr. Cox? And is it to this hole you attribute the difFerence in the condition ot the beams? I attribute the diflerence in the condition ot tho. beams to that bole. Q. The one bored by Mr. Cox ? A. Yes. Q. Now, Mr. Warner, just one otiier thing I want to ask von about.' How 'far below tlie surface of tlie floor were the bottom chords— those iron chords. You might explain to the jury wluit they are? A. this is known as the bottom chord, which is miule up of two and sometimes three bars. Q. How large are the iron bars ? A. In that case they :ire 2 by J inch up to 3 by }, I believe, and they have an eye in each end and a pin goes through connecting them, so they are very much like a bicycle chain— the links are very long, they are connected at each point with the verticals— with the diagonals. Q. They run along there the same as parallel to the flooi? A. Yes. Q. How far would this floor of the bridge have to drop down before— we will sav the Gorge end, in case ot the floor beam break- ing? Say that the floor dropped down ; how far would that fidor have to drop before the ends of the flooring— I am speaking now as the floor was originally before it was cut— before the ends ot the floor would rest upon those bottom chords? A. It would drop about 6 inches. Q. If the floor ran right across as it is there— as it was in the old bridge, what would be the effect or would there be any ctl'cct at all on'"this flooring dropping down on the floor beam and l>ieak. ing as it did in '92 and striking the bottom chords ? A. It would give a slight measure of support; it would simply act as a thin sheathing and give a certain slight measure ol support Q. Which would give way first, suppose you went on continu- ing the strain— the floor or the chords ? A. Oh, undoubtedly the floor. Q. Whatever the support might l)e, it would be n;reatcr tlian what would be required, because the floor would break before tiic chords ? A. I should fancy so, yes. el to the floor? 17 Q. In faot, at tlie panel point. I mean hy that, sav at 3 tlio .t,..,>,rth Of thcso jron ronh on either .si.le of that w.h Ml oil:,-!? - the strength ot the lluor beam itself ^ A. Yen, that i.s tile ^IZ Q. The weakness of the chord wonltl ho whern it was on the ro.r.tamltorHomohttle .listaneo on either ni.le, the s ronTh of nlhe tunc. tron. ^^nug through, iu case ot'one <)t tlH.HO H "-JaS A. It m ght hav.. H„p,,I,e,l that nmall aeee.s. of stren- I, Moce-s'iv' o canv .t across, an.l again it might r.ot, lg), hm ,s a second piece, and this a third piece.' In the IJeo the floor beam breaking, as it broke in 189ti and 1802, would there le d hrj^.?:" h' "''" tljat th..r was <.ut of the ca; gett^^g off sS dul m 18,»2, us there would be if it ran right across I A. Certainly J -i' i ! Cross-examined bv Mk. Tavlor. Q. If I understand you tlien, Mr. Warner vou me'in to ;■o.;^cy tins impression, hy reason of that rotten 'floo^ Em It I'oiMt, this accident was caused ^ A. Y^es. o, I said 7 to lU IS my impression '' i;r IS Q. Tliifl bciim liinl liccii put in, yon know, in 18s.'.? A. Vcvs. Q. 'I'iiis aci'ident liii|i|i('neii in 181M) ? A. Yes. (i. Tiiat. was n ycnii's ' A. Vos. (2. So in the ordinary c'onrso of time tliat beam would lia-.c lioon rotti'n anyway '! A. It slioiiid liave been li. 'I'akcn Mill ' A. taken out several years before. (J. And it should have been rotten too, as it was rotten'.' A. Yes. (I These hanjfers you liave s[iokcn about, Mr. Waiiier, thiw are si|Uare |iieces of iron, aren't thoy 't A. Yes. (l. i'ut into round holes :* A. Yes. (^ liored w'-'h a large auger .'' A. Yes. Q. The result of wiiich is. water ran get down int » thu>e lioles ' A. Yes. Q. Coniparini-- that with the stirru|i '.ron, the piece that is put round outside of the beam, which is the more likely to rot tir>t. the stirrup hangers oi' with yoke hangers' A. Well, that wmiM depend on what they have underneath them : if th(!y have complete closure, say round iron, it acts as a well, why of coinsc the chances for rot are greater. (}. Hut they have a srpiare piece of iron jiut into a rnuiHl hole 'r A. 1 am" speaking of complete closure at the bottom -n that the water stands round the bow ; 1 say in that case the chance^ for rot are much greater than if there is a chance for the water to sro into tlie bole and out again Q. Well, that is only a question of degree — whether they tiic light at the bottom or not '^ \. It is a que.^ion of degree. Q. But as comparing them with the stirrup hangers ' A. Oh, the chances for rot arc less with an outside stirrup. Q. Than it is with the yoke han<,^er '.'' A. Yes. (2. This was a yoke hanger that had been in there tor 11 years ' A. Yes. q And the water oould get down tliis yoke hanger into this beam'.'' A. Yes. Q. You speak of this floor beam at 3 being in an exceedingly rotten condition ? A. Yes, Yes. Q. Y^ou also say that it broke just at the yoke hanger > A. ;irs l)ctV)ru. it was roth'ii ? own iiit ) llio-u lioi'c thiit is |Hii :elv to rot lir>i. ^'e'll, tliiit woiiM if they ii;i\r , why of coiii'M' lit into a nuniil tlie bottom, sd ease tlie cluuiccs or tlie water to 'hetliei' tiioy are ' (leiiree. L es. in there lor 11 lianu'er into this 11 an oxceeiHiigly 19 Q. Tlnit i^ Just where the hoi s.|uaic jiioee «{ iron put in if for the yokr 1 OS were l)orei| tlin laiiger 'ii.yh ami this A. V es. (,> 'I'hat you would infer, I tak Ve-, it was absolutely rotten~ti _e it, was the rotten jmrt ? A. iL-re is ;;otiiin,i,r else you (.'an call it." rll! Who lat is tlie far end. These two I II the yoke hangers went throiiM-h ■* A. V loles rejire- es. <,). And heie (indiiuit III ;j:) is where it broke':' A. Y i,» This I'ieee caiiie oti:':' A. Yes. g- II addition to tl ■>■ were two more side rods da't H'se two yoke liun,i,'eis that went thr onirli. eral sway braces '! A. J.ateral the II 'J. And for what purpose wli lor hcanis m their proper jiosition. ere th<'y there? A. T o retain '^ To jirevent swayini,' :- A. Yes. ty. And they went tliron!.h tli lliis tluor I iciiin also em — took out a cert es. lin area fr om «.'. And A. V es. dlMwing a certain opportunity tor moisture to lie there? ^l All of which would aeeelerato the decay ':' A. Y es. 'i> 'I'hey go through this floor I (Icsiu-ii, l«ltt <0W, W olll. (>. lOre are they fastened ^ A. ( >eam according to the or ndcrneat iginal I, at the l)nt are they fastened into the tl cy jiart of the lower ehortl of tl oor beam sim|ily, or an the I K'li comes here is the means by whicl le brid(.x> y A. Tl lis banger o\V er jianel point I 1 t IS attached to the pin at Q. And thev go tli rough this hangers A. Y es. Q. So that the wood might rot and fa ^i'\c(|v That is, th A. 01 fall cy would not fall with it "th iway and they l»e pre- I, yes, tliey would. It would •wn, having nothing at that end c swav braces ? i>osen them here; tliey would <-l Perhaps I h througji lierc (indicating) and is I ive not made myself clear. 'I'Jio ] "i"l^'nie.Uh, and tlii mng on a pin hen <'Onic and go through the cent s beam is held up that way. Tl langer goes with a plate lese tie rod mc'iin l^ re by reason of the lateral rod iiiiuhl rest on the hanger, and still i con A. I ling through here, that it nnder.stand; what you ru'li m-ay ." Oh, yes, it miglit hap] emain, if erything els was ten. I 1! ) ■^•ij y%^ 20 Q. It in not likolv to, or the wliolo strurtiiro would go down > A. Very likoly, an it did. (J. Ah it did. VVitli nil tlioHO opiinrtiiiiitio.s for dt'cay, ymi Id not meuM tu toll iia tliat tldr* little migor hole up horo oauiiod llilri buum to rot ! A. lleaHoiiiiif^ by analojjy, it must. (}. Wliat irt tho nizo of tboHO aujL^or lioles? A. I don t ronu'mber Q. You wore down tlioro and raousurod tliom? A. Iiicli nml 8 tlis, I think. Q. And tlioy went down I'or a diHtance of 1(! inches ;' .\ Yes, 18 iiicliuri. (I 'I'Ikmo wero only 10 inchcH at tho end ? A. At that in'Int it wu.H outside of that hanger. Q. Then that is 18 inchoA TIumi th(!re went two holes ihtrc ot 18 incheH and tlu-y were how muuli diatneter ^ 1 o-Hths :< .\. 1 -)-8tha. (J. And what was the size of this hole I'or the lateral swiiy? A. 1 don't renieniber ; [probably the larijfest one l.[ in. (2. And there wero two holoH? A. I can tell you clo-dy what that one was. Let me see, No. ;i, it was probably a ! in. hole. Q. They had beei. in there from 1H85, those largo holes in which the water could t;ct in, there was just a sejuare piece of iinM put in each one of those holes and these sway rods passed thruiinh here — the centre 'i A. Yes. Q. That had a tendency to boro out a largo portion of tho sectional area of this wood I A. It did reduce the urea. Q. Then you mean to say this harmless little hole ot alimit I inch is what caused the rot ';■ A. 1 mean to say this: Ibivini; the same reduction of area in tho other end of tho beam, that the ditierence in the condition of the beam Q. was entirely attributable to this little aui,'er hole { Mr. Davi.s : I submit that my learned friend has no rigiil to interrupt the witness in the middle of an answer. Court : The trouble greatly arises from your all being bunrlifd up together. I do not see how it can be avoided, but then it 'uads to some irregularity. (Witness returns to box, and Mr. Davis asks that the answi.!- he finished without interruption.) Court: There is some diliicnlty in cross-examining experts; as you are very well aware, they are very ajit to stick very i iiv-cly to the particular lines which they have adopted. 1 do not say liiey it the aiiHwcr lie SI d,, ^^.. i,^ntio,K.II,, I...t tlH,. .,0 ..., ,,.ito ansvv.. t,,o ,,k.Ho,, .-i-aH!if,a:it;;;-lrh.;;;;;r"^ f flint. Mr. \Ynvnovy yI \L 1 ^l'" "'""' to a.l.I anjtl.in^. to i'Ht; tlioon.l in wlii,!, i h , i J v? V 1"" ''"^ "" ^'-^f-i 1'<»I« II..- iiuMvas.d l.oriMiT. * *'"' '''"""^'" '""■^' ''^' 'ittril.utal.lc. to Mr Taylor no u-i„u.s.: VV^ore they . A. Must of nocoHsity. l""'"ti"" J"r rHivvi,,.. it of wa' I- T, i' ''''"'^";' "'"'" ^'^•^- "oani: vo„ have b..io 1 a^u ^ '' 1 '.';',""'"'*" •>"" •"^vo in thi. cas. yon l.o.v Ik.1 s' ., X H, Vt" 'l"""'' ^l' \'" "'''^'' Imsnotl.oouHorai.i.l. "' '"^'-^ ti-'-uyh t!u, l.oarn, a.al the .Itvay <'" -I- i,.^:r^in,;i; ;"\[::^?r;oo:;^ ^'^^t^^■ ^--f ti. piate ^>l \ on cannot say now whettii ■ tlio i.I.,fno fK,.f -n.n l.oan> . were tigJt I A. ol^ U.:^:^';;:^:l "^Zr "^"' ' . Eitlicr at ono end or the other i No. Ud m 9 'fl ■H| ' '^1 ^^H I HPPM WM M ■tt^^^^ , .. n V-^ m (). Hut you il I ^ay flint liml liroko riglit iit tiio jiiiiftiiiii i.f 'Ikj }ok( liaiii,'('iN f A. Yi'^. f\. Ami UM it tiiriiril up, vv. "xiuniuiMl tlio umU ' A, \'i > (ji It wiiH iidt Itrokon at tlio iiuifcr Imlo ' A. I ilou t knou aiivtliin^ iiliuut an inii^ur liolu. (J. Voii don't know wlii'tiior tliciv WHS au auger hole iIk'u-/ A, Simjil)' fiiuu llio evidc'tico Hul»mitto(l. (}. I!ut vou t'xamiiioil it aii i it '.' (I I sec rot has started in -1 years under similar uiidi^io!!.-,. jumstunoes it wniiM (l. Would't you think under ordinary ciror n to rot in 7 years — to '!)2 'i' A. Yes. ))egii '}. So tlio prohahility is in your opinion that it had hc^ini to re •) 'his iianger previously to '1(2 '' A. It may have. ' ,■ 1 ou \^ iuid think so, wouldn't you':" A. Ye.s, I ^Imiilil sa) it n. y I- ye. hi^guii; J can't say that it would. '.""' ''^ '"^^•''l"-. '!" (Cx) III tfi III: "'!•; tliut is wliat ho did say. Ml-. 'I'aylor fto witnc^H 'I'-Motin.idvtharthomi'n;;,:;':;:;"^''''''''^''''' ♦''"' ''■"' ■""•"' '.> Vo,. h..veal>.eadvox,.l.i„odthut? A. I thon^lit 1 hul > m 24 jiioiiii liy sinrlar coiulitionH ? 1 aHsnrae tliat the iijcneml condition^ wcro tlic saiiiL', Q. IJiil yoii say the oomlirion of tlie plate makes a (litieroiui whotlirr it liolds mui.stun' 'i A Ves. *i. Iiut you (In not know tlie condition ? A. Hut f Icnnw tliis: it is very varoly ii !;-il) |iluto will liold tlie water and niakf a well on any aui:er hole. It niiyht do bo. 1 don't kn(j\v wlielher it did oi' not in liiis case. 4uare inch of iron. (i. To bring this down into everyday language, have I this correctly from you ' When you sjieak ot tlie factor of safety, you moan the number of tons that could safely pass over it '! A. Yes. (-1. \'on speak of a bi'iilge with a certain carvying capacity, and a. factor of safety of 4 That means four times that amoniit might pass over it:' A. Ves; that it would break at four times the other amount. Q. Anything less would not break it ? A. That is it. (). In your opinion what nuniber of tons migh' have ]ias.-cii over this span, assuming all the materials to be in perfect condition -■the iron and the woodwork ' A. As a regular thing, yon uir,ui to say — the daily use of the bridge? (J. ^'es ? A. From 10 tons to 12 tons I should say wo'ild cert.iinly be the limit. (J. What would have been the limit that you tlnnk w. 'ild saftdy go over this span r — wdiat would you ]iermit, say, under special circmnstatu'es ? A. With especial precautions, 1 n.idit |iasH ouce an 18 to 'JO ton load. Jl Giienil conditioi ikes ;i tlitroioii should say \\u M not i,. wise to repoat / ' '"'""^^' *" ^''"^ ''"^''^ '^"t it wool,] *l How do voii tio„r. '• ■'" ^^''^'^'^ ^^-''"I'l l)mtk thron-1, tl,o «.."a.,hiug „f |,ar, sort vl if 'T ;'"- "V"'"^''' "^ ""-^ "<'-'- '^'■ tl.a. span-something m- ^ T;;:'",'"!'""; '^^f '-"I ^o ho on A, No, it was not. ' ^ ''""'' ^^' ^orkc said ^ ^nd^.t^'o;;;;rs^r:,r;:;';^r^\'^'^^''.''f ^'-^ weight np,>n ti. I'o safe to repeat ira^^ah,.^^^^*"''"^'"- ^^ ^o, it would not '"arlvso Vol, ,,.,,, ,1,,,,.. ■• '^" "'^tids are elastic, ro!i i.arti- '■"I'l'er, to ,ts ori^i, I :g , "' ^j^ l-eivophbly as a sn.all pie-e of ■f you strain it fu' n ■ ' ;,. ' '''■''m,'''' '"^^^■^^•^'■•' " I-i"t u-l,ere, -I'-i tl.eela>t:e ini ' K' "" T'" ""^' ''"''"'"' ^''^'^ l-i-'t i l-iiii,MK.d. " ' ■"- ™^'^'^' becomes what is cahed ^l If it is once «trot,.he.l beyond the clastie li.uit y A. Yes. I'oihuod ot .-^) V .,..'.... ;,. ^^■"".^^''.t "-on, somewhere in the nei,rl,. 1 , -,, . ■ ' "'oui;n[ iron, so "<"l ot oO 7^ or one.l.alf, appro.Kiraately. ~ -i.ht pass iv;";;.;::" a: "s^r '^ ^'"""' "^ ^^^'^ "^ ^' ^^^ '>'■ Oneo? A. Yes. In: Im I . ! .} I 20 (J. You say its elastic limit is one-half — that would be 2'' tons !* A. Yes. Q. If yon put 30 tons on it it would stretch the iron bcyoii.l its elastic limit ;' A. Vcs, that is true — you are right. (). So a dose of that kind repeated on the bridi,fe would huv.' a very had ett'ect on it — the weii;ht, rather ? A. Yes. (). It would be stretching it beyond its elastic limit ' A. Yes. (i. What do yon say was the original carrying capacity of on.' span of this bridge? A. Ten to 12 tons. (■I. And that had a factor of safety ot 4, did you say ? A. I think 5 for the iron. (J. How much did you put rt at ! A. Four — no, a factor df safety of o was the lowest ; from 5 to 51. That was for a 12-t()ii load. i}. I want to know, first of all, if you know what the factdi' ot safety called for in the specifications was in this — in this bridno .' A. Yes. as 7. (J. What was that first f A. It ran, for the iron, up as high Q. And of the wood i* A. And for the woou, as high as I',, (J. I do not supiiose that any part of it is stronger than iH weakest factor of safety, is it V A. No. Q. That would be about 4|, wouldn't it ? A. Yes. Q. Four and a third, you said, rather ? A. Yes. (J. When you speak of that factor of safety as 4J, or any other factor of safety, that assumes that all the materials are first- class ;■ A. That assumes that the material is of a certain graih:, yea. (i. No inherent or latent defects in it ? A. No. Q. This specification called in this particular structure for weldless iron ? A. Yes. Q. Was the iron oriii'inally put in welded or weldless:' A. Welded. Q. I suppose a perfect welding is as good as weldless inm : A. Yea. (J. Assuming it is a jierfect weld ? A, Yes. (i. If not perfect, of course it is not so good ? A. No. (Adjourned till 10 a.m., May 21, 1897.) at would 1)0 20 27 SECOND DAY. 21st MAY, 1S97. !■ i s oliistic limit £( capacity ot one iron, up as iiiirli Ki, as high as 41, ?(l or weldless!' s weldloss iron y. ". WARNER. C.U..,, C„„,s,.Ex.,>„..n,„. „v ,„, ,,,.,„„ Continued, 'ah.ou i'--. and the in.porfect no ,s , ' oo d Tl. t P' '"■ "n"' 'V "■'■''"^' o.i.H.dlyconstnK.tc.] ^vc..alr^;:;;;led ' r ^;''' "'" '"■*"'""• ' 'SS as ^ <^^^ An.l the specifieutions called for inn. that was „.t welded ^ A Ji tS ;"sp"t;?r!l'f n;^;''' "^^ ^-"'P'^^ -^" t'-" specdleutions ^ ,^^^^^Q^ You Fonn,i a hn.lcen eyebar, didn't you ^ A. Ves ; one -i.uutinrth.::L:;:;':h::r Thl^ """^""^ ^^'^'^ 3- - 1.. - •^^>-i-y.p-"apsv A. Jil::;;V:;^^,j!Ha,Zv'""' "•"'" a- m a'ivis 'Si:^;;;;! :!^ f-ny this, that an .hose,. .end.. ^ 'ly a skelei;;;; ^S,^^, ,::^:''!;, "'• -• '-;'^ ^ «<.ain sheet is alon, each one under .iven'Illi;,:"^ "" """""^ '^'' '"-- close? J;::''i::J:;to':;i!z h:;/'"t J;" ^ "•" ^"'- •- -'^ - you calcuhite the strain s'he t vo„ . ^"' *'" "'"''"'■^ '''"•■'• ^^'l'"" '-«■ -Mch of that n.ater, d wl en u L / "'' "'n ^''"" ^"" ^^•^^'""^^" "!■ H load? That is thl IffZ^ I- ^"^^^^^^^^ A. That is the d;.e nlf , '' ^"^'^'"I'ltion of a strain sheet v Hrst 'Lst^A^'ri:;.^'"' "^ ''" -Wc-tion that all the n.atenal is in^ It it"'';;' r''whet£"?'i " ''rf'f^ '^ ^"" f'-" -"^iv '-i<- A^ N^talway^*;,^;^- /l^,;^^^-'- -Id or uot.'a y. . A. i'ucLr;^i,ii^,f^:,r:s,'f '-' ^^--^ ^•"" --^-y^ voniif .aake ^^^;;Lr.n;^;^e^;n ti;;: rL 1 r • 'T'"- ^""* your strain .sheet V A Tt u^r, I i ' ''"'''^" '" ^'"' •"^'•''"'fc <>f '■-^"It ot' putting a h,tl ou tie "'" ;' "'f^'"'' '"'^■'-"■^•"'=^' i" the i'i«' a M,embe>.. ^ '''" ^""^^'^- ^" "t''*^'' ^^ords, it is weaken- 'r f. 2S (I 'i'li.it is what I iiiraii. 'I'o put it Nlioitly, your strain sji, I't ealcuiati'il iipDii firNt-cliiHs material, ami It' tlicro lia))|ii'n.s to In' so tliut Is not tii'st-class, It inaki's a (llfl'crciu'c in tlic iTlianci' to lir |il.i i on tho .strain sliuet :" A. On tlio lii'iil;;r, luit on tl.r strain ^lirct. (}. ']''ii' strain sli'.'ct is snj/jio'-ci] to lie a rcprcsentalion of l)fi(l^'i' ? A. it' you nican tin' la-iili^e wiien you say "strain sin-. <,>. '{"lint is what 1 mciir 1 ilon't want to f|Uaii'i'] ahout tcrin . I sinqily want to miilcrstanil it. So any material that iliil not co; !,• np to the ivf^nlar standard, would ha\ c a \ery snious ett'ect on i ultimate strain on tlie liriil^M ? A. It would h;i\c an etleethy wh ever Is laeUinij. Q. What is thv eflcct on a hrid^'i." siieh as this was designed T r — 1ilLrhwa\' tratlie — of pernuttini;- ti-amears to run o\er it '! A. W ■ ! you are increasing;' the load for which it was desii^ned. (j). That must lia\e :in injui-iiuis ellect on the hrid-^e, mu^tn'i : A. it may, if that, lo.nd is in e.xeess. (}. In other words, that would have a tendency then to — wh.-it 8hall I s;iy '.' — Unoek the liriiljjje to ]iieees .sooner than it would olh' r- wisc < for it. Well, it Is weir on the iirldiie that was not intern Q. Therefore it would e'et out of repair and uiooJ order (juiel.ii- when trams are rumiinn' over it than without f A. Yes. Q- Von alwavs have, I tnider.stand, a hi'4her factor of safety i'ov a railway liridge than for an (jrdinai}' hii;hway Inidi^e / A. Yes - no, it isjiist the reverse. Q. A lower factor of .safety for the railway hridifc ? A. ^^ > that is the ordinary railroad laid^'o j)0s.se.ssi;s a lower factor of sal' i y than that of a hiu;hway liriil^e. Q. Mow i.lo yon reconcile that ? I do not rpiito nnderstaiid what you mean. Yon say that was Imilt for ;i hiii'hway tiri I'l' exactness than you can for the hii^diway hridge. Hence, y.ii r.ui dimension your railway ln'idne to a less factor of siif<'ty. (). That is tf) sa^-, if 1 understand the eti'ect of what ^ on -.ay now, and Vol! can correct me if I am not riglit — you liuild your rail- way bridge stronger in the tii-st instance than for the highway hridge ':" A. No.' <^). Von hnild it weaker ;' A. i can make it clear to you. Mr Taylor — a little clearer to yviu, I think. Vmi take, for instam' tlir ten^^ioii rods in a railway truss. The factor of safety of those ui.li'r ordinary conditions Ik four. We can dimension to a factor of sriiVty of four for the reason that we [lossess relialile d.ata as to what ' nK will come on the structure, ami how they will come on; whereas, ,ith iiiir strain ^li, ci )|IC11S to 111' S'l, liiiiicc to 111' \'\:v ■ I ■ htraiii ^lit'i'i. •csciitatioii III' ! ■ ly " strain she. , ifl-rl aliollt t"lli tiiat dill not i-n' ' rioiis i.'fl'tiL't on I ail cHoc't liv wli 1 was lic'sii^nt'il t' r ■fi-itV A. \V. ! oil. iiriiii'-i', nni^tn't :: ^y tlii'H to — what an it wouiil otln i- was not iiiti'nihil ooJ order iiuifkiji- Yl'S. 'actor ol' sal'i-ty l'"i' lu-(.' :' A. Yos- iriili,'i' ? A. N'r>. i:r factor ol' sal'i Iv a !iii;li\vay liridn-c yoii niav 1 yiu may liavo a lt'ouiI ,,f'|M'opic. | 2f) av(.' a .sinj.r|e carriai,'i- 'okin^- into tin" ( ^'|• passinif over, and Q. A 'in-'^r, lor ijifst aneu. II niii'crraii, wciirlit y ^<^ 'j- iiiifcrtaintv, I,). 'J'O H-l di' liii-j kind for this i, 'lliis kind " that lirid ' 'It this matter el eai ■ly mm tnithc passing over it / A. V wonld you constrnot n hridgo on mean l)^• (.». ''t-''S? A. I would not. W'ir tl'.'lii '^1 For tl trartic '• purjioM. for which it was uscd- iis It not 1 'ii'fivy enough ? A. It lor tram traffic. ■•is not h:-:l\y I'UoU-ii f or Q- And the fact that Mild tlic tra "ri,i;iii;dlv it "II traliic put iip,,n it vou'l was not h y ciiouLrli for it II ti'iHlcncy to shake it t pieces ipiicker ? A. Y uive ain'ady tnld us woul lia\e M And as a result of that, the life Iter':- A. 'I'he lit,. ,,f {) if tl I'i'tfcr, it wouh ''"• l"'idj,n^ would lie short e liridge Would h '■'■'I""''' llMl-e repair — Lett cr insiirction, ''>', or pL-rhap V Shake to pieces (i ii."!'. JIa.s there 1 llii' Weiiijit of uicker ; w "'L'li any material inc t' Wont (piarrel alioiit the term I :i(t was tl ;ramcars A. A le lie I'lictric railways ; it has 1 ^inniiiii- of the devi vcrv material ivase in the last few vear increase. In •s in fact, in 'PiiK'iit of the commercial side of Till' first id lieen going for the pa.st three or f t:ik.' the •■'I m 'ijiplying electric power t our years. old style street car.s. ' railways was ,si a That was a light car ;- A. That iiiotursaud sim|)|y increa.se tl ic wei;;lit hy was a liglit cf mply to r, put on >y cwo or three tons, ,,ut since quite nndersfaiiil iiway hridj^e, and xlfl make it get nut ;, you say you li.ivi' . The exi)lanatiiin ler vvords, you van •ned, with gn-.- t new fashioned car? A. Tl say so. ["■i.Mhe latest deyeh,pu,t.nt of street rail le}' run as hifd 1 as 22 tl '"■'ivy -so much so that tl ■III' and that i,s a rail fully ley are using 7()ll,. to SO] way e(piipmeiit, it is very ('.•iri'iaL'! traffi as large as for th rails to carry le or.lmary railway •s*- The tendency is t cour>,', the amount of j)as,senger.s tl o increase the weight of tl le cars can carry 'r A. Y erea,.ing the load i.s tlie generaf tendency, ■''•, '''!'"t I'a.s occurred, you know, in this inst le cars and, of es, 111- cai 111 the im-estigation you 1 A. They 1 nue niai lo ? They ii "Id or.guially linht cars, hut "tli anee, do ycui not, ad originally ligiit le one tliat nearly -1, I 30 liroki' tlin>ii<,'li ill ISOS was tlu; siiiiic t.liiit liroUc tliroiii^li lust yi;ii ; tliat is a iaij^er car. (,>. 'riicy |mt on a lai'LjL'i- car ami tliat in'oUe throuffh in iMi'' A. V.'s. Q. Ami tlifii a laru'cr car still went tliyoufjli ? A. No. 1 nndtTstunii it was the same car tliat went throu'4li in 1S!)2 and IMiiL Q. That is wliat [ uiulri'stand yon to an.'-wcr. At any rati'. \]u: cfK'ct ot *liis e.xtra hcasy car was to hrcak the liriil^'e !* A. Yes. (). I woulil like to put this as strai;,'ht as I can, in oi'di r to - 't a shoi't ami concise answer. Do yoii thinii that liri A. No. I l.S!)2 im.l I MM:. in onli'i- t(i '.^-.■t 'e, lis c'cristruciril •L'imir — Wfis ii ;i ly ? A. Nn; ii k'cll, tlicf'act tliMf • that it OiiiTinl , that tlii.s Wiis 11 "■ ovor t'lir the you tostitii'il tci hat wa.s the siitV ouKl you jnit on iiH .sliow tliat till' factor of sai'riy t of 20 tons. lit that coiilil 111' A. Twenty t'ma : means 40 tons i? A. Yes. iron to its ei.istif hat limit oni'i all 20 tons on altor itional damauc to n stretched t - its Q. The fuct'ir of saf. ty i-* i-e,hi,;,;,i ? A. That *.>. Ami the oft Is true. inn I i)( ■comes}' A. That is t :;-'•;;•'''. put oM that weijrl.t the w.ak..r tl •111 10 l.> So th(! f Inn Villi are eoiisiaiitlv strete till' liiiilire ? A. Y actor of safi'ty is coiistanti es. Iiiiii,' it up to its ulastic 1 V 1,'ettinij livss accoriiiijK' to iiiiit or Hot, in . [t wjis alioiit two-thirds of tl <,>. The (joririj side > A. Yes. 'le way on one side i* A. Y es. on I <,), I u lii't nderstand that it hml lor/'e .■^nle. ke on the (Jor^^e side ^ A. It hroki (I h I'iiil was aho was even closer than that, if I rail nearest to the ( Mv rhiit ut a foot from the chord reniemher. The JO rue A. Well, I s, or two feet. ( . 'I'liat wiiiilil lie an iiuTease of \\oij;lit mlili'il to tlii' II .liali'ViT till' sidfwalU Wfi^tlit'il ? A. Yi's. (I (In racli siilr; and that woiilil iciliu'f tlir cairyinLj <'ii|' liy ill>t that nnicli A. V (,». 1 tliiiiU yoii calfulattMl lict'ori', Mr. WaiiuT, if y on rrni )ii- liiT, what that sidewalk weii^di'Ml. Jiist sim' liy your notes, it' you di i ' A. I think not. My recollection is 1 calculated the total diiiil well rill. h.'.O t'e.'t. (I Ifow niueh would thai he in tons on tluf whole simi ! A. it is an ineicase of ahoiit ")()/' in th.e deuil load over wdiat lln' ori'^inal siieeilications called foi\ Q. Yoii said a •_*0-ton car was hased on this assinn|itioii liuit the floor weighed ."> tons. That is, the floor without tho.se sidew.ilks on each side there f A. \ <'s. (i, And yiMi calculated the whole t\\\u I his leil — thr iiiMiliiJi 1 liiive lint It I. 1 liflicvc tllrV riiiifc is l'i,7.")l) li's. L. YtJ.S. 7.1 tons total .l.ail tlie spun \v;i.s 7 of till' sidcw ilk lis, stringLTs ami ■act that am lint I,' Yon s|)i)|<(. of a 2()-t "t •: (liMt IS, it uiiiiil takt'-K) tons to l.ivak it ,| '"■••ariin that, liavin.,Mi factor of salVty IWII ',•. Ami I ninlcistooil yon t that till' lloDi- \vi'i;r||,,,j .5 f, 'Mfiivcat that calcniiit th'ii iiiakiiiij' 45 I' u-.iii ■i larak ? A, I .M\ ralruliltioil ill M.i.litiiiii a cur of \ 'ii> in ail WDiiiil I >tis: that yon pi'ocri'ih-il on that \. V ion l.v snyintiiiiati' thni. ,,f passrlln-crs, jukI icic with Colli lassi'iij^iTs, each with a h 'y yon an- rin-ht. A. 1 ii on t *,* That wouM iiiak mil till' wcmht of il It iivi'r 22 tons, inclulin.r t viiifhts yon iiroilnccil / A. I siipt ic passiMiu'i'i-s s.iis oalciilati'il >osc so. H' car at 20, on sonic table of <.). Kit nut (li.sa .ycconliiig to your calculation, if the mate mid not have stoo.l tl le wei'dit I'lal we.e ifoDij it t.) attempt to put u weight of that sort 1. It would ho highly hazard on It. OUs 'i*- .S I, as a matter of fact, it ef that , sort anvliovv /' A IT...'i.,.. ■sort anyhow ? A. Uudouhtediy was too much weight tor a d (.). Tl me ahmit these top chonl.s— were tl l"i"ted ^ No, they were jointed Let ween each two nf' tl eslgn .y continuous or Q They hutted over ? A. Yc le uprights. M- Is that as good a ,] esign as a continuous har ? A. Xo, not I.'. It is more apt to givi way ? A. IV'il <,». hi oti laps, yes. cr words, these ends abutted on t^ "P'lii 'Uiy disarrangement of the structu ) one another, and fnliir ill 7 A. \ re they will either go out or (.). And I t they did, the whole structure would •o ? A. Yi <.»■ They are held I y compression ? A. Ye> ( ) isti le eon And the lower chords by t 'Cii.sion ? A. Nevertheless, tl vcntional form of bnildiiig those highwav l-rid lUt ires. .*■ ' ■ g: ' l"IW « J lW ,i i j l i.,[ i i i ii»mi \ H4 (,». Ndl II riiilwiiy liriilj,'c i* A. Nd. (i Will ynii ciilciiliitc for iiH' tin- iliH'iTciicc ii! striiiii i(t' tin.-,- liuuMvr.s liy n-iisdii <.f \\w t'lict tlmt tlic cur wiis uway on tlic siij.- .(' tlic Tiiiil_'i'? A. WoiiM not Miin answer till' siiihc imrposc (' I In the rfKiiTiitioii l"2 ton <'ar, with a (i I'l. wlifcl lia.so. l). Is it a viry dalioratr tliini,' to i|o lo > alculatc tliat > A It is not clalioratu; tiif total weight is -JO.OOO IIh, Ft in simply >< (luostion ol' proportion: of tlic ■2(),(M)() H.n., {(..(KiO llis., or appi niati'lv two-tliinis, <^'o to tlic lianLfcr nearest it —approximately, (J. So, of the total wei^'lit there Was aiiodt two-tliinls of il ,.^,stiii'4 f A. ( >n one han'^cr. (l Nearot the car rail :' Q. Yos. (). Now, this 20 tons yoii spoke alioiit wa-< not liased nn ;ni (issnm'ption of that kiml, whh it V It was haseij npon a fairly r\rii (listiihutioii over '.' A. No, il whs hascil on that assum()tion. Court (to witness): Hascil on the exisfini; state of thing's? A, Itaseil on the existing; state of thini,'s. V\>r instunci', there an. two tr\isses in there; sujjpose one takes two-tiiinls and the other oiic-thinl, on the :20-lon liasis 1 calculated tlio .strain on the truss. Mr. Taylor: That wonid increase the strain ve y niuturially en tliehanjfcr? A. .lust to tliat extent, yes. (}. And this liaie^er is siilijected to shock when these loads move over it ? A. It is suliject to the ofiliiiary shock of a wheel p'lssiii^' on a lail ; yes, there is a shock at the joints. (), That has a tcnilcncy to weaken the iron in time ? A. If it is sutlicicntly i,'rcat, yes. i). Woulil not the sliock of a load such as this, away lieyeml tlie capacity of the truss, have a tumletiey to shock it ? A. ( >h, yes. (). Here is a (piestion that has occuncd to me : I would likr to have vou exjilain it. Voii have seen these cars ijo ahai;.' the street '.' They ^o iiumpinn' and liohl'in;,' u|) and down ? A. Yes. Q Supposiii;,r they liohlied up a little— would not that increa.se tlu! shock y A. Cleariy. {). And that {(oinir up in that way a little— liumpinij anil lioli- lii,),,- would douhle it ? A, Not douMc it, it would increase it. Q. Very materially ? A. Yes. Q. When did you first tlnd out ahoiit this floor heum In iiii,' l)ore"" ''-^'i""".''! It, i.uitifnlurly: i...J^-..tr'Zt;^i:;;;-r^J':^-^ ^ " ■ '^- ' '" '■III' ;,"'Vcniiiiriif. '.' V,,ll t,M,k your ii,,f,.l„M,k with you ? ,\ y, <.». ■\';'' Imu- loiiKH tiuicli.l vousiM.rHltlicn. ■' A T»l i . '.' '^"'lf'l<'",i,'.H.t,.soF;.||,|,„,,„i„„^^,,„^^,^^,, ,^ ^.^^ 'i* Vou put tli,.iii ill a ii,,t,..|,ook ■; A. V,.s. jl^^^.^^^^^ A. Lut.UMlj. ll.atisaiii,.iu„niii,luMMiia.l.Mi -"'-™:';::'^"u;:;;;:;:;:ii,:rzj;;t:/'i/t«"''" '/ I'retty olulmmtu Motes ? A. 'J'liov w,.n> r..., i ,- ^ i tliiy >ir,' f'oiiipleti'. •^ «i'i<,' roiid ycstcnluy ; Q. As ,1 result. Tlii'v arc coiiiiili.h. ^ \ 'i-i -'•"•"" "'■ tl- ^v^..ck„.,. J we founll it ' '^^ ' '"'^ "'•" '^ ^'^"'P''^to <2 At the i.Kiu.st, on lidialf of the jroverMii.c.nt f A. Ves. <>». AikI you ,11.1 testify thwo? A. Yes. - ^ --." ■o1l;i;:s's7;Js£ -- ^' ^"^ "'— **'"'! ho was not uie to 1. ■ f 'VV /H*-^" '""«^''' ^^''''^'J' •^''•. Lockwoofi 'ni'i'llo of tl e 1,' ,e 'nit 1 r l" ''^; ■"' '^ ^^ ■'^"'"^■^vhore in tl.o i.nu^'e. lluit broken stnn-er which may have come t at >n, 36 ;i - -j-if on 4 or .") wiiH very |iih'liy iiii iiiiM^^'iT iir n ;,fou.| I fiiili'il -wlii'tliiT till- rotti'ii piirt of the door ln'iiin of tlic olil ti n- i,'ii\i' way. Ill- wlictlirr 'ic Mtriiinfr '^'nvc wuy, it is iiii|io.s-,ilili i , ilcti'i'iiiiiii' now" A. I'iirdon iin'; tin' (|iii'sli()H iihUciI iiic wii licti'iiniiir wliicli fiili'il tirst, the lunii^fi-, tin- striiiu'T, or the ll ir lii'iuii. I line! |iit'\ ioiisly tislilii'il thii* till' (•xtiTiin' nitli'iUH'ss of ih,. flour iii'iiiii was till' I'liiisi' ; tlnii I coulil luit, iior (li'l I liciii'Vi' iiii\ i.;i,- ciiiiM, a-'si'^n till' ordi'i' of |iri'n'ilcii( f tin' liiiMkiii;; of aiiynn, ,.|' tilii-l' I lll'rr part-.. (,> Tlial is what i iinii'iHtooJ. It is ilillirnit to a^si'_Mi tli .Icr of |iri ri'ilriii'i' ' A. Clrarly iiii|ios,siiilc. ( >. Asa matter of fact.cM'li ill the liest coiniitioM they eoiilii not lia\ e .Mi|i[iorteil (liis loail of '22 tons ijiat was on it i' I lielie\e nUii \itll listitieil to tllis effect (see if I ha\'e tile slltistance of your e\ii|eMfi) : Tiial tiic tiiitii of tile mutter was, there Iwul I n ahsoliitely no niiiiii- teiiaiii't' of the l.ridu'e, ami tliat lliat was reuily tlie cause of it f II ha imt stroiiLf enoUi;h for tramway traflii! ' A. 1 ai,'ree with you. (). Not heavy enoiiLlh to carry the w'ei^jht. [ii the next placi\ it was not niaintaiiied at all and ^ot into a Imi| state of repair, aiiil it was alisoluti'ly impossihle to hold up this load ? A. 'I'lny had . \iai eonc further than that. (,). See if that is ri;,dit !* A. Yes, I was ij;n\\v^ to say (hey had even ifoiie further th 111 tint; they had split up the floor into three pieces aftiu' the accident of 1S!)2, and still further lessened the chance of its carrying;- any load that might come on it. i). Did you say at the inijuest that hud any ed'ect upon it? A. What ! (^. Splittiiiu; up this Hoor ? A. That question wa- not rai^nl. if I rememlier; (hat is my recollection (). Well, I will see whether it was. Court; Of course, it is for you to say; hut how is tlmt material ? Vou nii^dit a.sk him now. I'ut it to him now, how I o' it iiftects his opinion. Mr. Taylor (to witness) : How far is that material to (he stii- liility of the structure ? Here is what you said: — A. Shall I an-ucr your (jucstion first ^ Q. Well, I will ask yim ; F. 252 : " You don't like that siylc of hriil'je with the Hours like that, do you V A. There is no ol juc- ii; liriiiiii' wii-- ii"t y oHoct upon )ti wa^ not rii!-r ;t7 li-n t.. it, Q Isn't i( ,„,,|.. |i„|,i,. to a(Ti.|,.|it l,v |,,,in,r „ II . n '.'. Was that what wa. ,isk...| v-.i ' A. V„s ,),,, ,,„ , ,, 'l"'^ii"ii ' A. \lv .h., V' Now, was ir^th.' (I.)or was thf •'■' " ynll iv.kI those i|ll(.stioH.i. ',' U hut iiiiitiiiiil ililfcronpo iIoi'M it m ,L-.. > i. ■ . . "":': !f:,;'Tr7 - '"?■ r'»- .''■".''' • .1 J' .■;'::':;:::„■,; ■ ' ' '■' ""■ !''""'- 'I ■"':■; 'vi'"-i. ™,i i.,i ii„. ,.,„• ,M,i ,,f .i„„„,"' " '■"""■"™ ■'■'"" ■- ' ■' '■ -.v i. .J: :;:;:;t:;;!::Zr.!;'-::: « •' /'"t,;::'^;,:::;;:;!:^,;:;,""'- >' ^ ■ i...-.n„ ,,. «.■ ^ V^ Tl„. Iln,„. i,,i„,|,|j. „ ,,,.i^.|,t t|,„j „,,. j^.,_ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ y S„ llint tl„. II,,,., ;,|,|, |,„„|, ,,,„ ««-,iy lik,„ u-„|, ,|,K„, (,, Ill,, ini»^ ,i|. ii „ii„|„ I,,,,. |. ""It'll :'"J H„. I,,,|„ ...liiini,, ill,,,,.. , , „ ,' ' ""< " l»"l- m l.ill, »|.|,.,s :';.,;ii:::iit:iL;:;;;,i^" -' '»^i"«. -in, .,,.,'r ■•';>"''::!:■'■ i;':i::r,!;'::"ti:n.^;,;ri:i^;7'i,,^l;:;r"-' -^ . <>'■ D" ynii know whi'thcr it uvnt ovor .'it all' A V,.s r l^llnw iJiiu It dill j^.o ovor. •"•111. A. \r,s, 1 ',» .An. you,,„it,,. ,s„n.? A. T am positive i,, this wav- that n: . x.imnu,,:; the p,vs.„t spa... th. .lapliJuo sp ... of that ^ . .'>'■ rt is only fair to .say to vou yoij ,„.v..r .saw if'' A Tl,. "n.u,a!„o. 1 u,nspi,,,l. 'I'hat would lie a cei'tain element of safetv in (.•arr\-in"- ears? A. Yes, (,» It would have the effect of distriliuting the weii^ht omt n j^n'eater space ? A. Yes. <,), ( )n the same jirinciple that you walk on the sidewalk — xniu' weii,dit i.> not on the hoard that you step on, hut distrihuted liy ri-.-isnn of tin; scantline' underneath over a large area ? A. Yes. Q Anil the effect of putting these 10 hy 12 stringers to -iip- port the car, would have the same effect of distrihuting ttie weiuht? A. Over the three floor heams, <,). '{"hat would li(^ nnnimisiiig tlu^ daneer to the cars, or rather, reduce — prohalily that is the hetter term. It would distriliutr llie weight hetter over the whole floor .system ? A. Ye.s. g. Of that panel ? A. Yes. (}. We take these hoards and spike them into the sti'iii"er? A. Yes. <(•, 1 low is that going to alter it ? A, \Vhen you remove sup- porl fi'om the stringer you have removed the strength due to the planking which is connected with the stringer. Q What support did the planking give it ? A. The plaiikiii;; originally gave a support liy reason of it.s continuousness from uiu' side to the other, <,i). The phiidving is snpjiorted liy joists ? A. Yes. •i>. The Joists are supported liy the floor heam ? A. Yes. . Then by putting these long stringm-.s through, you distrihiite till' weight over those floor heams / A. Yes. (). More than it would have been before ? A. No, not iiion.' than befoi'e. m TIhtc i.s no sii li 111 oiirryiiiL;' (';iis '{ e weiirJit i)\i' utiim tiu; woi'^ht ? nto the sti'innci' ? you ri'iiiovc >u]i- L. No, not. iiior(; 39 ..;..-- of sup,.,,., ,-o,. 3.;;; «i!:,j' ! :■ r' fir; ;;;rr"^ ^''^ '-'"- I'i.'-''. tn.iM tin. small joi.ts that you 2 ' '"'■"" '■"■^' '" fj ^f'"'",*^'"' ^'H'.c iiieasiiiv „f suonort ' A V i J..1VI.S u-ere hn.kei. jni„ts • f„r in.h,.,, / ^ , ' '" '""" '^'^ tl'« .'"■ '.thT ■„ t,,„t 4. „,;,, l;;:;;;:;r;,;,,'li;;j;"' ''-' '' -- '- " uj i_ . A. Ao, „t cotirsi' not. !;m„'S!;:;,' t!;;,:"-"' "'""'"''"■ »'■ ' j-«"| ' a. ah ,„,,„k „„ IS t on ti'— ;..'i n.u you.: l:::;;-^; •;:.' T 'r'' '^r^ fs r''^;^"'" "'r^ j'-' "ii",si,lc. anil " ^""' ^'^"- ■'^trinrrer Jiei-u oi '»^- (JiL.ik on altornute heain.s. i..vai;t.,^';,;.!t,l;ri:a.;;'r''r "^::""=^'' ■" '*- --p--' -th <.^. It .li,st,il,ntes the weight n.ore evenly ? A. Yes. A. 80 ','■ And tlie old rt,„„. j,,i.st,s ull broke ,>,. fl, 1 I iiiKhTstand, ye.s. "" *"' ^'^""' '"'•i" <.'■ And the new .stringers did not ? A. Did not. ."i.';p":;;';i;i;«r^;,rn;ri'^s,'"'''''"''''-^ ^ ^•««■ ii..»''i„ f"? fe. ',,;" "■"',". ','"" ""'"• »'"' "">■-■'• «■■"■ ."-I i.«t ''■H.-..a,,,;-:i;LttLt^;j';;:;i;:;-,£';;;-:,;;;j- ',•• RaJHed it up '^ A Yiw \t • iti '■"f fl'"t was one nuHhod of doiilj^ 'it! ° " ''^'" '"convenient, ''-•''putol;TT:;S^:'r^;.;;i;n;if"'^^ ^heynnght --M project above the i^r Seit .• .1^,'" TIh""' "' '"^'''''^^ ^' P^^'Vlr going by. "' """''' ''^' -^''K'ltly inconvenient to nuderneatli ? A. Y es "'~^W . f Q. You call thcrn- 40 A. Lati'Dil rods. (,}. Wuro tliL'se the things sye ret'erreil tons (liiiLfonal liviu;.:; f A. 1 think M). (^. That iiii'iiiis the same tliini;' f A Must he. Q. Tiioy were put ther A. The sway hraee's f No, they are attaeheil to tlu> floor i)eairi. Q. Wouliln't it he ii much hetter way to attach them tn I hi' chord ? A. It iiiii.rht he. That is a conventional meth(jil of su-iy- iiracin^'; it has ln-en in use for a , Shall I go into i Q. Just shiirtly ? A. You can fasten them to the chDiil, if you wish — to the pin connection. (}. And thai would have a hetter efTect than fastening!; tluiii into the hoor heams simply ? A. \ es. Q. So that part of tlie design could he improved on 'i A. Vis. q. Materially ? A. Yes. Q. These iliaifonal sway hraces were p irt of the triaie^ulalioa of the hridge — of the truss ? A. No. Q. They were not '! What weri you referring to just n i\v, wluMi you said "Yes, Mr. Cassidy ? " (Witness having caunhi at undertone remarl; hy Mr, C'assidy.) A. Mr. Cas.sidv asked if it were not hetter they should he part of the trus.s, and I said ceri;uiily that would he the hetter way. Now, I .say, this is not [lart of tiie truss. I presume you were referring to the present structure. i}. They ari' not ])art of the ti-iangulation V A. They air imt j)art of thr triangulation of the truss. Q. Explain what }-ou mean hy triangulation ? A. I ! iii't know what you mean liy triangulation. I am trying to answer viiir (piestious as yiai mean them. What you mean \h the laterals. Arc they part of the tru-^s ? — ^they are not part of the truss. Q. Was it part of the scliemc — of the original design of the tvi- J I (liilgoiial lii'iK;.:: !•(!, whore tlii'\ il oF the hi-i.l. > Huor beam. ,'li, in a l)i'i(l'.,'i> tn Would (Jo: I can tliere is a linirr L vari('t\' (if "■a\N. 1 to tlie cliMiil, it' n fastening- flirin •i^d on ? A. Y(,'s. tlu; triauLTuUii')!! •illif to just II )W, liHvii(u;,di von d aii lin : t knou- vvliat it on't knnw \vh;vt tliit iiioaiis in connect iiic'in^ iiai with Lh,. |,,-i,|^ ,'. Well, t A. .No; J at all. ll.Mllliy tlie; latis one for yon— 1 don't eitluT. ()n| 1. ? A. V lidges, you liiive the mat iti'iiid that niariiv, in ;oes 111 t lelii III- (.) H, 'W is that usiialiv d, iiiitiiial IS iii.spectrd at the wo'rks; tl i'lisiiie.ss of doiiio that. A I Il l.ir; ii'l'e are eied slnicllii-es (I necrs who 11 i:iKe a O, That tu liiiui^h it — he 1 is. ofdinarily, tlie coiit nut A. If it is I; IIS a man at tl rue tor will le work's wheie tl > lias to i,r|.| I I le iron iro-e enoiio-li tif do it Ves. !'■ Il'cai 1^ tllllled il IT tiMHt, — the I iiw rs It in eas laiiie of (he m; I's or Miialln eoiitract!- iiiutactiirer; A. T ike it on iil^I;lnce, was suppu.sed to he all ri-dit. ""' Alhion Iron Work.s, f, «,'. Yon ]. know, as the rcult of 1 inw-iin-ation in this c:asi., th It is what was d leariiiif till' lest iiiioiiy aii(| voiir one litire <.». Tl A. V le iiiaf^rial iially imtici so It there' were aiu' defect IS not illspccte<( ; it A. Y es : any .set ions drtVcts s in It, It mioht was taken on trust oi|n-i- 'Ani nave -,,(,,,1 \Mt|,„|,(, 4-overnmeiit, p|-o\ i,|,.d thry h.id s w..nld ipr noticed l.\ tli,;l,rid, an llispceldi'. v>. n. Uh' (oroiii r or el e is another ipii'stion that ■se l.y Mr. C'assi asked, I think it was I .veil a series of questions directed' t,, tl >w, Mr. W IS li\- 1 1 SOI I aski' tliar, ya\-e way, and th lie asked von wheti ear pasMiiiT f,.,,ni Yietoria to li miched p.ant ,, and iioint :{ ive way fi i'i"iiii:,' what !" 'Ill a tension .st 11' ponit, of the lirst inelnhei- "■r It was likely tli.it il oecnr- •M>liimilt, that it Would hav.. rai ot .iiaiiieter, whether it yon have .said already ^iv.n way before • the 1 n, and the car pa- lan^yvr at point .") sino' (,v-,.,. I, as to the absiiiee of or eoii- liiipe-sihle to I U,n d. Wit lave l„ occurred from a sudden shoi'k ' A. I ^en .suddenly broki ii ; t iiess : That is undoubtedl \' correct. e» 'Vnd y,ai noticed enoiinh to indicate tl iij'.'Ut from a heavy tei nat IS tl it it had I iliniiniil ion t is liiiioii I cell plllleil iiiMitlp.u.nt for the pnrpo.se of .sust It at that p.)int o ("'—to wiiich y "" I'l a-on to chano-c any of that. ision st^rain, or in other words that it had I lining Mu. strain which went oil answered " Yi A. \,.s, I Y: HI still adhere to that i A. Y ',». So it It at r> ? A. \ was iusuli icieiit to support th,. welglit th,-it went ovel' ml • V >» It Wo;i| I' r ipiestion or t ive given way, anywa\ > j will ,vad wo-~-a (piestion 1 asked y, '; -^'reasUl whether you approvcd'of the desiern of ai on tlu! same { \on ali- pa..-e : \ou sai imi-p. railw f <)r some pnrpo.ses, yes,' and th. to lo a liighway bridge; d this bridge ? n you (letincd tdiat \ hri.lge? A. For what tratHc '^ o 3-ou approve of (he desi..|| t Q. Calling tliis tram Ii or n ne a I I 42 ruilwiiy '.'' A. Knr liiiiitel loads, yes ; for limitcil lo;i. (). And lor anytliiii^ over tliat, you would not ajiprove of l\\r di-i.'ii t'oi' a railway line ;* A. I w. But the aiipliciition of that heavy load of about twiec as much as could lie safely ])ut on it rendered that structure much we.aker ^ A. It faileil under the load. i^. Hut while it could stand one load, it could not stand two? A. I will not limit it to two; it woidd not be wise to impose that load_ofteIl. Q. But the more; often it was imposed, the weaker the strurtiii'r would Ljet ? A, Yi's: it, was imposed once, and it stood it in .i wav ; the second time it failed. Redikkct liv Mi{. Davis. (^>. .My le.irned friend read t() you a fi'W liin's from your evidence at the inquest, and he stopped very short I am ^'oin;:; to read tin' next three lines (p. 24S) ; "There is no (|uestion at all, that .simply from vi(!winjj; the condition of tlu! timber it is natural to sujipnstf that the floor lnvun at No. :5, if the car wi're able to <,fet any wei^■ht on it, would break." That is correct ? Witness: That is correct. (.). Coming- to the ca|iaeity of the brid<^e, which my learind, it seems to me, has left not (juite as clciir as it might have been ori_dii- ally. The capacity of that bridge, as built, \vas 1,000 lbs. per Hiiciil foot of live weight ? A. Yes. Q. And what is meant by that is that it is bn '.t to cany a thousand i)(junds per lineal foot, entirely apart froni the struiiurc itself, of (h'ad weight? A. That is what it means, exactly. Q. And the only additiiai to tlio dead weight, after the bii lijc was first designed, were the sidewalks ^ A. Yes. Jiuls I woiilil (• i- tons 'i A. \ . s, •dVO of tllf llr~l '11 to niii aiiytliiu^' 1 — WDulil yoti .iji- loiiil (if ten Tnii tons, it' you wi iM ipprovi' of it ■!, ii liriilL't', I woiilil \. 1 expi-et tliJit lit of vour illVr> (• Hiistaincil ? ly liy tlic skill of [ilicHtioM of tliut rou spciik dl'. it 'Villrlltly lli'l lint f aliout twiir as .struuturu mia'li I not stand two ? le to impose liiat ktM- the strurturi' tooil it in a wav ; )in yonr eviiiciK/e 'oin<^ to reuil tin; ail, tiiut siiiiiily tural to .su])piist' o n'l't any \vi'ii;lit riiat is corinl. L'h my k'anir.l, it havo lieen oiiiiii- lOO lbs. per I i Ill/Ill l>u it to rai ly ii m the stnirtiire exactly. 4;} A. \ <.>. An.! the ueijrjit of the sidi .'ilksis this 24:? II yon put in '.'. That is tl le ori; ;inal dead u-ei^dit— (Joq ||,s. '; A. Y, (,'. So tl vn hv tl '' A. Y II' only amount t " ''!■ di'dueted flDlil the tI-1 i<; on;,rniMi strain sheet would h,. this ^y.i H'es as il'S. pel- lineal A. \: <,». The faetor of sah ty of the hrid-e as desi,ni,jd was 5 (). The lenf,^tli of that pane A. huLfhteeii feet !» inches. Is soiiietl linn- over IS feet? (.». int would roui^-hlyspeakiiiir, l,,, 1(),0()0 || :lit less 1<) times 240 f Hal.iMit -?,700 Ih.s ; that would 1 with a factor (,f safety of o, woul the extra weio-ht of the si.Iewall- I'ave ahout, l.-,,0()0 ii 1 'n' ■■"),0()0 Ih.s. ? A. Y s of the reirnlii K's, wliicl 10 |ianel fo tl <-,». That I'f lll;ele A. Y -s making all allowances f,,r dead wei^dit that are to iii-i'i\ I !:!l.,?H;::r/'Kr''"^'"'"'^'"^'^f *''- factor of saf. I at that -2, dif '■'■I'nce to that, Mr. W ir beam ; " tl arner le Web iiu'iiibers — -I ^" the reduction of the f:ie'.,)r of saft iliifti.iii would be ill the tl ty on this acconnt — tl oor oeamsand not in the iiai us ro- '7- What is it under tl igers ;' A. Ye.- 'ive and three-fourth, 'i'. So that with the I lose same circumstances in the h iimers after the bii l?;e ■ tho f i.tor of .safety of the floor 1 oa.l as it was— with the ti'amlineas it •siifetv of the I leains was. woul,! he 2, but the factor of langcrs w.aild be 5A ? A. Five and three-f mrtli-;, yes. FT" 44 -taiu'fs, wliicli woiilil ill all Imin.'in Q. (Jmlfv tliosc circiiiii-tai li.iliility l.nak llrst ? A. 'I'lic wciiki'st puit. (^1. Wliic'li i< till' ilnor liciuiis V A. Vcs, (,). Aii'l tluit is asHUiiiiiijii; tiiiit llif iloor licaiiis arc as tli nrijfllia |)i)iiL'las liv. Ivr A. Y cs, as.suiimi<' liooi 1 iiiiitoriiil filni! strain, Q. It' the tlnor hcams liave liccii ilccaycil, i.y wcakonirii;- y-m i'ai'tor lit" salVty. it wmild Ik: ri'iliK/wl so luiieli iiioro '! A, It w.nild 1)L' rciliiccil Ml iiuu-li iniiif. ( t. Wiuilcl liir iniii lit' suliju't til tlic ,-aiiK' dctorioraliou in ilic .saUli-' tllllr A. N. Q. Yuti tiilil tiiy Icanu'il tVicii,! that ymi did not luitii'r i!,i- auL;'i'V lio li' ill ilie lic-'aiii ? A, I did not. (» Would it t'.illow I'voiii tliat at ail, that it was not tli A. N. Ur.-('iioss-K.\AMiNKi) r.v ilu ('assihv. il SjH^akiiiL,' oF what you say in rcj^fard to the liaii-cr — ii hani^iT is a (lart of thu ti)or .sy.>stuiii, t not i A. Yi ('ourt : J think wc have iiad all that, Mr. (.'assidy. Mr. ( 'assidy : I Ju.st want to asl. ')'l and ill.' tl lor hcain. him a hunt this diirrl'cllff (if C.iurt; W ell, I (.'anno t allow anv extended \aminatioii. II have any sliorl point yon wish to hrine- out, d* (■(lUallv Mr. Cassidy (to witness): Tlie iiieideiiee of the wei;j,iit canscii till.' ti'aiiilii'ie beiiii; put closi- to one side of the liridge would In ,• heavy on the haii.L;-er whiidi holds up tiie floor heaiii, and tlif )V lieaiii at tiiat point :* A. Yes. (^ Why do you say then that it reijueed the faetov of safi iv in ■ Hour licaiii, anil ijnes not reduce the faetor ol' safety similarly in • huiuerf A. Wiiat is the dilierence, do you reiiiemher, .\h-. CuHsidv 'I'hat ifi;, thi' ridative iliU'ereiiet Q. It was twii-thirds of the weieht on -ide of. tiie hrid'j and inii'-third on t he iither ''. A. I don't mean that. i). What I want to make out is, the hanger is part of thr iLmr system, and holds up the floor heaiii. The .-idditional strain on tiiu hane-er where it holds the floor l(i>ani would he eipial to the additieiuii strain on the floor heani at that point? A. Yes. Q. Why do you ir it then reduce the faetor of safety of tlint hiinsxer similarly to the faetor of safety of the floor beam, liy r- a-oii it, I ,i' the addition.il \;eii,dit ^ A. If you will permit me a in- will lind out what that difference is. {). 1 am on the ijuestion of princijile ; do you make a tion ';■ A. i)o I !' illC- crioralion in il id not imt'u'i I l.i- t WHS not til 45 :;;;;r.;:l,™.;:i;;;,V''° """"- -"- -s • '^- v.-.: w.,, ■; ;,';: ,v,,„a:;M;;C";r^A J"" """" »^ '^ ■- ■ ,1 liiv,. y,.iit i-x,,l„„„(i„„ i„ y „, .^.| Mr. Cassi.ly: V». Where do yra live, Mr. L-ckwood? A. Seattle. <>> Wliat is yuur lAisinc^s 1 A. Civil eiifrineer. San lianS BHdIle C^"" '^""'^"'^' "' *'" '^^^^^"^ *""« ^ A' ^ho bS«!) (.». How long have you been e^iployed by them ? A. Since <^. What i,s your position ? A. Mana-er of the Seattle office. ',». What experience have you had in bri.l, These are all timber on the ton ' A V..^ ui^ f i> i ^i. oho,d which is all of iron and which is'lhos^; ^Ir'^^^^^^^^Z Hoor. and what are known as the web iiiem!)ers, whi'ih are dl of the PU'C'S ,1. 1, tween the top and the bottom chonl.s. T ,d i .1 ■" e ,vi,h.d again into what you might call two diffin'ent kirj" d 1 „ 1 ;r '"'""^"^•••\^^-''.'^'^ '-^re the vertical po.sts at I, 2 ,S i i ii I H ""r""' """?" '"^'•"l"''-''^. which con.si.st of the hip t. eals an. the diagonals, which are shown here in blue. Now tl e fuiu'tiou o these woo,len members of the trus.s i.s to take the c. m- r:T •'^';r"~''"". ''• '^'^y ^^'^'^ *'>« strain causd .y p,s , t ft h'-H^ 'f '"■'"*'? "^ ''"' "■"" '"'^'"'-••^ throughout the 't it apm. at either end ot this elevatmn we have an eml view of tl... >i 48 Q. r.,.f()n' wf l.'iivi' tliis, '\H tlio top clionl conncctiMl or n A. Knell t,i)|> cIkpI'iI cnii'^istH (if six iMilcpcndcnfc jiiccvs, wliu-li „.,. c'oiinci'tcil lit tlifir <'ImI.s hv iii.unM i>t' i'iistiii),'s at tlic ixiiiits sliowi. "ii till- plan. Kach n( tin- "Kottmii clidnlx •■(insists (if l(i iniiis, wliidi arc also sliown (iii i!i.. phui ; liic viTtieiil iiici.ilitTs arc (•(iiiiicctcd witli tlic clionls l.yiii.ans of shoes 1111(1 liolts anil pins to liolil tlicin in place, and tlie_diai,'Hi,nls lire connected with llietopand liottoni chiird.s liy means of tlir pow wliicli are shown here oii the plan. Q. The idea of the liridLje is the different strains counteract •■■trh other? A. Well, the whole "idea of any truss is t • take a load wliich is placed on the l.ridj,re at any lioint and carry it hy means (.f th-i. wcl) memhers— iiarry that load and eventiml'y distiihiite it on ili.' pier. Q. With reference to the floor systeii., what was the si/..' ni' thu.su Hoor h(jaiiis as jiut in orij^dnally > A Twelve iiieles hy is inches and ahout 'V\ ft, lonjf. Q. What ahout their tpein<,' similler at the ends, as Mr. Wilm .1 mentioiK'il i Well, the end of the Hoor .leUm was tapored otl a hlllr for ajipcarance, after the span was put up. g. Is that inside or outside of the ImnrfBrs ? A. Outside of the haiiffers. il So it hud nothinir to do with the sf 'Uirtli of the tloor li.m.i whatever? A. No, .sir; I mii,dit explain thut the Hoor beams were notched sli ile- scrilio it ? A. Well, the floor was placed diagonally acnjss the hridgc lis shown in this plan, and was spik(Ml to the stringers. Mr. Taylor : If mv learned friend would permit me to .suggest— I understand Mr. Locdvwood to speak of these sway l.racos a.s cmiiini,' hctweeii them f A. The 1 ottom laterals extend diagonally from one floor to the next one, as shown there. Q. That is the way it would look if you did not have the lloer on it? A. Yes, these are tiie toji laterals and also the hoitoni lateral.s. Mr. Davis: As Mr. Wilmot spoke about the bottom laterals, this shows exactly the relativ(! position and size of the bottom lat. rals and the thjor beams ^ A. That is right. Q If the floor beam were to break off at the end as has l«iii de.scribed in connection with No. 3, could that tloor beam in I illmL;. po,-,sibly strike the laterals? A. No; the floor beam, if it si: urud otf inside of the banger would drop clear of the laterals. ? A. Outsiilr (if rs that are sliowii 40 ^^^^^^<^. Wlw.,-e,li,INo.;j.lK.,roir^ A. lts|...a;..,|„lliuM,l..„ftl„. 1 '<'•, ^^■';:''! >■""/•''"'" *" "x.'.nm,,. il„. l„.i,|.,, ,v..m vuM riM.. to A:'''v.t.r;;r;il,;r''' -i--""...i,n,.,....ju,..iLi" ^ g. ^ Wore, you ahle t.. locnt,. tlu. II,,,.,- I,..ains, in tl.,. .ir,t ,,|a,„ v ;>• l>i'l vo„ (ln,| (,|„. ||,H.r lM,„n wliiH, 1„.|„„...,| to \o \ ■> \ V /wTt'/ir*^'r'^''-^ "T '"-"^-i" what <:o,ulirio,. ' 'ijI!sVwI.tr!!;.'^ "" """ '^'"''^ """" '^'' ^''^"' ^'"'W-l -""^ '.' What was thr si/,, of No. | ^ A. Tuvjve hy Ki. ^^ Q. That w,..s nut on., of th. floor hcan.s put in o,■i,^nnally ? ^> Was No. I hiojirii ( A. It was not, '.'• How .lid you tin.l No. 2 r What was it, in the first place V ,"!"■ "t th,. onpml or ,.„„ of the n-.w hran.s ' \ U was o o lH-.u.wh.an,s; ,twashK.at..,l hy th. hu.-al mis; No 2 w^ to ':"::;?,'"' .- ' -^-f-^''-^ ■"-•ks, una was tho last le:: .m" "as jiiactii at ^, as the only vacant place. <.>. In what condition was it? A. (ioud condition. <,>. Was it hroken in any way ? A. No. !^heie;;:'ir;;s'r-A:''''^^'-'''-^'-''''t —that it was g. Wh.it about 3? A. Throe was an old beau, and wis ;jok..n ..J^heared off at the han.er on the upsfean. or (^^l!^ :i^ •, , "■ ' w;;^«l"■a•■e,i off; It does not say here in my notes but it X; ;;;;•; ;*" '■'-';' at U.e hau,er-you c.?uld see orJJ t'h . ""'' - >t'il Ml tlu. en,l ot the beam, on one of the ends. ^'^' ^'"■='^-' "«^ '^seon.pared with -"1^ "iiui eii.l .' A. It wa,s much more rotten. '.' H.nv did you find No. 4 ? A. Timt is a new beam and it '' ' I '-^a chopped some on one end. and c.e end had sou.e'nud ^„ |fc ,1 ' I -I !, I fl' 80 whi-ro it \\iv\ ovi.li«itly l)oun in tho liottoiii of thn hay ; it was in ;,mu.1 ciiinlitioii. (J l?iiiki'ii in niiy wny ? A, No, (l How -iiii yiiu HikI nnniliiT .') ? A. No. T) was fi new l»'uiii ; if, was lioriMJ t'lir li'iiiiu'i'r-*, oni; \\ iricii liivn;,'fr still in place; iini' imhI of till' Ik'iiiii Imil niuil nn it; it wiis lofiitcij nt "> us the latenil lu.U and the ilirection in which they hiy ; it was in ^ootl condition. <^. Was tiiere any other new floor heain wliicii was hored Inr Imn^'ers ! A. No, not any of them. il Tiiis was the only new heam in which the han<,'ors were |,iii haciv in the same way as they Were originally ;' A. Yes. on > l.r Q. How did yon find tl ' A. Beam was in ^'ooil eondifi e,\ce|>t it had lieen* sawn nearly in two at the centre^seenis to sound. The luteivil rods j.lace it as heing (i. Q. Is that oi.e of the original beams, or ? A. No, tliat was a n(^w heam. Q. In what condition did yon find 7 V A. No. 7 was an ..Id [jainted heam; laterals are stilTin place; find two of tho verticuln api)arently good; on(! vertical on the other end hroken ; beam is rotten at the hanger lateral holts. Q. This was one of the original beams ? A. This was one of the old beams that was originally put in the bridge. Q. Ht.w did that compare, s(i far as its soundness or unsound- ness is concerned, with No. 3? A. It was not as mtten as No. ."i. Q. What, if any, of tho stringers did yon find hroken ? A. I found th.-ee broken stringers— one coming from each eml of the span, that is a piece of the stringer which went on t> the adjoining sjian iit eitiier end, and another broken stringer coming from some inter- mediate place in the span wliich fell. Q. Where did you locate the first .stringer you mentioned!' A. Two broken oneN— one from cither end of the span by joining en the ne.xt adjacent span, ami the third .stringer from some int. iinu- diate place in the Itridge — I could not tell. Q. So the two that you spoke of first were connected witli tin; three beams rutniing to it't A. Oh, no; not at ail ; they were clenr at tl»e end of tins span which fell- -of tho span, not the panel. Tiie other one I could not locate definitely. Q II close can you come? A. Tho end of this brokm stringer must fiavo been over floor beam 2 or 4 or G. Q. Are you able to give any oiiinion as to either, or are they all about eiiually probable f X Well, it is very likely located uver 2 or 4. ; it wiiH in n. WrtH thor.. at till, piftco wlioro thi.Ntriri-. r l.n.k.-^wu, .1, . inili'MrinK.T. » ^'^ - H'LTe w.i« a hirg.. knot ^..Ji,Xt;«;:;lr;;;J■s^,;- !:*-:/. ,. Al.S;!,?;;s,tt,.t::j;i;,X;;;,];;ttr"-' er..l- TJmt is at No. 3 ? A. Yes, sir. ''ri.l.'^,mk?n"l,n"' ;;'""''r':'< ^^-'^'^ t^e weakest portion of the 'louM.lly "'"^ P""^'"" "^ t''*-' woodwork? A. Ua- 1? ■ 52 li'i^ hi (}. Ill f-.u'X, you have heard all the eviilcnce that has been gi\ n ? A. I have, sir. (), liicluiliiii^ Mr. Cox'h evidence with reference to the hnriii-- of that hole. What kind of way, in the first place, i.s tiiat of ti --liiiL; lioor Ih'.'Iiiis? a very poor way. (,>. What ilo you coniphiin ahout, in it? A. It gives an ,nl- ditional cause for decay and deterioration of tlie lieanis. (), Is tlu're any necessity for using as large an aiiu'i'i- ? A. None. (>). And wonld the size of the auger have anythin„ to do with the damage tliat a liole like that would elfeet ? That is, would il liu less if it is larger, or would it be less if it is smaller? A. It woiiM lie in a decree less, if it wa.s smaller. (,>. I snpjiose there are other ways of te.sting beams, anyliDW, than liy lioving ? A. Yes. (,». What is the usual way '( A. The usual practice is to u-.<: n sharp pdinted instruiiient of some kind, .similar to a cnrpeiilri'- .scraleh, and t > prod for decay defects. {). .\.w\ can they he tested by tajiping them at all ? A. W.s. possilily. (). I hit the usual thing is as you hcve mentioned ? A. Yis, sir Q. What do you think of the method which Mr, Cox eniployed of plugging that hole f A. It amounted to very little. . What would lie the necessary eti'<'ct (if that hole being Kninl as has been described, and plugged in the way in which it \vi>s' A. It would necessarily cause the beam to rot. (,). How lontr a time wonld it take for that — for a rot ciiisi'il bv a hole such as that, to become serious ? A. It is hard to answer that (piestioii definitely. Q. [ unilerstand you could not say to a month or anythii^ lik'' that ; but of course you know what I am referring to. Tliis <■)>,■ \v;i- bored for four years ? A. In four years it would probably hi ; I'ltty rntten, of course consiilering that it was — that it ha;uns, iUiylniw, at all? A. \\s, ii (Tut mit lit' till this weaki'iiiii^v .. Prucipltatiiiii. 53 co..la'^r£;.;!;:r tz ii;:;rtSirT - ^^ r"-- ^^ - ■>v i,t thn.uoh, an.l you know fm r , " '","'^^"'" ''"'^■•'^ "'''i'-''' ili. Lottonry A. An mo 1 ,0 ,1 'T ''" '''"^" ^^-^'"^ '^^^'^^'^ '^^ uiin It ;;;;::; •£r..o;i.^":L::^;;:' ;:;:r •"- •'-- -- -^.- '•^ --wis that? A Ti:;;:;::,::i^:;;:;\,;:;';2;,ti.-u,hti. ^>. I'^xcN.pt that thorc. u-as a pl.t- ml,.,- it y a. Y.h. .sir. '.'• «till, thatplatf woulil n.itd. ty a 1, „ ,, " ■ -I' it woulil not. ii. Ai)l 1 ""^ '^■' *» "'<- watvr, if hoKs. '^'"- '^-^'""^ 1''^'' '"Jt .stayed in these other ally run out of tl^Mu. h ' a "t ve ttl ••';^"' ^^'^^^^^ ^""''1 "'^tur- raa, V(,3 httie water would ^iret in there. 'I Compare a hole liored in fl,„ f,,,. ,+• ^ 1 t'on.l either at the .side or the 1 ,t L u ' ", "f" ^^'''' '' ''"'- '"-• -^ A. In the top of the I'ea'a '"''' '^''"'•' ^''^^ "''^''^ o'-'t in was Li w::;u.n?t!ti:';^,^'!^.,r;;;.:r ;- ^'"' way m which i. Portion of the woodwork and he w L \ ''"'\"' ''"' '^''« weakest -'f the briihre. \^,u t V, iV ''""'" '""'^ wa,s the weakest portion tl- --lenee thatV u haVe " an "d 7^"'' "" "" ^^"^- '^'''>"' '^" l-iilge and fro.n cUher d Ua Xh v^ ' ^u^^ {""'' ---"^^tion of the '■'•t'"-'".^ to this matter what ,1 v^.^ "'" '^'''' ^" "''^■•'•'' with ''-!< in that bridge ^ 'A^'tOZ^l'^^l'^^^ ''" '"'^^ ^''"'= ^" ^''" '^r ^'- '-'%e y A. w::;;h:;i:i;;:ai!;^:;;!;^^^""'' ^^^"^^^ ^^ ^'- -ttJmes^'r' a" 'S:""^ '^' """• '^'^"' ^- ^^ wa. -luo. of course, to "1- greater tl ^n^ e" ,^,:^; i'"'^^'- "'-^^^ ''"^ -ther end, and inthe.sametinu,? A I'^^s^.s-r "'" '"-''^"' ^o- ^ whieh had l,een A. ^n.efaettha;i^.:i,::;u;;;st'i^;r '"^^'''^'^ '^ '""'-^ 'i'- -I" tlie way that has been .le.seribed ? A Ves sir i I 54 , I rf ! ' ilown, fiml as it was after tli(> city ^n.t tlirniiiifh with it, and wlioiicr it was lii'ttof or worse at'terwai-ils, ami why ? A. 'I'liis tlour illii-;- trates v(>rv iiieelj' tlie condition of tlie floor s3-stein as the hridi^e w.is huilt; this sliuws two panels of tlie hridj^e, three floor heaius. i )ii eacli side wu have the small piece representin<;- in a crude wa\ . ilii' iron liottoin chord; in between this, we hav(' the 9 striiiifers 3 hy \i standiiii>- on edi^e. On top we havf the ."{ l>y 12 plank which oxteinl.'il in a sinj^le length clear across the iniilge. In l.S!)2, when the re|i;iir>< were made, this old plank was all taken off', and all of these string. iN which came in the neiirhhorhood of the rails — tin; tivim I'ails on tup ,,t' the hridgc, were taken out, and in place of them wre sulistitiiii d two 10 by 12. These, instead of runninu; from one Hoor beam to the next on(», as they did oi'iirinally, extended fi'om one Hoor beam to the second one, that is, for one length aliout '.MU't. On top of tlmsr 10 by 12 stringers there was placed a T-rail— an onlinary railroad mil. as j'ou soe in railroad tracks in any place, which was spiked dnwn, an(f then the planking for the roadway and for the teams was tilted in between the side of the bridge and tlu' rails, and in l)etween the rails and spiked down to thesi! main stringers and the intennriliato stringei's. So that in the Hrst place, the bridge floor had planking rumdng in ont^ length clear across the bridge, and after the reiiiiis were niade, it iiad iiUudcing in three lengths extending from the si Ir of the bridge to the first I'ail, between the rails, and from the second rail ovei- to the opjiosite side of the bridge. Q. Just explain whether or not you think the bridge floor cat in that way would make the bridge weaker for tram trafKe or not. and explain why you think so? A. The Hoor cut in that way I think would notinake the Hoor any weaker, until the floor beam i.r something of that kind gave way. If anything of that kind hapi"iiiM|. if the planking ran clear across in one length it would be a great s.it'e- (jnm-,1 — 11 gicat help towards preventing a serious accitlent. Q. Explain how? -A. Suppose a floor beam gave wa\ , we now have no s\ipport under this Hoor beam. If that Hoor beam gavo way the weight of the car at this jioint on the track would depress the' Hoor beam, and after the floor planking got down about (i inches the ends of the phudc would rest on the iron bctlom chord which would support a very large weight. If the planking went (lown con- siderably, or if the planking .should break, the Hoor planking w^iiM go ilown furthei- and these stringers which you see here, wouM re^t on the boitom lateral rods which you will remember are coimeet.'il with the Hoor beam over hen- at the hanger, and which would net necessarily go down by the Hoor beam i)reakiiig. The lateral ro.ls aiy coiHiecteif in between the stirrups and they could not get out nntil the stirrup wouhl break. If a floor beam should break and go down, the plank would go down until the ends rested on the bottom ehonl; that might go down still fuither and the stringers hold on the lati'ifil rods; tJicse"" two things together would form a very sub^imtml support, and might, in case of an accident happening when a traniear is on there, cany the tranicar safely over to the next floor beam ami prevent a serious accident. (I If that floor were cut away in the way it was cm Imw would it afl'ect the point you have just been speaking of ;' \. hi case the floor were cut in three pieces and we had a 10 by 12 sniiigor 55 \- it was c'i Imw ikini;- of ! :. ill i lO'by 12 s linger iin ill' eiicli rail, in niw,. nf ..., .w.,.: i i. ,i ,. tl.' floor goin. olc^- It „;"; ^?^''" '■•""■ l-"Vvoul.l ,|„,l,.c.l carry the ioa^l. Th.so U,ul stri 1, ' 1 ~ r' ■^^''"'"'"••^ ^v.,„l.l i„,.|p Mh. .sm.n.l Hour l...uu v n.! E Vr '" '''*"" ''"" """"• '-''"' t" caniS sSd^!' • .. " i:;ri.:'S:S '^ 't •;'"^"" '"■"'^''' ^'- -• -- f-'' -l-t ,he floor pianks w.ro cut in Le pi ^^ i::!;! '"/r"-" "'" CMC piece as originally. I'ilcls, instwul ot l,ciii;r m .i.'.i>S iiM«,if ■;;;„!r';r.: '/r:r':,:,!,',' ir ''■"■'-'"'■ ■""' "•''■* -» ^^ *^ Tl,„ b,i,l,,c „«» ,,„ilt f,„ .,„„„,,,. i,„ffi,_„„j j„„„ j^_^,|._ , ,''"' A.'''■s^!,,ltv°';;v'!?;■■V''^°' "■" * -"■■ ■ ." ;:L.S;r':s z:tzz:iri:'r'f -:]■ ?■■■ tmt cud lull, we will .say a bar 3 incl ■s a tiat piece of To tal. 'f the bar it le s wide and I inch tl M' an illiH- is enlarged to— instead of I iicK ; at V iclllir ;) ini'iliv-; acii wide it .1 ;,l 5() vvoul'l lie say !) inelics or it may Im 10 inclu'S wiile, may he 7 imi.i'M witlu, fiiiil .iJiiKl lie circular in t'oriii at the I'lul — in the centre of liiis eiilar'ieiiii .t -at the end — there would be a lioie hored there, 3 irirl,,- in iliiuneter, i'or a round b(jit or pin to go throu<:;h. (f. Was there any eyebar in connection with tliesi! hannvrs^ A. No, sir. (). Mv learned friend questioned Mr. Warner about welded i ye- bars in coiiiieetion with tlie broken liaiii^er. i\Ir. Taylor ; No; you niisund(>rstood mo, I asked him il' h.' I'oiimi some Iji'oken eyebar.s in the ruins and he said ye.s. Mr. Davis (to witness) : Where would those eyebars be ? A. 'I'lir lirokcii oiK '' (.),. Yes:' A.. There was one broken eyebar exti'iidiiig t'min Ihc Esquimalt end ot the span to Hour beam 2; I believe that was the only broken eyebar in the ia'idi,^'. Ft v.-ould bi; i'nan to 2. <,), < 'an you show what ]iart of the work that eyebar did liy re- ferrinjr to the plan ? A. It is part of the bottom chord, I can place it. This (indicatiiiL;) is considered the Esquimalt end of tiie liiidoe; this eyebar extends from the pier to door beam No 2 ; an of the main n: jinbe -s of the bottom chord of thu briilifc and it lias [o support one of i!.e main parts "f the truss which carries the intire load — it carries { of the entire load which comes on the truss ; it was broken near Hoor beam 2. 1 will liXjilain that each of the trusses Imil two of these bars extending from to Hoor beam 2 ; there were two trusses, and each truss had two bars; that is, there were four bars at each end of the pier, each 2 inclies wide anl<''i^Mliis(;,ileiilati()n of v„urs \If ^of.l'«•,w^I , .1, Q. Is tliat tlie way you fijrured it ? A. Yes, sir. sc,en!?th ^^f^J'in^a'V'^ t^ 7^;'-';;;" yj- -o,j at tl,at-the tensile A. I ,tt> thousand pounds to tiie square inch st.4th ''t '^s™;! ;^ piT "'^- ^'' ''- '''^-' '-'■ ^-^"-^ Q. But had it/ A Well, that is a thin, no one can answer. ^^'>, sii , It is tiie ordinary stren^'th of refined iron, y. Was that refined iron ? A. Supposed to he. -np;iedl^;:^zi:';hLt!;?^;''^^^^';^^ aini,u.d, we would not probahly have h^i .e tii^ " "T't' ^^ '-t ot my helief. it wa.s refinefl iron. I eUnred the iron '" "" Q. You remember it stiuck von if wm^ ..11 ,., 111 after examinin-, it for ahoira vJtik T Ye •"' "•"" i^* £••«*• wards the bars were all welded ' ' '^"*^«^'<^''"^l after- at th^inq^^^rr' ^ '^'"'"^ ""^" ^ ^""^:' ^-^ ^"-t-n ^o that what."' ^'''y°""^'^^'^">'f»'-tf"^r examination at the time y A. Of ' •. -^- ^^•J'' t'l'it 1 remember of now T tbi-iL- r ,1: i u ^ tnp. ' think I made an examination ofTe' or ^wo'of' the'wkf '^' plained before luncheon, that fornilln eye J A. Ye^.^ " ^"" '^■ ^,>. And this piece is weMed on to the long piece ? A. Yes, sir. in.pe!it'wid y '"i^^ nSw^".^"" *^" ""^^^^^ •* '^ ^ I-f-t or <| Could you tell at all until you broke it apart' A Well 3 oil '..ui form or pass your judgment on it. ' A. Xot S;^,;?:;^"" "-^"^ *^" ^ ^'-^ '« -^^^er case of supposing ? :• .1 ill' (I M " <..j 58 (j». Vol! statcil licforc, yon cniiM imt ti-ll without breakin- is tliat ri<'"lil ; A. You cuiuiot tell alisolutt'ly. (^. 'I'liiit is iiiiothcr HUppositioii V A. Yt.'s, sii-. i). Now, k't us (jet down to the \vi'i;L,'lit. I tliink you put ilic weight that n»ii,'ht lio passeil over tliat at H tons? A. I put. ihn panel load that the iiridife was fiijnvcd for ut ahout !) tons. (,). I will tryjmd make this short, Mr. Ij ickwood, and will just ,show von what you said bet'on', and .seo if you adhere to it still. (P. !)4- ()'' Iiupiest.) "A l)i'idi,"' ')t' tliat description and ca|(.i('ity is that a hrid!.;;e suitable for all kinds of tratVic ? A. No; it is suitnlilc for traffic not i,neatly in excess of the wei'^ht it was ti^urod for : tlie same as any laidi;'e. (}. What wei^dit was it ri^-nred for .^ A. (hii' tliousaml pounds per lineal foot that was ti;;nred. not to exu^'i'l ;U),000 Ihs. : the strain shi'et shows not to exceed 2S,()0() Ihs. on anv one panel : that includes the weight of the Hoor its(.'lf, which weinluil ahinit 5 tons. Q. Fourteen tons--that would hi' ahout !) ton-;.:' A. Yes, on each panel : that is the weii,dit the bridge was tii^incil for, as shown by the strain sli(.'et. Q. That would be l-l- tons on ilic panels? A. Yes; that includes the wei<^ht of the tloor of the laid.;v . itself; subtracting the weight of the Hoor, which is 5 tons, wnild leave a safe load for the bridge, as tigar(!d, of about !> tons per pan- I, Witness : Yes. Q. You still stick to that ? A. Yes, sir. Q. You had figured in that .5 tons the sidewalk? A. Yes; as I remember it, I had. Q. Let us got it accurate, because Mr. Warner said he ligiinil the sidewalk at j], tons; the tloor jiroper of the truss, and then tlniv woidd lie the sidewalk V A No; that 5 tons would not include ilir sidewalk. (j). So, whatever the weight of the sidewalk in addition to iIk' weight of the tlo(jr would be .subtracted from this !) tons V A. 'i es. sir. {). You heard him this morning put the total weight at 11 tons. and you put the weight of the tloor at 5, that would leave 2.^ for tln' sidewalk? A. Tiiat is right ; that is apjiroximate. Q. You ligured it together, didn't you, the two of you? A. A great many things we wiiiit over together. Q. You compared ycair iigures carefully together ? So that would be 2i tons otf the 9 ? A.. That is right. Q. That would leave 5i tons? A. Six and a-half ton.s. Q. Would be about the saft! load to go on it; that was iilout the weight of the original car that went over, wasn't it ^ A. I don't know. Q. But I am speaking from thi.' result of your inve.stig i"ii ? A. We did not investigate the original car. out lir(_'!ikiii_ uliuut !) tn nr iiive.stiu'.'inn ■; 59 Q. Ijut ,!i,| you SCO nuy of M„. ori-i„,.,l (,us tlioro V \ j s'.iiU' siimll fuis. " ' more .' A. I saw <,•. F'lvv ton ours? A \^. t .. i <.>. Li.ston to tins answer tlio,, also- <]> ■ .So ahout 15^ w.HiM be the limit ^ As fl, . . u / m\Tstii,rati„,|, you fou,„[ .],.• „,,,,'„ ,"""f' ■ ^^'^ the result ot votir ..scertaiue,! tlLe we e two v InT P''-^''^''!'"'-'''^ ^'> tons, an,l \also A. .So.„e teams an^'somc^^e^.i: "''^"^ "" ''" •^'"" '^^ ^''^^ ^in.e ^ vehiJie, o;:/;;?^:tt;is S;..;":;r'hii.k'rv'f ^''^'t ^^- -- -itl. 4 passengers in ^ A? I Won't know '" ''"'^~" -^''-l^tone- '.'• You ,ii,l not follow the evid..nce on that point ^ A. Xo ti'en^t.f;^;;;sjt,;;'i;;^;:z';'f -^^'-^y -^ '->y ^^ tons tlwtis.if you have -'0 W f ; '^^ '? '""'""''" ^" t'"' "hole of wanttoreLMuh.t th:ftL:ai,';;r[i; t"->'' "''^^^ ''■ ^^- ^- «- all on one span, b„t not on oUpmJf '"" ""^ '^" '"^ P^-' ^ '* wo.?yoJ;;..si'^;^:?i,?:::x£x;^ t 'y'"-^ i-^^ 1^ I'ght; as a sinjrle !„ad. ' ^ ^- *''''^- ■'^"•. tliat »«»i't.,„t,r'.-^ ""' ''"'■ '■"'''='-™- »'■ •" y» »y ^ A, Well, y„„ ^ii^-iH 1 said. ■ -'^t tne tinio ot the acci- :-i\ 60 (}. It was too heavy — the trnffic (' A. I said the tnidic us lu'fivicr tliaii tlie liritlj^e sliould have beoii suhjccteil to ; there i-, no (juuHtion about that. I cannot remcniher exactly the vvoimIs i.ut there is no (|iiestioii the traffic was heavier tlian tlie l)ri(li;e hIiiuiIiI liave i)een .sulji'ded to. Q. A juryman askeil 3'ou tliis: ''I would like to n.sk \>\n Mr. Loekwood y(,ii liave examined all of tiiat ironwork an^i ynn have examined the l)r()ken parts; a.-> a matter of fact, }'on li ivr formed an opinio'i as to the cause of the hriij^e ^^iviiii^ way. W ill yon It^t ns know what it is? A. Yes, sir; I consider that tlu- |)rimary cause was too heavy a tratlic, s\ .til tlie liridi^e -that is, t,ln' Ijrid^e was loaded heavier than it should he." 'I'hat is |)erffcily obvious it was!* A. There i.s no (|neHtion about that- -heavier trallie than the iiridjfe sliould have been subjected to. Q. It was too lifjlit a briilge for the work, and there was want of refiair ; that is about tin; sum and substance of it .'' A. Well, liiat is what it comes to, certainly. Q. I think at that time you assiifned as the cause of the ln.'iik — the primary cause — the broken hanj^er; that i.s to say, that is tin thinir that ijave way first ^ A. Yes, sir ; 1 did. 1 <,'avf it in my ojiinion that Q. \(m were uncertain whether that hanger was at 4 or ■') ' A. Well, it was -j'es, it was a little bit uncertain, still it was aliii(i>i sure that it was at 5 ; the chances are very largely in favor of it being at o. Q. Yon have examined the original specifications of the brid;,'i' ! A. Yes sir. (i. Do you mean to tell us, Mr. Loekwood, that the.se niiirli planks — tlie floor of the bridge, weren't they / A. Yes Q. Do j'ou mean to say that tho.se 3-incli planks stretchiii'^ over a little bit to the chord link would support a 20 ton car, or a ID ton ear ? A. They would assist very materially. Q. They would break, wouliln't the\'? A. They might, ami thev might not; we have positive evidence that in 1892 they did not l:reak. Q. As.suniing the floor beam broke? A. Yes, sir; wlii'li it did in \HJ-2. Q. Do you know what weight was in it in 18!)2 ? A. Tli- car was loaded about as it was at the time of the accident in 1890. Q. You say that would support it ? A. I say that they ^^ fr 5' 02 Q, Tf ymi follow Unit. wiUi n load of MO tons, yon would I, |. j(()t lii'voml tin' ciiistic limit of the Ii'um- -isn't tliiit a f/u;t t A. 1 w ,<\i to (jmilify my imswiir in regard to tlio 23 tonM. Q. Can yon not answer me yos or no to tiiat ? A. I il'iu't caro to, at present. ^ on |)in me down to tlie (imvstion of .siippovnij/ 25 tons on one panel of the liriilj^e. Tluit plaeinj,' ini^'ht wtrain in h,. elastic limit only a part or mendu'rs of tlie llnor system ; it mijf'it imt strain any other meiidiers in the truss any wliere near the elastic 'unit. Q. ((^)ueHtion re|)eated.) That assumes a liasis of 10 tons |iliis a factor of '), or nO tons. Half of that factor wouM reach the el!e>ti(! limit of the iron ? A. It mi^dit some pieces of iron in the tru.is imt necessarily all of them ; in fa<'t, it was not all of thein, A. No, I don't say that at all. Q. Then do try to answer it, hecanso I ivn not tryin^f to catch you. V'ou are asking me (piestioii.s which, if 1 answer you directly, are misleading. Q. Surely j'ou do not jn'opose to answer me' indin^ctly' A. Nd; hut I have to ((U.ilify my answers in order to make it clear. Q. T have not i^ot an answi'r. f say, on the supposition of the '•arryiiiif capacity of 10 with a factor of safety of '), or .^0 ton- A. On each panel 't Q. The elastic limit of the iron, you have told me already, is ahout 4.1. If you put on a load of 25 tons, would you stretch llu^ iron to its elastic liiiul ;• You said yes to that '' A. Under certain conditions. Q. By puttini^ weiifht on its' A. If you put a weii,dit of i'l tons on each ])anel of the l)ri. A. 1 \\ .'it t? A. I -I'.u't KM of HlIppD^IMj; ,'lit Htniiii to !liii III : it iiii;L;'ir iint tlif cliistie 'unit, liF 10 tolls |illH rcficli till! I'liistic ill tllc tnl.iS lint 63 iilii Q. Vt-H Hmvly you ,I„ „„t ni.wi., t,. t..|| iinte lirciikiii;r stiu' It ■ ill it not tlw .•l/istic limit ,,t IS a|.|.n.xi.nat,.|y. y..,s-.p,„kin^r |„,„„||y Q. Tl.,.,, Mippos,. y„„ put that VV,,i.r|, •Mf,^ Mrain I won't eonline it to tli,- U t nil' tlint ImlC ,,f ti iron i A 10 Not lit lir.Mk stiik to that ^ A. VoiVioa,'i"'t'i 't on it— hill f of th IIIM, I 'a'. It' voii liiml ic eiitir.. Iii'iiliro, crrtiiiniy 'ii'L'iiiim^ yuu Won't tliiii: A. '>iio P'irt, tlmt isstmin.-l; ,i,„| tlii'iiltv lic.^i; tl ill Mill iclll, •>, Nil'; not l.y ,inv , it it not the wiino at is th I'lltOll I I jo II, ,t '1!^; that is whiTf the wl lolo iiiisw.T your (pii'stiuiis to ami IpiKJifc ;iri' Illy, tliL' truss as ilT. <.» J)( s I) vv.'ij,'ht on t!i.. I.ridgo .stretcl taiiily — any wci^'ht <,'. A wciL;lit lit its elastic liiiiitV A, lfy.Hi'h.;iH tho't I the iron A. C IT' aif iialf tl 11' "ivakiiiL ttraiii woiiiil l.rjn.' it to St Mil II ruts to one-half tin nvak iii , is you streteii the I. Under cci'tfuii t a weijflit of 25 would strain the 5-ton weight over V members i f the , V if you load Iieyond tlmt lit the iron? A. Yes. you iret heyonil th.. l.renkiiiir tt rain <.>. Ifyo.il IC ultimate elastic limit of t| lift I witli a load a little in lirol'iihle ';:::;;:^l;:!:!;:^.'!r"''-'"''^fr^;-'^-veraitin.^^ rori an.l t,.ll.,w...| that aft.'iwar.l ay xcess of the elastic limit, what t'ct-ycol lapse, woul.ln't it? A II y.Mi ke.'p doin.,' that l.m-r i. .„....„ imt necessarily colhips.. the s.:^.ond thnc W fit Would I,., the •'11, ii.it necessarily, hut ""ii^'h, the hrid^r,. woul.l collapse I i- That is really the fair inf «.V '• A. That is tl ue. "erence to he drawn f roil I all you (.) ,'• Voii don't want to l.-t tl truth of the matter this structui to get out of repair, an.l couM lis out, Imt it is a fact. I t Hot th ■c was alto-rether too lioht und allowed IS no evi.lenc ce w liaif its ultiiiiat liriil; aetu.il wriulit hicl c strength. Half ,,f U not sustain all that Welidlt 1 K')..,s to sh.iw that the hiidi,'e was A Tl i.'i'e ;■ woul.l lie I.-,0 tini.'.s tak ovrrloadrd to c ultimate ,streiiLrth of that would ins the ,str ■Hill .sheet- tak inir tl no times 700, which would he 10.". .000 II, (.1 A. 1 .see that put it this way You think that one of t is one-half- 1 mad 'icse spans would .'any lO.-)()00 Ihs^ f a mistake. Perhaps 1 had better ^l You liad better put it . -,;■-• --^- . put It .some other way-J am pretty sure of A.^ i h., breakuij, load of the span wouhl be 700'times the that fac'tnr of saf.'fy whicl 150 '. which would amount altomitl 1 was 5 times the len.rth of tl a uiiiloiinly ..l=stributed load of 52.-.,00() I ler to ")2">,00011is. In oti s|iaii which was 's. woul.l break the 1 ler words. ic 1 1 rill ire. t.'"urt : But you are speakincr of the whole I ti'Quii in one ^luiei ■ I I tliink I liuvc lieeu i|uitt t'ruuk witli you iiml liuve tnhl i what I wiiiitcil 1 will liuvo to )^o ovur it u>;iiin : Wlmt wi'ijj;iii safely lie imsHi'il ovtT liy a (laroscr tliat liridjjft' -tlwit spun- tlial v i down :* A. Oniinary tniHie, 1 mIiouU ^>ay hIuhiIiI not uxecfil 10 i .- (> ' an ordiuiiry car. Q. You told us at tln' in(iut'st tons, and (jualificd that u '.li.it time a'^o liy takini( oH' tlitt wuit^lit of tin; sidewalk, 2^ tuns, liMviii.;- (IJ car wcji^ht that you would allow to yo over that hridj^i' ordinarily tn I'tinsidcr sui'i! ' A. I don't rcinnuiliiT that I suid that ; I dou't ilnnl; I did. T said the .safe loaii pur [)anel ; wo were not talking ahout lIji- car ut that time. Q. We will take the car: What woii.dit car would you permit to pass ov<'r tliat panel and consider safe ? A. I hIiouM eoti^idei- ih,' bridge wa.s srd'e for appro.xiniately a 10 ton car. Q. Do yon eouHider in that the 2i ton* weight of thcHidewiilk ' A. Taking the Hpan just as it stood, considering everything in giMMJ condition. Q. The span as it stood ; that is, all the inntcnal good — tluit Id tons would lie a .safe load f A. Well, yes, a 10 ton car could Iuivl' lieen pas.sed over it. Q. And an .xccsm of that would hav« lieeu an unsafe ioiid ? A. It does not necessarily follow, but it would have been l)ai"lovL.rfn.,,u^ui. '"''"'' '"'' '^'■""'" "" ^ ^- '^ "•""''1. f,.,/^- """^^^-"^ ^''" ^^•'"■••' •"-"» t;,o., 0... A. Fonrt....n .oul'tS' A!'"N.:;;f ^ "' '"^' "" ^^"•"'' '"■ "" - ■-"•'. "-- all 1. what w. cil a iLn,.! I.L'l '"'^ "'"" ''"^'"-^ '^ """''' Q- I flon't know wliat von pull it l.i.* ., i i. ^.ns.. it woui.i h,. i,,tw..,„ ti;: ; : ,'^„ -vr 'A"'^';r;:; ^"""';;'" P""''l oa. s a load l,v ,„,,. H,,,... i ' " '"'^ ^^''^ ^'"" '^ i™.t(„„, ,„„i .„„„cti„„.» ,1,,.';. "• '"" '""""' «"K" '"I" -V Jf^hti'rj'fri;,,,'-' "■«'■» •»'»■■•■■■ "- " o»,„.y 'li- You put it the other w,w i \ v ■ .i !• ' "' • -^^ '><>, nut in the hroken ir(j!i. verti';!,!, "'*' '■"" "'"' " """ '" "">■ i— ' A v., ; „, ,,k,.„ ,,;,, • ii % UisaUaw! A. Oh. ceitainly il is a li»w GO (jl. It wfis filiout u tnivd iir two-thinls tliroui;li, wasn't it '! A ] don't rcnimiliiT now. (,>. I will just see wliat you dill say. (P. 117 of TiKiucst). ^ .n wove askt'd : "-"'(^. A sliirjit flaw, ni-arly halfway tluoui^di t A. W .11. ■' I don't tluids it WHS iiuitc half; I don't think it was half throiiL;!). "(}. Was it a third throuirji ;' A. J'ossilil y it was ; possibly it \v;!s : " pos'^ilily ono-ijuartt'i' or ])ossiljly one-thinl of a section. Q. Fn.ia a " iinartei' to a third is too niUL'h to call a slij^ht Haw ! A. Weil, a " tairly ;,'ood sizud Haw possilily." (,>. That vvas in one of the orij^inal lii[) vortioals ? A Yi's. <,>. Which one was it !• A. One of the hip verticals at I. ] hail 111 tter look at ni}' notes to \h'. sure ; as I rt'inendier it. that is wh.it it was. 1 do not find anything in my notes aliout it, but as 1 reimin- bci' it, it was the vertical at. 1. (). What is the factor of safety of that hip vertical ' A. Under 1. (.). he orii'l nal factor of safety ? A. 7. Q. That is one of the most important niendiers of the tiiiss, isn't it? A. Well, it is ju.st as any hang( r. (i- it i^ more important ? A. Not at all. (i). Is there any other member of the truss that is of more im- portance f A. Yes, one of the main members of the truss wouM lie more important. (),. What d(j you mean by main members ? A. Tln' liiittniji chord. (}. And the top chord ? A. Ye.s. Q. Now, the top chord ycu say was liutted and jointed up iii each OIK! of those upriijjhts- -1 to 7, there. A. Yes, sir. (). You exannned that critically ? — you know it was that way ? A. The top chord ;* — oh ye.s. <^>. Was butted over each one of these. Mr. Warner was sli-litly in error wlu ■; he mentioned that top chord exteniled over two of these f A. If he said that, he was nnstaken. I don't think \\>- s liil it, because he certainly understands a tru.ss. ((>. Tlic'ic was no way of fasteninff those together tiuii , was there :' A. They wore fast in the cast ii-on blocks. (,) Were thev fast >ned together in the original d. -i-a '; A. N ', only from what f-^stening they got by re.stnig ni tin .iiyie blocks. ^i- They were held in compression there ? A. Yes. wasn't it? A I it hip vertical crs of till' truss, A. Till' lioKdtii it was tliiit way 67 til- hrid-.. w„„r,l coilnpso. ^ " '""- "* '"'" t'^"- '^'>'>»«1'. ^ y^^^ l)o you ,...„si,ior those .s ,oo,i as . .onti.u.ons ..,• „p U.^rc / Q. Wo.iM a f;,)ntii,uous har do that » A TC if f <• A l^ni!;;;:';';::^ '^ ''--^ ^'' "<> ^"'•^•- than tho.M.u^^^^^^ pi...o^th^;';l,!:x;rr'-i;s;,:;;nr"'^^ '^ ^Vh, not ' A. Why is it ? A. i,s^'" ^^"^^ ' "•" -'-'^ y-r Vou ,,on't think so? '. the h,u;;:j^is;;;'^ ■^:"i!:* x' ^nhin;:^;;.^"^" ^" ^"'''^^-^ Q rs tliat wha. you sai.l hero,-e ^ A. That is what I said now (P. -S o/ /;;;!,;:;;j!'"T ^!X;;J'-^ ^» --'f y-u said at that time : away the .iooi- ahoa.l of it ? A Tf , iVi f " ^" "" '""' ^•^'''7 liai,^'...- was at 4 or 5 tie nrohdi ^ ' ^'''■. ■'^"'- , ^^' ^^"^ ''^''^f^^" «'-t" Q. You do not ad In ; " •'"' ""'' *''^' '""'^'-'^ '-ke ^'""- 'inalifications phu-'i ,n U,^;.^'^* "'""'"" ""«' ? A. There are U.uJ^r UZ n'V'"'''' "" t'">t answer . A. I don't think the A Xi,sh''"' ''" ""' ""''^'■^ ^« ^'"^t original' opinion of yours? was J;' . Jf'Y'^S'ln' *'" """'"^'"" "*■ '^ -'^'^'^ -an.ination, <■.»■ In which y„u took copious n-jtes ? A. Yes. '.». And from which you testitie.! ? A. Yes, sir. ti^at inh;;;'^::!s:i^/r''x'"^^;x-''-^-'- ' ^ou ..... changed '.'• 'Since your connection with this trial v a Yes sir .eas,;;' ^'"^^'"^"^-i it f—me other reason? A. Not alone for that ■■'4 I- 'v'^fn m 68 Q What was the other reason ? A. 1 have secured additional evidoiicf in regard to the accident, and where the car was at tlie lime of the aeeich'ut, and wlicre the car was in the water after the .u ci- dent occnrred. If I renieniher ric;htiy, I hased my tlieory of die hano-er hieai,'gar, I think it was, say that when the car went down it was about the centre of the bridge, and it pitcluM forward that way ? A. I heard so many. Q. That would be pitching forward towards the; Es([niuialt tiid, or towards 1, 2 and 3 ? A. Yes, sir. Q. And did y.ai also hear testimony that the car was picked up .some :W or -iO ft. beyond pier No. 1 ? A. Yes— about 30 or ■iO ft., wasn't it, from the ]iier. Q. That would put it about 4 or 5 when it broke, wouldn't it ? A. Well, that testimony would put it between 3 and 4. I have seen a photograph of the bridge almost immediately after the acci- dent occurred, wiiich shows very graphically right where the car was. Q. You have seen that photograph that has been sent arouinl, which purports to be a photograph of the actual accident ? A. It is evident on the face of it. Q. You know it is not .so, don't you ? A. No, sir. Q. Do you mean to say that photograph is by any possilality accurate > — that the photograph wa.s taken during the actual eollapse of the bridge ? A. Not during the actual collap.se of the bridge, Imt very soon afterwaids. Q. Taken when everything was under water ? A. Ju.st after the bi'idge went down, Q. The floor and car went mid !r the water ? A. Yes. Q. How could it give you the direction of the car ? A. \ m can see the iieojile that were on the car when it went down ; tlu y are riidit there at the car. o Q. That woul.i give you the position as to the pier. You sny that would place it at either 3 or 4 ? A. Yes, sir. Q. If what Mr. Biggar says A. Just allow nie to linisli this explanation. At the time I testified before the eoroner's July 1 was umler the impression that the car dropped in the water at soiinj place about 5, and all the photographs I saw aljout that time shiwojl the people and all the wreckage in that vicinity— that is, very luueh iocured additiuial r was at tlie tiinK if iihvr tl>o a(ci- iiy tlicory of llio lid I said at tin; I full first bt'C'ii\is« 'oi'e tl>o c'oriiinT'.i ly idl tliat I lirnivl II, and if till' o-.w 1 'A uoiild iidt liiivi' ct, I am sati'^lii'd )an, and that tloup ;ay that when tlin ^e, and it pitchfl lu; Estiuiinalt imlI, car was picktd ti]i Jiout 30 or 40 ft,. Toke, wouldn't it ? !J and 4. I havi' ely aftev the acei- .vhei'e the car was. been sent urimnil, ciilont? A. 1 1 is by any possihility the actual colhipsu of the brii|. Q. You do not iiiako it 2.7 ? A. No, sir. Q. There is just one tiling furtlier I wish to call your attent .m to, as a result of your exuuiination last time. (P. 277 oF luqui-tl: You wen asked " What do you . That was at " 3. A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you think that was broken and tlie hani^ers "at 4 or remained .;ood"^?— that the sagging of that beam would " capsize T.^e whole bridge ? A. I think not." Do you still adhere to that? A. Yes, sir. Q. You examined that hamper at or A. Yes. Q. And as a result of that you found it broke from wliat kiml of shock or a strain? A. You cannot tell hardly, from t'at. 'I'licre was no reduction of area that I could see. Q. Do you remember this (juestion : "If the hang ■• at o or 4. as the case n'lay be, wherever it happened to ba broken first, broke from a purely tiMisile strain by the car going over it. It broke from the shock of "the load— tlie excessive load. That is to say, it would be a purely ten.sile strain ? A. Yes." Witness: I agree with tliat. Q. And you were asked this further question: "It would be from the application of weight, at all events? A. Yes, sir.'' Q. Now, there was more weight on that than it could lariy safely? A. It was not strained ■•.ny where near its elastic limit; it still had a factor of safety of 5|. Q. But it was broken by a pull, apparently— bv a weight on \t't Y'es. A. Q. You still adhert! to that ?— that is correct ? A. Y laiii. Q. I think you have already told us that the floo: oea. was also very rotten ? A. It was (juite rotten at the ends, _ ■ Q. Do your notes show any boring in that roC-'u floor A. No, sir. Q. All you know about that is the statement ? A. Th^ evi- dence I heard here. Q. Uf Cox, who said he bored it? A. Ye.s. ! ^! 71 Q. F3ut yoM do not Imse 30ur wliolo tlicorv uii tlmf fnot ,1^ „ » -nhon ,t ,.vin,wny tlunvl-tl... rott.n floor C'' ^A v^Slf ntfnl,ute the pru.mr.y cause of tl.o .icci.lent-tl.at s tit acdhnf Iiappeningjust at this time, to that hole i.ein- hor"). '^^^'-'^'nt M. You don't know whefelier it was, or not l,ored ? •iinl the testnnonj- here. A. I h ave llEitiKECT nv Mi{. Davis. L..k wood 1 I The hole :;5, ' . ' .^: , :r;, ;;,;^:;;r .; '7' ^i- sau- ,t, the wood was very rot:?en ; it was sheei^l l^ht tt " ' Q. And so Im.ken up you could not tell? A Yes sir' if Mnul,thave heen there and I not notice it, and it m tht lu I- l.'ee sheared out entirely. '■'f,"i' iia\L rieen g. My learne,] friend has referred to certain evid,.nce taken Wnre the comn.rssu,n, an.l, very naturally, he did not ei'er la He asked you witli reference to the l.rt-akin.r of fl,.. , refen-ed to so.ne evidence that vou a^re;d S r. Wa n ?;;;.^" t WHS hroken bv a shock (V -Jy? ^ "><„,.„. *i ""^"^1 that it ;pv..en 3 an/, and l.rokl^h^^IiLn tZZ S^Z^^^ :::;S .;■ concass.on or anythn.jr, break the hanger at 5 / A \, r f thmk^^not. It nu.ht l.reak the han.er at 4 ; that ^findd ^ Ury A. Itrnight hreak in the general collapse <,f the brid-re at o bu n . n..n the shock of the hreakin,. bean,.' ' Ls that correct r A Vi .^ nght; m fact, any iron n.i^rht have been broken at that time. It . A. ies. Ml. Now. was that the reason why the expression of zzix:, ;::;::"s; r r^r ' ^°" «'- y-- ^^^'•'' - ;,';:;.,{''" ""•" ""■■ "»' "'"" •»•« > ..»t an-iveii .ia!.; I ,- „'''• "": '•'"'l' "'^^ ini-sliuii shows tlwl: •■ Ft is nl.iinlv ,1,„„.„ L --^*-- ■ '■'^'"•*' - lJ-»... ■:a Q. That i.H, uocesHai'il,y (' necessarily. 72 A. It iiiitflit cause it, but ivouli not Q. And proof of tlmt, "f course, we have in "o'2. Will youji.^t explain what is meant l>y tlw answer you ,' partieular m ight? — thf;l is, the ear? A. Any kind of weii,dit — ■any kn^ 1 of stn'.i'i •any force that wuiil] prrxluce .strain enou<,'h to l))'eak it. Q. Would -uch h weiglit be applied to it in .he fo,ilin<. bridf t,!, Q. y !<•!■ at P. 5?S1, with roforence to the hanoi^r: Q. ft il\,\t banger wivs; fit 4 instead of .'it 5, you think the probability of its havinjj been ibo !i:-jC tiling to l)reak would ho. reduced? And your answer is " ye-, 'i''.'' WiD you just explain why you considen'd at that time, a«)d I f)re.siuiie still consider — at any rate, yi ;i considereil at that time if the hanger was shown to be nt 4 instead of at o tin re was leRH prolia))iHty of tliat having been the first thing 1 1 tireak, witli reference to the weight of the car? A. The reasoning »! »esn't seem just clear. Q. If the woigbt of the car was at 5, which hanger would he more apt to break, 5 or 4 ? A. 5. Q. The question was : " If that hanger was at 4 insteiwl of at 5, you think tlie probability of it.s having been the first thing to bi'cak would be reduced ? A. Yes, sir." Why do you say the hanger would break in all probability where the weight was ? — the car at that time was shown to be at 5. Then if the car was at 5 would it be apt to break the hanger at 4 ? A. No ; if the car was at f), it could not break the hanger at 4. Q. This question and answer given at that time show clearly what you based your opinion on. Supposing that broken hanger had been at 3 and the car at 5 ? A. It would have been still less probable. Q. But if the car is shown to be, as it has been shown, at >] ami the broken hanger at .5, then what do you say ? A. Then I sluiiiM .say undoubtedly that it was the beam that broke first. ■ Q. With reference to this flooring extending over ^he bottom chord. Of cour.se, you did not see that span, but did . ■■ see the twin span ? A. Yes. Q. How was '! . ♦looring in that? A. In iu. ■s. Q. As it stands now, how is it? A. As I j ) inber it, it ex- tends part acro.ss the bottom chord ; that is the ordir.-uy way oi |j>it- ting the floor on it, so it does extend, and the plan sr.ows it. Q. With reference to this flaw yon have mention— -vi tin hip vertical, which you say was at ? A. One. it, but vvnulii not ihe fallintc of th hanger would lie 78 b".i III,, tir.l tl,i„a l„ l„:,.k / A NV ,rt ,,11 '' ''°''"™' '""■"■' Court; You went into that VLTv fnllv if ; . .. upaj^a,„. (To Witness): What : i^y^ 'i^v V" £ T''"^ "' tamly ml.ls .strenj,nh to the structure. '^ ^ '' ^ J he Hoor cer- »' """"' '«v"r.,i,i I ti,„ „ti,„ I,,,.],,,,;,";,, "" '" "" 'I""''!--' •■"«■" I i ! r I. ^i^ ition— -vi the liip