IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) %£o% ore . Slag from the smelting . 5 qualities of pig iron, one piece re-cast 1 railway wheel . 3 nail rods . Horse-shoe nails . Piece scythe iron . „ „ hammered 1 pair railway wheels that have run 150,000 miles Specimens, viagnetic iron ore Specimens, bog iron ore Specimens, red heniatirc Specimens of hematite Magnetic iron ore Galena, undressed lead ore ) Hand-picked prills \ TJndresHed lead ore Specimen of ilmenite Yello\^,*«l^)iui4'et of copper . KXinUITED BY M — A. La Rue and Co., Three Kivera ^^^-^.W^^' 6-^ .c \ ^:>^^J ^'^'^ h^^ \-i^r Gevnfii I'aJc^i rvcjt^]^' Ta y v^^ a LOCALITY AND EEMABKS. Procured from the neighbour- hood of the St. Maurice and Batiscan Rivers for the Radnor forges ; about 2000 tons annually produced. ,X^^ C. C. (Jloster, Ga.spe . James Wright and Co. . Geological Survey of Ca- nada . . . . G. B. Moore and Co. Geological Survey of Ca- nada Hull, Lot 11, range 7 ; and Orenville, Lot 3, range 3. Vaudreuil, — contains 50 per cent of iron. St. Vallier, county Belle- chasse. Sutton, Eastern Townships, Lot 9, range 11, and Lot 6, ranuo 1).— 20 to 50 percent of iron. Brome, Eastern Townships, Lot 3, range 1. — 40 per cent. Sutton, Eastern Townships, Lot 9, range 9. — 38 per cent. Indian Cove, Gaspe. Upton, Eastern Townships. St. Urbain, — composecl of oxide titanium, of iron, uid iiiaynesia. Up/on, Eastern Townships, Lot 51, range 20. — IJi per cent. Bissonette's mine, Upton, Eastern Townships, Lot 49, range 20, — 10 per cent. i PRODUCTS OF CANADA EAST, OBJECT. Minerals, &c. — continued. Variegated Bulphuret copper » » jigged • „ „ rough dressed M « tye work Waste from the tyes Polished slab of the ore Rock of the country Plan of the mine. Sulphurets of copper . Plan of the mine, by Messrs. Willson and Robb . Tollow sixlphuret of copper Plan of the mine by "W:"Hon and Robb Yellow sulphuret of copper Variegated and vitreous sul- phuret of copper » )» „ from lowest bed „ from highest bed „ dressed Plan of the mine. Yellow sulphuret of copper Plan of mine, by "WilLou and Robb. Variegated and vitreous sul- phurets of copper V^ariegated sulphurets of cop- per . . . . Plan of mine by Willson and Robb. Variegated and vitreous sul- phurets of copj)er, from a bed. >) >> Plan of mine, by Mr. Rich- ardson. Vitreous sulplmret, Avith green carbonate of copper Sulphurets of copper. . Copper pyrites with iron. Yellow sulphuret of copper from a bed. EXHIBITED BY HM— W. H. A. Davies, and C. Duukiu . Pomroy, Adams, and Co., Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships . Pomroy, Adams, and Co., Sherbrooke, Eastern Townships . Shaw, Bignol and Hunt, Quebec M —English and Cana- dian Milling Co., Que- bec . . . . Flowers, ]\lac]vie and Co. Grriffiths and Brothers, Sherbrooke, E. T. Flowers, Mackie and Co. H M — Sweet and Co. North Sutton, E T. G. D. Robertson and Co. Geological Sur\'ey of Ca- ntula. HM~Tlio. McCaw, Len- uoxville, E, T. LOCALITY AND BEMABKS. Acton Mine, Acton, Eastern Townships, Lot 32, range 3, about 17 percent of copper. Wickham Mine, Wickham, Eastern Townships, Lot 15, range 10—30 per cent. Yale'sM ine, Durham, Eastern Townships, Lot 21, range 7, supposed to belong to the same band as the Acton Mine Black River Mine,St. Flavien. Harvey's Hill mine, Leeds, Eastern Townships, Lot 13, range 15. St. Francis Mine, Cleveland, Eastern Townships, Lot 25, range 12. Jackson's Mine, Cleveland, Eastern Townships, Lot 26, range 13. Coldspring Mine, Melbourne, Eastern Townships, Lot G, range 2. Sweet's Mine, Sutton, Eastern Townships, Lot 8, range 10. Craig's Mine, Chester, Eas- tern Townships, Lot. 8, range 5. Nicolet Branch Mine, Ham, Eastern Townships, Lot 28, range 4, abundant water power near, for crushing and dressing the ore. Oarthby, Eastern Townships, Lot, 22, range 1. Haskell Hill Mine, Ascot, Eastern Townships, Lot 8, i ,: EXHIBITED AT THE INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION. ->^*0'<^'^ ^•'>Mi^«/VA^B^^t^^^^^>kA^M^^^^A^I^t^M^^/^A^%^lM^^«i'«A^«/SAM^^^aA^k^l^tM^«^>^^l^l^l^l^^*M««^tA^A^^^^«^h' Ham, iot 28, water ushing *^ ODJECT. Minerals, fto. — continued. Plan of ml^.e, by Willson and Eobb. Sulphuret of nickel Native gold . , , . Stream gold in nuggets Stream gold in dust Stream gold — a nugget with quartz Auriferous blende Grains of gold in bitter-spar Grains of Platinum and of Iridosmine Chromic iron Chromic iron S})ccimon of chromic iron Specimen of chromic iron Molybdenite Dolomite Magnesito . Magnesite . Soapstone (steatite) Cut specimens of soapstone Potstone (compact chlorite) Uncut specimens mica rock Cut and dressed plates, mica and crystals of do. . Specimen oi plumbago EXHIBITED BY Specimen of plumbago Si)ecimen of plumbago Asbcstua from a vein . Geological Survey of Ca- nada. » »> Bcnj. Walton, Montreal Bussell and Co. Geological Survey of Ca- nada . . . . A. Cowan Geological Survey of Ca- nada . . . . LOCALITY AND BEMARKS. range 8, Ore from this mine without any dressing, has been sent to Boston, and yielded on an average about 8 per cent, purc copper Orford, Eastern TownHhips, Lot. 6, range 12. Fief St. Charles, C. E.— Nine, among the nuggets, weigh from 10 dwts. to 12G dwts. Vaudreuil, C. E. — ^the nugget weight 80 dwts. Eapids of the Chaudiere, C. E. — Occurs in a vein with galena, «fcc., the vein from 2 to 3 feet thick. Leeds, Eastern Townships, Lot 15, range 14. Fief St. Charles, C. E,— Se- parated from gold dust found in the drift. Mt. Albert, Gasp^,. Ram, Eastern Townships, Lot 4, range 2— the bed 14 inches thick. Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 23, range 6. Melbourne, Eastern Town- ships, Lot 23, range 6. Quetachoo river, Manicouagan Bay, C.E. Brome, Eastern Townships, Lot 16, range 11. Sutton, Eastern Townships, Lot 12, range 7. Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 17, range 9. Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 24, range 4. Sutton, Eastern Tovniships, Lot 12, range 7. Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 26, range 2. Shipton, Eastern Townships, Lot 18, range 5. Grenville. Poiiite du Chene Graphite Mine, Argcnteuil, C.E. Grenville, C.E. Lochaber, C.E. St. Joseph, C.E. 6 PEODTJCTS OF CANADA EAST, OBJECT. Minerals^ fto. — continued. Specimen of clay and pottery made from do. . Cube foot of dressed lime- stone . , . . Do. M I* ho. Do. Do. Do. A foot cube of dressed sand- stone Do. A foot cube of dressed Labra- dorite A foot cube of dressed gneiss Do. A foot cube of dressed syenite Do. A foot cube of dressed granite Do. Yellowish white marble Spotted green and white mar- White marble White marble . White and green marble Dove-grey marble Black marble Bed and veined marble Grey marble Grey and red spotted marble Dove-grey marule l>rab marble Brownish black marble Greenish black marble Gfrey marble Do. Specimen of cream- white mar- ble, striped with yellow Dark grey and yellowish marble Fawn, yellow, and white marble Brecciated and green serpen- tine marble Light green marble . Dark green, and striped mar- ble EXHIBITED BY Michael Finley, Quebec C. E. Cheeseman, Phil- lipsburg Geological Survey of Ca- nada » »> » » » » » » )> n »» » » • » H. O'Donncll, Quebec . Geological Survey of Ca- nada t* » » n >» C. R Cheeseman, Phil- lipsbiu-g Geological Survey of Ca- nada *> n M M LOCALITY AND REMABKB. » » St. Foy, near Quebec. Phillipsburg, St. Armand. Caughnawaga, C.E. St. Dominique. Pointe Claire. Montreal. Chevotriere Augmen. of Grenville. Quin's Point. Abercrombie. Jeune Lorette. Grenville. Grenville. Grenville. St. Joseph. Barmton, Eastern Townships. Grenville, C.E. Aug. of Grenville, C. E. Phillipsburg, St. Armand. St. Armand. St. Joseph. Caughnawaga. ,. . , . . St. Dominique. Esquimaux Island. Pointe Claire. Montreal. DuJswell, Eastern Townships, Lot 23, range 7. Excellent and beautiful marbles ob- tainable here. The dark groy sometimes resembles tne Portor marble from Italy. The streaked and Hpotted are thought by some to excel the cele- brated Egyptian. Orford, Eastern Townships, Lot 6, range 13. Orford, Eastern Townships, Lot 12, range 8. Mine Grec mi Di Brec mi Brec mi Spec: Spec Haw Baw Pi Bed Com Com Pi Ci Clay a As EXHIBITED AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. i^«»^^^%^^»w^^^>^n^*»<*^ift«>^<»i»w^^<»^*v*^^v»^j%*MV**v*>^»**^^»^*^»<^^^<»^^^*^<» MADKB. 9C. 'maud. lie. ownshipt*. IE. rmand. 'ownships, Excellent arbles ob- The dark resembles •ble from aked and jught by the cele- 'ownships, 'ownships, OBXECT. Minerals, &o. — continued. Oreen and white serpentine marble Dark and light groen ser- pentine marble Brecciated green serpentine marble Brecciated green serpentine marble with white veins Specimens of roofing slate . Specimens of roofing slate Do. Do. Do. Baw cement stone Do. „ Baw limestone Prepared lime . Bed bricks . Common red bricks Common building bricks Pressed front do. Badiating front do. Circular do. Clay used in making sewer- age pipe tiles A six-inch sample of pipe tile Cut whetstones Do. BXHIBITKO BT Benj. Walton, Montreal Geological Survey of Car nada M— B. Walton, Montreal Geological Survey of Ca- nada » »♦ » It Peel & Compte, Montreal HM — Bulmer and Shep- pard, Montreal. 11. O'Donnell, Quebec Geological Survey of Ca- nada. LOCALITY AND BEMABK8. Melbourne, Eastern Town- ships, Lot 20, range 5. Melbourne, Eastern Town- ships, Lot 20, range 6. St. " Melbourne, Eastern Town- ships, Lot 82, range 6. Ex- cellent slate, equal to the best Welsh and French. Supplied in upwards of 20 different sizes for roofing, and placed on the railroad cars at prices from 2 to 4 dollars per square of 100 feet. Far less costly for roofing than tin or iron, and only about one-third more than common wooden shingles. Orford, Eastern Townships, Lot 2, range 5. Tring, Eastern Townships. Kingaey, Eastern Townships, Lot 4, range 1. Cleveland, Eastern Townships, Lot 6, range 15. Hull, C. E. Magdalen Eiver. Montreal.— About 270,000 bushels per annum manu- factured — price about 8rf. sterling per buehsl. St. Jean,— About ::,' 00,000 have been made tin re in a year. Montreal.— 6,000,000 annu- ally, at 6$ to 6^ per 1000. Montreal.— 6,000,000 annu- ally, at prices from 5^ to 12^, according to form of brick. — Boaden's machine used. Quebec. — Used for main sewers and house drains. More than 150,000 laid in Quebec. — Price, according to diameter, %d to 4« 6rf sterling per linear foot. Stamtead, East Townships, Lot 15, range 1. Hatley, Massawhippi Lake, 'astern Tovvnsliipis. PEODUCTS OF CANADA EAST, OBJECT. EXHIBITtS BY Minerals, &o. — continued. Cut whetstones . . Do. „ A Buhratone, dressed . Specimen of marl . Do. „ Do. „ Brownish iron ochre . Brownish black do. Yellow ochre Green and yellow ochres Purple and yellow ochres Cut and polished specimens of Labnidorite . Cut and polished specimens ofEpidosite Sandstone, for glass making . Specimen of peat . 2. Agrioultoral Products. Half bushel, Canadian barley „ two-rowed Eng lish barley Half bushel, English oats early peas late do. . autiunn rye black sea wheat wheat flax seed . „ Timothy grass seed Half bushel, two-rowed barley M Indian com oats . peas . wheat barley beans Indian com white com potatoe oats early Canada peas Black Sea wheat buck wheat »» »» » »» » »» » »» » Geological Survey of Ca- nada E. Caron If n Geological Survey of Ca- nada. >» It >i * , »> ■ » »i n ** n LOCALITY AKD BGMARK8. Agricult. Society, county Beauliaruois. »> » » >» » n Agricultural Society of Himtingdon VL—W. Boa, St. Laurent, Montreal II w » » » II » Bolton, Eastern Townships, Lot 23, range 6. Kingaey, Eastern Townships, Lot 7, range 2. Grenville, C. E., Lot 3, range 5. Montreal. Anticosti. St. Armand. St. Anne de Montmorenci. Cap de La Madelaine. Pointe du Lac. Abercrombie, C. E. Shickshock moimtain, Gasp6. Williamstown, Beauharnois. Chambly, C. E. Grown by John Galbraith. „ Dugald Thompson ,• David Benning. ,, Jos. Geudron. „ John Brodie. „ J. B. Feliatreau. ,, Charles Tait. „ — Mc Donald „ M — Celestin Bergeoin. ,, M^Charles Tait. „HM — M. McNaughten, 45 bushels per acre. Grown by S. Schlinger, 25 bushels per acre. Gro\vn by J. Muir, 80 bush- els per acre. M — Gfrown by John Percil, 40 \ ushels per acre. Grown by P. McParlane, 25 bushels per acre. 30 minots per arpent. 60 minots per arpent. 25 miuota per arpent. Hs Or EXHIBITED AT THE INTBHNATIONAL EXHIBITION. OBJECT. Affrionltnral Prodnots— con- tinued. Samples, Indian corn meal „ oat straw Half-bushel, barley „ Black Soa wheat One bushel, barley f. Horse beans „ Two rowed maize „ Oats „ Spring wheat 1 crock of butter Half-bushel, barley „ Black Sea wheat „ Barley „ Fife wheat „ Variety ditto Sample, bearded wheat Half-bushel, barley Samples of flax „ of wool . Half-bushel, barley „ Indian com One box, maple sugar . Half bushel, Canada beans Broad Windsor do. Dwarf Marrowfat peas White Canada do. Black-eyed do. Early field do. Coffee do. . Half bushel Timothy grass seed 6 ears Indian com (white) » „ (red) 30 lbs. Maple sugar 1 Cheese Sample, 2 varieties clover Flax seed Timothy grass seed One trace, Indian corn EXniBITKD BY W. Boa, St. Laurent, Montreal " »» P. Beaudrtf, St. Damaae F. Beaudty, St. Damase H M — Jamea Lognn, Pe- tite Cdte . One .bale, Aop« (1861) Half bushel, oats Half bushel, oats P. Maio, St. Damase O. Malo, St. Damase D. McKinnon, Somerset, Eastern Townships Antoine Boeheleau, St. Bruneau H Tli—C.Wilkins, Eouge- mont M — W. Evans, Montreal REMABK8. 30 minots per arpent 16 >. M 30 minots per arpent. 15 „ „ 35 bushels per acre » » II II >l J> »l II 32 II II II 30 bushels per acre 27 min. per arpent 36 do. M — D. BrcvM, Cowans- ville. Eastern Townships » Lymans, Clare, and Co. Montreal . Pierre Martin, St. Lau- rent Tho8. Dawes and Son, La- chine H T£—T. Badham, Dmm- mondville. Eastern Townships H. Mathieu, St. Hya- cinthe Unrefined, as usually made by farmers 30 min. per arpent. 10 PBODUCTB OP CANADA BAST, OBJIOT. Agrionltural Produotf— eon- tinued. Half busLoI, peaa Specimen maple sugar One box, maple au^ar Half bushel, buckwheat Half bushel, spring wheat Half bushel, wheat Half bushel, wheat Half bushel, wheat III. Prodnots of Forests and Waters. 1. Woods. Specimens of 73 varieties, with branches, leaves, and flowers „ of 74 woods „ of 71 „ „ of 78 „ „ of 72 „ of 72 „ Specimens of 23 kinds of squared timber, with 20 do. ot pine and spruce planks and staves Specimens of sawn woods 2. Pharmaceutical Products. Canada balsam Spruce oil ... Extract of spruce w » Canadian Sarsaparilla . >» Gold thread (Coptis Trifolia) » Wild endive (Cichorium intybus) » Canadian Dragon's Blood (Sanguinaria Canadensis) . H Wild anice root (Anychia Canadensis) » Ginseng (Panax quinquefo- lium) .... it Winter green (Pyrola umbel- lata) .... » Capillaire (Adiantum peda- tum) .... -»♦.- Castoreum (in its natural state) .... » V d liver oil ... ♦» KX1IIBITCO BT ffenty Cfummina, Megan- tic, Eastern Townships HM-Bev.F.L'Heureux, Vercheres J. B. Alix, St. C^saire L. Bruuelle, St. Hyacinthe J(u. Drummond, Petite C6te John Drummond, Petite C6te J. Lamonde, St. Damase D. Stewart, Livoniess, Eastern Towuships M — TheAbK Provancher, St. Joachim EU-F. F. Prieur, St. Vincent de Paul J. B. Le Page, Rimouski Dr. DubordfThroe Bivers David Price, Chiooutimi H M- C. E. Coutl6e M — Messrs. Duncan, Pat- ton and Co., Quebec HM — Geo.Giugras, Que- bec Mr. Olivier Giroux, Drug- gist, Quebec BEHABK8. 50 min. per ar|M)ut. 16 min. per arpont. 25 bush, per acre. The numerals white paper printed on „ on green paper „ on yellow pa])er „ on pale rose colour „ on red pai)er „ on blue paper Collected in the Quebec market Gum of Balsam Fir extracted from Black Spruce, for making Spruce and Beer Pro Sm< Sal Sul Sal Sal EXHIBITED AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 11 ntod on iipor )aper e colour er )er Quebec xtracted ice, for IBeer OBJICT. EXIIIBITKn BY Prodnots, Ao. — continued. 8. Preserved Fish. Smoked Salmon . Salted Salmon Smoked Herring . Salted Labrador Herrinj? Salted Herring (from Bay Chaleurs) Saltod Kimoudki Herring Sultod Cod Saltod Eel . . . Salted Sardine • 4. Bubstanoes obtained from Oetaoea and Fish. White porpoise skins SkiuH of seal . Oil of white porpoise Oil of shark Cod liver oil 6. Fun. Skin of moose deer Skin of bear Skin of red fox Skin of black martin Skin cf beaver Skill of pecan Skin of racoon Skin of mink Skin of otter Skin of Canadian lynx Skin of skunk Six skins of musk rats Skin of marmot 6. Birds. One case containing 103 spe cimons of birds found in Canada East Specimen of weasel (Mustela vulgaris) . B«d squirrel (Sciurus Hud sonius) IV. Manufactured Articles 1. Chemical Products 1 dozen arctusine 2 lbs. Canadian yellow wax Toilet soap . 8. Substances used for Food, 2 smoked hams 2 dried bacon hams 1 piece smokod beef Messrs. Turgoon and Oucllet, Merchants, Quebec M «l »» >» » It n II )» II II II II RBMABK8. Mr. C. H. Totu, Eiver Owelle, county of Ka- mouraska. II If II II Mr. Olivier C6te, of Quebec II II II II II 11 II II II »» 11 II 11 II I- II II II ii n II » Two sides, undressed. Two, in their natural state. Undressed . H M — Jus. Thomson, Esq. Montreal S. J. Lyman and Co., Montreal J. Wheeler, jun. Montreal M — G. Eeinhart, Montreal II II »» » In glass case. Prices attached, from 5^*? to 7^rffortheham and bacon; IQd per lb. for the beef. 12 PRODUCTS OF CANADA EAST, OBJECT. Manufactured Articles— con- tinued. 1 piece smoked bacon . 1 piece dried bacon 2 bologna sausages 2 coses wine Poreat wine 3. Railway Plant. Railway wheels from Radnor forges, St. Maurice . Improved railway wheel, from the Radnor forges . Model of direct action, self- balanced oscillating cylinder 4. Carriages. A four-wheeled open carriage 5. Manufacturing Machines and Tools. Brick and Tile making Ma- chine, small Model of Pug MUl . . . . Model of Improved Water Wheel . . . . 6. Agricultural and Horti- cultural Machines and Implements. An Iron Plough . An Iron SAving Plough 7. Philosophical Instru- ments and Processes. Diagram of mean diurnal changes of temperature, of air and water of the river St. La\vrence . 8. Photography. A case containing two port- folios of Photographs EXHIBITED BT G. Reinhart, Montreal «i N. Pigeon, Montreal Madame Paulet, Montreal M— A. La Rue and Co., Three Rivers Joshna Lowe, G. T. R. of Canada East Clovis Leduc, Montreal . W. Bawden, Hochelaga, Montreal HM — E. O. Richard, Quebec M— J. Jeft'ery, Cote de Nicges, Montreal, C. E. M — J. Patersou, Montreal T. D. King, Montreal M— W.Notman, Montreal REMARKS. Prices attached, from 5^dto 7jid for the ham and bacon ; lOrf per lb. for the beef From Canadian wild grape ; price attached 4« 2d per gallon. From Canadian wild grape; price 4« 2d per gallon — 1* Hd per bottle. Have run 150,000 miles in a post office car of the G. T. Railway. Pattern now in use on G. T. R. and G. W. R. of Canada. For locomotive, marine, or stationary engine. Price attached, £90. Price attached, 10 guineas. The Bii'd's-cye maple case was made by .1. and W. Hilton of Montreal, and silver-mounted by R. Ileu- dory, Montreal. The port- folios arc! the work of J. Lovell, Montreal. The Portfolios are labelled Ca- nada East am\ Canada West respectively. Man! tii 9. AppJ lul 1( 2lbs| 5 pi^ Ipk Ipie Ipic EXHIBITED AT THE INTEENATIONAL EXHIBITION. 13 OBJECT. Manufactured Articles— con- tinued. 9. Surgicallnstruments. Apparatus for detecting con- sumption and testing the lungs .... 10. Woollens, &c. 2 lbs. woollen yarn 5 pieces Canadian tweed 1 piece Canadian spring tweed 1 piece of check . 1 piece Etoffe (light) . 11. Paper, Stationery, Printing and Bookbind- ing. 1 ream printing paper 1 ream Manilla paper 12. Educational Works and Appliances. Collection of 17 School and Text books, printed in Ca- nada . . . Journal dc I'lnstruction Pub- lique and Journal of Edu- cation for the years 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860 and 1861, 5 seta Iiap])()rt sur I'lnstruction Publique, and Eeport on Education in Lower Canada for the years 1855, 1856, 1857,1858, 1859, and 1860 Acts of the Provincial Parlia- ment concerning; Educa- tion and Schools in Lower Canada, 2 copies in each language 3 sizes of desk and seat for schools 12. Furniture, Ac. SiUiiplcs of 18 kinds of brooms, whisks, and dus- ters EXHIBITED BY G. S. D. Bonald, Medical Student, McGill Uni- versity, Montreal M— Mrs. P. Dunphy, St. Maliujhi M — \Vm. Stephen and Co., Montreal »» >» »> l» Jl »» BEMABKS. Angus and Logan, Mon- treal . . . . »> H — Hon. P. O. Chau- veau . . . . it »» M— W. Nelson & Wood, Montreal . With an illustrative diagram. Prices attached, from 2s Gd to 3s ^d per yard. Approved, according to law now in operation, by the council of Public Instruc- tion, as class books in schools in Lower Canada. The sets are in paper and in cloth boards respectively. Made by W. Allen, Montreal, approved by the Council of Public Instruction and in use in the schools. Classified as extra and com- mon — prices attached to the latter from Is (id to 9« Sd per dozen. 14 PRODUCTS OF CANADA EAST, Ac. OBJECT. Manufactured Articles— con- tinued. 13. Iron and General Hard- ware. 3 sheota of nail-plato from " Canadian Pip Metal," - "Scotch Pig Metal," and "Scrap Iron" . 3 pieces of iron, cut ready for nail machine A chain of cut nails 14. Pottery. Specimen of drain-tiles 15. Manufactures not in- cluded in previous classes. 1 foimt of Long Primer, Ro- man 2 type cases Stand for cases Specimen impression in frame Cigars of Canadian manufac- ture, 9 kinds . 16. Architectural Drawings. View of the Lower Canada Industrial Exhibition Build- ing at Montreal Interior view of a skating rink Photographs of the Liverpool and London Assurance Of- fice, Montreal, and of the new Unitarian church 17. Oil Paintings. View of the Shawcnagan Falls, on the St. Maurice River, Canada East View on the St. Maurice Ri- ver, Canada East EXUIBITED BY H M— W. H. Snell, Vic- toria Iron Works, Mon- treal, C.E. . M — Missisquoi Tile and Drain Co., C.E. C. T. Palsgrave, type- founder, Montreal. P. Henry, Montreal, C.E. J. \V. Hopkins, architect, Montreal, C.E. . Lawford & Nelson, archi- tects, Montreal, C.E. Hopkins, Lawford and Nelson,architects, Mon- treal, C.E. . O. R. Jacobi, Montreal, C.E »» BEMABKS. Puddled Bent when cold, showing their extreme toughness. Price per lb. attached. Is Grf Prices attached ; to £16. per 1000. £5. 3s M from 11* 8J The Exhibition held during the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. Frame of inlaid Canadian woods, by J. Guidi, MontreiU. Erected for the Victoria Skating Club, Montreal. Photographed by Notman, Montreal. The property of A. J. Pell, by whom the frame was carved and gilt. Price, with frame, 200 guineas. The property of A. J. Pell. Price 50 guineas. Note. — The prices are stated in sterling money ; and tho.sc attached to articles of commerce whose value is fluctuating, were the market prices in Canada in March 1802. IS. /I LIST OF ' THE AWA vDS TO CANADA. Note. — This List is not confined to successful Exhibitors from Canada East, but includes those belonging to hoth sections of the Province. howing their less. ched, Is Grf d ; from im. 11* 8d held during I.E.H. the les. Frame dian woods, Montreal, e Victoria Montreal. Y Notman, A. J. Pel), frame was ilt. Price, ) guineas. A. J. Pell, is. D articles of larch 18U2. CLASS I. Mining, Quarrying, Metallurgy, and Mineral Products. lie I NAME OF EXHIBITOE AND AWAED. Medal. Billings, E., of the Geo- logical Survey English and Canadian Mining Company Eastern Townships, C.E. Foley and Co. . Hunt, T. Sterry, of Geo- logical Survey La Eue and Co., Three Eivers, Canada East. Montreal Mining Com- pany. Taylor, A. The Officers of the Geo- logical Survey of Ca- nada. Walton, E., Melbourne Eastern Townships, C. E. West Canada Mining Company. Williams, for Canadian Oil Company. Honorable Mention. Davies, W. H. A., Acton, Eastern Townships, C.E. OBJECT EEWAEDEB, AND EEASONS. For his published decades on Ca- nadian fossils, and his valuable general contributions to paleon- tology. For the skill and perseverance with which they have opened their ground, and the discovery of deposits conformable with the stratification. For plans of mines, ores, and lead, smelted in the colony. For the instructively - described series of the crystalline rocks of Canada, and his various pub- lished contributions to geological chemistry. For excellent cast iron railway wheels from bog iron ore which have run 150,000 miles. For interesting series of copper ores, accompanied by plans and sections of the workings. For good specimens of crude and prepared gypsum, with plans and section of the gypsimi mines. For an admirably prepared collec- tion of specimens, illustrating the mineral resources of the pro- vince. For the discovery of good roofing slates. For specimens and plans illustrating a well worked copper mine. For introducing an important in- dustry by sinking artesian welia in the Devonian Strata for pe- troleum. For interesting and instructive spe- cimens .from a remarkable de- posit. 16 AWABDS TO CANADA. CLASS I. — continued. Mining, Quarrying, Metallurgy, and Mineral Products. CLASS II. Section A. GUemical Products. NAME OF EXHIBITOR AND AWAHD. Hon. VLen.— continued. McCaw, T., Ascot, East- ern Townships, C.E. Sweet, S. and Co., Sut- ton, Eastern Townships, C.E. OBJECT BEWAUUED, AND nEASONS. CLASS III. Substances used for Food. Section A. Agricultural Produce. Medal. Benson and Aspden Canadian Oil "Works McNaughton, E, A. Pearson, Brothers . Medal. Agricultural Board of Upper Canada . Agricultural Society of Huntingdon, one medal to grower, Canada East Agricultural Society of Wellington Agricidtural Society of Wentworth and Hamil- ton, (three medals for growers) Boa, W., Canada East . Denison, R. L. Evans, W., Canada East Fleming, J. . Johnstone, B. Logan, J., Canada East . Peel (County) Agricul- tural Society — Medal to John Lynch, Secre- tary .... Shaw, A. . . . Agricultural Society of Beauhamois, Canada East (two medals to growers) Wilson, J. For fine and instructive specimens of ores, running with the strati- fication and illustrating the struc- ture of the country. For fine and instructive specimens of ores, running with tne strati- fication, and illustrating the struc- ture of the country. Samples of Indian com starch. For the excellent quality of samples. For an extensive exhibition of the derivatives of petroleum. Flour and potato starch — for the ■ excellent quality of samples. For an extensive exhibition of the derivatives of petroleum. For samples of wheat from various counties, of excellent quality. For peas, 40 bushels per acre, grown by John Percil. For wheat of excellent quality. For blue-stem wheat grown by J. H. Anderson; for red chaff wheat gi'own by John Smith ; for po- tatoo oats grown, by A. Gorie. Very superior in quality. For all his samples in collection. Indian com stalks. For extraor- dinary growth. For collection of grains and seeds, excellent and interesting. For seeds and grains, as excellent and interesting. For sample of Soule's winter wheat, of excellent quality. For spring wheat of excellent qua- lity. For barle3^ peas, and two kinds of spring wheat, all of excellent quality. For rye of excellent quality. For flax seed gi-own by C. Borgoin ; for grass seed grown by C, Tait. For oatmeal of excellent (juality. Sub ' Gro rj C Anil ts Uf ti Vege Uf ti AWAKDS TO CANADA. 17 wW%#-.^--ww .VlfD specimens the Htruti- the struc- specimena the strati- : the struc- arch. For r samples. ion of the n. I — for the iples. ion of the m. m various Aality. ere, grown ality. 3wn by J. laff wheat ; for po- L. Gorie. y- . ection. extraor- md seeds, rr. excellent er wheat, ent qua- kinds of excellent Bcrpoin ; C. Tait. uulity. CLASS III. Substances used for Food. Section B. Grocery and Prepa- rations of Food. V.\MK OF EXHIBtTOn ANil AWARD. CLASS IV. Animal and Vege- table Substances used in Uanufac- tures. Secttox C. Vegetable Substances used in Manufac- tures. Honourable Mention. The Agricultural Society of Huntingdon, Canada East . . The Agricultural Society of Wentworth and Ha- milton Badham, F., Eastern Townships, Canada East Logan, J., Canada East . Shaw, A. . . .• Wilkins, C, Canada East Medal. Brown, D., Cowansville, Eastern Townships, Canada East Reinhart, G-., Montreal, Canada East Honourable Mention. L'llcureux, Rev. F. L., Canada Enit OBJECT KEWABUEI), AND REASONS. Medal. Blaikie and Alexander Bridge, Andrew Eddy, E. B., Ottawa IngcrsoU, C. Lewis Laurie, James McKce, Hugh Moore, T, Nelson and Wood, of jMoutreal, Canada East Pattoii, Duncan and Co., Quebec, Canada East Provancher, the Abbe, Canada East For barley grown by Mr. McNaugh- ton. The collection of wheats. Good- ness of quality. For oats of good quality. For barley. Gootlness of quality. For Indian corn and marrowfat peas, excellent quality. Indian corn, goodness of quality. Maple sugar. Excellenco of quality. Hams. Excellence of quality. Maple sugar. Illustrative. For dressed flax. For a tub on a new principle of construction, exhibiting much taste and ingenuity. For machine-made wooden pails and tuba— at exceedingly low prices. For a cask constructed on a new and ingenious principle, for live liquids. For planlisand logs, and 21 named specimens of woods from Ontario district. For a scientifically-named collec- tion of 98 of the woods of tlio colony, accompanied \\ ith leaves, &c. For a large collection of excellent handles for tools and implements in hickory and other woods. For whisks and brooms of Sorghum straw, at very low prices, from Is (id to Cs per dozen. For 19 very fine squared logs of timber. For a very extensive, accurately named, and extremely well illus- trated collection of tlie woods of u 18 AWARDS TO CANADA. CLASS '[N .—continued. Animal and Vegetable Substances used in Manufactures. CLASS V. Railway Plant. NAME OP BXniBITOB AND AWARD. OSJECX BEWAEDED, AND HEASONS. Med. — continued. Sharp, Samuel Skead, James Van Alien, D. R. . Trembiscki, A. L. . Honourable Mention. Bronson, A. Burrows Choate, Jacob Coutlee, Canada East Gingras, G. Quebec, Ca- nada East Crooks, Miss Prieur, F. X., Canada East Rose, E. H. the colony, accompanied with dried specimens, useful informa- tion, &c. For a magnificent collection of planks, polished slabs, veneers, and a named collection of 26 spe- cimens, all from the Western districts. For a magnificent collection of planks, logs, and a scientifically named collection of 37 woods, all from the Ottawa district. For planks and logs, all magnificent specimens, from the Thames dis- trict, and 21 scientifically named specimens. For magnificent logs of white oak, rock elm and hickory. For magnificent sections of Strobus and white oak. For fine sections of " Landrus sas- safras." For fine cherry-wood and soft maplo plants. For named collection of 72 w^oods of the colony. For fine planks of timber. For collection of 490 native plants. For a named collection of 74 woods of the colony. For a box of very fine black walnut veneers. CLASS YIII. Machinery in Gene- ral. CLASS IX. Agricultural and Hor- ticultural Machines and Implements. Medal. La Ruo and Co., Three Rivers, Canada East . Honourable Mention. Sharp, S. . . . Honourable Mention. Richard, E. O., Quebec, Canada East Medal. Gaskm, Capt. P. Jcff'ry, J., Canada East . McShcrry, J. Morley, J. . Cast Iron Hollow Wheels, excellence of material. For Model of sleeping and freight cars. Model of water-wheel. For hi.s collection of Agricultural tools. For liirt iron plough. For hiH iron plough. For his iron plough. AWARDS TO CANADA. 19 )£0, ASB mpanicd with iseful informa- coUection of slabs, veneers, ition of 26 spe- the Western collection of a scientifically if 37 woods, all iistrict. all magnificent he Thames dis- itifically named i of white oak, :ory. ions of Sti'obus "Landrus sas- 1 and soft maplo •n of 72 woods mber. native plants, ion of 74 woods le black walnut Wheels. •ial. id freight cars. For f Agricultural Class IX. — continued. Agrricultural and Hor- ticultural Machines and Implements. CLASS X. Civil Engineering, Architectural and Building Contri- vances. Section A. _ CLASS XIV. ■| Photography. CLASS XXL Woollen and Worsted, including mixed Fabrics generally. CLASS XXIX. Educational Works and Appliances. NAME OF EXHIBITOR AND AWABI). Med. — continued. Paterson, J., Montreal, Canada East Whiting and Co. . Honourable Mention. Sovereign, L. L. . Collard, H. . Medal. Brown, J. . . . Stephenson, G-. R., as re- presentative of his cou- sin the late R. Ste- phenson, M.P., F.R.S. Honourable Mention. Bulmer and Sheppard, Montreal, Canada East Gibb,T. Missisquoi Drain Tile Company, Canada East Botts, E. L. . . Hodges, J. . . . Peto, Sir S. M., Bart., M.P. Medal. Notman, Montreal, Ca- nada East Medal. Mrs. Dunpliy, St. Mala- I'hio, Canada East, and W. Stephen and Co., Montreal, Canada East Medal. Chauveau, Hon. Canada East Passmore, S. W. P. O. Honourable Mention. Thomson, James, Canada East OBJECT BEWABDED, AND BEABONS. For his iron plough. \:.j*i For their collection of agricultural tools. For his combined cultivator and drill. For his cultivator. For the excellence of manufacture of his hydraulic cement. For the extraordinary boldness of conception and the great inge- nuity of the construction of the Victoria Bridge,Montreal,Canada East. For the excellence of their bricks. For the excellence of his white bricks and drain tiles. Drain tiles of good quality. A collective honourable mention for the successful execution of the Victoria Bridge, and for the inge- nuity displayed by Mr. Hodges in constructing tho coiFer-dams for tho same. For excellence in an extensive series of photographs. For the display of woollen goods and hand-spun yarns manufac- tured in the colony. For the merit of his educational journals and reports. For his collection of birds and fish. For his collection of birds. B 2 20 AWAEDS TO CANADA. NAME OF EXUIBITOB AND iVWABD. OBJECT BEWABDES, AND BEABONS. CLASS XXXI. Hardware. Section A. Manufootures in Iron. Honourable Mention. Snell, Victoria Works, Canada East For good machine-made nails. CLASS XXXII. Section B. CvLtlery and Edge Tools. Medal. Gaskin, Capt. B. . Tongue and Co. Collection of agricultural hand-im- plements. Assortment of edge tools, highly finished. Note, — In connection with the foregoing lists of Products exhibited from Canada East, and of the A\7ard8 gained by Exhibitors from both the Upper and Lower Sections of the Province, it may be interesting to some of our Canadian friends to be informed of a few additional particulars, relating to the principles by which the decisions of the Jr.temational Juries were governed, — and also to know the results with respect to the numerous other Colonies which have taken part in the great competition. There is therefore appended a brief account of some of the formal proceedings on the day of the Distribution of Awards, which it is hoped may be found to include all that is necessary in view of the purposes named. THE DECLARATION OF PRIZES AWARDED BY THE INTERNATIONAL JUEIES TO COLONIAL EXHIBITORS, A Oraiid State Ceremonial for the Declaration of Frizes to Exhibitors was appoiuted to be held on Friday, Julv 11th. On the morning of that day an official programme of proceedings was issued, indicating that H.B.H. The Duke of Cambridge, as Her Majesty's Bepresentative, would make known the Jury Awards at certain Stations within the Exhibition Building. Station No. III., at the Victoria Gold Trophy, was assigned to the Colonial Commissioners, and here the following representatives of Colonies and Miscellaneous Foreign Stations were directed to assemble before 1 o'clock, p.m. COLONIAL COMMISSIONS. INDIAN EMPIRE. Dr. Forbes Watson.* A. M. Dowleans, Esq. 1.— NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES. Canada. Sir W. E. Logan, F.E.S. Professor Henry Miles. Brown Charaberlin, Esq. B.C.L. J. B. Huriburt;, Esq. LL.D. Vancouvee Island. Alfred John Langley, Esq. John Lindley, M.D. r.R.S., Superintendent of Colonial Departments at the Exhibition. Bichard Charles Mayne, Esq. Bbitibh Columbia. Capt. Mayne, B.N. John Lindley, M.D. F.E.S. New Bbunswick. Thoa. Daniel, Esq. R. Rankin, Esq. Hon. John Eobertson, Esq. Bichard Wright, Esq. James Brown, Esq. * The names of the Chairmen for the day are printed in italict. S9 Nova Scotu. Andrew M. Uniacle, Esq. Arthur M. Wior, Esq. Eev. G. Honeymau. Ileury Bagga. Esq. Thomas Q. Grassie, Eaq. Pbince Edward's Island. — JI. Haazard, Esq. Newfoundland. — J^. N. Oisborne, Esq. Bkiimuua. — W. C. Fahie Tucker, Esq. . ■ , V 2.— WEST INDIAN COLONIES, &o. Bahamas. — Samuel Harris, Esq. Babbadoss. — Stephen Cave, Esq. M.F. Bbiiibq Guiana. Sir Wm. H. Holmes. A. F. Itidgway, Esq. Joseph T. Gilbert, Esq. Dominica. — P. L. Simmonda, Esq. Jamaica. His Excellency C. H. Darling. Sir Joshua Bowe, K.C.B. Thomson Hankey, Esq. M.P. Wm. Smith, Esq. St. Vincent.- Wm. Cunningham Glen, Esq. Edward Chitty, Esq. Lucas Barret, Esq. F.L.S. F.G.S. Alex. E. Kidgway, Esq. George C. Stacpoole, M.D. Tbinidad. Sir W. H. Holmes. Wm. Bennie, Esq. 3.— AFIUCAN COLONIES AND COUNTUIES. Natal. — W. C. Sargeaunt, Esq. St. Helena. — N. Solomon, Esq. Liberia. Gerard Ralston, Esq. Eev. Alfred Crummell. Samuel Gurney, Esq. M.P. Thos. Clegg, Esq. Thos. Hodgkin, M.D. Mr. Ex- President Roberts Edwin Fox, Esq. Mr. Marshall. 4.— AUSTRALIAN COLONIES. Neav Soutu Wales. Edward Hamilton, Esq. Sir Daniel Cooper. Jas. Macarthur, Esq. M. H. Marsh, Esq. M.P. Arthur Hodgson, Esq. Alex. Stuart, Esq. W. Sedgwick S. Cowper, Esq. Queensland. Alfred Denison, Esq. Henry Jordan, Esq. Secretary. 23 VlCTOUIA. Sir Edmund Barry, C. E. Bright, Ebij. John Geo. Knight, Esq. South AusTnAiiA. Sir Bichard M. Macdonnell. G. S. Walters, Esq. Alex. Laing Elder, Esq. Francis S. Button, Esq. ■Wbstebn Austbalia. — Alex. Andrews, Esq. Tasmania. Sir R. E. Fox Young, C.B. Fred. A. Du Croz, Esq. Joseph Milligan, M.D. F.L.S. Jainoa A. Boul, Esq. New Zealand. John Morrison, Esq. M. Holmes, Esq. 5. -MEDITERRANEAN COLONIES. Malta.— Hon. F. V. luglott. 6.— EASTERN COLONIES. Ceylon. — E. Bawdon Power, Esq. , MAuniTius. — James Morris, Esq. lIoNO KoNO. — Patrick Campbell, Esq. Mediteubanean Photectobate. Ionian Islands. — Drummond Wolff, Esq. 7. -MISCELLANEOUS FOREIGN STATIONS. Manley Hopkins, Esq. Feejee Islands. — London Commissioner. Japan. Butherford Alcock, Esq. Patrick Campbell, Esq. SiAM. — P. L. Simmonda, Esq., Deputy-Superintendent of Colonial Departments at the Exhibition. At 1 o'clock the Special International Eepresentatives of all the prin- cipal Foreign Countries were met by Her Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1862, at the North Entrance to the Horticultural Gardens (made part of the Exhibition for the day), whence they proceeded to the Dais in the Gardens, and, after a short address of welcome by Earl Gran- ville, a Eeport on the work of the Juries was delivered by the Eight Hon. Lord Taunton from the Council of Chairmen — as follows : it llEl'OUT OF niL Coi'NilL Ol' ClIAIKMKN ON TUE WoUK OP TlIK J II III KH. t The work of tlio Bcvoral .Iiirios liavinj; boon brought to a tcriuiimtion, it becoiiu's tho duty of tho Coumil of ('hairmi'U to fxplaiu tlio iiianiicr in whioh the .Iiiiii'H wi-ri' i-oiistitutcd, nud thi; rcHult of thoir hiboiirs. The .Iiiriof* i-onHistod of lliii^lis^h iiiul Foreign irictiibi'rs in vnryiii^i: pro- portions. Tlio Eiif;li8li .liirors wero in tho first place noiiiiimtfd hy exhibi- tors, and theso nominations having; boon oarot'nlly oonsidorod, J lor Majosty'w Coinn)iti rendered it impossible for tlio Juries to examine every artielo u»v Ai^hin Mie building ; while, in othor cases, errors in classifica- tion Kiive rendered it doubtful to which of tho Juries the duty of examininj^ ^omu pj! li ular object sbould fall. Every effort, however, has been made I'l conquer tlioso obstacles, and tho omiMsions, if any, must bo very few in uiiniber, and are not owing to tho want of attention of tho Juries or of the oilicorn ci.giiged in facilitating their work. Tho number of Medals voted by the Juries amount to nearly 7,000, amT the Honourable Mentions to about 5,300. Tho proportion of awards to exhibitors is greater than in tho International Exhibition of 1851, but leas than in that of 1S55. Notwithstanding tho varied nationalities represented in the Juries, it is gratifying to record that the utmost harmony has prevailed during tho whole time that the Jurors have been associated in their labours. Tho mutual dependence and intimate alliance between the industries of tho world have been illustrated by tho zealous and impartial ottbrts of tho Jurors of different nations to recognise and reward the merit displayed in tho exhi- bitions of their industrial competitors. We are glad to observe that tho state of industry, as shown in the International Exhibition, gives evidence of a singularly active and healthy progress throughout the civilized world ; for while we find every nation searching for new raw materials or utilizing products hitherto considered as waste, we are struck especially with the vast improvement in the ma- chinery employed to adapt them to industrial purposes, as well as with the npplirati )n8 of science and with the great and successful attention which Id now given to all the arts necessary to gratify our taste and sense of beauty. Wo cat.not coneUidc this Report without expressing our obligationa to Dr. Lyon Playfair, the Special Commissioner for Juries, for the constant and intel'igent a88ii"tiuice whi' h he has rendered to us throughout our lobours, as well as to the D-^puty Commissioners and Secretary who have acted under his direction, and have aflbrded efficient aid to the several Juries during their inquiries. Taunton, Fresideni of the Council. 26 The Duke of Cambridge having replied, and the other preliminary ceremonies, as set forth in the Official programme, being concluded, a procession was formed, which included TLe Duke of Cambridge, The Pasha of Egypt, and other Special International Eepresentatives, Her IVIajesty's Commissioners for Exhibition of 1862, Her Majesty's Ministers, The Commissioners for Exhibition of 1851, The Lord Mayor of London and Suite, The Jurors, &c. &c., and, entering by the Eastern Annexe, passed along towards the appointed Stations within the Building. On the arrival of the Procession at the Victoria Trophy, where the Colonial Commissioners were assembled. His Koyal Highness handed to the Chairman of each a handsomely-bound book of 459 pages, containing a lisi of the Awards of " M \.ls " and " Honorable Mentions " assigned to Ex' ibitors of the varioui countries, British, Colonial, and Foreign, whose nati- 1 products, manufactures, and works of art were displayed in the Exhibition of 1862. The Colonies gained, in all, 437 Medals, and 51J Honourable Mentions, as will be seen by the accompanying tabular statement : — Table of Colonial Exhibitobs akd of Medals and Honobable Mentions Awarded. NO. EXniBITOKS. MEDALS. HON. MENTIONS. Indian Empire North American Colonies : — Canada Nova Scotia New Brunswick . . . Newfoundland .... Prince Edward Island Vancouver Bermuda Columbia Jamaica Other West Indian Isles . . Natal New South Wales .... South Australia West Australia Victoria Queensland Tasmania New Zealand Ceylon Mauritius Malta and other Stations . . 532 194 05 30 22 21 210 400 77 08 542 93 158 115 41 25 59 03 14 5 4 3 I 1 1 57 30 12 41 18 4 GO 13 20 5 4 7 147 29 10 9 1 4 1 OS 15 8 34 18 11 85 18 20 10 7 5 9 n It Of tho 92 Medals and 49 Honourable Mentions awarded to the North American Colonies, there were assigned to Canada upwards of 60 Medals and 29 Honourable Mentions. The whole number of Canadian Exhibitors may be set down as 194. Of Specimens of Mineral Products from Canada there were 37 exhibitors, by whom materials from upwards of 200 different localities were displayed, and of whom 36 were private individuals, or incorporated companies, — for about three-fourths of the mineral products on exhibition in the Canadian Court were entered in the name of " The Geological Survey " of the Province, which appears as one of the 37 exhibitors. It is but just, as regards Canada, to state that while there is no reason to be dissatisfied with the number of Medals and Honourable Mentions assigned to her, yet it has been felt and expressed by numerous Canadian visitors to the Exhibition that the display of products was by no means so extensive, so varied, or so generally excellent as to do full justice to the country. Erom many parts, both in the Eastern and Western Districts, there were no specimens whatever of natural products or manufactures. The manufactures of the Eastern Townships in particular were not dis- played in a single instance. But it is to be borne in mind that although the utmost was done with the Canadian collection to exhibit it to the best advantage, the Commissioners in London could not make up for all deficiencies growing out of the smallness of the means placed at their disposal, or for such defects as sprung from delay in commencing pre- parations in Canada. It was felt that at least a whole year should have been allotted to the work of preparation. The products disp. vyed were virtually got together during the space from December to February, and despatched to England in March. It is easy to see that various products prepared in Canada in the winter season are not necessarily the best of their kind that the country affords — not to name the greater difficulties encountered in procuring them. The Provincial geological collection sufficed in part to prevent defects so far as one great class of industrial objects and pursuits are concerned, and it was admitted by all that ample justice was, under the circumstances, done to that branch. Upon the whole, however, notwithstanding the deficiencies obvious to persons acquainted with the capabilities of Canada at this day, the favour- ably expressed opinions of English and Foreign visitors to the " Canadian Court," and tho results generally of the Exhibition cannot but prove gratifying to the Province at large. The display of articles in the Canadian Court at the Exhibition was much facilitated through the active and most obliging services of the curator, AVm. Dixon, Esq., formerly of Toronto, in Canada "West. The value of this gentleman's constant attendauoe in the oiTico can scarcely bo overrated on account of his evor-ready and lucid explanations in reply to the interrogatories of iunuuierablo viaitors to tho Court, I ! 28 In conclusion, we must not omit to refer to the obligations which Canada, in common with the Colonies at large, lies under on this important occasion to Dr. Lindley, the eminent botanist, Superintendent of the Colonial Departments at the Exhibition, as well as to his able deputy P, i. Simmonds, Esq. These gentlemen were indefatigable in the discharge of their various onerous duties, and in acts of courtesy to the Colonial Commissioners and Exhibitors. The writer has, therefore, much pleasure in appending the following letters expressive of the obligations here adverted to : — Copy of Letter of the DuJce of Newcastle to Br. Lindley respecting the Colonial Departments at the International Exhibition. it DowTiing Street, 4th June, 1862. Mt deab De. Lindley, Now that the Colonial Department of the International Exhibition is very nearly complete, I must express to you, first, my thanks for the trouble you took in showing me the various productions, and, next, my extreme admiration of the spirited and successful manner in which the Colonies, with scarcely an exception, have responded to the invitation of the Commissioners to send specimens of their natural pro- ducts and their industry for the information and, I may well add, the instruction of the Nations of Europe. It is fK jyossible that such a display of what the Colonial portions of the British Empire can produce should be without a very material influence upon the future prospects and prosperity of each of them. In gold and other metals, in cereal produce, in timber, in wool, above all in cotton, the visitors of the Exhibition will find the English Colonies eclipsing all competitors, and I am much mistaken if Foreigners will not find in the department allotted to them more to excite their admiration and wonder than in the more showy and artistic displays, which do so much credit to the taste, energy, and manufacturing power of the mother country. I assure you that not only oflScially but individually I am delighted at the position before the world wliich the Colonies have assumed in the Exhibition. I am, my dear Dr. Lindley, Tours very sincerely, Newcastle. 29 Copy of a Letter addressed hy the Canadian Commissioners to Dr. Lindley. Canadian Department, Exhibition Building, July nth, 1862. DeAB Dr. LllTDIBT, The Canac'ian Commission bere having been reorganized in consequence of the approaching departure of some of its members, we feel that we cannot separate without tendering to you our heartiest thanks for the unwearied attention you have given to Colonial interests, and for the assiduous labour you have devoted to the discharge of the onerous duties imposed on you as Colonial Superintendent. The governments and people of the several Colonies represented here owe you a debt of gratitude for what you have done in their behalf on this occasion, aa on that of the first great International Exhibition, to which on behalf of Canada we desire to give expression. We consider oiurselvea fortunate in having been brought into official connection with a gentleman who so thoroughly understands and appreciates the great resources of the Colonial Empire. Wishing you many happy years in which to enjoy the general esteem, and the distinction in the scientific world which you have so fairly won, We remain, dear Dr. Lindley, Your very obedient servants, W. E. LOOAN, J. HUELBUET, B. CnAMBEBLIN, Heney H. Miles. John Lindley, Esq., M.D., F.R.S. &c. &c. M Copy of Dr. Lindley^s Reply. August 4th, 1862. My deau Siu, The flattering letter you have been so kind as to send me on the part of the Canadian Commission demands my warm acknowledgments. Could anything add to the satisfaction of feeling that one has done one's best to execute faithfully a public duty it is the knowledge that the endeavour is appreciated by those best able to form a correct judgment. I must, however, observe that nothing which I may have done would have been of value to Canada in the absence of the admirably-directed and untiring exertions of yourself and your brother Commissioners. Pray do me the favour to convey to them the assurance that I feel most sensibly the extremely kind manner in which they and yourself have done the honour to address me. I am, yours very sincerely, JouN Lindley. B, Chan 'lovliii, Emj.. Sccrctiiry, ^.'umuliuu Commissioners. illa^i uf ti) V EAS TERN TOWNSHIPS O F LOWER CANADA •sv>/// ,/' -sy,///^/,- ,///,v,v *' rt (> 'f •w % f THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS OF LOWER CANADA. CIIAPTEE I. FNTnODUCTION — OP CANADA OENEBAXLY. Colonists sojourning in England are sometimes amazed at the vague- ness of the knowledge possessed by the English public on subjects relating to their own possesdions abroad. It might of course be expected that people generally would be ill- informed about the more recently founded colonics — but it is remarkable that such should be the case with respect to those which have cost England dear for their acquisition, defence, and maintenance, and which, in the increase of their population, the development of their internal resources, and their progress in self-government and the arts of life generally, are beginning to afford indications of fitness to assume, at no distant day, the position of independent nations. Not to speak of the several communities of British North America, but confining the attention to Canada alone, it cannot but be a subject, both of regret and of surprise, that the value of this great province, aa an integral portion of the British Empire, should be so imperfectly realized here. Every person who is really acquainted with Canada, and who is not under the influence of prejudice or party spirit, knows that this is the case. Whether Colonist or not, no man can doubt it ; one has only to refer to the course of current events, the debates in Parliament, the editorials of loading newspapers, and the tone of conversation out of doors. Under these circnrastanees, the writer of the following notice, although his aim is to present information about a mere section of Canada, finds it necessary to his purpose to begin by '"^ferring to the country at large, seeing that it is in name alone really known to the majority of the British public. Let ua understand, at the outset, that the past progress of the Province, its value and future prospects, can bo far more distinctly apprehended through statements made in the American House of Congress than through what transpu'os from the Una of members of our own British Parliament. In Kcports prepared by American Committees of the House of Eepre- sentatives all facts of material importance relative to Canada are pro- minently set forth for the information of their own people ; all the hitherto discovered natural resources, peculiar advantages of position with respect to contiguous territory, progress achieved in past years, and estimates of what may be looked for in future, are brought out with so much clear- ueijs and force that no man can rise from the perusal of those Keporta 1 \ t\2 willionl iH'floftii\R tlifti, wiTo tliry not iVniiicd cxprcHHly in vi(<\v of dculin^ with ourtniti ooininort'ial trcMliim lutw HuhHiMliii^j; lictwocn llio lliiiU'tl Mliitm ftUd tho I*n)viiuv, tho Aii«,0n the panillclrt of Mi" and '>',V^ of noHli latitude, Canatia is withjji ten or eleven days' sail of the pri?wip!ii I'^nglish aixl Irish .sea-[)ortH. It is possible however, on occasions of iinportaiice, for inlereoimnunication to take place in about six days through the iiid of telegraphic connection between England ai\d Quet'ustown or Londonderry on this side of the Atlantic and between Heileihlo and (^iielx'c on the other. In fact, so far us distance is eoncernod, Canaiia may now be held to be virtually no further olf from the British Isles than Scotland or Ireland were from the ISletropolis seventy or eighty years back. Nor has the advancement of tlie country been eonliiied s()h;ly to tiie discovery and development of natural resources. Conjointly with these and the increase of population noticed in tho American Reports, very great progress has been accomplished in all that goes to constitute foundations for future national existeuce. Even if comparison bo made with tho *" ' v'-^-m.-'jc^rx. " Unikpd HtfttoH tlionmolvoB Uioro ImH boon no proator improvomon) .1 igt any dwndo of Ihoir womlorfiil luHtory up in tho bn^fikiiif? (lut of tlicir civil wnr tlinn that wifcrioHHcd in (Jnnndii diiriiiji tlio ton yciirM Icritiiniilin)^ in IS(H. Vory iniportiint und fnr iv lon^ tiinn rmbnrniHuitijj f|ii(!Hl,i(m«, rrlr'iiiR to iniiniripid find politioni privil('{,'«'M, roli),'ioii, ••(lunation, ndininiH- tnition of tho law, and tho abolition of fondnl tenure, have Itocn natiH- factorily adjunlod. Nor oan thorn bo any rouHonablo doubt but thnt all rouiainin^ hir\dr;mcotJ to the [lolitical and Hocfial wt^lfaro of tho pcopio of Canada will in duo tinio bo Hunnoiuitf-d. I'Vom tho narrativoH of oniiKrantH and vinitorH iHHued twenty yciars uffu poopio in Kn^land wbo havo not lookcid further into the matter (!iiu form no jiiHt ontimato of tho facilitioH for eouduetin}; all the internal bi/HinoHH of tho country. Lonfj journoyH of 4(M) utid r»0() mil(!H ran now be perfor«i*"i by rail with a dogroo of aBon for assorting that tlio climate of Canada unfits it fur hecoming the scat of a numerous, prosperous, and contented people. On tlio contrary, various fuctH, which will present themselves in a morn advanced part of this notice, amply sufllce to disprove the ohjoctions cominoaly raised on that score. It in understood that the territory of Canada embraces a surface of about ;{5O;0tX) Hqiiaro miles. Jler present population may be stated at about L',000,00(), having under actual cultivation upwards of 10,000,000 of acres of land. Of the whole population, about 2,250,000 may be reckoned as belonging to the rural districts, the remainder, being about one-tenth of the whole, living in the towns, and constituting the population of the seven principal cities, Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, Hamilton, and London. The cities of Montreal and Quebec in Canada East are by far the most populous in Canada ; and the former is progressing in wealth and every substantial advantage, at a rate of which there are few parallels in the whole world. The population of Montreal probably exceeds 100,000, while that of Quebec, which was only 40,000 in 1851, has now attained to between 00,000 and 70,000. The cash value of all the farms and live stock of the rural population may be set down at upwards of ^110,000,000 sterling. When we reflect that this large amount of property is owned by people who for the most part, either themselves or their immediate predecessors, took little or nothing with them into their adopted country — that they want for scarcely any single blessing, whether political, municipal, spiritual, educational, or social, that appertains to the prosperous portions of any civilized community elsewhere — that throughout Canada a man with his family can retire to rest at night with a conviction that when morning comes again he will rise secure in the possession of what belonged to him the day before, and in the same perfect liberty of speech and action — we cannot refrain from wondering that so many thousands of families, consti- tuting the surplus population of Q-reat Britain and other crowded European countries should unnecessarily continue to live in comparative scarcity and anxiety about their daily wants. It is only, however, by descending to actual details that any exposition of Canadian resources can be made clearly intelligible to those for whose benefit chiefly it is intended— besides which descriptions applicable to dif- ferent parts of the country would necessarily vary much. The writer, therefore, does not conceive that there is occasion to devote more space to remarks about the colony at large, but that it will be more useful to fouliue himself chiefly to a brief description of that important section, with the circumstances of which, by personal experience, he is best acquaiuti;d. V \' \'i 3U CHAPTER II. THE EASTERN TOWNSHirS. OEOOBAPnTCAL POSITION AND KATUIUL FKATUHES — EABLIEST BETTIEHS — POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONS OF THE INHABITANTS — COMl'AllA- TITE KEFEBENCE TO THE UNITED STATES AND NEW SETTLEMENTS IN THE FAR WEST — POLITICAL AND MUNICIPAL PBIVILEGES — TAXATION. The earliest European settlementa in Canada were distributed in the vicinity of tbe Gulf and Eiver St. Lawrence, more especially where the cities of Quebec and Montreal now stand, and in the splendid and exten- sive valley of that great river. In this valley, to the south of the St. LaAvrence, the most prosperous settlements were permanently established, and there, to this day, the great bulk of their descendants flourish, consti- tuting the majority of the French Canadian population of Lower Canada. Further south of the St. Lawrence, beyond the French settlements, and lying eastwards of Montreal, an extensive tract is included under the designation of " The Eastern Townships." It is a tract of about one-sixth the size of England, if we take in all the portions of territory which is comprehended in the Government Surveys. A full " township" should enclose a surface of ten miles square, or one hundred square miles, and there are between ninety and one hundred such divisions ; so that the Eastern Townships may be spoken of summarily as a region comprising nearly six millions of acres. The settling of the Eastern Townships, now occupied by what may be called an English speaking Protestant community, may be stated to have begun about the beginning of the present century. Many of the earlier occupants of the territory were royalists from the neighbouring New England States, persons of indomitable energy, who accomplished by their self-reliance, industry, perseverance, and skill, a conquest more or less complete, in various directions over the obstacles presented by nature. These have for the most part passed away, after stamping deeply upon the character botli of tlieir descendants and of the emigrants who joined them from other parts of the world, the impress of their own enterprising and virtuous dispositions. Through the eflbrts and assistance of the Govern- ment at diflercnt times in establishing roads rnd encouraging settlement by grants of land, much was done ; but still more credit is due to the exertions and example of various patriotic individuals, and especially to the oflicers of one of the settled institutions of the townships — The British American Land Company — of which some account will be given in a future page. At the present time, as will bo shewn, the occupants of the Eastern V * 87 T SETTLEns — COMl'AnA- iEMKNTS IN -TAXATION. ted in the where the and exten- of the St. estabh'shed, •ish, consti- er Canada, ettlemeuts, under the it one-sixth y which ia ip" shotild 'f and there le Eastern uearlxr six lat may be id to have the earlier iring New d by their re or less by nature. ' upon the ined them I'ising und Govorn- lettlcment ue to the Jt'cially to lips— The 3 given in > Eastern Townships have attained to the possession of all requirements necessary to the happiness of a civilized community, and, favoured by all external circumstances, and with such accessions to their force as may reasonably be looked for in the shape of good inhabitants, attracted from the over- crowded populations in the old world, they will undoubtedly exercise a great influence upon the future destinies of Canada. In order to accelerate the results hinted at, nothing more seems to be needed than to make known in the proper quarters, their peculiar physical and other ad- vantages. The appended Map indicates the relative positions of the several Townships, and the situation of the entire tract with respect to Quebec and Montreal and the adjoining territory of the United States. The most contiguous of the States are those of Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, and New York. The map also shews the courses and positions of several principal rivers. The Chaudiere eastwards, the St. Francis pursuing a circuitous route through the midst of the Townships, the Tamaska and the Eichelieu to the west — all pursuing a northerly course and emptying into the St. Lawrence, The surface is everywhere intersected by other smaller streams, running for the most part into those which have been already named, and which, ■with many rivulets, beautiful lakes, and innumerable springs of the purest water gushing out of the ground, render the Eastern Townships one of the most picturesque and best-watered regions in North America. It is this circumstance — the abundance of running water with the diversified cha- racter of the scenery and surface throughout the Eastern Townships — conjoined with excellence of soil for agricultural purposes, that, physically speaking, confers so great an advantage upon them over all the rich alluvial tracts in the far West, which have of late years been so sedulously held up to view for emigration from the old world. The population of the Eastern Townships in the year 1862 may be stated at about 200,000. A great number of them are as yet but very sparsely inhabited. The most populous, as well as those longest settled, and most advanced, are the townships of Orford and Ascot, Compton, Eaton, Mel- bourne, Shipton, and upwards of twenty other townships included in the counties of Staustead, Missiaquoi, and ShefFord. Taking the whole of the townships together, as appears from the results of the late census, the average increase of population in ten years has been about ^(fy^er cew^. It must bo understood, however, that the great apparent increase which has occurred in those most recently occupied has arisen chiefly from the cueouragemcut given to many families to remove into the new townships from the older settlements near the St. Lawrence. The greater part of the inhabitants of the townships are engaged in agriculture. The agricultural capabilities will receive a more particular notice further on. IJut although, as yet, tho manufacturing portion of the population ia small, it is believed, not oven excepting the State of Massa- 38 cKusetts, uo section of country in North America is more amply provided by nature witli the fundamental requisites for establishing profitably manufactures of all kinds. Some progress has indeed been already made by the people themselves in that direction, as will be seen. In proportion to the inhabitants, the other occupations are duly fol- lowed ; Law, Medicine, Education, Commerce, engaging tlie services of a considerable number of persons. It may also be mentioned, in speaking of the population generally, and as a happy circumstance, when the Eastern Townships are compared with the new settlements in the far West, that they are exempt from those hideous consequences attendant upon rapid growth in population and material prosperity, unaccompanied by a regard for the observance of the Sabbath, and provision for spiritual interests. A numerous and trvdy eflScient body of clergy and ministers of religion of various Christian denominations live amongst the people, stationed at or near all the principal settlements in the district. In fact it has been for many years past too much the fashion to present to the minds of intending emigrants from over populous localities in Europe, the claims of those parts of North America which are situated, in many respects, beyond the confines of civilization. More remote from the great markets of the world, those distant, though fertile regions are known to be less healthy for settlers — far less fitted for becoming the seats of manufacturing as well as agricultural communities, for less amply stocked by nature with valuable timber and building materials, and, finally, those who have been attracted thither by glowiug accounts of fertility which it would be idle to claim in favour of the more easterly British provinces, liave commonly left behind them nearly all the advantages of civilized life. Many have returned ; many more would return, if it were in their power to do so, from parts where money is borrowed with avidity at fifteen to twenty per cent, interest, and wliere the crops of grain when raised cannot be profitably sold, and have even been employed as fuel because they couhl not endure tbe cost of transport by rail or steamboat. In fact, the inhabitants of the Eastern Townships are at tlie present time consuming, m I he shape of flour, at about five dollars {one sovereign) per barrel of lOtilbs., wlicat raised in the AV^estern Country, and offered for that moderate price at their doors. Grain wliich has been transported so far for consumption, and which has been handled perhaps two or three times in its progress, cannot, as a matter of course, after expenses for storage, and tlio iuteruiediatc profit of agents and vendors, realize much to tho parties chiefly interested — the growers. With the inducements ofl'ered for tho introduction of more abundant capital for carrying on mining operations, for tho working of the valuable deposits of marbles, soapstone, and other minerals, and for turning to account in various manufactures the immense amount of water power available within the limits of the Tuwn.^hips, it may be hoped, as has been already said, that it is only necessary to difi'uac in tho ri^ht quarters, rl ^ ■)ly provided profitably llready made re dulyfol- jervices of a speaking of the Eastern West, that ipon rapid >7 a regard terests. A reh'gion of ioned at or to present calities in ituated, in B from the are known e seats of ly stocked ^%, those ity which provinces, ih"zed life. -ir power fifteen to i cannot use they fact, the isuming, 'arrel of or that d so far e times storage, to tho mcJant iluable iig to [)owcr been rtcrs. 39 reliable information about their resources, in order to attract a more just share of the attention of emigrants rom the British isles. Of persons dependent on agriculture alone, at least 20,000 additional families possessing small capitals, and industriously disposed, might at once locate themselves, and enter upon a career of comfort and usefulness which, in England or Scotland, as small farmers, they can have no reason- able prospect of attaining. For agriculturalists in a larger way, and possessing capitals from afc'lOOO and upwards, there is no section of country in North America which holds out a more certain prospect of success. And, as regards families with moderate independent incomes, to whom, in Great Britain, the present is so commonly embittered by thinking of the future, and by the feeling that while they have quite enough to live upon economically, they are quite unable to educate and start in life their chil- dren according to their wishes, a settlement in the Eastern Townships would at once give a new and agreeable turn to their prospects, relieving their minds immediately of all doubt and embarrassment. In view of considerable accessions to the existing population of the Townships, it may be stated that even in North America there are tracts of country less well fitted for agricultural occupations, less extensive, and at least not better provided with the natural requisites for establishing works and manufactures, which are found to have space for a very much larger number of inhabitants. Several of the States of the American Union might be cited as examples ; but it will be enough to refer to the New England State, Massachusetts. Although settled at an early period, this State is smaller than the territory of the Eastern Townships ; its soil is for the most part inferior. Its manufacturing capabilities have been industriously promoted, and its people display at all i-imes a wonderful amount of energy of chnracter, so that as a distinct community they exercise a very considerable influence upon the national proceedings. The number of its inhabitants is about 1,250,000, and will doubtless far exceed that in future years. If we make fair allowance for the better soil of the Eastern Townships, for their mineral and forest resources, and for their equal, if not greater natural facilities for manufactures, it becomes difficult to see why they also may not comfortably accommodate upwards of two millions of people. Tiie parallel here suggested might appear over-strained, if it were not mentioned that the noble harbour of Portland, virtually a Canadian sea-port, and the natural outlet of tho Grand Trunk Eailway passing through the Townships, from which it can be reached in a few hours, is decidedly superior, in natural fitness for all commercial pur- poses, to the haroour of Boston. Another reason favouring the same inference is the immediate connection by railway between the Townships and each of our own cities and sea-ports, Quebec and Montreal. Nor should we omit all allusion, in this case, to our own form of government, more reliably permanent, and better fitted to the genius of the British colonists than that of their republican neighbours. Tho people of the 40 Townships, while they enjoy perfect political freedom, derive an immenso advantage from tlio absence of those perpetually recurring local, state and national elections (with accompanying changes of ofTice-bearera) by which the whole of the United States are afflicted, and the minds of their inhabi- tants kept in an almost constant state of turmoil. Tt is proper in this place to say a few more words respecting the political and municipal advantages enjoyed by the inhabitants of the Eastern Towuships, and wo shall conclude tlie chapter with a statement of the amount of taxation to which they are subjected. Every man who comes from Great Britain to the Townships, retains all the privileges of a British subject, and a foreigner becomes naturalized after rcbiding continuously for three years, on taking the oath of allegiance and residence. The possession of real estate worth £5 sterling a-year, or payment of an annual rent of £5, qualifies to vote for a representative in each branch of the Provincial Legislature — the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. As representing and elected by the whole people of Canada, 130 members are returned to the former, or Lower House of Parliament, and 48 to the Upper. The Electoral Districts of Canada East are such that the Eastern Town- ships are virtually represented in Parliament by fourteen members in the Assembly, and five members in the Council, as portions of the Townships are in some cases included in contiguous territory. The right of petition is freely enjoyed — petitions being addressed, con- formably to certain simple formalities, to the Sovereign (represented by the Governor- General), and to each of the two Houses. The Session of Parliament usually begins in the winter time, about Eebruary, and con- tinues three or four months. Every man who ih i householder, or resident possessor of real estate, votes in the election of seven Municipal Councillors for the Township in which he resides, by whom one member, selected from amongst themselves, is appointed Warden, who acts as Chairman of the body, and represents his own Township in the County Council. By these Town and County Councils, acting in conformity with their respective by-laws, all the local affairs are regulated — such as the imposition and collection of the taxes for constructing and maintaining roads, bridges, schools, proceedings of agricultural societies, &c. The powers of the Town and County Councils are prescribed by the laws of the land, as set forth in Acts of the Provincial Ijegislaturo. From what has been stated it will be seen that the inhabitants of the Townships enjoy all the privileges of representation in Parliament and of local self-government. On the iuiportaut subject of Taxation, it may be added, that the indi- rect taxes, ^iuid by the people on avticlca of consumption, are imposed by the Legislature for the solo purpose of meeting the expenses of the public service and the just claims of the public creditor; and the matter is so ad au »< I i 4- iiniueuse , state and by which ;ir inhabi- ;ctiug the of the tement of •etaifls all aturalized allegiance ig a-year, isentative A.8sembly ada, 130 lent, and m Town- irs in the jwnships sed, con- Jnted by assion of ind con- resident mcillora ed from 1 of the h their )osition bridges, adjusted tliat the burden falls lightest upon those classes who are least able to bear it. The local taxation, established from time tc time by the Municipal Councils, is conducted on similar principles, and is freely open to the auperviaion of the parties principally concerned, and to correction in case of any inadvertence or inequality. But, in fact, the taxes are very small compared with the ability to pay them, while the prices of food and all the necosaaries of life admit of a man's living comfortably on what in Euglund would be considered a very insignificant income. In cases of cleared land rented, although this is not very common in the Eastern Townships, a man in England would pay from £2. 10s. to £4 per acre annually, for land of leas value than he could rent in the Townships for 15s, taxes inclusive. CHAPTEll III. CAPITAL TOWN, AND OTHER TOWNS AND TILLAOEB OF THE KA8TEEN TOWNSniPS. The capital of the Eastern Townships is Sherbrooke, a town which for electoral purposes has between 6000 and 7000 inhabitants. It occupies both banks of the river Magog at its confluence with the river St. Prancis. The former river, after leaving the lake, called Little Magog, a few miles above Sherbrooke, descends in a rapid stream towards its junction with the St. Francis, into which it rushes tumultuously after a succession of falls, thus creating an amount of water-power which, associated with the other natural advantages of situation, will, it is believed, render it the principal seat of manufactures in Lower Canada. The town also extends to the (opposite bank of the St. Francis, the communications across boi.h the rivers being maintained by substantial bridges. It is represented in the Provincial Parliament by one member. The principal Courts of Law of the Townships are held here, and it is the chief way-station of the Grand Trunk Eailroad leading from Montreal and Quebec to Portland. Various manufactures are prosecuted ; there being, besides iron foundries and mechanics' work-shops, a woollen factory, paper mill, pail and tub factory, machine factories, grist and saw mills. A very well supplied market for provisions and all kinds of country produce is held twice a week, in addition to the monthly Cattle Fairs, established last year by the oflicers of the Land Company, to the great benefit of the district. The mails arrive and depart twice daily. Various chartered Companies have their head-quarters or branch oflicca i» the town ; among 1^ t i 1 .■ ' ! which may bo named The Eastern Townships Bank, The City Bank of Montreal, The British American Land Company, The Mutual, and several other Tire and Life Assurance Companies. There are two local newspapers— the SherhrooJce Gazette, which has a large circulation in the Townships and elsewhere, and has now been con- ducted by its present editor nnd proprietor, with remarkable ability for about twenty-five years : and the Sherhrooke Leader, a paper recently established, and issued twice a week. The new Town Hall, of which a cut is given, with accommodations in the open space and sheds underneath, is built of brick, and adds greatly to the substantial appearance of the town. Of other public buildings and places of worship, St. Peter's Episcopal Church, the Eoman Catholic Church, the Congregationalists', Methodists', and the bu ''dings recently built for schools, are all handsome structures, erected at co ulerable cost, of brick and stone, and remarkable for their appropriateness of design and architecture. The town is abundantly supplied with shops and stores, whero every necessary and convenience of life can be procured — the old system of long credits and high charges, formerly so great a drawback to the country, being now discountenanced by all the principal business men, who, it may be added, are, as a body, distinguished for their integrity and fair- dealing. The medical and legal professions are represented by gentlemen of the highest order of ability in their respective callings, and of whom it is not too much to say that any where, even in the principal towns in England, they would necessarily command the respect and conhdence of the people. There is as yet no local infirmary or hospital. The County Gaol, erected many years ago near the Court House, ia larger than experience has shewn to be needed by the number of criminals, of whom seldom more than one or two of a really bad class have ever been immured at the same time. No country town in America is better off* for inns ; among the principal ones may be named the Magog House, conducted by Mr. Cheney, the Hotel of Mr. H. Cameron in Factory Street, that of Mr. C. Cameron in Wellington Street, and Mr. Boote's Hotel advantageously situated close to the Bailroad Station. In these inns the sojourner can procure very comfortable entertainment ; the charges are quite moderate, and, what is usually of equal consequence to strangers, one meets with the utmost civility and even kindness. There are many handsome private residences, both of wood and of brick, in and around Sherhrooke ; we may instance, on the north side, those of the Eev. C. E. Eeid, Sheriflf Bowen, and Mr. Clarke ; and within the town, those of Dr. Johnstone, Dr. Brooks, Mr. Sanborn, the late member for the county of Compton, Mr. Walton, Dr. Worthington, I.r. Eobertson on the bpjuk of the Magog, and, on the street leading southwards, the ho City Bank of tual, and several ctte, which has a .8 now been con- kable ability for paper recently ominodations in adds greatly to c buildings and atholic Church, cently built for e cost, of brick of design and es, whero every syst*?m of long the country, 8 men, who, it egrityand fair- ntlemen of the whom it is not as in England, of the people. County Gaol, ban experience in seldom more id at the same g the principal '. Cliuiiey, the o. Cameron in situated close I procure very , and, what is h the utmost 1 and of brick, side, those of ;biu the town, ember for the Robertson on ithwards, the o CQ CC LU X CO < X o 4 2^ |j house of the mayor, J. G Eobortson, Esq. The Hon. A. T. Gait, tho Town member of Parliament and late Finance Minister of Canada, also resides in Sherbrooke, as well as Mr. Henneker, the Chief Commissioner of tho British American Land Company, the Hon. HoUis Smith, tho elected member for tho Welliagton district to the Upper House of tho Provincial Legislature, and the Hon. Mr. Justice Short. Sherbrooke is situated in abon" "^l^ 55' west longitude and 45° 23' north latitude. It would bo impracticable to furnish here a full description of each of tho numerous smaller towns and villages scattered through the Eastern. Townships. For the most part they are situated near to the rivers and small streams, so plentiful throughout the region, and there are very few indeed so placed as not to have, in addition to grist mills, structures with machinery erected for the purpose of applying, at least on a small scale, the abundant water-power. One universal characteristic strikes the eye of a visitor to the Town- ships. Every village has its church or other place of worship, its neat academy and school-house, and its one or two blacksmith's forges. The contiguous country is almost always beautiful and picturesque, and there is no greater treat to a lover of fine scenery than to drive along the roads leading from one village to another. In the county of Compton we may mention the villages of Lennoxville (more particularly described in the appended letters), Huntingville, Waterville, Compton, Eaton Corner, Cook- shire, Bury, and LingtvicTc. Huntingville, on the banks of the Salmon Eiver, is remarkable for its tannery and the long established and excellent grist and saw-mills, equipped, in the most perfect manner by their enterprising proprietor, Mr. Mallory. Further south, at Waterville, about five miles from Lennoxville, on the line of the railroad, rather extensive works, including Iron Foundry and various applications of machinery, have been established, chiefly through the influence and exertions of Charles Brooks, Esq., the Warden of the County and Mayor of the Township of Ascot. It has a magnificent back country and many highly cultivated farms adjacent. The village of Compton, which has about 300 inhabitants, about 16 miles distant from Lennoxville, 18 from Sherbrooke, and one mile from the line of railway, is the immediate centre of a district presenting evi- dences of great agricultural prosperity, and the surroundiB^ scenery is of the most beautiful description. The other villages named are in the eastern portion of tho county. Eaton Corner with about 250 inhabitants, is 13 miles from the line, and is a thriving place, with a dnily mail from the cities, and commu- nicating by stage with a great number of settlements in the adjacent townships. Cookshire, the counfcy town, is the residence of tho county member of Parliament, John Uem-y Pope, Esq., to whose enlightened and enterprising 41 1' ' •a * U I character and liberality this portion of the country, and, indeed, the Town- ehipa at largo, aro deeply indebted for the promotion of their agricultural and other interests. The place stands on a sito commanding one of thu most beautiful and extensive views in the province. Circuit Courts are held hero. It has communication daily with other neighbouring places and with the cities by stage to liennoxville and Sherbrooko, from which latter Cookshire is distant about 10 miles. Its population is from 250 to 300. liur)/, with a population of about 120, and Linywick, aro the most dis- tant villages in the county eastwards — the former 21 miles from Sherbrooke and the latter 30. The lands in their neighbourhood have attracted much attention during the last twenty years, and are thought to bo equal to any in the province, and to otter very favourable prospects to settlers with small capital. CoaticooJc, in the Township of Barnston, on the lino of the Grand Trunk Eailway, about 20 miles south of Lennoxvillo, is a very thriving village of three or four hundred inhabitants. It is on the river Coaticook, and in the vicinity of some of the principal rapids of that small river. As there is access to any amount of water-power, and the soil of the adjacent country is very rich, it is so favourably placed that it will probably become hereafter a large town. It is a port of entry, and several manufactures have been already established. The 8ro.;ll towns and villages in the Townships south of Compton aro numerous, and each is the centre of a fine farming district where the land is highly cultivated, and much attention given to the raising of the best breeds of live stock — horses, sheep, cattle, and pigs. Stamtead, close to the boundary line, has a population of about 1200. It is the residence of the late Provinciai Secretary, the Hon. T. L. Terrill, as also of the County Member, Albert Knight, Esq. It is the county town, and the Circuit Courts are held here. There are also the Provincial Bank, Library Asso- ciation, and Mechanics' Institute, the Academy, of high local repute, several branch Insurance Ollices, and good hotels, and almost every descrip- tion of business is carried on. In the same county are Uatlerj (two villages of this name, called East and West Hatley), the beautiful village of Oeorgeville and Magog at tho outlet of Lake Memphramagog. The scenery all across the country sur- rounding these last named places is such as to aftbrd the most lively satis- faction to all visitors. Near Ilalley it is diversified by the presence of a considerable lake, whoae margin consists, in part of bold hilly surface, and in part of cleared and richly cultivated land, further on towards tho south-west, Georgeville, stated to have about 300 inhabitants, ia placed on the east side of the Lake Memphramagog, much visited of late years by tourists. The lake id about 30 miles in length, and extends across the line into tho American territory. A small steamer plies on its surface during tho summer season, aifordiug, in the course of its daily run up and down tho 46 lake, a pndonpcd sucocHsion of views of what many pronounco to bo the most pi«;turcH(iuo and most roinatitioally beautiful sccnory in Canada. In her trip tlio little steamer always calls at " The Mountain House," which is 8iini)ly an inn on the west side, about midway down the lake, built at the foot of an emiuuiice called the "Owl's Head," rising abruptly from the water's edge to a height of about 2000 feet. Here, as well as at Ooorge- ville, whore there are two excellent hotels, many a visitor and tourist lingers awhile every season in enjoyment of one of the richest treats to be had anywhere throughout the province. Now that the passuge across the Atlantic is accomplished with such speed and facility, it is not too much to expect that summer tourists from the British Isles may ere long begin the practice of going over for the purpose of witnessing for tliemselves the novelty and the attractions of this whole section of country, and of viewing nature under one of its most charming aspects. Lake Memphramagog can be reached from the railroad station at Sherbrooko or Lennoxvillo in a journey of less than 20 miles, over good roads. At the village Magog, where the water of the lake issues and forms the river of that name, there is a vast amount of water-power available, and which has been already applied to a considerable extent in various manufactures. Its population is rated at about 250. Northwards of Sherbrooke, and in the counties of Eichmond and Drummond, are several thriving small towns and villages, among which wo may mention Richmond, Melbourne, Danville, Durham, and Drummond- ville, with i opulations of from 200 to 400. The most noted of these from their situation are Eichmond and Melbourne, which are virtually one town, whose parts are connected by a covered bridge over the St. Francis river. Eichmond occupies the right bank, and Melbourne the left, the united population of the two being between 700 and 800. As the Townships advance they are likely to become places of increasing importance, on account of the junction here of the Quebec, Portland, and Western branches of the Grand Trunk Eailway, and from being the seat of one of the leading Township educational institutions, St. Francis College. The Burroimding country is rich in attractions both of scenery and soil, and contains many fine farms. Drummondville is stated to kave about 400 inhabitants, and Danville 300, the latter being near to the line of railroad between Quebec and Eichmond. Durham is about eight miles below Melbourne, on the St. Francis, and has a population of about 220. Nearer to Sherbrooke are situated the rising settlements of Windsor and Bromp- ton Falls ; the latter remarkable for immense water-power and the great saw-mills established there, and conducted by Mr. Clarke the proprietor. These mills, being perhaps the most extensive of their kind in America, merit a more particular notice, and will be referred to further on. The village of Dudswell is 20 miles east of Sherbrooke, and contains about 120 inhabitants. The surrounding country is very hilly and pictu- resque. There are enormous deposits of limestone and the whole region id h iM rciniirkftblo both for tlio fiicilitios of procuring llio best (juality of lime nnil oji account of the prosonco of various valuable inincraln. Extremely beautiful varielios of iimrble arc found in the vicinity, and os tlicro is abundance of water-power it is believed that tho attention of capitaliata will bo engaged in cHtabliHliing works there on an cxtonsivo scale. It is also one of the best farniin;^ tracts in the TctwuHliipa. AVestwards of Slierhrooke are some of the oldest villages of tho Town- ships, ill the counties of ShrJ/'onl, lirome, and Misgistjuoi. Tho country in these directions possesses tho richest soils, and is everywhere well stocked with water-power and valuable minerals. The scenery throughout ia beautiful, and in many parts romantic. For a long time tho inhabitants liavo enjoyed the benefit of excellent roads, but more recently their com- nmuications with tho city of Montreol have been vastly improved by tho construction of a second township railroad, called " Tho Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Railroad," which is intended ultimately to connect with the terminus of tho Passumpsic road, passing through tho valley of the Con- necticut to Boston in tho United States. The principal villages on this line of railroad are Waterloo, Wcat Shi'Jford, and Oranby in the county of Sheflbrd, and West Farnhnin in Missisquoi. Waterloo is a place of about 250 inhabitants, baa a local newspaper, and a branch of the Eastern Townships Bank. West She/ford is 58 miles distant from Mimtreal, and is situated on the pretty river Yamaska, with about 200 inhabitants. It ia the resi- dence of the Hon. A. B. Foster, elected two years since a member of tho Upper House of the Provincial Parliament. Oranby in the same county, about 50 miles from Montreal, vid rail- road through St. John's, has between 400 and COO inhabitants. It also has a local newspaper, and various manufactures are carried on, and is a place which probably will become very important through its situation in a fine farming country contiguous to the railroad, and the existence of copper ores understood to lie in its vicinity. Froste Village, in Sheflbrd, is a smaller place, of 150 inhabitants. West Farnham, in Missisquoi Couuty, 35 miles from Montreal, has a population of about 800. Extensive saw-mills have been carried on hero for some time, and large quantities of sawn timber prepared and exported to the United States. Frelighsburgh, CowansvilU . StanbriJgc, and Dwnham, also in Missisquoi County, are considerable villa^r-s, f about 850 inhabitants in each. Philips- hitrg, in tho same county, li »(* a populatitm of 500, and is the residence of the Hon. Philip Moore, of tho Legislative Council. Stanbridge, in the township of that name and county of Missistjuoi, has about .'500 inhabitants, and is the centre of one of the wealthiest farming districts. The corporation of Fastern Townships Bank havo recently established a branch of their institution in tliis |)lace. In tho couuty of Bromo there arc the villages of Knowltorit Bromc, i \\ I luallly of lime a- Extremely »tl ni tlioro is of capitalists 3 Bcalo. It is ' of tho Town- iL' country in •0 woli stocked tliroughout ia 10 inhabitants tly tlieir com- )rove(l by tho toad, Shcfford, inoct with the y of tho Con- illugcs on this the county of 1 newspaper, 1 is situated t is tho resi- ember of tho eal, vid rail- its. It also ^n, and is a ituatiun in a existence of tants. ontreal, has carried on epared and IMissisquoi h. Philips. jsidenco of Vlissisquoi, wealthiest 'iank havo n, ISrome, 419 and Mamonville, with about 20() to 250 inhabitants each, Brome ia tho roHidonco of tho Hon. P. IT. Knuwlton, also a member of tho Logialntivo Council of Canada. fn adilitiim to the foregoing towns and villages, mentioned by narao as exiwting in tho EastiTn Towusliips, there aro niimerous smaller j)Iaccs and settlements springing up in dilleront parts, of which there does not seem to bo occasion hero to olfer any particular description. CHAPTER IV. CLIMATE 01' THE EASTEllN TOWNSniPS — AOBICULXrEE — MAWtlPACTUnTNO CAPADILITIE8. Wk havo already alluded to the long-prevailing misapprehensions respect- ing the climate of Canada in general. These make it difficult, in relation to any ono section of the province, to procure that amount of careful attention to the facts which is necessary to enable a mere reader to acquire for himself a rational knowledge of the subject. A person's previous experience of the climate of the British Isles, as indicated by numbers expressing the temperature, moiatnre, &c., is a very poor guide in this case, and few indeed of tho thousands who annually emigrate are either fitted to make correct deductions or willing to encounter the trouble this would involve. It may be added that the effects upon the feelings are usually not measurable by means of the nimierical statements. A damp winter, for example, in England, 'i «v, on the whole, produce more disagreeable sensations of cold (with a thermometer seldom descending to ten degrees below tho freezing jHnut limn those experienced by residents in Canada, who occasionally w .tness a temperature 40 or 50 degrees lower down in the scale. Under these circumstances, the writer, in presenting the following brief Summary of the Climate of the Eastern Townships, will confine himself chiefly to the statement of such facts as any i^eueral reader can found a judgment upon, without neglecting altogether :o furnish tho data required by those conversant with meteorology. The chief authority at present on meteorological matters in Canada East is i)r. Smallwood, whoso observatory is situated in tWo neighbourhood of Montreal. For ingenuity of device, fidelity of observation, and sagacity in generalising the results and deducing useful practical deductions, he is well known to scientific persons on both sides of the Atlantic. Ho was preceded in these pursuits by a gentlemaji who has long occupied a prominent II. 1 > ■ t'M Mt 48 pfisiHou in Lower Canadn.and who has boon styled by Professor Sraollwood himself the " Pioneer of Canadian Meteorology," now the Hon. Mr. Justice McCord, and the Chancellor of the University in the Eastern Townships. Other observers in different parts of the country have preserved records of tlie principal facts relating to temperature and the general state of the weather, some of which extend back more than thirty years. IVom printed reports for a series of years, kindly furnished by the above-mentioned authorities, the following small table has been prepared, shewing at a glance the conditions of mean pressure, temperature, and moisture for that part of Canada, both for the whole year and for each month : — Mean An- nual. 29.7 42" Jan. 29-7 1.3.^" 87 Feb. 29-7 17° 80 Mar. 29..5 26^° 83 Apr. 29-7 40° 81 May. 29.6 54i" June. 29 '7 C4» July. 29-7 71J° Aug. Sept Oct. 29-6 46" Nov. 29-8 32° Dec. Barometer (inches) . Thennonicter (Fahr.) 29-7 63i" 29-7 58" 29-6 Ifii" Uiuniility .... (Saturation, 100) 77 77 74 76 81 82 82 83 _^'ofe. — In a i-cccnt article on "Hardy Fruits in the International Exliibition," a writer in ihc Eagiish Gardiner's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette makes nse of tables of tem- perature (slightly differing from the above) for the vicinity of Montreal, deducing the conclusion " that abundance of fruits can be successfully gro^vn in Upper Canada ;" but, in fact, the deduction, so far as reference to tables of temperature is concerned, should have been made for Canada generally, including Eastern Sections, where, as is well known, most of the productions named arc found in perfection, especially apples, plums, cherries, and most of the smaller fniits grown in gardens, or met with in a wild state. In the "Colonization Circular," No. 21, issued in 1862 by Her Majesty's Emigration Commissioners, it is statcit at page 95 that the mean range of the thermometer, ^rom obser- vations taken for one year in Eastern Canada is 77i° for tliree summer months, and 11^" for the winter mouths. Not to dwell on the fact that the term mean range is here used in quite another sense than that intended by meteorologists, it is to be lamented that results for one year should ever be employed for such uses, as it not mifrequcntly haiijicns that the mean for one of the tliree months included is from 4° \k> 8" higher or lower than the mean for the same month in a scries of years. Thus, for July of last year (1861) tiic mean tem- perature was al)out 7° below the average ; and the December mean for 1859 was the lowest on record by about 5", Instead of 11" for the mean winter tcnipcratiire, as given in the Coloni/ation Circular, it would jn-ubably be nearer the mark to say 13° or 14°. Twenty years ago, as estimated by Judge McCord, the mean winter temperature was given at from 16" to 17°, and the summer mean at 67" — the one differing from the result in the Coloniza- tion Circular by .5" or 6°, the other by iijiwards of 10". Tlic year .selected for ilbistratioii of the climate of Canada must have been otherwi.sc remarkable and exceptional, for we read on the siune page that there were 309 fine days, an^ lor Smallwood I. Mr. Justice •n Townships, od records of state of the ished bj the 'en prepared, lerature, and md for each it'on," a writer tables of tcm- flcdiiciiig the ™da;"but,m ', should liavo 1 known, most > cherries, and 's Emigration "^iSrom ohaer- 'ts, and 11^0 > here used in tl that results >pcna that the lan tlic mean 'i« mean tem- as tlio lowest ffiven in the 4". Tnenty :'ven at from lio Coloniza- n otiierwisc 9 fine (lays, 1 diftl-r very employed 'se as yot r bo con- .^ff!. ■*:''-^^ -^^^^^^^AZJ^ i '♦ 40 There are about 150 fine clear days annually, and from 90 to 100 more upon which we should call the weather fair. During some years (as in 1861, an exceptional year, in this respect,) it has rained on upwards of 100 days ; but in general, and including the continuously rainy, showery, aad foygy days, as well as those upon which mow falls, the average number scarcely exceeds 100. About 41 inches of water falls in the form of rain, and 1.1 inches more in that of snow, making a total of about 52 inches. Tiie amount of evaporation (allowing 20 inches and 10 inches respectively for summer and winter) is about 30 inches each year. Taking one year witli another the direction of the wind is westerly for more than five months, but seldom blows from that quarter continuously above three days at a time. Thunder-storms occur from 12 to 15 times a year, and do not last long. Whereas in England not more than from 40 to 50 nights a year are understood to be suited for astronomical observations, this species of work can be prosecuted in the Townships on at least 120 nights. Occasional severe cold is experienced in the months of December, January, February, and March ; but when the temperature is lowest the air is usually clear, as well as conducive to good health and spirits. A moderately low temperature, accompanied with wind, is far less grateful to the feelings than those beautiful bright days for which the climate of Eastern Canada is celebrated, but upon which, judging by the thermometer alone, an ^^^uropean might be led to imagine the weather intolerably cold. Winter . ' said to set in generally about the latter part of November, common i;: v.'th a snow-storm and an easterly wind. The fall of snow is from seven to eight feet for the whole winter, which has usually disappeared from tlio clearings by the second week in April. It is not uncommon, however, to find the snow later in coming, and the weather not x;nfit for out-doors farming operations, such as ploughing, &c., up to the close of November. Sometimes the ordinary gardening processes may be begun in tlie first week of April. As a matter of clioice, however, the inhabitants would on the whole welcome the access of snow at any early period after tlio 15th of November, and its disappearance about the same date in April. In distant parts of AYestern Canada, where the winter season is a few days later in coumiencing and where it is said not to linger so long by perhaps 10 or 12 days, the advantage is not near so great as might be supposed, (M\iug to the greater exposure of vegetation to frosts and the impassable character of their spring roads. The statements of mtan temperature, whether for summer or winter, do not however furnish adequate means of reali^sing either the intensity of the cold or the absolute heat occasionally experienced in the Townships. For example, although the means for January and February are stated respectively at 13 i° and 17°, yet once or twice during each winter, gene- rally in tlie night shortly before sunrise, the thermometer sinks as Ic ..' as 25° or 30" below zero, and even lower sometimes. Again, in the height of Huiumcr a temperature of 95" to 100° is occasionally registered, occurring n I I 50 ■usiiftlly iu July, p.iiil for a short period, at about two or three o'clock p.m. Such incidents of low and high temperature occivaion no particular incon- veuionoe, and Iroquontly p>r;3 unnoticed except by those who are in tho habit of registering raetoorological phenomena. Their occasional occur- rence is anticipated, and all possible evil consequences provided against in the common modes ot building and securing beforehand adequnte means of warmth in winter and cool currents of air in summer. In fact, throughout the Eastern Townships, the bodily comfort of the inhabitants generally during the winter season greatly exceeds that of the residents in most houses in plnigland, because fuel is abundant and cheap food plentiful, and the other )caution3 requisite for protection from cold simple and of easy application. The occasions of intense colJ customarily occur early after snow-storms, and are immediately followed by mild weather. A great many persons declare their preference of the winter to the summer season. From about the latter part of August the weather in the Townships is exceedingly pleasant, and it is doubtful whether, in this respect, the climate of any country in the world is u.ore agreeable. Towards October the pcenery of the country becomea peculiarly attrac- tive, owing to the gradual changes of colour in the foliage which then present themselves. Wherever there are trees in view, the leaves are seen to be tinted With various hues of colour. Patches of wood, scattered over the surface, and especially extended masses of forest-trees viewed from any eminence, offer to the eye a very gorgeous spectacle, which, for brightness of colour, variety, and tho charming aspect of the whole scene, would inspire disbelief if it were ever so truthfully delineated by the painter's art alone. Some of the most pleasant weather of the whole year often occurs just before the winter sets in, and at that period commonly desig- nated the " Indian summer." This is accompanied with a peculiar hazy appearance skirting the distant horizon. The soft, balmy character of the air then resembles that of tho real summer, as if it were, indeed, lingering on and trespassing on the confines of advanced autumn. In the Eastern Townships there is very little v? that damp, foggy weather so well known to the inhabitants of London and other parts of England in November, when, as is alleged, the Londoners frequently and it so dark at eight or nine o'clock in the morning that they peed artificial light to breakfast by. As respects salubrity and general suitableness for agricultural purposes, the climate of tho Townships is probably superior to that of any other part of Canada. In page 95 of the " Colonization Circular," already referred to, it ia stated:— " The climate of Canada East, like that of the Lower Provinces, is unquestionably the most healthy in North America. Disease is unknown among the usual population, except that caused by inequality of diet or imprudent exposure to atmospheric changes. The dryness of the air is shewn by the roofs of houtes covered with tin remaining so long bright, and by a charge of gunpowder remaining for weeks uncaked in a gun. ... If the real excellence of a climate depends upon the earth yi( coi tlu Th frii ree o'clock p.m. irticular incon- vlio are in tho casional occur- icied against in jujfte meang of let, throughout anta generally dents in most plentiful, and le and of easy Bur early after ler. A great immer season. Townships is Jt, the climate iiliarly attrae- 1 then present ire seen to be ered over the ed from any or brightness scene, would the painter's leyear oftea monly design peculiar hazy racter of the ed, lingering tho Eastern ell known to mber, when, ;ght or nine st by. 'al purposes, 5^ other part idy referred tho Lower a. Disease 7 inequality dryness of ing 80 long caked in a 1 the eai'th yielding in perfection and abundance the necessaries of life, or those which constitute tlie principal articles of food for man and the domestic animals, then Canada East may compare favourably with any part of the world. Tho steadine ^ and the uniformity of the summer heat causes all grains and fruits to ma ure well and witli certainty." In proof that the climate of the Townships is healthful and conducive to longevity, it would be a good test to examine the census returns. Un- fortunately, the whole of the census report for 1861 is not yet published. We can, however, in this instance, partially illustrate the matter by means of the returns for the year 1851. In those of the Townships which were included in six courties as then constituted, and which had a population of dL275, there were returned 2792 persons between 60 and 70 years of oge, 1074 between 70 and 80, 327 between 80 and 90, 40 between 90 and 100, with 7 who had survived their hundredth birthday. This state- ment exhibits a fair proportion to the whole number of people that of tho v^ed. A more extended examination of those returns furnishes similar favourable results as respects the mortality at the various periods of life> and especially in the case of children under five years. The people of the Eastern Townships are entirely exempt from ague — that terrible scourge which is so prevalent through all the western districts of North American settlement. It is difficult to approach any discussion of the agricultural capabilities of the Eastern Townships without incurring a risk of seeming to advocate the claims of one section of Canada at the expense of another. This the writer desires by all means to avoid, as being both unpatriotic, and, in its tendency, injurious to the general interests of the country. As in England, France and Belgium, so in Canada, different sections vary in a greater or loss degree. Some rich alluvial tracts in all extensive regions are pre- eminently fitted for the cultivation of the more important cereals — such as wheat— with tiic attendant disadvantage of being less healthy as the seat of a numerous population. Others isurpass in aptitude foi* the coarser grains and root crops— as oats, barley, potatoes, turnips, and the grasses required for tho profitable raising of cattle, sheep, and horses. In a country where labour is dear, as in Canada, it is plain that the agriculturist best consults his interest in applying himself to the cultivation of those articles which yield the greatest profit in proportion to his expenses for work. Now it iiappens, that while many of the farmers in the Townships do grow wheat of excellent quality — enough to supply their own wants — they find it more advantageous to attend to the rearing of sheep, cattle, and horses, and the cultivation of grass and the common grains, than to the growing of wheat on an extensive scale. It is, in fact, cheaper for them to allow their section to be supplied with flour from Western Canada than to raise this article themselves in sufficient abundance for the wants of the whole population of Canada East. Thus it happens that Canada East generally is less disti.-iguished than I!anada West as a wheat-growing D li 08 t 'H ■ I n country. IJufc the grass is bottor, as well ns most of the ordinary root cioiia and ruiirsor u;riiiii8. The testimony of competent j)ractical judges who liavo paid great atti'iition to this matter, and whoao veracity cannot be impeached, goes to prove that the Eastern Townships are unsurpassed, if equalled, by any otiior tract in Canada for the purposes of sheep, dairy, and grazing farms. Tu *hc ti\-vrix to the mining the discovery of ships of Upion, Sutton, Chester, aterial are dis- bition, of which ' reward. It is ence of similar we reflect that copper were so -p<»rt could not pate that these ire situated for and contribute 'nte for roofing 'omic iron, and ese materials exhibitors in pection of the 'I i ih ' 55 Catalogue for Ciinada East will shew that in upwards of forty inttaneei the mineral productB on exhibition wpre from the Eastern Townships. If the Townships were a poor bleak region, unprovided with water-power, and abundance of timber, limestone, clay, and other building materials, and not bluHued with good soil and agricultural fucilities, even in that case their very favourable position, with the possession of bo much mineral wealth, might be expected to render them a most profitable field for the employment of capital. It must not bo understood that the Jurors on minerals based their decisions solely or even principally upon the quality of the objects exhibited. They included in their judgments the force and skill which had been employed in the processes of mining and quarrying. Hence those parties in the Townships whose objects on exhibition were not rewarded, or which gained only the second class of awards, havo no occasion to feel discouraged at the result ; for, aa is well known, the mining opera- tions of individuals, or of infant companies embarking on a small scale in undertakings of an exploratory or preliminary character, are not usually 80 diatiuguished in those respects as the workmanship of an established and wealthy co-partuery. CHAPTER V. INSTITUTIONS OF THE EASTERN TOWNSHIPS — RAILAVAl'S — EASTEllN TOVTN- SlIU'S' HANK — UKITISU AMEEIOAN LAND COMVANT — EDUCATION — UNlVEnSITY, COLLEOEa AND SCHOOF.S— TUE PUESS — EELIGIOUS, SOCIAL, AND POSTAL MATTEE8 — AOEICULTUKAL SOCIETIES — LOCAL SOCIETIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. It is impossible here to offiT "i.^ij than a brief uotice of the Institu- tions of the Eastern Townships. Those which have exercised, or which promise to exercise, the greatest influence upon their general progress, including i/hoso which afford the best means of realizing a judgment upon the state of the country and people, will occupy our chief attention. Railways. — Eailway communication has akeady become familiar by daily experience, lor the Township community participate to the full in the advantages alVorded by the most gigantic railway line in the world — now called the Grand Truuk Eailway of Canada. Its entire course, more than a thousand miles in length, is indicated on the appended map.* From Sarnia, on Lake Huron, it passes through several cities of the Upper ♦ For the use of this map the writer is indebted to the Secretary of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, Jolui M. Grmit, Esq., whose ability and most obliging co\irtesy are known to all who have information to seek or business to transact at their Loudon Office, ai, Old Broad-street. 'I''l M ! ^1 88 Province, aud ronclies the commercial metropolirt of f'lumdn, Muntrenl, whence, after crossiuK the River St. Lawrence hy the Vietorin Bi'i(l>j;e, i diverges towards Melbourne and liichmond in tiie heart of the KnRtern Townships. At Kitliinond it divides into two main brunches, one h'adinp; eastwards to Quebec, and furtluT on to its present tcsrmination at Hiviero du Loup, below that city and on the Houth shore of the St. Lawrence ; tho other M)iifliwnrd8 through Sherbrooke, Lninoxville, Wafervilfc, and Coaii- cooke, towards hland Fond and its ocean terminus at tho city of Portland in tho United States. Both in tho west from Detroit beyond Sarnia, and in the east at Portland, as well as at important stations along the line, connections Lave been perfected with other lines of travel leading to all the i»riueipal places on the continent. The completed Grand Trunk routo is marked red on the map, and dotted lines shew tho course of tho proposed Intercolonial Kailroad for e,xteniling tho communication on British territory through New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to the sea at Halifax. When this great Canadian Kailway was projected, and until after some progress had been made in its construction, it was very doubtful whether the territory inhabited by the people of the Eastern Townships would ever be traversed by any portion of the line. Without ignoring the valuable services of others, we may be permitted to say that this result is to bo ascribed chiefly to the exertions of a few of the principal residents, whoso names will on that account be long held in grateful remembrance by the people. The late aamiiil Brooks, and the ILm. A. T. Gait, then Chief Commissioner of the British American Land Company, were most pro- minent in their influential efl()rts, and foreseeing, at an early perit)d, tho immense importance of the occasion to the lasting interests of their section, were successful in enlisting general support and in securing tho route to Portland. Like all other great public undertakings, the Grank Trunk Railway scheme has, from time to time, been the subject of much controversy, chiefly on account of the vast expense incurred in tho construction and putting into operation. With these controversies we have here per- haps no other concern than to express an earnest liope that all who have borne a share of the outlay, and taken a part in tho execution of so vast a project, may reap the just reward of their enterprise. INIaking duo allowance for the magnitude and variety of the interests involved — for partizan and sectional feelings on the one hand, and on tho other for timidity, interested misrepresentations, and the difliculties necessarily en- countered in endeavours to foster extensive traffic in a new country — there is no dispassionate person who would not say that the Grand Trunk Com- pany are entitled to the gratitude of tlio people of Canada, and to all the support and as^istance which can be lawfully given by tiio Legislature. So far as the people of Canada are concerned, it may be stated that, notw iihstaudiiig its enurmous cost, this railroad was u neceDsary t^u])plc- { . nient to the other ^reat nnd oxjienHive puhlic works of tho country, the vahio of which woulil linvo b»um in a great meaBuro sacriHcod if tho rail- way Hchenio had fulled of accoiuplidhtiiont. As rcBpects tho Eastorri TowiiBhips, its construction gave an impulse to progress which lias never Hu:,'ged since. It has conferred ou real estate generally an additional value of at least twenty-Jive per cent. Property of various kinds, which could scarcely bo parted with at any price, has become saleable. Tho access aflbrded both to tho leading Canadian markets and to those of the world at large, stimulates activity oven in the remote back settlements, and makes tho ])eopIo fuel that they are no longer separated by impassable natural obstacles from commercial and social intercourse with the rest of mankind. Those wh') knew tho Townships twenty years ago will concur in ad- mitting that tho Itailroad has essentially assisted in advancing them to their present stage of progress. It has given life and breath to many a useful local enterprise, of which, in tho absence of the facilities affo ' led by it, the execution would have been impossible. At this day it is an affair of but a few hours to arrive in the centre of tho Townships whether from tho sea- coast at Portland or from tho St. Lawrence at Quebec and Montr al. Letters and newspapers are brought daily, and even twice a day, to all tne principal localities — and it is not too much to say, in behalf of tho manner in which those services are performed and of tho travelling facilities generally, that the people of the Eastern Townships enjoy the benetits of safety, per : . cl comfort, economy, and punctuality, in their railroad communication' , in o^ higher degree than is the case throughout the greater part of England. Strangers visiting England after travelling in Canada are usually surprised by facts of this nature, and especially at finding almost everywhere the want of punctuality and high charges on tho express routes which extend to any distance from London. One particular advantage for which the Eastern Townships are indebted to the organization and proceedings of the Grand Trunk Company merits special mention. The Company, through the willing and courteous explanations of its officials, published documents, pamphlets, maps, and various other means, has been instrumental in bringing prominently forv!'?" d ato notice the resources and capabilities of this part of Canada, li is not, as some have unreasonably imagined, the interest of the Company to carry the emigrant to the western boundary of Canada .u purpose that he may become a settler in tho territory of the neiphlouring republic. On the contrary, every such passenger, transported beyond the confines of the Province, is, as it were, lost to the Company, while every settler retained in Canada is of some prospective value. Instead of being parted with as a customer of the road, probably for ever, he is likely, as a Canadian, to con- tribute to its future business in some proportion to his own prosperity. In fact, it must be t'nious that the Grand Trunk Company is most deeply 58 fir - 1 I I •111 1 ! 'I t t )l interested in promoting the development of resources and the increase of population in all parts of the country through which their line passes. Through the numerous publications adverted to above, all the more important sections are made known and kept in view, and in this way the Eastern Townships are, as it were, advertised to an extent which under any other circumstances would seem to be impracticable. There is a second line, coi'uecting the Eastern Townships with Montreal, called the " Sianstead, Shefford, and Chamhly Hallway" com- pleted as far as the village of Waterloo, about 30 miles distant from Sherbrooke. On referring to the map of the Townships it will be seen to pass from Montreal towards St. John's on the Eichelieu, and thence through the Townships of FarnJiam, Granby, and Sliefford. Eventually it will be extended through other Townships towards Lake Memphramagog, and further on into the States to connect with thejPassumpsic Line of BaUway leading to Boston. It is understood that a branch will be con- structed so as to join this second line with the Grand Trunk. The advantages of the Stanstead, ShefTord, and Cliambly Eailway are already sensibly felt by the inhabitants, especially by those who occupy the section west of Sherbrooke. The country through which it passes has alreiidy been described as exceedingly fertile and abounding in romantic scenery — and one of the benefits to be expected from this road is the opening up of access to enormous stores of mineral wealth which have hitherto lain dormant. For this valuable addition to the progress of the Eastern Townships the country is indebted chiefly to the forethought and exertions of A. B. Foster, Esq., of ShefTord. The Eastern Townships Hank. — Th"s Institution was chartered by the Provincial Parliament in 1856 ; its capital stock is 100,000 dollars, in 8000 shares of 50 dollars each. Tlie necessity for its establishment has grown out of the ordinary legitimate business wants of the country, aud it is a noticeable fact that it has been put into most successful operation by means of capital raised among the Township people themselves. It pays dividends equal to those of the most prosperous and oldest established banking corporations in the Province. But there is this important difference between tliose more wealthy establishments and the Eastern Townships Bank, that the latter docs not depend for its security upon having a comparatively small i.nniber of wealthy stockliolders, or upon outside institutions not vitally interested in the welfare of tie country forming the scene of operation. The character of the Bank will be best appreliended from the following passages quoted fr'^m a notice appended to its printed By-Laws. " Up to " the date of the organization of the Bank this section of country was " entirely dependent on the City of JMontreal and United States Banks " located on the frontier, for all Banking accommodations, and was conse- " quently always liable to be hampered by the necessity those Banks were " under of regulating their action by the frequent iluctuatiojis of business 59 " in their several localities Aa inspection of the Stock Books " will shew the wide extent of the Subscriptions scattered over the whole " of the Eastern Townships and comprising all classes of the community, " including merchants, raechanics, farmers, professional and business men " of all kinds. It would perhaps have been easier for the promoters " to have raised the capital required from a few wealthy individuals, but " the object in view was both to benefit the country and to provide at the " same time a safeguard against any speculative action on the part of " the Bank itself, by creating a wide-spread and deep interest in its well- " being among the people themselves. When so large a proprietary exists, " most of them desiring accommodations for carrying on their business, it " is reasonable to expect that great advances to a few will not be tolerated. " In fact, the safer business of accommodation in small amounts to the •' many is the rule." The head-quarters of the Bank are at Sherbrooke, and branches have been established by the directors at Waterloo, Stanstead, and Stanbridge. Conformably to the Charter, the whole capital must be paid up by September, 1864. Including those cases in which subscribers have paid their whole subscriptions, the capital paid in, up to April 30th, 1862, amounted to 227,698 dollars, and the accounts shewed 10D,546 dollars under the head of deposits. Business was not actually commenced before September, 1859, when the organization was finally completed, and since which period five semi- annual dividends have been paid -the first three at the rate of 6, and the last two at 8, per cent, per annum on paid up stock. Since the breaking out of the civil war in the United States, there has been a partial cessation of several kinds of foreign business hitherto profitable to the Townships, while the Directors of the Bank have felt obliged to avoid all dealings which might cause them loss through the depreciated condition of the American currency. The amounts of the dividends just stated are, therefore, indicative both of the correct principles upon which the proceeding'?' ut' liiis institution are regulated and of the prudence and success wilh which the Directors have carried them out. The President of the Bank is Benjamin Pomroy, Esq., of Comptcn ; and the Directors associated with him are all gentlemen occupying prominent posi- tions in tlie Townships, and deeply interested themselves in the prosperity of the countrv. It should be mentioned here, that the laws of the Province make the most ample provision to guard the country at large from many evils which have been found to infect Banking operations elsewhere. Canadian Chartered Banks are not allowed to commence business before furnishing proof that a certain fixed proportion of the subscribed capital has been actually paid in. Securities are required to be deposited with the Inspector General of the Province, and reports, accompanied by satisfactory vouchers, muat be rendered periodically, Bhowing the precise state of their affiiirs and i I !V!1 - ' 60 published by authority, and their issues of notes or bank bills are prescribed by law in such manner that the amount in circulation shall not exceed certain limits — the general principle followed being to secure the com- munity from inability on the part of the Banks to redeem their obliga- tions on demand. Depositors and other creditors of a Bank are furtlier secured by a provision of the law making the stockholders responsible in their private capacities in the event of the assets of the corporation being deemed insufficient to liquidate its liabilities. The responsibility referred to is, for each stockholder, the amount of the shares held by him ; or, sometimes, as is the case with the Eastern Townships Bank, it extends to double that amount. Moreover, special clauses in the Charter prescribe limits to the amount of indebtedness that may lawfully be incurred, with penalty for excess, requiring also that statements of affairs be made monthly and published. No person can be a Director without being a British sub- ject, seven years a resident in Canada, and the owner of at least twenty shares of the stock. To prevent possible embezzlement of the funds of the bank by officials, that offence is adjudged to be felony, punishable, under the Act, by imprisonment extending, according to circumstances, from two years in any jail to seven years in the penitentiary. The Chartered Banks of Canada have thus been placed on so secure a footing, and their general management has been characterized by so much prudence and success, that the whole system lias been pronounced admirable by all competent judges who have taken the trouble to acquaint themselves with the matter. In the case of the Eastern Townships Bank, whicli is also the Govern- ment Bank of Deposit for all public offices soutli of the St. Lawrence — failure appears to be well nigh impossible as regards all the legitimate purposes of hanking. The writer has been the more desirous to state the particulars of this local institution, because it not unfrequently happens that persons emigra- ting from the British Isles to the Townships, or sending remittances, in ignorance of its existence, place their funds so that they can be drawn only through some distant banking house, located, perhaps, in Toronto, or some other town in Upper Canada. This is not only altogether unneces- sary, but is attended with expense, delay, and other inconvenience.* It should also be mentioned that, whether in the form of shares in the capital stock, or of deposit on interest, moiuv, which is invested at the customary ii • Persons liavinj; occiision to remit money from Grejit Britiiin. to lie received in the Eastern Townships, should cause it to he paisrs. lilyn, Mills and Co. Ix)mharil Street, London, with the direction that it is to pass to " The Kastcrn Tomi- ships Bank, Sherhrookc, Canada Ka.e paid to the parties entitled to receive it. In the ease of jiurchasin}? shares in the Bank stock, the process would Ih) Eiuiilur, accomi-anied with the requibite iuslructionB to the casliier. 61 low rates in the Old Country, for the benefit of rcaidenta in the Townships, can now be aa sec. "^ly lodged there, ou the spot, and becomes productive of much greater Te\ uue to the recipients. With a Bank of their own under the vigilant control of the resident stockholders, and the management of responsible Directors nominated by themselves", it would bo difficult to overrate the advantage of this very useful institution, whether we consider its subserviency to the general interests of the section, or its convenience in the above named particulars to those who have occasionally to trousact money business with correspondents in distant countries. Up to a recent period, and during the earlier history of the Townships, banking facilities were afforded by an Agency, or Branch Bank, maintained in Sherbrooke by the City Bank of Montreal. It is believed that this establishment, so far as it could safely spare any portion of its moderate capital from requiremeuts in the city, accorded all reasonable accommoda- tion to the pecuniary wants of the community in and around Sherbrooke. Its connection with the Townships has not altogether ceased, since the Agency is still kept open for most kinds of money business, while its head office in Montreal acts as the city correspondent of the Eastern Town- ships Bank. The British American Land Company. — The interests of the Eastern Townships have now for thirty years been so intimately associated with the proceedings of this Companv and their employes in Canada, that no account of the condition and progress of this section of country could be made intelligible without setting forth in some detail the nature of their opera- tions. In this connection the writer feels called upon to premise that he is entirely unbiassed by those partizan political feelings which in Canada are so frequently permitted to affect a judgment upon the actions of incorporated bodies. It is well known that sentiments unfavourable to corporations are often loosely expressed by people who take no trouble to think for themselves, and who, unacquainted with the real facts, accept, as such, the exaggerations and partial statements that sometimes find a hearing even in the Provincial Parliament. However much such a state of things is to be regretted — the necessary incidental accompaniment possibly, of the pioneering days of a youthful people endeavouring to work out for themselves tlie destinies of self-government — there does exist a certain amount of touchiness on those subjects, which, whenever it is worked upon, has the harmful effect of strengthening prejudices, and of preventing those who may be under its influence from judging fairly about matters in which tlieir own interests are concerned. Fortunately for the Townships, however, prejudices of that nature have not been able to prevent them from deriving very great advantages from their connection with the British American Land Company, although this body has not been exempt from occasional attacks growing out of and founded upon those feelings. Tiie Company, in England, is represented by a Court of Directors, con- 62 Bisting of a Governor, Deputy Governor, and ten other gentlemen, who, with duly appointed auditors, a Solicitor, and a Secretary, hold their business meetings in Loudon.* In Canada, tlieir afluirs are conducted by a Commissioner, whose head-quarters are established in the town of Sher- brooke, and who presides over tiie duties of a numerous staff t;f officers and agents required in the management of tiie local business. In the selection of tlioir Commiasioners the Company have been singu- larly fortunate, and indirectly instrumental in benefiting the province at large. Some years ago the office was filled by Mr. Oalt. In his case, the Township people themselves subsequently endorsed the choice by electing him to represent Sherbrooke in Parli .ment, a position which be has continued, in virtue of successive elections, to hold to this day ; and, it may be added, the whole of Canada has in some sense expressed a concurrence and appreciation of the value of his services by his aclvaucement to the post of Finance Minister in the Government. The successor of Mr. Gait, and the present Commissioner of the Company, is Mr. Ilonneker, who took up his residence in Sherbrooke some years ago. The active countenance which this gentleman has given to all measures for promoting progress, his business tact — so valuable in local matters — the fairness which characterizes his dealings with the people who have transactions with the Company, as well as his kindly intercourse with all, and his high social qualifications, have rendered him an ohiect of universal esteem in the Townships. A Company which has virtually given to the service of the colony two such men would be, on that account alone, entitled to grateful consideration. In the great work of colonieiiig and settling the territory of the Town- ships, the Company have necessarily exercised a very strong influen< • -n consequence of being so large a proprietor, and because this description of proprietary is una'companied by the disadvantas^'es of absenteeism. For the wild lands held, and for their property generally, it pays tlie legal taxes, and bears its share iu the construction of the roads, bridges, &e., requisite to the opening up of new settlemeni , The lands possessed are not all iu one block, but distributed through various distinct townships, in which every sale that occurs under its auspices, and every improvement eff'cted, confer additional value upon adjacent properties. Immense opi)ortunities of water-power are owned by the Company at Sherbrooke, and lower down the St. Francis on the opposite bank to Clarke's Mills, an;l in a great many other localities. In the application of this, more particularly at Sherbrooke, mills and other works have been erected at the Company's expense. These are placed by lease at the disposal of manuiacturcrs and persons willing to carry them on upon equitable terms. In many instances all the capital * Ofticcs, 35i, Nfw Broad Stn>c't. 68 required for startiug lias been furnished by the Company, who, through their Commissioner and agents, assist in every way that can be reasonably expected, botli as regards the prosecution of manufactures, maintenance in a state of repair and in rebuilding, and in rendering as email as possible losses which occur through fire and unavoidable accident. The Company have, in fact, virtually founded the town of Shorbrooke, the principal sources of its increase in wealth and population being the natural results of their own business or consequences of proceedings for developing the general resources of the section in which they have always taken a conspi- cuous part. In contributing to bring the railroad through that part of Canada, in promoting the establishment of the Eastern Townships Bank, and in various smaller undertakings of local im^iortanco, the Company has done that at the proper time and in the proper manner, which, if then omitted, wov'.d have left the Townships in a very much more backward condition than the" have now reached. In the sale of their lands, " the terms vary according to circumstances — the principal object being to secure an industrious and thrifty class of Settlers. " A email payment at the time of sale is usually demanded to insure that the application is made in good faith ; and time is given for the pay- ment of the balance of the purchase-money, " The price of Land varies from Ten Shillings to Twenty Shillings per acre, but the average price of good Farming Land is about Twelve Shillings and Sixpence per acre. "Improved Farms, with Buildings complete, may be purchased in any part of the E-astern Townships, at from £200 to £750 for a lot of 200 acres. " Town Lots, in Sherbrooke Tov, u, for trade or manufacturing pur- poses, may be obtained at from £?/0 to £50 per quarter-acre building lots, or rented, with water-power for manufacturing purposes." The terms of the Company for water-power are very mucii more favour- able to the lessee than those customarily afforded throughout Blassachusetts and in New England. The foregoing statement about the British American Land Company, as a Township Institution, would be essentially defective if the writer neglected to refer to its co-operation, through its officials, in all efforts for advancing the educational, social, and religious welfare of the inhabitants. The Commissioner is a trustee of the local university, and exercises a most useful influence upon its counsels. Asbistance in money and donations cf land have been contributed by the Company in order to promote religious worship in the settlements. The officers of the Company and their families add in a considerable degree, by their mere presence, to the social attrac- i\ G4 1 ; il i tionfi of the neighbourhood, rendering it an object to new settlers having families to lot r.to themsciveB within vrsch of intercourse with them. They are all gentlemen of intellectual character, and much respected in the community. The important office of Mayor of Sherbrooke is now filled by J. G. Robertson, Esq., who presented the Address on behalf of the Town on the occasion of the Prince of Wales' visit, nnd was formerly for many years one of the principal offcv^rs of the British American Land Company We shall now turn our attention to those institutions which are more expressly intended to promote intellectual, moral, and social progrtus. Without these, it is scarcely necessi ry to eny, no country, howewT bountJ- fullv endowed with natural resources, can bo held to lo in (he po.'^^essiou of the e&sential requirements to happiness needfd most by those whi», leaving behind them the civilization cf Great Biitain, ^o to osluh'LJi homes in the colonies. I!ducal:on.~ln order to form an idea of thr state acd prospc»;fs of education in fm- Eastern Townships, it is necessary, in the first plfvce, to say a few wo 'ds about tiie lnw8 of the Province framed in that beLalf. The State placoa opp. lii-nitiii^ of cducniion within the reach of every child. Whether the opportuioticB ly.' muoe uao of or not, taxes are required to bo paid for educational pur^x; ■.;•. by all parents and owners of property. The public schools, moro parti' ularly the subject of Legislative enactment, are classified In three grndes, — Priviary, or Common Schools; Model Schools; and Academies, or Grammar Schools — in which the instruction given rises iiy gradation from t'.o most eletnentary up to the higher branches, for the furf.bor prosecution of which recourse must be had to colleges tnd uni- versi;i(3, whicli latter grades in Eastern Canada, are included under the name oC Superior Schools. The municipalities are divided into two or moro School Bi.^ filets, in each of which school-buildings must be erected and n)aintained, ;ind in eacli municipality five School Commisnioners are elected to form a corporation, to hold office for three years, and to execute various duties imposed on them by law. The duties include all objects appertain- ing to ii>e management and disposial of property applicable in their districts to public education, the appointment and removal of schoolmasters and schoolmistresses, the regulation of course of study and fees, tiie raising of money from assessment and other sources, with power to prosecute persons who may neglect to pay their lawful portion of school rates. \n conjunction with the foregoing provisions, Hoards of Examiners aro established, whose members are nominated by the Governor General with a jurisdiction extending, in tiie case of each Board, over the school districts contained in several counties, for the purpose of certifying the qualifications of teachers, who must hold diplomas from ^hesc Boards before appointment f ! :^l I ill \M I I 1 nil li I. Ill' :m th( to office by tlio School Commissiouers. Tho regulations under which tho Board of Examiners act, aro prescribed by the Council of Public Inatruc. Hon, whoso proviaious in that behalf, and in regard to the text books to be used in tho schools, become law, after receiving the approval of His Excel- lency the Governor General. Every candidate for the office of teacher must be provided with certi- ficates of ago and of good moral character — the latter to be signed by the minister of his or her own faith, and by school commissicit' ra of tho district lived in during the previous six months. For tho due execution of tho various provisions of the Educational Laws, there is a Superintendent of Education, appointed by the Governor General. The superintendent, who has a seat in the Council of Public Instruction, receives the reports required periodically from school commis- sioners and boards of examiners, and prepares annually a statement exhibit- ing the condition and progress of education throughout the country. Ho also receives and distributes, under tho sanction of tho Governor, the public funds allotted for educational purposes. It would require a largo volume to present in detail an account of the scheme of education as established by law for the benefit of the present and future inhabitants of Canada East. In this section of the Province very great progress has been i ado in all essential particulars. Under the auspices of tho present Superintendent of Education for Canada East, the Hon. P. O. Chauveau, who has now been in office a number of years suf- ficient to test the applicability of the laws to the wants of the people, tho advancement has been, proportionally to circumstances, considerably more rapid than in the western section of the Province It is due to that gentle- man to say, that those who have watched the course of things during liis administration, including persons of a diil'eront religious creed from his own, are agreed in ascribing to his tact, enlightened views, and other admirable qualifications for office, the largest sliare of credit for success attained. Indeed, many of those who were at first quite opposed to the introduction of existing modifications and amendments: upon the older educational laws, have quite changed in their sentiments on witnessing the ability and impar- tiality with which the duties of liis important office have been discharged. It is perhaps well to mention that the educational scheme embraces the niaiutciiance of three Xorvtal schools for instructing and training teachers who are made to prosecute a course having special reference to the duties of their profession. In about fifty of the Eastern Townships, those most settled and occu- pied by English spealdng and Protestant inhabitants, the latest published statements of the Superintendent report upwards of .'')00 Educational E a Institutiona of all kiiula, attended by about 20,000 pupilu. Amongst these are included 1 univer$ity and 2 collri/t^s, attended by upwards of 300, together with 22 academies having more than 2000 pupilH, and, of primary and model nchoola about 400, with about 15,0(X) Bcholarw. The afiulouiies and other schools of the Townships are included in two large districts, in each of which an Inspector, acting; under the authority uf the Super- intendent, is constantly employed. The duties of the iuspeetiM's are very onerous, requiring for their discharge the sei vices of gcutlemen ol" a very hi;»h order of ability. Jn their intercourse with the School Conimiaaioners and Board of Examiners and for visiting the various sclioolt* under their local supervision, they nmst possess a r labours. In some of tho public schools, especially in some of the acudcinirx, tho opportunities, both as to mode of teaching and npi)liances, and aa regards extent of knowledge to be gained, aro very superior. For tho most part, however, they ai-o limited to tho moro conmion, useful, and elementary branches of instruction, the provisions of tho law contemplating chiefly what is necessary or indispensable in tho way of gen(;ral education. The terms College and Classical Col I r(/ea, aa respects Lower Canada, are usually applied to those institutions which, on a higher footing than the academies, include some additional and special provision for teaching the elements of classical learning and of science. They receive a larger portion of public money towards their expenses than the other schools. In tho classification adopted by the Superiutendeit, the classical colleges are placed in order after universititu, and having what are styled industrial colleges inter- vening between them aud tho academies, which latter are placed fourth on the list. In tho Eastern Townships thero is one industrial college with upwards of 60 pupils and situated at Sherbrooke. Of t!io grade of Classical Colleges, there is also one, established at Eichmond, and incorporated a few years ago under tho name of St. Francis College. This institution ia attended by upwards of 100 pupils, and has been affiliated to tho McGill College of Montreal. It receives about 1100 dollars a year in aid from tho public funds, and is supported by the efforts of private individuals, who are for the most part resident in the vicinity of Kichmond aud IMelbourne. The buildioy,) which is of bricV, is situated on an eminenco near the line of railway. The most iniportant of the Educational Institutions located in the Eastern Townships is tho University at Lennoxville. It was incorporated in the year 18 13, under the name of " Bishop's College," in consideration of tho active part taken and the munificent contributions to its endo\vine}it made by its chief founder, the present Bishop of (Quebec, foreseeing thtii. tho time would arrive when the youth of the country would need access to opportuuiiies of prosecuting studies in the highest branches of literature and science, and anxious to secure in the future university a Faculty of ^Divinity for the education of candidates for the ministry in the Established Church, his Lordship, with the advice and assistance of many friends E 2 6§ lilll i I resident in the cities and in the vicinity of the site Belectcd, entered upon tlio arduous task of ibunding nn iiiHtitution of that Iiij,'lie8t class in tlio Eastern Townsliips. It went into operation in iHlCt, at Hrst witli a very slt'iider stall", and eneounteriiig, a.s a matter of course, varioun obstacles incidental to the cireunistaiiei's of a new country. Juduo nonHou, however, and in addition to the provincial charter of iucDri'uratiim, it, n-ccivcd the Royal charter conferriiii^ upon it the privileges of nn univcrnity. It Ikih now been in operation about 17 years. Its buildings consist of a plain brick structure, laid out internally in lecture rooms and aecomniodatinis for resident students, coniinunicating in one direction with a handsomely- built wing appropriated as a residence for the chief oilicer. At the other end the main building is connected with a large Dining Jlall, over which apartments are fitted up for the use of the divini's stiuKnts, having beyond it the College Chapel, a handsome edifice of brielv and .- ()ne, which, though on a smaller scale than is customary in the European colleges, is probably superior in simple beauty and internal equipments to anythii\g of the samo kind yet erected in America. It is roofed with slate, procured from Walton's quarry in the Townships, and the interior woodwork, including the panelling, stalls, &e., is made of the BultcnnU tree {.luylaus Cntharticn), grjwn in the neighbouring forests. Within the past two years extensive additions have been made, at a cost of from 25,000 to JJO.OOO dollars, laid out principally in the construction of a very fine building, also of brick and stone, lor the use of the Junior branch and (jirammar School of the College, which had previously occupied quarters in the village at some distance from the new structure. A Uttlo beyond this last stands the residence of the Rector in charge o*' the Junior Department. These new buildings are far in advance of any others in the Townships, and the lofty hall appropriated to the use of the Grammar School is superior in dimensions and equipments to anything of the kind that can be found in Lower Canada. The site of the university is on a slope contiguous to the coniluenee of the two rivers whose banks are occupied by the village of Lennoxville, and its buildings present to the eye a very pleasing aj)pearanco from almost every point of view, surrounded as they are by scenery of the n)ost picturesque and charming di -i-ripiion. As some particulars relative to this institution are mentioned by the writer whose letters are appended to this sununary, it is unnecessary hero to enter into them at any great length. It receives aid from the public funds to the extent of about liOUO dollars a year. The number of its pupils, including those both of the higher and vi' the lower branches or departments, have amounted to about i;U) during the |)ast few terms. In its aims it embraces all the legitimate objects of scholastic, collegiate, and (1 upon ill tlio 11 viiry hstiicloa lowc'ver, vimI tlio It haa !i jiliin odali'iiis Isonit'ly- lio other IT which ; boyoiiJ , though probably tiio Mamo •ed from including tharticn), extensive Ihirs, laid brick and 2 College, ai\cel'r()iu CO of the gs are fur jropriated iiipmenta le site of :\vo rivera buiUlings r point of L'sijue and led by the ■ssary hero tlie public bur of ita ranches or ;crniM. In ■giate. and CO o ID CO ii \ \ university education, and, wltliout being in any sense exclusive, it does not dissociate, as is the case with its Protestant rival, the McGill College of Montreal, the work of education from special recognition of the obligations of religion — one daily attendance in the College Chapel being required by the regulations. It differs also from the institution just named in pos- sessing a Divinity Chair, as well as in devoting a more strict and more lengthened attention to the classics and to pure mathematics, as the two fundamental branches of coUegiute learning. The customary branches of modern and general science are included in its course. The McGill Col- lege in Montreal, having attached itself to the previously existing faculties of Medicine and Law, for each of which the city had long been famous, an(' ilso to the old-established High School, is able, on occasions, to suggest an appearance of force and progress, which, strictly speaking, do not belong to any of the three Universities of Lower Canada, and in the face of which inferences have sometimes been drawn to the disparagement of the one founded in the Townships. But the truth is the country itself, and especially the Protestant portion of the community, have not yet made that progress in numbers and wealth necessary to the full development of institutions of the highest class. The present staff of the University at Lennoxville consists of a Principal, Vice-Principal, Bursar, Librarian, and four Professors in the Arts' Faculty, with one in that of Divinity. One of the Professors is Rector of the Junior Department and Grammar School, and has under him a sufficient staff of instructors ranking as College Tutors. Each Professor occupying a chair in the University is required by the regulations to exercise a certain super- vision over the work done in the Junior Branch and School in relation to the course of instruction in his own special department. In a country where the French language is necessarily so much used it became important to provide definitely for that subject. Accordingly, a professor of the French laiiguagp and literature was recently appointed. In due season, when the growth of the neighbouring town of Sherbrooke affords iho requiaite facilities, and when il'o progrods and wants of the country Tender it necessary, it is contemplated to establish in the university the faculties of Law and Medicine. In the junior department and school, which arc attended by youths from various places in Upper and Lower Canada and from the Lower Provinces, much encouragement is given to healthful out-doors exercises, and to physical training, the regular services of the drill-sergeaiic being employed in that behalf. llai- ^his institution been founded in either of the principal cities of Eastern Canada, instead of being located in the Townships, it would doubt- 70 1'; h' \ less liave earlier altalnoil to its present stage, and avoided some of the tiumerous obstacles it lias met with. At one time, indeed, through unforeseen deficiencies in its then slender revenue, the work must have been suspended, if not finally closed, but for the timely assistance and liberality of its friends in Quebec. Since tlion its progress has derived a strong impulse from the counte- nance of the Metropolitan of Canada, who has taken a lively interest in all its concerns. The annual convocations of the university are presided over by the Chancellor, the Hon. Mr. Justice McCord, who also, as well as other influential gentlemen of the city of Montreal, have contributed moat materially to its advancement. The last annual meeting, held in June of the present year, was attended by Sir F. Williams, Commander of the Forces in Canada, and by numerous other distinguished visitors, and, judging from the interest shewn on this and the like occasions during the past few years, there is reason to anticipate its attaining ultimately to that measure of usefulness and strength which shall serve to perpetuate its existence. But it must be admitted that there is much remaining to be accom- plished. Its library, and museum, and endowment fund are still very incomplete, and the heavy expenses entailed by the erection of the new buildings have placed the university in a position to need pecuniary aid. Tiic Prince of Wales, when His Eoyal Highness visited Canada, gave the college £200, which sum was appropriated in founding a prize, to be bestowed in his name annually for scholarship and merit. The people in many parts of the Eastern Townships, as well as benefactors resident in Quebec, IMontreal, and elsewhere, have subsoribcil, in proportion to their means, towards relieving the institution from the pressure of its building expenses, and it is hoped others may be found to assist in removing it altogether. It would be diflioult to over-estimate the influence for good which a well-appointed Protestant University is calculated to exercise hereafter in that part of Her Miijesty's dominions, in the interest of learning and good morals, in fostering loyalty, and in strengthening the bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. Before finally leaving the subject of education in the Townships, it may be proper to allude to the Educational Journal, published monthly both in French and Enj^lidh, under the auspices of the department presided over by the Superintendent of Education in Eastern Canada, the lion. P. O, Chauveau. It is u work of very great merit and usefulness, and, no doubt, was chiert} instrumental in influencing the Judges on Ixlucationnl Appliances at the Int- /national Hxhiliition to award a Medal iu that gentleman. Aithougli not peeul.ar to the Ti/wnships — indeed, it is printed in ^lontreal I of the through ivo been berality counte- >st in all (led over well aa ted most June of ;r of the jrs, and, iring the ly to that ituate its le accom- still very the new ry aid. lada, gave ize, to ho leople in lidcnt in to their milding removing for good exercise itereat of 'mug tlie )9, it may both in ■d over by n. P. O. no doubt, |)plian;.T3 ■iitU'iiian. .Moutreul ^e^ . ^- fj/'iY/, ^ or £1. 10* per annum. Students who hnve parents or friends residing in the neighbourhood (and this is a very important consideration for families settling here) may attend the LcetiircH, only paying the tuition fee of $10, having all the advantages as if resident. Though fiiuhop's College is of course founded in connection with the Chureh of England, no intolerance of religious feeling is shewn. None are required to attend the Chapel serviees who have a conscientious objec- tion, and the degrees are not limited to the members of our Church. Closely connected with the College, and situate in the Quadrangle, but distinct from it as a building, is the High School of Bihiiop's College, numbering at present above 100 bnya, under the charge of the Bector, the Kev. J. W. Williams. Under his management, the School has olready taken a high position, and is drawing scholars from other British Colonies, as well as from Western Canada. In the course of study, French, being a necessary quulilication for sueeess in every profession or business in this Province, is specially provided for. Besides the Rector, the School has two English and ono French Muster. The charge for boys boarding on the establishment is only ^3 or 12« sterling per week, and the tuition fees are |3U a year, or £7. 5s. Wash- ing 1« a week. The whole e.vpense for 40 weeks amounts to £35, 5#. Several families in the vicinity accommodate boys whose parents prefer tills, at a charge of from $3 to ^5 per week. The great advantage, how- over, to families residing in the neighbourhood, is that they can board their sons at home, and have only to pay ^3G, or £7. 5s, for the tuition fees, for which they will receive as high a class education as any school in the world can oflcr — the school having the great advantage of the supervision and assistance of College Professors of the highest standing in addition to the teaching of the masters. The boys have a Drill Instructor, and they have proved their loyalty by establishing a Corps of Volunteer Rifles, which has been enthusiastically supported. Three of the elder boys were gazetted as Captain, Lieutenant, and Ensign. All English manly games are in full use here. The boys have their cricket clubs, football matches, &c., besides skating, suow-shoeiug, &c., all maulj', athletic games being encouraged. 86 The advr.ntagea for education cannot be surpassed in any country neigh- bourhood, either here or in England, whilst the cheap cost at which it can be obtained, especially for residents in or near Lennoxville, renders it a most desirable locality for families such as yours. Lennoxville is a particularly healthy neighbourhood. Fever and ague, that bane of the west, is utterly unknown here ; and notwithstanding our cold winters, coughs and colds are very uncommon. Our houses are well- wanned, either by open fire places or stoves, and so little is the out of door cold thought of, that English ladies drive about in open sleighs with little change from English winter costume, except perhaps in using a fur cap in- stead of a bonnet. With the thermometer between 20 and 30 degrees below zero we have large parties turning out to enjoy our lovely moon- light nights, and none s'^.fier by it. AVe are fortunate in having a very excellent society in and around Len- noxville. The Professors of the College, all of them English University men, and their families, would alone form the nucleus of a superior circle ol' society, but in addition there are many English families settled here and in Sherbrooke who contribute greatly to render it agreeable. Lennoxville is a particularly cheap neighbourhooQ for all the necessaries of life, the prices of which contrast most favourably with those in the old country, and the quality is equally good. Beef from October to March costs 4^ to 5 cents, or 2d to 2^(1 sterling — from April to September it is higher, about G cents, or Sd per lb. ; mutton, 6 to 8 cents (3d to Id) ; lamb, to 10 cents (3(/ to 5d) ; pork, 5 to 7 cents {2^d to S\d) ; potatoes, 10(/ to Is Gd per bushel ; butter, 7d to 9ie Itoia ■tones Kor'hem town* iibiiia rocky, ral- leyi furii.u, Inam and day, fronu of townshipt level, be.«t de. wription of mixed soiL Qeneral character fertile, not quiie •o good a* be- tween Bellevitle and Toronto. Country north of Muskoka and Olimtte like that of Oi- ta»a Like Ottawa, miller ihan Montreal and colder thanToroato Uiirdwoo< Tailing tjaber la pre- kinds ol Uaple, birch, buecii; hemlock and basMwuod, miz'id, alway« iudioiitiTe of healthy warm •oil Tirahw ■Dizod, Bnch i>athebe«i land, maple, l>eech,birah,iron woo, flrwood, chiefly pine AU kinds of grain ami roots «uo cc"» uUv grown; corn, wheat, and potatuoa excel- lent Wheat, o'tn. rye, anl barSey, sure crops. Root* and Tegi'tabes T«ry ■uooeiaful In counties of Ii«n- aik auetile« luouts of the Ot. MiinitouUn ard Saint Joieph \ny lurid.l. (fi^nei) Dl!XCAX MNOUta, P. It. Suiye^Qr, Apples Srcnr-an's. li»rti;\lture too muott negUotsd Astlonltnrlsts, f-trm aud doines- tio servants. Xhow with small ohi'dren iind no capital not nettded Limitfld nnmber of farm servants during suminer at iair wages The lakes abound witii trout, pike, white-Oah, SfO., &0, Refers to Orown timber gfScs. L;iuds in rear of Ljchabar, Brig, tol, &c., k^., inu menat) tracts ot the chblc>:Bt agt rijulturai lands, (S.gnei) O. P. twsNdin \ All ttka Oirawa lands have a couth alt«r«a from the north 'Wild \Ukinifa wUl«nd (iomothing to do, if too many do not ooaiB in 01 year. Norwegi- ans partiouliirly Nought for to ttind TemporaraTy em-" uloymcnt cou d be tound every year White-flsh, sal mon, tiout, and others abound, and profltttl.li' fl'heries might bo estubiisheioii largo inland This district ror- pliea nc irly halt the timber of thu province in square and sawn timber made Irom led and 1 UKCAN SiNCL/VIa, Provincial Land Burreygr, Otttws A Oeorgi> •n Bar dittiiot It. Vkor- ice dia- tdot CUoontt- miaud Sagoenayi CNMp4 Oenersl ohmctsr Like Ottawa, V^hft mnob fertile, not quiie miller tlian iiiize(l,onthet>««i •o good as be- Montreal land, maple, tweea Belleville aad colder baeoti,biroh,iron and Toronto. UianToroato woo', flrwood. Country north of ehlefly tin* MuHkoka and Madawaaka RiTert, and South of River Mattawaand Lake Nipiuing and Blwekiiver contain* the beat land now to be lettled in Canada. Fiftv milM of the Valley ef Bonneobere River fine fertile wheat growing Muntry. Fine lands and oak and black walnat on lower part of Muskoka River. From 7 to I miles three rivers, soil sandy and bad. tnm 10 to 11 miles better. At 30 miles f^om three nvers. and thence to Orand Files ezeelttHt. strong and light day, neavy and lignt loam, blaek soil with day or iMuasttbioU. One-third barren, the remainder, tbo;:^h Cwtile, oovcnd with magnifloanti fbrwtk' Climate abont the ume as Quebeo Spring vegeta- tion equal to Eastern townships and before Quabeo Very like Que- bec Would suit Koiwe- gians admir- ably, also Belgians, Oermans, and persons flrom Guem- sey and Jersey Sandy part scruh- by, pine and balsam flrs; high seotien, beech, map^e.ft spruce ; the good section elm, maple, ba'S- wood, 'arieplDe; ash & yellow basi in the valleys White biroh,spmce, and sapin, olaok andredbicohand cedar, a little maple, red elm, and uaekbevt White and red pine, birch, cedar, maple, and blauk bixw In countt>.J of hw' aik anil Renfrew all eiops grown in mere favoured parts ol Ciinu' a successful ly gTo»D.lIay,com, potatoes. ana oats suooeitH ully grown on l.akcs Mipisuiiig aad Temiacoaing All oropa cultivated in Canada growu with succe s — potatoes, oats, wheat, rye, bir- ley, buckwheat Almost any epHug* wen groin will grow to perfec- tion ; fall rye good ; well ad«p- ud for flax atd hemp. Wheat has produced IS buskfls, barley 86, eate3A, pota- toes 3iO, hay 3 tonsaaaonipeaa 30 Agricultnra la backward state, but where tried an abundant har- vest been tlw n- tuU Ariwarad in i They at* Answered beloie Soil and cli- mate adap- ted to agri- cultucal purposes Oapa'^le of ■upportiog 50u,00u aoula All the Oi'awa lands have a south aspect, and orchards thrive csuciiallv when •holteted bom the north Wild grape and plum, s:rawbeni«s,&Q., fto. Plums do well ; wild fruits very abundant If ot grown suoceM- fuUy Can besneoessAiUy cultivated EEaULATIONS FOR THE SALE i Land are sold either en bloc, or in single lots of 100 acres, to actual settlors. Lands en hhc are sold in quantities varying from 40,000 to 60,000 acres, at 50 cents. Canada, at from 18 cents- and upwards, according to situation ; on condition that the pun acres each, on a plan and iu a manner to be approved by the Government ; and that one of sale — one-third more wilhiu seven years — and the residue within ten years from time of i This requirement will be dispensed with as to any portion of the laud which at the 1 The settlers must have resided on their lots for two years coDtiuuously, and hare cle before they can get absolute titles. The difference in the climato between Upper, Central (Ottawa), and Lower Canadi intensity of the cold throughout all Canada prevail in Europe. Similar wild fruits and flow Isle of Orleans, close to Quebec. Tobacco is grown for their own use by the fiabitant of Lo' and the Eastern townships equal iu quality to those which are grown in the mildest parts oj From observations taken for oae year it appeared that tho mean rauge of the thermo \ For June, Julj, and August .... For the Wiutir munUu 56. BA8TERN OARADA n''2&" In regard to weather, a year's observation showed 309 fine days and 5Q of rain or sr Western Canada. The average of wheat exceeds 30 buyhola an acre. 'V;/>4 «v ^ 'f y ^ -9: '^ f. «» '9 ifrew rown >ureil .nu' a tlly Mrn, ano nilly Lakes aad t rated rowu • — oata, bit- will ftteo- 4*p- a>.d hfat )d IS irley ay 3 iPWI ia tote, tried har- ate- ▲ctwared in A Theytw An*w«red b«loie Soil and oil- mate adap- ted to agri- oultucal purpoie* Oaya'^le ot ■upportiog SOu,0«U aoula All n»e Oiawa lands have a couth aspect, and OTcbarJs thrivu •spciiallr when •hollered from the north Wild grape and plum, *:rawb«niM,&«., fto. Plunw do well ; wild fruits Tory abundant Notrrowaiuoeett- tuOj Can heineoeuAiUy eultiT»te from red and white piue. Fourteen lumber, ing oslablish- nionta at woik Will out thi.> yuar IO(',(JUli wliite pine saw lugs and 20,i)U0 pieces of squ'ire timber for Que- bec rnailKt, Manufactured tim- ber exported, but not in large 4U»ntities, VM. ilAMILTny. o. p. I VNCAN SiNCLAIa, Provincial Laiul Buiveygr, H. R Stmmvs, SuperinteiKieijtqf ^t. Muuiice WotlMi Davio £. Fbich, J. Lr BoDTiiLrn, I THE SALE OF LMD IN BLOCKS. res, to actual settlors. ) to 60,000 acres, at 50 cents, (about 2s. sterling) per acre, cash, in Upper Canada ; and in Lower ; on condition that the purchaser cause the block to be surveyed into lots of from 100 to 200 e Government ; and that one-third of tha block bo settled upon within two years from the timo rithin ten years from time of sale. ion of the laud which at the last-meutioned period is found to be unfit for settlement. fa contiuuouiily, and have clettfed and cultivated ten out of every 100 acres occupied by them [Ottawa), and Lower Canada is far less than many suppose, and very erroneous notions of the Similar wild fruits and flowers grow over the whole provi? ce. Plums grow in perfection in tha wn use by the /iabitan$ of Lower Canada. Apples and other fruits and flowers grow in Montreal grown in the mildest parts of Upper Canada. bho mean range of the thermometer was as follows :— EASTERN OAHAOA. WESTERN CANADA. n°2d" 77°37' 22°49» tgust .... fine days and 5Q of rain or auow in Eastern Canada, and 276 fine days and 89 of rain or snow in II acre. -f «» o ^' 31 4. ,-4-^ ... ^1/ H '\ ^ ,■?»• .- ■ fai y,f^ „r^' to fill MAP or THE Shewmg tiie ^wvSjJ GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY of CANADA STEAMER & RAli^VIAY, ) ABAMS fcCEtLlTHO. 2'i WlODLt Z' t" '.. iiC. !^A> "<< UNITED ^ STATE XlJlll_l_TO,inr /f«7 /^ nd ti rv TCRXI TORY . HraTigbur]|{* Tietaitoi Ghiloddiiliut. A^UccnnM 'mtprvi ^ WASHINCTOI ^'l^sho Cairtfl K Y ^ oLUOeJlcdc JuscumUa,' no RT H ^OA' ^: r'^'* i?H rrt^ .■^i^^ {0 &» >»>' .>7(J^' tp /..^'^T" .i^"^" .^-^'^ \ itdr^ • .v/c// AVr/. [v^ tor f'eUfiii'rv . \/fcpey (i'rBu/KiU'. YAY 1090 MILES. m\ MAP OF THE ^ ^ Shewni^ die GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY of CANADA, cutd/ its Chrui*e4um* bv STEAMER & RAILWAY, Abams »Cec.Iitho. 23 Viopu. S' EC. & Beile IsU in Sice Day , 9.