IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) *- A id. 1.0 i!.25 IU|2| 12^ |50 ""==" HMSS ^ ^ 12.2 '" 1.8 1.4 1.6 V] v^ ^ /A W^'W ^ ^ ^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIISTC«,N Y Msao (71«) •73-4503 f. %^ 4i. <'<'W u. %0 ^ \ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The c to th( The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Featuras of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int^rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lore d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmantaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. n D D n D D Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d^tachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de I'impresslon Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Mition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t* film^es A nouveau de faqon d obtenir la meillaure image possible. Thei possi of th( filmir Origii begir the li sion, other first I sion, or ilU Thai shall TINU whici Mapi diffei entir« begir right requii math This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmA au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous 1 1 10X r-^ 1 — 1 14X 1 1 itx 1 — 1 r— 1 22X / — 1 zex 1 — 1 aox r— ^ 1 1 1— J tax LJ IfX — — aox ./ a4x — 2tX — — 32X i'^».H'^jif: The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: New Brunswicic IVIuseum Saint Jolin L'exenf>plaire filmi fut reproduit grdce ^ la g^nirosit^ de: New Brunswick IVIuseum Saint John The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'axemplaire film^, et en conformity avec lea conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impree- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or iiluatrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or iiluatrated impression. Lss exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont filmis en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous las autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis an commandant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The laat recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un dee symboles suivants apparaftra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole ^^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may bo filmed at different reduction retioa. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames aa required. The following diagrams illuatrate the method: Lea cartaa, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent etre filmAs i des taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmA i partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche it droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Lea diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^lthoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 m %> V' rf ^.^■^^^ t i+if '•'t-WUSti' •f.. 'yf:^ IB i V " ^ X'- - <,-»t,.^;* »^Y'"^^ ' * y f ' ; •^'^ i^m«.^' '» I I ■M«J.'».l I.:'; V ^-'^ -i#*^- ""iT ,'..-,■„. '-.v. .V iMii'+ '■*. .Ai I » I I 1 I / '. THE ENGLISH AMERICA; FBOU THE FIRST ENGLISH DISCOYEPJES TO THE frese:x^t d^y. HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL, A. M. IXCLUDKG THE BUAVE DEEDS, STRUGGLES, AXD STPPERINGS OP THE COIjOXIES: THE FKENCII AND INDIAN WAllS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE PIIOVINCES; THE AMEllICAN REV0I,UT;0N ; the recent growth of the PROVINCES AND STATES ; THEIR PRESENT CONDITION, FUTURE PRftSI'ECTS, ETC., ETC.; wrra XUMKUOUS SPLENDID STEEL PLATE ENGRAVINGS, IXCtCDIXO PORTRAITS, SCENERY, CmES, PUBLIC EDIFICES, ETC. nURLBUT, KELLOGG & CO., AMEIIICAX SUDSCRIl'TIOX PUDLISULXG HOUSE, ^arlforir, (foan. 1861. I . it Entered according to Act of Congress, in tho year 18G0, by IIURLBUT, KELLOGG, & CO., In the Clerk's Office of tlio District Court of Connecticut \ B. B. HOBBS, STEn£OTYPB!l, WILLIAUU AMI) WILBV. PKuNICiiA, I « INTKODUCTIOJf. The present volume contains a view of one of the grand- est demonstrations of human energy which lias ever marked tlio history of any people. This is, tlie long series of enter- prises, hardships, and labors, carried on uith unflagging energy For more than two liundred vears bv the Anglo-Saxon race of E-ngland, and which has resulted in the trans- plantation of their laws, civilization and polity, into a new half of the world ; and the erection upon the fairest and best territory of North America, of two vast empires, the United States and the North American Colonial dominions of the crown of Great Britain. The progress of these two commonwealths — for such they may be called, notwithstanding the suljdivisions which exist more especiallj' in the British portion of the continent — has hitherto been in the main an unbroken career of pros- perity. The early daj's of all the separate colonies were alTlicted with llie evils and hardships which must necessa- rily vex the pioneers of a civilized race, thrown amidst for- ests, wild beasts, savages and foemen ; but the suflerings and struggles of a hardy youth have given them a strength and sohditv of character, which have ever since been their best reliance. ^\ plienomcnon hitherto never seen in the world's his- toi-y, has marked that of the Anglo-Americans. The new people brought learning and religion with them, and founded 1 IV INTRODUCTION. their state, not merely as a trading post or a farm, but with all the fair and full lineaments of an empire ; with church, schools, laws, morals, and society, all matured and adjusted with a wisdom far greater than its possessors were conscious of As the material growth of their community went on, therefore, its mind and morals kept pace ; and its internal health, and the strength of its contexture, maintains a right proportion to the rapid growth of its territory, population, and wealth. There is every reason to hope that the same Divine power which has thus far watched over the progress of the Anglo- American race, will continue to grant its protection ; and that the career, of which the following pages present a his- tory, is to continue until they shall reach a far loftier station among the nations of the earth, than even that high one to which they have already ascended. 'J r... 1 CONTENTS. ^^^^^^^^^^^^■/^f^^rf^ THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA. EARLT V0TA0E3 AND ATTEMPTS AT COLOHIZATIOK. OHAPTBR I. PAa« Sebastian Cabot— Ills Youth— His First Voyage, and Discovery of North America; His Second Voy- age, and Futile Attempt at Colonization; Obscure Interval In his Life; he serves in Spain; His Expedition under Henry VHI. ; Appointed Grand Pilot of Spain; His Expedition to South Amer- ica; His Return to England, Services, Old Age, and Death, • H CHAFTXR II. The "Domlnus Vobiscnm "—Failure and Misfortune; Improvement of the English Marine; Martin Frobiflher— His Voyage in Search of a North-west Passngo; Diminutive Equipmcnto of the Early Discoverers; Supposed Discovery of Gold Ore ; Second Expedition of Frobisher; Surveys; Con- tost with the Esquimaux; His Third Expedition; its Failure, 32 OBAFTIR III, English Enterprise; Drake; Sir Humphrey Gilbert; His First Attempt to CoIoniM America; Sir Walter Raleigh ; Sir Humphrey Sails for America ; Shipwrecks and Misfortunes ; the Return Voy- age; Tcmposts; Loss of Sir Humphrey and his Crow, '^ OBAPTSR IT. The Patent of Raleigh : he Dispatches Amldas and Barlow to Carolina— their Report ; the Country named Virginia ; Voyages of Davis, tc. ; Second Expedition of Raleigh, under Lane ; Settlement at Roanoke; Folly and Cruelty of the English ; the Indians; Massacre by the English; Failure and Return of the Expedition, SO CHAPTIR ▼. Small Settlement planted by Grenville at Roanoke Destroyed by the Indians ; Third Expedition of Raleigh ; First English Child in America ; Loss and Supposed Destruction of the Roanoke Colony ; Misfortunes of Raleigh ; Tardiness and Ill-fortune of English Enterprise ; Reflections, 33 THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. OBAPTSR I. Memoir of Captain John Smith ; HIi Youthful Adventures and Services ; he turns Hermit ; Ills Ad- ventures in France ; he Is flung Overboard ; 8ea-flght ; Travels In Italy ; His Campaign agninst the Turks ; Siege of Regail ; the Three Turks' Heads ; Smith sent a Slave to Tartory— his Wonderful Escape; Subsequent Adventures; Returns to England, 30 CHAFTXR II. Virginian Colonization Revived ; Patent of James L ; Ill-assorted Company of Settlers; the Expedi- tion Sails for America; Accidentally enters James River ; lll-trcatmcnt of Smith; Intercourse with the Indians; Jamestown Founded; Excursion of Smith and Newport; Powhatan; the Indians of Virginia, 49 CBAPTBR III. Trial and Vindication of Smith; Famine and Terrible Mortality; Smith, by his Exertions, supports the Colony ; Treachery of his Associates ; Dealings with the Indians ; Idle and Miserable Colonists, 48 CONTENTS. . I CnAPTSR IV. PAO* Expedition and Capture of Smith— his Strange Adventures among the Indians ; Conjurations performed orer him; he is Carried to Powhaian ; His Life Saved by Pocahontas; Strange Masquerade of Powoalan; Release and Roturu uf Smith, 40 CHAPTBR V. Prirations of the Colonists ; Relieved by Pocahontas; Arrival of Newport from England; Intercoarw «nd TralBcw lib Powhaian; Blue Beads for Crown Jewels; Imaginary Gold Mine; Smith's Voyage io the Cbe^peakc ; Interviews with numerous Native Tribes ; Sling-ray Point ; Ilia Retani........ S3 CHAPTER VI. Emitb made President; he Resumes the Survey; the Suequehannas; Adventures with the Indiana; Rt-markablc Feat of Survey ; Return to Jamestown ; Arrival of Newport; Absurd InitructioM of the E:ieli!-h Company; the Coronation of Powhatan; Unsuccessful Attempt of Newport tofliJil ibe South Sea, , S& CHAPTIR VII. Plot asain^ Smith; His Letter to the Company ; His Efforts to Support the Colony; Expedition to Surprise Powhaian ; Artful Speeches, and Mutual Treachery ; the Kuylish again Saved by Pocahonlas, S0 CHAPTKR VIII. Tbe Plot at Pamunkey— Defeated by the Daring and Energy of Smith ; the Ojlony Supplied ; Smith Poi»oDt?d; Ilia Unstrupulous Policy; His Fight with the King of Paspahegh: "Pretty Accdt-nt*" among tbc ludiaus, 01 OriAPTHR IS. IiUenea! of the .Settlers ; Eloquent Speech and Vigorous Policy of Smith ; thuNc , Vi rglnia Company ; t'DjuH ABfumption of Power; Smith Deposed; Great Expedition disp'Uched from England— IJl- f(/nujie; Arrival of Numerous Immigrants ; Anarchy; Smith Rcassumes the Presidency, M CIIAPTSR X. Futile AuempUat Founding Now Sctllemet>ta ; Folly and Obslinmy of ihe Colonists ; Smith ternbly Injurwl; lie Returns to England; His Services to the Colony; Awful Suffering and Mortality after hi* I>epartur«, , 07 CHAPTRR 21. ITfmoiri'f Smith, continued anj concluded; Ills VoyBgo to New Englai i, and Surreys; His S.-critxl Eipoliiion; His Adventures nniong llio Piiates-his Escape; His Great ilicrtions for Ihe g<>ltl* Citnt of Niw England; Interesliiig Inlervicw beiween Smith and Poco'nontas in Englomi; L±j>t Yeanof Smith; Ilia Death; His Character and Achievomenla, M CBAPTBR SII. Arriral of Gat» ; Miserable Condition of the Colony ; Jamestown Do(iorteord Dels- ware — t'f i-ir Thomas Dale; Exertions of the Company; Increased Immigration; Ihe Cullnre <4 ToLscco inUoduct«; Retreat of Robinson's Congreualion to Holland— llieir High Chnrnctor— their Ih-tolo- lion to Plant a Colony— their Loyally and Courano— Departure from uelft Huveii, 83 C'lAPTITB II. 9iomj Voyacp of the Pilgrims to America; l*n>y Arrive at Capo Cod— are Compelled to Iiiwirbwk —Inftitute k Republic ; their Simple C'>nstltution ; Carver elected Governor ; Abm^nce of Perianal Ambitiuo among tl.e Puritan Settlers, M OHAl'TRK III Urvary Appexranecof New riiirlntid ; Erploriiig Parly; Strange Inju!»licn to the Indi^ins; Ttic Vi>y»(« V.t P!)m^tition9 Bread; Plymouth Fnrlidi'd; vVestiiii'3 Colony at ^Vtymouth -its Miserable Condition; Mast-iiaoit 111— cured by tlie Kiis/lish; Dangerous Plot Revealed, OH Cn.^PTEIl VII. Expedition of Standish to Weymouth ; Daring Pcilicy ; Slaughter of the Conspiring Indians ; the Col- ony of Westiin llroken up; Privations and t-nlfcringsat Pis mouth — Drought— rieasonable c^upply uf Ualn; Additional Arrival, 10) CnAfTBR VUI. New fSeltlements Founded; New Hampshire and Maine; Endicolt'a Company; the Revellers of Merry Mount — Broken up by the Puritans; Settlement of Mivssachusetts; Foundation of llo.-toii ; Great Emigraliuii ; MortaKty and t^utfLrijig, 101 CHArXKIl IX. Character of the Founders of Massachusetts; Reaulati.ins for Public Morality— for Apparel, etc.; Amusing Penalties; Intolerance in Religion; Comtnencement of Persecution, 1U7 CHAPTEU X. Rev. Rocor Williams; His Liberal Opinions; ho is Pen-teuted by the Authorities of Massacliu.sell^; Expelled from that Province ; takes Refuge in the Wilderness ; Founds Providence Pluntulions and the State of Rhode Island, 1U9 CnATTHB XI. Seltlemont of Connecticut by Plymouth— by Massachusetts; llard.thips of the Colonists; Fouiidalion iif llarll'r)rd,etc; Emigration under Hooker— New Haven FouTided ; ComminCfUient of the I'eciuot War; Influence of Roger Williams, 113 CHAPTKR xn. The Pequot War, Continued ; tho Attack on Wethersllcld ; Exppcliti(m under Mason; Surpri-^e niul Slorniinnof the Pequot Fort— Terrible Slaughter and Cuiillagralioii ; Fjnul Defeat and Deslrueliim of the Tribe; Barburuus Exultation of tho Eaily llisloriaus; Reflections, 114 THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. cnAPTF.re I. Sir fieorire Cidvert— his Pchemes for Pettlemenls in America— he (Iblnlns the Grant of MaiylamI— Founds a l.'olony there; Setlli'nii'til of St. Mury's ; Kclalions wilh the Indians; E.x|iiils!iin uf cluy- b irne ; Diatuntent and Insurrection ; Protestant Settlers ; Act for tho Toleration of lOl Christian Seels, 1 lb cnAPT/tn II. Arhltrorj Kystem of Lord nnltimorc; DisalTeclion of the Protestant Settlers; Intprferoncoof tlie Vii^ f;uiia CoinmissionerBt Affairs in F,i:«land ; Triumph of the Protestants; ni'pcal of Tnleralion ; Civil War; Vielory of tho Protestants; Feudall's in.-urreclion— his Success and Final Uuhi; Tcples'- atluli Restored 131 YIRarSlA — CONTINUED. cnAPTirn I. BeiRn of Chartes I.— his Views of Vbglnln ; Vi'ardley, (.'overnor—Wefil— Harvey— Iil« Drp^ihllion by till' I'eiiple -lie is Supporleil by the tVown ; \\jiet; Sir William llrrKeley, (Jovcrnor; I.oyiilly of the C.iloiiy ; Per'-ecullon of Dliwnlers; Second Indi.iiiCoiisplraey and .Mas.'aore; ( )pei'hiuie.iiiiiui'h a Pritoiior— his Spei-ch— Murdered by a Soldier; Iteiliieli.m of the liMhans; Tiiumph of liie Piiii- taut III England ; Royulist EniiRralion lu Virginia; Lojaliy of tho Pruviiice IM ^ 8 CONTENTS. CHAP.ER II. PAOa Ad for thn Rodiiclion of Virtfitiio; tlio Navigation Act; Moilcratioc of the Parliamont ; Siibmisaion of thy Pioviiicc; Ileiinctt, Covoriior — Digits — Mathews; Jealousy of the Assembly against Foreign Interference ; Freedom and Prosperity of Virginia under the Commonwealth ; Death of Cromwell ; Berkeley, Governor ; Restoration of Charles II. ; its 111 Effect on the Province, 127 NEW ENGLAND — CONTINUED. CHAPTER I. Inimical Meusures adopted in England ; Spirit of Massachusetts— Threat of Revolt ; the English Rev- olution; Industry and Prosperity of New England— its Independence; New Hampshire Annexed to Mussacliusetts ; Formation of the New England Confederacy, 130 CH&PTXB II. Uncus and Minntonimo; Defeat and Death of the Latter; Discredit to the English; Rhode Island — its Liberties Guaranteed by the Parliament; Letter to Sir Henry Vane ; Remarkable Freedom En- Joyed there; Maine Annexed by Massachusetts, , 13C CnAPTZU III. Opposition to the Massachusetts Authorities ; Parliamentary Encroachment Resisted and Relinquished ; New Eu^'land Favoured by Cromwell ; Bigoted and Intolerant Laws of Massachusetls; Persecution of linijlisls; the Quakers— Persecution of them — Four Executed— their Courage and Fortitude; Apologists for the Hangings; Reflections, 136 CHAPTBB IV. Education in Massachusetts; Harvard College; Restoration of Cliarlts II.; Oppressive Enactments concerning Commerce; Attitude of the Colonies; VVintbrop, the Younger; Connecticut obtains a Charter— her Freedom and Prosperity, 141 CHAPTER v. The Charter of Rhode Island; Civil and Religious Liberty; Careless and Extensive Grants of Charles II ; the Attitude of Massachusetis— Distrust of the Restoration; Requisitions of Charles H. ; Ap- poiucment of a Commission; Alarm of the Colony, 143 CHAPTER ▼!. Remonstrance of Massachusetts ; Doings of the Commissioners— their Disputes with the Authorities— their Discoinflturu and Return to England ; Successful Resistance of Maiisacliusetts ; Inertness of the Crown; Prosperity and Trade of the Province, MS CHAPTER VII. Condili in of the Now England Indians— Conversion of some of them— their Numbers and Strength ; the Pokanokets; Mctacomet, or King Philip— his Grievances— Dissimulation— Scheme for the De- struction of the English ; Captain Church— his Character, etc- ho Disconceru on lulhguc of Philip, 147 CHAPTER VIII. Conimoncoment of Philip's War; Exploit of Church s Retreat of the Indians; Philip Rotises the Trilws; Dcstrnclion of Towns, etc; the Attack on Hudlcy— Repulsed byGolfe; Great I^jsses of the English ; Siiringflelii Burned, 130 CHAPTER IX. Philip's War, continued; Destruction of the Niirrugnnsett Fort— Terrililo Ma.«»acre; Malltmunt Exul- Inlioiicf llie Early Historians; Indian Successes; Capture and Death of Canonchet— his Heroism and .\Iiii—ilM Failure; Action of Ma-^achuHelts; Proceedings acain>t its Charter; Vain Op. position and Uemonslronce ; the Charier Animllod, IGl A 1 S£l . CONTENTS. IJT OF THE CAUOLINAS. 9 Failure to Plant Colonies in the South ; F.r ration from Virginia to North Carolina— from Bnrbadocs to South Carolina ; the Patent of Charles II. ; LegiBlation of Locke and Shnftcsbury ; Cumbrous Pystem of Government; Discontent of thnS'-'*''>r8; Insurrection in North Carolina ; Sothel deposed by the People; Charleston Founded; CXinstitution of Locke Relinquished, 164 VIEGINIA — CONTINUED. CHAPTIB I. Retrograde Movements in Virjidnia ; Revival of Intolerance and Oppression ; Grant of Virginia to Culpepper and Arlington; Popular Discontent; Indian War; Murder of the Chiefs; Insurrection under Uucon ; Triumph of the People, , I6S CHAPTIB II. The Popular Assembly; Measures of Reform; Opposition and Treachery of Berkeley; Civil War; Triumph of thclnsurgents ; Jamestown Burned; Death of Bacon— his Character ; Ruin of the Pop- ular Cause; Numerous Executions; Death of Berkeley; Administration of Culpepper, etc., 170 THE SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. The First Dutch Colony in Delaware- its Destruction; Swedes and Finns under MInuit; Conquest of the Swedish Settlements by the Dutch, under Stuyvesant; Delaware under the Duko of York — under Penn; Disputes with Maryland conceruinij Boundaries; Separation of Delaware from Pennsylvania, 174 THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSET Conquest by (he English ; Nichols, Berkeley, and Carteret ; Emigration from New England ; Side of West New Jersey to the Quakers ; Fenwick, Byllinge, and Penn ; Quaker Settlements ; Remiirki.bly Free Constitution; Friendly Dealings with tho Indians; Usurpation of Andios— its Deleal; Eiu*t New Jersey, 178 THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. cuAPriR I. William Penn— his Youth— he turns Quaker- Is Expelled from Collfge and Home— Imprisoned for his Opinions— Severity of his Father— Fresh Imprisonment — Exertions in Behalf of his Sect- ho Engages iu the Settlement of New Jersey, , 17S CHAPTIB It. Penn obtains from Charles 11. the Grant of Pennsylvania- his Admirable Proclamation to the Set- tlers—he Repairs to America— Gains Possession of Delaware— Honourable Dealings with the In- dians—their Attachment to him; the Great Treaty IHl CHAPTIB III. Liberal Leglslntlon of Pennsylvania; Penn Founds Philadelphia— Its Rnpid Increase; Furnialion of a Constitution; Great Emigration from Europe ; Growth of the Province; Penn returns t» Ell^l^lld ; His Subsequent Career, 184 THK NORTHERN COLONIES — CONTINUED. CHAPTIB I. 6lr Edmund Andros Commissioned by the Duko of York— his Attempts to Extend Ills Authority over Connecticut; Thomas Dongan ; 1'nlonof the Colonies under a Royal Governor; Andros appointed Governor-general ; Oppression in the Colonies ; Procerdings against Connecticut and Rhode tslnml ; Andros's Visit to Connecticut; Preservation of the Charter; the Northern Provinces forced to Sub- mission ; Doings In New England upon tho Occurrence of the Revolution of 1(388, 187 CHAPTIB II, Kew York Subsequent to the Revolution of lOtf ; Assumption of Authority by Jsenb T*lslor— Oppo. lltlon by the Oiuncll ; Indian Incursions; Arrival of Sloughter as Governor; Trial and Extcution of Lulslor and Milbouma; t>ilonel Fletcher— his Futile Attempt to Enforce Authority in tkiimectl- eut; Church Difltcultles; Bellamunl's Peaceable Administration; Captain Kidd, the Pirate, IPI i i 10 CONTENTS. CnATTEK III. lAOS Now Charter of Massaclmselts ; Trials for Witcticrul't in SaKm; First Exucution; Pfirria and his l^iraily; Court uf Examination at Suleni; Collun Matlier; Arrival of riii|ii)s; Numerous Lxocu- UoDs; CoufcBsluns; Crueltius Infliutvd ; Cbungo in Tul^lic Opinion, ItM ClIArXFK IV. Curtrovcrey Concerning Revenue; Suspected Nei?ro Revolt in New York— Mock-trials of the Accusea — Barbarous Punishments ; Connecticut — the !?a)brook Piutfi/rm ; Massiichusetis— Burning of ULCr- field— Difflcullics between the Covernors and Assemblies; New IIanip,>-hiro — Attack on Cocn(^c(j — Eiistcrn Indian War; Rliode I:-laiid— ita Commercial Pros|ierily ; New Jersey-Opposition to Arbl- trury Taxation— Scotch lininijjration- rros])erily of iho Colony— its Union with New York, 197 THE SOUTHERN COLC.MES CO.NTIXUED. CHAPTKR I. Charter of the Colony of Ceorcia; First Arrival of Colonists; Settlement of Savannah; Indian Nego- tiations; Mary Mubgrove; Cession o( Indian Claims; Character of Immigrants to Georgia; Trafilo iu Negroes Prohibited ; Frederica Founded ; War with Spain, 303 CUAPIHR II. Oglethorpe's Expedition ngainst St. Auuustine — Sieseof the Town— Failure and Return of the V.x- pedition ; Spanish Invasion in 17-li ; Defence of Fredcrica; Slrat!i(,'em of Oglethorpe; Thomas Uosomworth— his Intrigues with the Indians— Litigation with the Colony ; Georgiaa Royal Province, 209 CIIAl'TKH III. South Carolina— Religious Controversies— Archdale's Adminislrntion— Moore's Expedition againat 8t. Augustine— Invasion of Indian Territory— French Fleet on Iho Coast— Culture of Rico— Indiiui Consjriraej — Revolt against the Proprietors — the Charter declared Forfeit— South Carolina a Royal Province ; North Carolina — Political Disturbances— a Prosiierous Anarchy — Se|iaralion from South Carolina, 909 CHArXHR IV. >^irginla under Rnyal Governors — Stale of the Colony— Church Ciuitroversics; PennsylvmiiaaRojal Province— the Proprietor Reinstated — Policy of Penii ; Delaware — Death of Penn— his S icceisoi's; Maryland — its Catholic Population— Government of the Association- Ojipressivo ynaclr.ents--tl!0 Proj)rietors Restored, 3)1 INDIAN WARS, ETC. CHAPTKR I. t,'oramenceinent of the Cherokee War — Treaty at Fort St. George — Sieeo of that Fort— Murder of llostatres— Montgomery's Campaign— Deslruelion of the Lower Cherokeu Settlements- Retreat- Massacre of the (larrison of Fort Loudon — the Towns of Iho Sliddle Cherokees destroyed by the t'oreea under Grant, 'Hi OHAPTER II Eiinlish Occuiiiition of the Western Tradins Post«; Conspiracy of Iho Norlh-wcslern Tribes, under Pontiac; Destruction of the English Forts; Taking of Micliillimaekinuc; Siego of Detroit; Lost Ut Uluody-run ; Close of the War; Massacre of the Caneatoga Indians, SIS EUROPEAN COLONIAL POLICY. KjunlBh and Tngllsh nestrlcllons upon Trade nnil Commerce; Conlraband Traffic ; the " Aeslento" Tivaty ; the Slave-trmle— its General Popularity-CaMsis which lead to the Abolition of Slavery — Manner of Piocnring Negroes Horn AlViea— Pr.illl of the Trade- Nnmlieis broctdil over— English IiKW opon ItiD Subject of Slavery ; Introductioii of Whilo Apprenlice», or >' Redemptluners," CS THE AMEinCAN KEVOLUTION. ORAPTRR I. General Richts of Cnlonlp* ; Party Cnti'es of Ccmplali.l In Anierlfa; Arliitrnry Cti'tom Imws; (llnpil Coinluet of Flnglish Oflleials; Acts in Heuulatii'li of Traile ; F.xpen-is uf tho Latu Wars in i^iuer- Iob; the "Hu^ufoct ;" Oppoiilion and Uuniunslrauco lu tb« Culuiiev, . SBI7 1 CONTENTS. 11 194 107 203 2U9 SOB 3IJ ilS 21S CHAPTEH II. PAQI The Stamp Act— Argument in the House of Commons— Passage of the Bill — its Effect in the Colonies ; Resolutions in the Virginia Assembly ; Patrick Henry ; Proceedings in Ma .achusetts- Popular T;.mults— Resignation of the Stamp Officers, 230 CBAFTIR III. Boseion of the First American Congress — Moderate Tone of its Proceedings— Concurrence of the Sep- arate Colonies; the Stamp Act Nugatory; the English Ministry; Debate in Parliament; Speech of Pitt Examination of Franklin; Repeal of the Stamp Act, 234 CHAPTJCR IV. Ioti.-rval of Quiet ; New Taxes on Importations ; Non-importation Agreement; Circular of Massachu- setts ; Riots at Boston ; Assemblies Dissolved ; Troops Ordered to Boston ; Measures of the British Government; Fatal Encounter between the Troops and Populace at Boston; Concessions of Purliament, 238 CHAPTER V. Party Spirit in the Colonies; Whig and Tory; the Regulators of North Carolina; Hutchinson, Gov- ernor of Massachusetts; Destruction of the Gospee; Sj stem of Political Communication between the Colonies ; Tea dispatched to America by the East India Conjpany ; Refusal of the Colonists to Receive it ; Violent Proceedings at Boston— Closure of the Port ; Extensioa of Canada, . 243 CHAPTEH VI. Gage, Governor of Massachusetts — Military Preparations — Minute-men ; Distress in Boston — Sympa- thy of other Towns; Convention Proposed by Virginia— Delegates Chosen by the Colonies; the Continental Congress — Resolutions and Declaration Adopted; Violent Measures of Parliament,. 246 • Cn.\PTER VII. Warlike Preparations in Massnchnsetis ; Troops dispatched to Seize Military Stores; First B'ood Shvd at Lexington ; Disastrous Retreat of tlie British to Boston ; Proceedings in the Neighbouring Colonies; Boston Besieged by the Provincials; Concurrence of the Soullierii Colonies; Second Kessiou of Congress; Appointment of Onioers; Seizuio of Crown Point and Ticonderogn, 249 CHAPTER VIII. Condition of the British Army in Bo9t(m ; Battle of Bunker Hill; Washington at the Camp; Con- gressional Proceedings; the Indian Tribes; Joseph Brant; Military Preparations in tlio Separate Colonics, 353 CHAPTiCR IX. Vacillating Policy of England ; Provisions by Cungrcss for Carrying on the War ; Naval Operations ; Expedition against Canada ; Siege of Fort St. .hjhn ; Allen's Attempt upon Montreal ; the City Oc- cupied by Montgomery ; March towards Quebec, 257 CIIM'TER X. Arnold's Expedition against Quebec— Passage of the Wilderness- Failure of Provisions— Defection of Enos, .:h his tH)ininan(l— .\rrival at the Cimadian Settlements-Procliimations— Arnold at the Heights of Abraham-Union with Moiitijoniefy- Attack on , lebcc— Death of Montgomery— Mor- gan's Rifle Corps — American Forces drawn oir, ogg CHAPTER XI. Warlike Preparations In England; Germin Mercenaries; Proceedings of Congress— Enlistments- Issue of Bills- Defences in New York ; Condilion of the Itrilish in Boston; Oecnpniion of Dor- chester Heights; Evacuation of the City; Hopkins' Cruise ninong the llahnir.as ; Affairs at tlie South; Attack upon Cbarleiton{ Retreat of the American Troops from Canada, 263 CIIAPTHH XII. Blato of Feeling In the Colonies ; Painc's Writings ; Debates in Congress ; the Declai.itlon of Inde- peiideiH-e— lis Effi-ct upon the People; the British nt Staten bland; Proclunmtlon of General and of Aitmiral Howe, , ij(P • hAPTKR XIII. Landing of .Tio British on Long Island ; Bailie of Brooklyn ; the American Forres Driven from I^)ng Island ; Oceupution of N.'W Vmk by llie British ; WiiHliincloii'ii Eiiciinipinent at Harlem Heigtiu— ■t While Plains, Si.irining of Fort Wiisliiniitnn ; Iho H.lri-iit tliroinjli N.'W Jersey; Capture of General 'i.ee; Condition of Prisoners; l.iike Chuinplain— Deslniction of tlio American Vesstls; Generodlly of Corleion ; Rhode IsluiU Seliod by the British, 870 12 CONTENTS. > I {. CHAPTER XIT. FAQS Congress nt nallimwe; Army Organization; Powers Conferred upon Washington; Passage of the Delaware, and Recovery of Trenton ; Buttle of Princeton ; End of the Campaign ; Marauding Par- ties; Negotiation with European Powers; Foreign OfBcers in the American Service, S74 CHAPTKB XV. Expeditions against Peekskill and Danbury ; British Plan of Campaign ; Howe's Departure from New York; Uurgoyne'a Army— his Proclamation; Siege of Ticondcroga ; Retrcalof St. Clair; Burgoyne on the Hudson; Siege of Fort Schuyler; Battle of Bennington ; Indian Warfare, 378 CHAPTER XVI. Buttles at Bchmus' Heights ; Burgoyne's Retreat to Saratoga — his Surrender; Detention of Prisoners; Expedition from Nuw York up the Hudson; Howe's March upon Philadelphia; Battle at Brandy- wine Creek; British Occupation of Philadelphia; Buttle of Germantown ; Reduction of Forts Mif- flin and Mercer; VVinte^q^arter8 at Valley Forge, S81 CHAPTER XVII. Difnculties of Congress ; Articles of Confederation ; Recommendations to the States ; Intrigues against Washington; Treaties with France; Britibh Commissioners in America; Evacuation of Philadel- ph'o; Battle of Monmouth ; Arrival of a French Fleet; Attempt on Newport; Winter-quarters; Marauding Expeditions ; Destruction of Wyoming, 385 CHAPTER XVIII. Invasion of Georgia; Occupation of Savannah ; British Division under Prevost ; Lincoln in Command ut the South; Defeat of Ashe at Briar Creek ; Attack on Charleston; Sullivan's Campaign against the Iroquois; Naval Operations of Franco and England ; AttemptataRecovery of Savannah; Fur- ther Naval Proceedings— PaulJones; Condition of the Amcrici«>Army, 390 OBAPTIB ziz. Siege of Charleston— Surrender of the City ; South Carolina Occupied by the British ; Tarleton's Le- gion — his Victory at Wnxhaws; Cornwallis in Command; Defeat of the Americans at Camden; Guerilla Operations of Sumptcr and Marion; Invasion of North Carolina; Ferguson's Defeat at King's Mountain, 394 CHAPTXR ZZ. Northern Operations; Springfield Burned ; Arrival of the French Fleet and Forces— Blockade at New- port ; Treason of Arnold ; Trial and Execution of Major Andri ; Causes of Arnold's Defection ; In- dian Ravagea— Invasion of the Mohawk Valley by Johnson and Brant, 298 CHAPTER XXI. Revolt of the Pennsylvania Troops; Arnold's Expedition into Virginia; Greene in Command of the Southern Army ; Morgan's Detachment- Buttle of Cowpens— Pursuit of Morgan by Curnwnllis— Pas8!\go of the Catawba- Retreat Into Virginia— Battle of Guilford Court-house; Greene's March into South Carolina ; Cornwallis in Virginia ; Battle at Ilobkirk's'ilill ; Seizure of British Forts by Marion and Lee, 301 CHAPTER XZII. War between England and Holland; Seizure and Plunder of St. Eustatins; the Armed Neutrality; Recovery of West Florida by Spain ; Continental Currency ; Plan f(jr the Recovery of New York ; Virginia Ravaged by Phillips and Cornwallis ; Encampments at Yorktown and Gloucester Point ; Washington's March Southward ; Attack on New London and Groton ; Campaign in South Caro> liua; Battle near Eutaw Springs, 302 OBAPTBR XXIII. French Fleet In the Chesapeake; Siege of Yorktown; Surrender of Cornwallis; Winter-quarters; Proceedings m the English Parllomont; Negotiations fcr Peuce; Terms of Treaty; Cessation of Hostilities; Disaffection in the Contiuental Army; Evacuation of New York; Position of tlie United Slates, 309 THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER 1. Position of till) Union ot the Conclusion of Peace ; Exinting nifUcultles with Gronl Britain ; Weaknesa of Congress ; Local Disturbances— Shny's Rebellion ; Convention for Enlarging Congressional Pow- ers— Opposing Interests of the Stales; the Present Con>tilulion— IVderul Legislolure— Powers of Congress— Uesitriclions-Liuiit of State Powers— the Executive — the Judiciary— Mutual GuaranteM —Amendments, 313 CONTENTS. 13 S74 978 set 285 !»0 394 298 301 1 3ns 1309 119 OBAPTIH It. f AflX Balifleation of the Contlitution by the Stales ; Waahingtuii Electeil President ; the First 0:airrwf — PruTiMOQ* for Revenue — Formation of a Cabinet — Power of Removal from 01Bc8 ; Waatiuiufa'ju^* Tuur tlirough New England ; Second Session of Congreaa— Debate respectinar the P^it,ue Lwus — Fixeien Liabilities — Public Certilicatus— Assumption of Slatek Debts— tho Public Debt I' im&«i— Miiceilukeous EiuictmeuU ; Constitution Ratifled by Rhode I jfaud, 318 CHAPTER m. Indian Xegotiations — the Creeks — the North-western Tribes ; Ilarmar's Unsnccessnil Compaiim ; Tlurd zfeieion of Congress— Itie Excise Law — a National Bunk; Settlement of Kentuckj— lU A.^iuiWiUU U> tb« Union ; AdmiSbion of Vermont; Site of the Fedeial Capitol ; the North-westera [uiiiaiut — JftL C&ir'i Expedition — his Disastrous Defeat ; Political Parties; the Census, ,.,.. .. . 39 CHAPTER IV. WfstiioictoD's Second Terrn— his Disinclination to Ofl3ce ; the French Revolution — it* Pblltntai lli«II»- eooe in the United Stales; Arrival of Genet, as Minister of the French Republic— his Pi-uciwrf.Ln^ at CbarleMi(.>D ; Neutral Position uf the United States ; Commercial Restrictions b; Prani» luit Ciii^ laod; IiDpi«aemeut of American Seamen ; Retirement of JelTerson ; Algerioe Depredatjuott, 3S CHAPTER V. American Politics; Debate in Congress upon Foreign Relations; Further Aggressiona c( &ii?:iinirw Ew- bJttSj— Refusal of the Directory to Receive the American Ministers; Negotiations with TaJlejr^iulI ; ExlntT&ga^l Demands and Injurious Decrees of the Directory ; Return of the .Amba!i.iiulni .touoi Beforata; Ohio Admitteit into the Union; Transfer of Louisiana to the United States, .^ Mi CHAPTBR X. American n*et in the Mediterranean; Expedition »>f Eiiton and Unmet against Tripoli; TriMity Oi*- cloded; JeOenou's Rtivli'ction; Burr's Duel wilh Ilaniiltun— his Western Enterprise— hia Triak..,. iO CHAPTER St. Ea^iiab At;gre»»'ioDs; Failure of Negotiation; Attack on the Frigate Chesapeake; EmbHraii; %im>' ir.tercoone Act ; Abolition of the Slave-trade ; John Randolph; West Florida; Oinitfwiom* nf Njpoleon; Britith Cruifers— the Lillle Belt ; Tecumseh— Elskwatawa— llutlle of Tippecanoe ; Imm fWida; Declaration of War, ,..,.. XO CHAPTER Sit. BMi at nallimore ; Hull's Invasion of Canada ; Repeal of the Orders in Council— ImpreDs; Madison's Reelection; North-western Campaign- Defeat of Winchester ; AiimM •■ York; tte BriUsb on Lake Champlain, j/f CHAPTER Silt. Baval AOkif*— Perry'* Victory on Lake Erie ; Harrison's Canadian Campaign ; the Niagara Fr mcww ; l**"*-^"**' War— J jck»..li'« Campaign; Ncgolialionsf.ir IViice; llinwii's Invasion of CHniuti—Be«nictioa of Public Buildings— Attack on Buliluuuii, joi •' ' 1 14 C O X T !•; X T s . OIATTRK XIV, PAaH Operntions on tlio Const of M;iino; Attack on Plnllsbuii,'!!— Bntllo of Lnke Cliamplnin ; Naval At- faira — Lufllti' ; NiKoliutioii at Ghent ; the lliiilfDid Convention; Treaty of Peace; Jackson's Do- fence of New Orleans— Bulllo of January 8 ; Naval Engagotnenta, 378 CHAPTER SV. War with Ali;ieia; Tariff— National Bank; Monroe, Presidont; Jackson's Pominole Campaitrn ; Cosuion of Florida by Spain ; Admission of Missouii— the Compromise; Monroe's i;?econd Term ; Administration of John Quincy Adams; Election of Andrew Jackson ; the Tariff; Nullification in South Carolina ; the Uuitcd States' Bank ; Indian Removals; Black Hawk ; the Chcrokees,.. 361 CIIAPTKB 2VI. The Seminole War; Early History of the Florida Indians; War of ISIS; Indian Treaty of 182n— of lH3i; Uefusal of the Seminolcs to Remove; Destruction of Dade's Detachment; Military Operations of Generals Scott and Jessup ; Unsatisfactory Results of Negotiation ; Expeditions of- Cuhinels Taylor and Harney ; Gradual Cessation of Hostilities; Recent Difficulties, 380 CHAPTER XVII. Administration of Van Burcn- Financial Pressure — the Sub-treasury — Canadian Revolt— the North- eastern Boundary— the Affair of the Amistad; Harrison and Tyler — Bankrupt Law — Preemption— the Veto Powor— Tariff ; Admission uf Texas, 395 CHAPTER SVIII. Texas as a Spanish Province — Grant to Moses Austin— Colonization— Difficulties of the Settlers; Revolution in Mexico — Bnstamente — First Revolutlonaiy Movements in Texas— Santa Anna'- Pres- idency—his Usurpation ; Second Texan Cunipaipn — Success of the Patriots— Invasion by Santa Anna — Battle of San Jacinto — independence Established, 40O CHAPTER XIS.. Administration of James K.Polk; Annexation of Texas; the North-western Boundary ; Discovery nnd History of the Territory of Oregon; Voyage of Juan do Fuca— Discovery of the Columbia- Trading Establishments— Journey of Lewis and Clarke — Astoria— Destruction of the Tonquin; Wur with Great Britain— Boundary Treaties -Settlement of the Country, 408 CHAPTER XS. Alteration in the Tariff; Acquisition of Californio— Early History of that Province— the Jesuit Mis- sions in the Peninsula — the Dominicans; Upper California— the Franciscan Missionary Establish- ment—the Mexican Revolution — Attempts at Colonization, 413 CHAPTER XXI. Exploration of New California— Colonel Fremont's Survey of the South Pass— Overland Expedition of 1843-4— the (ireat Suit Lake— Return Route— Terrible Passage of the Sierra Nevada— Captain Sutter's Settlement- Subsequent Expeditions of Fremont ; the Gold Discoveries in California,. . .. 418 CHAPTER XSII. The Mormons; Administrations of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore— Admission of California into the Union— Debate upon the Slavery Question — the Coniproniiso — Expeditions of Narciseo Lopez ; Statistics ; Franklin Pierce Prueident— Japan— the Nebraska Questiun, 425 CHAPTER XXIII. Adniiiiislrntion of James Bnchannn- Repuhliciin Party — Know Nothings— Growth of Slavery qiieatinn — Dred Si'ntl (leclsimi — Kansas trouMps — t.'tnli War — William Walker's invasioiis of Califciriiin niid Nicars- gim — Walker sliol — Fiimncial I'nnio of IK'iT — Cidiforiiia Overland Mail — Rpvivnl of Ir^'tr' — Treaty with I'liriijrimy— ('iiliii — Smm Juan--Princo of Wales in Atiienca — ,Ia|iiiiiPso embassy — J.ihn Bruun — .Vutninating ('iinvpiithin'., It'lill— Kkction of Linciiln and Hamlin — Secession; Confederate Stales of .America — Cruwth of Uie I'liion '. 433 Ni:\V BKUXSWICK. CHAPTER I. Area — I"ii:.'lisli Pettlemont— French Dismvory — (Jrnnt to Aloxamler— De La Tour and rhnrnlsse— Bny Thal- lours sellli'd— Kiinnil at liny Clialeiirs— l'ir:iles— S|ireiid of French ^ettleiiipnls- Davidson nt .MiriiriK.-lii— .■*!. John «ellled— /Mtaek on Miramachi— Micmacs— .\ttack the Vipir— I'nncity of Martin — Guv. f.'utli'tun. 4I'J niArTKU II Pro^rc's after llie .American ^Viir— (".ilcmial System of I*(ir>-7 — Piitios on timher — (irent Firo of l-i>— I.osi CONTENTS. 15 380 395 400 408 413 .. 425 hnestuin — Ll Niunra- eiity wkth ■jtriiimtin; .. 433 |?!iy rhal- ,lii-rh — Animals— Roads — Frederictoa described — St. John — Sett'ement-PotriK buildings — Trade — OtherTouns. 471 cHiPTsa t:. Religious Denominations— Schools and Colleges — Popolatioii — .\caiiiaii French — Micmacs — Melicetes— Negroes— Character of People— Ilospitolity — Social Pleasures — Popalatioa — Covemmer.t— Courts ; their Con- stitution and Session — List of Governors and their accesioo — Saauouj of Condition of Province — Finol Statistics 47S NOVA SCOTIA- CHArrs?. I. Nova Scotia discovered — First occupied by the French — Colony of De !..• B'Jcbf'— Convicts on Sohle Island — De Monts, Governor of Acadia— Confiscates Rossignol's goods — Pomrincocrt seules Port Royal — Mamberton, the Indian Sachem- Poutrincourt and the Jesuits — .Argall -nvades Acs/3:a— Sir Wiliiam -Alexander's set- tlers— Kirk's conquest of Canada — Razillai — Chamisse — De La Toar 4S3 CHAPTsa i:. Growth of Nova Scotia under the French— King William's War— Sir AVilUara Phips taies Port Royal— Villa- bon at Geinsec- Nova Scotia . separated from Massachusetcs — Peace of Byswirk — Uueen Anne's War- French Negotiations with Pirates — Church's invasion of Nova Sroiia — Repulse of third Mu'sachusctls in- vasion — A fourth one takes Port Royal — Peace of t'trecht— Rel«»ct«i>«e of English to settle — Destruction of Norridgwock 433 CHAPT2S i::. Wor of 1744 — Du Vivier's Expedition— Duke D'.Anville's Fleet— Wrecks, and its failure — .Anson and Warren's victory over De La Jonquiere — Slo.v increase of English eolootsts — SeOlemeot of Halifax — French tamper with Indians— War of 1755 — Cul. Winslow's expedition from Mais«tL'M?tts — Perjileiities as to the Aca- dians — Resolved to remove them— Dispersed among the eolooie»— Firrt House of .Assembly — "Charter of Nova Scotia." 492 CHAPTER IV. Taking of Quebec — Treaty with Monguash Tribe— Cape Breton a separate Goremment for a time — .American colonies try to detach Nova Scotia from England— Loyalirt refugees — .Aineri'-ao privateer? — Land kpecula- tions in 17i^l — Maroons from Jnmoica— Gov. Wentworth — Gov. Sherbrooke — War of Ip12— I^ord Dalhousie — Sir James Kempt— Earl of Mulgrave — Visit of Prioce of Wales — Rejoicings tt Halifax— Enthusiasm — Journey to Windsor 498 CFIAFTZP. T. Halifiix— Public Buildings — Royal Dockyard— Excellence of Ilarbor— BiBtnets advantages — Society and Atnusements — Commerce and Shipping — Pictou ; its commerce— Vietoo Col'jege — Liverjiool — Fisheries — Hhelburne — Singular History — Annapolis — Wimlsor— Dijhy ; '• Dig^y CTiickeQ«"—Lunehburg— Sable Island „ 502 CHAPT2S TI Geography of Nova Scotia— Socncry-Lakes-Mountains- GcoIofT—Pnmitive rocki — Secondary rocks— Na- tive Animals— Healthiriess of Climate— Character of S«)n/>nt— ?.>il : iu distributiou— Fruits— .\grinil- tural capacity— Crops— fetnlistics — Board of .Agriculture — Mannfisctores— Conmerre — Mining— Fisheries — Railroads 500 t • f 16 CONTENTS. CHAPTER vn. Nationality of the People — English— Americans — French — Indioiis— Characteristic traits— Exeellenee not ap- preciateil- Intelligence and talent— Judge Ilaliburton and Sir \V. F. Williams— Constitution of government — Governor — List of Governors — Legislature — Rcligou* Denominations— Education and SchooU — General prosperity — Population 512 NEWFOUNDLAND. Area — Discovery— First Settlement— Cal "rt's settlement— Settlers driven off— First Local Government— Recent prosperity — St. John — Its Harbor— Uuildings, etc — Visit of Prince of Wales — Interior — Character of people — Red Indians— Animals — Plants— Minerals — Fisheries— Sealing— Statistics of trade — Grand Bank — Mique- lets— Mogdalen Islands 516 THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. Historical Sketch of. 547 547 THE ENaLISH IN AMERICA. (gavlji 00^35 es aiiiJ liticmjjts ai Coloui^aiiott. SEBASTIAN CABOT; HIS YOUTH: HIS FIRST VOYAGE, AND DISCOV- ERY OF NORTH AMERICA. — HIS SECOND YOYAGE, AND FUTILE ATTEMPT AT COLONIZATION. — OBSCURE INTERVAL IN HIS LIFE. HE SERVES IN SPAIN. — HIS EXPEDITION UNDER HENRY VIII. — APPOINTED GRAND PILOT OF SPAIN. — HIS EXPEDITION TO SOUTH AMERICA. — HIS RETURN TO ENGLAND, SERVICES, OLD AGE, AND DEATH. England, the first to discover the American continent, waa, strangely enough, the hast to plant her colonies on its shores. Be- tween a solitary brilliant effort of early enterprise and those late and feeble endeavours destined to eventuate in such mighty results, there was destined to intervene the barren inlerrcgnum of nearh* a century of torpidity and ignorance, of imprudence and disaster. The scanty resources of her marine, and the lives of her most enterprising dis- coverers, for ages, were lavished in futile efforts to reach the shores of India by passing to the north of Asia, or in yet more hopeless attempts at the North-west Passage. After briefly describing the particulars of her first memorable achievement, and the unimportant movements in the same direction by which it was succeeded, we may pass, with little interruption, to the tardy and unprosperous beginning '' 18 AMEKICA ILLDSTKATED. of an empire, v/'liose rise and progress arc utterly witliout a parallel in the history of the world. That achievement, indeed, as in the more remarkable instance of Columbus, and in that of jragcllan, of Vespucius, of Verrazano, and of Hudson, was mainly due to the genius and enterjn-ise of one who, if not of foreign birtli, was of foreign origin and education, seeking, in a strange land, the means of displaj-ing his genius and courage in effecting grand discoveries. Sebastian Cabot, the son of an emi- nent Venetian merchant, was born at Bristol in England, about the year 1-177. Being removed to Venice at the early age of four, he there received, for the age, an excellent education, and became espe- cially imbued with the taste for maritime enterprise. Eeturning to England yet a youth, his ambition, like that of others of his fomily, was strongly kindled by tidings of the grand discovery of Columbus, then the chief event of the day. "By this fame and report," he says, "there increased in my heart a great flame of desire to attempt some notable thing." An ambition so laudable has seldom been gratified at such an early age; and a more "notable thing" than the young adventurer proba- bly drc.'imed of, was destined, while he was j'ct a boy, to immortalize his name. Henry VII., whose far-sighted policy had looked with inunediate favour on the scheme of Columbus, and who had narrowly missed the first claim to America, in March, liOO, at the instance of John Cabot, granted to him and his three sons — Lewis, Sebastian, and ") o' Sancius — a patent "to sail to all parts, cuuntrys, and seas, of the East, of the West, and of the North, to seek and find out whatsoever isles, countries, regions, or provinces of the heathen and infidels, whatsoever they may be, and in what part of the world soever they be, whi.s, the ^'JJoiniiius Vuhi.sn/ni'^ ("the Lord be with you'") and another were di.spatehcd by tlio panic sovereign to the northern eofists of America. "Divers cunning men," one being a canon oi St. Paid'.'', went on this expedition, which, however, one of the vc.«scls being wrecked, res'ilted in nothing of importance. The fact, indeed, that a letter, describing tlie voyage, was forwarded homo k m '>'-^^- M^%^ f I i t: i ,. i> tr L 22 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. 'f»«(S^ 'I ''V t]:H iltlle ..-l^- •'•■' ■ - -inf. of the •.»oii (\vL;ch i-^" .:o rua;;} (or ths inlallibio • iJH',?.' t ' ' ' '•'..; ; •'- 'a#t UK> -. ;;> v ■ ~. t«-i !.i ^.^• o:ty of Lo. lion; • .■j)rfi*/?<> .* ,t <^ . .-- r>:m;uas-ar<^ JajJ, I >. M .. .: ^ r NO l.i 3 K « i;.t >•.- u I );TlMfJl0- - • .■ :N UTIV-B tUW.lfUa5itIS.:<» fli* i.Aii 1.1 iJiaCpV' .. i ' - -- ; : i I ,l; li HIFCOTBRr OP G M) Oftl^— I > -■' - ! , . , «t «'». i.r--" . vrj bay. ' ■•r\ .M .1 ! To"?, tv>. :•.;■• t- • ' • • I'l s"-/ -!<<*»* ■*!',<• f-oril '><> will) ■ '1 ■'I liirl tliH'tJto?' V,'";" t ..I'.chril *• » -'.■ s«u'\.<» r'VfruiL'V i' '^ - .tM't> >• ..-tt nf .\;i'.i ». "I»ivii* ..»'.•" ■ -.>f'," ii'.f beiiip . ■..' . »? ^ ■- "■< ;j'«j w jt i t' \i= '■■•-■■. ^- '..'h, li'uv^n'r, .' the \ [ 'I: J ■■ in-' :ia:i lliildi Hi of the s,aniusod family. They were reduced -to a wretched condition, and er^iZi, :i is said, resorted to cannibalism, devouring one another; at l'^ obtaining by stratagem, at Newfoundland, a French ship, welil ifiiir- nished '.i-ith supplies, they made their way home, whither thej wei* soon followed (in the ship they had left) by the French crew, claia- orous for redress. It would appear, from laws passed not lons^ afkir for the protection of the fisheries at Newfoundland, that this hmnek of national industry had already made a fair beginning; aind ojbIj a few years later, from thirty to fifty English vessels, it is aaifl, caunc annually to that region. The fate of Willoughby, in seeking a north-east passage, in l'>>3, and the success of his oflicer. Chancellor, in discovering a aea-roial« to Russia, and opening a lucrative commerce with that empire-j 5jave already been mentioned. The English marine, under the aiisj>ii«es of Cabot, rapidly increased in extent, and the English maria«?s in skill and boldness; and the brilliant reign of Elizabeth, so fertile in every department of greatness, was illustrated by numeroTW naiTal exploits, both in war and attempted discovery. The attentwrn rf the learned and enterprising was revived to the scheme of effecting a North-west Passage — an undertaking, in the language of Martin Frobisher, "the only thing of the world, yet left undone, wheT^hj a notable mind might become fortunate and famous." For fifteen years, that navigator, afterwards so famous in almxost every sea, vainly sought the means of pursuing his grand flfcsri^n; and it was not until 157G, that by the favour of the Earl o'' War- wick, he was enabled to fit out a little flotilla of three v ihe largest of which was only thirty-five tons, and the smallest bat tos- With this slender equipment, on the 19th of June, 1576, he flailed from Yarmouth on his long-cherished enterprise. "In reviewfnjr t!»e history of these early expeditions, the most casual reader mnM l*c struck with the humble and insignificant means with which the 2T3k4- ert enterprises were attempted and often accomplished. CV>Inmil»nw, amid the storms of a most tempestuous winter, made his way back to U 24 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. I: Europe, after his great discovery, in an open caravel ; Hudson, with only ten men, undertook 'to find a passage to India by way of the north pole;' and the good Sir Humphrey Gilbert, after voyaging safely to Newfoundland in his little Squirrel, (of only ten tons,) was finally whelmed in a tremendous gale beneath the 'pyramid-like' seas of the Atlantic." On the 11th of July, this little squadron came to the southern extremity of Greenland, and, keeping to the westward, on the 18th of August again made land on some part, it is probable, of the coast of Labrador. Here the voyagers fell in with parties of Esquimaux, who came off to the vessels in their seal-skin boats; and five of the crew, who too rashly went ashore with them, were carried off, and could not be recovered. This land was named by Frobisher " Meta Incognita." One of his little vessels was swallowed up by the sea, and another deserted him ; yet he pressed on, and made considerable surveys in those dreary regions. On his return to England, certain bits of glittering stone which he had found there were confidently pronounced by the English goldsmiths to be no other than gold ore. The announcement of this fancied discovery of the precious metal stimulated the nation to fresh enterprise, and even relaxed the strings of the royal purse (in general most reluctantly unloosed) to a slight disbursement. With a ship of an hundred and eighty tons, furnished by the queen, and called the Ayde (Aid), and with two smaller ves- sels, on the 26th of May, 1577, he again set forth in quest of gold mines and the North-west Passage. He passed Friesland, and thence, stretching over to Labrador, sailed up the straits which still bears his name, and which he sup- posed to be a channel dividing Asia and America. A plenty of the glittering trash which had deluded him was found, and stowed aboard the ship ; and for thirty leagues he made his way up the strait, con- fidently supposing that it led to the Indian ocean. In some boats of the Esquimaux, various European articles were found, probably belonging to the mariners who had been lost on the preceding voy- age. To recover these or to revenge their death, he engaged in hostilities with the savages, who fought with much desperation, flinging themselves, when mortally wounded, into the sea. A num- ber of them having been slain, the rest took refuge among the cliffs, all the men of the party making their escape. "Two women," says the journal of the voyage, "not being so apt to escape as the men were, the one being olde, the other encombred with a yong childe, THE ENGLISH IN AMEEICA. 25 WO tooke. The olde wretch, whom divers of our Saylers supposed to be eyther the Divell or a witch, had her buskins plucked off, to see if she were cloven-footed, and for her ougly hewe and deformitie, we let her goe; the yong woman and the childe we brought away." All attempts to recover the lost mariners proved fruitless, and on the 21st of August, ice having begun to form around the ships, Fro- bisher perceived the danger of attempting to remain or proceed. Accordingly, he put about, and with his vessels freighted with, two hundred tons of shining earth, returned to England. Wonderful to state, the fallacy of the imagined El Dorado was not yet discovered. The ore was pronounced, genuine by men of science, and, as usual where the thirst for gold is fairly awakened, men flocked in crowds to join a fresh expedition. Fifteen ships, with preparations for a settlement, were fitted out, and, under com- mand of Frobisher, on the 31st of May, 1573, again sailed for the land of imagined treasure. After encountering much danger from storms and icebergs, the fleet entered a great strait leading westward, probably the chief entrance to Hudson's Bay. Finding that he was not in the passage he had formerly entered, in the region of imagined gold, Frobisher put about; but was so long in getting to the desired locality that winter almost set in before he arrived there; his sailors and colonists, disheartened by the length of the voyage, clamoured for return; one ship, laden with supplies, deserted; and, compelled to abandon his plans for colonization and discovery, the admiral, freighting his ships with the supposed treasure, returned to England By this time, its worthlessness had been fairly discovered; and though he eagerly besought the means at least for continuing his attempts at the North-west Passage, the public and the crown, dis- couraged by their losses and misfortunes, refused to lend him further assistance. The remainder of his life was passed in naval warfare and adventure, which perpetuate his name as a bold leader and skil- ful navigator. He died in 1694, of a wound which he received in an expedition to the French coasL 26 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. ■;> K5r |H kj cjtL Jfju JT iL Jj JjG X iL Jb o ENGLISH ENTERPRISE. DRAKE. — SIR HUMPHREY flILBERT HIS FIRST ATTEMPT TO COLONIZE AMERICA. SIR AY AL- TER RALEIGH. — SIR HUMPHREY SAILS FOR AMERICA SHIPWRECKS AND MISFORTUNES. — THE RETURN VOYAGE. — TEVPE3TS. — LOSS OF SIR HUMPHREY AND HIS CREW. ii -. ■I •! t - I: England, in the midst of continued loss and misfortune by her attempts at disco verj'-, at mining, and at colonization in the New World, was now fairly embarked in her grand career of naval enter- prise — the wealth and renown acquired by her daring mariner in their half-chivalrous, half-piratical expeditions against the Spaniards of America serving to keep alive the national interest in that region, and a knowledge of the AYestern Continent being incidentally but materially promoted by their cruises. At the same time that Fro- bisher was making his unsuccessful voyages in search of gold and of the North-west Passage, Francis Drake, a mariner of similar and yet greater renown, after his memorable passage of the straits of Magellan, was engaged in a survey of the western coast of North America, in the course of which he touched on the shores of Oregon, which he named New Albion. The example of enterpise, stimulated by motives purer and more honourable than those of cither, was not long in presenting itself. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a man of high character and amiable temper, both a soldier and a civilian, had interested himself much in the daring but futile voyages of his countrymen in search of a North-west Pass- age, lie had even written a treatise, founded on the testimony and opinion of "many learned, men and painfull travellers," "to proove by experience of sundrie men's travels the opening of some part of this North-we.st Passage; whereby good hope remaincth of the rest." No words could have phrased more efl'ectually that expectant longing, which now for three centuries has beset men of courage, of enter- prise and inquiry, to solve the grand problem — "the one thing yet left undone upon tlie earth whereby a notable mind might be made famous and fortunate" — of a communication between the two oceans. That terrible problem, whose final solution we have just witnessed, •# 5(y|P#W.!w?4-)'*=?'r? -"^ THE ENGLISH IN AMERICA. 27 will ever remain burdened witli the saddest associations, both ancient and modern, of heroic courage and indefatigable perseverance doomed to repeated suffering, disappointment, and destruction. In the year 1578 he obtained from Elizabeth a patent, conferring sole jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, over a very extensive territory in America, not precisely located, on condition that he should plant a colony there within six years. His half-brother, the famous Sir Walter Ealeigh, then twenty-six years of age, his imagin- ation fired by the narratives of Columbus, of Cortes, and of other famous pioneers of the New World, also engaged in the enterprise. This expedition, delayed and weakened by various misfortunes, finally sailed with only two vessels, one of which was captured by the Spaniards ; the crew of the other returned without effecting any thing in the way of settlement. An interval of several years elapsed, during which Raleigh rose high in the royal favour; and in 1583, the brothers renewed their enterprise, Sir Humphrey, in person, commanding the expedition. The queen, to express her favour, at his departure bestowed on him an anchor of gold, with a great pearl set in it, which, during the remainder of his life, he wore, with allowable complacency, on his breast. The fleet consisted of five sail, the largest of which, the Raleigh, was furnished by the famous man after whom it was named. There vere two hundred and sixty men on board, including mechanics and mineralogists; and a learned Hungarian, named Parmenius, was taken as the chronologer of the expedition. There was also provided, says one of the commanders, "Musike in great variety; not omitting the least toyes, as Morris-dancers, hobby-horse, and the like conceits, to delight the savage people, whom we intended to win by all faire meanes possible." Soon after their departure, the Raleigh, on account of an infectious disease, put back; and Sir Humphrey, with the remainder of the fleet, kept on to Newfoundland. At St. John's Harbour, at that island, lie summoned the Spanish and Portuguese fishermen to wit- ness t]:e ceremony of taking possession in the name of the English sover'^ign — an operation which he performed by digging a turf, and setting up a pillar, to which the arms of England were affixed. Silver ore, as it was supposed, was discovered, and was taken aboard the vessels, one of which was abandoned, while with the remainder Sir Humphrey pursued his vo^-aLrc along the coast towards the south. On his wa}'-, the largest ship remaining, with the ore, was wrecked. m 42 * i 71 28 AMERICA ILLUSTEATED. and a hundred souls perished, including the Hungarian. Eeturn was now considered necessary, and in the midst of terrible storms and tempests, the prows were turned homeward. " Sir Humphrey had chosen to sail in a little tender, called the Squirrel, a mere cockle- shell in size — ' too small to pass through the ocean sea at that season of the year.' In vain did the officers of the Hinde, the larger vessel, entreat him, in this dangerous weather, to shift his flag aboard their ship. He came on board, for a convivial meeting, but returned to his slender craft, saying, 'I will not desert my little company, with whom I have passed so many storms and perils.' "The weather grew heavier and heavier; the oldest sailors de- claring that they had never seen such seas — 'breaking very high,' says a spectator, 'and pyramid-wise' — the very worst sea that is known. Lights were burned at night, and the little Squirrel, for a long time, was seen gallantly contending with the waves, which almost ingulphed her. Once she came so near that they of the Hinde could see Sir Humphrey sitting by the mainmast, with a book in his hand, reading. He looked up, and cried cheerily, * We are as necre to Heaven by sea as by land.' But the seas broke over her more heavily; about midnight, all at once, the lights were extinguished; and in the morning nothing was seen of the good Sir Humphrey or his little ship. She had doubtless been whelmed by the toppling down of some huge pyramid of water. Such was the melancholy but honourable end of one of the worthiest and most persevering patrons of English enterprise. He perished in the pursuance of bis own exalted maxim : ' That he is not worthy to live at all, who, for fear or danger of death, shunneth his country's service or his own honor; for death is inevitable and fame immortal.'"* * Discoverers, &c., of America. Tllifi ENGLISH IN AMERICA. 29 CHAPTEH lY. THE PATENT OP RALEIGH. — HE DISPATCHES AMIDA8 AND BARLOW TO CAROLINA: THEIR REPORT. — THE COUNTRY NAMED VIRGINIA. — '• OYAOES OF DAVIS, ETC. — SECOND EX- PEDITION OF RALEIGH, UNDER LANE. SETTLEMENT AT ROANOKE. — FOLLY AND CRUELTY OF THE ENGLISH. — THE INDIANS. — MASSACRE BY THE ENGLISH. — FAILURE AND RETURN OF THE EXPEDITION. Kaleigh, whose enterprising spirit was dismayed neither by the loss of his brother, nor the wreck and failure of the late expedition, immediately resolved to renew the attempt, and secure to himself the glory of the first founder of an English settlement in America. To one so high in the queen's favour, letters patent, of the most liberal nature, were readily issued, granting him power to colonize, with almost unlimited personal jurisdiction, "such remote, heathen, and barbarous lands as are not actually possessed by any Christians, or inhabited by any Christian people." No particular region was spe- cified as the subject of this indefinite grant; but, warned by the fate of former enterprises, he had resolved to plant his settlement in the milder regions of the south. The very year after the loss of Sir Ilumphrey, on the 27th of April, 1584, he dispatched two vessels, well provided with men and supplies, under two experienced cap- tains, Amidas and Barlow, to the American coast. Taking the circuitous route of the Canaries and the West Indies, (which, strange to say, for many years was considered the only prac- ticable track,) after a voyage of two months, they arrived oS the shores of Carolina. For more than a hundred miles they sailed along the coast, seeking a harbour, and on the 13th of July, entered Ocracoke Inlet. Here they landed on an island, delighted with the softness of the climate and the beauty of the vegetation, and took formal possession of the country in the name of Elizabeth. The natives, at first shy and timid, proved gentle and friendly, and on the island of Eoanoke the voyagers were entertained with much hospitality at the residence of the chief. After making some brief survey of the coast, they returned to England, where the glowing description which they gave of the beauties of the region, encouraged 30 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. If I i f I! ti II the projector, and revived fresh enterprise in the nation. In honour of his patroness, Raleigh bestowed on the newly discovered region, the name of Virginia — a name, like that of Florida and of Louis- iana, originally applied to a tract far more extensive than even the broad and beautiful state by which it is now borne. A fresh stimulus, at this time, was given to the Xorth-Western entor- prise, and the voyages of Davis, in 1585, 6, 7, though unsuccessful in accomplishing their design, added greatly to the geographical knowl- edge of the dreary seas and coasts in that direction. The vov-ages and discoveries of the famous Henry Hudson, resulting in his own de- struction, but in the eternal commemoration of his name, occurred a few 3-ear3 later. (See "The Dutch in America.") The year after the return of his pioneer-vessels, (1585.) Raleigh, then in the full tide of court favour and increasing wealth, fitted out a fresh expedition, of seven vessels, with an hundred and eight col- onists, under command of .Ral})h (afterwards Sir Ralph) Lane, des- tined for the shores of Carolina. His friend, Sir Richard Grenville, one of the bravest and choicest spirits of the age, commanded the fleet, which, on the 9th of Ajjril, set sail from Plymouth. Taking the usual circuitous route, it passed through Ocracoke Inlet to tbe island of Roanoke ; and Grenville, with Lane and others, made a tour of exploration. They were well entertained by the natives whom they encountered — in return for which, as usual with the Euro[iean adventurers, provoked by sliglit injury, they teauty of the country. "It is the goodliest soil," says their governor, "und«T the cojie of heaven; the most jileasing territory of tlie world; the con- tinent is of a huge and unknown greatness, and well peopled and towncd, though savagely." The native culture of tobacco, of maize, and the potato, was observed with much interest; an interest which would have been rcdoubltHl, could the visitors have foreseen the vast magnitude and importance which the production of these articles was destined one day to assume. THE ENGLISH IN AMEKICA. 31 ■It A more particular observation of the Indians than had hitherto been made, was taken by the colonists, who describe them as gener- ally a feeble, inoflensive race, dwelling in small villages, and forming tribes of no great separate importance. Master lieriot, who esua- cially devoted himself to the subject, travelled among them, and endeavoured to indoctrinate them with some idea of Christianity. They manifested much reverence for the Bible which he displayed to them, kissing it and hugging it to their breasts, and doubtless con- sidering it "a great medicine." They had a s])eeies of belief in the Divine Existence and the immortality of the soul; and the travellei tells a pleasant story of one of them who had been buried for dead, but was afterwards exhumed and revived. According to the Indians, the recovered patient "showed that although his body had laine dead in the grave, yet his soule lived, and had travailed far in a long broad way, on both sides whereof grewe more sweete, fayre, and delicate trees and fruits than ever he had scene before; at length he came to the most brave and fayre houses, neere which he met hie Father, that was dead long agoe, who gave him charge to goe baeke to shew his friends what good there was to doe, to injoy the pleasures of that place; whieli when hee had done, hee should come again." Allured by fanciful and perhaps misunderstood tales concerning great treasures at the source of the Eoanoke, Lane, with a number of his [jcople, ascended its rapid stream. Tlieir provisions were soon exhau.sted, yet they pressed on, "seeing they had yet a dog, that, being bonded with saxafras leaves, would richly feede them in their return," but accomplished nothing of their object, and returned disappointed. A most outrageous deed was presently perpetrated. The neighboring Indian.<», it is sai(f, jealous of tlic intrusion of the strangers, had con.si)ircd against them, and Lane, with others, desir- ing an interview with King Wingina, the principal chief of that region, treacherously attacked and massacred him and his attendants In June, 1586, the famous Sir Francis Drake, with a fleet of twenty- three ships, came to anchor ofl* the island; and, though that ener- getic commander did every thing in his power to encourage the colonists, and to furnish them w^th all necessary supjilifs, yet, desponding of Bucccs-s, they desired lo return to their hotnes. Ao cordingly, he took them aboard his fliet, and tarried them to I'lng- land — the principal result of their American sojourn being the introduction to that country of the custom of smoking tobacco, which they I'tx^ learned of the Indians. Vol IV.— ai c: - M i J 82 AMEIJICA ILLUSTRATED. CHAPTEIi ?. SMALL SETTLEMENt PLANTED BY QRENVILLE AT ROANOKE DE- STROYED BY THE INDIANS. — THIRD EXPEDITION OF RALEIGH. — FIRST ENGLISH CHILD IN AMERICA- — LOSS AND SUP POSED DESTRUCTION OF THE ROANOKE COLONY. MISFORTUNES 01 RALEIGH. — TARDINESS AND ILL- FORTUNE OF ENGLISH ENTERPRISE. — REFLECTIONS. OxLY a few days after the hasty and ill-advised departure of Lane led by ih and Ills people, a vessel, disp plies, arrived at the deserted settlement; and soon afterwards, Gren- ville, with three more ships, also well supplied, came to the same place. Uc left fifteen men on the island; but the next comers found there only the ruins of their fort and dwellings, amid which human bones, the evidence of Indian hostility, lay bleaching. E.ilcigh, on learning of the desertion of his settlement, with inde- fatig:il)le industry, set to work afresh; and in April, 1587, despatched another expedition, with e.«p?cial provision for the cultivation of the land, and with a number of women, that the comforts of a home might be early established. In July, the fleet arrived at Koanoke, where the sad evidences of the destruction of Grcnville's men were ob- .'icrved; ainl, though the projector had ordered that the new setile- nicnt should be founded on Chesapeake Bay, yet, on account of the impatience of the naval commander, the governor, White, and liia ]ieojile di.^enibarked on the i.sland. Indian hostilities were soon renewed in the murder of one of the settlers— and the laffei', attack- ing a party of the natives by night, found too late that tlu-y b(.'K)n'n'(l to a friendly tril)e. On the Iblii of August, 15^7, \'irgiMia Dare, the liist child born of English parents in the United Slates, was u.-luMcd into a brief and ill-fated being. White, by the urgent rc the eternal snows of the Arctic Circle."* * Dtacoverere, &c., of America. if i THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. ujuAiriiJliJu !• MEMOIR OP CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. — HIS TOUTHPUL ADYBN- TURES AND SERVICES. — HE TURNS HERMIT. — HIS ADVEN- TURES IN FRANCE. — HE IS PLUNG OVERBOARD. — 8EA- JIGHT. — TRAVELS IN IT.\LY. — HIS CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE TURKS. — SIEGE OF REUALL. — THE THREE TURKS' HEADS, — SMITH SENT A SLAVE TO TAR- TARY: HIS WONDERFUL ESCAPE. — SUBSEQUENT ADVENTURES. — RETURNS TO ENGLAND. No account of American, and still less of Virginian colonization, would be complete without some memoir of that remarkable man to wliosn unwearied personal exertions the foundation of an English commonwealth in this country is almost entirely due. Eomance would hardly venture to imagine adventures more marvellous, or courage more chivalrous than his ; and when to a temper the most sprightly, adventurous, and enterprising of his day, were added the unsurpassed qualities of judgment, of perseverance, of fortitude, and of forbearance, the result could hardly fail to be a character of no ordinary greatness, and the work of his life a work destined in some manner to all'ect the interests of mankind. Ilis extraordinary career, fortunately detailed, in good part, with modest quaintness, by his own pen, will ever remain the delight of youth, and the admiration of the historical reader. Captain John Smith, iiicomj)arably the greatest and most famous of English adventurers in America, was born of a good family at Willoughby, Liiicoliisliire, in 157U. Ilis mind, from childhood, set on adventure and travel, at the age of tliiiteen, ho secretly sold his books and satchel, and was about going off to sea, when interrupted by the death of his father. His guardians apprenticed him to a merchant of liynn, whom, in consequence of refusal to gratify hia THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. S7 the ^ tnste Tor the sea, he speedily quitted, and with hia young pati^jfini, ike son of Lord Willoughby, went into France. Thence he repaiJtt'i to the Netherlands, then engaged in tlieir struggle ligainat Sjjaisiisli tvranny; and served some three or four years under Coptaia I>!!ix- burv — an Knglishman, commanding, it would seem, in the serviee of Prince Maurice. He sailed to Scotland, but was ahipwrecke)i ai Holy I.~le, and finding no chance of preferment at the Scottu^lai wjcurt, again betook himself to Willoughby. Here, by one of tUoee fR'iiks common to ardent and imaginative 3'outh, he chose to turii imenjiiit — though rather after the fashion of Fjiar Tuck than tlie recluase of Warkworth. In a great wood, far from the town, he built kiKUJC-jf a shelter of boughs, where, without bedding, or any of the coimiTemi- ences of civilized life, he made his abode. In the curt langri^ge of his narrative, (which, like Caesar's, runs in the third persox) "Ilia studie was Machiavilh Art of Warre, and Marcus Aurelius; hi£ exer- cise a good horse, with his lance and ring; his food was U'nowyJ^J to be more of venison than anythiiifj else; * * * Long these pJeasnires could not content him, but hee returned againe to the Ijn-^ CfvTjia- trics" — intending to make his way to the east of Germany, tiieo distracted with Turkish warfare, and fight on the side of CLrkJica dom. At this time he was only nineteen. Taking ship for France, he was despoiled of all his baggage bjr four sharfsers, and, selling his cloak to pay for his passage^ laading in Picanly, went in pursuit of them. Keduced to great d;.>»tr«ffiE amd poverty, "wandering from port to port to finde some man '.r waure, he s{»eut that he had, and in a Forest, ncere dead with gr:.>f« ai^d c<.'Id, a rich Farmer found him by a faire Fountaine under a iree. This kinde Pesant relceved him againe, to his content." Ncy(t tog after, passing through a forest, he fell in with Cursell, cm& of \m despjilcr.'. "His piercing injuries had so small patience, aavkboat any word thoy both drew, and in a short time Curaell fell to llie ground, when from an old ruinated Tower the inhabitants Sicdng them, were SJitisfied, when they heard Cursell confease what haul fonnerly |ta5scd," We next find tlie youthful adventurer ei^jojuig the hospitality of a noble carl (who had known him in EnigJazi!*!) at Lis chateau in P>ritttriy; wiiencc, apparently better auppued, be travelled over much of France, surveying fortresses and oc'aer iJt^ar blc objects of examination. At Marseilles, by ill-fortune, he embarked on boanl a rcajel freighted with "a route of pilgrims, of divers nation.s," gr.Ii-s *^ 88 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. Rome, and put to sea. Compelled by tempests, the ship anchored under the Isle of St. Mary, oil" Nice, where the "inhumane Provin- ciails," concluding that Smith, in his double capacity of Englishman and heretic was their Jonah, set upon him, "hourely cursing him," he tells us, "not oneiy for a Huguenoit but his Nation tley swore were all Pyrats, and so vildly lailed on his dread sovereigiie Queene Klizubt'th, and that they never should have faire weather as long as bee was aboard them ; their disputations grew to that passion'' (stim- ulated, perhaps, by the liberal use of a staff, with which the gallant Cai)tain requited their assaults) "that they threw him overboard, yet God brought him to that little Isle, where was no inhabitants but a few kine and goatr " With his customary good-luck, however, next mornihg he was taken on board of the Britaine, a French ship, and handsoinely entertained by the captain. Sailing to Alexandria, the ship discharged her freight, and thence passed over to the northern coasts. Meeting with a hirge Venetian argosy, the French captiiin hailed her, and was answered by a shot which lost him a man. A naval battle, contested with great fury, and lasting for some hours, with all the^ horrors of broadsides, boarding, danger of conflagration, Jcc, ensued ; but after the argosy had lost twenty men and was ready to sink, she yielded. All was now active exertion in stopping her leaks and transferring her c:irgo to the victor. "1"he Silkes, Vel- vets, CIdth of Gold, and Tissue, Pyasters, Chicquecnes, and Sultanie.^, (whicii is gold and silver,) they uidoaded in four and twenty houres, was woiiderfull, whereof having sufficient, and tired with toilo, they c^ist her olf with her company, with as much good merchandize a3 Avould have fraughted anoliier Pritaine, that was but two hundred I'unnes, slue foure or five hundred." As a rewai'd for his valour in tliis desperate engagement, Smith received five hundred chic- queenes "and a little box (.iate with him for his Head." So many of the Christian officers were eager to undertake the duel, that the matter was decided by lot, and the peril and honour <)f the adventure fell to our young friend Smith. At a given signal, the adversaries, in full view of both armies — "the Rarnpiers all beset witli faire Dames" — tilted against each other with equal courage 40 AMEltICA ILLUSTRATED. and fury, but with better advantage to the Christian, who ran hiii enemy through hehnet and brain, and nimbly alighting, cut off hia head, wtiich he presented to the Prince General. One Grualgro, " tlie vowed friend " of the fallen chief, resolved to avenge his fall or share his fate; and a second encounter, the next day, came off, with equal success to Smith, who unhorsed his enemy and speedily possessed himself of his head. Unsatisfied with h\s unusual good fortune and renown, the young champion, in turn, pent a courteous message that the ladies might have tlie heads of their two servants, and his own besides, if any Turk of proper degree would come and take them. This audacious challenge, ac- cepted by one Bonny Mulgro^ had nearly proved the death of our hero, who, by a blow of his opponent's battle-axe, lost his own and was nearly unhorsed. The Turks set up a. tremendous shout of applause from the ramparts, yet Smith, to use his own language, "what by the rcadinesse of his horse, and his judgment and dexter- itie in such a businesse, bcj'ond all men's expectation, by God's assistance, not onely avoided the Turkts violence, but having drawne his Faulcheon, pierced the Turke so under the Culets, thorow backe and body, that, although he alighted from his horse, hee stood not long ere hee lost his head, as the rest had done." Great rejoicing took place in the Christian army, and Smith was complimented and exalted to the skies. The town, after a desperate doi'ence, was taken b}' storm, and the Turks entrenched themselves in the castle, "The Earle, remembering his father's death, battered it with all the ord- nance in the towne, and the next day took it; all be found could bear Armes he put to the sword, and set their heads upon stakes round about the walls, as they had used the Christians when they tooke it." This was certainly rather an indifferent school f(jr the cultivation of humanity or refinement; yet Smith seems never to have become infected with the cruelty of the age, or to liave en- gaged in these sanguinary scenes with any motive beyond tiiat of the renown to be acquired by gallant deeds of arms, and the idea, in his diiv not altogether groundless, that a blow struck in l;ehalf of Christendom against the invading ranks of the iufidcls, was a meritorious work. Sigismund of Transylvania, on repairing to the army, was .so pleased with this last exploit of the young soldier, that "with great honour he gave him three Turhs' Heads in a Shield for his Arines. In" patent nii'ler liis hand and scale, with an oathe ever to weare THE SETTLEMENT OF VIKGIMA. 41 -1? them in his Colours, his picture in Gould, and three hundred Ducats yeerely for a pension." This patent was afterwards admitted and recorded in the Herald's College of England. Fortune finally turned against the Christians, whose army, in the terrible battle of liotenton, overwhelmed by superior numbers, was almost entirely cut to pieces. "In this bloudy field," says our author, "neere 80,000 lay, some headlesse, armeles.se, and legles.se, all cut and mangled; where breathing their last, they gave this knowledge to tlie world, that for the lives of so few, the Cnjm-Tariar never jiaid denrer." Among the victims were a number of adventurous Eng- lishmen, fighting for renown, who all "did what men could doe, and when they could do no more, left; there their bodies in tcstinionie of their mindes. * * * But Smith" (continues that gentleman) "among the slaughtered dead bodies and many a. gasp- ing soule, with toile and wounds lay groaning among the rest." Captured and cured of his wounds, he was sold with many more as a slave at Axapolis; and his purchaser, a certain Bashaw Bogall, sent him on to Constantinople as a present to his young mistress, with the assurance that he was a Bohemian lord, the trophy of his personal prowess. The lady, like most whom the gallant ca[)tain encountered, at once experienced a tender interest for his welfare; and fearing lest he she aid be sold out of the family, dispatched him, with a letter of recommendation, to her brother, the Bashaw of Nalbritz, in Tartary, near the sea of Azof. This kindly manoeuvre, however, served him nothing; for the ferocious Turk, apprehending the true state of the case, took all imaginable pains in persecuting him. With his head and beard shaved "so bare as his hand," a great iron ring rivetted about his neck, and a rough garment of hair and hide, the unfortunate Smith underwent a slavery, "so bad, a dog could hardly have lived to endure," and was finally made thresher at a lonely grange of his master, more than a league from the house. The result, in his own brief language, was, that "the Bashaw, as he used often to visit his granges, visited him, and took occasion so to beat, spurne, and revile him, that, forgetting all reason, he beat out the Tymour^s braines with his threshing-bat, for they have no flailes; and seeing his estate could be no worse than it waa, clothed himself in his clothes, hid his body under the straw, filled hia knapsacko with corne, mounted his horse, and ranne into the desart at a'l adventure." For some da;ys he wandeied in the wilderness, but finally, lighting upon the high road from Tartary to Kuasia, 42 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. made his way, after, a journey of sixteen days, to Ecopolis, a Russian post on the Don. Here he was kindly received, and on his return to Transylvania, "glutted with content and neere drowned with joy," great rejoicing took place at his escape and the manner of it, both so characteristic of his temper. At Prague, whither he repaired, Sigisrnund presented him with fifteen hundred ducats, equipped with which he travelled through Germany, France, and Spain, viewing notable places and adding to his extensive information. In a French ship he sailed to Africa, meaning to take part in the civil wars in Morocco; "but by reason of the uncertaintie, and the perfidious, treacherous, bloudy murthers rather than warre, among those per- fidious, barbarous Jibores," changed his purpose. Passing an evening aboard the ship, a gale of wind compelled her to run to sea, and the captain's taste for adventure was presently gratified by "a brave sea- nght," lasting for two days, with a couple of Spanish men-of-war. They were finally beaten off", with a loss, it was supposed, of a hun- dred men. In an action so desperate, the services of Smith, it may well be supposed, were not without an opportunity for their /ull appreciation. Not long after (160-i) he returned to England. FIRGINIAN COLONIZATION REVITED. — PATENT OP JAMES I. — ILL- ASSORTED COMPANY OF SETTLERS. — THE EXPEDITION SAILS FOR AMERICA. — ACCIDENTALLY ENTERS JAMES RIVER. ILL TREATMENT OF SMITH. — INTERCOURSE WITH THE INDIANS. — JAMESTOWN FOUNDED. — EXCURSION OP SMITH AND NEWPORT. — POWHATAN. — THE INDIANS OF VIRGINIA. Soon after the return of Smith, he became acquainted with Captain Gosnold, who;5e voyage has already been mentioned; and the scheme of Virginian colonization was again revived. Sir Ferdinand Gorges, Sir John Popham, chief justice of England, and other persons of rank and influence, were persuaded to take an interest in their plan; ar.d thus in April, 1606, the king (James I.) was induced to issue letters patent to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers and others, granting them all the territory on the eastern sea-board of North .% THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 43 America, between tbirty-four and forty-five degrees north latitude. Two companies, one of Londoners and the other of gentlemen, &c., from the West of England, were formed, the first to colonize the southern and the latter the northern portion of the grant; but with a strict proviso, dictated by the foolish jeahjusy of James, that a hundred miles of wilderness should intervene between their re- flpective settlements. As the first of these only succeeded in their design, our account will be restricted chiefly to their operations. On the 19th of December, 1606, three small vessels, commanded by Captain Christopher Newport, and carrying an hundred and five colonists, sailed from Blackwall for Virginia. Forty-eight of this number were enrolled as gentlemen, and twelve as labourers — an ominous proportion for the prosperity of the projected settle- ment. Gosnold and Smith, Edward Wingfield, a merchant, Qeorge Percy, and the liev. Robert Hunt, were the principal persons of the expedition. Delayed by contrary winds, the little fleet, bearing the germ of the American commonwealth, was six weelcs in sight of Englalid; and when it finally got to sea, toolc the old circuitous route of the Cana- ries and West Indies, l^j the folly of James, sealed instructions, in a box not to be o[)ened till their arrival, had been provided, nam- ing the authorities of the colony. Dissension thus sprung up early in the voyage, and at the Canaries, Smith, accused, by the absurd jealousy of some, of conspiring to make himself "king of Virginia," was put in confinement. They steered for Roanoke, but by a piece of excellent disappointment, were carried by a storm past the place of their destination, and entered Chesapeake Bay. Naming the headlands Cape Henry and Cape Charles, in honour of the king's sons, they sailed up the .James River about forty miles, and went on shore, delighted with all they saw. " We pnssed through excellent ground," says one of them, "full of flowers of divers kinds and colours, ;uul as goodly trees as I have seen, as cedar, cypress, and other kinds; going a little further we came to a little plat of ground, full of fine and beautiful strawberries, four times bigger and better than ours of England." "Heaven and earth," says the enthusiastic Smith, "seemed never to have agreed better to frame a place for man's commodious and delightful habitation." The very day of their arrival, the settlers perceived certain hostile savages, "creeping on all foures, from tiie hils like Beares," but put them to flight by a discharge of muskets. At Point Comfort, 44 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. however, and other places, they were kindly received by the natives, who gave them corn-bread, pipes and tobacco, and held a dance in honour of them. The chief of the Kappahannas, who, with a con- siderable attendance, came to meet them, "entertained us," says the journal, "in so modest a proud fashion, as though he had been a prince of civill government, holding his countenance without any laughter or any such ill behaviour, lie caused his mat to be spread on the ground, where he sat down with great majesty, taking a pipe of tobacco, tlie rest of his company standing around him." Having made considerable survey of the shoi^ of the river, the little colonv of Englishmen chose for the site of their settlement a peninsula on the northern bank, and called it Jamestown, in honour of the sovereign. It was now an hundred and nine 3'ears since Cibot, sailing by these shores, had conferred on England the con- ventional right to so great a part of the North American continent; yet this was the first successful attempt of that nation to plant a colony in the Western Hemisphere. Tliat it did not speedily share the fate of its predecessors, is almost entirely due to the admirable courage, sa'^acity, and patience of a man greatly wronged and abused, in its very inception. On opening the scaled box, it was found that a council of seven, including Wingfield, Gosnold, Newport, and Smith, were appointed to govern the colony; but the last, the only reli.nble man of the wliole company, by the paltry jealousy of his a.«owerful chief- lain, named Wahunsonacock, but whose customary title, derived, like that of a Eurojx'an grandee, from his principal residence, was Powhatan. The names of 'i'uscaloosa, Quigaltampii, and those of many other native American chiefs, identical with their towns or prmcii>aiitics, indicate the prevalence of the usage. Uis r^idenoe of I'owhatan was at the Falls of James River, at the site of Rich- mond, and that of Werowocomoco on tlin north side of York River. THE SETTLKMi-.NT OF VIROINIA. 45 Ascending the first named stream, after a voyage of six days, the exploiers came to the fulls, where they were courteously i-eceived by the great chief just mentioned — "of personage," says Smith, "a tall, well proportioned man, with a sower looke, his head some what gray, his beard so thinne it seemcth none at all, his age neero sixtie; of a very able and hardy body to endure any labor. * * * It is strange," he presently proceeds, "to see with what great fcaro and adoration all these people doe obey this Powhatan. For at his fectc the}' present whatsoever he commandeth, and at the least frowne of his brow, their greatest spirits will tremble with feare; and no mar- veil, for he is very tyrannous and terrible in punishing such as oft'ciul him. * * Yet when he listeth, his will is a law and must be obeyed ; not onely as a king, but halfe as a God they esteeme him." The Indians of Virginia, dwelling in a milder clime, and on a more fertile soil, seem to have po.ssessed more of the comforts of life than those of New England. They lived by the chase, by fishing, and, to a considerable extent, by plantation. Tlicir clothing was of furs, but they were ver}- hardy and able to endure cold. Their children, from infancy, they used to wash in the rivers, "and by paintings and ointments so tanne their .skinncs, that after a ycare or two no weather will hurte them." The customary passion of sav- ngcs for personal picturing, scem.s, indeed, to have had full sway, the favourite colour being red. "Many other formes of painting they iise, but he is the most gallant that is the most monstrous to behold." They were a warlike people, and were often engaged in feud with their neighl)our3. Smith gives a curious account of a great sham- llglit, which I^owhatan's warriors, at Mattapanitmt, once performed Ibr his diversion. Two parties, each of a hundred, approached each other in warlike array, *'all duly keeping their orders, yet leaping and singing after their accustomed tune, which they only vse in Warres. Vpon the first flight of arrowcs, they gave such horrible shouts and sehreechcs, as so ms'tiy infernall hell-hounds could not have made them more terrible. When they had spent their arrowcs, they joyned together prettily, charging and retiring, every ranke sceonding the other. As they got advantage, they catchcd iheir onctnies by the hayreof the head, and down came he that wjus tak<'ii. IJis enemy with his wooden sword seemed to bente out his braines, and still they crept to the rear to maintain the skirmish. * * * All their actions, voyces, and gestures, lx>th in charging and retiring, 46 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. ' were so stnunccTto the lieight of their qualitie and nature, that the strangeness thereof made it seeme very dehghtfull." Little that is definite seems to have been ascertained concerning their rehgious belief — the uncouth ceremonies of the Powwow, and the manifestations of a savage taste being directly construed into an explicit Satanism. "Their chief God they worship," says the 3a[)tain, "is the Devill. Ilini they call Okee, and serve him more of feare than love. They say they have conferrence with hiiu, and fashion themselves as neare to his shape as the}' can imngine. In their Tenij>les they have his image evill-favoredly carved, in such manner as the deformitie may well suit with sueli a God. * * Upon the to[) of certain red sandy liils in the wooclcs, there are three great houses filled with Images of their Kinges and Devills, and Tombes of their j^redeccssors. This place they count so holy as none but the I'riests and Kings dare come into them." Tlicir reli- gious ceremonies were sufl'ieiently fiintastic and barbarous. Their chief priest, horrid in a head-dress of the skins of snakes and other roptili'S, made invocations before the circle of worshippers "with broken sentence.-', by starts and strangi; passions, and at every j)ause the rest give a short groane" — probably the Indian "ugh," denoting assent. "And in this lamentable ignorance," he continues, "doe these poore Soules sacrifice themselves to the Devill, not knowing their Creator; and we had not language suflieient, so j)lainly to ex- press it as to make them understand it, which God grant tliey may." uXXiZjujrXiJuiri ixi* TRIAI. AND VINDICATION 0? SMITH. — FAMINE AND TEUUIIII, MOHTAI.ITY. — SMITH, 11 Y IMS KXKUTIONS, SUI'POUTS T II 8 COLONY. — TUEACHEUY OP II I 3 ASSOCIATES. — DEAI.IXOS WITH THE IX1I1AN.S — IIH.E AND MISEllAllLE COLONISTS. Wllir.K the party of survey wa.s ab.^^ent, an attack liad b'-en made by the Indians on the colonists, one of whom wa.s killed, and many others were wounded, and Jamestown was therefore fortified with palisades aJid artillery. Captain Smith, on his return, to silence the Blandcra of his cnemi s, demanded a jiublic trial; in wliicli liis inno- "e, that the concern iiie >v\vo\\', and >trucd into " says the m more of I liini, and .t<,n'ne. In :d, in such 1. * * 3 are three n-ills, and >o lioly as I'heir rcli- is. Their and other ers "with ^ery j)ause ' denoting lies, "doe knowing ily to ex- icy niay." K I! It I II f, rs Tim , I N s ST 8. [•n m.'ide id many cd with I'tlCC tlic MS miio* * t IP h ^1 >— • I k 46 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. aauK'', tinil' i;i-. LU - • ., •;«. -v., rt^mi^ of tKrt Fo-.vwow, ci ■ ,.■ au-.v' l..•iK^' direotly constnied into I r .1 .. >t la they vror '.np,' sayn ti.v .;:..' lii-v'v o... tJMa»iv*'id.»irve lii'ii ^ .re ■ ^ ■ ■:>,- .. vUJ'^fc-arfih "^^ id, in 81-.. 1. . -fit (!v .U u\ the woodfts, ♦'(■(,« are thi' t > i.:.,»-\3 <:! t.jeir Kingea ami Devi )s, :i i ^>».-Mif- 'rill* jtlace they fount bo lioly i '>Jr>^ Hj«'--- cor»^ i'ito tiiem." Their rt i- ,.i*»« ji" vorshippt- r< "wi ■, ;*.. V i-J • • :,^ iiiwtfi I'-", :nd at I'verv j au-c -Ci^wE ,-. . ,.:.^? «•.»• jiki'an "' jl'," •'■ .I'iiL' . t<»*rf a*u'.-nrfll^'K' 'ji»i>y4(B0^.'! ill' C'ui-!,!-.-v,.- !(,:• - 1 j.Klr.f^ ,1 . iO : ^uk« ibe? i u? kr^tAnd ir, vrUi^i* *• i ^ ■'^'' ''**>) u-W till III '»<» ^>0 4 X <^ • . A'.'Tt — s«!?i;. ".T r.iB i J. ? 4.T»'.>3, »vrr .stub ■ ; Tii, fS. \s*, — i" ' vi/ irSIRAULS COLONISTS 4'U vdM..^cf<-'r<>ft' **'' ' will t ■ i ■ ^ II c ri;i, uo- K;it \:». ;\'vV'o\v, i'liil ^tnied into says ii.c nx : >re 1 luta, a';il sgiiie. ill til, in sf. 1 I r ^ 9 are ihi' < 5vi.it!, ;\ ! K) \\o)y .i Tlicir rt 1- W. 'I'l). ' ruJ <:.l1i.. I ers "\vi". irerv ; ;iuc 'wild' 1{R 1 >i .'UIJ, witi. '^m THE SETTLKAIKNT OF VIRGINIA. 47 eence and the malice of liis detractors was so apparent, that he waa restored to his seat in the Council, and Wingfield was adjiuigasi to pay him damages in goods to the value of two hundred poir.^la, which, however, Smith put into the store-house, for the pub.. , .-■■:. On the loth of June, Newport, with the vessels, returned to> Erog- land, Ilis departure was the signal for immediate distress aad privation. The company, with Avretched improvidence, had me;;- Iccted to supply suflicient stores for a colony just lanrleii ui tlie wilderness, and even during the stay of the fleet, many of the ramfor- tnnate settleis had been reduced for support to biscuits pilfertii l*j the sailors from the ship-stores, and sparingly dealt out to the h . '-irrj applicants "for saxefras, furres, or 1. ^^e,'* .. regular famine al rt>-i« set in, a daily pint of vheat or bri.. ^ , all ve with insect?, l*. ^ the only allowance. "Had we been as free," says one of lEncsm, "from all sinnes as gluttony and drunkenness, we might have teen canonized as saints; but our President would never have beexn awl- mitted, for ingrossing to his ])rivate, Oatemcalc, Sacke, Oyle, Aqwiriia^ Beefe, Egges, and what not but the Kettell. * * Oar drimfee was water, our lodgingcs Castles in the Ayre." During the summer, fifty of the company, of whom Gosnolel was one, bad died from the diseases incident to a change of climate zsA agcrravated by privation and exposure. Wingtield, with a cowai»lIj and treacherous policy, attempted to seize the pinnace and di£»he Spaniard never more greedily desired gold than he victuall, nor his Souldiers more to abandon the country than he to keepe it." Of tl^o ill-assorted com- pany, he says, there were "many meerely projecting, verball and idle contemplators, and those so devoted to pure idlenesse, that though they had lived in Virginia two or three years, lordly, neces- sitie itselfe could not compell them to passe the Peninsula or the Paiisadocs of /ames Towne. * * Our ingenious Verbalists were no lesse plague to us in Virginia than the Locusts to the Egyp- tians." Because they did not find Taverns and Alehouses at every ,turn, he says, nor feather beds and down pillows, they thought of noticing but present comfort and speedy return. Wingfield and others seized the pinnace, and would have fled to England, but Smith by force of arms compelled them to remain, and one of the r^contsnts was killed iu tlie attempt. , THE SETTLEMENT OF \IRGIMA. 49 CHAPTER I Y • 8XPEDITION AND CAPTURE OP SMITH: HIS STRAXGB ADTENTUEEi? AMONG THE INDIANS. — CONJIJRATIOSS PERFORMED OYER HIM. HE IS CARRIED TO POWHATAN. HIS LIFE SAVED BY POCAHONTAS — STRANGE MASQUERADE OF POWHATAN. — RELEASE AND RETURN OF SMITH. Proceeding up the Chickahominy, Captain Smith at last procured by traffic such abundant supplies of provision, that the empty stom- achs of the mutineers no longer cried out for return to England. In another expedition, in the same direction, he experienced that memorable adventure, the rival of romance and the brightest orna- ment of American colonial history. Having left his canoe, with two companions, on the bank of a stream, he struck off twenty miles further into the \\'ilderness to reach its head waters. The crew of his barge, which he had left further down the river, were attacked by a great body of warriors, under Opechancanough, king of Pamunkcy, the brother of Powhatan. Only one of them, however, was captured, who, after having been compelled to inform the savages of the route taken by Captain Smith, was barbarously put to death. His two companions, sleeping by their canoe, were the next victims, and finally the whole force, two hundred strong, came up with Smith himself Binding his guide before him, as a shield against their arrows, the captain fought with equal coolness and desperation. He killed three of the enemy and wounded many more; but finally, getting fast in a morass, became 80 benumbed vnth cold, that, rather than freeze, he threw away his deadly weapons, and yielded himself prisoner. The Indians drew him out, and chafed his benumbed limbs before a fire. His presence of mind unfailing, he pulled forth a little compass, set in ivory, which he gave the chief. "At the sight of this strange little engine, with its trembling vibrations, apparently instinct with life, the wonder of his captors knew no bounds; and Smith, taking advantage of their interest, began forthwith to encham with philosophy the attention of his savage auditors." To use his own words, " when he demonstrated by that Globe-like lewell, the rounduesse of the earth and skies, the spheare of the Sunne, 50 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Moone, and Starrcs, and liow the Sunne did chase the night round about the world continually; the greatnesse of the Sea and Land, the diversitie of ^Nations, varietie of complexions, and how we were to them Antipodes, and many such-like matters, they stood as all amazed with admiration." Having tried his nerve by tying him to a tree, and all making ready to shoot at him, they led him in triumph to Orapaks, a town a few miles from Powhatan, where a hideous war-dance was per- formed about him, and where, from the overweening hospitality of his hosts, he began to fear that he was to be fattened for sacrifice. Fully appreciating his valour, they made him great offers if he would assist them in an intended attack on Jamestown ; but Smith, having written a note to his friends, warning them of the danger, and de- si rinf; certain articles, persuaded the Indians to take it thither, and leave it in sight of tlie colonists. To their utter am:izement, they found in the same spot, on the following day, the very articles that Smith had promised them, and all, in wonder, concluded, "that either he coulde divine or the paper conld speake." He was next taken to Pamunkey, where such strange and fantas- tical conjurations were enacted over him, that he felt, he says, as if translated to the infernal regions. This mystical ceremony lasted for three days; after which, the tribe entertained him with much kindness They had procured a bag of gunpowder, which they were carefully keeping to plant the next spring, supposing it to be a species of seed. At last he was taken to Werowocomoco, where Powhatan, "with more than two hundred of his grim courtiers, dressed in their greatest braveries," was awaiting him. As he entered, the whole court rose, in respect for their valiant captive, and gave a great shout. He was served in the most honourable man- ner, the Indian queen of Appamatuck waiting on mm in person. Wiiat followed cannot be better given than in his own language or that of some one who heard it from his own lips. " Having feasted him in tlie best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held; but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Puwhatan; then as many as could layd hands on him, dragged him to them, aiid thereon layd his head, and being ready with their clubs to beato out hisbraines, PucahonUts^ the King's dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her arms, and layd her owne upon his to save Vlim from death; whereat the E^iperour was contented he should live." ' THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 51 "In all history there is no incident more dramatic and touching. After the lapse of more than two centuries, familiarized, but unhack- neyed by repetition, it still remains the most charming and pic- turesque scene in the whole range of American annals. Its heroine, 'the darling of history' (then only a child of ten) still warmly lives ill the love and remembrance of a whole people, and stands, the redeeming spirit of her race to hallow it with a kinder memory than that of warfare and revenge." Tiiis memorable transaction, moreover, is of great interest as one of those comparatively rare incidents where the feelings and passions bring about an event of high historical importance. Certainly this was such, for the entire weight of the colony, lor a long time afterwards, rested on the brave heart, the sagacious head, and the manly arm of S'uith. Had he been removed, especially in this critical juncture, the .settlers, without doubt, would immediately have abandoned the idea of preserving the colony, and have made their way homeward with all practicable speed. The generosity of the chief did not stop halfway. The release of his cnptive was resolved on, and was communicated in a fashion characteristic enough. "Two dayes after,"' the captain tells us, ^^ Powhatan having disguised himself iu the most fearefuUest manner he could, caused Capt. iSnu'lh to be brought forth to a great house in the woodes, and tliere upon a mat by the fire to be left alone" (another experiment on his nerves). "Not long after from behinde a mat that divided the house, was made the most dolefullest noyso he ever heard; then Powhatan^ more like a devill than a man, with some two luindred more as blacke as himself, came unto him and told him now they were friends, and presently he should goe to lames Towne, to send him two great gunnes and a gryndstone, for which he would give him the country of Capahowosick. and forever esteeme him as his son Nanfaquoiid." In a memorial, many years afterwards addressed to the queen in behalf of Pocahonta.s, Smith, recapitulating the kindnesses which he had received from the House of Powhatan, especially commemorates that of this son, whom he describes as "the most manliest, coincliest, boldest spirit I ever saw iu a Salvage." Accordingly he was dispatched to tlie settlement with an escort of twelve guides, and was received with, great rejoicing; but the messengers, finding two cannons and a millstone "somewhat too heavy," were fain to return with presents better fitted for their transportation. 52 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. =n uXJitblxXiUiti /• PRIVATIONS OF THE COLONISTS. — RELIEVED BY rOCAHOH- TAS. — ARRIVAL OF NEWPORT FROM ENGLAND. — INTER- COURSE AND TRAFFIC WITH POWHATAN. — BLUE BEADS FOR CROWN JEWELS. — IMAGINARY GOLD MINE. SMITH'S VOYAGE IN THE CHESAPEAKE. INTER- VIEWS WITH NUMEROUS NATIVE TRIBES. STING- RAY POINT. — HIS RETURN. i • '^! During the six weeks' captivity of Smith, the miserable little rem- nant of the colony, by quarrels and improvidence, was all in confu- sion, and he was again compelled to use force to keep a number from deserting in the pinnace. The malcontents next hatched up a ridiculous scheme for his execution on account of the loss of his companions, saying that, by the Levitical law, he was responsible for their lives: "but he quickly tooke such order with such Lawyers that he layd them by the heels," {i. e. in prison) "till he sent some of them prisoners for England." The colony, indeed, would have perished of hunger, but for the generosity of Pocahontas, (and per- haps Powhatan,) who with her attendants carried food to Jamestown every four or five days. Through her influence many other Indians brought provision as presents, or, if they sold it, made the captain fix his own price, "so had he inchanted these poore soules, being their prisoner." Of two ships, dispatched by the company, with a reinforcement of a hundrcJ men, to Virginia, one only under Newport reached her destination, in the latter part of the year 1607. A brisk traffic was now carried on with the Indians; and at the request of Powhatan, Smith and Newport made him a visit. "Witli many pretty dis- courses to renew their old acquaintance," says the original narrative, "this great King and our Captaine passed their time. * * Three or foure days more we spent in feasting, dauncing, and trading, wherein Powliatan carried himself so proudly, yet discreetly, (in his salvage manner) as made us all admire his naturall gifts." NcNvport, however, proved no match for him at a bargain, and the coloni.sts would have received but a pitiful suj){)ly of provision for their good.s, but for the astuteness of Smith, who contrived, as if by accident, to t h TUE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 53 display before the chief several fluchy ornaments. The fancy of his majesty was wonderfully struck with certain blue beads. •' A long time he importunately desired them, but Smith seemed so much the more to affect them, as being composed of a most rare substance of the colour of the skyes, and not to be worne but by the greatest kings in the world. This made him halfe madde to be the owner of sucn strange le wells; so that ere we departed," says the narrator, "for a pound or two of blew beades, he brought over my king for 2 or 300 Bushells of corne ; yet parted good friends." Other royal families were supplied with crown jewels at similar rates, and the blue beads were held in such veneration that none, except of the blood-royal, were permitted to wear them. After their return, a fresh misfortune befell the colony in the sup- posed discovery of a bed of gold — which probably was yellow mica or iron pyrites — and to the gathering of which the foolish colouists, with great eagerness, betook themselves, despite the passionate re- monstrances of Smith. "Never," he says, "anything did more tor- ment him than to see all necessary business neglected to fraught such a drunken ship" (Newport's) "with so much gilded durt." In the spring of 1608, the other vessel, the Phoenix, which had been blown by a tempest to the West Indies, arrived with abundant supplies of provisions. She was dispatched home with a load of cedar, the first fruit reaped by England from the natural wealth of the vast region she was attempting to occupy. Under the active management of Smith, the colonists now seT themselves busily to work at building and plan'ing, and the* colony, though somewhat menaced by the dubious conc'uct of the Indians, kept in check only by the resolute conduct of the same energetic leader, began to stand on a basis of rational pros-jcrity. On the 2d of June, the indefatigable captain, with fourteen companions, set forth in a barge on a voyage of discovery, and especially for the purpose of exploring Chesapeake Bay. "Some visions of a South k. , *o be attained and a new channel opened to the wealthy regions oi xiulia may have mingled, it is probable, with the mere practical intention of reducing these great waters and their shores within the limits of geography." In the course of this survey along the eastern shore, many Indians were encountered, at first timid or hostile, and finally friendly and conliding. After a fortnight of incessant labour and exposure, at tlie mouth of the Patapsco, his crcAv strongly petitioned for return. The wcatlier had been stormy and disastrous, their i 54 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. shirts had been taken to make sails, and several of them were sick. With much regret, their leader consented, and on the 16ih of June discovered the river Potomac, which he ascended for thirty miies. Ilcre, we are told, probably with extraordinary exagcreration, the voyagers found "all the woods l.tvd with ambuscadocs to the number of three or foure thousand Salvages,(!) so strangely pa^'nted, ^med, and disguised, shouting, yelling, and crying, as so many spirits from hell could not have showed more terrible." In spite of this vehe- ment demonstration, they presently entered into friendly intcrcounie with the English. On their return the latter were liberally supplied with game by the Indians whom they encountered, and found Iwli so plenty that they atteuij)ted to catch them with a frying-pan; but found that instrument better suited for their disposal out of the water than in it At the mouth of the Rapiiahanock, at Sting-liay Point, (the name of which still commemorates the incident.) the gallant captiiin, having speared a lish with his sword, and taking it off "(not knowing her condition)" was grievously stung; and such alarming .symptoms ensued that, concluding his end was at hand, he gave directions for his funeral, and had his grave prepared in an island hard by; yet by meuiis of *'a jirecious oyle" a])plied by Russell the surgeon, recov- ered so fur that he had his revenge of the fish by eating a piece of it for his sujiper. On the 21st of July the ex{)ediiion returned to Jamestown, having made extensive surveys, and acquired muck knowledge of the tribes inhabiting the shores of the Che?5ai>cake. y -m THE SETTLEMENT OF VIKGINIA. 55 .*., CHAPTER ?I, SMITH MADE PRESIDENT. -HE RESUMES THE SUilVEY. — TIIK HUSQUEIIANNAS, — ADTEXTURES WITH THE INDIANS - REMARKABLE FEAT OF SURVET. RETURN TO JAMES- TOWN. — ARRIVAL OF NEWPORT. ABSURD INSTRUC- IIONS OF THE ENGLISH COMPANY. — THE CORONATION OF POWHATAN. UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT OF NEWPORT TO FIND THE SOUTH SEA. "While Smith was absent, the colony, as a matter of cour.-^c, had fallen into miserable disorder and anarchy. "The silly Prc.'^ident," Ratclifle, had so ill-treated the colonists, especially those last arrived, that, in the words of the old chronicler, "had we not arrived, they had strangely tormented him with revenge: but the good Newes of our Discovery, and the good hope we had, by the Salvages' rehition, that our Bay stretched into the South Sea (!) or somewhat ncare it, appeased tlicir fury." Rateliflc was forthwith deposed from ofllce, and Smith elected in his place — "the place which, from the first, had been due to his superior judgment and experience, a^id which had been amply earned by his untiring devotion to the service of the colony." Fcjtidcr of e-iterpri.se than ofca.se or official dignity, at the end of thrive days, having appointed a discreet de[)Uty to fill his place, the new president, with twelve companions, resumed his expedition of survey. lie first cruLsed to the Patap.sco, having a friendly inter- view on the way with a party of the powerful tribe of Massawoineea, from the north, and on the river Toekwogh, hearing of another tribe, called the Su.squehanna.", of giant-like stature, sent an invita- tion to them to come and meet him. Accordingly, si.\ty wanions, of herculean frame, soon presented tliem.selve3 before him. "Sueii groat and well proportioned men," he says, "are selilomo Bccne, for they seemed like Giants to the English, yet seemed of a honest and Bimi>l(» disposition, with much adoe restrained from adoring us im g(.hh. * *' * . For their language, it,m.'iy well beseeme their pro- portions, sounding from them as a voyee in a vault. * 'I'he pieturo of the greatest of them is signified in the Mappc, the calfe of whoso leg was three-quarters of a yard about, and all the rest of his liuila i'l w ■f 56 AMERICA ILLUSTBATED. SO answerable to that proportion, that be seemed the goodliest man we ever beheld." These splendid savages were fittingly dressed in the skins of wolves and bears, so worn as much to resemble the natural ferocious appearance of the animals. Their veneration for Smith, whose reputation had doubtless pre- ceded him, was almost unbounded. "There seems to have been a natural dignity, kindness, and manhood in his demeanor, which invariably was sulFicient to overawe or conciliate the rudest tribes which he encountered." "Our order," says the journal of the voy- age, "was daily to have prayer, with a Psalme, at which solemniiio the poor Salvages much wondred; our Prayers being done, a while they were busied with a consultation till they had contrived their businesse. Then they began in a most passionate manner to hold vp their handes to the Sunne, with a most fearefull Song, then embracing our Captaine, they began to adore him in like manner; though he rebuked them, yet they proceeded till their Song was finished; which done, with a most strange furious acticm and a hell- ish voyce, began an Oration of their loves; that ended, with a great painted ]>caros skin they coverei him; then one ready witli a great chayne of white Beades, weighing at least six or seaven poundes. hung it about his necke, the others had 18 mantles, made of divers kinds of skinnos, sowed together; all these, with many other toyes. they layod at his feetc, stroking their ceremonious hands about his necke, to bo their Govcrnour and Protector." Passing up the Rappahaimock, the voyagers were attacked by hostile savages, who, "accommodating themselves with branches/' showered volleys of arrows on their barge. One of these, being wounded, wiw taken by the English, and was asked why his people showed such eiiniity to peaceful strangers — to which, s.'>ys the nar- rative, "the poore Salvage mildly answered that they hcanl we were a people come from under the world to take their world from them. * * Tiien wo asked him what was beyond the mountains, he answered the Sunne; but of anything els he knew nothing, because the woodcs were not burnt." In the course of this protracted cxpcditior Smith completed the survey of the shores ot Chesapeake Bay, of which he made an ac- curate chart, and ae([uired much other u.seful information. A brief but interesting aeeuunt of the country and the various tribes encoun- ten-d, was also drawn up, and on the 7th of September, alter an absence of three months, (excepting liie short visit in July, when ho THE SETTLEMENT OF VIKGINIA. 57 made president,) and three thoasand miles, was maae presiaeni,; ana a voyage of some tnree ttioasana he returned to Jamestown with his little craft deeply laden with provisions. Three days after he was formally invested with hia office and title. Sickness had prevailed, and many more of the unfortunate settlers had perished in his absence. Captain Newport soon arrived again, bringing seventy additional colonists, some of them persons of consideration. Two English- women, a Mrs. Forrest and maid, were the first females who camo to the colony, and there were also eight Poles or Germans, sent to make tar, glass, and potash. The English company, irritated and disappomted in the failure of their extravagant expectations, had ordered the unfortunate captain "not to returne without a lumpe of golde, a ecrtaintie of the South Sea, or one of the lost companie sent out by Sir Walter Kaleigh." Accordingly, he had brought a great barge, built in separate pieces, which was to be carried over the mountiiins of the West, (the Blue Kiilge,) and thence launched into some river flowing into the Pacific 1 "If he had burnt her to ashes," writes Smith, indignantly remonstrating with the company, "one miglit have carried her in a bag (but as she is, five hundred cannot) to a navigable place above the Falls. And for him at that time to find in the South Sea a Mine of Golde, or any of them sent by Sir Waller Ralei'jh! at our Consultation I told them was as likely as the rest." To prDpitiate Potvhatan, and thus secure a free passage to the Pacific and the gold mine, these gentlemen had disjwtchod to him certain royalties, consisting of a basin and ewer, a bed and furniture, a chair of state, a suit of scarlet, a cloak and a crown — tlio latter purporting to be a present from his fellow-sovereign, the king of England. Smith, after vainly protesting against these absurdities, finding the new-comers resolute to prosecute their plan, did his best to aid tiieni. lie posted, with only fuur attendants, to Werowoco* moco, where, in the absence of Powhatan, Poeahontxs, witli thirty of her maidens, entertained him witii a (plaint miisijuerade and u feast, "of all the Salvage dainties they couUl devise," and treated him witij the highest honour and afieetion. Tiie ciiief, on his arrival, being invited to proceed to Jamestown and bo invested with his regalia, '' w;is taken with a sudilen fit of dignity or suspicion,'' and to the eourtcjus urgency of Smith, repliid, 'If your king have sent me Presents, I also am a King, and this is my huid; eight days I will stay to receive them. Your Father" (Newport) "ia to como to 58 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. me, not I to liim, nor yet to your fort, neither will I bite at such a bait. * * As for any salt water beyond the mountains, the Relations you have-had from my people arc false," and sitting down, he began to draw maps, on the ground, of all the adjaeent regions. Smith and Newport, to humour his obstinacy, accordingly, with the presents and a guard of iifty men, repaired to Werowocomoco. The solemn coronation of I'owhatan, which took place the day after their arrival, is described with much dry humour in the old narrative. Ilis majesty seems to have had some conception of the humbug of the thing, or perhaps a strong distrust of the English, or a dread of necromancy. His furniture having been properly set up, we are told, " his scarlet Clcke and Apparcll were wUh much adoe put on him, being pcrswadcd by Xamonlnck* they would not hurt him; but a foule trouble there was to make him kneelc to receive his Crowne, he neither knowing the maiesty nor meaning of a Crowne nor bending of the knee, end\ired so many perswasions, examples, and instructions as tyred tiiem all; at last, by kani'nj hard on Jih sltoiihlcrs, lie a Utile stooped, and three, having the Crowne in their hands, put it on his head, when, by the warning of a Pistoll, the Boats were prepared with such a volley of shot, that the King started up in a horrible feare, till he saw that all was well." This august ceremony accomplished, Newport, despite the warn- ings of the king, with one hundred and twenty men, in "his great five-pecced barge," set forth to ascend the James River in quest of his lump of gold and the South Sea. The boat was stopped by the Falls, and tiie company, after getting by land about forty miles fur- ther, and suffering much from toil and exposure, were compelled to return to Jamestown. On their arrival. Captain Smith set them at Work at various useful occupations, pueh as cutting down trees and hewiiig timber, taking the lead himself, and making laljour p!e;u^unt by good-nature and merriment. * Ni'\v|»(irf, oil liU former vi-^elves more narrowly escaped a greater mischiefe." lie finally dispatched home a ship freighted with the producta of the country, and in a letter to the company, besought a supply of mechanics and labourers. Complaiiung of the misrep- resentations of Newport, he add.s, "Now that you should know I have made you as great a discovery as he, for a lesse charge than he spendeth you every meale, 1 have sent you this Mappe of the Bav and Rivers, with an annexed llelation of the Countries and Nations that iidiabit them, as you may see." They had complained that they were kept in i^'norance of the country, to which ho siiflly replies, "I desire but to know what either you or these here doe know, but what I have learned to tell you, at tiie continuall haztird of my life." In the ensuing winter, scarcity again prevailed, and the president, by repeated excursions among the Indians, .sleeping, with his attend* ant.s, in the snow, gained a scanty and precarious supply. The colony at length being in danger of starvation, he came to the rash and unscrupulous resolution of sei;'.ing the stores of Powhatan and making prisoner of that chief hiin.self. On the 2'Jlh of December, be .»»ct forth up the river, with three boats and forty-six volunteers, and on ids way dispatched Mr. Sieklcmorc, ("a very valiant, honest, and paincfull Souldicr,") with two more, on an unsuccessful search for ihe lost colony of llaleigh. Arriving at ^Verowocomoeo, he was veil entertained by Powhatan, who, however, was well appri::ed of Lis hostile intention, having been iiifornu'd of it by the Germans, who had been sent to build him a house. Much parley ensued, each professing much friendship, and endeavouring to take the other at a J I I 60 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. disadvantage, and Powhatan made a set speech, "expostulating the difference between Peace and Warre." "Captaine Smith," he said, "you may understand that, having scene the death of all my people thrice, and not any one living of those three generations but myselfe, I know the difference of Peace and Warre better than any in my country. But now I am old, and ere long must die. * * * Think you I am so simple as not to know it is better to eate good meate, lye well, and sleep quietly with my women and children, laugh and be merry with you, have copper, hatchets, or what I want, being your friend; than be forced to flye from all, to lye cold in the woods, feede upon Acornes, rootes, and such trash, and be so hunted by you that I can neither rest eate, nor sleepe; but my tyred men must Avatch, and if a twig but breake, every one cryeth, 'there commeth Captaine Smith;* then must I fly I know not whither, and thus with miserable feare end my miserable life." He then endeavoured to persuade the English to lay aside their aiTis, intending to surprise them; and on their refusal, heaving a deep sigh, "breathed his mind once more," in art- ful persuasions to the same effect, and reminded Smith how he had always called him his father. "I call you father, indeed," said his guest, "and as a father you shall see I will love you; but the small care you have of such a childe, caused my men to perswade me to looke to myselfo." Meanwhile, he privately sent for his soldiers at the boats to land quickly and surprise the chief; but the latter, forewarned of their movements, retreated into the woods, and his warriors, in great number, closed around the house. But Smith, rushing among them with sword and target, Miade good his exit, and Powhatan, says the narrative, "to excuse his flight and the sudden coming of this multi- tude, sent our Captaine a great, bracelet and a chaine of pearl, by an ancient Oratour," — who had charge, with plausible explanations, to smooth the affair over. The captain had purchased a quantity of corn, which the Indians carried to his barge, and prepared tu pass the night in the village. Powhatan, "bursting with desire to have hia head," meanwhile, laid a deep plot for the destruction of the iiitruders. "Notwithstanding," continues the old narrative, "the eternall all seeing God did prevent him, and by a strange meanes. For Poca- hontiis, his dearest iewell and daughtei, in that darkc night came through the irksome woodes, and told our (\iptainc great cheare should be sent us by and by; but Powhatan and all the power he ■4 M THE SETTLEMENT OF VIKOINIA. '. i , Gl oonid make would after come kill us all, if they that brcTgliit 5t ooald not kill us with our owne weapons when we were at 2iij}|*r. Therefore, if we would live, shoe wished us presently to be gftflpje. Such things as she delighted in he would have given her; bat v'nh the teares running downe her cheekes, she said she darat nfA ?>•? seene to have any, for if Powhatan should know it, she weme hat dead; so shee ranne away by herselfe as she came," In the evening, according to tlie plot, a number of savage?, If^iair- ing great platters of venison and other refreshments, came to* the quarters of the English. With much civility, they requested 111ji« latter to put out the matches of their guns, alleging that the a-r.vike made them sick; but the intended victims only redoubled their pre- cautions against surprise, and Powhatan, who sent mesHencrer aiMT messenger to learn the state of ailViirs, at length despaired of firidijjig them olf their guard, and relinquished his design. The vext mom* ing the uninvited visitors took their departure. " It certainly camnot be regretted that this attempt of Smith to seize the peraom asad pro[icrty of the chief who had formerly spared his life should inave been uasucoessful." LliAFTEH /III, tnE PLOT AT P.41IUNirET: DEPE.^TED BY THE D.»Rr5<5 AJ» SNEkCY OP SMITH. — THE COLONY SUPPLIED. 3IITI FOISO.VED. — HIS UNSCRUPULOUS POLICY. — Hli PrCBT WITH THE KlVa OP PASPAHEGH. "PRETTY AC- CIDENTS" AMONG THE INDIANS. At Pamunke}', the seat of Opcchancanough, whither thef next rcfKiired, liberal entertainment was provided for the Englidi, and a plot for their destruction was again concerted. At the hooaw of that chief, Smith, with only fifteen companions, waa finally fnir- rounded by a force of seven hundred armed warriors; bis ham^ "with a strained cheerful n esse," holdinf^him engaged in ta!k the while. On seeing his situation, the captain, in a stirring little *f»«icK exhortoil his i>eople "to fight like men and not die like aheepe^^and then, teliing his treacherous host, "I see your plot to murder me, \l 82 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. but I feare it not," defied him to single combat. Besides his life, ho offered to stake on the issue any amount of copper against the same value in corn — "and our Game," he said, "shall be, the Conquerour take all." But the chief, declining this handsome proposal, endeav- oured to induce his gueyt to venture forth, on pretence of bestowing on !iim a rich i)resent, thirty of the savages lying in ambush behind a great log to shoot him.. Apprized of this design, the incensed captain, "in a rage snatched the king by his long locko in the middest of his men," clapped a pistol to his breast, and led him forth before the multitude of his warriors. The chief then "bestowed his presents in good .sadne.-se," his people, fearing for his life, making no resistance; and Smith "still holding the King by the hayre," addressed the assembled savages with stern reproaches. "If you shoote but one Arrow," he concluded, "to shed one drop of bloud of any of my men, or steale the leaste of these Beades and Copper which I spurne here before me with my foote; you shall see I will 7iot cease revenue (if once I begin) so long as I can hcarc to find one of your Nation that w ill not deny the name of Pamaiaik. I am not now at llassaweak, half drowned with myre, where you tooke me prisoner. You promised to fraught my shi[> ere I departed, and so you shall, or I will loade her with your dead carcasses." This "angry parle," however, he ended more mildly, ollering the release of their chief and his own friendship, if they would fullil their agreements. Struck, it would seem, with equal awe and admiration, the Indians laid aside their weapons, and began to bring in great store of provisions, and sin- gularly enougli, yet, from repeated experience, not improbably, they ajipear to have fulfilled their agreement with real cordiality. AFeanwhile, alfairs at Jamestown had gone ill. Scrivener, the deputy, with ten others, having been drowned, on a stormy d:iv, in a boat. The life of tiie messenger sent with the disa.^trous tidiiiga to Werowocomoco, was only saved by the compassion of Pocaiiontaa. who contrived to hide him from tiie executioners. The contest of their wits was presently renewed between Smith and Powhatan, the former endeavouring to surprise tliat chief and seize his sfiro of provisions, (a plan again th'feated by "those damned Dutf.'hmcn," says the indigiuuit narrator,) and the latter leaving no means untried to take the life of his redoubted foe. His people not daring to attack the Knglish openly, an attempt was made to poison them, which, however, only had tiic cllect to make Smith and some others disa »pwp rU£ SETTLEMENT OF VIBGISIA. 63 greeably but not dangerously sick. " Wecullanow, a stout young fellow, knowing he was suspected of bringing this present of poyson, with fortic or fiftie of his chiefe companions, (s<;eing the President with but a few men at Potauncok,) so proudly braved it, as though he expected to incounter a revenge. — Which the President perceiv- ing, in the midst of his company did not onely beate, but spurne hitn like a dogge, as scorning to doe him any worse mlschiefe." The company finally returned to Jamestown with live hundred burihels of corn, obtained by long foraging and traffic among the various tribes. A portion, we regret to say, was wrested by violence from its ])ossc?sors, and it is to be lamented that Smith, who cer- tainly had a generous and comj)assionate heart, should have suUered considerations of policy or reprisal to commit him in acts which doubtless leave a shade upon his memory. The old chronicler of the expedition, however, seems to have viewed the matter in a very dif- ferent light, and even takes much pains to exculpate the i>aity from the charge of blameable moderation, which, he fears, "the blind world's ignorant censure " might impute to them. "These temporizing proceedings," he says, "to some may seem too charitable, to such a daily daring, trecherous people; to others not pleasing that we washed not the ground with their blouds, nor showed such strange inventions in mangling, murdering, ransacking; and destroying (as did the >Sfu)i>/arJ.s) the simple bodies of such ignorant soules." The dread of starvation removed by this abundant sujipiv, Smith set the colonists at work at various useful occupation-s, keei)ing a table of their merits or demerits, and .«trictly enforcing the required tasks — "for there was no excuse could prevaile to deceive him." Fresh troubles with the savages, excited by the Germans, soon brcjke out, and Sinitli, incautiou.sly traveLing alone, with no weapon but his sword, aL'aiu had occasion to show all his manhood in dcfendins; his head. An ambuscade of forty warriors had been prepared to interce])t him. "By the way he incountred the King of Pas])ahegh, a most stout strong Salvage, whose perswasiona not being able to perswade him to his Ambush, seeing him onely armed but with a faueheon" (falcliion) "attempted to have shot him, but the President prevented his shooting by grapling with him, and the Sxdvage as well prevented his drawing his fuuchcon, and perforce bore him into the Hiver to have drowned him. Long they struggled in the water, till the President got . h a hold on his throat, he had nearc stran- gled the King; but having drawne his faueheon to cut off his head, Vol. IV.— 33 M tl y PI'I 1 1^ 1 64 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. seeing liow j)itifully he begged his life, he led him prisoner to lamea Towne and put him in chaynes." Encounters with the hostile tribe, resulting in a more sanguinary manner, were finally ended by treaty. The Indians had been eager, by theft or under-handed dealings, to procure arms and ammunition; but it so happened that in drying a quantity of gun-powder on a piece of armour over the fire, it exploded, to their terrible injury, so that by "thi.s and many such pretty Accidents," we are told, they took a wholesome distrust of the dangerous commodity, and adopted an attitude of con- ciliation toward the colonists. uXiiiliriLJuiTi, IJLa IDLENESS OP THE SETTLERS. — ELOQUENT SPEECH AND VIGOROUS POLICY OF SMITH. THE NEW VIRGINIA COMPANY. — UNJUST ASSUMPTION OP POWER. — SMITH DEPOSED. — GREAT EX- PEDITION DISPATCHED PRO.M ENGLAND: ILL-FORTUNB. ARRIVAL OF NUMEROUS IMMIGRANTS. — ANARCHY. — SMITH RKaSSUMES THE PRESIDENCY. By the energy oi their brave and industrious president, the Vir ginian colonists had been amply supplied with food and shelter; and additional buildings and more extended agriculture betokened the prosperity of the settlement. Destruction of their store, by rotting and the rats, renewed former privations, and reawakened the old mutinous and disco'.itcnted spirit. By the assistance of the In- diiins, and by fishing and gathering the natural products of the countr}', a number of the more industrious continued to keep the settlement from starvation. "But such was the strange condition of some 150, that had they not been forced, noLii.'? v.lens^ to gather and prepare their victuall, they would all have starved or eaten one another." "These distracted Gluttonous Loytcrcrs" would fain have sold to the Indians every utensil of labour or defence, for a pittance of corn, and omitted no means of cunning and mutinoiis demeanour to compel the president to break up the settlement and return to England. Out of patience at their ill-behaviour, he finally resorted to severe measures. In a summary manner he punished the chief ringleader, severe [leader, '■A- THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 65 "one Dyer, a most crafty fellow and his ancient Maligner," and made a speech of severe admonition, evidently mrefully mwlelled on his favourite classics, to the rest. *' Fellow-soldiers," he said, "I did little think any so false to report, or so many to be so simple as to be perswaded, that I either intend to starve you, or that PoiduUar, at this present hath come for himselfe, much lease for you; or that [ would not have it, if I knew where it were to be had. Neithei did I thinke any so malitious as I now see a great many; yet it shall not so passionate me but I will doe my best for my most maligner. But dream no longer of this vaine hope from Powhatan^ nor that I will longer forbeare to force you from your Idlenesse, and punish you if you rayle. But if I find any more runners for Newfon Hand with the Pinnace, let them assuredly looko to arive at the Gallows. "You cannot deny but that by the hazard of my life many a time I have sav«d yours, when (might your own wills have prevailed) you would nave starved. But I protest by that God that made me, since necessitie hath not power to force you to gather for yourselves those fruitcs the earth doth yeeld, you shall not onely gather*for your selves, but for those that are sicke. As yet, I never had more from the store than the worst of you ; and all my English extraor- dinary provision that I have, you shall see me divide it among the sicke. "And this Salvage trash you so scomefully repine at, being put in your mouths, your stomachs can digest it. If you would have better, you should have brought it; and therefore I will take a course that you shall provide what is to be had. The sicke shall not starve, but sharp equally of all our laDors, and he that gathereth not every day as much as I doe, the next day shall be set beyond the river, and be banished from the Fort as a drone, till he amend his condi- tions or starve." This stern and summary policy had the required eflTect, and the colonists set to work collecting the natural fruits of the country with iuch diligence that their condition was speedily impr(fved. In the spring of lfi09, Captain Samuel Argall (afterwards governor) arrived in a vessel well loaded with supplies, which the settlers converted J their own use, restitution being afterwards made. This arrival Drought tidings of an important character. Disappointed and irritated by what they considered the inexcusa- ble neglect of their agents in failing to discover a gold mine or a passage to the Pacific, the Virginia Company visited the whole j 1- i i 66 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. M weight of their displeasure on the liead of Captain Smith. "His necessarily firm and rigorous rule had made him many enemies; and the bluntncss and plain-spoken truth of his communications had shocked the dignity of the authorities at home. They resolved to depose him from the command of the colony, which his almost un- aided exertions had so repeatedly preserved from destruction, and the true value of which their short-sighted rapacity prevented them from appreciating." To gratify persons of wealth and influence who had joined the company, in May, 1609, a new charter was obtained, granting abso- lute power of control over Virginia to the patentees, and unjustly depriving the colonists of even the shadow of self-government. Lord Delaware was appointed captain-general, and a host of inferior offi- cers, with high-sounding titles, were also created for the benefit of the poverty-stricken colony. In the same month, nine ships, com- manded by Newport, and curr^'ing five hundred people, under command of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers, sailed from England, leaving Delaware to follow with fresh recruits. These three dignitaries, by a singular piece of folly, all embarked in the same ship, with all their papers, and a great part of the provisions. In the latter part of July, this vessel, "in the tayle of a llericano " (hurricane) was driven from the squadron and wrecked on the Bermudas, An- other foundered at sea, and the rest, in most miserable plight, and without any general commander, arrived finally at Jamestown. Their arrival was the signal for fresh disorders. Most of the new emigrants, it would seem, were in a manner the refuse of the com- munity — "mucli fitter to spoil a commonwealth than to raise or maintain one," In "this lewd company," it is said, were "many unruly Gallants, packed thither by their friends to escape ill-desti- nies" — broken down gentlemen, bankrupt tradesmen, and decayed serving-men. Smith having been deposed by the authorities, and their officers having been shipwrecked on the Bermudas, there wvs no regular government, and the people soon fell into a state of an- archy, setting up and pulling down their authorities almost daily, and modelling the government after their changeable caprice and fancy. In this strait, the more sensible entreated Smith to resume the command, seeing that no one had yet arrived to displace him. He consented with reluctance, and a vigorous exertion of his wonted authority soon reduced these unruly spirits to something like order and obe'"'ence. I r, wmj ".K^pjwjmw' THE SETTLEMENT OF VIKOINIA. 67 PDTILB ATTEMPTS AT FOUNDING NEW SETTLEMENTS — FOLLI AND OBSTINACY OP THE COLONISTS. SMITH TERRIBLY INJURED. — HE RETURNS TO ENGLAND. — HIS SER- VICES TO THE COLONY. — AWFUL SUFFERING AND MORTALITY AFTER HIS DEPARTURE. Jamestown being overcrowded, it was now tliought best to plant other settlements, and a hundred and twenty men, under Martin, attempted to found a colony at Nan.^emond ; but from the inefficiency of their commander aiid the hostility of the Indians, the scheme proved a complete failure. A like number, under Captain West, proceeded to the Falls of James Kiver, where they pitched upon a spot exposed to inundations and other inconveniences. To provide them a better locality, Smith agreed with Powhatan for the purchase of his town of the same name, hard by, with its fort and all the houses: "but both this excellent place and those good conditions did these furies refuse, contemning both him, his kinde care and authoritie." To persuade them to reason, he repaired thither with only five companions, but was compelled by their violence to betake himself to his barge, where, for nine days, he waited, hoping to find them more sensible, and much troubled at hearing the continual complaints of their violence and injustice made by the neighbouring Indians. lie finally sailed down the river, but was presently re- called by news that the savages had attacked them and killed a number. Hastening back, he f<)(ind them submissive enough, and removed them to the quarters he had selected, .at Powhatan, where, indeed, they did not long remain, resuming, with strange obstinacy, their ill-ehoscn position. The captain, as he returned, met with terrible injury from the explosion of a bag of gun-powder, which caught fire while he was asleep, burning him severely, and setting fire to his clothes. lie jumped overboard to quench them, and was with difficulty saved from drowning. Carried in this wretched condition, i.ir a hundred miles, to Jamestown, without the aid of surgery, he was laid pros- trate on a bed of sickness, and some of the malcontents, it is said, "seeing the J'resident unable to stand, and neere bereft of his senses 1 \1 68 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. ny reason of his tormoHtt, plottoil to murder him in his bed. But his heart did fuilc hiiu that should have given fire to that merci- lease pistoll." The president, his active and energetic career thoa lamentably arrested, and knowing that the arrivtil of any of the delayed official* wcuhl at once suj)plant his authority, now resolved to proceed to England for surgical aid. Early in the autumn of W/J, he set sail, leaving at Jamestown and the other Virginia posts four hundred and ninety people, well supplied with arms, provision, and the means of cultivation and improvement. " It is almost impossible to over-estimate the services of this remark- able man in laying the foundation of the American empire. The briMiant feats of arms which he so often performed, and the deadly perils which he so often encountered, are little iu comparison with the untiring zeal, the ever-watchful foresight, and the sagacious policy, by which, for years, he sustained, on his si :gle arm, the entire weight of the existence of the colony. Incom[)etency of his employers, mutiny among his followers, the hostility of powerful tribes, sickness, privations, and famine itself, were all remedied or conquered by his dmost unaided exertions. "Rude and violent as he'often was toward the offending natives, no white man, jiorhaps, ever so far conciliated the favour and gained the respect of the Indian race. His very name, long after, was a 8pell of power among them, and had he remained in Virginia a few years longer, the memorable massacre which, in 1622, proved an almost fatal blow to the settlements in that country, would, it is prol^ble, never have been perpetrated. The wretched condition of J the colony, immediately after his di.'i>arture, may be given in the rude but gra)»hic Ijinguage of one who shared its misfurtunes. '•'Now we all found the losse of Captaine SmilJt, yea. Lis greatest maligners could now curse his losso; as for corne, provision, and contribution from the Salvages, we had nothing but mortall wounds, with clubs anil arrows; as for our Hogs, Hens, Gtjates, Sheepe, j Horse, or what lived, our commanders, olhcers, and the Salvages j daily consumf'd them, (some small proportion sometimes we tasted,) j till all was devoured; tiien swords, arms, pieces, or anything we I traded with the Salvages, whose cruell fingers were »* oft im- brewed in our blonds, that, what by their crueltie, our Goverrjour's indiscretion and the losse of our ships, of five hundred, within six monclhs after Captaine Smith's departure, there remained not past K<1 But lat merci- .mentably d officialfl roceed to e set sail, buridred and the s remark- ire. The le dead I J ison with sagacious arm, the cy of his powerful ledied or I natives, id gained ff, was a nia a few "oved an Uid, it is dition of n ia the =8. greatest fion, and wounds, .Shecpe, ?alva;.'e9 tasted,) hu>i[ we oft im« crTiOur's thin six uot past THE SETTLEMENT OF VIKGINIA. G9 sixtie men, women, and children, most miserable and poore crca- turns; and those Wfre preserved, for the most part, by r jotcs, herbcs, walnuts, acornes, now and then a liltle fish; they that had starch, iu such extremities made no small use of it; yea, even the very skinnes of our Horses. Nay, so great was our famine, that a Salvage we slejy and buried, the poorer sort tooke him up againe and eate him, and so did divers one another, boylcd and stewed with rootcs and herbes; and one amongst the rest did kille his wife, powdered" (pickled) "her, and had eaten part of her before it was knowne, for which hce was executed as hee well deserved * * This was that time, which still to this day we call 'the starving time'; it were too vile to say, and scarce to bee beleeved what we endured; but the occasion was oure own, for want of providence, Industrie, and government.' "Such arc the trials, sufferings, and privations, amid which, too often, the foundation of a commonwealth in the wilderness must be laid — misfortunes at times hardly avoidable, but, as in the present ca.se, inlinitely aggravated by the want of a firm, sagacious, and resolute Head."* MEMOIR OP SMITH, COMIXCED AND CONCLUDED. — HIS VOYAOB TO NEW KXULAXD AND SUKVEYS. — HIS SECOND EXPEDITION. — HIS ADVE.NTUKES AMOXU THE PIRATES: HIS ESCAPE. — HIS U K A T E X K It T 1 .\ S FOR T 11 E S E T T I, E il E X T U F NEW EXdLAXD. — IXTERESflXO VNTERVIEW IIETWEEN SMITH AXD POCAHONTAS IN ENGLAND. — LAST YEARS OF SMITH. — HIS DEATH. — HIS CHAll- ACTKtt AND ACHIEVEMENTS. Having given a brief account of the early adventure.^ of Captain Sinitli, (whose life, more nearly than tliat of any other man, seems to connect the fortilnes of the Old World with the New,) having remarked to what admirable purpose his training in the rough school of war, of travel, and of adversity served in his career as a colonist, ♦ Distovcrer*, those parts." '1\) this cruel ind treacherou.s act, as to those of a sinular nature, conimitted by the French in their voyages to Canada, may bo attrih'itr'd much of the ho.'jood jnllaje and rich Cvffijrs of muuy rich I^ir-tsen- (jfrs. Two moneths they kept me in this manner to inanag. their fi^dits airaiiist the Spani.irds and bee a prisotier when t'.iey to<:ve tlicin all under hatches, (and which, that same night, destroyed the shi[), with half her comjtany), he made his escape in a small boat, and, after being flriven to sea and enduring great peril and sullering, waa found, half dead, by some Prowlers, on au oozy island, and was brought iishoro and kindly relieved. licturning home, he published a book on New England, which ho had written to beguile the weariness of his captivity, and, with extraordinary ac*ivity, travelling through the west of England, dis- tributed seven thousand copies of it among people of note and influ- ence. "But all," he says, "availed no more than to hew rocks w ith Oyster shells." lie received, however, an abundance of prouiises of aid in the enterprise of settling that country, and was invested by the Plymouth company with tiie title of "Admiral of New England." These encouragements all ended in words, no active steps being takeu for the furtherance of the object which he had so much at heart. A most interesting interview l)etween Smith and Tocahontas, about this time, is recorded. That noble-hearted princess, despite the great ulfcction which her father bore to her, had incurred his disj)leasure by her repeated acta of kindness in behalf of the English, and was living exiled from his court, under the protection of Jajiazaws, chief of the I'otomacs. That treacherous dignitary, bribed by a copper kettle, «iitrap])ed her on board the v»'ssel of Captain Argall, who, notwithstanding her tears and lamentations, made her jtrisoner, and topily settled in a itianner more agreeable than either. "Long before tiiin," continues til. ..irrative, "M.ister loKu llolfo. on honest (.ientleman and of ;:<>«h1 Urlmvior, had l^ciie in k/v j P<"ahonta.«', and .she with him, whicl» resulution .>ir 'J'jjomai* i)ttle ^^-D THE ShTTLEMKNT OF VlliGIMA. 73 well approvctl; the bruit (report) of tliis mariage soon CAiiie to the knowledge of PoirJiata)), a thing aoceiitable unto him, as apj)earcd by his sudden consent, for within ten daics, he sent Opacliiitco^ an old Vncle of hers, -uid two of his sons, to see the manner of the niariage, and to doe in that bchalfe what they were requested, for the confirmation thereof, as his deputie; which was accordingly done about the ih-st of ^\ prill," (UU3), "and ever since we have had friendly trade and commerce" (intercourse) " with Powhatan himself^;, as all his subjects." In 1016, the Lady Eebccca (as she was now christened),- with her husband and child, accompanied Sir Thomas to England. She had learned Knglish, and adopted Christianity, and '*was become," saya the narrator, with unconscious national satire, "very fornndl and eivill after our English manner.' Cnj'tain Smith, on learning of her arrival, lost no time in conunending her to the attention* of per- sons of influence, and, in a studied memorial to the queen, recapitu- lated the many services rendered by Pocahontas to himself and to the Virginian colony, and besought her favour for the interesting btranger. "During the time of two or three yeeres, she, next under God," he says, "was still the instrument to })reserve this colonic from deaili, laniine, and utter confusion, which, if in those days it had once been dissolved, Viryiitia might have laino as it was at our hi-st arrivall to this day." I'nliappily, on account of the ridiculous jealousy of James L, (who, it is .aaid, exhibited much indignation aganist llolfe, for having ])re. sumed, being a subject, to intermarry with the blood-royal) the cai)tain, when he went to see her, fearing, by too great familiarity, to prejudice her interest at court, thought best to salute her with ceremonious gravity. At this strange reception, her afleetionate heart was at once grieved and indignant. AVith a specien of Indian sul- lenness, and "without any word," he says, "she turned about, ob- scured her face, as not seeming well-eontented. In that humour," he continues, "her husband, with divers others, we all left her two or three hourcs," (how could he!) "repenting myself to have writ slice could spcake English. * * T-ut not long after she began to taike, and remembered mee well what courtesies sliec had done; saying, 'You did promise J'uuhaUtn what was yours should bee hi.s, and he the like to you; you "ailed him hither, being in hia land a Ftranger, and by the same reasvjn so must J doe you;' which though I would have excused, that I durst not al'ow of that title, i mm r" 74 AMEIiICA ILLUSTKATED. because she was a King's daughter, with a well set countenance she said, ' "Were you not afraid to come into my father's countrie and cause feare in him and all his people (but mce), and feare you here I should call you father? I tell you then I will, and you shall call mce childe, and so I will bee for ever and ever your countryman.'" This prudent conduct of Smith and her other friends, it would seem, allayed the absurd jealous}' of James; for, he continues, "it pleased both the King and Quoene's maicsty honorably to estecme ner, accompanied by that honorable Lady, the Lady De la Warre, and that honorable Lord, her husband, and divers other persons of good quality, both publi \ely at the maskes and otherwise, to her great satisfaction and content, which doubtless she would have de- served, had she ever lived to arrive in Virginia," She died at Gravesend, on her way home, in the following year, at the age of twenty-two, leaving a son, from whom a numerous race of dcseend- ant,'^ have been f ^rived. "Among them was the celebrated John Itandolph of li'^'n, •'<:; — justly prouder of his descent from. the old imperial race of l'c\, 'latan, illustrated by the more gentle heroism of his daughi ', flan ;• could have been of the noblest derivation from European aiun:: try " In 1617, Capti ii >jiith had been assured by the Plymouth '^:^m- pany that he shou-t; be sent out, with a fleet of twenty ships, to I'oiind a colony in New Kngland; but this promise never was ful- filled, though he was unwearied in his exertions to incite his coun- trymen to American enterprise. When, in 1622, news came of the terrible ma.ssacrc devised by Opechancanough, (sec chapter XI II.) ho proposed to the Virginia Company that if they would but allow him an hundred and thirty men, "to iin})loy onely in ranging the Countries and tormenting" (harassing) "the Salvages," their whole territory should be kept in peace and security; but they rejected the oiler, ns involving a necessity for too great expcn.se. Another terrible massacre, a few years later, was the result of this short- sighted policy. In the following year, we find the captain before a ro3'al commis- sion, giving his evidence and opinion eotiee: iig : .e unfortunate colony with nmeh shrewdness, candour, and ch:;rity. Of the h^-* ••w years of his life little is known. He lived, v- i3 believed, in quiet repose in the city of London, cinplcyed chiefly in writing and j)uh. '.ishing. lie was engaged on a " History of the Sea," when, in 1631, *ieath closed a career in which utility and romance were perliaps THE SETTLEMEiNT UE VIUGINIA, 75 more close' y and continuously united than in any other of vLk-Ja a record has survived. "In the whole history of adventure, discovery, and expIoraJikyM, tliere nre few names mure honourable or more dtservediy fjiOMMs than lh;it of Captain John Smith, To us he has always a[ jpeasntd (to his very name and title) the linest and most perfect exempLidr .yf a bold Englishman that ever figured on the stage of the worliJ. lu hii character, bravery, fortitude, sagacity, and sound cornm.;ri, *.;!uae uere so happily tempered and united as to command lUiU^^j'u.vii respect; while the tolerably-infused tincture of impetuosity, jjr'rjia- dice, and self-will, seems only to lend a piquancy to hid Wc>n>iji^;r truits, and more liuely to set off the national charactf ridticat Mis love of enterjtrisc and his daring, chivalrous spirit, were trinajjitj'tal with a judgment, moderation, and humanity, which, in s.j ;■ ._• ^ a career, have never been surpassed. The cutter-otf of Tur!v • is, the desperate Indian fighter, and the sworn foe to the Sp . . jj ill compassion and sympathy when the 'Silly Salvages' aru .v . .ij.>- ped by his treacherous countryman, or when the 'poore cUao&a' *j( 'a small Englishman' are sold by outcry at the main-ma^t of a jjioie. ••In early youth, his grand passion was ibr fighting and recKKwai, no matter on what field, &o that a man of honour uiigLt encTTi'-; \u maturer years, the noble passion for founding nations and ."_ civilization took a yet lirmer possession of his soul. ' Wh.j ' claims in his manly address to the idlers of England, ■ desire more content that hath small means, or only hid r advance Lis furtunes, than to tread and plant that ground c ; :_aiaii purchasc*d by the hazard of his life; if lice have but the caeK« of vertue and magnanimi'tic, what to such a mind can bee rnon^ ;.l^ist»- ant than planting ond building a foundation for his poa-i • -. :^A from the rude earth by God's blessing and his owne induitrj, waia- out prejudice to any; if hec have any graine of faith or Zriaic in Religion, what can hcc doe lesse hurtfuU to any or more a^rccaye to Gixl, than to scekc to coinert those poore Salva^^ea to kfa-^/w Christ and humanity, whose labors, with discretion, will sr : . re-.vard thy charge and paine; what so truly sutes with h h'jnesty as the discovering things vnknowne, erecting Townciv, yji*- pling tx>untrie-a, infurming the ignorant, reforming things tuyiHt, iciiching vertue and gainc to our native mother Country; to fiud imploiinent for those that are idle, because they know not to doe; so fairc from wronging any, as to cause poatcrilj u» %- to m ^v-4 76 AMERICA ILLUSTKATKD member them, and remembering tlice, ever lienor that rcmenibraace with praise.' "The full merits of Smith, as the earliest and most indefntigablt promoter of the colonization of New England, have never been ade- v']uatfly a}iprcciatcd. By his personal exertions in the survey, delin- eation, and dcscri{)tion of that neglected region, and by the continual publications which, at great i)ains and cxpinise, he industriously cir- cuhitcd in England, he awakened thcuimblie interest in an enterprise which, otherwise, for many years might have been slighted and defened. lie lived to see the foundations of a great nation firmly laid, both at the south and the north, and, though like many otli«-r great projectors and labourers in the same field of action, lie reaped no j)ersonal advantage (but rather much loss) from his exertion and enterprise, he continued, to the day of his death, to regard the two colonics with the fond partiality of a parent, and to do all he could for their advancement. ^Jly that acquaintance I have with them,' he writes, 'I call theni my Cliildren, for they have beene my Wife, my Hawks, Hounds, my Cards, my Dice, aiitl in totall, my best content, as iiidiHerent to my heart as my left hand to my right. And not- withstanding all those miracles of disasters which have crossed both them and me, yet, were there not an Englishman remaining (as, God be thanked, notwithstanding the massacre, there are some thousands); I would yet begin againe with as small meanes as I did at first, not that I have any secret encouragement, (I protest) more than lament- able experience,' &c. "It only remains to add that, although, so far as Ave are infurmed, never married, thp gallant captain was, and deservedly, a general favourite with the ladies. There seems to have been a certain man- hood and kindliness in his very look, which, almost at a glance, conciliated to him the good-will of the fairer and weaker [wriion of humanity. These favours, so flattering to the natural vanity of ma'j, ho bears worthily, and with no offence to the givers, ever speaking with the utmost modesty and gratit\ide of the kindness he had so often experienced at their hands. His acknowledgment to the ucx (introduced in his dedication to the Duchess of Richmond) reminda us of tiie celebrated eulogy pronounced by Ledyard. 'I eonfes.so,» he writes, *my hand, though able to wield a weapon among the Barbarous, yet well may tremble in handling a pen before so many ludirivns * * Yet my comfort is, that heretofore honorable and vertuous Ladies, and comparable but among them selves, have oflcrcd J * dJ 7fi iteni'^mr^ce m i I i 9 ■j.;,iu. «-.';j'.i«.."i * i»'k "• ••_•!• . HIP- •iMr '^•Si,'. •, !'f' ^ .., ifit 'Vi^u^jr' /""i' inJiUt have 1 1 ' r,'.'' liv a**:^'- : few i}i ..i% ^-,lt. A. Ui;^ ,M/)jrai .■.;\i t:W ■ '/tU, ' nrf, thuUyU . .^? ;.;... I •: V- h' r«;, .'(•toffl »d li- •» ! r^ M'. >.Ut:.«c#mc : .Id of ;i'tinn, 1.-: r .^ •■•i ''■n)"l.- . ► ^t^>:%^. :■" • i-if '.^f luit Ut .., t'j !'.ir;:rd th« iwo '. " !i i>.«rc!\ %iih tUem,' he iif«m» JW; tiwf bivc tj<<;i..j iQv Wife, my v\ aud in totall, my IrcX. content, ■ ' liv right. Aud not- ' • -J*. God '* v;.!. d yciJ U'giU ag.uu^^yitU »Hiir,iri^ >n^Ci»^.at 1 did at thst, not liju I 'itt'flSI »ny 5.,cfif* »ific«)an\geBr. : i, 'f frot^i) more tlkiti j-^-i.^-ut "It only retfjwna to hm I ih; u a;thou-h, so far'rw \re are inforvt-.i, - ■■^.«t'f tni-ri?vi th" s- 'J Jit. captaJ i x,^, axu^.^cAi^^r'-f^ a gor.era". favi^iuuto > 'I he! : sjyeu:^ to bAVs '" . * - < . ' •:■> man- "•o^ still • v«rj^Qok, *'lii«bi Ik.i 1 rt *- »i^»cd^ 'l».atcv u> '.Uij Ui tho fii'rer and *'e..^^ r ?• frtioftO^ *49lt vvt':!hi!y, a7\.l with iv-- oiVbnr* ♦•^ •'- i-.vpra^ ©ver 8p'"V ' :• !i i;mi.»'ij ^t«j?k.f!*'-f^xXiijXi .'ct of enthusia-stic pilgrimage to their of impiopri- 3 the record natives. 3(1, at a con- ee of fishing e pilot, Mr. the western h of Decem- andish, and coast south- antly, "and rning of the e, they were i discharged cither side. ies, eighteen others with he pilgrims, oach, ivoach, s descended s. wind, along er, and the 5cud before • great that it grew on. le liarbour. jrcat sail to o have cast irsclves, we itain Jolin favourable ccordingly, e IGth, the lit sea, and "On the annals of , now, like '0 to their >f#»t'^ m^ fr 'S ^ '.f m- m ^-1Ss=-'*-5-.7— ^ i >k K I 90 AMERICA ILLUSTEATED. ri'. ''i.'-T;?"^ . ^^^ kjf^a. . . ed on tlienatrves. iiSEtially i^xplored, at a con- !br the oonvenieBCii of fisbing ii oa uupe Cod; but the pilot, Mn 4' ■•;.>+> -;Hr» ^i. -^.-...< •. ..y.fl baruour oa the wester .i *K . > *. On tho 6th ' -f I>feceni- i*Pt:,», bil*&ir.cc>J Oart-er, Wins iKifiord. SttfOuiSh, and J^wytecti nwro, embark^-4ia ; liop, and lliow ." On the morning oi the ge»! 7'.v?iq^ "he«d*^ ^ i^^ hm?a(, srKjje with bttri«* ho;- . «ju1 otberfc with ? . • •• '^.i^lw*,'', "«;■'!(*> en' of i»iht 9iwm.f%,'' Bays ono of the jnlgiiin.^, _ ** J*- 'JTids has dfisceuded , J! r -«•»»«!, Along 4 arwr, and t!»o tt^- ado t« Buud bcfijro . :," . .1 bij great that M> r . . . r; fiiJ I.! 'ht grew on. : - • '• . ' !U lie ;:iA- tho hf^rfcapt. '■ •' .-. rx ."■»./ >rreat^J 40: ■ o«raclvefi^ wd 1 rf f%. A 'KJn^->lt.Vir' f ^. ^i 4 1 ivv Oaptain John v.. .. t 'u. up; cr»tce C«>»1, oh the ICth, th. ^ ' iic tth ! ' ■: ' ;it sea, dl.a i^'t'^ »• >'0n the a«nal« of :;iii'!<'.i on tLti. ra-r.k, now^ lika . ■ '.X\\\. t.; '1, ■•I)!-!- ives. at a con- of fiabing lilot, Mn B wostcr.i Ai^h, and ast soutii- ;Iy, "and ng oi' tlio ,iie\' wcrg iscliarfieti tlicr Biiio. eighteen bei-b sv'ith t-ilGiiiQS, ir^ ilcrig aU'l t!io id bcfijra ^eat ibat grew on. cant a.in JobC ij ordi. i IClh, lb. sea, and ( ,.! % t THE SETTLEMKNT OF NEW ENGLAND 91 df.scenclants." A site was selected for the town, and timber being cut, nineteen houses, with all possible dispatch, were erecied; but, so severe was the season, and so great the unavoidable exposure, (especially in wading on the shallows, to and from their barge,) that, before the end of February, twenty-five more of them had perished of disease and privation. CHAPTEH I?. THE INDIANS OF NEW ENGLAND: THINNED BY PESTILENCE — THE PEQUOTS, NARE AOANSEXTS, AND OTHER TRIBES. — EXTRAORDINARY OPINIONS OF THE ENGLISH CON- CERNING THEM. — BIGOTED ACCOUNTS OP THE ANCIENT HISTORIANS, ETC. By a deflating pestilence, which, not long before their arrival, had swept New England, the country around Plymouth had been, in great measure, denuded of its original inhabitants. Many powerful tribes had been almost annihilated, and others reduced to a fraction of their original numbers. The most considerable nations yet sur- viving, were those of the Pequots and Narragansetts, often at war with each other, and with other neighbouring tribes. The former, whose chief stronghold was on a commanding eminence in Groton, in the ca.'^t of Connecticut, numbered, says Roger Williams, thirty thousand souls. This, undoubtedly, is an excessive exaggeration. The latter, a noble and magnanimous people, dwelt in the state of Rhode I.'^land, where, it is said, they numbered five thousand war- riors. The Pokanokets, a confederacy of smaller tribes, including the Wampanoags, Pocassets, Sogkonates, and many others, dwelt in Eastern Massachusetts, and on the upper waters of Narragaiisett Bay. Before the ravages of the pestilence, they are said to have comprised three thousand warriors ; but afterwards only five hun- dred. The Massachusetts, dwelling around the Bay of that name, had formerly been a gieat people, but, from tlic scvme cause, were reduced to a mere remnant. These tribes mostly acknowledged the Ruiiremacy of Massasoit, chief of the Wanipanoagf, whose chief seat was at Mount IIopc, near the present town of Bristol. The Paw- ll 92 AMERICA ILLUSTEATED. tuckets, who, we are told, had also numbered three thousand war riors, had been almost completely exterminated. Many sinidl clans, mostly dwelling in the westward of Connecticut and Massachusetts, are not included in this estimate. All these tribes, except the Pequots and Narragansetts, were tributary to the Mohawks, inhabiting the east of New York, one of the fiercest and most powerful of the celebrated Five Nations. " Two old Mohawks," says Dr. Trumbull, "every year or two might be seen issuing their orders, and collecting their tribute, with as much authority and haughtiness as a Eoman dictator." Any disobedience of their commands was speedily punished by an avenging war-party, which cut off the offenders without mercy. The Mohawks, it is said, would sometimes pursue their victims into the houses of the English, yelling, "We are come! we are come to suck your blood," and slaying them on the very hearth-stone. This powerful league, however, long at mortal feud with the French of Canada, regarded the English, as rivals of the latter, with complacency, and never offered any molestation to their persons or property. "It was now just a century since the Conquest of •ifexico, by Cortes, had first brought the races of Europe into direct collision with those of the "Western Continent. In that interval, the Reform- ation had arisen, had spread, and had produced perhaps its finest fruit in the little band of self-devoted exiles* who sought in the wil- derness a foothold for civil and religious freedom. As a matter of course, the world was more enlightened, yet, strange to say, hardly a step had yet been taken in the direction of the fairest and no- blest result to which enlightenment can tend — the acknowlediirment of the universal humanity and brotherhood of all mankind. Our pious forefathers, like the Spaniards of the century before, still * Some idea of the noLle spirit of tolerance which distinguislied the first exiled Puritans may Lo gathered from the farewell address of their psistor, breafhiiig senti- ments infinitely in advance of his age, and even, in some degree, of our own. "J charge you," lie says, "before God and his blessed angels, that you follow nic no further than you have seen mo follow the Lord Jesus Christ. The Lord has more trutli yet to break out of his Holy Word. I cannot sufiieiently bewail tlic eonlilion of the reformed cliurches, who are come to a period in religion, and will go ;'.t present no furtiier than the instruments of their reformation. — Luther and Calvin were great and shining lights in their time, yet they penetrated not into the whole counsel of God. — I beseech you, remember it — 'tis an article of your church covenant — that you be ready to receive whatever truth is made known to you from the wriUeii word of God." THE SETTLEMENT UF NEW ENOLANJ). »8 regarded the dwellers of tlie New World as the direct offspring or eertainly the direet worshippers of Satan, and as enjoying all the familiarity to which his most favoured yroU'fjvs could be entitled. Nothing is more strange than to read the opinions and conclusions on this subject of the men of that age — men otherwise just, saga- cious, and, for their day, liberal in the extreme." According to one of the early historians of New England, the aborigines, on learning of the arrival of the pilgrims, took extraor- dinary pains to exorcise the advent of Christianity. "They got," he says, "all the powaws of the country, who, for three days together, in a horid and devilish manner, did curse and execrate them with their conjurations, which assembly and service they held in a dark and dismal swamp. Behold how Satan labored to hinder the gospel from coming into New England." In his "Good News from New England," Governor Winslow, with a sort of ludicrous reiteration, dwells on the same point. "Another power they worship," he informs us, "whom they call Ilohhamock, and to the northward of us Uobbamoqui; this, as far as we can con- ceive, is the devil. * * This Ilohhamoch appears in sundry forms unto them, as in the shape of a man, a deer, a fawn, an eagle, &c., but most ordinarily a snake. lie appears not to all, but the chiefest and most judicious among them; though all of them strive to attain to that hellish height of honor. * * The paniesses are men of great courage and wisdom, and to these the devil appear- eth more familiarly than to others, and, as we conceive, maketh cov- enant with them to preserve them from death by wounds with arrows, knives, hatchets, &c. * * And to the end that they may have store of these, they train up the most forward and likeliest boys, from their childhood, in great hardness, and make them abstain from dainty meat, observing divers orders prescribed, to the end that, when they are of age, the devil may appear to them. * * Also they beat their shins witli sticks, and cause them to run through bushes, stumps, and brambles, to make them hardy and acceptable to the devil, that in time he may appear to them." Uear the reverend William Ilubbard, the painful historian of New England, only a few years before the commencement of the eighteenth century, lie concludes a dissertation on the origin of the Indians in the following lucid and summary manner: "Mr. ^Lede's opinion about the pas-sage of the natives into this remote region, carryes the greatest probability of truth with it; of whose conjectuie it may be 94 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. said, in a sense, as sometimes of Achithopell's counsell in those dayes, that itt was as the oracle of God. His conceitt is, that when the devill was putt out of his throne in the other parts of the world, and that the mouth of all his oracles was stopt in Europe, Asia, and Afri- ca, hee seduced a company of silly wretches to follow his conduct" (guidance) "into this unknowne part of the world, where hee might lye hid, and not be disturbed in the- idolatrous and abominable, or rather diabolicall service hee expected from those his followers; for here are no footsteps of any religion before the English came, but meerely diabolicall * * and so uncouth, as if it were framed and devised by the devill himselfe, and 'tis transacted by them they used to call pawwowes, by some kind of familiarity with Satan, to whom they used to resort for counsell in all kinde of evills, both corporall and civill." "To opinions such as these, the result of ignorance and prejudice, must doubtless be attributed a large measure of that cruel and un- charitable spirit, which dictated not only the wrongs and massacres committed on the natives, but the still more unpleasing exultation over their sufferings and extermination, which glows with an infer- nal light in the pages of the chronicles of the day, and especially in those of the reverend historians, Hubbard and Mather. "Continually on the alert against the assaults of the infernal enemy, our fathers saw his finger in witchcraft, in Indian warfare, and in many another annoyance, the result of natural causes. Anger and hatred were thus aroused — hatred, indeed, of an imaginary foe, but still hatred, bitter, personal, and vindictive to a degree which we can hardly conceive, and which found its gratification in ven- geance on the supposed agents of the invisible Tormentor. "It could hardly, perhaps, be expected that men engaged in the deadly terrors of savage warfare should have much sympathy for their vanquished enemies — especially when regarded as children of the devil; yet the daring ferocity of the Indian-fighters, occasionally relieved by a touch of good feeling and humanity, is far more agree- able to contemplate than the venomous spirit exhibited by the hon- ourable and reverend recorders of their deeds, whose minds, imbued with the wretched notion of Satanic agency, seem actually to revel in the torment, destruction, and assured damnation of their unfortu- nate foes. In this particular, we perceive a superstition strangely variant from that of the Spaniard, who, while slaying and tormenting the miserable bodies of the aborigines, was ever anxious, even at the ' I THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 95 stake or the gallows, that their souls might escape the eternal penalty, and be admitted to the same heaven -which he expected to enjoy m person."* CHAPTER Y. 8AM0SET: "WELCOME, ENGLISHMEN." — THE VISIT OF MASSl- SOIT. — TREATY AND ALLIANCE. — MORTALITY AMONG THE COLONISTS. — DEATH OF GOVERNOR CARVER. — DUEL, AND ITS PUNISHMENT. — VISIT TO MASSASOIT: TO lYAN- OUGH. — AFFECTING INCIDENT. The first Indian with whom the settlers of Plymouth had any communication, was one Samoset, a sagamore or petty chief, who had learned a little English from the traders of Manhegin, and who, on the 16th of March, 1621, entered the little settlement, and saluted the pilgrims with the ever-memorable words, " Welcome, Englishmen." A friendly intercourse, by his means, was immediately established with the neighbouring Indians, who heretofore had held cautiously aloof. One whom he brought on a subsequent visit, was Squanto, the only surviving native of Patuxet, the country around Plymouth. He was one of the twenty-four whom "that wicked varlet Hunt" had kidnapped, and, having been at London, and learned English, he proved of great value as an interpreter. He brought information that Massasoit, the greatest sachem of the adjoining regions, with many of his subjects, was close at hand. That chief, attended by sixty men, presently appeared on the hill above Plymouth, and Edward Winslow, with the interpreters, was sent to meet him. "We sent to the king," says the old historian, "a pair of knives, with a copper chain and a jewel at it. To Quadequina" (his brother) " we sent likewise a knife, and a jewel to hang in his ear, and withal a pot of strong waters." In compliance with a friendly invitation, Massasoit, leaving Winslow as a hostage, descended the hill, and, with twenty attendants, came to one of the houses, where prepara* tion had been made to receive him. Vol. IV.— 35 * Discoverers, die, of America. 'I r 90 AMEUICA ILLUSTRATED. Governor Carver, with the sound of drum and trumpet, presently entered, and the two dignitaries were soon in convivial and political harmony. "After salutations, our governor kissing his hand, the king kissed him, and so they sat down. The governor called for some strong waters, and drank to him, and he drank a great draught," Sac, &c. An interview thus propitiously commenced, soon ripened into treaty and alliance — alliance faithfully observed by both parties for more than fifty years; and the sachem (influenced, it is to be feared, a trifle overmuch by the vigorous draught he had imbibed) "acknowledged himself content to become the subject of our sover- eign lord, the king aforesaid, his heirs and successors; and gave unto them all the lands adjacent to them and to their heirs forever. * * All which the king seemed to like well, and it was applauded of his followers. All the while he sat by the governor, he trembled with fear. In his person he is a very lusty man, in his best years, of an able body, grave of countenance and spare of speech; in his attire, little or nothing diflering from the rest of his followers, only in a great chain of white bone beads about his neck; and at it, behind his neck, hangs a little bag of tobacco, which he drank and gave us to drink," (?'. e. smoke.) Under the instruction of Squanto and Samoset, the English, with the coming on of spring, applied themselves to fishing and to the agriculture suitable to the country. Twenty acres of Indian corn were planted. Thirteen more of the colonists died during March, reducing them to half of their original number, and the May-Flower, half of whose crew was also dead, on the fifth of April, sailed for England. On the following day, died good Governor Carver, who, while toiling in the unwonted heat of an American sun, had received a mortal coup de sohil. "His care and pains were so great for the common good, as therewith, it is thought, he oppressed himself and shortened his days." Such is the brief but honourable epitaph of the first New England executive. William Bradford, a young man, but ardent and energetic, was elected to succeed him. Under his rule the first punishment was inflicted in the colony. Two servants of Mr. Hopkins, for fighting a duel, with sword and dagger, were adjudged, by general vote, to be tied, neck and heels together, and so to remain twenty-four hours; but the judges, moved by the ex cruciating tortures of the culprits (both of whom had been woundeo in their duello) released them within an hour, on promise of bettei carriage for the future. THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 97 "Winslow and Hopkins, setting forth, in July, on a visit to Massa- Boit, passed through many fields well cleared and ready for cultiva- tion, but depoj)ulatcd by the pestilence, numerous skeletons still bleacliiug on the ground. Massasoit, though friendly and hospitable, wii ill-prep;u '1 ibr the reception of company, the royal larder, it seems, just then, being wofully unsup2:)lied. Two fish, which the poor king caught with his own hands, were all the refreshment he could olfer them. Agreements for traffic were made, and the chief, turning to his assembled subjects, made a long oration, "the meaning whereof," says Winslow, "was, as flxr as we could learn, thus, 'Was not he, Massasoyt, commander of the country round about them? Was not such a town his and the people of it? and should they not bring their skins unto us?' To which they answered, they were his, and would be at peace with us, and bring their skins to us. After this manner he named at least thirty places, and their answer was as aforesaid to every one; so that, as it was delightful, it was tedious unto us. This being ended, he lighted tobacco for us, and fell to discoursing of England and of the King's Majesty, marvelling tliat he would live without a wile." After a friendly sojourn of some days, the envoys returned, leaving the chief "both grieved and ashamed that he could no better entertain them." A part}' of the English, searching for a lost child, (who was found, and well cared for by the Indians,) put into Cummaquid, (Barn- stable,) the seat of the sachem lyanough, "a man not exceeding twenty-six years of age, but very personable, gentle, courteous, and ftiir conditioned; indeed, not like a savage, saving for his attire. His entertainment was answerable to his parts, and his cheer plenti- ful and various. One thing," proceeds the narrator, "was very grievous to us at this place. There was an old woman, whom we judged to be no less than a hundred years old, wliich came to see us, because she never saw English; yet could not behold us without breaking out into great passion," (emotion,) "weeping and crying excessively. We demanding the reason of it, they told us she had three sons, who, when Master Hunt was in these parts, went aboard his ship to trade with him, and he carried them captives into Spain, (for Tisquantum," (Squanto) "was at that time carried away also,) by which means she was deprived of the tomfort of her .children in her old age. We told them we were sorry that any Englishman should gi\rc them that offence, that Hunt was a bad man, and that all the English that heard it condemL, ^ him for the same; but for 98 AMERICA IL7 USTRATED. US, we -would not offer them any such injury, though it would gain us all the skins in the country. So we gave her some small trifles, which somewhat appeased her." CH APT EH ?L ARRIVAL OF THE FORTUNE. — CHALLENGE FROM CANONICDS: HIS SUPERSTITIOUS DREAD. PLYMOUTH FORTIFIED. — WESTON'S COLONY AT WEYMOUTH: ITS MISERABLE CON- DITION. — MASSASOIT ILL: CURED BY THE ENGLISH. — DANGEROUS PLOT REYEALED. A SMALL vessel, called the Fortune, in November, 1621, arrived at Plymouth, bringing thirty-five additional emigrants — not enough, indeed, to replace those who had already perished of privation and c.\po.jed at this odd present, were informed by Squanto, "that it im- ported enmity, and was no better than a challenge." On hearing this, the governor, with mtich spirit, drawing forth the arrows, stuffed the skin, in turn, with powder and shot, and sent it back, adding a bold message of defiance. The hostile chief, hi!< superstition awakened by the m^'tsi ;rious contents of the skin, declined taking THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 99 up the gauntlet he had so hastily thrown down — "insomuch as he would not once touch the powder and shot, nor suffer it to stay in his house or country. "Whereupon, the messenger refusing it, an- other took it up; and having been posted from place to place a long time, at length it came whole back again." Vigilance being thus awakened among the colonists, they fortified the town, and under the direction of Standish, observed strict rules of discipline. Squanto also thought proper to do his part, by informing his countrymen that tlie English had the plague buried in their store-house, and could let it loose on the whole country, if they had a mind. In the summer of 1B22, two vessels were disjiatched from Eng- land by a Mr. "Weston, which landed at Wessagusset (Weymouth) some fifty or sixty idle and profligate emigrants. By their sbiftless- ness, and the encroachments of the n(;ighbouring savages, (who soon saw of what stuff they were made,) they were reduced ere long to a woeful condition. In March of the same spring, a messenger was dispatched to Plymouth with "a pitiful narration of their lamentable and weak estate, and of the Indians' carriages," (demeanour,) "whose boldness increased abundantly, insomuch that the victuals they got, they would take out of their pots, and eat before their faces; yea, if in anything they gainsaid them, they were ready to hold a knife at their breasts; that, to f/ive them content^ they had hanjed one cf them, that stole the Indians co/», and j'ct they regarded it not; that one of their company was turned salvage; that their people liad mostly forsaken the town, and made their rendezvous where they got their victual, because they would not take the pains to bring it home; that thev had sold their clothes for corn, and were readv to starve both with cold and hunger also, because they could not endure to got victuals by reason of their nakedness." These disagreeable tidings of Indian hostility were presently alarmingly confirmed. News arriving that Massasoit was mortally ill, Winslow, with Ilobbainock and another companion, was dis- jiatched to his assistance, with such simple remedies as the poverty of the colony could afford. The goodness of the chief and the at- tachment of his followers was evidenced by the grief of Ilobbamock, who, on the way, "manifesting a troubled spirit, brake forth into these speeches: Xeen womasu sajamusf Neen tvomasii sufjamiisl &c. — 'My loving .sachem, my loving sachem! Afany have I known, but never any like thee.' And turning him to mo" (Winslow) "said, whilst 1 lived I .should never see his like among the Indiuua; 100 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. saying he was no liar, he was not bloody and cruel, like other In- dians; in anger and passion he was soon reclaimed; easy to be reconciled toward such as had offended him; ruled by reason in such measure that he would not scorn the advice of mean" (humble) " men ; and that he governed his men better with few strokes than others did with many; truly loving where he loved; yea, he feared we had not a faithful friend left among the Indians; showing how he oft times restrained their malice, &c., continuing a long speech, with such signs of lamentation and unfeigned sorrow, as it would have made the hardest heart relent." Arriving at Pokanoket, the visitors, with difficulty, forced their way into the king's house, which was so crowded with Indians, that, although the latter did their best to make a passage, it was no easy matter. This asscmbl}^ was performing incantations for his relief, "making such a hellish noise," says "Winslow, "as it distempered us that were well, and therefore unlike to ease him that was sick." His sight was quite gone, but on hearing who had come, he put forth his hand, and took that of the Englishman. "Then he said twice, though very inwardly," (faintly,) "/v'en Winsnov:? which is to say, 'Art tliou Winslow'? I answered Alihc, that is yes. Then he doubled these words, Mitla ncen ivondauet mimen, W-insnoic! that is to say, *0h, Winslow, I shall neycr see thee again.'" Despite the unfavourable circumstances, his guest contrived to get down his throat a "confection of many comfortable conserves," which wrought BO cfl'ectually that the patient soon began to mend apace. The other sick in his village was also physicked and tended by the good Wins- low; and Massasoit, finding himself recovering, "broke forth into the following sjiecchcs, 'Now I see the Knglish are my friends and love me; and whilst I live, I will never forget this kindness they have showed me.'" In gratitude, he revealed a formidable plot among the Massachusetts and otlier tribes, which he had lately been solicited to join, for the destruction of the two settlements of Plymouth and Wessagusset. Followed by the blessings of the whole village, the Englishmen returned, lodging on their way, at Mattapoiset, with the sachem Caunbitant, whose attitude had been dubious, and whom thev wished to conciliate. "By the way," says our old traveller, "I had much conference with him, so likewise at his house, ho being a notable politician, yet full of merry jests and squib.s, and never better pleased than when the like are returned again u])on him." The peo]tle of Jj TUE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. iOl this town Winslow endeavoured to impress with the truths c^ reli- gion, and especially of the ten commandments; "all which they hearkened unto with great attention; and liked well of; only the seventh commandment they excepted against, thinking there were many inconveniences in it.' KJ U/w wO* til ur liJ dih V uf X o EXPEDITION' OF STAXDISII TO WEYMOUTH. — PARING POLICY. — SLAUGHTER OP TUE CONSPIRING INDIANS. — THE COL- ONY OP WESTON BROKEN UP. — PRIVATIONS AND SUF- FERINGS AT PLYMOUTH: DROUGHT: SEASON ARLE SUPPLY OF RAIN. ADDITIONAL ARRIVAL. The information given by Massasoit being confirmed by further evidence, it was resolved, with extraordinary boldness, to take the offensive, and strike a deadly blow at the heads of the conspiracy. Captain Standish, with only eight companions, set forth for Wessa- cu.s3et, to protect the people there, and especially to get the head of one of the chief conspirators — " Wittawamut, a notable insulting villain, who had formerly imbued his hands in the blood of French and English, and had oft boasted of his own valor and derided their weakness, especially because, as he said, they died crying, making sour faces, more like children than men." The captain, on arriving there, warned the settlers of their danger, and collected them within the town. An Indian spy, who presently entered, under pretence of trading in furs, reported to his people that, though he spoke smoothly, "he Siiw by his e3'e3 that he was angry in his heart."' Seeing their plot discovered, the conspiring chiefs made no attempt to conceal their enmity. "One Pecksuot, who was a panie.se, being a man of notable spirit," told Ilobbamock, who had come witii the party, that they had heard that Standisli was come to kill them— "trll him," he s.iid, "we know it, but fear him not, neither will we pbun him; but let him begin when he dare, he shall not kiko us at unawares." One or two at a time, the savages would present themselves, whet' ting their knives before the captain's face, and nuiking other men- Jj 102 AMEKICA ILLL"STI:ATED. acing gestures. "Amongst the rest, Wittawamut bragged of the excellency of his knife. On the end of the handle was pictured a woman's face, 'but,' said he, 'I have another at home that hath killed both French and English, and that hath a man's face on it; and by and by these two must marry.' Further he said of that knife he there had, Ilannaini namen, hannaim michen, malla cuts, that is to say, ' By and by it should see, and by and by it should eat, but not speak' * * These things the captain observed, yet bare with patience for the present. "On the next day, seeing he could not get many together at once, and this Pecksuot and Wittawamut being both together, with an- other man, and a youth of some eighteen years of age (which was broj^her to Wittawamut, and, villain-like, trod in his steps) and iiav- ing about as* many of his own company in a room with them, gave the word to his men, and the door having been fast shut, began himself with Pecksuot, and snatching his own knife from his neck, though with much struggling, killed him therewith, (the point whereof he had made as sharp as a needle and ground the back also to an edge.) "Wittawamut and the other man the rest killed, and took the 3'outh, whom the captain caused to be hanged. But it is incredible how many wounds these two pineses" (panieses) "received before they died, not making any fearful noise, but catching at their weapons and striving to the last." Three more were killed by the same party, and in a fight in the woods (in which Ilobbamock took an active part) the Indians were defeated and put to flight. The news of these successes was received with much joy at Ply- mouth, and the head of Wittawamut, a grisly token of vengeance, was affixed to the fort at that place. The worthy Kobinson, indeed, received the account of this sanguinary (thou^'h perha[)s necessary) afiiiir, with great grief and mortification. "Would," he writes la- mentingly to his exiled people, "that you had converted some of them before you killed any." Weston's colony, which had proved so miserably unfitted for the country, was now ccm])letely broken up; a part of the settlers pro- ceeding to Manhegin, and the rest accompanying Standish to Ply- mouth. They might probably have remained in security where they were; for such an impression did this fierce and cncrrretie conduct make on the hostile savages, that, for fifty years they made no further attempts against the Kngliah. The suninier of IG'23 brought grievous famine and distrcsa, the f THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLANL*. 103 colonists being compelled to search the woods for nuts and the sea sands for clams, as their only sustenance. Once, it is said, a pint of corn being the entire stock of provisions in the town, it was divided, giving five kernels to each — an incident since commemorated, by a similar division at the entertainments of their descendants, in the same venerated spot. A long drought also threatened the destruc- tion of the crops, to secure which all their little store of coru had been planted. These sufferings they bore with extraordinary forti- tude and cheerfulness; and finally set aside a day of fasting and humiliation, and prayer for relief to God, "if our continuance there might any way stand with his glory and our good" — a sublime and touching sentiment. Toward the close of the day, clouds gathered, "and on the next morning," says the narrator, with quaint eloquence, "distilled such soft, sweet, and moderate showers of rain, continuing some fourteen days and mixed with such seasonable weather, as it were hard to say whether our withered corn, or our drooping affec- tions, were most quickened and revived; such was the bounty and goodness of our God." The Indians were greatly surprised at this unlooked-for result, and especially, according to Winslow, at "the difference between their conjuration, and our invocation to God for rain; theirs being mixed with such storms and tempests, as sometimes, instead of doing them good, it layeth the corn flat on the ground, to their prejudice; but ours in so gentle and seasonable a manner, as they had never ob- served the like." The harvest proved plentiful, and all fear of starvation was allayed. In July and August of the same summer, t'vo ships, with sixty additional settlers, arrived. In a letter sent by those who yet remained, was the following prophetic and consoling sentiment: "Let it not be grievous to 3'ou that you have been the instruments to break the ice for others who come after you with less diOiculty; the honor shall he yours to tlie world's end: we bear you always in our breasts, and our hearty affection is toward you all, as arc the hc^ite of hundreds more who never saw your faces," 104 AMEKICA ILLUSTKATED. CHAPTER ?IIL NEW SETTLEMENTS FOUNDED: NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MAINE — ENDICOTT'S COMPANY. — THE REVELLERS OF MERRY MOUNT: BROKEN UP BY THE PUIWTANS. — SETTLEMENT OP MASSACHUSETTS. — FOUNDATION OF BOSTON — GREAT EMIGRATION. — MORTALITY AND SUFFERING. The progress of the Plymouth colony was slow, but sure, and although the original settlement, at the end of ten years, numbered but three hundred souls, at an early day, it began to send offshoots into the adjoining regions. In 1625, their admirable pastor, Robin- son, died at Leyden, having been prevented from emigrating by an adverse influence in England. The remainder of his congregation, as soon as practicable, joined their brethren in America. Enterprise, directed to the same region, was revived in the mother-countrj'. New patents were issued to Gorges and other projectors, and settle- ments, as early as 1623, were made on the banks of the Pit;cataqua. Portsmouth and Dover were settled, and the foundation of New Hampshire was thus permanently laid. That of Maine was not long in succeeding, the temporary trading and fishing stations on its coast being gradually converted to permanent occupation. Roger Conant, a man of extraordinary courage and perseverance, with only three companions, laid the foundation of a settlement at Naumkcag (now Salem) near Cape Ann. Preparations for a Puritan emigration, oh an extensive scale, were made in England ; and in the summer of 1628, John Endicott, a man of brave and religious, but rugged and bigoted nature, with about a hundred companions, arrived at the diminutive outpost of Salem. The vigorous and practical s])irit of Puritanism, as well as its more gloomy and ascetic qualifications were not long in making their demonstration. " A small settlement, named Mount WuUaston, (Quinci-), had fallen into the hands of one Thomas Morton, described as *a petty fo''"ina attorney of Furnival's Inn,' who, with a crew of di.ssolutc compau ions, lived there in much excess and licentiousnes.s. lie changed the name of the place to Merry Blount ('as if ui" jollity could have lasted always') and, besides selling fiie-arms to the Indian.s, kept a haunt for all the idle serving men and lewd coini)anions in the coun- try. Thus they lived for some time, 'vainly quafling and drinkin-^ THE SETTLEMENT OF KEW ENGLAND. 105 AINB :rry OF T f lire f both wine and strong liquors in great excess (as some have reported, ten pound's worth in a morning) setting up a May-pole, drinking and dancing about it, and frisking about it like so many fairies, or furies rather — yea, and worse practices. * * * '1\q said Morton, likewise, to show his poetry, composed sundry rhymes and verses, some tending to lasciviousness, and others to the detrac- tion and scandal of some persons' names, which he affixed to his idle or idol May-pole.' "These dissolute courses received their first check from 'that worthy gentleman, Mr. John Endicott,' who, soon after the founda- tion of his settlement, paid them a visit, cut down their May-pole, read them a terrible lecture, and once more changed the name of their abode, callinjc it Mount Dajion. The whole communitv was finall}' broken up by a small force dispatched from Plymouth, under Captain Standish. This party seized Morton, and 'demolished his house, that it might no longer be a roost for such unclean birds.' The culprit was sent over seas. 'Notwithstanding, in England he got free again, and wrote an infamous and scurrilous book against many of the godly and chief men of the country, full of lies and slanders, and full fraught with profane calumnies against their names and persons and the ways of God.' Returning imprudently to Bos- ton, he was imprisoned 'for the aforesaid book and other things,' and finally ' being grown old in wickedness, at last ended his life in Piscataqua.' "* 'Mixny persons of wealth and eminence of the Puritan party having formed the design of emigration, a charter, in 1629, was obtained from the king for the formation of a new company, under the title of the "Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England." In the latter part of June, that same year, two hundred more emigrants, dispatched by this corporation, arrived at Salem, and a new settlement was founded at Charlestown. During the months of June and July, 1630, eleven ships, bearing a great number of emigrants, arrived in Massachusetts Bay. At this time, the only- person living on the peninsula of Shawmut (the site of the ])resent city of Boston) was an Episcopal clergyman, the llev. William Black- stone, who, on account of ecclesiastical scruples, had quitted Eng- land, and betaken himself to tlie American wilderness. Ue had built a cottage and planted an orchard. The new comers first settled at Charlestown, where a small colony had already been estab- • Discoverers, &.C., of America. ~7l 106 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. lished; but, on the invitation of Mr. Blackstone, and attracted by tlie natural advantages of tbe place, their governor, the celebrated John Winthrop, with other persons of distinction, removed thither. The principal place of the plantation was, accordingly, erected on that admirable locality, which, in all the wide region of which it is the metropolis, could hardly find a rival, in beauty or convenience. In the course of the year, five more vessels, with more emigrants, making the number fifteen hundred, arrived. Buildings were erected with all possible dispatch, but such were the numbers, that proper shelter for all was unobtainable. Before December, two hun- dred had died of disease occasioned by their hardships, and more than a hundred had retreated to England, These sufferings were endured with much fortitude by the survivors. "We here enjoy God and Jesus Christ," wrote Winthrop (who had lost a son) to his wife, "and is not this enough? I would not have altered my course, though I had foreseen all these afflictions. I never had more peace of mind." Despite these discouragements, the spirit of enterprise was fairly awakened in the Puritan party, and during the next few years, such numbers continued to flock to the new colon}', that an Order in Council was issued by the king to restrain the emigration. Nevertheless, for a long time, great numbers of the persecuted faction resorted to Massachusetts — the year 16o5 being especially memorable for the arrival of a large company, among whom were the afterwards celebrated Ilugh Peters (chaplain to Cromwell) and Mr. (afterwards Sir Henry) Vane, who, the year after his arrival, was elected gov- ernor. It is said that Hampden, Cromwell, and Pym, (three names the most formidable in the great revolution,) had also embarked, but, by an order of court, were constrained to remain, to the Rtruction of the power and the person that withheld them. d.: y ^D THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 107 Ij JLtL u6i\i iL (L Jj JjX Jt (cOh) a CHARACTER OF THB FOUNDERS OF MASSACHUSETTS. — REGU- LATIONS FOR PUBLIC MORALITY: FOR APPAREL, ETC. — AMUSING PENALTIES. — INTO.LERANCE IN RELIGION. — COMMENCEMENT OF PERSECUTION. "The wealth and importance of tins new community were com- mensurate with the growing power of the Puritan party. That party, originally so humble and depressed, was already beginning to uplift its voice in the councils of the English nation, and to pro- voke fresh and suicidal efforts of that arbitrary power, which was destined, ere long, to fall, with such terrible circumstances, before it. Accordingl}'-, the men who now transferred their fortunes to the New "World, though aiming, as earnestly as their predecessors, at the foundation of a religious commonwealth, brought with them somewhat of that insolence which is always the handmaid of new prosperity. 'Their characters,' says the candid and judicious Baylies, 'were more elevated, but their dispositions were less kindly, and their tempers more austere, sour, and domineering than those of their Plymouth brethren. They had brought themselves to a positive con- viction of their own evangelical purity and perfect godliness, and therefore they tolerated not even the slightest difference in theolo- gical opinions.' They were composed, in short, of that stuff which, according to circumstances, makes a martyr or a persecutor; and, unfortunately for their reputation, the latter had opportunity for development. This, however, can hardly be laid at the door of their faith. Ilaving power to persecute, they persecuted; and where is the religious community, which, having such power, ever forbore to use it? Until, indeed, aroused by opposition (which did not occur for many years, the arbitrary and intolerant spirit of the author- ities, for the most part, lay dormant, only indulging itself in muni- cipal regulations and fantastic penalties, rather fitted to provoke niirih than indignation."* Though the sweeping generalities and searching particulars of a "Maine Law," never suggested themselves to the legislation of our forefathers, acta for the restraint of intemperance were not wanting. * Discoverers, &.C., of America. 108 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. As early as 1634, we find a traveller complaining that if a gentleman went into either of the two public houses in Boston, he was followed by an officer appointed for the purpose, who watched his potations narrowly, and when of opinion that he had enough, would counter- mand his orders, and cut off all further supply — " beyond which,'' says our author, bitterly, "he could not get one drop!" Another ordinance enjoined on all constables to keep special watch over all "common coasters, unprofitable fowlers, and tobacco takers." But when the clergy began to use the inhibited weed, the severity of this provision, was relaxed. Vanity in dress was severely repre- hended, especially "immoderate great sleeves, slash apparel, and long-wigs." Any one who should "give offence to his neighbor by the excessive length of his hair," might be airaigned before the General Court, and compelled to remove the obnoxious surplusage. No regular system of law, common or statute, being adopted at first, sentences of punishment were framed according to the ingenious fancy of the court. These sentences, gravely perpetuated in the records, sound oddly enough to modern jarisprudence. Josias Plaistowe, for stealing, is fined, and doomed thereafter to be called Josias, "and not Mr. as he formerly used to be." "Mrs. Cornish, found suspicious of incontinency," is (probably in default of suffi- cient evidence for conviction) "seriously admonished to take heed." Mr. Kobert Shorthose, who had thought proper to swear by the blood of God, is adjudged to have his ''^ngue put in a cleft stick, and so to remain for half an hour. Edward Palmer, who had made a new pair of stocks for the town, for presenting the extortionate bill of two pounds and upward, is sentenced to pay a fine of five, and for one hour personally to test the efiicacy of his own handiwork — a salutary warning to all public creditors. Nothing seems to have been more sharply repressed than any question of the authority of the court. In 1632, according to the record, "Thomas Knowcr was set in the bilboes for threatening 5'e court, that if he should be pun- ished, he would have it tried in England, whether he was lawfully punished or no." Religious conformil}'-, at first not enforced to a sanguinary extreme, was a regular part of the political system. All persons, under pain of a fine, were compelled to attend meeting. Mr. Painter, it seems, "on a sudden turned Anabaptist," and would not have his child baptised, "Whereupon," says Governor Winthrop, Avith delightful discrimination between an opinion and the expression of it, "because •^vi LL THE SETTLEMENT OJ)' N 1 * ENOLr* N D. 109 he wtis very poor, so as no other but co ral pun iment ( Id be fastened on him, he was ordered to be whipped, not for hi< umgh- rnent with much obstinacy, and said, boastingly, that God id mar- vellously assisted him." Hugh Bretts, for heresy, was on! rf-"" to be gone out of the jurisdiction, "and not return again, on pain of being hanged." By a piece of intolerance, quite as unjustifiable as any which the Puritans themselves had endured in England, restraint was laid on the consciences of the Indians, who, under penalty of five pounds, were forbidden to worship thp devil, or to practice any of the religious rites of their forefathers. It was ordered, moreover, at a later day, that if any negro slaves should take refuge among them, OS many Indians should be "captivated" in their place. RET. ROGER WILLIAMS. — HIS LIBERAL OPINIONS. — HE I? PERSECUTED BT THE AUTHORITIES OP MASSACHUSETTS. — EXPELLED FROM THAT PROVINCE. — TAKES REFUGE IN THE WILDERNESS. — FOUNDS PROVIDENCE PLANTA- TIONS AND THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. Intolerance in the province of- Massachusetts, ere long, was the exciting cause of fresh schemes of colonization. Eoger "Williams, a clergyman of liberal opinions in religion and enlightened views in politics, in 1631, attracted by the expectation of tolerance in the newly-peopled wilderness, made his way to Boston. lie was first settled at Salem, but on account of the illiberal hostility of the Massa- chusetts authorities, who had some idea of his sentiments, removed to Plymouth, where he was appointed assistant minister, and by his piety and eloquence, became much endeared to the people. From benevolent motives, he took much pains to learn the language and manners and to conciliate the affections of the neighbouring Indians. "God was pleased," he says, "to give me a painful, patient spirit, to lodge with them in their filthy, smoky holes, even while I lived in Plymouth and Salem, to gain their tongue." Massasoit and the two great sachems of the Narragansetts (Canonicus and his nephew ili- 110 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. antonimo) accorded him their friendship — that of the latter eventu- ally proving of no small moment to the prosperity and even the existence of the New England colonies. He resided two years in Plymouth, and then moved again to Salem, followed by a considera- ble number of his congregation. There (August, 1634) he was regularly installed as pastor, and Ly his liberal preaching speedily revived the prejudice and hostility of the authorities. In that day, it was considered a startling novelty to declare that a man was the proper guardian of his own religious belief, and that the state had no right to intermeddle with it. In reading the terrible history of martyrdom, three reigns before this, we do not find many objections raised to the practice of burning men alive, abstractly considered — but the question was debated with intense earnestness as to what shade of opinion was fittest to be re- pressed by the flames. Probably a good many tenets might have been enumerated, which nearly all parties in the English Church would have united in denouncing as worthy of punishment. Yet, doubtless, it was well for mankind that martyrdoms, though on points ostensibly the most trifling and immaterial, should have been bravely undergone ; for, if it had once been established that death and suffering would make men belie the faith that was in them, self-will and error, and consequent misfortune to the race, would have found the means for their eternal perpetuation. To the end of time, the only rule would have been that of the naturally violent, self willed, and cruel. But then, and long after, it was considered allowable, by nearly all sects of Christians, to repress opinions of some sort by the strong arm of the law. It was, therefore, to the no small annoyance of the Massa- chusetts magistrates, as a reflection on their systematic intolerance, that the preacher boldly announced "that no human power had the right to intermeddle in matters of conscience ; and that neither church, nor state, nor bishop, nor priest, nor king, may prescribe the smallest iota of religious faith. For this, he maintained, a man is responsible to God alone." Especially he deprecated the unjust laws compelling universal attendance at meeting and a compulsory support of the clergy, affirming that the civil power "extends only to the bodies and goods, and outward estates of men," and maintaining that with their belief "the civil magistrate may not intermeddle, even to stop a church from apostacy and heresy." He had frequently been censured by the authorities or vexatiously summoned before them ; and on the promulgation of these incendiary THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. Ill doctrines, as they were considered, immediate steps were taken to bring him to justice. Salem, which supported him, was disfranchised, and in July, 1635, the rudacious minister was put regularly on trial, for his "dangerous opinions." After a protracted debate, he and his congregation were allowed "time to consider these things till the next General Court, and then, either to give satisfaction, or expect the sentence." At the next sitting, in October, as he still refused to recant, a resolution was passed that, whereas the offender "hath broached and divulged divers new and dangerous opinions against the authority of magistrates, and yet maintaineth the same without any retractation," his sentence should be banishment from the colony Suffered to remain for a time, many people "taken with an appre- hension of his godliness, " resorted to him. In alarm at this evidence of his popularity, the court dispatched a vessel to seize and transport him over seas. Informed of this design, in the dead of winter, (January, 1636) he left his family, ;^. J took refuge in the forest, where, passing from one Indian hut {'. another, ho found a miserable subsistence. "These ravens," he .si; quaintly, "fed me in the wilderness." At Mount Hope, Avhere i'l aged Massasoit was still residing, he was kindly received, anO -ob- tained from that chief a grant of land on the Seekonk river. Thither a number of his friends, in the spring, betook themselves from Salem, and commenced a plantation. A letter, however, presently came from Winslow, the governor of Plymouth, advising him that he had settled within the jurisdiction of that colony, and requesting him, for fear of offonce to their powerful neighbour, Massachusetts, to remove yet a little farther. The fields already planted, and the partly-built dwelling were abandoned, and with five comrades ho passed down Seekonk river in a canoe, in quest of a home yet deeper in the wilderness. As they paddled toward its mouth, an Indian on the high western bank saluted them with the friendly cry, " What cheer, Netop,* what cheer!" Espying a fair spring and a fertile country, the exiled preacher and his companions landed, and founded the new colony of "Providence Plantations," on the site of the pop- ulous and wealthy city which yet commemorates the name. To the honour of this little asssociation of free spirits, they resolved that the majority should govern in civil matters and in none other, and the settlement speedily became, what Williams had earnestly desired it should — "a shelter for persons distressed in conscience." Vol. IV.— 36 * Friend. 112 AMEIMCA 1LLUSTKATP:D. By his influence witli the Narragansett sachems, land and the per- mission to settle had been obtained; and this influence, two years after the f(3undation of Providence, was again exerted in behalf of a large number of persons, expelled from Massachusetts as heretics, but "lovingly entertained" at the new colony of religious freedom. On very moderate terms he procured for them a grant of the beauti- ful island of Ehode Island, which has since given its name to the entire state, and a very flourishing settlement soon sprang up there. "It was not price or money," he writes, many years afterwards, "that could have purchased lihodc Island. It was obtained by love; by the love and favor which that honorable gentleman Sir Ilenry Vane and myself had with the great sachem Miantonimo, about the league which I })rocured between the Ma.-'sachusetts English and the Nar- ragansetts, in the Pequot war." (Tliat war, with die cau.ses which originated it, and the important influence of Williams, in behalf of the English, will presently be recounted.) SETTr,E.VENT OF CONNECTICUT BY PLYMOUTH: BY 1[.\SSACHU- SETTS. — HARDSHIPS OF THE COLONISTS. FOUNDATION OP HARTFORD, ETC. EMIGRATION UNDER HOOKER: NEW HAVEN FOUNDED. COMMENCEMENT OP THE PEQBOT WAR. — INFLUENCE OF ROGER WILLIAMS. A SEITLEMENT on the fertile banks of the v'^onnccticut river had been projected at an early day, and the flouri.shing commonwealth of Ma.ssachusett3 liad been urged to undertake it; but the autiiorities of that province, deterred l)y many opposing circumstances, c.-^pecially the dread of Indian hostility, liad deferred or neglected it. "With more courage and enterj)ri.se, the little colony of Plymouth undertook the task. Thence, in October of lOOM, AVilliam Holmes sailed fur tlie Connecticut in a ve.<, whose whole rdi;/ion was tiie most explicit sort of dcril- uvnhip should not bo acted by the i\o\\\ to engage in some early and bloody action, for the extinction of a i)lantation so contrary to his interests, as that of Xcw EiKjUuid was." Whatever the cause, the whole weight of Indian hostility and resentment ft-'li on the feeble settlements of Connecticut. The Pe- 114 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. quots kept constant watch to surprise all stragglers, and frequently put their captives to death with the most cruel torments. A small fort had been erected by the English at Saybrook, near the mouth of the river, and the little garrison, under Iheir governor, Gardiner, held out against the besieging savages with much resolution. Sas- sacus, the principal sachem of the hostile tribe, now used every ex- ertion to gain the alliance of his old enemies, the Narragansetts, sending ambassadors to Canonicus and Aliantonimo, urging every motive of policy and self-preservation for the relinquishment of their feud and uniting their arms against the common enemy. This piece of diplomacy was defeated by the agency of Eoger Williams, whose influence with those great sachems has been already mentioned, and who, at the request of the Massachusetts authorities, promptly set forth in his canoe, and made his way, in a dangerous storm, to the Narragansett court. There he stayed for three days, countervailing by his persuasions the arguments of the Pequot ambassadors, whose hands were still reeking with the blood of his countrymen, and "from whom he nightly looked for their bloody knives at his throat also." These persuasions, combined with ancient enmity, outweighed the influence of the Pequots, and Canonicus entered into league with the English. \j JLtL Jioi X uU Jj (Lb (/Od X X o THE PEQUOT WAR, CONTINUED. — THE ATTACK ON WETHER3- PIELD. — EXPEPITION UNDER MASON. — SURPRISE AND STORM- ING OP THE PEQUOT FORT: TERRIBLE SLAUGHTER AND CONFLAGRATION. — FINAL DPPEAT AND DESTRUCTION OP THE TRIltB. — BARBAROUS EXULTATION OF THB EARLY HISTORIANS. — RKPLE' TIONS. In April, IfiHT, the Pequots attacked the little town of "Wetljcra- field, and killi'd nine of the settlers. The English now saw tho necesHity for immcM'.iate and energetic action. Ninety men were ■pecdily equipped, and put under the command of Captain John Mason, an active soldier, and a party of seventy Mohcf^an Indians, headed by the notorious Uncas, (then in revolt nuiunst his chief and HE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 115 kinsman, Sa&sacus,) were persuaded to join the expedition. Letters, entreating aid, were dispatched to Massachusetts. Early in May, tlie allied force proceeded down the river, and at Saybrook, set sail for the country of the Xarragansetts, intending to take the enemy by surprise. Though apprized that a force from Massachusetts was on the way to join him, Mason, fearing lest the Pequots should learn of his desiirn, resolved to strike a blow without delay. Strengthened by a considerable force of native allies, he marched westward from the Narragan.--ett country, with great secrecy, and on the 5th of June, a little before daylight, came to "Pequot IIill,"(in the present town of Groton,) on which the strongest fort of the enemy was situated. The barking of a dog gave the first alarm to the unsuspecting garrison, who. though taken by surprise, and startled from profound slumber, ha.stily snatched their rude weapons, and fought with much courage. Ma^on, wearied at the length of the contest, at last cried, "We must burn them!" and snatching up a brand, set fire to the matting in one of the wig^vams. The whole village was composed of the driest and most combustible materials, and the flames, urged by a strong wind, spread swiftly through tlie fort. The warriors continued to shoot until their bowstrings were snapped by the heat, and then mostly perished in the flames, or were shot down, in at- tempting to escape over the palisades. AVomcn, children, and old people met the same terrible fate. It seems certain that at least four hundied perished, and possibly man}' more. "It was supposed," say Jr. Increa.se Mather, "that no less than 500 or 600 Pequot souls were brought down to hell that day." The reverend gentle- man, it would seem, took an especial comfort in considering the future torment of the enemy; for cisewhere, he tells of "two and twenty Indian captains, slain all of them and brought down to hell in one day," and of a certain chief, who sneered at the religion of the English, "and withal, added a hideous blasphemy, immediately upon which a bullet took him in the head, and diished out his brains, sending his cursed soul in a moment amongst the devils and blas- phemers in hell forever." — Prevalenry nf Prayer^ page 7. Perhaps ivc cannot better arrive at a knowledge of tlie state of pub* lie sentiment in that day, and, indeed, for half a century afterward, than by jterusing a few more of these precious extracts from the old New England historians. "It was a fearful sight," says Mr. Morton, (New Englantl's Memo- 116 AMEllICA ILLUSTIIATED. ' i rial,) "to see tlicm thus frying in the fire, and the streams of blood qnenohing the same; and horrible was the stink and scent thereof; but the victory seemed a sweet sacrifice, and they gave the praise thereof to God, who had wrought so wonderfully for them, thus to enclose their enemies in their liands," &c. The Pcquots from other villages, on hearing the disastrous tidings, hastened in numbers to the scene, and their very natural anijuish is mocked by C(jtton Mather in a strain of satire as dull as it is wicked. "When they came to see the ashes of their/r/(,'?H7*'," he says, "mingled with the ashes of the fort, and the bodies of their countrymen so terribly harUkevyd, where the Englisli had been doing a good morning's work, tijey howl'd, they roar'd, they stamp'd, they tore their hair; and though they did not siccar (for they knew not how) yet they curs\], aiid were the pictures of so manv devils in desparation.'' Is not the feeling which prompted this truly diabolical sentence identical with that which animates the red warrior when bcholdinsTT his foe consuming at the stake or run* ning the gauntlet through innumerable blows? Sc]\arated into small bodies, the Pcquots were ?peedily cut off, in detail, by the victors. Closely pursued by their allied enemies, a portion retreated westward, and finally, in a swamp at Fairfield, after a brave defence, were completeh' routed. Mo.-t of tlie warriors were slain, and the women and children were made slaves, a portion being shipped to the West Indies. Sassacus, and a small body of his warriors, took refuge among the ^fohawks, but were put to death by that inimical tribe. Several hundred of the broken ruition, on one occasion, were taken by the English in the Narragansett country. "The men among them," says the Keverend William Uolhuid, "to the number of oO, were turned presently into Charon's ferry boat, under the command of Skipper Gallop, who di.«patehed them a little without the harbour." "Twas found," say.s Keverei.d Cotton ^Mather, "the quickest way to feed i\\c fi-shcs with cm." The women and children were enslaved. Thus thinned \i\' mas.>;a'.-re and transportation, the forlorn relics of the tribe thereafter remained iu entire sid)jeetion to the victors. "In reading accounts like these, it seems hard to deterinrnc wliieli is the savage and which the child of civilization — and the liasty conclusion would be, that, except in the possession of fire-arms to defeat the Indians, and of letters to record their destruction, the authors and approvers of such deeds were but little in advance of the unhapiiy race, whose extermination lefi room for their own THE SKTTLK.MKNT UF NEW EXOLAND. 117 increase and prosperity. But until our own day is free from the disgrace of scenes parallel in cruelty, enacted by those who hr -e had the advantage of two centuries of civilization, it ill becomes us to question with too great severity the deeds of men struggling for existence, in the wilderness, not only with a savage foe, but with all those hardships and uncertainties which render the heart of man fierce, callous, and unscrupulous in the means of self-preservation. The most disagreeable part of the whole business, as we have re- marked before, is the fiendish exultation of the learned historians, who, sitting in their arm-chairs at Boston and Ipswich, record with godless sneers and chuckles, the defeat and sufferings of the savage patriots of the soil. "These gentlemen, possessed with a happy conviction of their own righteousness, appear to have thought that the Lord, as a mat- ter of course, was on their side, and that only the Adversary or his agents could be arrayed against them. A long course of ecclesias- tical dictation had made them as infallible, in their 'conceit,' as so many popes; and a constant handling of Jewish scriptures had sup- plied them with a vast number of historical texts, all susceptible of excellent application in behalf of their position. These were the wars of the Lord; the extirpation of the uncircumciscd occupants of the Promised Land; crusades against Edomites, Philistnies, and Og, king of Bashan; and any severity toward the vancpiished, or any elation at their defeat, might find an easy precedent in the extermin- ating policy of priests and prophets, and the pieans of victory chanted over their fallen foes."" * Discoverers, &.C., of Amerifa. THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. \j iMOi uuui iL LU OJi Juti mi ?1R GEORGE CALVERT; HIS SCHEMES POR SETTLEMENTS IK AMERICA: HE OBTAINS THE GRANT OF MARYLAND: FOUNDS A COLONY THERE. — SETTLEMENT OF ST. MARY'S. — RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS. — EXPULSION OP CLAYBORNE. — DISCONTENT AND INSURRECTION. — PROTESTANT SETTLERS. — ACT POR THE TOLERATION OF ALL CHRISTIAN SECTS. Sir George Calvert a secretary of state under James I., having conscientiously become a Catholic, and finding, in the adoption of this proscribed faith, an insuperable bar to political ambition at home, had, from an early day, directed his exertions to the enter- prise of peopling and governing new regions in America. He had made strenuous and protracted, but unavailing endeavours to found a permanent and prosperous settlement on the rugged shores of New- foundland; and, finally, turned his attention to the milder and more fertile regions of Virginia. His desire to plant a colony there being thwarted by the prejudice of the authorities against his faith, he returned to England, where his court-favour, despite this obstacle, being good, he obtained from the crown the grant of an extensive region northward of the southern bank of the Potomac, and extend- ing to the fortieth degree of north latitude. Over this wide tract, almost unlimited personal jurisdiction was conferred on him, with some reservation in favour of self-government oy the settlers; and the title of Lord Baltimore, which he received at the same time, was an additional proof of the royal favour. In honour of the queen, Henrietta Maria, ho bestowed on the region of his projected colony the name of Maryland. Before the final ratifi- cation of the charter, he died, but his rights were confirmed to his 80U Cecil, the second Lord Baltimore, who devoted himself with THE 6ETTL£ilENT UF AIAKYLAND. 119 much energy io the completion of liis father's plan. In November, 1633, he dispatched his brother, Leonard Calvert, with about two hundred emigrants, mostly Catholics, in two vessels, the Ark and Dove, to found the projected settlement. This company first touched at Point Comfort, in Virginia, where, though with no sinceie cor- diality, they were courteously received by the authorities; and in March of the following year, proceeded to the Potomac. Intercourse, generally friendly, was established with the natives inhabiting its shores; and, on the St. Mary's, at an Indian town, called Yoacomoco, (afterwards St. Mary's,) it was resolved to plant a settle- ment. The chief received the emigrants with extraordinary kindness and hospitality, and for hatchets, hoes, and other European articles, they obtained not only a large tract of land, but half of the village itself, v/ith the corn growing adjacent, and were thus at once pro- vided with comfortable shelter. This peaceful and friendly intercourse with the native inhabitants continued for nearly ten years, when it was interrupted by hostilities. These, after a continuance of two years, were ended by treaty, and a long interval of peace succeeded. Only a few years after the establishment of the new colony, its tranquillity was disturbed by a species of civil warfare. Captain William Clayborne, who had planted a trading establishment on Kent Island, opposite to the settlements of Lord Baltimore, and who had expended large sums on the enterprise, was summoned by the proprietary to yield it up, as lying within the limits of his patent. Despite forcible remonstrance, both from Virginia and the English government, Baltimore resolved to enforce this obnoxious claim by an appeal to arms. After a number of hostile encounters, the plant- ation on the isle of Kent was carried by a night assault., and its tenants were made prisoners or put to flight. On the complaint of Clayborne, the king (July, 1638) strongly reprehended these violent proceedings, but, on account of the liberal political opinions of the injured party, the Commisoioners of Plantations decided that, "ccui- cerning the violences and wrongs by the said Clayborne and the rest complained of, they found no cause at all to relieve them," &c. Founded, as the new colony was, by a sect persecuted in England, it did not imitate the example of other settlements originating in a gimilar cause, but allowed free liberty of conscience and of worship to all, at least of the Christian faith. The overbearing claims of the proprietor to almost complete personal jurisdiction, however, occa- sioned much discontent and uneasiness, and, in 1615, excited an 120 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. actual insurrection, by -whicli Calvert, the governor, was compelled to retreat into Virginia. The government of the proprietor, a year or two afterwards, was reinstated — an amnesty being granted for all political offences. In 1G40, the year of the king's execution, the people, taking advantage of the success of the revolutionary party in England, wrung from Lord Baltimore an act hy which some portion of legislative power was secured to their deputies. To increase the population of his province, that nobleman now began to invite Protestant settlers, both from New England and Virginia. The former, strongly prejudiced, declined the invitation, but from the latter, on account of the arbitrary spirit of the author- ities, great numbers migrated to Maryland. In 1649, the Catholic assembly, to their honour, passed a statute, explicitly declaring (what had always been matter of custom in the province) perfect freedom in matters of Christian faith. "Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion," proclaims this liberal enact- ment, "hath frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it has been practised, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants, no person within this province, professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for his or her reli- gion, in the free exercise thereof." The object sought in the explicit enactment of this statute was, doubtless, as well to attract and con ciliate Protestant emigration, as for self-protection in event of the Catholics themselves falling into the minority. TUE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 121 UiLXabliTititjiti iIi '. "'^SIK' of tlie -.Towd, he saifl, hnn^.-'^itily, 1. -u.pI. V !ai''o3 ^to-^iV liwds, I would r.ut Ivu'c ..Jji ^u.; u^mypcov. •-. ruffian! V -o'-t er, ^fiif- fonr.' T gri'^rtir, . . r-?;*aii|pv;isbe ! . ._, -u .^ life yyi ^^ei^ , ,., vn bis frame. .:.„.^ • .r:,>p^Tith rr-rb''-iilp8l!' '^••ricflted inciir- , , . !.3t the Indi.-u ; in 1«. foaco Nv:ia :.l «i*Jj NVwtowHnee, their cbidf. (th- -ncce r ol'Ope"h.ln- '' ^ ^. | m^.e r "snl)mts«ioii ru, , of tern lory. I <^''''*''^. Ctfc' last with the vn^lyf^'- m i..> r imracdiftte vi«;i!i- u \ ; .'i.^.'^WvXWiA; the Virginian i*"' naont* c ■ ♦inv^'l tr, Increi*.*; ) .., .o.wT.^ In 4.1 « w5nu-r of 1 B4^ ""^T tht, ' 'iiirty vegsob, nt • r- <'r of CO oniatd !l;u4 the Puritans in .Ut'.I J r .qt« T'.^* In tip. winter of 1(^ '"'^'^ ••!<>, \v€T« te|i.. i' mthf'lr port? ' («9fi;|)05'k^- the o' •-'omn«>ut*a. .0 of them n.ej, ha POTi y a ne^ • ngj witli hvden; .'.rai e/ei. i^u.i.ing I'm idvi;V ifn I colonies. It w.tfl dee re<. Sklif.Tti *' ".t tbi.H liule prcviuc* .'*V*^' . %' .J: •-V- 1 fl r^-, • o s.-e, : cm or, rllfi ly. •c ' ■ r • 1 • ' ' ■ - .■-.v- 1 fl.'liP'/. h'' 'ir- kS ji LVh .IM- ■ 1 \^ _. ;i:i- M ere li.e 1 ' .•■!;', at < ♦d u^ in8 Mt >ut 'aii n n.« en ti« POT A !»»" hvden 1 i.r^ ■- -sllpai- VIRGINIA. 127 ACT FOR THE REDUCTION OF VIRGINIA. — THE NAVIOATIOS ACT. — MODERATIOX OF THE PARLIAMENT. SUBMISSION OF THE PROVINCE. — BENNETT, GOVERNOR: DIGGS: MATHEWS. — JEALOUSY OF THE ASSEMBLY AGAINST FOREIGN IN- TERFERENCE. — FREEDOM AND PROSPERITY OF VIR- GINIA UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH. — DEATH OF CROMWELL. — BERKELEY, GOVERNOR RE- STORATION OF CHARLES II. — ITS ILL EFFECT ON THE PROVINCE.* I Tjie Parliament, f nnmphant over its enemies at home, ot last turned its attention to the refractory province of Virginia. The council of state was empowered to reduce it to obedience; and the "Navigation Act," passed in 1051, deprived it, nominally, at least, in common with the other English colonies, of foreign trade, except that carriod on by English vessels. Considering the bold front of opposition which Virginia had exhibited to the popular government of England, the measures adopted were characterized by singular moderation and leniency. Two of the three commissioners, appointed for the reduction of the province, were Virginians; and they had charge to u.se all mild and persuasive means before resorting to force. The liberties of the colony were amply secured, in case of peace, and the Virginians, not feeling called on to contend for the claims of a dethroned monarch to the extreme of actual resistance, on learninf the moderate nature of the parliamentary commission, laid aside all thought of resistance. Full power of self-government, and equal privileges with Engli.shmen at home, were provided for the colony; but the influence of the dominant party, and the subniis.'^ion or a.'went of the colonists, were suHiciently evinced in the election of Itichard Bennett, a strong revolutionist, by the burgesses, to the ofiice of governor. On his retirement, in IG'to, Edward Diggs received the same office at the hands of the a.«semb]y— Cromwell, during his tenure of power, never interfering with the right e.\er- cbed by the Virginian^^ of choosing their own onicers. In 1658, an old j)lanter, named Samuel Mathews, described as one who "kept a pood liou.se, lived bravely, and was a true lover of Vol. IV.— a7 VIS AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Virginia," was cliosen to the same post. . Becoming, ere long, in- volved in a dispute with the assembly, he announced his intention of referring the matters in issue to the decision of the Protector. Alarmed at the prospect of dependence on a foreign authority, that body proceeded to make a bold and startling declaration of the pop- ular sovereignty, and actually deposed Mathews, whom they had lately elected. Having thus vindicated their dignity, they forthwith reinstated him in office, while he submitted to their requirements with a readiness which sufficiently shows that, whatever the tem- porary disagreement, no serious ill-feeling had existed between the executive and legislative powers. The spirit of public liberty, by this bold demonstration, gained a great accession of strength and firmness. On the death of the Protector, the assembly of burgesses, after private deliberation, resolved to acknowledge his son, Richard Cromwell, as the head of the English government; and when, by his resignation and the death of their governor, (1660,) the destinies of Virginia seemed fallen entirely in their hands, they resolved that the supreme power should be lodged in their own bodv^ and that all writs should issue in its name, "until there shall arrive from England a commission, which the assembly itself shall judge to be lawful." The prospect of the Restoration was hailed with joy by Virginia, and the election of Sir "William Berkeley to the office of governor, was an earnest of its renewed loyalty. That faithful adherent to the House of Stuart, in accepting the office, however, exi)ressly acknowledged the authority of the assembly, of which, lie said, he was but a servant, and waited eagerly for news of the reerection of the monarchy. During the civil wars, the parliamentary government, and the Protectorate, Virginia had been steadily gaining, by precedent, for- titications to her system of self-government. Commerce was free, (for the Navigation Act soon became a dead letter,) and religioiis toleration (except to the Quakers, a sect at that time almost univer- sally proscribed) was fully established. L^niversal sullrage of free- men ])rcvailcd, and in consequence of the fertility of the soil, and the high price commanded by the staple production, tobacco, re- markable prosperity prevailed. These advantages, unalloyed by any act of oi)pres.sion by the home government, had rendered the province one of the most desirable i)laoes of residence in Americji. The elevation of Charles II. to the throne of his fathers, marked by VIBOINIA. 129 the northern colonies with such gloomy forebodings, was received with exultation by Virginia. Berkeley at once reassumed his official functions, under the royal authority, and, in the king's name, sum- moned an assembly, which, from its loyalist composition, clearly indicated the prevalent s\-mpathy of the colony. AVitli strange indillerence to the blessings the country had enjoyed under self- government, the dominant party at once proceeded to ptxss acts of an arbitrary and intolerant nature. Suftrage was restricted to free- holders and householders, the Engli.sli Church Avas exclusively rees- tablished, and the persecution of dissenters, which had before compelled tliem to seek refuge in other colonies, was renewed. The ■^ssc" " ', like the Long Parliament, made its sitting, in a manner, •-rpci, ' the members retail •' / aeir seats for more than ten years, and, finally, dissolving only when compelled by necessity The restoration of arbitrary power was systematically pursued. The reerection of the monarchy, to whicli Virginia had looked with such sanguine hope, was presently the means of inflicting great evil on the colony. The provisions of the Navigation Act, restrict- ing all commerce to the parent-countr}', had been evaded or disre- garded at an early day by the American provinces, and lutd latterly fallen into complete dis'ose. This obnoxious statute was now ri-en- acted with incrca.sed strictness, and enforced with practici.l rigour — the influence of the London merchants, who derived great profits from the monopoly, proving sufBcient to outweigh all the complaints and remonstrances of the coloni.sts. In vain did Berkeley, deputetl bv the Virginians, repair to court, and urge on the car of the king, with all the influence whi'.-h his ancient loyalty could command, the disastrous clTeets produced on the province by this arbitrary restriction of its growing intercourse with European nations, and complain that the di.sloyal colonies of New England were sviifered to set the act in question at nought, while the faithful jirovince of Virginia was f ;overnor. "We ought," they declared, "to defend our lawful pcssest ns, if we are able; if not, to avoid and protract." A fresh intrigue, directed against the peace of the new commonwealth, was that of the Ply- moutli Com}>any, which surrendered its charter into the king's hand.i, its members hoping to obtain extensive private grants, and using all their influence to get that of the Ma.=saelui.setts Company revoked. Legal proceedings were commenced against the latter, but the death of ^fa-son, the patentee of New Ilampshire, and the prime mover of these inimical proceedings, prevented them from being carried to the extreme. NEW ENGLAND. 131 The council, in 1G38, demanded of Winthrop, that tlic patent should be given up; but the authorities, in reiily, urged strong deinonstranccs against the projected arbitrary enforcement. It was backed, indeed, by a judgment from the Court of King's Bench, but such judgment had been obtained by the intrigues of their enemies, and doubtless owed its origin to royal dictation or influence. They concluded their reply with an implied threat of independence in case matters v.'cre forced to an extremity. "If the patent bo taken from U.S," tliey declare, ''' tlie common people will conceive that his majesty hath cast them off, and that hereby they are freed I'rom their subjection and allegiance, and therefore will be ready to confederate themselves under a new government, for their necessary safety and gub.sistence, which will be of dangerous example unto other planta- tions, and perilous to ourselves, of incurring his majesty's dis- pleasure." This covert menace of revolution, it may be inuigined, wa.s encouraged by the growing power and influence of the Puritan party in P^ngland, where, indeed, the authority of the sovereign was already beginning to find sufficient employment in suppressing the popular movement, without crossing the ocean to seek a spari^ely- peoj^led wilderness. In fact, num.ber«, who. in the dnv of nersecti- lion, had sought refuge in America, now hastened back to England to take their share in the extraordinary events which were there begin- ning to transpire. " By the year 1640, the tide of emigration, which, for many 3-ears, had flowed steadily to New England, gradually ceased. The a.=cendcnc3' of the Puritan party in England soon removed the grievous wrongs and disabilities under which that numerous body had once labfured, and the temptation to share the success of the triumphant fiiction at home was greater than that to retreat into the wilderness which had been its refuge when weak and persecuted by its destined victims." More than twenty thousand emigrants, however, before the year 1G40, had arrived in New England, and by their extraordinary industry and enterprise, prosperity and comfort had been developed to a degree which, considering the asperity of the climate and country, .seemed hardly po.ssible. Little more than ten years had elapsed since the foundation of the Massachusetts colony, yet in that interval, savs Mr. Bancroft, fiftv towns and vilhiecs had been planted, and nearly as many churches had been built; and for- eign commerce, in furs, timber, grain, and fish, had alrca'''y been establi.shed on a i>crmanent base. Nay, the manufacture of cotton t 132 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. (the staple being supplied from Barbadoes) had already made a commencement. As a matter of course, the Long Parliament, the Puritan and revolutionary element of which was so greatly in the ascendant, looked with warm sympathy to the New England colonists; but the latter seem to have avoided, at first, any decided commitment of themselves either to the political or ecclesiastical strife which at this time raged in England. From this distracted condition of the mother-country, and the favour of the dominant party, they came to possess, what they enjoyed for nearly twenty years, the blessings of actual indcpenricnce and self-government. This, however, must be understood in the restricted sense of partial suffrage, and of the entirely preponderate influence of "the church" over that of "the people." The most im]"tortant political event of lG-i2, was the an- nexation to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts of the neighbouring settlements of New nampshire, which, it was claimed, fell within the patent of the former, and the inhabitants of which, by their own action, confirmed the claim, and were admitted, on ccpial terms with the ^Nfassachusetts people, as an integral portion of that jirovince. As carl}' as 1637, immediately after the dangers of the Pequot war had shown the necessity of union, a confederacy of the New England colonies had been projioscd, and in the following year had again been discussed, but on account of the jealousy of Connecticut, had been deferred. The latter province, however, wishiivj- assist- ance against the encroachments of the Dutch, at length renewed the negotiation; and in 1643, the states of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Ilaven, formed a union for mutual aid and protection — "the first germ of that mighty confederacy which now numbers more millions than its original did thousands, and which, from a bleak corner of New England, has extended, for twenty degrees of latitude, over the thousand leagues of mountain, forest, and [irarie, that divide the two oceans." The chief objects of this alliance were protection against hostile savages, resistance to Dutch and French encroaehinent, and the fortilioation of the degree of civil and religious liberty which the se\eral colonies had obtained or permitted. Two coinmi.^sioners from each colony (none bat church members being eligible to the ofiice) were to manage the afltiirs of the federal government, and to have the control of peace .\nd war, of making public improvements, Rnd, generally, of any matters which might properly pertain to the NEW ENGLAND. 133 government of a confederation. These powers, apparently so extent sive, were ht'ld in check by the dependence of this central authority on the separate states for the means of carrying its enactments into ellvct. Neither the people of New llampshire, nor those of Khode Island or of Providence Plantations, although they desired it, were admitted to this league, Avhich, indeed, was doubtless more harmo- nious than it could have been, had opinions more liberal in politics, or more tolerant in religion, been permitted to mingle in its councils. UNCAS AND MIAXTONIMO. — DEFEAT AND DEATH OF THE LATTER — DISCREDIT TO THE ENGLISH. — RHODE ISLAND: ITS LIBER- TIES GUARANTEED BY THE PARLIAMENT. LETTER TO SIR HENRY VANE. — REMARKABLE FREEDOM ENJOYED THERE. — MAINE ANNEXED BY MASSACHUSETTS. A TRAGEDY, purely native in its origin and execution, but in which the English authorities contrived to play a very discreditable part, was enacted in lfJ43. Miantonimo, the Narragansett sachem, accused by Uncas, the Mohegan, of hostility to the colonies, had been compelled to appear in an ignominious manner at Boston, and had met with much humiliation at the hands of the English, To revenge himself on his accuser, despite a peace, guarantied by the latter, with a thousand warriors he attacked the hostile tribe. De- feated by the superior strategy of his rival, and taken prisoner, he was conducted to Hartford, wlierc Uncas, with a moderation which might seem surprising, but for the result which he probably consid- ered as certain, referred the destiny of his captive to the Commis- sioners of the Confederacy, These, acting under advice and counsel of the clergy, so far from inter})Osing in behalf of mercy, and actu- ated, doubtless, by jealousy of tlie tribe of the defeated chief, decided that he might lawfully be put to death, and delivered him into the hands of the victor. The latter, with his brother, Wawequa, and other Indians, and accompanied by two white men, led his prisoner along a solitary pathway, in which, at a silent signal from Uncas, Wawequa, stepping up behind, sunk his tomahawk in the brain of 134 A M K K I C A 1 1. L U S T U A T E D . I I |n 'I the victim. Tlic revengeful cliief, it is said, cut a morsel of flesh from the slioukler of his enemy, and ate it, saying that it was "the sweetest meat he ever cat; it made his heart strong." The tribe of the fallen chief, wlio were warmly attached to hiin, lamented deeply over his unhappy fate, and complained with bitterness that large quantities of wampum, which they had sent to the Mohcgans as a ransom for his lil'e, had been retained, while the life of their leader, which it should* have purchased, was treacherously taken. His brother, Pessacus, who succeeded to the command, took signal revenge on the enemy, and, but fcrr the interposition of the English, would doubtless have inflicted on Uncas the same fate as that which the latter had wreaked on the chief of the Xarragansetts. While the other New England }»rovincc.s, secure in union, and holding their political existence and possession of their territories either by royal charter, or purchase from the original grantees, pre- sented an almost unassailable front to foreign interference, Rhode Island, whose only tenure of possession was that derived from the native chieftains, had cause alike to dread the ambition and en- croachment of her powerful neighbours, and acts of usurpation on the part of the government at home. To jilace on a more secure basis the state he had founded, Williams, in 1G43, sailed for Eng- land, and pleaded the cause of freedom before the parliamentary authorities. By the influence of Sir Henry Vane, who was now a member of the council for the government of America, and by the reputation which his own exertions liad already acquired for him, a charter, insuring extraordinary freedom of civil government, was granted to lihode Island by the parliament. On his return, he was welcomed with enthusiastic gratitude by the citizens, and the people of Providence, in an eloquent letter of thanks to Sir Henry Vane, expressed their acknowledgment of his continual kindne.*s and pro- tection. "From the first beginning," declares this admirably-written document, "you have been a noble and true friend to an outcast and despised peo[)le; Ave have ever reaped the sweet fruits of your constant loving kindness ami favor. AVe have long been free from the iron yoke of wolvish bisliops; we have sittcu dry from the streams of blood, spilt by the wars in our native country. AVe have not felt the new chains of the presbyterian tyrants, nor in this colony iiave we been consumed by the over-zealous lire of tlie (so called) godly Chri.stian magistrates. We have not known what an excise We have long means; we have almost forgotten what tithes are. NEW ExNGLANl>. 135 drank of the cup of as great liberties as any people that we can hear of, under the whole heaven. When we are gone, our posterity and children after us shall read in our town records your loving kindness to us, and our real endeavor after peace and righteousness." A more honourable testimonial, or one more gratifying to a pure and benevolent mind, has seldom been offered by a state to its benefacitor. The good people of lihode Island, in possession of their coveted privileges, did not abuse them. Our liberty, they had boasted, shall not degenerate into an anarchy. jS'or was this an idle vaunt. Al- though a very great diversity of creeds, some wild and fanatical enougii, it is said, had taken refuge in the asylum from American persecution, and, though perfect freedom of debate prevailed, and was sometimes exercised stormily enough, the legislation of the little state was characterized by singular good sense and impartiality. Williams, who made another \ )yage to Englanl to repel a menaced assault on its franchises, ever fostered the popular s{)irit, and despite the earnest wishes of the assembly, refused to obtain or accept irom the English authorities the appointment ot himself as gc-ernor — his wise prescience dreading any unnecessary commi iricnt Oi the affairs of the state to a foreign, even though a friend^ ■ j-oiver. Il Maine, disputes arising between the agents of riva^ patentees, and no settlement of the question belag issued from Lngland, the inhabitants of several towns, by their own action, erected an inde- pendent government, and ^Massachusetts, ever willing to extend it; influence, whether by force or invitation, over its neighbours, decided that the territory in question came within her own jurisdic- tion. Commissioners were dispatched there, and the whole country was speedily, with the consent of its inhabitants, brought under the government of the more powerful province. This summary change, however, appears to have been generally satisflictory to the residents. I ' i: »*« n s i 136 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. vj Jul tbuu ijb xjjXii xxXa OPrOSITION TO THE ITASSACHrSETTS AUTHORITIES. — PARLIA MENTART ENCROACHMENT RESISTED AND RELINQUISHED. — NEW ENGLAND FAVOURED BY CROMWELL. — BIGOTED AND INTOLERANT LAWS OF MASSACH^TSETTS. — FERSECUTION OP BAPTISTS. — THE QUAKERS: PERSECUTION OF THEM: POUR EXECUTED: THEIR COURAGE AND FORTITUDE. — APOLOGISTS FOR THE HANGINGS. — REFLECTIONS. The authorities' of ^fapsachusctts, in close league with the clerfry, the elders, and the more intolerant church party, were not long in awaking a spirit of opposition among the partisans of a more liberal and tolerant policy. At an early day. indeed, that party had shown much jealousy of any thing like a prescriptive government or dicta tion in elections, and when it had been proposed that the oHice of governor should be held for life, it was forthwith resolved by the deputies, that no magisterial ofhce should be held for more than a year. A direct collision between the two parties had occurred in KM?, on a question of small moment in itself, but involving the legal extent of the authority of the magistrates. A small majority of the deputies to the general court held that, from the assumption of power by these authorities, the liberty of the people was in dan- ger; the rest, and, of course, nearly all the magistrates themselves, resolved that "authority was overmuch slighted," and that there was danger of "a mere democracy." The jwpular party, by the enactment of a law on the point in question, obtained a nominal triumph, but the magistrates, the governor (Winthrop) anaehjnents by the parliament on it.s indo- pendenee. A vehement and eloquent remonstrance was forwarded to Kngland, where Winslow, their agent, and .Sir Henry Vane, who, desj^ite some unkinticher, the memory of Cramner had do.«centlcd to us that of a rnartvr onlv, and not a relentless woman-burner: but for Cranmcr himself, Rome had been sj>ared her archest deed of -■i 140 AMEKICA ILLUSTKATED. combined treachery and cruelty. No persecution, of course, can exist without its legitimate prey. That prey is, almost iuvariably, a small, but brave and stubborn minority', which, by its unbending opposition, inflames to madness the jtride, the self-will, the passion of long-accustomed power. But methinks it rather hard that those who bravely surrendered their lives, in defiance of a wicked law, should have the dishonour of the transaction laid at their door, and be accused, at this day, of shaming with their blood the posterity of their murderers. Nor is it fair to assume that the Quakers used any greater measure of provocation to their oppressors than has often been customary even with the most undeniable martyrs. The spirit of man, when sought to be crushed by superior physical power, will at least assert itself in bold and defiant words ; and whatever the extravagances committed by some wrong-headed zealots among them, the demean- our of the victims, at least on their trial, seems to have been charac- terized by remarkable dignity and decency. The plain fact — so ]>lain th:it its assertion is almost superfluous — seems to bo, that the early rulers of Massachusetts were men of extraordinary force of character, bigoted, self willed, and unusually disposed to tyrannize. They had resolved to have their oun way, at whatever cost, even to the shedding of blood. The people against whom their cruel and tyrannical laws were directed, were few in number, but pos- sessed by a sjnrit of daring, enthusiasm, and stubbornness, such as the world has seldom witnessed They resolved that these sanguin- ary statutes, whoso existence proclaimed them felons, by the very shame and horror of their execution should be annulled; and in laying down their lives in accomplishment of this purpose, they certainly earned as fairly the crown of martyrdom as any of the multitudes who, for conscience, for independence, for fame, or for sal- vation, had trodden the same thorny path before thcrn. NEW ENGLAND. 141 CfiAPTEH iv. IDCCATION IN MASSACHUSETTS. — HARVARD COLLEOE. — RB- STORATIOX OP CHARLES II. — OPPRESSIVE ENACTMENTS CON- CERXINO COMMERCE. — ATTITUDE OF THE COLONIES. WINTHROP, THE YOUNGER. — CONNECTICUT OBTAINS A CHARTER: HER FREEDOM AND PROSPERITI. ■\ViTir our forcfiithors, in nearly all tlie New England states, edu- cation, from the lirst, was a subject of solicitous care. Provision was made that all children in Massachusetts should at least learn to read and write, and schools of a higher character were not long in succeeding. Only a few years after the arrival of the Puritans in Massachusetts, John Harvard, dying there, by the bequest of his library and of half his estate, founded that admirable university which still commemorates his name, and which has exercised such extraordinary influence, from the first, in promoting the intelligence and refining the manners of New England. Fostered by the care of the state, and at times assisted by the neighbouring provinces, it enjoyed a continually increasing prosperity and usefulness. The restoration of Charles II. to the throne of England was the signal for a renewal of those more obnoxious claims of sovereignty over the American colonies, which had either been relinquished or suflered to fall into disuse by the government of the commonwealth. The Navigation Act (the child of that government indeed, but, in it3 original, not designed rigidly to fetter tiieir commerce) was reen- acted, with new and oppressive provisions; a monopoly being secured to English merchants, English ships, and English navigators, in tiie entire fureign intercourse of tlio.se provinces. The exporta- tion of a long list of articles, including tobacco, sugar, cotton, and other produce, was prohibited excepting to England; and ere long tlje importation of any European goods, c.\cej)t those supplied by English merchants, wius in like manner made illegal. Commercial intercourse between the nortiiern and southern colonies was bur- dened with oppressive duties; and, by degrees, the very manufacture of articles wiiich might compete with that of the homo country in foreign trade, or even in furuiahing their own supplies, was also for bidden, rfuch wjw the oppressive system, the commencement of ill i^ w ■.1 142 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. whicli signalized to tlie colonists the restoration of English mon arcliy, and wbich, finally pursued to an extreme incompatible with their growing strength and spirit of independence, resulted in the loss to England of the most splendid provinces ever founded by the enterj>rise of her sons, or reared into greatness by their genius and industry. "While ^^a.<:sachusetts, both its political and moral prepossessions shocked by the prospect of the elevation of a character like that of the new king to tlic sovereignty of England, waited, with a species of sullen expectancy, the event of the change, and even meditated opposition, in ca,rovincc, where, in gratitude for his services, the odice of ciiief magistrate, for fourteen years, by annual election, was conferred or. him. Under these favourable auspices, the colony of Connecticut commenced a career of continual increase, of rational jirosperity, and of tranquil happiness. The care for po[)ular education, which has always cliaracteriz< name, that the oath of allegiance should ' taken, that the Church of Kiigland should be tolerated; and tha' lone, except a property restriction, should be continued on the elective franchise. Tiie latter of these demantls, striking more closely than any other at the religious government and the prejudices of the colonists, ex- cited tlie greatest discontent; and a stricter censorship was held over all except the established religion. Stimulated by rumours, partly true and partly falso, of the dis- loyal spirit of the province, (it was even rumoured that Gi)fi'e and Whalley, who had lately come over, and were in hiding, had raised an army agaiiust the crown,) the Knglish sovereign proceeded to appoint a commi.ssion of four j)ersons to investigate matters in New England, and to iLse a very di.scretionary authority in settling its afl;iir.s. On the news of this obnoxious measure reaching Boston, liasty measures were adopted for precaution and defcnee. The fafi'ty of the charter, and restraint upon the landing of soldiers, were cspeciall}' firovided for; and in view of the impending trials of the Commonwealth, a day of solemn prayer and fasting was appointed. C i^ A, P T E R VI REMOXSTUAXCK OP MASSACHUSETTS DOINGS OP TOR COMMIS- SIOXEUS. THEIlt DISPCI/S WITH i 11 E AUTHORITIES: THEIll DISCOMPITUUE AND RETURN TO EN(JI,ANI). — SUCCESSPUL RESISTANCE OP MASSACHUSETTS. — INERTNESS OP THE CEOWX. — rUOSPERITY AND TRADE OP THE PROVINCE. The fleet, di.«patehed from England for the reduction of Man^ battan and other Dutch settlements (see "New Netherlands") in July, lGf54, arrived at Boston, bearing the commissioners. The general court, promptly assembled, in token of their loyalty, agreed ;«' i! it 146 AMEIiICA ILLUSTUATKD. to levy a force in assistance of the expedition; and, while the fleet was busied at Manhattan, prepared a forcible and eloquent remon- strance, addressed to the king. Reciting the privileges of their charter, the sacrifices they had made to obtain it, and the liberties they had enjoyed under it; they foretold the trouble and ruin which any persistanee in controlling the aHiiirs of the colony would occa- sion. "God knows," they say, "our greatest ambition is to live a quiet life, in a corner of the world." Any thing but their liberties, they th'clarcd, they were willing to ofler in testimony of their htyalty. Meanwhile, the commissioners, not earing to make themselves unne- cessarily odious, had busied themselves, in harmony with the colonists, in settling certain matters in Connecticut and Rhode Island — the "du- tifulness and obedience" of which former, they averred, wa.s "set off with the more lustre by the contrary deportment of ^rassaehusctts." I'lyniouth, which was promised a separate charter, if it would sub- mit the nomination of its governor to the conunissioncrs, ])rotested much lo3'alty, but declined the intermeddling proposition. These gentlemen, returning to Boston, demanded that all the men should be assend)led to hear the king's message; but their requisi- tion was refused, though they denonnoed as traitors those who opposed the proceeding. The ^rassachusetts authorities refused to state directly whether they would obey the commission or not; and the members of it, to try their power, gave notice that they would hold a court for the trial of a cause to which the colony was a party. But the general court, by sound of trumpet, and proclamation of a herald, forbade all persons to take part in their {proceedings. Foiled in this point, the visitors proceeded to intermeddle in the afhurs of Rfaine and New Ilampshire. The court, with equal promptitude and fearlessness, met them by an order to the iidiabitants of the hitter to forbear obeying or abetting them, at their peril. In Maine, indeed, they set up a royal government; but not long after their dejjarturo, Ma.ssaehusetts, by force of arms, ri!establi.shed its authority there. They finally returned to England in much wrath and disap- {)ointment, without having accomplished any permanent alteration in the condition of the provinces. The king, in very natural disj)leasure, now summoned (1606) .some of the chief persons of ^Massachusetts to appear before liim, and answer for the doings of that refractory province. The general court, which met to consider this demand, after prot^'aeted prayer, refused comj)liancc, declaring that they had already expressed their NEW EN a LAND. 147 views in ■writing, "so that the ablest person among us could not declare our c;i < more fully." In all this jHrrcmptory resistance, and almost defiance of the authority of the crown, there was no lack of patriotic feeling, or of afieetion for the mother-country; for very cflective assistance, in provisions and materials, was rendered to the English navy, in the contest with France, commencing at this time; and whether from fear or negligence, the king, immersed in sensuality, took no active mcasun-s to vindicate his claims. After nmch discussion in the council, it was considered that the refractory colony was too strong to meddle with; that it might, at a moment's warning, throw off its allegiance; and that the sa st policy was to overlook its transgres- sions, and wait a more favourable opportunity for enforcing the obnoxious claims. Meanwhile, the province, left to its own management, by the enterprise and industry fur which its people have ever been distin- guished, prospered in an extraordinary degree. Foreign commerce (for the Navigation Act was set at naught) sprung up with surprising raindity; fish and furs were exported in quantities; and lumber, which, by the then recent invention of saw-mills, was })repared with unaccustomed ease from the almost exhaustless forests of Maine and New Hampshire, had already assumed high importance as an article of traffic. CHAPTER ?n. CONDITION OF THE NKW ENGLAND INDIANS; CONVERSlU> OP SOME OF TIIKM: THEIR NUIIKERS AND STRENGTH. THE I'OK ANOKKTS. — METACOMET, OR KINO THILIP; HIS GRIEVANCES. DISSIMULATION: SCHEME FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ENGLISH. — CAPTAIN CHURCH: HIS CHARACTER, ETC.: HE DIS- CONCERTS AN INTKIGUE OF PHILIP. Tiioroir liable to the imputation of blame, for too persi.-^tent en- croachmetit, oven under the guise of purchase, upon the domains of the native tribes adjoining them, the I'^nglish colonists, to their credit, wore sincerely desirous of civilizing and converting their , 148 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. Indian nciglibours. ^fjiny of the latter, by ll.f ••.-aisowortliy pains of tlieir white friends, had learned to read and : t\t", and one of them even graduated at the university of Cambridge. The ini.^j.sion ary labours of tlie admirable John Kliot and of the two Mayhcws, had been erowncd with much success in their conversion, 'J'he for- mer, with wonderful patience and diligence, had even prepared and published, for their benefit, a translation of the Bible, in the Indian tongue. The race for whose salvation this pions and laborious monument of learning was erected, has pas.scd entirely away. The Bible mny still be found on the shelf of an ancient library, but no man living is able to peruse it. Around Boston, and on the capo and its adjoining i.slands, villages of "praj'ing Indians" had been established, and friendship with the settlers hail been thus confirmed and strengthened. But the powerful tribe of the Narragansetts, and that of the Pokanokets, at this time (1GT5) nearly as numerous, still clung, with a jealous fidelit}^ to the religion of tlieir fathers. In 167'), the number of Indians in New Kiigland was roughly computed at fifty thousand. Unprincipled traders had supi)lied them with fire-arms, which they had learned to use with deadly accuracy, and the possession of which gave them a dangerous con- Bciousncss of power. Confined, in a good measure, by the continual extension of the English settlements, to peninsulas and necks of land on the coa.st, many of the tribes began to suffer from insuflieient room to procure their customary subsistence. On tlie death of Mas.sasoit, the earliest and firmest friend of the English, his son, Wamsutta, or, as he was called by the latter, Alex- ander, succeeded him in the sway of the Pokanokets. Oidy a few months alter his accession, on some vague suspicion, he was seized by a ]iarty of English, and carried prisoner into Plymouth, where, in a fow days, he died of a fever, brought on by anger and irritation. His brother, ^fetacomet, more commonly known as the fimous King Philip, succeeded to the throne, and, from profound policy, main- tained an appearance of great friendship for the whites. Eor nine Vears, with extraordinarv dissimulation, thonirli eheri.shinir feeliuL'S of revenge for the death of his brother, and the encroachments on his territory, ho mnintained the appearance of amity. Some disputes, indeed, eau.-ed by the latter grievance, as early as 1071, had occur- red; and I'liilip, strangely enough, subscribed a set of articles, yieldimr almost every point in question, and, in a manner, "deliver- ing himself, body and soul, into the hands of the Plymouth author- KEW ENGLAND. U9 itics. ITis motive, (loul)tlcss, was to blind liig enemies .is to tho extent and dangerous nature of tlie conspiracy lie was meditating. His plan was noiliing less than the eouijtlete extermination of the whites, and in its prusecution he displayed a policy, courage, aid perseverance, which, in a savaje, have never been surpassed. To knit tlie clans of New Knghuul, iiumcmorially dissevered by tra- ditii)nal feud and enmity, into a confederacy against a i'oo so terrible as the E)iglish, might well have seemed to the most sanguine a hope- less task ; ^-et such was the object to which Phil'p bent all his policy and energy, and in which, to a great extent, he succeeded." Argu- ment, persuasion, and menace, were each, in turn, applied with the utmost adroitness. In the spring of 107.', he scjit six ambassadors to Awashonk.s, queen of the Scjgkonates, demanding, on jiain of his own vengeance, and of exposure (by an artful device) to the resentment of the Kng- lish themselves, that the tribe should join his league. A solemn dance was ap[)ointcd, to decide the question, and Awashonks, that the opposite i)arty might not be unrepresented, sent fur her neigh- bour, Ca})lain Benjamin Church, the only white man in her domains. This celebrated man, one of the most famous Indian fighters in New England history, had just .settled in the wilderness of Sogkonate. " lie was a num of untlaunted courage, of a sagacity fitted to cope with the wiliest tactics of Indian warfare, and, withal, of a kindly and generous disposition, which, except when engaged in immediate hostilities, seem to have .secured for him the res{)eet and attachment of the wild tribes which he so often encountered. His narrative,* written in his old age, by his son, from his own notes and dictation, is one of the choicest fragments of original history in our possession. As a literary performance, it is jiist respectable; but for vividness of detail and strength of expression, it is .siMucthing more, and may well be entitled to rank with such rude but stirring productions as the 'True Con([uest' c^f Pjernal Diaz, and the 'True Adventures' of Captain John Smith." On \iis arrival, a grand council was held, at which the six Warn- panoags appeared in great state, making, says Church, "a formidable appearance, with their faces painted, and their liair trimmed back iu comb fa.shion, with their powderdiorns and shot-bags at their backs, which among that nation is the posture and figure of preparedness for war." A fierce di.scussion ensued, and u privy counsellor, named ♦ "The. Eiiturtaiiiing History of King Tliilips War." InO AMV.KIfA ILLUSTHATED. Little J''ycs, attempted to draw Clmrcli aside, lo privately dispatch him, but was i»reveiitod by others. The Englishman, with great Doldness, advisrd Awashonks, "to knoek tliose six Mount Uopes* on the liead, and i?lieltor herself under the protection of the English Upon which, the Mount Hopes were for the present dumb." lie then sharply rebuked them, as faithless wretches, thirsting for the blood of their neighbours, and assured them, that if tlioy would b'\vo war, he should jirove a sharp thorn in their sides. The (pieen and lier people, overmastered by his eloquence and energy, dismissed the iMubassy, and, for a time, observed neutrality, if not fidelity. COM Ml'NCEMENT OF nilLIP'S WAR. — EXPLOIT OF CHURCH — KETRKAT OF Till; INDIANS. — PJIILir ROl\sES THE TRIBES. — DESTRUCTION OF TOWNS, ETC. — THE ATTACK ON HADI.EV: REPULSED BY GOPFE. — GREAT LOSSES OF THi; ENGLISH. — SPRINGFIFLD BURNED. It was soon evident tliat Philip was preparing for active war. ITc tent all the women and children of his tribe into the Xarragan.sctt country, and held a great dance, lasting for several week.s, wiiii all the warriors of his neighbourhood. 'J'he first blow was struck on the 21th of June, in an attack on the little town of Swansey. Nino of the .settlers were killed, and the rest fled, while the Indians fired their deserted duelling.^. Soldiers were sent from Ma5.saehu.st'tt.s, and CluHvh, with a company from IMymouth, hai^tened to the fron- tier. IMiilip was eompolled to flee, but only to ravage t];o country in other remote spc)t.«4. Church, with only nineteen men, holding on in pursuit, at last, on the site of the present town of Tiverton, fell in with three liundred of the enemy. "Tiic hill," he tells u.**, "seemed to move, l)eing covered over with Indian.'^, wiili their bright guns gliiterinjf in the sun, and ruiuiing in a circui'iferchcc with a design to surround them." I'rom a place of vantage, t!ic F'ngli.^h defended them.^elvcs with much courage and desperation till t;d! du", .." % "1 fbe jf^i- 't '■ M *««,* I' i '• .if ■ ' }i II ii N' w - }|i^^^ of hi- , It bm^ ^r-^\^uiiinM 'The ;■;•<♦ bl-^ tttl** ruck ou the littV' U'wn Nmo Jill) lui; . ■ 'i V ...». i '^-'^ 1 ren* ui>in Mu 'GH* and iiO r NEW ENGLAND. 151 embarkation with her fire. "When all were on board but Churcb, that daring man, who had left hi:j hat and cutlass by a sprintr, de- clared he would never leave th'-ni as trcjphies for the enemy. Load- ing his gun with his last charge of powder, he went back, and brought them off, amid a shower of bullets, some of which grazed his person. The English forces, at last uniting, after oome indecisive engage- ments, compelled Philip and his v/arr'ors to take refuge in a great swamp at l'oca^JSCt; their camp, con.si.sting of a hundred new wig- wam-s, being deserted. A great number of Indians, who had sur- rendered under fair ])romises, were tr acherously transported as slaves — a piece of perfidious cruelty against which Church vainly remonstrated. That active oflicer, if permitted, could at this time, probably, by a close jjursuit of the Indians, have ended the war, but he was contymally thwarted and embarrassed by tlie inactivity and obstinacy of his superiors. Defeated, with a loss of thirty warriors, in another engagement, Philip fled westward, and excited the remoter tribes to warfare. Numbers of the English were killed, and .several flourishing villages on the frontier were burned. In Brookfield, however, a small lorce, under Captain Wheeler, besieged in a building, held out for two days against several hundred savages, wlio, after losing, it is said, eighty of their number, were compelled by the arrival of reinforce- nients to raiac the siege. "From this time, an almost continual sue- ccs.sion of Indian attacks and massacre? occurred, and town after town was laid in ashes. Aideil by the continually exciting causes of enmity, developed by war with a ^oc so indefinite as 'the Indians,' Philip had succeeded in awaking a general ho.stility among the numerous tril>?s of the frontier. It was supposed that he was pre.«cnt at many of the scenes of midnight a.ssault and massacre whicii, at that time, filled New England wiih idarm; but it is certain thtt he wiLs .seldom recoguLscd. Once, it is said, lie was seen at a successlul attjick, riding on a black horse, lea[)ing fences, and exulting in the scene of destruction; and again, thst he once ordered an arm-chair to be brought forth, that he might enjoy at his ease the conflagra- tion of a village." On the ?3t of September, a simultaneous attack was made on Iladley and Deerfield, the latter of which was mostly destroyed. The people of JIadley luwembled at their meeting-lu)use, armed as usual ; but, taken by b'rprise at the unexj)eetcd a.^.k-rof>nw too hot for them at that time when they u\h\ their mitehen fried together: And j)robably some of them eat their .suppers in a colder place that night, most of their provisions a.s vtcll a.-* huts being con.sumc^l by fire, and tlioso that were left alive forced to hide themselves in a cedar swamp, not far olT, where they had nothing to defend them fn^m the cold but boughs of spruce and pine trees!" -m';'-^ .^' 'v-4 il ff; «^ ^1:1 i 154 A M E i: 1 ( • A 1 1. 1. 1' S T II A T K D . The deforiteil nation did not fad unavenged, eighty of tlic Enghsh being slain outright, and an hundred and fifty woumled, many ol' whom jierished on the return mareh, rendered terrible by the sever- ity of the season, and the want of proper supplies. Canonehet, (the son of Miantonimo,) the brave young saehem of the Xarragaiisetts, with the relies of his force, took refuge in the west, where, in con- cert with Thill]), he jjlanned schemes of vengeful reprisal. Lan- caster and !Medfield (the latter onlj- twenty miles from IJoston) were burned, and nearly a hundred of the settlers were killed or carried oil'. I'uitions of Providence and Wevmouth were also destrovcd, and two companies, each of fifty men, were successively "swallowed up" by the victorious enemy. The first check to this spirited renewal of the war. was the cap- ture of the brave Canonehet, who, having raised a force of many hundred men, to ensure provision for their support, had ventured eastward with a few warriors, to procure seed for plantation, lie was shot at Stonington, having "refused to purcliase his life by jiro- euring the submi.-ision of his injured tribe; and met his death with the highest courage and fortitude — a true patriot, and a hero, who.se soul, to judge from his brief sayings, was cast in an almost class- ical mould." "This," says ilr. Hubbard, "was the confusion" (confounding) "cjf a damned wretch, that liad often opened his mouth to blas- pheme the name of the living God, and those that make jirofession thereof. He was told at large of his breach of faith, and how he had boasted that he toould not dtliicr up a Wamjmnoa'j nor Oie pariug of a Wampunoii'Jfi nail, that he would burn the English alive in tlieir houses; to which he rejjlicd, otliers iccrc as furu:anl fur tlic war (/,v himself, and he desired to hear no more thereof. And when he w.'is told his sentence was to die, he .said, he liked it ivdl, thul he shvidd die h'fure liis heart was soft, or he liad spohcn anything umcorthy rfhim- self, lie told tiie English before they put him to death, tiud the lining him tcoidd not end the tear; but it was a considei'able step thereunlu." In the spring of 1G76, the war continued to rage, seventl desperate R(!tions being fought, with alternate success — part of Plymouth and other towns being burned, and great loss resulting to both parties. 'i'lie Indians, indeed, suffered grievously from cold and lnniger; and a force of cavalry, from Connecticut, aided by a body <)f Mohegans, •vas very eflcetually employed against them. Two hundred were NEW ENGLAND. 155 ina, and to detach them from the hostile league, '.vith only a single companion the captain boldly ventured into their country. He narrowly escaped with hi.s life from the venLreaiice of so'ne of them, but, by his persuasions and arguments, at last so completely won the confi- dence of the tribe, tliat the chief warrior ros<>, and placed himself and all the rest at his disposal, saying, "We will help you to Pliili[)'s head, ere the Indian cc^rn be ripe." With an extraordinary savage pantomime, the clan j)erformed the ceremony of swearing allegiance to their new commander, and the deserticjii of these allies, we are told, *'i>roke Philip's heart as soon as he understood it, so as he never rejoiced after, or had success in any of his designs." uXlxlirXiDJu A. PHILIP'S WAR, COXTINUEI). — SCCCESSPUL CAMPAIGN OP CHniCir. ItEPEAT AND CAPTUIIE OP THE SAVAGES. PIIII.IP'S DE.SPAIR: HE ItETREATS TO MOUNT HOPE: IS DEFEATED AND SLAIN; RARIlAilOUS E.XPOSURE OF HIS REMAINS: HIS CHARACTER. With an Engli.sh force, and a considerable number of Indian war- riors. Church, in June, 1676, commenced an active campaign against the enemy, scouring the woods in all directions, and killing or makinir pn.soners of crreat numbers of the hostile savages. "In the mid.st of this uncompromising warfare, we find him exhibiting a hurranity and good faith uncommon at the time, using every exer- tion to prevent torture and cruelty, and vehemently protesting against any ill usage of the natives who surrendered. Once he fell t'-^ t I 15G AM K lU C A I LLU?^ TR '> " ED. in witli Little I\vcs, (who would have l, looked up. It was Philip himself, musing drearily, no doubt, on the fallen fortunes of his race. Ere a gun could again be levelled, he sprang up, and bounded like a deer into the ftM'est." Closely following his track, the English at last camo up with the relics i)f the enemy, who were posted in a swamp. The latter, after a sharp skirmish, were defeated, and an hundred and Bcvt'iity-three, including women i. :id children, were taken captive. Philip and most of his warriors escaped, but his wife and chihl were among the prisoners. '^I'he latter described his condition as forlorn in the extreme, and said, that after this last misfortune, he was qui'o inconsolable. '•Tiie unhap[>y sachem, after .seeing his follower.s, one after an- o'hci, fall before the fhiglish, or desert his failing cause, had betaken liimsflf, like some wild animal hard driven by the hunters, to his ancient haunt, the former residence of his father, the friendly Ma.s- sas"it Li all the picu.-ant region washed by the circling Narragan- sett, there i.^ no spot more beautiful than that miniatun; mountain, the home of the old ssichcms of the Wampanoags, But with what feelings the last of their number, a fugitive before inveterate foes and recreant followers, looked on the plea.sant habitatioii of liis fathers, nviy more easily be imagined than described. Still, he sternly rejected all j)roposals for peace, and oven slew one of his own fldlowers, who had ventured to speak of treaty with the Eng- lish. I'hc brother of this victim, naturally enraged and alienatea froni his cause, at once deserted to the enemy, and gave the informa- tion which led to his linal ruin. "A few brave warriors yet remained faithful to him, and with N£W KNGLANIt. 157 inniuitain. tlicso and their women and chiklrcn, he had taken refuge in a swamp liard by the mountain, on a little spot of rising ground. In Uuit troubled night, the last of his life, the saeheiu, we are told, had dreamed of his betrayal,* and awaking early, wab rceountiug the vision to his companions, when the i'oa came suddeidy upon him. His old enemy, Church, who was liimiliar with the ground, coming )ip (luietly in the darkness of night, had posted his Ibllowers, both Knglish and Indian, so as, if possible, to prevent any from escaping. The result was almost immediate. After several volleys had been rapidly lired, Philip, attempting to gain a secure position, came in range of an ambush, and was instantly shot through the lieart by one Alderman, an Indian under Churrh's command, lie fell on his face with liis gun under )i ., and died without a struggle. (August 12, l()76.)"f Most of •' warriors, under old Anuawon, Philip' chief cai)tain, made tlu i i>e. I'lie body of the unfo; .. / ^/ % Hiotographic Sciences Corporation ^% ^qV ^ ^ ^ 13 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTER.N Y MStO (716) 173-4503 ;\ '"^imSBS^iF- M I 158 A .M E i: I C A I L L U 3 T li A T E D . rated no higher than the rest. The sinewy right hand of the sachem, much scarred by the bursting of a pistol, was given to Alderman, 'to show to such gentlemen as would bestow gratuities upon him ; and accordingly he got many a penny by it.'* "Thus died Philip of Pokanoket, the last sachem of the "Wampa- noags, the originator and the head of that terrible confederac}' which so long kept New England in dread and consternation, and which, at one time, seemed almost to threaten its entire destruction, lie was, undoubtedly, a man far superior to the generality of his race, in boldness, sagacity, and policy; his powers of persuasion were extra- ordinary ; and the terrifying results of his enmity sufficiently evinced the nanbitious nature of liis scheme, and the genius with which it was conducted. The division and barbarous exposure of his remains entailed disgrace, not on him, but on the authors of the profanation; his sufferings and the injuries of his family have awakened in suc- ceeding generations somewhat of that s3-mpath)' which is always due to misfortune; and though the defeated leader of a ruined confed- eration, his name, more than that ot any other of the Indian race, has always excited the interest, if not the admiration of mankind."f Kj ijjuj buOi tL X iL. iL ^ t/oii JL • PniLir'S WAR, CONCLUDED. — CAPTURE OP ANNAWO.V AKD niS WARRIORS, BY CHURCH. — ROMANTIC INCIDENTS. SUMMARY OF THE WAR. PHILIP'S SON. — BARBAROUS POLICY OF THE VICTORS. — MURDEROUS ADVICE. — THE CHARACTER OP THE PURITANS. — REFLECTIONS. CiiURCir, with a small force, followed closely on the track of Annawon and the few warriors whom death and desertion had yet left to maintain the ruined cause of the Pokanoktts; and, after long and wearisome pursuit, at length learned from a captive the place of his retreat. In his eagcrne.«8 to 8urpri.sc the foe (who never camjted two nights in the same place), with only half a dozen friendly In (lians, ho set forth, with extraordinary boldness, on the adventure. "Cliurch's "Entertaining Iliutory.' \ Diucovr-prn, &c , of Ani< rira. ^fam^P"- NEW ENGLAND. 159 The bivouac of the fugitives was in a place of remarkable security and difficulty of access, yet tbe captain, with his allies, lowering themselves by bushes over the face of a precipitous rock, took the enemy, mostly sleeping, by surprise, and secured their guns, which were all stacked together at the head of Annawon. That redoubted warrior, his weapons lost, surrendered, and the rest followed his example. Church promising to use all his influence in behalf of their lives. "I am come to sup with you," he said, pleasantly, to Anna- won, and the latter bidding his women prepare a meal, the two cap- tains feasted together in perfect harmony. Did these limits allow, it would be pleasing to dwell on the romantic incidents of this most wonderful surprise; how the whole company, wearied with pursuit and flight, were soon wrapped in slumber, all but the two leaders, who lay looking at each otlier by the glimmering light of the embers; how Annawon arose and dis- appeared in the darkriess, but ere long returned, bearing a powder- horn, a scarlet blanket, and two splendid belts of wampum, the regalia of the v.nfvu-tunate Philip; how he solemnly invested Church ,. Ml these royalties, as the victor over the last of the hostile tribe; a'ld how, in the words of the captain, "they spent the remainder of t le night in discourse, and Annawon gave an account of what mighty success he had formerly in wars against many nations of Indians, when he served Asuhmequin," (Massasoit,) "Philip's father." This exploit ended Pliilip's war — a war which, though it lasted' only a year and a half, seemed almost to threaten the destruction of New England. Thirteen towns had been laid in ashes, and many others partially destroyed, six hundred dwellings, in all, being burned by the enemy, • Six hundred Englishmen had lost their lives, and the prosperity of the whole country had been grievously checked and retarded. But if misfortune was experienced by the victors, utter ruin and almost annihilation awaited the vanquished. In war, in conflagration, by starv-iin n and cold, such vast numbers liad perished, that the eflective furce of the hostile tribes was com- ])lctcly broken, and many of them were nearly extinguished. With the great number of prisoners, aiul the almost equally numerous portion, who surrendered on the promise cr in the hope of mercy, a cruel and barbarous policy was adopted. The chief warriors were put to dcatii; among them, Annawon, wliose life Church vainly endeavoured to save, as well from good faith and humanity, as for the value of his services in future warfare. The rest, with the Vol. IV.— 39 160 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. I Is f \ t women and cliildren, were made slaves, most of them being trans- ported and sold in the West Indies. "In regard to the son of Philip, (a child only nine years old,) the authorities seem to have been greatly exercised in spirit. There were so many nice precedents for his execution to be found in Scripture, and security, as well as vengeance, would be satisfied by the destruction of the whole house of their dreaded enemy. Nothing can better show the venomous spirit of the times, or the depraving influence of a barbarous theology, than the following extract from a letter, written by Eev. Increase Mather, the minister of Boston, to his friend, "Mr. Cotton: 'If it had not been out of my mind, when I was writing, I should have said something about Philip's son. It is necessary that some effectual course should he talcen about him. ITe makes me think of Iladad, who was a little child when his father {the chief sachem of the Edomites) was lulled hj tToab, and had not others fled away with him, I am apt to think, that David would have taken a course that Iladad should never have proved a scourge to the next generation.' More humane counsels, however, prevailed, and the poor child was onl// shipped as a slave to Bermuda! "Incidents, such as tliese, commonly suppressed by popular writers, arc not uselessly recalled, in obtaining a just view of the spirit of the past. With all honour to the truly-great and respectable quali- ties of our New England ancestors — to their courage, their con- stancy, their morality, and their devotion — it is useless to disguise the fact that, in tlie grand essentials of charity and humanity, they were no wise in advance of their age, and in the less essential, but not less desirable articles of amenity and magnanimity, most de- cidedly behind it. But a certain infusion of disagreeable qualities seems almost an inseparable constituent of that earnestness, which alone can succes'fully contend with great obstacles, either human or natural — with civil tyranny and religious persecution — with the privations and dangers of the wilderness, and the unsparing enmity of its savage inhabitant-*. "The communities, icd by men tlius strongly but imperfectly moulded, have, with tl. ^enial influence of time, and by the admira- ble elements of freedom contained in their origin, gradually grown into a commonwealth, freer from the errors which disgraced their founders than any other on the face of the earth. Their prejudice has become principle, their superstition has refined into religion; and their very bigotry has soflcncd down to liberality. Whilo NEW ENGLAND. 161 enjoying the results of tliis ameliorating process, their descendants may well be charitable to those whose footsteps not only broke through the tangled recesses of the actual forest, but who, in tread- ing pathwa3's through the moral wilderness, occasionally stum- bled, or left behind them a track too rugged or too tortuous to be followed."* kJ uuJj tXiOi tL w Jj ui b tr6\i Ju w < EEXEWED INTERFERENCE OF THE CROWN IN MASSACHD- SETTS. — SEVERANCE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE: ATTEMPT TO TYRANNIZE THERE: ITS FAILURE, — ACTION OF MAS- SACHUSETTS. — PROCEEDINCS AGAINST ITS CHARTER. — VAIN OPPOSITION AND REMONSTRANCE. — THE CHARTER ANNULLED. icir ice on; hilo The English government, gaining courage from the gradual estab- lishment of arbitrary power at home, and still desirous to curb the growing spirit of independence in Massachusetts, in 1676, dis- patched thither Edward llandolph as its special agent. This func- tionary was coldly received by the provincial authorities, who again explicitly denied the right of the crown or the parliament to inter- meddle with its government, lleturning, after a sojourn of only six weeks, to England, he excited the jealousy and inflamed the cupidity of the court by very exaggerated accounts of its wealth and population. By a decision of the privy council, the claim of Mas- sachusetts, certainly rather untenable, to jurisdiction over Maine and New Hampshire, was set aside. Nevertheless, by purchase from the heirs of the patentee (Gorges) she speedily again got possession of great i)art of the former province; and, whereas it had formerly been considered an integral part of her dominion, it was now gov- erned as a mere colony of Massachusetts, the officers being appointed by those of that state. This change naturally led to much discon- tent, the manifestation of which, however, was forcibly suppressed by the new claimant of sovereignty. In New Uainpshirc, severed from Massachusetts, a direct royal * Discoverers, &.c., of America. 162 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. government was set up, the offices of president, &e., being filled by the act of the crown. A popular assembly was allowed, which, at its first meeting (1680), took occasion to assert the independence of the province, declaring that no law or ordinance should be valid unless "made by the assembly and approved by the people." The patentee, at issue with the colonists on matters of title, procured for himself the authority of appointing a governor. Cranfield, the per- son selected, a man of rapacious and arbitrary disposition, hastened to the i;ilUnt colony, in strong hopes of making a fortune at the expense t)f its inhabitants. Disappointed in his expectations, he committed a thousand rash and tyrannical acts, continually inter- fering in matters beyond his authority, both civil and religious, and striving, on false and impudent pretexts, to wring money from the slenderly-filled purses of the settlers. To these exactions the assem- bly and people opposed as determined a resistance — a resistance which the latter finally carried to the extreme of openly maltreating his officers; and, with his hopes of plunder and profit almost quite ungratilicd, he returned to England, bearing a malicious report of the condition of the province. In view of the prospective danger to the liberties of Massachusetts, a general synod of all the churches was convoked, while the general court, by some formal enactments, in testimony of its loyalty, sought to avert the royal displeasure. The kiugVarms were put up on the court-house, and two or three acts in support of the royal dignity were passed; and, though the Navigation Act was expressly de- clared illegal and not binding, the general court, by an act of its own, rendered its provisions valid and effective. The king, who certainly exhibited considerable moderation, twice .again dispatelied a message of remonstrance to Massachusetts on its opposition to the home-government, and it was evident that extreme measures would finally be resorted to. The province, in 16S2, dis})atchcd agents to England to defend its interests ; and, if possible, to bribe the king into protecting them. Their mission was in vain; and that the charter was in danger, was evident from the systematic warfare against civic corporations then being waged by the court in England. Great agitation pervaded the province. Maine was surrendered, but it was resolved to hold the charter as long as possible. Legal proceedings were commenced against its holders in the English courts; and the judges, in those times, being generally mere creatures of the crown, only one issue could be looked for. Tho NEW E N G L A >; D . 163 king, at this juncture, once inc,;o suggested the wisjoni of a direct submission, promising, on that condition, his favoi\.r, and as little infringement on their charter as might consist with the right of his government. Judging from the fate of the civic corporations in England, (for even London had been compelled to succumb before ' the royal power,) the prospect of successful resistance in the courts of law appeared entirel}^ hopeless. The governor and nuigistrates accordingly resolved at last to try the eflfect of an unqualified sub- mission, and throw themselves on the king's forbearance. A proposal that agents, to receive the royal commands, should be dis- patched to England, was sent in to the house of deputies; but that more popular body, after an animated debate of a fortnight, refused, by their own act, to sanction the surrender of their liberties. The successful opposition of former times was recalled, and it was even urged as a matter of religion not voluntarily to put the state into the hands of a power inimical to its professed faith. With extraor- dinary firmness and spirit, they resolved to make no voluntary sacriiice, and only to flill, as a body politic, before the pressure of superior power. The latter result must have been foreseen. Re- monstrance to the king proved fruitless; and in June, 1684, the English judges, then, as from the earliest times, mere agents to effect the pleasure of the crown, declared the charter forfeited. Thus, for a time, fell the independence of Massachusetts — an independence, it must be owned, at times, ungraciously asserted and arbitrarily exer- cised; but of which the main defects lay in the fact that it was an independence rather in name than in fact; the authority of the magistrates, and the overshadowing influence of the church, consti- tuting a species of mingled aristocracy and theocracy sufficiently repugnant to more enlightened ideas of freedom. Yet, doubtless, oven this imperfect form of liberty and self government was in the highest degree useful in training the minds of the colonists to a jealousy of foreign power, and fostering the germ of a liriner and more liberal national spirit. SETTLEMENT OF THE CAROLINAS. FAILURE TO PLANT COLONIES IN THE SOUTH. — EJIIGRATIOxN FROM VIRGINIA TO NORTH CAROLINA: FROJf BARBADOES TO SOUTH CAROLINA. — THE PATENT OF CHARLES II. — LEGISLATION OF LOCKE AND SHAFTESBURY. CUM- BROUS SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. — DISCONTENT OF THE SETTLERS. — INSURRECTION IN NORTH CAROLINA. — SOTHEL DEPOSED BY THE PEO- PLE. — CHARLESTON FOUNDED. — CON- STITUTION OF LOCKE RELINQUISHED. The first attempt of the English to found a settlement in America had been made in the mild regions lying south of Virginia. The disastrous failure of that attempt (Raleigh's), combined with the diffi- culty of access and a dread of Spanish cruelty, had retarded any further effort in the same direction; and while the bleaker and less fertile provinces of the north were rapidly filling up with continued emigration, no enterprise was directed to the rich soil and genial climate of the south. Sir Robert Heath, in 1630, indeed, obtained of Charles I. a patent for the foundation of a colony there ; but this instrument, from his failure to effect a settlement, became forfeited. Colonists from Virginia, between the years 16-iO and 1G50, suffer- ing from religious intolerance, took refuge beyond the borders of that province, and formed settlements on the northern shores of Albemarle Sound — since known as North Carolina. By the fertility of the soil and the mildness of tlio winters, they soon lived in case, their cattle and swine finding subsistence in the natural products of the country; and their numbers were yearly increased by fresh emigration. Some adventurers from Jrassachusctts, in IGGl, made an attempt to found a settlement near Cape Fear; but the experi- ment proved unsuccessful. Their places were, however, supplied by a party of emigrants from Barbadocs, who proceeded to the samo SETTLEMENT OF THE CAKOLINAS. 165 region, and planted a colony there, selecting as their governor Sir John Yeomans, one of their number. Among the lavish grants which distinguished the administration of Charles 11., was one, in 1663, to the Duke of Albemarle (Gen Monlc), Locd Ashley Cooper (afterwards the famous Earl of Shaftes- bur}'), to Berkely, the governor of Virginia, and others, conveying to them all Carolina, from the thirty-sixth degree of latitude to the rive" San Matheo. The patentees, desirous to people their vast ter- ritory, gave much encouragement to those who had already settled there, assuring them of considerable political privileges; and Bcrkcly, bringing additional emigrants from Virginia to North Carolina, settled them under the popular rule of Drummond. By a fresh patent, issued in 1665, the proprietors, their claims extended westward across the entire continent, were empowered to create titles and to institute orders of nobility. This singular priv- ilege was granted, in order that an (.laborate constitution, devised by Shaftesbury and the celebrated Locke, might be carried into effect. By this extraordinary instrument, the fruit, doubtless, of painful ingenuity and labour, a system of government was set up, entirely without a precedent in the hi.story of legislation. Its main feature was a hereditary landed aristocracy, dependent on prop^erty alone for its right to rule. Tlie territor}^ was divided into counties, of four hundred and eighty thousand acres each, in each of which were to be appointed one landgrave, or earl, and two caciques, or barons. All power was lodged in the holders of real estate, and the proprietors were always to continue exactly eight in number, neither more nor less. "With a childish minutenes.s, the details of pedigree, of fashion, and ceremony, were made the especial province of one of these dignitaries. Such was thf. constitution, carefully elaborated by the most philosophical mind .;■ the age, which yet, from the unfamiliarity of its author with tht practical workings of political machinery, and the needs of a new country, never took practical ellect, and soon lapsed into neglect and abrogation. The colonists at Albemarle, who had already adopted a simple code of laws for their own governmcut, received with much disgust the aristocratic and complicated .system which the proprietors had devised; and the latter, not to increase the popular discontent, did not press the immediate adoption of all its particulars. They in- sisted, however, on establishing a provisional government, but with- out success; for the people, dissatislied, imprisoned their collector ; 166 AMERICA ILLUSTIIATED. and other officers, seized the public funds, and took all the functions of government into their own hands. Their chief leader, who pro- ceeded to England to defend their cause, was there tried for treason, and was acquitted only by the eloquence and influence of Shaftes- bury, who considered the insurrection as rather a dispute among the colonists themselves than a revolution against the home gov- ernment. The better to carry out their obnoxious constitution, the proprie- tors next sent out Seth Sothel, one of their own number, as gov- ernor. This man, corrupt and greedy, for six- years mismanaged the affairs of the province, enriching himself by bribes and extortion. At the end of that time the people put him under arrest, and the assenibl}' tried him and banished him from the province. The pro- prietors, however ill pleased at the independence of that body, could not denj the justice of the sentence. They approved the measure, and appointed Philip Ludwell as his successor. In 1670, they dispatched a body of emigrants, under William Sayle, to Port Eoyal, in South Carolina. In the following year, dissatisfied with the situation, he removed the settlement to the neck of land lying between the rivers Ashley and Cooper, where he founded a settlement named Charleston, in honour of the king, and since known as one of the fairest and wealthiest of southern cities. At his death, which occurred not long after, Sir John Yeomans, already, for some years, governor at Cape Fear, was appointed in his place; and the new settlement gradually absorbed into itself the colonists from that region. A separate government thus established over the two colonies, the names of North and South Carolina came into common usage. Yeomans, accused of converting his office into an instrument for his own profit, was replaced by West, under whose popular rule the colony continued to increase and prosper. The proprietors, indeed, reaped no fruits from their enterprise, having expended large sums without getting any return. Dutch emigrants, both from New York and the mother-country, attracted by the mildness of the climate and the political freedom enjoyed by the settlers, resorted to South Carolina; and the oppression of the French Protestants, under Louis XIV., also induced numbers of the persecuted sect to take refuge' there. In 1686, James Colleton, a brother of one of the ])roprietors, was appointed governor, with the title of landgrave. Popular discon- Bi;,i"i'LJiMiiNT OF THE CAROLINAS. 16? tent, especially at the elaborate and aristocratic s^'stcrn devised by Locke, was not long in ntiaking its demonstration; and the new governor was soon involved in dis^Dutes with the coloiiists. An assembly, elected expressly to resist hiin, met in 1687; and three years afterwards, an act was passed for his banishment from the province. The English revolution of 1688 had saved the proprie- tors from a seizure of their charter by the crown. On learning these news, they sent out Ludwell to examine the affairs of Caro- lina, and to report grievances. Such was the discontent manifested toward the constitution, that it was thought wisest to relinquish it; and, accordingly, in 1693, the whole cumbrous system, with its child's-play at nobility, and its attempt to create institutions which can be made respectable only by long usage and national association, was entirely abrogated and done away. VIEGIIIA, CONTINUED. RETUOOllADE MOVEMENTS IN YIRGINIA. — REVIVAL OF INTOL- ERANCE AND OPPRESSION. GRANT OF VIRGINIA TO CUL- PEPPER AND ARLINGTON. POPULAR DISCONTENT. — INDIAN WAR. — MURDER OP THE CHIEFS. INSURREC- TION UNDER BACON. — TRIUMPH OP THE PEOPLE. The unfavourable effect of the Eestoration on Yirginta has been mentioned. The renewal and enforcement of the Navigation Act fettered her rapidly increasing commerce, and the triumph of roy- alty at home was followed by that of tyranny and intolerance in the provincial government. The great number of servants, or slaves, in effect, for a term of years, who had been brought from England, even after their emancipation, constituted an inferior and uneducated class, easily kept down by an aristocracy of masters and slaveholders, whose power in the state was continually on the increase. There seems to have been even a systematic desire among the government party to keep a portion of the colonists in depend- ent ignorance. Berkeley thanks God that free-schools or printing presses were unknown in Virginia, and says he hopes there will be none this hundred years; "for learning," he sagely remarks, "has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the Avorld, and printing hath divulged them," &c. Negro slavery, by tliis time considerably on the increase, was absolute, the control of the master being almost unfettered by any law of restraint. The Episcopal church was established as the religion of the state; and persecution of dissenters, especially of Baptists and Quakers, was revived. The assembly of burgesses appropriated extortionate Bums for their own pay, as legislators, and, by refusing, for many years, to dissolve, set up a species of prescriptive government, little VIKGINI A, 1G9 short of actual usurpation. The fruit of the royal triumph, in the domestic economy of Virginia, was, in short, as accurately summed up by an elegant historian — "a political revolution, opposed to the principles of popular liberty and the progress of humanity. An assembly continuing for an indefinite period at the pleasure of the governor, and decreeing to its members extravagant and burden- some emoluments; a roya) governor, whose salary was established by a permanent system of taxation; a constituency restricted and diminished; religious liberty taken away almost as soon as it had been won; arbitrary taxation in the counties by irresponsible magistrates; a hostility to popular education and to the press; — these were the changes which, in about ten years, were effected in a province that had begun to enjoy the benefits of a virtual independ- ence and a gradually ameliorating legislation." Fresh misfortune awaited the colony in the rash liberality of Charles, who, in 1673, bestowed on Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, (the latter connected Avith him by a discreditable tie,) the entire control of Virginia for a term of thirty-one years. The assembly, on learning the news, fearing for the safety of their estates, dispatched agents to remonstrate with the crown, and to endeavour to obtain a charter for the colonial government; but their efforts, after a year's trial, proved ineffectual. The oppression to which the people of Virginia, after the restora- tion of loyal and aristocratic power, were subjected, at last drove them into open resistance. Discontented gatherings and a tendency to revolt had prevailed for some time; and, considering that the outrageous taxes levied by tiieir rulers swallowed up nearly all their earnings and profits, it is remarkable how long they endured the usurpation of the authorities. An Indian war was the first cause of insurrection. Hostilities were carried on with the Susquehannahs and other tribes, both in Virginia and Maryland, and on one occa- sion, six chiefs, presenting themselves to treat of peace, were mur- dered by the enraged settlers. Berkeley, irascible, cruel, and tyran- nical, was not without feelings of honor. On hearing of the crime, he exclaimed, "If they had killed my father, and my mother, and all my friends, yet if they had come to treat of peace, they ought to have gone in peaca-" The savages, their passions inflamed to madness at this piece of cruelty and ill faith, renewed hostilities with much fury, attacking the English plantations in Virginia, and wreaking a tenfold revenge Tl » 170 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. for the loss of tlieir cliiefs. The movoment spread, and the people — their lives, bj tlie insullicieney of the government, constantly ex- posed — demanded the permission to carry on the war themselves. But Berkeley, ever despising the popular opinion, and his interest, it is said, being enlisted in behalf of peace by a monopoly of the beaver-trade, which he held, stubbornly refused his consent. A general insurrection was the result. Under Nathaniel Bacon _ an English planter, of wealth and influence, of high courage and inde- pendence, five hundred men assembled in arms, resolved on a cam- paign agiinst the enemy. Berkeley, enraged, proclaimed them rebels, and was levying forces to suppress the movement, when a fresh and formidable insurrection of the people, who demanded the immediate dissolution of the assembly, compelled him to desist, and return to Jamestown. With almost the entire force of the people arrayed against them, the governor and the aristocracy were com- pelled to yield. The assembly, which had so long sat an incubus on the province, was dissolved, and on the election of a new one, Bacon (successful in his Indian campaign) and a majority of his partisans were returned as members. The successful leader ac- knowledged his error in acting without a commission, and, to the universal joy of the people, was appointed commander-in-chief. O lijJj uudi J/ Ju dj bU 6 JL w • THE rorCLAR ASSEMBLY. — MEASURES OP REFORM. — OPPOSITION AXD TREACHERY OF BERKELEY. — CIVIL WAR. — TRIU.^^PII OF THE IXSUUGENTS. — JAMESTOWN BUllXED. — DEATH OF BA- CON; HIS CHARACTER. — RUIN OF THE POPULAR CAUSE. — NUMEROUS EXECUTIONS, — BEATH OP BERKELEY. — ADMINISTRATION OF CULPEPPER, ETC. The new assembly, with a rational and moderate zeal for reform, proceeded to pass many salutary acts, restricting the magistrates in their arbitrary and extortionate course, providing for the purity of elections, curtailing exorbitant fees and salaries, taking precautions against the spread of intcmperiince, and finally, by a general am- nesty, extinguishing, it was hoped, the seeds of civil conflagration, n 7) -M .r:i lue ' lar : .h.!. - !■, ■ -. 'usion, .itiahj^ i..i> .■■-', •. vying i>fv*t> to Bupprefes ' ^ U-iOveQie:.;, '.n.e^ n -• 1: - • ' ') of the p"^'i. :, in^u don.TiM]. d ti; ■ !i .■^ .1 t>.- ■• - ;: - irrt U) .: i',.lc'l.W'yisl<^- ■ Tiw «J?* on the j^vi-'icr-. r«a ' 1 i' •■Sfe'- ompo' -1 bici to '■. -'^"fti ; ." ■ ntir fofce of : |>««|J-' the cf: locracv n ^'ieoni- ' '«u ^ wi* aa incubn- «c ^!li^ pi }U3 .^ ? ^^ ttC- •sM» f . i/To the I' rt j^ CWF FOftlAB AfiSlirBr.T. ilEASTkl^ '? Rf7C» V.-%»«fBO T!Oh ' ! ?6j , : p * < PF5EEl.;y T . I- •r. ' t VaSI ■ i w pTococt; ' t'loir arbit. r-','. ;-,':.., c... . ....5. . -... /t'.:.^:v, . w'.ilif/uisi.Iii/, if ' and mcxlaratc ■•"'.1 .00, iii'd *;'//i . hy ;■• i th*- !««:;"J-. ii'' ■ il ii Jai VIRGINIA. 171 The demeanour of the governor was dubious, and Bacon, leaving Jamestown, presently returned, at the head of five hundred deter- mined men, in whose i^i-esence resistance was in vain. Berkeley advanced to meet them, and, baring his breast, exclaimed, "A fair mark — shoot!" but Bacon told him that not a hair of his head or any man's should be hurt; and the passionate old governor, yielding to necessity, issued the required commission for war against the In- dians, and, with the council and assembly, even dispatched to Eng- land high commendations of the lo3''alty and patriotism of his rival. How insincere w^ere his intentions is evident from the fact that, just as the province was regaining confidence, and Bacon com- mencing a campaign against the enemy, he repaired to Gloucester county, and again proclaimed him a traitor. The latter, in turn, summoned a convention of the principal persons of the colony at Wil- liamsburgh, when all present took oath to maintain the Indian war, and, if necessary, to support their leader against the governor him- self. The latter was endeavouring to levy an army on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, and, on the advice of Ilrummond, who had been governor of North Carolina, the governor's term having ex- pired, his retreat was held as an abdication, and a convention of the pco[>le was summoned for the settlement of the government. By the promise of plunder, and of freedom to the servants of his oppo- nents, Berkeley gathered, in Accomack, a large force, of the baser sort, with which, transported in fifteen vessels, he sailed for James- town. Landing, he fell on his knees, returning thanks to God, and forthwith again proclaimed Bacon and his followers traitors. The latter, after having made a successful expedition against the Indians, had disbanded his troops; but, on learning these tidings, with a mall, but trusty body of followers, at once marched upon the ca[)ital. The ignoble forces of the governor showed more dis- position for plunder than fighting; and he was compelled to evacu- ate Jamestown l)y night, and take refuge, with his people, aboard the fleet. Bacon entered the deserted town the next day, and, as it was doubtful how long he could retain possession, it was resolved to burn it. This was accordingly done, some of his chief adherents firing their own houses, and the little capital, for seventy years the chief, nay, almost the only town in Virginia, was laid in ashep. Tho half-ruined church, still standing, is all that attests to the passing voyager the former existence of the earliest of American settlements. After further and signal successes, the career of the insurgents I 172 AMERICA ILLUSTEATED. was brouglit to n sudden end by the untimely death of their gallant leader, who, on the 1st of October, 1676, perished of a disease con- tracted by exposure to the damp nights of that unhealthy region. His memory, if tarnished by some errors, will always bo held in high respect, as that of the first leader in the cause of American independence. He was, it seems, brave in the field, eloquent in council, magnanimous, honourable. The liberal and moderate legis- lation of the party which he headed bears witness to his talent for government. The enthusiastic afiection of his friends and followers evinces his amiable nature. That he was forced into insurrection and continued civil warfare was, doubtless, the fruit of the tyranny of the ascendant faction, and the ill faith of the arbitrary governor at its head. With Bacon expired the hope and success of the revolutionary party. Without a leader of talent or influence suflicient to combine them, the isolated and disorganized sections of that party were, in turn, defeated, and severally suppressed by the loyalists. Berkeley was restored to power, and, by frequent and merciless executions, evinced the natural cruelty of his disposition, and the t^'rannical sentiment of the cause which he headed. Drummond, and more than twenty others, were hanged; and nothing but a remonstrance from the assembly finally availed to stay the hand of the execu- tioner. Charles II. learned with much indignation of the sanguinary proceedings of his governor, and said that the old fool had taken more lives in the wilderness of Virginia than himself had for the murder of his father. In a proclamation, he severely censured these atrocities, and when Berkeley, not long after, returned to England, public opinion condemned him with equal severity. His death, which took place soon after his arrival, was probably hastened by a sense of the condemnation of the sovereign and the people. As usual on the suppression of any popular movement, the futilo insurrection in Virginia only entailed fresh evils on the country, being made the pretext for refusing it a charter, and continuing its dependence on the crown. All the late acts of the reformed assem- bly were repealed, and all the ancient grievances and oppressions were reinstated. No printing was allowed, and freedom of speech was curtailed by grievous penalties. Excessive and arbitrary taxes were levied by the authorities, and the condition of the people, especially the poorer classes, was again that of subjection and oppression. VIRGINIA. 173 Not long after the departure of Berkeley, Lord Culpepper, one of tlie two patentees of Virginia, a man of grasping and avaricious n"ture, obtained from the crown an appointment as governor of that province for life. He arrived in 1680, desirous of nothing but of turning his office to profitable account. His salary was doubled, and, to the great grief of the planters, he had a law passed for levy- ing a perpetual export duty of two shillings on every hogshead of tobacco. After remaining in Virginia but a few months, just long enough to look out for his pecuniary interests, he took his departure for England. The misery of the province, consequent on its late disturbed condition, on the restriction of commerce, and the low price of its staple product, tobacco, produced disorder. Riot and insubordination prevailed, and were suppressed by executions. Cul- pepper returned for a few months to reap all possible advantages from his patent, at the expense of the suflering colonists. In 1684, the obnoxious grant was annulled, and the government of Virginia was resumed by the crown. Effingham, the first royal governor, used his office only as a means of procuring petty emolu- ments, and thus rendered himself contemptible in the eyes of the people. The accession of Jamey II., in the following year, and the ill-futed rebellion of Monmouth, increased the population of Vir- ginia, by a number of convicts, who, on the suppression of that movement, were bestowed by the king on his favourites, and by them, with shameless venality, were sold into slaveiy in America. Under the arbitrary rule of the new sovereign, scarcely a shadow of self-government was allowed to the people of Virginia. A feel- ing of r'^.sistance being manifested in the assembly, that body was dissolved; but the people, a spirit of liberty reawakened, assumed an altitude so insurrectionary, that the governor, destitute of a force adequate to suppress it, was compelled to temporize, and to forego any attempts at renewed oppression. i THE SETTLEMENT OF DELAWARE. THE FIRST DUTCH COLONY IN DELAWARE: ITS DESTRUCTION SWEDES AND FINNS UNDER MINUIT. — CONQUEST OF THE SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS BY THE DUTCH, UNDER STUY VESANT. — DELAWARE UNDER THE DUKE OF YORK: UNDER PENN. — DISPUTES WITH MARYLAND CON- CERNING BOUNDARIES. — SEPARATION OF DELAWARE FROM PENNSYLVANIA. The clisfistrous attempt of the Dutch, under Do Yriez, in 1631, to found a settlement in Delaware, has been described. ("Dutch in America.") The unfortunate little colony left by that navigator near the site of Lewistown, numbering only thirty-four souls, was cut off by the Indians to avenge the death of a chief, whose life haa been sacrificed to the implacable sulkiness of the governor, Gillis Osset. De Vriez, returning from Holland the next year, found nc relics of the settlement, except the bones of his countrymen, which lay bleaching on the shore. The next enterprise in the same direction was that of a small body of Swedes and Finns, who, in 1638, under Minuit, (some time gov- ernor of the Dutch at Manhattan, and afterwards in the service of Christina of Sweden,) landed near Cape Henlopen, purchased lana of the natives, and built a fort not far from the present site of Wil- mington. Attracted by tidings of the mildness and fertility of New Sweden, for so the country was called, Swedish and Finnish emi- grants hastened in numbers to the province. A new fort was built on an island below Philadelphia. The claims of 'the Dutch were resisted, and English adventurers were not allowed to settle. The building of Fort Casimir, by the fofmer people, and its treacherous seizure by Eisingh, the Swedish governor, have been described in their appropriate place, as well as the conquest of New Sweden b}' Peter Stuyvesant, the doughty governor of the New Netherlands. The Dutch company, stimulated by aggression, and fearing little from the distracted and feebly-governed kingdom of Sweden, had THE SETTLEMENT Oi" DELAWARE. 175 ordered their officer, " to revenge their wrong, to drive the Swedes from the river, or compel their submiisiou." Accordingly, iu Sep- tember, 1G55, with a force of six hundred men, btuyvesaut sailed up the Delaware, ou an avowed errand of conquest. Before a force, comparatively so formidable, the feeble colonies of Sweden, alter a national existence of only seventeen years, were speedily compelled to succumb. The forts were reduced; a portion of the Swedes were sent to Europe, and the remainder, on taking the oath of allegiance, were suffered to remahi. Many of their descendants are siill living in Delaware. On the conquest of the New Netherlands by the English, in 1664:, the Dutch and Swedish settlements of Delaware came under the authority of the Duke of York. Disputes respecting boundaries soon arose. Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Maryland, had claimed all the region on the west side of the Delaware as included in his grant; and incursions had been made from that province for the purpose of repelling settlers from the disputed territory. Wil- liam Penn, the grant of Pennsylvania obtained, desirous of extend- ing his coast line, (it was "more for love of the water," he said, "than of the land,") procured from the duke a cession of all the land for twelve miles around Newcastle, and all lying between that and the sea. On his arrival in America, (1682,) solemn possession of the territory was given to him by the duke's agent, at that town, and Penn addressed a multitude of his new subjects — Swedes, Dutch, and English — who had assembled to witness the ceremony, promising to all freedom, both civil and religious, and recommending virtue, religion, and sobriety of life. The claim of Baltimore, still asserted, was for some time the sub- ject of negotiation — the two proprietors at fir t exhibiting a polite, and afterwards a rather acrimonious pertinacitv in maintaining their respective pretensions; but, in 16S5, it was decided invalid by the Lords of Trade and the Plantations; and the boundary of the rival patentees was fixed by a pacific agreement. The three counties which Penn called his "Territories," and which now constitute the state of Delaware, for twenty years sent their delegates to the gen- eral assembly of Pennsylvania; but, in 1703, dissatisfied with the action of that body, procured permission to act by a legislature of their own; the proprietor, however, retaining his claims, and the same governor exercising executive functions over both Pennsyl- vania and Delaware. Vol IV.— 40 THE SETTLEMENT OE NE¥ JERSEY. CONQUEST BY THE ENGLISH, — NICHOLS, BERKELEY, AND CAR- TERET. ElIIGRATION FROM NEW ENGLAND. SALE OF WEST NEW JERSEY TO THE QUAKERS, — FENWICK, BYLLINPE, AND PENN, — QUAKER SETTLEMENTS, — REMARKABLY FREE CONSTITUTION. — FRIENDLY DEALINGS WITH THE INDIANS. — USURPATION OF ANDROS: ITS DEFEAT. — EAST NEW JERSEY. I! After the conquest of the New Netherlands by the English, in 1664, Nichols, the first governor, encouraged the emigration of his countrymen from the adjoining settlements of New England and Long Island into the regions south of Manhattan ; and settlements were made at Elizabethtown, Newark, and other localities. The Duke of York, the patentee of the whole country, in the very year of the conquest, assigned to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret the territories lying between the Hudson and the Delaware. In compliment to the latter, who, during the civil contests in England, had held the island of Jersey for the royal party, the country received its present name. Philip Carteret, appointed governor by the new proprietors, came over the next year, and selected Elizabethtown as the capital of the province. By oflering favourable terms, he induced many to emi- grate thither from New England, and the population of the colony continued to increase. A question concerning the titles issued by Nichols, combined with other causes of discontent, in 1672, excited a popular movement against the governor, which, however, was finally quieted by concessions from the proprietors. Berkeley, disappointed in his expectation of profitable returns, in 1674, for the inconsiderable sum of a thousand pounds, sold his share of New Jersey to the Quakers, who were eager for an oppor- tunity to purchase in the New World a refuge for their proscribed THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. 177 faith and persons. The assignment was made to John Fenwick in trust for Edward Byllinge, whose affairs were embarrassed. A dis- pute between these two was settled by the intervention of "William Penn; and, in 1675, the former, with a large company of Friends, sailed for the Delaware. At a place which he called Salem, near Elsingburg, he established a settlement, and, by agreement with Sir George Carteret, the Avestern portion of the province — thenceforward called West New Jersey — was set off and separated as the share of the new proprietors. Penn and two others, being made the assigns of B^dlinge, as trustees for his creditors, divided the country into one hundred shares, which they set up for sale. All the purchasers made vigorous efforts to promote the growth of the province; and, in 1677, a large number of -emigrants, mostly Quakers, came over and settled in and around Burlington. The constitution, which, under the benevolent auspices of Quaker- ism, was adopted the same j'ear, was of a nature extraordinarily liberal and democratic, considering the age. Perfect freedom of conscience and religion; universal suffrage by ballot; universal eligibility to office; strict accountability of representatives to their constituents; direct election of justices, &c., by the people; extraor- dinary privileges of jury; non-imprisonment for debt, and prohibi- tion of slavery; such were the grand principles on which rested the earliest legislation of the Friends in the Old or the New World. Lands were purchased of the Indians, whose rights were especially protected by law, and the chiefs, gathered in council at Burlington, pledged a perpetual league and friendship with the peaceful comers. "You are our brothers," they said, "and we will live like brothers with you. We will have a broad path for you and us to walk in. If an Englishman falls asleep in this path, the Indian shall pass him by, and sa}^, 'He is an Englishman; he is asleep; let him alone.' The path shall be plain; there shall not be iu it a stump to hurt the teet." The tranquillity of this happy province was first disturbed by the violent interference of Andros, the governor of the Duke of York, who forcibly exacted customs of ships trading to the new colony, levied taxes on the inhabitants, and carried matters with a high hand when resisted. On the remonstrance of the people, most forci- bly and eloquently set forth, the duke consented to refer the matter of jurisdiction to an impartial commission. By this the claims of his governor were pronounced illegal, and the liberties of New 178 AMEKICi^ ILLUSTRATED. Jersey were fully confirmed. An attempt of Byllinge, as propri etor, to assume undue rights, was resisted with equal success, and the Quakers, by advice of Penn, amending their constitution, elected a governor for themselves. In 1682, East New Jersey was purchased by Penn and a number of others, from the heirs of Carteret, Eobert Barclay, conspicuous for his defence of the Quakers, was appointed governor, and strong inducements to emigration were held forth. The cruelties enacted at this time against the Presbyterians of Scotland, caused numbers of that persecuted people to avail themselves of the opportunity for a refuge across the Atlantic. Their coming contributed materially to the well-being of the country — industry, endurance, and piety, being distinguishing 'traits in their character; and the two Jerseys, not many years afterwards reunited under a single government, owed much of their prosperity to the elements of virtue in the per- secuted sects by which they were peopled. THE SETTLE3IENT OF PEMSILVAIIA. CHAPTEB I. WILLIAM TENN: HIS TOCTH: HE TURNS QUAKER: IS EXPELLED FROir COLLEGE AXD HOME: IMPRISONED FOR HIS OPINIONS: SEVERITY OP HIS FATHER: FRESH IMPRISONMENT: EXER- TIONS IN BEHALF OF HIS SECT: HE ENGAGES IN THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY. "William Penn, son of the distinguished admiral of the same name, was born at London on the 14th of October, 1644. At the early age of fifteen, he was placed at the University of Oxford, where, being of a temperament naturally religious and enthusiastic, he became deeply impressed by the teachings of Loe, a prominent member of the then almost universally persecuted sect of Quakers. For implication with this obnoxious community, and for resistance to the college authorities, (it has even been said that Penn and his friends tore the surplices of the students over their heads, when an order for the wearing of those garments had been issued,) he and several of his associates were expelled. His father, a man loyal, choleric, and prejudiced, unable to reclaim him by persuasion or argument from his eccentric views, turned him out of doors; but, afterwards, a partial reconciliation being effected, supplied him with the means for foreim travel, hoping, probably, that change of scene and adventure mignt dissipate his fantastic notions. Turning aside from xiis journey, the youth engaged in the study of theology at Saumur; whence he returned to England, and commenced that of the law at Lincoln's Inn. Distinguished by purity of life rather than by asceticism of manners, he made a figure corresponding with his social position; was esteemed a young gentleman of fashion, skilled in courtly and even martial accomplishments. On coming of age, he was dispatched by his father to Ireland, to 180 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. take charge of his estates there, and falling in -with his Quaker friend, Loe, at a meeting in Cork, all his old impressions readily revived. Imj)risoncd for attending the proscribed aspemblics, but finally released through the favour of the lord-lieutenant, he returned home, where his flither, grieved to the soul, used every exertion to change his persuasion. Th'^ old admiral, who now probably began to respect the stull his son was made of, at last even offered to com- promise matters so far as to agree that William might wear his hat any where except in presence ol himself, of the king, and the king's brother — but even these easy terms of capitulation were refused, and he was again driven from the paternal roof He now became openly a preacher of the persecuted sect, which he defended in several publications — an offence for which he was committed to the Tower, and kept close prisoner for some months. In this, as well as his other difficulties his judges seem to have been entirely at a loss for the motives which could induce a youth of fortune and family to connect himself with a cause so ignominious from the poverty, and so dangerous from the persecution which attended it. Discharged from prison, he returned to Ireland, where he busied himself in comforting his imprisoned brethren, and in procuring their release. He was again committed for public preach- ing, his trial creating no little excitement; but his father paid the fine which the young Quaker, from motives of principle, had refused to settle, and thus procured his discharge. A complete reconcilia- tion took place, the brave and magnanimous old seaman finally appreciating the traits of courage, of honour, and of independence which Ids son inherited, though displayed in a field of action so dif- ferent from his own. "Son William," he said on his death-bed, "if you and your friends keep to your plain way of living and preach- ing, \'ou will make an end of the priests." By th.e death of his father, Penn came into possession of an estate of fifteen hundred pounds a year, and, in 1(572, was married to a woman in every way worthy of him — one distinguished by beauty, intelligence, principle, and sweetness of temjier. lie continued to preach and to write in behalf of the oppressed sect whose cause he had e.«u Ju Ju • PENN OBTAINS FROM CHARLES II. THE GRANT OP PENNSYL- VANIA: HIS ADMIRABLE PROCLAMATION TO THE SETTLERS: HE REPAIRS TO AMERICA: GAINS POSSESSION OF DELA- WARE: HONOURABLE DEALINGS WITH THE INDIANS: THEIR ATTACHMENT TO HIM. — THE GREAT TREATY. Ills designs enlarged by successful experience, and his enterprise aiming at the foundation of a commonwealth more free and perfect tlian any the world had yet witnessed, in 1680 Penn made applica- tion to the crown for a share of the American territory then distri- buted by Charles II. with such a lavish hand among ambitious or prof- ligate courtiers. If his proscribed opinions were calculated to retard his suit, his personal address and fortunate circumstances were equally STiited to favour it. A large sum of money, due to his father from the government, ho offered as the price of the desired grant. In March, 1681, a strong opposition overcome, he obtained from the king the patent of a vast tract of territory, containing three degrees of latitude and five of longitude. In naming his province, his modesty prevented any o,llusion to himself. He "suggested Sylvania, on account of its woods, but they would still add Penn to it." The king, it is said, was pleased cspo cially to command and sanction this compliment. The vast tracts of Pennsylvania, thus appn)j)riatcly titled, he was to hold by the payment of two beaver-skins yearly to the crown, and one-fiflh of 182 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. any precious metals discovered there. Very extensive powers of government were conferred on him personally; powers of which he never availed himself for purposes of selfish profit; and which he used or surrendered only to further the establishment of complete freedom, justice, and toleration over his vast domain. The more effectually to carry out his extensive scheme, he now relinquished the care of the affairs of New Jersey, which province, under his judicious management, had continually improved, both in increase and prosperity. His brief and admirable proclamation to the colo- nists (Swedes and others), who had already settled in the limits of his grant, cannot be too highly extolled for its simplicity, directness, and honesty. "J/y Friends,^'' he said, "I wish you all happiness, here and hereafter. These are to lett you to know, that it hath pleased God in his Providence to cast you in my Lott and Care. It is a business, that, though I never undertook before, yet God has given me an understanding of my duty and an honest heart to do it up- rightly. I hope you will not be troubled at your chainge and the king's choice; for you are now fixt, at the mercy of no Governour that comes to make his fortune great. You shall be governed by laws of your own makeing, and live a free, and, if you will, a sober and industreous people. I shall not usurp the right of any, nor oppress his person. God has furnisht me with a better resolution, and has given me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can reasonably desire for the security and improvement of their own happiness, I shall heartily comply with — I beseech God to direct you in the way of righteousness, and therein prosper vou and your children after you. I am your true friend, Wm. Penn." (April, 1G81.) Fresh emigrants were speedily forwarded to the land of refuge; and Penn, willi noble self-denial and thought for the common good, rejected a great oiler made to him, by a private compan}', for a monopoly (very common at the time) of Indian traffic. A system of government was devised, to be submitted to the approval of the settlers themselves; and by a grant procured from the Duke of York, the territory of the present state of Delaware was added tc the already vast domain of Pennsylvania. With many of his friends and neighbours, of the proscribed persuasion, the proprietor set sail for America; and after a tedious voyage and numerous deaths on board, on the 27th of October, 16&2, arrived at Newcastle. The next day, great numbers of the original settlers — Swedea, ■^.fE^jp^lijjvjiAft-^tiqigf^ THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. • 183 Dutch, and Englisli — assembled at that town; and ceremonious legal possession of Delaware was delivered to Penn by the agent of the Duke of York. Recommending peace and sobriety to the inhabit- ants, the proprietor journeyed through the settlements of his grant, and visited his friends in the neighbouring provinces. With a conscientious regard to the rights of the native inhabit- ants, seldom evinced by European founders of colonies, he had made strict provision in the articles of emigration and settlement for the protection of the Indians against either fraud or violence. The goods employed in traffic with them, were to be rigidly exam- ined, to test their quality, "that the said Indians might neither be abused nor provoked ;" and any difference between the two races was to be decided by a jury of twelve, half Indians and half white men. On his return to the Delaware (1683), occurred that memor- able treaty, the delight of history, the favourite theme of art, and the perpetual honour of the faith and truthfulness of both the par- ties concerned in it. With a few of his Quaker friends, he met the delegation, itself numerous, from the several tribes Avith whom the new settlers were to live QS neighbours, or to mingle in traffic, or in the chase. Be- neath a spreading elm at Shakamaxon, hard by the present city of Philadelphia — then a lonely river bank, covered with pines — in sim- ple .and truthful words, he addressed the assembled Algonquins, impressing the advantages of just and loving dealing, and of constant peace and friendship. "I will not call you children," he said, "for parents sometimes chide their children too severely; nor brothers only ; for brothers differ. The friendship between me and you I will not compare to a chain ; for that the rains might rust, or the falling tree inight break. We are the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts; we are all one flesh and blood." In reply, the chiefs said, "Wo will live in love with William Penn and his children as long as the sun and moon shall endure." Pres- ents were exchanged, and the wampum-belts, in commemoration of the event, were given. No oath confirmed this siirtple treaty, made in the free forest, by the lonely river, beneath the arching sky, between the wild trilies of America and a peoj)le proscribed in civilized Europe as the ene- mies of society. No deeds were signed, no record of the compact, except the simple wampum, was preserved. But it was never broken. The hands of tiio savages were never imbrued with fotimaimtm 184 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Quaker blood ; and, while tljeir descendants inhabited the same land, peace and good-will ever prevailed between them. "In the following year," to use the language of an elegant his- torian, "Penn often met the Indians in council and at their fes- tivals. He visited them in their cabins, shared the hospitable banquet of hominy and roasted acorns, and laughed and frolicked, and practised athletic games with the light-hearted, mirthful, con- fiding red men. He spoke to them of religion, and found that the tawny skin did not exclude the instinct of a Deity. 'The poor sav- age people believed in God and the soul without the aid of meta- physics.' He touched the secret springs of sympathy, and succeeding generations on the Susquehannah acknowledged his loveliness." \j JLJb wa> Ji ui JhJ Xu Ju lii wu • LIBERAL LEGISLATION OP PENNSYLVANIA. — PENN FOUNDS PHILADELPHIA: ITS RAPID INCREASE. — FORMATION OF A CONSTITUTION. — GREAT ElIIORATION FROM EUROPE. GROWTH OP THE PROVINCE. — PENN RETURNS TO ENGLAND. — HIS SUBSEQUENT CAREER. A POPULAR convention, assembled at Chester, in December, 1682, was entrusted with the settlement of the government. Under the just and liberal spirit of the proscribed society of Friends, extraor- dinary improvemeits in legislation appeared. Primogeniture was abolished, and equal suffrage was secured to all tax-payers. No tax could be levied except by force of law. Murder alone, at a time when capital offences, on the English statute-books, were almost without number, was to be punished by death. The punishment for other offences was mild and reasonable. The original settlers — • Swedes, Finns, and Dutch — were assured of the same rights as Kng- lii 186 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Eeturned to England, (1684,) Penn employed his fortune, Lis influ- ence, his eloquence, in behalf of the oppressed. Thanks to hia name, his successful enterprise, and the respect which high integrity will ever command, his voice at court was potential. At his inter- cession, many hundreds of his unfortunate brethren were released from the prisons in which they had been so long immured. The eagerness of the new sovereign (James 11.) to secure immunity for his fellow-communicants, the Catholics, led him to listen favourably to applications in behalf of other dissenters from the Establishment. Penn, in advance of all who sought either exclusive supremacy or mere toleration for their respective creeds, boldly contended for unlimited freedom of conscience, and won immortal honour by the wisdom, the logic, and the eloquence with which his writings in behalf of that grand object continually abound. The first fruit of his generous concessions to the colonists, was the display of a rather turbulent spirit of freedom. His legislators, new to their business, soon became involved in quarrels with the executive, and evinced much jealousy even of the limited share of power and profit which the single-minded proprietor had reserved as his own. "The maker of the first Pennsylvania almanac was censured for publishing Penn as a lord. The assembly originated bills without scruple ; they attempted a new organization of the judiciary; they alarmed the merchants by their lenity towards debtors; they would vote no taxes; they claimed the right of in- specting the records, and displacing the oflicers of the courts; they expelled a member ^vho reminded them of their contravening the provisions of their charter." These tokens of ingratitude, leading, indeed, to no disastrous results, must have borne somewhat heavily on the heart of the benefactor of the province — that benefactor, who, having expended his estate in delivering the oppressed and found- ing a nation, and having relinquished in favour of his people the vast profits which avarice, or even common custom might have grasped, found himself, in old age, confined for debt within the rules of the Fleet prison. But a steadfast hope and a serene conscience, the prompters and supporters of his n-^blc career, were equally bis con- solers under its unprosperous personal termination. His fame, emerging from the clouds of envy and detraction, shines, century after century, with a purer and more steady ray. His memory will ever be cherished by mankind as tho* (t" me of the wi.sest, worthiest, and least selfish of their race. THE lORTHEM COLONIES, CONTINUED. SIR EDMUND ANDROS COMMISSIONED BY THE DUKE OF YORK: BIS ATTEMPTS TO EXTEND HIS AUTHORITY OVER CONNECTICUT — THOMAS DONOAN. — UNION OF THE COLONIES UNDER A EOYAL OOYERNOR. — ANDROS APPOINTED GOVERNOR- GENERAL. — OPPRESSION IN THE COLONIES. — PRO- CEEDINGS AGAINST CONNECTICUT AND RHODE ISLAND. — ANDROS'S VISIT TO CONNECTICUT. — PRESER- VATION OF THE CHARTER.— THE NORTHERN PROVINCES FORCED TO SUBMISSION. — DOINGS IN NEW ENGLAND UPON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE REVOLUTION OF 1688. At the period of the recession to England of the territories of the New Notlierlands, after a brief possession by the Dutch, in 1673-4, James, Duke of York, procured a new royal patent, by which his former riglits of proprietorship were secured to him, with enlarged governmental powers. lie chose a fit emissary for the furtherance of his arbitrary intentions respecting his New England territory, in the person of Major Edmund Andros, who came over in the autumn of 167-i, armed with nearly absolute authority, and entered upon the exercise of his office as governor at New York, in the month of October. The people of Connecticut, justly proud of the privileges bestowed upon them in the charter obtained from Charles IL, by the exertions of Winthrop, made open resistance to the attempt by Andros to extend his jurisdiction over their territory as flvr as the Connecticut river, which he claimed to be the boundary of New York. The i 188 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. patent of the duke certainly covered this district, and extended eastward as far as the Kennebec. The year after his appointment, the governor, with several armed vessels, made a demonstration upon the fort at Saybrook, but such was the aspect of determination on the part of the colonial militia, and such the tone of a protest forwarded by the assembly then in session at Hartford, that he judged it prudent to withdraw. At a later period, after the accession of James II. to the throne of England, tlie policy of uniting the New England colonies, and sub jceiing them to the sway of the royal governor, was more energet icaWy pursued. Andros was superseded, in 1683, by Colonel Thomas Dongan, a man of more enlarged views, and generally far more aceeptiible to the colonists than his predecessor. During the three years of this administration, the principal events of political interest are connected with the history of that powerful aboriginal confed- eracy, known as the Six Nations. Upon the demise of the crown, in 1685, the new monarch, with characteristic tyranny and short-sightedness, determined on push- ing forward his scheme for a union of the provinces. The charter of Massachusetts was annulled by legal process in the English courts, New Hampshire having been previously separated fsom that colony, and constituted a royal province, in opposition to the wishes of its inhabitants. "Writs of Quo Warranto were also issued against the authorities of Connecticut and Ehode Island, requiring them to appear and show by "\/hat warrant" they exercised powers of gov- ernment, Joseph Dudley, a native of the country, was temporarily placed at the head of affairs in the eastern colonies, but was sujier- sedcd at the close of the year 1686 by Andros, now Sir Edmund, who came out as Governor-General of New England, and in whom, assisted by a royal council, were vested all powers, legislative and expcutive. He brought with him a small body of regular troops, then, for the first time, quartered upon the New England colonies. Andros is spoken of as a man of undoubted abilities and attain- ments; and he appears to have possessed a spirit of military {»ride which led him to respect an open and bold opposition. The prin- cipal acts of tyranny which rendered his administration unpojoular, were in direct accordance with instructions from the English court. Power, such as his, can safely be entrusted with no man. Among other grievances, the liberty of the press was aboli.slied, and the unpopular Edward Eandolph, who Lad previously been TUE XOUTHEEX COLONIES. 189 ar. sent out as inspector of customs, was appointed censor. The reli- gious privileges and prejudices of the colonists by various regu- lations were invaded or outraged, i /lassachusetts, marriages were required to be celebrated by a clergyman of the Episcopal Church, to the great disgust and inconvenience of the population. Even the Act of Toleration, by wt'ch dissenters in general were freed from former disabilities, was looked upon with suspicion, as being but one step taken by a GathoUc monarch towards the final establish- ment of his own church. An assessment of taxes, by the governor and council, was at first met by a general refusal and resistance; but the levy was enforced, and obstinate defaulters were punished with severity by fines and imprisonment. A favourite and most productive method of extor- tion, was the impeachment of titles to lands held under ihe old grants from towns or from the general assemblies, and ruinous fees were exacted from those who were thus compelled to procure new patents from the royal officials. Legal process against the governments of Connecticut and Ehode Island had been stayed upon the transmission of memorials to the king, which had been construed into submission to the royal pleasure; but the charters of these provinces had not been formally surren- dered. In January of 1687, Sir Edmund proceeded in person to Rhode Island, and put an end to the existing government, lie destroyed the public seal, and, without material opposition, estab- lished the royal authority, as represented by himself and his creatures. The General Assembly of Connecticut, being in session during the month of October following, was visited by the governor-general, who came, with an armed force, to compel a surrender of the charter, and to dissolve the provincial government. The treasured docu- ment was produced, and the question was discussed at great length. Night came on, aiid, us i„ was evideat ihat Andros was fully determined to enforce his claims, a plan was concerted by which the instrument that had assured a free government to Connecticut was at least preserved, although rendered, for the time being, of no effect. The lights were extinguished, and, in the darkness and confusion which ensued. Captain TTadsworth, of Hartford, seized upon the charter, and, making his way out of the assembly-room, succeeded in depositing it unseen in a place of security, viz: the hollow of a huge oak. This tree is still living, and forms an object no less interesting from its antiquity, (being one of the few denizens of the i 1 1 ^m 190 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. aboriginal forest now standing in the thickly-settled portions of New England,) and from the great size of its gnarled and picturesque trunk, than from its association with the incident above related. The original charter is still preserved at the secretary's office, in Hartford. Andros met with no further opposition, and all New England, with New York and New Jersey, finally submitted to his dictation, lie maintained his position until the revolution of 1688, by which William and Mary gained possession of the throne of England. An unprofitable eastern expedition against the French and Indians, under the Baron of St. Castine, was among the most noticeable events of the latter portion of his administration. Upon receipt of the first definite intelligence of the revolution, the people of Boston rose in mass. Andros, his Secretary Ran- dolph, and other officials, were seized and thrown into prison. The venerable Simon Bradstreet, former governor cf the colony, was put at the head of a provisional government. The whole of New England followed the example of Massa- chusetts. Connecticut and Rhode Island were reorganized under their violated charters, and all the other colonies, in resuming their old forms of government, rejoiced over the forced abdication of the king, and the establishment of a Protestant succession. Andros was sent to England, and' the various charges agamst him were examined by William i ,d his council. It appeared, how- ever, that he had in no material instance exceeded the powers expressly bestowed upon him, and the complaints were dismissed. Connecticut and Rhode Island received the royal confirmation of their old charters; but Massachusetts was less fortunate, having made defence in the proceedings under the quo warranto, to final juda ment, which, it was decided, could only be reversed on writ of error ~! THE NOKTi BN COLi. ,1£8. 91 Vj tL(L wun iU iM Jj iLo tL X • RBW YORK SUBSEQUENT TO THE RETOLUTION OP 1S88 — AS- SUMPTION OF AUTHORITY BY JACOB LEISLER: OPPOSITION BT THE COUNCIL. — INDIAN INCURSIONS. — ARRIVAL OP SLOUGHTER AS GOVERNOR. TRIAL AND EXECUTION OP LEISLER AND MILBOURNE. — COLONEL FLETCHER; HIS FUTILE ATTEMPT TO ENFORCE AUTHORITY IN CONNECTICUT. CHURCH DIFFICULTIES. — BEL- LAMONT'S PEACEABLE ADMINISTRATION. — CAPTAIN KIDD, THE PIRATE, In New York, the first news of the English revolution created great confusion and terror. Vague reports of intended outrages on the part of the Catholics excited the populace, and hastened a move- ment which proved fatal to its leaders. Jacob Leisler, a captain of militia, and a Dutch merchant of wealth and respectability, was pre- vailed upon to take command of a body of insurgents, and to seize upon the fort. The lieutenant-governor. Colonel Francis Nicholson, fled the country, and Leisler, at the head of a "committee of safety," assumed the administration of government, in opposition to the regular municipal authorities. The news of the accession of William and Mary having arrived, he made public proclamation of loyalty to the new sovereigns, and dispatched a letter to them, rendering an account of his proceedings, with a detail of the causes which had rendered such action necessary or expedient. In the month of August. Milbourne, a son-in-law of Leisler, came over from England, and received the appointment of secretary by the self-constituted government. The members of the old council, having retreated to Albany, there proclaimed their intended adherence to the new suc- cession, and their denunciation of the rebellious Leisler. The people of Albany, in convention, determined to await a direct appointment by the crown, and, having conferred on Major Schuyler the com- mand of the fort, refused to submit to the requirements, or yield to the persuasions of Milbourne, who, with a force of fifty men, had come to demand possession in the name of his superior. In December (1689) came out a royal commission, directed to Nicholson, "or such as, for the time being, takes care for preserving Vol. IV,-41 192 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. the peace, and administering the laws," &c. Leisler adopted this as his own warrant for the exercise of the powers he had assumed. Insecure in his position, and opposed by a powerful party, the governor was unable — some say incompetent — to make necest;: 'v preparations for the protection of the northern frontier. "War existed between England and France, and parties of French and Indians, sent out by Frontenac, the Canadian governor, ravaged the country. In an attack upon Schenectady, some sixty of the inhabitants were slain, twenty-five were carried into captivity, and many who escaped suffered every extremity from exposure during their flight towards Albany. An expedition against Canada, undertaken by New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, from want of timely cooperation between the different parties, proved a complete failure. Leisler succeeded in silencing the open opposition at Albany, but his supremacy was destined to be of short duration. Henry Sloughtcr, with a commission from the crown, came out as gov- ernor in March, 1691. A certain Captain Ingoldsby had landed at New York with troops three months previous, had announced this appointment, and claimed possession of the fort. Leisler refused tc surrender the place, and, on the arrival of Sloughter, by order of that official, was arrested, together with Milbourne, and several members of his council. The first steps taken by the governor, were to appoint a special court for the trial of the prisoners, and to issue warrants for an assembly, or council, to assist him in the administration. The result was what might be expected from the character of Sloughter, and the arbitrary nature of the proceedings. The accused were convicted of high-treason, and sentenced to death. The council concurred with the sentence, and the governor, at first hesitating to push mat- ters to such an extremity, finally signed the death-warrants of Leisler and Milbourne. It has been said that his assent was obtained dur- ing a fit of intoxication. The victims perishe(l on the gallows, in the month of May (1691). They met their fate with a composure and in a Christian spirit which must have enlisted general sympathy. Their heirs afterwards received their estates, the attainder being reversed, and the vain ceremonial of funeral honours was performed over the bodies of the unfortunate governor and his secretary. Colonel Fletcher succeeded Sloughter in 1692, the latter having flied suddenly, after holding office about four months. lie was commissioned by the crown as qommander of the militia of New THE NOBTHEBN COLONIES. 193 g Jersey and Connecticut, and in the following year proceeded to Hartford for the purpose of enforcing his military claims. The Connecticut authorities refused to submit to his demands, as being opposed to privileges secured to them by charter. The militia com- panies were assembled, but when Fletcher ordered the reading of his commission, Captain William "Wadsworth, the principal officer, caused the drums to be beat, and, adding to this violence a personal threat, "that he would make daj^-light shine through him," so over- awed the colonel, that he desisted from the attempt to take command, and the next day set out for New York. Fletcher held oflSce until 1698. He had much controversy with thfe assembly respecting laws for the settlement of clergymen. Fa- vouring the English Church, he was greatly exasperated when the house, after providing for the appointment of ministers to be elec+ed by their parishioners, refused to add an amendment by whicl oh'* sanction of the governor was required to their settlement. lie p'- rogued the assembly forthwith, accusing the members, in his fa .;- well speech, as being possessed of "a stubborn ill-temper." Lord Bellamont, who succeeded him in 1698, as governor of u. i northern colonies, (with the exception of Connecticut and T ode Island,) was a man of noble and generous disposition, and through- out his three years' administration gave general satisfaction to the people. It was at this time that the notorious Captain Kidd ob- tained a commission from the crown to cruise after pirates, with which the seas were infested. lie was furnished with a vessel by Bellamont and others, for this purpose, it being supposed that great treasures might be recovered by the capture of these outlaws, and by ferreting out their places of retreat. The treachery of Kidd, his subsequent piratical exploits, his audacious appearance in public, his capture, and execution, mingled with many fabulous and exaggerated- accounts of adventure, have ever since been favourite themes for rude nautical songs and tales. The search for treasures which he was supposed to have buried, has been continued even to the present day. 194 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Li iLiL i^oj X JL tXJ Juu X Jj Ju o KBW C'HARTEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. — TRIALS FOR WITCH- CRAFT IN SALEM. FIRST EXECUTION. FARRIS AND HIS FAMILY. — COURT OF EXAMINATION AT SALEM. — COTTON MATHER. — ARUIVAL OF PHIPPS. — NUMEROUS EXE- CUTIONS. — CONFE.SSIONS. — CRUELTIES INFLICTED. — CHANGE IN PUBLIC OPINION. Ix ^fa-ssachusetts, after the Revolution, a regular government was established under a new charter, brought out by Sir William Phipps, in 1692, which included under one government with that province the colony of Plymouth, and the partially conquered wilderness eastward to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. This year is memorable in the history of New England, as the period when a fatal delusion, a superstitious terror, and a bloody fanaticism, resulted in acts which reflected an indelible disgrace upon the eastern colonies. We cannot, perhaps, at this date, arrive at satisfactory conclusions respecting the reputed witchcraft at Salem. Within the last few years a belief in manifestations as strange, and as apparently supernatural as those recorded by Mather and other early historians, has been steadily gaining ground: it numbers among its converts men of every condition, and of every variety of intellectual culture and endowment; and were the same interpreta- tion, as in the .seventeenth century, put upon the experiments whereby the phenomena are developed now, and were the same necessity felt for literal obedience to the Hebrew law, scenes more horrible than those we are now about to record, would be renewed in our midst. We cannot, however, give the actors in those di.«!graccful pro- ceedings credit for entire honesty and sincerity. Even granting that a foundation for su.spicion and accusation was laid by the occur- rence of events so unaccountable, that, in that age, reference to the devil and hi.s faniiliars as their originators was but a natural ex- planation of the mystery, we can discover too much evidence of private malice, of duplicity, and misrepresentation, to allow of much room for charity towards those who took an active part in the per- Becutions, or those who endeavoured to justify or gloss over their crimes. TKE NOKTIIERN COLONIES. 195 pro- iting )ccur- o the ex- ec of much 2 per- over The first prosecutions for witchcraft took place several years pre- vious to the time of which we are now speaking. An unfortunate old Irish woman, named Glover, was executed as a witch in 1688. Her accusation appears to have resulted from personal pique, but she was a Catholic, she spoke indifferent English, and her broken answers were easily interpreted against her. The first case that occurred in 1692, was that of an Indian woman, named Tituba, a servant in the house of Samuel Parris, minister of Salem. A daugliter and a niece of the latter, of the ages respect- ively of about nine and twelve, became afflicted with strange con- vulsions, and complained of pains and torments uncxplainable by the faculty. They were pronounced bewitched, and Tituba was flogged by her master into a confession that she was the guilty party. Without undertaking to reoson upon the cause of the phenomena, to what extent some strange sympathetic mental delusion (such as has from time to time been observed in all ages), may have pre- vailed, how far men in their sober senses may have become the dupes of artful children, or what really nnaccountable physical manifestations may have taken place, we can only give the facts as they actually occurred. Accusations multiplied with the number of the suf^posed possessed or afflicted persons. They extended from the poor and helpless to those of good standing and rcputatiouj and a universal ])anic was excited, which finally worked its own cure. Meantime, a special court was convened at Salem (now Danvers) meeting-house, in the month of April, and the trials form.ally commenced. The accusers were personally confronted with their supposed tormentors, and added to their former declarations what appeared, to the prejudioed and excited court, direct and convincing evidence. For minute accounts of the proceedings throughout those trials, as well as for experiments carried out at great length upon the pos- sessed, in a spirit of philosophical inquiry, see the writings of Cotton Mather. He ap[)ears to have been a firm believer in tlie reality of these diabolical. manifestations, but such was his dogmatic obstinacy, and his excessive self-esteem, that he never could or would confess to having been deceived. In reading his works, while we lauiili at his absurdities, we cannot restrain feelings of the strongest indigna- tion at his cruelty, bigotry, and intolerance. As a historian, he is notoriously fallacious, but wo may believe that he saw, or thought ho saw, the things which ho describes as coming umler his personal 196 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. observation, for he could scarcely appear in a more unamiable light than that in which he is exhibited upon his own testimony. In the midst of the excitement (May 14th) Governor Phippa arrived, and assumed his office. lie entered at once into the spirit of persecution, and ordered into irons the unfortunates with whom the jails were crowded. Several sessions of the special court were held during the summer, and by the close of September no less than twenty persons, of various ages and of both sexes, had perished on the gallows as witches or ne- cromancers. Among the most noted of these, was George Burroughs, formerly minister at Salem, and a rival of his successor, the infamous Parris. Ilis demeanour on the scaffold was so strongly indicative of innocence, and such was the effect produced by his prayers and dying address, that it is said that the execution might have been pre- vented by the spectators if Cotton Mather had not made hia way through the throng on horseback, and exerted his usual influence over the people, by vituperation against the victim of superstition. The principal point made against Burroughs, was his denial of the reality of the supposed witchcraft. So strong, indeed, was the pop- ular prejudice, that those only of the accused could hope for favour or safety who were willing to minister to it by confessions and self- accusations. The wildest absurdities respecting diabolical witch-meetings and incantations thus received corroboration. There was no difficulty in finding evidence against those who refused to confess, provided they had come, from any cause, to be in bad odour, or had personal enemies. The trials, as far as any form of law or rules of evidence are concerned, were the merest mockery; for whatever contradictions in testi- mony might occur, they were easily explained by the hypothesis that this was only an attempt by the devil to bewilder the witness by taking away his memory, or by making further false impressions. In various instances, direct and cruel bodily torture was resorted to, in order to extort confession. One old mar of eighty or ninety, named Giles Cory, refused to plead, and was barbarously pressed to death, being subjected to the ** p-iue for!^ tt clure,^^ as provided by tho law of England. We must recollect, however, in passing judgment upon all these acta, that, provided their premises wera correct, the early colonists only carried out principles universally received, and acted upon for ages, in the parent country. And yet there are those who speak of the degeneracy of modern ti;.ics, and presume THE NOETKEEN COLONIES. 197 to draw comparisons unfavourable to the present age, between tbe existing Estate of public morals and theology, and that of a former generation. The firtit public intimation of any change in feeling or opinion respecting the Salem murders appears in a remonstrance sent in to the general court, at its October session, by the minister of Andover and his parishioners. The special court was then and there abol- ished, and the interval between that period and the month of Janu- ary, (1693,) when the regular criminal court was to sit, allowed time for reflection on the part of the excited populace. When the new cases came before a grand jury, twenty-six indictments (out of fifty-six) were found true bills, but upon trial, there were but three convictions. Even those found guilty were reprieved, and finally set at liberty. Mather himself, giving his own ideas, or endorsing those of an- other, confesses that the matter might have been carried too far ; for, he says: "at last it was evidently seen that there must be a stop put, or the generation of the children of God would fall under that condemnation." And again: "It cannot be imagin'd that in a place of so much knowledge, so niany, in so small a compass of land, should so abominably leap into the devil's lap all at once." CHAPTER I?. CO OVERSY COXCERNINO REVENUE. — SUSPECTED NEORO REVOLT IN NEW YORK: MOCK-TRIALS OF THE ACCUSED; llARRAROUS PUNISHMENTS. — CONNECTICUT: THE SAYBROOK I'LATPORil. — MASSACHUSETTS: BURNING OF DEERFIELD: DIFFICULTIES BETWEEN THE GOVERNORS AND ASSEMBLIES. — NEW HAMPSHIRE: ATTACK ON COCHECOi EASTERN IN- DIAN WAR. — RHODE ISLAND; ITS COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY. NEW JERSEY: OPPOSITION TO ARBITRARY TAXATION; SCOTCH IMMIGRA- TION: PROSPERITY OF THE COLONY: ITS UNION WITH NEW YORK. With tlic commonccmcnt of tlio oightoenth century a pcrics of movements and conflicts commenced in the colonic.^, the tendency 1 198 AMERICA. ILLUSTEATED. of whicli was directly and steadily towards the establisliment of those principles which resulted in their final independence. In New York, under the governments of the reckless and profligate Lord Corn- bury, of Ilunter, of Cosby, and Clark, vexed questions arose respecting the collection and application of the colonial revenues. The public monies had been so scandalously appropriated or misap- plied by Cornbury, that, under his successors, care was taken by the assembly to secure the country against similar loss by the dishonesty or incompetency of the executive. The result was an almost con- stant altercation between the house and the governor's council. The attempt by the latter to alter or amend the fiscal provisions of the former was met by determined resistance, and again and again was the assembly dissolved by the governor. During the administration of Clark, who, as senior member of the council, took the office of lieutenant-governor upon the death of Crosby, in 1736, the assembly made express declaration, in an address to the governor, of the principles by which their legislation should be governed, in the following language: ""We therefore beg leave to be plain with your honour, and hope you will not take it amiss when we tell you, that you are not to expect that we will cither raise sums unfit to be raised, or put what we shall raise into the power of a governor to misapply, if we can prevent it; nor shall we make up any other deficiencies than what we conceive are fit and just to be paid; nor continue what support or revenue we shall raise, for any longer time than one year" (a provision for securing an annual session of the assembly); "nor do we think it convenient to do even that, until such laws are passed as we conceive necessary for the inhabitants of the colony," &c. In the year 1741, scenes occurred in New York of a character strikingly illustrative of the truth, that the extreme of cruelty is generally the offspring of terror and cowardice. A number of lires took ])lacc at short interval.-:, and although many of them were plainly attributable to accident, suspicion arose that a plot had been formed by the negroes, of whom between one and two thousand were there held as slaves, -to destroy and plunder the city. Tiie testimony of two infamous informers, given in the one instance to secure a reward, and in the other, to escape })unishmcnt after con- viction of a crime, gave form and directness to the accusation. As early as 1712, a panic somewhat similar had resulted in the death of nineteen victims of popular rage and terror, and the old feeling ent of those New York, Lord Corn- tions arose 1 revenues, d or misap- iken by the dishonesty almost con- ancil. The lions of the again was nber of the e death of 1 an address tion should ! beg leave ,ke it amiss will either 36 into the or shall we are fit and we shall >r securing convenient ; necessary ij^ < sJ character cruelty is 3er of lires ;hcm were plot had tliousand city. The nstanco to after con- ition. As the death old feeling I f^y^/t"/^ /^///V/// i\ i ■ ,3. ) • oae 1, iuij « .. »■ ... ; i.LU bTRA'i 1. jj. fi( ^ i ■ ; .t . ..si.i steuclilv towaids the establishmcBi . p'v . i . ., /.*t;tcd in their final iudependeucf. JaKt>'. .'rit, ' • . ' \.:'-j.u'\tnU i-i tlie reckJcBs aud profligau: Lord ->.-n- ■ .i.ti.r, of ' ifrb}', and Clark, vexed questions ..r^sne • v; . . lUe i-fiUccUoh uad JippJicaion of the colonial revenues. 1 ,-. i-. jijifs uwd been so h<.uiiJalouply appropriated or niisap- -^ i t,v Con;ij'.;r}, uuat, under \ni> Ba<-ocssorg, care was takei; Iv tiio ■ •*-'x.,.!)i^- U-' f-':o-ii ibe country ai^jtinst similai' loss by the dis.-r, .'jcsiy . .ncoi:j|>'. uii y- of the oxoeutivo. The r^v-^a.t was lui ahn of the furrncr w.if. met by determined rcsiaUnce, anfl again and a; Crosby. ,• ♦ ']i>X 1.'' V ->* '.i»r ibe • •' ■ ! /■«■ putvfiiat w .«i.^, -.i.K ■ • lie 4^^v, ■".'((? oa^pr«: Vint it^ ,,>• t.,:Ui we \*iWfl(Jf-*, .'. J'.^ * ■ Q. ..,nil,|»tt- ■♦'^.^it »?;.;' t -v r- ■ !• '(•vi shuli raise, for ajiy longer time (HiaiMMiO year" i y.v. >*• . .^- .irin^ an annual session of the assembly) ; "nor um we luii.k ii coi.vunicut V- do evin that, until suoh laws are [):LSsed a.s we conceive ncc'ssary fur the inhabitants of the colony, " xtrcnio of cnicltv'ia • » T :li' offriprin;^ '.fU'ioi »)i. 1 rowtirdiee. A number of firea '• 'An'ti !'vr\:i.. , a" d although many of tiicm wore V , ,.i.:ni, sii'jpici'.Mi arose tli.".t a iilot had r ;.. .1 wiiorii between on<' and two tiioi.sund e.ti- .. l>> destroy and plunder tho city. Thj \ifi'" :•* mformers, given in tln^ one instaneo lo ■ ,.\ iiii< otber, to cscjtpo piiniahineut after con- . : iin and directness to the. ucousation. At? •4«*(K»\«^ ViQiilar iiad retiiUted in tlio tle^th •pillar rage ajid terror, imd the old Ie%'Un^ .:h-' w -rre ' tci'iinion^ secure a itv* ^Ietion of a c early us ITIJ, a of uinet".!i Vi •: »< I ■ JJ ^ oae rk. Lord - .n- stions o.'vifw al rtveuu*^. c;d or niisap- Uikeri I y tho c ^lis;v,fj«.-sty alifujfil i.on- junc:;. Tlie *ioris vi the :mbor of the '.e death of n ai, ;..ulres3 itioii should e beg h>ave akfc )t aiiiisa ( will ci'her ^ ' i..e .-iiu we u'-k. :^t. ar.d '<'. sh.di vi.nnjiit c ncc'ssnry ■.i:ar;ictcr f ortii.it ,' is hi'T of tires them wore ot had .-' iuo;.-iund my. Thu i.st.uico to alter con- ation. As tho drath old fe'JiU^ : 1 F44;. bv I.,r H.nn.u. fren. a Deno. sketch b/ ''c* Tt'imVull in th» poisesston at" B-SvlViln»n.Jr ', ', i.;:v, [ V i^ ,,;i, i ; -'^ ^^ i' \ jrr^tc \P/(.///^/^// JJ THE NOETHEEN COLONIES, 199 was now revived with tenfold virulence. A great number of arrests were speedily made, and when the trials came on, so strong was the public prejudice that, of the eight lawyers who then constituted the entire legal fraternity of the city, none would lend his services in the r' .uce of a prisoner. "All assisted by turns on behalf of the prosecutions. The prisoners, who had no counsel, were tried and convicted upon most insufficient evidence. The lawyers vied with each other in heaping all sorts of flbuse on their heads, and Chief-Justice Delancey, in passing sentence, vied with the lawyers. Many confessed, to save their lives, and then accused others. Thir- teen unhappy convicts were burned at the stake, eighteen were hanged, and seventy-one transported."* Two of the victims were white men ; the others were partly slaves and partly free blacks. One of the whites appears to have been condemned rather from the circumstance that he was a Catholic, and, as such, obnoxious to popular prejudice, than from any respect- able evidence of guilt. There is no probability that any plot had been formed, although some of those who received punishment may have been guilty of incendiarism. The histor}' of Connecticut, during the first half of the eighteenth century, presents little of historical importance, except its connec- tion with the other provinces in military operations, elsewhere briefly described. The most important local measure of the period was the establishment of "the Sa^-brook Platform," by an eccle- siastical convention, called in 1708, by a legislative act. "At a subsequent session of the legislature, it was enacted that all the churches united according to the Platform, should be owned as established by law, allowing, however, to other churches the right of exercising worship and discipline in their own way, according to their consciences."f In the frontier war with the French and Indians, which lingered through the latter portion of the seventeenth century, and after a short interval of peace, broke out again in 1704, the border towns of Massachusetts sufiercd severely. In February of the latter year, a party of three hundred French and Indians, the former under command of Ilertel de Kouvillc, attacked the town of Deerfield in the night.. The place had been partially protected by palisades, and about twenty soldiers were quartered there, but these had been * Ilildrelh's History of the United States, f Hale's History of the United States. 200 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. grossly negligent in not mounting guard, and the surprise was com- plete. The popular narrative of Mr. Williams, the minister, gives a vivid description of the calamity. "Not long before the break of day," he says, " the enemy came in like a flood upon us, pur Avatch being unfaithful." The inhabitants made what resistance they could, but such was the suddenness of the assault, and the superiority of the enemy's force, that the strife was soon at an end. The town was burned ; forty-seven oltits defenders perished on the spot; and a great number of prisoners — men, women, and children — were marched olF through a deep snow towards Canada — "nineteen of whom," says the narrator, "were afterwards murdered by the way, and two starved to death near Coos, in a time of great scarcity or ilimine the Indians underwent there." Mrs. Williams was among the vic- tims on the route. Those who finally reached their place of destina- tion, were kept prisoners for several years. Fifty-.seven of them were sent back to Boston in ITOfi, The operations against Canada, in which the New England colo- nies were jointly engaged, during the few years succeeding this period, have already been described in the history of the French Canadian settlements. The long-continued war had greatly checked the growth of the exposed colonics, and, at the conclusion of peace in 1713, Massachusetts was left burdened with a heavy debt. For many years thereafter, the general assembly of this colony was in continual controversy with a succession of royal governors respecting the establishment of a fixed salary, which should render the position of the latter more independent. The demand for this measure was firmly refused, and it was finally settled that the gov- ernor should be paid only by an annual appropriation. For the important colonial expedition against Canada in 17-15, aud the fall of Louisburg, see the articles upon Acadia, the settle- ment and history of Canada, &c., under the title of the French in America. We find little of public interest to record of the sparsely populated colony of New Hampshire from the time of its separation from ^Fas- sachusetts, at the close of Andros' administration, up to the events which immediately preceded the American revolution. Many strange tales are told of incidents connected with the Indian wars, the frontier position of the colony rendering it peculiarly liable to hostile incursion. Among these is the account given of the attack upon Coclieco, or Dover, in 1G89. One Major Waldron had com TUE NORTUEKN COLONIES. 201 mand of a garrison sufficient to protect tbe post, if due care had been taken to guard against surprise. The enemy were let in, in the night, by two squaws who had obtained permission to sleep in the fortified houses. " The English were completely overpowered, fifty-two were killed or carried away captive; among the former was Major Waldron, The old warrior (he was eighty years of age) defended himself with astonishing strength and courage, but was finally struck down from behind. Bruised and mangled, he was placed in a chair upon a table, and the savages, gathering round, glutted their long-cherished vengeance by cutting and torturing the helpless captive. He was in bad odour with the Indians for having, as they alleged, defrauded them in for- mer trading transactions. It was reported among them that he used to ' count his fist as weighing a pound, also that his accounts were not crossed out according to agreement.' Placed, as above-mentioned, upon a table, some of them ' in turns gashed his naked breast, say- ing, I cross out my account. Then, cutting a joint from his finger, would say: will your fist weigh a pound now?' They continued these cruelties until he fainted from loss of blood, when they dis- patched him."* The expeditions of this period against the eastern Indians and French, are described in the quaint narrative of Colonel Benjamin Church, who closed his military career in these services. In the three years' Indian war, which broke out in 1722, the settlements in New Hampshire were constantly endangered, and on many occasions suffered severely from savage depredations. Of all the events of the war, none was more celebrated in its time, than the expedition under Captain John Lovewell, and the fight at Pigwackct, on the Saco, in which he and more than half his companions perished. The colony of Rhode Island, under the charter of 1663, resumed" upon the deposition of Andros, continued to prosper. Its position secured it against danger from Indian invasion, and its excellent harbours gave opportunity to the enterprising population for exten- sive commercial operations. A large back country was supplied with foreign goods from Newport. It is even said to have been a matter of serious question, in early times, whether New York could ever compete with this prosperous sea-port; so true it is that a stimulus to enterprise and exertion is far more important to the welfare of a country than the greatest natural advantages. The • Indian Races in America. 202 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. rugged soil of New England has nourished a race, the field of whose exertions is boundless: the inhabitants of the barren island of Nan tucket have been, so to speak, driven to employ their energies in enterprise, than which none has proved more permanently profitable. New Jersey was among the foremost and most earnest of the northern colonies, in resistance to arbitrary power on the part of her governors. The imposition of a duty, and the levy of a tax by Andros, when he was first commissioned by the Duke of York, was the occasion of a remonstrance, in which the standing claim, that taxes should not be imposed without the people's assent, was strongly and successfully urged. Under the management of Penn and his associates, a new impetus was given to the prosperity of the colony by the immigration of a vast number of the persecuted Presbyterians from Scotland. They formed a sober and industrious population, well fitted to mingle upon terms of sympathy and brotherhood with the Quaker inhabit- ants and the descendants of the Puritans, by whom the country was peopled. Glowing accounts are given of the rapidity with which the lands were brought under cultivation, of the efficient means which were taken to secure the blessings of free education, and of the general thrift and prosperity of the colony. New Jersey, together with New York and the New England colo- nies, was brought under the domination of Sir Edmund Andros in 1688. For many years after the revolution of that date, its affairs remained in an unsettled state; but in 1702. a surrender of their legislative powers by the proprietors, resulted in the temporary union of the province with New York, then under the government of Cornbury. Gov. S.vr.TOXSTATX. — This fippcara to be t'no proper place to jrivc ssomo acrcmnt of a innn who wielded, for many years, an influence in the colony equaled only l>y that of our first Winthrop, flnidon Salton.stall wa,s bom at Haverhill. Ma.=saeluisetts. in ir.Cfi, juid graduated at Harvard in 1084. He was ordained at Now London, on the 25lli of Nnveinlif'r, 1001. His reputation ro.iu .«pread throufrh the eoluny, and his influence over the t'leriry finally became .almost .".iisolute. They ajiiicared ti> retrard him with sentiments akin to idolatry. The structure of jiis mind and character w.is such as UmI him inc'vitably (i) cliiijr t(t strict ceck'siasfical (lisci|i!ine. and, fcelinf.' few o( the infirmities of our nature, he had little patience with the limits of others. His pevi.nal njipearaneo. a.s has been helore reniiU'ked, wa.s so strikinii' .and iniposintr that the l^-ui of Bellamimt retrarded iiim as better representinj^ the Knirli.sh nolileniaii than any othir i^'entloman whom lie had .seen in America. He was more inclined to syneils ami fortnul.is than any other minister of th.it day in the New Kmrland colonies. The Saybrook ]iIatfonn was stamped with hi.s seal, and was for the most jjart an embodimtnt if hi.s views. In an epi.scopal country ho woiild have made a bi.shop, in whose jiresenco the lesser li^dits would scarcely have been seen to twinkle. On the de.'ith of Gov. Fitz John 'Winthrop, in 1707. he was chos'-n povemor of the colony, and contiinied in olliec until his lU'.ilh, which took place on the 20th of Septem- ber, 1721:. — llolUsttr's History of Connecticut. THE SOUTHEKN COLONIES, CONTINUED. CHAPTEH I. CHAKTER OP THE COLONY OF GEORGIA. — FIRST ARRIVAL OP COLONISTS. — SETTLEMENT OF SAVANNAH. — INDIAN NEGO- TIATIONS. — MART MCSGROVE. CESSION OF INDIAN CLAIMS. CHARACTER OF IMMIGRANTS TO GEORGIA. TRAFFIC IX NEGROES PROHIBITED. — FRED- ERICA POUNDED. — WAR WITH SPAIN. As late 03 the year 1732, when plans for the settlement of the coun- try includeil between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers were first actively undertaken, the whole district, together with the adjoining territory, now included in the state of Georgia, remained untenanted, except by savages, and a debatable ground between the English colonies and those of Spain. In the month of June, in the year above-mentioned, James Oglethorpe, with twenty associates, in Eng- land, obtained a charter from George II., for the foundation of a colony in this unoccupietl region— the special object of the grantees being to provide an asylum for poor and imprisoned debtors, for the subjects of religious pereecutions, and for all standing in need of charity, who might, by removal to a new country, be rendered eventually self-dependent, useful, and prosperous. The leader in this enterpriaie was a soldier and a scholar, and, although yet a young man, was possessed of experience in public life, and maturity of judgment, which well qualified him for his responsible undertaking. He had been for several years engaged in efffrts for the amelioration of the condition of the multitudes con- fined for debt, in Great Britain, and his exertions had awakened much attention among the benevolent and philanthropic. He met with a ready response to his call for funds to aid in the transporta- tion and establishment of the members of his new colony. 204 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Oglethorpe sailed for America in November, 1732, with one hundred and thirteen emigrants. He first landed at Charleston, i^'here provisions were provided by the inhabitants for the present support of the voyagers, and boats for their conveyance to their new homes. The site occupied by the present city of Savannah, on Yamacraw Bluff, was fixed upon for the first settlement. Elevated above the surrounding level, a few miles from the entrance of the river, this position commands a beautiful and extensive view in the direction of the sea. A tribe of the Muscogees, or Lower Creeks, dwelt in the vicinity. These "were peaceably disposed towards the white settlers, but the governor of the infant colony thought it advisable to put himself upon safe ground as regarded the Indian claims. lie therefore secured the services of a half breed woman, named ^fary Musgrove, who could speak English, and, by her mediation, brought about a conference with the chiefs of the tribe. Mary had formerly married a white trader from Carolina. Be- sides her usefulness as an interpreter, she had such influence over her tribe, that Oglethorpe thought it worth his while to purchase her services at the rate of one hundred pounds a year. She be- came, afterwards, a source of no little danger and annoyance to the English. Fifty chiefs of the Creek nation were assembled at the place of conference, and Tomochichi, the most noted among those then known to the settlers, made an amicable speech, proffering, at the same time, a present of a buffalo-skin, adorned with eagles' feathers."* By the terms of the treaty, the king of England was acknowledged by the Indians as their sovereign, and provisions were made for the preservation of peace and quiet between them and the settlers. "The lands lying between the Savannah and Altamaha were made over to the English, with all the islands on ihat coast, except St. Catharine's and two others, which were reserved for the use of the Indians as bathing and fishing stations. A tract was also set apart for the latter to encamp ujion when they visited their white friend.**, a little above tlie Yamacraw Bluff." The liberal offers of the patrons and proprietors of the new col- ony of Georgia — religious freedom, (to the exclusion, however, of Papists,) personal security, free grants of land, free passage, and a temporary supply of provi.'»ion — proved strong inducements to • Indian Riices of Anierk-a. THE 80UTHEKN COLONIES. 205 immigration. Not only the poor outcasts who had gladly availed themselves of the assistance of the charitable, thronged to the settle- ment, but a thrifty and industrious population poured in from Scotland, Switzerland, and Germany. A considerable body of Moravians, from the latter country, arrived in March, 1734, and with the assistance cordially proffered by Oglethorpe, commenced a settlement at the mouth of Ebenezer creek, which empties into the Savannah, a considerable distance above the caj)ital. The Scotch, who arrived in the following year, settled at Darien, called by them New Inverness. In Februar}', 1736, the governor, returning from England, whither he hal voyaged to procure contributions and recruits tor his colony, brought with him about three hundred immigrants. A portion of these were Moravians, and among them was the celebrated John Wesley, who came out fired with religious zeal for the conversion of the Indians. A general sjjirit of good-will, peace, and content, seemed to per- vade the community. The powers of government were, it ia true, vested in the trustees, under the charter, but these benevolent indi- viduals, who received no emoluments for their services, appear to have liad the interests of the colony at heart. A vain attempt was made, indeed, to secure the settlement against the evils of slavery, the importation of negroes being forbidden; but within a few years the inhabitants became convinced that the condition of their neigh- bours, who availed themselves of the labour of blacks, was more prosperous and promising than their own, and the natural result of this conclusion, was the permanent establishment of the present servile system. In February, (1736,) the town of Frederica, on St. Simon's Island, was laid out, under the superintendence of the governor, in person, advantage being taken of an old Indian clearing in that locality. From St. Simon's, Oglethorpe extended his journey southward, through the inland channels, which border the whole coast, taking possession of the country in the name of the king, and marking out sites for defensive posts. The English claim included all north of the St. John's, while, on the other hand, the Spaniards asserted title to the whole of Georgia, and even included in their demands a portion of South Carolina, limiting their territory by St. Helena Sound. These, and other conflicting claims, resulted in war between tho two nations. Oglethorpe having received a military commission 206 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. as brigadier-general over the forces of Georgia and South Carolina, busied himself in precautionary measures for the defenge of the colonies. The fort at Frederica was completed and strengthened, aa forming one of the most important strongholds on the coast. His special attention was devoted to a confirmation of the good-will of the natives, among whom Spanish agents had been for some time occupied in sowing distrust and suspicion. The Creeks, however, still retained the greatest personal attachment to Oglethorpe. He was among the few officials who kept faith with them, and they could not fail to appreciate his heartiness and sincerity. In 1739, he attended a great meeting of the chiefs, far in the interior, on the Ciiattahoochee, where he smoked the calumet of peace with the assembly, and renewed the old treaties of friendship and mutual ])rotectioa. CxiAFiER 11. OOLETHORPE'S EXPEDITION AGAINST ST. AUGUSTINE: SIEGE OP THE TOWN: FAILURE AND RETURN OP THE EXPEDITION. — SPANISH INVASION IN 1742. — DEFENCE OF FRED- ERICA. — STRATAGEM OP OGLETHORPE. — THOMAS BOSOMWORTH HIS INTRIGUES WITH THE IN- DIANS: LITIGATION WITH THE COLONY. — GEORGIA A ROYAL PROTINCE. "With the commencement of tlie year 1740, an expedition waa undertaken by General Oglethorpe against St. Auj'ustine. He readily reduced two small Spanish outposts, and encamped his forces in the vicinity until he could procure reinforcements from Carolina, These arrived about the clo.se of May, and, with no le.sa than one thousand regular troops and militia, and a considerable body of Creek allies, he laid siege to tlie town. The undortiiking resulted in di.sappointmcnt. St. Augustine was well garrisoned and fortified; the besieging troops were reduced in numbers and effi- ciency by desertion and by the diseases incident to the season, and the general was compelled to raise the siege and to retreat into Georgia. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 207 No further hostile demonstration, of any importance, was made by either colony for a space of two years, at the end of which period the inhabitants of Carolina and Georgia were alarmed by reports of the approach of a large Spanish fleet. The force em- barked at the West Indies for the conquest of the Southern English colonies, is set down at some three thousand men; the fleet num- bered over thirty sail. Oglethorpe, who could procure no aid from Carolina, exhibited great bravery, energy, and good generalshin in the defence of Georgia. lie reinforced the garrison at Fort Wil- liam, on Cumberland island, already beset by the enemy, and then betook himself, with his main force — greatly inferior to that of the assailants — to his most defensible position, at Frederica. Thither he was pursued by the Spanish fleet, which entered the inlet on the 5th of July, (1742,) in spite of the English batteries, and effected a landing on the island. Fortunately, the only road leading to Frederica, was defensible, being flanked by a swamp on one side and a thick forest on the other. Several attempts to force a passage were met by an obstinate and successful resistance. Some days later, by a pretended dispatch, designedly allowed to fall into the hands of the enemy, Oglethorpe succeeded in deceiving the Spanish commander into a belief that large reinforcements were momentarily expected from Carolina. This idea was strengthened by the appearance of some small vessels off the coast. The Spaniards made one more vain attack upon the position of the English, and then reembarked — the invasion having proved as fruitless as that against St. Augustine, in 17-iO. Oglethorpe bade a final adieu to the colonics in the year following these cventp. lie lived to a venerable old aao, respected and admired for every qual- ity, moral and personal, that can command esteem and conciliate good- will. After his departure, the provi.^ions against slavery soon became a dead letter, and there were not wanting advocates of the system among the most noted religionists of tho day. George WhitefieUl, whose preaching had already given him a wide celebrity, expressed himself in its favour, trusting that the negro race might be bcneCtted by tran.slation from a savage life to the society of (.'hrisliaiis. Tho number of white colonists, at this period, was probably not far from three thousand. "The year 1740 was memorable for a moat audacious attempt on tho part of one Thomas Bosomworth to nggrandi/o himself by Vol. IV.— 42 In 208 AMERICA ILLUSTEATED. attaining a supremacy over the Creeks. He had been, formerly, a chaplain in Oglethorpe's regiment, and had married ;^[ary Mus- grove, his half-breed interpreter. In December, of 1747, this man fell in with a company of chiefs, belonging* to the nation, then on a visit to Frcikriea; and pei-suaded them to sign certain articles, acknowledging one of their number, named Malatche Opiya Meco, as riiihtful king over the whole Creek nation. Bosomworth then procured from Malatche a conveyance, for certain considerations — amonij other thines, a lariie q\iantitv of ammunition and clothing — of the islands formerly owned by the Indian?, to himself and his wife ilar}', their heirs and a.ssigas, 'as long as the sun shall shine, or the waters run in the rivers, for ever.' This deed was regularly witnessed, proved before a justice of the peace, and recorded in due form. Bosomworth made some efforts to stock and improve these Islands, but, his amliition becoming aroused by success in his first intrigue, he entered upon one much more extensive. By his per suasions, his wife now made the extraordinary claim that she was ^[alatche's elder sister, and entitled to regal authority over the whole Creek territory."* No matter how shallow a claim may be, if openly and obstinately persisted in, it will generally obtain credit with some. A great dis- turbance ensued, and, at one time, the town of Savannah was in no small danger from the Indians of Mary's J^arty, who aj/peared in defence of her asserted rights. A long and wearisome litigation in the courts of Great Britain was maintained by Bosomworth and his brother, Adam, the Indian agent in Carolina, with the colony of Georgia. Final deci.-^ion was not rendered until 1751), when Mary and her husband had their title to St. Catharine's island confirmed. They j)assod the remainder of their lives iu quiet possession of the property. Prior to this period, in 1754, a royal government had succeeded the surrender (jf their chartered rights by the trustees. The colony was not exempt from the usual difficulties, jealousies, discoiitent, and hardships which so generally beset new settlements, \m to which Georgia was jiccuiiarly exposed from the heterogeneous character of its iidiabitants. The only important events in which she bore a part during the further continuance of the colonial system, are cou- r.ected with the Cherokee wars, of which a brief account will be given hereafter. * Indian R;u't.'8 of Aincrlcii. THE SOUTHEKN COLOKIES. 209 ulli^lLdrJtjjXi IXj,. SOUTH CAROLINA: RELIGIOUS CONTROVERSIES: ARCIIDALK'3 ADMINISTRATION: MOORE'S EXPEDITION AGAINST ST. AUGUS- TINE: INVASION OF INDIAN TERRITORY: PRENCII FLEET ON THE COAST: CULTURE OF RICE: INDIAN CONSPIRACY: REVOLT AGAINST THE PROPRIETORS: THE CHAILTER DECLARED FORFEIT: SOUTH CAROLINA A ROYAL PROVINCE. — NORTH CAROLINA: POLITICAL DIS- TURBANCES: A PROSPEROUS ANARCHY: SEP- ARATION PROM SOUTH CAROLINA. ; Froii tlie period of tlie revolution, in 1688, until about the close of the century. South Carolina, although steadily increasing in pop- ulation, wealth, and political importance, was much di.-^turbed by religious dissensions. The sober and peaceable Ilugucnuts were in favour with the colonial proprietors, but a strong opposition arose in the province to the admission of these foreigners to equal privi- leges with those of English descent and attached to the established church. This controversy distracted, in a greater or less d;'gree, the successive administrations of Sothel, Ludwell, and Smith. The appointment of John Archdalc, a Quaker, and a man of generosity and liberality, in the year 1(J95, gave promise of a better statu uf things. This worthy governor, by moderate but elTectivc regulations, suc- ceeded in quieting the turbulent factions of the colony, and in con- ciliating, by protection and kind ofiiccs, the neighbouring tribes of Indians and the Si)anish colonists of Florida. The dangerous shoals of Cajie Fear, lying nearly out of sight of the low shore, have always been the dread uf navigators upon the coiust, and in these early times the want of jiroper instruments for determining the longitude, rendered their condition much more perilou.s. It was no small blessing to the unfortunate mariners who, at this poj iod, from lime to time, sulVored shipwreck on the cape, to mret v, iih kind treatment, shelter, auil assistance from the coast Indian.-^. From first to last, the aborigines of America have shown them.^elves ready to reciprocate kindness and good-will. In almost every instance when tiiey have made unprovoked attacks upon tlie whites, the cause can be traced to some error or misconception. 210 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. I When Arclidale left the colony, former dissensions were revived, although he still exerted all his influence with the proprietors for the maintenance of religious liberty. The appointment of James Moore, represented as a grasping and selfish man, to the office of governor, was little conducive to quiet and prosperity. Under his administration, war having broken out betv/een Eng- land and S})ain, a colonial expedition was planned against St. Au- gustine. Bound on this enterprise, Moore sailed for Florida, in the month of September, 1702, at the head of about six hundred volun- teers, lie succeeded in capturing the town, but the strong military fortress constituted a safe and defensible place of retreat for the Spaniards, While waiting the arrival of artillery for the reduction of the fort, several Spanish vessels arrived olf the harbour, and Moore was obliged to beat a retreat by land, leaving his vessels, stores, &c., to the enemy. The expense of the fruitless undertaking was defrayed by a large issue of colonial bills of credit. In the month of December, of the same year. Governor Moore retrieved his credit as a general, by a successful march through the extensive intervening wilderness, and a descent upon the Indians and Spanish, on the coast of Appalache. The hostile settlements of that whole neighbourhood were broken up. The Spaniards were enabled to defend the fort of Ayavalla, but the assailants burned the adjoining church. Between one and two hundred Indians were carried off cai)tives, to be afterwards sold as slaves. In 1706, the Episcopal establishment was extended to South Car- olina, but the condition of dissenters was, at the same time, rendered more safe by a definite toleration in their religion, and security of their civil riiihts. Sir Nathaniel Johnson at this time held the office of governor, and had an opportunity to distinguish himself by a brave and dotorinined defence of the coa^t against a French fleet sent out from Cuba to invade the country. The enemy met with heavy loss at every attempt to land, and one of their vessels fell into the haiuls of the colonists. The culture of rice, introduced a number of years previous, had by this time bcct)me extensive, and proved a source of profit to tlio planter unecpialled by any previous agricultural enterprise. Indigo, an article wliieh has been of late years neglected, was also found a profitable crop by the early planters of the southern colonies. In tlie si'riii",' of 1715, the machinations of the French and Span- iards stirred up a most dangerous conspi-acy of the Yema-sces, i THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 211 TJcbes, and otber Southern tribes, against the English settlements. The detached and unprotected villages and plantations of the fron- tier were ravaged, and some four hundred of the inhabitants per- ished, or were reserved for the worse fate of prisoners to the savages. The main body of the Indian confederates was finally defeated by the colonial forces, under Governor Charles Craven, near the Salkiehachie. The neglect of the proprietors to furnish any means of defence for the colony, their lefusal to make remuneration for the heavy expense of the ^"te Indian war, oppressive regulations, opposition to neces- • y ■raents, and the ma .... .nee in office of obnoxious indi- \iuuals, -.suited in a popular out-break against their authority. The assembly, in 1719, chose James Moore as governor, and openly defied the proprietary oQicers. In the year following, the matter was examined into by the English government; the charter to the proprietors was declared forfeited; and Francis Nicholrfon received the appointment of governor. The colony continued, thenceforth, a royal province. All the claims of the proprietors to rent and other perquisites were, some years later, acquired by purchase on the }iart of the crown. Friendly relations with the neighbouring Indian tribes were solemnly established in 1730. The Cherokees, at a great council held at Nequassee, in the Tennessee valley, concluded and signed, by the marks of their principal chiefs, a treaty of alli- ance with the English. Seven of their number were taken to Eng- land, that their reports, on their return, might impress the tribe with some adequate conception of the number and power of their allies. The scattered population of North Carolina, which was first in- cluded under the same grant with the southern province, w:\s governed, if government it could be called, by a deputy from the governor of South Carolina. The greatest freedom of opinion and liberty of action prevailed, but affairs went on very quietly until the beginning of the eighteenth century, when an attempt at the establishment of the Church of England aroused an extremely hos- tile spirit among the Quakers and other dissenters, who constituted no small portion of the inhabitants. A conflict of claims, 'n 1705, between Glover and Cary, for the executive office — the one being cho.'^en directly by the proprietors, the other by t)ie governor of South Carolina — gave fresh impetus to a party strife theretofore unknown in the colon}'. For a number of years, the community appears to have existed I 212 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. almost without law; but an immigration of industrious and frugal Swiss, Germans, and other Europeans, continued to extend civiliza- tion through the comparatively barren district. The province was already noted for its large exportation of lumber, pitch, tar, and turpentine. In 1729, when, as before mentioned, the disputes be- tween the inhabitants of Carolina and the proprietors were settled by an assumption, or purchase, of the rights of the latter by the crown, North Carolina was first constituted an entirely separate province, the governor being selected by royal appointment, and the legislative assembly being chosen by the people. Cn APTEH I?, VIRGINIA UNDER ROYAL GOVERNORS: STATE OF THE COLONY: CHUUCII CONTROVERSIES. — PENNSYLVANIA A ROYAL PROV- INCE: THE PROPRIETOR REINSTATED: POLICY OP PENN. — DELAWARE: DEATH OF PENN: HIS SUCCESSORS. MARYLAND: ITS CATHOLIC POPULATION: GOVERN- MENT OP THE ASSOCIATION: OPPRESSIVE EN- ACTMENTS: THE PROPRIETORS RESTORED. Virginia, subsequent to the English revolution, remained a royal province during her continuance as a colony. Legislation was confided to a governor appointed by the crown, assisted by a council of his own nomination, and to an assembly elected by the people. The first successive incumbents of the highest oflic in the province were Francis Nicholson and Sir Edniund Andros the same whose tyranny and exactions had previously exasperated the New Eng- land colonies. These ollicia^.s were invested with high, and even arbitrary pow- ers, but the character of the people with whom they had to deal, compelled moderation in their exercise. The population, although quite numerous, was extensively scattered, and the isolated position of the planl(Ts and farmers tended to develop a strong sense of per- sonal freedom and independence. The administration of govern- ment v.as not carried on without considerable conflict between tho difPirent departments, but no very serious difiiculties arose. Tho THE SOCTHEEX COLONIES. 213 Churcli of England was the established religious sj-stetn, so far as any parochial system could be established over so wide an extent of scattered hamlets or detached plantations. Tobacco was the great staple production of the province, and served for ihej)rincipal cir- culating medium. Taxes and church dues were specifically payable in tobacco. From a complaint, on the part of the clergy, that they were made losers by a legislative provision for compounding the latter assessment by a payment in paper monev, arose that cele- brated controversy relative to the "parson's money," in which the eloquence of Patrick Henry, then a young advocate, prevailed against a plain legal claim (1763). Pennsylvania, in consequence of domestic disturbance, fomented by George Keith, a seceding Quxiker, and because of suspicions which had fallen upon the proprietor, was subjected, in 1693, to a governor holding commission from the crown, and became, for a short period, a royal province. Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York, received the appointment. His brief administration was marked only by strife with the assembly. In the summer of the following year, Penn, having* regained the favour of the king, was reinstated in his colonial rights. In reestablishing his prerogatives with a new settlement of the government of his colony, after restoration of the proprietary gov- ernment, William Penn took every precaution to secure the full acquiescence of the inhabitants. The powers of the governor — a deputy of the proprietor — were not very dissimilar to those now conferred upon the governor of either of the independent states. The council was simply advisory, and the principal legislation was confided to the popular assembly. The inhabitants of the present state of Delaware, then known as "The Territories," conceiving that the}' were insufliciently repre- sented, had, some years previous, moved for a separation. This had been accorded by the proprietor, but the two provinces were reunited during Fletcher's administration. A final .separation was effected in 1702. The governor of Pennsylvania still retained a nominal authority, but the new assembly had, in effect, entire con- trol over the province of Delaware. Although Penn had ever pursued a far more generous policy than any other of the colonial proprietors, and, with opj)orl unities for enriching himself which few wouid have had the self-denial to neglect, was growing ok' n poverty, all could not shield him from ] 214 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. suspicion and ill-will on the part of a portion of the colonists " From various causes, principally a neglect of his own ihterests in extending civilization in America, he became so far involved, that he was for a time compelled to reside within the rules of the Fleet Prison, In 1709 he mortgaged his province of Pennsylvania to relieve himself from the pressure of debt. During the last six years of his life his bodily and mental faculties were greatly impaired; he died, after a gradual decline, on the 30th of July, 1718." His rights as proprietor were exercised, subsequent to his death, by his widow and afterwards by his sons. This form of government was continued \xntil the commencement of the American revolution. The province of Maryland, on the accession of William and ^rary, was under the administration of deputies commissioned by the proprietor. Lord Baltimore, (son of the original patentee.) So large a number of the inhabitants were of the Catholic persuasion — the proprietor holding to the same faith — that, although the English church had been already established, it was hardly to be expected that a Protestant succession in England should be looked upon with general favour in the colony. The proprietary government neglected to conform to the new order of things until compelled by a self constituted association of the colonists, A provisional government was formed, which ob- tained the royal sanction, and existed until 1692, when a governor was appointed directly by the crown, ^faryland became a royal province, and remained such for a period of twenty-three years. The general assembly confirmed the church establishment, and many disenfranchising regulations were passed for the suppression of papacy. Catholics were not only compelled to contribute to the support of the established church, but were subjected to the most galling disabilities. The legal successors of the proprietor were restored to their rights in 1715, and maintained their authority unti! the general overthrow of the old governments at the revolution. INDIAN ¥ARS, ETC. UitlAirXJCjaTi, Jt« COMMENCEMENT OF THE CHEROKEE WAR: TREATY AT POftI ST. OEOROE: SIEGE OF THAT FORT: MURDER OF HOSTAGES: MONTGOMERY'S CAMPAIGN: DESTRUCTION OF THE LOWER CHEROKEE SETTLEMENTS: RETREAT: MASSACRE OB THE GARRISON OP FORT LOUDON: THE TOWNS OF T»E MIDDLE CHEROKEES DESTROYED BY THE FORCES UNDEB GRANT. Having thus given a brief sketch of the affairs of the separate colonies, up to tlie occurrence of events which called for their united action, we may revert to matters of more general concern, in which the provinces, irrespective of political connection, were only united by a common necessity. The most important transactions in which the northern colonies were jointly engaged, were the early Indian wars, and the protracted contests with the French and Indians. Of these we have already spoken, as far as our limits would permit, in treating of English colonization, and of the French in America. It remains to notice, in military affairs, the Indian campaigns in the south and west, and to touch upon some topics of general interest to the colonies, before proceeding to the causes of discontent and the political issues which resulted in the war of the revolution. After the abandonment of Fort Duquesne, by the French, a party of Cherokee Indians, who, during the campaign, had served in the English army, under General Forbes, set out upon their return to their own tribes and country. Impelled by necessity, they commit- ted various depredations upon the property of the German settlers in Virginia. In some instances, they made use of horses which they found at large in the woods, and, as they were nearly destitute of •J' t 1 i ^ 216 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. provisions, wc may suppose that tbey occasionally made free with whatever might supply their wants. Tlaese injuries were revenged by the backwoodsmen in the most violent and cruel manner. If we may credit Adair, an historian who had greater opportunities than any other writer of his time to acquaint himself with Indian character and the history of the south- ern tribes, they indulged their malice by tormenting and scaljnng their victims. He adds, that "those murderers were so audacious ns to impose the scalps on the government for those of the French Indians; and that they actually obtained the premiums allowed at that time by law in such a case." > These outrages were not immediately resented by the nation, but after vain application for redress, and the experience of further wrongs and insults, the revengeful spirit of the Indian was fully aroused. The French and their Creek allies took the opportunity to lend their influence in exciting hostility. A war-party was ac- cordingly dispatched to commence retaliation upon the western set- tlements of North Carolina. Many of the whites were put to death, and much injury was done upon the frontier. These events took place in 1759, and, as it was now evident that a general disaffection existed among the Cherokees, active exertions were made by the governor of South Carolina, Y^illiam Lyttleton, to avert the calamities of an Indian war, as well as to prepare measures for defence in case of extremity. A conference was brought about, towards the close of the year, at Fort St. George, on the Savannah. Six of the Indian chiefs, claiming authority to aci for the tribe, appeared, and concluded a treaty of peace, surrender- ing thirty-two hostages, as security for their good faith. This treaty was not considered binding by the nation, and a formidable body of Indians, led by Occonostota, a noted war-chief, laid siege to this fort in the month of February (1760). Coy tm ore, the commander of the garrison, who had, by some former transac- tions, acquired the special ill-will of the natives, was decoyed with- out the works, and shot by concealed marksmen. Several of his companions were wounded. The Indian hostages, from their place of confinement within the fort, liearing the report of fire-arms, shouted encouragement to their peojile. An order was accordingly given to put them in irons. To this they refused submission, making desperate resistance, and wounding three of the soldiers who were endeavouring to carry out the order. It was then concluded t-o put u INDIAN WAKS. 217 them all to death, which was done accordingly, in a manner as cowardly as the design was base, viz: by firing down upon them, through a hole in the roof. Tlie whole frontier was, immediately subsequent to this outrage, involved in a general war. The British commander-in-chief of the reguhir forces in America, detached a regiment of Scotch Ilighland- ers, under Colonel Montgomery, with other troops from New York, to the seat of disturbance. The legislatures of North and South Carolina olfered premiums for scalps, and raised sums of money to purchase the assistance of the Creeks and other southern tribes. In the course of the spring. Colonel Montgomery, with the regular and provincial troops under his command, overran the whole terri- tory of the Lower Cherokees, laying waste every Indian settlement. The towns of Keowee and iilstatoe, the lattei containing two hundred houses, were destroyed, together with great quantities of stored pro- visions. Before the end of the campr.'gn, there was not an Indian village left; east of the Blue Sidge. The Cherokees, instead of being disheart ^d by their reverses, refused to listen to any overtures of pacific li jn, and prepared them- selves to resist the advance of th ^roops into the ^terior. Near their principal town of Etchoe, tley tu'cpared an ambush in a nar- now pass, where a muddy stream took its course between hi-rh ind steep banks, nearly impassable from tangled undergrowth. In forcing this defile, the assailants met with heavv loss, and the com- mander, seeing that the Indians had made a new stand a little in advance, and were determined to resist to the last, concluded to retreat. This was in the month of June. Immediately upon his return to the coast, Montgomery, in pursu- ance of orders, sailed for New York, leaving Major Hamilton, with but a small force, for the protection of the exposed districts. The fliilure of this seconi^ <»xpedition revived the spirits of the Indians, and spread universa- I'n-or and consternation among the colonists of the frontier. At Fort Loudon, the garrison under Captain Stu- art, after sustaining a long siege, evacuated the place, upon condi- tions conceded by Occonostota, of free and safe passage to Fort St. George, or inio Virginia. They had not, however, proceeded fi\r, before they were set upon by the enemy, and all killed or taken prisoners. Captain Stuart owed his life and liberty to the benevolence of an old chief, named AtakullakuUa, a man of great influence in his 218 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. tribe, and peaceably disposed towards the colonists. The safety ol Fort St. George was secured by a timely warning from Stuart of an intended attack by the Indians. An attitude of hostility was still maintained by the Cherokees, and constant efforts were made by French agents among them to avert any prospect of a peaceable settlement of difficulties. In the spring of 1761, a force of more than two thousand British regulars, provincial troops, and friendly Indians, under command of Colonel James Grant, was marched into the interior. Old Attakulla- kulla made vain interposition in behalf of his people. On the 10th of June, a desperate eftbrt was made by the main body of the Indiana to check the advance of the enemy. The battle took place near the spot whither Montgomery had penetrated on his last expedition. The Cherokees were totally defeated; the town of Etchoc was burned; and "all the other towns in the middle settlement, fourteen in number, shared the same fate: the corn, cattle, and other stores of the enemy, were likewise destroyed, and those miserable savages. witli their families, were driven to seek shelter and subsistence among the barren mountains."* The Indians were, of course, obliged to accept such terms as their conquerors saw fit to impose, but it does not appear that any ungen- erous advantage was taken of their helpless condition. Indeed, after the conclusion of peace, efforts were made for the protection of the Indians in their landed rights, and to regulate the traffic with them so .IS to secure them against deception. The whole of the southern tribes remained, comparatively, at peace with the colonies from this period until they became involved in the general Indian wars of the early part of the present century. "By a steady increase of numbers, and the adventurous spirit of pioneers, the white settlers every where made advances upon the Indian terri- tory. Sometimes large acquisitions would be made by a government purchase; but, to no small extent, the opinion that the occupation of a few roving savages could give no natural title to lands, as oitposed to the claims of those who had reclaimed, cnclo.«ed, and improved the wildcrncs.^, .satisfied the consciences of the encroachers. ^ .0 argument in favour of tiiis conclusion is by no means without force; but who can take uj)on iiimself to draw the line of demarca- tion which shall decide, upon any {)rincij)le3of univer.«al ajiplication, the bounds of so artificial a right as the owncrshij) of land?"f * McCuH'b History of Uvor^fia. t Indian Ruccn of America. 1 L INDIAN WARS. 219 kJ iLJu uiij> J* w JlJ Jub Jw Ji • ENOr.I.SlI OCCUPATION OP THE WESTERN TEADINO POSTS.— CONSPIRACY OF THE NORTH-WESTERN TRIBES, UNDfR PON- TIAC. — DESTRUCTION OF THE ENGLISH FORTS. — TAKING OF MICHILLIMACKINAC. SIEGE OF DETROIT. — LOSS AT BLOODY-RUN. — CLOSE OF THE WAR. — MASSA- CRE OF THE CANESTOGA INDIANS. By treaty, in 17C0, the extended line of stations upon the western lakes, belonging to the French, were to be put into possession of the English. The long friendship that had subsisted between the former and the Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, &c., who inhab- ited the country, caused these tribes to look with jealous eyes upon the proposed English occupation. They were united in a sort of confederation, at the head of which, in influence and authority, was Pontiac, the renowned Ottawa chief. Although he had formed the determination of restoring his old allies, the French, to the pos- session of their established trading posts, this bold, but crafty leader, suffered the first English detachment, under Major llogers, to enter the country without molestation. In an interview, held with the commanding officer, he exhibited the pride and dignity of a monarch, expressly asserting his own rights of territory. Uis plans being perfected, and the cooperation of other tribes — among them, the Miamis, Sacs and Foxes, II\irons, and Shawance.s — being secured, the month of June, 17G3, was appointed for a simul- taneous attack upon all the English strongholds at the west. So extensive were the preparations for this outbreak, that entire secresy could not be preserved respecting it, and intinuUion was, from time to time, given by white traders of the storm that was brewing. Either those reports were not fully credited, or the garrisons frU themselves strong enough to defy any attack from the Indian.*', for no extraordinary precautions were taken for defence. When the blow fell, the Indians appeared in such numbers that, althoUL'ii divided into as many parties as there were points of attack, they overpowered the garrisons, and destroyed the works of nearly all tiie Knglisii furt.'^. Nine of these were taken by force or fraud, and the deleuilers slain or carried away captive. The manner iu i V' ^"1 220 AMEIMCA ILLUSTRATED. which Micliillimackinac was seized, is thus described: '•ITundrcds of Indians, mostly Chippewas and Sacs, had been loitering about the place for some days previous, and, on the 4th of June, they pro- ceeded to celebrate the king's birth-day by a great game at ball. This sport, carried -on, a.s usual, with noise and tumult, threw the garrison off their guard, at the same time that it affonled a pretext for clambering into the fort. The ball was several times, a-s if by accident, knocked within the pickets, the whole gang rushing in pursuit of it with shouts. At a favourable moment, they fell ujon the English, dispersed and unsuspicious of intended liarm, and be- fore any eflectual resistance could be made, murdered and sculped seventy of the number. The remainder, being twenty men, were taken captive.''* Pearly in May, Pontiac, in person, with a chosen body of warriors, hiid siege to Detroit, the principal military post and trading station at the far west. The place was garrisoned by an hundred and thirty men, of whom Major Gladwyn had command. A plan was formed by the Indians to gain admission within the fort, on pretence of a conference, and then, with concealed weapons, (rifles, shortened, so as to be hid by the blanket,) to fall upon the garrison at a disadvantiige, admit the main body from without, and, after a general mas.sacro, to sei/.e upon the valuable stores collected for protection. This device was betrayed to Gladwyn by a squaw to whom he had shown some kindness. The Indians were accordingly admitted without hcsit.i- tion, but the troops were drawn up ready for an attack. Pontiac "heard tlic drums beat, and saw every soldier '.s musket levelled, and the swords of the oHieers drawn and ready fur use. M:ijor Gladwvn, stcpjiing to the warrior nearest him, lifted his blanket, and disclo.onaltie8, against any clergyman or exhortcr who should attempt to preach in any parisii or town without tho express desiro of the pastor or people thereof. • At tho requput of Pr. Wnft« and other Enrjlish divines, .Mr. Edwnnls wrote a nnrrntivc of tin- "great revival," which waa publi»hcd in London, and has sineo been frequently rcpiililiiihcd. A KV s^ ^ ous awakeninpf ton, wliich ha3 in Connecticut, pro intense and ions declension •al eommenced, •n and western le nionilist and mpers and oiit- lians, on whom • trntli. Held, KdwanlH, am, Meachani, clerfry of tlio vts produced ; nounein^' tiio nters. Laws iliould attempt itor or people ntn n nnrrntivo ell )Vt(piciitl)' * K^ w / v*' I ll: » MP '^ ■1^^ -i-' n m m ^ \ ' p^. M K --•r - ' 4 Ijpgrtft- \) '' 1' :^ ^^ -Ato-' - ■ '**•%,■ -* ^ "J ') \ ;-, '.; ' 1 • i 1> •■ i * I Mi i Hi ^'. ' ?t V^ nJUi ♦ • .«*»ki upon tbcin. A ;nob . nan* than ■•f> (»*<'n the eettlerooiit, m Novcrii.^^1* iTftS. •'A* v^r tied to Laiic-astcr. where 'hey i/ht . V M. T1h.«o v.'iio Vicre letr at i'anostOLa — kic^bft'- souitocn in nniuber, were brutaily ■^'^'HilfT., th«ir 'Tvclty (.inaatiated, then i.as- ./,... .r '..ork ■■;«'.-■ '- • ■■ •'->' jn ii.-nijvu in tlu3 juil-yaitl, * vrer? peen by one wf oount hap renchod is, "Mtn. . rtiid ckil- ren gpre-id about the prison- yard; bL t— scalDod - -a«uJfed — anwabi>.s. — In 173.*, there betmn ft trogt rtmarkablo ' "l'-Vus aTrakfln:n? i.-r ibe priiJciuiig . ( liii« (•ol6brHU\i Jonathan Edwards, at Non;„,.ir 'H, which bic . L* fte«4 d^aiji^tiktol w iiie '■ grfeftf. revival.''* li ppreivi into mnn y tow i„f iu Conaecti<. "n, •I tfle j{reat tli^mi 3 ..f ivligiori ^ffi- ;ntcn»c and tVnv «i It a (..orfiil of frr'-«t r#ji.'is i''filcn!-i ;p 'd aTwi -ir. ■•.If ;r> ».nifi#tf.' «^ »" t*(fl more fijUji'ivin nnd v \iMf}ig niMi j^Mutd will) thom in •I.m mi'-:ncr >!'" ,Liii> aUig s'*>[;_v' ttHil lu. ^f I >nT<'rti a« euthuisaste, n«;\^- llphi'', nnj rn: Site. L.v IT f/«?.>c\-} pr.r I, ,r '• wa v/ithou^ the exprea desiro of tlit p. »tor or ^ -n "if I»r. W- Ia- (iril'V'her I'lirVmh iltvlnod. Mr WmirHli' Trmw a r>erta #* M ^ ^ :«#** f han U'';^^ i768. hey f i>iht nnostrw J — e brutally , thrn i.as- tiicir \. ork 3 jail-yai^l, 13. "MfG. t — Bcali))'d lus awak«i n? >n, which k^:' lu CoDaecti" nv. ^' ^ntonw.- n.id .'J crimlMplb'd. ■ ii< r--' ;i.'i ! . .it ! l!i.-< f A V. 'uom lr»' ' ''-•utii.jin, y ft' Ih* "".(T I St lor , i ^ r J , .\ >J (-; h • ■. _s j\ ^ :t> n 1: ; ! th ni( ira ha wl be aff sh foi th( ni( CO ist dil je rei dc so in( pi EUROPEAN COLONIAL P 'LlCy. aPANISn AND EXGLISn RESTEICTIOXS UPON TRADE AND COM- MERCE. — CONTRABAND TRAFFIC. THE "ASSIENTO" TREATY. THE SLATE-TRADE: ITS GENERAL POPULARITY: CAUSES WHICH LEAD TO THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY: MANNER OF PROCURING NEGROES FROM AFRICA: PROFIT OF THE TRADE: NUMBERS BROUGHT OVER ENGLLSH LAW UPON THE SUBJECT OF SLAVERY. INTRODUCTION 01 WHITE APPRENTICES, OE "EEDEMPTIONERS." It is difficult, at the present day, to comprehend the blindness ot the European nations to their own interests, and those of their colo- nies, as exhibited in the prohibitions and restrictions once universally imposed upon trade and commerce. Experienced politicians must have foreseen the probable tendency of that short-sighted policy which, for the sake of present gain, was willing to destroy all identity between the parent states and their colonies, and to alienate the affections of a vast population, whose lo3-alty, gratitude, and friend- ship, by the exercise of a little forbearance, might have been retained for many generations. "Wc have had occasion, elsewhere, to speak more particularly of the insufferable tyranny of Spain in all the dealings with her colo- nics: in those of England, although the domestic privileges of the community were not so openly and grossly violated, there yet ex- isted restraints on manufactures and trade, which, considering the difference in natural character, were hardly less galling. The most jealous care was taken to discourage the development of all internal resources which might interfere with British manuflvcturc or ])ro ducc; British vessels must be employed, and an English market sought, regardless of the interests of the merchant and the require- ments of trade. Individual selfishness alone can account for the pursuance of such a policy, and we must conclude that those in Vol. IV.— 43 .^ * * a.i^^jr... BAiitifaUa^ i^ditti^ 224 'AMKKli A IlJASTllATED. power foresaw tlie consequences of their proceedings, but trusted to reap tlic benefits in tlieir own persons, leaving retribution to bo visited upon their posterity. The temptations lield out to the contraband trader were suffi- ciently great for the incurrence of heavy risks, and the connivance of the home government at sueli irregularities, so far as they only ailectcd the interest of a rival nation, gave sjiecial impetus to their commission. Severities practised upon offenders when detected, and mutual ln^stility engendered by continual conflict of claims, resulted in wars between the old countries, the burden of which fell most heavily upon tlie infant colonies, whoso whole energies were required to overcome the natural difficulties of their situation. By the "assicnto" treaty, the privileges of which were made over to the celebrated South Sea Company, Spain conceded to England a limited right to transport slaves into the colonies of the former nation. This gave great impetus to the traffic, and so far was the community blinded by present interest to the claims of humanity and true policy, that it was generally "accounted a genteel employ- ment," reflecting no discredit upon those who systematically pursued it. It is a singular thing how fur the o^iinions of men, and how much farther their conduct, receive direction from custom. ILjw- ever much we may condemn t iic evils of a system, before denouncing its individual suj)porter3, we should do well to inquire what would have been our own course of conduct had we passed our lives subject to the same influences, and dependent upon the same interests. Statistics of the proportion of those who have freed their slaves, during their oini lives, from conscientious scruples, as compared with the whole slave-holding population, would furnish every man with a fair criterion for estimating the extent of his own disintcrestednes.s. The treatment of slaves is, of course, as variant as the character of their owners, but where the institution of slavery exists, all, with u few rare exceptions, who can avail themselves of its convenience, openly support it. In the Xorthcrn United States it existed until the influx of free labourers reduced the value of slave-labour, and created a major- ity in the community of those whose interests were directly opj)osed to the ccMitinuance of the system. We may venture to predict that no other influence than this will ever avail to produce a similar result in the southern states. Self-interest, when directly appealed to, must ever prevail with the majority, until mankind shall have •uskel to lU to bo :rc sufll- iinivance liey only to their detected, f cluiins, rliieli fell ries were un. ladc over England ic former r wa3 the liunmnity 1 eniploy- y jjurriued and how II ow- nouncing at would cs subject interests, ir slaves, ,rcd with nan with stednoss. raetcr of 11, with a ,'cniencc, |x of free [U major- opposed idiet that similar tijipealed all have COLONIAL roLiCY. 225 made an advance in benevolence and a sense of justice, beyond any present indications. The manner of procuring negroes on the African coa^t, and of their conve\-ancc to the shores of America, has undergono no mate- rial change from the period of their first introduction to il; ; present day. The extent of coast upon whicli they can be proeurcd, and the convenience of legal markets, have indeed been curtailed; but the unfortunates now brought over to the island of Cub;i, arc pro- cured by the same species of traffic, confined in the same limited epace on their jtassage, and subject to the same sufferings from sbort allowance and tempestU' is weather, as in former times. Still are children kidnapped by .strangers or sold by their re]ati(jn.-'; the same rude regulations still render one negro a slave to his fellow in hia native land;* one tribe may yet, as of old, make war upon another, upon the annual unfolding of a certain flower, fur tlic sake of pro- curing prisoners. The trale, carried on mostly by British merchants, proved as pro.ltable to the ship-owners as acceptable to the colon i.sls. It is com{)utcd that no less than three hundred thousand nc^^rocs were imported into the original states during their continuance as colonies. A vastly larger number were brought over in English Ijottoms, to the French and Spanish colonies. Mr. Bancroft's estimate is as fol- lows: ''We shall not err very much, if, for tke century previous to the prohibition of the slave-trade by the American congress, in 1770, we a.ssume the number imported by the Engli.Mi into tlic Spanish, French, and English West Indies, as well as tlio English continental colonies, to have been, collectively, nearly Lliree mil- lions ; to which are to be added more than a quarter of a million purchased in Africa, aii:iiain merely a question of ability, until the Utopian tlieory of an international code and court shall have bccu reduced to practice. The ojiinion of the world has seldom, if ever, been called to be passed f.pon the violent rupture of the connection between a parent state a::'l its colony', while the inhabitants u' the latter were in the enjoyi;;c:.t of equal privileges and favour with those of the former. A feeling of afl'ociion and natural pride commonly causes them to cling to the land of their parentage until a long course of extortion and oj j'ression has rendered the tie too onerous to be endured. lu America, the English colonies had submitted — not, it is true, without murmurs — to the most arbitrary restrictions upon manufoc- turcs in which they might profitably have engaged, imposed simply to compel importation from England. A steady, and, in most cases, an cfiVctual stand iiad been made against the reiterated demand of a fixed ."^alary for the royal governors. Burdensome restrictions upon foreign trade were protested against, and extensively evaded by contrabaiiil trafTic. This gave occasion fur arbitrary proceedings by tlie cfliccrs of tlic customs in searching for smuiiLrled goods. Their conduct, in this respect, appearing to be illegal, they sought the aid of the superior courts of law, and " writs of a.«:sistance," in the nature of .search-warrants, Averc accordingly issued. The power of the court to issue thc-c writs was called in (piestion, ami tested in ^^assachu• chusettH, in 1701. The eloquent James Otis, and the learned jurist, Oxenbridgc Thatcher, argued sucressfully against their validity. The question, by this time, had come to be widely agitated, as to the pnbable tendency of the continual encroachments upon the lib- erties <>f the colonies. The legislatures of tlie dilfercnt provinces, elected by a systi'm more nearly flpi^roacliing universal sufTrage than any ever known in England, indulged in freedom of thought and exjTcssion, denounced as treasonable and rebellious in the parent- country. The duties and imposts which had been submitted to for along t<-rm of years as being "regulations of trade," for the protection of the Uritish West India islands, and other collateral purpo.se.H, and, therefore, within the proi>or jurisdiction of the board of trade v.hen direct d immediately towards the enlargement of revenue, excited universal disalfi'ction and indignation. The recent wars had enormously increased the public debt, jtnd Engli.sh j)()litician8 were busily engaged in framing schemes by which iIjc American colonies should share the burden of expense THE AMEUICAN REVOLUTION. 229 incurred, as was averred, expressly for their benefit. On tlie other hand, it was claimed that the colonies had already contributed moro than their proportion towards these expenses; tliat, being frequently the scat of war, they had, in other respects, felt its calamities far more heavily than the people of England; and that the latter coun- try, by reason of its immense income from the restricted colonial trade, was as directly and pecuniarily interested in maintaining and protecting the provinces from foreign encroachment as were tlic inhabitants themselves. It was, moreover, evident that it would be impossible for any man to foretell to what extremes government might eventually proceed in the imposition of taxes ui)on a distant community, in no way represented in the legislature, whose condition and capabilities could never be fully understood in Kngland, and whose growing resonrocs would indubitably be met by a still more rapid increase of exaction. AVhat had been accomi)lished, had been by sufferance, and under protest; it remained for the open extfMision of duties for revenue purposes, and the attempted imjiosition of a direct tnx, to rouso to flame the discontent already kindled. In the spring of 17(51, George Grenville, chancellor of the exche- quer, introduced and carried an act in alteration of the former rate of imposts upon West Tiulia goods, &e., by which, while the ower of parlia- ment, but succcodiiig events proved that public sentiment must have been rapidly ])reparing for such an extremity. LnAFxJLjli il. IHE STAMP ACT A K G T M F N T IN THE HOUSE OP COMMONS PASS ACR op THK BIM, ITS FFrPri IN THE COLONIES RESOLU- TIONS IN THF VIUOINIA ASSEMBLY — PATUICK HENKT. — PHOCEEKINOS IN MASSACHUSETTS POPULAR TUMULTS ItKSlGN ATION OF THE STaMP OFFICERS. In the month of February, 17<5.^, the irni)ortant act, providing for the increase of revenue by stamp duties in America, was introducod into the House of Commons. }\y its provision."* all legal documenti*, promis.sory notes, deed.s, commercial papers, f»flieial certificates, &c., &c., must be written upon pij er that had received a government stamp, and on which fi.xed duties li.ad I)cen j»aid. Of all that waa said in arj-Mimcnt upon the merits f>f the bill, nothing excited more general attention, in the community, tluin a short speech by Colonel Isaac Harre. Tliia member had seen s«.'r\'icc in America, during the French war, md, familiar himself with the character and condition of the |)copIe, TlIK AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 231 he expressed a becoming disgust at llio ignorance in regard to the colonics winch characterized tlic speeches ol' several suj)})orter3 of the bill. 'i";o eloquent Charles Townshend spoke in its favour, and con- cluded his remarks with an iiKjuiry, whether the colonists could presume to refuse aid to the parent-country, by whoso protection they tilone hud maintained their existence, and arrived at a position of comparative wealth aiid importance. liarn'; rose, and, with great animulioJi, exposed the fallacy of the declaration, lie pointed out brielly the real i>rigin of emigration to America, the unaided efforts and sufferings of the early colonists in establishing a civilized comnuinity in the wilderness, the neglect that they had experienced at the hands of the home government, their readiness in taking up airus in a national cause, their expenses and their losses by the continued wars. "I claim," continued he, "to know more of America than most of you, having seen and been conversant with thi't country. The peoj)lc, I believe, are as truly loyal as any subjects the king has; but a people jealous of their lib- erties, and who will vin, it was providcil that all revenues to be derived from it, should be expended exclusively for colonial purposes. Other conciliatory enactment.'^, m the form of bounties upon importations, and tue rem(wal of sundry bunh nsome restrictions, were also resorted to iia an olfcet to the first imposition of a direct tax. It v aH generally sujiposcd, in Kngland, tlnit the ', .asuro would be carried out with- out a sign of forcible oi)pv_>^ition. The tone of public ])ro(odur( in the colonie?*, upon receij)t of intelligence that tiie act had patscd, was ^ronerally moderate; but the jia-ssions and indignation ' '' tho people, fully aroused, were only awaiting fit opportunity lo break lortli in overt resistance. In Vir- ginia, the legislature was in scis.on at the time, bitt its leading mcin- \HiTs held aloof from Uikiug active ineaaures in opj)Osition. It waa reserved for a young man who had but recently taken his seat in tiie liou.S(', to introduce and support a series of resolutions, sotting fi»rth col»)niiil riirht.^, and protesting again.>ld warning, he broke forth, in the heat of argument, with the expressions: "Ctcsar had Ins Brutus — diaries the First his Cromwell — and George the Third" (here ho was interrupted by a cry of Treason! from the speaker and many members, but he firmly continued) — "may profit by their example. Tf that be treason, make the most of it!" The resolutions were passed, after vehement debate: the conclud- ing section, which read as follows, by a majority of one only: "Re- solved, therefore, that the General As.sembly of this colony have the sole right and power to lay taxes and impositions upon the inhabit- ants of this colony; and that every attempt to vest such power in any jterson or persons whatsoever, other than the general assembly aforesaid, has a manifest tendency to destroy British as well as American freedon.." This resolution was afterwards struck out upon a reconsideration, during the absence of Henry, but it had already gone abroad, and was circulated throughout the colonies. In Ma-ssachusctt", a more important measure was adojitcd, at the suggestion of James Otis. Letters were dispatched to the general as.seinbli('s of all the •• i--— te colonies, requesting and advising tlic appointment of a con.; .. ;• . from each, to meet at New York in tlie ensuing month of October, an«l dclil)erate upon what could be done for the general good f/f the country. No allusion was made to any pmposed wriinn for pur|)o^ n^istjuice. o^hcr than the organization ©fa "unitrd represents n to iniplore rt'liof" The call was firsi Tpponde*] to by the Wgialutiire of S«/utli Carolina. TUK AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 2'^"- oo By tliis time, tlic spccclies of Barr(?, of Ilcnr}', of Oti;», and others, the Virginia resolutions, the call of ^fas.sachusetts, and the reiterated arguments of political writers on both sides the question, were fjxniiliar to the whole people of America, and oceui)ied universal attention, A (question, at first committed to the management of the learned and intelligent, assumed n new aspect when brought home to the minds of an excited populace. Those residents of the colonies who had favoured the passage of the act, and those who had received appointment to the oflice of distribution of stamps, first felt the weight of lawless popular indig- nation. It seemed to be generally determined that all the stamp ofiieers should be compelled to resign, by personal violence, should persuasion fail. The first of a succession of mad scenes — conducted, however, sys- tematically, and with deliberate ])urpose — took place at Boston, on the llth of August, (17(55.) Andrew Oliver, the appointed stamp distributor, was hung in effigy upon a noted tree, known as the Boston elm. In the evenincr, the image was burned, with the frag- ments of a building, supposed to be in process of erection for a stamp oiTiee, in the presence of an immense concourse. Oliver per- ceived, from the demeanour of the crowd, that his only safety con- sisted in compliance with the popular demand, and be resigned his ofilee accordingly. The onTiee of the court of admiraltv, rendered obnoxious bv the provisions of the "sugar act," was next attacked. On the night of the 2()th, the records were destroyed, and the house of Story, comp- troller of cr.stoms, was broken open, and his furniture demolished. Ilutehinson, the lieutenant-governor, suffered similar or.lrago uj)on his property ackages of stamped jiaper which arrived in the country, some were seized and destroyed by the jjopulace, and the rest re- mained packed and unnoticed. uXX/iarjiiLi>n IIJL. 1- V SESSION OP TlIK FIRST AMERICAN CONGRESS: MODERATE TONI OF ITS PROCEEDINGS: CONCURRENCE OF THE SEPARATE .COLONIES. — THE STAMP ACT Ni'OATORY. — THE ENG- LISH MINISTRY. — DEBATE IN PARLIAMENT. — SPEECH '^y PITT. — EXAMINATION OV FRANKLIN. REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT. , , i- On thf 7th of October, 17tl."), ilie first American congrcs.s assem- bled at New Vork. A regular delegation was present from six of the colonies, viz: Massaehu.^etts, Khode Island, CoiuuT'tieut, Penu- Kylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina: Kew York, Delaware, and la 1 f THE AilEKICAN i: EVOLUTION. 235 Nov/ Jersey were also represented, altliough not by a regular ap- pointment of their houses of assembly. The legislature of North Carolina, not having been in session, could make no delegation, but the eooperation of this colony, as well as that of New Hampshire, could be depended upon, in the work to be accomplished. The assent of Georgia was obtained during the session. It was agreed that the votes should be taken by colonies, neither claiming preeminence by virtue of superior extent or population. The congress sat about three weeks, during which time a declaration of rights, and petitions and memorials to tlie king and parliament, were drawn u'l, debated, and finally agreed to, nearly unanimously. All que^^tion of proposed admission to representation in the English parliament was abandoned as impracticable, and the colonics, without menace or unseemly violence, recapitulated the claims so often urged, tliat, by natural right, by magna charta, and their own private charters, the right of taxation, as well as that of the management of all internal government, was vested in their own houses of as.^^em- bly. The infringement of the right of trial by jury, in the extension of admiralty jurisdiction, by the provisions of the sugar act, was also animadverted upon. The spirit of the resolutions and memorials adopted by congress, met with a hearty response from the people. The New York mer- chants agreed to discontinue all importation from England until the repeal of the obnoxious act. Their example was followed exten- sively in many of the other colonies, and plans were set on foot for the encouragement and support of domestic manufactures, and for devising substitutes for articles of luxury, comfort, or necessity, hitherto imjiorted from the old country. Several of the colonial legislatures commented upon and approved the doings of the con- gress of dcputiei^, and ti;osc few members who had stoi)d aloof from or opposed the jjroceedings, received tokens of marked dis[)loasuro from their fellow-members and constituents. All attempts to enforce the stamp act (nhich was to go into oper- ation on the 1st of November) proved utterly vain. Business w:w conduetod without the use of the stamps, in defiance of tiie restrict- ive provisions of the law, and where this could not be done in safety, as in some of the courts, various evasions wore resorted to, and suits were continued or referred to arbitrament. As yet, all eifcrts pointed simply to the repeal of the law, and a modification of the obnoxious features of the j^rovisions for the levy of customa L » Tim tv4k ~~) 236 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. News of tlicsc jDroccedings, and of the turn of public affairs lu America, reached England during the adniinistraliou of Kocking- ham. GrenviUo and his companions in the cabinet, who might have felt bound to make use of every expedient, violent or politic, for tlie maintenance of an act so deliberately framed, and ])assed with so little opjjosition as the one in question, Avere out of oflice, and the new incumbents were in a position to look dispassionately at the conse(piences of pcrsistance in carrying out the arbitrary principles recently adopted. I'hc question w.ns, indeed, argued rather as one of jiolicy than of right, for the great nnijority in j)ar- liament, and in the cabinet. Lad hitherto looked upon the ])ower of the former to lay and enforce discretionary taxes as beyond dispute. It was easy to point to the gross inequality of representation in England, wlicre populous towns and districts had no share in the electoral privilege, for precedents. The colonics of the continental nations of Euroi)c presumed to make no question as to the right and power of the home governments to imjiose burdens far heavier, and of a fur more arbitrary and oppressive character, than those now comjilaincd of; antl it would be to the last degree luimiliating to England, if, while deaf to the respectful entreaties of the ])rovince3, she should be swayed from her course by the first threats ol forcible opposition. In December, (17G5,) j)arli;iment met, and the wbole subject was reconsidered and debated at length. No dcterniinate conclusion was arrived at during the short session, and an adjournment for a few weeks gave opportunity for the transmission of Anther intelligence from the seat of disturbance. It became matter of notoriety that, in America, the power of parliament was univorsidly questioned, often defied, and that people began to speak "in the most familiar manner" of the possibility of open rupture, and the probable con- sequences of war with the j)arentcountry. At the January session, the aged William Pitt was present, and, notwithstanding his infirm health, took an ojten stand in oppusiiiuJi to the Grcnvillo schemes of taxaUon — and to all direct taxation of the colonics by ptirliamcnt — arguing the questions at issue with hid usual power and persj)icuity. Uc jiointcd out the sophistry of iho supporters of the nieasures under examination; in reply to invec- tives, he uttered the most biting sarcasms; and, in jilain terms, free from teehniealitits, he maintained the rights of the celonlu.-, and approved their opposition. "I rejoice," said he, "that America haa S'.uV.U,. ■ ~) .uliui Cull' a:iear to have produced a powerful effect. He pofitively insisted that the enforcement of the stamp act was • Bancroft. »;--^';?^. •'!>- I I, rf, 4, 238 AMERICA ILLDSTRATED. physically impossible. "Suppose," said he, "a military forc^ sent into America; they will find nobody in arms. What arc they then to do? Tlicy cannot force a man to ta^ ' stamps who chooses to do without them. They will not lind a rebellion: they muy, indeed, make one." When the attempt was made to remove all distinction between direct taxes and imposts on importations, by the suggestion that these were often articles neeesL\ary for life; he replied, "The people may refuse commodities, of which the duty makes a part of the price; but an internal tax is forced from tlicm without their consent." And again: "I do not know a single article imported into the northern colonics, but w hat they can either do without or make themselves."* The repeal — coupled, however, with the declaration before referred to, that parliament still retained absolute power in this as in all other colonial legislation — was carried by a very decided majority. The house of lords reluctantly concurred, and the bill received the ro3'al assent on the 18th of March, 1766. The result gave great satisfac- tion to the commercial portion of the inhabitants of England; and the receipt of the intelligence in America was a signal for uuivcr.-jal acclamation and rejoicing. CHAPTER I?. INTERVAL OF QUIET. — NEW TAXES ON IMPORTATIONS. — NON-TMrGllT*TION AGREEMENT. — CIRCULAR OP MAS- SACHUSETTS. — RIOTS AT BOSTON. — .^SSEMRLIES DIS- SOLVED. TROOPS ORDERED TO BOSTON. MEASURES OF THE BRITISH COVERNMENT. FATAL ENCOUN'- TER BETWEEN THE TROOPS AND POPULACE AT BOSTON. — CONCESSIONS OF PARLIAMENT. A pnouT period of comparative repose ensued upon the settlement of the stamp question. Those who had suffered in the jiopular dis- turbances in New York and Ma.ssachnsctts wore indemnified for their lo.sses by the acts of the general assemblies. In the latter colony, however, this concession to thvj royalists was accompanied * Bancroft. r TUE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 239 by a general act of amnesty for the protection of the individual rioters. The "sugar act," somewhat modified during the late session of parliament, still remained a bone of contention. Under the Pitt administration, which succeeded that of Rocking- ham, Townshend, Grenville's staunchest sujiportcr, held the oHico of chancellor of the exchequer. In this capacity, he introduced and carried through a new sys^tem of duties for the colonics, by which imposts were laid upon various articles hitherto exempt. A portion of these were of British production, as paints, paper, glass, &c. A specific duty of three pence a pound was laid on tea. The hiji v • ■ avowedly, for the f ' • purpose of obtaining revenue by indin.cl or externnl taxatioi. This and other odious measures, jp- • .''oui-!}' passed, rcspec *he maintenance of a standing army, j'.nd the quartering of troo' '>on the inhabitants during their removal from place to place, st a up all former ill feelings. The ground was now generally taken by political agitators in America, that a tax on importations, if for revenue purposes merely, was no more defensible than a direct tax. In October, 1767, a movement was commenced at Boston, at o public meeting, for the encouragement of nr.cive manufactures, ana the organization of a system of non-impori,ation from England. A more important step was taken at the session of the general assem- bly for Mas.sachusetts, in the year succeeding; a circular-letter being, by a vote of the house, prepared, and dispatched to all the othei colonial legislatures, urging the necessity for union in support of the rights of the provinces. Foremost in these popular proceedings, were two men of widely different character, age, and worldly condition. Samuel Adams, the poor but uncompromising patriot, whose bold, energetic and able disquisitions upon American rights and policy had already gained him wide celebrity, andi John Hancock, who possessed youth, fortune, and an ardent temperament. A small vessel belonging to the latter was seized, in the month of June, 1768, as having been engaged in smuggling wines from ^^adcira This gave occasion for an outbreak, and the commissioners of revenue — oflicers recently appointed by parliament, for the superintendence of customs, &c. — were forced to seek protection from the mob in one of the forts of the harbour. The assembly of Massachusetts was required by the governor, Bernard, to rescind the circular before mentioned, and, upon refusal Vol. IV.— 44 ^J %. e>. sr %►>. ^y^ c\ X ^ %^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 Li 128 ■^ 1^ |2.2 Sf lis "^ m lA. 11.6 '/] .%:> w /. m ■^^. '^ o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation }3 IMIST MAIN STRUT WHSTia, NY Msao (7U) t/S^SO} L1>' v \\ ►^ '^^•^i^ o^ 240 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. by a large vote, was dissolved. A favourable reception of the rebel- lious message, produced similar results in Virginia, Maryland, and Georgia. The New York assembly, proving refractory upon the question of quartering British troops, was also dismissed by the governor. In Massachusetts, the inhabitants of the several towns, unable to speak through legal representatives, elected delegates to a convention, whose proceedings, if unaccompanied with legitimate authority, might, at least, show to the woild the true sentiments of the people. For enforcing the revenue laws, as well as for the preservation of order in the turbulent city of Boston, General Gage, commander-in- chief of the British forces in America, ordered thither two regiments of regulars from Halifax. lie had received previous instructions to this effect from government, but it was not then supposed that so large a force would be necessary to effect the purpose. The author- ities refused to provide quarters for the troops, alleging that there was accommodation for them at the regular barracks; but Gage was determined to quarter them within the town, and accordingly a portion encamped on the common, and most of the others took possession of the state-house. Cannon were planted in front, and an ostentatious display of military force served to enrage and em bitter the feelings of the inhabitants. Accommodations for the soldiery could only be procured by an appropriation of the army funds, which was accordingly made, and full accounts of the fractious spirit of the colony were forwarded to England. The news excited a great degree of public indignation ; parliament proceeded to pass resolutions of censure against the colo- nies, and — a matter of graver importance — voted instructions to the respective governors, for the seizure and transportation to England, for trial, of the leaders in disloyalty. The legislature of Virginia, at the session in May, 1769, remon- strated against this iniringemont of the rights of persons, wl.'ch, although sanctioned by an ancient law respecting treasons comniitttd abroad, was opposed to all j)rincij)lcs of liberty and justice, licsc- iutions upon this topic, embracing also a general proclamation of colonial rights, were transmitted to the other colonics. The conse- quence was a speedy dissolution of the assembly by the governor, Lord Botetourt. 'J1ie non-importation agreement was, shortly after this, oNtonsively adopted, both in Virginia and othS of the south- «rD provinces. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 241 The ^[assacliusetts legislature, at the same period, refused posi- tively to appropriate funds for the army expenses. Eequisition was made for the removal of the troops, and upon the governor's re- Bponse that this was beyond the pale of his authority, all legislative business was stayed, with the exception of indignant discussion of the public wrongs. In March of the following year, the mutual hatred between the citizens of Boston and the hired soldiery quar- tered among them, aggravated by insults and injuries on cither side, broke out in open hostilities. On the evening of the 5th of the month, a small body of soldiers, commanded by a Captain Preston, was attacked by a mob, and, without orders from their officer, fired upon the crowd, in self-defence. Four persons were killed by the discharge, and a number were wounded. The rage of the citizens, at this occurrence, was so great, that it was deemed advisable to remove the troops from the town to the barracks at Castle William. This being effected, those who had perished in the riot were buried with great ceremony, the whole population taking part in the exercises of the occasion, as if in commemoration of some national calamity. The soldiers implicated in the alleged massacre were indicted for murder. They received a fair and impartial trial, being ably defended by John Adams and Josiah Quincy, both of whom were known as ardent advocates of the popular cause. Conclusive evidence was found against two only of the accused; these were convicted of man- slaughter, and received but a light punishment. In New York, the temporar}'- ascendency of the " moderate party" resulted in submission to the requisitions of the quartering act, but the same state of feeling existed there as in Boston between the troops and the populace. Some concession was made by parliament, in 1770, to the dcn.ands of the colonies and the petitions of the English merchant ,. Tho duties on articles of British produce, i action was fought at Alamance, on the Haw, near the hef* ,ters of Cape Fear river, in which some two hundred were left dead upon the field. Out of a large number taken prisoners, six were executed for high treason."* The good-will of this turbulent faction was concil- iated by a su\)sequent governor, Joseph Martin. In the north, causes of discontent with English authority were * Ilildrcth's History of the United States. THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION, 243 multiplied, notwithstanding the concessions of parliament. Hutch- inson, upon receiving the appointment of governor of Massachusetts, in 1771, was made independent of the colony by the settlement upon him of a large salary to be paid by the crown. This gave great dis- satisfliction, inasmuch as the governor and colony v.cre r.o longer bound by a common interest. The measure, it is true, had been provoked by a neglect on the part of the assembly to make the usual appropriation for the governor's salary. Fullilment of the non-importatiou agreement had been gradually relaxed in most of the colonies, except in regard to the one article of tea, which, being alone retained of that list made out for revenue purposes merely, stood as a representative of all the rest. The old regulations of trade, as provided for in the "sugar act," were still enforced, and a number of vessels, armed for the revenue service, were employed on the coast. One of these, named the Gaspee, had become particularly obnoxious to the people of Rhode Island. She interfered most inconveniently in their smuggling transactions; and her officers, moreover, in carrying out their instructions, had, by arrogance and arbitrary conduct, excited popular ill-will. While stationed in Narragansett Bay, this vessel, by a stratagem, was decoyed upon a shoal, and, as she lay aground, was attacked and burned by a party from Providence, on the night of June 10th, 1772. Great efforts were made to secure the punishment of the perj)etrators of this act of viT;..vTh.;.'. ; 1 ■ii _'.';;;^ oi; Hi vA't lii< ;ici-' ■ \xr. ' '.H- .;» . i . .cu Hi ]■- ».'i ^.■> i " ■ •* i\w houHC's aru-fufM'm^e bclcugiu. to '"? ' -'■■> V... ..y^femH tiicii l)f';&x:''' 'niil that'all 'i;<; A.'*8f' ; fee r»}iiiibttrs*si iV^aa the public ti- Tiic i n-- ;'inaftJj!Vfj of aniraunition ^ad arn^i, which, as fiist iis tlu^ eoujjsl 1 < colTe^ied, were jtrivatel^Tldi ■ . 3iirercnt tU] K^t.'i »a the eou|i!!\ towns. Cannon, baii.*, S^woic oU)%'glcd ot;t of ]3oston, over-;;.< ^Vrtiued neck, ir. raanurAgrts. .Uiu vcrioiis other ue\.oc'a wore it ;c G«n^>". • • t rht- i:;,k' had arrived for a fpt^i'! i;h<\4i upon tli€ Tiiu-. "" 1775.) lA .. . ^c !f)«ton patriots, hiv.]. 'j^ it€>ndcd atweL < ' :i* / Jm^ liud learned that j)|ni.- - '"o! looted' i ■ ;*? . ... ., ho di.«|^. ' i^abO' iiieans, becoi; , ^.^ ' H, 1 1 i, ' ' i L : wit.h ! gera forth witji to- spread tl ) ■ \.}i ■ iiii.i ' I. '! ['Or-il::.- L , '''hv I. ■; a 'li'.-i <-,':•• 1 ■{■: \ ;..(«.';iv« ■•••.;. vl :T/' r'hd d) ; V r . fju. • orniiii tho troops, comnianded )r, ' ^ ng'on, A few r Jl<^3 fw)r^ Co;ic J * fi'UTiber < •'* ''^''.= v"r'^ 1 ■■-.J, near ; . •: u. '!«jdout. • order • :'l ■;, l!i ,'}• Wcr'j t.j.- J »j; '• I ,,, < '. ■ wl ■i "11 t • C :-•.:,!. At li'at '., - . . i 'i "I- I •••>:■. -ii.^n o: a 1 riil ■•.' i ?> •■; .-i ' pre J- iK-ir .>•, ;. il that all '-: •1 IVl J. JlC '- : (■" I: ■' the com. ^ ton, oyex' •■ ,cc8 were i c leii unuer .:■ for a forCii' aecl tbat nr u?- I ciollcoted M ' Th.s. .11 to p:'-- ■i .p^tcli IlOtlt, "1" \ Ik- ft wi ii](>A 1). I'lit! th t — t THE AMEinCAN REVOLUTION. 251 tion was accompKslied, by the destruction of a quantity of ammuui- tion and provisions, and *'' spiking and dismounting of two pieces of anillery. By this tir. he whole country was up in arms, and, as the troops commencea ihoir retreat, tliey were exposed to a gall- ing and destructive fire from places of concealment on either side of the road, while a large and constantly increasing force of the provin- cials hung upon their rear. To protect the retreat, General Gage had, fortunately for the expedition, sent on a reinforcement of sixteen companies, who met the first detachment at Lexington. ^Yearied by their long night march and the fatigues of the morning, and with their ammunition nearly spent, the whole of the first detachment, it was thought, might have perished or fallen into the enemies' hands but for the aid thus opportunely aflbrded. After resting and recruiting their strength, the whole army marched towards Boston. Harassed throughout the entire distance by an irregular but deadly fire from concealed marksmen, the worn-out troops reached Charlestown about sunset. They had sustained a loss, in killed and wounded, of not__far from three hundred men: the provincials lost less than one-third of that number. What added to the difiiculty of the march, was the intense heat of the weather, and a high wind, which raised clouds of dust. The first blood had now been shed; the country was actually involved in war; and Massachusetts called upon the other colonies for assistance. Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, maclc response by raising troops and commissioning officers. In anticipation of this more regular levy, a large army of volunteers had collected and encamped around Boston. Generals "Ward and Thomas received the highest commission under the provision of the Massachusetts provincial legislature. The volunteers from Connec- ticut were commanded by General Putnam, an old soldier, and a true man of the times. There was no difiiculty, at this period, in procuring men : more, indeed, flocked in than could be supported, and upon the arrival of the regular provincial forces, great num- bers of the volunteers disbanded and returned home. The universal indignation was increased by rejiorts of British cruelties during the brief period of hostilities. These stories, it is said, the leaders of the people "never failed to propagate and exaggerate, in every place, repeating them with words of extreme vehemence, and painting them in the moat vivid colours," thereby producing "au 252 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. incredible fermentation, and a frantic rage in lihe minds of the inhabitants." The middle and southern colonies, as soon as the news of the opening of the campaign in the north could reach them, generally gave expression to the popular feeling of sympathy with the patriots, and of their conviction that the questions in dispute were of com- mon interest. Military organizations, associations for purposes of defence, and seizures of public stores and funds for the popular cause, were the order of the day. On the 10th of May, (1775,) in accordance with former provisions, the continental congress assembled, the second time, at Philadelphia. Peyton Eandolph, of Virginia, who had presided at the first meeting, was reelected; but upon his departure to attend the meeting of the Virginia assembly, his place was taken by Thomas Jefibrson. The first proceedings were to prepare a further petition to the king, and addresses to the inhabitants of Great Britain and the American col- onics. It was then voted, that war had been commenced by England, and that active measures should be taken for defence; but, at the same time, a nominal allegiance was professed to the parent-country. Continental ofliccrs were next chosen — the ofiice of commauJer- in-chief being bestowed upon George Washington, one of the mem- bers from Virginia; Artemas Ward, Philip Schuyler, Israel Putnam, and Cliarlcs Lee, were chosen major-general: ; Iloratio Gates re- ceived the appointment of adjutant-general. The two officers last mentioned had both held commissions in the British service. These proceedings occupied some time, and, meanwhile, important scenes were enacting at the seat of war. On the very day that con- gress assembled, a bold and successful adventure was achieved by a volunteer force of the "Green Mountain Boys," commanded by Ethan Allen, one of the most active and enterprising of the popular leaders at the north. At Crown Point and Ticonderoga, fortified posts upon Lake Cliamplain, on the Canadian frontier, it was known tiiat tliero was great store of artillery and ammunition, and a design was fvirmed simultaneously in Connecticut and Vermont to accomplish its seizure. Colonel Benedict Arnold, of New Haven, at the time connected Avitli the besieging army at Boston, was commissioned by the former, lie Ls described as having been "j)osse.sscd by nature of an extraordinary force of genius, a restless character, and an intrepidity bordering upon prodigy." Finding that Allen had already raised a force for the same object, Arnold joined the expedition as a subordinate. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 253 Tlie garrisons at tlie forts were grossly insufficient in numbers for their defence, and were, moreover, taken completely by surprise. When the commander of Ticonderoga, roused from sleep, and sum- moned by Allen to surrender, " in the name of tae Great Jebovali and the Continental Congress," was informed tlaat he was "prisoner of America, he was much confused, and repeated, several times, 'What does this mean?' " About two hundred and twenty pieces of artillery, with a great quantity of ammunition, and a number of howitzers and mortars, were secured at these two posts. Proceeding down the Sorcl in a sch'joner, Arnold surprised and captured a British corvette which lay at Fort St. John. The captured fortresses on Champlain were garrisoned and put under his command. kJ iLJj boAj uj iL Jj iLo V X Jb Ji • COXDITIOX OF THE BRITISH AR.MY IN BOSTON. BATTLE 0? BUNKER HILL. — WASHINGTON AT THE C.UIP. — CON- GRESSIONAL riiOCELDINGS. — THE INDIAN TltlBES. — JOSEPH BRANT. MILITARY PREPARATIONS IN THE SEPARATE COLONIES. Early in June, the British forces in Boston had been increased by heAx arrivals of troops, under Generals Ilowe, Burgoyne, and Clinton, to more than ten thousand disciplined soldiers. It was with great dilTiculty that supplies of jirovisions could be procured for Sv/ large an army, beleaguered as was the town by a superior, although undisciplined force of the provincials. General Gage, therefore, first issued a proclamation of free pardon to all who ^\ ould lay aside their attitude of rebellion, and submit to the royal author- ity, excepting, however, the prime movers of sedition, John llan- cock and Samuel Adams. lie then formed a plan to penetrate the enemies' lines, and open a free communication with the country. The intended movement became known to the American com- manders, and orders were immediately given for the erection of fortifications on Bunker hill, an elevation commanding the neck. Colonel William Prescott, with a body of one thousanA< a ARNOID'S EXPEDITION AGAINST QUEPEC: PASSAGE OF TAB WILDERNESS: FAILURE OF PROVISIONS; DEFECTION OF ENOS, WITH HIS COMilAND: ARRIVAL AT THE CANADIAN SET- TLE3[ENTS: PROCLAMATIONS: ARNOLD At THE HEIGHTS OF ABRAHAM: UNION WITH MONTGOMERY: ATTACK ON QUEBEC: DEATH OF MONTGOMERY; MORGAN'S RIFLE CORPS. AMERICAN FORCES DRAWN OFF. In accordance with the plan of the campaign, while Montgomery seized upon Montreal, Quebec was to be attacked from a most unex- pected quarter. Fourteen companies, amounting to about eleven hundred men, were put under command of Colonel Arnold, in the month of September, with instructions to force a passage through the wilderness, by proceeding up the Kennebec river, in Maine, thence across the mountains to the head waters of the Chaudiere, and down that stream to its entry into the St. Lawrence, near Quebec. To estimate the difficulties of such an nndcrtvaking, it must be considered that the whole route la}' through an uninhabited country; that ever}' natural obstacle of a rough, uncultivated region, must be overcome; that no provisions could be procured on the way; and that all supplies, arms, and camj) furniture, must be transported by hand around the portarjes, or unnavigable places on the rivers, and over the highlands to be passed before reaching the Chaudiere. As the detachment approached the sources of the Kennebec, the THE AME-ilCAN REVOLUTION. 263 supply of provisions was nearly exhausted. The soldiers, woin out by exposure, hardship, and toil, and compelled to resort to crude and unnatural aliment, suflercd much from sickness. Colonel Enos, being in command of one division of the army, wjis ordered to select the sick and unserviceable, who were to be sent back to Boston. This officer accordingly wi 'idrew his entire command — a species of desertion, which was afterwards excused upon a trial by court-mar- tial, on the ground that provision for the sustenance of the whole body could not by possibility have been procured. Before reaching the Chaudiere, the scant remains of food were divided among the soldiers, and, at a distance of thirty miles from any settlement, the whole store was exhausted. A small scouting party, led by Arnold in person, succeeded in procuring a sufficient quantity of provision to recruit the strength of their companions, and enable them to continue their march. Upon reaching the Can- adian settlements, after more than a month spent in the wilderness, Arnold issued proclamations, drawn up by the commander-in-chief of the American army, disclahning all hostile intent towards the people of Canada, and exhorting them to join as brothers in a cause of common interest. The Americans were hospitably received and entertained; and, pursuing their march, they arrived, on the iHh of November, at Point Levy, nearly opposite the Canadian capital, on the right bank of the St. Lawrence. Unfortunately for the success of the expedi- tion, no boats could be procured for the transportation of the army across the river. "It is easy to imagine the stupor of surprise which seized the inhabitants of Quebec, at the apparition of these troops. They could not comprehend by what wa}', or in what mode, they had trans- ported themselves into this region. This enterprise appeared to them not merely marvellous, but miraculous; and if Arnold, in this first moment, had been able to cross the river, and fall upon Quebec, he would have taken it without difficulty."* Opportunity was given, by the delay thus occasioned, for strength- ening the defences, and for organizing the citizen-soldiery. On the night of the 13th of November, Arnold crossed the river, and ascended the heights at the spot memorable as the scene of the decisive en- gagement between the French and English in th.^, late war. The American general had hoped to come upon the city by surprise, but • Otis' Bottii. 262 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. he ascertained, upon a nearer approach, that the garrisc n was under arms and on the.alert. His own ardent feelings impelled him to an immediate assault, but he abandoned the rash design upon consid- eration of the unserviceable condition of the arms of his troops, and their very scanty stock of ammunition. He drew off his forces, and retired to Point au Tremble, twenty miles from the city, there to await the arr-val of Montgomery, The two dei.xchments met on the 1st of December. United, they formed a body of less than one thousand men, but with these the commanding oiTicer determined to attack the capital. Carleton had, in the mean time, made his way to the anticipated scene of conflict, and so disposed his available force of regulars and of the provincial militia, as to constitute an adequate garrison. Arriving at Quebec, on the 5th, Montgomery summoned the city to surrender, but the demand was treated with contempt, and the bearer of the flag was fired upon. For several days, the general then attempted to produce an impression by playing upon the city with a few pieces of artillery, planted behind an embankment of ice. The weather now became intensely cold, and frequent end heavy falls of snow added to the disf^-^mfort and suffering of the invaders. The small-pox, moreover, broke out among them, ar.d spread, in epite of all practicable precautions. Every day the chances of suc- cess were diminishing, and it was decided to assault the city without further delay. The little army, in two divisions, led by Montgom- ery and Arnold, made the attack before day-light, on the Sist of December. The garrison had obtained intimation of the design, and preparations were completed for the reception of the enemy. Mont- gomery was killed, at the first discharge of artillery, and his division fell back. Arnold entered the city from the opposite quarter, march- ing at the head of his troops. Upon apjiroaching a barricade, de- fended by two jtieces of artillery, he received a severe wound in tlio leg from a musket-ball, which entirely disabled .'uiin. The barriciido was forced by the exertions of tlie intrepid and active Morgan, com- mander of the rifle corps; but I'urther defences ajii)eaied, we!! gu:irded. A heavy fire, opened upon their front and rear, compelled the little band of assailants to disperse, and seek shelter in the build- ings. Some three hundred of them fell into the hands of the enemy. Tlic. remainder of the army of invasion was drawn off, and encamped a few miles from the city. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 263 \j u)Ji tifui X Ju ulJ uib (i6uk» wu • WARLIKE PREPARATIOXS IN ENGLAND. GERMAN MERCENA- RIES. — PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS: ENLISTMENTS: ISSUE Of RILLS. DEFENCES IN NEW YORK. — CONDITION OF THE BRIT- ISH IN BOSTON. OCCUPATION OF DORCHESTER HEIGHTS. — EVACUATION OF THE CITY. — HOPKINS' CRUISE AMONG THE BAHAMAS. — AFFAIRS AT THE SOUTH. — ATTACK UPON CHARLESTON. RETREAT OP THE AMERICAN TROOPS FROM CANADA. The state of feeling in England at the aspect of American affairs, in the autumn of 1775, was one of mingled mortification, at the bold position taken and maintained by the colonics, and discontent with a ministry which had "done too much to irritate, too liale to subdue." Believing that the time for the adoption of conciliatory policy had passed, the government treated the late petition of congress with contempt, and hastened forward measures for increasing the regular force in America. Enlistments wore encouraged througnout the United Kingdom, and, by arrangement with the German princes, seventeen thousand mercenaries were engaged to serve in America. The whole force expected to be raised, including those enlisted in Canada, was, numerically, over fifty thousand. Tiie colonies were proclaimed as being in a state of rebellion; intercourse with tliem was forbidden, and the effects of the inhabit- anis were declared liable to seizure. In the case of ves.sels captured under thi.s act, an infamous provision was added, by which the Amer- ican crews were made liable to impressment and compulsory service on board British armed vessels. Notwithstanding a vehement and eloquent opposition, these measures were sanctioned by a large ma- jority in parliament. Tiic chief command of the army in America was conferred upon General Howe, in place of Gage, who had been recalled. The brother of the former, Admiral Lord Uowe, com- manded the fleet destined to cooperate with tho land forces against the rebellious colonies. The continental congress, meanwhile, had not been idle. The most important jtroceedings rehxted to the details of cidisting regular forces, by apportionment among the provinces. Great numbers of tho troops stationed before Boston, unaccustomed to tho hardship!? 264: AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. and tedium of military life, had become completely disheartened; and, upon expiration of the short term of their enlistment, refused to continue longer -with the army upon any promises, or any repre- sentations of necessity. To meet the increasing expenses of the war, an additional issue of three millions in bills of credit was re- solved upon, redeemable, like the former, by instalments, payments to commeuce at the expiration of eight years. Precautions were also taken, at the opening of the year 1776, for the defence of the city of New York, where the number and influ- ence of the tories rendered dependence upon the local militia un- safe. Troops from New Jersey and Connecticut were introduced into the city, and the command was bestowed upon General Lee. ^fany acts of violence were committed at this time upon the persons and property of adherents to the royal cause. At Boston, the British garrison suffered much hardship through- out tlic winter, from deficiency of fuel and provision. Many English vessels, freighted with stores, were taken by the colonial privateers, and others were lost on the coast. The army, encompassed by a superior force, was entirely unable to carry on any offensive opera- tions against the enemy. As spring approached, it appeared neccs- Bar}', to congress and to the officers of tlfe continental army, that a decisive blow should be struck in this quarter, that the besieging forces might be free to act wherever occasion should require. The heights of Dorchester commanded the city and harbour from the southward, and the attention of the commander-in-chief was directed to the occupation of that important position. On the night of ^[arch 4th, 1776, a force of about two thousand, men well pro- vided with carts of fascines, &c., and all necessary working imple- ments, was dispatched upon this service. A cannonade was kept up from batteries sufficiently near to throw shells into the city; and, favoured by the darkness of the night and the direction of tlie wind, the troops accomplished the important movement without discovery or suspicion. By day-light, when the British garrison first had inti- mation of the proceeding, substantial works had been already erccteil, and the business of intrcnehment and fortification was going on with uninterrupted ardour. A storm opportunely ])rovented the British general from crossing with his forces to attack the redoubt, and the delay thus incurred gave sufficient time for completing the infreneliinenls, and making all needful preparations for defence, and for a bombardiiieut of the THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 2G5 city. ITowe saw that his position was untenable, and avowed his determination to evacuate the city quietly, if undisturbed in his retreat. Some of the principal inhabitants of Boston waited upon General Washington, with representations of the condition of the city, and requests that he would comply with this proposal. Ilis assent was obtained, and the whole British army, crowded on board of ships and transports which lay in the harbour, was allowed to set sail unmolested. The place of their destination was unknown to the Americans, and it was feared that a descent would be made upon some other portion of the coast. Fifteen hundred of the inhabitants of the city, who, having openly taken part with the loyalists, feared to remain after the evacuation, embarked with the British troops, leaving their property subject to seizure and confiscation. The fleet sailed for Halifax, the condition of the troops being entirely incompatible with any immediate hostile demonstration. Washington entered the city with his army, on the 27th of March, and was received with great enthusiasm and rejoicing. The em- barkation of the British troops had occupied nearly a fortnight, during which period, the inhabitants had suflered considerable injury from the depredations of the more lawless and disorderly, who wan- tonly destroyed great quantities of provisions, &c. * The British artillcr}' and munitions of war were abandoned to the Americans, whether by private agreement, as a condition upon which a peace- able evacuation Avas permitted, or because of insufficient means of transportation, does not distinctly appear. Two hundred and fifty pieces of artillery — mostly spiked — were secured at Boston and the neighbouring fortifications. Ere this period, congress had commenced operations at sea. Two frigates, three corvettes, and a number of gun-sloops were fitted out and manned. With eight of these vessels, Connnodore Hopkins sailed upon a cruise among the Bahamas, in the month of February. The special object was the seizure of munitions of war known to be stored there. At New Providence a seasonable supply of gun-pow- der, to the amount of one hundred and fifty kegs, was secured. The southern colonics, meanwhile, were not exempt from the calamitios of war. The coasts of Virginia were haras.-'ed by a force under Lord Dunmoro, the former governor, who, at the coiumencc- ment of the year, made an attack upon the thriving town of Norfolk. A portion of the place was burned by the attacking party, and tho remainder was fired by its defenders when no longer tenable. In 266 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. i North Carolina severe contests took place, in the month of February, between the provincials and loyalists. It was supposed in p]ngland that if a strong force were once landed m the southern colonies, those of the inhabitants who favoured the royal cause would hasten to join it, and that a permanent stand might be clTocted in that quarter. In North Carolina, the tory inter- est was known to have many adherents. A considerable fleet, with more than two thousand soldiers on board, was, therefore, sent, under conunand of Sir Peter Parker, to seize upon the more important sea-ports. The squadron w:\a joined by Sir Ilenry Clinton, who took command of the land forces: the city of Charleston was selected as the first point of attack. Timely notice of these preparations had been obtained by the Americans, and a fort was erected on Sullivan's island to protect the harbour. General Lee was entrusted with the principal com- mand. On the 28th of June, the British fleet entered the harbour, and commenced bombarding the fort. A small regiment, under Colonel Moultrie, was stationed at that important post. The fire was returned with great eflect, and the plans of the admiral being thwarted by the grounding of several of his vessels, the attempt was abandoned. No landing was effected, and the fleet set sail for New York, the api)ointed rendezvous for the reinforcements ordered from England and the German states. Kvery thing had been prepared at the city of Charleston to give the invaders a warm reception. Great numbers of the militia had been called in to increase the garri.'^on, and such measures were taken for the defence of the place as time and opportunity permitted. The enemy's loss, during the cannonade, could not have been much les.sthan twohundred; that of the garrison at the fort was very triflinir. III Canada, the American forces elVectod nothing. IJeinforcemcnta wen; repeatedly sent out to the c:unp, but when British forces Ix-gaii to pour into the country, the trooi>s, after several disastrous attempts to retrieve their fortune, were drawn off, and retreated homeward by Lrdr'^?*#^ s t %\ '"^*-it'-.. 270 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. The result of an interview, afterwards brought about, between Gen- ifiv- 'frt»|t^ftt r^ tcrlv v.t«ron3t^ •?**' *-^^twl to »,, Mji'h -.-iLMK ' ly t]ie;'^aig lo^i^M ■ jf*. I. ,j^,j.. ^\'! „^;,.r u u>.'S v'..^, ^i_.onltf'oo.ni»^j. ••jtuv ' m- ■.vol' -i:ad in'ac5co?dw. ■••; . -..-.sioti,. c*»' ill luj . i -liycts. to neprtTrtte : ' \ • . J ■!. iNe reb(;l u / . ^j^res*. ; 'n- to tiie nialccnrc-uts the ; .•./•; ■ ititvj to which iart her rt. i-iuace must rcuice tlieiii, • :!• II t: • >tlivr hand, gubroission would ensure present safety, > , ' - 1.:." • -ornise for a fatiire redreas of jill grievances. ' .-. > «. i 1 T T T T . «. W^.V) Al WU Ur • 7! OS 6P h =*■ ■( ' i i :i I - \l . . .: },• Msst&tld- :.. ; • \ V tssELs. — Cj.>;- '. !-v --EHODB ISLAliD - I !: • BRITISH. ■ ' 'i'iu W' ./:.,(>•:•. by way of Long Island, H. 'leral Wash • Kkov* "'■•«> thou^nd ineft, uad..'r 6encn> i tM* »m*«*»ch t.. tfte American camp Trfj" 't?^r>**A, :*»*/< e?ifp«t.!.eu to land, wa,*^ Iv fr^-- \*»? u^ sA-lwrv^ning hillis, and the other?, U-rs ^!i^;.«ft^#?»*»i'eetions, one along the westem aU..re, -> «i^uuo.->, ovvirr; tosome misapprt'ttiSj-Mon ' fh^uifieiently guarded. -iad.,i c-n the 22d.of Aupfu^i; (17T«^, com- r march !-:*wst' Is I>ruok|'r, ou ihe Ti\p\ of tn*: 2t>th rat iDteUii^'wr ■ > f iV: -r ujprdach, tuo •iiviBtplied with the necessaries and conveniences of a campaign. Lord Cornwallis, with an overwhelming force, continued to press upon the retreating army, and, on the 2d of December, Washington transported his troops across the Delaware, taking the usual precau- tions to arrest the progress of the pursuers by the destruction of bridges and the removal of boats. The British took possession of Trenton and the adjoining country, but neglected to push their advantage by an immediate passage of the river. Washington, anxious to recruit his forces, had issued orders to other divisions of the army to join him with all expedition. General Lee, from a spirit of insubordination or self-sufficiency, was dilatory in obeying the order. Avoiding the British army, by a detour, he occupied the highlands at tlie westward, apparently in hopes of efl'ecting some bold manoeuvre on his own account. Exposing him- self carelessly, with an insufficient guard, he was betrayed by torios, -nd fell into the hands of the enemy. Tlic refusal of the British authorities to consider him a prisoner of war. on the ground that, having been an ofTicer in tlic English service, he was cnly to bo looked upon as a traitor, led to retaliation upon prisoners in the hands of the Americans. Exchanges were impeded, and a sense of mutual injury led to lamentable results. Of the American prisoners in New York, it is said that, "they were shut up in churches, and in other places, cxj)Osed to all the inclemencies of the air. They were not allowed sufficient nourish- ment; their fare was scanted, even of coarse bread, and certain ali- ments which excited disgust. The sick were confined with the healthy, both equally a prey to the most shocking defect of cleanli- ness. * * A confined and impure air engendered mortal diseases more than liiloeu hundred of these unfortunate men perished in a l. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 273 few weeks," Lee was afterwards cxehanged for General Prcscott, who was surprised and captured at his quarters, on Ehodc Island, by a small party of Americans. During the autumn of 1776, and the early portion of the ensuing winter, fortune seemed to frown upon the American cause in every quarter. vVt the north, the possession of Lake Champlain was an object of eager contention. Both parties busied themselves in the construction of vessels, for which the British, under Carleton, had far greater facilities than the Americans. The little squadron of the latter, commanded by Arnold, was defeated on the 6th and 7th of October. One of the vessels was taken, and the others were de- stroyed, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. The American.-^, however, still held Fort Ticonderoga. The British, having possession of the lake, n.'^.dc no farther attempt upon the American fortifications, but mostly retired to Montreal, a garrison being left at Isle au Noix. It is pleasing to revert to acts of kindness and generosity in the midst of scenes calculated to arouse every bad passion in the minds of men. Such are recorded of Carleton, of whom it is said, that "prior to his retreat, from the singular courtesy and humanity of his character, he sent to their 'homes the American officers who had fallen iiito his power, adminis- tering generously to all their wants. He exercised the same hun^ianity towards the common soldiers. The greater part were almost naked: he caused them to be completely clothed, and set them at liberty, after having taken their oath that they would not servo against the armies of the king." — {IJotta.) Early in December, the British secured another important position in New England. A fleet, under Sir Peter Parker, with large forces of English and UcssianvS, commanded by General Clinton, cntercil Narragansctt Bay. The island of Rhode Island, with those of Con- anicut and Prudence, were occuj)ied without resistance; the ex- cellent harbour of Newport allbrdcd admirable facilities for future operations by sea; and, as the entrance to the bay was »^ommanded, the American squadron, under Commodore Hopkins, ti>gethcr with a number of jirivato armed vessels, was prevented from putting to pca, and rendered, for the time, useless. So dark wore the prospects of the patriot.s, at this crisis, that many nmong the most sanguine were discouraged; and, of the wavering, antl of those who, at heart, favcmred the royal cause, great numbers availed themselves of the olVera proclaimed by the Howes, by ao- n i?S I! i 274 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. knosvlcdgiiig allegiance to the king, and the acceptance of a British protection. Allen and Galloway, former members of the continental congress, from Pennsylvania, were among the number of those who thus avowed their disapproval of the revolution, or their distrust iu the ability of its advocates to carry out the great design. uilAiriJuirl AiV. CONGRESS AT BALTIMORE, — ARMY ORGANIZATION. — TOWERS CONFERRED UPON WASHINGTON. PASSAGE OF THE DELA- WARE, AND RECOVERY OF TRENTON. — BATTLE OF PRINCE- TON. — END OF THE CAMPAIGN. — MARAUDING PARTIES NEGOTIATION WITH EUROPEAN POWERS. — FOR- EIGN OFFICERS IN THE AMERICAN SERVICE. Congress, being in session at Philadelphia when the continental army was driven across the Delaware, found itself in too dangerous proxin.ity to the British army, and an adjournment to Baltimore speedily followed the establii^hment of the latter at Trenton. The details of military organization necessarily occupied almost the un^ divided attention of this body. The straits to which the continental army was reduced, by the diminution of its numbers, consequent upon the expiration of terms of enlistment, rendered the establish- ment of a more permanent force a matter of pressing necessity. This mcnsure had, all along, been vehemently urged by Washington, who had fully experienced the dilTiculty of preserving discipline in an ami}' whose materials were subject to constant change. Pro- vision, therefore, was made for the enlistment, by apportionment among the provinces, of troops to serve during the v iir, or for a period of three years. The first, in addition to a present bounty in money, wore to receive each one hundred acres of public land on retiring from service. Absolute discretionary powers were, at the same time, bestowed upon the Commander-in-chief, for the six months succeeding, "to call into service the militia of the several states; to form such miigazinea of provisions, and in such places as he should think proper; lo c^»8- place and appoint all officers under the rank of brigad'oi-gcnoral, THE AME ICAN EEVOLUTIOX, 275 and to fill up all vacancies in everj' other department in tlie Amer- ican armies; to take, \vlierever lie might be, wht^tever he might want for the use of the army, if the inhabitants would not sell it, allowing a reasonable price for the same; to arrest and confine per- sons who refused to take the continental currencv, or were otherwise disalTectcd to the American cause; returning to the states of which they were citizens their names and the nature of their oiU'uccs, with the proofs to substantiate them." Very large additional i^s^c3 of paper money had been made during the session, and the most stringent regulations soon followed to enforce its receipt. Never were the powers of a dictator more worthily bestowed than in this instance. General Washington exhibited, in the melancholy state of affairs consequent upon the capture of XewYork, an energy corresponding to the requirements of his position. The army had been reinforced by the arrival of Lee's division, under Sullivan, and by the militia from the adjoining counties. Thus strengthened, he determined to enter at once upon offensive operations. The enemy's force being widely extended along the left bank of the Delaware, a division of fifteen hundred men, mostly Hessians, under Italic, constituted the entire army of occupation at Trenton. On the night of December 2oth, Washington crossed the river, with twenty-five hundred men, nine miles above the city. The cold was severe, and the stream being blocked with floating ice, nearly the whole night was consumed in the business of transportation. At four o'clock, on tiie following morning, the army was put in motion, in two divis; — one following the river, the other proceed- ing by the Pennington road, further to the left. Although it proved impracticable, from the state of the roads, and the dilficnlty of a night march — rendered doubly arduous by an inclement wintry storm — to arrive before day, the surprise was no less complete. The Hessians were overpowered, and driven in on all sides; their retreat was cut oil' in the direction of Princeton; their commander was slain; nnd two-thirds of the whole force surrendered at discre- tion. The remainder escaped by the Bordentown road. The Ainer- cans rrcrossod tln^ river, with their prisoners, having sustained but a trilling loss — only about ten, in killed and wounded. A few days subsequent, Washington having again occupied Tren- ton, n ])oworful army, under Cornwalli.s, approached the town from the direction of Princeton. One-half of the American forces were undifloiplined militia, and all were ill prepared for the hardships of u 276 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. winter cainiiaign. A general engagement would have been hazard- ous in the extreme, and, at a council of the American officers, it was concluded to make an attempt at turning the enemies' flank. Precautions were taken to leave the impression that active prepara- tions were in process for intrenchment, while the main army (on the night of January 2d, 1777,) silentl}' defiled upon the Alleutown road, towards Princeton. At the latter place, three British regiments, left in the rear by Cornwallis, were encountered. One of these, after some hard light- ing, pushed on towards Trenton: the other two, having sustained considerable loss, retreated to Brunswick. Some three hundred prisoners were taken by the Americans. The British, at Trenton, deceived by the continuance through the night of tlic patrol within the American line?, and by the camp-fires, which had been replenished before the march commenced, had no intimation of the slate of affairs until they heard the sound of artil- lery in their rear. Cornwallis immediately marched for Brunswick to protect his military stores at that place, and "Washington, still anxious to avoid a general engagement, moved towards Morristown, where he established the army in winter-quarters. Nearly the whole of New Jersey was thus recovered from the enemy, and detachments were quartered at diflerent points to retain possession. Through the remainder of the winter and spring, neither army was engaged in any general military operation. The Briti3h army was stationed at Amboy and Brunswick, sufiering no small inconvenience from failure of provisions. Frightful outrages were committed by small marauding parties of soldiery. The IIessian.s, in particular, were stigmatized as aionstcrs of cruelty. A bloody retaliation was not slow to follow, and many of the loyalists of New Jer.sey, even such as liad held aloof from all share in political controversy, and could be accused of no overt act of opposition to the jiatriots, too often were compelled to suffer for wrongs in which they had no share. AVhilc the national forces were thus in comparative repose, the calamities of a sUxtc of war were still widely felt. Privateers scoured the sea, and their crews and conmianders, growing bolder by experience, pushed their adventures in waters where, at first, it was deemed rashness to intrude. Prizes taken by .Vmcrican vessels were dispo.sed of without trouble in France. Old national feelings of jealousy and antipathy caused the government of that THE AMERICAN BEVOLUTION. 277 country to wink at irregularities which operated only to the injury of her rival. Congress had not fliiled, ere this, to commission ambassadors to various European courts, to solicit political aid and acknowledgment of the independence of the states. Those who filled this important office at the court of France, were Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. The favour with which the Americar^ Jaims were regarded in that quarter was manifest, and had been substantially shown, even before the declaration of indeijendence, by an ingenious and secret operation for furnishing military supplies to the colonics. These had been forwarded to islands in the West Indies, as by private adventure, thence to be dispatched for the use of the colonies. France, however, was not as yet prepared to enter into open contro- versy with England, by an acknowledgment of the independent existence of the American republic. ^fany military officers, from France and other European nations, were anxious to procure commissions in the American service. Many were sent over through the agency of Mr. Deane, in the ex- pectation of receiving high commissions. Some of these proved worthy of the confidence placed in them, particularly those em- ployed in the engineer department ; others, although doubtless iiien of capacity and competent military education, were entirely unfitted to deal with a soldiery of the character of the continental army. Among those whose services were accepted, the most celebrated, were the German Baron de Kalb, the Polish officers Kosciusko and Pulaski, and the young ilarquis de la Fayette. The latter came over from France at his own expense, and volunteered to serve without pay. lie was made mojor-general, and became the intimate friend aiid companion of the coraraander-m-chie£ Gov. Tnrrmrix. — Prc-cminrnt in tho roll of onr pf triots and statesmen stands tlio iifiino of JiinoQian Trumhull. Tlis position as governor of iho rtato durinjr tlio w;ir, nnitfil w iih tli.it ran- ronilMiialinn of jHiwcrs \vliii,'!i nuulo him s«.mlonIr to Wusliiiitrtcii iu ixcciuiv.' ii'iililii'S, not si'coiiil I'Vi'ii to iiim in tho maturity of lii» wiMloia iind l!i(> (l.'jitli iT liis iimi-Ml iiatnro, mid RroMtly liis wiporior in intellpctual culture, ccnstitiitid him the jiiliuiial eliarartiT in our I'njdiiy iiml statr durin,!.' f!i» ii«ri'"l f«fU]'i'-d 1y h'* adiiiiiii-tratioii. It is tnu> of Tniiiiliiill. MX ol AVasIiiiifrton, that ilio pt-rfit-t i«\niiiiictry id' hin ciiaracti'r has indiicfd many to lose siglit of tlu' vast oeiilo on wliich it was c«'ii.'tr"i't«'(l, anit the eh Na- tion with wiiich it towers ahuvc the level of other |>'!''li<- lii< li of liiat day. 'J'iiv I'l'm "Unither .Tenallian" wa,« frefpiently applied l>y Wasliin^'ton to Governor Tninilinll. When lie wanted honest ennnsol and wise, he would mv. "Let us ermsnit lirolher .Imia- tlian." Such was tiie orijrin of the name m applied to ihv nation. — ll'illl>t' r'.t Illt-hmj tij Cuitncclicut, 278 AMERICA ILLUSIKATED. U *Lijj tZoi JT iL Jj (Lti u^ V • •JXPEDITIOXS AGAINST PEEKSKILL AND DAXBURT. — BRITISH PLAN OF CAMPAIGN. — HOWE'S DEPARTURE PROM NEW YORK. — llL'RUOYNE'S ARMY; HIS PROCLAMATION. SIEGE OP TICONDEROGA. — RETREAT OP ST. CLAIR. — BURGOYNE. ON THE HUDSON. — SIEGE OF FORT SCHUYLER. BATTLE OF BENNINGTON. — INDIAN WARFARE. The spring of 1777 passed by without any important operation on the part of either of the main contending armies. The English succeeded in destroying hirge quantities of American stores at Peeks- Kill, or the Uudson, and at Danburj-, in the western part of Con- necticut. The latter expedition was intrusted to governor, then General Trvon, v.'ith a detachment of no less than two thousana men. Ilis retreat was not accomplished without loss, the militia of the vicinity, under Arnold and Wooster, harassing him by repeated attacks. Wooster received a fatal wound in one of these encounters. The bravery of Arnold, on this occasion, was highly commended, and rewarded by promotion. On the other hand, a small force from Connecticut, crossing over to Long Island, proceeded to Sag-harbour, destroyed British stores and vessels, and took nearly a hundred prisoners. The important events of the summer and autumn, transpiring in different portions of. the country, and connected with distinct niili tary operations, must be examined without reference to the late of their occurrence. •The British plan of campaign was, that Howe's army should engage the attention of the main body of the continent- als, threatening Philadelphia and other important towns in the middle states, while a powerful force, under Burgoyne, was to invade New England, seizing and occupying the military posts on Cham- plain and the Hudson, cllecting a junction with the forces at New York, and cutting off conmiunication between the north and south. Ilowe, after various manoeuvres, intended to bring about a gen- eral engagement — the result of v/hich could hardly bo doubtful, considering the difference in numbers and equipments between the opposing forces — crossed over to Staten Island, embarked with six- THE AMEKICAN KEVOLUTION. 279 teen thousand men, and made sa'l, in the month of July, without any intimation of his destination having transpired. In Canada, Burgoyne, who had received the chief command >f the army of the north, commenced preparations in May. lie wai? enabled to marshal a fine army of seven thousand regulars, British and Germans, an artillery corps of five hundred, and seven hundred Canadians, destined for the various duties of rangers, woodmen, &o In addition to this, a grand meeting of the Iroquois Indians was called, and their services were secured by additional promises of reward and protection. A flaming proclamation was next issued, for the encouragement of the New England loyalists, and the intim- idation of the rebels. lie promised protection to those who should "quietly pursue their occupations," and full pay for all that should be furnished for the army; the contumacious were threatened with the ''thousands of Indians that were under his direction," and whose fury was to be let loose upon those who should take part against the king. Passing the lake, Burgoyne laid siege to Ticonderoga, at the com mencement of the month of July. The garrison, under St. Clair, was entirely insufficient for the protection of the fort. It numbered, including militia, about three thousand men, but the works were very extensive, and the troops were ill provided with arms. A retreat was efiectcd on the night of the 5th, but the Americans were unable to gain sufllcicnt time upon the enemy. 1'lie baggage and stores were dispatched up AVood Creek, towards Skecnesborough, now Whitehall, which place was appointed for general rendezvous. A bridge and other obstructions were soon removed by the British, and free passage was opened to the creek. The boats containing the stores were pursued and captured. The army, retreating in the same direction by land, was hotly pursued by a detachment of the enemy, under General Frat^er. The roar division was overtaken, on the 7th of July, and completely routed. The main body, led by St. Clair, reached General Schuy- ler's head-quarters, at Fort Edward, on the Hudson river, after a toilscme march over rough roads throuiih the wilderncs;^. Notwithstanding every cflbrt nuule to delay and obstruct the advance of the enemy, by blocking u[i the forest-roads, and choking the channel of the narrow creek which connects with the southern extremity of Lake Cliamplain, Burgoyne penetrated to the Hudson, before the close of the month. Kvacuatin;'; l-'oit Edward, on the 280 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. approach of the British, General Schuyler retreated to Saratoga, thence to Stillwater, and, the enemy continuing to press onward, he finally encamped near the mouth of the Mohawk. These disasters, at the north, were popularly attributed to incompe- tency on the part of the commanding officers, who were accordingly superseded by Generals Gates, Arnold, and Lincoln. Eeinforcements, incbiding the body of riflemen, under the redoubted Morgan, were also ordered, in all haste, to the seat of war at the north. Before proceeding down the river, Burgoyne was desirous of col- lecting stores and provisions at his camp on the Hudson, by the route laid open from tne head of Lake Champlain. Meanwhile, two excursions were planned and attempted at the west and east. Gen- eral Barry St. Leger, with several companies of regulars, and a large body of Indians, under command of Joseph Brant, early in August, besieged Fort Schuyler, an important military post, situated near the head-waters of the Mohawk. General Herkimer, with nearly a thousand of the provincial militia, endeavoured to relieve the fort, but fell into an ambuscade prepared by Brant Avith his followers and an English detachment, A bloody but indecisive engagement ensued, known as the "battle of Oriskany." Herkimer was killed, together with several hundred of his followers. The enemy's loss was probably about the same; and, although no communication was opened with the fort, the commandant, Willett, was enabled to make a sally, and to plunder the British encampment of stores and provisions. A detachment, principally Hessians, under Colonel Baum, was also dispatched by Burgoyne, to procure cattle and other plunder in the eastern settlements. The seizure of stores accumulated at Beniiiniir- ton, was the special object of the expedition. Colonel Stark, having command of the militia in that quarter, learning the approach of the enemy, made every effort to prepare for resistance. Baum, finding himself opposed by a superior force, halted near the town, and commenced throwing up intrenchments. On the IGth of August, he was attacked, and utterly defeated by the pro- vincials. Reinforcements arrived simultaneously on either i-ide — Colonel Warner making his appearance with a regiment of conti- nental troops, from Manchester, at the same time that a strong force, under Colonel Breyman, sent to support Baum's division, was en- gaged with the American militia. The Americans maintained thci: advantage; the British efiectcd a retreat at nightfall, having sustained THE AMEKICAiJ KEVOLUTION. 281 a loss of about ciglit hundred in killed and prisoners. A most sea- Bonable supply of arms and artillery fell into tlie hands of the pro- •^incials. Of the lattei, only about sixty were killed or wounded. A few days later, Arnold relieved Fort Schuyler, and seized upon the tents iind stores of th*^ besieging army, abandoned in hasty retreat. Many of the I'lt^quois allies of the English became dis- heartened at these reverses, and drew off. Generally, however, they were proof against the efforts of agents in behalf of the Americans to secure their services, or promises of neutrality. Outrages com- mitted by the savages on the march, their cruelty to prisoners, and their ferocious manner of warfare, excited universal indignation against Burgoyne, who was considered responsible for all the enor- mities committed. We are informed that he used what influence he possessed over the chiefs, to induce conformity with the rules of civilized warfare; but what would previous exhortation or thicats avail, in the midst of the dangers and excitement of actual conflict? The check given to the British at Bennington and Fort Schuyler, gave great encouragement to the Americans; and it was now seen that the provincial militia, under brave and energetic commanders, was a more effective force than it had generally been considered. uiiAirxJiii AVi, BATTLES AT BEIIMUS' HEIGHTS. — BIIIIQOTNE'S RETREAT TO SARATOGA: HIS SURRENDER. — DETENTION OF PRISONERS. EXPEDITION PROII NEW YORK UP THE HUDSON. HOWE'S MARCH UPON PHILADELPHIA. — BATTLE AT BRANDYWINE CREEK. — BRITISH OCCUPATION OP PHILADELPHIA. BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN. REDUCTION OF FORTS MIFFLIN AND MERCER. — WINTER-QUARTERa_ AT VALLEY FORGE % Burgoyne, having procured provisions for a month's campaign, crossed the Hudson, and continued his progress southward. The American army, numbering about six thousand men, and com- manded by General Gates, lay encamped upon Bchmus' heights, on the west bank of the river. The place presented natural fucilitiea t j M 282 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED, for defence, of whicli due advantage had been taken in the disposi- tion of the camp, and the formation of batteries and intrenehmcnts. On the 19th of September, an indecisive battle was fought, iu which, although the British remained masters of the field, at niglit- tall, they sustained much the lieaviest loss, the number of killed and wounded on either side being, respectively, less than three hundred and over five hundred. Two days previous to this event^ communication with Canada had been cut off, by the surprise and capture of the British forts on Lake George, so that nothing but brilliant success could now enable Burgoyne to maintain himself iu the enemy's country. lie anxiously awaited promised reinforce- ments from New York. On the 7th of October, the British troops again ofifered battle,. The American forces had been increased by new recruits, and, exhil- erated by the remembrance of recent successes, and the reputed destitution of the enemy, they fought with courage and impetuosit}'. Arnold exhibited his usual energy and bravery. The enemy were driven back to their camp, and a portion of their intrenchments was forced and held by a Massachusetts regiment, under Colonel Brooks, Burgoyne drew off his forces during the night, and took up a new position, which he held during the day ensuing. On the *Jth he retrtated to Saratoga. He was here, in a manner, surrounded by the Americans, who had occupied the only passes by which a retreat northward could be effected, and who pressed ujjon him in his position, the British camp being within reach of their artillery. Provisions could no longer be procured, and the supply on hand was nearly expended. Communications were therefore opened, and a capitulation was agreed upon, by the terms of which the whole British arm}', to the number of more than five thousand men be- came prisoners-of-war. It was agreed that they should be allowed to leave the countrv but that none of them should serve further in the war, uidess made subjects of exchange for American prisoners. All their artillery, arms, and munitions of war, fell into the hands of the Americans. Upon various pretexts, a compliance with the agreement for the embarkation of these prisoners, was delayed and evaded by congress. Burgoyne was permitted to sail for England, but his army was detained, a resolution being passed that no further action should l:>e taken upon the premises, until the Saratoga convention should be expressly ratified by the British government, and a notification to I 4 :r=r-) THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 283 that effect be forwarded to the American congress. The result was, that none of these prisoners obtained their liberty except by regular exchange. The forces dispatched by Clinton, from New York, to force a passage up the Hudson, and cooperate with Burgoyne, although unable to effect the main purpose of the expedition, did much mis- chief to the Americans. Obstacles to navigation, in the shape of huge chains, sunken impediments, &c., were successfully overcome, and the forts on the Highlands were stormed or abandoned. All the artillery at these important strongholds became prize to the enemy. A great amount of damage was wantonly inflicted upon the settlements near the river. Not content with plunder, the in- vaders burned and destroyed every thing within cheir reach. We will now revert to the operations of the main continental army, guided by Washington in person. Towards the close of August (1777), Admiral Howe entered rtie Chesapeake, and disem- barked the entire force on board his fleet at Elk Ferry, the nearest available landing to the city of Philadelphia, which was now obvi- ously the object of attack. Upon the first intimation of the enemy's approach, Washington had inarched to intercept his advance, and had taken up his quarters at Wilmington, on Brandj'wine creek, in t^.3 direct route from Elk Ferry to Philadelphia. He had collected a tbrce of fifteen thousand men ; that of the British was superior in numbers, and in far better condition for service. On the 11th of September, the American army, having taken a new position on the left bank of the creek, was attacked by the enemy. Cornwallis, by a circuit, and by passage of the creek a con- siderable distance up the stream, succeeded in turning the American flank. Sullivan's division, in that quarter, was driven in, and, at the same time, a division, under Kniphausen, crossed the shallow river, and fell upon the central division of Washington's army. The latter was defeated, with a loss of not far from twelve hundred men. That of the enemy was reported to be six hundred. A retreat was efteoted to Chester, and thence, passing through Philadelphia, the army marched to Germantown, where an encampment was formed. In the actioE^ on the Brandywine, several foreign ofiicers distin- guished themselves. La Fayette was wounded in the engage ment. The services of Count Pulaski were rewarded by immediate promotion. On the 16th, Washington crossed the Schuylkill, and endeavoured ! i I I 284 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. to check the advance of the enemy. A violent rain storm came on just as ti:e armies were engaging, by which the arms and ammuni- tion of the Americans were rendered unserviceable: they, therefore, retreated, and encamped on the left bank of the river, some distance above Philadelphia. A portion of the army, under AVayne, endeav- oured to gain the enemy's rear; but, on the night of the 20th, the position of its encampment became known to the British commander, and it was attacked and driven off with heavy loss. A few da3-s later, Ilowe crossed the Schuylkill farther down, and entered Philadelphia without opposition. Congress, having extended and enlarged the dictatorial powers confided to the commander-in- chief, and, having passed laws rendering it a capital offence for resi- dents in the vicinity of towns occupied by the enemy to furnish tliem with provisions, &c., had adjourned to Lancaster. The princi- pal British camp was formed at Germantown. Communication was not'yet opened between the city and the tide- waters -'the bay, strong fortifications and obstructions having been planted by the Americans at the entrance of the Schuylkill from the Delaware. While a portion of the enemy's force was detached to make an attempt upon these works, and to protect the transport- ation of stores, by land, from Chester, Washington undertook to surprise the main body at Germantown. The very circumstances that enabled him to come upon the enemy unpcrceived, proved dis- astrous for the success of the enterprise. The morning of the -ith of October, when the attack was mode, was unusually dark and fogg}'. The American troops, after a long and toilsome marcli, fell upon the British camp about sunrise. All, for a time, was confu- sion, in which the assailants gained a temporary advantage. The British soon rallied, and availed themselves of the protection afforded by the buildings to form, and to pour a heavy lire upon their oppo- nents. The Americans were driven off, with a loss of more than a thousand men ; that of the British was less than two-thirds of that number. It now became all important for the army of occupation at Phila- delphia, to reduce the forts by which it was cut off from the fleet in the Delaware. The first attempt was made upon Fprt Mercer, on Ked bank, which was defended by troops from Rhode Island, under Greene. The storming party consisted of twelve hundred Hessians, led by Count Donop. A complete repulse, with the loss of four hundred of the assailants, including the commanding officer, demon- TUE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 285 stnited the necessity for more deliberate and systematic approaches. IJatteries were erected to play upon Fort Mifllin, situated upon a low mud- flat, which was reduced, after a brave defence of several days. The ships-of-war were now enabled to bring their guns to bear with effect upon Fort Mercer, and its evacuation soon followed. Thus, on the 16th of November, the British secured complete com- mand of the approaches to Philadelphia by water. Washington soon after retired with his army to a strong position at Valley Forge, on the right bank of the Schuylkill, twenty miles above Philadelphia. Here he established winter-quarters for the troops, consisting of regularly arranged rows of cabins. The greatest destitution and misery existed in the arm}', most of the men being ill supplied with clothing — especially shoes — and provisions were often to be procured only by forcible seizure. The supply was very ircegular, and, at times, the condition of the camp fell little short of actual famine. uJLiitlirxJilit 1A.VXX, nder lon- DIFFICULTIES OF CONGRESS. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. — RECOMIIENDATIONS TO THE STATES. INTRIGUES AGAINST WASHINGTON. — TREATIES WITH FRANCE. BRITISH COM- MISSIONERS IN AMERICA. EVACUATION OF FHILA- DELPHIA. BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. — ARRIVAL OF A FRENCH FLEET. — ATTEMPT ON NEWPORT. -- WINTER-QUARTERS. MARAUDING EXPEDI- TIONS. — DESTRUCTION OF WYOMING. It were difficult to conceive a more embarrassing position than that of the continental congress at this juncture. Tlie army was reduced in numbers, dispirited, discouraged, and in a condition of physical want and sufl'ering. The immense issue of paper money, amounting already to thirty or forty millions, had necessarily induced so rapid a depreciation in its value, that it was not available for purchases, at a higher rate than twenty-five per cent, upon ita nominal value ; and yet there appeared no resource for government, other than continued issues. Loans could be effected but slowly, 286 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. and to amounts miserably insufficient for the exigencies of the occa sion. The numerous laws and regulations for fixing and establishing the prices of goods, for rendering distinction between gold and con- tinental bills a penal offence, and for the preventing of "forestalling and engrossing," (viz: the buying up and retention of necessaries on speculation,) were exceedingly difficult to enforce, and were generally evaded, or made a handle for the gratification of private enmity. * Congress had already submitted a series of "Articles of Confeder- ation" to the separate states, which were subjects of long and vex- atious dispute; a great hesitation being felt at the relinquishment of individual sovereignty, in exchange for the benefits and perma- nenc}' of a centralized government. It was now earnestly recom- mended that available funds should be raised by the states, resort being had for this purpose to direct taxation, to meet tlie expenses of the coming year ; that stringent provisions — the arbitrary nature of wliich was acknowledcred and lamented — should be enforced aj^ainst forostallers and engrossers, by seizure of the accumulated property; to be paid for at specified rates in continental money, and for general regulation of trade; and that the property of absent loyalists be confiscated for public purposes. The series of disasters which had befiallcn the main army, had given rise to doubts in the minds of many, as to the vigour and capacity of the commander-in-chief. Occasion was taken by those among the officers of the army and leading politicians, who were jealous of his ascendancy, to conspire for effecting liis removal from office. This movement failed to affect the general popularity of AVa.shington, or to shake the confidence of congress in his abilities or ]iatriotism. The close of January, 1778, was marked by the conclusion of two separate treaties with France. No event since the commencenii'nt of the war had given such strength to the patriotic cause as this. Tlic independence of the states was acknowledged, and a treaty for trade and commerce negotiated. Still more important were the provisions of the second treaty, which contained stipulations for mutual defence, in anticipation of the course wliich England, if con- sistont in her plans, must necessarily ado|)t. News of the negotiation of these trcatie-««, was brought over to America in the spring, about the same time that intelligence wjia transmitted of a willingness on tlic ]»art of the British government THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 287 to effect a reconciliation with the colonies, by the renunciation of all claims to impose taxes, &c. The three commissioners, deputed to conduct negotiations for this purpose, after a vain address to congress, in which the most liberal offers were made in behalf of the crown, resorted to every species of intrigue to bring about their ends. Manifestoes, calculated to excite prejudice against the French, appeals to the separate states, slurs upon the motives and principles of the leading patriots, and even the more reprehensible course of attempting the integrity of individuals by the offer of bribes; all resulted in signal failure. The treaties were ratified by congress, and no proposal for any thing short of absolute independence was longer entertained. In parliament it was now openly advocated that submission to the necessities of the case, by an acknowledgment of American inde- pendence, would only be a timely anticipation of an inevitable result. National pride, and a jealousy of French interference prevailed, however, against every argument founded upon policy or right: the British minister was recalled from Paris, and the attention of government was devoted to the uctail of warlike operations. Sir William Howe, recalled at his own request, was superseded in the chief command by Sir Henry Clinton, Orders were given f<)r an abandonment of the positions at and near Philadelphia, and ti con- tccntration of forces at New York. The evacuation of Philadelphia was effected on the 18th of June, the principal stores and baggage of the army having been for- warded to New York by sea. The American forces were immedi- ately put in motion, to harass the enemy in the rear, and to watch for a favourable opportunity for a general engagement. Such an occasion presented itself, in the estimation of Washington, on the 28th, the enemy being encamped near Monmouth court-house. At the council in which an attack was decided uj)on. General IjCC, then second in command, had opposed the plan, lie was now intrusted with the command of the advance. Early in the morning, upon the first movement of the British, who were about to take up their line of march towanls New York, Lee received orders from his superior to open the attack. Coming up with the main army, Washington met the advance in full retreat, and pressed upon by the enemy. In the heat of tlie moment, he addressed Lee with terms of reproach, which rankled in the remembrance of that proud anil eccentric officer, but which did not Vol. IV.— 47 -CJ— I w\m'*'*ww^m^i^9 vv.iw 283 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. prevent him from lending his utmost exertions, at the time, in car- rying out the orders of the commander-in-chief. During the remainder of the action, which lasted until nightfall, neither party obtained any decisive advantage. The British sus- tained the heavier loss, their killed and wounded amounting to about three hundred men; that of the Americans, probably, fell short of two hundred. The former continued their retreat during the night, and pushed on unmolested to the Navesink highlands, where they occupied an unassailable position. It docs not appear that General Lee was guilty of any dereliction from duty in this engagement: his retreat, at the commencement, was before a supe- rior force, the British having assumed an oftensive attitude with remarkable promptitude and good order, and his own position being unfavourable from the nature of the ground. In consequence of two disrespectful letters, subsequently written to Washington, re- specting the all'air, as well as for alleged disobedience of orders, and an unnecessary retreat, he Avas tried by a court-martial, and suspended from command for the term of one year, lie took no further part in the war. Early in July, a powerful French fleet, commanded by Count D'Estaing, arrived on the coast, bringing over the French ambassa- dor, Gerard, and about four thousand troops. Washington's army had, by this time, n^.oved towards the Hudson, and, to cooperate with the French fleet in a proposed attack upon New York, now crossed over to White Plains. The British forces had removed from Navesink to the city. The larger French mcn-of war, from their great draught of water, could not be safely taken into New York harbour, and it was determined to commence .operations by an attempt at the recovery of Newport, still in the possession of the British, and protected by a force of six thousand men. A violent storm disconcerted the arrangemcnta for a joint attack by land and sea. D'Estaing, in endeavouring to engage the English fleet, suffered so much injury in his shijipiiig, that he was comj)elIcd to .sail for Boston to repair danuiges. The American forces, under Sullivan, which liad landed on liiiode Island, and advanced towards Newport, were compelled to abandon the attempt. In this retreat, they were pursued and attacked by the enemy, whom they repulsed, not without consider- able loss on both side.s. The remaining events of the year, although replete with local THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 289 interest, were of little importance, as connected with the result of the war. The French fleet, on the approach of winter, sailed for the West Indies, and the main continental army went into win- ter-quarters for the season, in New Jersey and the western portion of Connecticut, their line extending across the Iludson at West Point. The head-quarters of the commander-in-chief was at Middlebrook. At no period of the war were evidences given of more bitter and relentless enmity between the patriots and loyalists, than during the summer and autumn of 1778. The predatory excursions of the British troops were also marked by unusual ferocity and needless cruelty. Not content with plunder, they generally glutted their malice by wanton destruction of all that they were unable to re- move. In the month of July, a party of about three hundred tories and regulars, with a still larger number of Indians, under command of Colonel John Butler, marched into Pennsylvania from western New York, and ravaged the beautiful valley of Wyoming. It has been usually leported that Joseph Brant headed the Indians in this excursion. This seems to be an error: it is true, that throughout no small portion of the war, he and his warriors were a terror to the •^orth-wcstcrn frontier. lie was faithful to the last to the cause ^' ' ', he had espoused, and his name came to bo coupled with I ale of Indian violence and outrage. From all that we can learn, Brant was of a more humane disposition than many of his white associates, even among those who held high positions in the army. At Wyoming, although the destruction of the settlement was principally effected by the ferocious and uncontrollable horde of Indians, the most revolting instances of blood-thirsty cruelty occur- red in combat between the whites. In addition to the party strife between whig and tory, this community had been long distracted by bitter enmity between two distinct classes of settlers, hohling their estates, respectively, under the conflicting grants of Connecticut and Pennsylvania. Opportunity was taken at the time of this inva- sion for the revenge of old family and clannish quarrels. Upon a rCoccupition of Philadeli)hia, the severe and sanguinary enactments against those who should assist the enemy, were enforced against some of the prominent tories. Two Quakers, convicted of treason under the laws lately enacted, were executed. Wi 290 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. LilAr^xiiiiu •Aiviix. INVASION OF GEORGIA. OCCrPATION OF SAVANNAH. BRITISH DIVISION UNDER FREVOST. LINCOLN IN COMilAND AT THE SOUTH. — DEFEAT OF ASHE AT BRIAR CREEK. ATTACK ON CHARLESTON. SULLIVAN'S CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE IROQUOIS. NAVAL OPERATIONS OF FftANCE AND ENG- LAND. ATTEMPT AT A RECOVERY OF SAVANNAH. FURTHER NAVAL PROCEEDINGS: PAUL JONES. — CONDITION OF THE AMERICAN ARMY. Upon the departure of D'Estaing for the "West Indies, the Eng lish fleet, under Admiral Byron, immediately made sail in pursuit It was resolved, at the same time, to open a winter campaign in a new quarter, and a large force of English and German troops, under command of Colonel Campbell, was embarked at New York for au expedition against Georgia. The continental forces stationed at Savannah, amounting to lesa than a thousand men, were under command of the American General Howe, Upon the approach of Campbell, who arrived on the coast at the close of December, 1778, a defensible position was taken for the purpose of intercepting his advance. The British, in greatly superior force, were successful in turning the American flank. A negro piloted one detachment through a swamp, between which and the river the continental army was stationed. In an engagement which en.'iued, the Americans were completely routed; five or six hundred wore taken prisoners or killed. The British loss was trifling, and their success was rewarded by au immediate occupation of Savannah. Campbell was soon joined by General Prevost, who, in accord- ance with the plan of the southern campaign, had been ordered Up march from his quarters in Florida, to assume command in Georgia, and coopcrat') with the troops from New V'ork. Georgia thus fell into the hands of the British. At this period. General Lincoln, by whom Ilowe had been super* Bcded in command, arrived in South Carolina, and took command of the continental army at the south. The regular forces under his command, together with militia from North Carolina, were sufTicient THE AMERICAN BEVOLUTIOJJ. 291 to hold the enemy in check, and prevent a passage of th.e Savannah. There existed, however, an uninterrupted comrnunieatioii between the British head-quarters and the interior, where a strong tory interest predominated, and where the Indian tribes were generally favourable to the royal cause. Lincoln commenced active operations by detaching fifteen hun- dred men, under General Ashe, to occup}' an intermediate position, and intercept this communication. Ashe crossed the river near Augusta, i'rom which the British retired towards the capital, and passing down the ri^ht bank, posted his forces on Biiar creek, in the present county of Scriven. In this jiosition, the flank of the American army was again suc- cessfully turned by the enemy. Prevost made a distant, b'lt rapid circuit, and falling upon the rear, gained a complete victory. A great number of the Americans were killed or taken prisoners, and the remainder were dispersed. Lincoln's head-quarters were at Purisburg, about fifteen miles above Savannah, on the Carolina side of the river. Li the month of A{)ril, 1779, leaving a portion of the militia at this post, he marched up the river, with the intention of efifccting a passage, and making a descent on the British encampments. While on the route, he received intelligence that Prevost had taken the op[)ortunity to cross the river, and was in full march upon Charleston. Lincoln immediately hurried to its defence, and arrived in time to save the city. The British army retreated, carrying away a large amount of plunder, gathered on the march, and taking with tlieni an im- mense number of slaves, seized upon the coast plantations. The concluding events of the campaign took place in the month of June, by which time the season was unfit fur farther military operations. During the preceding month of May, the coast of Virginia, and all districts easily accessible by the larger rivers, were ravaged by a detachment of between two and throe thousand men, .'icnt out by Clinton from New York. There was no military force to oj>poso these marauders, and, with scarce a sho*.v of resistance, they carried out the general orders io burn and i6oj ( SORTHEEN OPERATIONS. — SPRINGFIELD BURNED. — ARRIVAL OF THE FRENCH FLEET AND FORCES: BLOCKADE AT NEW- PORT. TREASON OF ARNOLD. — TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF MAJOR ANDRt'. — CAUSES OF ARNOLD'S DEFECTION. — INDIAN RAVAGES: INVASION OF THE MOHWVK VALLEY BY JOHNSON AND BRANT. At the north, little was elTected by either army during the spring and summer of 1760. The British, from New York, made two incursions into New Jersey, in the month of June. Upon the first of these occasions nothing was accomplished, but upon the second, the village of Springfield, garrisoned by a continental force, under Greene, was destroyed. The main American army remained in the vicinity of its previous winter-quarters, occupied only in opposing a check to the marauding expeditions of the enemy. Such was the destitution at the camp, that some of the troops were driven to open expressions of mutiny. Great expectations were formed upon the reported approach of a French fleet and army; which arrived in the month of July, at New- port, then abandoned by the British. Six thousand troops, under Count Eocharnbeau, were brought over, and preparations were itiade by Washington for active operations against New York. Unfortu- nately, the British, having received accessions to the naval force on the coast, were enabled to blockade the French fleet in the harboui of Newport. The whole army of auxiliaries, together with a b(^dv of American militia, was, therefore, kept idle, bciii employed in defence of the shipping in harbour. Between the lines of the British and Continental armies, al*ove New York, an intervening space, occupied by neither, formed a convenient resort fur lawless depredators, who took advantage of the distracted state of affuin-^, for purposes of i)nvate plunder. To cut off the supply of provisions from the British army, cattle were made liable to seizure, upon tlae road to New York, within certain limits, in this debatable ground, and arrests of suspicious charac- ters were permitted and encouraged. On the 23d of September, three New York militia-men, named necessarily THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 299 Paulding, "VTilliams, and Yan "Wert, were watching the road near Tarrytown, from a place of concealment. They stopped a solitary horseman, wlio, supposing them to be of his own party, announced himself as a British officer. Discovering them to be Americans, he made large ofT'crs of reward if he might be allowed to pass. These were refused; and, upon searching his person, papers were found concealed in his boots. He was carried by his captors before the American Colonel Jamison. The papers secured were found to con- tain plans of the fortifications at "West Point, with the numbers of the garrison, and descriptions of the defences. Notice was immediately dispatched to Arnold, who commanded at that post, and also to "Washington, then on his return from Hart- ford to head-quarters. The former, upon the receipt of the intelli- gence, instantly hastened to the river, and, taking his barge, went on board the British sloop-of-war Vulture, ,'hich lay at anchor a little below the forts. * A scheme of treachery was now apparent, and the whole plan was soon exposed by the confessions of the crptive » I Tarrytown, who proved to be Major Andr<5, adjutant-general of the B; 'ish army, a young man universally admired for talents and c -:Mige, and beloved for his amiable and gentlemanly dispc 'tion. It ap- peared that Arnold had, for some time past, been in coamunication with Sir Henry Clinton, and that the command at \Vest Point had been solicited and obtained by him, with the sole object of its sur- render to the enemy. To treat witli him for this purpose, Andr^ had proceeded up the Hudson in the Vulture, and a meeting was efiectec. From some unforeseen difficulty, he was unable to return on board, and was compelled to pass the night at a house within the American lines. Attempting to make his way to New York by land, in disguise, and bearing a pass from Arnold, he was arrested in the manner before related. Upon a trial by court-martial, he w-- mdemned as a spy, and * Buffi^red death, in accordance with the severe requirements of mar- tial law, notwithstanding the vehement exertions of Clinton for his release, and the general sympathv in his behalf, awakened by his high character and noble demei^nour. Arnold's disaffection appears to have resulted, principally, from pecuniary embarrassments, the consequence of his own reckless extravagance. He thought himself neglected in some early military f soo AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. appointments, and, subsequently, tlie partial disallowance of an un- reasonable claim upon congress, made by him in relation to the expenses ot" the Canadian expedition, mortified and enraged him. He had also been tried by court-martial for alleged peculation in his management of public funds, while in command at Philadelphia, and had received a reprimand from the commander-in-chief. No officer in the American army exhibited more remarkable abilities as a commander than Arnold, and in personal prowess and courage, he was, perhaps, unequalled by any of his associates. Ills important services had induced his countrymen to look with leniency upon failings which would have endangered the popularity of an- other. In proportion to the former complacency of the community, was their indignation at this exhibition of unprincipled depravity — an indignation destined to be immeasurably heightened by the sub- sequent conduct of its object, who devoted his brilliant talents to the service of the enemy, in ac^^ve warfare against his countrymen. The autumn passed away with no farther warlike incidents or much public importance. A savage gxterilla contest desolated por- tions of the Carolinas; and at the north-west, the exasperated Iro- quois still continued to .send out war-parties for the plunder and destruction of the frontier settlements. In October, the vallov of the Mohawk was desolated by a mixed j>arty of whites, under John- son, and Indians led by Brant and the Seneca half-brccd, Corn Planter. A letter, written by Brant on this occasion, sjicaks with indignation at cruelties practised by his associates, particularly the Butlers, whose names are connected with every atrocity in the con duct of this predatory warfare. KzRV Stii.es. — In 1777. ti.-' ];■ v. Kzni Stilco, 1>. D., n native of Noit'ii llavcn, anU fcnmrly a t.itnr in tlip c-oUcgr. was duieicn i)rc'.-»iUcnt of tlie iiwlitutioii, aiul irniaiiicil in olVi.i' until his iltatli, May I'J, 17;i.'>. IIi' was uw of tlii' must It'aniiil ati>l patiinlio iiii'ii of tli<* HKf. Ill- iiiUKars to liavi- ln-in otn' of llio lii>t jiirsuns in tin' ii'Untiy wlic antic- iputoil unJ pnsliott.-'i llie indcjicndi-uw of tlio Ainericiin coloniis. In 1772 In- wrut.' to ii frii'inl : — '•Wiiiii llcavfn clmll liavi- (louMcil our niillioiis a few liiuc s nmrc, il will nut 1m> in tin- powiT of our i-ni'mit-s loclia.»ti.s«' tw witii Hcor|iionn.'' In 1771 lie aiiiircs.si'd oni'of his Rufflixh c'orri'H|x)Hik'nt.'« a.* f>llow«: — " If opprcstiion proti'eda, UoHiMiti^ni may forno iiti nnnuai fon>rr<'s»; ami n jmlilic spirit of cntirpriHi' may orijrinuto an AnicriiMn .l/.iyMt Ch'trtii wwiX y?i.7 <•/ /i'iy/i'.«. siip|H.r1tr. ."^tilfit, just ui tlic lM•)(inrliM^ of tlic It<. volution, assurcH ud that liu "predicted in it tlio Tory event in wliieli tliu war luw i.ssu'hI ; imrtieularly tlic convcrMlon of liie colonies Into so many di.stinet and inde|K'ndent states, uiii'.vd under coiiKrcfv." lie puMislnd HeviTkl ordination, funeral, and otIitT ix-(-ii.«iotial sermons, and tlic> "lli.>a of King Charles I. — Wbulley, (Jwfle, uiid Pi-wvell." — llMMer's IJmOtry ii/ t'ounedkut. THE AMERICAN BEVOLUTION. gOJ \j JLJj ufui il* uL JLi a>b i/oa 4i6\» w • REVOLT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS. — ARNOLD'S EXPI- DITION INTO VIRGINIA. GREENE IN COMMAND OP THE SOUTHERN ARMY. — MORGAN'S DETACHMENT: BATTLE OF COWPENS; PURSUIT OF MORGAN BY CORNWALLIS: PASSAGE OF THE CATAWBA: RETREAT INTO VIRGINIA: BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURT-HOUSE. — GREENE'S MARCH INTO SOUTH CAROLINA. — CORNWALLIS IN VIRGINIA. — BATTLE AT HOBKIRK'S HILL. — SEIZURE OF BRITISH "FORTS BY MARION AND LEE. The year 1781 opened unpromisingly for the Americans. A dangerous disaffection in the camp at Morristown broke out at this period in open revolt. The causes of complaint, were unpaid arrear- ages, and a dispute respecting the terms of enlistment. The regi- ments from Pennsylvania claimed their discharge at the end of a three years' term, although, according to the representation of their officers, the whole period of the war was included in their engage- ment to serve. Thirteen hundred men, defying the authority of their command- ers, one of whom was killed in the attempt to reduce them to obe- dience, marched oft', under arms, in the direction of Phiiidelphia, with the expressed purpose of compelling compliance with their demands. General Wayne in vain attempted to recall them to a sense of duty, and was forced to content himself with procuring such supplies for their use on the march as should preclude the necc.-^sity fur plundering the inhabitants. At Princeton, commi.s- sioncrs from congress, and from the state authorities, held a confer- ence with the malcontents, and, after some discussion, the nuiin pointa in dispute were yielded by the former. Several messengers, sent by Sir Henry Clinton to persuade the mutineer.-^, by handsome ofters, to enlist in the king's army, were seized and hanged as spies. A sinnlar outbreak among the New .lersey troop.-^, was (juelled by force — two of the ringleaders being slK)t. These movements had the elVect to rouso congress and the states to a sense of tlie ncceKsitii a of the army, and a large sum of money was proni])tly raised, in specie, for part payment of arrearages. f i ' 802 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. had ,'ed, as the Bhrly in January, Arnold, who had receive intended treachery, the sum of ten thousand pounds, and a commis- sion as a brigadier-general in the British arm}'-, commenced active oj)erations in Virginia. He passed up James river, with a consider able force, and after plundering Richmond, and doing much damage by the destruction of buildings, together with valuable public stores, he entered upon the occuj)atiou of Portsmouth. A great eflbrt was made to outnumber and overpower this detach- ment. La Fayette, v/ith a body of troops from New England and New Jersey, was dispatched against it; and the French fleet, then free to put to sea, made sail for the Chesapeake, for the purpose of cutting off retreat. This movement was anticipated by the British squadron, which took possession of the bay, after an engagement with., and discomfiture 'jf the cnem}'. The command of the continental army at the south, previous to this period, had been conferred upon General Greene, in place of Gates, recalled. The small force under his command, consisted of but two thousand men, notwithstanding endeavours made, during the early part of the winter, to procure recruits from Virginia and elsewhere. Against a detachment of about one thousand of these troops, under General ^forgan, while on their march into western South Carolina, Cornwallis dispatched Tarleton, with a force about equal in numbers. His own plan was to intercept communication between the divisions of the American army, by marching north- ward from his camp at Winnsborough. Hotly pursued by Tarleton, whose movements were always rapid and prompt, Morgan made a stand at the Cowpens, in the present county of Spartanburgh, near the North Carolina border. Deceived by a pretended or apparent retreat of the advanced lines, the British rushed to the attack without due precaution for the preservation of order, and when thev found themselves coollv withstood bv the continentals, who poured in a heavy and de.stnietivc iire nt close- quarter'', their line was broken, and a complete rout ensued. More than half oT tiie entire force were taken prisoners or killed. The battle was foneht on the 17th of January, 1781. Marching with great celerity, Morgan gained the fords of Catawba on the 29th, his object beinjf to t.ike his prisoners to a place of secu- rity in Virginia. Imtnediately aHer the battle at Cowpen.-^, Tarleton, with the remainder of his detachment, elVecU'd a junction with Corn- wallis. Strengthened by roinforecmcnts from Charleston, under eward of bia id a commis- enced active 1 a consider mch damage "lublic stores, r this detach- England and :h fleet, then ; purpose of T the British engagement previous to , in place of consisted of [lade, during /"irgiiiia and and of tlicse into western force about nmunication jhing north- dways rapid the present •. Deceived I, the British scrvation of ood by the ire at close- sued. More f-^ d and New Jei^y, was disi 'tched agmost it; ftid ttV -t, then' free to putto esea. t-Ic sail f'X Uit Che»r (.!.>•, u»r jiw; piupctf' of 'nilBm<>v ler •-l^'jii ;.•.•;<. .;.u Srthe rJrijsh ji«k .- ju vf the. 'ay, after an eiigagwaeriV .ii«^ il u- I.J, ;it the South, previoTss to it -Ml (i 6or»l Greene, in j.4j»ce of •"•' 'piMr «w< > '>nrmJ4DU, ooaslsi^d of r* !e, during ■ 'giiiia aiid ' ♦he*-:; obed Uk»4i„v^i , 'V t^i H fofr«! nbout i ^ kf . noBimunicatioi, cutring ojf rei squadron. ' ^ with. .i!id 'I i»* •'If eqiihl la : im •iji l^u ij:iii\. Miird from nUi OiM-'- ^ Wuuw* ron ^ ng nurth Hotly piirti "it And prompt, ]M . ^wia^ roilnty of Sp.iftdai ;i 4'4 waliit. birer. r-,? , ^.^ -to ' 'v.T-.fr*? were bU-a|s «]•». n ;• .id *l tt'C L'jwp.n*, *-» iJie fr^aobt - N'f lb i udvariorsl Itno-, tU« Bnui*? •' , ^«er.atk>7 t' .J wtfcliptooc: ^ »t- . . ot.d l.^iMracltfy« ^'' »i't «u, (»• ; %e»iir; Je. '■rrcmrnw fWwn « 1' 1 ] ■; f ^/ ,£A « -- J. " . ■/ J i i ^ - ^ -3 1 , * 'r^\ ^ # ■:^*i' y • \ 1 * 1 ■ 1 "-1 ra^ '-^mmmm 5^1 L- >nii> — "r m — \-^0rf^'" \ jk .^ JE^ :^j: "^^^-iiiNp.. ;-ii * I ;#* -i TIIE AMERICAN REVOLUTICN. 803 Leslie, the whole army was put in rapid motion to intercept or over- take the victorious continentals. Morgan had effected a passage of the Catawba but two hours before the arrival of Cornwallis' advance upon the bank. Night coming on, a sudden rise of water delayed the pi -suing army, and secured the escape of the Americans. General Greene, with a few attendants, joined this division on the 31st, and assumed command. As soon as the British could pass the river, (on the 1st of February,) the pursuit recommenced. The Americans reached the Yadkin, with the enemy close upon their rear, and there a piece of good fortune, similar to that experienced at the Catawba, checked pursuit for a time, and gave opportunity for a junction of the two divisions of the army at Guilford court-house. The endeavour of Cornwallis was now to cut off their retreat into Virginia, at the ford of Dan river. The retreating army still suc- ceeded in maintaining its advanced position, and reached Virginia in safety, leaving the British masters of the Carolinas. In the long and rapid march from South Carolina, the American troops suffered severely from over-fatigue, and from the insufficiency of clothing suitable to the severity of the season. Cornwallis took up his quarters at Ilirisborough, and resorted to measures similar to those enforced in South Carolina, for organizing and encouraging the torics, and for the punishment and humiliation of the patriots. The latter were not slow in retaliation whenever opportunity offered. Greene, having received some addition to his aimy from the Virginia militia, reentered North Carolina. lie at first contented himself with checking the movements of the torics. A party of these, numbering two or three hundred, falling in with a detachment of cavalry, iinder the American Colonel Lee, supposed it to be Tarleton's legion, and, in perfect confidence, exposed their own character and position. They were all massacred on the sjiot. Largely reinforced by vohmtecrs from Virginia and Nortli Caro- lina, Greene finally ofl'ered battle near Guilford court-house, on tlie 15th of March. His forces out-numbered tliose of the enemy in the ratio of more than two to one, but a large portion of them were inexperienced volunteers and militia. The latter were of little or no service in the engagement, many of them throwing down their arms, and dispersing at the first discharge. The continental troops exhibited both courage and firmnes.s, but were finally driven from their position at the point of the bayonet, and made an orderly Vol. IV.— 48 1 804 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. i ■/' I J retreat. The loss on both sides was heavy, but that of the victors was the greatest, amounting to more than five hundred. The British troops were in a state of extreme suffering from want of food and from the fatigues of the engagement; advantage could not, therefore, be taken of the victory. No pursuit was ordered, and Cornwallis, finding great difficulty in procuring supplies for his army, took up his march down Capo Fear riv-er, towards Wilmington. In the month of April, General Greene, with nearly two thousand men, marched into South Carolina, where the British army of occupation was so far reduced by the detachment for invasion of North Carolina, that a fair opportunity oflered for a recovery of the state, or, at least, for compelling Corn- wallis to move southward for its protection. The latter general, instead of adopting that policy, marched into Virginia, and united his forces with those before sent into the country, under Arnold, and now commanded by Phillips. The state of allairs in the Carollnas, throughout these campaigns, was that of civil war in its worst and most ferocious aspect. Such disregard for human life was, perhaps, exhibited at no other period, and in no other quarter, during the war. Whigs and tories rivalled each other in sanguinary retribution for mutual wrongs. It is im- possible to ascertain, with any approach to certainty, the number of those who perished in skirmishes, at the hands of the lawless mobs, or victims of private malice, in this fratricidal contest, but it must have been very large, and by some is computed by thousands. Greene, entering South Carolina, posted himself upon Ilobkirk's hill, in the vicinity of Camden, then occupied by an inferior force of the enemy, under Lord Ilawdon. His cavalry was on march, by a detour, to join the partisan forces of Marion, and intercept com- munication with Charleston, lie was attacked at his t csition on the 2oth of April. The Americans fought bravely, but were unable to resist the charge of the British bayonet. Obliged to retreat, Greene fell back to Ilugely's mills, several miles di.stant. The mounted forces, under Marion and Lee, succeeded in occupy- ing the pa.«'ses on the nortli of the Santee, and in seizing upon several defensive posts. Sumpter and his followers were no less successful in attacks upon detached garrisons, stationed to maintain lines of communication. Forts Watson and Motte, with Orangeburgh, Georgetown, and Augusta, were soon in the hands of the Ameri- cans. The British fort, "Ninety-Six," hefd out against every effort m THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 805 to take it by siege or storm. The heat of the season suspended further active operations. The great effort of the campaign had been so far accomplished, that the British had been obliged to con- centrate their forces, and abandon further attempts at extended occupation. ^ WAR BETWEEN ENOLANB AND HOLLAND. — SEIZTIRE AND TLUN- DER OP ST. EUSTATIDS. THE ARMED NEUTRALITY. — RECOV- ERY OF WEST FLORIDA BY SPAIN. — CONTINENTAL CUR- RENCY. — PLAN FOR THE RECOVERY OF NEW YORK. — VIRGINIA RAVAGED BY PHILLIPS AND C0RNWALLI3. — ENCAMPMENTS AT YORKTOWN AND GLOUCESTER POINT. WASHINGTON'S MARCH SOUTHWARD. — ATTACK ON NEW LONDON AND OROTON. — CAMPAIGN IN SOUTH CAROLINA. BAT- TLE NEAR EUTAW SPRINGS. Beyond the limits of the United State?, during tlie winter and spring, important events had transpired, at which, although con- nected with the difficulties between England and her colonies, we can barely glance. During the autumn of 1780, the British govern- ment obtained information of a correspondence between the United States and nollanosition. An eye-wii 808 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. I neas* thus describes tlic catastrophe: "Colonel LcJv" j-lj sf^cin^ tho enemy within the fort, gave orders to cease firing, ::.n.} to throw down our arms, as the fort had surrendered. We did o, uut they continued firing in platoons upon those who were retreating to the magazine and barrack-rooms for safety. At this moment, the rene- gade colonel commanding, cried out, 'Who commands this garri- son?' Colonel Ledyard, who was standing near mc, answered, 'I did, sir, but you do now,' at the same time stepping forward, handing him his sword, with point towards himself" The narrator was, at this moment, wounded by a bayonet thrust; hecontinues: "The first person I saw afterwards, was my brave commander, a corpse by my side, having been run through the body with his own sword by the savage renegade. Never was a scene of more brutal, wanton carnage than now took place. The enemy were still firing on us by platoons, and in the barrack-rooms. * * All this time the bayonet was freely used, even on those who were helplessly wounded, and in the agonies of death." Those of the wounded who escaped the general massacre, were treated with great brutality and neglect. Arnold's division met with similar success in the attack upon New London. The town was plundered, and, at the same time, set on fire, and reduced to ashes. Nothing further was attempted: the country adjacent presented little temptation to the marauders, and they immediately reembarked, and set sail for New York with their booty and a number of prisoners. While the«j events were taking place at the north. General Greene had been actively engaged in preparing for the renewal of hostilities in Carolina- Towards the close of August, having procured rein- forcements of militia, and a supply of horses for his cavalry corps, he left hi< quarters among the hills of the Santee, and marched in pursuit of the enemy, then under commaml of Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart An indecisive and bloody battle was fimght, on the 8th of September, in the nei^dibourhpod of Eutaw Springs. The Amer- ican forces rather exceeded those of the enemy in point of numbers, amountinjr to more tlian two thousand men. After this engagement, Greene drew oil' his forces to his fi>rmer place of encampment, at the Santee hills; tho British moved towards Charleston. The latter, although so frequently victorious through- out these s-juthern campaigns, and although favoured by a large party among the inhabitants, had failed to gain any important * Steplion Hempstead. THE AilEKlCAN KJiVOLUTION. 309 advantage by their conquests. It was comparatively easy to over- run the country, and to inflict incalculable injury upon the property of the scattered population ; but they always left enemies in their rear, and the obstinacy of the Anglo Saxon disposition, duly inher- ited by the Americans, and losing nothing of its force by translation to the New World, continually strengthened the antagonistic spirit of the people. The operations of Stewart were thenceforth coniined to the vicinity of Charleston. FRENCH FLEET IN THE CHESAPEAKE. — SIEGE OP YORKTOWN SURRENDER OP CO RN W A L I, IS. — WINTER-QUARTERS. PROCEEDINGS IN THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT. — NEGO- TIATIONS FOR PEACE. — TERMS OP TREATY. — CESSA- TION OP HOSTILITIES. DISAFFECTION IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY. — EVACUATION OP NEW YORK — POSITION OP THE UNITED STATES. About the 1st of September, 1781, after a long series of manoeu- vres, in which he wisely avoided any general engagement with the British fleet, the Count de Grasse brought twenty-four ships of the line safely into the Chesapeake, thus securing complete ))ossession of the bay, and jirecluding all possibility of Cornwallis' clfecting a retreat by sea. 'J'he fleet was soon after joined by the French squadron from Newport, commanded by Du Barras. The American army, concentrated for the purpose of laying siege to Yorktown, including continental;*, militia, the Frencli previously stationed at Newport, and those newly landed by De Gras.-^e, amounted to sixteen thou.^^and men. That of Cornwallis did not exceed eight thousand. After detaching a force to hold in check the British at Gloucester Point, Washington entered vigorously upon the systematic prosecution of the siege. The first works were thrown uj) on the night of fl^e Hth of October: three days after- wards, they were so fl\r completed tha{ heavy artillery was planted, and brought to bear, at a distance of but six hundred yards from the British line. A second parallel was commenced oii the nigl»t of the 11th, at an intermediate distance between the first and the enemy's 310 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. position. The work could not be safely carried on, in consequence of a heavy lire from two advanced redoubts, which were, therefore, Btonned, and connected with the second line of fortifications. This service was accomplished by two distinct detachments, one Ameri- can, the other French — the efibrts uf either were thus stimulated by an ardent spirit of enmlation. The Americans, being well supplied with battering artillery, now opened so hcavj' a lire upon the British fortifications as to disable many of the guns, and ellect breaches in the works. Yorktown was no longer tenable, and Cornwallis, on the evening of October IGth, endeavoured to escape by crossing to Gloucester Toint. Failing in the attempt to transport his troops over the river, in consequence of a severe storm, he had no resource but a capitulation. Projjosala to this effect were made on the day follow ing, and the terms were speedily arranged- The wholo British army, more than seven thousand men, became priaoners of war ; the naval force surrendered to the French admiral. This victory was the crowning event of the war. Although hos- tilities still lingered throughout the succeeding year, prior to the conclusion of negotiations for peace, they involved no extensive military operations. A partisan warfare still desolated some of the southern and western district^?, and the frontier was, from time to time, harassed by incursions of the savages. The main French and continental armies went into winter-quarters in November. Greene, with the remains of the southern army, took a station in the neigh- bourhood of Charleston, to restrain foraging expeditions of the enemy. The tone adopted by the British ministry at the winter session of parliament, ITS 1-2, gave no token of any probable concessions to the American demand."'. In the hou.se of commons, after repeated failures, a motion pas.^ed, at the close of February, calling for the adoption of mea-sures which should put an end to hostilities. A chaiigc in the cabinet, at this juncture, favoured the projects of the friends of peace. Negotiations were speedily opened with Adam.s, the American mini.ster:it Ilollaml, anil with l''raiiklin, then in I''ninc(!, for a pacific arrangement. With thc.>*o ministers were associated John Jay of New York, and Henry Laurens of 8outh Carolina. Mr. Richard Oswald conducted the preliminary arrangements in behalf of Great Britain: Franklin and Jay, in the ab.seiiee of the other commissioners, oj)ened the negotiation at Paris iu the month uf April, 1782. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 311 Jealousy of secret influence unf:\voural>le to the interests of the United States, on the part of the French minister, induced the American commissioners to depart from their instructions requiring that he should take part in their negotiations, and a provisional treaty was signed, without his intervention, at the close of the fol- lowing autumn. This great delay resulted from the difficulty of settling questions of boundary, of the privileges of fishery on the northern coast, and of the rights of tory refugees. In favour of the latter, the American commissioners would agree to nothing farther than a proposed recommendation from congress to the states, that confiscations should cease, that restitution should be made for former seizures, and certain personal privileges, as to right of residence, should bo conceded. Tiie former customs relative to the Newfound- land fisheries were substantially confirmed; and, respecting bound- ary, the states retained their former territory, extending westward to the Mississippi, and southward to latitude thirty-one — leaving Spain in possession of the wilderness at the west, and of the mouth of tlie great river. England retained the Canadas: t^ vard the north- west the extent of the American claims remained st.il unascerUiincd. The treaty was not made definitive until September of the follow- ing year, its conclusion being contingent upon an establishment of peace between Franco and Fngland, by virtue of the former treaty of alliance between Franco and the United States. At the first opening of pacific negotiation in April, n;inisters from all the belli- gerent nations of Europe had met for the purpose of concluding arrangements for a general peace. These were settled in liie spring of 17b3, and, upon the transmission of the intelligence to America, a formal proelan>ation was made by congress, of a termination of hostilities. Daring the spring of 1782, an alarming disaffection exhibited itself among some jjortioiis of tiie continental army, arising from an nntieipated failure m payment of their a.rearages. This feeling ex- tended to many of the ollicers, and, but for the firmness and wi^^dom of the commander-in-chief, might have led to lamentable results. The army was disbanded, by order of congress, in the month of November; and, within a few weeks, an evacuation of Now York and its adjacent strongholds was completed by the IJritish. On Christmas day, in the following month, General Washington appeared before congress, in session at Annapolis, and tendered a resignation of his commission us commander-in-chief. iill 812 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED, n' '■ I 1 The war was now at an end; the United States, acknowledged independent by the nations of Europe, were free to adopt a form of government of their own clioosing, untrammelled by the restrictions of ancient customs or the claims of hereditary right. But the posi- tion of the country, if no longer critical, was embarrassing in the extreme. The burden of an enormous debt, the poverty consequent upon the expenditure of little short of two hundred millions of dollars in carrying on the war, the failure of public credit, the exi.st- ence of sectional jealousies, the great territorial extent of the coun- try, the mixture of races — all combined to oppose obstacles to the establishment of a new and con ! cated scheme of government. Hisiroi> !?KAi!i:uY. — As soon as pcaeo wiw rost(ir»'r. Ix^ami-.ip bLihop of tlio iliocoso of Connecticut. Dr. Leaniinpr did not aoccpt tlio place nssijmed Jiim ; and. on tho 21st of Ajiril, l"t*.'t, a second vote resulted in tlie i-.iianininits dioico of Dr. Soa- bury. A letter wa.s innnediately arson," Kiy they, "whom we have prev;iiled (ijion to ofTi r liiiii«i'lf t<> your jrraeo is the Rov. Dr. fNUiiuel Soabiiry. wlio has been tho 80ciety's worthy missionary for many years. Ilo was lndoii, and. on tin- Ud of August. \'^'t, entered ujioii the di.seharge of Iii.s high at d res|>onsible dutieti. Nobly did tbiit great ami gmid man lay wiile nnd deep the walls that were lr;d oourajj''. modest witliout the h'ast abatement of seir-|iossession or tlnmu'w, with nil tlie lody zeid of 11 martyr tomjiered with lh> forbearanee that is the fruit only of Chri.-ti.iii chari'y; disero< t in counsel, with a hand (b.it never Iremlileij in exivulin^ hi* ri|H.' pur- pos's; never itdvaiu'ing I'msIit Ih.in he could fortily his progress, Iti.shop S<>;ibury bal no KUii''rior. probably no equal, among the episcopal di(^nltiiries of his pneration. — lt>Jli'ier'$ Jlitnnj of Counti'iii'ut. THE UNITED STATES \J H JX i i Ij JjI. jt. POSITION' OP THE UNION AT THE CONCLUSION OP PEACE— • EXISTING DIPPICUI.TIES WITH GREAT BRITAIN. — WKAKNB8.S OP CONGRESS. — LOCAL DISTURBANCES 8HAT'8 REBFLMON. CONVENTION POR ENLARGING CONGRESSIONAL POWERS: OPPOSING INTERESTS OP THE STATES — THE PRESENT CONSTITUTION: PEDERAL LEGISLATURE: POWERS OP CONGRESS: RESTRICTIONS; LIMIT OP STATE POW- ERS: THE EXECUTIVE: THE JUDICIARY: MU- TUAL GUARANTEES: AMENDMENTS. For several years immediately following the establishment of American iiulependence, the aft'airs of the country remained in con- fusion, from the incapacity of congress, under the old articles of con- feileration, to bind the sUUes by its dealings with foreign powers. Restrictions ujion commerce, which the congress had no power to mitigate by treaty, retarded the drvelopment of the national re- Bourees. The West India trade, so lucnuive l^eforo the war, even under the old "sugar act," was now cut ofi. The mouth of the Mississippi was closed, by Spain, to all enirar .p or ogress of Amer- ican vessels, leaving the growing settlerr.ont.j of the west without the means for ilisposing of their produce. Great llritaii. could hardly be ex{K'< t •" to look with favour U]ioii the confederation, and in detiancc of ihc provisions of the treaty, she maintained i)OS8es8ion cf the strongholds on the wesfern lakes. The rea.son given for this retention, was a non-conij)Iiance, on the part of the I'nion, with provisions securing to I?ritihh subjects tiiy right to reCiA'er debts contracted t»efore the war. Manv i linor points of dispute also remained unsettled. With respect to the 'ms-^os suh- tamed by the loyaliata, in consequence of coufiseations, the recoin- 11 ii '1 i( "^ 814 A M E K I C A 1 1, 1, r S T K A T E D . mendation of congress had as little effect upon the action of the states in this as in most other particulars. A great number of these claims to indemnity were subsequently examined and partially sat- isfied by act of parliamenc. ^J'lie \vcaknt'S3 of congress was made repeatedly the subject of earnest exhortation to the states and the people. Unless its jKj'.vfra could be enlarged, and a willingness be induced, on the part of the ptates, to abandon some portion of their sovereignty lor the sake of greater centralization of power, there seemed but faint prospects of future prosperity. At the commencement of the year ITSfi, an effort was nuulc to bring about a convention from the states, for the pur- pose of establishing a general conunercial system, but the attempt loll through for want of full representation. Those menjberH who attended, earnestly recommended a meeting of delegates from all the states, to alter and amend the articles of confederation, so as to define, confirm and enlarge the jurisdiction of the central government. This proposal received the sanction of congress in the month of February of the following year. If the power of congress was fast becoming a nullity, since a change of circumstances had diminished the respect paid to its decrees and recommendations during the dangers of actual war, the state authorities exj>erienced nearly equal difficulties in carrying on the necessary operations of government. The people were in a con- dition of gicat destitution and distress. Scarce able to prov.ure the necessaries of life, they were continually called upon to provide fumls for public purj)Oses, and, as these ^vero collected by direct taxation, the burden, if in reality no greater than that attached to imposts, was more .«K;vcrely felt by the individual. Nothingwas m<-re natural than that they should attribute their sufferi.'ig and poverty to nial-adniinistration of state a.Vaii"S, nor that a popular erv shuuM he raised for impolitic c>r impracticable schemes of amendment. In the autumn of 1780, this feeling broke out into open rebellion in New IIamp.<4hire and Mas8;tchus..'tts. The mast extensive and dangerous nutbn'ak occurred in the latter state. One I>anicl Shav.4, who had held office in the contiiK-ntal army, headed the movcnie:it, nnd, before any cfT^etivc .•«t''|!< were taken to sup|>ress it, collu-t' d an armed \>r»]y of mulcontetitji, about u tliou«uid in number. The immedia ct appeared t*) be the contraction of the veMions of the court*. A ;(rrcatly Kiperior fon^e - . ilitia w;i« called out, and put niAur command of General iiiDcc..*. The reUjUk'xi was ^uelicd THE UNITED STATES. 315 with very little bloodshed, and those concerned in it, in accordance with good policy, were treated with lenity. The convention, for the purpose of remodelling the powers of con grcss, met at Philadelphia on the 14th of May, 1787. Delegates v.cre present, or arrived soon after the optening of the assembly, from eleven states, Uhode Island and Xew Hampshire having alone neg- lected to make choice of members. The number conmiissioncd by each state, was about the same as that of its representatives in congress. Wasliington was chosen president, on motion of Hobcrt Morris — a distinguished financier, to whom the management of the monetary afTairs of government had been pnncin.dly entrusted for several years, during the period of greatest difiicultics, before and subsequent to the close of the war. Among the members of the convention, were many who had taken part in most of the great political movements from t.ie com- mencement of the contest with EnglamL Franklin, Rutledge, Sher- man, Livingston, Gerry, and others of the early patriots, were present; the existing congress was largely represented; and the general character of those asdembled, was marked by zeal, earnest- ness, and ability. The proceedings were not made public for a period of more than thirty years. It was wisely concluded that harmony of feeling would be j)r()m()ted by the promulgation of the results arrived at, unaccom- panied by discussions it. which the opposing interests of the dilfercnt states were set forth and enlarged upon. It was found easier to pre- pare rn entirely new constitution, than to alter and amend the old articles of confederation so as to meet the exigencies of the times. Various |)lans were framed and rejected, and it was not until the mi),' nil slaves are included. The word slave is avoided by circumlocution. As an ollset to this concession to the slavc-holdiiig states, direct taxes arc decreed to be apportioned in the same manner. Bills, in order to become laws, must pass both houses, and reccnvo the signature of the president, or, in case of his refu.sal, must be reconsidered and approved by a two-thirds vote in each liousc. Tlie house of reprcsentiitives has the j^rivilegeof originaiing all revenue bills. Provisions are made, for an annual session on the fir.st Mon- day in December, for the conduct of proceedings, trial of impeach- ments, rules relative to adjournment, discipline of mendjcrs, supply of vacancies, census returns, and other details; aP-or which the gen- eral powers of the federal legi.slature are enumerated substantially a.^ follows: Congress is emp . 'erer o levy uniform taxes, duties, inijiosts, and exci.ses; to regulat» foreign commerc", and commerce between the states; to coin mov •, and provide punishments for counterfeiting' to estub'ish a post-onioc system; to make regulations respecting copy-rights and patents; to create inferior federal courts, and j)asa laws for tho puniishment of oftences on the high scius; to declare war, TUE UNITED STATES. 317 and to raise and support armies and a navy; to provide for requisi- tions upon the militia in case of public necessity; to exercise juris- diction over the district occupied as the seat of government; and, generally, to })rovide for the common welfare and defence. Finally: "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other j)ow- ers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any dei)artinent or olhccr thereof." Congress was restrained from prohibiting the importation of slaves prior to the year 1808. There exist, moreover, general restrictions forbidding the suspension of the privilege of habeas corj^Ufi, except in times of public danger, the passage of ex jwst /ado laws, the imposi- tion of export duties, the requisition of duties, clearances, or entries, in commerce between the states, the draught of public funds except to meet regular appropriations, and the grant of any title of nobility. By section X., "No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex jwst facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility." The power to levy imjwsts is confined to provisions of absoluie necessity for the execution of inspection laws. Slates are also prohibited from maintaining armed vessels or a standing army, and from engaging in hostilities, except in eases of invasion or imminent danger. The executive power is vested in a president, who, together with a vice-president, is chosen for four years, by electors from all the states, equal in number to the entire representation in both houses of congress. Tliese electors meet in their several states, and forward returns of their ballotings to the federal seat of government. The votes for president and vice-president are taken separately. If no candidate has a majority of all the electoral votes, in the case of president, the house of representatives, voting by slates, elects to that oiBce cue of the three candidates who have received the greatest number of votes. On fivilure to elect a vice-president, the senate makes choice from the two highest numbers on the list. The vice-president, virtnle officii, is president of the senate, and upon the death or disability of the jirosidcnt, ho succeeds to his duties and responsibilities. In case of farther lapse, congress has power to declare upon what ofTicer the presidency shall devolve. F ^r^ 318 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. The president is commander-in-cliief of the army and navy of the United States, including the militia, when in service of the Union. He may grant reprieves or pardons for offences against the laws of the United States. With the concurrence of two-thirds of the senate, he is empowered to make treaties; and all public ministers, judiros of the supreme court, and other officials of the United States, whose appointment is not otherwise provided for, are chosen by the senate ui)on his nomination. He may fill vacancies in the senate, occurring during recess, for one term only. lie is generally charged with tlie execution of the laws, the commission of officers, and the reception of foreign ambassadors. The judicial power of the United States is vested in one supreme court, and in courts established by act of congress. The judges of both hold office during good behaviour. Their jurisdiction extends to all cases in law or equity arising under the constitution, or the laws of the United States, &c. ; to eases afl'ccting foreign mini.sters; to matters of admiralty; to eases where the United States is a party; to controversies between different states, between citizens of dilferent states, or those claiming under grants of different states, and between citizens and foreign states, citizens or subjects. The original juris- diction of the supreme court is confined to cases aflecting foreign ministers, and eases where a state is a party. A republican government is guaranteed to each state, and the United States is pledged to protect each of them against invasion and domestic violence. Eaeli state is bound to give full faith to the public acts of the others, and to accord equal privileges witli its own citizens to all citizens of the United States. Fugitives from justice are to be delivered up, on requisition of the executive of the state where the crime has been committed: tho.se "held to ser- vice or labour in one state, under the lawrj thereof, escaping into another," shall be restored "on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due." Amendments to the constitution arc to be proposed by two-tliinls of botli houses of congress, or by a convention called on application of two-thirds of the .states; to be ratified by the legislatures of three- fourths of the several .states, or by conventions in tliree-fourths thereof, according to the decision of congres.s. In conclusion — debt* of the old confederation are assumed; the United States constitution and laws are declared supreme; and an oath to support the constito- tion is required of public ofiicers, either in the service of the Unioii J THE UNITED STATES. 319 or of individual states. The original establishment of the constitution was contingent upon its ratification by nine states, upon which event it was to be binding "upon the states so ratilyiug the same." Vj iLJi Uiii Jt iL oh iLk iL X * HATIPICATION OP THE CONSTITUTION BY THE STATES. — WASH- INGTON ELKCTKl) rUliSIDKNT. — TIIM FIRST CONGRESS: PRO- VISIONS FOR REVENUE: FORMATION OF A CAIUNET: POWER OF REMOVAL PROM OFFICE. — WASHINGTON'S TOUR THROUGH NEW ENGLAND. — SECOND SESSION OF CONGRESS: DEBATE RESPECTING THE PUBLIC DEBT: FOREIGN LIABILITIES: PU B LI C CERTI FI- CATES; ASSUMPTION OF STATE DEBTS: THE PUBLIC DEBT FUNDED: MISCELLANEOUS ENACTMENTS. — CO NSTITUTION RATI- FIED BY RHODE ISLIND. The new constitution, upon its reference by congress to conven- tions of the separate stutoi', gave ri.se to groat discussion and dispute. Two political parties were formed, taking i.s.suc upon the subject of its adoption; those in favour of the measure received the title of federalisLs. llowever great might be the disapproval of some of the details of the new system, by individual states, sections or parties, it was altogether outweighed by a perception of its general import- ance. This is sufliciently manifest from the circumstance that it received unconditional ratilication in eleven states before the cltember, the president undertook an excursion through the New Enghmd states. It is said that wlien he first forsook tlie retirement of private life to enter upon the duties of his ofTice, his "progress from his seat of Mount Vernon to Philadelphia was a triumphant procession, such as few conquerors have known." Throughout this !iorthern tour the popular expression of admiration and gratitude was carried to an I! I 5 THE UNITED STATES. 821 extent still greater. This enthusiastic reception must have been the more grateful to Washington from the con:-ciousncss that it was sim« ply a tribute to the acknowledged worth of his character and the value of his public services, lie had never mingled with the people upon terms of familiarity: of a reserved and dignified demeanour, be had never courted popularity by any of the arts of a demagogue, nor was he gifted with that versatility which has enabled other great mtn to secure unbounded personal attachment by accommodating themselves to every class of people into whose society they might be thrown. The second session of congress was held in the month of January, ITl'O. During the recess, North '^'arolina had ratified the fctlcral constitution, and, in common v. -u the other states, had ceded to the Union her claims upon a gre "nt of western territory The secretary of the treasui Hamilton, on the opening of congress, made a written report u^ion the state of the public debt. Long and vehement discussions ensued, and the subject was from time to time postponed and resumed throughout a period of six months. Little opposition was made to provisions for the full pay- ment of foreign debts, amounting to about twelve millions of dollars; but when the questions arose respecting the funding of tho deprcci* ated certificates of debt held against the federal government, and the assum[)tion of liabilities incurred by the separate states in carrying on the war, a vast variety of opinion was found to exist. A large party was opposed to the redemption of the public securi- ties at a rate above their marketable value, being what the holders had, for the most part, paid for them, and which was now less than one-sixth of tlieir nominal value. The principal expenses of the war had been defrayed by the issue of paper money to the amount of two hundred millions, or thereabout, and the suksequent redemp- tion of the major portion of it, at the rate of forty for one. It was claimed that ihc speculators who now claimed b}' public certificates deserved no better terms than those who held the old continental currency, originally forced upon its holdens by penal enactments. The iilea was also enlarged upon that the existence of a great funded debt would render the central government too powerful for the interests and sovereignty of the states, by making its supj)ort a matter of pecuniary interest to so large a portion of the population. The party styling itself republican, in opposition to the federalists, strongly maintained this ground of objection. The same argument IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) m m m.^0 A (/. &A ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 I" lit 2.5 iiiiim u mil 1.6 J^ 7. '^Z (? c>> c*. Photographic Sciences Corporation H>^ ^ ,'\ A \ ar^patehed upon an Indian cam- paign in the north-western territory. In every skirmish with tlic natives, the hitler had the advantage ironi their superior knowleilgo of the country. They avoided any general engagement, but, by laying ambuscades for detached partie.^J, succeeded in cutting o(l' a large number of the whites. The expedition was signally unsuccessful. At the *hird session of congrcs.s, in December, 171)1, one of the ■V. 324 AMERICA iLLUSTEATED. i earliest subjects of debate was a proposition to increase the revenue by additional duties upon spirituous liquor.?, and by tlie establish- ment of an excise upon those of domestic manufacture. A bill for this purpose finally passed — not without very violent opposition. Another, and more important source of contention, was the institution of a national bank. This was strenuously opposed, both upon grounds of public policy, and the alleged defect of constitutional power in congress for the organization of such an establishment. The measure was carried, in spite of all opposition: a bank was chartered, with a cajiital of ten millions of dollars, one-fifth of which was to be subscribed for by the United States. Private stockholders had the privilege of paying three-fourths of their subscriptions in United States' stocks. The only further proceedings of importance during the session, were the adoption of resolutions for an increase of the army, in anticipation of an Indian war, and the admission of two new states into the Union. The settlement of Kentuckv had been commenced, not long before the breaking out of the revolutionary war, by the bold and enterprising pioneer, Daniel Boone, who, with a few asso- ciates, allured by the fertility and beauty of the country, had ven- tured to brave the dangers of an isolated position in the remote wilderness. Indian traders, in early times, reported of this country, that "No Indians dwelt there, but the various tribes made it their hunting-ground, and in their encounters, waged such fierce and desperate battles, that the whole region was known among them by the name of 'The Dark and Bloody Ground.'"' Kentucky had increased so fast in population, that it was judged expedient, both by the inhabitants and by the legislature of \''ir- ginia, in the territory of which state it was included, that llie former should be set olF as a sepa/ate state. A convention, culled f )r the consideration of the cpiestior, had fixed upon the 1st of June. 1702, as the period for the commenctment of the now organization, contingent upon the action of con- The assent of the latter was given, prospectively. r>etween Vermont and Xcw York, a contention of some standing had existed. The latter claimed jurisdiction over the former, as included within her own territory; Vermont resisted, and organized a separate government. An accommodation was efiocted at the time of which we are now speaking, and Vermont was admitted as a new state on the ISth of Februarj' (1791). THE UNITED STATES. 325 The president, in the course of the spring, made an excursion Inrough some of the southern states, and, on his route, made selection — in accordance with provisions before mentioned — of a site for the federal capital. A city was laid out, for this purpose, upon a grand scale, and much speculative enterprise was displayed in the purchase of lands and erection of buildings. The increase of the city, and, consequently, of the value of property within its extensive limits, have fallen far short of the sanguine expectations of its founders. Great commercial facilities can alone build up large cities in a new country. During the summer of this year, several attempts were made to check the depredations of the Indians on the Ohio, but nothing w'as accompli.-?hed further than the destruction of a few villages and corn- fields. Expeditions on so small a scale only served to irritate the savages, and to render the condition of the frontier more unsafe. Upon the conclusion of peace with Great Britain, a considerable portion of the Iroquois retired into Canada, where lands were appro- priated to their use on Grand river; those remaining within the limits of the United States, by solemn treaty, at Fort Stanwix, ceded their claims in eastern New York. The noted Seneca chief and orator, Red-Jacket, strenuously opposed this treaty, but was over- ruled by the influence of his superior in age and authority, O'Bail, or Corn-Planter. The Six Nations continued iii communication with the wc'tern tribes, and were generally inimical to the Amer- ican settlers. In the autumn of 1791, General Arthur St. Clair, Avith more than two thousand men, marched from Fort Washington, the site of the present city of Cincinnati, into the Indian territory. Having estab- lished and garrisoned two forts, on his route, he encamped fifteen miles from the Indian towns, on the ^Miami, on the 3d of November. The movements of the army had been slow, and the confederate tribes of the west — Ilurons, Potawatomies, Ottawas, Chippewas, Mia- mies, Delawares, Shawances, Iroquois, and others — under the guid- ance of Micbikinaqua (Little Turtle), and, as is supposed, of Josci>h Brant, liad full opportunity to collect their warriors and form their plans for defence. "Before the rising of the sun, on the following day (November 4th), the savages fell upon the camp of the whites. Never was a more decisive victory obtained. In vain fTe, ■ > iiv- "^v-'"- niilitia, fi;j! intotne Tuai'? ^! Hw '^-j •• ^\-it6 neai'ly thirfy mik"* i.- . ■■ ';■'!• vLur ui«s d^^mttii:: :.^0'^. -;**»! its fiif'ht. The Ti ■.' -i- ' i .liose upoB the fiTgitii'f;. teii|l^%. flown •fttsd- destroy in .r • ;iuii, ns is reported, oae bf iii'r^t. -^i'.';*^ <.'ili21eE out to them •'.<> •.,• (s tiicy had.kfjled endtigli/- « ."''. ■ i'- ■; U'Tiij^tatioii offcrt'cl by tho pluj-.k'r lb '''■» obtsJ '■'•'" at th;;- ■>.ui ni'Uiced the Indiana co ret^i/n, and t^e reittnant or thv invadinr: 'irrv; reached Fort JetTerson ahout sun-set. The loss, in this batt|f^ >:l t)ie part of tin; 'vhit'i4aded,'and missJiirr, Thifty-jjight oniocns nnd five ;• '.'.-J .v,-v) •"- •■ JV'iJ nott'fef>ramiHsioned6ffit''r.-!ftnd privates n-r'!--' <#S;- • * turn. '" kift bui. fdw ot ibeir fueii--jndgi!',' ' '• » --.n ■' ■'^y'f'ts, viCrt flanch over Jlfty."* J :ft^ r % O-tober of 1791, 111'* ?e!!t;itiouf) oi .tu« ijt'c<*!i3i4,^ iw; ^ a ■.'ed i':.irty 6;>'->*. «' *n'? time, v':i3 p'owi'i:: til ■ .... r^, . -;f iiie )i ' »'i suxi»;. .*--eiiftidbi<:^' iftfei*- plans nnd optratiotfa. Of Hamilton, socretaiy of liir J-ader of lUe tfed'rsil party, an Enefish wiiter obsennes: ''Each t^tc; itiuectl, w'hioh .ids minify' PJ took, seemed in tho tra& s of WnWs •^olicy; .irid, hoAs.gver^&iiuUuy or requisite tlicy may have Ic-.-n. : ••:ain!y showed litfle cautio s ir. theruaanorof adopting, BUfo :, t > increase the numV-- '- .,,.. .utiives, hf including in »^t; ,c' traoliofial vemaiudtT which exist i n i tHima^ byJhiftylitau&arid., >Q'hp bill paaetHl »>!;. uudc''#ith IIS, by tlie preanienf., ?.•;■■ - •1^ e«8iBiME8Cani'<[ of the iirst eaiwieri - vj A total of 5^21,«26, of wh; h iriv jvome'ii ,^l tiu- .; , ai- ntltk. ^^>ntiiR$4i||* SOLonarchii -» ^^ nV, iii.-i'.i'-iaJ a lid i^ '.■1 i!lf iHlj) wlKlion, en f: ivid.'ed thoii8art'^~ «*«£« slaves. 'V" ■■ • Imilan Races of America. ~ 1 : •- I tiie .i.r.',' vous liriii''s !'! nik'« "li- ^ II.'-" ;ri.- royiii t thfim Mi- '•^ f\t tb;' invadinf- ■lis batt]p id ninfty- ? ?ind fiv^ rates n-or'-> — judglTi : r-fifty."* 1791. ti..' \nd re]^lc■ ■ •«- arj-'v-d iovt»mcn; ,g <• ;n. '. Mvirchii '^ num! . '• •:r in ♦'!(' r I .iTt' THE UNITED STATES. 827 CEAPTEH I?. WASHIKOTON'S SECOND TERM: HIS DISINCLINATION TO OPFICE — THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: ITS POLITICAL INFLUENCE IN THE UNITED STATES. — ARRIVAL OF GENET, AS MIN- ISTER OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC: HIS PROCEEDINGS AT CHARLESTON. — NEUTRAL POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES. COIIIIERCIAL RESTRICTIONS BY FRANCE AND ENGLAND. — IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SEAMEN. — RETIREMENT OP JEFFERSON. — ALGERINE DEPREDATIONS. At the election of president and vice-president, for the term coni- niencing in March, 1793, Washington was reelected without a shadow of opposition. lie felt great disinclination to continue longer in office, and only consented to comply with the wishes of the electors and the people, for the purpose of calming the turbulence of the great political parties. Ilis high character and popularity could not shield him entirely from the animadversions of those of the republican party who suspected him of aristocratic predilections. It is said that, on one occasion, subsequent to his reelection, in an out- break of feeling, excited by some personal attack, he declared, "that he had never repented but once the having slipped the moment of resigning his office, and that was every moment since; that by God he had rather be in his grave than in his present situation; that he had rather be on his farm than be made emperor of the world ; and yet that they were charging him with wanting to be a king." In opposition to Adams, the candidate for vice-president, the republicans set np George Clinton: the federalists obtained the larger vote. This defeat aggravated the rancour of some of the leading liberals, and it was with difficulty that the influence of the president could calm unseemly strife between the opposing heads of departments. At this period, a new and important element in the political con- troversy of America, arose from a difference in feeling and sympathy excited by the stormy events of the French revolution. It became a matter of deep interest to inquire how far the United States should 828 AMEKICA ILLUSTEATED. I allow themselves to be implicated in the general agitation which threatened Europe. One of the first questions to be decided was, what force did a treaty, concluded with the king of France, possess upon tlie overthrow of his government, and under the rule of the republic. Popular enthusiasm was strongly aroused in favour of the revolution, a feeling not to be ell'ectually damped by intelligence of the blood-thirsty fanaticism which v\'as exhibited by too many of Its supporters. The arrival at Charleston (in the month of April, 1793) of Genet, the first ambassador commissioned by the republic to negotiate with the United States, rendered some decisive action imperative. After consultation with the cabinet, in which views diametrically opposite were entertained by the leaders of the opposite parties, the president issued a proclamation of neutrality, expressly forbidding citizens of the United States to fit out vessels for the purpose of lend- ing aid to either of the belligerent nations, or in any other manner to take share in hostilities so long as this neutral position should be maintained. The French minister was enthusiastically received at Charleston, where he spent some time in the preparation of two cruisers, to the commanders of which he filled out commissions, under authority of the republic, to prey upon British commerce. After this high- handed proceeding, Genet travelled by land to Philadelphia, wel- comed at every town, on his passage, by the most flattering exhibition of popular feeling. His conduct at Charleston, after a cabinet consultation, was declared illegal by government; the service of American citizens, under French commissions, was pronounced a public offence; and restitution was ordered of prizes taken in Amer- ican waters. So far was the French minister encouraged by the sympathy of the powerful republican party, that, in many instances, he set at nought the claims and decisions distinctly made by the American government. Ilis reception by the president was courteous, but the avowed neutrality of the United States was carefully guarded in all diplomatic intercourse. Disinclination to break with an old and powerful ally, the force of national antipathies and predilections, and the influence of the popular feeling, checked that exertion of execu- tive power which the occasion seemed to require. Privateers were fitted out at various ports in the United States; numerous prizes were brought in 023enly, and condemned by the decisions of the THE UNITED STATES, 329 Frencli consuls, acting under powers granted by Genctj on belialf of his own government. In one case, a British vessel, the Little Sarah, seized by the French frigate in which Genet liad first come over from France, was fitted out as a privateer at Philadelphia, and, after being recliristened, tJie Little Democrat, proceeded to sea, notwithstanding a promise, virtual or expressed, on the part of that minister, thiit she should remain until the claims of those interested in the vessel could bo adjusted. The government moderately, but firmly, persisted in maintaining » a neutral position, and in respecting the rights of Great Britain. Toward the close of the summer, guaranty of indemnity was formally announced for all losses by British owners from previous illegal seizures within the waters of the United States, the distance thence- forth protected being fixed at one league from shore, and including, of course, all bays and harbours within the federal jurisdiction. The French government, at the same time, was required to give up all prizes already illegally taken, and a direct requisiti'^.a was made for a recall of the arrogant Genet. The violence and insolence of this official had greatly diminished the popular fiivour whicli greeted him on his first arrival. The wiser and more far-sighted politicians looked upon him as a danger- ous man; his course of conduct tended to involve the states in unnecessary difficulties with England; and he was, undoubtedly, engaged in machinations for the organization of expeditions against the Spanish possessions in Louisiana and Florida. Any movement towards the effecting of a free exit from the Mississippi met with great favour from the settlers on the western waters. To add to other difficulties in maintaining a position of neutrality, the commerce of the stales began to suffer severely from the jffect of regulations instituted both by France and England respecting the rights of neutrals to carry on trade with the enemy. By the law of nations, supplies destined for a blockaded port may be liable to seizure; but the declaration that all the ports of an enemy are in a state of blockade, affords but a shallow excuse for the plunder of a neutral nation. Against Great Britain another cause of complaint existed, if of less political importance than this interference with trade, yet of a nature to excite far greater bitterness of private ani- mosity. This was the continual impressment of British seamen, serving on board of American vessels, and — cither through error or 830 AMERICA ILLUSl'EATED. pretended mistake — the seizure of Americans, by the same arbitrary and summary powers. It is fully established that many citizens of the states were subjected to this indignity and outrage. Shortly after the coming together of congress in December, 1793, Jefferson retired from office, and was succeeded as secretary of state by Eandolph, former attorney-general. A report upon the com- mercial relations of the United States, carefully prepared by the retiring secretary, and exhibiting his political views respecting the policy to be pursued towards France and England, was submitted to the consideration of congress. This document urged a discrimi- nation in favour of France, and met with the more favourable reception in consideration of both real and fancied aggressions on the part of England. Among other grounds of dissatisfaction the continuance of Indian disturbances at the north-west was prominent, these being attributed to the influence of British emissaries, encour- aged by the Canadian governors. The first important action of congress related to the means to be adopted for opposing a check upon the depredations of piratical cruisers from Algiers and other portions of the Barbary states, by which the navigation of the Mediterranean was rendered unsafe, and for the release of prisoners taken by the pirates, and still held in captivity. A corsiderable sum of money was appropriated for the purpose of purchasing terms of treaty, while, at the same time, in anticipation of a failure in this attempt, congress ordered the prepar- ation of a naval armament adequate to enforce the claims of the United States. THE UNITED STA.TES. 331 CHAPTER v. AMERICAN POLITICS. DEBATE IN CONGRESS UPON FOREIGN RELATIONS. FURTHER AGGRESSIONS OF ENGLAND. COM- MISSION OF JAY AS AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY TO GREAT BRITAIN. RELIEF OF IMMIGRANTS FROM ST. DOMINGO. — THE NEUTRALITY LAWS. — RESISTANCE TO THE EXCISE: REEELLION IN WESTERN PENN- SYLVANIA: ITS FORCIBLE SUPPRESSION: OPIN- IONS OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. The introduction, by Mr. Madison, of resolutions in s\ipport of the views entertained in Jefferson's report, gave rise to lengthy and veherient discussion. The two great parties had taken issue upon the subject of the policy to be pursued towards France and England: the sympathy of the democratic republicans was exclusively extended towards the former nation, while the federalists, questioning the sta. bility and good fuith of the new republic, were anxious to avoid serious collision with the government of Great Britain. Smith, of South Carolina, took the lead of the opposition, and argued at length upon the futility as well as injustice of any attempt at governing the foreign policy of England by a discriminating sca^^ of duties and .tonnage. The resolutions, by virtue of which the commerce of nations under no commercial treaty with the United States was to be subjected to restrictions or burdens not extended to others, passed by a small majority. They were avowedly aimed at the trade with England. "Of the efficacy of these commercial restrictions," says ^Ir. Ilildreth, "as a means of coercing Great Brit- ain/Madison and his party entertained very extravagant ideas, of which they had afterward ample opportunity io be cured. What, indeed, could be more extravagait than the statement that Great Britain imported necessaries from us, and we only luxuries from her, repeated over and over again by the representatives of a state whose chief export was tobacco, and whose imports were principally cloth- ing, tools, and other manufactured articles of daily use and necessity? In all these commercial struggles, nothing is more certain than that the richest party can endure the longest, and is sure to triumph in the end." 332 AMEEICA ILLUSTRATED. The measures adopted against Great Britain were rendered still more popular upon the arrival of intelligence that orders had been issued by the admiralty in November previous, by which neutral trade with French colonies was as arbitrarily dealt with as that with France direct. It was also reported that the British governor of Lower Canada, Lord Dorchester, at an Indian council, had delivered an address breathing a hostile spirit towards the United States. The anticipated danger was met by appropriations — on rather a small scale, considering the supposed necessities of the case — for for- tifying various sea-ports, and for organization and training of the militia. A temporary embargo was also decided upon. So strong was the hostile feeling, that a motion was made, and warmly urged, for the sequestration of debts due to British creditors, for the pur- pose of applying them to indemnify those who had sustained losses by seizure of property under the obnoxious laws restraining neutral trade. It was also proposed that all trade with Great Britain should cease until reparation should be made for these illegal seizures, and until an evacuation of the western military posts should be ordered. The English ministry, on the other hand, seemed to incline to pacific and conciliatory measures, being "too fully and deeply occu- pied wiiLi treasons at home, and the menace of invasion from abroad, to answer this wasp'shness of America in a similar tone. On the contrary, the last obnoxious order of the admiralty was recalled, and the federal party were able to rally, and entertain hopes of avoiding a rupture." Washington was anxious to preserve peaceable relations with Great Britain, and, foreseeing the possible results of heated and angry debate in congress, with the recurrence of successive hostile enactments passed upon the spur of the occasion, and insufficiently digested, he fixed upon a plan to set the matter temporarily at rest. In the month of April, 1794, he proposed to the senate the appoint ment of a minister extraordinary, empowered to negotiate for the settlement of all existing difficulties with England, and nominated, for this mission, Chief-Justice Jay. The nomination was confirmed, by a very close vote. These were times of great political excitement. Every arrival from Europe brought news replete with interest, and having a bear- ing upon American politics more direct than we can well a]ij)reciate at tlij present time. Tlie more violent of the republican party imi ttated the French organization of political clubs, and in the midai THE UNITED STATES. 333 of the "ReicTTi of Terror," were so far blinded by party zeal as to rejoice ^v intelligence of proceedings which, if brought nearer home, wOt, .. have excited unmingled horror and disgust. Others, more moderate, yet with equal sympathy for a nation involved like our own, in a strife between the people and their hereditary tyrants, lamented over the violence which by reaction must eventually pre- judice the cause of liberty and of equal rights. la anticipation of conquest by the English, the French officials at St. Domingo had issued a proclamation by which the slaves on that island were set free. The country became generally unsafe for whites, and many, abandoning all their effects, sailed for the United States. A bill introduced for the relief of these unfortunate immi- grants called forth much argument upon the constitutional limits of the power of congress. No authority can be discovered in the con- stitution for any appropriation for mere purposes of charity, except by a forced implication under the general provisions for foreign intercourse. The measure was, notwithstanding, carried, by virtue of its popularity, and has formed a precedent acted upon at a much later period, upon the occasion of the famine in Ireland. Fifteen thousand dollars were appropriated for the relief of the French immigrants. Another act, passed at this session, of great present interest, was called forth by the continued efforts of French agents to organize expeditions against the Spanish possessions of Louisiana. The anxiety of the western settlers to obtain possession of the Mississippi rendered it an easy matter to collect adventurers upon such an enter- prise, if winked at by government. A bill to restrain American citizens from engaging in hostilities with friendly nations passed both houses early in June. A fine of one thousand dollars and three years' imprisonment were made the penalty for entrance into foreign military service by any persons within the jurisdiction of the United States. This provision was specially aimed at those who should unlawfully enlist recruits; the penalty awarded against those whom they had seduced from allegiance being remitted upon conviction of the former, consequent on their information. The equipment of vessels, and the organization of expeditions within the United States, for the purpose of carrying on hostilities against any country at peace with the confederation, subjected the offender to a still lieavier fine, with the same term of imprisonment. To secure promptitude in tlie suppression of such unlawful enter* 334 AMERICA ILLUSTEATED, prise, the president was expressly authorized to exert his powers as commander-in-cliief of the military forces of the United States, and in case of necessity to call out the militia. A serious civil disturbance took place in western Pennsylvania during the summer. The law imposing excise duties on spirituous liquors of domestic manufacture had been, from the first, particularly obnoxious in this section of the country, the difficulty of getting grain to market rendering its consumption for purposes of distil- lation a matter of great convenience and profit. Process being issued against certain distillers who had neglected to conform to the provisions of the act, the civil officials were resisted, and the rioters, adopting an offensive attitude, assailed the- house of the inspector. The spirit of insurrection rapidly spread throughout the western counties, and the people, inflamci by the speeches and influence of demagogues, set the laws at defiance, maltreated its officers, and held public meetings for organizing a regralar system of resistance. The mails were intercepted to cut off communication with the scat of government, and the friends of order and obedience to the laws were completely overawed in all the disaffected districts. The leaders of this insurrectioa became the more insolent and exacting from the mild meaMirea at first resorted to for allaying the tumult, and the president found it necessary to exert his constitu- tional powers for the support of the laws. A requisition was made for fifteen thousand militia, from Pennifvlvania and the adjoining states: an overpowering force waa marched into the western counties, and every symptom of rebellion speedily disappeared. Those who had taken the most active part in the outbreak made their escape: many arrests were made, but great leniency was exhibited towards the few found guilty upon trial. It was the opinion of the republican party in general, that this demonstration was uncalled for by the exigency of the circumstances. Jeflorson, in a letter, says of the doings of the rebels: " We know of none which, according to the definitions of the law, have been any thing more than riotous. The information of our militia returned from the westward is uniform, that, though the peoj)lc there let them pass quietly, they were objects of their laughter, not of their fear; that one thousand men coald have cut ofT their A'hole force in a thou.sand places of the Alleghany; that tbeir detestation of the excise law is universal, and has now associated to it a detestation ot r THE UNITED STATES. 385 the government; and that separation, which, perhaps, was a very distant and problematical event, is now near, and certain, and deter- mined in the mind of every man." CHAPTER ?L GEXERAL "WAYNE'S CASTPAIGN AGAINST THE NORTH-WESTERN INDIANS. DEFEAT OF THE CONFEDERATE TRIBES AT THE MIAMI BAPILS. — NATURALIZATION LAWS. — THE DEMO- CRATIC CLCBS. — HAMILTON'S RESIGNATION. — THE BKIIISH TREATY: ITS RATIFICATION: POPULAR IN- DIGNATION. — RANDOLPH'S RESIGNATION The north-western Indians, unmolested by any important military expedition since their signal victory over St. Clair, had grown con- tinually more insolent and exacting in their demands. The progress of western settlements was impeded by savage inroads: the natives considered all white emigrants from the east as encroachers, and, rendered confident by late successes, seemed rather to court hostili- ties. It finally became essential to oppose a forcible check to their ravages. To guard against the possibility of a second defeat, the campaign of 1794 was preceded by the fortification of military posts at Greenville, on the Miami, and at the spot rendered memora- ble by St. Clair's defeat. The latter was named Fort Recovery. The preceding winter and spring were occupied in these works, and in the collection of an army, the command of which was be- stowed upon General Wayne. On the 30th of June, 1794, the strength of the position at Fort Recovery was tested by a fierce attack on the part of the Indians, assisted by a number of whites — English or Canadians. The place was successfully defended, al- though not without heavy loss. In the month of August active operations were commenced. "When the army was once put in motion, important and decisive events rapidly succeeded. The march was directed into the heart of the Indian settlements on the Miami, now called Maumce, a river emptying into the western extremity of Lake Eric. Where tho beautiful stream An Glaise empties into the river, a fort was imme- Vol. IV.— 50 836 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. diately erected, and named Fort Defiance. From this post General Wayne sent emissaries to invite the hostile nations to negotiation, but the pride and rancour of the Indians prevented any favourable results. Little Turtle, indeed, seemed to forebode the impending storm, and advised the acceptance of the terms offered. 'The Americans,' said he, 'are now led by a chief who never sleeps: the night and the day are alike to him. * * Think well of it. There is something whispers me it would be prudent to listen to his offers of peace.'"* Wayne was commonly called by the Indians the "Black Snake:" another soubriquet, bestowed upon him by his own followers, was that of "Mad Anthony." The American camp was posted in the midst of such extensive and high!}' cultivated fields of corn as excited the admiration and astonishment of the invaders. The country "presented for milevS the appearance of a single village, and rich corn-fields spread on either side." The Indians had retreated down the river from their settlement, upon the advance of the army, and had taken up a position in the immediate vicinity of a British fort, near the Miami rapids. This was one of those posts retained by Great Britain in defiance of former treaties, and constituted, as was generally be- lieved, a dep'» 840 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. by the president, on grounds of public policy, upon a call from the house, to lay before that body the diplomatic correspondence, &c., relative to this treaty, had a tendency to aggravate party violence. The question was debated from April 15th, 1796, until the close of the month. The whole effect of treaties; whether they became binding when ratified, or whether concurrence of the house by necessary appropriations was requisite before the national faith could be considered pledged; and an application of general principles to this particular treaty, formed abundant theme for argument and declamation. A compromise was finally effected, by a passage of the appropriations, as being a matter of present expediency, without any decision of the general position in dispute. On the 1st of June, just at the close of the session, the state of Tennessee was admitted into the Union. The population of that ter- ritory already amounted to about eighty thousand, including negroes. The conclusion of Jay's British treaty excited great dissatisfaction in France. The Directory, indignant that America should have yielded to the British claims respecting the seizure of French prop- erty on board neutral vessels, declared that France was no longer bound by the stipulations of her former treaty with the United States, and, on the 2d of July, 1796, an order was promulgated, "authorizing the ships-of war of the republic to treat neutral vessels in the same manner in which they suffered themselves to be treated by the English." Great numbers of American vessels were seized and confiscated under this decree. Mr. Monroe, minister to France, at this period was a member of the republican party, and, as such, warmly fa- voured the interests of that nation. He had met with an enthusiastic reception, and, through him, a formal exchange of flags had been effected between France and the United States, as a token of mutual respect and amity. With the intention of adopting a stronger tone towai'ds the government of the republic, "Washington appointed Charles C. Pinckney of South Carolina, in place of Monroe. The new envoy sailed for France in September. As the period of his second term of office approached. President Washington, in a farewell address, announced his determination to retire from public life. This valedictory was issued in the mouth of September, 1796. Throughout his administration his conduct had been marked by firmness and integrity; but his leaning towards the principlcb of the federalists was an unpardonable sin in the THE UNITED STATES. 841 Opinion of too many of the opposition. Every species of abuse had been heaped upon him by ranters in the republican party; ambitious personal views, disregard for popular rights, a tyrannical disposition, and even peculations upon the public funds, were attributed to him. The grossest misrepresentations reflecting upon his character were circulated ; his enemies did not even scruple at the publication of forged letters for the purpose of alienating the affection and respect of the people from their former idol. Time has exposed these falsehoods, and the vituperation of polit- ical opponents is forgotten. The acrimony of party zeal has ceased to blind men's minds to the true character of Washington ; no man in public life has left behind him a more unblemished reputation, and few have attained equal eminence as a commander and a statesman. At the second presidential election, the great political parties put forward, as their respective candidates, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Seventy votes were necessary to a choice; Adams re- ceived seventy-one, and the republican candidate sixty-nine by virtue of which he entered upon the office of vice-president. The inaugu- ration took place in the 9th of March, 1797. Washington retired to his estate at Mount Vernon, where he passed the remainder of his life. CHAPTER YHL TREATMENT OP UNITED STATES' AMBASSADORS IN PRANCE.— HOSTILE PREPARATIONS IN AMERICA. — NEW EMBASSY: RE- FUSAL OP THE DIRECTORY TO RECEIVE THE AMERICAN MINISTERS. — NEGOTIATIONS WITH TALLEYRAND. — EXTRAVAGANT DEMANDS AND INJURIOUS DECREES OF THE DIRECTORY. — RETURN OP THE AMBASSADORS. — ACTION OF CONGRESS: MILITARY PREPARATIONS: ALIEN AND SEDITION LAWS. LAND-TAX, ETC. The administration of Mr. Adams opened with serious and per- plexing difficulties connected with our relations towards France. Soon after the inauguration, dispatches arrived from Pinckney, setting forth the injurious reception that he had met with on the 842 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. part of the Directory. Monroe, upon presentation of his own letters of recall, and those relative to the new appointment, was notified that France would receive no other ambassador from the United States until redress should be made for the grievances before com- plained of as connected with the British treaty. The retiring minister, at his last audience, was dismissed by the president, Barras, in a speech as flattering to him as insulting to his country. Pinckney could not even obtain a necessary protection for continuing in tne country until further orders from home. He was compelled to leave France, and proceeded, accordingly, to Holland. The late astonishing successes which had attended her arms upon the continent, caused the existing government of France to under- value the importance of preserving friendly relations with the American republic ; and the tone adopted by the Directory was of a character calculated to strengthen the federal party in the states. New and offensive decrees relative to American commerce speedily followed. President Adams, in a forcible address to congress, set forth the conduct of the French government, as opposed to all rules of na- tional courtesy and right: he recommended the formation of a naval force, with other measures for defence of the commerce of the country, and inveighed against the interference of France with the internal politics of the United States, exhibited in various endeav- ours to influence the elections, and alienate the people from the government. After long debate in the house, appropriations were made, and loans authorized for the purpose of carrying out the views of the president, and arrangements were made for a draught of militia from the several states in case of emergency. A new embassy was commissioned, consisting of three persons — Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry — to make a further attempt at the opening of pacific negotiations. The envoys proceeded to France, and arrived in Paris early in October, 1797. The Directory refused to receive them, but an irregular negotiation was commenced through the intervention of some agents of Talleyrand, then minister for foreign affairs, and protracted, without important issue, until April of the following year. During this period, the American ambassa- dors were officially authorized to remain at the capital, and, frbm time to time, held interviews with Talleyrand or his creatures. The point most insisted on by the latter, was the necessity for THE UNITED STATES. 343 opening the ^vay to a complete arrangement, by a douceur or bribe of about two hundred and forty thousand dollars, for the benefit of the minister and directory, and the effecting a loan to the French government of a lurther sum. This rapacious scheme was urged with the most unblushing effrontery. "The main point," said the Frenchmen, "is ilfaut de V argent— ilfaut beaucoup d^argent:^ Some- thing in hand, at least, they urged, should bo paid them, uniil the matter could be finally arranged. In vain did the envoys protest that they possessed no shadow of' authority for such proceedings or undertakings; the matter was again and again reverted to, and suggestions, unworthy of any but the most venal and cor- rupt, were made respecting the manner in which it might be brought about. The demands of the Directory, as finally communicated by Tal- leyrand, could not be listened to for a moment. If granted, they would necessarily involve the United States in an immediate war, for not only was the loan insisted upon, but also an annulment of the late treaty with Great Britain, Desirous to terrify, or force compliance with their unreasonable demands, the i^overnment had, during the winter, greatly extended the grounds upon which Amer- ican vessels were held liable to seizure. It was declared that all produce of any dependency of Great Britain, without regard to existing ownership, should be lawful prize, if found on board a neutral vessel. After experiencing every slight and indignity, two of the Ameri- can commissioners, Marshall and Pinckney, returned to the states; Gerry, through whom, individually, many of the previous commu- nications had been made by Talleyrand, and with whom, as being the only republican on the commission, it was intimated that farther negotiations might be continued, remained at Paris. This treatment of the United States' ambassadors could not fail to weaken the influence of the Gallican party in America. The out- rageous demands of France, and the character of the late commercial decrees, could not be sustained by the most ardent of her adherents on this side the water. Congress being in session, April, 1798, dis- patches containing a history of the negotiation were brought up for consideration. The most active measures were at once taken to prepare for contingent hostilities, and to furnish present protection to American shipping. Large sums were appropriated for the pur- chase of munitions of war, for the increase of the naval force, and Ml 344 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. for fortifications. A new cabinet department was created for the management of naval affairs. A succession of important and decisive measures were passed during the spring and summer. Without a direct declaration of war with France, orders were issued for a cessation of all commercial mtercourse with that country ; former treaties were declared to be of no further effect ; the capture of any armed French vessels was authorized, if by private adventure, and directed, on the part of the United States' navy. The latter was greatly increased, and large appropriations were made for building new vessels and enlisting a corps of ma,rines. Powers Avere bestowed upon the president, to enlist an arjny of ten thousand men, in case of urgent necessity, and to immediately appoint military officers, and make arrangements for the enrolment and training of volunteers, in anticipation of such contingency. He also received discretionary authority to order from the country any foreigner who should be suspected of dangerous designs against government; and, in case of hostilities, to banish or arrest all per- sons belonging to the nation against which war should be declared. To meet thv. heavy expense of these defensive measures, a tax was laid upon slaves and real estate. As a check upon the violence of the more turbulent portion of the opposition, and a restraint upon foreign intrigue, an act was passed defining and affixing punishment to seditious or treasonable conspiracies for opposing the authority of government, and to the issuing of any libel upon congress, the executive, or the measures of government, as well as any false and malicious publication, having a tendency to excite domestic disaf fection, or to aid or encourage the designs of any hostile nation. These acts met with a very strong opposition in congress ; but the federal party was in a decided majority, and generally succeedea in carrying the measures introduced by its leaders. The office of commander-in-chief of the provisional army was be- stowed upon Washington: hi:; acceptance was conditional that hia Bervices should be required only in case of emergency. THE UNITED STATES. 845 uXXiriiTiLjIiiJU it JLt PACIFIC MOVEMENTS IN PRANCE. — MISSION OF MURRAT.- NATAL ENGAGEMENTS. — DEATH OP WASHINGTON. — NAPO- LEON FIRST CONSUL. — TREATY WITH FRANCE. FIRST SESSION OP CONGRESS AT WASHINGTON. PRESI- DENTIAL ELECTION; JEFFERSON PRESIDENT, AND BURR VICE-PRESIDENT. — PARTY REMOVAL FROM OFFICE. — ECONOMICAL REFORMS. — OHIO AD- MITTED INTO THE UNION. — TRANSFER OF LOUISIANA TO THE UNITED STATES. The Directory, finding all eflforts to involve the United States in war with England likely to prove futile, and learning by experi- ence, that in naval operations the retaliatory measures lately adopted in America, would tell severely upon French commerce, adopted a more pacific and conciliatory course. Shortly before the departure of Gerry, which took place in August, 1798, Talleyrand communi- cated to him the willingness of government to receive a minister from the United States, if choice should be made of one free from prejudice against the interests of France; and, at the same time, renounced all the more objectionable preliminaries to negotiations, before so pertinaciously urged. About the same time, decrees were passed for sectiring American vessels against unauthorized seizures by French privateers. Tn answer to these overtures, the senate, upon nomination of President Adams, in February of 1799, appointed Mr. Murray, min- ister at the Ilagne, jointly with Judge Marshall and Patiick Uenry, to undertake a new mission to France, a condition being annexed that intimation must be given by that nation of a favourable reception before they should enter the French territory. General Davie, of North Carolina, took the place of Uenry, who declined serving on account of bodily infirmities. These negotiations were slowly perfected, and, in the interim, many encounters took place at sea, between private armed vessels of the two nations. Those employed in the American merchant ser- vice, generally availed themselves of the permission accorded by congress to carry arms, and the spirit of privateering, perhaus to 846 AMERICA ILLUSTEATED. be considered a national predilection, was gratified by tlie seizure of many prizes. In February, 1799, an action was fought at sea, near the island of St. Kitt's, between the United States frigate Con- stellation, and the French frigate L'Insurgente, in which the latter after a severe contest, was captured, and sent a prize to America. Upon communication through Talleyrand, of the readiness of the government to receive American envoys, Marshall and Davie were directed, by the president, to embark forthwith, notwithstanding vehement objections from a portion of the cabinet, grounded upon the uncertainty of affairs in France, consequential upon a recent change in the Directory. The death of General "Washington, which occurred on the 14th of December, 1799, silenced, for a brief period, the clamour of party contention, and all, except a few among the most violent and pre- judiced of his former opponents, united to honour his memory by public testimonials of respect and gratitude. The new revolution of affairs in France, and the elevation of Na- poleon to the office of First Consul, occurring at this epoch, augured favourably for the establishment of permanent peace with France. Meanwhile, the national pride of the United States was farther gratified by intelligence of the prowess of the Constellation in an- other engagement with the French frigate La Vengeance, a vessel of greatly superior force. Although the latter escajied, in conse- quence of the loss of a mast by the Constellation, she was so much damaged that she was condemned upon arrival at port. The loss of men on board the French vessel was four times greater than that suffered by the Americans, amounting to about one hundred and sixty in killed and wounded. The engagement took place in Feb- ruary, 1800. The United States' ambassadors were received by the First Consul, witli distinguished consideration, in the ensuing month of March. Talleyrand was still at the head of the department for foreign aflairs, but a special comriiission, in whieli he liad no sliare, was appointed to treat on the })art of the French government. Bound down b_y stringent instructions, the envoys could enter into no conclusive arrangement, but a temporary convention was agreed U[)on, that, until the negotiation could bo completed and a new treaty entered into, the ships of cither nation were to bo safe from seizure under flie late unreasonable decrees. Provision was also made for rGeonveyancc of prizes nut already THE UNITED STATES. 347 condemned, and of captured national vessels, and preliminary agree- ments wete arranged for the future discharge of private claims against either government. These results were not arrived at before the month of October of the same year. They afterwards formed the basis for the conclusion of a satisfactory treaty. When congress came together in November, the pub'ic buildings at Washington were sufficiently advanced to serve the purposes designed, and the session was held accordingly at the new capitol. The approaching presidential election was the all-absorbing topic of interest, inasmuch as a grand trial of strength was expected between the two political parties. President Adams had lost popularity by the strong measures adopted in anticipation of war with France, his course not appearing justified by the subsequent turn of events. The respective candidates for the offices of president and vice- president, were Adams and Pinckney, on the side of the federals; while Jefferson, and the talent^ but intriguing and unprincipled Colonel Aaron Burr, stood forth as representatives of the republicans. The latter were successful, but as they received an equal number of votes, by the existing constitutional regulation, selection devolved upon the house of representatives. The votes were taken by states, and it was not until after thirty-five divisions, that either candidate could secure a majority. The contest terminated at the thirty-sixth balloting, on the 17th of February, 1801. Jefferson obtained the majority, and was declared president accordingly. Burr entered upon the office of vice-president. With the accession of Jefferson commenced that system of removal from office of political opponents to the administration, which, with a greater or less degree of personal favoritism, has been the estab- lished policy upon every succeeding revolution of parties. The changes arbitrarily introduced by the new president were mostly Buch as were absolutely essential for the establishment of a necessary unanimity in the departments, and a cordial cooperation in the new principles of government. The displacement of certain federal in- cumbents of inferior offices, gave occasion for great complaint, as being uncalled for, and the result of mere party prejudice. With our juvsciit experience of what may result from a retaliatory spirit, we must look upon these removals by Jefferson as being conducted with distinguished moderation. The introduction of economical reform in the expenses of government received the first attention of the new administration. ■'? 348 AMERICA ILLISTKATED. The navy was reduced, and its place, to a certain extent, supplied by gun-boats, built for harbour defence — the inefficiency of which, after- wards demonstrated, gave occasion for much ridicule. In respect to matters more particularly within the cognizance of a landsman and one unacquainted with the practical conduct of military affixirs, the economical policy of Jefferson was wisely and judiciously enforced. The obnoxious excise laws, and the land-tax, were repealed, by means of which a great number of petty but expensive offices were annulled; additional federal courts, created under the former admin- istration, were done away with; and provision was made for the reduction and eventual payment of the public debt — the existence of which was supposed to give undue influence to the treasury department. In 1802, the state of Ohio, whitber a great influx of emigrants had poured since the partial extingnisliment of the Indian title, was admitted into the Union by act q| congress, and commenced its separate existence as a sovereign state early in the following spring. The transfer of the immense territory of Louisiana from Spain to France, and the negotiation through which its purchase was effected, by the United States in 1803, have been already detailed in that portion of this work devoted to toe French settlements in America. No event could have been of greater importance to our western states and territories than this. The pofiseseion by any foreign nation of the outlet to the main channel of communication to this vast region, must have caused continual conflict of interest, and endangered the preservation of friendly relations between the parties concerned. Experience had shown that the binding force of treaties 'Vas insuffi- cient to secure our citizens in their stipulated rights, while the mouth of the Mississippi was commanded bj the agents of European powers. THE UNITED STATES. 349 I AMKBICAX FLEET IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. — EXPEDITION 01 EATOX ASD HAMET AGAINST TRIPOLI. TREATY CONCLUDED. — JEFFEBSON'S Ri-ELECTION. — BURR'S DUEL "WITH BAM- ILT05;HIS WESTERN ENTERPRISE: HIS TRIAL. The mcKt interesting events, connected with foreign affairs, during the first term of Jefferson's presidency, are those relating to difficul- ties still existing with the Barbary states. That the maritime nations of Europe, and the United States in pursuance of their example, should have so long submitted to the degradation of purchasing peace from the piratical barbarians of northern Africa, seems utterly unaccountable, particularly as such concessions only aggravated their insolence, and encouraged them, from time to time, to increase their demands. An American frigate, commanded by Bainbridge, in the autumn of the year 1800, was compelled by the Dey of Algiers to serve as a transport for the transmission of presents, &c., to Constantinople ; the remonstrances of the captain were met by the- most arrogant and insolent expressions of superiority. The state of Tripoli, in the year following this event, commenced open hostilities against American commerce — the reigning prince having become dissatisfied with the terms upon which his favour had been bought In the summer of 1802 a squadron under com- mand of Commodore Morris was dispatched against the belligerent iiation. A partial blockade and some unimportant captures were the only advantages gained during this season. During the summer of the following year a larger naval force under Cornmoflore Preble arrived in the Mediterranean, and pro- ceeded to blockade the harbour of Tripoli. The frigate rhiladcljihia, commanded by Baiiibridge, arrived first at the station. Unfortu- nately, while in pursuit of a Tripolitan vessel, she struck upon a rock. Vain efforts were made to Hghten and heave her off, during which operation she was surrounded by gun-boats of the enemy. The frigate heeled so far that her guns were useless, and she became a prize to the Trijxjlitans. They got her off safely, and took her into f '! ■■II 350 AMEEICA ILLUSTRATED. the harboar, making prisoners of all on board. The officers alone were exempted from a condition of slavery. This capture gave occasion for a brilliant exploit. Lieutenant Decatur, with a small vessel recently taken from the enemy, and manned by volunteers from the American frigate Enterprise, then lying at Syracuse, undertook to destroy the Philadelphia. On the night of February 16th, 1804, the Tripolitan crew on board the frigate were hailed in their own language from a small craft, appar- ently of their nation, whose approach was regarded without suspicion. Under the excuse that she had lost her anchors, the stranger was permitted to come alongside and make fast to the ship. Her true character was immediately ascertained: the Americans, rushing on board, in the confusion attendant upon the first alarm, drove the crew overboard, fired the vessel, and effected a safe retreat. An achievement of a still more remarkable and romantic character was accomplished in the following year by William Eaton, Consul for the United States at Tunis, Jessuf, the Bashaw of Tripoli, was a younger brother; he had driven Hamet, the rightful incumbent of the throne, into exile; and with the latter, Eaton, by authority from the United States, entered into correspondence for the purpose of planning a land expedition from Egypt into Tripoli, and expelling the usurper. A little band of Arabs, Tripolitan refugees of Hamet's party, and Christian adventurers, numbering in all only about four hundred men, set out from the vicinity of Alexandria, early in the spring of 1805. The passage of the intervening desert was not completed until the latter part of April, the march being attended with extreme suffering and destitution. The invaders arriving at Derne, with the cooperation of American vessels lying in the harbour, took forcible possession of the town, and held it against the main Tripolitan force, by which they were attacked a fortnight later. While thus in the full tide of success, the hopes of Hamet and bis enterprising ally were crushed by the conclusion of a treaty between the United States and Tripoli, by which Jessuf was left in undisturbed possession of his sovereignty. A large sum was paid for the ransoir of captives remaining in the power of the bashaw, after the accom- plishment of an equal exchange for those prisoners taken by the Americans. Prior to the conclusion of these events, a new pr^'-i^> tial election in the United States, had resulted in Jefferson's contmuaucc in ofRce THE UNITED STATES. Sol for a second term. George Clinton of New York was chosen vice- president in place of Burr. The latter, in the summer of 1804-, en- raged against Hamilton on account of influence brought to bear against him as candidate for the office of governor of New York, sought a quarrel with his political opponent, which resulted in a duel. Hamilton fell mortally wounded at the first fire. The cir- cumstance that Burr was the aggressor, as well as the challenging party, with a general suspicion of his previous integrity and good faith, aroused such public indignation that he was obliged to leave the state. Politically dead in the United States, he turned his atten- tion thenceforth to deeper and more desperate intrigues, to which, a little anticipating the order of events, we may here advert. In concert with one Blennerhasset," an Irishman of considerable property, who had established himself upon an island in the Ohio rivei near ^farietta, Burr, it would appear, formed magnificent schemes for revolutionizing the western country, and the establish- ment of a separate government, as well as for an invasion of the Spanish province of Mexico. By personal interviews with leading men who were supposed to be disaffected towards the administration, by mysterious Tetters, calculated to arouse cupidity and excite indefi- nite hopes, and by negotiations through agents in whom he placed very variant degrees of confidence, he succeeded in exciting a state of feverish anticipation of some great, but indeterminate political change, about to take place. Being a man of consummate abilities, and of a remarkably pleasing address, he acquired great influence over those with whom he held familiar intercourse, and while he could mould inferior minds to his own views, he was always able to conceal his own true purposes. Perhaps no political intrigue ever occupied such universal attention, as the one of which we are speaking, without its purport eventually becoming more clearly apparent. When Burr first began to collect forces, it was under the guise of procuring emigrants to occupy a tract on the Ouachita, in Louis- iana, to which he had purchased a doubtful claim. In December, 1806, with about one hundred men — who were probably as much in the dark as to the true destiiuition and purposes of the expedition as the public at large — he passed down the Ohio in a number of covered flat-boats. The agents of government were on the alert, and his projects were by this time universally can viewed, and entered more or less into the political controversies of the day. Vol. IV.-51 352 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. At Natchez, Burr submitted to the requisitions of the territorial civil authorities, and the charges against him were investigated by the intervention of a grand jury at Washington, the capital of the Mississippi territory. Nothing could be established by any direct evideuce, and he was acquitted. Meanwhile, General Wil- kinson, the military commander at New Orleans, to whom Burr had previously made many overtures, had arbitrarily arrested several of the agents commissioned by the latter, and was enforcing a species of martial law, in anticipation of the expected invasion or revolution. Further conduct of the expedition was unsafe, and Burr, dis- missing his followers, attempted to make his escape into Florida He was arrested near the Tombigbee river, and taken prisoner to Eichmond, where he was bailed, upon the charge of violating the neutrality law, by enlisting forces to invade a peaceful nation. He was subsequently indicted by a grand jury for high treason in levy- ing war against the United States. The trial, after much delay in vexatious preliminaries, took place in August, 1807, Chief-Justice Marshall presiding. Sufficient evidence could not be obtained to sustain the charge, and a verdict of acquittal followed. The same result attended the trial upon the charge of a violation of the neu- trality act. All concerned were held amenable to the provisions of the latter law in any district where an overt act, falling within its prohibi- tions, should have been committed. Held to bail in Ohio, upon the same accusation. Burr and Blennerhasset both forfeited their bonds. The former soon after sailed for Europe, and passed many years in fruitless endeavours to carry out schemes of personal aggrandize- ment in France and England. He returned to spend the latt»^v years of his life in the obscure practice of law in his own state. THE UNITED STATES. 858 uJraiondence in a manner so offensive, that his recall was demanded, and all diplomatic intercourse, for the time, was suspended. During the autumn of 1810, the settlers in that portion of "West Florida bordering on the Mississippi, following the example of other Spanish American colonies, took advantage of the embarrassed position of the home government to rebel against the Spanish au- thorit-"es. This district was soon after occupied by the United States, under claim of title, by virtue of former treaties of transfer. Upon the expiration of the non-intercourse act, in 1810, propositions were made by the United States to France and England for a re- moval of the onerous restrictions upon trade. To either nation which should comply with this requisition, the inducement of exclu- sive commercial intercourse was held out. Napoleon, willing to yield a point in his rigid continental system, for the purpose of securing the friendship of the United States, and — a matter still more to his taste — of involving them in war with England, gave notice, through his ministers, that American vessels should be free from the operation of the sweeping decrees of Berlin and Milan. Commerce was at once opened with France ; but the British gov- ernment, affecting to consider the suspension of the French decrees as irregular, temporary, and illusive, declined yielding to the re- quirements of the United States. On the contrary, national jealousy being aroused by the prospect of an advantageous trade between this country and France, renewed vigilance was exercised, and a more rigorous search instituted by the numerous British cruisers on the American coast. . The sloop-of-war Little Belt, commanded by Captain Bingham, while engaged in this service, fell in with the American frigate Pres- ident, under Commodore Kodgers. The English vessel at first bore down upon the American, until discovering that the latter was of greater force, and that her signals were not answered, she stood away. Pursutd by the President, she hove to, and both vessels hailed, as appears, nearly simultaneously. Neither replied except by a second hail. Upon this some shots were fired — accounts being ;.-?■ V m^ ;{! f 858 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. contradictory as to Avhich vessel commenced — soon succeeded by a general cannonade on either side, in which the Little Belt was nearly disabled and lost more than thirty of her crew in killed and wounded Such discrepancy prevails in the accounts given of this transaction, that we are somewhat at a loss in forming conclusions respecting its merits. At a special session of congress, in the autumn of 1811, the presi dent set forth, in a message to that body, the futility of all attempts at negotiation with Great Britain, the enormous injury to American commerce eilected by her exclusive system, the vast number of ves- sels in the United States' merchant service which had fallen a prey to her cruisers, and the generally aggressive and ungenerous policy pursued by her government. "With this evidence," proceeded the address, "of hostile inflexibility, in trampling upon rights which no independent nation can relinquish, congress will feel the duty of putting the United States into an armour and an attitude de mandcd by the crisis, and corresponding with the national spirit and expectations." This call was responded to, by a decided majority, in a similar spirit. Appropriations were made, and loans authorized, for the enlargement of the army, ibr fortilications, and the accumulation of military stores. The navy was ordered to be increased, and pro- visions were made lor organizing a militia force. The existence of serious disturbances at the north-west, attributed, in some measure, to British influence over the Indian tribes, added to the hostile feel- ing entertained towards Great Britain. A new confederacy had been long forming in that quarter, under the direction, and through the intrigues of the celebrated Tecumsch and his brother Elskwatawa, or tho Prophet. The former, at this period, was engaged in gaining over the tribes of the southern states to unite in a magnificent enterprise for the recovery of the entire valley, of the Mississippi from the whites. The pro- phet was established on the Tippecanoe, a tributary of the Wa- bash, where a horde of his followers encamped about him, and kept the country in terror by their depredations. To check these ravages, Governor Harrison, with a force of about nine hundred men, regulars, militia, and volunteers, marched up the Wabash from P'ort llarrison, at the close of October (1811). He encamped on the 5th of November, within nine miles of tho prophet's town, and attempted to negotiate with the Indian chief. THE UNITED STATES, 359 The latter proposed a truce, for the purpose of a conference to take place on the day following. This pacific overture was merely in- tended to disarm suspicion. On the following morning, a little before day-break — the time always selected by the Indians, for a surprise — the whole force under command of the prophet, fell upon the American encampment. Fortunately, due precautions had been taken for a timely alarm, and for the preservation of order in case of a night attack. Although the Indians fought with astonishing fury and determination, they were finally driven off and dispersed, not without a loss, on the part of the wliites, of one hundred and fifty in killed and wounded. The American troops immediately proceeded to the Indian settlement, and accomplished its entire destruction. Certain disclosures, communicated to :'ongres3 by a message of the president. In March, 1812, relative to the secret agency of one John Henry, who, several years previous, had been commissioned by the governor of Canada to attempt negotiation with the New England federalists, excited great indignation among the war party. It would appear that for a time undue importance was attached to this affair. The president jDaid a large sum of money from the secret service fund, to secure the correspondence between Uenry and his employer. The principal matter of the communications related to the extent to v/hich the anti-war party might be willing to push their opposition, and the possibilitv' or jirobability of a secession from the Union by the com- mercial states of the north, in the event of their political defeat. In the month of April, an important accession to the southern in- terest resultctl from the admission of the new state of Louisiana, including tiiat portion of West Florida already occupied by the United States. The Spanish possessions in East Florida were en- dangered, at the same period, by an outbreak encouraged and pro- moted by the American general, Matthews. A strong party in congress — even a majority in the house — was in favour of taking forcible possession of this territory; but a bill for that purpose was lost in the senate. A })rospeet of speedy hostilities with America, gave rise to a strong opposition in the British parliament, to the measures of government; and strenuous exertions were made to effect a comjiliance with the principal requisitions of the United States. These movements on the part of the friends of peace and of the rights of neutrals, it has been said, might have terminated in sueh concession as would have •li 860 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. satisfied tlie latter, if patience had been a little farther extended. At the close of May, 1812, recent intelligence having been received from England, and no prospect appearing of a disposition on the part of government to yield the questions in dispute, President Madison sent in a message recommending immediate declaration of war. The senate promptly concurred with the recommendation; in the house, the question, after about a fortnight's consideration, resulted in the same conclusion. The debate was conducted with closed doors. On the 18th of June, war was formally declared with Great Britain. To this act most strenuous opposition was made by the federal party. In those portions of the United States most depend- ant upon commerce, a violent outcry was raised against a measure, which, although specially called for by foreign aggressions upon their rights and interest, threatened to increase their present diffi- culties, while it imposed upon the country at large an enormous burden of additional expense. RIOTS AT BALTIMORE. — HULL'S INVASION OF CANADA. — HE- PEAL OF THE ORDERS IN COUNCIL: IMPRESSMENT. NATAL OPERATIONS. — MADISON'S RKE LECTION. — NORTH-WfiST- ERN CAMPAIGN. DEFEAT OF WINCHESTER. ATTACK ON YORK. — THE BRITISH ON LAKE CHAMPLAIN. "While expressions of indignation and regret were every where heard tliroughout tho.se portions of the country where the war was unpopular, and signs of public mourning appeared in the flags of a usclo.s.s shipping hoisted at half mast, the war-party in other districts exhibited .still more violent feeling. At Baltimore, tlic most disgrace- ful scenes of brutal outrage occurred, in connection with the suppren* pion by a mob of a federal news-paper, which persisted in opposing popular opinion. The editor, Hanson, with a number of friend.^, in defence of his house, attacked by an infuriate populace, fired upon the assailant,'^, one of whom was killed. The municipal authorities at last appeared, with an armed force. ond, to appease the mob, Hanson and his companiona consented to THE UNITED STATES. 361 l)C takon to prison, > answer to any cliarge that might be substan- tiated against them. The following right the jail was broken into, and a number of these prisoners, falling into the hands of the rioters, were most barbarously beaten, wounded, and tormented. One of the number, General Lingan, an old revolutionary soldier, died under their hands; the others were left for dead, and some never recovered from the injuries received. The perpetrators of this cowardly and villanous outrage received no punishment; some of the f)remost in the transaction were tried and acquitted by ajury of the neighbourhood. Upon the organization of the new army, the chief command was bestowed upon General Ilenry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, an officer of the revolution. At the south, Thomas Pinckney, of South Carolina, was created major-general, and invested with the chief command in that quarter. The first attention of the government was directed to an expedition into Canada, where, it was believed, the disaffection of the inhabitants towards Great Britain would render it easy to obtain a foothold. A force of nearly two thousand men, under Brigadier- General Hull, governor of the territory of Michigan, entered Canada West on the 12th of Jul}', crossing over from Detroit to Sandwich. The first object of attack was the British fort at Maiden, near the debouchement of Detroit river — the strait connecting Lakes St. Clair and Ph'ie. Owing to delay on the part of Hull, opportunity was given for strengthening the garrison at this place. While the army remained inactive, about the middle of July, the American f^rt at Michilimackinac fell into the hands of the enemy, and, shortly aftci, communication by the land route with Ohio, was entirely cut o*^' . / a party of Indians under Tecumseh. Hull there- fore recrosscd the river, witli his entire force, and occupied Detroit. General Proctor, in command at ^lalden, was enabled to cooperate with his Indian allies, and renewed attempts on the part of the Americans to force a passage of the road, only resulted in heavy loss. Toward the middle of August, General Brock, governor of Lower Canada, having hastened to the scene of action, assumed command, and advanced upon Detroit with his whole army of British and In- dians, amounting, in all, to over twelve hundred men. The Amer- icans, occujiying a defensible position, entertained little fears of being abh; to sustain themselves; but what was the astonishment and in- dignation of the army, when General Hull, as the enemy apj)roached to the assault, entered into n parley, and arranged terms of surrender. All the regulars and volunteers in the American army became, pris- ml m 862 AMERICA ILLCSTEATED. oners of war, the militia being paroled, and the whole territory ol Michigan fell into the hands of the British. So heavy a loss, and so disgraceful a reverse, at this first opening of the campaign, couM not be parientlj endured. Every species of opprobrium was heaped upon the commanding officer, to whose in- decision or weakness the failure was wholly attributed. Put upon trial, by court martial, long afterwards, he was convicted of cow- ardice; but his character, at the present da}-, stands free from asper- sions thrown out in the heat of disappointment, and his failings — principally over-caution, and a want of that promptness and energy which are so necessary in a military leader — are looked upon with greater leniency. The result of this campai,gn, unf«>rlijnate]3' for the American inter- ests, was to give fiicilitiea for an eaev and constant communication between the British and the confederate tribes of the north-west. The latter were never more dangerous enemies than at this period, provided, as they were, with arms by their English allies, led b}' a chief of surpassing abilities as a military leader, and excited by su- perstitious confidence in their Prophet Elikwatawa. Upon a change of the British miDistry, in the month of June, of this year, a repeal of the orrlers in council as to American vessels was brought about, and it was trusted that negotiations might now be opened for a peaceful settlement of difficulties. The American government, however, declined a!l proposals for a suspension ot hostilities, not based upon a proposed adjustment of other claims against England. The matter of the right of impressment was as far as ever from settlement; the Britiiih absolutely refused to yield the point; and the grievance complained of had now become more than ever intolerable. The namber of native born American citizens rendering compulsory service in the Briti.sh navy cannot be ascer- tained, but those who claimed exemption on this ground numbered between three and four thoosancL ITie great majority of these were doubtless foreigners, but their right to protection, if not British sub- jects, was as clear as in the ca*e of native or naturalized citizens. While all the acta of the American government continued to bjeathe a warlike spirit, many obstadcs were exj>erienced in the prac- tical operations of th.e campaign. It was difficult to procure rccruita by voluntary enlistment, and in the raiding of a militia force, con- tinual opposition wa.s met by state claims of sovereignty. By a sin- gular transmutation, the federalist* at th'ia crisia were the sticklers THE UNITED STATES. 863 for state rigbt=, as opposed to the military authority of the president, and the acts of congress. Several states refused to comply with the requisitions of government, upon the ground that no necessity of the kind contemplated by the act respecting draughts of militia, could be said to exist — that there was no call to "execute the laws of the Union, sappress insurrections, or repel invasion." Questions respect- in'^ the employment of the militia in foreign territory, and their claim to be commanded by their own officers, if of superior rank to any regular oi!ficer present, gave rise to great difficulty and dissension. At the west, early in the autumn, a force of about ten thous^and men was collected for the defence of the frontier, and for operations against the British and Indians. Governor Harrison was appointed to the chief command. The impracticable nature of the roads, and thedifficalty of maintaining an army in the wilderness, impeded the movement of any large body of troops, and nothing was eft't'ctod, during the remainder of the year, further than the destruction of several Indian villages, by detached parties. Upon the waters which separate Canada from New York, a still larger f>rcc than that under Harrison was stationed at various points from Niagara to Lake Champlain. On the 13th of October, a party of less than three hundred men, led by Colonel Van Rensselaer, crossed Niagara river and stormed the British fort at Qucenstown. They were to have 1>een supported by a large force, sufficient to maintain possession, and resist any reinforcements that could be brought up by the enem}-, but during the embarkation, the principal portioa of the militia, at first loud in protestations of eagerness to invade the enemy's territory, taken with a panic, refused to cross. In an attempt at recovering the fort, the brave General Brock fell, while leading bia men to the assault. Notwithstanding their success at the first onset, the event proved di.^astrous to the Americans. A strong reinforcement under General Sheafe came to the assistance of the enemy, and the whole invading division, amounting— with those brought across during the contest— to more than a thousand men, thrown into confusit)n, and cut off from re- treat, was forced to surrender. Nothing further, of any importance, was accomplished upon the frontier, during the remainder of the year. The flaming proclamation of General Smyth, and the patrfotic ardour expressed Viy the rnilitia and volunteers wlio composed the principal portion ot the army of the north, alike endt'd in smoke. While the Boidtcrs nccuecd their commanders of a lack of energy, and inveighed 364 AMERICA ILLUSTPwATED. against vexatious delays and general mismanagement, the latter had abandant ground of complaint in the turbulence and insubordination of the new recruits. Experience having proved the necessity of establishing a marine force on the lakes, in order to effect any thing in Canada, a movement for this purpose was commenced in the month of September pre- vious, at Sackett's Harbour, under direction of Captain Chauncey, At this Tx>rt, situated at the eastern extremity of Lake Ontario, the keel of a ship was laid, and a number of trading schooners were purchased and armed. A small sloop of war, named the Oneida, had been previously fitted out, and was also under Chauncey's com- mand. "With this little fleet, some bold excursions were made on the lake, a British armed vessel was driven into Kingston harbour, and several small prizes were taken. The new ship, of twenty-fear guns, was completed in November, and was called the Madison. Lieutenant Elliot, furnished by Chauncey with a detachment of seamen, in the month of October, succeeded in capturing two small armed vessels belonging to the enemy, and lying in J^iagara river. He also commenced preparations for future operations on Lake Erie, by collecting trading vessels at Black Eock, and providing them with suitable armament, "While the foundation was thus laid for further brilliant successes on the lakes, successive reports of the unexpected prowess of the little L'nited Stales' nav}- — consisting of but seven frigates, (fit for service), two sloops of war, five brigs, and a fleet of gun-boats — gave rise to great exultation throughout the country. The first naval engagement of importance, took place on the 19lh of August. The American frigate Constitution, Captain Hull, cruis- ing off the mouth of the St. Lawrence, foil in with the Guerricrc, a British frigate of thirty-eight guns, commanded by ^^aptuin Dacies. The former, receiving successive broadsides from the Guerriere, bore down in silence until close at hand, when she opened sucli an eiTective fire as soon to disable and crij)ple the enemy. The en- gagement lasted only about ha'.f an hour, partly at close quarter.-!, and when the Constitution finally cast off, all the masts of the Guerriere had gone by the board. The latter presently struck, but she Lad received irreparable injury, and was set on lire after a transfer of her crew to the Constitution. This victory was attri- buted by the English to superiority in force. The Constitution, according to their account, " nominally mounting but forty-four guns, THE UNITED STATES. 365 was, ia reality, little short of a seventy-four." The disparity was by no means as great as represented, and could not account for the result of the engagement. The truth seems to be, that in this as in subsequent affairs, the American vessels were manoeuvred in a masterly manner, and that their fire was given with better aim than that of their antagonists. The United States' sloop-of-war "Wasp, under Captain Jones, in chase of a British fleet of merchant vessels, in the month of October, encountered the Fiolic, a brig of superior force, acting as convoy. After a most destructive and desperate engagement, the British vessel was carried by boarding. The loss on board of the latter, was about eighty in killed and wounded; the Americans lost but ten. The Wasp was so much crippled in her rigging, that, to- gether with her prize, she was shortly after captured by a British seventy-four. A few days later the frigate United States, commanded by Deca- tur, captured the British frigate Macedonian, in the vicinity of the Western Islands. The American vessel was somewhat superior in force, but, as in the case of the Guerriere, not sufficiently so to account for the rapidity with which she disabled her opponent, nor for the fact, that of her crew, only twelve were killed or wounded, while the loss of the Macedonian was more than one hundred. The prize was taken into New York in safety. During the summer and autumn, the Americans lost two brigs-of- war, the Nautilus, and the Vixen, both taken, without resistance, by superior force. On the 29th of December, the Constitution, under command of Bainbridgo, engaged the British frigate Java, of thirty-eight gunj^. The contest, commencing at a distance, and end- ing at close-quarters, continued for several hours, Avhen the Java, being entirely dismasted, struck. She was so far crippled, that it was judged expedient to destroy her. While the national pride was gratified by these victories, numer- ous privateers, mostly fitted out from New England ports, met with great success in plundering the British merchant vessels, homeward bound from the Indies. Many valuable prizes were taken — not without some hard fighting, in cases where the trading vessels were armed. The period of a presidential election recurring in 1812, Madison was reelected, Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, minister to France in 1797, was elevated to the vice-presidency, by the votes of the .01 ii ■% 366 AMERICA ILLUSTRxVTED. war-party. Notwithstanding a violent opposition, perseverance in hostile measures met with the approbation and support of a majority in congress, and appropriations were made, and acta passed, for the increase of the national force, and for large additions to the navy. Military operations were renewed at the north-west, early in the winter. Several Indian villages were destroyed in December, but nothing of importance was accomplished. During the month fol- lowing, a detachment of Kentucky troops, under General "Winches- ter, was sent forward by Harrison to take a position at the Miami rapids. A body of nearly seven hundred of these pushed on to Freuchtown, on the Eaisin, then occupied by British and Indians. The first attack was successful ; the enemy were driven from the town, and the Americans were reinforced by the arrival of Win- chester with additional troops. On the 22d, General Proctor, having crossed over from Maiden, with a strong force of regulars and Indians, fell upon and totally defeated the American detachment. The commanding officer was taken prisoner early iiTthe engagement, while a portion of the Amer- ican troops yet maintained a defensible position. The general ordered a surrender, upon promises of protection against the sav- ages. Instead of fulfilling his undertaking in this respect. Proctor marched back towards Maiden, with such prisoners as were able to travel, leaving the wounded unprotected at the scene of combat. On the following day, no small portion of these were scalped, tom- ahawked, or burned alive in the houses where they lay disabled, by a party of Indians. Harrison, discontinuing offensive operations, fortified himself at Fort Meigs, on the rapids. In the month of April, 1813, he was besieged at this post, bv a British and Indian force, under Proctor. Relieved by the arrival of riiinforcements from Kentucky, led by General Clay, he succeeded in holding the position, but a considerable body of these fresh forces was utterly defeated, after driving the British from a position where batteries were erected to bear upon Fort Meigs. This disaster is attributed to the circumstance, that, instead of maintaining orderly possession of the works, they commenced an irregular skirmish with detached parties of Indians in the surrounding forest. On the New' York frontier, nothing important was effected by either party until the spring was far advanced. Near the close of April, a detachment of sixteen hundred men embarked on board Chauncey's Ontario squadron, for the purpose of an attack upon the THE UNITED STATES. 367 Canadian town of York. The place, defended by a garrison of six to eight hundred men, was carri< .1 by storm, but at the moment of success, tha magazine blew up, destroying a large number of the assailants. The American commander, General Pike, was among the killed. The squadron r:^t .;ing to Sackett's harbour, took on board fresh forces, under the immediate command of Dearborn, and immediately sailed for the entrance of Niagara river. All the British forts in the vicinity were seized, the principal portion of the garrisons retreating to the heights on Burlington bay — the western extremity of Lake Ontario. In an attempt at pursuit, a few days later, a detachment of the Americans sustained considerable loss, and two of their generals, Chandler and Winder, were taken prisoners. The division was presently recalled to Fort George, one of the recently acquired posts on the Niagara. A second expedition against the enemy resulted in the loss of an entire detachment of six hundred men, under Colonel Boerstler. A vigorous attack upon the American post at Sackett's Harbour, in the latter part of May, was repulsed by the garrison, Glided by New York militia, under General Brown. On Lake Champlain the British were more successful. By the creation of a superior naval force, they obtained command of those waters, and did much in- jury to the neighbouring settlements. Plattsburgh, on the western shore of the lake, was plundered and destroyed, "in revenge," it was said, "for the affair of York;" the latter having been a second time invaded by an American force, under Colonel Scott. iNTEnxAii Improvements. — New York, headed by her great rtatesiuun. Do "Witt Clin- ton, 1ms the honor of taking the leiid in interna! in^.provc nient?, from ■vvhieh enterprise she is now reni)infr an ample reward in her commercial prc-ominciK-e and wealth. In 1817 was commenced the preat work of connoctinar the waters of t.ie Atlantic with the great lakes, hy breakinjr the soil for the Erie and Hudson Canal, whicii is .^Cl miles lonpr, and (originallv) fortv feel wide. It wa.s eompkted in 18-25. at a cost of alout $7,000,000, Vol. IY.— 52. i '■Ml 368 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Vj JUL Jjii X^ X Ju ib^ t^ X til hom were Americans, belonging to the Hornet. Captain Lawrence was afterwards promoted to the command of the ill-fated Chesapeake, then lying in Boston harbour. On the 1st day of June, the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appear- ing off the port, Lawrence got his vessel under weigh and made sail, to answer the implied challenge. The ships were of equal force, but the American frigate laboured under the disadvantage of having on board an ill-disciplined crew, and a deficiency of compe- tent officers. An engagement — watched from shore with intcn.se interest — took place late in the afternoon. The Chesapeake, par- tially cripj)led during a heavy fire at close-quarters, was carried by boarding, her commander lying, at the time, mortally wounded. While he retained possession of his faculties, he refused to order the THE UNITED STATES. 369 flag to be struck, and among his last words, was tlic expression, "Don't give up the sliip." In the course of the summer, the American sloop-of-\var Argus, after taking a great number of prizes in the British channel, was captured by the English sloop-of-war Pelican. Ca])taiu Porter, in command of the second class frigate Essex, did valuable service in the Pacific during the summer and autumn of 1812. Tlie operations of American whalers had been interrapted, and rendered precarious by the general commission and arming as privateers of those vessels from Great Britain, that v/ere engaged in a similar occupation. !Many of the latter were made prizes by Porter, and effectual pro- tection was extended to American shipping. Tlie Essex was attacked, in the month of December following, while at anchor in the neutral port of Valparaiso, by two British vessels of war, tlie Phcebe and Cherub, and, after a severe engage- ment, was compelled to strike. The enemy, having heavier guns, were enabled to keep up p. destructive fire at a distance too great for those of the Essex to be effective. Operations of far greater importance, meanwhile, had taken place on the great lakes. On Lake Erie a squadron of nine vessels, mostly small craft, carrying in all fifty -four guns, was put under command of Commodore Perry. The British fleet at the lake, under Barclay, consisted of six vessels, the whole number of guns on board being sixty-three. There was no great disparity in the number of men on either side, but those of the American fleet are said to have been better selected and more capable seamen. An engagement took place, on the 10th of September, in the open lake, between ilalden and Sandusky. Tlie wind was very light, and Perr}', advancing unsupported, in the Lawrence, was exposed to a heavy and disabling fire from the long guns of the enemy. His vessel was completely crippled before the others could come up, and the commodore was coniiwlled to abandon her. In an open boat, exposed to a heavy fire, he went on board the Ni- agara. The wind having freshened, the whole squadron was soon brought up to support the larger vessels, and the action continued, with such energy and effect, that the British fleet was compelled to surrender. This victory was no less a cause for national rejoicing as another instance of superiority upon the watt-r, than for tlic great importance of its results. I'he command of Lake Erie rendered practicable the 370 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. transportation of forces to any given point upon an extensive front* ier, and made it equally imprevisable by the enemy. \t the close of the month, Harrison and his army were convoyed across the lake to Maiden, which was abandoned by Proctor at his approach. The retreating army, pursued up Thames river, made a stand on the 5th of October, near Moravian town, above the forks. Including his Indian allies, led by Tecumseh, Proctor commanded a force of about two thousand eight hundred men ; that of Ilarrison was rather inferior in numbers. The British were posted on the right bank, between the river and extensive swamps — the latter occupied by Indians. The attack was commenced by the charge of a mounted regiment under Colonel Johnson; the British line was broken, and a complete victory obtained by the Americans. The Indians in the swamp held their ground until the fall of their leader; — who, it is said, was shot with a pistol by Colonel Johnson. The greater portion of the British regular force surrendered, as prisoners of war. The great north-western Indian confederacy was broken up by this event, and the separate tribes sent in deputations suing for peace. Treaties were subsequently ratified with most of them. During the autumn, extensive preparations were made at the north for an attack on ^[ontreal. Dearborn had been succeeded in the cliief command by General Wilkinson. ^luch diflerence of o^iinion existed between the latter and the secretary of war, General Armstrong, and to this circumstance the ill-success of the expedition has been partially attributed. A force of seven or eight thousand men, concentrated at Grenadier island, was to descend the St. Lawrence and cooperate with a division of four thousand, under General Ifampton, ordered to march from Plattsburgh, on Lake Cham- plain. The advance of this latter portion of the army was checked by a few militia, whose force was overrated by the American gen- eral; and, the approach of winter adding to the difficulties of a campaign, a retreat was ordered, and the army returned to itfl former quarters. "Wilkinson pushed down the St. Lawrence, greatly annoyed by the enemy, who followed in the wake of his flotilla with gun-boats, and who occupied every convenient stand, on the sliore, from which they might command the passage. It became necessary to land a large detachment, to follow the course of the river by land, and open a way for the boats. On the 11th of November, quite a severe THE UNITED STATES. 371 engagement took place between tliis division and a body of the enemy, at Chrysler's farm, in which the Americans lost between three and four hundred men. Arriving at St. Regis, Wilkinson learned the failure of Hampton's attempt at' forming a junction with the main force. The lateness of the season was unfavourable for further action, and, although Montreal was defended by a very small force, it was decided to abandon the expedition. The main army went into winter-quarters at French mills. The frontier, left unprotected by the withdrawal of the regular troops from the garrisoned posts, and by the expiration of the term of service of militia and volunteers, suffered severely from the rav- ages of the enemy. General M'Clure, compelled to abandon Fort George, on the Niagara, set fire to the village of Newark, which was reduced to ashes, and its inhabitants were left without a shelter, in the inclement month of December. Ilis instructions were to take this course, if necessary for the defence of the fort; but the circum- stances warranted no such outrage, and, in retaliation, the Indian allies' of the British were encouraged to plunder and lay waste the frontier villages on the American side. On the 30th of December, the towns of Black Rock and Buffalo were entirely destroyed by an invading party of the enemy. Meanwhile, the machinations of Tecumseh had produced their full effect at the south. The formidable Creek confederacy had commenced open war upon the white settlers. The first important blow struck, was at Fort Mimms, on the Alabama river, in the Tensaw settlement, which was sacked on the 30th of August, by a large body of Indians, under the noted chief Weatherford. The garrison, one hundred and sixty in number, with more than a hun- dred inhabitants of the neighbourhood, of every age and sex, who had sought protection at the fort, were nearly all killed in the fight, or perished in the burning buildings. A large force was raised in Tennessee, and put under command of General Jackson, for the purpose of checking the ravages of the Indians. Marching into the Creek territory in the month of Octo- ber, Jackson beat up the enemy's quarters at Tallussahachee creek, a tributary of the Coosa, and relieved a post occupied by friendly Indians at Talladega, further down the stream, destroying several hundred of the hostile party. In other engagements, the Creeks were worsted, but their spirit seemed unconquerable, and, as they 372 AMEKICA ILLUSTKATEU. had formed an idea that no quarter would be given them, the)' fought ^vith great courage and desperation. Little was accomplished during the winter, on account of the extreme difliculty of maintaining an army in the wilderness. The skill and energy displayed by General Jackson, in preserving. dis- cipline, and securing supplies for his troops under these trying cir- cumstances, gained him even greater reputation than his brilliant achievements in actual warfare. In the month of March, 1814, about one thousand of the Creek warriors fortified themselves at the Great Ilorse-Shoe-Bcnd, in the Tallapoosie. On the 27ih, they were surrounded and attacked by a vastly superior force of whites and friendly Indians. They fought with fury to the last, firing — perhaps through ignorance — u})on the bearer of a flag, who was sent forward by Jackson to propose a surrciuler. More than half their number were killed in the attack; great num- bers perished in the river, and but a handful of the whole number effected their escape. Very few of the men were taken prisoners, but, after the battle, several hundred women and children were secured. The various tribes, after this event, were ready to con- clude a peace, and to coufiiie themselves within their territory, ea.st- ward fi'om the Coosa. At the winter session of congress, 1813-14, the exigencies of the war were met by the adoption of new schemes for procuring funds. Direct taxes, loans, additional duties, &c., were resorted to. The war-party, still .in the ascendency, favoured the views of the presi- dent, and, upon his recommendation, an embargo was laid upon all goods, produce, &c., which could be of service to the enemy. Im- portations of British goods were also expressly prohibited. Karly in January, a proposition to treat for peace, was received from Kiiglaiid, and commissioners were appointed tc proceed to Gottiiigen for the purpose. Previous oflers of mc.-..if&s cf th-.^ !•■•?.' /ers :%1' 1:;^ short of a tsiousrif >] oien that of tiie Rfillvii/ pr*.;/ ns 2^ t f^c biir.dred. Dnjaapoi'., (sliortly after crow Jiolieved Ji'\>rn : t.-Usn-^ of Ti^^n • tT0t>p8, nnd a pov"iSm!\ ' 4 Ttti*-' ir t. liMVV, at li'iK»r-s •" ,r •■ ■ T>\, f m.^nt: mi<,g war upoh tlu; Eur%H;.: ''freat r-ntain '.•oinm0n<-< 1 1>'T\V»'.: t. . «. ■ Ah the army :ii.pr» ;: K."l ^AtM^jn^^^h, the Arneri'ian ^oet . tntn-boats, (Sic., Iviirj nt 'r^at p/»e. •*■ ■« d -Htroyet], to prifefit i sci/cure by the vnemy. <»- ztenl \?iri.'er, of Baltiinoii^, wtlbf h L'omrnond in that 'rjantv, A-ith atiio*'Fari(J reguiars, u <\ unihor to call out the unlit. a ^-^t.-jir. asftcdie'! 'i^^i% v.xnd*} ^ uatprei'a' tMMis wr(*' J ractit ibir^ 'o rewsrl iLc Wi-ltfih advaii'je. ThoVrh !l»ir'v tliat ho was ■nri'-lt'** to f J ^. r' me i, until the force at New Orleans amounted to about five thou- sand men. The emergency of tlie occasion, and the disturbed condition of the city, induced Jackson to proclaim martial law, and to take such measures as should prevent the legislative assembly from counteracting his plans of defence by any oilers of capitulation. The governor, Claibourne, had submitted to Jackson's authority, ami, entering with zeal into the plans of the general, he anticipated llie danger of any such movement, by a forcible dissolution of the assenibls'. The day following the first engagement, Jackson had taken a position some four miles below the cit}"", on the left baidc, where a trench was carried across the entire strip of dry land from the river bank down the gradual declivity to the swamp. The embankment was enlarged and strengthened b}' piles of movables, cotton bales, &c. An armed vessel, lying in the river, was so stationed as to flank the ditch and command the ai)[)roach from below: works were also erected on the opposite bank of the Mississippi. The enemy attempted to storm these fortifications on the 2Sth, and failing in that, they erected batteries to play upon the American works. A heavy cannonade on both sides, on the 1st of Januaiy (ISlo), resulted in the silencing of the British guns. On the 4th, reinforcements arrived from Kentucky. An interval of a few days was then spent in preparations for a decisive assault. A canal was cut by which a number of boats were transported from the lake to the river, for the purpose of carrying over a detachment to the right bank. This was elllcted on the ni.ijht of the 7tli, and on the morning of the following day, the main arm v., under command of Sir Edward rackenham, assaulud the American entrenchments. The desperate character of an rUtack, at such fcii I'ul disadvantage, is evident from the result. The Americans, firing from covert, lost less than twenty men in killed and wounded, w Inle the loss of the enemy was not far froui two thousand men. Aniona the slain was General Packenham, who fell leading his men to tiu; charge. The detachment on the right bank, in the full tide of success, having diiven from their entrenchments and defeated a greatly su- perior force, Avas recalled, wlien the fortune of the day was decided, and the whole army, retreating unmolested to the lake, reembarkcd. The only success that attended this expedition was the subsequent Ir THE UNITED S T A T E S . 881 capture of Fort Bowyer, at ^roLilc, wliicli, being garrisoned by less than four ImndrcJ men, .surrendered on the ISth of February. Several naval eng.'igenient.s took place before news of the peace could be generally circulated. On the loth of January the frigate President, commanded by Decatur, attempting to get to sea from New York, was intercepted by the British blockading squadron, and after a sharp engagement with the Endymion, a frigate of forty guns, was compelled to strike by the advance of other vessels to the sup- port of tlie enemy. The Constitution, iu the month of February, made prize in a single action of theCyane and the Levant, carrying respectively twenty-four and eighteen gun.s. This wcs accomi)lished by adroit manoeuvring, so as to keep beyond reach of their guns, while her own, of heavier metal, could tell with destructive elfect. The Hornet and P^'acock each caj)t .red a British national vc^.sel. The Nautilus, taken by the hitter on the oOth of June, 1815, was immediately restored, ujton* communicatior> of inlclligenee, satisfac- tory to the commander of the llornet, th.it peace .lad beei .oncluded. uiliiiiriJCjii AV", WAR WITH ALGIERS. TARIFF: NATIONAL BANK. — MONROE, PRKSIDENT. — JACK;>ON'S SEMINOLE CAMPAIGN. — CESSION OF FLORIDA BY SPAIN. — ADMISSION Oi MISSOURI: THE COMPROMISE. — MONROE'S SECOND TERM. ADMINIS- TRATION OP JOHN QCINCY ADAMS. ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON. — THE TARIFF. — NULLIFI- CATIO.N IN SOUTH CAROLINA. THE UNITED STATE S' B A N K. — I N D I A N R E M VAL S. BLACK HAWK. — T 'i L CUEROKEES. Almost immediately after the conclusion of peace with Great Britain, the attention of congress being directed by the president to late outrages ujion our ctnimerce by Barbary cruisers, war was de- clared again.st Algiers. A squadron of ten vessels, commanded by Decatur — to be fjllowed by another under Bainbridge — was dis- patched to the Mediterranean in the month of Jklay following. The capture of two armed vessels, one of them being the largest m his 15 ! I! 882 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. navy, so alarmed the dey, that he at once concluded a treaty oj which the United States were for ever freed from the disgraceful payment of tribute", and all American prisoners were freed without ransom. His vessels were gratuitously returned to him. From Algiers, Decatur sailed for Tunis and Tripoli, both of which nations were compelled to furnish indemnity for the sufferance of capture by the British of United States' vessels, while in their ports. His whole mission accomplished, the commodore joined Bain- bridge at Gibralter. At the next session of congress, 1815-16, a long and vehement discussion arose respecting the establishment of tlie new tariff". All the opposing interests of the producer and manufacturer were brought to bear upon the question. As finally settled, a judicious discrimina- tion was made between those articles which could be produced or manufactured in perfection at home, and those, being at tlie same time articles of necessity, for which wS must still be partially or wholly dependent upon foreign nations. A new national bank, upon specie-paying principles, and having a capital of thirty-five millions, mostly to be subscribed for in United States' stocks, was also established at this session. The Union was extended, toward the close of the year, by the admission of Indiann, as a separate state. The presidential election again recurring, Jatncs Monroe, secretary of state under Madison, was elected to the higliost offico, and Daniel D. Tompkins to that of vice-president. The inau- guration took place on the 4th of March, 1817. During the year, additional treaties were elfected with most of the western Indians, by which their title was extinguished to large dis- tricts, at this time fust filling up with an cnterfirising population from the cast. At the south, trouble was already brewing bctwi'on the Seminoles and the white settlors. Spain still retaining her title to both East and "West Florida, the chastisement of the Indians by pursuing them into a foreign jurisdiction became a delicate matter, but the necessities of the case seeming to rcfjuire some action. Gen- eral Jackson, with a large force of Tennessee volunteers, was dis patched against thein. Tlie operations of the campaign in regard to tl conquest of Inr the ces.sion of Florida, was finally concluded with Spain toward the close of the year 1820, the United States thus obtaining an acquisition to its territory of greater iinportauoe in respect to position than to intrinsic value. Meatiwliile, iticrra-itig prosperity attended upon the enterprise of individuals in extending civilization at the west and south. Mississippi, Illinc's, and Alubatna had been consecutively admitted to the Union — the first in 1817, the second in 1818, and the third in 1819. Conununieation with the west had been rendered practicable by the opening of the Cum- berland road, a national work, carried out in consetpieiH'o of arrange- ments made with the state of Ohio, as a consideration for the cession of western lands. The power of congress in respect to internal improvements, other than those necessarily connected with juibliu enterprise, as the construction of military roads, the erection of light-houses, the improvement of harbouns, «5cc., has never been sat- isfactorily decided. The rtiost important question brought before congress at its sessions in 1820 and 1821, was \\\)vn the admission of the territory of Mis- souri into the Union ns a sovereign state. Tlio introduction of an amendment providing for the exclusion of slavery within its limits, 08 tiie condition ujmmi which the application for a(lniissi(m shouM be entertained, gave occasion for tin* most excited and angry discussion that had vet resulted from any issue taken between the north and Vol. IV.-- 63 884 AMETwICA ILLUSTKATED. ir It? I i I 1 the south. The matter was finally adjusted, by admission of the new state, with no further restriction than that no act should be passed by its legislature in contravention of the constitutional rights of cit- izens emigrating thither from other states. This proviso was called for by a clause in a constitution formed by the people of the terri- tory, providing for the future exclusion of free negroes and mulattocs. On the other hand, those opposed to the extension of southern in- fluence and institutions, succeeded, by a large majority, in appending to the bill a proviso that thenceforth slavery should be prohibited in the territory of the United States lying north of the parallel of thirty- six degrees tlijrty minutes, the northern boundary of the present state of y\.rkanpaH. The separation of Maine from Massachusetts, and its admission to the Union was effected during the discussion of the Missouri question. Mr. Monroe, shortly after his entry upon a second official term, in 1821, ajipointed Andrew Jackson to the office of governor of the new territory of Florida. In dealing with the Spanish officials whom he was called upon to supersede, the proceedings of the general were, as usual, rather high handelivcred up by Jose Cavalla, the .S[)anish governor, on the seventh of July; a refusal or neglect on his part to deliver over certain public documents led to his temporary arrest by order of Jackson. '{'he prineijinl political events during the closing term of ^[onroo's administratit>n, were the lecognition of the independence of tlic republics of South America; a treaty with England for the more elVeetual sui)pression of the slave trade ; a settlement of the boundary on the l^icifie, which should limit future settlements by l?ussia or the Unitc(l States; and a protective modification of the tarill". The last measure was not earricil without vehement opposition. In 1*21, the venerable; La Fayette, upon express invitation ex- truded by congress, visited the United Stales, where he pjiont nearly nn entire year in nuiking a general tour of the country. Througliout his journey he met with the most enthusiastio reception, nnd, ere his dei)arture, he received substantial tokens of the gratitude of the nation, in the grant of a lownsliip of land, and the sum ul two hundred thousanoscfl to the attempted nullification of the lawa of the United States, being a large minority, made renewed exertions, at this erisi.H, to avert the threatened calamity. A modification of the tarifi' introduced and carried in congress by Mr. Clay, by way of compro'.ii.-f, allayed the angry feeling at the south, and put an end to lhre;its of secession. Jackson was reelected at the close of his first term, Martin Van Buren being, at the same tioae, chosen vice-president. During the wh(ile period of las retention of office, the credit of tho country waa maintained with foreign nationa. In July, 1831, an nrrangeniont, long postponed, waa concladed with Fnincp, by which a specifio'l indcninity was .secured (or farmer dt'pre(hitions upon American commerce. The most important domestic transactions of this admin- iatration related to Indian aflairs. Those which aroused the ;;reatcst J THE UNITED STATES. 387 degree of party strife were connected with tlie proceedings of the president c^jricerning the United States Bank. Deeming this in.stitution, if not of unconstitutional inception, at least a dangerous agent for the management of fiscal concerns, he made use of the veto power to annul the action of congress granting a renewal of its charter. In the year following, (1833), the president ordered a withdrawal of tlic public funds from this bank, then tlieir place of dcpf>sit: they were subsequently intrusted to certain state bank.-? — "jM;t banks," as they were denominated by the opposition. In carrying out this measure, during a recess of congress, Jackson rera'jved from the olTice of secretary of the treasury, Mr. Duane, who had declined to second his views, and aj)pointed Mr. Taney. A vote of cerigure was pasaetl by the senate relative to this proceed- ing on the part of the executive, but was afterwards expunged, (January lOlh, 1837.) To the president's hostility towards the bank, many have attri- buted it* alttmate downfall, and, in no small measure, the commercial criais which gave so ruinous — but perhaps beneficial — a check to the «pec'ilative mania of the period. The eflect of the failure of that institution, hiis, doubtless, been exaggerated, and, for the cause, wc most look rather to the misconduct of its managers, and to immense losses 8ttstained by the refusal, upon various pretexts, of several ittatcs to make gwxl their liabilities. Tlie S'lbjeet of the removal of the Indian tribes to lands westward of the Miff^ifisippi, was long a matter of great difficulty, and, in the districts where the.«e races were located, of engrossing interest. The standing ground of contention was a disavowal by the Indians of the authority of those chiefs who undertook to treat in behalf of the tribe*. In 1S31, a portion of the tribe of Sacs, of Illinois, headed by their chief, Black Hawk, refused to remove from their settlements on iiock river. Th«'y were expelled l>y force, although without blood^hetl, but, in the year following, numbers of them returned to their old qnarters. Blorxl wa* firirt shed by the wliites — it appears, upon very insulTi cicnt ocra«ion; and, the war once commenced, IJl.uk Hawk and bis warrior? were signally successful in several skirmi.slies. Finally, worn out hy fatigue, hard fare, and exposure, they were cut ofiTand inercih>«»ly maj>«acre. until Jane, 1S33, wlicn lie was set at liberty. In company with other Indian chiefs, he visited many of the eastern cities, every where exciting much attention and curiosity. Many of the southern tribes were induced to emigrate peaceably; the greatest difficulty was in dealing with the Cherokees and Semi- noles. The former, to the number of about eighteen thousand, were mostly located in the northern part of Georgia. They had made great advances in civilization, and were governed by a legislation of their own. The United States had stijiulated, in 1802, with the state of Georgia, to extinguish the title of tlie Clicrokecs to lands within that jurisdiction, "as early as the same could be peaceably obtained upon reasonable terms." Efibrts to effect a removal of the tribe had been partially success- ful, but the Georgia legislature, impatient at delay, in 1821, j)a.<.sed sundry acts — pronounced unconstitutional by many able jurists — encroaching u^x)n the rights and personal privileges of the Indians. Finding their jxxsitioii insecure, a large party of the Cherokees, headed by Major Kidge, favoured an emigration of the whole nation. ITiose of this opinion attended a council, called in ISJio, and con- cluded a treaty with J. T. Schermerhorn, commissioner on the part of the United States, by which it was agreed that, upon the receipt of reasonable compensation for the losses necessarily sustained Uj»on remov.aI, the whole tribe should emigrate westward of the Mi.«sissijipi. A military force was called into requisition to compel submis.-ion to the terms of this treaty; but the Indians, although denying the authority of those who had undertaken to act for the tribe, made no overt resistance. The Georgian Cherokees, removed to the western territory, have continued to prosj)er, pursuing the arts of agriculture, and im|.'roving in civilization and education. Tiui Choetaws, Chick- asaw.', and Creeks, occupying separate tracts assigned them west of the Mi.-*.«iffiJ!ppi, have also, to a greater or leas extent, adopted the cuiiU/m:> of the whitea. rJIE UNITED STATES. ggg LiiAiriiiiii Avi, TBB SEMINOLE WAR. — EARLY HISTORY OF THE FLv;RIDA IN- D!AXS. — WAR OF 1818. — INDIAN TREATY OF 1823: OF 1832. — REFUSAL OF THE SEMINOLES TO REMOVE. — DESTRUCTION OP. DADE'S DETACHMENT. — MILITARY OPERATIONS OF GENERALS SCOTT AND JESSUP. — UNSATISFACTORY RESULTS OF NEGOTIATION. — EXPEDITIONS OF COL- ONELS TAYLOR AND HARNEY. — GRADUAL CESSA- TION OF HOSTILITIES. — RECENT DIFFICULTIES. From the time of the conquest by De Soto, to the acquisition of the territory of Florida by the United States, the peninsula contin- ued a theatre for scenes of desiiltory but ferocious warfare. In the bloody contests between the French and Spanish settlers, the unfor- tunate aborigines were ruinously involved; their agricultural pur- suits were interrupted, and their numbers were greatly reduced by warfare, and the want attendant upon their unsettled condition. According to their usual custom, the Spaniards, while they con- tinued to oppress and destroy the original proprietors of the soil, were not wanting in endeavours to promote their spiritual wellare. From St. Augu.stine, numbers of zealous ecclesiastics were sent forth among the Indians. Both within the limits of the present state of Florida, and far in the wilderness of the north and west, these wor- thy mi.'isionaries devoted their lives to the instruction of the natives in their religious faith, and in the arts of civilization. At the commcuceinont of the eighteenth century, the principal tribes of Florida were the hostile nations of the Yemasses and the Appalachecs; but after the northern portion of the peninsula was overrun by the invading forces of Governor ^roore, of South Caro- lina, these reduced and scattered natives united and moved farther southward. From this period they were known as Scminolcs ("wan- derers"). Causes of quarrel continued to exist between them and the white settlers of the border: fugitive slaves from the northern plantations found an a.sylum among the Indians, and mutual wrongs and outrages kept alive the old feelings of hostility. At the period of the cession of Florida to the United States, the Indians had flour- ishing settlements in West Florida, particularly ui)ou the St. Afarka 390 AMERICA ILLUSTPvATED. and Oscilla rivers, and in tlio vicinity of the lake of Miccosukie. Tlicir inroads had become so frequent and dangerous, that it was determined to break up tlieir quarters in this region, and in March of 1818, these settlenients were laid waste by an army of several thou- sand men, under General Jackson, and the inhabitants were driven to East Florida and into the interior. Five years later, on the 18th of September, l':523, a treaty, known as the treaty of Moultrie creek, was ellectcd by United States' commissioners with upwards of thirty of tlio Seminole chiefs, the principal provisions of which were for confining the Indians to a specilied district in the interior. Mutual comjtlaints were still made by the Indians and frontier whites of reciprocal injuries, and the removal of the Scminoles from Florida was strenuously advocated. In 1832, on the 8lli of May, another conference was held by United States' agents with about fifteen of the Indian chiefs, at Payne's landing, on the Ocklawaha river. A grant of lands west of the Mississippi was promised by the United States, together with a pecuniary compensation for the loss attendant upon the abandon- ment of their old settlements, if the Indians would consent to remove; an oiler which the Seminole chiefs accepted in behalf of their people, conditionally upon the new lands proving acceptable upon examin- ation, by some of their own emissaries. The removal was to take place in three years' time. The nation at large was averse to this treaty, and as the time for its completion drew near, no disposition was evinced to abide by it. The warriors, denying the authority of the chiefs who had undertaken to bind them, or dissatisfied with the report of the deputation, commenced a systematic purchase and accumulation of arnis and military stores, with the determination to maintain possession of the homes of their forefathers. Open hostilities commenced in the month of October, 1835, when two Indians were killed in a fray near Miccosukie. Their death was revenged by the murder of the mail carrier between Tampa Hay and Fort King, whose mangled body was found, shortly after, upon the road between the stations. The disposition of the Indians was further manifested by their putting to death two chiefs, named John Ilicks and Charley Amathla, who had favoured the treaty of Payne's landing. Prominent among the belligerent party, was the young quadroon, Osceola, commonly called by the name of his supposed father, an Englishman, named Powel. The numbers and warlike character of the Seminoles, seem to THE UNITED STATES. 391 have been greatly underrated, and tlie lamentable result of tne first ini[)ortant engagement excited universal astonishment. Major Dade, with more than one hundred men, including a company of United Slates' infantry, set out from Tampa Bay, in the month of December, to join the forces of General Clinch, at Fort King, in the ii jrior. Not far from the forks of the Ouithlacoochee, the commai v/as beset by a large body of Indians, led by Micanopy, the ))rincipal Seminole chief, and his brother-in-law. Jumper. The troops defended themselves with great resolution and bravery, and succeeded in repelling the enemy, and in erecting a slight barricade of pine-logs; but their opponents were in sufficient force to be able to surround and pick them off at their leisure, firing from behind the trees and from their lurking places among the wire-grass. Uaviiig, as they supposed, destroyed the entire comj)any, the Indians retired; but shortly afterward a party of negroes arrived at the spot on horse- back, and finished the murderous work by knocking the wounded men on the head. Only three of the whole detachment ever reached a place of safety: these had been left fur dead upon iho field. The war had now fairly commenced, and the destruction of iso- lated and exposed plantations speedily followed. Various skirmishes took place, and on the 31st of the month, Osceola, at the head of about six hundred Indians, attacked a body of two hundred regular troops, and a company of Florida volunteers, under command of General Clinch, while on their march from Fort Drane towards his own head-quarters. The Indians were defeated, but not without the loss of over fifty men on the part of the whites. Throughout the remainder of the winter, the Seminoles continued their ravages; the i)lantations of the interior were mostly destroyed, after being abandoned by their occupants. The settlements of all East Florida were in a condition of great danger and distress. The noted Philip, with a powerful body uf warriors, conducted the most important operations in that quarter, and destroyed New Smyrna, upon Mos- quito inlet, together with the plantations on Halifax river. Tiie following spring (1S3G) was memorable for General Scott's campaign in Florida. With a strong force, he penetrated the north- ern Seminole districts, sweeping the country in three columns. It was plain, however, that the Indians had no idea of attempting to cope v/ith such formidable enemies in open warfare. They easily avoided coming to any general engagement, and a troublesome, 'hut unimportant skirmishing comprised all the belligerent operations of 392 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. I the campaign. As the season advanced, the unhealthiness of the climate prevented active operations: volunteers were discharged, forts were evacuated, and the savages were at liberty during the whole summer to continue a desultory system of murder and plunder. In September, a large army, under Governor Call, was again marched against the subtle and fugitive enemy, and they were again driven southward towards the impenetrable asylum offered to them by the unexplored and marshy wilderness of the Everglades. There were, at this time, several hundred Creek auxiliaries in the United States' service in Florida, headed by their chiefs, Paddy Carr and Jem Boy. AVith a mixed array of these friendly Indians and white soldiery, Colonel Lane undertook a campaign to the southward, in the month of October. lie drove the Seminoles from the villages where they had hitherto dwelt secure and unmolested, and defeated and dis- persed those who attempted to oppose his progress. In the following month two engagements took place on the bor- ders of the extensive Wahoo swamp. The American army concen- trated in that vicinity numbered more than two thousand men, a force suflicient to overwhelm the undisciplined enemy in open field, but unable, nevertheless, to effect any thing of in :>ortance in a district where the Indians could so readily betake themseves to places of retreat and concealment. Within a few weeks after these events, the main body of the Sem- inoles were ascertained to have deserted their old haunts, and to have moved southward towards the Everglades. On the 22d of January, (1837,) General Jessup, then commander-in-chief of the forces in Florida, started in pursuit, with a strong force. A number of prisoners were taken at the encampment of the Seminole chief O.-^nclicc, on Ahapopka lake, at the source of the Ocklawaha, and the trail of tlic fiiLMtivos was followed southward. A considerable force of Indinn warriors was dispersed, and driven to take refuge in the inorii.ss upon the ITatchce Lustee creek, and on the following day, being the 28lh of the month, a prisoner was sent to pro})0«e to the Seminole chiefs a mectiiig for conference. This was finally brought about bv the influence of Altraham, a quick-witted negro, who offi- ciated as ^ficanopy'.s chief counsellor. The 18th of February was appointed for a meeting to be held at Fort Dade, on the I'ig Ouith- lacooehee. Thus ended the campaign, and the invading ari.ny pro- ceeded nortliward. A truce had been agreed upon until the time for concluding the THE UNITED STATES. 893 treaty, but information as to this arrangement was not dispeminatcd with sufllcient prouiptness to put an immediate stop to hostilities. Philip, with some hundreds of his warriors, made a vain attack upon the encampment at Lake Monroe, in command of Colonel Fanning, and ganisoned by regulars, volunteers, and a party of Creeks. AViien the meeting ajipointed at Fort Dade was, after some delays, brought about, the treaty of Payne's Landing was, in effect, renewed, and days were fixed for the assembling of the Indians at Tampa Pjuv, in order to embark on board government vessels. It was soon apparent, however, l^at they had no idea of leaving the country, 'i'hc war- hke and subtle Osceola exerted his influence over the old King Micanopy, to prevent compliance with the treaty, and cither by force or persuasion induced him to withdraw, with his followers, from Tampa Bay to tlie interior. The spring had passed away, and notliing was accomplished; the heat of summer began to tell upon the troops, and Forts Mellon and Volusia were abandoned; so that throughout the south-eastern portion of the peninsula the Indians had undisputed possession of the whole country. In the month of September, active operations were renewed, Philip, his son, the Chief L'chec Billy, and about one hundred of their company, were captured near Sl Augustine, and other notable warriors, weary of hopeless warfare, surrendered themselves in other districts. Troops bad been poured into Florida until the United States' force amounted to between eight and nine thousand men, but notwithstanding this ovenvhelming preponderance of numbers ov^'r those of the Indians, no prospect of a termination of the war seemed open, lender these circumstances, the repeated breaches of fiiith on the part of the Indians, appeared to the commander-in-cliief a sufficient excuse for treating them as savages unworthy the i)rotec- tion afforded by the rules of civilized warfare. Osceola, Alligator, and six others in authority among the natives were seized, together with many of their followers, near Fort Pe3-ton, whither they liad come for tlie purpose of a parley. The next expedition of imfwrtance was that of Colonel Zachary Taylor, who led a force of abi^ut six hundred men into the heart of the enemy's country. lie pushetl his way to the borders of the Everguidcs. and encountered the objects of his search on the eastern shore of Kissimee lake. Thus attacked in their own quarters, and in a man tier at bay, the savages fought des|>erately. They main- tained their ground with determined courage, and although finally .rt rr~) 89^1: AMERICA I L L i: S T K A T E D . defeated and driven into the swamps, tLoJv !;-:>? was. smoJlcr tlian that of their assaiUuits. Twenty -eight of C >i.>ne1 Taylor's party were killed, an 1 no less than one hundred and cievv^n were wounded. In tlic eourse of the ensuing winter great numbers of the Indians, worn out by exposure and famine, and hopeless of niaintainiiig tlieir ground, surrendered at diseretion. These were, fur the most part, sliip{)cd westward. Although no longer acting in combined and systematic warfare, those who remained continued to scour the coun- try, and to murder and plunder wherever opportunity ollered. This state of things continued through the years of 1838, 'U, and '10. In December of the latter year. Colonel Ilarney pent-trated the Ever- glades by means of boats, and surprised the encampment of the chief Chaikika. The details of the various marauding expeditions of the Indians, and their skirmishes with detached bodies of tnjops would occupy too much space for furtlier recital. The war did not end by any coup de main. The' savages were gradujdly so far reduced in numbers by capture or surrender that they ceased to be formidable. Four hundred were shipped westward in the year IS 12. Those who still remain in possession of the interior of Soutlicrn Florida, number, as is supposed, from three to five hundred. ^Vilh tJiis feeble remnant of the powerful nation which it cost such immense expenditure of life and treasure to subdue, diflicultics have recently been renewed, and there is too much reason to fear that our nation will again be disgraced by a war in which the power of the United States may be exerted in vain endeavours to ferret out and extirpate a icw miserable savages from an unknown and unexplored wildemeea. T II K U N IT E D S T A T K 65 . 395 ADiriNISTRATION OP TAN TUREN; FINANCIAL rilESSURR: TUB fiUB-TlfEASURY: CANADIAN liEVOLT; THE NOUT H-EASTK RN BOUNDARY: TUB AFFAIR OF THE AMISTAD. IIAKRI80N AND TYLER BANKRUPT LAW: rU'^lEMPT ION: THE VETO POWER: TARIFF. — ADMISSION OP TEXAS. ilARTiN Van Buren was elected president, and Eicliard 'S\. Jolinson vice-president, for the term commencing ^rarcli 4tii, ISoT. This year was memorable for the most remarkable and extensive pecuniary pressure ever felt by the country, except when directly subjected to the burden of war. In compliance Avitli a circular order issued from the treasury department in 1835, government dues were demanded to be paid in gold or silver. Specie was thus drawn from circulation to a vast extent, and a general stoppage of payment was resorted to by the banks, as the only remedy for the unceasing drain upon their resources. This procedure was directly encouraged by the legislatures of several states. At a special session of congress, held in September, the president, with the concurrence of Mr. Woodbury, secretary of the treasury', representing the existing impossibility of compliance with the act of congress, which required a deposit of the public mone3's in specie- paying banks, proposed a new plan for the security of these funds, known as the "sub-treasury" scheme. This was the establishment of separate places of deposit in different parts of the Union, so dis- tributed as to diminish the expense and risk of transportation of specie — the intention of government still remaining to insist upon adherence to the principles upon which the specie circular was based. A bill for thi". purpose was carried in the senate, but failed in tlu; house. To meet thf; expenses of government, treasury notes were ordered to be issued, and an instalment of the surplus revenue, already ordered for distribution among the states, was retained. It was long before the mercantile community recovered from the unset- tied state of affairs at this period. The banks did not resume speeie payments until August of the year following, when an agreement for th.at purpose went into ofieration simultaneously throughout the principal states. Meanwhile, the ruin of thousands had been I 896 AMERICA 1 1, 1 . U .S T R A TED. acconi})lislio(l, and gcMieial distrust and uncertainty attended all commercial transactions. In December, 1837, certain of the inliabitants of tlic northern frontier became involved in the Canadian revolt which broke out in that year. A largo number of those favouring the insurgents occu- pied and fortified Navy island, in the Niagara river. The steamer Caroline, employed to convey stores, &c., to the ishmd, was seized at Schlosser, on the American shore, on the night of December 29tli, by n party from the Canadian shore, was set on fire, and sent over the falls. One man attached to the steamer, named Durfoe, was killed in tlic fray, otliers were wounded, and several were said to be missing. The interference of Americans with Canadian affairs received no coviiitenance from government, buL the irregular maimer in which retaliation was conducted, and the invasion of our territory by the attack on the Caroline, were matters of difficult adjustment. In the year 1838, -.orious dinicullics arose upon the north-eastern border of New England. The boundary line between the liritish [>i-ovinces and the state of ifaiiie was unsettled, and iiogotiation was then in progress for its linal establi.shmeut. The state authorities, unwilling to await the protracted action of the general government, resorted to forcible measures for the arrest of encroachment, by individuals, upon that jiortion of the disputed territory then under their actual jurisdiction. The state land-agent, despatched, with a small compaiiy, to put a stop to the cutting of timber by these trespassers, was taken pris- f)ner by the latter, and carried into New Brunswick. Other officials were promptly commissioned to maintain the rights claimed by the state, and, with a body of armed men, jtrocceded to the kcxmic of disturbance. The consecpienee of sueh belligerent movements nat- urally was to create great excitement on the border, wiiieh .soon c.Ktended tiiroughout the United States. In the di.scnssion of the (piestion, by correspondence between the governors of Maine and New Brunswick, much exacerbation of feeling was evident. The matter was laid bcA^'orc congress, in the mojith of February, in a message from the president, and such action was taken lus resulted in averting the threatened hostilities, and in preserving the existing occijpation of cither party until the whole question in di.s- putc could be definitely settled. General Scott wjw specially com missioned to proceed to the debatable ground, and take measures for pi"cvcnting any further collision. Necessary precautions were ' • TIJK PNITLD STATES. 397 allowed to be taken by the authorities of the state of ^fainc to guard a^;aiust a continuauee of depredation, in the interim; but this was directed to be accomplished by the civil authority, without the inter- vention of an armed force. One of the most noticeable occurrences during the following year, (1830,) as connected with our foreign relations, was the seizure of the Spanish schooner Amistad. She was cajjtured and brought into New London in the month of August, by a United States' vessel, under the following circumstances: "On board of her were two white men, Spaniards, Jose llui/ and Pedro Montez, and lilty- four African negroes, under command of one of their own number, whose name was Cinquez. The Amistad, it appeared from subse- quent investigations, had sailed from Havana, in the island of Cuba, for another port in the West India islands, with a cargo of mer- chandise, and the Africans on board, claimed as slaves by the two Spaniards, Kuiz and Montez. After having been four nights at sea, the negroes rose upon the whites, killed the captain and crew, took possession of the schooner, and, in eiideavourinu' to return to Africa, were at length found conveyed to the shores ol Long Island."* Proceedings were instituted against these negroes in the courts of the United States, upon charges of ))iniey and murder; and also at the suit of tlie Spanish clainiant.s, Kuiz and Montez. No bill was found against them by the grand-jury, to which the criminal charge was referred; and the question of civil right was finally established in their favour by the ^Jupreme couit. As native Al'rieaiis, born free, they were restored to liberty, and liiially sent back to their own country. Previous to their departure, great elTurts were made by individuals to give them some insight into the advantages of civil- ization, and such instruction as lime and opportunity might admit. The natural inclination of the savage for the free, unfettered life to which he has been accustomed, to a certain extent disajipointetl the expectations o I' those who had interested themselves in this matter. The decision of the federal courts, and the consequent enlnrgenient of the negroes, gave great olVence to the Spanish government, and a claim, on behalf of the owners of the ves.sel and cargo, Inia been repeatedly pressed in the conduct of later negotiations. At the close of a four years' term, \'an Buren was succeeded by William Henry lIarri.son, whose popularity at the west had remained undiminished from the })eriod of his military services in the frjntiur * Book of thu UiiiU'd ijlutcs. 398 AMEUITA ILLUSTRATED, war •with the British and Indians. The inauguration took place on tlic 4tli of March, 1841. One montli later, April 4th, the death of President Harrison pave occasion, for the first time, for the applica- tion of the con.stitutional provision for such contingency. The vice- president, John Tyler, of Virginia, entered upon the vacant oflice. A special session of congre.>^.«s, called by Harrison during liis brief administration, was lield at the close of May. During the sunimor several important acts were passed, mostly having reference to the disturbed state of financial afl'airs still existing. A general bank- rupt law was tlie firs*^ of these; a Pleasure in which congress took upon itself the respo, .Mlity of an act retrospective in its charatrtcr, and in gross violation of contracts. The general dissatisfaction of the people at its unjust operation, was evinced by its repeal at the regular session of 1842-3. Next came the repeal of the sub-treasury law, which had been finally carried through during the jirevious term. Provision was made for an increase of revenue by additional duties on importations. To encourage the oeeupation aiul improvement of public lands, a right of preemption, at the lowest government prices, was secured to actual settlers upon unappropriated lands, limited, in extent, to one hundred and sixty acres for each individual or family, necordin;^ to jvirticular provi.sions. A bill, incorporating a national bank, expressly for the purpose of providing a fit agency for the transaction of the monetary affairs of government, passed both houses of con- gress; but, to the astonishment and indignation of the party then in the ascendant, it received tho presidential veto on the Kith of August. Tho grounds of objection, submitted by Mr. Tyler, were th(! absence of constitutional power in congress to create such an institution. Brought up a second time, under a new name, and with greater restrictions in its operation, the bill was again defeated by tho }>resident, and, as a two-thirds vote could not be obtained in it? favour, tho measure fell through. In the summer of 1842, the return of an exploring expedition, fitted out from the United States, under eoninuiud of Wilkes, four years previous, excited universal interest. The discovery and coast ing, for more than n thousanrl miles, of tho Antarctic continent; the assiduoiis jirosccution of philosophical researches, by the naturalists connected with the expedition; and tho great addition to thegeiu>ra'. fund of information respecting countries remote and seldom vi.^itid, were niattcrs of national pride and grutifieution. TJIE UNITED STATES. 899 In the month of August of this year, the long-di.sputoj question respecting the north-eastern boundary, was finally adjusted. The negotiations w^re conducte(t, on the part of Great Britain, by Lord Ashburton, specially commissioned for tliis purpose, and, on the part of the United States, by Mr. Webster, then secretary of state. Tiiis treaty also related to other matters in dispntf, or of mutual conve- nience and necessity. Among these, were regulations for the extra- dition of fugitives from justice, and stipMlation« ior joint operations in suppressing the slave-trade. About this time, a further revision of the tariff took place, by which an ad valorem duty of thirty per cent, was laid upon articles not specially excepted, and protective imposts were affixed to others Bpeeifically designated. As at first carried, the bill did not meet the views of the president, and he did not scruple to make further use of his veto power. After some alterations, with difficulty sustained in congrcs,s, it received his assent. The feeling of the house of rep- resentatives, respecting the course adopted by tlie president, was severely expressed in the report of a committee to which the last veto was referred. Mr. Tyler, on the other hand, responded by an indignant protest against the apparent attempt to impugn his niDtives or to fetter his constitutional prerogative. Near the close of his official career, in January, 1845, President Tyler succeeded in carrying out a measure of vast future conse- quence. This was the passage of a joint resolution by congress, providing for the admission of the revolutionized state of Texas into the confederacy of the United States. The terms of admift«ion, cession of public territory, &e., were letl (^pen for future negotia.ion. A cursory view of the early history of V. '... territory, as a ^fexiean province, and the course of e\onts l'\iding i,» the cs>aV)li!)hment of its independence, will form a subject for our epurati^ consideration. Vol. IV.— 64 400 AMERICA ll,Li;STKATED. CHAPTER •X7II I. TEXAS AS A SPANISH faOTISCE: GKAXT TO SIOSKS AUSTIN COLONIZATION DlfPfCrLTJI^ Of THE SKTTLEUS. — REVOLU TICN' IX MKIICO: Br5111£\T£: MUST REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMKXTS IN Y£Xl5: «1.\T1 ANNA'S PRKSIDKNCl: HIS CSCRPATION — SECOND TEIAN CAMPAIGN: SCCCRSS OF THE FlItlOTS: INVASION RY SANTA ANNA: BATTLE OfSiS JACINTO: INDEPEND- CSCI B»Tl6Ll;fHED. The extensive and fcrtilc province of Texas receivoil but little attention in the earlj dajs of Mexican conquest by tlie Spaniarda. It presented no induccmeiit to l3ie gold-hunter, and the invaders were of a ditlcrent moaW frora lh;un, were in equal do^nee n»'glectful of the field for iodu#try and guoeessful enterprise opened for thcin in the rolling prunes and rich bottom-lands of Texas. The few white inhabitant* of the jToviiicc resided, for the mo.st part, in or about the ^inall .S|KUii»b tovkim of Naeopdoihes and San Anto- nio. I'rior to the reTo'atioo in Mexico, the I'aee of this whole country was scarcely changed from its ori^'inal aspect, notwithstand- inj^ the remarkable ticiVitr with which it can be brought under cultivation. A little before the downfall ened with the colonial government for the parf;*jae of commencing a colonization of the const district. A tract of land vas assigned, extending one hundred iiiilefl ufxm the cocmt, and atiill fiirther itdand, into which Austin contracted to intnt! "' nee bandred famdies of immij^rants, each family to Iw wen*-. ^vsm'^^n of a wjuare league of land, and to hi' allowed ext*-!. and the right to free w "The priv uncj»"rtakin the emburka- rilE UNITED STATKS. 401 tion of eastern capital in the new sctileirents, he proceeded to Texas, aooornpanied by such adventurers, with their families, as he could p?rsua/Je to try their fortunes in tlio new country. Others had engagcl to follow at a convenient opportunity. The cinigrauts r«iichepreln'nsion of liis associates, by the intelligcnee that lh«? old ofjntraet Wius ratified by the Mexican congress.''* While the titi-? to ?hc coast grant remained in ahcyancp, colonists from the Tnitt-d Mates hesitated to .«take their fortunes upon the ancertain actio?! of the republic, and many of them returneil home, complHcly disheartened. Others occu))ied the unsettled tmet ex- teti'ling from the bank of t!iO Sabine to the Drazos, forming the nacleiu of the present thrifty and prosperous settlrnients in that qaartffr. The return of Atistin gave a new impetus to the operations of the e^'lony. The tbrmidable Carancahua Indians, whoso inroads hi> i k«i»t the inettlers in continual alarm, throughout the period of his •inenoe, were, by his energetic action, extTpated or overawed, atid gave litt'e further trouble to the white inhabitant.s. Tcxac was ine<»rporatcd with Coahnila as a separat<^ state, uu'ler llic repabVuuui ^yA-m; but all political influence remained, for the lime, in the hands of the latter province, on nccount of its larger pripqlation. The inhabitants of Coaiiuila, of Spanish de.seent, I'elt litlltf fral'Tnitv towards the scitlers from the United States. The Utter, m-verth^'lcK.*, in their isolated position, had nothing of which to f7o«i(4aiiu in their treut:i.;'nt by the central government, prior to * PiKoovprcTH. I'loruHM'."*, All'., nf Atdcrioa 'f i,J) mt -. X:. ^»ii 402 AMEKICA ILLUSTRATED. ihe adminiiitration of Bustamente. Tlicy enjoyed perfect immu- nity from any religious restrictions, and were, at least, allowed the privik-ge of self protection, both as to person and property. In 18S0, their numbers had increased to nearly thirty thousand. Bostaincntc, who owed his authority to military usurpation, exliib- iteJ a total disregard of the rights of the Texan colonists, eitlier as oo^iipantJ under the grant of the republic, or as peaceable iinnii- grar.ts engnged in the improvement of unappropriated public lands, in aceordaicc with liberal provisions of former colonization laws. Ti«e-je laws were repealed; the title to lands already appropriated a;ul improved, was called in question; and detachments of armed troo|ji3 were stationed at various points, to check any resistance to lL»? cstablisbmei.t of a new order of government. To maintain more eflicient control over the inhabitants, the dic- tator ordered the erection of forts at XuLOgldches, Anahuac, and Vi.lasco, which were garrisoned, and placed under command of mili- tary ofiicials. Tijcse precautions first taken, u series of tyrannical and arbitrary proceedings against the inhabitants eniiuiK'need. "Citizens were r»rrested and contiiied, in several instances, upon va^ue charges of 32,) John Austi'>, at the head of sixty volunteers, ut- ta'-kpfl tliv ; ;rt at Velasco, garrisoned by one hundred and lifty men. Ili< first movement wae to seize upon a schooner, lying in the river, on boajtl of which he embarked his little eompiiny, and, anchoring n|>(fr«i:e tlje fort, opened lire upon it wi'h a small eannou. 'i'ue fire • Mies' Ilifttoricitl View of Texas. THE UNITED STAlhs. 403 from the fort was almost entirely ineffective, and llie garrison, making a sally, attempted to gain possession of the vessel by hcxuding. They were driven off, with considerable loss. On the folluwirig morning the fort was evacuated; the troops, delivering up their arms to the assailants, were allowed to retire unmolested. The garrison at Anahuac, espousing the cause of Bustamcnte's opponents in Mexico, abandoned the fort to the Texan insurgents. At Nacogdoehcs, the Mexican stronghold was forcibly seized by the inhabitants of the neighbourhood, and the garrison, attempting to escape by a night march, were pursued, and their retreat was cut off by a handful of mounted Texans. Over-estimating the force of tlieir opponents, the Mexicans agreed upon a capitulation, and de- livered up their arms. Fortunately for tlie inhabitants of Texas, the downfall of Busta- mcnte put an end, for the time, to this unequal contest with the central government. His successful competitor, General Santa Anna, was elevateil to tlie presidency, and the course adopted during the early portion of his administration gave promise of a better slate of affairs. Previous to this period, a vast number of grants had been obtained from the Mexican government, by enterprising individuals from Europe and the United States, upon conditions analogous to those impo.sed uj)on Austin; but, in most cases, the grantees were unable to fulfil their part of the contracts. The attention of the public, however, was turned to the richness of the country by the rtpre. ;r) 1 11 h L .S » I t. u ^ •105 cure aid from the United States, and Samuel Houston was chosen commander-in-chief of the forces. "General Houston, previous to his connexion with the fortunes of Texas, had led a life of such strange vicissitudes, as must develop all the powers and energies of man. As soldier, lawyer, and legis- lator, he had exhibited unusual acumen and steady self reliance. Equally at home in an Indian wigwam or in the halls of cotigress, ho had spent years among the aborigines of the country, sharing their rude accommodations, and pursuinj.' their primitive avocations. By this intimate communion, he acquired not only a sympathy with that unfortunate race, which has ever apjwared in all his dealings with them, but an influence and control over their aflections and conduct, incomparably greater than that attained by any other living man. "Having removed to Texas, he entered heart and soul into the early movements of the patriots, and so fully secured the confidence and respect of his associates, that, at the most dangerous period in the history of the country, he was appointed, as before mentioned, to the supreme military command."* Upon the departure of General Austin to fulfil the duties of his commission, the command of the army encamped before San Antonio devolved upon Colonel Burleson. On the 5th of December, an attack was commenced upon the town. The contest continued for four days, at the end of which time, the fort of the Alamo was alone ten- able by the besieged. General Cos, therefore, consented to capitu- late: the Mexican ofllcers were paroled, and their troops were disbanded or drawn oil". Thus the laat Mexican stronghold in Texas fell into the hands of t!ie patriots; that at Lepanticlan, on the Nueces, having previously surrendered toa volunteer party of Texans. Great interest was excited, throughout the United States, by reports of the position of affairs in Te.xas, and many adventurers, mostly young and active men, made their way to the scene of action during the winter ensuing, and proffered their services in the revo- lutionary cause. Months passed by in uncertainty as to the manner in which Santa Anna would open the campaign. He finally made his appearance, towards the close of February, 1836, with an army of eight thousand men. The riglit division, under General Urea, advanced along the coast, while the kft, commanded by Santa Anna in person, marched through the interior, in the direction of Sail ♦ Discoverers, &c. I'f .Acni-iica. 4 !•■■. . % ■ 40(3 AMEKlL'A ILLLS HA i :.D. Antonio. The whole force of the Texana in actual service at, thia crisis, is said not to huvd exceeded live hundred men. The lirst intelligence of the invasion was et»upled witli thu report that a company of tlie revoUitionisti", unde. Colonels Grant and Johnson, wlio had undertaken an expedition against Matamonus, on the liio Grande, liad been cut oil" by ihf a;]vancing army. Santa Anna, arriving at San Antonio, took posss*:;^:- on of the place, but the Texan garrison, occupying tlie strong fort of the Alamo, refused to capitulate. In expectation of relief from without, they had deter- mined to defend the post to the last. '•No very accurate details have been givi a of the manner in wiiich this band of brave men was destroyed, but it appears that, alter a long and desperate defence, the fort was stormed by an overwhelming force, and the garrison perished to a man, either slain in tlie conflict, or put to death for defending an untenable post." A detachment was immediately marched from San Antonio against Goliad. The Texans there in occupation, under Colonel Fannin, on their retreat towards Victoria, were pursued and surrounded by a vastly superior force. The whole party surrendered to the enemy upon favourable terms of capitulation. A few days later, on the 27th of ^larch, these prisoners, with others who had fallen into the hands of the invaders, to the number of more than four hundred, were brutally massacred. \71iile these events were in progress, the Texan delegates had Ojiaiii assembled, and unanimously agreed U{X)n a declaration of inuepcndence. A state constitution was formed, and, together with a g(;noral declaration of rights, received the signatures of the mem- Vers on the 17th of March, 1836. I:; Jo iiiontli of April, Sunta Anna pushed forward to Ilarrisburg, the temporary capital, with the design of seizing upon the officer? of government. "Failing in this, no burned the town, and pro ceedcd down Galveston bay, towards New Washington, where was a drpot of military stores. On his return towards Lvnch's ferry, on the San Ja( into, with the intention of pressing on lo Anahuac, he encountered the Texan army, ready to give battle. "The patriot army consisted of le.ss than eight hundred men, of all ranks and occupations, most of them undisciplined, and ignorant of military allairs. The Mexicans, as reinforced by five hundred troops, under Cos, on the morning of April 21at, (the day of battle,) numbered nearly or quite sixteen hundred, most of whom were irvice at thu THE UNITED STATES. 407 veteran troops, under the command of ofljcers of skill and cx|.eri- ence. Both armies, after a preliminary skirmish, encamped, on the night of the 20th, upon tlie right l^ank of the Han Jacinto, just below the mouth of Butlalo bayou. The action commenced at half-past three, P. ^f., by a most im|)etuous attack on the part of the Tcxaiis, who rushed on, to the war cry of 'Remember the Alamo!' The rout of the Mexicans was complete, and the pursuit of the fugitives continued until night-fall.''* According to General IIoa.o Wiolcyan niclli- odist confiniico in England; and, at the same conference, ho was also elected bishop of the nicthodist epii>copal church of the UniU-d Siat««. Dr. Fisk possessed a clear, vigorooa, and well-balanced mind, regular and handsoino features, an expressive counton.incc, a statt-ly figure, and a pleiusing address. roiliMps, when unembarraiwed, he came as near to the perfection of a Christian pulpit orator im any that can bo found among Hie minidters of the Kinctuary. — Bangn' UUl., iv., 313 — 317. • Dijicovercrs, Ac. of America. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) \,\J |50 ™" ■ I.I 12 5 1^ 1^ |2.2 t 1^ 12.0 i.8 1-25 1.4 1,6 « 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STIIIT WIBSTil.NY M5tO (716) •73-4S03 ^ A A ^"A^ .^ 4^ nt« tlirew THE UNITED STATES. 409 upon the north-western coast. The most remarkable of these early narratives is that of Juan de Fuca, a Cephalonian pilot, who sailed under a commission from the governor of Mexico, upon a northern voyage of discovery, in 1592. Five years previous, this celebrated navigator, while on a voyage from Manilla to the Spanish provinces in America, was captured near the coast, by the bucaniers under Cavendish. The vessel in which he sailed was fired, but not entirely destroyed, and the crew were set on shore upon the peninsula of Old California. Regaining pos- session of their abandoned craft, they managed to refit her and to continue their voyage, with the loss of all their effects. The Mexican governor took Juan de Fuca under his patronage, and availed himself of his experience in nautical affairs, in the pros- ecution of exploration at the north. The first voyage was unsuc- cessful, nothing being seen of the reported "straits of Anian," through which it was believed a passage might be effected lo the Atlantic. The second expedition is chronicled as follows by Purchas, upon the authority of Michael Lock the elder: "lie followed his course, in that voyage, west and north-west in the South &a, all along the coast of Nova Spania^ and California, and the Indies, now called North America, (all which voyage he sig- nilied to me in a great map, and a sea-card of my own, which I laid before him,) until he came to the latitude of forty-seven degrees; and that there, finding that the land trended north and north-east, witl) a broad inlet of sea between forty-seven and forty-eight degrees of latitude, he entered thereinto, sailing therein more than twenty days, and found that land trending still sometimes nortli-wost, and i.orth-cast, and north, and also east and south-eastward, and very much broader sea than waa at the said entrance, and that he i)assed by divers islands in that sailing; and that, at the entrance of this said .strait, there is, on the north-west coast thereof, a great hend-lnnd or island, with an exceeding high pinnacle, or spired rock, like a pihar, thereupon. "Also he said that he went on land in divers places, and that he saw some people on land, clad in beast's skins; and that the land is very fruitful, and rich of gold, silver, pearls, and other thing.^, like Nova Sjmnia. '•And also lie said that he, being entered thus far into tlie said Btrait, and being come into the North Sea already, ann the country. The credit system had grown to one of its periodical conditions of over-trading ; ahnost everyone was too largely both debtor and creditor, and the values for adjusting accounts were not at hand. All at once the Ohio Life and Trust Coni|>any, a gnat money corporation, holding vast trust funds, failed utterly; a itunic instantly spread ; the banks suspended throughout the country, niaimracturcs ceased, business stopped, failures took place everywhere, vast numbers of operatives were thrown out of employ- ment, and uneasiness and distress pervaded the whole country. Dur- ing the year ending December 25, 1857, there were 5,123 failures, for a total of «i2SH, 750,000. In December and January the banks began JAMES BUCHANAN, 437 to resume payment, but business only revived very slowly and im- perfectly. The subsequent political troubles have retarded its re- covery ; though it has been gaining slowly but steadily. September 6th, 1857, the first overland mail from California reached San Antonio, Texas, having been nearly two months on the road ; being the first of a series of enterprising efforts which have since established a regular and quick communication between the older states and their youthful sister on the Pacific. In February and March of 1858, a wide-spread revival of religion originated in JNew York and several other large cities, one immedi- ate cause of which was by many thought to have been the general distress from the business troubles of the previous autumn. It was remarkable for not being confined to any one denomination ; and the "union meetings" which were held were maintained with much interest for more than a year. In June of the same year, was concluded the treaty of Tien-tsin, with China. This negotiation was conducted in the most amicable manner, and secured the United States greater advantages for trade than had ever been extorted by military force by the European nations. The success of this treaty excited some jealousy in the English and French, who were both at that very time endeavoring to obtain similar ones, and were backed up by the presence of con- siderable military forces. In the early part of February, 1859, a treaty of amity and com- merce was also concluded with the South American stato of Para- guay. Negotiations were more than once attempted with Spain, with a view to obtain possession of Cuba ; but that kingdom has uniformly and peremptorily rejected < very proposition of the kind ; and will evidently never part with so valuable a portion of her dominions unless compelled by force. A slight disagreement also ciccurred with England, respecting the proprietorship of the island of San Juan, a little island in tl.e strait between Vancouver's Island and Washington Territory. Gen. Harney, the American conimandor m the Western department, occupied the island with troops in July, 1859, on which Gov. Douglas, of British Columbia, made a protest, and some English men-of-war assembled in the neighborhood, and were quickly followed by some American ones. There seemed great danger of a collision, but the promptness and prudence of (^en. Scott averted it, and the question has been reserved for a subsequent friendly decision. The spot in question is perfectly insignificant ; I » i 438 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. the only quarrel on the subject would be upon a mere point of honor ; and it is to be hoped that the day for such quarrels between nations is gone by. Any slight feelings on this subject were however effaced by the remarkably friendly feelings shown during the visit of the Prince of Wales to this country, during the fall of 1860. The Prince, after spending two months in the British North American dominions, crossed to Detroit on September 21, 1860, and made a rapid tour by St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Harrisburg, to Washington ; thence to Rich- mond, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston and Portland, where he embarked for England, October 20th, having been received with a friendly courtesy and universal demonstrations of pleasure which were highly gratifying both to himself personally, and as tes- timonies of national good feeling. In the earlier part of the same summer, the public curiosity had been even more excited by the visit of an embassy from the empire of Japan, so long secluded from the commonwealth of nations. This embassv. of several noblemen of high rank, was a conse- quence of the treaty so wisely concluded by Commodore Perry, and the judicious subsequent intercourse of Mr. Harris, United States Consul, with the Japanese. The embassy was conveyed to San Francisco, and thence to Hampton Roads in United States vessels; proceeded to Washington, and thence to New York, whence they returned home in the Niagara, richly laden with gifts and apparently favorably impressed with the people and manners of their new ally. Thus the foreign relations of the country were on the whole ami- cable and prosperous. The latter part of Buchanan's term of office was however marked by domestic occurrences of a very different character. The unfortunate misunderstandings between the South- ern and Northern States on the subject of slavery, were much ag- gravated at the South by the fanatical proceedings of John Brown, who in October, 1851), entered Virginia with about seventeen men, with the crazy design of an organized liberation of the slaves. Brown had become a monomaniac in consequence of outrages m- flicted u|)nii himself and family in Kansas. By a sudden attack, he mastered the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and the town ; but was soon overpowered by United States and Virginia forces, not however without a desperate resistance, in which twelve of his wht)Ie force of nineteen were killed. He and all the rest were tried, condemned, and hung, under the laws of Virginia. *- v ,.,,...>.'» ':?"f^-y '" '1 ^H 3m I *St' . "9: :',♦■ . 4', ^r * »^ -a^j • . %* r*i*^. ^Isiit^ . WSW. t^ aHW^i^ >'<#»^- ^tp,ivi, an.'i AMK-PinA ITTTTafpj^rpiTJl^ ii i>e upon a mere pcwntof lH>nof ; .' such quarrels between nations . . ...w; cl wero however etiaced l^ the , i:e|iti|j;» xtvouii durn^g the visit of the Vrmcfi V- ^imvi-i tyi coinitry, dunng the faH of 1860. Ti;o Prince, aiier "^ ^jifMiif^ two nionthkS in the liritish Noi'lli A ;nerican doiriinioiv "■.Wi! lo Detroit on September 21, 1860, and latule a rapid tour by •Sl Louis, Cincinnati, aiid Hai risburij;, to Washington; thence to Rich- imuul, Bilhimore, Phiiadelj.'hia, New Vork, Boston and Poriland', wliere he. embarked lor England, f'elober '^Oth, having been re(»iv<'d with a friendly cuurtesy and univ(»r<>tii demonstrations of plesieure which were liighly gratifying botii to hiraseU' personally, and as tes- timonicis uf national good ^e^eliug. - . • : - ; :;> * '>: "^ In ihe t-.ihr. f^.,' fj4' th* summer, the ptiwic citriositv i::ul, bc'jii t ■,4*5- ifs... ' \A' ■'■ '< i ■ ' ■■•■ 9j> ., ,«i/-««av from the en. -ire o! Japan, *■• ' -'/(^ •;•' •, 'j^r^'*''^'*»Tihh of nati^'its. T'fj^ -•■■■'ijssy. ♦•}! i^t^.ex'ki I -1-; a c«ia»o* ' ,!'■ •'- *i5 gi»,,i!|^i«*jye«M»cJuded by ♦'<.mmjodfflr6"i*eny. at\d '■ • ; vi- 't»^ --'- itj.'VfeJ tec^^ Harris, tui ted S ^'•ni.^ul, .', !iri tiic J.i^eejit^. Viw embassy was conveyed ttj Francisco, and tlience lo llaniptiin Roads in United Sta'es V' inoccoded to Wasliinglon, and tlience to J\ew York, whence Txturncd lioine in the Niagara, richly laden w ilh gifts aid appn: ■ favoral)ly impressed wilh the peo|)l0 and mai.uers of their new «i'} 'I'hu.s.tlic luieigu relations of the country wore on the whoie atni* r.ii;li.' :iMfl prosperous. The latter part of liuciianau s term of orfif.e !.')■ m;uLcd by domestic occurrenci,:* of a .veiy different lie un'ortunute misunderstandingi between the Soulh- >.4ih by the faJPitticaJ pru> ecdiuga of John Browi • •' wit'.i about seventeen moo, y». _^t i/.ed libcraiiou of the slaves. IP f'i^nsequence of ' ii;.'.s 111" u! i\ai; .IS. 'By a sudden attack, ■fenal at Harfter';? Ferr>-, aJid the i.V United States and Vi i^in ! AfiS s\ hi* Tl ■,h n;-.>\vn IkkI i/t - ■■li llictcd upon hmi-!t he (na.sfc'r(.d the U (own , but wa.s so( frrccs, not however without a dodfiejate resistance, in v>h' of hiH whole force of nir. were Jvi lied. He and aa in- were tiieJ, couchimned. anu imng. under the laws of V'irc^t;'i». t< ov« I ^i^ XL n ii' JAMES BUCHANAN. 430 Though only the mad scheme of a little knot of fanatical men, this startling occurrence was extensively believed to indicate the settled feelings and intentions of the north. In accordance with t^>o extreme state-rights doctrines which have always characterized So. crn pol- iticians, the right of seceding from the Union had constantly been asserted at the South for many years ; and when during the political movements of 1860, it became evident that the Republican party had greatly increased, and was likely to elect its candidate for the pres- idency in November, 1800, South Carolina at once declared that in such event she would at once leave the Union. Similar threats were made in other southern states. The Democratic nominating conven- tion which met at Charleston, S. C, 23d April, 1860, was broken up by the secession of Southern delegations, dissatisfied with the position of northern democrats on the slavery question. It met again at Balti- more, June 18, but again broke up for the same reason, and the south- ern wing nominated J. C.Breckinridge of Kentucky, and Joseph Lane of Oregon, for president and vice-president, the northern one choosing S. A. Douglas of Illinois, and B. Fitzpatrick of Alabama, who soon withdrew, and H. V. Johnson, of Georgia, was substituted. In the meanwhile the Republican convention had met at Chicago, 16th May, and had nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, for president, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for vice-president. A fourth ticket was placed in the field by a convention calling itself the Constitutional and Union Convention, which met at Baltimore, May 9th, and nominated John Bell of Tennesee, and Edward Everett of Massachusetts. These candidates were supported by many of the more conservative and tem- perate men of all parts of the country. But their number was rela- tively small ; and the result of the vote in November was the election of Lincoln and Hamlin ; as indeed was plainly foreseen, upon the di- vision of the Democrats. Their electoral vote was 180, to 75 foi Breckinridge and Lane, 39 for Bell and Everett, and 12 for Douglas and Johnson. The popular votes were, for Lincoln and Hamlin 1,85, ,610; Douglas and Johnson 1,365,976 ; Breckinridge and Lane, 847,953 ; Bell and Everett, 590,631. As soon as Lincoln's election became cer- tain, meetings for secession were held in South Carolina, and the Leg- islature called a convention which met December 11th, and on the 20th passed an ordinance asserting that the Union of the States was thereby dissolved, and South Carolina no longer a member of the same. Similar conventions were soon called, and ordinances passed in Geor- gia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas ; and those states 440 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. severally took possession of all the United States fortifications, vessels, funds and property within their limits, as far as practicable, the only points retained by the United States authorities being Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor. Fort Jefferson at the Tortugas, and Fort Pickens at Pensacola. These states then assembled by representatives at Montgomery, Alabama, on the 4th of February, 1861, and proceeded to adopt a constitution and laws for a new confederacy, which took the name of the " Confederate States of America," and to appoint a government for the same, of which Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was voted president, and inaugurated on the 14th of the month. All these states had instantly raised military forces, professing to appre- hend warlike measures from the United States government, and a mili- tary organization was also formed by the convention at Montgomery. The senators and representatives of the seceding states one after another vacated their places in Congress. Violent efforts were made, but in vain, to draw the northern tier of slave states into the seces>sion movement. The constituted government of the United Staces, not- withstanding the departure of some of its members, rempinea in ac- tion, and its ordinary business proceeded. Many threats wore made, and conspiracy apprehended, to prevent the inauguration of the new president. But the ceremony was duly performed on the usual day and in the usual manner, and the new administration peaceably assumed the reins of government. It enters upon its duties under strange and trying circumstances ; finding seven states nrofessedly out of the Union, similar movements threatened and attempted in eight others, the departments at Washington flung by the bad management of their officers into the extremest disorder. In fact, if voting and asserting were sufficient, the government would not be a government, for the nation which it governs would not be existing. But it does exist; and by the blessing of God will continue to do so and to prosper. Against this attempt to maim the fair proportions of our country, it will be well to record some formalities more surely indicative of its increase. The admission of Kansas as a state has already been mentioned. Minnesota had been admitted in May, 1858, and Oregon in February, 1859. Three new territories were erected by an act passed in February, 1861, viz., Colorado, from the neighboring parts of the four governments of Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mex- ico ; Nevada, from the west of Utah and east of California ; and Dacotah, between Minnesota and the Missouri River; thus making a total of seven territories. CAIADA. i The province of Canada embraces a wide and extremely diversi- fied section of country, extending between latitude 42° and 53"^ North and longitude 64° and 90° West, and comprising an area of 340,803 square miles. It is bounded on the north by the Hudson's Bay Territory ; on the west by Lakes Superior and Huron ; on the south by Lakes Erie and Ontario ; and on the east by the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, and a portion of ihe Uni- ted States, viz. : the States of New York, Vermont, New Hamp- shire, and Maine. The province of Canada, called the province of Quebec prior to 1791, was in that year divided into the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, under distinct governments, but in 1840 they were re-united by an Act of the Imperial Legislature. Lower Canada formerly was comprised between 45° and 52° of North Latitude, embracing an area of 205,853 square miles, exclusive of the sur- face occupied by the River St. Lawrence, and a portion of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, embracing 52,000 square miles. The romanti- cally situated city of Quebec contains a population of 50,000. It is the great shipping depot of the Canada lumber trade, and has also a large trade in ship buii.'.ing. The island of Montreal, thirty-two miles long by ten broad, lies between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, and contains the city of Montreal, the commercial emporium of Canada, with a population of 70,000. The soil on this island, as well as on Isle Jesus, is ac- counted good, and many of the farms are conducted on scientific principles, and with great profit, in consequence of their proximity to the local market of the city of Montreal. To the south of the St. Lawrence are the populous districts of Gaspie and Bonaventure, a tract more properly belonging to New Brunswick than to Lower Canada. The section of the country known by the name of the Eastern I 1 ' ' 442 AMEltICA ILLUSTRATED. Townships, and which are properly so called, comprises that great extent of habitable and fertile country between the Chambly and Chaudi^Jre Rivers in one direction, and between the frontier lines of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire, and the Seigniories of the Districts of Montreal, Saint Francis, Three Rivers, and part of Quebec, in the other. This territory promises to become the rich- est, the most populous, and the most flourishing part of Lower Can- ada: not onlv on account of its climate, milder than that of tlie shores of the St. Lawrence, of the immense extent of excellent and fertile soil which it includes, and of its abundant streams of water, but also because, while bordering on the tei'ritory of the United States, it is traversed by the main lines of communication between the two countries: namely, the railroad from Montreal to Richmond, and from Richmond to Portland, on the Atlantic; and by that from Richmond to Quebec, forming part of the Grand Trunk line. The six great counties of Sherbrooke, Stanstead, Shefibrd, Missisquoi, Drummond, and Megantic, contain about 4,880,400 acres of laud. Ui)per Canada is divided into three great natural sections, viz. : the eastern, central, and western — the eastern containing the trian- gular territory between the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa — the cen- tral having nearly a square form, extending from Lake Ontario on the south to Lake Nipissing on the north, and stretching from the latter lake to the Ottawa eastward — and the third, comprising an irregular triangular peninsula, inclosed nearly by Lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, and Huron, and the channels by which these are connected. The counties of Glengary, Stormont, Dundas, Leeds, and Grenville, Prescott, Russell, Lanark, Renfrew, and Carlton, are situated in the eastern section. The counties of Frontenac, Len- nox, Addington, Hastings, Prince Edward, Northumberland, Dur- ham, Peterborough, the four Ridings of York and Sincoe, comprise the central section. The western section, which includes the coun- ties of Halton, Wentworth, Lincoln, Welland, Haldimand, Norfolk, Middlesex, Kent, Essex, Huron, Waterloo, and Oxford, is advancing with great rapidity, and attracting the greater share of the emigra- tion, and is, in many respects, the garden of Western Canada. Its surface is remarkably level, containing scarcely a hill, and its inte- rior is traversed by several fine rivers — the Welland, Grand River, Thames, and Sydenham. The St. Lawrence is the pride of the Canadian people, and the highway down which are ^)oured, to the ocean, their surplus pro- CANADA. 443 ducts, rjmcrging from Lake Ontario at Kingston, it p\irsues its course, widening occasionally into expanses of lakes, till it expends its waters, previously swollen near Montreal by the river Ottawa, in the great Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Its extreme course, from Lake Ontario, is over 600 miles, and its width varies from three- quarteirs of a mile to twenty-five miles. There are five great lakes intimately connected with each other, viz.: Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, which embrace an area of 100,000 square miles. Lake Superior is the largest inland lake in the world. Lake Ontario is connected with Lake Erie by the Niagara River, 35 miles long, broken in its course by the Falls of Niagara. Its area is about 7,000 square miles. A ship canal has been constructed, on the American side, between Lakes Superior and Huron, at the Sault St. Marie, to overcome an interruption to the navigation of a mile and a half in extent. The Lakes afford profitable fisheries, and the country of the Lakes seems formed to be one of the richest agricultural regions in America. The fisheries are carried on chiefly in the south-west of Prince Edward County, on Lake Ontario and on Lake Huron, and in 1852 produced 11,884 barrels, principally of white fish and salmon trout. The waters of Lakes Huron and Superior are teeming with life, and on the north shore of Lake Superior alone, 30,000 barrels might be yearly put up for market. The forests of Canada are extremely valuable and a source of great revenue. In 1852 the products of the forest exported, during that year, were valued at £l,351,'713 9s. Id. and of this large amount the region of the Ottawa furnished a considerable proportion. The timber which is most 'extensively exported is that of the white pine tree — a species of wood of which Canada possesses inexhaustible quantities. It is easily wrought, compari- tively free from knots, and very durable. It is much used for the decks of vessels and also for their lower masts. It is exported to Britain in the shape of masts, deals, laths, and squared timber. In the process of settling, clearings are made, and the wood is thrown into heaps and burned, and from which large quantities of pot and pearl ashes are manufactured and exported, the price of which often greatly assists the settler in meeting the first cost of his land. Pot and pearl ashes to the value of 232,004/. were exported in 1852. •*#4:->^ ",n 444 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. The mineral resources of Canada are especially valuable and are being rapidly developed. The manufactures of the Province are yet in their infancy, but are ann'ially increasing in variety and extent, and rising in impor- tance. Lower Canada, especially, is admirably adapted for the extension of manufactures. " The long winter, in which compara- tively few of the departments of out-door agricultural labor can be engaged in, and the peculiarly appropriate character of the indus- trious French Canadians of the interior, adapting them for such occupations, render it very desirable that the facilities afforded by the abundant water powers and comparative cheapness and plenti- fulness of labor, capable of becoming skilled, should, to a large extent, be taken advantage of. We shall then see, from one of its fertile valleys to another, a chain of thronging factories extended ; and the clang of the heavy hammer, and the jar of the machinery, and the busy hum of human industry will mingle with, and be heard high above the rapid splash and echoing fall of the many streams which, now lavish of power, invite the labor of the artisan. The clog of the Seignorial Tenure, in Lower Canada, has, to some extent, impeded the progress of this branch of industry ; but as it may be now regarded among the things that were, it is predicted that the day is not far distant when Canada — and Lower Canada especially — will be largely engaged in various manufactures, and add important contributions in this way to the common wealth." New branches of productive industry are continually arising, and new manufactures are carried on. For instance, the banks of the Lachine Canal at Montreal, are being clustered with busy manufuc- tories. A large sugar refinery has been erected. An India-rubber manufactory is in active operation, and paint mills, axe i.ictories, machiae shops, nail and spike factories, &c., have been built. Ship building is a very important trade in and about the city of Quebec, and gives employment to a very large number of hands, while the colonial bui!t vessels, for build and strength, have acquired a high reputation. In the year 1813, there were built at Quebec 4S ves- sels ; tonnage, 13,785 ; while in 1853, there were 70 vessels ; tonnage, 51,637 ; showing a large and decided increase. The average annual value of vessels built at Quebec, has been estimated at £500, Ono. The commerce of Canada is being extended and developed with giant strides It has passed the period of infancy and altaintvl a magnitude which may, perhaps, at first view seem disproportioned pi i CANADA. 445 to the youth of the country ; for it is to be borne in nnind that in 1782, what now constitutes the fertile, wealth, and populous West- ern Canada, with a population of over a million, was a wilderness. The total value of the imports into Canada in the year 1853, was £7,995,359 1*. Id. Of this amount £4,622,280 3s. lOtZ. was imported from Britain, £158,164 195. 7d. from the British North American Colonies, and £2,945,550 ITs. from the United States ; the residue from other sources. For the same year the exports of the Province were £5,950,325 15s. 4J. currency, of which £2,800- 351 19s. 4(i. were exported from Great Britain, £2,681,363 15s. 8d. to the United States, £345,116 7s. llcZ. to the other North Ameri- can Colonies, and £5,045 10s. lid. to the British West Indies. Of the imports, tli6 total amount of goods paying duty was £7,551,381 3s. Gd. of which £4,550,383 15s. 8cZ. were from liritain, and £2,004- 145 lis. 5d. from, the United States. In 1852 the exports were £3,826,901 15s. 5d. and the imports £5,071,023 3s. Ud. showing an immense advance in the commerce of 1853 over the previous year, amounting, taking both imports and exports together, to 57 per cent. In 1849 the nett revenue from Custom duties was £412.737 3s. 9d. ; in 1852 it was £705,022 19s. 9d.; but in 1853 it was £980- 697 16s. lOd. currency. The total value of the exported produce of the mines of Canada, was, in 1853, £27,339, of which copper ore furnished £23,020. The total export of the produce of the fisheries was £85,000 13s. Sd. The produce of the forest, which was exported in 1853, is large, there having been exports from that source to the value of £2,355- 255 2s. 3d. of which £1,682,125 12s. Id. found their way to Brit- ain, and £652,534 5s. 4(i. to the United States. Of animals and their produce the export was £342,631 7s. Vegetable food consti- tuted the second leading export, viz. : £1,995,095 15s. dd. of which £1,219,861 14s. Gd. was exported to the United States, £502,100 4s. Sd. to Britain, and £273,008 10s. Id. to the other British North American Colonies. The export of manufactures was £35,100 9s. to wliich is to be auded for ships built at Quebec during the year, say £020,187 10s. currency; the total value of exports from sea ports being £3,260,716 2s. lid. and from inland ports £2,23(5,311 7,v. dd. From the seaward |)orts there were exported from Quebec, £2.443,457 ; Montreal, £746,050 ; Caspo. £32,607 ; New Carlisle, £29.912; and from Amherst, £11,597. In the year 1853 there arrived at the port of Quebec 1,351 vessels, with a tonnage of 446 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. 570.738. In the same year 1,406 vessels departed from this port. In the same year 243 vessels arrived at the inland port of Montreal, at the foot of the canal navigation. In 1817 the first Canadian steamers on Lake Ontario were built. In 1818 there was only one steamer on Lake Erie, and forty sailing vessels above Niagara Falls. Now there are hundreds. The inward tonnage of Lake and river steamers, in 1853, was 2,175,241 British, and 1,102,239 Ameri- can ; in all, 3,277,480. In the same year the tonnage inwards of sailing vessels was 544,509; the outward tonnage of steamers was 3,070,509. Of these 2,070,117 were British, and 1,006,392 Ameri- can, and of sailing vessels 571,814. The total inward and outward tonnage being 7,470,312. There were built within the Province, in 1853, 136 sailing vessels, with a tonnage of 57,722. " The trade between the Canadas and the United States is very large, and will be immensely stimulated by the Reciprocity Treaty. In 1849 the exports to the United States were $1,481,082 ; and the imports from, $4,243,724. In 1853, the exports to the United States were £2,681,363 15s. 8d. or $10,726,455, and the imports from ditto were £2,945,536 17s. or $11,782,147; thus showing a surprising extension of the Reciprocity Treaty trade. This treaty, in the first place, opens up to the Americans the right to use the sea fisheries in the British waters, the salmon and river fisheries being excluded from its operation. Secondly, it provides that the following articles, the growth and produce of the British Colonies, or of the United States, shall be admitted into each coun- try free of duty, — grain, flour, breadstuffs of all kinds, animals ol'ali kinds, fresh, smoked and salted meats, cotton, wool, seeds and vege- tables, undried and dried fruits, fish, products of fish and of all other creatures living in the water, poultry, eggs, hides, furs, skins or tails, undressed ; stone or marble in its crude state, slate, butter, cheese, tallow, lard, horns, manures, ores of metal of all kinds, coal, pitch, tar, turpentine, ashes, timber and lumber of all kinds, frewood, plants, shrubs, trees, felts and wools, oil, broom corn, and bark ; gyp- sum, ground or unground; hewn or wrought or un wrought burr or grindstones ; dyestuH's, flax, hemp and tow, unmanufactured ; unman- ufactured tobacco, rag.?. And thirdly, it throws open the navigation of the St. Lawrence and the canals, during the will of the British government, to American citizens, while it accords to the British and Canadian people the right to navigate Lake Michigan. It is asserted that no country in the world is possessed of ir.oro » f ff 'ft If ' ::■ Tliity are lue cUftUM*!? oi i i/it venues. "^'x i the St. L;i\vretice is ice-l'^^ckfii -lunuc u,' ii..''nns of sji.s.'iiv roinu.unicati'i.. v:\vi ine •■■ •ttj4«||^v V ,,U5! tiro yariouis pirlsoi tiv i Lrit-rare « :..^^RiGRifc|^tt,at preseiit, ilu-.'- -^ >: Mrfe sjrea . ,|^ » jc<||n*no'lritc(l t-). s'. von ).•.'•■ • -i! >.. i natura ^a^t/y, to which ilu- 'liifM-.s \v.,\ i" • v>f these pr.»nt iiin-v ijskp!*'" .^'Osed to ruii liu'".;-' • -un i ■ . r '^reaoe at MouUt..... > ?b«8ftcon'd i»»ti' '" ! ''■< ' pfCiall;' :.:ipoi - '■ I -'Ml"- •.>! ; :■.' I ui.k Riv,. (■►••iiir*". . I. . -• ieciJ©«» <'t ■U M •*i- ge aiui lac. •'■'-' '■«liU 1 .liii u> ii'.jn. . • .1 -.ui, in i!i ■ kt.-, a ,ii event;; \: • mil- coinpiJSi. ' iln'.-i'iMl.it?, !'ri»!il ill'' tVoin M ( Mjotiri ii»'.i iJMi , .(_■ r » UUrtVi' ! II i •tu^. ' .101 pf»k l,*. ^ Ui any pr ec-'ding v!t •Jir;! IN! .■ *'• iho eroctiun rtrnl \ pa: ^ *< h - i • ^<>..; ..-'!^* n'MOi' er oi puinii n art- »'t os^' o-,' <''fi ti>« .fji4t«l5 c..' vj» .^ ♦i( Miu *r c in. ~Tr - importar land nav trade, an As lh( winter s boaid an tant. In by, and country, first of t\ proposed Lawreno The sei fertile sec ing large The th and desig treal to P( Marie; th the Ottaw The grc The first r still existii from Phila lished in b( The ago Canada \\i increase or sum raised lis. lOd. gale, 19t,7 feature of t by the Sup report issut circulated. these 1,05'^ year, in scl The coll Queen's Cc Victoria Ci \ CANADA. 44-; important and extensive canals or a more magnificent system of in- land navigation, than is Canada. They are the channels of a great trade, and afford large revenues. As the navigation of the St. Lawrence is ice-locked during the winter season, the means of speedy communication with the sea boaid and with the various parts of the interior are especially impor- tant. In Canada, at present, there are three great lines suggested by, and accommodated to, strongly marked natural divisions of the country, to which the others will prove tributaries or feeders. The first of these great lines is the Grand Trunk Railway, which it is proposed to run through Canada from east to west, spanning the St. Lawrence at Montreal, by the gigantic Victoria Bridge. The second is the Great Western line, traversing one of the most fertile sections of Canada, and now in steady operation, and show- ing large and increasing roturns of traffic. The third is the Ottawa Valley line, composed of various links, and designed to extend, in the meantime, from the city of Mon- treal to Pembroke, and eventually to Lake Huron and the Sauk St. Marie ; the distance from Montreal to the Georgian Bay being, by the Ottawa, about 400 miles, against 1,000 by the St. Lawrence. The growth of the Press of Canada has been s'eady and rapid. The first newspaper established in Canada was the Quebec Gazette, still existing. The founder of it, Mr. Brown, brought his press from Philadelphia, in 17G3. The total number of newspapers pub- lished in both sections of the Province in Ibal was 157. The aggregate sum raised for all educational purposes in Western Canada w^as, in 1853, the noble sum of £199,674 1^. 5d. being an increase on any preceding year of £23,598 2s. 5d. The aggregate sum raised for the erection and repairs of school-houses was £80,730 lis. lOd. The number of pupils in attendance was, in the aggre- gate, 191,730 ; the increase during the year being 15,149. A recent feature of the system is the establishment of school libraries, selected by the Superintendent, and the issue of school maps. When the report issued, 90,000 volumes of general information had thus been circulated. The number of schools was, in 1853, 3,1*27; and of these 1,05'* were free.. 2,117 lectures were delivered during the year, in schools, on subjects connected with the system. The collegiate institutions of Canada are. The University of Queen's College, situated at Kingston; Trinity College, Toronto Victoria College, at Cobourg, on Lake Ontario ; The College of Vol. IV.— 57. » 448 AMEKICA ILLUSTEATED. Regispolis is situated at Kingston, and is maintained and carried on under tiie superintendence of the Roman Ciftholic Bishop of that city. Population of Western Canada by origin. — Canadians, not of French origin, 526,093 ; England and Wales, 82,699 ; Ireland, 176,267 ; Scotland, 75,81 1; Canadian French, 26,417 ; United States, 43.732 ; from the countries, 20,995 ; making a total of 952,004. Religious Census. — Church of England, 223,190 ; Rome, 107,695 ; Methodists, 207,656; Presbyterians, 204,148; Baptists, 43,353; Lutherans, 12,089 ; other creeds, 91,872. Churches. — Church of England, 226; Rome, 135; Presbyterian, 257; Methodist, 471 ; Quaker, 18; Lutheran, 22; Congregationalist, 84 ; Baptist, 116; Bible Christians, 46 ; other places of worship, 185 ; total, 1,159. Population of Lower Canada by origin. — Canadians, not French origin, 669,528; Canadians, of French origin, 125,580; Eng- land and Wales, 11,230 ; Ireland, 51,499 ; Scotland, 14,565; Uni- ted States, 12,482; other countries, 5,377; total, 890,201. Religious Creeds. — Church of Rome, 746,860; England, 45,402, Methodists, 21,183; Presbyterians, 33,535; Baptists, 4,433 ; othei creeds, 38,782. Churches. — Roman Catholic, 340 ; Church of Eng- land, 111; Presbyterian, 57; Methodist, 60; Congregationalist, 20, Jew's Synagogue, 1 ; or one place of worship for every 1,459 inhab- itants, including only those c lurches returned on the census list. The revenue of Canada, Qcr'.\;d from Custom duties, has been augmenting rapidly, as the annual statements indicate. Gross Rev- enue in 1819, £444,547 5^. Id. ; in 1850, £615,694 13s. Id. ; in 1851, £737,439 05. 2d.; in 1852, £739,203 12^. 9d,; and in 1853. £1,029,782 15s. 4i. NEW BIIUNSWICK. uilAlriiliiri i , AREA. — ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. — FRENCH DISCOVERT. — GRANT TO ALEXANDER. — DE LA TOUR AND CHARNISSE, — BAY CH\L- ECRS SETTLED. — ENAUD AT BAY CHALEl'RS. — PIRATES. — SPREAD OF FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. — DAVIDSON AT III- RAMICHI. — ST. JOHN SETTLED. — ATTACK ON JIIRAM- ICHI. — MICilACS. — ATTACK THE VIPER. — FEROCITY OF MARTIN. — GOV. CARLETON New Brunswick is a country occupying 27,020 square, miles, being nearly as much as the whole of the kingdom of England, or as the states of New England. This area is equal to 17,077,300 acres, of which a very large share is fit for cultivation. It occupies an irregular square, and is bounded north by Bay Chaleurs and Canada, east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, south by the Bay of Fundy, and west by Canada and the state of Maine. New Brunswick has existed as a separate province only since 1781, having before that time been a county of Nova Scotia, by the name of vSunbury county ; and at a still earlier period was an undis- tinguished portion of that large extent of territory termed Acadia. The first English settlement within its limits was that atteni])ted by the Gilberts, father nnd son, on the north side of the Bay of Fundy, in 1007. Jacques Cartier, the celebrated French navigator, had however landed in Bay Chaleurs long before, in 1531. The Bay of Fundy was first discovered by De Monts, in May or June, 1004 ; and on the 21ih of the latter month he entered the St. John, which he named in honor of St. John the Baptist, whose festival day it was. Ue Monts explored the whole north coast of the bay, entered 450 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. and named the St. Croix river, and on a small island at its mouth erected a fort, taking possession of the country for the king of France. With the remainder of the territory of Acadia, New Brunswick remained for some years in the nominal possession of the French. Grants of American territory were, however, made at that period in a singularly loose manner ; and without regard to the French title, Acadia, or as it was named in the grant, Nova Scotia, including all the territory east of a line running north from the St. Croix to the St. Lawrence, was given to Sir William Alexander, afterwards Earl of StirlinfT, bv kinff James I. in 1621. Sir William had but little success in his endeavors to settle the country. An expedition sent under his orders, commanded by his son and Sir David Kirk, cap- tured the French fort at St. Croix ; and a little afterwards, a French gentleman, Claude de la Tour, who owned a large grant on the St. John, endeavored unsuccepsfully to establish a colony of Scotch settlers there. In 1G29, Sir David Kirk took Cape Breton, and con- quered Canada, for the British crown. But Charles I., at the treaty of St. Germain, gave up the whole country again to the French king, who made large grants on the St. Croix to M. Razillai. Much of the northern and eastern part of New Brunswick was also given to M. Denys. Claude de la Tour and his son Elienne erected forts and trading posts on the St. John, and set on foot a profitable trade with the Indians. The governor of the remaining part of Acadia, Daubre de Charnisse, and Etienne de la Tour, soon fell into a fero- cious and unscrupulous quarrel, for reasons not distinctly understood, but doubtless consisting chiefly of jealousy respecting trade and j)ol- itics. This quarrel became an open wariare. The French king prescribed territorial limits for the parties, and then, having heard their mutual accusations, sent out orders to Charnissc to arrest La Tour and send him home for trial. La Tour, however, who had shrewdly cultivated amicable relations with the Puritans at Boston. raised there a force of lour armed vessels and tiglity men, and returning to his fort, which was at the junction of the Geniscc and the St. J dim, drove Charnissc back to his own stronghold on the Penobscot river. Charniss6 however contrived to induce Gov. En- dicott of ^lassachusetts to become neutral in the allliir, and after being once ignominiously driven away from La Tour's fort by the vigorous defence made by Madame La Tour in her husband's absence, he again attacked it when the commander was away on a NEW BRUNSWICK. 451 tradinfT expedition, and after being repelled in several furious assaults, at last obtained possession of it by a capitulation, which he shame- fully violated by hanging the brave garrison, and leading Madame La Tour to the gallows with a halter about her neck. He also car- ried off all the property at the fort. The brave Madame de la Tour soon died of sorrow at these misfortunes. The villainous Charnisse also died shortly afterwards, and by a singular vicissitude of fortune. La Tour married his vvidow, and by this marriage and by the bequest of a sister of Charnisse, who died a little afterwards, his possessions became larger than ever. He was aided while in poverty by his friends at Boston, who procured him money and a vessel, with which he resumed his trade with the Indians, but is said to have made only an ungrateful return for the benefit. A creditor of the deceased Charnisse now took judgment in France against La Tour's estates, and according to the practice in those days, set about levyincr execu- tion by force of arms. His enterprise was, however, forestalled by Colonel Sedgwick, who was sent out by Cromwell, in 1G54, to recover Acadia from the French, in which he succeeded with remarkable ease. While these various fortunes attended the French settlements in tf"e south of the territory of New Brunswick, other emigrants had been establishing themselves at its northern extremity, on Bay Cha- leurs. In 1638 or 1639, a native of Gascony, Jean Jacques Enaud, had cleared some land and established an Indian trade on the south shore of that bay. Scarcely any historical accounts have been pre- served of Enaud or his transactions. He was, however, quite wealthv ; and from his remote location, had little connection with the furious warfare which occupied his fellow-countrymen to the southward. He married the daughter of an eminent chief of the neighborhood ; but w^as murdered by a savage brother-in-law in a family quarrel, and his followers were killed or driven away by the tribe into which he had married, which is said to have been of the Mohawk race, and to have waged successful war with the Micmacs of Acadia. At the treaty of Breda, in 1677, Acadia was again given up to the French ; for it seems to have been passed backwards and forwards as a sort oX make-weight, with little or no value of its ov.-n. So negligent were its Europer.n owners, that piratical vessels repeatedly plundered the countr} , and even took the forts on the Gein-ec and St. John. Tradition asserts that at some points on the New Bruns- \ , i! 11 452 AMERICA ILLUSTKATED. wick coast, as has so often been believed of points further south, Captain Kidd buried some of his ill-gotten treasures. During the wars after the English Revolution of 1688, the French forts on the St. John were a center of French influence, and were bravely maintained against the expeditions sent from England and from the New England colonies. Villabon, the commander at the Gemsec, in 1G91, made prisoner Mr. Nelson, governor of Nova Scotia, and sent him to the French commander at Quebec. He raised a force of French and Indians and took Pemaquid ; and 'main- tained his fortress against Church's expedition from Massachusetts. All the European inhabitants of Acadia at this time were French ; and throughout the frequent transfers of their sovereignty, they remained always faithfully attached to the French interest. In 1704, Villabon again repelled an attack from Massachusetts. Aca- dia had been nominally conquered by the English, and held by them, under William and Mary ; had been ceded to France at the peace of Ryswick in 1G9G ; was again invaded under Queen Anne, and finally became permanently a portion of the British Empire at the peace of Utrecht, in 1713. Besides the settlements on the St. John and on Bay Chaleurs, other French emigrants had been gradually establishing themselves along the eastern coast. About 1G72 or 1G73, a settlement was made at Bale des Vents, in Miramichi Bay, and others were formed at Bay Verte, Nequaak, Canadian Point, &c.; Petite Rochelle, on the Restigouche, was founded and fortified ; and at Beaubair's Point and Island, on the Miramichi, quite important settlements were made. But the French settlers in New Brunswick, except those on the St. John, although stedfast in their adherence to French sentiments, were much less involved in the transactions of the subsequent war, known as the Old French War, than the inhabitants of Nova Scotia. Accordingly, they endured but a small share of the hardships accom- panying the removal of the Acadians from their homes, in 1755, during the war. Indeed, many of those unfortunate people, escaping from the power of the English, found shelter among the French set- tlements on the east coast of New Brunswick, at Miramichi and elsewhcie. At the end of the war, these settlers swore allegiance to the English crown ; the Micmac chiefs also submitted and made a treaty, and thus the French influence, which had long survived the formal possession of the country by that nation, was finally extin- guished, lo be replaced by that of the English. NEW BRUNSWICK. 453 Almost iniinediately after this event, English settlers began to enter New Brunswick. In 17G4, William Davidson, a Scotchman, established himself at Miramichi, being the first British settler there. He received a large grant of land, and in company with a Mr. Cort, of Aberdeen, set on foot a profitable salmon fishery. Another Scotchman, named Walker, settled at Alston Point, in Batlmrst Harbor, soon after the capture of Quebec, one of whose associates, John Young, lived until after 1840. The trade of this place was in fish, furs, moose-skins, and walrus hide, oil and teeth. James Simonds, Esq., endeavored to settle on the River St. John, in 1760, but was driven off by the Indians. Returning in 1764, with a small company, he reached the site of the present city of St. John, then a dense forest, and established a trade with the Indians. The first regular English settlement on the St. John was at Maugerville, in what is now Sunbury county, in 1766. The settlers were from Massachusetts, and other New England families joined them at dif- ferent periods. The English population, however, increased but slowly up to the war of the American Revolution. During this war, the Americans made considerable efforts to spread disaffection among the whites and to stir up the Indians to make war upon the English. In these attempts they had some success. A council of Micmacs had resolved to exterminate Davidson's company at Miramichi, and might have done so had not an English man-of-war, the Viper, opportunely appeared in the bay. She came in under American colors, but the cunning aborigines saw through the deceit and laid a plan to \Jbard and capture her. About thirty of them were admitted, and being then attacked, were killed or taken after a desperate struggle. One ot them, named Pierre Martin, fought with so much obstinacy that he beat off two marines, nearly strangled two more, and after receiv- ing several severe wounds, snatched a bavonet from a sailor, and made so desperate a stroke at one of his adversaries, that missing him, the blade passed through one of the vessel's stanchions. Even after he had fallen under his wounds, he sprang up again, all bathed in blood from deep sword-cuts, and leaped furiously at the throat of one of his own men, reproaching him for his cowardice, and nearly strangled him before he was at last killed by one of the crew. The attempts to excite the Indians to war were not given up until 1779 ; and the settlers on the St. John suffered great hardships, being compelled for a long time to watch incessantly against the savages, J 454 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. and repeatedly to retreat into a fort which they had built at Oro- mucto. At the close of the war, a great impulse was given to the prosperity of New Brunswick, by the removal into it of several thousand disbanded troops, and of large numbers of loyalist refugees from the United States. On the IGth of August, 1784, Col. Carleton was appointed governor of the new province of New Brunswick, which was in that year set off from Nova Scotia, and thus entered upon the present era of its history. Gov. Carleton remained at the head of the government for only about two years ; but the beneficent policy which he instituted has been followed so successfully as to have now established the pros- perity of the province upon a safe basis. No great political convul- sions have marked the history of New Brunswick since 1784, and its history is an almost unbroken story of progress in wealth and hapj)!- ness. The early settlers, it is true, experienced many hardships ; but no more, perhaps, than are felt by the pioneers in any new coun- try. The climate was then more severe than of late years; the huts which they hastily erected near the site of St. John, were not com- plete when the winter came upon them ; and their sufierings from cold and hunger during the first winter were exceedingly severe. PR(fOR£SS AFTER THE AMERICAN WAR. — COLONIAL SYSTEM OF 180G-7 — DUTIES ON TIMBER. — GREAT FIRE OF 1825. — LOSS AT NEV.CASTLB AND UOUOLASTOWN. — DISPUTED AMERICAN BOUNDARY. — REFERENCE TO THE KINO OF NETH- ERLANDS — FINAL SETTLEMENT. — PRINCE OF WALES VISIT IN I8G0. — RECEIVED AT 8T. JOHN — JOURNEY TO FREDERIC- TON. — RECEPTION AT FREDERIC- TON — RETURN. From the close of the war with the American colonies to the beginning of the present century, the growth of New Brunswick was slow, much the largest share of the eflbrts of the inhabitants being devoted to the fisheries. The first important impulse to the timber trade arose in consequence of the judiciou.s regulations of the NEW BRUNSWICK. 455 beneficent colonial system adopted by Great Britain in 1806-7, in consequence of the French "continental system," and the American non-intercourse acts. The duties imposed by England on Baltic and i^merican timber, which had been almost nominal, were now- increased to an extent which protected the colonial lumber from competition ; and their continuance has maintained the vast timber trade of New Brunswick in its present flourishing state. In 1825, the commercial interests of the province were substan- tially aided by a grant from the home goverrment of all the com- mercial privileges possessed by any other colony. The same year was marked by a terrific misfortune, the vast conflagration which spread devastation over a great area of territory on the river Mira- niichi. The summer had been uncommonly warm and dry. and the accidental fires to which forest districts are always liable had been remarkably frequent and destructive in several parts of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Such a fire had been consuming the forests in the back country of the great county of Northumberland, in Sep- tember and the first dnys of October, 1825; and on the Gth October, it was evidently approaching the town of Nc Acastle. On that day. distant flashes and blazes of fire were seen by various persons in (iiflerent parts of the woods ; trees and branches were heard to crackle and fall, and an incessant rumbling noise like di.stant thunder was distinctly heard. Next day the heat of the fire so intensified that of the weather, as to become very enervating ; at noon, a pale yellowish mist with a purple tinge could be seen rising silently over the forest. This was soon replaced by a heavy dark cloud of smoke. There was not a breath of air ; a dreadful lassitude oppressed all the population ; the whole horizon about the doomed settlements pre- sented a belt of fire ; and the woods trembled and rustled, and from within their depths came strange and boisterous sounds, and a con- stant succession of loud exjilosions. Soon a heavy dark canopy of smoky cloud moved over the settlements, extending as far as the eye could reach, while beneath it, in the distance, could be seen the leap- ing and flashing of the fire, which steadily advanced, with its dread- ful artillery of crashing and exploding sounds, and its dark curtain of smoke, until as if with a sudden leap the main body of the fire swept through the nearest skirts of the woods, and burst upon the narrow bell of selthMuents and clearings that skirted the Mirumichi river. This belt, a hundred miles and more in length, including two flourishing towns. Newcastle and Douglastown, thickly settled along I I 456 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. its whole length, and containing several thousand inhabitants, was at nightfall a prosperous, happy, and rich community. When morning came, it was one ghastly and horrible scene of death and destruction. In Newcastle, of 260 buildings, twelve only were left standing; in Douglasfown, only six out of seventy; many of the vessels lying at IMiramichi were burned, and the rest saved with the utmost difhcult y. The whole district was black with ashe?; crops, trees, houses, were burned to the ground, and so instantaneous and tremendous had been the assault of the fire, that more than five hundred human beings were suflbcated or burned in it, and their unburied remains lay scorched or half burned, scattered here and there amongst tlie ashes of their dwellings. Thousands and thousands of domestic animals were burned ; unknown multitudes of wild beasts and birds ; and even the salmon and other fish of the river, poisoned by the lye formed by the enormous quantities of ashes swept into it, floated ashore, dead, in countless numbers. The whole area burned over was estimated at six thousand square miles. The misery and pov- erty of the survivors, who had lost about a quarter of a million sterling, was somewhat alleviated by a subscription to relieve them, collected on both sides of the Atlantic, to the amount of about £10.000. After the peace of 1815, between Great Britain and the United States, the Americans began to settle a tract of land since termed the "Disputed Territory," and lying between the undoubted jurisdic- tions of Maine and New Brunswick. This territory was rendered debatable by the want of precision in the terms by which the treaty of Paris in 1783 had defined the northern boinidary of Maine. Its position in the valley of the St. John connects it most naturally with the British [)rovince ; in 1783 the British government settled a om- |>any of Acadians at Madawasca; and indeed the British jurisdiclion over it had always been undoubted, except while it had been in tlit hands of the French. The Americans, however, soon began to put forward claims to some of the lands south of the St. .Folin. and then, going fuillior, even to others, which reached the highlands limiting the valley of the St. Lawrence. The words in the treaty on which they relied declare that the boundary of Nova Scotia (then including New Brunswick) shall be formed "by a line clrawn due north from the •ource of the St. Croix to the high lands which divide those rivers that empty theniselvcs into the Uiver St. Lawrence, from those NEW BRUNSWICK. 457 which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to the northwesternmost head of Connecticut Ilivcr." Now these words were probably agreed upon under the impression that they would secure to each of the i)arties to the treaty, the lands drained by all rivers whose mouths were within their respective jurisdictions; and without sufficient knowl- edge of the upper valley of the St. John, then an unexplored wilder- ness. When, therefore, it 'appeared that the Americans were about to claim a construction of the treaty which would deprive New Brunswick of a part of its territory so extensive, so valuable for farming and lumbering, in such close geographical connection with the rest of the province, and so long considered as belonging to it, they telt entirely justified in preparing if necessary to upliold their claim by any means which might be necessary. The Americans gained some advantage in a practical direction, however, by an actual entry upon the territory in dispute, the erection of Fort Fair- field u[>on it, and by industrious explorations of its geology and topography. An attempt had been made to agree upon the line by a joint connuission under Jay's treaty, but the connnissioners could not conie to an understanding, further than from the St. C'niix to K:ti. Hill, nherc they therefore gave up the undertaking. At the trc ' . 'Jhent in 1815, the king of the Netherlands was agreed upt • "^ ; /bitrator of the question, and decided upon a line which gave part of the lands in dispute to each party, the United States obtaining about three-fourths of the whole area of li2,()'2J) scpiaro miles. Tint government, hovvcver, declined to abide by the award, and the (juestion remained an open and vexatioiis one until in 1S1'.2, the increasing excitement in Maine and New Hrunsw iik indicated the approach of a border war. Lord Ashburton was now sent over with full powers to agree upon the boundary; and in conjunction with Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State of the United States, he agreed on a line not very ditl'erent from that fixed by the king of the Netherlands, and giving the United States about seven-tw.-jftlis of the lands in (juestion, being about 1)00 s(piare miles less than by the Ibrmcr decision. This result has rather been ac(]uiescpd in by New Brunswick, than received with satisfaction ; as it was felt that territory had been given up which justly belonged to the provinces both on political and geogrui)hical principles; that by ceding the Madawasca settlements to the United States, the British government had changed the citizenship of the inhabitants; ami that the posses- sion of the upper valley of the St. John allbrded n road into the 458 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. I very heart of the province which ought not to be held by a foreign power. The visit of His Royal Highness, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, to New Brunswick, during his progress through the British North American colonies and the United States, was an occasion of much loyal and patriotic rejoicing. The Prince, after visiting Newfound- land and Nova Scotia, reached St. John by the steamer Styx, froia Windsor, N. S., August 3d, 1800. Here he was received by Gov- ernor Sutton, with a royal salute, and a graceful and appropriate address, and escorted for a mile to the residence of the late Mr. Chip- man, selected for his lodgings, through streets lined with double ranks of enthusiastic but orderly citizens, who, as the carriage jiasscd, fell into line behind it, forming an immense guard of honor. Triumphal arches, waving flags and playing fountains adorned the streets, and the bells were ringing out a welcome. Within the spacious grounds of the house, two thousand school children, the boys all in black, the girls all in white, were ranged in order, and as the Prince drew near they greeted him with the National Anthem, and by throw- ing flowers before him. During the levee at the Court House, the city was splendidly illuminated with lamps and transparencies; all the streets were ornamented to prepare for the Prmce's passage, by arches, flags and fountains; and when he crossed the river and visited Carleton, the fire companies, in their loyal zeal, unharnessed the horses, and themselves drew his carriage in triumph through the streets. From St. John the Prince ascended the river to Fredericton, greeted at every place along the stream by the ringing of bells, wav- ing flags, and salutes. At the Capital, the joy and enthusiasm of the occasion were equal to those at St. John ; the city being beautifully adorned with trium[)lial arches, flags and banners, the military being drawn out in honor of the day, and addresses being oflered from the various governmental departments, to all of which his Royal High- ness rei)lied in the most obliging and appropriate manner. A sspltn- did ball at the Parliament House was given in his honor; and durinc; his visit he inaugurated the new park, which promises to be a very great addition to the beauty of the city. The Prince lelt Frederic- ton for l*rince Fidward's Island on the 7lh, gratified and ileliglited with the spontaneous testirm)nial3 of aflection towards himself, her Majesty the Queen, and the Im|)erial Government, which had been so universally and joyfully displuye I. 1 tains no i The I stream < vated gi «cot, aiu NEW BRUNSWICK. 459 VJ JbJ> uitM u« Jj JkJ wit X X Ji • SURFACE. — COAST OP BAY OP PUNDY. — MOUNTAINS- — ST. JOHN RIVER. — GRAND FALLS. — LOWER VALLEY: — -WIN- TER FLOODS. — ST. CROIX RIVER. — PETICODIAC. MIRAMICHI. — RESTIOOUCHE. — LAKES: — GRAND LAKE. — CIIEPUTNECTICOOK LAKES. — INTER- NAL NAVIGATION. — SOUTHERN HARBORS. — NORTHEASTERN COAST. — ISLANDS. — BAY OP PUNDY. — HIGH TIDES. — GEOLOGY. — COAL STRATA. All the northern part of the province has a general slope toward the northward and eastward, and most of it is quite level, containing scarcelv any hills, and diversified by many marshes and peat bogs, and much meadow land. A large part of this region is excellently adaj)ted for cultivation, though some portions of it, besides the marshy part, are too light and sandy. This level region extends quite across the province, from Bay Chaleur to the River St. John, and it is underlaid by the strata of the great coal field of New Bruns- wick, some 1*2,500 miles in extent, whose mines are practically inex- haustible. Along the southern shore, next the Bay of Fundy, extends a belt of land some thirty miles wide, very rough and rocky, full of steep hills and abrupt ravines, and containing many tracts of bare rock or peat bog. It is well watered by numerous small and rapid streams, and contains many rich tracts of intervale or meadow land, although its principal value at j)rescnt is as forest. Across the northern part of the province runs a chain of moun- tains, not very high, but steep and bold in outline, rocky and wild, and containing nmch fine scenery. Another range of lower hills crosses the southwestern part of the j)rovince, from the St. ('roix river to beyond the St. John. The highest peaks of the northern range are over 2,000 feet high; but except these, the province con- tains no eminences of more than about KOO or 1,000 feet. The principal river of New Brunswick is the St. John, a noble stream of five hundred miles in length, which ri.ses in the same ele- vated group of hills and mountains with the Connecticut and I'enob- scot. and not far from their sources. Its course describes a [lorlion 1 1 '\1 460 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. I of a great circle, running northwardly, and gradually sweeping round until before entering the Bay of Fundy, it takes a southwestern course. This magnificent river with its tributaries drains an exten- sive territory ; and from its source to its mouth it is bordered with much fertile land and much wild and beautiful scenery. Two hund- red miles from its mouth are the Grand Falls, above which the only navigation is by canoes, boats, or timber rafts. Just above these falls the river expands into a wide basin, a safe and commodious har- bor for lumber ; but at the lower side of this, the stream turns sud- denly, and is compressed within a narrow gorge only 250 feet acru.ss, a.id walled with perpendicular precipices from 100 to 200 feet high. At the entrance to this gorge |he river plunges down a single leap of 58 feet, forming a cataract scarcely surpassed in magnificence by any in America, except Niagara. Below this fall, the stream plunges furiously down a narrow rocky chasm, descending within a short space another 58 feet, before reaching another basin at the foot of the fall. The passage of timber down this fall is a striking and ex- citing scene. Vast pine logs, diving headlong down the upper fall, shoot swiftly down the rapid below, plunging hither and thither, sometimes leaping their whole length out of the water, sometimes caught by scores in some inaccessible eddy under the precipitous bank, and whirled round and round until split or ground quite to pieces against each other or the sharp rocks. Between the Great Falls and Fredericton are several other dan- gerous falls and rapids. From Fredericton, 130 miles below the Great Falls, the St. John is navigable for ships down to the sea, 85 miles. Through all its lower course, the river Hows with a broad and calm current of from one to three miles wide, almost resemhlins a great lake. Its tide rises but little, usually but about fifteen inches, and it expands info many bays and inlets. This part of the river's valley is a broad and fertile tract of intervale and upland, containing much fertile cultivalcd ground, and many flourishing settlements. During the summer, the broad surface of the river is thickly dotted with canoes and boats, with here and there a steamboat or a great raft of timber from the forests of the upper countiy. In the winter, it becomes a wide and level path of snow, furnishing a convenient and much used road for sleighing and sledding. The strangest of its a[)pearanccs, however, is that which it presents during the great spring freshets, when its swollen waters cover all the lowlandn, some- times swce])ing oil' houses, barns, haystacks, cattle, and even human NEW BRUNSWICK. 4G1 beings. At such times, particularly if, as sometimes happens, an "ice-jam" below dams up the water, the inhabitants either remove to higher groiuid or into the upper stories of their houses ; all com- munication must be by means of boats, and the wide expanse of the river valley becomes a great lake, dotted here and there with a tree, a haystack, or a house, amongst which steamboats and sail vessels are gliding to and fro. This alternation of dry land and water ena- bles some of the farmers on the river to gather two very dissimilar crops a year; one of herrings, caught above their flooded farms in spring, and a second of grain or vegetables, planted after the water has fallen. The mouth of the river is not less interesting in its form- ation and phenomena 'an its remaining portions. For the lower four miles of iti m\^. 'e stream, hitherto ■ ..le, is compressed within a crooked and contracted channel of only 250 feet in width, which is supposed to have been the result of a comparatively modern convulsion of the earth. At the outlet, the river rushes at low water with great fury through a narrow passage between perpendicular walls of limestone, and over a channel studded with rocks, down a descent of 20 feet. But at high tide this fall is reversed, the tre- mendous rise of high water in the Bay of Fundy coming so far above the river level as to pour the waters of the bay through the narrow channel with an inward fall of 15 feet. Through tiiis pas- sage vessels can pass in and out only during about three quarters of an hour each tide, while the sea and the river are at the same level. The chief tributaries of the St. John are, above the Grand Falls, the Grand River, Green River, St. Francis and Madawaska ; and below it, the Aroostook and the Tobique ; besides many other smaller streams. The St. Croix, the other chief river of the south of New Bruns- wick, is a large and picturesque stream, which rises in the swampy lands of the interior, pursues a very irregular and crooked channel, and reaches the sea at the western limit of the province, which it divides for some distance from the United States. A fall about sev- enteen miles from its mouth prevents the further ascent of largo vessels. The Peticodiac, a strean. of about sixty miles long, whose mouth is near the upper end of the Bay of Fundy, is remarkable for the fury and speed of the tides at its mouth, which at sj)ring-tide rush into the mouth of the river in a steep wave or wall of water five or six feet 462 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. high, and with a noise like thunder. This is the same phenomenon which is seen at the mouth of the Ganges, and which is there called the "bore." Vessels navigating the Peticodiac, if unskillfully hand- led, are liable to be stranded on the extensive flats or quicksands near its mouth, and capsized, filled with sand, and sunk, by the fury of the current. The Miramichi, which, except the St. John, is the largest river of New Brunswick, is about 200 miles in length. Its general course is northeast, and it empties into Miramichi Bay, an inlet from the Guli" of St. Lawrence. Its tributaries drain large tracts of val- uable timber land, and alorig its lower course are many prosperous settlements. The remaining large river of New Brunswick is the Restigouche, a stream of nearly 200 miles in length, and navigable for boats and timber rafts for 170 miles. It rises in the mountains of the district of Gaspd, and with its branches drains the mountainous northern region of the province, emptying into the head of Bay Cha'curs. The whole territory of the province is also watered by innumei-a- ble smaller rivers and streams, some of them branches of the large ones, and others discharging into the Bay of Fundy or the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The lakes are a feature of the country scarcely less remarkable than its rivers. They are quite too numerous for an enumeration. They are mostly at the heads of streams ; though sometimes singly or in chains along the course of a river. One of the most important of them is Grand Lake, about 45 miles up the St. John, separated from it by a belt of intervale about a mile wide, and receiving at its upper extremity the Salmon River. Like all the tributary lakes and streams of the St, John below Fredericton, it rises and falls with the tide, though only about six inches. It is thirty miles long, and fio'ii three to six miles wide; is navigable throughout, and connected v 'h the St. John by a deep and narrow channel called the Gemsec. A little further down the St. John is another lake, called Washadanioak, a narrow body of water some thirty miles in length. On the Clie- putnecticook, a branch of tlsc St. Croix, is a long, irregular lake, ot rather a chain of lakes, of the same name as the river, forty-five miles long, consisting of ii string of narrow channels antl wide bays of the most irregular figures, and running up into the land in various directions in deep, narrow inlets and creeks. The scenery of these lakes is very beautiful ; their banks are steep and bold, the water NEW BRUNSWICK. 463 clear and deep ; they are navigable for vessels of considerable size, and the views upon them strikingly diversified with large white granite boulders rising above the water, or standing along the shore almost as regularly as walls of white masonry. There are also many beautifully wooded and picturesque islands. The numerous lakes and rivers of New Brunswick constitute an extensive system of internal navigation. With their light birch-bark canoes, the Indians were accustomed to penetrate every part of the country with surprising speed, by following one river or lake to a point nearest another, making a portage across, and carrying the canoe, then launching it again, and so on. So thoroughly distributed are these water-courses, that not only is there a river in every town- ship, but it is said that no space of half a square mile in extent can be found without some smaller stream. Highlands and lowlands alike are also abundantly supplied with springs. The southern coast is bold and rocky, but contains many deep and safe harbors, capable of accommodating the largest vessels. Among these are, the mouth of St. Croix River, Chamcook Bay, L'Etang, Beaver Harbor, St. John, the Dipper Harbors, Musquash Harbor, and the mouths of the Peticodiac and Memramcook rivers. Safe shelter for vessels is also found among the numerous islands of Passamaquoddy Bay. The low and sandy character of the northeastern coast, its shallow waters, and the numerous shoals and sand banks thrown up along the coast by the action of the sea, render a large part of it much less accessible to shipping. Small vessels, however, can navigate the lagoons or channels between these sand barks on the coast, and larger ones can find shelter in a sufficient number of good harbors at different points. Among these are Bay Vcrte, Shediac, Cocagnc, Buctouche, Richibucto, Miramichi, Taboosintac, Tracadic, Pock- mouche, Shippcgan, Caraquette, Bathurst, and the harbor of Chaleurs. Of these, Shediac, Miramichi and Shippcgnn are the best ; and besides them all, the whole of Bay Chaleurs, eighty miles long and twenty wide, may be considered as one great haven for shipping. The most important of the islands on the coast of New Brunswick are, Shippegan, Miscou and Poksudie, at the angle between Bay Chaleurs and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the no:th ; and the islands of Passamaquoddy Bay on the south, the principal of which are Canipo Bello, Deer Island, and the Grand Manan, the latter twenty- five miles long by five wide. Vol. IV.— 58. 464 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. The Bay of Fundy is a peculiar and strongly characteristic sheet of water, bordered on both sides by abrupt, rt)cky sides, and divided at the upper extremity into two arms or bays, Chiegnecto Bay and the Basin of Minas. It is by some geologists supposed to have been gradually scooped out by the action of the Gulf Stream, until the waters found themselves restrained by the iron barriers of primitive 'ock which form its shores. The most celebrated phenomenon of the liny is its remarkably high tides, which reach a perpendicular hight from low-water mark of sixty, seventy, and occasionally of even ninety feet, spreading as they rise over the extensive mud flats of the upper part of the bay with a speed far beyond that of man or beast, and sweeping oil' any living thing caught within the rush of their waters. JSwine often range over the flats and shores below high- water mark, in search of shell -fish, which they devour greedily. Their instincts warn them in some way of the turn of the tide, which comes rushing up in a great wave almost like a wall of water six feet high ; and just before that moment the sagacious beasts lift up their heads all at once, stop eating, snort and squeal, and set ofi" for the upland at the top of their speed. They (juite often, however, get caught and drowned by the furious tide. The principal occupations of the people of New Brunswick arc agriculture, lumbering, commerce, fishing and mining. The geologi- cal character of the country, which has much influence on the em- ployment of the people, may be stated as follows: Across the middle of the province extends a wide belt of primary rocks, a branch of the Alleghany range, whose granite, gneiss and mica slate formations lie from southwest to northeast, from above Woodstock on the St. John, toward Bnthurst on Bay Chalcur, where it disappears. Another similar belt enters the province near the Cheputnecticook lakes, run- ning parallel with the former to a point near the Bellisle, in King's county, where it disappears. These primary regions are mostly stony or rocky, and too barren for cultivation. Associated with these primary rocks, are many veins and beds of trap, felspar, basalt, and other volcanic rocks. Nearly all the north of New Brunswick belongs to the formation known as the upper Silurian, containing much valuable limestone, and large beds of slates, clays, &c. Much of the soil of this tract is very strong and fertile. A similar belt, but of much less fertile character, skirts the Bay of Fundy. Another important class of the rocks of New Brunswick is that of NEW BRUNSWICK. 4C£ the coal strata, consisting of various kinds of sandstone. These rocks underlie all that level or undulating district along the Gulf shore from Bay Verte to Bay Chaieurs ; and besides their great mineral treasures, they afford much soil which is worked with gieat facility, though sometimes dry, light and hungry. Many so-called "tertiary" deposits are found along the li^y cf Fundy, being beds of marl, sand, or both together. Lastly, along the rivers are numerous alluvial tracts of very valuable, rich and deep land. At many parts of the coast of the Bay of Fundy. espe- cially near its head, are other marine alluvial deposits, large tracts of which have been dyked to keep the sea from them, and made to bear great crops of clover, wheat, &c. Their fertility is very great, and very enduring CHAPTER I?. FOREST TIIELS. — LUMBERING BUSINESS. — CAMPING OUT. — P U K I N G . — 11 1 V E 11- D R I V I N G — -.C LIMATE. — SEVERITY LES- SENING. — RAPID GROWTH OF VEGETATION. — AGRICUL- TURAL VALUE OF LAND. — CROPS. — FRUIT. — BERRIES. — BITUMINOUS COAL. — IRON ORE. — PLUMBAGO. — GRINDSTONES. — OTHER MINERALS. — COM- MERCE AND SHIPPING MANUFACTURES. TiiK forests of New Brunswick still cover with a dense and heavy growth, the largest part of its surface. Of the trees which compose them, the most valuable are the white pine, often found a hundred and fifty feet high, and six feet across at the base ; the black .spruce, which is said to constitute a third of all the forests of the province, often growing to a hight of seventy or eighty feet, and a diameter of from eighteen inches to two feet. It is extensively used for spars, and for sawed lumber. Besides these are the larch, sometimes called tamarack or hackmatack, excellent for ships' knees and planking; the black birch, also used in ship-building, and almost indestructible under water; the yellow birch, much resembling it; white birch and canoe birch, whose bark is used for many pufposes besides in making canoes ; red and white beech ; sugar maple ; several other varieties of the maple; red and white elm; hemlock; butternut; white and Cz, 4G6 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. 11 black ash ; wliile cedar; basswood ; white spruce ; balsam fir; and many other less valuable species. j\ot less than 8,000 men arc annually engaged in the lumbering business. The mode of proceeding is as follows: The timber mer- chant hires a party of men, who go into the forest in the fall, taking with them teams, provisions, and whatever is needed for a complete outfit. Having selected some tract of forest where trees of tlie proper size are found, and where the proximity of some stream will enable them to (loat them down to a market in spring, they build a "camp" or small hut of logs, flooring it with poles, having a roof of bark, and a raised platform for a common bed, which is usually made of soft spruce twigs. There is a rude fireplace, consisting of a hole in the ground, or a few stones, and a hole in the roof serves as a chinmey. Another imt is put up for the horses or oxen, the hay secured from the weather, and three gangs organized, one to cut down the trees, another to hew them, and a third to drag them to the next stream. One person is appointed cook, who serves also as a kind of housekeeper, and who is expected, along with the teanister, to keep the fire burning through the night. The exposures and exertions of the lumbering business are very great ; and no class of men can any where be i'mnd, more hardy, active, and laborious, than the lumberers. Their w^ork is tVeiiuently extremely dangerous. In the mountainous parts of the country, it is often necessary to roll or drag the logs to the brow of some precipice at the edge of a river, and then slide them down endways to the ice or the water. If arrested by lodging against trees or rocks, it is necessary to climb down and free the logs by the axe or le\ cr ; an operation requiring great skill and agility, to avoid being struck by the heavy log when set free. This method of getting timber down to the river is termed "forking." About the end of April, all the streams are full and ovcrllouinc: with the melting of the snow and ice ; and now commences the "rive.-drivihg," which is the most laborious, exciting and dangerous part of the lumberer's work. Each log must be navigated down its stream to the river, and down the river to the saw-mill or port ot' shipment. Sometimes shooting down a rapid on a log, sometimes navigating a canoe or light skiflf amongst the most dangerous rocks and currents, sometimes gliding quietly along on their floating charge, they convoy the timber down the stream. It very frequently h;ipj)ens that at some narrow passage in the river, an immense nuniberof lugs J NEW BRUNSWICK. 467 nn* (breed promiscuously together in what is called a "jam." When this is the case, the logs must be loosened and set afloat, one hy one, and the greatest strength, judgment, and activity are required in de- taching these enormous masses of timber, and esca[)ing unhurt when they begin to move ; as it js often impossible to foresee whether each log that is set free may not key up all the rest, in which event the whole vast gathering springs loose in an instant, and leaps down the ra])id again, the logs bounding and whirling like straws, and not unlVequently crushing the unlucky river-driver amongst them, or hurling him to certain death in the furious whirlpools of the cataract. Like all classes of persons who earn their living by severe toil and a wandering life, the lumberers very frequently expend the large wages which their occupation commands in uninterrupted dissipation and riot as long as the money lasts. They are a genial though reck- less class of men ; hospitable and chatty , and enterta'ning stories and songs and jokes are constantly relieving the intervals of their violent labor. The climate of New Brunswick is subject to very great an<' 'apid changes ; the thermometer having been known to rise or f; vithin twenty-four hours, in consequence of a change of wit- '. si.\ty degrees. This results from its situation between the cold port oi. »f the conti- nent of North America and the warm waters and winds of the sea. The temperature is also quite diflerent on the coast and in the inte- rior ; ranging at St. John, on the coast, from 23'^ beio.v zero to 88'^ above ; and at Frcdericton, in the interior, from 35^' below to 95*^ above. In proportion as the country becomes more t nd more opened by clearing, the snows of winter will melt earlier, the summer be lengthened, and the average temperature be raised. In the more cultivated parts of the province, a very sensible amelioration in this particular has already been perceived. The severe cold of the win- ter usually commences about the 1st of January, and lasts until about the 20tli of March. By IMay, ;!.;• 'jplands may be planted; the lowlands, being subject to overflows, requiring a delay of a month. The severe season of the winter is used by the farmers in [treparing for summer, and is a period of much gaiety and anm.«ement. The shortness of the summer is co nj cnsated by the extraordinary rapid- ity of vegetation ; ninety days being sufficient for the whole growth and ripening of grain, and all the common kitchen vegetables ma- turing in a much shorter time. '1()8 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. if' The nirricultural capabilities of New Brunswick arc very much less (lev, loped than will hereafter be the case, when the I'orests shall be exhausted of their lumber, and the population shall have increased. It is estimated that 7,500,000 acres of land fit for cultivation is still left unsold ; among which is a very large proportion of excellent ([ualilv. There is a monthly sale of crown lands in each county ; the land is ollered at very reasonable terms, and various inducements are hold out to settlers. The soil of Xew Brunswick yields larger crops of |)otatoes, tur- ni|ts, and other roots, than any other part of North America : and its heavy yield of wheat, barley, oaLs, buckwheat, rye, and Indian corn, proves its remarkable capabilities as a sirain-jiroducing country. With proper care in storing the large amount of foilder which the long winter renders necessary, live-stock of all kinds can be ■)!ofit- ably raised, even in the northernmost parts of the province. Of cultivatecl fruits, there have been successfully grown, apjtles, pears, plums, currants, gor»seberries, strawberries and cherries. Na- tive varieties, sometimes in excessive profusion, are found growing wild, of the strawberry, raspberry, goo.seberry, blackberry, whortle- berry, and cherry. Butternuts, hazlenuts and beechnuts are also plentiful. The mineral treasures of New Brunswick, though important, have thus tar ivmaincd com|)aratively untouched, from the heavier capital and longer period re(|uired to make them profitable, than in the more adventurous occui)ati«)ns (»f hnnbering and fishing, in which so mncli of the industry of the province has been occupied. No adetpiate develiipment of them can be expected for a considerable time ; as the hnnber must first be exhausted, the country cleared and surveved, roads laid out, and more capital accunudated. The minerals of the province may thus be considered as a deposit of wealth stored salely away lor u.se al any |»enoe- ginning of spring, and are very fat and thick, sometimes weighing 70 or HO pounds, and even more. They are split and dried, or pickled and sold by the barrel ; and sometimes sent fresh to market. Pollock are caught in July and afterwards ; in the previous part of the season they arc thin and of little value. They are lively and sportive, and are best caught in ripples and rapid currents l>et\veen tides and amongst the islands. They are cured like cod. Hake are a large fish, sometimes three feet long, and are usually caught at niL'ht, over muddy bottoms. Their teeth are so stronir and sharp that the line has to be armed with wire for some inches above the hook, as they easily bite off " cod-line. Hake are split and dried like cod, but retpiire much more salt. Haddock are mostly eaten fresh, being too thin for drying. Herring are caught in the Bay of Fundy during every month in the year ; a lact that refutes the common belief of their i)erioawning, l)ut fat when they, come upon the M 474 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. coast for the second time, about August 20th. They are now called "fall-herrings," and if properly cured are equal to any in the world. The Gulf abounds in mackerel, which are, however, almost entirely caught by the American fishermen. Alewives, or gaspereaux, enter all the rivers emptying into the Gulf, in the spring, and are caught in great numbers, and pickled and sent to the Southern United States as food for the slaves. Abundance of striped bass are taken, and extraordinary quantities of smelts, besides salt-water eels and cun- ners. Shad are not abundant, and are poor. Capelin, a snmli fish of very delicate flavor, are abundant. They are much used as bait for mackerel and cod. The shell-fish of the Gulf include excellent oysters, lobsters, which are so abundant as sometimes to be used for manure, clams, both large and small, crabs, periwinkles, shrimps, muscles, and "razors," a shell-fish of pleasant flavor, named from the resemblance of its shell to a razor. Besides these marine fisheries, the numerous lakes and streams of New Brunswick afford a great variety of excellent fish. Enormous quantities of salmon are caught in the rivers of the Gulf; more than 400,000 pounds having been exported from Miramichi in a single season, in hermetically sealed tin cases. Various other species ui' fish, as the shad, gasjiereaux, striped bass, smelt, silver eel, sea trout and sturgeon, also ascend the rivers from the sea, and are caught in them. Of tho.se fish which remain constantly in fresh water, the best is the brook trout, which is found in almost every lake and stream ; the large lake or grey trout ; the white bass, found in the St. John and other rivers emptying into the Bay of Fundy ; perch, roach, dace, and several other common kinds of fish; not to mention eels, which are almost as universal as trout. The native animals of New Brunswick are, wolves and bears, which are, however, now rapidly becoming unknown except in the wilder [tarts of the country ; foxes, weasels, and some other small animals of prey ; the moose, caribou and red deer ; beaver, otter, mink, muskrat, marten, pine marten, lynx, raccoon, porcupine, wo*.h1- cliuck, ermine, and hare ; wild ducks and geese ; partridges, .siii|)e, and woodcock ; curlew, plover, and occasionally vast llncks of wild pigeons. The abundance and variety of fish has already been nion- tioned ; besides which the seal and the whale are found in the Ciulf of St. Lawrence, but are little hunted by the people of New Bruns- wick. 'I'he walrus also, formerlv killed in immense numbers for its teeth and oil, has become comparatively rare upon its shores. J. - ■-. fM ^1 If 4J»TPkJWa NEW BRUNSWICK 4T5 Many important roads have been laid out through the more thickly settled portions of the country, including the great main road from the harbor of St. John up the valley of the river to Canada ; that from Calais in the United States to St. John, and thence to the Peticodiac, and onward along the east coast to the Restigouche ; those between Fredericton and the ports of St. Andrews and Mirainichi. As fast as the country becomes settled, it is covered with a network of con- necting roads, branching oft' from these chief ones. £30,000 a year is expended by government on roads and bridges, which arc tree everywhere, except the wire suspension bridge at St. John, where a toll is levied. A railroad is in operation between St. Andrews and Woodstock ; another is constructing, from St. John to Shediac ; others are in con- templation, and the system will be put in communication with the United States roads at Calais. These lines of road, besides aiding immensely in the development of the resources of the country, will afford employment for a considerable time to a large number of laborers. Fredericton. the capital of Xew Brunswick, stands on the south or right bank of the St. John, in York county, 84 miles iVom the Bay of Fundy, on a pleasant, level plain. It is laid out with broad streets, on a symmetrical plan, selected in 1785 by Sir Guy Carleton. and its roomy scale aflords s{>ace for many gardens, which, with ornamental trees, render its appearance very attractive. It contains the public buildings of the government; a substantial stone building for the residence of the lieutenant-govern<»r, and called Government House ; a Province Building, for the legislature and the courts ; the land ofTicc, and other public offices. It contains, also, King's College, a handsome , 1812. Maj. Gen. Sir T. Sauniarez, same, Aug. 17, 1813. Maj. Gen. Smyth, fame, Aug. 14, 1814. Lt. Col. n. W. HaiUvs, fame, June 25, 1816. Maj. Gen. Smyth, Lt. Gov. and Com.-in-chief, July 1 , 1817. W. Chipman, Esq., President " " April l,ls23. J. M. Bliss, Euq,, '• " " Feb. 21,1824. Maj.Gen.Sirll. Douglas, Hart., Lt.Gov. " " Aug. 28,1821. W. IJlaek, 1^,1, President " " Mch. 30, 1829. Maj. Gen. Sir A. Campbell, lkrt.,G.C.B., Lt.Gov. " " Sept. 9,1831. Maj. Gen. Sir J. Harvey, K.C.H.,C.l}., " " " May 1,1837. Sir W. M. G. Colebrooke, K, IL, " " " Apr. 26, 1841. SirE. W. Head, " " " ISSl. J. H. T. M. Sutton, Esq., " " " 1855. The natural advantages of Nc, Bnmswick are very great. It possesses remarkable capacities for supporting a dense population. Very much of its best land is still unsettled; large ranges of excel- lent timber arc uncut ; unknown stores of valuable minerals are 482 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. awaiting the miner; the most productive fisheries in the wholo world lie along all its coast, around all its islands, in every one of its rivers and lakes. A superabundance of fuel and water-power is at hand everywhere for manufacturing purposes. Numerous safe and con- venient harbors aflbrd ample accommodation to commerce, internal connnunication by water is singularly extensive and easy, and bridges, roads and railroads are yearly perfecting the system. The elnnents of agricultural, commercial and manufacturing prosperity are unbounded in quantity. Nothing but the judicious cmiiloyment of capital and labor is recjuired to elevate New Brunswick to a very high place in power and wealth. Those recjuisites are in fact every year more and more freely supplied ; and the future prospects of the Province r\re bright enough to satisfy the v.armcst desires. NOVA SCOTIA. Ij XiL Jiii a> X Jj Ji!, X • NOVA SCOTIA DISCOVERED. — FIRST OCCUPIED BY THE FRENCH. — COLONY OF DE LA ROCHE. — CONVICTS ON SABLK ISLAND. — DE MONTS. GOVERNOR OP ACADIA. — CONFISCATES ROS- SIGNOL'S GOODS. — POUTR I N COU RT SETTLES I'ORT ROYAL. — MAMBERTON, Til E INDIAN SACHEM. — POUTRINCOURT AND THE JESUITS. — A R- U A L L INVADES ACADIA. — SIR WIL- LIAM ALEXANDER'S SETTLERS. — KIRK'S CONQUEST OF CANADA. — RAZILLAI.— CHARNISSK. — DE LA TOUR. In tracing iho liir.tory of Novh Scotia, it will be nocossary to include an account ot" a very largo territory formerly known under that name, or under that of Acudia, which was anciently synonvnicuis with it. The precise [)eriod of the discovery of Nova Scotia hy Ijuropeans, after Cabot's vt)yage in 1 107, is not ascertained. 'I'lie French hw, however, usually supposed to have been first accpiainted with it, and an old sea-captain named Scavaltf had miule forty voyages to the harbor of ('anseau before 1001); that port being already a favorite resort for fishermen. The coast was, however, for a considerable period, the only portion of the pcnin.^nJa at all occupied by Kuro- peans, and then only temporarily, while engaged in curing llii'ir lish. The first actual attempt to colonize it wa.s made by the iMaripiis de la Uocho, in 1508. who took out by the orders of Henry IV., a nninber of convicts, wh(t were to l»e made sfi iters. The IManpiis seems not to have possessed much practical common sense, for having landed k 1 481 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. on Sable Island, a dreary little sand bank a hundred n)ile.s distant from the coast of Nova Scotia, he chose to consider it a j^ood place to make a settlement, left forty of his ship's company upon it, and proceeded to explore the main land. In this pursuit he sjient some time, ami was then driven back to France by severe storms, without taking: oil' those whom he had left on Sable Island. The.se unluckv persons were saved from starvation by the wreck of a vessel on th(,' island, from which they obtained some sheep, and plaidi to make; huts. When their i)rovisions were gone they lived on fish, and when their clothes wore out they made others of seal-skins. In this dread- ful solitude they remained f'>r seven years, when King Henry sent Chetodel, De la Roche's j • ;, to brin^ them home. Only twelve were left alive, and these the king pardoned, in consideration of their sull'erintrs. In 1(50.'}, M. de Monts received from Henry IV. a commission as Governor General of Acadia, the territor\ placed under his juri.sdic- tion extiMidini; from Vir^^inia to Hud.son s Hay. Instead of any sal- ary in this ullice, he had a monopoly of the lur-trade within his limits, and larye powers for the enforcement of his privileges. He was a Protestant, and a man of energy and ability, and succeeded in organ- izing an as.sociation of wealthy merchants, for the jturpose of trndiii!; under his license. In March, ItSOl, he sailed from France, and in just twt» months reached a harbor, now Liverpool harbor, and find- intt one Itossignol trading with the Indian.-* without a license. ci>nfis- cated his ship and good.s, with no eomjK'nsation excrpt that of givinij hiii nanie to the place. J'roceeding in the expUiration of the coast, De Moi.ts doubled Cape Sable and discovered the Hay of I-'undy, which he named I.ia Haye Franeoise; and on whose borders he found a vein of non ore, and another, which he supposed to c<»ritain silver. A friend of De M<»nts, named I'outrineotn t, was so much delightnl with tlu' couniry near Annapolis, that he obt.iined a grant oi' it from De Monts, determined to establish himself there, and nametl the phu-e Port Iloyal. It was during tliis vo\agc that De Monts ex- plori-d the St. .lohn and St. Oroix rivers, as lian beiMi nxMitioned in the acci'unt of New Hrunswick. While makiii'j these explorations, a cirrgyuian who had come out from a love of travel, lost himself in the woods, and only by a providential chance was rescued, after six- teen dayH of wandtM'ing and living on berries and roots, by a bout's crew sent in shore to fish. The island in the St. (.'roix river, where De Monts at first estuh- NOVA SCOTIA. 4b5 lished himself, was soon found not to he a favorable site for a settle- nient; and after exploriufj the coast as far as Cape Cod, he removed to I'ort Iloyal. Here the colonists erected a fort and hahitations, cleared ground, and set about cultivating crops, raising animals, and trading with the Indians. The French have always shown a pecid- iar talent for conciliating savages, and accordingly Mamberton. a jrreat sachem of that retrion, and his tribe, became the fast friends of the settlers at IVrt Koyal. They erected a water-mill, caught and cured several hogsheads of herrings and alewives. which they sent to France, and were in a fair way to l)?come a (loun»hing and jMrofit- able colony. De Monts, however, was after a year or two deprived of his monopoly and his commission by intrigues at home, and his friend Poutrincourt became the leader of the colonists 'I'he Fr»»nch kill!; soon insisted upon the admission of Jesuit missionaries into liie colonv, much to rlie disgust of I'outrincourt. although he was a zeal- ous Catholic, lie was, however, obliged to permit their presence, but treated them in such a cavalier Mianner, his son, who soon suc- ceeded him at his return to Franco, even threatening them w ilh cor- |ioral |tunishme!it if they attotnpted to interfere in the government, that thev finally went olf to Mount Desert Island, where they estj'.b- lished a mission. But both the Mount Desert colony and that at Port Roya! were soon broken up by an expedition in 1013, under Capt. Argail. from Virginia, on the ground that the French settlemenls were v.ithin the chartered limits of the I'n<;lish colony. Argail Hrst destroyed the settlement at Mount De.sert, and then returning a second time, cap- tured Port Iloval. and sent some of its inhabitants to Fiiigland, while others fle-I to the Indians, or to the French settlements in Cana 1.'. Neither the English nor the French govevp* irva Scotia, except at I'ort Royal, to his more enterprii;- ing assoeiatr F^a Tour. In Ifiliv. Charles I., bv tin* treaty of St. (lertnains. ceded to f.onis XIII. all the English riirhts t*- Canada and the p.ovinces. which were C(»llectiveiy l#*'*med New France. The French had l>ef'ore this tinn'. and while the English wrr** still in \t^m n ol' the cou'itiy. formed in Ui'il a large company railed the ( .pany of New Franc*-, with NOVA SCOTIA. 487 great powers and jTrivileges, and including Cardinal Richelieu and oilier nolilcs and eminent men, with a view to permanent settlements and th(! Indian trade. The eighteen traiLsports taken by Kirk were the property of this company, and their first expedition. This mis- fortune was I'ollowed closely by his conquest (d the whole country, arJ a strong I'orce was being fitted r.xit under liazillai to reconcjuer it, when it was given up by l^ngland. Most of the niilitary lore's were therelore lett behind ; and lla/illai came oi:t inerely as com- mandant of Acadia, lie established himselt at La Have, and bein" under orders w keep possession of" the country to the Kennebeu river, he presently sent an expedition which look tin jiost established ly the Plymouth colonists at l*ema(|uid lor trading with the Indians, carried the goods to La Have, and lelt a garrison t(» lujld the place. Razillai died soon alter, and was succeeded by Daubre de ("har- iiisse, who removed his head-(piarters to I'entagoet or I'enobscot, on the river of that name. The history of the troubles between Char- iiisse and La Tour belongs to New Brunswick, where it may befound. In 1U51, Nova Scotia fell a third time into the hands of the Kng- lisli, being easily laken by an expedition under Major Sedgwick, an ollieer sent out by I'romweli. 'J'his possession wi'.s, however, lit lie else than the armed occupation of I'ort K(»yal ; the rrench, though thus prevented Iron, hostilities with the New England ineii. still oc- cupying uil the other posts and the rest of the country, and possess- ing the entire monopoly of the Indian trade. Ktienne de la Tour now associated with him?elf T.'iomas Temple and William ("rowne, and on petition to the Protector, obiaiiieointment of governor. Teniplt! shortly bought out La Tour, and expended £l(i, 000 in reestabiishintr the forts and posts : and had ahx-ady begun to receive a large inconte from 'he furs and fisheries, when his |>lans were broken up by ano'.her cession of th • whole country to Franco at the treaty of Breda, in 1007. Teiniic tried to kee|) part of his ands by making a distinction beiwtcu .Acadia, the term ased in the treaty, and Nova Scotia, to the efli-. i that Acadia meant only a part of the peninsula of Nova Scotui, Tlii.-* quibble was, however, overruled, and the Chevalier de Grand Fontaine took possession of the coi;'itry. i'lm 488 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. Vj uui tbjtf X X uLi wit X X • GIIOWTII OP NOVA SCOTIA UNDER THE FREXCU. — KINO WIL- LIAM'S WAR. — SIR WILLIAM PHIPS TAKES I'OUT ROYAL. — VILLABON AT (JEMSEC. — NOVA SCOTIA SEPARATED PROM MASSACHUSETTS. — PEACE OP RYSWICK. — QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. — FRENCH NEGOTIATIONS W I'lH PIRATES — CHURCH'S INVASION OP NOVA SCOTIA, — REPULSE OP THIRD MASSACHUSETTS INVASION. — A PCURTH ONE TAKES PORT ROYAL. — PEACE OP UTRECHT. — RELUCTANCE OF ENGLISH TO SETTLE. — DESTRUCTION OP NORKIDGWOCK. Nova Scotia now remained in the quiet pc-^session of the French for twenty years, but only iiif-reased very slowly, its p(»pulation not reaching 1,000, and receiving from the Uiother country little altenticii and less assistance ; for in those days the European governnieiit.s recognized but one (piality of real value in a colony, viz., the produc- tion of the precious metals. When war again broke out between Kii!.'land and France, in ICS9. the year alter the pccession of William and Mary, the French gov- ermnont was still deliberating on j)lans for strengthening the military conditio.! of its feeble and scattered posts in Acadia. The enthu.M- astic Protestant loyalty of Massachusetts, however, acting with more promptitude, (pjickly fitted up a fleet of transports, with three men- of-war and 700 troops, under Sir William rhi|)s, which appean-d before I'ort Uoyal. May *20, 1(500. Manival. the French commaiuii.r. having but 80 men, his works ddapidated and most of his guns ili.";- mounted, after some negotiation surrendered, on terms which, liic I'rench writers claim. I'hips subse(iuently violated, filundering indi.s- criminately the town, the olhcers, and the [)riests. 'I'hence he sailLiI to Chedabucto, wi;ore M. Monlorgueil the cf)nunandant made a bravo defense, but wa >blig .' to surrender, obtaining honctrable terms. \'illaboii. app( ited governor ''y the French king, shortly arrived and finding the i")sts on the pc.nHula dismantled by the Knglisii, established his head-cpiarters at the (jemsec within the present liniils of New Brunswick, where he annoyed the New Fnglanders n>-.Kh by his expeditions. After taking the ibrt ut IVmacjuid, he was h»»w- NOVA SCOTIA. 489 ever himsolf taken and carried prisoner to Boston, and an expedition sent from that town under Colonel ('liurch, ravaged tljc couutrv about Heau IJasin, now Cumberland county. The people of Massachusetts had up to this time claimed to pos- sess Nova Scotia under their charter, and had at various times ap- jtointed oflicers to govern it ; but finding themselves unable to hold it, they petitioned the crown to relieve them of the charge, which was accordingly done, and Novu Scotia made a separate jurisdic- tion. The English maintained their jnilitary hold upon Acndia until 1(»!1(», when it was again ceded to France by the peace of Kyswick. \'illabon, the French governor, now asserted an enclusive right for the French, to all the fisheries in the waters of those coasts, and informed the governor of Massachusetts that he should make prison- ers of all Fnglish found fishing or trading east of the Kennebec. He had not, however, force enough to execute his threat, and the English still retained possession of a large share of the fisheries. The peace concluded at Ryswick only lasted until 1701, when win- was declared by England against France on account of the ackiiowl- edgtnent of the pretender by Louis XIV.; and one of the fiivt designs entertained by the French was, to obtain once more possession ol' Acadia. Extended schemes for emigration and fortification were projected, but v .re soon laid aside. Orders were, however, sent to the governor, Hrouillard, to do all in his power to enlarge the trade of La Have, to strengthen its fortifications, and to keep the New Engiaiiders out of the lishcry. IJrouillard, receiving no forces to execute these orders, either from France or Canada, hail recourse to the pirates who were then (piite numerous all along the Atlantic coast of America, and succeeded in inciting them to depredate ujion the New England trading vessels. They ni;ide La Have their depot, and the money and merchandise they brought in enabled Brouiilard to pay the Indians whom he set on lo attack the Engli.>;h by laii(i ; so that he managed to make both his two branches of warfare self- supporting. I'o a\('nge these hostile acts, Col. Church was agai': sent to invade Nova Scotia, in 1701, with n lleet and 5,'>0 men. lie entered the I'enobscot and seized the «l;uighter of Baron Castine. destroyed the s.'ttlements on the Passama«|uotid_\ . those at Minas, (now Morton.) ai.d those at Chiegiiecto, and at the latter place inflicted an et or- tiioiis Mijury «ui the French by pierciiig the dykes and overflowing tn.'-ir extensive reclaimed meadow-lands with the sea. He did not. i^mmiS 490 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. however, venture to attack the fort at Port Royal, although his fleet lay for some time in the harbor there. Three years later, in 1707, the consent of the English government, and an accompanying promise that Acadia if now taken from the French should not be given up to them again, stimulated the untiring New Englanders to send another expedition to Nova Scotia. A thousand men were therefore sent, who arrived before Port Royal in May. The judicious arrangements and energetic defense of Brouil- lard's successor, Subercase, however, and the aid of a considerable force of Indians and Acadians under the Baron de Castine, resulted in the repulse of the assailants, and then in their being comitelled to reiMubark. Governor Dudley, on their arrival, made them return and try a second experiment, which, however, was a still inore de- cided failure. But both the colonics and the mother country wore still determined to conquer Acadia, and accordingly, in 1710, a force of four regiments under Gen. Nicholson, with a fleet of six vessels of war and thirty transports, sailed from Boston, reaching Port Royal in Se])tember. Governor .Subercase, whose small force was totally unable to contend with this army, and many of whose men were also nmch disallected, alter sustaining one day's cannonade, ca- pitulated, receiving honorable terms, and stipulating that tlie French inhabitants of Port Royal who might wish to go to Placentia, or to certain other places, within one and two years. The garrison, t]58 in number, and nearlv as manv of the inhabitants, in all 481 souls were also by the terms sent to Rochelle in France; and Nicholson, leaving a strong garrison at Port Royal, returned in triumph to Boston. The French seemed to awaken to a clear perception of the value of Acadia, just as they lost it ; and efl'orts were made by Pontchar- train, the minister, and by Vaudreuil, governor of Canada, to pro- cure its recovery, the former by means of a proposed company ot" merchants, the latter, unable to spare forces from Canada, by iip- pointing the Baron de Castine governor of Acadia, and urging him and the priests to incite the Indians and French to riMiiain faithful to the French, and to retake Port Royal. Castine did in fact hiy siege to that post, and a reinforcement from Canada was about set- ting out to aid them, when Admiral 8ir Ilovendt-n Walker's llt't-t entered the !St. Lawrence, and made it necessary to keep all the tlis- posablc force to protect Quebec. Hostilities of a desultory kind were however kept up by the Ac'adians and Indians, until the peace NOVA SCOTIA. 491 of Utrecht, in 1813, when Nova Scotia was formally ccdori to Etiu- land, and France at the same time gave up the right to fish within thirty leagues of its coast. The English now strengthened the works of Port Royal, whoso name they altered to Annapolis, and garrisoned it with a body of New England troops; but still no eflbrts of any significance were made to introduce English settlers into the country, for a long time ; and the French Acadians, though declining to remove to the French island of Cape Breton, still for some time refused to take the oath of allegiance to the English crown. When at last a considerable num- l)er of them did so, it was with a decided understanding that they were never to be called upon to bear arms against their countrymen ; and lience they now became very generally known as the "neutral French." The English government consisted of a governor and council, which body with one exception was made up of ofiicers of the garrison, as no English families had settled in the province ; and twenty-four deputies were chosen annually, each by one of the dis- tricts of the peninsula, who acted as a species of arbitrators, sub- ject to an appeal to the governor and council. The French settlers lived in almost entire independence of their English rulers, paying no rent nor taxes, and not being at all restricted in their religion. Edbrts were made to induce emigration from New England, but in vain ; the hostile disposition of the Indians, always, throughout that part of the country, more under French than English infiuence, reluctance to venture among a jiopulation so foreign in character and religion as the French Acadians, and a feeling that a renewal of the war was not improbable at any time, deterred the inhabitants of New England from removing. In fact, the apprehensions of hos- tilities were soon justified ; for the Indians, instigated, assisted and commanded by French from Cape Breton or Nova Scotia, soon began to make attacks upon the English fishermen and fishing cstab- li.shmonf'j. Crinse.'iu was taken by the Indians in August 17*20, sev- eral of the English killed, and ])roperty to the amount of £'20, 000 •carried ofi' or destroyed. Many other similar attacks were made, including a second one upon Canseati, when seventeen sail of fishing vessels, and fifty or sixty pri-soners were taken, nine of whom were tortured to death. Complaints were made to the French governor at Louisbourg, but he answered evasively, and the Indian hostilities contimied. That portion of the Indian tribes engaged in these wars which occupied the western part hi' Nova Scotia, belonged to the 492 AMERfCA ILLUSTRATED. large tribe of the AberKKjuis, whose chief settlements were at Nor- rid^'ewock on the Kennebec. Here was the residence of the Baron de ("astine, a half-breed, the son of the old Baron de Castine and an Indian woman, a man of large wealth, great abilities, and unbounded influence among the tribe, of whom he was the ackno\ odged chief sachem. Here was also established the Jesuit llallc, forty years a missionary to the Indians, and not less idolized 1 y them than was Castine. To the influence of Castine and Rallr- v. as attributed, with good reason, the continued hostility of the eastern Indians ; an expedition from Massachusetts entered the Kennebec in Auirust 1724, failed to secure Ca-tine, who had gone to France to take jios- session of his hereditary estate there, but surprised the Indians at Xoriidgewock, defeated them with great slaughter, destroyed the village; and the church, and killed llalle, who is said by the FrLMich to have advanced unarn.ed toward the English, but by the latter to liave been fu'ing on them from a wigwam. This severe chastise- Miint, and some other similar measures, and the loss of their leaders, for Castine remained in France, humbled the Indians, and kept them quiet for a considerable time. \j JuJL wot X iL WAllUKN'S ASK OF KNU- — PR EN C 11 I,. WINS- — I'Kll- L V K U T II K Y- — roubles in Eng- f the pretender, tu'jht to Cape )c Quesnel, the governor, to make no movement against Nova Scotia until furllier orders. That ollicer, however, unable to resist the temptation lo surprise Canseau and Annapolis, and knowing that if he could take the latter port he might depend upon the aid of as many as 4,000 of the " neutral French," equipped an expedition of several small ves- sels and three or four hundred men under M. Du Vivier, which toa*v Jt-*?.v*«ri e«i one fnan-of-waj', six Erist Indi. 4(»il»-«MM»s4f«tr and five thousand men' liitci- r'. '., :. ; •.-'^r.f'i a ktafc »»s:csmM*d at a miltiotvan.'^fi !i ;lf <>! • ^:n^i. 11.mims?iv. apors h'arniiig rhis misfortune, s;)e'; ii\ ..-.o. 10 ' 'nrada : .ii.d :i October of tlie -n«>© vcar, the V ftif'XviiS ■ (iiiied ^•y iiK- treaty of Aix-ia-Chapel!*;. *" \.>. 1 Scotia iiud iM)U' been ininterrujitedl^ m theposs^^sjon uf ',.' Kntilisfi, for ueaiiy iifty yoa;-, and no efforts of any impdHunoe h;jne of Massuchi;- ■r {,■■ (^■•1 s,;.' \>\.r.i'. ';) tits. . ti •(; gr<:at apprchensioii of th<> result, !i;».-v ('■-}<• >.>''t iNuva tScotia. urraogcd a plan for invi- (iiii!; Its ."ietllt'n.'iit '.y .sol pt^acf*. ■.:t anting Ihcut Ui. unties o! laii':; and considerablo other aid in monfv, t Mils, Aic. >>«. altiaetivf wimo the indiiceniftits itiuu offered, ■ii' t ■Aithin a Khort ttuit :i,i(iO iilvcniurer.x, vviih then" i'lwrilies, xwir (uruiled aiitl the expedition, aith the ilon. i'. n<')rnw:».lli3 a* ;?<•> ernor ul i's head, .saMcnshed to compltliou, '- »»■ Mahlat u«s giv<|ii» from ii:!j title of FiSiluf •r ' the echewif. i>Xi l:i ,li;.'li.-^n to U'l ' ■" ova Scotia. 1 ■Iftcient Jiromoter ■ ' the , \o find Buthority toi '^6y|'' uVy ;. Iteyond the limn-: rf tlfer'jf*niona- alsio much alunnfM and i^^^a""*! • SOtllcmfttlt H.S M i>l!:*X, W'h '*'»"••■ (> at the eslablivlunenl -A m» ^.r.. lu n.'d, iU''liidiii;,f ^^'ildiei . and ■ ilois." al)Out 6.0(M> jw ^ifiJe , Vii intu^ ojwntMi l;iidiiia that it friendly intereourse und trade v^ a. isveen the Kniilish c(i|.>'n; jiite h:i^ ifig *^'t'* cd In compltiii>tt» 3 tilie oC FiRl I krf *■ tlio pciiefine. UBVifivl^aft? ^ .^-Ih. uwitupoa » ""itx^ o}K>n«*<( ijl|« 'vt*t thr Indian' «• ,j,.!| ^ujwlifti""- m w •1 L_ NOVA SCOTIA. 495 they at once sent out secret orders adapted to put an end to this state of things. Accordingly, a year had not passed after the con- clusion of the treaty, when the English began to be constantly har- assed by attacks from parties of French and Indians, of so secret and incessant a nature, as to render it possible only at the imminent peril of life, to clear or cultivate land, or to venture at all beyond the limits of the garrison ; and those of the Acadians who did not join in the active hostilities of the savages, discontinued all friend'y intercourse, and fell into a sullen and obstinate neutrality. This state of affairs at once put a stop to the further settlement of the country ; and was made more embarrassing by the establishment at Bay Verte, just without the peninsula, of a strong French garrison, whose situation on the isthmua entirely commanded the communica- tion with the main, and which gave constant encouragement and refuge to the rebellious Acadians and Indians. Hostilities continued between the English and the French and In- dians, with increasing bitterness and violence, until, in 1755, war broke out again between England and France, though not formally declared until a year later. The measures of the French were however suf- ficient to justify violent opposition, for they were steadily and rapidly pushing forward their chains of forts, and enlarging their sea and land forces in North America. Cornwallis had been succeeded as governor in 1752, by Thomas Hopson, Esq., under whose conduct one additional settlement was established in Nova Scotia, by some Germans, at Lunenburg. The first act of war was the taking of two French frigates, the Alcide and the Lys, off" Cape Race, by Admiral Boscawen, April 27, 1755. In the same spring, a well appointed expedition was or- ganized at Massachusetts, for the purpose of driving the French from their encroachments at Bay Verte, Chiegnecto and the St. John. This was commanded by Lieutenant-colonel Monkion, as- sisted by Lieutenant-colonel John Winslow cf Massachusetts, an offi- cer of great influence and ability; and reaching Chiegnecto in June, succeeded, after one or two spirited actions, in taking the French fortifications on the Massnguash, at Beau Sejour, and on the river Gaspereaux at Bay Verte. At the same time the fleet dislodged the French from their stronghold at the mouth of the St, John ; and the objects of the expedition were thus thoroughly accomplished with a loss of only twenty killed and as many wounded. The campaign of 1755, however, which opened so successfully Vol. IV.— 60. 496 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. in Nova Scotia, closed with gloom and disaster. The total defeat and destruction of Braddock, and the failure of the expeditions to take Niagara and Crown Point, spread discouragement and appre- hension throughout the colonies, and rendered the authorities and colonists of Nova Scotia more than ever fearful of their unfriendly neighbors, the " neutral French" or Acadian settlers. These people, though moral, frugal, social and joyous, were dogged and sullen in adhering to the Roman Catholic religion, and in refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the English crown ; and many of them, aside from their well-known constant secret aids to the Indian hostilities, had been found openly bearing arms against the English. So pro- found were the fears entertained of some attempts from them or with their aid, to take advantage of the feeble and dispirited state of the English, and to destroy all the settlements in Nova Scotia, that Gov- ernor Lawrence, his council, and Admirals Boscavven and Moystyn, after mature deliberation, resolved upon a measure calculated to relieve the colony at once and forever of its fears from these disaf- fected people ; and which, however severe it may seem, was coun- tenanced by many considerations which were admitted to be pow- erful and substantial at that time, though it is difficult to estimate them as such now. This measure was nothing less than the confis- cation of the real and most of the personal property of the Acadian or neutral French settlers of Nova Scotia, the removal of all of them from the province, and their thorough dispersion among the other British colonies of America. This determination was carried into effect by Col. Winslow and the provincial troops, who sent away seven thousand in all of the Acadians, being much the greater part of the whole French popula- tion of Nova Scotia. Tlie unhappy Acadians submitted in general to this severe fate with surprising caltnness, although suffering all the misery naturally felt by a domestic and home-loving people, sud- denly deprived of their all, and thrust forth among strangers in dis- tant lands. Absolute force, or at least the preparation for it, was necessary, before they would go on board the vessels prepared for them ; in some parts of the country their houses were burned and their farms devastated before they could be made to give themselves up ; and while a detachment was burning a chapel at one of the set- tlements on the Peticodiac, a number of the French, infuriated at this sacrilege, rushed suddenly from their concealment and attacked and drove off the provincials, killing twenty-three, and wounding NOVA SCOTIA. 497 eleven more. These involuntary emigrants were distributed throutrh- out the whole vast range of the American colonies, in bodies of from two hundred to a thousand each. In their new homes they were peaceful and harmless, but unhappy, spiritless and unprosperous ; and after a generation or two, their individuality became lost by ex- tinction or fusion among the American population. In INIassachu- setts, Pennsylvania, Georgia, or even in the more friendly French colony of Louisiana, to which some of theh^. fled, they remained faithful to their own northern home, and some of them even assem- bled and set out on the desperate enterprise of returning to Nova Scotia. They were however stopped by the British authorities, and driven back to their exile. In October, 1758, after a campaign on the whole prosperous, and which had much relieved Nova Scotia by the second reduction of Louisbourg and Cape Breton, and that of Prince Edward's Island, the first House of Assembly met, having been elected under instruc- tions sent out to Governor Lawrence long before, but whose fulfill- ment had been postponed by him on account of the war. While settling into a routine of business, there were some trifling disagree- ments between the Assembly and the Governor's Council, which were mostl}' soon arranged, and the province thus became possessed of a representative government. Simultaneously with the meeting of the legislature, Gov. Law- rence issued a proclamation setting forth the agricultural advantages of Nova Scotia, and inviting settlers from the older colonies ; and shortly afterwards another, explaining the political privileges of the people, and the policy of the government ; a paper so important that it has been called " The Charter of Nova Scoti..," and whose views and assurances were so wise and liberal, that j A^fge number of set> tiers were attracted into the country. 498 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. CHAPTER I?, TAKING OF QUEBEC. — TREATY WITH THE MOXGUASII TRIBE. — CAPE BRETON A SEPARATE GOVERNMENT FOR A TIME. — AMERICAN COLONIES TRY TO DETACH NOVA SCOTIA FROM ENGLAND. — LOYALIST REFUGEES. — AMERICAN PRIVA- TEERS. — LANDSPECULATIONS IN 1781. — MAROONS FROM JAMAICA. — GOV- WENTWORTII. — GOV. SHERBROOKE. — WAR OF 1812. — LORDDALHOUSIE. — SIR J AMES KEMPT. — EARL OF MULGRAVE. — VISIT OF PRINCE OF WALES. — REJOICINGS AT HALIFAX. ENTHU - SIASM. — JOURNEY TO WINDSOR. I\ 1759, the British conquest of Canada, sealed by the taking of Quebec, definitely assured to England the undisturbed possession of the vast territories hitherto held by France in North America, though the French governor held out until another campaign ; and powerfully promoted the prosperity of Nova Scotia, by finally re- lieving it of the dangerous neighborhood of the French power. Great rejoicings were made over the capitulation of Quebec, at Halifax especially. In 1761, an important treaty was made with Joseph Argimault or Avgimooch, and his tribe, the Monguash Indians, and a .system of authorized trading houses, with regulated prices for furs and goods, agreed on, which did very much to protect the Indians from the base frauds and abuses inflicted on them by private traders, and to free the colony from the hostilities which were their natural consequence. The wise policy of Governor Lawrence had secured the invita- tion of farmers as immigrants, instead of the disbanded soldiers whom the home government had sent to Halifax, and were intending to establish elsewhere ; and when the peace of Paris, in 1763, })ut an end to the war, Nova Scotia was peaceful, free from apprehen- sions of enemies either at home or abroad, and firmly established in the beginning of a career of prosperity which has continued almost unbroken to the present day. In 1765, the island of Cape Breton was made a county of Nova Scotia, with the privilege of choosing absentees as representatives in the assembly ; and so remained until 1784. In that year it was NOVA SCOTIA. 490 made a separate government, but was reannexed as a county to Nova Scotia in 1819, and so remains. When the American revolution broke out, efibrts were made to enlist Nova Scotia on the side of the other revolting colonies, but without success. The militia were put in readiness to defend the country if invaded, a declaration of attachment to government and determination to defend it, extensively signed, the inhabitants made to take the oath of allegiance, and other efficient measures taken to retain it under the crown. As loyalist refugees from New England and elsewhere began to come in, government appropriations were made for their support, gratuitous grants of land were given them, and every effort made to fix them in comfortable situations. As the American revolt seemed to be spreading northward by Montgomery's expedition into Canada, martial law was proclaimed in November, and a little afterwards, a bill was passed prohibiting all intercourse with the revolted colonies. Some small troubles were excited by disaffected persons during the war in some parts of the province. Disorders broke out in Cumberland in the spring of 1776 ; privateers occasionally made descents upon the coast ; the inhabitants of Truro, Onslow and Londonderry, refusing to take the oath of allegiance, were prosecuted, and disfranchised ; an expedition in two whale- boats from Machias seized an armed merchant ship at Pictou, and were preparing to invade Prince Edward's Island, when they were fortunately captured ; in 1779, the Indians on the St. John River gathered in large numbers, and threatened to make war on the Eng- lish, but were quieted by the promise of some presents. All these were however only temporary difficulties. A more serious check was given to the prosperity of the prov- ince in 1781, by the removal from it of many persons, in conse- quence of the failure of a great number of land jobbing speculations ; insomuch that the total population was reduced from 18,000 or 20,000, to about 12,000, not including the refugee loyalists, the whole num- ber of whom entering Nova Scotia during the war was estimated at the large total of 18,000. More than two thousand ..lore arrived in Oct. 1783; at which time the whole population was 11,300 English and French, and 10,000 refugees. In 1784, New Brunswick and Cape Breton were made separate governments, which reduced Nova Scotia to the limits of the penin- sular; but so rapid had been the inffux from abroad, that in the same year the total population was still 20,100. In 1785, about two bun- 500 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. dred negroes, freed by the British forces, were brought from St. Au- gustine, but in a most destitute condition. A somewhat similar and not more useful accession to the popula- tion was a colony of about COO maroons, or revolted slaves, brought from Jamaica, after iiaving maintained quite a war there against the whites. Under Governor Wentworth, who was appointed in 1792, the great western road to Pictou was opened ; a laborious but very use- ful undertaking. Many improvements in the public business, school system, militia, and trade and commerce of the province, were intro- duced by the able and wise exertions of Governor Prevost, who suc- ceeded Wentworth in 1808. During the war of 1812, Sir John Coape Shei'brooke was governor ; an officer of eminent wisdom and ability. The province was doubtless saved from much of the suf- fering incident to hostilities, by the energy with which a portion of the territory of Maine was occupied, and the governor's proclama- tion forbidding all persons to molest its inhabitants. During this war, Halifax was the principal station and depot for the British ves- sels of war on the American coast. The administration of the Earl of Dalhousie extended from 1816 to 1820. His affable manners and amiable character rendered him much beloved by the Nova Scotians. Under his authority a central board of agriculture was formed at Halifax. Dalhousie College was founded at the same place, and endowed with nearly £ 10,000 ; a library established there for the use of the army, and many other useful measures originated or continued. Sir James Kempt, Lord Dalhousie's successor, was an excellent administrative officer, and under his vigorous and or- derly management, the business interests of the province advanced rapidly in importance. Among the undertakings which signalized his government, may be mentioned the establishment of a bank, a commercial society, and a chamber of commerce, at Halifax; the commencement of the Shubenacadie canal, and the establishment of a line of packets between Halifax and Liverpool, and of a fishery in the South Pacific. The succession of good governors has been well maintained by the later chief officers of the province ; and the present governor, the Earl of Mulgrave, a popular and able nobleman, has rendered himself much respected and beloved by his earnest and eflicient care of the best interests of the province. The administration of Lord Mulgrave has been signalized by an NOVA SCOTIA. 501 event of very uncommon interest and importance in the historv of the British colonies in North America, the visit of the Prince of Wales, during the year 1800. The Prince crossed from St. Johns, Newfound- land, in the steamship of the line Hero, and disembarked at Halifax July 30, I860, amidst the thundering of a royal salute, the cheers of the crews of six men-of-war, and a fine display of flags from all the ship- ping. He was received by Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, command- ing the British fleet, and the Earl of Mulgrave, who attended him to the royal dockyard, where the mayor of the city read an address, welcoming him to Halifax. A long procession then escorted the Prince to the Government House, where a chorus of 3,500 children from the city schools received him with the national anthem, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives read a second address. The festivities of the day were closed by a dinner at the Government House. The next day was devoted to a grand review of the regular troops and volunteers, to the witnessing of some Indian races and war-dances by a Micmac tribe, and a splendid ball at the Province Building, which the Prince opened by a quadrille, which !ia danced with a niece of the President of the council. The third day of the visit was devoted to a full dress levee at the Government House, a regatta in the harbor, and a visit to the estate at the upper end of the bay, formerly owned by his grandfather the Duke of Kent, and by him laid out with excellent taste and managed with skill. The enthusiasm and joy which pervaded the city of Halifax during this visit were wonderful ; shops were closed, business suspended, the streets decorated with handsome triumphal arche^^decked with ever- green, and immense crowds attended the young representative and future wearer of the imperial crown of England as he moved or stopped, cheering him or observing him, but still without impeding his motions. On the morning of the fourth day, he took the cars with his suite for Windsor, where he was received by a guard of honor, and a well-written address, and where he delayed to partake of a handsome breakfast, at which loyal and patriotic toasts were given to the Queen, the Prince Consort, and the Prince of Wales. From this place he rode by carriage to Hantsport, where he em- barked on the Styx steamer for St. John, N. B. 502 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. uflAiriJcjii V, HALIFAX. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. — ROYAL DOCKYARD. — EX- CELLENCE OF HARBOR. — BUSINESS ADVANTAGES. — SOCIE- TY AND AlIUSEMENTS. — COMMERCE AND SHIPPING. — PICTOU; ITS COMMERCE. — PICTOU COLLEGE. — LIVER- POOL. — FISHERIES. — SHELBURNE. — SINGULAR HIS- TORY. — ANNAPuLIS. WINDSOR. — DIG BY; "DIG- BY CHICKENS." — LUNENBURG. — SABLE ISLAND. Halifax, the political and business capital of Nova Scotia, stands on the eastern slope of a peninsular extending into the harbor from its western side, and occupies n. space about 2^ miles long by a mile wide. It is well laid out, with wide straight streets, and presents an attractive spectacle from the water, rising from the wharves, crowded with ship- ping and thronged with business, up the side of the hill. Many of its buildings are handsome edifices of brick or stone, erected in place of wooden ones burned down. Among the many handsome public build- ings which ornament i*, one of the finest is the Province Building, which stands in the central part of the city, in a square inclosed with a handsome railing. It is 140 feet long, 70 broad, and 45 high, of the Ionic style, and extremely well built of fine Nova Scotia freestone, finely polished. It contains apartnients for the council, the assembly, the supreme court, and the various provincial otfices. St. Paul's church is a large and hand.some building, with a tall spire ; and several others of the churches are edifices of imposing exterior. The roval dockyard, which occui)ies fourteen acres of ground, is the largest and best equipped naval establishment on the continent. The noble capacity and accessibility of the harbor, caused it to be very early selected as the leading maritime station for the British fieet in North America, and it is amply fitted up with extensive store-houses, and vast sup- plies for refitting men-of-war. Above it on an eminence commanding a fine view of the yard, the harbor, the telegra[)hs and the shij)ping, is a handsome stone edifice used as a residence for the admiral com- manding on the American station. Besides the dockyard, there are ordnance and commissariat stores, a military liospital, barracks, and all the accommodations necessary for the force of several rcgimtMits NOVA SCOTIA. 503 usually kept here. The harbor of Halifax is one of the best in the world, stretching up into the country for 15 miles, being never ob- structed except by ice, and that very rarely. It is a mile wide in front of the city, where vessels usually anchor, but further up it ex^ pands into Bedford Basin, a broad and majestic sheet of water ten square miles in extent, und amply able to accommodate the entire navy of Great Britain. Its entrance is indicated by two light-houses, one on Sambro Island, 132 feet above the sea, and one further up, on Siier- brook Tower, at Manger's Beach, 58 feet above the sea. As an im- portant, political, military and naval station, Halifax is well defended by various powerful forts and batteries. Its position .s a central seaport, and its extensive communication by steam with the whole Atlantic coast of North America and the West Indies, and by the Cunard line with England, and as the Atlantic terminus of the great railway from Quebec, are rapidly increasing its commerce and population, and with them its wealth, and its supply of all the luxuries of city civilization. Its dwellings are now supplied with water from a reser- voir, and with gas-light ; and it communicates with the telegraph system of the United States and Canada. Society in Halifax is enlivened by the constant presence of military and naval officers ; the citizens themselves are of an uncommonly high grade of education and intel- ligence ; and the remarkable beauty of the ladies, and their elegance and culture, render the city an exceedingly pleasant residence. Par- ties, balls, soirees, theatrical exiiibitions, amateur theatricals, regattas, races, riding, shooting, fishing, skating, and driving, are amusements ardently pursued. The exports of Halifax in 1852-3, were £5(59,385; and the imports, 1851, £859,080. There are owned in the city, over 100 square- rigged vessels, as many schooners, and an immense number of small craft. The population was, in 1814, 22,000 ; in 184G, 23,500; in 1852, 20,000 ; and is now estimated at more than 3'^. 000. Pictou, an important and flourishing scapo. :, stonds on the north side of Pictou harbor, and about three miles from the sea. It is built irregularly on the slope of a hill, and occupies a pleasant and healthy site. From the summit behind the town, there is a mag- nificent view of the farming country around, of the wooded lands further otf, the Culf, and the harbor, which is the finest on the whole souilierii coast of the Gulf. Pictou has an extensive and growing trade, chiefly in the coal and building-stones of the vicinity. It is a well-buil: place ; and contains an excellent grammar school, and a good 504 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. academy, commonly called " Pictou College," and open to all denom- inations of Christians. Pictou was settled in 1790, and has now a population of nearly 3,000, which is increasing. Liverpool, formerly called Port Rossignol, is situated eighty miles west of Halifax, at the head of a good harbor, which is never frozen over. The town is remarkably well laid out, and the houses large, well-built and comfortable. Many vessels concerned in the fisheries, and in the English and West India trade, are owned here, and con- siderable quantities of lumber are floated down by the Mersey river, in the spring, from the interior. The town of Shelburne possesses a certain interest, rather from its past history than its present condition. Its harbor, often called the finest in America, so attracted the attention of the loyalists then enter- ing the province from the United States, that in 1783 twelve thousand of them selected a site, laid out a plan, and as it were instantaneously erected a magnificent town, with public buildings, barracks, &c. ; expecting that their elegant buildings, good society, and supposed commercial advantages, would attract inhabitants from all parts of the province, bring in an extensive commerce, and quite extinguish Halifax. It was computed that £500,000 were sunk in the speculation, which failed entirely ; the settlers, gaining no additions to their number, either returned to the United States or went to other parts of the province, and the town, inhabited by a comparatively small population, contains many memorials of this unfortunate beginning. Annapolis, formerly Port Royal, the first metropolis of the province, and one of the oldest European settlements in North Amerfca, occupies a point of land between Annapolis River and the small river called Allen's, or LeQuille. It was settled by De Monts in 1004 ; and was the capital of Nova Scotia until 1750, when Halifnx was built. It is compactly built ; contains several respectable |)ublic buildings, churches, «fcc., and the moldering remains of the ancient French fort, which arc still occupied by a company of soldiers, furnish an agreea- ble promenade to the inhabitants. Windsor, the shire town of Hants county, stands at the confluence of three rivers, the Avon, Windsor and St. Croix, occupying an extremely i)ictures(pio situation. It is very neat in appearance, and contains several churches, a court iiouse and jail, and a good hotel. Near the town, on a lofty and beautiful site, stands King's College, and the collegiate school connected with it. Digby is a nourishing little town at the entrance of Annapolis Basin, NOVA SCOTIA. 505 much occupied with the fishing business. The peculiar small fat herrings smokr ' here, have a wide-spread and high reputation under the odd title - Digby chickens." Lunenburg, ,-hire town of the county of the same name, about 50 miles west ot lialifax, is on the west side of Mahon Bay, and was settled in 1751 by Germans and Swiss, induced by a proclamation of the British Government ; an industrious and thriving race, who are rising to wealth by agriculture, and the lumber and fish trade. They still talk German, and retain many of their native manners and customs. The Indian name of the locality was Malaguash or Merliguash. Numerous othei' thriving towns and villages dot the surface and coast of Nova Scotia, of which our space allows no particular mention. Nova Scotia has several insular dependencies of interest. A subsequent separate chapter gives an account of Cape Breton, the largest of them. The most remarkable remaining one. Sable Island, is a solitary sand bank, in the ocean, about 90 miles south-east of the easternmost end of Nova Scotia. It is about 25 miles long and 1} broad, and consists entirely of low hills of sand. One of these, the loftiest, is about 100 feet high, and notwithstanding its exposure to the teinj)esls of that stormy region, is increasing. There are no trees, and no shrubs larger than a whortleberry bush ; the island being mostly covered with a strong " bent" grass, and having many cranberry vines in the hollows. Lying in the track of vessels between Europe and Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and the United States, it has been the scene of many dreadful shipwrecks, most of the crews cast away upon it having entirely perished. A family is maintained upon the island, whose head is a superintendent, whose duty it is to aid all persons wrecked there, and maintain them until an opportunity occurs to dei)art. As many as three hundred shipwrecked persons have been on the Island at one time, all supported by the government provisions. There is no harh they occupy as just described. This forma- tion in Nova Scotia includes red and gray sandstones, various shales and conglomerates, gypsum, limestone and coal. At the discovery of Nova Scotia, all kinds of wild beasts were plentiful ; they have however of course decreased as the country has been settled. IMie native animals were the nutose, caribou, bear, fox, lynx, weasi'l, martin, otter, mink, fisher, woodchuck. hurt', raccoon, porcupine, mouse, bat, mole, beaver, and muskrat. The birds are the numerous varieties belonging to temperate regions; including the eagle, owl, hawk, crow, jay, blackbird, robin, thrush, wood|)eck(!r, * I.nter surveys luive howovor givi-n a liiglit of about 1,100 foot to sonio parts of the (Jobt'quid raiijcc 508 AMERICA ILIaUSTRATED. wren, swallow, whippovvil, duck, goose, plover, kingfisher, and too many others to be here enumerated, both of the carnivorous and graminiverous species. The climate of Nova Scotia is cold but healthy ; although its ex- tremes are much modified by the proximity of the ocean. The win- ter does not usually set in with severity until about the 20th of December, from which time until the beginning of April, the earth is frozen, and the snow deep. In January, however, there is usually a thaw. February is the coldest month. By the end of May or beginning of June, there is pasturage ; vegetation is extremely rapid when it has started, and the summer follows fast after the spring. Its heat is usually moderate, the temperature being highest in August, but the nights seldom too hot for comfort. The autumn is a delight- ful season, the sky and atmosphere being usually clear and unclouded, the days like those of June, and the nights cool and comfortable. Some winters are very mild throughout, and almost without snow. Spring is the most rainy season ; and in summer, there is some fog along the southern and south-western coast, but it does not extend far inland. The general salubrity of the climate is strikingly shown by the fact that healthy and active men and women ninety or a hundred ycnrs of age are singlarly numerous. Of the soil of Nova Scotia, ten-twelfths are reckoned capable of cultivation, more than half of the whole being of a superior quality. The poor land lies mostly in a belt along the whole southern coast, from Cape Canseau round to Cape Fourchu, in that range of rocky country which borders the sea. The forests which originally cover- ed the country, consisted of birch, elm, ash, hemlock, maple, spruce, pine, beech, poplar, and oak, with other smaller trees. The best land is in the intervales along the streams, on select parts of ui)laiid, and in the wonderfully fertile tracts of marsh on the rivers which empty into the Basin of Minas and in some other places, which after being dyked and drained, produce very heavy crops year after year, with- out manuring. Of the crops raised, wheat requires very careful cul- ture ; while oats, rye, barley and beans, yield abundant and certain crops. Indian corn yields well. All root crops thrive remarkably ; and the Nova Scotia potatoes are scarcely equaled in excellence nor surpassed in yield by those of any other country. Cattle and sheep grow well, and are of excellentquality. Horses are hardy and aclive, but the breed requires to be occasionally crossed with some superior one, or it degenerates. NOVA SCOTIA. 509 The fruits of temperate regions, apples, pears, cherries, plums, quinces, and all the berry tribe, flourish, but the peach will not suc- ceed except in some of the warmest and most sheltered localities. On the whole, the agricultural capacities of the province are great, though its soils are of very different values, and sometimes singularly distributed, tracts of level land being poor, while the tops of hills are sometimes remarkably productive. The richest part of the province is its north-eastern section, above the coal-bearing rocks, and the dyked lands in Cumberland and Colchester, which are more than 40,000 acres in extent. The whole breadth of farming land is over 800,000 acres. The crops of the year 1851 were estimated in bush- els, as follows : Wheat, 297,157; barley, 190,097; rye, 61,438 ; oats, 1,384,437 ; buckwheat, 170,301 ; Indian corn, 37,475 ; peas and beans, 2l,63S; grass-seed, 3,6SG ; potatoes, 1,980,789; turnip.s, 467,127; other root crops, 32,325. To these should be added 287,837 tons hay, 3,013,890 pounds butter, 652,069 pounds cheese, 110,441 pounds maple sugar. The crop of apples is an iniportant one, and this fruit is exported, used abundantly at home, and manufactured into cider. There formerly prevailed in Nova Scotia a prejudice against agri- cultural pursuits, and in favor of mercantile or other occupations. But the unfortunate result of many speculations, and the distress from the sudden change in affairs at the end ot' the war of 1812, did much to alter these sentiments. A well-written and forcible series of let- ters by John Young, Esq., known as " Agricola's letters," the estab- lishment of a central board of agriculture with branches in 1817, and the other earnest efforts of government and wise private individuals which signalized the administration of the Earl of Dalhousie, were the beginning of a career of industry and improvement in this impor- tant occupation, which is still in progress. Grazing is an important branch of farming, and there is much pride in raising cattle and horses. Sheep and swine are also raised with success and profit, and cattle-shows, and the enterprising importation of improved breeds from England, have greatly promoted the excellence and profit of the stock business. The nianufactures of the province are comparatively limited in extent, though steadily growing. Many of the families of the farm- ers spin and weave much of the goods used at home, including home- spun cloth for garments, flannels, linen, blankets and carpets. In very many villages many persons pursue either exclusively or together with the business of farming, the occupations of tanning, making 510 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. boots and shoes, saddlery and harnesses, furniture and farming im- plements. Bonnets of bleached grass or straw are also thus manu- factured ; and there are similar small concerns in various places near Halifax, which manufacture tobacco, confectionery, paper, hats, &c. Including thoiKaw-mills, ship-yards, &c., the manufacturing statistics of 1851 were as follows : Saw-mills, 1,153 ; grist-mills, 398 ; steam mills and factories, 10; tanneries, 237 ; founderies, 9 ; weaving and carding concerns, 81 ; hand-looms, 11,096 ; yards fulled cloth woven, 1 19,698; unfulled, 790,104; flannel, 219,352; breweries and distilleries, 17; other factories, 131 ; bricks made, 2,845,400 ; value of farming tools, cabinet ware, wooden ware, manufactured, £56,519; soap, £28,277; candles, £21,210; number of vessels built, 486, of 57,776 tons burth- en ; number of boats built, 2,654. The situation and natural resources of Nova Scotia, with its 1,200 miles of sea-coast and its numerous excellent harbors, give it remark- able advantages for commerce ; and these have been used with no small degree of enterprise and success. In the earlier days of the province, the restrictive policy of England confined the trade of Nova Scotia under strict repressive limits ; but the successive removals of parts of these laws, and especially the colonial act which went into operation in 1826, have opened all the avenues of trade to the enter- prise of the province. There are 43 free ports ; and the number of vessels in the carrving trade of other countries, the home commerce of the province, and the fisheries, increased from 2,583, of 141,093 tons, in 1846, to 2,943, of 189,083 tons, in 1852. The whole amount of imports during the same year was £1,103,019 ; and of exports £950,560. The chief imports were cordage, cotton goods, codfish, fishing tackle, flour, hardware, iron and steel, crude and man- ufactured, molasses, sugar, tea ; and the chief exports, butter, coal, codfish, cotton and woolen goods, horned cattle, mackerel, molasses, oils, potatoes, turnips, maple sugar, wood, gypsum, grindstones atul building stones. The mining interests of Nova Scotia are of great and increasing importance ; the coal mines being the most valuable and most worked. Coal seams are found in Cumberland, Colchester, Pictou and Cape Breton. At the South Joggins in Cumberland, they crop out along the coast, and are extensively worked by the British North American Mining Company, and the Albion mines at Pictou contain ten differ- ent strata of coal, the thickest 33 feet through, with 24 feet of good coal. Other profitable seams are found in Cape Breton. Excellent NOVA SCOTIA. 511 iron ore is found near Pictou, the Basin of Minas, Annapolis, Digby, and elsewhere ; and native copper and silver, rich copper ore, lead, and manganese ; but none of these have thus far been much worked. The beds of gypsum near Windsor and elsewhere, have been quite extensively worked; as have various strata of the. coal measures, which afford sandstone and grindstones. In 1851, the quantity of coal mined was 114,992 chaldrons; of gypsum, 79,795 tons; iron smelted, 250 tons; grindstones, 37,100 tons. The fisheries of Nova Scotia may perhaps be called its leading in- terest ; its people having pursued this occupation with more zeal and to a greater extent than those of any other colony except Newfound- land. An account of the fish taken and the modes pursued in the different departments of the fishery business has already been given in the history of New Brunswick ; and its statements will be found in the main applicable to the business as followed in Nova Scotia. There were employed in the fisheries, in 1851, 812 vessels of 43,333 tons, 5,161 boats, and 10,374 men ; and the produce of their labor for the same year reached the large amount of 196,434 quintals of codfish ; 1,669 barrels of salmon ; 3,536 barrels shad ; 100,047 barrels mack- erel; 53,200 barrels herring; 5,343 barrels alewives; 15,409 boxes smoked herring; and 189,250 gallons fish oil. This account of the material condition of Nova Scotia would not be complete without some allusion to the later improvements in lines of travel. Steam communication by water exists with England, the United States, and the other British North American provinces The numerous vessels concerned in the commerce or fisheries, offer con- stant opportunities of reaching almost all parts of the world. The waters of the Atlanta . and the Bay of Fundy are connected by the Shubenacadie Canal, between Cobequid Bay and Halifax harbor, which follows the course of the lakes and river of that np.ne, and is over fifty miles long, and capable of receiving vessels of eight feet draft. Railroads have been built from Halifax to Windsor, 40 miles ; and from Halifax to Truro, 60 miles ; both being executed in the characteristically thorough English style, by the English government, through a difficult country, and at an expense of £8,000 per mile. The province enjoys the advantage of these roads, at the small expense of paying merely the interest on the amount invested. Vol,. IW— 61 518 AMERICA ILLUSTRA^TED CHAPTEH ?n. NATIONALITY OP THE PEOPLE. ENGLISH. — AMERICANS.- FRENCn. — INDIANS. — CHARACTERISTIC Til AITS. — EXCEL- LENCIES NOT APPRECIATED. — INTELLIGENCE AND TALENT. — JUDGE HALIBURTON AND SIR W. F. WILLIAMS. CON- STITUTION OF GOVERNMENT. — GOVERNOR. — LIST OF GOVERNORS. — LEGISLATURE. — RELIGIOUS DENOM- INATIONS. — EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS. — GEN- ERA L P R OS P ERI TY. — PO PUL ATION . The people of Nova Scotia are of many nationalities. A large proportion of them of course are of English blood. In Halifax many Irish are found. The eastern counties are largely occupied by those of Scotch descent, and the midland and western ones by the descend- ants of American refugees. The Swiss and German colony of Lunenburg has already been mentioned. The Acadians or French occupy several settlements. A few hundreds of the Micmac Indians are still remaining, and there are several thousand negroes, who came originally from the West Indies or the United States, and who are thriftless and poverty-stricken in their own villages, though they make very respectable servants. Their various hereditary traits may still be recognized in all these different nationalities ; the steady, deliberate resolution of the English- man ; the cautious shrewdness of the Scotsman, the careless fun of the Irish, the ingenuity, readiness and enterprise of the New Eng- lander, the peaceful, immovable morality, good manners and supersti- tion of the French farmers ; but all these qualities join in a harmonious national character belonging to the. province at large. This character has many excellencies, and deserves a much higher reputation than it has commonly enjoyed outside of the province. It has perhaps been most misunderstood among the people of the United States ; whose inhabitants, it is true, have mostly been too distant from Nova Scotia to know or care what were the qualities of its peo- ple. The Nova Scotians are, as a people, hardy, enterprising and industrious; honest, hospitable, social, and intelligent. They are not without a degree of caution in admitting the advances of strangers ; I'^aoL.^ . NOVA SCOTIA. 513 jiiff- [her It lited Unt [leo- land Inot b's; but having once contracted a friendship, they are steady, sincere, and disinterested in it. They are remarkably fond of information, and are judicious in selecting books and literary materiel, and diligent in reading. Outside of the province indeed there are very few who are aware of the surprising number of individuals born within it, who have rendered themselves eminent and useful by remarkable talents or distinguished achievements ; and whose reputation, aflbrding just ground for pride to their fellow-countrymen, would be an honor to any country whatever. It is probably true, for instance, that in- numerable persons have heard of the eminent literary abilities of Judge Thomas C. Haliburton, of the chivalrous bravery of Sir Wil- liam Fenwick Williams, and of the business enterprise of Sir Samuel Cunard, without the remotest conception that they are the sons of Nova Scotia. The Nova Scotians are also fond of company and amusements ; athletic games are a frequent diversion in the country ; and dances and parties of pleasure are frequent in the cities. The healthy climate, active occupation, comfort and cheerfulness of the population, makes them remarkably long lived. The government of Nova Scotia consists of a chief executive officer, entitled lieutenant-governor, who is appointed by the crown, and who advises upon governmental measures with the executive council, of nine members, also appointed by the crown, but who are not retained in office contrary to the wishes of the people. The governor appoints the judges of the courts of common law, the custos and magistrates of each county, and temporarily to any office within the gift of the crown, until the action of the latter. He also has the pardoning power, and that of convening the legislature ; and may also be commander-in-chief of the militia and regular forces within the province. The legislature consists of a council of 21 members, and a House of Assembly, the former appointed for life by the crown, and which may reject or amend bills sent in by the assembly, and orig- inate bills, which must however pass the assembly ; but it can not originate money bills. The House of Assembly consists of 53 mem- bers, chosen every four years by the counties and townships. It has entire control of the finances and general administration of the province, but all legislative action must be confirmed or rejected by the government of Great Britain. The present governor of Nova Scotia is the Earl of Mulgrave, of whose excellence, ability, and pop- ularity we have already spoken. 614 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. The following table exhibits the names and dates of entrance on official life of all of the English governors and acting governors of Nova Scotia. AT ANNAPOLIS ROVAL. Col. Vetch, Governor, Oct. 22, 1710. Francie Nicholson, Esq., " 1714. Richard Philips, Esq., " 1719. John Doucctt, Esq., Senior Councilor, 1722. Liiwroneo Armstrong, Esq., Lieut. Governor, 1'25. John Adams, Esq., Senior Councilor, Dec. 8, 1739. Paul Mascarene, Esq., Lieut. Governor, May 27, 1740. AT HALIFAX. E. Cornwnllis, Esq., Governor, July 14, 1749. Peregrine Thos. llopson, Esq., " Aug. 3, 1 752. Charles Lawrence, Esq., Sen. Councilor, Nov. 1, 1753. " " Lt. Governor, Oct. 21, 17. M. « " Governor, July 23, 1 750. Jonathan Belcher, Esq., Sen. Councilor, Oct. 19, 1760. Mr. Ellis, (never left England) Jona. Belcher, Esq., Lt. Governor, Nov. 21, 1761. Montiigue Wilmot, Esq. " Sept. 26, 176.3. " " Governor, May 31, 1764. Mr. Green, Sen. Councilor, May 23, 1766. Michael Francklin, Esq., Lt. Governor, Aug, 23, 1766. Lord William Campbell, Governor, Nov. 27, 1706. Benjamin Greene, Esq., Sen. Councilor, Oct. 30, 1771. M. Francklin, Esq., Lt. Governor, June 30, 1772. Lord Wm. Campbell j Governor, July 13, 1772. Francis Legge, Esq., " Oct. 8, 1773. Mariot Arbuthnot, Esq., Lt. Governor, Apr. 27, 1776. Richard Hughes, Esq., " Aug. 17, 1778. Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, t. " July 31, 1781. John Parr, Esq., Governor, Oct. 9, 1782. Edward Fanning, Esq., Lt. Governor, Sept. 23, 1783. Richard Bulkley, Esq., Sen. Councilor, Nov. 25, 1791. John Wcntworth, Esq., Lt. Governor, May 14, 1792. Sii' George Prevost, " Apr. 13, 1808. Alexander Croke, Esq., Sen. Councilor, Dec. 17, 1808. Sir G. Prevost, Lt. Governor, Apr. 1 1 , 1809. A. Croke, Esq., Sen. Councilor, Aug. 26, ISI 1. Sir John Sherbrooke, Lt. Governor, Oct. 16, 1811. Maj. Gon. Darroch, Commander-in-chief, Aug. 26, 1814. Sir J. Sherbrooke, Lt. Governor, Sept. 21, 1814. Maj. Gen. Geo. Stracey Smyth, Commander-in-chief, June 27, 1816. Litut. Gen. George Earl Dalhousie,. . . Lt. Governor, Oct. 24, 1816. Michael Wallace, Esq. Sen. Councilor, Apr. 3, 1818. Lord Dalhousie, Lt. Governor, May 1, 1819. Sir James Kempt, " June 2, 1820. Sir Peregrine Maitland, " .... 18"8. NOVA SCOTIA. 5J5 Sir Colin Campber, Lt. Governor, I8:i5. Viscount Falkland, " 1841. Sir John Harvey, " 1842. Sir J. G. Lc Marchant, " 1853. Earl of Mulgrave, " 1858. The judicial sy-tem includes courts of chancery, errors, and ap- peals, supreme court, court of vice-addiiralty, probate court, court of marriage and divorce, courf of general sessions, and justices' courts. The laws in force are the common and statute law of Eng- land, and the statutes of Nova Scotia. The religious denominations of Nova Scotia are, the Established Church of England, the Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Congre- gationalists, Lutherans, and Roman Catholics. Of- these, the Pres- byterians are most numerous, and include the Established Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Nova Scotia, and the Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia. The next largest denominations are, the Roman Catholics, who have an archbishop, bishop, and about forty priests ; Baptists, Church of England, and Methodists. The respect- ive numbers of these connections are nearly as follows : Presbyte- rians, 72,974 ; Catholics, 69,634 ; Baptists, 42,243 ; Church of Eng- land, 36,482 ; Methodists, 23,596 ; Lutherans. 4,087 ; Congregation- alists, 2,639. There are also a few other congregations and indi- viduals, belonging to other denominations. The intelligence and mental cultivation and activity of the popu- lation of Nova Scotia are in no small degree owing to the excellent provision for education which has long characterized it. This in- cludes a system of common schools diffused throughout the towns and villages of the province ; grammar schools in each county ; ex- cellent classical schools of a high grade, at Halifax, Pictou, and else- where ; King's College, at Windsor, and Dalhousie College at Hali- fax ; both the latter possessing commodious buildings, funded prop- erty, and able faculties. Indeed there are fe .v countries where facil- ities for education are so universally attainable. The mental and material condition of Nova Scotia are both hope- ful in a high degree, and in fact rapidly improving. It is impossible to set limits to the future wealth and prosperity of the province. Nothing can better indicate the steady rapidity of her growth than the simple statement of her population at different periods. This was in 1772, but about 20,000; in 1818, 78,345; in 1828, 123,848; and it is now in the neighborhood of 300,000. NEAYEOUNDLAKD. AREA. — DISCOVERY. — FIRST SETTLEMENT. — CALVERT'S JfET- TLEMENT. SETTLERS DRIVEN OFF. — FIRST LOCAL GOVERxV- MENT. — RECENT PROSPERITY. — ST. JOHN. — ITS HARBOR, BUILDINGS, ETC. — VISIT OF PRINCE OF WALES. — INTERIOR. — CHARACTER OF PEOPLE. — RED INDIANS. — ANIMALS. — PLANTS. — MINERALS. — FISHERIES. — SEALING. — STATISTICS OF TRADE. — GRAND BANK. — MIQUE- LETS. — MAGDALEN ISLANDS. NE\vFouN'ni..\M) is nearer to Europe than any other part of Amer- ica; St. Joiin being only 1,665 miles from Cahvay, in Ireland. It is in the form of an irregular triangle, deeply indented by numerous bays and iidets on all sides ; and contains about 57,000 square miles of area, or more than twice the area of New Brunswick. It was the first discovered of all the British colonies, having been t;iken possession of by John Cabot, for the English crown in 141)7 ; but is supposed to have been seen by some Nortluncn as early as the year 1,000 of the Christian era. The first attempt to establish an English settlement on the island was made in the end of the reign of Henry VIII., on the recoiii- mendation of two merchants who had traded there to advant.Tjc The settlement however was an entire failure, in consecjuence of the inexperience <»f its managers. The number of English engaged in the fisheries on its coasts increased however, and occupied fifteen ships in 1570. At this time, the island was a sort of common or de- batable territory ; a i)hice of resort for fishermen and traders ol all nations, and even for pirates, who math' their rendezvous there with itnpunily. Sir Humphrey (Gilbert, howcvi-r, came out with a fieel of three or (wc vessels, and in 1583 took formal possession of \ew- foundland for Queen Elizabeth, and caused the crews of all the N E W F O U N D L A iN D . 517 thirty-six vessels then in the harbor of St. John, to acknowledge her supremacy. Her claim was again asserted two years afterwards, by Sir Bernard Drake, who destroyed a Portuguese settlement there. In 1610, James I. granted that part of Newfoundland between Capes St. Mary and Bonavista to a company which included the Earl of Northampton, Lord Chancellor Bacon, Lord Verulan and other noblemen, who established a colony in Conception Bay, whicli was the first permanent settlement on the island. The settlers how- ever devoted their chief attention to the fisheries. With the rapid increase of the latter business, there was also a great increase of disorders and abuses among the heterogeneous concourse of sea- faring men that gathered there, as there was no law nor tribunal to decide any cause. Captairi Whitbourne, who went out with an ad- miralty commission, in 1614, entertained complaints from 170 mas- ters of vessels. Another settlement was made in 1016 by a Welsh gentleman named Vaughan, at Cambriol or Little Britain ; and in 1621 a grant — which seems to have conflicted with that to the first Company — was made to that, Sir George Calvert who afterwards, as Lord Baltimore, settled Maryland. Calvert established himself at Ferryland, where he built a handsome residence, a fort, a salt- works, and quickly gathered a prosperous settlement, which he how- ever soon governed by deputy, removing himself to Maryland. By about 1640, as many as fifteen or sixteen settlements were planted on various parts of the coast, including in all about 350 families. But when the home government proposed to establish some authori- ties to decide disputes amongst lliein, the merchants and ship-owners in England, fancying that good order would interfere with their gains from the fishery, petitioned against the appointment of a governor, and managed to prevent it. This singular and mistaken policy was presently carried still further, in rcjily to another application for a governor, in 1674, when the FiOrds of Trade and I'lantalions re- solved that plantations in Newfoundland should be discouraged, and the settlers should l)e driven otf the island. This foolish and cruel decree was actually executed, houses burned, and many outrages committed during two years, to expel tluMn. At the end of that time these proceedings were stopped, though no government was established. In 1('»0(), the French, who continued (o assert their claim to the fisheries, seized upon all the Hiiglish settlements in New- foundland except Bonavista and Carbonear. i;( US 518 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. The island continued without any approach to a competent gov- ernment, until 1729 ; having no authorities whatever except the masters of the first fishing vessels each season, who were by law in- vested with some judicial authority, but were far too ignorant to use it well ; or being partly under thegovernor of Nova Scotia. In fact however there was no real government ; and the fishermen and settlers quarreled, fought, barked the scanty trees of the island, wasted their means in rioting, and often bound themselves out by a tenure almost of slavery, substantially at their own pleasure. Some- times disputes were decided by the naval commander in the station, or an officer deputed by him ; and sometimes by an anomalous sort of parliament which met at St. John, and acted by common consent. In 1729, Captain Osborn of the Navy was appointed governor, with power to create justices of the peace, and administer the civil gov- ernment of the island. It was however a quarter of a century be- fore the turbulent fishermen and traders, long accustomed to their anarchical and irresponsible proceedings, finally submitted to this orderly constitution of government. . During the war with the American colonies, the trade of New- foundland was very much injured by the prohibition of the New Englanders from fishing in its waters, and the retaliatory measure of the Americans, who at once ceased furnishing provisions to the English fishermen. These measures entirely broke up one season's fishing, as the English vessels, on arriving out, had to return home at once for stores. In the same year an unprecedentedly furious storm destroyed in those waters, a number of ships, seven hundred fishing vessels, and nearly all their cVews; besides vast amounts of prop- erty in curi^d fish, fish-houses, flakes, »Scc. The treaty of Paris in 1783, i)ermittcd citizens of the United States to fish in the waters of Newfoundland, but not to dry their fish on its coasts; and the fisheries and trade quickly regained their former prosperity. The permanent population and wealth of the island now increased, and the nuniber and intportance of lawsuits; in consc(iuonc(' of which a more comi)lete system of courts was erected in 17H9, and surrogate courts were appointed in 1792, for several districts of the island. Mr. Reeves was soon after appointed chief justice, an excellent man and sound lawyer ; and from this time there has been a njore settled and well organized government. The wars with France at the end of the last century and the be- ginning of the next were of small injury to the colony, as it was wt-ll NEWFOUNDLAND. 519 guarded by the vessels of war on the station ; and a career of steady prosperity and rapid gain attended Newfoundland until 1815. A post-office was established at St. John in 1809 ; and a newspaper had been started there two years before, named " The Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser." The sudden fall of prices at the end of the war, in 1815, howe^ier, ruined a number of commercial houses, and in connection with severe losses by fire at St. John a short time afterwards, brought upon the island so much distress that a number of its inhabitants deserted it. Since 1818 however, it has steadily recovered, and has resumed its former prosperity. In that year the first permanently resident governor was appointed, being Sir Charles Hamilton. The administration continued in the hands of royal gov- ernors until 1832, when a constitutional provincial government was granted by the crown, to consist of a governor, an executive council* and a legislature of two houses. The population was, in 1851, lOl.GOO. It is now 120,000. • The settlements of Newfoundland are along the coast, chiefly in its southeastern portion, which is often termed Avalon, a name given to it by Lord Baltimore, and also in the districts of Trinity Bay and Bonavista on the east, and Fortune Bay on the south. They thus line the shore of the island, from Twillingate. the most northerly, in the Bay of Exploits, to St. George's, in St. George's Bay, on the western shore, opposite Anticosti. They are however scarcely more than fishing hamlets, with the single exception of the capital of the island, St. John. St. John, the capital and largest town of Newfoundland, is mostly built of unpainted wooden houses, which give it a somewhat sombre appearance. It stands at the northeastern extremity of the harbor, whose entrance from the sea is of a very striking and majestic char- acter. The coast in that vicinity is bordered by an immense sea-wall of lofty precipices of dark red sandstone, which [)lunge down into the deep waters of the Atlantic at an angle of 70 degrees. This range of dill's is the steep outer slope of a ridge of hills bordering the coast ; and which is here and there cut through by narrow valleys, with sides nearly or (piite perpendicular. One of these, which extends to a depth of some sixty feet below the surface of the sea, constitutes the entrance to the harbor of St. John's ; and the views through it at entering, of the (juict waters of the harbor within, with its more gently sloping banks, and the town with its busy wharves beyond, are extrcnjely picture-sque. The harbor is one of the best in 520 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED, the world, being sheltered by high lands, and only entered from the sea through the narrow passage just mentioned, which is only about six hundred feet wide, between two steep and lofty cliffs, and strongly fortified. There is no perceptible tide, and ample space for shipping within. The town consists chiefly of one irregular street about a mile long, on which there are many handsome buildings, mostly erected since the great fire of 1846. The city is lighted by gas, and supplied with water from a pond on a hill near by. It contains nine churches, the government house, a large and plain but commodious edifice, said to have cost over £200,000 ; a handsome granite building for the meetings of the Assembly, anew and elegant Roman Catholic cathedral, a lunatic asylum, hospital, market and custom-house. There are several institutions of charity, literature and science ; a library, a botanic garden, &c., &c. There is much good society at St. John, though its population fluctuates excessively and constantly. It is greatly crowded during the fishing season, and in the autumn; and often very empty at other times. On the occasion of the late visit to America of the Prince of Wales, his first landing was at St. John, where he disembarked on the morn- ing of July 24, 1860, having entered the harbor on the preceding evening. The city had been handsomely decorated with triumphal arches, flags and evergreens, and it seemed as if the whole population of the island had gathered there to welcome their future King. Amidst the thunder of cannon, the ringing of bells, and the cheers of the thousands who were assembled, the prince landed, and was received by the Newfoundland Corps, acting as a guard of honor, and by Gov. Bannerman, with whom he rode to the Government House, escorted by a long and splendid procession. At the Government House addresses were presented by the Episcopal and the Roman Catholic bishops of Newfoundland, the inhabitants of St. John and Harbor Grace, the Council and Assembly, and various societies. After the addresses the Prince held a levee, at which the principal gentlemen of Newfoundland were introduced to him. He then reviewed the Royal Newfoundland and Volunteer Corps, visited Waterford Hridge, Top.«ail Road, and some other points aflordiiig good views, and returned to a state dinner. In the evening the city was brilliantly illuininiited, and there was a fine displiiy of lirewoiks. Next day a noble Newloundland dog was presented to the Prince by chief justice Sir Francis lirady, on behalf of the people of the colony, which the Prince named Cabot, after the discoverer. The remainder NEWFOUNDLAND. 521 of the day was spent in examining the scenery of the vicinity, witness- ing the regatta, visiting a " fishing-room," as it is called, and observing the processes of curing codfish, and was concluded by a grand ball at the Colonial House. On the morning of the third day the Prince departed for Halifax amidst demonstrations of respect not less marked and enthusia.stic than those which had greeted his coming, and leaving all much delighted with his goodness and graceful manners. The interior of Newfoundland, which was almost totally unknown before Cormack's expedition in 1822, is an unbroken desert, filled with steep hills, ragged ravines, lakes and ponds innumerable, and streams full of falls and rapids. There are very many parts of it where the stoutest pedestrian can not advance, without a road, more than a mile an hour; the difficulties arising from the ruggedness of the country be- ing very much increased by the close stiff growth of stunted pines, firs and other northern trees, or the thickets of scrubby underwood and briars, which cover the rocks with an almost impenetrable mat of stiff, unyielding branches. From the tops of many of the low hills, fifty, sixty, or eighty ponds and lakes may be seen at one time ; and the valleys, if they do not contain a pond, frequently are occupied with a sort of marsh, consisting of a great sponge of moss several feet deep and of course constantly wet. Few roads are opened, and traveling between the settlements which fringe the eastern and southern coast, is performed almost wholly by water, even the courts, judges, officers, lawyers and all, being conveyed around the circuit in a vessel fitted up for that purpose. The people of Newfoundland are simple-hearted, honest, hardy, industrious and good-natured; very fond of news, and often believing the exaggerated reports that are frecjuently spread through the country. There is one singular exception to their communicative disposition, viz., ihat it is a point of honor with the hunters of seals and fur, not to reveal the result of their enterprises. A large proportion of the inhabitants are by descent cither Irish, or of the Norman race of the islands of Jersey and Cuernsey. The aboriginal inhabitants of Newfoundland were the lied Indians, so called from their habit of painting themselves and their possessions with red ochre. Their own name for themselves is Bcrothics. They were of the American Indian race ; extremely wild, savage, cruel and unapproaehaitle ; and all ellorfs to establish intercourse with them have been entirely futile. They have always been abused by the whites, many of whom have been in the habit of shooting them down it '4. '7) 522 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. like wild beasts ; so that their disposition toward the Europeans is entirely natural. They formerly occupied the whole island ; but have gradually been driven by the whites and a colony of Micmacs from the mainland, who came in about A. D. 1700, to the wild interior and north of the island. They are now either quite extinct, or have, as many suppose, emigrated to Labrador, none having been seen, it is believed, since about 1830. Many traces of their presence still remain, among which is a vast range of fencing, extending thirty or forty miles, intended to catch deer; and some of the northern settlers believe that they still haunt the interior of the island. The wild animals of Newfoundland are the deer, wolf, bear, hare, beaver, martin, dog, wild-cat, rat and mouse. The well known long- haired breed of Newfoundland dogs is very scarce, and almost impossible to obtain in purity. There is another short-haired native breed, a cross with the former, and possessing all its characteristic excellencies. The Newfoundland dogs are perhaps the most intelligent of the dog kind, and best suited to be a companion for man. . There are few parts of Newfoundland capable of cultivation to advantage ; the most considerable districts of this nature being in the southwestern angle of the island, about St. George's Bay, where some of the hardier fruits, grains and vegetables may be raised, and good grazing farms have been begun. Elsewhere, it has commonly been found impossible to cultivate the few sheltered patches of arable land, with any profit. Useful minerals or rocks are singularly rare, and very few trees grow large enough to afford timber, though the stumps and logs found in some of the- swamps indicate that a much heavie^growth formerly covered the island. The occupations which constitute its sources of wealth are therefore the fur trade, which is however not very exten- sive, and the fisheries, which are doubtless the most remarkable and important in the world. The chief fisheries are of cod, and seals. In Newfoundland, "fish" means codfish; other less important varieties are called by their respective names. All the waters of Newfoundland abound with fish ; but the fisheries of the northern and western coasts arc now mostly left to the French. The principal fisheries of the British are the shore fisheries. These are conducted in boats, managed by from two to four hands, and fishing at various distances, w • t close in shore to two or three miles out. Each hand has charge of two Uhcs, with two hooks each, baited with herring, mackerel, capclaii, NEWFOUNDLAND. 523 squid or clams, sometimes with flesh of birds, or fish's entrails. The cod is perhaps the most fearless and voracious of all fish ; and so rapidly do they bite that when plentiful the fisherman frequently has only to pull up one line after another, shake off the fish, sometimes two, and drop the bait over again, as fast as he can work, until his boat is filled. It is not at all uncommon for one person to catch 250 good fish, or about 2,500 pounds, in one day. When caught, the fish are carried ashore as soon as possible, thrown upon a stage, and by a division of labor among four persons respectively termed cut- throat, header, splitter and salter, are opened, cleaned and piled in salt to cure, at the rate of several hundred an hour. The curing is a deli- cate operation, subject, to failure from wrong proportion of salt, hot weather, rain and other casualties ; and with the subsequent washing and c'rying, occupies some weeks. When the fish will not take bait they are sometimes caught with a "jigger," or bare hook set in lead and moved up and down so as to strike into the fish. The fishing season commences in May, during which month the early herrings first arrive and are netted for bait. In June the cape- Ian, another kind of small fish, come upon the coast ; and the fish- ing continues with them and other bait, until September. The cod- fish, when completely cured, are assorted into several kinds, known as merchantable, Madeira, West India, and broken or dun-fish ; the first being prime, the second nearly as good, the third for the use of the negroes, and the fourth incapable of keeping, and therefore used at home. The sounds or bladders, and tongues, are cut from the refuse by the old men, women and children, and pickled in kegs ; the livers are exposed to the sun in vats until the oil drains off and is barreled, and then boiled to extract an inferior quality. All these different products of this industry are commonly sold by the fisher- men to wholesale merchants, for cash or goods. When the fishing season, the harvest of the year, is over, the settler frequently removes to some wooded neighborhood with his family, and occupies himself in making boats, oars, staves, hoops, &c., in hunting for game or wild fowl, or trapping for furs. Some salmon are caught ; one or two firms have been engaged in whaling ; but no other branch of the fisheries is imjjortant, compared with sealing. The season for sealing commences in March. It is carried on in vessels, usually brigs and schooners of from 80 to 150 tons, which are fitted out during the winter, and set out for tbe ice about the first of March, strongly manned with crews of from fifteen I s !•■;■ 1*!' 524 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. to forty men, who most frequently pay for their own provisions, and receive their wages in such a proportion of the seal skins caught as may be agreed on, the merchant or owner who fits out the vessel retaining the rest. The vessels leave the port through channels cut in the ice, if necessary, and steer straight for those vast fields of ice and bergs that float down from the Arctic ocean. Into the heart of these they penetrate, sailing where possible, making their way by towing, cutting channels, or squeezing between the masses of ice, where necessary, and exposed to the most frightful dangers from the movements of the ice, especially in , case of storms. The seals are found sunning themselves on the ice, or asleep on it, grouped together in neighborhoods, which are termed "seal meadows." When such a place is reached, the men arm themselves with spiked clubs, dis- perse about the ice, and knock the poor creatures in the head. If not instantly killed, the young ones cry out with a most lamentable moan like that of a young child. They are instantly skinned where they lie, and the skins, pelts, scalps, or sculps, as they are called, with the inner coat or blubber on them, carried to the vessel, strewed about the deck until their vital warmth is gone, and then stowed be- low. They, are on an average, perhaps three feet long by tv/o and a halt feet wide, and weigh from 30 to 50 pounds. As many as 800, 1,000, and even 1,500, are sometimes taken in a day. When first put in the hold, the skins of the young seals are white and clean, like lamb skins ; but by soaking in their own oil, they become stained of a dirty yellow. The oil and blood spilled and spread about in this business render the vessels employed in it horribly filthy. The seals are of four kinds; thebay seal, found on the coast; the hooded seal, witli a strange appendage like a hood which it can draw over its head ; the "square-flipper," and the harp seal, so called from a mark on its back. This last is the most valuable, and the one commonly killed. The following statistics may illustrate the importance of the New- foundland fisheries. When the population of the island was 101,000, in 1851, all but about 3,000 were occupied in the business of fishing. In 1852, the seal fishery employed 3G7 vessels, of 35,700 tons, and manned by 13,000 men. They took about 550,000 seals, whose pro- duce in skins, oil, &.C., was valued at £417,020. In 1850, the exports of fish were valued at £511,050; of oil, at £297,530. In 1815, were employed in the shore fishery, 10,089 boats, 879 cod seines, and 4,5G!:;| sealing nets ; the latter used to catch seals in narrow straits along the coast. NEWFOUNDLAND. 525 The bank fisheries are, as was already observed, mostly prosecuted by the French and Americans. They are pursued on the " Banks of Newfoundland," which are vast submarine plateaus or table lands, of rock, or of fine sand and shells, sometimes supposea have been accumulated by the deposition of materials brought by the Gulf Stream, and thrown where it meets the Arctic currents from the north. The Grand Bank is about 600 miles long by 200 wide, with a depth of water varying from 25 to 95 fathoms. It lies southwest of the island ; and a succession of other banks continue from it to the coast of Nova Scotia. The Outer Bank, or Flemish Cap, is a sort of con- tinuation of the Grand Bank, but is separated from it by about 100 miles of deeper water. These banks are overhung by constant fogs, caused by the confluence of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream with the colder waters and atmosphere of the north. These fogs often reach the southern coast of Newfoundland, sometimes covering a belt along the shore, sometimes standing like a wall at the distance of a mile or two, leaving the intermediate water quite clear. They pre- vail all summer unless there is a north or west wind ; but are not found on the west and east coasts, nor in the interior. On the south coast of Newfoundland, at the mouth of For- tune Bay, are three islands, called the Miquclets, the only possessions remaining to France, of all her former vast North American dominions. Their names are Miquelon, Little Miquelon, or Langley, and St. Pierre ; the former two being connected by a beach of sand sometimes dry enough to walk across, sometimes cut through by storms. They are rugged and barren, producing scarce- ly anything except grass for the pasturage of a few sheep and cows, and a few garden vegetables. White partridges are plentiful on them. The inhabitants are occupied in fishing. A French commandant is stationed here, with a small force of 40 or 50 soldiers, and the com- mercial regulations of the harbor, St. Pierre, on the island of that name, are vefy strict. The fisheries in the vicinity are very pro- ductive ; and they are the headquarters of all the French fisheries in the seas and on the coasts of Newfoundland. The Magdalen Islands, a group .viihin the Gulf of St. Lawrence, seventy miles from the southwest end of Newfoundland, though no longer under its jurisdiction, should properly be mentioned here. Including Biron Island and the Bird Islands, the group is about iifty- six miles long. Coffin's Island, the largest, being twenty-five miles in length, but very narrow. The group belonged to Admiral Sir Isaac M 526 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. ^ Coffin, having been granted to him by the British government for his eminent naval services ; and is strictly entailed in his family. The inhabitants are about 2,000 in number, mostly Acadian French, and employed in fishing. Considerable quantities of fish and gyp- sum are exported. Enormous quantities of sea-bird's eggs are taken from the Bird Islands. The soil of the Magdalen Islands is a sandy loam, on a basis of freestone rock. Nearly all that part of it which can be cultivated is occupied in raising potatoes for provisions, and as pasture. A little barley and oats are also grown, and wheat would probably ripen. The uncultivated parts of the islands are partly sandy downs thinly clothed with bent grass, and partly grown over with spruce, birch, and juniper. There is a grea^ abundance of cranberries and various other wild fruits. The Magdalen Islands are at present by a most inconvenient regu- lation, under the jurisdiction of Canada, where they are obliged to go to attend court, at a great expense. They are, of course, mostly Catholics, and have a chapel, where divine service is performed by a priest. 9 ( I I s^-^ ! I- 526 ' itllio. havii I IK cm j HP, I' AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. ■■ ,'•,-• :■■■•■ fA tH' 'iic iifilish govrrnni^- ,,..,. .• = ...,., ^v,(i ^ strictly entailed in Isii far ,"* ':«-«,-. Z'%M> r^ '.iiniber, mostly Acadian Frpn- m i'it4> rook. Nearly all that part of it which can be culln <«• x'Cupied in .raising potatoes for provisions, and as pastui, vfftie barley and oats are also grown, and wheat would proi- npeti. The uncultivated parts of the islands are uartly sandy d' thinly clothed with bent grass, and partly grouu over with sf*r' hirch. and juniper. There is a irreal jabundance of cranberriCti' various other wi^d t"ruits. Tlie Magdalen Islands are at present by a most incohvenicnt iHion, MTider the! Tunsdiction ularderie, extending great part of its length. The V,,,.. IV._(5'2. I 528 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. circuit of the coast measures 275 miles, and its southern part con- tains many bays and harbors ; while in the northern there are few places of safety for shipping. The shores are bold, and generally free from rocks. Its surface contains in all about 3,120 square miles. The island was first discovered by Cabot, and afterwards by the Italian voyager Verazzani, who named it Isle du Cap. The name of Isle Royale was given it by the French in 1713. In 1714, the first settlements were made upon it, by a few French fishermen from Newfoundland and Acadia, who established themselves in a scattered manner along the coast, as each one found convenient space for dry- ing fish or laying out a garden. No regular establishment was how- ever made until 1720, when the French, in order to secure them- selves a depot for their fisheries and the means of commanding the entrance to the St. Lawrence and the con)merce of Canada, founded the celebrated military town of Louisbourg, upon a safe and com- modious harbor near the southeastern angle of the island, fortified it at an expense of 30,000,000 of livres, raised it quickly to importance as a depot of naval and land forces and commerce, and gathered in it a population of 5,000. In i745, in revenge for some ill-judged attacks by the French on the English in Nova Scotia, the famous first siege of Louisbourg was [)lanned and performed. It is said to have been first suggested to Governor Shirley of Massachusetts, by a trader who had been within the town. Shirley sent to England for permission and aid in the autumn of 1744 ; but laid the scheme before the General Court of IMassachusetts under a pledge of secrecy, in the spring, witiiout waiting for an answer from home. It was rejected at first, but was accidentally revealed by a pious member, who at family prayers asked Cod's blessing on the enterpri.se. liecoujing rapidly known, and everywhere popular, petitions lor it came in from all over the colony ; it was reconsidered in the general court, resolved on by a majority of one, circulars sent to the other colonies for aid, and the raising (»f forces commenced at once. More than 3,200 were en- listed in Massachusetts, 500 from (^)nnectlcuf, and 300 from New IFampshire, together with a naval force of ten vessels, the largest <»f twenty guns, together with a few armed sloops. All this was done in two months; the command was bestowed on (^olonel Wil- liam IVp|>errell of Ivittery, Maine, nn afTablc and inlluenlial mr.) and shrewd merchant, but no great soldier. Great enthusip iti prevailed; CAPE BRETON. 529 (1 ill (Hirl iiout was \ (MS )\\n, the by a the en- |Ne\v rgest was hVil- ■\iiil Lileil ; George Whitefield, ihe famous preacher, gave the army for a motto for its (lag, "Nil desperandum Christo duce ;" and one of the chap- lains carried a great hatchet, to destroy the images in tlie French churches. Shirley sent to Commodore Warren, commander on the West India station, for cooperation, but he declined, having no orders. Greatly disappointed, Shirley however concealed this fact, and em- barking on the 4th of April, the provincial army reached Canscau in safety, but were detained there by ice for two weeks. Here they were rejoiced by the arrival of Warren, who had received orders from home to assist them, and who after consulting with l'ei)i)errell, proceeded to cruise before Louisbourg. On the Uilh,' the army arrived near Louisbourg, the first intimation of its coming being the appearance of the transports. The landing was etfected witliout dilficulty ; and the siege being at once formed, Lieutenant-colonel Vaughan with some New Hampshire troops, marched round to tiie northeast part of the harbor by night and set fire to some ware- houses with naval stores and liquors. The smoke was carried across the harbor into the Grand Battery, whose occupants were so terrified that they spiked their guns and tied into the city, and A'aughan, occu- pying the battery next morning, drilled the guns and turned ihem upon the city with elVect. During fourteen successive nights, and some foggy days, the hardy New Englanders did oxen's work, draw- ing across a morass within plain view of the fortress and reach of its guns, the heavy guns for a breaching battery ; hauling them on sledges by shoulder-straps through mud knee-deep. Duchanibon, the French comm' Jant, was summoned on the 7th of May, in vain ; the attack was vigorously pushed, and five breaching batteries erected, which destroyed the western gate of th.e town, and injured the circular battery. IJut so well constructed were the fortifications, and so vigorous the defense, that five successive atliu-ks on the bat- teries of the island at the harbor's mouth were all repulsed, the last with a loss of nearly 200 men. Warren, however, had taken the Vigilant, a French seventy-four, with 500 men and a vast (pianlity of military stores intended lor the town, but which seasonably supplied suiiie painful deficiencies in the cantp of the besiegers. This unwel- come news was carefully thrown in the enemy's way ; preparations were at the same time made for a general assault ; and Duchanibon, who had not dared to make any sorties, by reason of the very mutinous disposition of his men, found himself under t!>e neces.iity of oHering to cai>ilulale. On the KUh of June, accordingly, the town surrendered 530 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. W Thus a powerful fortress was reduced on a plan drawn up by a colonial lawyer, and executed by a body of colonial husbandmen and tradesmen. The works, which cost not less than 90,000,000 livres, consisted of a broad stone rampart thirty feet high, with a wide ditch and glacis, having two bastions and two demi-bastions on the land side, and between which and the high ground to the rear were deep morasses and ponds. The mouth of the harbor was defended by a battery of twenty guns on tlie point of the town ; another of thirty-six twcnty-four-pounders on the light-house point across the harbor's mouth ; two others of forty-eight great guns, on the island in the entrance ; another of five guns, in the line of the works ; another of fifteen guns on the light-house point, but further iii, and lastly, by two batteries at the bottom of the harbor, one of fifteen guns, and the other, called the Grand or Royal Battery, of twenty-cigiit thirty-six-pounders, and two eighteen pounders. There was also a strong boom within which vessels of war could be taken for defense. When tiie ))rovincials entered the town they were confounded at the strength of the works ; and it was conceded that the proposed assault must undoubtedly have failed. Indeed, the wliole enterprise was a most remarkable series of fortunate chances. Had 'Mt W;ir- ren cooperated, the attack would have been hopeless ; had not the garrison been mutinous, the besieging works could scarcely have been erected ; had not the force in the grand battery been so fool- ishly friglitened out of it, the most cfiicient point of the attiick would not hiive been gained ; had not Warren taken the Vigilant, its men and st(}res would have insi)irited the garrison beyond any idea of surrender ; had not the whole forty-nine Hays of the siege been remiukably fine, the works could not have been carried on, nor the troops been preserved in working order. Fifteen hundred of them wei(^ ill with dysentery as it was; the very day after the surrender a ton days' rain set in, which would infallibly have broken up the siege. Three other vessels, valued in all at £((00,000, were a few days afterwards decoyed into the harbor and taken. The i>lace was, to the great mortification of the colonists, returned to the I'reiu'h i»y the treaty of Aix-la-Cluipelle in 1718, in exchange for Madras. Ihit ten years afte:-wards, it was again besieged, in July 17r)N, by a liritish army umlcr (Jenerals Amherst. Lawrence and Wolfe, and a llift under IJoscawen, being 10,000 land lijrces and 157 ships. Against CAPE BRETON 531 linsl this powerful fleet and army, the French under M. de Drucourt, whose wile was constantly on the ramparts animating the soldiers, made a most heroic defense for eigliteen days, when they were obliged to capitulate. The combatants were now mostly sent to France, and the sea and land forces of the garrison, to the number of 5,120, carried prisoners to England. The stores and ammunition, and the :227 cannon, constituted a prize of immense value. The British government, fearing that Louisbourg might again fall into the hands of the French, resolved to destroy it, notwithstanding the inmionse expense and value of its fortifications and buildings, which included two fine churches, a hospital, a number of handsome stone houses for the officers, and various other public buildings. The houses were accordingly burned or torn down, and the fortificatioi s blown up with gunpowder. The site of the town, formerly so flourisliing, is now a melancholy and silent scene of deserted ruins, inhabited only by a few obscure fishermen, and pastured by a few sheep ; a sad monument of the instability of human fortunes. During nearly a quarter of a century after the destruction of Louisbourg, Cape Breton remained unoccupied except by a few scat- tered fishermen, and neglected by its new owners the English. After the peace uf Paris in 1738, it was, howevc, erected into a separate government, under Lieutenant-tiovernor Desbarres and an execu- tivc council. The town of Sydney was now laid out for a capital, and the public offices established there. But the island did not pros- per under this arrangement ; and since 18"J0 it has been reannexed to Nova Scotia, of which it now forms two counties. 'J'he Enu;lish settlements scarcelv began until after the American revolution, at which time a number of loyalist families removed into it. In 1800 settlers began to comb in from tiie highlands and islands of Scotland; from which regions a steady influx continued for many years. 'I'he [jopulation, now amounting to more than (50,000 of Scotch, French and Irish descent, is distributed over \hv island, except in the rugged districts of its northern portion. The Scotch are most mnnerous ; and are found on the shores of the Bras d'Or, on the Cuit of C'anseau and along the coast to Port Hood or Justaucorps Harbor, and at Cape jNIabon and St. Esprit. Tjie Acadians are chiefly at Arichat, Petit de Grat, Ardoise, the little Bras d'Or, IMarguerite and Cheticamp. There arc also some English, Jerseymen, and Hutch, and two or three hundred Micmac Indians, mostly W(jrthless and de- graded vagabonds. They have several reservations of land, and u 532 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. burying-ground and chai)el at Chapel Island in the Bras d'Or. They are nominally Catholics. The surface of Cape Breton is still mostly covered with woods, which contain much valuable timber. This is a valuable article of export, chiefly from the Bras dOr ; and affords materials for the building of many vessels. The interior of the island is penetrated by a singular arm of the sea, already mentioned by its name of the Bras d'Or, or Golden Arm, and which is supposed to have been produced by volcanic action at some very remote period. This inlet enters the island a little north of Sydney, by a passage about twenty-five miles long divided into two, from a fourth of a mile to three miles wide, by Boularderie Island, a narrow tract of land twenty miles in length, and from one to two in breadth. The northern entrance is safe for large vessels, the southern for small ones only. Where these singular inlets unite, they open into what is commonly called Great Bras d'Or Lake, about 20 miles by lo; and which branches into various smaller bays, the chief of which are named Whykokomagh, Denys, West Bay, Soklier Gulf, and the East Arm. The waters of the Bras d'Or are deep, and have many safe narbors. Codfish are caught in it at all seasons, in winter through holes cut in the ice, and in summer by boats. Bou- larderie Island, and all the inner shores of the Bras d'Or, are occu- pied by fishermen and farmers ; much of the land being of excellent quality. The whole depth of this great inlet, from the sea to its furthest point, is about 50 miles. Throughout the whole island, more especially in its southern portion, numberless small lakes are found, and very numerous streams of water. The largest lake is Ainslie, or Marguerite Lake, about twelve miles by four, which conuiiuni- cates with the sea by Marguerite river. Sydney, which was the capital of Cape Breton while a separate government, occupies a beautiful situation on a point of land be- tween Dartmouth River and an arm of Sydney harbor. Its harbor is safe and commodious, and its business extensive and growing, principally in the products of the celebrated Sydney coal mines. The coal beds in this vicinity are computed to extend over 250 square miles, with practicable seams, the main stratum being six feet thick. Fifteen miles distant are the Bridgeport mines, where the bed is nine feet thick. The Sydney coal is carried by a railway three miles, and transferred from the cars on a wharf to the shi[)S. It is principally shipped to the United States. 'I'lic coast between Sydney and Louisbourg exhibits exposed strata I CAPE BRKTON. 533 of coal in many places ; and at one poinl masses of cinders mark the spot where it was once set on fire and continued burning for some years. St. Peter's is a small settlement at the isthmus which connects the northern and southern portions of the island. The distance at tliis point between the head of St. Peter's Bay and the Bras d'Or, is only about 900 yards. Persons traveling between the shore of Bras d'Or and Nova Scotia, or elsewhere, often draw their boats across the isthmus with oxen ; a route for a canal has been surveyed across it, which would cost, as estimated, about £17,000, and would be of very great advantage to the island. Arichat, on Madame Island, at the southern entrance of the Gut of Canseau, is the most flourishing town of Cape Breton. Its popu- lation, which is over 2,000, mostly Acadian French, are employed in fishing and in the coasting trade. It is a port of entry, and exports considerable quantities of cured fish. The Gut of Canseau is a narrow passage about twenty-one miles long, and in many places only about one mile wide. It is the safest and nearest passage into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is crowded with vessels during the summer and autumn. The scenery along its shores is picturesque and sublime ; and its tides present some curi- ous phenomena, sometimes flowing the same way for several suc- cessive days. Port Hood, or Justaucorps Harbor, eighteen miles north of the Gut of the Canseau, has an excellent harbor, good fisheries, and about it is much good pasture land. Gheticamp, a fishing town sev- enteen miles north of Marguerite River, on the western coast, has a harbor for schooners, and some fishing establishments. The coast from this point to North Cape is iron-bound and precipitous, almost uninhabited, and has been the scene of very many dreadful ship- wrecks. Cape North is a rocky point, at the extreme northern end of the island. Between it and Cape Egmont, on the eastern or At- lantic coast, is Asp6 Bay, which has a very fine beach, on which is found a fine heavy black sand, consisting almost entirely of iron. Many coins are from time to time thrown up here by the sea, doubt- loss from some wreck. The soil in its vicinity is fertile, but the fogs of the fishing banks render the climate uncertain for some of the slower crops, such as wheat. The towns and localities thus enumerated are those of most im- portance and interest on the island of Cape Breton. Communica- 534 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED, tion amongst them is to a great extent by water ; the roads not being very good, though now increasing in number and improving in quahty. The inhabitants are remarkably tenacious of their various hered- itary manners and customs, and of their rehgious opinions and modes of worship. Tiiey are almost universally in circumstances of com- fort, but are not remarkably neat nor thorough in household economy or in agriculture. Tlie singular maritime advantages of their situa- tion, and tlie mineral and natural productions of the island, also fre- quently draw them away from the quiet and unexciting pursuit of farming. The animals and fish of Cape Breton are similar to those of Nova Scotia and Xew Brunswick. The moose, formerly plentiful, has be- come quite scarce, having been indiscriminately slaughtered merely for their skins. The caribou is still found, and very fine salmon and trout may be caught in great abundance. It is computed that about 500,000 acres of good farming land may be found Oil the island, all capable of pasturing sheep and cattle, and very much of it of bearing fine crops of barley, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, hemp and flax. The best land is found around the Bras dOr, on the streams entering it, and along many of the other ri\er valleys. Fogs and rains are quite prevalent on the Atlantic const, but the climate is on the whole remarkably healthy, and instances are frecjuent of persons who attain to the age of ninety and even a hundred years. The rocks of Cape Breton are chiefly granite, limestones, and primitive slate. The coal deposits of Sydney have already been mentioned ; and other ]»rofitable mines are worked in several parts of the southern district. Excellent iron ore is also found in large quantities. There are some fine salt springs, and large deposits of gypsum. While the French occupied Louisliourg, it is said that not less than 500,000 quinti-ls of codfish were exported yearly from Cape Breton, and that UOO vessels were occupied in its trade and fishery. The fisheries are still the most important of its interests ; and the following statistics, from the latest accessible public returns, describe its present exports and imports. They are, however, known to be very far below the actual amount, intrily owing to the difllculty of scjiarating them from the returns of Nova Scotia. The number of vessels clearing inward at the ports of Cape Bre- CAPE BRETON. 535 ton in 1850, was 508, of 48,001 tons; clearing outward, 505, of 30,924 tons. Coal raised at the Sydney mines in 1851, 53,000 chal- drons. Total value of imports for 1850, £27,495 ; of exports, £07,802. To illustrate, however, the inadequacy of these ollicial returns, we may add tl^at where the total quantity of the item of mackerel cured in .'i-c island, was returned in 1848, as 14,050 bar- rels, it was calculated that during one of the years immediately fol- lowing, 100,000 barrels were cured at the single port of Cheticamp. The material resources of Cape Breton are still but very little developed. The island is capable of supporting a population of two or three hundred thousand, instead of about a quarter of that num- ber; and its mines, fisheries and forests, would furnisli wealth infi- nitely greater than has yet been gathered from them. Although exceedingly brief, the late visit of the Prince of Wales to this portion of his future colonial dominions should not be omitted. It was found necessary to touch at Sydney for the purpose of coal- ing, on the passage from Newfoundland to Halifax. The Prince took advantage of the delay to land and examine the country. He was received by a company of volunteers summoned together in haste, and by the inhabitants, who testified much delight at the visit. The Prince visited an encampmeui of Micmac Indians near the town, inspected their tents and household arrangements with much curiosity, and purchased some of their little wares. The visit was of course short and informal, not permitting extensive demonstra- tions nor great crowds ; but was very gratifying to the loyal inhabit- ants of Sydney. — :il 1 ! 1 1 PRIICE EDWARD'S ISLAND. DISCOVERY. — GRANT TO DOUBLET. — FRENCH POSSESSION. — ENGLISH SEIZURE. — EGREIIONT'S FEUDAL SCHEME. — ISLAND GIVEN AWAY BY LOTTERY. — GOVERNMENT ORGANIZED. — LIST OF GOVERNORS. — POPULATION. — TOPOGRAPHY. — GEOLOGY, — NATIVE TREES AND ANIMALS. — FISH- ERIES, WHY NOT DEVELOPED. — AGRICULTURE, — CLIMATE. — COMMERCE. — CHARLOTTE TOWN. — CHARACTER OF PEOPLE. — RELIGION. — EDUCA- TION. GOVERNMENT. WEALTH AND GOOD PROSPECTS. — PRINCE OF WALES' VISIT IN 1860. In June, 1497, Sebastian Cabot, having discovered Newfoundland just before, sighted the land of Prince Edward's Island, which he named St. John's Island from the day of its discovery. This name was retained until 1799, when it was changed in consequence of the confusion arising from there being so many other localities bear- ing it, and was called Prince Edward's Island, in honor of the Duke of Kent, the father of her Majesty the Queen. Cabot's discovery was not made the basis of any claim to owner- ship by the English ; and Verrazani having discovered it again in 1523, it was claimed and taken possession of by the French govern- ment, his employers. In 10(53 it was granted, togeiher with the Mag- dalen group and the islands near them, to a certain Sieur Doublet, a captain in the French navy, to be held by him as vassal to a cor- poration called the company of Miscou. Doublet was associated with two companies concerned in fishing ; but they made no other use of the island than to establish a few fishing stations upon it. After the treaty of Utrecht in 1715, the French from the mainland and Cape Breton, finding the soil excellent, began to enter it in such consider- PRINCE EDWARD'S 'SLAND. 537 able numbers, that the French government apprehended the extinction of the fishing establishments at Louisbourg and elsewhere, and accord- ing to the rude coercive policy ot' the times, at once prohibited fish- ing except at one or two of the harbors. When the English seized Nova Scotia, many of the Acadians fled to the island, which became the headquarters of the desultory warfare kept up by the French and Indians against the English untij the latter took possession of it after the second seige of Louisbourg in 1758. Lord Rollo, who was in command of the party, found in the house of the French governor an immense number of English scalps, which the Micmacs had brought in and been paid for. The island had been a principal re- sort of that tribe from time immemorial ; and in some of their usual places of summer encampment, near oyster beds, the shells of the oysters they caught still cover the ground for acres together, to the depth of from one to six feet. In 17G3, the island was ceded to Great Britain with the remainder of the French North American colonies. In the next year a gene- ral government survey of the British possessions in North America was commenced by order of government, and that of Prince Ed- ward's Island was finished in 1776. The value of the island was now recognized, and various plans were discursed for settling it, one oT which, [)roposed by Lord Egremont, then first lord of the admiral- ty, was that he should himself be created lord paramount of the island, and that it should be divided into twelve baronies, to be held by as many barons of him on a feudal tenure, each baron to erect a castle, maintain a military force, and sub-let his property to feudal sub-tenants. It was at last decided to lay off the island into si.\ty- seven townships of about 20,000 acres, and to give these to a number of persons who had claims on the government. The applicants were 60 numerous, that this plan was finally followed by a means of a dis- tribution by lot, with tickets for third, half, and whole townships. Each township was to pay from 2s. to Os. per annum for each hun- dred acres, and to be settled by one settler to each two hundred acres within ten years, otherwise the grants were to be void. This lottery was drawn, and thus the whole l,3ii0,000 acres, all except a township or two, given away in one day. But the plan did not turn out well. Many of the proprietors never intended to s(;ttle on the island, but niorely to trade in their land, and some of them had not the means to pcrfoim the conditions of the gift; so that the mandamuses or warrants for grants quickly became on article 508 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. of trade, and many of tlicni were l)ougIit up on speculation. Tlie pro- prietors now petitioned to have the i.shmd made a separate government, and governor Walter Patterson and officers were sent out in 1770, there being only five resident proprietors and 150 families on the island. In 1773 the first colonial legislature met. In November 1775, two armed American vessels jilundered Charlotte Town, and carried ofl' the governor, surveyor-general, and a number of the council. Upon reaching the American headquarters however. Gen Washington severely reproved the captains, and sent back the prisoners and their property, with great kindness and many expres- sions of regret. Governor Patterson's administration extended to 1789. lie made some exertions to promote settlements, but most of his term of olFice was embittered by quarrels with the proprietors about quit-rents (hie the crown. He was succeeded by General Fanning, a native of the United States, and who was mostly absorbed in endeavoring to ac- quire a large landed estate in the island. In this he succeeded, gaining at the same time the reputation of being the most severe landlord in the colony. Fanning's successor. Gov. Desbarres, though aged, was a man of liberality and talents, and the colony flourished under his administration. He was succeeded, in 1813, by Charles Doiighis Smith, Esq., a brother of the celebrated naval commander Sir Syd- ney Smith ; a man of an arbitrary and violent temper, who involved himself in a series of bitter quarrels with the assembly and other colonial officers, which resulted in his removal. Col. Readv was appointed in his place, in 18'24. The remaining governors are as follows: Sir Arctas Young, appointed 1831; Sir Charles Augustine Fitzroy, 1837; Capt. II. Yere Huntley, ISIO; Sir U. Campell, IS.'jO; Sir Alexander Banncrman, 1851 ; Sir Dominic Daley, 1851, and George Dundas, Escp, 1S5S. A good measure of the growth and prosperity of the island is af- forded by the progress of the po[)ulation. This was, in 1758, about 6,000; in 1802,20,071; in 1822,21,000; in 1825,28,000; in 1^S3, 32,292; in 1841, 47,031; in 1848, G2.G78 ; in 1854, 90,000. While the Duke of Kent was coinn.ander of the forces in Nova Scotia, he did mucii for the island, organizing a provincial force of cavalry and infantry, and causing the erection of efficient batteries for the de- fense of Charlotte Town; so that during the wars with France from 1792 to 1815,it was never molested by any enemy. A measure which gave a very great impulse to tiie enterprise and PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. 539 prosperity of the colony was the final eoniimitation efTected durinir the years 1801-4, for the arrears of sovornmcnt quit-rents, which had been accumuhiting since 17G9. Tl)e townships were classed ac- cording to circumstances, and assessed at from 4 to 15 years rpiit- rcnts as they could bear. The quit-rent system however continued an inconvenient and unpopular mode of raising revenue, and a move- ment was commenced in 1833, which resulted in its discontinuance, and the substitution of other and more usual modes of raising the necessary income of the province. Prince Edward's Island lies in a sort of nook or bar of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, embraced as it were between the horns of the deep curve formed by the shore of New Brunswick, Xova Scotiu and Cape Breton. It is about 140 miles long, fifteen to thirty-four miles broad, and contains a total area u\ ;J,134 scpiare miles, or 1,300,000 acres. It is deeply indented by two large bays, Hills- borough bay on the south and Richmond Bay on the north, which divide it naturally into three sections, connected by comparatively narrow isthmuses. Other bays anrl deep rivers penetrate it so fre- quently and far that scarcely any ])ortion of it is more than eight miles from tide-water. The appearance of the island is picturesque and pleasing, though without bold features. Most of its surface is level or gently undulating, there being scarcely any high lands ex- cept a chain of not very high hills crossing the island in the middle, from De Sable to Grenville Bay. No limestone, gypsum, coal, iron, or other merchantable mineral has been discovered on the island. Its rock is almost invariably a red sandstone, an occasional isolated boulder of granite being found, lodged by ice in some previous age of the world. There is, however, abundance of good brick clay, and potter's clay. The soil is usually a light reddish loam, in some places approaching the character of elav, in others sandv, but sandv portioi-.s of a dark color are com- monly very fertile. The soil is strong and rich to a most uncom- monly uniform degree, almost the only exceptions being occasional swamps, usually consisting of a spongy turf, or of black mould or muck, resting on white sand. Some of these swamps produce only shrubs and moss; others, alders and long rank grass. When drained however, they make excellent meadow land. There are also a few tracts termed " barrens," usually of a whitish sand, and producing only a few dried mosses and shrubs ; but all such land is probably capable of improvement. Some of the salt marshes are overflowed m% 540 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. by the tide ; in which case they produce a strong but nutritious grass, and if dyked, very heavy crops of hay or grain. The wliole of the island was originally covered with a strong growth of forest trees, mostly pine, spruce, hemlock, beech, birch and maple. There are many large poplars, and white cedar is found in the northern districts. Oak, elm, ash, and larch, are not very common, and the wood of the first is poor. There are many other smaller trees. Tremendous fires have raged in the forests at dill'or- enl times, and the tracts laid bare by their fury have not yet always been filled by a second growth. These fires destroyed large (pian- tifies of pines, and large (juantilies more have been used for houses and shipbuilding ; so that now there is probably no more than is needed for the island itself. iSarsaparilla, ginseng, and other medi- cinal plants, abound. Among the fruits which grow wild, are an as- tonishing profusion of ras[)berries, strawber>'''es, cranberries, blue berries, and whortleberries. Among the native quai!ru|)e(ls are, tlie bear, loup-cervior, fox, liare, otter, muskrat, mink, wca.sel, scpiirrel, &c. IJcurs and loup- cerviei's formerly made much havoc among Jlocks, but a bounty was given for their destruction by government, and they are now com- paratively rare. Otters and martins were fornierly plenty, but as well as the muskrat, have been so much hunted as to become scarce. In the early |)art of the pre.u'iit century, mice were so pleiitii'ul and destructive that they have been known to destroy a whole field of wheat in one night. At present they do little injury. In the early days of the colony, the walrus used to frequent its shores in such numbers that a considerable profit was made on their oil, skins and teeth. They have, however, not been seen for f<»rtv or filtv venrs, thou'^h still sometimes to be found at the Magdalen Islands ami other places to the n» rlhward. The harbor seal haunts the shuie during .sunnner and autumn ; and vast numbers of harp seals sometimes float into the neighl)orhood on ice from the north. IJirds of all kind.s abound ; wild geese, brant, wild ducks, wild pigeons, and partridges are all pliMitiful and excellent in their seasons, the latter being protected from the sportsman by a law of tlur |trov- iiKM' prohibiting .-^hooting them between April first and .September first. The fish and shell fish of the waters of the island are tho«;e of all the waters of the gulf of St. Lawrence and its tributary streams. The oysters are esteemed remarkably fine, and were at one time PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. 541 carried off in such quantities to Quebec and Halifax, that the as- sembly passed an act, in 1828^ prohibiting their export for a consid- erable period. It is a singular fact that, with almost unrivaled advantages of situation and harbors, the fisheries should liave attracted so little attention from the inhabitants of the island. It is true that the fer- tility of the soil is no less remarkable ; but it would naturally be expected that the more adventurous life and more rapid gains of the fisheries would have had as much jnlluence here as they have had in the other neighboring provinces. But so far is this from being the case, that even the Charlotte Town market is but ill supplied with fish, and the exports of it are comparatively trifling. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the island ; and one for which it is most strikingly adapted by the almost uniform excel- lence of its soil, and the favorable nature of its climate. Wheat is raised in abundance, and u large surplus exported ; rye, buckwheat, barley and oats, all produce heavy crops of excellent quality ; beans and peas, and all kinds of esculent roots and culinary vegetables, grow in the utmost perfection. Cherries, plums, currants and goose- berries, thrive well. The apples have not commonly been so good, probably from poor management, as careful culture has produced some excellent ones, and the climate can not be reckoned unfavorable to them, since some trees planted by the French before 1758 were bearing well in 1830. Flax and all the grasses grow well ; hemp and Indian -orn do not seem so well adai)ted to the soil. Potatoes are a large and staple crop of the island, and are famous for their excellence, not only at home, but throughout large portions of British North America and the United States, llonses, cattle, sheep and hogs, thrive well; the horsos, many of which are of the Canadian breed, are remarkably hardy aiid enduring. There is only one cir- cumstance unfavorable to agricultural pursuits, and this merely calls for somewhat increased providence for the future. This is the length of the winters, which renders it necessary to lay in a largo quantity of fodder, vi/., not less than a ton of hay per head lor black cattle, and in a corresponding proportion for others. Farms are very fretpiently laid out in long strips, of ten chains front and u hundred chains deep. This is inconvenient on sonic accounts, but secures each soltler a share of road or water frontage. The soil produces good crops instantly on being redeemed from the forest, and is seldom exhausted even when ({uitu umnanured, by t i ,1 rz 542 AMERICA ILLUSTRATED. the longest succession of them. When it is, or where it is deficient in fertility, stable and yard manure are used, or resort is had to the vast stores of sea-weed, " muscle-mud," which is a natural deposit of muscles, shells, decayed vegetable matter, &c., found in the bays and creeks, and even to the ordinary salt mud everywhere found in the creeks, all of which possess much fertilizing power, and the Hrst two a very remarkable degree of it. The climate is singularly healthful. The winters are long and severe, and the summers warm, vegetation coming forward with wonderful quickness. But the extremes of heat and cold are not so great as in Canada ; the fogs of parts of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and Newfoundland are unknown, and the air is clear, dry, bracing, and peculiarly healthful. No intermittent fevers are known, and those sudcring with them soon recover. Invalids and feeble persons very frequently regain health and strength on taking up a residence on the island ; and consumption is seldom met with. It is by no means un- common to meet persons of ninet)' or one hundred years old, still able to labor in the open air, and who have never known a day's sickness. The conmierce of the island has consisted in part of the sale of ships, fishing vessels, &c., to England or the other colonies, and in part of the exj)ort of the products of its agriculture and the corres- ponding itnport trade. The exhaustion of the forests, however, has decreased the attention paid to ship-building ; while the other branch of commerce has grown with the increase of population and of fann- ing. As early as in the days of the French dominion, such large supplies were drawn from Prince Edward's Island for Louisbuui!:. Quebec and other fortresses and settlements, that it was surnaiiR'd the granary of North America; and it is said that individual farmers then frequently ex|)orted 1,200 bushels a year of grain. Tiie whole e.\[>orts of the year 1850 were estimated at a value of £05,1J)S ; and of imports, €120,005. In 1851 the exports wne to the anioinit of £72,003, of which about one-third was sent to the I'nitL'd States, including 222,100 bushels oats, 17,020 bushels barlfy, -15,012 bushels potatoes, 3,000 l)ushels turnips, 1,700 p.iunds wool, 1,7N(> l)arrels pickled fish, 050 tjuintals dried fish, sixty cwt. iron, and 2.215 hack- matack knees. The mamifactiuTsof the island are principally of linen and flannel for home use. There were in 18 IH, twenty-seven canlitiir mills, thirtet-n breweries and distilleries, 110 grist mills, 1,'JO saw-mills, and 21U threshing muchincs. r