IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // M 1.0 I.I 11.25 IM 12.5 ^ 1^ ■ 2.2 U |L6 / yM Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 145M (716) 872-4S03 \ ^ <^ ^2i% ' J^^^' ^ ^ ^ 'V ^A, A^^- ' ^^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic l^otes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D □ D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pellicul6e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleui (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplimentaires: L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or fuxec Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materi{ Comprend du material suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages discoloured, stained or fuxed/ I I Pages detached/ rrj' Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une peiure, etc., ont 6t6 filmdes d nouveau de fa^on ^ obtenjr la meilleure image po'^sible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X laire s details iues du It modifier iger une e filmage The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Thomas Fisher Rare Booit Library, University of Toronto Library The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire film6 fut reprodult grdce d la g6n6rosit4 de: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto Library Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire filrn^, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. 1/ u6es Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated Impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. Ail other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sent filmds en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par ia premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^»> (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »- signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". ire IVIaps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmis d des taux de reduction diffdrents, Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reprodult en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. >y errata ed to mt ine pelure, apon d 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 ' k \. ** ( 'V pur Indiana in a]S[ew ]Liglit. A Lecture on the Indians, .A.nSIIj-2»(E.A.-2-, leso. BY THE ( REV. E. F. WILSON, A CLERGYMAN OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND WHO HAS BEEN Laboring among the Indians of Canada and has four Institutions for Indian (children under his charge. A Member of the Canadian Institute, The Buffalo Historical Societt, The Pennsylvania Historical Society, The American Folklore Society and Secretary of THE CANADIAN INDIAN RESEARCH AND AID SOCIETT. Mr. Wilson vkis accompanied on his lecturing tour hy two little Indian boys from Shingivauk Home, Willie Soney and Zosie Dosum. I»RICB TEIT CBITTS. HALIFAX, N. S. PRINTED BY HOLLO WAY BROS., 69 GRANVILLE STREET, 1890. // MR 'J 0ar Indians in a Sgw ligbt. V' The subject wliich I wiwh to introduce to the notice of this audience is of a two-fold character. I desire first to give, as briefly as possible, a general view of the history and condition of the Indians in British North America, and then to pass on secondly to that particular work of training young Indian children, to which the past sixteen years of my life have been devoted. But before proceeding to either of these subjects, allow me, first of all, to introduce to your notice the two little Indian boys, pupils of the Shingwauk Home, who accompany me. (The tivo little boys here stepped forward and, bowed. They were dressed in dark navy blue serge jackets and pants, trimmed luith sr.arlet, ivlth netted scarlet sashes round their waists, and beaded moccasins on their feet.) This elder boy is named Willie Soney ; he is about twelve years of age, comes from Walpole Island, is a member of the Pottawatami tribe ; he has been two and a half years in our Institution, and has made very good progress ; he beats the big drum in our brass band, and his Indian name is " Pah-tah-se-wa " The younger boy is named Zosie Dosum ; he is about eight years old, is an Ojebway, and has been a year and a ha'f in our Institution ; he comes from the north shore of Lake Superior, and used to be a regular little wild Indian ; his Indian name is " Ah-ne-me-keens," meaning " Little Thunder." (The boys then retired.) PART L— GENERAL VIEW. At the present time the total number of Red Indians living in the United States and in Canada is estimated to be about 375,000. Of this number, about 250,000 have their residence in the States, and 125,000 live in Canada. Of these 125,000 Can- adian Indians, about 18,000 reside in Ontario, 12,000 in Quebec, 4,000 in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 7,000 in Manitoba, 30,000 in what is generally called the Canadian North West, 38,000 in British Columbia, 7,000 in the Mackenzie River District, and the rest about Hudson Bay, Labrador and the Arctic Regions. When the white people first came to this country, and for many years subsequently, they were, naturally enough, regarded by the Indians as all belouijinfj to one nation — one tribe. Thev had all white faces, the men wore beards, they had hair and eyes of all shades of color, they all seemed to be of the same bustling disposition, and they all appeared to .speak what sounded to the native oar as an uriintolliyililc Jargon. It was natural onouifh, therefore, that they should he r(\i;ar(le(l liy the natives as all belonging to one great trihe. Kut after a time tlu; Indians found tlieniselves to be mistaken. They f(jund that these white people consisted of French, English, Spaniards and (Jermans, all talking diffeient languages and hailing from different counti'ies. Now, I have no doubt that a very gi'eat many white people make the same mistake in regard to the Indians, that the Indians, many years ago, used to make alxjut them. Because these people resemble one another in the color of their skin, in their black hair and eyes, in their general physiognomy, habits and character, and because they talk what sounds like an unintelligible jargon, therefore thev are Indians^iust Indians— and noijodv takes the trouble to en(|uii'e anything fui'ther about them. It would surpi'ise many, no doubt, to hear that upon this con- tinent of North America tlujn^ ai'e at present spoken, oi" have within the past century been spoken, veiy neai-ly A THOUSAND DIFFERENT INDIAN LANGUAdES AND DIALECTS, and that these hiTiguages and dialects have betiu proved to b(;long to no less than 56 distinct linguistic stocks, tlu," so-called Indian dialects differinii' from one another, in manv instances, as much as French does fron» English, ami the stocks to which they belong haviuii' almost as wide a variation as, let us sav, that which exists between English and Japanese, tlu^ veiy phonetic elements, letters of tiie alphaV)et, and grammatical sti'ucture being almost entirely distinct. It surelv seems a strang*' thing that there should be such a multiplicity of languages spoken l)y the aboi"igines of this con- tinent, and I should think this circumstanct' alone might be adduced as one proof of the great anticpiity of the origin of this re- markable people. Men of leai-ning and science are hegiTuiing to regard the study of the Indians of North America, their early histor}', their folklore, their lelics of the past, as an occupation well worthy of tlie most patient research and the profoundest attention. It has been said that the study of Ancient America is as well wortliv of the attention of ethnologists and arclHtiolo that an Indian would have been far more at home in the days of Abram, Isaac and Jacob, when the people dwelt in tents and had their flocks and their herds, and lived in a (]niet contented n)anner, than he is amid the bustle and rush of this lOth century. The Indians that we see now and whom we are so apt to , Dear Sir, Yours truly, CHARLES COLVILLE, Captain, • Governor-QeneraVa Secretary. The lollowiny: officers were elected : Sir William Dawson. ( The Bishop of Ontario. } Hon. G. W. Allan. PreHident, Vice-Pre,sideiits, Secretary, Treasurer, - "^ Rev Dr. Bryoe. (SiR James Grant. Rev. E. F. Wilson. W. L. Marler. Members of Council. The Bishop of Algoma, Chief Brant, Rev. Principal Grant, Dr. Dawson, Dr. Thorburn, Mr. H. B. Small, Rev. H. Pollard, The Bishop of Toronto, Rev. Dr. Sutherland, R(^v. Dr. Sweenv, Tiie aim and object of the Society shall be to promote the welfare of the Indians ; to guard their interests ; to preserve their history, traditions and folklore, and to diffuse information with a The Bishop of Caledonia, Rev. J. McDougall (Alberta), Dr. Bernard Gilpin, G. F. Matthew, J. M. Lemoine, G. M. Sproate, David Boyle. 8 view to creating a more general interest in both their temporal and spiritual progress. A Monthly Journal shall be published under the auspices of the Society, to be called " The Canadian Indian," and to give general information of mission and educational work auKjng the Indians, (irrespective of denomination) besides having papers of an ethnological, philological and archaeological character. Mem- bers to be entitled to one co])y of tlrjne, and were loiully applauded; ilie little fellow>, Zosie, especixdly attracted attention. When ashtd by the elder boy ivhat he itsed to do before he came to the Shingwaidc Home, he replied in clear tones, his eyes tir.inliing ivith laughter, " I used to rnnabouJ like a rabbit." The boys cdso gave several ivords and sentences in their oivn language. ) PART II. I have given you a brief general description of the Indians as they now exist, with some little insight into their past history. Allow me now to refer more din'ctly to that [»articular work, which, during the last sixteen years, has occupied my time and attention; namely, my Institutions for Indian children. MY INSTITUTIONS ARE FOUR IN NUMBER, the Shingwauk Home, for boys, and the Wawanosh Home, for girls, at Sault St. Marie, in Algoma, and the Washakada Home, for girls, ami Kasota Home, for boys, at Elkhorn, on the western border of Manitoba. Our Algoma Homes and Manitoba Homes are about 900 miles apart, and we are now taking steps to estab- lish another pair of Homes about 700 miles still further west, at Medicine Hat, almost under the shadow of the Rocky Mountains. All these Homes will be under my own superintendence, ail will be carried on upon one general plan, and one connuon uniform will be worn by all the pupils. I shall now refer briefly to the history and present condition of each of the four Homes at present under my charge, and to our prospective Homes at Medicine Hat. AND FIRST, THE SHINGWAUK, that beintx the oldest of the four. In the summer of 1871 an Intlian Chief, Augustin Shingvvauk by name, who is at present about 90 yeaivs of age and still living at Garden River, near Sault St. Marie, was at work in the bush, making birch-bark troughs for the next season's sujjar makinj;, and while so engajjed he was thinking about his people ; he was thinking how the white people, like th(! rising sun, were coming in from the east and spreading themselves over towards the west and tillint; all the countrv, and how the poor Indians were being driven back and back. Then a thought struck suddenly like an ari'ow into his breast. He thought, " I will go down below among the white people and plead the cause of my brethren and ask that a " big teaching wigwam " may be erected here, at Garden River, in which our children may be educated and taught to work like white people, so that when they grow up they may be taught to gain their living in the same way as the white people do." This was the old Chief's thought, and he very .soon put it into execution. He had only S4.00 in his pocket, but he got on board a steamboat and took his passage to Sarnia, iiOO miles to the south. Here he met with me, as I was at that time mi.ssionai-y to the Sarnia Indians. The old Chief told me his errand and asked me to go with him as interpreter. I consented, and we spent ten days or so going about addressing meetings, and collected about $300.00. That same autunni I left Sarnia and went to live among the Indians at Garden River. The following spring I called the Garden River Indians around me and said to them, " If you Indians are reallv in earnest in vour desire to have a biij teachingr wigwam for your chiMren, we had better set to work and collect the money," and I said, " I think the best plan will be for me to cross over the ocean to the country of your great mother, the Queen, and their plead j^our cause, and I would propose that an Indian Chief should m) with me." And so it was arranged that Chief Buhkwujjenene, a younger brother of Chief Shingwauk, should go with me to England. Chief Buhkwujjenene was attired in a blanket coat, leggings and moccasins, a skunk skin on his arm and medals on his breast, and arrayed in this manner he arrived with me in England. We spent about two months going about addressing meetings and collected about £800 (.1^4,000.00). Then we returned to Canada, went back to Garden River, and the foUowino- summer the lono- talked of " biff teaching; It was a long frame building with wigwam was erected. 10 accommodation for about 40 scholars. But that Institution was only six days in existence. It was opened on a Monday, the the 22nd day of September, 1873, and the following Sunday IT WAS BUHNEI) TO THE GROUND and everything destroyed. Nothing was saved. Indeed we barely escaped with our lives. But Almighty God had blessings in store for us. This seeming calamity turned out in the end to be of great benefit to our woi'k. Great sympathy was stirred up on our behalf, and by the end of a year we had S^ 10,000.00 in hand with which to rebuild our Institution. And now we have a handsome stone building with accommodation for GO pupil.s, and we call it the Shingwauk Home, after the old Indian Chief Shinjjwauk. Thebovs at this school receive an ordinary comnum school education. Some are trained as teachers, and others are taught shoemaking, tailoring, weaving, carpentering, blacksmith- ing and farming. The Home is supported partly by government grant, partly by contributions from England, and partly by church of England Sunday Schools throughout Canada. Our second Institution, THE WAWANOSH HOME FOR INDIAN GIRLS, has had also a chequered history. It was named after the old Indian Chief Wawanosh, who formerly lived at Sai-nia. The word should be pronounced Way-way-nosh, not Wahwunoosh. Way-way-no.sh means a large bird sailing gracefully overhead, but Wahwunoosh means rotten eggs. After our Shinjjwauk Home had been some few vears in ex- istence, we thought it desirable to try and establish a second Institution for Indian <>irls. So I crossed the Atlantic ao-ain to try and get some help from our English friends. I was not very successful. Many of our friends thought I was attempting too much, and I only got a little money. I wanted, however, to make a beginning, .so I drew up a plan for the future Wawanosh Home, and we decided on erecting what was afterwards to be the back winj; of the buildinij. As soon as this was built I entjatjed a lady as teacher and we receive would have come in and we .should l)e able to complete the building. But in this I was disappointed ; no more money came. Our exche(|uer was exhausted, and we were obliged, most reluctantly, to close the buihling and send these ten Httle girls back to their homes. About six weeks after this there arrived a sail-boat at the Shingwauk Home, and in the sail-boat was an Indian and five little Indian girls. Three of these little girls had been at the Wawanosh Home the winter before ; they had not understood 11 i about its being closed, and havinj^ had, as they thought, sufficient holiday, had come back to us and brought two little companions with them. What were we to do ? The Indian who brought them seemed exceedingly disappointed when we told him that the Home was closed for want of funds. He said that he had come a hundred miles in an open sail-boat on puipose to bring the little girls to school, and it seemed to him altogether too bad to have to take them all that long way back again. WE KNELT UPON OUR KNEES IN PRAYER and asked Almighty God's direction, and then it seemed to us that it would not be right to send the little girls away, .so we would open the Wawanosh Home again. When the Children of Israel an-ived on the shores of the Red Sea, there was the sea spread out before them, mountains on either side, their enemies behind them ; they seemed to be completely hemmed in and knew not which way to turn. But the word came to them from God, " Go forward ! " and they went forward simply trusting the Divine command, and not one of those Israelites wetted the sole of his foot, for God made a dry path for them through the midst of the sea. So, I believe, if we will only trust in God and look above for direction when placed in any dilemma, that surely God will direct us, and that when the word comes from Him to " go forward," then we should go forward, nothing doubting, and He surely will open the way for us. Certainly, in this instance, the way was opened for us. Just at that veiy time when we were in that dilemma about the Wawanosh Home, with those little girls applying for admission, a kind lady in England was, unknown to us, writing us her cheque for £250 .sterling for the Wawanosh Home, and a little later there came $600 from the Indian Depart- ment and a promise of an annual grant. Thus, in the providence of God, our way was opened for us, we completed our Wawanosh Home, a st(me building with accommodation for 26 girls, it was opened in September, 1879, and has been in successful operation ever since. And now a few words about OUR MANITOBA HOMES. The Washak-ada Home for Indian girls, and the Kasota Home for Indian boys. How did they first come into existence ? It was in the summer of 1885 — the vear of Louis Riel s rebellion — that I paid my tirst vi.sit to the great North West. In that summer I saw for the first time the wild heathen Indians of the prairies, dressed in blankets and feathers, their faces painted, and living in " teepees." It was to me a most interesting visit. I went around to many of their camps and saw in what a wild 12 condition thoy were living, with no one to teach them, their chihh'en uncared for and orowing up in vice and ignorance. The thought came strongly into my mind that I would like to estab- lish a Branch Home in the midst of thest; wild people. I com- municated my idea to the Bishop of Rupert's Land and he warnilv favored the scheme. That same autumn I took an Indian boy with me and travelled through the western pai't of Ontario addressing meetings antl trying to interest peo))le in my project. I was not veiy successful and only received a little money towards my proposed object. The last meeting at which I spoke was held in Owen Sound. At the close of that meeting a gentleman came up to me and said, " Why don't 3'ou fii-o oft' a few " red hot shot," and tell the people what it is that you want and you will soon get the money." I took up the idea. That evening I sat up till long past midnight preparing MY " RED HOT SHOT." I prepared it in the shape of a note-sized leaflet, printed in red and black letters, and headed " Red hot Shot." In this l«;atlet I described briefly' the neglected condition of the Indians in the North West and my desire to establish a Branch Home in their midst, and the last clause of the leaflet was worded somcthinij in this way ; " If any person should feel drawn to give -SlOOO.OO towards the proposed object, I shall regard it as the leiding of providence and at once take ste|)S to erect the Institution." There was living at that time, at Elkhorn, in Manitoba, a merchant — not a rich man, a nuin just in ordinary circinnstance.s — but he took great interest in the wild Indians living about him ; he always treated them kindh* and justly and the Indians had given him the name of " Washakada," which meant "All tliat is good." One evening this merchant said to his wife, " I wish I could see my way to an Institution being established among these poor Indians I think if I could see any pi-ospect of an Institu- tion being established I would like to give SlOOO.OO towards it." Two or three days later one of my " Red hot Shots" came into that man's hands. Hoic it came to him we do not know to the present day. Surely the Lord directed it. He took it and read it, and immediately wrote to me : "If you can see your way to establish an Institution for Indian children in this nei'diborhood I am prepared to give you a thousand dollars towards it." His letter came to me on Christinas eve, and it seemed like a Ch'/istmas box from the Lord. When spring came I went up to Elkhorn, made the acquaintance of this merchant and talked over my plans with him. We had less than !?2000.00 in hand, but we resolved to make a beginning. So we purchased a site in the immediate vicinity of the village of Elkhorn, erected a frame building and '■* 13 receiviMl hoiiu> ten or twelve pupils. In the meantime I had applied to the Indian Department foj" a grant. The answer came the following- spring. Mi-. Vankoughnet, Deputy Superintendent General of Indian artaii's, wrote to me privately and .said, " You will probably be a little surprised at the amount of grant which the De))artment is pri'pared to place at your dispo.sal. The Department approves your scheme and will give you $12,000.00 (£2,4>00) for building and equipment and also an annual grant towards maintenance. Thus, in the providence of God, we were enabled to erect substantial, well equipped building.s at Elkhorn, the Washakada Home for girls, the Kasota Home for boys, and in the middle, between them, a Central Building, in which the pupils all meet for their nu'als and for school. At present we have .37 pupils at our Elkhorn Hotnes. OUR TOTAL NUMBER OF PUPILS at all our Homes at the present time is 126 — 126 Indian chihlren to care for, clothe, feed, educate and train for a useful Christian life. We estimate that the annual co.st of each child, covering all expenses, is about $125.00 (£2o). Of this amount Government gives us $60.00 (£12) a year each for a limited number of pupils at our Sault St. Marie Schools, and $100 (£20) a year each for a limited number of pupils at our Elkhorn Schools; the Colonial and Continental Chui-eh Society, England, gives us £110 a year to our Shingwauk Home, and £40 a year to our Elkhorn Homes ; tlie Diocese of Algoma gives us $200.00 (£40) a year to our Shingwauk Home. All the rest of the money needed for the support of our Institutions and for building purposes has to be rai.sed l>y geneial conti'ibutions in England anreat work of evaiioi'lizini'-, cai'inirfor and trainini; up to a useful civilized life these childi-en of the forest and ])rairie, whose lands we have taken and whose former hunting g>'ounds we now occupy. ^'0 (^jidtlrc'ss all 0ot/u/h>