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.„ 'w>-i^ . . '. — rs7 
 
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 EARLY MIGRATIONS. 
 
 PROVINCIAL UmJWYi 
 
 vicTOBJA, a 4 
 
 'ANESE Wrecks 
 
 STRANDED AND PICKED UP ADRIFT 
 
 ^kW*^ 
 
 IN THK 
 
 NORTH PACIFIC 
 
 OCEAN, 
 
 ETHNOLOGICALLY CONSIDERED. 
 
 BT 
 
 CIIARLKS WOLCOTT BK OKS. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA: 
 
 Re-printed lh>in the Proceedings of the CalHbrrtia Academy of Scienctt. 
 • 1876. 
 
^ 
 
 eyyozt/uvest 
 CoUectiorv 
 
Tr<^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
i^ ,iAr A^.•ef5r ^vwecx'' 
 
 OUTLINE MAP OF THE NORTH 
 
 Showing the Distribution of Disablnd Japanese iunlcs by Winds and Currents; als 
 
 as corrected by the Observations and Investigations of Pro< 
 
DRAWN BY CHARLES WOi-COTT BROOKS. 
 
 THE KORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, 
 
 Indt and Currents; also Direction of the Kuro Shiwo, or Japanese Warm Stream, 
 I Investigations of Professor Qeorge Davidson, U. S. C. 8. 
 

 + JAPANESE ^VRECK'-, 
 
 Showing the Distributinr. of D 
 
 as oorre 
 

 CMJFnilNIA ftCMlEMY OF SCIENCES. 
 
 i 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
JAPAN i:SK W'KI'CKS, 
 
 KlHANDKn AND I'H'KKh \ V ADUIl'l 
 
 IN THK 
 
 NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, 
 
 K/ril\()L(M:i('AM,V CONSIDKIU-:!). 
 
 AS 
 
 I'^iirn iwli i iitr I'-viili-iuM- «>r >i coiiMliiiit iiiruMioii of •Iiipmid'hh' 
 lilootl tiitioiii; I h«' CJomhI 'l'ril>«'H «>r N'orl h nnhnIi-i'ii 
 
 I ikI iaiiM. 
 
 BT 
 
 rilAHLKS WOLCOTT P»n()OKS, 
 
 MiiiiImt <>r llie (JiiUfuriilii Acmldiiy (if ScloiiceH; K\-('imniil I'l' .lB))iin for Cnliroriilii; 
 mill Attaclii' of till' 'lH|iHiii'Kt' ImiiI>»sn}' (•> tiM««<ii TriHty I'uwi tk, 1)>7I Tl-l,i, 
 
 Renil be! II • tlio Ciil ifopn in Ai-^itl.-my ol' Si.-ioiK.'Os, iit llicir Mot't i i m, 
 
 Marcili Kt. 1878. 
 
 SAN I'KANUISCO, CAMIOKNU: 
 
 I'riiitiil liy tlif Aciiili my. 
 IbTC. 
 
 PROVINCIAL LIBRARY, 
 VICTORIA, B. C. 
 
Wof> 
 
 £ 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 As iiafnrc is a iincliuiisiii \vlio«c |mrts im- iiitiiuatcly assooiatcd. so all work 
 has its colalxiriis. [ am iiidi'litcil to niaiiv kind frifiuls for their co-oiiit- 
 ;itii)ii ami ussistaiici' in verifying llic particulars of iiiilividiial ouscs. Tiir 
 (•ullf'tiiin, as a wliolr, is cntiridy my own, and has l)i<'n |inpj,'rt'ssiiif4 siiicr 
 Miircii, lis.").!, when at sea ott'the cu.ii-t of Japan I lirst tV'U in with tln' \\at(r- 
 loj,'^' (1 wn ck (if a junk. 
 
 In issuing this reprint of ,i papi r piildished in the rroeeedin^s of the Cah- 
 fiirnia Acadeniy of Seii iices. no unr ran he mure aware than ni\seif. nf how 
 null li i-i left undone: Imt I mnst in Irankness say, that thus far the edihcliMn 
 I'f exact ]i.irticnhiis has involwd a voliiminons cnrresponiiene. . and lieen in- 
 <liistri(nisly prosi end d. in s)iitc of L;reat ditlicnitii s, icildnof ilist.ince) ; and 
 iiad 1 awaited Inulilain |ierle(t euMjpietencss. tiiis piihliealion would have 
 liei II indetinitely JiDstpntleil. 
 
 I5y eallinL; attention to material aln ady in hanil. I hope other ease-, may he 
 • •■•oujiht to linht. anil thns a chiin <i( evi<l( la-e lieeomi' estiihlished, whii h 
 shall point to hidden laws, underlyin'^ the ethn 'loj,'ieal as well as phy-,ical 
 conditions here picsented. 
 
 With each step in the ]U'0^;ress nf the-i' inVestlv,Mlicins. I have lieen deeply 
 impressed how largely liiis list is eapilile of lieiuf^ increased, hy studious and 
 system.itic starch throuj^li all the an<'ieut literature, rtlatin^' to countries 
 whose shores are washed hv the Noitli I'acitic (teean. 
 
 In the aim to exercise especial care, where )iartial di-;cre]iancies were found 
 to exist, 'he version which, after dilij^ent examination, ap[iiars to mc 
 most relialile. has lieen ailopted, Itepurts of Jaiiancse wrecks nut here enum- 
 erated, (ir any well auilienticated curreclioiis to this |i>.|, will, if addressed to 
 CnARLKs Woi.<'irr ItunoKs. care of .Jaiianese Cunsnlate. San Francisco, Cali- 
 foinia, lie thankfully leceived, mid posted in the otHcial record hook, access- 
 ilile to :dl fur future ii'terfnce. 
 
 Anion;,' tlmse wluist^ kind co-nperatioii 1 take pl.asiiie in a(^knowlcd^inf», 
 are; Their Excellencies the Ministers of J''oreii,'n .Mfairs of .Japan; His Excel- 
 lency Kats .\va, H. 1. J. M. Minister of Marine; His Hxcellency Ilirohiimi 
 Ito, H. I. .1. M. Minister of I'ulijic Works: Nakahama Maiijiro; Fiiku/awa 
 I'kitchy, now one ,if the most advanced literary men of .lapaii; Yoshinari 
 Ilatakeyama, A. M., one of their rijiest scholars, and head of the Imperial 
 ( olleee at Tokio; and especially to my former I'olleiigue and present suc- 
 cessor, Sainro Takaki, to whom I am largely indehteil for many valiiahle 
 translations and researches into otlicial records; to I'rofessor (icori^'c David- 
 son. United States Coast Survey, for ndialde iiifoinialion reK.irdiii),' the (iliys- 
 ical features of thf Kiiro Sliiwo; and to memhers of the Academy for their 
 kind apjiri'ciation f)f ih.e important of the work undertaken. 
 
 C, W. B. 
 8an FbancI8c:o, 0( r. 1, ]h~C>. ■ 
 
 £ 
 
I 
 
R K P» O H T 
 
 OF 
 
 JAPAN ESE VESSELS 
 
 WRECKED IN THE NORTH rACIITC OCEAN 
 
 FKOM TUG 
 
 EARLIEST RECORDS TO ^THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 Every junk found lulrift or straiuliul on the const of North Aiuerieii, or on 
 the Huwuiiiin or iidjiicent islands, hiis on cxitniinution proved to hf .TuimiicHe, 
 and no siuKle iustauei; of any Chiiu-se vesstl has ever been reported, nor is 
 any beheved to have existed. 
 
 This may be explained by the existence of the Kiiro Shiwo, lit< rally " black 
 stream," a t,'ulf stream of warm water, which sweeps northeasterly past -laiiaii 
 toward the Kurile and Aleutian Islands, thence i^urvint,' around and passin),' 
 south alon^ the coast of Alaska, Ore^,'on and California. This stream, it is 
 found, has swept these junks toward .\merica at an average rate of fully 
 ten miles a day. 
 
 There also exists an ocean stn^am of cold water, emerj,'ini.; from the Arctic 
 Ocean, which sets south close in along the eastern coast of Asia. Tliis fully 
 accounts for the absence of Chine-e junks on the Tacitic, as vessels disabled 
 oflf their coast would naturally drift southward. 
 
 A noticeable feature is the large number of disasters on the coast of Japan 
 in the month of Jamiary, during which season the strong northeast monsoons 
 blow the wrecks directly off shore into tin Kuro Shiwo. 
 
 The climate of Japan is temperate, with the' exception of the extr< me north- 
 ern provinces, where intense cold prevails and where snow is abundant; and 
 the oxtrelne southern provinces, whose climate is very warm. 
 
 About the year UVMi the Japanese (iovernnient orden.'d all junks to be built 
 with open steins, and large square rudders, unfit for ocean navigation, hoping 
 
8 
 
 .i.\rANr:sK wijecks in tiim 
 
 thi^ntby to kci'p ilnir imojjIc- iH()lut('(l witliiu tin ir .'wn islimdH. Once foiccil 
 frmii the coast by stress i>f \vt'iitlit?r, tin Sf rniMtrs iiic souii washed away, 
 will a the vesM'is naturally fall oH into the tronj,'h nf the sea, ami rull their 
 masts (lilt. The niiniher. of which no recunl exists, which have thus siitVt red 
 (luring the past ninelein centuries must he veiy larL,'e. pruliaMy many 
 thiiusand vessels. 
 
 .\miin({ -lapanese mariners, the fiiir of heini; thus Mown otV lie ir coast, has 
 been an ever-threateiiinj,' danj^er: and the memory of such time-honored 
 accidents, is a common feature in the traditions of everv sea|iort settlement 
 iilon^ th(> caNtern coast of Japan. 
 
 Hy the ("lovcrnmeiit Census, taken ill Ih7l, the total population of . I ajiaii 
 was ;{ll,;jU0,()7") souls, and there wire.2'J,<>7(i rej^istired sailiiiL; vessels of .lap- 
 auesc style, (junks) of from H to :<h;| tons, enyaned in the coasting' trade. 
 Tlu' crews of ordinary Iradiii;; junks averaujc from eitjlit to twelve lui-n each. 
 
 Jn the sixteenth year of th<' ni^n of the Empe.ir Siii/in, l>. C. 81, 
 mnrchant ships and Hhi)>s of war are first spoken of as built in -lapan. 
 
 Under the Sho^oon lyeinitsu. abonl l';:i'.l, edielscouimanded the destruction 
 of all boats built ujion any forei^;n model, and toibadc Ihe buildino of vessels 
 of any size or shape 8U|)erior to that of the present jiiMk. 
 
 Hy the imperial decree of \>'<'M. .lapaiesi who had left llieir country anil 
 been abroad, were mit allowi'd to return, death biiuj,' the penalty tor Iravelin^^ 
 abroad, stinlying fcreis^n langua^^es, intrciduciie.; foreij^'u customs, or belicvino 
 in Chrisiiaiiity. 
 
 The iMMpire of Japan is situalecl in the noilhwesteni put of the Pacific 
 Onean, and is composed of four larj^e islands anil of a ^;rl it imniber of smaller 
 ones. It faces to the northwi'St the Kiiif^doMi ■>; t ,, la, and is sejiarated from 
 it by the Japan sea. To tli<' ii'rtliea^l ^}ip iirehipi'laj^o ot (liijima i Kurile 
 Islands) extends towards Kamschatka. At liie southwest tin [,iu Kin Islands 
 are situated ojijiosito the Island of Formosa. 
 
 Its whole leiiLjth. exteiidin^i from one (lid to the other <■' ♦'•e i lupire, meas- 
 nres more than WO His (about 1225 En<^lish niilesK am. ii> breadth varies 
 from 'Jll to no IJis (about TH'^ to llO EnL;lish mil. s. i Its total area is •_':!, 7J0 
 Sipiare lUs. 
 
 The sources of information at command have been exceptionally f;ood. 
 DuriiiR seventeen years, in which 1 represented the (iovcM'nment of Japan at 
 this ])ort. it has been my pleasure to ih^voti' much critical attention to the 
 subject of Japanese wreirks, picked up adrift in the North Pacific Ocean and 
 stranded upon the northwest coast of .Vmerica and its various outlying 
 islands, and thosi' of the chain extendinj,' from Hawaii towards Nij)hon, 
 Hesides keeping' a detailed record of all wrecks reported duriiiL; this period, I 
 have also collected and verified many cases of earlier reports, which althoU{,'h 
 still extant, were likely to be overlooked. 
 
 lu at least 37 of the cases ijiiofed, I have either seen the saved, or received 
 a personal account from those who were themselves witnesses. Hawaiian 
 and Japanese traditions I have myself ^jathered in those countries. 
 
 In March. 1H(!0, I took an Indian boy on board the Jajiaiiese steam corvette 
 Ivinriii-iiKtrii, whore a comparison of Coast-Indian and puri' Japanese words 
 was made at my request, by Fukuzawa Ukitchy, then Admiral's Secretary; 
 
NOinn PACIFIC OCKAN. 
 
 the rusult of whicli I jnf]>air(l fur tlic i)ri'>-> iitiil it was at llmt liiiic juiIiIihIu'iI 
 in the Kn n'lini llidlcthi. Him^iiHthm fnrtlit r liii>^iii>ti(' iIlV('^lil;lltil>ll. 
 
 Tilt' folldwin^; cxaiiiplcK snljinittiil for f(iiisiiliriiti'):i to tin Acailriny. fairly 
 illustrate tlic sul>jii't in its various )ihartts. — 
 
 I. In Mr. lluliirt II. Hancroffs iin]iaiallt'l<Ml culUctiKii uf ancient Ixmks 
 ami valualile iiiaii\iscri|its lelatinf,' to the <'arly history of tin- nalivi' rae<'s of 
 the Pacific States, nientioii is niaile of several Japanese vessels ri porteil in 
 some of the Spanish-.Vniericaii ports on the Pacific In ItllT a ■lapanese junk 
 hejon^'iiif^ to Ma^;oiiii', was ,it .\ca))iilco. 
 
 In llilH, .liine 10th, the British ship ('Inn, t'npt. .(nhii Saris, .arri veil at 
 Na^'asaki, haviiiL; ol' hoiinl one •lapalii-se, jiickiil up troiu the island of 
 liantaiii. 
 
 "2. " III l(lsr>." we read, " the Portuguese trieil fur the last time to re-CH- 
 tablish their trmle hy seiidillj,' hack a nilliihi'r of shi])\vreckecl Jai'.aiiese. 
 picked u]i adrift, tn their own country. The •lapaiiose did not molei.t them, 
 hut strictly prohihited their re-aj)peiirance ou tho Coast of Japan." 
 
 :{. In Kl'.t I. a Japanese junk from < )saka was driven by adverse winds 
 anil weather and strainled on the coast of Kamschatka, at the mouth of tln^ 
 river (Ipala. on the south of Holschaia Ueka. Tin: only sui\ivor was altcr- 
 wards taken to Moscow. 
 
 Muller. ill his " V'oya^'e-i from .Vsia to .Viiiiriea." piihlished in 17(11. re- 
 marks that when in Ki'.Ml th(! llnssians reported the above, they said: "wo 
 have learned of several other instances of Japanese wrecks previf)usly strand- 
 ed on the coast of Kamschatka." 
 
 t. ft; ITin, a Japanese junk was stranded on the coast of Kamschatka, in 
 KaliHiiian bay, imrth of .Vwatscha. Ten persons landed safely, of which four 
 were killed ami six taken captive in an (encounter with Kaiiischadels. Siibse- 
 ipiently four of the captives fell into llussiau hands, and one named Saiiima, 
 was sent in 171 1 to St. Potonsburf;. 
 
 5. Ou the Hih of July, 172'J, a Japanese junk called the Wii/.n-slihini of 
 Satsuma. in distr(^ss, after haviiit^ been driven ab lut at sea fur six months, 
 was liually stranded on the coast of Kamschatka, south of Awatsdia bay. and 
 17 of her crew were saved. She was loaded witli cotton and silk stuffs, 
 rice and paper; the two latter articles shipjied by Matxiiilnlrn Osuiiii-iin-hdiii, 
 (I'rince of Satsuma) were (government j)roperty. 
 
 A petty Russian oflfieer named Schtinnikow, desirinp to ])lunder the car^o, 
 had fifteen of the survivors shot ; for whi<'h crime he was subseipieiitly <'on- 
 deinned and hun;,'. The two remaining;, an old merchant named Sosa and a 
 young pilot (ronsa, were sent to Irkutz in 1721, and thence via Tobolsk, they 
 reached St. PetersburL' in ]7.'t"2, whi're one died in M'M't. the other in 17.'l!l. 
 
 <1. In 17H'i a Japanese junk was wrecked ui)nn the .Meutiaii lslan<ls, from 
 which the survivors were taken in one of the ltiissian-.\mericaii ("oni- 
 |)any's vessels to the town of Ochotsk, and thence to the inland city of Ir- 
 kutsk. In 17'.l'2. the Governor-tieneral of Siberia ordered the transport < ulh- 
 irine, tlien at Ochotsk, to return these men to their native country. The 
 Russian vessel, after wintering in a harbor at the north end of Yeso, pro- 
 ceeded to the port of Hakodate, where the Japanese officials politely but 
 
10 
 
 JAl'ANESK WWECKS IN TlIK 
 
 tirinly refused tu jllow their countryinoa to land. They were suhseqiiently 
 rctiiniol to Siberia. 
 
 7. AIlloll^^ ittiiis of liistory mentioned in Japiincse records, I lind that iu 
 Oetohcr, 1S(»1, H lluKsJan frieiito commanded hy (;a])t. KriiHinstern, convtying 
 Coniil Hfsanoflf, as Aiiihiissinior of the C/.nr, broiit»ht lia;'k to Na^jasaki five 
 •lapancsf seamen, Iwiiif,' part of a crow of lifteen rescued from u ijtrauded junk; 
 the other ten preferred to remain in Silteria. 
 
 '<<. In \HtC), a Japanese junk was wrecked on tho coast of Aliiska. near 
 Sitka; tin- seamen w<'re ((uartered on Japonski Island, whence they were 
 taken hy the Uiissians, and tinally lauchd on the Coast of Yeso in 1H0(>. 
 
 !•. In lsl2. ('apt. Uicord, cominundinv; flie Russian slooi)-of-war /linini, 
 took seven -lapanese, six of whom were seamen recently shipwrecked in a 
 junk on the coast of Kanischatka, in the hop" of exclian^iiig them for seven 
 <'aj)live Itnssiaus, contineil in Ja))an. Heini» unahle to land, they were 
 returned to Kam.schatka, reacliint,' there Octoher 12tli. Th<' li'unui nuide a 
 Hecond attempt, and finally succeeded August Kith, 1H1;1, in landing these 
 .lapani'se at Kunashie Hay, the '2(tth Kurile, and etfi'cted the lilierty of the 
 Kussiiiii ('apt. (iolownin and liis associates. 
 
 Ill, In isl.'t. the lirig Furnslir, Captain Jolin Jennings, when in latitude 
 ■I'.l N., lotigiiude Pi's W., rescued the captain and two seaman from a dis- 
 masted junk, timher laden, when IH months from Yeso, liound to Niplion. 
 Thirty-live men were on board, of wiiom thirty-two died of hunger. They 
 were delivered to the Russians, who undertook to return them to Japan. 
 
 11. Captain Alexander Adams, formerlj' i)ilot at llnnolulti, relatt^s thiit 
 March 21. IHl.'i, in latitude :I2t 45' N., longitude 121) Tj? W.. when sailing 
 master of brig l-'urnslrr. Captain I'iggott, and cruising oft" Santa Harliara. Cal- 
 ifornia, he sighted ut sunri-e a .Japanese junk drifting at the mercy of the 
 winils and waves. Her rudd<?r and masts were gone. Although blowing a 
 gale, he boanled the junk, and found fourteen dead bodies in the ho' 1, the 
 captain, carpt^iter, and one seaman alone surviving; took them ou board, 
 where by careful nursing they were well in a few days. Tlu^y were on a voj- 
 age from Os.ika to Yedo, and were 17 uiouths out, hn.viug been dismast<'d iu 
 conse(pieuce of losing their rudder. " . 
 
 12. In 1M2I1, a junk was cast upon Point Adams, the southern shore of the 
 mouth of Columbia river. The vessel, which was laden with wax, went to 
 pieces, and the crew, nmny in number, landcil safely. 
 
 III. A junk was wrecked on (^ueeu Charlotte's Island, in bsUl. 
 
 11. December 23, 1832, at mid-day, a junk in distress cast anchor near the 
 harbor of Waialua. on the shores of Oahu. She was from a soutliern port of 
 Japan, bound to Yedo with a cargo of lish; lost her rudder and was dism.isted 
 in a gale, since whidi she had drifted for eleven month.s. Five out of .ler 
 crew of nine had died. December .30th, she started for Hou'iluhi, but was 
 straniled on a reef oft' liarber's Point in the evening of January 1. \K\'i. 
 
 The four survivors were taken to Honolulu, where, after remaining eigh- 
 teen months, they were forwarded to Kamschatka, whence tliey hoped to 
 work their way south through the northern islands of the group into their 
 own country. This junk was about 80 tons burden. According to the tra- 
 
NORTH PA(MFIC OCEAN. 
 
 n 
 
 ditioiiH of tbo islands, Hoveral such junkH hud boon wrocked upon Hawaii, 
 bcfort' the islimds were diHcovcred by ("iiptain ("ouk. 
 
 1">. If). In 18:iH. II Jupitnesi' junk was wrecked dii lln' <'u:ist i>l' Washington 
 Territory, in the ininu diate vicinity of ( 'ape I'lattcry. Manv of In r crew- 
 had perished, and Heverul dead bodies were found headed up in tirkiim, in 
 customary .Tai>an(>se style, ready for burial. Out of 17 persons, the only 
 survivors, two men and a boy, were r<>scued from the IndiaiiN. by the Hudson 
 Ihiy ('ompany's vessel L'liini, Captain McN'eal, who took tliem to Kn^land, 
 touching at Honolulu on their way. Thence they proceeded to Canton, 
 where they arrived in \>i'Mi. and sti>iii)e<l\vitli Kurl Ciul/lall', who learned their 
 laiiKuafie, and intended accompanying them to ,lapan. In 1h;{7, they left 
 Mai-ao in the .\mericau brijj Mnnisdii. dispiitched by Clarence A. Kiiijj for 
 Yedo bay, to bt>ar them home, liein^ lireil upon. July 27, and i)revented 
 
 from landing', she sailed for Ka^osima, where, bein^ equally unsu( ssful, 
 
 she Hnally n turned v^'ith thi> men to Macao. The Murrisuii, on whom Samuel 
 \V. Williams and |)r. Peter I'.irkev were i)assenf;ers, also had on board four 
 other Japanese s*-amen, lescucd from a disabled .la|>anese junk, whicii had 
 
 drifti'd a lonf? time at sea, until finally stranded on th i.stern shore of the 
 
 l*hiliiii)ine Islands, whence tlu' survivors were forwardi-d to Macao, to be re- 
 turned to Jiipiin. 
 
 17. In IH.'l'.t, a wrecked junk was hoarded by ('a]>tain Cathcart of the 
 American whale ship .luiinn Luinr. drifting; in latitu<le lid X.. loii)^'itudi' 171 
 W., or about half way between Japan and the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 IM. In the /'((////-«. mV(/i, October 17, liSlO. pidilished at Honolulu, I lind: 
 " The Japanese who took pasKaf.{e in the llnrliiiitin remained at Kamscliatka 
 under the protection of the Governor awaitiu^ an opportunity of returning to 
 their native country." 
 
 NoTK. — In 1834, the brif^ UurlKpiiu conveyed to Petropanlski from Hon- 
 olulu 18 Japanese taken from wrecks, who had remained IH months at Hon- 
 olulu. They were finally returned to Japan by Russian otficials. 
 
 In 184i), y[\\ Natliani«I Savory, a native of Massachusetts, residin^^ at Port 
 Lloyd. Honin Islands, rei)orts a Japanese junk of about 40 tons, laden with 
 dried fish, entered tiiat harbfu- in distress, havin;^' been driven from her course 
 along the coast of Japan through stress of weather, with her ])rovisi(>ng ex- 
 hausted. They repaired the damage to the junk during that winter, and slie 
 sailed in the spring for Japan. Had these islands been uninhabited, this 
 case would have added another to the list of wrecks. 
 
 10. In 1841, a fishing junk from the southeast part of Niphon was wrecked 
 on an uninhabited island, where the three survivors remained six monthH, 
 until taken off by Captain Whitfield, master of the American whale ship .lulm 
 flinrldiiil, and brought to Honolulu, where Denzo and Ooemoii remained, 
 while Nakahama Manjiro went to the United States, and was educated by 
 Captain Whitfield. After being there several years he returned to Honolulu 
 where he found his former companions, and embarked January, IH.'d, ou tl-.e 
 S'lnih li'iyil. Captain Whitmore, bound for Shanghai, taking with them a 
 whale-boat called the Advuntnrf, with a full rig and outfit. Win ii off the 
 Grand Liu-Kiu, the three Japanese effected a landing and tlie ship proceeded 
 without stopping Hence they flmdly reached Kiushiu and Nagasaki, in the 
 
 k 
 
I 
 
 i 
 
 IJ. JAPANESE WKECKS IN THE 
 
 junk whi'li 1)1 iirs tlir imnuul tribute money from Liu-Kiu to Jiiixiii. Man- 
 jiro aftcrwiirds tniiisliiti'd Howilitcirs Navifjiitor into Jupiint'Si'. ami viHitid 
 Sun FriUR'isco us sailiiij^-miistcr nt' tlio Jiipiim'sc stoiiui cnrvuttf Kniivui-iiutrK. 
 \vlii<'h iirrivcd tlicii' Murcli 17tli, IMiiO. 
 
 •^i». In ls|.",, 111,. Unit.Ml Stairs Fri^at(! SI. I.mti-i took from Mfxico to Niiif,'- 
 1"), in <'liinii, tlirt'c sliipwrci^k .liiiiaucsc, bc'in^; survivors of the crew of a jinik 
 which had driftcil t'ri)ni the const of Jupau, entirely acroHs the Pncitic Ocean, 
 and tinaily siraiidi-d on tlif cuast of Mixlcu. where tin y n-niainid two years. 
 'I'lie Cliinese a III 111 irjl ies Were willin;^ 1(1 receive these men and return them to 
 their native country by liieir annual, junk, which niiils frmii ('heifixi to Naj^a- 
 saki; bill the .la]iaiiese ubiiciid Id tlieir landinL;, nwin^,' to the law ><{ Ui;(7. 
 
 In IM"i, tlie .l.ipaiicse aiithoiities iiiforined Sir l'".dwiird lleleher, conimanil- 
 in^ II.K.S. .'xiiKiirniiii. that tiiey would nut receive returned •bi|>iinese from 
 abroad, but "had sent a junk-lull back to the I'.mperor <>( China," t" whose 
 country tiny had eoiic to obtain return jmssa^es by the annual juid< jierniitfcd 
 froni Cheefoii to Niij,'usaki. The above leads to fhe inference that tlie 
 Siiiiiiirnii'i nuiy have had shipwrecked .la]iam'sc seamen on board. 
 
 'Jl. In lx|"). .\pril 1st, ('aptain Mercator Cooper, of Sa'.,' Ilarbnr, wlieii in 
 the .Viiieriian while ship Mniiliiilliin. resciieil ch'veii shiiiwrecked .lapanese 
 niiiriners linin St. I'e|ei>, a small island lyin^' a few dcj^rees southeast of Nip- 
 lion, and took them to Yedo Hay. where tin y were received under ixcipiinn. 
 ('a]ituin CiMipi i- is ,dsii re]niiteil to have I'allen in with a sinkinjj junk, I'luiii 
 vhicli he rcMMied iis many nniie Ja|iaiii se sialinii. [See Dr. ('. F. Winslow's 
 ••count in Fihiiil of Fibruary "Jd, IMt'i.J 
 
 22 In 1HI7, a French whalcship while cruising ofi' Stapletoii Island, 
 sit,'hted a fire-signal un the >hore, and sent ii boat t<> tlii' relief of live Ja]mnese 
 sailiirs. who were in a helpless plitiht: the only survivors of a crew, whose dis- 
 abled junk lay stranded on th<! beach of a small Vmy. Later, alKuit lN5:t, a 
 jiarty of otticers fnuii the I'. S. steam frigate ></>(///« /iroc»» landed and sur- 
 veyed this wreck, which they then described as "still [mitly kept t(if,'Ptlier by 
 lar^,'e nails of cupper, and portions of sheets nf metal. Her planks, fastened 
 together at the edgi', were but little rubbed or decayed." 
 
 2;}. In l^ilT, April 21st, thi' JJremen ship otnlnilf, Cai)taiii Weitung, when 
 in lat. '.i'> N., long. \'>C> E., fi'll in with a .laimnesc junk in ilistress, which 
 had lost her rudder and had been driven off the coast of .laiian in a gale No- 
 vember, 1H|(>, and had drifted live months. Took oft' the crew, consisting of 
 nine men. also six tons of wax. She was about HO tuns biirdi n and chietlj' lad- 
 en with paper belonging to Osaka, and liound north, (aptain Weitung kept 
 them on lioard f(nir weeks, and May l!(fh, 1847, put them on hoard a junk in 
 the Straits of Matsniai. [See l'iilt/,i<siiiii, October 17. 1SI7, and Fr'n ml, Dec- 
 ember 2, 1817.] 
 
 21. In 1818, Captain Cox of New Loudon, Conn., picked up fifteen nf 
 twenty ■lajMinese seamen from a disabled junk in lat. 40 N., loiig. 170 W., 
 and ke])t them on board six months during a cruise in the Ochotsk si a, and 
 tinaily landed them at Lahaina, where they remained six or eight months. 
 
 2"). In IH.")!). during thi' autumn, S. Seiitharo, Toro and •!. Heco — the lat- 
 ter then ageil l.'t years — left Osaka in a junk for Yedo. After discharging 
 and reloading they started to return via Woragawa. After leaving the latter 
 
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 18 
 
 place their nidiier wns (liHu)ilf(l iiDil they li>st tlit'ir uiast iimi liiitlttl out to 
 sfii Fifty tluys liitir tlii' wrcfk whs fiillcii in witli by the AiiiiTii'iin Imrk .l"A- 
 /''«'/, Cuptiiiii Jti',niiij,'s, wild took ntl' luut hi'mi^ht the cn-w of 17 iirisoiis to 
 Siiii Friiiicisoo, ill Filnuary. lfS."il. Tiny were iiiiurtcrcil nii liounl tli<' l'. S. 
 rcveiuie cutter, and i-iirtd for by oidft of the t'ollet-tor of the I'ort. Our citi- 
 zens 1,'fiierully tuok luiich ititcri'st in thiMn. Tlu' Japaiii'se were sul)S(i|iiiiitly 
 (iiiliaikcil oil till' I . S. sloop >/. .l/.nw/'.s and convtycil ' i lloii^koii^', wlnrc 
 I"> were transferred to the U. 8. steamer Susiiio liinniit to await tln' arrival of 
 Commodore I'erry and his expe<lition. Hero and the Hecoiid mat", 'i'oro, .e- 
 tnriied to San Francisco on tlie hark Siinih lldn/iir, reaching there in the 
 autumn of 1H."(2. Seutharo returned with Itev. Mr. (rolile, from San FihiI- 
 ciseo to i)ai)an, and also Toro returned in the American hark Mil'itu to llako- 
 di'te from San I'rancisco, via Honolulu, Ajuil I'l, iMoll. 
 
 Toro was for a wliilr cli-rk with Wells, Far^o «V Co., and Joseph Heco, 
 clerk with .Macondr.ijr A' Co. Ueco was sulise((iieutly appointed for duty on 
 the United States Survewng Schooner Fimiiiiiore, i'iM>i>ir, ahout i!S.")S-ri!l, and 
 left her at Honolulu, on account of sickness, hut finally returne<l to Yedo. (Ui 
 the l.'nited States steamer .1/ i.sM'»i/i//i. [See F.ii n'linj llnllitiK, ■luiie, iNli'J. | 
 
 •2tl. In iK.'iO, April 22il, in hit. t"! \. long. 1")"> E., the American whale 
 ship ll'iirii h'lii'liiKil. Clark, master, fell in with a .lapanese junk having' lit 
 persuus on board. The vessel left Yedo for Kuno, l)ut lost her rinlder and 
 was disniaated; then drifted to sea, an<l had been at the mercy of the winds 
 and curients for sixty-six ilays, (hiring,' forty of which they had subsisted on 
 lish and snow water. The Captain and two seamen came to Honolulu on the 
 //. A'..- two of the crew were transferred to the M'lniiiin; six were taken to 
 i'e'ropaulski and taken charj^e of by the llussian authi>rities, ami two came 
 to Honolulu by the .\ ininnl. [See h'niinl, October I'l, lH.")(); also Friinil, 
 November 1, 1850.] 
 
 NoTK. -In bS,">l, by .Iapa»:ei»e records I find that five Japanese seamen from 
 Honolulu via China arrived at Na.;asaki-- probably the above. 
 
 
 27. Ill IH.'fl, a Japanese junk was cast away upon Atka Island, and only 
 three of the crew survived. 
 
 28. In iH.rJ, April loth, in hit. 31 N., hui;,'. l.Ml E., about .'{(Kt miles N. 
 N. E. of (iuam. Captain AVest, in the American whaleship Isimr IIhh-IhikI, 
 fell iu with a small Japanese junk in ballast. The four men on board had 
 but a little oil to sustain life, and were much emaciated. Tlnir tiller was 
 lashed, and the vessel having' been forty-nine days out of their reckt)iiinj,', the 
 crew had (,'iven themselves up to die. Two of these men Captain West took 
 to the Atlantic States, and two were transferreil to an American whaler ubont 
 to cruise in the vici-iity of the Japanese Islands. 
 
 2"J. In March, 1X5;}, the American ship./o/oi 'iiljiin, Captain Doane, passed 
 a watcr-logj,'ed wreck of a junk, ht-r deck awash with the water, in hit. 18 
 — ' N., lonj,'. lb") — ■ E., just beyond I'a^'an and Griyan Islands. Large 
 numbers of fish were around the wreck. There were no survivors on board. 
 She had every appearance of having been a very long time in the water. 
 
 30. In 1853, Captain C. M. Scaminon discovered the wrt-ck of a Japanese 
 junk, on the southwest or largest of the San Bonito group of Islands, off 
 
14 
 
 JAI'ANKSK WRECKS IN THE 
 
 Lower Ciiliforniii, in Int. 2S N., long, llfl ' W., and nearf 'eilros Inland. [See 
 All>i. April ■2-2, INCO.l 
 
 llir iiliiiikH w« ri' CiiMtciicil to(,'<'tbfr 6u thf edf^en with HpikeH or Imltsof ii tint 
 kIiujm . with all of till- lull,! (Ill one side. The HenniH were not quite stnii^ht, 
 iillhipuj-'li llif wiprkiiiiiiiMliip o.'lu-rwiHo whh ^jood. Thiit portion of the wreck in 
 Hij^lit, w.i'^ priiii'ipiilly tin.- bottom of (he vessel, itiid f,'iive evidiiiee of having 
 lieeii Ii louK time on shore. [Kxtriict from Cuptiiin Sciimuion'H lo^.] 
 
 :tl. In l^^'d. .\iiguHt 1 Ifh, just after Coniniodore Perry's <lepartiire, the 
 American ship l.nili/ I'inir, (,'aptiiin liurrows, arrived at Siinoda from Sun 
 Francisco via Honolulu June 2, 1«54. She returned Dijonoske to Japan, who 
 was the sole survivor of a crew of fifteen men, and was jiicked ( tt' from a 
 drifting junk near the Hawaiian Tshiiids, after being He veu months helpleNs 
 at Hen. Ue had reHided Home time in San FranciMco. 
 
 \\i. In iNo"), ('a])taiii Hiooks, in American brig l.irii-i'tt, which arrived hor 
 from Ajaii, Siberia. November 2'Jth, picked up an abandoned junk in lat. i'2 
 N., long. 17(1 \V., about '.M)0 luilen from the American Coast. 
 
 33. In IH'iC), the American bark Mi.ssi iniir Kinl, Captain Homer, reported 
 a disabled junk at (iuani. Ladrone Islands. 
 
 .tl. Ill I8")(l, Captain Jno. C. Lawton, in the brig Prhunle .hiinrillf, while 
 ge(tiiig Kuano at CedroB and adjacent islauds, reported a Japanese wreck, seen 
 near Maj^'dalena Hay. 
 
 .'15. In IS.'iH, the U.S. surveying schooner b'liiinmnrr <'inij)er, Lieut. John 
 M. Brooke, U.S.N, commanding, sailed from Honolulu for a cruise along the 
 chain of islands extending thence towards Japan. He had on board a Japan- 
 ese Seaman named Marsa-Kitchi, whom he landed at Kanagawa. The junk 
 from which this man was taken, was disabled at sea while engaged in the 
 coasting trade, and her crew were forced to jmt hor before the wind, heading 
 to the eastward, a direction in which they were forced against their will. To 
 drevent drifting too rapidly, they lowered the* ■ anchor in the open sea to act 
 as a dra'.,', paying out their full length of cable, and thus allowed it to remain 
 until it tiually parted. 
 
 3t;. In 1H,")8, May 19th, the British ship ('orihmn, when in lat. 13 40' N., 
 long. 171 E, about 1,()(I0 miles from the coast of Japan, fell in with a dirt- 
 masted jmik, which had carried away her rudder, and had been about live 
 months floating helplessly at sea. The captain, mate and ten seamen were 
 rescued and brought to San Francisco, where they arrived June 7, 1858. 
 They were eared for by Captain Winchester, who took them in the ('itrihiini 
 to Vancouver Island, whence he was bound for China, but having met a Brit- 
 ish war Vessel oft' Japan, the rescued men were transferred to her, and thus 
 landed at a Japanese port. 
 
 The junk was loaded with barley and rice, and barnacles two feet long were 
 reported found upon the wreck. 
 
 The British (iovernment presented £400 to Captain Winchester asareward 
 and in reimbursement of his necessary outlays. 
 
 37. In 185'J, the bark ilainh'tK, Captain Brooks, found the remains of a 
 Japanese junk on Ocean Island, lat. 'IH '24 N., long. 178 21' W. 
 
 38, 31t. In 1851), July Ith, the remains of two stranded junks, with lower 
 
 
NORTH PACIFir OPRAN. 
 
 u 
 
 h1«u(1. [See 
 
 <iltH()f a tint 
 ite straiKbt, 
 tlic wreck in 
 I' of Laving 
 
 >urtnre, the 
 i from San 
 •lupun, who 
 (jft" from a 
 bs Lt'liilcss 
 
 irrived her 
 : in lat. J'i 
 
 r, reported 
 
 irillf, while 
 ivreck, seen 
 
 iieiit. John 
 e alon^' the 
 •d a •liipan- 
 The junk 
 i^ed in the 
 il, headin;^ 
 
 will. To 
 I sea to act 
 
 to remain 
 
 :t 40- N., 
 vith a dis- 
 iibout five 
 men were 
 7, 1858. 
 6 ' 'nviliiini 
 net a Brit- 
 , and thus 
 
 long were 
 
 8 a reward 
 
 nins of a 
 
 ith lower 
 
 tnuHtH high on the lieneb, were fonnd on the enHt or lagoon side of Hrooka 
 Islan.l, lat. •J8 11 N . long. 177 18 to 'i:> W. 
 
 ■111. May 11th. lMt;2, tlie hark I'.n-/,-. , ("apfain Claxton. pansed in Int. 'Jo 
 ;i'.» N., long. KJH 'il' W., a wreck with the stump of one mast only standing, 
 of which the wood Whs (|ui(e black with age. The junk was wati'r-loggi d, 
 and till' sea washing entirely over her. Heiiig satistied there was no life upon 
 her, and a heavy sea running, did not board; i)aMHed her three. (pnirterH of a 
 mile to windward, and the YunLn kept on hercnurse. 
 
 41. In I8ii2, a Ja|>aueHe junk was stranded in Septend)er near Attn. They 
 had drifted in distress for ltd days, and out of u crew of twelve only three sur- 
 vived. These were taken in iKCiU to Nicohiefsky, Amoor river, and then re- 
 turned to Hakodate liy a Uussian war vessel. 
 
 42. In I8(i2, May 4th, the ship I'ic/oc, Captain Crowcll. arrival at San 
 Fiancisco, with the captain, otlicers and crew, eleven in ninulur, of the .)ap- 
 antse junU ln-nnirn, from Kanagawa, Dtcember 21, 18(11, for Owari and 
 Hiogo. On .laiiuary "), 18C2, was disabled and drifted from land. Was about 
 three months at the mercy of winds and currents, until j)icked up .Vpiil 13th, 
 18(12, in lat. :i:t N., long. Hil 21! E., by the I' ;(•/(./•. They were cared for 
 by Mr. Hrooks, .ra])anese Consul, and by him returned to Japan, in the 
 American schooner I'linilhn' E. Fanlr, for Hakodate. 
 
 i'A. A Jajjanese junk drifted jjast Baker's Islan<l, lat. lH' K., long. 17() ' 
 '22 W., some time in 18(;;i, Boats were sent oiit and towed it on to the 
 beach. There were four Japanese bodies on board: all were dead. 
 
 44. In 18(14, February ttli, on Providence Island, lat. '.) r>2' N., long. 160^ 
 0")' E., on the Lagoon shore of the island was seen the portions of a vessel 
 which had bien nuiny years a wreck. Scattered along the outer shori' were 
 many redwood logs, some of them of great size. 
 
 45. In April, l8()i), an abandoned junk was stranded on Adakh, one of the 
 Aleutian Isles. 
 
 4(1. In 1870, in OetobcT, the San Salvador ship Lonimt Ciiiniririi, Cajjtain 
 Demoro, when in lat. 37 4(5' N., and long. 1,58 10 E., fell in with a dis- 
 masted junk, laden with rice, having four dead bodies on board, and no living 
 persons. The |)apers and ettects were taken and delivered to the Japanese 
 Consul at San Fraucsico. and by him returned to Japan, November, 1870. 
 
 47, 48, 4".). In July, 1871., the old chief at Attn Island, ageil 70 years, re- 
 ported that three Japanese junks had been lost u])ou the surrounding islets, 
 during his recollection, besides one stranded not far from the harbor of iLat 
 island in 1862. 
 
 50. In 1871, February 2d, in lat. 3. .5' N., long. 1410 31' E., about 150 
 miles from the coast of Japan, the American ship .l/uiic .1/. Snnill, Captain 
 Packer, fell in with the Japanese junk Siiiiii-i^nsfii-iiiiirn, of Kiushiu, and 
 rescued the Captain and three surviving seamen, and laud(!d them at San 
 Francisco, February 24, 1871. They sailed from Shiroko, province of Ise, 
 January 17, 1871, for Dai Osaki, with a cargo of wood. Two days later they 
 were disabled, and drifted to sea, and were picked up seventeen days later. 
 
 51. In 1871, May 23d, in lat. 34 54' N., long. 143 32' E., Pacific Mail 
 steamship I'hitui, Captain Cobb, rescued five Japanese seamen from the dis- 
 abled junk Sumi-ayee-maru, of Kobe. Eleven out of sixteen originally on 
 
16 
 
 JArANESK WKKCKS IN THE 
 
 lioiird dill! ii|i(>ii thr wreck, ftinl the <'ti|itaiii of thf jnnk ^\u'^\ on the stcumfr 
 ullrr l)iiiin I'cHciicil. Tlicv wcif c'lirt'd for l)y Mr. Hnxtkh. who ri'iiiriK-il tlu'in 
 lo Vokoliitiiiii. •Iiily I. I^TI , itiul till' ^ovcrnnii'iit priHt'iitcil siiital>l<' rt'wanlH. 
 
 ">J. Ill l><7 1, till- ■lii|ii(iii'Hi' junk Jiiikn-iiiiirii, of Mutsuka, of |m(i kokiiM 
 iiK'UHiu'i iiiriii, I'liroiiiitrri'il u HfVcre ^'iklt' •luniiiiry IN, InTI, while ^oiii|^ from 
 Iho to Kiiiiiiiiio, iliniii){ which h\u: liiMt her riulder, ami while in tliiu^'er of 
 foiiinli'i ill),' iMit iiuiiv her iiiuMts. The junk drifteil fiiuii the nniM of -lapaii in 
 the Kiiro Sliiwo for 'J.'imii miles in ii hel|ilesH(!oiiilitioii, lur crew keejiin),' a tire 
 and living on rice, and IIhIi thuy H]i«'ikred, until tliey driflxloii the rockn iit 
 Atka, .Inly Mlth. 1^71. where, |py means of ropes, the three men on Ixiard 
 hmded safely. There they n inained until September I'.'th. IN7I, when they 
 took |)iisHit^'(' hy Hc'liooiiei //. .)/. Jlulrliiimiii for Ouiiiiluska ikiid Siui FriinciH >, 
 whence they weri-retii' I to •lujian liy the ('onsiil. 
 
 i'ui. In |m7:I, Captuii '. B. Coldi, in steamer 'liimi, rescued the crew 
 
 from u wrecked junk in hit. — — ' N., lon^. ' I".., aiel Itndi il them at 
 
 Vokoliaiiia. ill aeknowleil^'inent for which the uhuhI present .is niude him )>y 
 tlie .lapaiiesi- j^overnmeiit. 
 
 ')l. \ junk lias heeii reportt'd iiH Htriiuded on the coast of .\laska. 
 
 5."). .\ junk was east upon the windward siile of Kaiiaii. one of the Hawa- 
 iian Islands, and the survivors landed at llaiialei harbor. 
 
 "lip. .Vii iild resident of t'etropaulski informed me thi-re was a 'lapaneHit 
 junk sliainled below that liarbiu. previous to INI'2. where many yeai-s since 
 the wreck still remained. Six of the crew survived. 
 
 ■"i7. X .Ia]ianese wri'i'k was si^'hted adrift below San I)ie|^o. UeiMUted in 
 till' Alia. 
 
 58. A junk was wrecked at Nootkn Sound. 
 
 .V.» In ls7rj, April tlth. in hit. :t8 ' 02N., lon^' 1C.4 38' E., Airerican ship 
 iIkiiii i'di-h-, (,'iipt. T. ('. Stoddard, fell in with the .lajianese junk W.iiiiiiihi- 
 iii'iiii, of ftlioiit MO tons, dismasted, with her stern stove and rudder goiii', 
 and generally in a hel[)less condition, and rescued therefrom twelve •lapanese 
 He.iinen. Tlie juiik was bound from Hakodate to Tokio, with a car^^o of salt 
 fish and sea-weed, when on December M they were blown oil' shore in ft 
 severe >;ale. December Ktth they ii^ain made tlie land, when another heavy 
 gale coiiinienced and blew the jirak ott' again. Decemlier I'.Hh was forced to 
 c;.t away the mast to save the hull. December "i'Jd raised a jury mast and 
 got under way, sailin.i,' towards Japan whenever the wind permitted; at other 
 times took ill .sail and drifted. Hy their reckoning, they estimate having 
 thus sailed b'lOl) miles west, principally with northeast winds, when, April 
 Tlth, in a bad sea, fliey carried away rudder, and soon after stove stern. At 
 8 A.M. the following day, they abandoned the wreck, from which they were 
 rescued by the liniiif Cork, and lan<led at San Francisco .Vjiril 'JSth, and were 
 returned to .lapan by Mr. Takaki May 1st, per '//•"(( ItijuihUr, For the rescue 
 and kind treatment of thes • men, the Japanese (Joveruii'ent presented Capt. 
 Stoddard with a gold chronometer watch through His Excellency Yoshida 
 Kiyonari. their Minister at Washington. 
 
 •;0. In iM7('.. July ;kl, in lat. 37- 10' N.. long. 1G7 3.",' E., British barque 
 ,l/)/iy/ i',,iri>ir, ('apt. Nelson, fell in with the Japanese junk Kdhi-nnini, of 
 Otaru, island of Yeso, of 177 kokus government uieasuremeut, equivalent to 
 
NORTn PAriFIC OCKAN. 
 
 n 
 
 till' stl'illlDT 
 
 tiiriii'il tlifiii 
 
 lilc I'i'WardH. 
 
 (• IMO k„kiis 
 
 j,'iiinv,' from 
 
 II (lull^'IT of 
 
 of ■lapaii ill 
 I't'iiiii;,' a tirt' 
 III' idckH lit 
 
 II 1)11 lioiinl 
 
 , wlicli tlll'V 
 
 11 I'miitis ,, 
 
 •il tlw i-rew 
 • il tlii'in lit 
 lailc him ))y 
 
 :a. 
 
 tile Hawa- 
 ii •lapuiiesn 
 years since 
 
 Icpoitid ill 
 
 •rionn ship 
 
 II •iiiiiiilii- 
 
 liler gone, 
 
 e .lapiiiiese 
 
 ugo of salt 
 
 shore in a 
 
 her lieavy 
 
 forued to 
 
 niiist niul 
 
 1; at other 
 
 iitc liaviiig 
 
 hen, April 
 
 stern. At 
 
 they were 
 
 aii'l were 
 
 the rescue 
 
 ited Cupt. 
 
 ^'oshida 
 
 sli barque 
 
 iii'int, of 
 
 ivah'Dt to 
 
 itkniit l'2(l tniiH. The junk wnn disinnHted luul tlontin^ in a helphxH rondilion . 
 Hakiiki-harii Katsiiln', mate, and 'riuimkitehi, sailer, tlio only siirvivorH of I'J 
 men, were reHcueil from the wreck and iiuule tlie following Ntateiiient, which 
 is very interestiiig n^ an illustration of many doiihtles-, similar struggles. In 
 Oclnlier. iM'Ti, ihc junk loadi d at Sliaii and .Miashiri, on the northern 
 roast of the island of Vi>so, with salted saliiinii and preserved roe of Hiiliiion, 
 Left latter place N'ovemli(>r Tiih, and touched at lljikodati', whence they saih d 
 Decemlier <)th for 'I'oki'). Nipleiii. On the Hth, whiti on the east coast of 
 Japan hetwecn hit. :)'.» and 10 N., and ahoiit long. 112 !■;.. a severe westerly 
 gale was enciiuutered. Di'cemlier I'itli CMirriod away niainiiiast. .\fterwardn 
 got it in anil fished it with a jiicce of the main yard. On the Isth carried that 
 must away, and the yard was washed overhoard. A sea soon after disabled 
 the rudder, which was unsliipped aud taken in, the vcHsel in Ihn meantiiue 
 making water freely. To lighten her. •'liiK kokus of cargo i inarly two-thirds), 
 was thrown overboard. l'"roiii this time the vessel floated helplessly. 
 
 Early in January, iNTti, fresh water gave out, and all the rainwater possiblo 
 was saved and used. Then three seamen were taken down with the scurvy, 
 which soon apjieared ainong the balance. T.)wanls the close of .laiiuary, tire- 
 wood gave out, but a (tmall nucleus of fire was preserved in a stove. As a last 
 resort, the junk's h)at was broken up for lirewnoil. All hiiiids subsisting on 
 a little rice cooked in rain w.iter. and principally on salt tish, with a very 
 HUiall allowance of water. February .'itli Chojero died— the first death. 
 March lltli, Capt. Sato Saiigoro died; tlu'ii followed Kilsaburo. .Vpril Idth; 
 Huiikichi, -ilst; Ki/.o, 'ilth; Heiikitc!.'!. May 2d; Ske.ljero, 2d; Taske, 2d; 
 lleihifihi, 1 Ith, and finally, Matsutiiro, Juno 10th. The two survivors, anti- 
 cipating a similar death, lingered until tli»» forenoon of July .'td, when they 
 sighted a vesi'el, had Ntrength enough to raise a signal, and were re-ciicd. 
 They caught rain May '24th, after nearly all had died, which largely assisted 
 in preserving the survivors. They "l^io caught fifteen large fresh tish called 
 bonitii. Before the captain died, he wrote and handed to the mate letters to 
 his family aud owners, de.scribing all iletails. The two Hurvivors, expecting 
 death theiaselvos, boxed these up, with the ship's papers, and fastened them 
 in a conspicuous place, whence thiy w(!re taken ami preserved. After the 
 death of ei.ch person, tlm survivors enclosed their bodies in a Japanese coffin 
 auitably ins cribed, aud ntowed them in the hold of the junk, hoping they 
 might reach some land and receive burial. The survivors reached San 
 Francisco August 15th, lH7fi, and after recuperating, were returned to Japan 
 by Mr. Takaki." 
 
 Many more might easily be added, but these sufBce to establish many facts 
 valuable to science. 
 
 The annual rainfall of Japan averages 70.33 inches, occurring on 197.7 
 days, two-thirds of which falls between April and October; at Tokio the ther- 
 mometer varies from a monthly maximum of 1*1 Faht. in August, to a min- 
 imum of 20' in January, avera.;iug ijy" 22 for the yciu, and averages 4(S 33 
 at Hakodate, where the average number of hard gales per annum is 16.79. 
 [See Kaitakushi Reports and Tables, Tokio, 187.").] 
 
 *— Note.— ThesB last two cases have been submitted by Mr. Brooks as adiUtioDF to the 
 I i»t for public»tion since th* trading of this paper. 
 
18 
 
 JAPANESE WRECKS IN THE 
 
 
 The presence of wrecks so far south near the equator, indicates that they 
 Imd l)(cn swept iiortl. 'vd from Japan by the Kuro Shiwu, and thence sotith- 
 ward along th(^ northwest coast of America until they fell into the equatorial 
 westerly current, where, in company with redwood loK>i, and drift-wood from 
 Ore;^oii, they must have reached these islands in the eciuatoriiil belt. 
 
 In illustration of this equatorial current, wo have the report of residents of 
 Christmas Inland, which speaks of a westerly current setting i)ast that island 
 at the rate of one and a-half to two miles an hour. Augu;t 'l'M\, lM(il, there 
 was picked up on the shore of the island of Xiihau, in latitude 21 od N., 
 longitude 160 IH' W., a bottle containing a paper, thrown from the American 
 shi]i ir/'/V. Sintlh>ii\ thrown overboard July "ilst, l«(!l, in latitude 21 lio' N.. 
 liingitude lol o5' W. It had mnde a nearly (hie west drift of UiO miles in 
 about thirty-three days. This shows the existence of a very powerful westerly 
 current around the Hawaiian Islands of about It miles jxrdit-ni. 
 
 Ill 1>sCp"2, September 10th, an enormous Oregon tree about 150 feet in length 
 and fully six feet in diameter above the butt, drifted past the island of Mauii, 
 Hawaiian Islan<ls. The roots, which rose ten feet out of water, would s))aii 
 about 2") feit. Two branches rose perpendicidarly 20 to ^o feet. Several tons 
 of dayish earth were embedded among its roots. Many saw-logs and pieces 
 of drift-wood came ashon^ in this vi(uuity about this time. These W(;r(^ 
 evidently portions of the immense body of ship-timber launched iqiou the 
 Pacific during the great flood of the previous winter along the American coast. 
 Their almost simultaneous arrival at JIauii in September, seems to indicate 
 qtiite accurately the force and direction of the currents in this ocean. 
 Supposing them to have come from the Columbia River, leaving say February 
 ISth, ]sr)2, and to have drifted 2,800 miles, they must have drifted i.t an 
 average rate of 11 miles per day to have reached ^lauii September 10th. 
 
 We may argue from the above that there were other ways of explaining the 
 similarity of flora upon many i.slands of the Pacific and the high terrae( s of 
 our Sierra Nevada mountains, beside the hypothesis of an intervening c<inti- 
 nent when; the broad Pacific now rests. 
 
 Theri: is a strong presumption that the present bed of the Pacific Ocean may 
 oner have been an extended valley, submcrgr'd by some abrupt and spasmodic 
 catastrophe, at a j)eriod when the fiery interior of the earth was in a state of 
 inconceivable agitation, and its equilibrium temporarily disturbed. Abundant 
 ruptures of t!ie entire combined strata of its crust along our mountain ranges, 
 bear indisputalile evidence, in prominences tilted up and raised to immense 
 hiights: conditions which must have necessitated corresponding depressions, 
 and consequently established new beds for water, forming new islands, 
 re-dividing and re-shaping continents. The existing shore lines of enormous 
 empty basins, the pebble and cobble stones rounded by erotion, at present in 
 the Centre of this continent west of the Rocky Mountains, all contribute 
 t( stimony of some great change. 
 
 The spores or seeds of plants may, however, have been more recentlj'- 
 transferred by clinging to the earth around the roots of such mammoth trees 
 as floatid from the high latitudes of the northwest coast of America. Once 
 cast upon any island and rooted, they would soon replant and extend fhem- 
 selvc's. Driftwood from Columbia River and Puget Sound distributed itself 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 19 
 
 itcs that they 
 tlicnee soiitli- 
 tho e([uafi>riu! 
 ift-W()t)(l from 
 b.lt. 
 
 )f vcsidouts of 
 ist tliitt islanil 
 '(1, l«(;i, there 
 .le21 .")() N., 
 th(? Anu'ricau 
 tie 21 ao' N., 
 4(')() mih'S in 
 Pil'nl westerly 
 
 feet in liiif^tli 
 and (if Mauii, 
 
 would spaic 
 
 Several tons 
 ;.s and pieces 
 
 These were 
 lod upon the 
 iieriean coast, 
 us to indicate 
 
 this ocean, 
 say February 
 Irifted I'.t an 
 r Kith. 
 
 X))laining the 
 j;h terraees of 
 veuiug eouti- 
 
 c Ocean may 
 id spasmodic 
 in a state of 
 I. Abundant 
 utaiu ranges, 
 to iinmenso 
 depressions, 
 new islands, 
 of enormous 
 at present in 
 I contribute 
 
 Dre recently 
 mmoth trees 
 arica. Once 
 ixtond them- 
 ibuted itself 
 
 throughout the North Tacitic, and the windward shores of the Hawaiian 
 Islands are literally lined with it, as well as with redwood logs of formidable 
 size. 
 
 Small parties of male Japanese havi! repeatedly reached the .\iii('ri<an 
 continent by sea, east upon its shores after tioating helplessly fur uu)nlhs. 
 Until reeeutly, the survivors must have remained permanei'tly near where 
 they lauded, and naturally uniting with women of the native! races, have left 
 descendents more or less impressed with their physical peculiarities. Siuh a 
 slow, limited, but constant infusion of Japanese blood, almost entirely from 
 male seamen, was undoul)tedly sufficient to modify the original stoclc of all 
 coast tribes along our north-western shore. No marks exist of any immigra- 
 tion (■)( init<:!^i\ neither is there any present record of any Japanese woman 
 saved from such a wreck, although eases may formerly hav(i occurred, but. 
 must have been very rare. These unfortunate seamen, often illiterate, and 
 separated from their sources of learning, necessarily lost their own language; 
 but in d'ling so, doubtless contributed many isolated words to the Indian 
 dialects of this coast. Many shipwrecked Japanese hav(i informed me that 
 they were enabled to conmiiiiiicati! with and understand the natives of Atka 
 and Adakh Islands, (iuite an infusion of Japanese words is found among 
 some of the coast tribes of Oregon and California, either pure, as Isrln-lsi-lii', 
 milk, or clipped, as hiuliH, speed, found reduced to lii/ach-, meaning fast, in 
 Indian; or unkn, evil genius in .Japanese, similarly reduced to //<(/.■, devil, by 
 the Indians. In almost all words showing such similarity, the Indian Wf.rd is 
 always an aiibreviated word, or shorter word than the Japanese, from which 
 it may bo argued that the latter was the original and the former derived. The 
 construction of the two languages is, however, ditlereiit. Therc^ are, however, 
 a large number of pure .Japanese words and some very tieculiar Japanese 
 "idioms, constructions, honorific, separative, and agglutinative particles " 
 found nearly identical in the American-Indian dialect. Shipwrecked Japan- 
 ese are invariably enabled to communicate understandiugly with the coast 
 Indians, although speaking quite a different language. The great mass of 
 the Japaueso peopU^ stoutly dis(!laim any common descent with the Chinese 
 and firmly believe they have a wholly different origin. Any common ancestor 
 must certainly have been in very remote ages. 
 
 Professor (leorge Dandson, in charge of the Uniteil States Coast Survey 
 on the Paeitic, our highest authority upon questions connected with tlui 
 great ocean currents of this ocean, has bestowed much critical study upon 
 the physical conditions connected v.-ith the Kuro Shiwo. In 1H,")1, when sta- 
 tioned at the mouth of the Columbia river, he began the interesting investi- 
 gations necessary to demonstrate its complete outline. 
 
 In I'^'iS. he communicated to the National Academy of Science his deduc- 
 tions establishing the existence of the return current northwestward, westward 
 and southwestward along the shores of the Gulf of Alaska, and the southern 
 co'i;t of the .\leutian Islands, whilst the great body of the current is defU'cted 
 down the novthw'ard coast until it is drawn into the (ireat Equatorial Current 
 which moves westward until it strikes the Asiatic barrier, and thence starts 
 on its course, about the island of Formosa, as the great Warm stream of .lapan. 
 He first showed the striking analogy between this stream ami that of the 
 
20 
 
 JAPANESE WRECKS IN THE 
 
 I I 
 
 North Atlantic, especially in tluir ori;,'in at latitude '23^, their being nearly 
 180 flegrees of longitude ai):ut, their ^,'enernl course, etc., etc. 
 
 There is a branch of the Knro Shiwo, which shoots ott' northward near 
 Kainschatkii, and is felt 5(1 or 100 miles ott' this jtroniontory; whilst close in 
 Hhore, a cold current tlnws southwanl fr mi the Arctic throui,'h the western 
 part of Behi-iu',''s Sirait^i. On Kanischatka. the Kurile and Aleutian Islands, 
 and on Alaska, j^'reat uuinb.T of disabled .lap.ineso junks must have been 
 stranded in past centuries. 
 
 I'rofi'ssor D.iviils ill, who has hal occasion to examine the Spanish, Eng- 
 lish, llussian and American rec>rds of discoveries in this ocean, assures me 
 that he has found tmntion of at least a dozen or more junks, wrecked on the 
 coasts of Kamsch.itka. within a eoinj)aratively recent period; and in the earlier 
 descriptions of the Kurile Islands, and of the Kanischatka Peninsula, he 
 says fre([Uent mention is made of the wrecks of Japanese junks ui)on these 
 coasts. 
 
 Both winds and currents of the North Pacific assist in driving? disabled 
 Japanese junks iuound the ■^Tcat civcl ■ of the Knro Shiwo. .\ junk disabled 
 ill the latitude of Tokio would be swejit by alternat(! southwest and northwest 
 wimls, and tlio existin{» uortheastetly current, towards the northwest coast of 
 America. The distance fi'oin ("ape Kim.; to San Francisco is about •1,000 
 nautical miles. We have here abundant proof of the track taken by these 
 disabled vessels, by a study of their p isitions when found drifting at sea in the 
 Pacifie, at tln' mercy of winds and waves. 
 
 For many, many centuries the coasting' trade of Japan lias employed alarge 
 fleet of junks in exchanging rice from their southern, for salt lish from their 
 northern ports. .Vlth ough it may be presumed that the large number of 
 their vessils thus disaliled and leiidered unnninngeable, undoubtedly founder 
 in t\w hc.Lvy gabs they experience; yet comparatively large numbers having 
 cargoes suitable for food, and crossiuL; a rcijiiin subject to much rain, which 
 is easily caught, are (Uiabied to sustain lift' until either picked up, or stranded 
 somewhere on the American coast, or some island in their course. 
 
 In tlu^ abov(! sixty cases I'uumerated, there were, from l(il3 to 101)4, fcmr 
 cases; from I71'» to 1782. three cases; 1804 to IS'iO, six cases; 1H31 to 1848, 
 eleven cases; and since the rapid settlement of this coast in 181)0 to 1870, only 
 '28 years, we have a list of 3() wrecks reported. This apparent increase is not 
 owing to their increased iiuml)er. but solely to the fact, that increase of com- 
 merce on the Pacific has distributed there a large Heet, whose presence has 
 materially increased the chances of rescue to disabled vessels, and the likeli- 
 hood of receiving reports from stranded wrecks. 
 
 In addition to the list wo have ennnjerated, are the Hawaiian traditions that 
 sri'd'itl such junks were wreckeil on Hawaii before the year 1778; to which 
 add the wrecks from which the 18 .Japanese were returned from Honolulu in 
 1831, also tlu)se frcun wliich came the junk fidl of shipwreck Japanese, who 
 attempted to, and failed in returning, by ('heefoo to Nagasaki; also the dozen 
 additional ones, alluded to by Professor Davidson, as stranded on the penin- 
 sula of Kanischatka, within a e(un[)aratively recent period; and the frequent 
 meution of similar wrecks on the Kurile Islands. These all tiiken together, 
 with yet others not fully verified, could scarcely have been less than forty 
 
 I 
 
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 21 
 
 r beiug nearly 
 
 mtliward near 
 whilst dose iu 
 ;h the western 
 ntian Islands, 
 ist have been 
 
 ■>I>anislx, Eng- 
 II, assures nie 
 recked on the 
 in the earlier 
 '<iiii)suhi, he 
 ks uj)on these 
 
 i villi,' disabled 
 jnidi disabled 
 11(1 northwest 
 iwest coast of 
 ! about l.oOO 
 iken by these 
 Jilt sea in the 
 
 :)lo_ved a large 
 h from their 
 e number of 
 tedly founder 
 ibers having 
 1 rain, which 
 , or stranded 
 
 ;o 1(;!)4, four 
 H31 to 1848, 
 to 1870, only 
 crease is not 
 ease of com- 
 jresenee has 
 id the likeli- 
 
 aditions that 
 '8; to which 
 Honolulu in 
 pauese, who 
 so the dozen 
 u the peniu- 
 he frequent 
 m together, 
 3 than forty 
 
 more, rendering it reasonable to suppose that fully one hundred wreckeil Jap- 
 aiii se junks, have been heard from, in one way or another, adrift upon the 
 North Paeilic, or stranded on the northwest coast of America or st)me outly- 
 ing islands. 
 
 In answer to the (piestion of whether any of these waifs have ever found 
 their way back to Japan from the American coast, iu early times, I can say, 
 tlid Iroiu historical d;ita still extant, and from the personal relations of de- 
 sfeudants of some of such returned voyagers, I have learned that iu rare 
 cases, occurring from 4il0 to '2tiO years ago, crews actu illy reached Japan with 
 tidings of the American coast; and Professor Davidson informs me, that when 
 recently in Ja])aii observing the Transit of Venus, a very intelligent Jajiaiiese 
 scholar, well known to nie personally, relate<l to him a well authenticated case 
 within this century. Formerly sucli accounts wort- not allowed general jiub- 
 licity, because stoutly discountenanced by an ecclesiastical government, to 
 who:ii such discoveries were quite as repugnant as were Galileo's to the me- 
 dieval government of Rome. To the peact^ful masses, the contines of their 
 archipelago, were but recently the horizon of the world. 
 
 The fiinious voyage of the Buddhist priest from China, at the beginning of 
 the seventh century, to a country called by him Fusaiig, (^meaning, translated 
 " to aid or cullivatmg mulberries,") was at the exact jjcriod when .lapanese 
 historians record their first official intercourse with China; and was probably 
 riached by a coasting voyage along the western coast of Corea, thence along 
 the northern coast of Niplion, around Yeso, and s> utherly, to thesoiitheasleru 
 shore of Xiphon, where mulberry trees were then cultivated abundantly, and 
 which was undoubtedly the land he calhd Fusaiig. \ careful study of th(i 
 native records seems to indicate that his much mooted Chinese voyage could 
 not possibly have extended to the American coast. 
 
 Of the sixty cases here reported, 27 wrecks were encountered at sea, and 
 the balance stranded, as follows: On the .Aleutian Islands, H; (Joast of Kani- 
 Bchatka, (i; Alaska, Oregon. Hawaiian and Brooks Islands, two each; Oft' San 
 Diego. Acapulco, Nootka Sound, San Bonito, Queen Charlotte, (^edros, Prov- 
 idence, Baker's, Stapletim, Ocean and Ladroiie Islands, oik? each. 
 
 In 23 cases where the actual number on board was named, they aggregated 
 2!);J persons; an average of 125 persons to a junk; ranging from 3 to 35 in in- 
 dividual cases. 
 
 Where definite statistics of the saved are given, we find 222 persons saved 
 in 33 cases; an average of Gi'4 persons in each disaster. On eight occasions, 
 three persons each were rescued; in four cases, one person; and on four other 
 cases, four persons; three times, eleven were saved; and twice each, 0, 12, 15, 
 17; and once each 2, 6, 7, '.), 10, 13, were saved. 
 
 By an examination of the above figures, we may estimate the probable ex- 
 tent of Japftnese blood infused into the Indian tribes around the shores of the 
 North Pacific. 
 
 Fifteen vessels mention having drifted helplessly at sea an aggregate of lOfiJ 
 months, averaging a little over seven months each. 
 
 Eleven cases report 122 deaths ; averaging a little over eleven deaths to each 
 wreck. 
 
22 
 
 JAPANESE WRECKS IN THE 
 
 It in siiicorely bopod that the publication of this record, 'which has so inter- 
 esting uu (•thnologiciil import, may result in awakening Japan to the adop- 
 tion of iinni<'(Uatn stejis in the great interest of a ('onitnon humanity: for by 
 improving the models of her vessels, and udoi)ting those with sea-going (jual- 
 ities, this long record of disastera may speedily be abridged, if not wholly 
 terminated. 
 
 About a year since it became my duty to forward to Japan, half a dozen 
 wooden models, full druwings and specifications of small vessels, varying 
 from 10 to "iOil tons, ordered by the Japanese government for the use of ship- 
 builibrs, which the now enlightened government has ncoiiiniended them 
 to adopt, instead of their presi'nt form of junks. Thus the edict of ltJ3'J has 
 ])assed away forever, an<l young Japan is rising to take her e(iual place among 
 the advancing nations of the world. 
 
 Few are better aware than the scientist, of the manifold and inevitable dan- 
 gers which attend all radical changes, when suddenly made; for success is a 
 problem seldom solved without repeated trials and inevitable failures. Hut 
 to-day, Japan is earnestly seeking to establish her national perpetuity, I'y fos- 
 tering a discriminating intelligence among her people, and by encouraging 
 general and liberal education among the masses. Thus she reverses in tin; 
 most practical nnmner, the other edict alluded to as promulgated in KiitT. 
 Ilercentiu'ies of quiet seclusion are now embalmed with the history of the past, 
 and she Seeks true^jreatness, in an enlightent.'d administration of her national 
 affairs, and bids fair henceforth to reciprocate a generous friendship towards 
 all members of the great brotherhood of nations, from whom she may now 
 claim ecjual sympathy and neighborly protection. 
 
 The great changes in Japan can not be better illustrated than in the fact, 
 that it is now customary for the government of Japan, in common with all 
 other nations, to i)resent through their Foreign oIKce, some suitable reward 
 in acknowledgement of kind service, to the captains of vessels who rescue 
 their shipwrecked seamen. 
 
 The Japanese (Tovernment have now in their navy ten war shii)s, five 
 disi)atch vessels, and Ave training ships, all steamers; and in their mercantile 
 marine, one hundred and two steamers of various tonnage, aggregating 1)0,718 
 tons; also [ii moilern sailing vessels built in foreign style of 7,IM0 total ton- 
 nage. 
 
 The great Pacific Ocean and its adjoining waters, under the impulse of this 
 age of steam, is becoming the highway of an enterprising commerce, and 
 steadily unfolds an attractive tield of research to ethnological and linguistic 
 archti'dlogists. 
 
 Many young Japanese are already attracted to scientific pursuits, and 
 their valuable technical as well as general results, are beginning to claim the 
 attention of naturalists. 
 
 Much valuable scientitie work has been done by Japanese scholars since 
 their early lessons received from Professor Wm. P. Blake and Professor 
 Rajihael Pnmpelly; two eminent American scientists, whom I had the honor 
 of selecting and engaging in the sumnn^r of 18fil, on behalf of the government 
 of Japan, to act as government Mineralogists and Mining Engineers. 
 
NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 23 
 
 A glorious opcninst now presents itsflf for some rfliiilil.- nm\ coiiiiictout 
 scholar, with pecuiiiiiry meftus at coiniimnd, to collect a lilirary of books re- 
 lating to the Asiatics shores of the North raeifle ocean, a^ perfect in its way 
 as is that of our f;;reat historian, Hubert II. Hancrnft, relating to the native 
 races of the American coast; and when as systematically classitied, and as 
 thoroughly studied, give to the world full ami correct histori<'ul details anil 
 analytical dassilications of all native races on the borders of Asia; many of 
 wliose records and traditions must necessarily fade with radical changes in 
 civilization, and soon pass beyond human reach. 
 
 The splendid sunrise, now dawning in the Orient, otbrs golden opportun- 
 ities, which should be promptly improved while availabh'. Old ways are 
 giving i)lace to new, and invaluable treasures of anti([uity. may be lost for- 
 ever, or cast aside to linger for a generation or two, in the niemoric s of the 
 aged, before their shadowy forms become enshrouded ni the misty veil of a 
 forgotten past. 
 
k 
 
 ^ 
 
 ji' 
 
 '! i 
 
 r 
 
 The National Anus of .I»pan. 
 
 (ChryKftutheimmi.)