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' ( 7 Pictorial Ontario THE PREMIER PROVINCE OF THE DOMINION /1.S POURTRAYED WITH PEN AND PENCIL. RAI'IDS ON THE t'l'PER OTTAWA. TORONTO, CANADA: C. BLACKRTT ROBINSON. T ! NOTICE. In Older lo sive those of our readers who are desirous ol investiiiK '" property, and on the security of property, in the Province of Ontario, the benefit of thoroughly reliablo legal practi- tioners, we give in our advertising pages the firms with whom it would be advisable to com- municate. The utmost reliance can be placed on their judgment and lionour. We also give the names of loan and financial societies, debentures ol which are ofTered in the Britisli market. The companies mentioned arc all of hitth standing financially, and are managed by gentlcmon of the highest integrity in the Province. CONTKNTS. I ty, and on the lie legal practi- 'isable to com- 1 are offered in :ially, and are I. The I'eople II. The Ciovernment III. Municipal Institutions - IV. The Educational System - V. Tht; Administration of Justice VI. The (Climate of Ontario - VII. .\griculture VIII. Manufactures IX. Labour and Wages X. Mineral Resources - XI. Sketches of the Country XII. Free ("irants and Homesteads I 12 t8 jS 31 i7 41 49 .58 6r I.i2 ILLUSTRATIONS. In and Around Ottawa - - . The School System of Ontario - Princess I^uise's Sketching Box Parliament Houses, Ottawa Hunting Party on Lake Xipissing - Lake of the Woods Falls of Niagara - . . . Picking Peaches - . . . Fishing on Lake Muskoka - I-ort Henry, Kingston Harbour - Chapel, Westminster Park. Thousa id Islands Long Sault Rapids, River St. L;.wrence North Channel, Georgian Bay Scene on Lake Neepigon - Rapids on Rainy River Portaging on Winnipeg River A Canadian Homestead, 1850 A Canadian Homestead, 18S6 - l'A(..K. Frontispiece. 17 63 63 - 67 71 74 79 97 - ^ IU3 104 105 - n6 126 130 131 ^ — c i .e .u ^ ^ ^ c 2 a o u V n 3 1. o c >• •V > 4J Sb ■*" > S 01 Q n j= *- U U 3 u r: ji S S'S ^ (4 1) ■" > « a c c . u c « § re -C s § 5 « '•) o < I O as 1 < o a E J3 t: O ^ j; :eI •- re *- •a s re (« u t- V. X u. g — PREFACE. rrillN its limits as now settled Ontario extends over ten deffrees of latitude and twenty de>^rees of lonj^i- tude. Its breadth from Point Pelee on Lake Erie to Fort Alban3' on James bay is more than seven hun- dred miles, and its length from Point Fortune on the Ottawa river to Rat Portage on the Winnipeg is more than a thousand miles. It is larger than the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan by ten thousand square miles ; larger than Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin by eleven thousand square miles; larger than the six New England States, with New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland, by twenty-five thousand square miles ; and larger than Great Britain and Ireland by seventy-eight thousand square miles. It is only four thousand square miles less than the French Republic, and only eight thousand miles less than the German Empire. It is a country large enough to be the seat of a mighty nation, and its situation on the great lakes is one that any state or empire of the world might envy. But Ontario has something more to boast of than a broad expanse. It has a fertile soil, an invigorating climate, vast forests of merchantable timber, treasures of mineral wealth, and water- power of limitless capacity. Better than all these, it is peopled by a hardy and energetic rs ze of men, born and reared under the ennobling and inspiriting influence of free institutions, free schools, free speech and a free press. It has extensive areas which grow a better sample and a larger average yield of the staple cereals than any other portion of the continent ; and it has more extensive areas not yet brought under cultivation which may be converted into grazing fields of unsurpassed richness, suitable for the production of the best qualities of butter and cheese, beef and mutton. In a vl. PREFACE. report on the trade between the United States and the British Possessions in North America, made by Mr. J. R. Larned of the United States Treasury Department in 1 871, it was observed that — " Ontario possesses a fertiHty with which no part of New England can at all compare, and that particular section of it around which the circle of the great lakes is swept forces itself upon the notice of any student of the American map as one of the most favoured spots . of the whole continent, where population ought to breed with almost Belgian fecundity." Similar testimony to the worth of the Province is borne by another American, who is well known on both sides of the Atlantic as a careful student of economic subjects. In an article in the North American Review for September, 1877, Hon. David A. Wells said: " North of lakes Erie and Ontario and the river St. Lawrence, east of lake Huron, south of the 45th parallel, and included mainly within the present Dominion Province of Ontario, there is as fair a country as exists on the North American continent ; nearly as large in area as New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio combined, and equal if not superior as a whole to these States in its agricultural capacity. It is the natural habitat on this continent of the combing- wool sheep, without a full, cheap and reliable supply of the wool of which species the great worsted manufacturing interest of the country cannot prosper, or, we should rather say, exist. It is the land where grows the finest barley, which the brewing interests of the United States must have if it ever expects to rival Great Britain in its present annual export of eleven millions of dollars' worth of malt products. It raises and grazes the finest of cattle, ' with qualities especially desirable to make good the deterioration of stock in other sections ; and its climatic conditions, created by an almost encirclement of the great lakfes, especially fit it to grow men. Such a country is one of the greatest gifts of Providence to the human race ; better than bonanzas of silver or rivers whose sands contain gold." Of such a country it is something to say that the people who occupy it are proving themselves worthy of it. Highways and railways have been opened in all directions; mills, factories and markets are being established wherever settlement extends ; and \ PREFACE. Vll. who and and and the heat of the pulse of commerce is being feh in the remotest townships. In a word, this Province of Ontario is a veritable Land of Promise. It contains within itself all the elements which go to build up national greatness. In agriculture, manufactures, and the arts it has already attained a distinguished place, and each furnishes abundant evidence of advancement and prosperity. The Province justly boasts o' a stable government and benefi- cent laws. The burden of local taxation, never heavy, has been lightened by the distribution of several ml lion dollars of surplus in the government treasury. Provision has b»i n made for the necessi- ties of the unfortunate and the afflicted by the establishment, support and management of public institutio' The publir school system is at once practical in its operation aiid respor ive to the requirements oi the people. Agriculture is greatly enoouiaged by grants for the maintenance of agricultural societies, by the valuable work accom- plished at the Agricultural College and Model Farm, and by a systematic effort to ascertain the agricultural status oi" ihp country and to record its progress from year to year. Efficient means h;;ve been provided for the care and improvement of the public health, and for weakening the force of those conditions which favour disease and tend to shorten the period of life. The labours of the pioneer have been lightened and cheered by the security of a home- stead right in his land, and by the building of highways to give him ready access to the market towns of the older settlements. A great impetus has also been given to the manufactures and commerce of the Province by the large sums of public money granted as subsi- dies for the construction of railways, and the results of this policy have only begun to appear. What they shall be twenty years or even ten years hence the most sanguine citizen cannot venture to predict. But, in addition to the measures taken by the Government to promote the moral, educational and material interests of the Prov- ince, mention should be made of the large tract of disputed territory which has recently been declared to be the possession of Ontario by a decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. By this decision the right to a territory of nearly one hundred thousand square miles in extent has been secured, which possesses a wealth of timber, minerals and fisheries that may be made a source of Vlll. PREFACE. generous revenue for a century to come, if not for all time, and capable of sustaining in thrift a population equal in numbers to that of any state of northern Europe. As the fruit of so much encouragement, endeavour and attani- ment on the part of its government and its people, it is not too much to say that Ontario should continue to be the most prosperous as well as the best governed commonwealth of the North American Continent. Indeed there cannot be a doubt in the mind of any careful observer that of all the States of America to-day Ontario is the most prosperous as well as the best governed. In the following chapters it is proposed to present facts to show- that the above is no fancy sketch, but that with respect to the land, the climate and the people Ontario does not rank second to any ether portion of equal area in America, and that to all intending emigrants from the old world who possess some means and a fair share of energy there is no better or more attractive rtel^ for settle- ment in either hemisphere. ^^^ CHAPTER I. The People. NE of the desirable things to be known of any country is, What of its people — their number, their race, their religion and their occupation? The people of Ontario will bear to be studied in comparison with the people of any other portion of the civilized world. As to numbers, the census records of them are as follows: — YEARS. 1842 1848 1851 1861 1871 1881 MALES. 259.914 387.631 498,131 724.459 827,277 975,022 FEMALES. 227,139 338,248 452,052 669,488 790,968 945.315 TOTAL. 487.053 725.879 950.183 1.393.947 1,618,245 r.920,337 The above table does not include the population of the Indian reserve of the township of Tuscarora, in the county of Brant, but in ail the following tables these are included. Considered by nativities the people are classified as follows; — BORN. 1881. England and Wales Ireland Scotland Canada Other British possessions. France Germany Italy Russia and Poland Spain and Portugal Scandinavia 139.031 130,094 82,173 493.509 2,606 1.549 23,270 378 444 103 852 Carried forward 1,874,009 ' 1871. 124,062 153.000 90,807 1,178,510 2,599 1.751 22,827 89 296 207 245 1861. 114,290 191,231 98.792 910,476 1.752 2.389 22,yo6 104 161 96 261 1851. 82,699 I75.'v63 75811 558.555 684 ,007 .933 15 188 54 31 1.574-393 ' T. 342.453 904,936 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Nativities. — Continued. m III nil' il BORN. 1881. 1871. 1861. 1851. Brought foriuard United States 1,874,009 45.454 1,298 256 2,211 1.574.393 43.406 1,176 306 1.570 1-342,458 50,758 1. 158 323 1.394 904.936 43.732 1,586 Other countries At sea 167 1.574 Not given Totals 1,923,228 1,620,851 1,396,091 952.004 The students of this table will not fail to notice the steady increase in the number of the people who are natives of the Prov- ince. The population indicates a steady rise during each decade — being about 53 per cent, of the whole in 1851 ; 66 per cent, in 1861 ; 70 per cent, in 1871 ; and 80 per cent, in 1881. It is obvious, there- fore, that there must be a steady growth of Canadian sentiment and nationality; no other result could be looked for among a people so many of whom have had the advantage of a training in the public schools of the Province, as well as in the principles of government which obtain under its free institutions. Intimately connected with the classification of the people by nativities is their classification by origins; but the census is defec- tive as regards this information, except for the years 1871 and 1881. The figures for those years are as follows : — ORIGIN. English and Welsh Irish Scotch Dutch French German Italian Russian and Polish Scandinavian Spanish and Portuguese. Swiss African Indian Other origins. Not given 1881. Totals 542,232 627,262 378,536 22,163 102,743 188,394 687 787 1,521 285 2,382 12,097 15.325 1,546 27,268 1,923,228 1871. 444.711 559,442 328,889 19,992 75.383 158,608 304 392 686 213 950 13.435 12,978 360 4,508 1,620,851 THE PEOri-b:. The leading nations of Europe are well represented as to the origin of the people, and there are few or none of the western peoples of Europe who would not find in Ontario a goodly number of the representatives of their race. Next as to religions. It is often a matter of first consequence with persons who intend leaving their own for a foreign country to know the religious persuasion of the people among whom they propose to cast their lot. For the information of such persons the following table is given : — DENOMINATIONS. I88I. Adventists Baptists Brethren Roman Catholics . . . . Church of England . . Congregationaliits . . . Jews Lutherans Methodists Pagans Presbyterians Quakers Other denominations. No religion Not given 696 122,731 7.714 320,839 367.528 16,340 1. 193 37.901 591,503 1.499 417.749 6,307 13.529 1.756 15.943 1871. Totals I 1,923,228 1.449 86,630 3,800 274,162 330.995 12,858 518 32,399 462,264 1,884 356.442 7,106 25.829 4,908 19,607 1 861. 1851. 1,050 74.671 258,151 311,559 9,357 24,299 350,373 303,374 7,383 22,246 17,373 15,641 i,620,ti5i 1 1,396,091 C63 55,647 167,695 223.110 7,747 106 12,089 •;i3,365 204,148 7,461 15,622 44,271 952,004 In connection with this table may be given the following, which shows for the same 3'ears the number of places of worship of the principal denominations: — 551 DENOMI.S.ATIONS. 1881. 1871. 1861. ! 1851. Baptist Catholic Congregational 431 367 71 680 89 2.375 852 210 279 294 511 1,924 696 389 70 93 ^36 308 182 59 119 126 Church of England Lutheran Methodist 228 Soo 286 Presbyterian Other churches ? T C ^^D Totals 5.075 4.093 938 1,474 i PICTORIAL ONTARIO. The next and last classification of the people is by occupations, being the most important of all as information to the people of other countries who have emigration in mind. It is given in detail as follows : — Occupations of the people in Ontario according to the Census Returns of 1851, 1861, 1871 and 1881, and in the Dominion accord- ing to the returns of 1871 and i88i. OCCUPATIONS. Agricultural Class: Dairymen Farmers and farmers' sons Farriers and veterinary surgeons, Gardeners and nurserymen Various agricultural occupations, Totals Commercial Class: Accountants and bookkeepers . . . Agents Auctioneers Bankers and money brokers . . . . Brokers Booksellers and stationers Boomkeepers Boat and bargemen Cabmen and draymen Commercial clerks Commercial travellers Dealers and traders Express employes Fruiterers Grain dealers Hawkers and pedlars Insurance employes Livery stable keepers Mariners and sailors Merchants Pilots Railway employes Shopkeepers Stage owners and drivers Stevedores Telegraph employes Various commercial occupations Totals 1881. 849 300.554 275 2,571 381 304.630 2.441 2,487 167 8gi 174 221 144 1,081 12,474 1.053 1.155 206 153 321 627 445 355 3,359 7,725 39 5,074 2.494 79 3 1.305 75 44.543 1871. 226,883 189 1,316 320 228,708 1,225 973 120 159 120 316 12 156 2,625 8,290 344 655 53 212 507 224 2,945 5.939 32 1,931 1,699 3 543 1861. 29,088 43 132,064 60 524 1,642 134,333 492 551 80 67 77 116 68 604 4,262 426 21 426 "82 808 1.057 17 855 3,661 4 1 115 233 1851. 14.023 13 86,224 46 301 53 86,637 56 179 41 35 13 72 37 265 3,100 223 "s 260 32 586 2,63i II 435 139 "16 263 8.452 THE PEOPLE. Occupations — Continued. OCCUPATIONS. Domestic Class: Barbers and hairdressers .... Barkeepers Hospital attendants Hotel and boarding-housekeepers Laundresses Midwives and nurses Servants, male " female Various domestic occupations Totals Industrial Class: Aerated water makers Bakers Blacksmiths Boat builders Boiler builders Bookbinders Boot and shoemakers Box and tiunkmakers Brewers and distillers Bricklayers Brickmakers Brush and broom-makers .... Builders Butchers Cabinet and furniture-makers. Car and locomotive builders. . Carders and weavers Carpenters and joiners Carriage-makers Carvers and gilders Chemists and druggists Confectioners Coopers Dressmakers and milliners , . . Edge tool makers Engineers and machinists .... Engravers and lithographers . Factory operatives Fishermen Foundrymen Gasworks' employes Gold and silversmiths Grocers Hatters and furriers Carried forward 1881. 964 527 77 4,094 551 359 5.424 21,635 173 33.804 54 1.938 10,030 187 360 532 6,961 158 480 1.431 913 332 1.057 3.223 2.799 88 2.999 17,626 3.586 257 1.275 404 2,404 9.747 177 5.963 187 3.108 766 2.785 21 117 1,650 295 1871. 420 510 239 4.124 298 21 4.469 16,715 1861. 26,805 1,118 7.897 257 6,716 67 399 831 595 348 615 1.916 1,918 ■ 2*,895 14.993 3.025 114 811 362 a.472 3.867 185 1,612 70 920 2,010 8 ' 1,384 233 83.910 I 57.63S 218 97 3.190 215 18 3.783 13.778 485 21,784 7 653 5.431 18 79 86 6,419 10 369 549 240 65 293 1.055 1.322 5 1.209 10,393 2,006 39 355 163 1,798 1.253 13 1,104 42 3 258 771 20 1,010 121 1851. 94 7» 2,108 1 86 17 3,180 12,274 80 18,013 37.159 26 462 4.235 14 38 51 5.898 21 407 252 2IO 42 60 600 1,065 1,800 8,122 1.415 13 io3 86 1.935 1.235 7 693 20 6 96 483 19 476 150 30.045 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Occupations— Cow(U 1 Yearly Wages.: 1 Value ^ 1, of 1 n a. II Raw 1 s a Am'nt. Av'ge. j Material 9 » c. » 25 80 18028 225 35 38440 51 174 42111 242 00 66053 173 2143 745693 347 97 790073 141 3201 "30475 353 16 1613093 385 1239 346254 279 46 2067001 541 2029 596813 294 14 3033507 I 5 500 xoo 00 1250 I 2 100 50 00 100 Value of Product. lOIOIO 181673 2291989 39284 I I 2983740 4291869 2500 400 42 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Manufacturing Industries— CoM/»j«frf. u >ij Yearly Wages. Value of 1 Value Industrtf*; n of Product ■?< E Am'nt. .Vv'ge. Raw Material » « c. « « Bank note engraving 187 1 ••i.S.Si 1871 • 'iSSr 1S71 1 82 35000 426 82 ... 1 . * . 20000 60000 B?,rk extract works I 12 3600 300 00 ... . 1 12800 30750 1 basket ni.ilsing 15 48 74(J5 155 52 2930 [ 17670 ■ '1881 22 99 14860 150 lO 9980 36810 Bell foui' irics 1871 I I 4 3 1200 300 00 Geo 200 00 1128 1000 4000 ■ '1881 500U Belt and l-.ose factories . . . 1871 4500 ■1881 A 13 L346 15 34500 54000 Billiard table making 1871 I j 2200366 66 9000 16000 ■ "1881 2 ■ 15 6400 426 66 17417 30827 Blacking manufactories. . . 1871 2 22 5250 238 63 12150 33500 1 88 1 I 4 1 1400 350 00 5000 9000 Blacksmithing 1S71 2894I 4810 '1182167 245 77 749051 2729760 ' 1S81 3586 G02O !i409322|233 87 1 33 1 730 3906 S09 Boat building 1871 29 62 14767 238 17 5001 25140 ■•1881 b2 138 28097^203 60 17672 72178 J^oiler makinp 1871 11 179 67063 374 66 135900 274150 ■ "1881 17 2'io 82492317 27 151700 271833 Bone crushing mills 1 87 1 ■•18S1 I I 400,400 00 120 625 Bookbinding 1871 21 365 ' 74238,203 38 1 151245 232 32 198619 741S2J 353953 ••i88r 35 651 1 155458 Boot and shoe factories . . . . 1871 igf'S <3354 15690871246 94 2397498 50-5155 ■ "1881 2042! .5827 1536833J263 74 2447883 5045582 Breweries 1S71 1051 53^' 174708 325 94 532137 1198919 ■■1881 106; 935 361358 386 47 1556790 3372408 Brick and tile yards 1871 309, i93() 229842J118 53 66314 577904 ■ 1881 )00 2768 40531 1 146 42 19035 1 97115^ Broom and brush making. . 1871 78; 335 82278 245 60 1 30063 313829 ■■1881 58 552 116390 210 85 549248 . 480742 Butter factories 1871 ■•1881 23 94 21213 225 67! 159828 212480 Button factories 1871 2 34 5000 147 05' 4500 11500 ■ "1881 7 418 58500 139 95! 79250 16310a Cabinet and furniture 1871 53b 2769 799695 288 8o| 937096 2306076 ■ "1881 b25l 3460 1000595 289 18 1127561 3 '1 3259 Car and locomotive works. . 1871 2 Co 18000 300 OO! 15S000 204000 ■ •1881 12 1622 637460 393 00 1224826 2081702 Carding and fullingmills. . . 1871 158 33«. 54190 160 33 415912 539857 • "1881 72 173 31648 182 93; 169947 '^53196 Carpenters and joiners 1871 553 1792I 517178 2S8 60 447943 1284047 ■ 1881 5-io 1632 471904 289 15 673914 1535737 Carnet makins? 1871 ' •■18S1 9 13I 2798 215 23I 4855 ioc4> . 'J MANUFACTURES. 43 Manufacturing Industries — Continued. Industries. in u ^U 1> ■^ -Q o Fi 04 3 ti Z W ^ , . 1871 I42I Carnage making 18811690 1871 i88i 1871 1881 1871 1881 1871 •1S81 1871 ■18S1 1S71 •iSSi 1871 •18S1 Carving and gilding Cement mill.; Charcoal burning Cheese factories Chemical establishments . Chicory kiln Cider making Coffee and spice mills „' ^ loci Cooperage |g^J Cordial and syrup makin<; Cork cuttin,'^ Corset factorie.; Cotton factories Cutlery Distilleries Dressmaking and millinery . . . ^Z^ Dyeing and scouring „J, 1 87 1 Edge tool making ^', Engine building J,,7| Engravingand lithographing. . !' ^' Fire-proof safe making ' ^J ,,-■,■ ^ 1 , I • 1S71I. i'lsliing tackle m:uiing ./, 187. ■1881 1871 '1881 1871 ■18S1 1871 ■1881 1871 ■1881 1871 •1881 13 51 2 4 16 8 323 551 13 17 I 48 116 II 669 640 41 7 I 3 2 5 II 3 I 18 II 403 1 1 061 5 20 22 13 6 8 5 17 3 2 4780 5391 74 2681 19 46 25! 909 1638 65! 70! 106 220 Yearly Wages Am'nt. Av'ge. 1259799 1527S80I 19150^ 81619 4000' 13000, 1545] 13759; I 10763 330139 22800' 25880 1.50 53'^o 13872 43|| 14550 1837 1^43 86 14 2!i Up 478i<)8 j 451714 11235 I 863 900 2928 » c. 263 55 283 42 258 78 304 54 210 53 282 60 61 80 269 78 121 85 201 55 350 77 360 71 Va'uj of ; Raw Material 887861 1644416 143507 5880 15450 1488, 26355 1 1 3'')078 3686710 133650 134200 Value of I'roduct. 307S841 4319197 81950 314495 10500 44.; 00 4O17 62410 14^4702 466S078 207100 203250 75 00! 50 751 63 05; 338 37 260 29 245 09 130 64 61 64 450 00 266 18 150 350 19057 4KJ06 555IJ3, 105331 263 495 1683 II 67: 421 260| 2126 4661 9! 85! 223 337 508 560 16 170 56 82 36500 87400; 3819001 3100 2 6000 1 170590 1 105730 2559<'7 579097 3125 20639 828711 144030] i9;>573i 216300 8200 64113 20160 42500 138 78 176 56 226 91 281 81 3S8 06 405 20 406 65 120 30 124 24I 347 221 242 8ii 371 61 427 38 375 14; 386 25j 512 50; 377 13, 360 00 518 29' 83610] 516676, 5105511 3535'^! 1 500 1 360 7560 127450 12.S1868 i2Sj,S76 65123 1260 13100 1400 350 00 1 1 0000 280000J 996100 3100 44000 1141071J 1007 100' 815514I 1S51004! 1780I 10227 61995 164280 289158 452900 2100 63500 19640 32000 550 iSoooo 49 2 200 187.1S00 11520 I 00000 3«75757 lf)28Soo 1350483 3082736 6530 50643 204405 41 1550 671000 8u8ooa 14200 167968 50275 88000 2050 44 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Manufacturing Industries — Continued. ' iH Yearly Wages. Value of Raw Material Value Industries. B 3 2 E of Product Am'nt. Av'ge. 9 » c. S 9 Fittings and foundry \vorking1871 32 191 55762 291 95 81354 191056 in brass, iron, lead, etc.. ..1881 1871 • ■ 1881 75 1084 396021 365 33 6- 1388805 Floor oilcloth making I 6 700 116 66 1200 5000 Flour and grist mills 1871 951 2759 833959 302 26 22615814 271 15796 ■ ■ r88i 1034 35t>5 2115411 340 92 25075047 298591 18 Foundriesandmachineworkine „Z 258 4b8b 1587018 338 67 1576695 4631S50 °i»Ki 342 5021 1867977 372 03 2219798 5839467 Furriers and hatters 1871 5a 550 113041 205 52 255085 513189 ■ "1881 55 661 152342 230 47 387050 750075 Gas works 1871 II "3 44492 393 73 80974 263206 ■•1881 23 241 107158 444 63 152951 557946 Glass works 1871 3 98 48300 492 85 34150 I 12330 ■■1881 1871 b 333 128380 385 52 127700 339000 Glove and mitt making. . . . • " • ) • • • • • " ■ 1 ■ '1881 i3 269 44222 164 39 122725 196450 Glue making 1871 5 17 2365 139 II 3060 6200 ••i88i b 48 11950 284 96 61600 97600 Gold and silver smithing.. 1871 3 18 6824 179 II 7860 34900 Gold leaf factory 1881 1871 14 62 21962 354 22 30190 81800 • • > 1881 I ^7 4160 244 70 1300 25000 Gun making 1871 20 32 10230 319 68 2831 18587 "1881 24 3S 166 1 1 437 13 8610 34095 Gunpowder mills 1871 ••1881 1871 I '3 4000 307 69 26400 60000 Gypsum mills 15 124 21915 176 73 71700 96304 ■1881 8 32 9950 310 93 14000 30550 Hosiery manufactories .... 1871 10 244 39113 160 29 92514 198642 ■•1881 bb 1316 284829 216 43 698726 1253101 India-rubber factories 1871 I 2 1 100 550 00 2500 7000 ■ '1881 I I 750 750 00 500 1500 Indian manufactories 1871 13 42 1710 1710 Ink factories ' ' 1881 lC7I 50 70 3000 4000 X0015 ••188I I I 300 300 00 560 950 Iron smelting furnaces a idi87i ..1881 steel making 3 no 33967 30S 79 6S760 172150 Jewellers and watchmakers. 1871 93 235 80840 344 00 66693 210183 Lamp and chandelier maki 1881 1871 188 422 135651 321 44 177932 450473 ^S oa • °lS8l I 35 5000 142 85 5000 18000 Last factories It'jl 4 24 8410 350 41 4710 18787 ••1881 5 28 8305 '296 60 3416 21400 Lime kilns 1871 559 1099 94521! 86 00 51159 265883 •1881 515 1133! 100200 88 43I 85263 294724 I MANUFACTURES. 45 Manufacturing Industxies — Continued. Industries. S a I 42 t W Yearly Wages Value of Raw Material Value of Product. Am'nt. Av'ge. Unseed oil factories ^g^^ 30 » c. 30 00^ 6 112 Lock making ^gZJ Match factories ^gZj Mathematical instruments. • • • Jcgj Mattress making Jg^j Meat curing ^g^j Miscellaneous wares ^gZJ Musical instrument making.. Jg^ J Nail and tack factories ^gZ| TVT 4- „ : 1 • 1871 , t I 7 5 2 2 5 14 105 94 49 163 26 29 I 2 95' 41 124 8 19 13 33 661 485 256 1232 387 817 16 80 13000 3950 10600 3450 i 7200 4734 10060 126620 136069 59875 241063 165539 364050 4800 35000 136 84 96 34 85 48 431 25 378 94 364 15, 304 84^ [76 42 ^80 55, ^33 89: 195 66 427 74 445 59 300 00 437 50 1 0000 5»35 16550 550 3000 6329 163 1 5 2512268 2x01187 129750 512213 169265 346846 11550 120000 • • • > . ( 50000 14660 37010 6600 17000 18160 3.5424 3193122 27636S5 2693S6 1079207 496012 98375^ 22000 185000 Native wine making . gA Oil refineries J^7i Pail and tub factories ^ll^ lool Paint and varnish works ^gZ^ Painters and glaziers JgZ ^ Paper manufactories ^oZJ Paper bag and box making. . . Jg^J Patent medicine manufactoriesJoZ^ I^ol Photographic galleriei* jg^i Pickle making ^^7i lool Planing and moulding mills.. ^g^^ Plaster and s^scco work« ^qZ^ lOOI Pot and pearl asheries ^g^' Potteries 'fZ' 9 46 32 34 433 379 10753 184810 165300 316 26 426 81 436 14 23070 1266744 1933370 59220 2845669 3667050 3 2 [ 14 68 97 19 35 6 59 279 316 344 690 3725 1700 21348 79964 98486 99270 217022 106 42 283 .33' 361 83' 286 60 311 66; 288 57 314 52! 5200 7900 195350 73143 96470 236250 675483 12966 I 700 357100 208304 267844 487500- 1 1 24300 II 12 15 97 103 177 60 lOI 194' 200I 24412 16150 34210 69181 72566 137 92 -:69 16 338 71 356 60 362 83 56765 32143 123700 55941 44002 19424 9'^75o 313000 172084 189812 26 4500 173 07 17200 25000 57 4 6 267 157 58 72 520 29 30 298 373 207 26 j 152669 13280 17676 96044 72260 57060 295 51 457 93 589 20 160 60 193 72 275 65 502300 6100 15600 172079 123600 25117 797504 24700 44265 391655 286530 186405 tool S45>J 319 i» 71289 314645 46 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. I Manufacturing Industries — Continued. Industries. a p Preserved articles of food . , . . Printing offices Pulp mills Pump factories Quartz crushing mills Rivet factories Rolling iLiils RoQfing felt factories Rope and twine making Saddle and harness making . . Salt works Sash, door and blind factories Saw and tile cutting Saw mills Scale factories Screw factoriej Scutching mills Sewing machine factories . . . Shingle making Ship material makinfr Ship yards Shirt, ':o :ar and tie making . Shook and fish box making. . 14 191 248 1871 1881 1871 1881 1871 i38i 1871 1881 1871 1881 187 1 1881I 1871] 1881 1871 1881 1871 1881 1871 1881 1871 i88i 1871 i88i 1871 i88i iSyi 1837 iS8i 1761 1871 2 1881 1871 1881 1871 1881 1871 I 146 211 2 2 I 3 2 I I 2 12 II 676 836 16 26 156 281 4 10 4S o 124 E 24 198 1784 3242 Yearly Wages. Am'nt. Av'ge. i88i| I 24 29 10 7 1871' 414 1881' 1871 1881 1 87 1 1881 1871 1881 1871 1881 204 9 10 19 15 9 262 415 22 19 >4 27 425 225 2 12 138 164 1773 1832 175 243 1548 2286 63 165 I385I 16846 29 20 66 480 978 711 604 154 910 40 51 460 367 9 1000 21900 666807 1070342 4500 63515 106404 6900 2940 4000 1 0000 152000 lOOOOO 600 5620 24826 39715 46I4I6 498689 60990 78187 485069 778028 28375 69100 2675390 3581225 9000 7000 9 c. 41 66 no 60 373 77 330 14 500 00 242 42 256 39 313 63 154 7j 285 71 370 37 357 64 444 44 300 00 468 33 179 89 242 16 260 24 272 21 348 51 321 313 35 340 34 450 39 418 78 193 15 212 58 310 34 350 00 Value of Raw Material Value of Product 1500 33750 674948 872704 19I 230 So 13700 79010 135270 272200 215944 203335 123533 13600 16202 168667 137140 207 57 164 60 138 31 382 84 357 52 131 95 135 75 340 00 317 68 366 66 373 67 2100 31559 106905 2496 IIOOO 7000 45000 797000 250000 3500 23000 85215 70500 732931 I0440I3 19725 167700 686558 2208517 49095 147330 7108234 8985797 6320 18000 4167c 204!:.c 181 17 256 00 3500 74040 1907067 2717702 IIOOO 169335 345190 7720 18295 25000 72000 I 180000 400000 4800 45000 135740 165060 1645398 2033785 I 19999 395098 1546898 3982117 96150 277400 I273374I I660II75 30750 35000 20809 125370 203984 217000 170672 244178 20I52I 26060 50450 I30IOO I 13500 179740 58000 50960 259653 411162 790560 517246 662608 454803 49745 79202 359212 305350 261920 87000 MANUFACTURES. 47 Manufacturing Industries — Continued, Industries. 1871 i88i Soap and candle making . Spinning wheel factories gg Starch factories Stave mills Steel barb fence factories Stone and marble cutting Straw works u v XI S 9 Spring and axle factories joA^ 1871 •1881 1871 •1881 1871 •1881 1871 ■ • 1881 1871 ••1881 Sugar and syrup factories (from 1 871 sorghum, beet root, etc 1881 Superphosphate works g^^ Surgical appliances JgZj Tailors and clothiers ^g^^ 1871 1881 38 28 7 5 4 4 3 3 27 98 187 4 14 Q ■5. E 154 153 II 18 119 139 63 86 253 3 577 859 374 138 62 Tanneries Yearly Wages Am'nt. Av'ge. 9 47098 52337 1830 3360 36300 46500 26500 25500 48308 1200 177412 331618 37600 18078 ' c. 305 8j 342 07 166 36 i86 66 305 04 334 53 420 63 296 51 190 94 400 00 307 47 386 05 100 53 131 00 9109 146 Ter' and awning factories. . . . juu!i Tin and sheet-iron working. . . ^gg|' Tobacco working JgZji Trunk and box making jgZj Type foundries ^J} Vinegar factories |gZ| Whip factories J^Jj Wig making J^JJ Window shade f ictoi ies . I 3 5 942 1121 426 3161 440 670I 42| 59 27i 13' ^1 9! 33 5 16 6248 8569 1584 15^8 5 36 1251 2049 707 1 164 165 191I 5I 8; 3411 Wire works. 1871 1881 1871 1881 12 37) 4 28 I 8 721 8 24 19 40 2 6 6 31 2 I9| 15000 2IOO 7400 I2574I4 I 83669 I 449043 481963 900 9700 366633 582024 157423 284682 35799 42930 1936 936 12586 12990 6745 12196 6080 6081 2780 6238 91 454 54 420 00 462 50 201 251 2t4 34 283 48 315 42 180 00 269 44 292 99 284 05 222 66 244 57 2i6 96 224 76 387 20 117 00 370 17 351 ' 240 89 169 38 253 33 152 02 463 33 201 22 Value of Raw Material ! 9 395936 38365* 385 10307 57760 118300 97900 I 13000 Value of Product. 9 524720 619766 5058 17630 158412 178500 216184 161000 70550 4000 159827 326527 62705 24791 20236 163593 12000 459891 914725 154250 59736 36630 6900' 363 15 60000 1290 6050 31 17667 4506055 2137337 2336386 400 16100 592320 994654I 424382 501099 98403! 72530, 2900 3360 82200 I 10657 10238 26897 5160 9559 10400 10450 7500 85000 6820 22200 5425464 8012756 3420218 3555198 2000 44000 1327276 2178629 693JS7 1186043 201740 237750 9000 5550 170312 159862 21618 53404 14360 28746 14000 26100 22000 48 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Manufacturing Ikdvstries— Continued. a Industries. Wood turning establishments. ^gZ^ Wool cloth making Jg7 J • t Yearly Wages. Value p "a, of Raw 1 a a ! Am'nt. Av'ge. Material 'A w \ 9 9 c. 9 52 120 31409 261 74 18604 3» 133 39261 295 20 35854 233 3696 761934 20O 15 2706243 993 5221 1072553 205 43 1 3515933 Value of Product 81041 I 10320 45891 19 6077444 The lines of industry are almost " i numerous as in most coun- tries of the European continent ; certainly as numerous as in almost every State of the American Union. The rate of increase, too, has been very satisfactory in the decade, especially in the number of establishments, the number of hands employed, and the aggregate value of the manufactured product. The average rate of wages is not so high as to induce European artisans to leave good positions at home ; and at the present time especially there are few, if any, lines of manufactures in which the home supply of labour is not sufficient tor the demand. CHAPTER IX. Labour and Wages. EFERENCE was made in the last chapter to the rate of wages paid to skilled workmen. The following table gives by occupations the averages of time employed, wages earned, and cost of living in nineteen of the principal towns and cities of the Province for the year ending October 31, 1884, based on returns collected from 2,853 work-people and published in the last annual report of the Bureau of Industries : m W-y ■ ■■"'■I LABOUR AND WAGES. Note. — In this table figure i, following the name of occupation, denotes a male under 16; figure 2 a female over 16, and figure 3 a female under 16. The unit of employe in all other occupations is a male over 16. The number of dependents in the first column does not include the worker. Occupation or Sub- occupation. Agricultural implement workers . Blacksmiths Drillers , Foremen Machinists Melters , Moulders Painters Vice hands Wood workers Apprentices (various) . , . , •4-t a D a o a, V >*^ O 6 A •a -a "" a 4) - (U (U . ^fD 11 6 t 2 3 Ul •=S 1^ l-l (A l-i §^ S>^ M Q > .63 ,00 I 331 ,86 ■331 ,00 ,68| .50! ,87. 60. 00' 260, 60.00 223, 6o.oo'285, 59.11 248, 53.00 296, 58.64I239. 59.36238, 51.00 280, 59.13246, 59.00 289, » c, 63 399 58 50,2*5 75 00.663 33 SSUoi 97 67 355 00 1 6' 460 24 00J331 89 00 375 00 60' 400 60 59^164 34 be a "S ii C.I 3 c. I 399 5S374 68 I245 75:245 75 |663 33 5^6 67 8 67 414 Si 304 92 !355 00336 67 4 00 «< O d 3-40 3-25 4-33 1.67 2.38 3-50 2.80 2.53 2-43 3.00 2.71 2.15 2.03 3-33 1-75 6.25 ■50 ,60 ,29 •59 .28 2.86 •50 3. II 1.78 1-33 2.38 2. 87 2.94 •79 .26 1.67 2.50 2.40 2.09 •33 U u a, 56.80 48.00 48.00 48.00 55-05 54.00 69.60 68.82 57-71 57-75 56.43 56.70 55-97 56,00 59-00 57-05 58.00 57^75 60.00 66.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 58.29 57. 03 57-45 59-33 60.00 59.62 57.60 59-44 54-50 60.00 58.74 59- 00 63.00 69.00 67.20 60.00 59-33 V o B ^ o 2 § 271 262 250 250 297 268 300 280 253 60 50 00 00 ,00 .00 ,00 29 ,10 292.50 227.46 286.95 239-79 301-33 299.50 300.25 275-33 292.50 230.00 273-71 181.94 298.89 300.00 262 . 86 300.00 249.72 660 00 418 75 500 00 396 67 454 38 505 00 464 00 389 71 418 61 461 25 449 07 494 20 438 41 508 33 390 75 600 00 139 17 481 25 317 00 472 43 394 24 432 II 150 00 426 14 175 00 396 28 291, 300, 277. 270, 289, 275. 268. 271, 302, 283. 332. 234' 294, 254' 431 19 466 67 447 63 480 60 432 09 384 75 137 67 167 84 369 50 188 33 377 00 356 30 504 94 III 94 a "b ti V 2 a IS .5 •a CO B 1* cfl yi flj B » c. » c. 18 75 116 67 5 00 ■""98 5 00 4 41 9 80 7 25 5 24 2 68 2 00 31 25 52 50 II 43 22 65 7 14 II 76 40 00 10 71 3 19 II 19 9 64 9 96 14 06 80 6 59 I 71 24 33 36 13 4 43 5 26 20 83 12 50 10 50 13 09 660 00 437 50; 616 67 396 67I 459 38 505 00 469 00 394 12 429 39 461 451 503 443 508 390 683 139 481 317 491 428 -132 150 476 175 409 452 466 461 505 474 390 137 173 390 188 377 382 517 III 520 00 315 00 416 67 308 33 403 50 405 00 382 00 338 82 380 22 383 13 404 75 392 60 385 79 445 00 385 75 518 75 145 83 370 00 285 00 346 29 358 76 356 94 150 00 405 71 165 oo 675 46 363 81 266 67 379 19 401 13 359 13 292 00 '59 33 179 79 350 83 175 00 356 50 332 50 427 27 120 72 LABOUR AND WAGES. 5f Labour and "Wages— Continued. 83 00 00 29 76 94 00 71 oo > 46 81 67 19 13 13 00 33 79 83 00 50 50 27 72 Occupation or Sub- occupation. Coopers 2. Coppersmiths i Corset-makers, 2 Cotton mill operatives Carders 2 " helpers, 2 i 3 Drawers-in, 2 Dyers Ji Finishers, 2 2 Loom fixers [2 Spinners 2 2 Spoolers, 3 Slasher tenders 2 Wareroom hands i c u •a c V T) >M O d V >^ o a ^ V ^ in u u 3 JJ O CLi "O V >, 0. Ix E u u >1 in u [ ^; Q tn a OC.g ?■ IS 83! 60.00 5o| 54.00 .. j 60.00 ,80 •50, I 00 00 43 00 33 Warpers, 2 Weavers, 2 Winders, 2 Dressmakers Engineers : 1 Locomotive 3 Marine '2 Stationary 2 Fanning mill makers .... 3 Firemen i Foremen (various) '4 Foundry men, general : Machinists I3 Moulders 2 Woodworkers 3 Furniture factory work'rs : j Finishers i Machine hands 2 Upholsterers i Varnishers & Polishers, i Gas fitters General servants (with board), 2 ' 1 70-5o!365 Glass packers .50 60. 00^250 Glove makers 3-oo 60.00 299 Harness makers 2.32 56.84 265 67 75 50 25 53 25 ,82 ,20 83 ,86 ,00 ,42! .05; .25! •93 .25; ■I?' .40 .41 •33 .60 61.4c 60.00 62.50 60.00 61. 60 57.00 60.71 60.00 60.83 62.50 60.67 60.50 44-50 60.83 61.00 61.25 58.91 74.40 84.00 62.23 60.00 63.42 60.12 59-50 58.15 , » c. 251-64355 91 275.00I478 50 266.67.216 67 298, 23^ 290, -;67, 280 177 272 233 270 290 •^73 2/7 276 270 257 275 248 00385 50|i86 00 127 5o',27o 00,380 00153 569 399 191 108 33371 tn to c i) m u » C, 60 a 'a u ei u in en _C "c u n o H to a o O » c. 406 244 202 289 199 163 909 457 416 475 276. 2og. 296. 300.00 262.421344 284.181831 302.17469 250.G0429 00 25 50 50 00 00 29 50 67 38 67 251 83I oS, 40; 00; 27 10 50 06 00 58 59 92 j 05^ » c. » c. 355 91 '348 45 478 50325 00 216 67 200 00 5 00 2 27 I 385 20 00 2o6 127 270 380 158 569 399 191 108 3''i 406 244 202 292 199 165 2 67 51 671 50 00 7 40} 22 86 4 17 29 41 I 2 00 60.00 293.75 508 00' 100 00 608 833 7 35 15 00 3 75 909 559 446 475 357 868 484 434 58.501300. 5o!428 58 1 428 58 58.65 55-41 56.00 62.40 231, 283, 275, 302, 00 25 50 50 00 00 29 50 67 38 67 25 83 08 07 00 5-1 10 17 32 00 08 35 92 80 00 55 340 35 ' 340 35 ,12443 58 ,00 391 00 , 40^486 80 ,00. 84 73 ,oO|i6o oo| ,0'j 640 00' •47369 42 12 oO| II 76 467 40 66 67 457 67 I486 80 I 85 75 160 00 379 00 2o6 00 127 50 210 50 315 56 175 00 }20 00 557 50 184 17 108 39 335 00 343 75 •225 83 185 50 142 47 181 50 171 18 592 00 \9i 67 ,371 51 joo 00 314 67 654 88 374 42 415 33 425 00 303 58 330 60 389 " 387 33 416 00 63 00 178 00 50 00^690 00 500 00 22 378 63347 84 ii; s^ PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Labour and Wages— Coiitiiuied. m Occupation or Sub- occupation. Hat makers Helpers (blacksmith's, etc) Horse shoers Jewellers Knitting factory oper'tiv's. Finishers, 2 Knitters, 2 Menders, 2 Labourers lamplighters Lathers Lumber mill operatives : Cullers Filers Jointers Measurers Sawyers . . . Shavers Machinists, general Malsters Marble cutters Masons ^stone) Message Doys, I Millers Milliners, 2 Millwrights Micellaneous occupations. c 4) a a, V o d ;2; [. 79: ,88i ,88 •50 .50 ,00 75 .56 ,00 .97 •33 ,00 .80 06 '57 .58 ,67 Nailors Newspaper employes : Pressmen Printers Reporters Packers Painters : House, etc Ornamental Paper hangers Paper mill operatives ; Bleachers , Cutter tenders, 2 . . Finishers . . , 1.67 •d o o ,67 '93 .58 ,oo| ■73' ,ou| ,67 V il is u _o Q 50. CO 251 56.57252 60.00 292 57.00300 59.00285 59.00 281 59.00285, 59-63 253 55-40,358 60.00 245. 72.00255. C3.00 300. 54.00 281. 63.00 275. 65.00 248. 60.00 200. 58.78241. 61.33 308. 57.25285. 60.00 iSi. 66 . 00 300 . 66.67 302. 59.14291. 60.60253. 58.21 241, 58.00 260. 56.00 186, 60.00 260, VI C 60 00 05 29 9C 61 33 33 83 3 2C 36 3: 25 OC 549 6e 428 47 579 75 374 OC 416 77 639 32 472 3: 80 00 303 71 376 38 304 63 537 50 375 00 243 00 375 00 403 67 320 75 372 54 341 II 364 19 350 83 120 00 430 28 369 29 450 00 360 18 126 67 128 67 383 33 362 II .391 56 514 58 326 00 356 27 406 67 400 00 237 .5t ICO 00 225 00 75 00 237 5c'225 00 LABOUR AND WAGKS. Labour and Wagl -Continued. Occupation or Sub- occupation. *•* ^ •n a 1 c o u u< ' o ^^ >t -a IT. a "o.^ "a-u -1.2 6 S E rt 5 rt i> V > CJ .-J f &- ■r «i " »*i >. S bi u t« ^ t: y o 6 §^ ^^ ?< M Q ^ I/l BO .5 'S H) rt u X W Paper mill operatives: Machine tenders i , I'attern makf rs 2, Photographers i , Piano makers '2 , Picture framers 5, Plasterers ji Plumbers 3 I'orters 2 Potters I3, Pump makers Railway shop workers: Blacksmiths Car builders Car repairers I 2 4 2 Drillers [z Fitters Iron turners Painters Planers Strippers Railway employes, general: Baggagemen Brakemen Cleaners Foremen of departments'2 Station agents 'i Switchmen '2 Yardmen I3 Riveters, bridge works. I2 Saddlers 13 Safe makers j2 Salesmen 4 Sash, door and blind mkrs.!4 Scale makers 4 Screw makers ,ool '57! ,671 ■43! ,67 ,40 ■50 ,00 ,fO ,00 .36 00 • 50 • ool ■36: ,67 ,20 ,67 59.00303 59.00 267 56.00I304 57-43^85 56.00I320 5Q-6o|23i 59.25l252 6S.S6I284 60.90J273 60.00' 225 Seamstresses Sewing machine operators Shippers Ship carpenters Shirt makers, 2 Shoe fitters .00 •77 •71 •43 .So .67 .20 •83 •33 •33 .00 •17 .92 .67 ,16 ,86 ,40 i I .00(450 00 . • 43I55S 71!. •33451 •7> .(Xj ■53 .88 •7' .60 sc c -3 .0 c y ■n C o H 00 71 33 87 592 503 450 374 63 340 00 151 80 .001306 00 •74 54 -co 58.50 63.00 54. 00 53-78 53^83 54^80 55.00 54^oo 62.00 65 • 33 60.86 58.29 50.40 60.00 64,80 60.0c 54.00 60.0c 65.82 58 -SC 60.0c 60.00 60.0c 69. CO 58.00 60.71 53.00 60.00 56.27 281.09 295.00 295.75 273.0c 262.80 264.42 237-87 279.16 273. CO 307 242 309 291 309 283 315 286, 300 300 304 259 253 230 230 300 273 301 237 300 206 475 27 518 75 443 73 283 80 478 47 495 00 378 80 336 83 294 00 504 384 337 608 780 415 384 420 438 483 486 459 431 287 125 292 181 559 390 196 125 » c. » 1450 '4 29;573 1451 57 141649 16 67I320 13 35 15 00 100 00 4 44 2f 3 3? 4(^0 409 340 466 406 to 1/1 o U 67 8c; 86 57 o oc 8c 83 Oc 33 oc 33 42 CO 71 50 33 86 40 5c 2' 5 5f> 8 33 35 00 25 00 6 67 ,1 504 390 337 ()()S 780 415 419 420 463 483 527 459 431 287 125 292 188 559 20 00410 196 125 33 33 475 27 518 75 443 7f 283 8c 482 91 501 2' 382 !•■ 336 8:- 294 Of 6; 4.' 86 57 00 00 80 83 00 33 66 33 42 00 71 50 00 86 40 50 375 00 449 43 316 67 389 14 416 67 326 20 416 00 341 86 372 70 fo6 00 385 73 508 75 418 75 •:75 00 381 04 t25 92 389 47 514 17 248 75 445 00 358 44 298 57 492 86 490 00 358 33 382 80 391 67 420 00 387 33 456 474 423 287 125 247 169 457 355 i=;o 50 33 08 00 71 50 50 14 00 OT 27 163 40 54 I'ICTOklAL ONTARIO. Labour anu Wages — Conlinucd. Occupation or Sub- occupation. Shoe makers Soap mak;'rs Stokers Stone cutters Stove foundry employes: Assorters Core makers Finishers Grinders Melters. Mounters Moulders Polishers Street-car drivers Tailors Tailoresses, z Tanners Teamsters Telej^raph operators Tile makers Tinsmiths Trunk and tray liners, z . . Trunk makers Turners (wood) Waf,'gon makers Watchmen Wheel makers \Vhip makers Woollen factory oper- atives : Burlers 2 Carders Drawers-in, 2 Drum tenders Dyers Finishers Loom fixers Picker feeders, 2 Reelers Spinners \Veavers, 2 B V B 0) o d 2.06 4-331 3-50 3.00 1.67 3-33 2.56 3.00 '3 I. 2, 3 2 2 V ^ in O &> 50 63 40 33 27 00 • 32 3-67 2.86 1.57 2 I 50 49 .60 3-II 2.23 2.70 2.80 2.75 (.40 58.34 -2 o is Q 1/1 c V n til rt rt s a. 3 8 >> » c. 412.09 280.55 59.67304.00483 67 60.00 320. 00I455 00' 57.40 224.00482 00 3-50 1.67 •57 1.50 •33 59^33 241. 56.671215. 59-33'256. 59.00216. 59.50^254. 59.211249. 57-65;254^ 59 . 00 208 . 81 .601310. 57.10225. 58.41 250. 59.33296. 64.38300. 63.92 311. 60.00 300. 58. 14 280. 66 . 00 290 . 57^53!274- 57-15, 277- 56.40274. 72.20341. 55.00^225. 60.00 230. 33 33 II 00 59 00 50 00 20 87 66 00 54 93 00 89 00 47 31 90 60 00 00 59 60 59 59 60 60 59 60 58 60 58 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 .50 ,00 ,00 .00 ,00 262.50 275.00 250.00 275.00 276.67 275.86 275.00 300.00 250.00 283.33 266.67 284 00 315 17 381 56 230 00 421 25 337 68 409 95 400 00 373 87 366 97 191 43 390 50 348 94 475 93 391 67 398 23 177 60 367 32 421 92 411 00 429 00 382 50 305 50 152 50 425 00 132 50: 175 00' 386 67! 403 29I 456 00 192 50 150 00 363 33 191 67 B B « c. 17 23 25 00 V) a it a It 1) 'c » c 33 00 20 00 16 I 75 I 29 7 80 12 14 5 14 10 GO 4 5" 1 92 15 38 2 00 5 00 20 00 ... . ■|' 28 16 67 33 33 60 n o H » c. 462 32 483 67 455 00 482 00 304 315 381 255 421 337 421 400 373 368 191 390 361 488 391 403 177 367 439 418 449 382 305 06 17 5f> 00 25 84 70 00 87 26 43 50 24 07 67 37 60 32 22 00 00 50 50 a O » c. 351 18 416 67 390 00 430 00 209 00 368 50 369 78 255 00 J68 75 301 37 374 75 3«3 33 343 -^ 327 87 183 36 386 33 327 14 409 71 316 67 312 86 241 20 343 63 355 18 365 50 360 00 318 75 278 00 152 4-' I 17 38t 407 456 192 200 363 191 5 'H^ J - 50 150 00 -|353 33 :,, 86 I '. 00,387 : ■ 50 200 00 175 00 266 67 175 oa L/MIOUR AND WAC.KS. 53 The average time ei ployed by workers in the year was 265'17 days, of nearly ten hours each ; the average of yearly earnings from occupation was $372.29; and the average cost of living was ^334*47- Adding the extra earnings of work-people anil the earnings of wives and children the total average income of a work- man wis $383.31, which would leave a surplus of earnings over the cost of living for the year of $48.84. But it will be observed that while in some occupations the earnings were large as com- pared with the cost of living, in others they were not enough to provide for the cost of living. For instance, of the total number of 1,342 who earned more than they spent, there were 889 whose average savings exceeded $50, and 556 whose savings exceeded $135. On the other hand there were 1,265 whose earnings and coit of living were equal, and 246 whose earnings were less than the cost of living. The following table gives the statistics for each class — No. I column for employes whose earnings were more than cost of living. No. 2 for those whose earnings and cost of living were equal, and No. 3 for those whose earnings were less than the cost of living: ■ * No. I. No. 2. No. 3. No. of workers 1.342 27849 »454-75 33875 •n6 00 1,265 26079 »33i-5i 331-51 246 2I4-97 ^259.96 326.42 66.46 Average number of days employed Average yearly earnings Average cost of living Average surplus* or deficit The average number of dependents in the first class was 3"og, in the second class 3-47, and in the third class 3'82. The average rate of wages for workers in the first class was $1.63 per day, in the second class $1.27, and in the third $1.21. Had workers of the first class received only the rate of wages of the third, th(.y would have liud a deficit of $1.77, instead of a surplus of $1.16; and had workers of the third class received the rate of wages of the first they would have had a surplus of $24.40 instead of a deficit of $66.46. 56 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Returns of the wages of 22,433 employes, representing -04 occupations in twenty towns and cities, were collected by the Bureau of Industries last 3'ear for the last week of April ar.d the last week of October, and the published report shows tl'.at the average rate for all occupations was J^j.go per week. Assuming that the period of employment for the year was the same as the average in the foregoing table, the average yearl} earnings would be $346, or §23 less. These figures are no doubt as nearly as possible correct for the general run of wage earners in the Province. J i 1 CHAPTER X. MiNKRAi. Resources. HE mineral resources of Ontario are varied and abun- dant. In the western part of the Province, near the river St. Clair and along the south-eastern coast of Lake Huron, there are vast deposits of petroleum and rock salt, the working of which gives employment to a large number of men and yields large returns to the proprietors. In the vicinity of Petrolia, in the county of Lambton, there are 2.300 oil wel's, nearly all of which are opsrated steadily. Last year the number of skilled and unskilled workmen employed in this industry was about Soo, with wages for the latter ranging from Si. 25 to $1.50 per day, and for the forniir ijji2 to .S4 per day. Tiie value of the total out-put of refined oil was about $1,250,000. The sail industry is onl}' limited in its operations bv the demand wnich exists for this article. The !)oriags show that the depth t)f biids of solid salt range from 15 to .30 feet, and if a foreign market co.ild be obtained the value of the annual out-put might reach into the millions. But the existence of extensive salt deposits in the neighbouring States of New York and Michigan, and the effect of the United States customs tariff unite to exclude Canadian salt from the American market, and man.ufacturers are in c^ 'iberpience limited to the supply of the home market. The average value of the product of their wells is about a quarter of a million dollars a year. Such mineral fertilizers as gypsum and phosphate of lime are found in almost inexhaustible beds,— -the former on the (irand River, in the counties of Brant and Haldimand, and the latter on the Rideau Canal, in the county of Lanark. These have been worked for many years. Iron ore is found in large deposits and of a rich and tine quality 58 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. in the Counties of Peterborough, Hastings, Frontenac, Lanark and Renfrew. Mineo have been opened and worked in all these counties, and there is a prospect of the works being carried on with steadily increasing vigour. The great bulk of the ore is magnetic, yielding sixty to sixty-eight per cent, of pure iron, and capable of making the best grade of Bessemer steel. Mines of gold, lead, plumbago, etc., are being worked in the eastern counties of the Province, and the mineral riches of that district are unquestionably of great value. What is chiefly required is capital and experience for its development. In the north-eastern part of the Province also, which is now being opened up by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, important discoveries have been made, especially of copper. The Lake Superior district is famous for its stores of mineral wealth. Concerning this district Judge Laird, of Port Arthur, writes as follows : " A very erroneous impression generally prevails as to the nature' resources of Thunder Bay, particularly in regard to the extent of its mineral resources. Its mineral wealth is doubtless the richest on the American Continent, and would have long ago attracted more general attention but for its isolated location. The following metals and minerals are found in very large paying quantities, and those heretofore properly developed have proved a source of immense revenue to the owners. The Silver Islet Mine took out over $3,000,000, at very little expense. The Rabbit Mountain Mine proves to be richer than the Silver Islet. It is of black Silurian slate formation ; large nuggets of solid black silver weighing several pounds have been found. The vein is forty feet wide, and only on» wall found as yet ; a great quantity of ore is in sight. Standing first among the richest discoveries of precious metals is the Jack Fish Gold and Silver Mine. It is operated by the Huronian Mining Company, who work it not as a speculation but as a rich paying industry. The working-vein is eight feet wide, and consists of free gold, or what is known as Sylvanite ore, the richest ore known to miners; $49 is the lowest assay to the ton, and $5,971 the highest. In 1871 free gold was discovered at the Height of Land, but, MINERAL RESOURCES. 59 owing to the impossibility of getting in machinery or away quartz, it w?o not worked. The diorite dyke from Silver Islet to McKellar's Point on the main shore extends for thirty miles, and all veins crossing it are rich in silver. McKellar's Point is being operated by a company with a capital of $1,000,000. Pie Island is stocked for .$5,000,000. Native copper is found in large quantities, and is worked by an English company. The copper is similar to that found on the south shore of Lake Superior, and is already increasing the wealth of the operators. Iron is found in endless quantities forty-two miles from Port Arthur, and as coal can be laid down at this port for $3.20 per ton it will not be long until all the iron and castings used in the North- West will be manufactured in this district. Zinc, massive iron pyrites, suitable for sulphuric acids, are found in great quantities; also baryta or heavy spar for paint, plumbago, soapstone, and a superior quality of old red sandstone owned by the Nepigon Sandstone Company. The property of this company is a very valuable one and con- t ins an almost inexhaustible quantity of fine old red sandstone. Tiie island is about a mile and a half in length by half a mile ni width ; when one sees the immense mountain of brown free-stone it strikes the beholder with astonishment, for right there in plain sight is enough beautiful stone of the very best quality to build up one of the largest cities in the world, and indeed this wonderful quarry must be seen *o be fully appreciated. The rock face is from sixty to one hu red feet high in places, and there is the further advantage that it does not require any stripping. Large amounts of the same have already been shipped to Chicago for substantial building purposes and ornamentation. It is believed. *^hat this Nepigon stone can be delivered in Toronto or any of the lake cities at a much lower price than the New England stone, and nearly, if not quite as cheaply as the Ohio sandstone, while in lasting qualities as a building material it is far superior to both these stones." Public lands which are open for sale may be eold under "The General Mining Act " at the rate of one dollar per acre cash. The patent is issued upon payment, and contains a reservation of all 6o PICTORIAL ONTARIO. pine trees standing or being on the land. The pine continues to be tae property of the Crown, which at any time issues a license to cut it, and the party holding the license is empowered to enter at all times upon the land, cut and remove it, and make all necessary roads for that purpose. Applications to purchase land under the Mining Act should be made direct to the Department, and should be accompanied by the purchase money, together with affidavits of at least two credible and disinterested parties showing that the land is unoccupied and unimproved (except by or on behalf of the applicant), and that there is no claim thereto adverse to his on the ground of occupation, improvements or otherwise. CHAPTER XI. . Sketches of the Country. AVING now given the reader information concerning the institutions and resources of Ontario, it is desirable to present him with a somewhat detailed account of the country in its physical aspects, and, in passing, to exhibit a few pen pictures of the principal centres of trade and industry. THE CAPITAL OF THE DOMINION. ='= The Ottawa of to-day is a city of varied elements. There is the life of the Government and the life of the river ; the race, language, religion, manners of the ancien regime and those of that which succeeded it, two streams of dissimilar character in source, which are content to flow in one channel amicably, but unmixed. The city may practically be said to consist of one long line of business houses, backed by ganglia of residences which extend some three miles westward to the Chaudiere Falls and the city of Hull, and eastward towards the falls of Rideau and the village of New Edinburgh, on the right bank of that river. In its centre it is known as Sparks street, the name being taken from that of the actual founder of the settlement, where are situated the leading business and mercantile establishments. The key to the main place of the. city is a point where two con- verging bridges span the Rideau Canal. Standing here and looking west, one sees to the left the old "Sappers' Bridge," a solid stone structure built by the military as part of the canal works. To the right is the " Dufferin Bridge, "a new, well-designed viaduct of iron which gives access to Wellington street, a thoroughfare of noble width, containing the handsome stone buildings of various banks, and insurance and railway offices. Fronting the street is the long. •Thisand thefifteen following sketches are, with permission of the puolishers selected from " Picturesque Canada." PICTORIAL ONTAKIU. low stretch of j^raceful stone and iron railing with its massi\e gates of fine iron-work which encloses Parliament square and the magnificent pile of the Oovernment huiklings. Immediately in front of the two bridges is the new post-office and custom house — a large and elegant stone edifice in the stj'le of the Renaissance — which is one of the architectural features of the city. Reverting to our stand at the junction of the bridges, and still turning our backs to the post-office, there lies on the immediate left the entrance to he public gardens — a lou) stretch of prettily- planned walks, grass and flower beds, with frequent rustic seats — which, though still in incomplete form, is one of the favourite sum- mer evening lounges of the citizens. Below runs the deep gorge through which the waters of the canal, by a magnificent series of locks, have been led to join the Ottawa, and beyond the locks rises the precipi- tous wooded slope of Par- liament Hill and the vast pile of the " buildings," whose graceful outline, sharply marked out against the bright sky of the on- coming evening and the western sun, is a never-ceasing charm to the eyes of the strollers on the garden cliffs. Crossing the Sappers' Bridge and passing the post-office on our right, we come upon Elgin street — whose name, as befits the capital, is a men )rial of an ex-Governor — and the new city hall, a large building of blue limestone, containing the various city offices and the machinery for carrying out the civic system. PHINCI'.SS I.OLISK S SKKTCHISO H0.\. Ill SKKTCIIKS Ol Till'". CoUXTRV, 63 Followiii}^ Elffjn street a few hundred paces, a tine piece of open ground is met with — Cartier scpiare. * On one side of the square stands a ver}' extensive pile of buildings in stone, of graceful design — the Normal School — one of the apices of the Government Educational System of the Province of Ontario ; and close by is the collegiate institute. In this neighbourhood is found the rising " west end " of the community. \'illa residences of fine pronortions and design, surrounded by well-kept gardens, have sprung up in all directions. ■•' ■■ ■■'■ rARI.IAMKNT HOUSES, OTTAWA. But the centre — the heart — of Ottawa lies, of course, in its Parliament and Departmental buildings. Commenced in ICS59, the first stone was laid by the Prince of Wales in i860, and they were occupied in 1865, though nmcli remained to lie done after tliat date ; the library and an extension of one of the blocks, the grounds and the surrounding walls and railings, having been subsequently added. In their present form they cost fully five million dollars, and cover an area of about four acres. They form three sides of a huge square, which is laid down in grass, beautifully kept, whose fresh, 64 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. green surface, crossed with road paths, stands above the level of Wellington street, from which it is separated by a low stone wall with handsome railing and gates. Rising above this square, on a stone terrace with sloping carriage approaches on either side, the great central block, with a massive tower two hundred and twenty feet high in the centre, faces the square. This building, three stories in height, has a frontage of forty-seven feet, and, like the sister buildings on either side, is built in a style of architecture based on the Gothic of the twelfth century, combining the elements of grace and simplicity which the climate of the country seems to requiie. A cream-coloured sandstone from the neighbouring district, to which age is fast adding fresh beauty of colour, with arches over the doors and windows of a warm, red sandstone from Potsdam and dressings of Ohio freestone, have been happily employed — the effect of colour, apart from form, being most grateful to the eye. This building contains the two chambers — for the Commons and the Senate-^-and all the accommodation necessary for the officers of both houses. The chamber of the Commons is an oblong hall, fitted with separate seats and desks for the members, the Speaker's chair being placed in the middle of one side, leaving a somewhat narrow passage-way from which on either hand the desks of the members rise is tiers. The ceiling is supported by graceful clusters of marble pillars — four in each — and a broad gallery runs around the chamber which, on important nights, is crowded with politicians, ladies, members of deputations and others interested, from all parts of the Dominion. * * The Senate chamber, which, with its offices, occupies the other half of the huge building, is of precisely the same architectural character, the colour of carpets and upholstery being, however, of crimson, and the seats being differently arranged ; the throne, occupied by the representative of Her Majesty, is at the far end, on a dais of crimson cloth ; and in front of it is the Speaker's chair. * * Behind the two chambers is situated the Parliamentary librar}', a building of exceptional architectural grace externally. Flying buttresses of great strength and beauty give a distinctive character to the structure, while its lofty dome is a landmark far and near. Inside it is fitted with all possible regard to convenience, the workmanship being of elaborately-carved wood, and comprising cunningly devised recesses for reading purposes, with rooms for skp:tchk.s of the country. 65 the librarian and his staff. In the centre is a noble marble statue of the Queen, executed by Marshall Wood. THE LUMBKR TRADE. To Canada's lot has fallen, as her two staple industries, pursuits which most of all others tend to form in her young men a simple, manly, honest nature : agriculture in the first place, lum- bering in the next. The physical benefits of lumbering can be estimated best by a glance at the stalwart yet graceful figures of our river-drivers in the streets of Ottawa, sash and top-boots gay with scarlet, and sun-browned faces set off by the coquettish kerchief. There is a moral benefit, too, in the total abstinence from intoxicating liquors for long periods, which is one of the conditions of shanty life. Nor is religion forgotten. Nowhere are the occasional visits of a clergyman more welcome. The Roman Catholic shanty- men in particular set an example worthy to be followed, in their regard for ministers and reverent participation in divine service. The lumber trade has an organic place in the development of Canada's resources, in the growth of towns and cities, in the general increase of wealth, and in the evolution of literature and art which, as Mr. Buckle has pointed out, always occurs at a period of commercial prosperity. In the epoch of Canavlian history, between the French regime and the union of 1840, the increase of our population was slow. During that long period the lumber, too often cut antl burned to clear the land, was at best consumed for the most part by the home market. True, mention is made of shipment of Canadian timber to England as early as 1808. In 1 719 New Brunswick began to export the products of her pine woods. But it is between 1840 and 1858 that we find the lumber exports from Canada grown to vast proportions. Every- where northward and westward fr* m the frontier the lumber mill, the lumber depot, and hamlets connected with them, pierced the unbroken forest, and led the steady advance of civilization. Lumber operations were everywhere the nuclei of improvement. Villages arose, and became towns and cities, while the continual recession of the trade northward developed in its wake the growing resources of the country. ''I 66 I'ICTURIAL ONTARIO. Multitudinous piles of symmetrically arraiif^'cd lumber form a peculiar feature on the outskirts of many C'anatlian cities. The forest products exported from Canada during,' the last ten years, have amounted to over twenty million of dollars annually. These have consisted almost entirely of scjuare timber, and the more marketable sizes of sawn lumber, called deals. Nearly one half ^oes to Great Britain. No other country by itself receives so much. Next to Great J3ritain come the United States, which take the greatest part of the Ontario export. British Columbia sends to South America, China, Japan, and the Pacific islands. The Atlantic Maritime Provinces send to Europe, y\frica and South Atlantic States. Almost equal to this vast export is the amount consumed for domestic use. The traveller in Canada cannot fail to be struck by the way in which lumber is used, for the bridges on our rivers, the fences that divide our fields, the side-walks in our villages and cities, and for almost everj' conceivable purpose. In the country, and in man\' towns, the buildings are of wood, the roads have their foundation of wood, and the newest method of paving our city streets is with v/ooden blocks. And in nearly ever}' part of Canada outside the towns wood is the only material used for fuel. THE LAURENTIAN TRACT rising oi; the Labrador coast and forming the northerly wall of the St. Lawrence valley; withdrawing from the river some miles below Quebec, and passing north of Ottawa ; sending down a spur to cross the St. Lawrence near Kingston into the State of New- York, where it towers into the Adirondack range ; continuing their progress in Canada to the Georgian Bay ; thence around its shores and the north shore of Lake Superior ; leaving Lake Superior to take a majestic sweep northward and westward and sink into the icy sea. The Laurentians form a mysterious moun- tain chain whose age and origin are wrapped in obscurity ; and in this Laurentian country is found, what is distinctive in the scenery of the eastern half of the Dominion, the crag hewn and planed into every romantic shape ; the fir rooted in the crag ; the stream pursuing its way between walls of living green, now foaming down a boulder-strewn bed, now widening into a tranquil lake ; the SKETCHES OK THE COUNTRY. ^7 island-rock clothed with vordure and surrounded hy countless com- panions. These characteristics of Canadian scenery belong,' to tin- Lauretitians. Broken up into astonishing diversity, the Lauren- tian tract abounds in the picturescpie, and affords the people of Quebec and Ontario opportunities for pleasant and healthful summering which few countries enjoy. Hence, also, come the vast supplies of timbjr which create the greatest of Canadian industries. Stores of minerals of inculculable value lie in the boiom of the hills, and extensive tracts of good land in the river valleys and other depressions. True, the tiller of the soil has a mSTlNd I'ARTV ON LAKE NIl'ISSING. hard light with Nature before she yields a fair return, but such struggles produce men of strong wills and earnest natures. " What do you raise here ? " asked a stranger, with something of a sneer, as he surveyed a stony held in New Hampshire. " We raise men, sir," was the proud reply. Lake Nipissing is in the centre of one of the most promising tracts in the Laurentine district. Until lately but little has been known of the character or capabilities of this unoccupied region, but the active explorations of the Government of Ontario have brought to light much important information. The total area of unsettled Crown lands between the Ottawa and Georgian Bay, south 68 PICTORIAL ONTARIO, of Lake Nipissinj,', is little short of twelve million acres, or n ore than half the area of Ireland. At least half of this is well suited for settlement, a country capable of sustaining, at a moderate esti- mate, a hardy population of five hundred thousand souls. Of the three sections into which this region is divided — the red pine, the white pine and the hardwood country — the latter is much the best adapted for agriculture. This tract, commencing at the headwaters of the Mattawan, and extending sixty miles to the west, contains some seven thousand superficial miles. It is a singularly isolated region. Between it and Lake Huron, and bordering French River on both sides, lies an expanse of barren country, terminating in bare rock towards the shore of the lake. On the south, also, along or near the division of the waters of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence, it is girded by a belt of rugged, stony land, about twenty miles in breadth, utterly unfit for settlement. To the east it is separated from the inhabited country on the Ottawa by the timber district. Within these boundaries, for the most part in primeval solitude, is an extensive tract of excellent farming country. Here are found, also, numerous water-powers of value, and timber of the finest description. The forest is full of game — moose, cariboo, red deer, and bears, of the largest sort ; and of smaller game — hares, swans, geese, ducks, wild turkeys, partridge and quail. Of fur- bearing animals, there are the silver-grey, red and black fox, the otter, martin, mink and beaver. The lakes and rivers swarm with fish. The climate is clear, bracing, and healthy. There is no testimony to the character of this region more inter- esting than that of the German-Swiss Delegates who visited it and have already promoted thereto a Swiss immigration. One describes the soil on the slopes of the south river of Lake Nipissing, as much resembling that of the vine-growing hills encircling the lakes in the French Cantons of Switzerland. It is his conviction that in the course of time vine culture will be successfully carried on in this part of the Nipissing district. " The striking resemblance which that district bears to the north-west Cantons of Switerland, with its numerous fine lakes, the mildness and great wholesomeness of its climate, and the extraordinary fertility of its soil, would make it a splendid new home for Swiss immigrants to Ontario, in whose hands would soon flourish a ' new Helvetia ' in Canada." ^ SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 69 A visitor from Wurtemherf,' to the " free pjrant " territory pleas- antly relates his experience of "'the bush." He travels on the colonization road from Rosseaii to Nipissinf,'. To the rifjjht and left of the road there are thousands of acres of the best land. The soil improves as the lake is approached. Now and then a lof,'-house is passed, erected a few months af^o, but even now surrounded by a " clearinj^ " often or twelve acres, with splendid potatoes, wheat and oats, corn and ve},'etables. Wherever a stoppaf,'e is made the settlers are able to offer a jjood meal. The cattle are in excellent condition, pasturing partly in the woods and partly in the fenced lots. In the midst of the forest a cart is met, the farmer walking behind it. He stands still, with the words, " You are surely also a Swabian?'' "Yes; and whence are you?" "Half a mile from Oppelesbohm is mj' home; " and the visitor listens to an encourag- ing tale of contented industry. North and west, also, of Lake Nipiss' .g the land is good. The agents of the Hudson's Bay Company, the only white residents, have seen an unwonted sight, the surveyor, with his theodolite, making townships in the wilderness. There is reported to be more fertile, arable land on the west bank of the Ottawa, above the Mattawan, than on the banks below it. A line drawn from Lake Nipissing to the lower end of Lake Temiscaming, with the Ottawa to the north and west, and the Mattawan to the south, forms a rough triangle, within which is a large area of hardwood land. It is in every way well adapted for settlement. On one side it touches a great navigable reach of the Ottawa, and on the other a large lake, which, at a small cost, could be rendered easily accessible from Lake Huron, and on the very route which must be used for the timber trade, now extending to Lake Temiscaming. North of this tract to Lake Abbitibee, a distance of eighty miles, soil for the most part favourable to cultivation is found to exist, being a level alluvial over a limestone formation. The timber is a heavy growth of beech, maple, elm and pine. Where these woods grow wheat will also grow well. The climate will not be an obstacle to settlement. It is certainly not as rigorous as that of the North- West. 70 I'lCTORIAL oNl AKU). I'UINXK ARTHUR S LANDING. Prince Artliur's Laiulin<;, so nanied by the officers of Colonel Wolseley's expedition to the Red I'tiver settlement in icSyo, is a town of six thousand people utid large hopes. Between the Landing and the town plot of Fo-t William, once intended for the Lake Superior terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, there exists a deadly rivalry. The former stands on the north shore of Thunder i^av, on ground that rises graduall\-, and offers an excellent site for a cit\'. What there is of the place is businessdike. The six miles of railway which connect it with the Canadian Pacific road at the Kaministiquia, were or'ginally built b\' the people of the town. The landing will probabl}' b^-come one of the chief watering-places of the people of Manitooa and the west — a spot where they may meet, amid beautiful scenery and bracing air, their fellow-country- men of the eas'.. One forgets that the Landing is within the limits of Ontario, over seven hundred miles from the capital of the Province, as it is. The ideas of the people are not those of Ontario. Mining is the chief topic of conversation, and the expected source of wealth. Just outside of Thunder Cape the traveller sees a few wooden structures standing on a pier or crib about a mile from the shore. This is the famous silver islet, originally a few feet of rock above the surface of the lake, offering the only avenue cl approach to vast stores of hidden wealth. Ten j'ears ago an excavation was made in the little protrusion of rock, which disclosed a rich pocket of silver. The lumps of quartz first taken out seamed with silver ore served, for the time, in the construction of cribs to protect the mouth of the shaft from the inroads of the waves. Farther mining revealed the fact that under the water there was a silver mine of unknown extent and value. Three million dollars in silver came out of it in the first ten years, though the expenses of working and protecting the mine are said to have about equalled that suni. To-day the roof of the mine contains a fortune in silver, which — oh, bitterness to the cupidity of man !— cannot be touched without admitting the waters of Lake Superior, to the conclusion of all farther operations. Mining locations and prospectings, quartz and blende, amygda- loid and p-ica, occupy a large space in the thoughts of most of the SKKTCHES OF THE COIXlkV. L;uKlin<( people. W'c found three silver mines in active operations, with an\- numlier of at)an(:lone(l shafts. What the extent of the silver deposit on the nortli shore may be it is impossible to <(ness. Tiie world may be dazzled some day by the discoveries of sanguine "prospectors" wliom one is sure to meet in the country. Vp to this, however, the universal experience has been that there is nothing,' truer than the Spanish proverb: " It takes a mine to work a mine." I.AKl'', Ol- Till-; WOODS. Tile Lake of tlu Woods ha-> been lo.i<,' famed for its beauty. Except towards the south-west, where a wide "traverse" (^f open I.AKK OF Till-; WOODS. 72 PICTORIAL ONTARIO, water makes the Indian scan the sky before he ventures out in his canoe ; it is so filled with islands that to the tourist it appears a wonderously beautiful river rather than a lake. Land and forest are near and round him all the time. In some places fires, thought- lessly left byrning at camps, have swept over the islets, revealing the gneissoid rocks^ — unpromising to the husbandman — of which they are composed. But enough are left in all their varied beauty of form and colour to make a sail from Rainy River down to Ra^ Portage as charming as a p.ail among "the Thousand Islands" of the St. Lawrence. Glidin; jver the unruffled waters, the eye gets fairly cloyed with picture after picture of a somewhat monotonous type of sylvpt" beauty. At Rat Portage the River Winnipeg iss''es from the lake in two divisions. The railway from Lake Superi.»r to Manitoba crosses the river here, bridging each division just above the falls. The traveller who has taken the train at Thunder ]^ay now gets a glimpse of the beautiful, after hundreds of miles of imutterable dreariness. He is near the uiv'iding-line of the Laurent ian and alluvial regions, and before he bids farewell to the Laurentides, they burst into scenes of rare picturesqueness. At the eastern fall, the river, compressed between beautifully stained granite rocks, rushes impetuously into a boiling caldron, at the side of which is a quiet eddy where an Indian is generally found with a hand-net scooping up magnificent white-fish almost as easily as a housewife takes them out of a barrel. The western fall is a long, l)road rapiil with a drop of four or five feet at one point. These falls are only the first of an almost interminable series of rapids ami cataracts down whicn the river leaps over primeval rocks on its way to the great Lake Winnipeg, running between these rapids, m long stretches and windings, among green islets of inconceivable loveliness. A canoe trip with Indians from Rat Portage down to Lake Winnipeg, or a steamboat excursion m the opposite direction up the lake to Fort Francis on Rainy River, ought to content grumblers otherwise incurable. Rat Portage, in spite of its unpromising name, has a future more certain than most of the ambitious places in the North-West styled cities, on the strength )t a railway station or a blacksmith "s shop. It is the nearest summer resort for the Winnipeggers, and, as the water power is practically inexhaustible, it may also become a great lumber and ( t i F t In s: S' t( a w w m SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY, 73 milling centre. Men of faith speak of it as the Canadian Minne- apolis, just as half a dozen villages in Ontario are styled Canadian Birminghanis. THE NIAGARA DISTRICT. The Peninsula jutting out between Lake Erie and Ontario, and divided from the State of New York by the Niagara River, consti- tutes what is known as the Niagara district. It is unrivalled in all North America for its genial climate and the cultivated beauty of its fertile and richly-wooded soil, and is closely knit to the hearts of its people by its noble, historic memories- — memories indissolubly blended with the beautiful river which glorifies the region through which it flows and to which it has given its name. These memories and associations of the brave days of old ought not to be less sacred and guarded possession'^ because the foes that once dyed the Niagara's crystal waters with blood are now friends, and hold its joint ownership in peaceful rivalry. Through the heroic valour, suffering and sacrifices of the men who defended Queenston Heights a nation was born, destined, we may all believe, to live as long as the famous river on whose banks tlie first touch of national life was felt. The River Niagara, from its rise in Lake Erie till it enters Lake Ontario at the beautiful old town to which it has given its name, is thirty-six miles m length, following the course of its many bends and windings, but when measured i i a straight course the distance it traverses is only twenty-eight miles. It is a mere pigmy com- pared to the gigantic rivers of this continent, but through it How* the miglity currents of those western inland seas which are saitl to hold half the fresh water on the globe. No piece of water of so small an extent has so many attractions for the lovers of picturesque scenerv aiid the scientific students of nature ; and from beginning to tind it is closel\- intertwined with historic events, tragic incidents, and tkf deepest interests and emotions of human life. To siand on Table Rock on some lovely summer's day, aun watch the rapids madly rushing down ; to see the grand ocean-like wave rising twenty feet in thickness over the Horse-Shoe I'all, so massive that it retains its smoothness unbroken for some distance Ix^'^^^^^M^ \ »f.;*. ^^15^?^! I'AI.I.S OF NIA(.AKA. SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 75 after its fall, and so close to where you stand that your outstretched hand might almost touch it ; to look down into the caldron where the water lies strangled and smothered by its own weight, only showing the fierce convulsions beneath by the faintest stirring, its crystalline clearness chan-^^.u into a mass of slowly seething, curdled, white foam, which wraps it like a windir.g-sheet ; to see the vast volumes of vapour continuall}" rising and falling, now hid- ing, now revealing a cataract, while in its deepest curve and centre volcanic-like jets of water breaking into clouds of spray and soaring into the air forever hide its face; to listen to "that vast and pro- digious cadence," that melody of many waters, which stirred the soul of Father Hennepin to awe and admiration, and still excites the same emotions in all who are capable of feeling them ; will give the truest conception one view can give of the various elements of beauty and grandeur combined in Niagara Falls. Here those incongruous and disturbing concomitants, which elsewhere are perpetually intruding, are put aside and hidden, or, at anv rate, absorbed and dissipated in the magnitude and sublimit v of the scene, and the oftener we behold this magnificent siglit the more wonderful and beautiful we discover it to be. Fhc true lovers and constant companions of Nature know how infinite in variety she is, and that every day, every hour, her fairest scenes assume fresh phases of beauty. How, then, can all that makes this cataract the wonder of the world be j^frasped and comprehended in one hurried visit ? It is with it as with all master-pieces. The mind of tlie spectator must be gradually uplifted to feel and understand its greatness ; and it is only to those who come to it again and again, in sunshine and cloud, by day and by night, in sununer and in winter, that its wonders are fully revealed. A quarter of a mile lower down is the whirl})ool, a scene of extraordinary beauty and attraction. As tiu^ river approaches this place, its rapid descent and the narrowness of its curved and rocky bed force the stream, wliich here runs at the rate of twentv-seven miles an hour, into a piled-up ridge of water, from which li([ui(ljets and cones, often rising to the height of twenty feet, are thrown into the air. Here the river's course is again changed, and it makes an abrupt turn to the right, while the strength and violence of its current, as it sweeps round the clifTon the American side, produces 76 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. so strong a reaction as to press part of the stream into a recess or basin on the Canatiian shore, the strugghng and counter-working currents thus forming the great vortex of the whirlpool. But it is a hidden vortex. ; and the contrast between this lovely little lake- let, calm and smooth as a nairror except for a few swirls of foam at its outer edges, as it lies clasped in the embrace of its encircling and richly- wooded cliffs, and the furious, white-tossing rapids from which it seems so miraculously to have escaped, adds the charms of surprise and mystery to its exquisite beauty. Nor is its witching spell marred by any incongruous surroundings. It lies in a lonely and quiet spot, girdled by rocky walls and shadowing trees, and is almost equally lovely at every season of the year. It is beautiful when its banks are dressed in the fresh transparent green of spring leaves ; when they wear the rich foliage of summer, or are robed in the brilliant tints of autumn ; and perhaps even more beautiful when only the sombre hues of the dark pines and cedars are re- flected on its gleaming surface in winter, or when their branches are laden with snow-wreaths, or glittering with fringes of silvery frost. As we first look at it, it seems an emblem of peace after tumult, calm after strife ; but as we continue to gaze, the still, dark-green water takes another aspect ; strangely gyrating circles rise and spread and vunish, and reappear again, signs of the mysterious currents beneath. Everything which comes within reach of these resistless currents is caught and dragged into the vortex below, held there for a while, and then thrown to the surface, where it is slowly and ceaselessly whirled round and round. Trees blown into the river, logs from broken rafts carried over the cataract, a dead bird or an ear of Indian corn, are all drawn out of their course down the stream, and perform their strange rotatory penance for days and even weeks before they are released from the pool. Here, if ever, emerge the bodies of those untortunate ones who havi gone over the falls, and here they art found, extricatetl Irom their weird dance of death, and, if not claimed !))• friends, given charitable burial. From Queenston to Niagara town the br>iad river flows gently on between banks of red argillaceous strata stri}x;d with green. The banks rise from fort\' to fifty feet in height, shaded on the Canadian side by magnificent trees, and the graceful bends and SKETCilKS OF THE COUNTRY. 77 wide reaches of the stieam give a series of charming pictures all the way to the lake. ICspecially attractive is the scene in approach- ing Queenston from Niagara, the lofty heights coming gradually into view, now stantling out as if to close all farther passage, now slowly receding as the river winds about, and then again advancing till the lovely expanse of Queenston Bay, guarded by the cliffs on which lirock's graceful monument stands, opens full}- out, and satisfies the beholder's expectation in a perfect climax of beauty. The drive along the river's bank between Quet'uston anil Niagara is cliarming. On one side of the road the bank sweeps down to the water, clothed with all that splendid variety of woodland foliage which is specially characteristic of the woods of western Canada, .and the river flows on in gentle majesty, reflecting in the distance the red hue of the American bank and the houses and trees on the level above ; on the other side of the road are comfortable farm dwellings, with orchards and vineries, succeeded, as we near Niagara, by handsome houses with bordering lawns and gardens where, in spring and early summer, blossoming trees and shrubs overhang the raihngs and fences, and all the flowers of the season show their loveliness in a blaze of brilliant colours. A little way from the town, the decayed trunk of an old tree was for many years -hown as the remains of the "hollow beech tree" on which Moore wrote his ballad of the "Woodpecker"; but partly from natural decay, and partly because bits were carried awa}' by relic- lovers, every vestige of the old tree has disappeared. Properly speaking the Niagara district is confined to the Counties of Lincoln and Welland. This famous old district is bounded on three sides by the waters of Lake Ontario, Lake Lrie, and the Niagara River. It is traversed by the Chippewa Ri\er, and by many smaller streams or "creeks," and by the Welland Canal ; everywhere it is intersected by railway lines, with stations at or near each town or village, so that every farmer has quick and easy communication both by water and land with all parts of the Dominion and the United States. Its fertile soil is ecpr"- wel) adapteil for grain and root culture, for raising stock or for dairv purposes. Every species of timber growsin perfection. Oaks and pines have been cut six feet in diameter : the oaks measuring from seventy to eighty feet \w length, the pines from one hundred to on- 78 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. huiulrcd and seventy-five, and as straight as the mast of a ship. A lew black wahiuts still remain, hut these most beautiful and valuable trees of the Canadian forest have been ruthlessly cut down everywhere, with that reckless disregard of the tind)er wealth of the country so common in Canada. In Stamford Park, once the favourite summer residence of Sir Peregrine IMaitland, a former Governor of Upper Canada, one grand old Walnut measures fourteen feet in circumference four feet above the ground, its branchesspreading out in a wide umbrageous canopy ; and in other places huge stumps show what majestic domes must once have towered above those foundations. The tulip-tree, sometimes called the tulip-poplar, a species of magnolia, is a common forest tree in this district, raising its graceful pillar-like stem, smooth and straight as a dart, sometimes to the height of a hundred feet, bearing a crown of pale green, nearly square cut leaves, and na their season sulphur-coloured blossoms, showing ricli red spots at the base of their tulip shaped cups. The red mulberr}-, too, grows freely in the woods, attaining a height of sixty feet, and its fruit only requires proper cultivation to be equal in size and flavour to the mulberry of Europe. In this favoured region nature is lavish of her most delicious fruits. Not onl}' apples, pears, plums, cherries, and small fruits of every kind grow in rich abundance, but (quinces, grapes, melons, and above all, peaches attain a size and perfection of flavour not to be surpassed in all America. In Niagara town, where in the severest winters the thermometer has never been known to fall more than three degrees below zero, fig-trees grow in the open air and bear two crops in the season, one in July and one early in autumn. The trees are kept short by cutting back to about six feet in height, and preser\ ' d from frost of winter b\- being laid down close to the ground in autunm and covered with .i few inches of earth. Under similar treatment the most delicate grapes. Black Hamburg, Chasselas and Muscat do well, and produce splendid bunches every year. These tender fruits, which wither at the sligiitest touch of frost, need exceptional care and culture ; but less delicate varieties of grapes, and the finest peaches onh-. require to be kept free from weeds, by frequent ploughing between the rows to grow as readily and luxuriantly as apples and currants in less SKETCFIES OF THF. COUNTRY. 79 favoured localities. The situation of the Xia^'ara peninsula <^ives it peculiar aclvanta<,'es for peach culture, the larj^'e bodies of water by which it is surrouniled protectinjf it from that extreme cold, which is fatal to the peach, and from the injurious effects of early frosts in autumn and late frosts m spring. A " cold-spell " is scarcely ever felt till after Christmas, and when it comes seldom lasts more than a couple of days at a time. Extremely mild winters — quite as mild as in New York — are the general rule, and iii thi' severest weather known the temperature has never been lower in any part of the peninsula than six degrees below zero. I'K.KING I'KACHKS. The peach harvest begins towards the end of July and continues to the middle of October. Men and women gather the ripe fruit into baskets carried on the arm ; children are not employed, as the peaches rerpiire careful handling. The baskets, when filled, are taken to sheds prepared for the purpose, where women pick out all damaged fruit and cover the baskets with coarse pink gauze. The) are then sent in waggons to the nearest railwa}- station, where a 8o PICTORIAL ONTARIO. " peacli car" is always provided, in which they are despatched to their destination. Every day the platforms at the stations are crowded with piles of pink-covered peach baskets, in waiting? for the trains which are to carry them to all the lar},'e towns in the Dominion — Halifax and St. John included. The demand for this delicious fruit far exceeds the supply, and, early in the season, baskets of twelve quarts bring two dollars each, the price gradually falling to seventy-five or even sixty cents a basket, till later in the season, when peaches begin to get scarce, and the price rises again. The baskets in which they are packed furnish a special industry, and the factories for making them are kept busy all the year round. They are supplied to the peach-growers at three and a-half cents each, and are always thrown in with the peaches. Great quantities of this favourite fruit are preserved by canning, and canning factories have been established in the district and at Toronto which are doing a considerable trade, domestic and foreign. Grapes are cultivated in this region to a large extent, and clus- ters a foot long, each grape measuring from a quarter of an inch to an inch in diameter are frequently produced. The crop never fails, and four, five, and even six tons to the acre are raised. Niagara district has always been famous for its apple-orchards, but now that peaches and grapes grow in such profusion, and every farmer's wife lays in a supply of canned fruit for winter use, apples are rather thrown into the background. Yet nothing can really take their place, and in spring, when other fruits are not to be had, well-kept winter apples become valuable. THK CAPITAL OK ONTARIO. To the traveller whose brain has been stunned by the sights and sounds of Niagara, and to whom the restful passage of the lake has brought relief, the view of the " Queen City of the West," with its array of dome and turret, arch and spire, and the varied movement of its water-frontage, is one that cannot fail to evoke pleasure and create surprise. The length of the passage, and the fact that the steamer in crossing the lake is steered by compass, remind him that he is on his way over one of those inland seas that separate the great Republic from the new Dominion ; and as he nears " that SKMTCHKS OF THE COUNIRV. Si true nortli " that Tennyson speaks of, he looks out with a curious interest for the homes and hives of the people whose history and lineage, if he be an American, stranj,'ely recall his own. Toronto has neither the history that attaches to Quebec, nor the position that has given to that city its fame. But her past, nevertheless, is not lacking in incident, though her annals, since the stirring era ot 1S12-15, are mainly those of peace. She has seen little of martial life, save the displays of her citi/en soldiery in times of civil embroilment, or in connection with the volunteer corps of recent days. During the time when the Imperial troops were quartered in the town. King street saw many a pageant which would have quickened the beat of the British heart ; but the sights its walls have mainly looked upon have been the column march of industry and social progress, occasionally varied by the fevereil outbreaks of a chafing but restrained democracy. To scan the thoroughfare to-day, with its stream of life, its almost congested traffic, and the stores and magazines of commerce that line its either side, is to recall an earlier epoch, and, with a smile of amusement, to contrast it with the rude aspect of its first begin- nings. Who that now looks upon its metropolitan characteristics — its civic dignity upborne by ulstered and helmeted constables, making nocturnal notes by the glare of an electric light ; its great newspaper offices ablaze with the flame of fevered journalism ; its theatres turning a stream of fashion into the streets ; the cabs and street-cars— can fail to cast a thought backwards to the hugger-mugger life of an earlier social era, and to the forlorn condition, with its abounding pitfalls, of the same thoroughfare in the primitive days of " Muddy Little York " ? In the centre of St. James square is the pile of buildings, of white brick, with stone dressings, devoted to the purposes of the Department of Education for Ontario, including the Normal and Model School buildings. On the Gould street front are tastefully laid out grounds, parterres bright with flowering plants, relieved by trees, shrubs and statuary, with convenient approaches from the south, east and west. The main building has a frontage of one hundred and eighty-four feet, with a depth at the flanks of eighty- five feet, and is two stories in height. The facade is in the Roman Doric, order of palladian character, having for its centre four stone ^. ^> *>. ^^# IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 «; m 112.2 i Si 12,0 1.4 111.6 % Va A />^ 7 /^ ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation \ o 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 873-1503 %> Ux 82 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. 11 , pilasters the full height of the building, with pediment, surmounted by an open Doric cupola. The corner-stone of the edifice was laid in July, 1851, by His Excellency the Earl of Elgin, the then Governor-General. * The University buildings are the glory of the city. An English writer remarks that " the University of Toronto is perhaps the only piece of collegiate architecture on the American continent worthy of standing-room in the streets of Oxford." Admittedly, in its architectural features, it belongs to the old world, and it deservedly ranks next to the Parliament Buildings at Ottawa. It is a Norman pile of noble proportions and of exquisite harmony. There is a massive tower and a richly-sculptured doorway. The hall and corridors are in keeping with the academic character of the buildings, and great joists and rafters are freely exposed to view. On the ground floor are the lecture-rooms and laboratory, and on the upper floor the museum and library. To the rear, on the east, is the convocation hall, and on the west are residences for students. The buildings were erected in 1857-58, at a cost of over half-a-million of dollars. They have a frontage of three hun- dred feet and a depth of two hundred and fifty. The tower is one hundred and twenty feet in height. Facing the University, across a spacious lawn, is the School of Practical Science. Here, also, is the chief seat of astronomical observation for the Province. In rear of the School of Practical Science, and facing the College avenue and McCaul street, is VVyclifFe College, the Divinity School of the evangelical section of the Anglican Church. The College is affiliated with Toronto University. Finely situated, at the head of Spadma avenue, is the new home of Knox College, a handsome building devoted to the training of students for the Presbyterian Church. The College was founded in 1846, and long had its habitation in Elmsley Villa, to the north- ward of the Central Presbyterian Church on Grosvenor street, and what was once the viceregal residence of Lord Elgin. It has a partial endowment, and an able faculty, whose zealous work will always secure for it hearty support. The new buildings were erected at a cost of $120,000. Turning westward on Queen street and passing St. Andrew's Market and the Denison avenue Presbyterian Church, we come SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 83 upon the bsautiful grounds and ecclesiastical-looking edifice of Trinity College. The University was founded in 1852 by Bishop Strachan, and, by Royal Charter, it is empowered to confer degrees in Divinit}', Arts, Law and Medicine. Convocation con- sists of the Chancellor, the Provost and Professors of Trinity College, together with those admitted to the degree of Master of Arts, and all graduates in the other faculties. The building is of white brick with stone dressings, and has a frontage of two hundred and fifty feet, with deep, projecting wings. It has nume- rous class-rooms, a convocation hall, chapel and library, and stands in a park of twenty acres, with a background of romantic beauty. * HhINT;fMAS S PIANO MAN IFACTORV. AT THE HHAD OF LAKE ONTARIO. Hamilton is nobly endowed, not only for commerce, but for grand scenic effects. Tiie high escarpment of the Niagara for- mation, over which the great cataract takes its plunge, closely follows the shores of Lake Ontario from the Falls to the edge of Burlington Bay. A finer natural site for a great city could scarcely be imagined. Then the irregular plan of the early village has been most happily turned to the best artistic effect. George 84 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. ;!4.:; Ml M t m Hamilton opened a straight thoroughfare east and west, called it Mam street, and attempted to make his village crystallize in regular blocks along this thread. An older nucleus, however, existed in the Gore or triviitm, towards which converged King street, James street and the York (Toronto) road, now York street. Fortunately the crystallizing forces of the village were stronger than its founder and first lawgiver ; an air space was secured to the future city. The Gore is one of the most striking and delightful features in Hamilton : it is a truly refreshing surprise to find a beautiful public garden in the very heart of the business part of the city. This triangular enclosure is laid out in parterres of rich flowers and foliage plants ; a noble fountain diffuses a grateful coolness, and restores to this changed landscape the old music of the running brooks that once used here to sing merrily on their course to the Bay- A graceful drinking-f' untain invites the thirsty wayfarer ; and when the city is en fete and the lamps of the Gore are all lit up, one given to musing recalls his early readings of Bagdad and the gardens of the Khalifs. It was surely a happy inspiration to thus soften the austerity of business, to mellow the dryness of finance, by the gentle, refreshing influence of fountains and flowers. Those mer- chants and manufacturers and bankers and lawyers that look out on such scenes must, consciously or unconsciously, be elevated in their tastes. Such influences were deeply considered and carefully provided in the old Greek cities, but our minds are only just beginning to '•ecognize these powerful, if silent, forces. Now mark the buildings — especially the newer buildings — sur- rounding or neighbouring on the Gore. Every citizen in this neigh- bourhood seems to feel the sentiment noblesse oblige ; our buildings must be worthy of the place. This artistic sentiment is clearly seen in such buildings as the new offices of the Hamilton Provident and Loan Society and those of the Canada Life Assurance Company. And the feeling has inoculated the County Council, who have joined hands with the city and erected in Prince's square a Court House which does signal honour to both corporations* The educational institutions of Hamilton have always been among its chief glories. The Public system of schools commences with numerous well equipped ward schools, and is crowned by a Collegiate Institute, which is the largest organization of the kind in the Province. 3rfi SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 85 There is a Young Ladies' College, conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Church, and an extensive system of Roman Catholic Separate Schools. Hamilton is the seat of two Bishops' Sees — the Anglican Bishop of Niagara, and the Catholic Bishop of Hamilton. The lofty cathedals and churches lead up the eye as well as the mind above the smoking steeples of industry. The merchants have built for themselves princely homes on the terraces of the Mountain. Then, looking down upon all from the mountain brow, and piteously gazing out on a landscape of unsurpassed beauty, is a vast Asylum for the Insane, that mysterious, inseparable shadow of modern civilization. IN THE GRAND VALLEY. Along the Grand River valley from Brantford to Fergus we have a long series of picturesque seats of industry. The chief are Brantford, Paris, Gait, Preston, and Elora on the main river ; Ayr on the Nith, which joins the Grand River at Paris; and Guelph on the Speed, which joins the Grand River at Preston- Among the leading industries of Brantfoid are manufactures of engines and boilers, portable saw-mills, grist-mill machinery, agri- cultural implements, stoves and ploughs, cotton and stoneware. Amidst these engrossing interests the education of the young has not been overlooked. The Public educational system includes, besides the ordinary equipment of Central and Ward schools, an extensive Collegiate Institute. The Young Ladies' College is under the oversight of the Presbyterian Church. In the vicinity of Brantford are two special educational institutions — the Indian Institute, under the control of a benevolent corporation, constituted in 1649, and the Ontario Institution for the Blind, which is adaiin- istered by the Provincial Government. Between Brantford and Paris river-views of great beauty reward the adventurous canoist. Paris, like Quebec, has an upper and lower town ; the dividing Ime here is the Nith or " Smith's Creek," which, after winding through deep, romantic glens, joins the Grand River. The settlement was originally called " The Forks of the Grand River" until Hiram Capron, locally dignified as " King" 86 PICTORIAL ONTARIO, Capron raised the standard of revolt. He called a public meeting (about 1836) and protested against having to head all his letters with " The Forks of the Grand River. " He recommanded the word " Paris,' both for shortness and because there was so much crude plaster of Paris in the neighbourhood. The novelist John Gait is responsible for many of the geogra- phical names that are found within or near the old .domain of the Canada Company. Many puzzling names of townships become abundantly clear by reference to a list of the Company's directors during the years when Gait was their superintendent. Many names were bestowed by him as a compliment to others, or by others as a compliment to him. Among the latter was " Gait," first designating a postal station, and afterwards successively the village and town. The town is now a prosperous centre of industry. There are large flouring mills driven by the fall of the river, and numerous machine shops, factories and foundries driven by steam. The raw materials that feed these busy hives are wood, iron, wool and leather. Gait has won its way through some severe ordeal'->. In July, 1834, the cholera, introduced by a travelling menagerie, swept away in four days nearly a fifth of the population, and followed out to their farms in the vicinity many of the rural sight-seers. The violence of the plague was so great that robust men died in some cases within an hour of seizure. In 1851 and again in 1856 the town suffered appalling losses from fire ; but indomitable courage " out of this nettle Danger plucked this flower safety." The fires found Gait built of wood and left it built of hme-stone and granite. Guelph enjoys the triple honour of having a royal name, a literary parentage, and a distinguished historian. Mr. Gait tells us, how, after mapping out a block of more than forty thousand acres of the choicest land in the Company's broad domain, he had the rich woodlands and river banks explored, and that by a gratifying consensus of reports the present site of Guelph was selected. The success predicted for the new settlement by its founder was already more than half won by the very site he had chosen. From its throne on the hills the " Royal City ' would command SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 87 one of the choicest of agricultural realms — a succession of alluvial bottoms, pastoral streams, and fruitful hill-sides. Water-power came rushing and bounding down the heights, neighing for its master like a high-mettled charger, eager to champ the forest trees into lumber and the golden grain into foamy flour. The rolling landscape early suggested pastoral farming. The way thither was well led more than half-a-century ago by Roland Wingfield, a young gentle- man from Gloucestershire, who stocked his hill-sides with South- down and Leicester sheep, besides importing Short-horn cattle and Berkshire hogs. Mr. A. D. Ferrier, in his " Reminiscences," recalls the landing of this choice stock at Quebec, and the sensation there produced. It was an " object lesson," not only for the liabitaus, but for the best of our Western farmers. The first Guelph fairs exhibited not the glossy fat beeves and the grunting pork-barrels of to-day, but often the most shadowy of kine and the most saurian of "alligators." Experimental farming took early and deep root in this district, enriching by its results not alone the district, but the entire Province. These valuable experiments received official recognition in 1873, when the Provincial College of Agriculture and Experimental Farm was located about a mile south of Guelph on a tract of five hundred and fifty acres, which had previously formed the stock farm of Mr. F. W. Stone. The old farm-house lias rapidly grown into an extensive pile of buildings, including, besides quarters for a hundred and forty students, a good library, a museum, lecture rooms, laboratories and conservatories. The design of this admirable institution is to apply to agriculture the principles, the methods, and the discoveries of modern scientific research. The Grand fiiver, rising sixteen hundred feet above the sea, wanders moodily through the fens and dark forests of the northern townships, and then at Fergus suddenly plunges into a deep gorge, from which it emerges about two miles below the Falls of Elcra, the whole descent of the river within the ravine being about sixty feet. A little below Elora the Grand River is joined by the Irvine, which bursts through a gorge similar in depth and rivalling the other in beauty. The lofty rock-walls of these ravines are of magnesian limestone, which, through the solvent action of springs and the disruptive force of frost, has been burrowed and chiselled 88 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. into endless caverns and recesses. The romantic retreats have lately been made accessible and inviting by stairways and walks and seats; but in primeval times they could only have been reached by some secret pathway. IN THE SOUTH-WESTERN PENINSULA. The development of St. Thomas into a railway centre has carried with it great material prosperity ; the haunts and homes of commerce and industry are fast overgrowing the city's limits. The religious edifices have kept abreast of this material advance. Higher education, as well as elementary, has received careful consider- ation. An excellent Collegiate Institute furnishes an academic and professional training. Alma College, a fine pile of buildings in modern Gothic, occupies a commanding site of six acres in the middle of the city. The college is designed to give young ladies a training, artistic and musical as well as literary; it is 'conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Church. At St. Thomas we are in the heart of the " Talbot country." The city's main artery is the same Talbot street which seventy miles eastward crosses the Grand River at Cayuga ; and which, westward, we should find traversing the counties of Kent and Essex, finally running out on the Detroit River at Sandwich. Both the "street " and St. Thomas itself take their name from the young lieuienant who with Governor Simcoe explored a site for London in the winter of 1793. As in St. Catharines and some other places locally canonized, the " Saint " has been thrown in for euphony. Perhaps, too, the voluntary hardships to which Colonel Talbot devoted himself may have suggested a comparison with his famous namesake of Canterbury. Six miles to the south of Pointe Pelee lies Pelee Island, which — with the exception of an islet of forty acres two miles still farther out in the lake — forms the most southerly possession of the Canadian Dominion. The temperature is so warm and equable that sweet potatoes are grown, cotton has been found to thrive, the delicate Isabella and the late ripening Catawba here reach their highest flavour and perfection. Six miles to the south lies another famous vineyard, Kelley's Island, which territory belongs to Ohio. SK1;TCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 89 In Charlevoix's time two of these islands were specially known as Rattlesnake Islands, and all bore a viperous reputation, appar- ently with excellent reason ; for Captain Carver, in 1767, and Isaac Weld, thirty years later, found them fairly bristling with rattle- snakes. The very islands that in our time are the most delightful of health resorts were in the days of the early travellers held to breathe an envenomed atmosphere. Carver, with charming credu- lity, tells of a " hissing snake," eighteen inches long, whicli parti- cularly infests these islands ; " it blows from its mouth with great force a subtile wind," which, " if drawn in with the breath of the unwary traveller, will infallibly bring on a decline that in a few months must prove mortal, there being no remedy yet discovered which can counteract its baneful influence." IN THE HURON TRACT. The old Huron tract, erected politically into the " Huron Dis- trict," and subsequently divided into the counties of Perth, Huron and Bruce, has been settled so recently that the oldest inhabitant — full of the folk-lore of the first settlers — is to be found in every dis- trict. Goderich, fronting the mighty lake, was its first capital ; but while Goderich, with all the advantages of water communication, will probably remain a town, Stratford, forty-six miles inland, has, thanks to railways, attained to the proportions of a city. Less than half a century ago the whole of this magnificent- north-western section of the peninsula of Ontario, now rejoicing in thousands of homesteads filled with the bounties of a veritable promised land, was covered with dense forest, the silence of whose solitudes was broken only by the bark of the wolf. So short was the time needed to con- vert the forest into the fruitful field. Stratford is situated at the junction of five townships, and is the centre of a beautifully rolling i.nd fertile country. Fields waving with golden grain, and rich, deep-green pastures on which flocks and herds are contented browsing, tell of those resources that are the true basis of a country's material growth, because their most abundant giving develops and does not impoverish. Extensive orchards, principally of apples and plums, and fringes of fine, hard-wood trees, add to the general air of warmth, and, 90 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. almost everywhere, farm-houses of stone, brick, or first-class frame, tell that the people have got beyond the mean surroundings with which of necessity the first decades of settlement are associated. The barns are even more full of promise than the residences ; for, let no traveller in the country ever forget the advice of the clock- maker of Slir.kville, to select as his quarters for the night a home- stead dwarfed by huge barns, and to avoid big houses beside small or dilapidated barns as the gates of death. In the whole country there is no stony, rocky, or hilly land. Its characteristic feature is a softly-sloping fruitful valley. As a consequence the county town has grown steadily and surely, and has become an important market for farm products and a home of growing industries. Its merchants and manufacturers ship directly to England a" d other countries beyond seas, as far as Australia ; and as it is now a great railway centre, its producers have every facility for communicating with distant markets. The Grand Trunk, the Port Dover and Huron, the Stratford and Huron, the Wellington, Grey and Bruce, and the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railways run through the county ; and its pleasant valleys have thus all the life and movement that con- stantly passing and repassing trains give to the great relief of what would otherwise be the dullness and monotony of rurSl beauty. Proceeding by rail in the direction of Lake Huron, and passing the flourishing towns of Mitchell, Seaforth and Clinton, we come to Goderich, situated at the mouth of the Maitland River. The lake, whose modern name is taken from the sobriquet of Jiiire or wild boar, given by the French to the Wyandotte Indians on account of the manner in which they dressed their hair, is now before us; a practically inexhaustible reservoir of sweet water of crystal purity, without a rival on earth but the mighty rivals, or the mightier Superior in its own neighbourhood. Including the Georgian Bay and the Manitoulin Bay, it has an area of about 22,000 square miles, so that European kingdoms like Holland and Belgium might be dropped into it, and, as the average depth is 860 feet, they would leave "not a wrack behind." Goderich leaped into temporary importance a few years ago as the centre of a new industrial interest in Ontario. The Geological Reports of Sir William Logan early announced that the Onondaga SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 9« f^roup of salt rocks of the Silurian series underlay the drift and limestones of a part of Western Ontario; but not till 1866 was salt actually discovered. In this, as in a thousand other cases, searchers sought one thing and found another; the moral — that cannot be too earnestly impressed on the citizens of a country, a great part of which sci' ntific prospectors have not yet explored — being, search and 3'ou are sure to find something. In this case, the discovery was made by a man of resolute spirit who, in the face of doubts, fears, and disappointments, was boring, on the north bank of the Maitland, in the neighbourhood of Goderich, for oil, without thought of salt. At that time, people were boring for oil in almost every likely spot in the western part of the peninsula. At the depth of one thousand feet, he came upon brine of the finest quality. Three beds, respectively of nineteen, thirty, and thirty-two feet, were found, with slight intervals between, of pure crystalline salt, and others, were subsequently reported of sixty and eighty feet in thickness. The area of salt rocks has been found to stretch trom Sarnia to Southampton, and east to a point beyoml the posperous town of Seaforth. They are the deposits of an ancient land-locked lake, embracing a part of Michigan in the west, the Ontario peninsula on the east, and stretching south as far as Syracuse in New York. The salt was solidified, under conditions hard for us to imagine, and in quantities sufficient to supply this continent for ages. In 1880 an Ontario Agricultural Commission was appointed to inquire into the agricultural resources of the Province, and matters connected therewith, and the Commissioners found that salt now enters so largely into the business of the producer, especially as regards cheese and butter-making, pork-packing, and the fertilizing of the soil, that its consideration could not well be ignored by them. They therefore made inquiries into its manufacture, the extent to which it is used, and the prejudices against Canadian and in favour of English salt. The result of their inquiries was, that if properly manufactured and carefully dried, the well-known purity of Canadian salt is fully equal by its adaptability to all dairymg purposes and its excellence as a factor in the work of fertilization. To show how extensively it is now being used in the west of the Province, it was stated that a Seaforth firm had in three months of the then current 92 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. year sold 63,000 tons for fertilizing purposes. The evidence, with scarcely an exception, was also completely in favour of the use of salt as an agent in enriching the farm, promoting the growth, and protecting the early plant of the root crops against the ravages of the fly, and as a remedy for some of the enemies that assail the spring wheat crop. It is no small tribute to the purity of Canadian salt that, notwithstanding the high fiscal duty of the United States, it is used in immense quantities in the great American pork-packing centres. Few counties in Canada are so generally fertile and so splendidly adapted for farming as Huron, and its rapid and steady develop- ment is simply what might have been anticipated from the class of people by whom it was settled. Everywhere it presents a gently undulating, well-watere;! and well- wooded appearance. In the south, the character of the land is a very rich vegetable deposit, underlaid by the strongest of clay subsoils. As we go north, it becomes lighter, but everywhere the crops are excellent, and evi- dences of increasing wealth and comfort may be seen on every hand. Towns like Seaforth, Clinton and Wingham are already important centres of trade, although almost every house looks as if it had come recently out of the builder's hands. Half-a-dozen rising villages are likely soon to " evolve " into towns, although no county has given a larger contingent of young men and the very cream of its population to the North-VVest than Huron. As the traveller drives along the well-made gravelled roads, lined with bright -yellow, golden-rods, and the purple Michaelmas daisy, he sees broad acres of waving corn and luxuriant meadow stretching far away on each side, a stump-dotted patch here and there alone reminding him that all this has just been won from the wilderness, and that the settler's arrival dates from yesterday. IN THE NORTH-WESTERN COUNTIES. Bruce is a very new county, the settlements, excepting a few on the lake shore, not dating back more than thirty years. The first settler built his shanty, it is said, as recently as 1848. Nowhere are we more surprised at being told of its extreme youth than when we see Walkerton, a beautiful little town, pleasantly situated f SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 95 in a saucer-shaped valley formed by the windings of the Sangeen, Its main street was " blazed " through the unbroken forest as the Hne of the Durham road in 1S54. The people of liruce are largely immigrants from the Western Highlands and Islands of Scotland^ and the children of immigrants who settled in more easterly parts of Ontario a generation earlier. In many of the townships Gaelic is the prevailing language, and it is regularly used for tlv; conduct of divine service in many of the churches. The southern part of Bruce is rolling, the undulations being so* long and gentle as hardly to admit of our using i^i terms hill and valley. Clear, beautiful running streams wind through tl.e depres- sions, the majority of them feeders of the Sabie and Saugeen,. which flow north-westerly into Lake Huron. The whole c unty is. magnificent'y watered, and the growth of timber 's very heavy. Pine is scarce, except on the Teer water and other tru;uiaries of the b igeen. There is a large proportion of gravel iii the soil, but the land is good, and the farms arc well fitted for eiiiior arable or grazing purposes. Strangers often express astonishment ai Ihe sight of excellent farms with houses and outbuildings of log or inferior frai.ic, but the explanation is that many of the people have only reached the stage of putting their land in order for the plough. Some have advanced to the point of building good barns, and a few have reached the third stage of having superior dwelling houses. Fruit growing is yet in its infancy. Peaches can be cultivated successfully only on the lake shore, but apples and plums have shown astonishing results in the size and beauty of the speci- mens sent to the Agricultuial Exhibitions. The long range of the Indian Peninsula seems naturally fitted to become one of the finest portions of the Dominion for the growth of apples, plums and grapes. That the soil is good, though largely rocky or stony, the immense sugar maples and elms witness. The temperature is kept low in the spring months by the ice in the Georgian Bay, and thus the blossoming of the trees is retarded, while the large body of water on each side secures exemption from summer and early autumn frosts. The ancient occupation of fishing is a more profitable industry to the people of Kincardine than salt manufacture. Large and substantial wherries leave the harbour at early dawn, and return 94 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. , m i< about noon from their favourite resorts, which He about twenty miles distant. The ordinary catch varies from one to two thousand pounds. The fish are generally cleaned on the lake, and on the boat's arrival in port they pass into a contractor's hands, by whom they are shipped to the markets of Canada and the United States, either packed in ice or — according to a new plan — frozen, unless when they are pickled or barrelled. The fish usually caught in the northern lakes are : — the salmon trout, from twenty-four to sixty inches long, and sometimes weighing forty pounds ; the white-fish, the pride of Canadian waters and by many gourmets considered the finest of the fishy tribe ; the lake herring, very abundant at certain seasons in shallow waters, and not unlike the herring of the ocean ; the lake sturgeon and gar-fish, survivors of the ganoid and armour-clad fish of the palaeozoic age. Bass, perch and the spotted trout — the joy of the sportsman — are caught by amateurs in the rivers and creeks, and by ever}' boy who can lift a rod, and every loafer, when he can summon energy enough to take his hands out of his pockets, or a little more than he needs to fill his pipe. The farther north the better and the more abundant the fish. Hence, the more southern fishermen, after ♦^he spring catch, go north to Killarney, and as far as the fishing grounds and ports of Lake Superior. If we visit Owen Sound by driving from Southampton, we see something of the character of the intervening country. The land gradually rises, frequent outcrops of limestone occurring, and about midway across attains its greatest altitude, the streams on one side flowing to the east, and on the other to the west. In summer the fields are luxuriant with good crops, and the farms have an aspect of thrift and prosperity. The forests assume a slightly northern aspect, and delight the botanist with their rich undergrowth of mosses, ferns and flowering shrubs, amid fine specimens of maple, beech and ash. The road for a part of the way skirts the Pottawa- tomie, a small brawling stream that tumbles over Jones' and Indian Falls, a sheer descent of seventy feet, into dark ravines densely clothed with timber, before it empties into the Sound. On descend- ing from the heights, the Sound is seen in the distance extending for miles away out to the Georgian Bay, and, as it approaches the harbour, gradually narrowing like a wedge. ■ , SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 95 As regards fruit-growing, the neighbourhood of Owen Sound is no exception to the rest of the splendid Lake Huron territory ■which we have been describing. Ahnost every kind of fruit suc- ceeds well, and apples, pears, plums, and strawberries may be said to attain perfection. A reliable witness stated before the Ontario Agricultural Commission that so much attention is now being given to this fruit crop that, besides the supply of the home market, from three to four thousand barrels of winter apples had been shipped from Owen Sound aicne in 1881, and that pear culture — which is beginning to attract more attention — could be carried on quite as profitably. The plums of the district are so remarkably fine that thousands of trees are being planted, and tens of thousands of bushels are already shipped annually, chiefly for the Chicago market. But let it never be forgotten that all that is distinctive and note- worthy in Grey, as in most of the counties of Canada, is to be found not in its towns, not at railway stations, but in the townships along the gravel roads and the concession lines. There we meet the men and women who endured the rough welcome of the genius of the wilderness ; the men and women to whom we owe the smiling fields and orchards, and all the promise of the future. This generation ne'er can know The toils we had to undergo While laying the great forests low. AROUND GEORGIAN BAY. It is not quite thirty years since tb*: first railroad was built to connect Lake Ontario with Lake Huron, and now, in addition to the "Northern," which was the earliest railway enterprise in the Province, we have to the east of it the "Midland," extending from Port Hope, via Lindsay, Beaverton and Orillia to Gloucester Bay, in the Matchedash Peninsula, and, as it happens, passing the very site of the old Jesuit Mission of Sainte Marie. On the west the " Toronto, Grey and Bruce " is seen stretching its long iron antenna* from the Provincial capital to Owen Sound. The " Northern," of Toronto, and its artery of connections with the "North-Western," of Hamilton, tap the Georgian Bay at CoUingwood, Meaford and 96 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. 'ii Penetanguishene,and put forth a shoot round the southern boundary of the old Huron settlements on Lakes Simcoe and Couchiching, into the Free Grant Lands of Muskoka at Gravenhurst, with early prospect of extension northward to Lake Nipissing and the line of the "Canada Pacific," and north-west to Sault Ste. Marie and Lake Superior. From Meaford, in the county of Grey, to CoUingwood is an hour's ride by rail. The road skirts the shores of the bay, and in the vicinity of Thornbury affords a delightful glimpse of the high bluffs of the Blue Mountains, which traverse the township of CoUingwood and shoot off southward through the Province. There is some fine scenery in the neighbourhood of these mountains, which are largely composed of metamorphic rock, and are fissured and hollowed in a gruesome manner. Here was the home of the Tobacco Nation; and in the glens and caves of the region the hunted of the tribe, no doubt, often sought refuge from the Iroquois. Some of the fissures in the rocks which the tourist steps over are a hundred feet deep. In the southern portion of the adjoining township of Nottawasaga, the Mad River, a tributary of the Nottawasaga, pursues its headlong and erratic course, and supplies the moti\ ^ power to many mills and other industries in the villages of the township. The other streams are the Pretty and the Bateau, both of whicli fall into Nottawasaga Bay. Throughout the township is a number of excellent school-houses, mostly of brick, a model of one of which, School Section No. 20, was on view at the Centennial Exhibition and attracted the notice of the representatives of foreign governments, some of whom had copies of it made. From the character and equipment of the school-houses of the district we would infer that education in Nottawasaga township fares well. But we now arrive at CoUingwood, which derives its name from the great admiral. It is situated on Hen and Chickens Harbour, as it used to be called, from a group of small islands of that name a short distance from shore. The position of the town is not attrac- tive, and any importance it has is due to the fact that it is the terminus of the Northern and North-Western Railroad and the chief port of departure for the steamers of the Upper Lakes. Its principal local trade is in fish and lumber, and in the latter, particu- larly, there is much money invested. During the sumnier season SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 97 the wharves present a busy spectacle in the going and coming, the loading and unloading, of the various crafts engaged in the pas- senger and carrying trade of the North- SV^est. Lofty elevators and capacious warehouses give facility for the handling and despatch of this through trade; while an extensive harbour affords accommodation for the mooring and transhipment of the great rafts of timber that come down from the Algoma and Parry Sound inlets. The port statistics in grain for a single season would surprise the "uncommercial traveller," and open his mind to the I ISlllNG ON LAKK MLlSKdKA. wealth of the Occident. The tonnage of the iron ore Irom Lake Superior that passes this port in transit, would also be a revela- tion to him; and the shipments annually increase in volume and in value. At the pretty station of AUandale, any fine morning during the months of July, August and September, one is likely t-^ meet stray pleasure-seekers, or family or camping parties, with the impedimenta •of canoes, camp stores and cooking utensils, bound northward for a few days' or weeks' relaxation in the labyrinth of waters that fill !«.« '!f 'i; .'" i 98 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. the hollows *of Muskoka. Within easy hail of the Provincial capital there is no trip more delightful, or to the over-worked busi- ness or professional man more invigorating, than a journey north- wards to the high latitudes and changeful scenes of Lakes Muskoka, Rosseau or Joseph. We here name these waters alone of the region simply because they are most reliably served by the steam- boats on the lakes. The district, however, is in miniature, like the west of Scotland minus the mountains and heather, a land of lochs and isles, hills and dales, and, " barring " the black-fly and the mosquito, a veritable paradise for the devotees of the rod and gun. The view from the junction at AUandale of Barrie opposite, the long sweep of Kempenfeldt Bay, and the wooded shores of either side softly receding from the vision is one of the most perfect bits of nature the Province can boast. The Free Grant Lands we are entering upon extend, or are designed to extend, from Severn Bridge on the south, to Lake Nipissing and the French River on the north. Their Ipngitudinal area comprises a belt of varying breadth reaching from the Georgian Bay through Muskoka, portions of Victoria, Haliburton, Nipissing and Renfrew, to the Ottawa. For the most part it is only honest to say that the Free Grant territory is a wild region ; but, though hitherto the abodes of solitude, the several districts are rapidly being brought within reach of civilization, and here and there under a fair measure of cultivation. The district we are at present concerned with affords the most convincing evidence of this. It is not many years since the rigours of residence in the district harrowed the heart of the humane, in British journals, to deter immigration hither. But the same journals that published the wails of English gentlewomen, who braved the early terrors of the region, have since given gratifying testimony to the improved con- ditions of its later life. " Misery loves company," says the old proverb, though the attractions of misery will hardly account for an increase in the population of the district from 300 in the year 1861 to 30,000 in the year 1882. But population has not been its only gain. Population, while giving the settler a neighbour, gives the neighbourhood the benefit of his work. The region has been opened up, clearings have been made, roads cut, mills started, boats chartered, and communication everywhere extended. The settler SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 99 can now get not only into his clearing but he can get out to a market. He can even have his daily mail ; and in many quarters the morning city papers are read by thousands in the district each day before dark. This circumstance goes a long way in reconciling the settler to his lot, for in lonely regions there is no cheer more potent than the passing steamboat or stage carrying the mail-bag. Within the space of ten or twelve years men who have taken up land in the district and who brought little with them, save their families and their pluck, have each their homestead and clearing, and well-filled barns, and more or less stock. The climate is delightful, and, particularly round the lakes, has not the extremes of temperature experienced in the older settled portions of the Prov- ince. Wheat raising, it is true, is not alwaj's to be depended upon, but grasses grow luxuriantly, and coarse grains and root crops are an amazing success. The pasture, moreover, does not burn up in midsummer as it does to the south. Hence, for stock-raising and dairying, there is no portion of the Province so suitable. . Cattle live and fatten in the woods for seven months in the year. In the woods, indeed, they find their most succulent pasturage, and from choice they will leave a clover-field to browse on the shoots of the young basswood and maple. For sheep-raising the rocky land of the district is also excellent, as vegetation is both nutritious and abundant. Going south by the Midland Line the tourist can diversify the route which brought him to the district we have been describing, and, by way of Orillia, Beaverton and Lindsay, make a descent upon the picturesque scenery that lies to the north-east of the Provincial capital and in the lines of travel that wend seaward. In this new region, if our pen has been faithful, the reader of these pages will be slow to dismiss from his mind the beauties of Muskoka, or to forget, if he has ever visited the spot, the most attractive of Ontario's shrines, encircled By the laughing tides that lave Those Edens of the northern wave. lOO PICTORIAL ONTARIO. fc If^'; IN THE TRENT VALLEY. On Rice Lake, the chief Indian settlement is Hiawatha — named after the Hercules of Ojibway mythology, whom the American poet has immortalized in his melodious trochaics. At Hiawatha and on Scugog Island, you may still find, in the ordinary language of the Ojibway, fragments of fine imagery and picture-talk, often in the very words which Longfellow has so happily woven into his poem. And the scenery of this Trent Valley reproduces that of the Vale •of Tawasentha. Here are " the wild rice of the river," and " the Indian village," and " the groves of singing pine-trees, ever sigh- ing, ever singing." At Fenelon Falls we have the " Laughing Water," and not far below is Sturgeon Lake, the realm of the •" King of Fishes." Sturgeon of portentous size are yet met with, though falling somewhat short of the comprehensive fish, sung b Longfellow, which swallowed Hiawatha, canoe and all ! No part of Canada owes more to its pioneers than this charm- ing and most healthful lake-land. Some of the finest towns were, two generations ago, jungles reeking with malaria, and infested by wolves, black-flies, black snakes, and black bears. All honour to the men whose hands orjbrain worked the transformation ! Their services were but seldom remembered in the naming of our towns. •" Port Perry," by an after-thought, revived the memory of the founder of Whitby. Lindsay is named, well and worthily, after a poor axe-man, v/ho perished in the survey of the cedar swampi through the heart of which Kent street was carried. Peterboro' is now entering on the dignity of a city ; but the name very properly takes back our thoughts to 1825, and to tlie condition of Scot's Plains, when Peter Robinson led thither his first band of Irish immigrants. After building a long-boat, he made a preliminary ascent of the Otonabee with tv/enty native Canadians and thirty of the healthiest of the immigrants. Mr. Robinson adds : " Not one of these men escaped the ague and fever, and two died." Among its first settlers, Lakefield received no less than three of the literary Stricklands — Colonel Strickland and his sisters, Mrs. Moodie and Mrs. Traill. By their graceful contributions to our native literature, Lakefield and Rice Lake became known far beyond the limits of Canada. skp:tches of the countrv. lOl To the miner ard metallurgist Madoc township became in the fall of 1866 an objf;Ct of the keenest interest from the discovery of gold on the upper course of the Moira, at the point thenceforward known as the Richard-^on Mine. Over a tract following the river for sixteen miles gold has been found in considerable quantity diffused through arsenical iron pyrites, as at the gold mines of Reichen- stein, in Silesia. This auriferous mispickel may well yield large crops; but the separation of gold from sulphur and arsenic, and iron and lime, is a process of great delicacy — one, therefore, not to be intrusted to bulls and bears. From wild speculation Madoc has most undeservedly suffered. A better time is coming. At the works of the Consolidated Gold Mining Company the scientific difficulties have been honestly grappled with, and, we believe, completely solved. The process employed is based on the chlorination method of Plattner, but carried to a degree of refinement never attempted by the famous Freyberg professor. Of the by-products the most important is arsenic, which is obtained in tons, and is in consequent demand for calico-printing, as well as for the manufacture of glass, Paris green and aniline dyes. Iron mining in this district has long been associated with the township of Marmora, but deposits of either magnetite or hematite have been found in workable quantities at various points in the Laurentian rocks from the rear of Belleville to the rear of Kingston. From the Seymour mine magnetic iron ore has been largely drawn to supply the Cleveland furnaces; for, unfortunately, Sey- mours blast-furnace in Madoc has long been cold, and the pro- posed steel works at Belleville have not yet been erected. Cleve- land also takes largely of the hematite of this Madoc district, which is found to yield iron of great purity and tensile strength. The ore occurs chiefly in red amorphous masses, but often inclosing specular iron in lustrous crystals. This mining district of central and eastern Ontario has hitherto been somewhat difficult of access; but, with the Ontario and Quebec Railway carried through the heart of the district, and intersecting railroads from Trenton, Belleville, Napanee and Kingston, there will be no difficulty in delivering minerals at any desired point. * * * ♦ * * ♦ A morning excursion down the bay from Trenton or Belleville to Picton and the Lake on the Mountain is one of those delightful I02 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. i summer memories that one likes to lay up for winter use. Among these winding and romantic shores the more destructive form of enterprise has happily stayed its hand, so that much of the primi- tive beauty survives. And, then, the charm of this famous bay is in no slight measure due to cloud effects and the changeful humour of the sun. An hour ago he rose without a cloud and even now " he fires the proud tops of the eastern pines," but presently he will be revealed only through rifts in the cloud-wrack, or by broken shafts of light, and in the afternoon we shall have a delightful season of dreamy, vaporous sunshine, like sweet hours stolen from Indian summer. These inlets and the wooded headlands, and the waving barley-fields beyond, keep time, like old Polonius, to the fitful humour of their prince. Sometimes, under the joyous sunlight, these wrinkled coves break into peal on peal of youthful laughter, as though they had not assisted in laying the very foundations of the world ; at other hours they answer the uncertain sun with no more than a sad smile, while, in his hours of gloom, you may hear these ancient shores grieving and wailing over some mysterious and tragic sorrow. KINGSTON AND THE THOUSAND ISLANDS. The War of 1812 brought Kingston to the front as the chief Canadian stronghold on Lake Ontario, and the rival to the Ameri- can arsenal at Sackett's Harbour. The Government dock-yard occupied the low-lying peninsula opposite the town, which is now graced by the fine Norman structure of the Royal Military College and its dependent buildings. The dark-green reach of deep water between the College and the glacis of Fort Henry was the naval mooring ground. Where, in our days of pipingpea'.e, nothing more threatening than the skiflfs of cadets training to '^e future Hanlans are seen, lay formidable battle-ships. One of them — the St. Lawrence — built here in 1814, cost the British Government half-a- million sterling. In all probability the wood was sent out from England. Kingston has long had a just preeminence as an educational centre. The first Grammar School in Canada was established here in 1786 under Dr. Stuart — the first teacher as well as the first SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 103 clergyman in Upper Canada ; and the schools of Kingston are noticed by Rochefoucauld on his visit in 1805. There were elementary schools, on the Lancasterian principle, for the poorer classes long before our Common School system was organized. In higher education it has an honourable record. The University of Queen's College, whose new local habitation is one of the archi- tectural adornments of the city, was founded in 1840 by a number of clergymen and laymen of the Church of Scotland in Canada. " Queen's, " as it is aflFectionately termed by its sons, has grown — "^^F '*i^-' -■ FORT HENRY, KINGSTON HARBOUR. with the growth of Canada, has a noble record of work done in the past, and, in its new halls and the throng of eager students who fill them and its largely increased and distinguished staf!", it rejoices in greater usefulness in the present, and has still brighter hopes for the future. Kingston is the seat not only of the Royal Military College and of Queen's University, with its Faculties of Arts, Science, Law, and Divinity, but also of the Roman Catholic College of Regiopolis, I04 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. l^'f il which has l)een closed since the withdrawal of the Government grant in 1869. Two other excellent institutions, the Royal College of Physi- cians and Surgeons and the Women's Medical College, are affiliated to f:.3«. .y-"^^*':'^ ->ff,\-£. CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER I'AKK, THOUSANU ISLANDS. Queen's University. The Colle- giate Insti- tute repre- sents two older High Schools, and among the school- boys educated in them Kingston boasts the Premiers of the Province and the Dominion. From the French explorers — it is said from Champlain — the archi- pelago took its name of " Lac Des Maille Isles," though the " thou- sand " is far under the real num- ber. Recent travellers, however, including the Duke of Argyll, have been disappointed in the compara- tive tameness and monotony of the " Thousand Islands " as cursorily seen from the deck of a steamer. And, indeed, forty miles of them is apt to produce the toujoiirs perdrix feeling which attacks the traveller even on the Rhine, after a long, M SKETCHES OF THE COUNTKV. los unbroken course of ruined castles. The, beauty is that of a succession of charniiiif^ vif,'nettes, ratlier than of any one grand picture, and the way to see and feel it is to sojourn atnoiif^ them, watch their ever-clianginj,' aspects from day to day. You should see them ^^lorified in the exquisite ethereal tints of dawn before they " fade into the light of common day," and watch that, again, deepen into the rosy sunset glow, which often makes the placid river reflect their beauty from " a sea of glass mingled with fire,' mm^0m^^mmmm LONG SAILT RAIMDS, RIVEK ST. LAWRKNCK. ere it merges into the purple gloaming through which the fire-fiy darts its living light, and the plaintive refrain of the whip-poor-will adds pathos to the beauty of the summer eve ; or, when the full moon rises behind one of the dark islands, throwing its mysterious chiaroscuro over the scene, making a broad, quivering pathway of fretted silver, on which the islands show like silhouettes — their wavy outlines of foliage marked out in shadow on the silver sea below. Better still, if you can wander day after day among the hidden rocks and recesses of the island labyrinths, exploring the io6 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. myriad beauty of lichened granite, and moss, and vine, and flower, and herry, as well as of the foliage that chisters in rich masses of verdure, or dips into the glassy wave ; or, guiding your tiny skiff through the narrowest of channels, or the most fairy like of coves, where the limpid water ripples over the pure white sand, or holds in its shaded and shadowy basin a cluster of deep green leaves and snowy water lilies. Then, indeed, their gentle beauty grows on you, and in the coup d'ceil from any elevated point the eye unconsciously reads into the distant outlines the picturesque details with which it has already grown familiar. Nor must we forget the richer beauty which the mellowing touch of autumn throws over the scene, when it turns the delicate green of the birch to gold, and clothes the maple in flame colour and scarlet till it seems like the burning bush of Moses, and flushes the oak to a rich russet or winey red — while the deep blood-red hue of the low sumach marks some of the smaller islands with a line of crimson. NORTH SHORE OF LAKE HURON.'' The north shore of Lake Huron presents an undulating country, rising into hills which sometimes attain the height of four hundred and seven hundred feet above the lake. These occasionally exhibit rugged e«carpments and naked rocky surfaces ; but in general their summits are rather rounded, and their flanks, with the valleys separating one range from another, are most frequently well clothed with hard and soft wood, often of large growth, and of such species as are valuable in commerce ; in many places giving promise of a good arable land. To the westward of Spanish River the coast is for the most part low ; it abounds with safe and commodious harbours among its numerous islands and inlets, which can scarcely fail in many instances to become, in course of time, of commercial importance. To the eastward of the river the scenery is improved by the gradual approach of a high range of picturesque hills coming out upon the coast. They are known as the La Cloche mountains, one of their * This and the four following sketches are selected from official documents prepared under the instructions of the Honourable Commissioner of Crown Lands. highest points being four hundred and eighty-two feet above the level of the lake. This part of the lake is thickly studded with islands, and the coast is much indented with extensive bays and inlets which offer shelter and security during any storm to which the voyager may be exposed. The general features of the country bordering on the River St. Mary and Lake Huron are very similar; at times, bold, rugged and declivitous, and scantily clotheil with stunted spruce, balsam, pine, and birch, the coast affords but little land fit for agricultural purposes ; at others, rising gently from the margin of the water, and covered with a fair growth of hardwood timber, beech, maple and iron-w. >, it holds out inducements to the explorer to penetrate before condemning ; whilst here and there, extensive tracts of level land are seen, in some places low and swampy, presenting an almost impenetrable thicket of black alder and sallow; in others, open prairie, covered with a luxuriant growth of wild grass. Leaving the shores of the river or lake, at distances varying from two to five miles, the scene changes, and the topographical features of the country may be described as consisting of rich allu- vial valleys, varying in width from a quarter to seven miles, heavily timbered with mixed timber ; crossed at intervals by rock ridges, and traversed by small rivulets of excellent water. These ridgef with the exception of Gros Cap and La Cloche, form no regular mountain range, but are short escarpments of rock, seldom more than three-fourths of a mile in length, and varying in height from thirty to two hunrlrorj and fifty feet, rounded on the flanks, and although bold and declivitous on the southerly side, are, on the north, easy of approach, as the descent from the summit is regular, and the side generally well tmibered with hardwood. In the valleys the soil is, generally, decayed vegetable matter, or a rich sandy loam, with a subsoil of reddish blue or white clay ; in many instances resembling limestone in a state of. decomposi- tion ; the timber mixed, and consisting of birch, maple, iron-wood, cedar, elm, ash, pine, spruce, balsam, hemlock and poplar, accord- ing to the locality. The series of rocks occupying this country from the connecting link between Lakes Huron and Superior to the vicinity of Sheban- ahning, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles, with a breadth io8 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. in some places of ten and in others exceeding twenty miles, must be taken as belonging to one formation. On the west it seems to repose on the granite, running to the east of Gros Cap north of Sault Ste. Marie ; on the east the same supporting granite is ob- served north of La Cloche, between three and four miles in a straight line up the Riviere au Sable, a south flowing tributary of the Span- ish River ; and again, about an equal distance up another and par- allel tributary joining that stream eight miles further from its mouth, in both cases about ten miles from the coast. The series is to be divided into rocks of a sedimentary and rocks of an igneous origin. The sedimentary portion consists of sandstones, conglomerates, slates and limestones. The sandstones are sometimes gray, but more generally white, almost purely silicious and principally fine grained, but the granular texture is often lost, and great masses assuming a vitreous lustre present the character of a perfect quartz rock which is met with of both the colours mentioned, and when white it sometimes exhibits precisely the aspect of the milky or greasy quartz of mmeralogists. The quartz rock, in addition to white and gray, is not unfrequently of a reddish colour, and some- times a decided red. In the granular varieties considerable masses of the rock sometimes present a white with a faint tinge of sea- green, which seems to arise from a small quantity of finely dissem- inated epidote. The rock often becomes coarse grained, assuming the character of a conglomerate, the pebbles of which vary from the size of duck-shot to that of grape and canister. These pebbles are almost entirely either of opaque white vitreous quartz or various coloured jaspers ; some few are of Lydian stone, and some of horn- stone and other varieties. The pebbles are often disposed in their layers at the top or bottom, or in the midst of finer grained beds ; but they are sometimes arranged in thicker bands, which swell into mountain masses, and blood-red jaspers often disseminated in these to a preponderating degree on a nearly pure white ground, giving a brilliant, unique and beautiful rock, appear to characterize some ranges of considerable importance. The igneous rocks may be classed, as a whole, under the denomination of greenstone trap. The masses they present are r.ometimes very great, and in such cases the trap usually consists of a greenish-white feldspar, and dark-green or black hornblende. SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 109 The limestone has not been seen in contact with any of the greenstone overflows; but on Echo Lake .nere is a great body of greenstone over it to the south, with a thick band of syenitic con- glomerate associated with quartz rock interposed between them and a range of quartz hills above. On the Thessalon Lakes, great mountain masses of quartz rock, with subordinate jasper conglom- erates, appear to underlie the limestone, and at La Cloche a band of three to four thousand feet rests upon it. Metalliferous veins intersect all the rocks that have been Men- tioned. Slips, or displacements, of the country on opposite sides of the veins occur when fissures are found that constitute their mould or receptacle. Numerous instances are observed where both granite and greenstone dykes, cut by the metalliferous veins, are suddenly heaved considerably out of their course. This fact may be deemed valuable as showing the probable great depth and distance to which the veins may run. The metal which these veins hold in the greatest quantity is copper, and the ores in which it occurs are vitreous copper, variegated copper and copper pyrites. Iron pyrites is sometimes associated with them, but, in general, not in large quantity. Copper pyrites is in some instances accompanied by rutile, and in others by the arseniuretted sulphuret of iron and nickel, containing a trace of cobalt. The gangue, or vein stone, in which the copper ores are contained, is, in general, white quartz, and there is very often present, but not in very great quantity, wiiite compact dolomite, which in druses assumes the forms of pearl spar, and brown or bitter spar ; calc spar also appears occasionally in druses in dog- tooth crystals. The veins vary in breadth from a few inches to sometimes thirty feet, but when of this last great breadth, or even muc!i less, they usually contain a considerable amount of brecciated wall-rock mixed up with the gangue ; many of them range from one to three and four feet, and their slope, or underlie, varies from about 50° to go°. From such as might be considered master lodes innumerable branches of various sizes start, some of which visibly diminish before proceeding far and dwindle to nothing, while others maintain moderate widths with much regularity for considerable distances, and may run to a junction with parallel lodes. The lodes have I lO PICTORIAL ONTARIO. a bearing agreeing with the general strike of the formation, which roughly coincides with the general trend of the coast. They are thus, in a rude way, parallel to one another, and run in a direction between west and north-west, more nearly approaching the latter. In no part of the country, from the vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie to Shebanahning, is any great area wholly destitute of cupriferous veins, and it would appear singular if a region, extending over a space of between one and two thousand square miles, and so marked by indications, did not in the course of time yield many valuable results. Six principal rivers, besides several of inferior note, flow through this country. The principal are the Thessalon, the Mississaga, the Serpent, the Spanish, the White Fish and the Wahnapitael, of which the mouths are from fifteen to thirty miles apart. The Mis- sissaga and the Spanish are the largest two, the reported length of the former being one hundred and twenty and of the latter two hundred miles. In the valleys of all the principal streams there are extensive flats of rich and deep soil, producing maple, oak, elm, birch and basswood, besides occasional groves of both red and white pine of large size. From Sault Ste. Marie to Root River the surface is generally level, with a slight inclination to the eastward, or towards Garden River ; the soil is here a fine sandy loam, and the subsoil a reddish blue clay. Root River, flowing south-easterly, is a small stream, emptying into the St. Mary River on the westerly side of Little Lake George; it is shallow, with clear water, rapid current, and gra 'el bottom. The soil on both sides of the river is good. Northward of the river for six miles the surface is gently undulating, broken here and there by the rock ridges previously described, the soil and timber being the same as on the south side. In rear of this, a valley of seven or eight miles in width extends eastward to the high land surrounding Echo Lake, and westward to the Gros Cap Range at the foot of Lake Superior, its regularity broken here and there by similar ranges of rock. Garden River, flowing southerly and south-westerly, empties into the St. Mary River a short distance eastward of Little Lake ,1 SKETCHES OK THE COUNTRY. Ill George. It is a fine stream,, having a general width of about three chains. Here wheat, oats, maize, potatoes and grass grow luxuriantly. The soil on the banks of this river, and for a con- siderable distance inland on either side, is of the best quality, being a fine rich sandy loam, and the timber is large and thrifty. The valley, entered northward from Root River, is again seen presenting the same appearance, and stretching eastward to the high land surrounding Echo Lake. Through each of these valleys there usually flows a pretty brook of clear water, taking its rise from one or other of the picturesque little lakes which lie on each side of the water-shed. To the east of Echo Lake, and iiorthward of the limestone point on the east side, there is a tract of fine land, heavily timbered with maple, elm and birch, interspersed at intervals with groves of hemlock and a few pines, with cedars in the hollows and swamps. The Thessalon River, with its chain of lakes and mill-sites, flowing from the north-west, empties into 'Lake Huron about twelve miles eastward of the Bruce Mines. The land on the margin of the river is of good quality and heavily timbered. The surface rises gently from the water's edge, and at the top of the bank the rock is exposed ; this continues, however, but a short distance, when it descends gradually, and for several miles to the eastward the soil is of good quality and deep, the surface rolling, and the timber fine and thrifty, maple, birch, cedar, elm and ash prevailing. Much good pine is also scattered through this section. Westward of the river, or in rear of the Bruce Mines, the country is more broken and rugged. North and west from Desert Lake, the second of the chain, the coast is low and swampy for the distance of three-quarters of a mile, but in rear the surface rises gradually, and, though broken here and there by the rock ranges which form a marked feature in the topography of this country,, affords a considerable extent of land fit for settlement, the soil being deep and rich, and the timber principally hard-wood. North and east from Lake Deception, the third of the series, there are extensive tracts of excellent land, timbered chiefly with hard-wood ; these tracts extend eastward to the Mississaga, ana southward to within two miles of the coast of Lake Huron. 112 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. \ 6- ^ The Mississaga River, entering Lake Huron about thirty miles eastward of Point Thessalon is, at its entrance into the lake, a fine broad stream, with a considerable depth of water, and its mouth being protected eastward by several islands affords a safe and commodious harbour. The navigation is, however, impeded four miles from its mouth, where a lock range, crossing the river, forms a fall of five feet. At the mouth of the river the land is low and swampy, but the surface rises gradually, and at the distance of one and a-half miles from the lake the banks on both sides are high, and the soil and timber of good quality, the former being a rich red sand with a subsoil of blue clay, and the latter consisting of birch, hard and soft maple, cedar, poplar, spruce, balsam, black and white ash and elm. Between the northerly limit of the Indian Reserve and Little White River, a south-west flowing tributary of the Mississaga, there is a tract of country of 'considerable extent fit for settlement. Northward of Little White River there is a fine block of land extending nearly to the Grand Portage, and stretching to the east- ward for a considerable distance. The Blind Fiiver, forming the eastern limit of the Indian Re- serve, enters Lake Huron about four miles east of the Mississaga. Serpent River empties into a deep bay or inlet of Lake Huron about twenty-five miles east of the Mississaga. The bay into which it empties is unsurpassed as a harbour. At the mouth of the river, on the westerly side, the land is of good quality, but low and level. Ascending the river the scene is rugged and rough, the rock ranges running close to the margin c. the stream and parallel to it. In rear, however, on both sides some valleys of good hard- wood land are met with, more particularly on the west, being a continuation of the valleys from the east bank of the Mississaga. Spanish River, which is navigable for thirty miles to craft not drawing over five feet, falls into an extensive and beautiful bay, land-locked by islands and projecting points from the main land, the communication to the eastward being through a narrow but deep channel, called the Petit Detroit, between the southern extremity of the peninsula and the eastern end of Aird Island. From the Petit Detroit to La Cloche tJie outline of the coast is SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 113 irregular, being indented by deep bays and coves, which *in some parts are perfectly landlocked by groups of long, low and narrow islands running parallel with the main shore, and affording excel- lent places of shelter for all classes of vessels under almost any circumstances. The hills bordering on Spanish River seldom attain a height over three hundred feet, but the banks of the river itself are frequently bold, precipitous, and rocky. At the great fall a pic- turesque and imposing ruggedness prevails. A ridge of smoothly polished bare rock rises in rounded knolls, so steep in places as to be inaccessible, obstructing the south-eastern flow of the river and splitting it into two parts, of which one turns a little to the north- ward of east, while the other is deflected to a precisely opposite course. The latter, after running above a quarter of a mile, is thrown in a beautiful cascade over a precipice thirty feet high, and then turning abruptly to the eastward rushes violently for thirty chains in that direction, falling in a vertical sheet over three successive steps of five feet each, when it is again united to the other division of the stream in a wide pool of nearly still water. Much of the country for some distance back from the north side of the river is flat or rolling land, and is almost everywhere covered with a luxuriant growth of red and white pine. The extent and value of the pine forest in this region, the facility offered by the river for navigation, the water-power to be found on the main stream and all its tributaries, and the capabilities of the soil for raising most of the necessaries of life, all tend to indicate a probability that it is destined to become of commercial importance to the Province. The White Fish River in its whole length, until within a mile or less of Lake Huron, consists of a long chain oi ]\kes lying at short distances from one another, connected by short, small and some- times rapid streams. The valley of the Wahnapitael River contains many considerable tracts of flat land, much of which is of good quality, bearing hard- wood and large white pine in abundance, but a great proportion of the flats are low, wet and swampy. The Vermilion River is a fine broad stream with deep water and a rapid current, which, flowing generally south-westerly, m 114 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. empties into Vermilion Lake, and thence running southerly, joins the east branch of the Spanish River about five miles east of White Fish Lake. The banks of the Vermilion River present a very inviting appearance both as regards soil and timber, the former being a rich alluvial deposit with a subsoil of reddish blue clay, and the latter principally fine and thrifty hardwood. Inland for a considerable distance from its banks the same appearance prevails, white oak, elm, and white ash being abundant. The river takes its rise near the Height of Land, and unlike most of the streams in this country, is unbroken save by the one lake above spoken of. Vermilion Lake is a long, narrow sheet of water timbered to the water's edge with birch, poplar, maple and oak, and takes its name from the peculiarly beautiful colour of the foliage in the autumn. Grain, root crops and Indian corn flourish here to perfection. On the south side of the Height of Land, and coming down in some places to within a few miles of Lake Huron, the country, as before remarked, like that for a considerable distance north, is full of lakes. These are not generally very deep, one result of which is that the water, heated by the sun's rays, becomes much warmer throughout than the water of Lakes Huron and Superior. The climate of a wide belt of territory is so tempered and modified by the warm waters of the numerous small and shallow lakes, which cover probably one-third of the country, as to admit of the culti- vation of many of the most valuable kinds of fruit. East of the Bruce Mines, in the valleys of the Thessalon and Mississaga Rivers, all kinds of crops flourish well. Spring wheat grows from four to five feet high and thick on the ground, yielding from twenty-five to thirty bushels to the acre. The oat crop is remarkably good, and yields from fifty to seventy bushels per acre. In this section of the country there is a good opening for stock- laising, and stock farms with large clearances can be had at i.sonable rates. il ^"i SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY, 115 LAKE HURON AND THE MANITOULIN ISLANDS. A ridge of land which, proceeding from the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara, sweeps round the upper extremity of Lake Ontario and running thence into the promontory of Cape Hurd and Cabot's Head, is represented in continuation by the Manitoulin Islands, divides Lake Huron into two parts, which may be called the south and the north. The south part, constituting the great body of the lake with a circumference exceeding seven hundred and twenty lineal miles, has an area of about fourteen thousand square miles ; the north portion is again divided into two parts, the east and the west, the former of which called the Georgian Bay, extending from Nottawasaga to Shebanahning and the eastern extremity of the Grand Manitoulin Island, with a length of one hundred and twenty miles and a breadth of fifty, has an area of about six thousand square miles; while the remainder, called the north channel, gradually narrowing as it proceeds westward, presents a surface, exclusive of the various islands with which it is studded, particu- larly in the eastern end, of one thousand seven hundred square miles. The whole area of the water of the lake would thus appear to be twenty-one thousand square miles. Only four of the islands which serve to divide the lake go imder the denomination of the Manitoulins. These are Drummond (belonging to the United States), Cockburn, Grand Manitoulin, and Fitzwilliam. They belong geologically to the fossiliferous series, exhibiting the Trenton limestone, Niagara limestone, and Utica slates. The Manitoulin Islands were covered with dense forests of the description usually indicating a rich and fertile soil. On them, and on St. Joseph Island further west, there are extensive tracts of land almost exclusively growing maple, elm, oak, ash, birch and basswood, of such character in point of size as not to be greatly surpassed by the produce of the justly celebrated hard timber lands of Ontario. St. Joseph Island abounds in limestone, affording good material for either burning or building. The Grand Manitoulin is a very important and very beautiful island. Its length is eighty and its average breadth twenty miles. The forty-sixth parallel of north latitude passes three of its most northern points, and the eighty-second and eighty-third meridians 1^ 1 ^ ■ A. 4 SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 11/ i' of west longitude are at about equal distances from its east and west ends. The whole area of the island, exclusive of its numerous bays and inlets, cannot be less than one thousand six hundred square miles. Its most elevated points do not exceed three hundred and fifty teet over the level of Lake Huron. The amount of moisture which falls in this area must be considerable, as the interior of the island is well supplied with streams and lakes. NORTH OF LAKE SUPERIOR. Between Salter's Lake Huron base line and the Goulais River, a distance of ten miles, there is a large proportion of good rolling land, occasionally broken by hills of trap rocks, heavily timbered with maple, birch, balsam, spruce and some pine. The soil is a sandy loam, changing to rich clay loam in the valleys. The Goulais River flows in a south-westerly direction through a valley varying from one and a-half to three miles in width, and empties itself into the bay of the same name. It is navigable for small boats for about twenty miles. For the first twelve or fifteen miles from its mouth the banks vary from five to twelve feet in height, and are m general of clay or gravel. The soil in the valley of the river is of excellent quality, giving growth to large maple, birch, elm, ash, and soft-wood trees. Leaving the Goulais River and proceeding north, the country for some miles resembles that just described. Hills are seen in some places from three hundred to six hundred feet in height, with green stone, trap and gneiss appearing on their summits in ragged cliffs ; while their flanks and the intervening valleys show good loamy, well-timbered soil. On approaching Lake Superior, the country, generally, is mountainous and barren. Between Point Corbeau, on the north shore of Batchawaung Bay and Mamainse, there is a fine tract ot richly-wooded land of some miles in width, and of a rich productive loam, giving growth to large maple, birch, oak, etc. Batchawaung Bay affords a constant supply of the finest trout and white fish. The surface of the country between Batchawaung Bay and Montreal River, though a good deal broken, contains in some places low hills, and valleys of good soil. The timber consists of II' Ii8 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. spruce, balsam, maple, and birch, with some pine and tamarack. Iron is largely distributed over this district. The Montreal, a clear rapid river, flows through several small lakes, and between high hills of granite and trap rocks, in a direction a little south of west. In the first ten miles from its mouth there is a succession of wild rapids and falls, varying from ten to one hundred and fifty feet in height, flowing through narrow gorges and openings in the rock. The tract between the Montreal and Agawa Rivers is for the most part hilly, though valleys of good soil are sometimes met with. Maple begins to grow scarce in this latitude, the prevailing timber being spruce, birch and balsam. The Agawa, a clear gravelly river, abounding in speckled trout, flows between high perpendicular cliffs of granite and greenstone in a direction a little west of south into Lake Superior, about six miles to the north of Montreal River. The smaller streams of the country through which it flows, pour their contents in many cases, directly over cliffs one hundred and fifty feet in height into this river From the Agawa to the Michipicoten River there is little change in the appearance of the country, or in the quality of the soil. Here, as well as in every other part of the Lake Superior district, the country is well watered by streams and lakes which contain many varieties of excellent fish. The second river in point of size, on the north shore of Lake Superior, is the Michipicoten. It is a large, clear, rapid river, and takes its rise far in the interior. It has been for many years the route taken by the Hudson's Bay Company's canoes in travelling to and from Hudson's Bay, and the principal trading establishment of the Company is at its mouth. The Hudson's Bay Company's winter mail route to Sault Ste. Marie connects in a nearly direct line the mouths of the Michi- picoten and Agawa Rivers, and passes through a fi.ne rolling country, well timbered with maple, birch, balsam and spruce, and watered by numerous streams and lakes. The Pic River flows in a southerly direction for many miles, with a gentle current through a valley from one to three miles in width. The banks which are generally of clay, and low, rise in some places to seventy or eighty feet. There are many points on ii SKKTCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 119 this river of rich clay soil, fjivin^' growth to elm, birch, poplar, ami black ash of large size. All along the river blue clay of the finest description, well adapted for the manufacture ot bricks or fine pottery, may be got in abundance. The Neepigon River, the largest on the north shore of Lake Superior, takes its rise in Lake Neepigon, flows through several smaller lakes, and empties itself through a wiile, deep channel into Neepigon Bay. At the eastern siile of its entrance, bold, precipitous greenstone cliffs, several hundred feet in height, overlie a red soft SCKNK ON LAKES NKKI'KION. rock of a soapy structure, which is used in the manufacture of pipes. In the valleys between these cliffs and on the west side of the river, there is excellent soil heavily timbered. The water of this driver is beautifully clear, and swarms with speckled trout, weighing fromjone to twelve pounds. About thirty miles up. Lake Neepigon is reached. This lake is one hundred and twenty miles in length and sixty in breadth. Its surface is dotted with numerous islands, its waters are deep, and contains in abundance fish of every variety taken in Lake Superior. I20 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. ■I In the Neepigon country the largest tract of good land appears to be on the south-western side of the lake. From the Nonwaten River, northward to the Pagitchigania, a distance of fifty miles, the country is comparatively level, and the soil generally fertile. This tract is represented as contimiing nearly to the River Winnipeg, and becoming more generally level in receding from Lake Neepigon. The rivers entering in this part of Lake Neepigon, as far as examined, were found to flow with tortuous courses between muddy banks of clay, overspread with fine sand. There is a considerable area of good land around the bottom of South and Mclntyre's Bay, and on the peninsulas east of the latter bay, and Gull Bay. From the mouth to the first rapid on the Poshkokagan, the loamy banks of the river are from twenty to thirty feet high. The River Kabitotiquia is so crooked that by following its windings from the mouth to the portage leadmg to Chief's Bays, the distance is estimated to be fully thirty miles, althoiigh it is only nine miles in a straight course. On both sides the country is level, and the soil sandy, supporting a growth of grass and bushes, the timber having been burnt oflF by repeated fires. The land is free from stones, and very little labour would be necessary to make it ready for the plough. The Kaministiquia, the only river on the Canadian side of Lake Superior navigable for large vessels for any distance from its mouth, flows into Thunder Bay at Fort William. For the last fifteen miles of its course it windsl through a rich valley of alluvial soil, in the centre of the townships of Neebing and Paipoonge, between banks varying from five to forty feet in height, crowned with large elm, ash, poplar, birch, spruce and pine, wiih a thick underbrush of flowering shrubs. Between its mouth and the Kakabeka Falls, which are scarcely- inferior in grandeur to the Flails of Niagara, there is nothing in the flora to lead one to doubt the feasibility of raising all the cereals. An exploratory survey, north of Lake Superior, made in 1870. shows a large tract of country fit for settlement, lying between the Michipicoten and Shequamka Rivers on the east and Pic River on the west. In this region, the country near Lake Superior is generally rough and broken, with ranges of rocky hills, except in the valleys I SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 121 of the Michipicoten and Magpie Rivers and between Michipicoteii River and Lake \Va\\ .ingonk, where the hind is leveh and of good alhivial sandy loam, in some phices prairie hind cU-areil by fire. There is good level land also in the valley of the Shequainka River and Lake. Between Lake Superior and Lake Matagoming, and the upper valley of the Magpie River, the land is generally undulating and rocky, but beyond that, it is comparatively level, with a soil of alluvial clay and sandy loam. The timber is generally white spruce, red pine, birch, poplar and cedar. In the upper Magpie and Lake Esnogaming district there is good level land, of a rich alluvial clay loam, well wooded. From Lake Esnogaming, westerly to White Lake, the land is generally level, with a soil of sandy loam, and in some places undulating and rocky. In the White River valley there is excellent farming land, the soil being a rich alluvial deposit, well wooded with white spruce, red pine and large cedars. White Lake througii which White River flows, lies in a level region, well wooded, the soil being an alluvial sandy loam. This lake is five hundred and fifteen feet above the level of Lake Superior. In the valley of the Black River, which flows into Pic River near Lake Superior, and connects with White Lake, the land is generally level, consisting of an alluvial loam, generally a rich clay loam, well wooded with large white spruce, poplar and cedar, with occasional exposures of gneiss, micaceous slate, etc. North of the Black River, the soil is clay loam, level and well wooded. About eight miles above the Black River, a tract of most excellent farming land begins; the soil is a rich alluvial clay loam, supporting a luxuriant growth of timber, as well as, in many places, a fine growth of long prairie grass. This fine tract of country, with its fertile soil, continues upwards of fifty miles into the. interior, where a wide extent of country that has been burned off, with the same good land, stretches easterly and towards White Lakefor a distance of about thirty miles. The numer- ous lakes and rivers here abound in excellent fish of many kinds. The climate of this region is very favourable. From observa- tions made at the Pic River, by Mr. Ironside of the Hudson's Bay 122 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Company, with a standard thermometer, the mean temperature was found to be — in July, 62° 88'; August, 63° 54'; vSeptember, 64° 19'; and October, 56° 02', with very fine weather during these months. Thus, ahhough nearly five degrees of latitude north of Toronto, the temperature was nearly the same as at Toronto during July and August, and a few degress warmer during Septem- ber and October, taking the average of twenty-nine years. In a general way it may be said that the whole country which has been examined, north of the hilly region around Lake Superior, between the Pic River and Lake Neepigon, is comparatively level, with a sandy soil, generally dry, but in places interrupted by shallow swamps and low rocky ridges. The sand is underlaid by a light coloured clay which occasionally comes to the surface. The drift, which has come from the north eastward, is rich in pebbles and boulders of the paleozoic limestone, which occur in situ in that direction. These are washed out and exposed in the banks of lakes, and along rivers and brooks, espacially at rapids, and will prove valuable for burning into lime. The fossils which they contain are mostly silicified and indicate the Niagara formation. In going from Lake Superior, through this country, to the valley of the Albany River, no difference is observed in the character of the vegetation, which may be accounted for by the greater elevation of the southern part, toge'.her with the cooling influence which Lake Superior exerts upo'i it. Oats and barley are successfully cultivated at Long Lake House ; while hay, potatoes, and all the ordinary vegetables thrive remarkably well. The potato-tops, as a rule, are not touched by frost up to the time of harvesting, which is during the first week in October. RAINY RIVER AND LAKE, LAKE OF THE WOODS, AND RAT PORTAGE. This most important section of the Province lies between the Height of Land west of Lake Superior and the Winnipeg River. In its general aspect it is a hilly and broken country, intersected by rapid rivers and wide-spread lakes. The hills, however, do not rise to any great elevation, and there are several fine alluvial valleys, the most extensive of which is that of Rainy River. SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 125 The lakes and rivers present long reaches of navigable water, the principal of which, extending from Fort Frances to the western extremiiy of Lac Plat, is one hundred and fifty-eight miles in length. Dense forests are seen in various places and in considerable quan- tities, covering the whole of this region, and the most valuable kinds RAPIDS ON RAINY RIVEK. of elm are found on Rainy River, and while pine is abundant on the waters which flow towards Rainy Lake. On the Sageinaga River, and on the Seine and Maligne, there are extensive forests of red and white pine. Occasional white pine appears in the beautiful valley of Rainy River, and on the islands in the Lake of the Woods. 124 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. i n The approach to Fort Frances is very beautiful. As we near the outlet of Rainy Lake, and enter Rainy River, the right bank appears very much like a park, the trees standing far apart, and having the rounded tops of those seen in open grounds. Blue oak and balsam poplar, with a few aspen, are the principal forest trees. These line the bank, and for two miles after leaving the lake, we glide down between walls of living green, until we reach the Fort, which is beautifully situated on the right bank of Rainy River, immediately below the falls. All sorts of grain can be raised here, as well as all kinds of garden vegetables. Barley three feet high, and oats over that, show there is nothing in the climate or soil to prevent a luxuriant growth. The length of the river is about eighty miles. The right, or Canadian bank, for the whole distance, is covered with a heavy growth of forest trees, shrubs, climbing vines and beautiful flowers. The forest trees consist of oak, elm, ash, birch, basswood, balsam, spruce, aspen, balsam poplar, and white and red pine near the Lake of the Woods. The whole flora of this region indicates a climate very like that of the old settled parts of Ontario, and the luxuriance of the vegetation shows that the soil is of the very best quality. The name of Alberton has been given to the settlement at Fort Frances. Of the lakes in this section, the Lake of the Woods is the most extensive. From Lac Plat, which may be regarded as its western extremity, to White Fish Lake, which is a somewhat similar extension in an opposite direction, the distance is not far short of one hundred miles, and from the mouth of Rainy River, at the entrance of the lake, to its outlet at Rat Portage, in latitude 49° 47' north, and longitude 94° 44' west, the distance is about seventy miles, so that altogether it occupies an area of about sixteen hundred square miles. This extensive sheet of water, like all the other lakes on the line of route, is interspersed with islands, on some of which the Indians have grown maize from time immemorial, and have never known it fail. It would be difficult to conceive any- . thing more beautiful of its kind than the scenery of this lake. Islands rise in continuous clusters, and in every variety of form. Sometimes in passing through them the prospect seems entirely shut in ; soon again it opens out, and through long vistas a glance is ob- tained of an ocean like expanse, where the waters meet the horizon. SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. t 125 From the mouth of Rainy River, for a distance of hfty miles northwards, the rocks found on the islands of the Lake of the Woods and points of mainland, are principally composed of granite and gneiss. The granite is of a reddish colour, and of excellent quality. Quarries are found here easy of access, where blocks can be got of any size, and columns of any length that may be desired. From the end of Whitefish Bay at Turtle Portage, the forma- tion changes, and from that point to a short distance north of Rat Portage the rocks are of Huronian formation, and are composed largely of argillaceous, silicious, chloritic, dioritic, talcose and green stone slates, schist, trap and hornblende. This formation covers a great part of the islands of the Lake of the Woods, Petamugan Bay and Shoal Lake, and continues in a north easterly direction across the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In this broad belt, at least twenty miles in width, there have been a great number of quartz veins discovered, containing gold, and silver, galena, copper and iron pyrites ; several hundred locations have been surveyed, all of which bear indications of gold or silver. In many of these veins, gold can be seen with the naked eye, but it is usually distributed through the rock in fine particles, and caiii be taken out by grinding and washing. The waters of the Winnipeg River flow out of the Lake of the Woods by two channels through a narrow wall of rocks, with a fall of upward of seventeen feet, and form a bay below, where they unite. Beside the two channels that form the Winnipeg River,, there are a number of openings in the rock which have been the beds of rivers at a period when the waters of the lake were higher than they are now. These channels cross the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and extend for a distance of upwards of three miles westward from Rat Portage at the most easterly outlet of the lake. They can be opened out and converted into mill races at comparatively little expense. No dams are required, and no flood can ever break through the embankment to do injury. The power that can be obtained here is unlimited, and the supply of water endless. The value of these water privileges is enhanced by the railway crossing at the very point where mills can be erected adjoining the track. There is no other point on the continent of 126 PI( rORIAL ONTARIO. P k America possessing water power of such magnitude ; situated so advantageously on the great thoroughfare between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and lying immediately east of the grain-growing region of the western prairie, and on the direct route to a European market. The more this part of the country is explored, the higher the estimate formed of its value. That it is ricii in minerals cannot be PORTAGING ON WINNIPEG RIVKR. ■'A'- .questioned ; its forests are of immense value, affording fuel, build- ing timber, railway ties, bridge timber, telegraph poles, fence posts and rails. Its lakes and rivers abound with a superior quality of fish ; •whitefish, sturgeon, lake trout, pickerel, suckers, pike, gold eyes, tuleby, maskinonge, catfish, and perch, which can be shipped to points where the supply is not equal to the demand. SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 127 NORTH OF THE HEIGHT OF LAND. Throughout the whole of the region from Lake Nipissing to the Lake of the Woods, the depth of snow is generally less on an average than it is at the city of Ottawa. Only in one locality between these two points is the snow found generally so deep as at this city, namely, in the immediate neighbourliood of Lake Superior, where the lake appears to have a local influence on the humidity of the atmosphere, and, in consequence, on the amount of snow-fall. The climate of the territory north of the Height of Land is one of extremes. The winters are cold — the temperature falling some- times as low as forty degrees below zero of Fahrenheit's thermometer, and occasionally rising in summer to ninety degrees in the shade on the coast of James' Bay.» The mean temperature of tlie summer at Moose Factory is about sixty degrees. In going northward, from the Height of Land towards James' Bay, the climate does not appear to get worse, but rather better. This may be due to the constant diminution in the elevation, more than counterbalancing for the increased latitude, since in these northern regions a change in altitude affects the climate mucli more than the same amount of change would affect it in places further south. The water of James' Bay may also exert a favourable influence, the bulk of it being made up in the summer time, of warm river water, which accumulates in the head of the bay, and pushes the cold sea- water further north. The greater proportion of day to night during the summer months may be another cause of the comparative warmth of this region. The rain-fall at Moose Factory forms no criterion as to what it is on the southern highland, where, without being too wet, there is sufficient rain and dew to support the most luxuriant vegetation. The snow-fall at Moose Factory is not nearly as heavy as it is south of Lake Nipissing and the French River. Agricultural operations have been very limited north of the Height of Land. It is only at the fur-trading posts of the Hudson's Bay Company that any attempt has been made to cultivate the soil. Farming and gardening have been successfully carried on by the officers of the company at their posts on Lakes Mattagami and 128 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. Missinibi. At the latter, spring wheat has been found to ripen well. At Moose Factory, although the soil is a co!d, wet clay, with a level, undrained surface, farm and garden produce, in consider- able variety, are raised every year. Oats, barley, beans, peas, turnips, beets, carrots, cabbage, onions, tomatoes, etc., are grown without any more care than is required in other parts of Canada. Wheat may be successfully grown where the soil is suitable in all that part of this territory lying to the south of the fiftieth parallel of latitude. The mean temperature of the summer south of that parallel is sufficient to ripen this cereal. Indeed wheat has been grown at Abbitibbe House, Flying Post, and New Brunswick, on or about thj for.: unth parallel, and at Lac Seul, between the fiftieth and fifty-first parallel. Indian corn, a more delicate plant than wheat, has come to maturity at Osnaburgh House, on Lake St. Joseph, north oi he liity-first parallel. Barley, oats, rye, peas and beans succeed well. The invariable excellence of the crops of the Windsor bean and the kidney-bean at Moose Factory is surprising. The vetch grows wild everywhere, but nowhere is it so abundant as on the coast of James' Bay. There is probably no food plant that is likely to be of more importance to the inhabitants of this territory than the potato. There is none the cultivation of which has been so successful in every part. The fitness both of soil and climate for its growth has been established beyond dispute. Whether viewed in reference to size, quantity or quality, the crops at Moose Factory and Mata- wagamingue (two hundred and sixty miles further south), will compare favourably with those in the best potato-growing districts in Ontario. Peaty soil is particularly well suited to the growth of potatoes. There are millions of acres of peat mosses in this territory, very extensive areas of which can be easily reclaimed, and when the country is settled and means of transport provided, hundreds of thousands of tons of potatoes may be grown and sent away to supply the wants of other countries. The fitness of the soil and climate for the growth of toot crops will make the breeding of cattle and dairy husbandry important resources of this territory. Among these crops the turnip is entitled to a place in the front rank. The carrot, beet and parsnip can also be grown. SKETCHES OF THE COUNTRY. 129 Cabbages, spinach, lettuce, mustard, cress, and radishes are grown vVithout any difficulty. Rhubarb also grows well. The cauliflower appears to be one of the surest crops at Moose Factory, and is sometimes ready for the table as early as the first of August. Whatever doubts exist as to the agricultural value of the country north of the Height of Land in respect to its grain-growing capabilities, there can be none in regard to its fitness to produce the more important roots and grasses. From the Height JIH^and northward to the coast of James' Bay, nothing on the nortj^sllores of Lakes Huron or Superior can exceed the luxuriance of the native grasses. Cows and oxen are kept at all the principal Posts, and they are invariably found to be healthy and in fine condition ; a good evidence of the salubrity of the climate, and excellence of the pasture. At Moose Factory where some sixty head are constantly kept, a certain number are slaughtered every fall, and are quite fat, although then taken straight from the grass. The only fruits that appear to be cultivated in the garden are the red and the black currant and raspberry. The red currant is remarkably prolific. The strawberry and gooseberry might be raised with little trouble, for they are found growing wild in many places, and nowhere more plentiful or of finer quality than on the coast. Th? huckleberry, or blueberry, is found in great profusion from the long portages to the Height of Land. Indeed it may be said to abound from the coast of Hudson's Bay to the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. There is another wild fruit which may be noticed. This is a bush or tree not unlike the wild cherry in appearance. North of the Height of Land, it attains a height in some places of ten or twelve feet, but is generally about six feet. Tlie fruit grows singly, not in bunches or clusters on the tree. It is an oblong or pear-shape, larger than the blueberry, but smaller than the grape. When ripe it is of a purple or blue colour. It is sweeter and has more flavour than the huckleberry, and is preferred by the natives to it. It is to be found all the way from James' Bay to Lake Huron, but nowhere in greater perfection than on the Mattagami River. The fruit is not only pleasant and wholesome, but the juice would make an excellent wine, and the tree is worthy of cultivation and a place in our orchards and .Tardens. a < u h s o X z < a < < U CHAPTER XIi; Free Grants and Homesteads. HE following information is given in reference to the manner of acquiring title to Public Lands in this Province under the ' * Free Grants and Homesteads Act . " I. By the "Free Grants and Homesteads Act," Public Lands which have been surveyed, and are considered suitable for settlement and cultivation, and not valuable chiefly for minerals or pine timber, may be appropriated as Free Grants ; but such appropriations are to be confined to lands within the Districts of Algoma and Nipissing, and that tract of territory lying between the Ottawa River and Georgian Bay, and comprising the northerly portions of the counties of Renfrew, Frontenac, Addington, Hastings, Peter- borough, Victoria and Simcoe, and the Districts of Muskoka and Parry Sound. 2. To obtain a Free Grant, the applicant must make applica- tion to the Local Crown Land Agent, in whose agency the land desired is situated, and deposit with him the necessary affidavits. Although no fees are charged by the Department, or allowed to the land agents for locating, yet if required to prepare the necessary affidavits, the agents may make a reasonable charge for so doing. 3. Two hundred acres is the limit of the Act, consequently no individual can obtain more than that quantity as a Free Grant, and if the land selected exceeds the two hundred acres, the appli- cant must pay for the overplus at the price fixed by the Regula- tions. A single man over eighteen years of age, or a married man without children under eighteen residing with him, is entitled to a grant of one hundred acres. But in case it shall be shown by satisfactory evidence that a considerable proportion of the land selected by an applicant who comes under either of these headings, FREE GRANTS AND HOMESTEADS. 133 cannot be made available for farming purposes on account of rock, swamp or lake, the Commissioner of Crown Lands may make an allowance for such waste land, and may increase the quantity of land located to such applicant to any number of acres not exceed- ing in the whole two hundred acres. The male head of a family, or the sole female head of a family, having a child or children under eighteen years of age residing with him or her, may be located for two hundred acres as a Free Grant ; and may also purchase an additional one hundred acres at the rate of fifty cents per acre, cash. In certain townships, however, situated in the Districts of Algoma and Thunder Bay and which are subdivided into sections and quarter-sections, or into lots containing one hundred and sixty or three hundred and twenty acres each, the locatee, whether he be a single man over eighteen, or the head of a family with children, is entitled to one hundred and sixty acres only ; that is, a full quarter- section, or a half lot, as the case may be ; and he may purchase an additional one hundred and sixty acres at the rate of fifty cents per acre, cash. Upon receipt of the necessary affidavits, the agent will, if the land selected be open for location, and there be no adverse claim thereto, enter the locatee for it on the records of his office, and at the end of the current month he will return the location to the Department of Crown Lands. In case a party has settled on Government land before the township has been surveyed, or appropriated under the Free Grants Act, he should, immediately after it is opened for location, apply to the local agent and get located, as he will have no recognized title, and his occupation of the land will not con a until this action has been taken. 4. Upon completion of his location, the locatee may enter upon and occupy his land, and may commence his improvements ; and the regulations require him to do so within one month. 5. The locatee will not be entitled to his patent untill the expiration of five years from the date of location, and he must then make proof that the settlement duties have been fully completed. The settlement duties required on each location are as follows, viz.: (i) To have at least fifteen acres cleared and had under cultiva- 134 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. tion, of which two acres at least are to be cleared and cultivated annually during the five years. (2) To have built a habitable house, at least sixteen by twenty feet in size. (3) And to have actually and continuously resided upon and cultivated the land for five years after location. A locatee is not bound to remain on the land all the time during the five years ; but may be absent on business or at work for, in all, not more than six months m any one year. He must, however, make it his home, and clear and cultivate the quantity of land required (two acres at least) each year. Where a locatee holds two lots (two hundred acres) he may make the requisite improvements on either one or both, as he finds it most convenient. A locatee who purchases an additional one hundred acres under the Regulations must, within five years from the date of sale, clear fifteen acres thereon, and cultivate the same, before he will ba entitled to the patent ; but he is not required to build a house or reside on the purchased lot, where he holds it in connection with a Free Grant. 1 The proof of the performance of the settlement duties must be the affidavit of the locatee hmiself, supported by the testimony of at least two disinterested parties, which affidavits are to be filed with the local agent— who, if satisfied as to the correctness of the statements contained therein, recommends the issue of the patent, and transmits the application to the Department. 6. In case the locatee fails to perform the settlement duties required by law, his location is liable to forfeiture, and may be cancelled by the Commissioner of Crown Lands. Applications for cancellation must be made through the local agent, and be supported by the affidavits of the applicant and at least two credible witnesses, who will show what the present position of the lot is : whether the locatee ever occupied or improved, and, if so, to what extent, and the value of the improvements ; when he ceased to occupy ; and his address, if known. Upon receipt of this evidence the agent will, if he can ascertain the address of the locatee,. notify him of the application, and call upon him to disprove the allegations, or show cause why his location should not be cancelled, within thirty FREE GRANTS AND HOMESTEADS. 135 (lays. At the expiration of that time the agent will transmit the evidence, with anything he may have received from the iocatee in reply, and his own report to the Department. 7. The assignment or mortgage of a homestead from a Iocatee to another party before the issue of his patent is invalid, and cannot be recognized by the Department. This does not, however, apply to the devise of a Free Grant lot by will, nor to transfers of land by a Iocatee for church, cemetery or school purposes, or the right of way of railroads. S. All pine trees and minerals on land located or sold under the Free Grants Act are reserved from the location or sale, and are the property of the Crown ; and the Commissioner of Crown Lands may at any time issue a license to cut the pine on such land. The Iocatee may, however, cut and use such pine trees as he requires ffu building and fencing on his land, and may also cut and dispose of any pine trees he meets with m the actual process of clearing his land for cultivation ; but any trees so disposed of are subject to the payment of the same dues as are payable by license-holders. Holders of timber licenses have the right to haul their timber over the uncleared portion of any land located or sold, and to make such roads as may be necessary for the purpose, and to use all slides, pc "tages and roads, and to have free access to all streams and lakes. 9. The Crown reserves the right to construct on any land located or sold, any Colonization Road, or deviation from the Government allowance for road; and to take from such land, without compen- sation, any timber, gra\el or material required for the construction or improvement of any such road. 10. Any conveyance, mortgage or alienation (except a will) of the land located, by a Iocatee after the issue of patent, and within twenty years from location, will be invalid unless it be by deed in which his wife is one of the grantors, and unless it be duly executed by her. 11. The land, while owned by the Iocatee, his widow or heirs, shall be exempt from liability for debt during twenty years from the date of location. This exemption does not, however, extend to a sale for taxes legally imposed. 12. Where a Free Grant Iocatee dies before the completion of 136 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. 11 lii his title, the widow, devisee or heirs, may continue the settlement duties and obtain a patent at the proper time, upon fihng the requisite proof. If the locatee made a will, it should be forwarded to the Department, with evidence showing the time of his death ; and, if married, the name of his widow. In case he made no will, the fact must be shown by evidence, and also the time of his death ; if married, the name of his widow, and the names and ages, residences and occupations of all the children he left, must be set out in full. If he left no widow or childen, the name, place of residence and occupation of his heir or next of kin must be given. Where a locatee dies, whether before or after issue of patent, leaving a widow, she is entitled to the land during her widowhood in lieu of dower, unless she prefers to take her dower instead. 13. In making application for land, and in filing proof in support of applications for cancellation of a location, or for issue of patent, the applicant will save time and unnecessary trouble by filing his papers with, or mailing them to, the Crown Land Agent in whose agency the land is situated, as, on account of the agent's local knowledge of the lands he has to deal with, the Department requires that his certificate bs attached to all such applications. 14. Lands located or sold under the Free Grants and Home- steads Act, or the regulations made thereunder, are liable to taxa- tion from the date of such location or sale, and where taxes, assessed on such lands, are in arrears for three years, the interest of the locatee or purchaser may be sold in the manner prescribed by law, When the tax-purchaser receives his deed, unless legal proceedings be taken to question it by some person interested within two years from the date of sale, he acquires the right and interest of the locatee or puchaser, and may obtain a patent on completion of the original conditions of location of sak. In order to have his claim recognized, a tax-purchaser should file his deed in the Department, and two years after the date of sale for taxes, should file evidence showing that no action has been taken to question his title, that there is no adverse claim on the ground of occupation or improvements, and that all arrears of taxes have been paid since he purchased. Nearly all of the townships (one hundred and twelve out of the one hunc ed and twenty-three) which are now open under the Free FREE GRANTS AND HOMESTEADS. 137 Grants Act are situated within what is known as the Huron and Ottawa Territory, or that territory lying between the Ottawa River and the Georgian Bay. This territory contains about 9,000,000 acres of land, and about 7,500,000 acres of it are surveyed. The one hundred and twelve townships within it, which are open for location, contain about 4,883,000 acres, and about 2,100,000 acres have already been disposed of, leaving about 2,883,000 acres still unlocated. As new townships are required for settlement they will no doubt be placed in the market. The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway is one of the great events of the age. Barely seven years have passed away since the work was begun; and it is a marvel that so gigantic an undertaking could have been completed in so short a time. Already through trains, with parlour, sleeping and dining coaches — luxu- rious in all their appointments — are now running from ocean to ocean within Canadian territory. The scenery of this route is unsurpassed. The beautiful Ottawa River ; the picturesque north shore of Lake Superior ; the unique lake, river and forest scenery of the country between Port Arthur and Winnipeg ; the waving grain fields of the Prairie Province and the North-West ; the sub- lime grandeur of the Rocky Mountains, imrivalled even in Switzer- land ; and the delightful landscapes of the Pacific slope — may all be seen by taking this route. The mining regions mentioned in the foregoing pages can most easily — indeed, we might say, can only — be reached by the Canad- ian Pacific Railway, which traverses the richest mineral-bearing lands, as well as the most heavily timbered forest districts in Oiitario. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company has under its control 4,850 miles of railway ; and the completion of their line promises to revolutionize the trans-continental trade, making the Dominion of Canada the highway for the immense export business of India, China and Japan. The " Queen's " is one of the largest and most comfortable hotels in the Dominion of Canada, and being adjacent to the lake commands a splendid view of Toronto Bay and Lake Ontario. 138 PICTORIAL ONTARIO. I It is well known as one of the coolest houses in Canada, and is elegantly furnished throughout ; rooms en suite, with bath-rooms, etc., attached, on every floor. In 1871, apartments were occupied by His Royal Highness the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia. In May, 1880, their Royal High- nesses the late Prince Leopold, K.G., etc., and Princess Louise, occupied a suite of apartments at the " Queen's." His Excellency the Earl of Dufferin, K.P., etc., etc., ex-Governor-Gene of Canada, and the Countess of Dufferin, on the occasion of each visit to Toronto, engaged apartments at the " Queen's." His Excellency Lord Lome and H. R. H. Princess Louise, on each visit to Toronto, occupied the handsomely furnished apartments known as the " Royal Suite " at this popular hotel. The beautiful grounds about it being both spacious and airy, with croquet and chevalier lawns, render it one of the most pleasant and desirable hotels for business men, pleasure seekers and the travelling public. The "Queen's" is furnished with all the latest modern improvements. Handsome passenger elevator, electric bells, etc. From the illustration in advertisement given elsewhere it will be seen that the "Queen's" is but three stories high, covering a large area of ground, used exclusively for hotel purposes, and having lawns on either sides with means of exit from the house in addition to thosv<^ in front and rear, rendering it almost impossible for any accident to take place from fire ; consequently the " Queen's " is looked upon as the safest hotel in the Dominion of Canada. MW PictoRiAL Ontario Advertisements. BLAKE, bASH, ©ASSELS & JHOLMAN, DOMINION CHAMBERS, . - - - TORONTO. Solicitors for the Canadian Bank of Commerce, Cable Address: - - - BLAKE'S, TORONTO. EDWARD BliAKK, Q.C. B. H. BliAKB, Q.C. Z. A. LABH, Q.O. WALTER 0A88KL8, Q.O. C. J. HOIiMAN. H. CA8815LS. R. 8. OA88ELS. ALRX. MACKENZIE. H. W. MICKLE. W. H. y^^AKE. Bappisteps, i- golicitops, <• Etc., 'foponto street, ^ -^ I'Ol^OlJl'O. GEO. MACDONALD. P. H. DRAYTON. F.J.DUNBAR. -^ $arri$ler$, Si^Iitilors, fit,, ^ CANADA LIFE ASSURANCE CHAMBERS, - 46 KING STREET WEST. TORONTO. FRANK ARNOLD!. O. A. HOWLAND. »i ROAF & ROAP, io— Barristers, Solicitors, Notaries, Etc, 20 Sma STESZT WSST, TORoxrro. Commissioners for taking Affidavits in Ontario for use in the Province of Quebec. WILLIAM BOAF. JAUEB R. ROAF. '•*4>m- PicTORiAL Ontario Advertisements NICOL KINGSMILL. A. J. CATTANACH, HARRY SVMONS. KiNGSMILL, CATTANACH & SYMONS, jgarrtsfors, Solitilors, j^thfm, ^iu, U h'EDtSRAIj BAl^K BUILIUSOS, j^<- 17 Wellington St. West, TORONTO. WiLIiUH LOUNT, Q.O. Alfbed H. Mabbh. efs- efs LOUNT & JVIARSH, COR. TORONTO AND ADELAIDE STS., Over Trust & Loan Company's Offices. JVIACDONALD, JVIARSH & JVIULLIGAN, ;©arristers, jgolicitors, @rtc., TRUST & LOAN COMPANY'S BUILDING, Toronto Street, Toronto. 81B John A. Macdonald, Q.C, K.C.B. AiiFRED Marsh. Jamks A. Mulliqam. KERR, MA6D0NALD, DAVIDSON & PATERSON, BARRISTERS, * 2^>T— OFFICES : 9 & to Masonic Buildings, TORONTO STREET, o'oi^orl'i'o, e£]^. ( J. K. KERR, Q.C. W. MACDONALD. W. DAVIDSON. J. A. PATERSON. CAMERON, CASWEL L & ST. JOHN, b arriste rs, solicitors, r ONVEYANCERS, jSJGT ARIES pUBLIC, ETC., 64 KING ST. EAST, TORONTO, ONTA RIO. Mr. Cas well is also a Commissioner for taking A ffidavits in Ontario for use in the State of Massachusetts, THOMAS CASWELL. ALEX. CAMEI ». i^^!^^. .^^^.^^ Pictorial Ontario Advertisements. ^\ MAGLAREN, MACDONALD, MERRITT & SHEPLEY, Barristers, Solicitors, Notaries, Etc., LOAN BUILDINGS, TORONTO. UNION 28 Sb 30 Toronto Street, LONDON AGKNTS : CHAMPION, ROBINSON & TOOLE. 17 Ironmongers Lane, London, Eng. EDINBURGH AGENTS: PHILIP, LAING & TRAIL, 41 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. J. J. Maclaren, Q.C. J. H. Macdonald, Q.C. W. M. Merritt. G. F. Shepley. J. L. Geddes. W. E. Middleton. CARSCALLEN Sl CAHILL, Barristers, Solicitors, Notaries, Etc., OFFICES: Nos. 5 & 7 King Street West, ONTARIO. HAMILTON, HENRY CARSCALLEN. EDWIN D. CAHILU BARRISTER, t3r Special attention given to Mercantile Collections and to Mortgage | Investments npon Real Estate Security. | REFERENCES :-The Bradstreet Co., 84 NewKale, E C , London ; John Crosslcy & ' Sons (Limited', Halifax, England; Hank of Hamilton, Haniilion, Ont. ; liic E.& C. Giinicy I Co. (Limited), Hamilton, Ont. SOLICITOR IN THE SUPUE.ME COURT OF CANADA AND THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE FOR ONTARIO. Solicitor for the Bank of Montreal, Petcrboro', Ontario, Canada. Land for Sale in a good Agricultural District. Money invented on Real Estate Securities in Ontario. Collections made, etc. REF.'RENCKS:— Bank of Montreal; Messrs. Hn«hes, Masterman & Rew, Solici- tors, London; Messrs. Mason & Trotter, Solicitors, London; Chas. S. Biirnaby, l"s(i.. Solicitor, Leicester; Sir John Gillespie, W. S., Edinburgh; Messrs. Maclean, Pealtiu it Maclniyre, Solicitors, Glasgow ; J. Guthrip Smith, Esq., Insurance Broker, Glasgow ; Messrs Stewart, Rule & Bmns, Solicitors, Inverness. F.S.—Inforwutiou aa to price otlanii, rain ot Merest puyuMe on lounn, etc., ^irea on uppllcation. Address, EliH'AKD II. It. H.ILL, Itarrlster, etc., Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. LOUNT, STRATHY & LOUNT, ^arripUr^, ^olieitorp, |foiariep, |Jte., (Offices over Bank of Toronto, Owen Street,) Jn, BARRZE, .... ONTARIO. WM. LOUNT, Q.C. H. H. STRATHY. GEO. W. LOUNT. .^55^ Ontario Advertisements. ' !,776,87i. 8IR. W. P. HOWIiAND, K.V.ffl.G., C.B., Preaidcnt, Toronto. A*I\Vw£tON* eI?.*^.'':.'':'!':..^^ } Vlce-Pr«.i.le«.., Toronto. -: SCOTTISH BOARD CoUa J. Mackenzie, Esq., of Per -more ; ^. D. M, Black, Ksq., W. S., Edinburgh . Robert Uutcblgon, Eaq., of Carloviin, and IF. H. Murray, Esq., W. S., Edinburgh' BANKERS-NATIONAL ?u\m OF SCOTLAND (LIMU'ED). The Company has been in operation .Meven years, during the first two of which dividends were paid at the rate of 7 and 8 por cent, respectively ; thenceforward the rate of dividend has been uniformly to per cent, per annum. ■ NVBSTUIIf NTH.— First Mortgage on choice Heritable Securities. A sum about equal to Reserve Fund is held in first-class convertible securities. Debentures issued for five years at 4§ per cent. Fixed Deposit Certificates for two or tl 1 ee years at 4J per cent. " " " for four or five years at ij per cent. Interest (half-yearly) and Principal payaLlc in London. The Company's Shares ate held in Britain and Canada, and no Shareholder is per- mitted to hold more than 1,000 shares of £io 55. 6d. ;, ch. Copies of the Company's Annual Reports and List • of its Shareholders, and all further information given, on application to MACKENZIE & BLACK, W.S., Edinburgh, or J. G. MACDONALD, Man.ger, Toronto. J "6"6Ti~6T6Tr6 6 6"6 6 i'ri'iTS i A 6 5 6"6 5i"6 6 i 6 i 6 6 6 6"6 6"6 6 6 6 6' OPKICE t CORNER CHURCH & COURT STS., TORONTO. ESTABLISHED IN 1859. :- Capital Subscribed, $1,876,000. Reserve Fund, $.14.1,000, Capital Paid-up, .$1,000,000. Total Assets, $3,500,000. President, HO 'M. McMASTER. Vke-fresident, k T. Fl't.TON. DIRECTORS. Messrs. W. J. MacDcnell, Wni. Elliot, W. F. MacMaster, Chas, H. Goodbrliam. Thos. S. Slayner, Manager, HON S. J. WOOD. Inspector, ROBERT ARMSTRONG. Asustant Manager, W. A. DOUGLASS. This Company makes loans on the security of Real Estate at current rales of Interest and terms to suit borrowers. Deposits receiv«.'d and Debentures sold. These Debentures offer a capital means of ijivestment to Trustees and others wishing undoubted security and prompt payment. W^"^^' ill t -*£^ Pictorial Ontario Advertisements. INDUSTRIAL LOAN & INVESTMENT GO. (LIMITED.) ) o boo o $500,000 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO CAPITAL, •-H- Directors. -H- DAVID BLAIN, Esq., LL.D., President. E. H. DUGGAN, Esq., ) Vice-Presidents JAS. LANGSTAFF, M.D., f Vice-Presidents. C. BLACKETT ROBINSON, A. McLEAN HOWARD, JOHN HARVIE, JAMES ROBINSON (Markham), JOHN J. COOK, ALFRED BAKER, M.A. WM. BOOTH. J. GORMLEY, Managing Director. KS" HIGHEST INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS, -^t Offices: Toronto Arcade, 24 Victoria St., TQRONm The London a:^ Ontario Investment Co. (LIMITED), OF TORONTO, CANADA. Capital, $2,260,000 (^462, 328 155.4tf.stg.) Paid-np$450,000(/924,65 15i.1rf.stg.) Total Assets, $2 813,554.04 (^578, 127 los. iirf. stg.) HEAD OFFICE : 84 King St. East, TORONTO, CANADA. DIKBCTORM. HON. FRANK SMITH, Pnsideitt. W. H. BEATTY, Esq., Vice-President. William Ramsay, Esq., Artmir B. Lee, Esq., Alexandkr Nairn, Esq., Gkokgk Tavi.or, Esq., Frederick Wyld, Esq., Hknry W. W. B. Hamilton, Esq., Henry Gooderham, Esq., Darling, 1-sq. Afentii in Brilnlu Inr Ibe liasne of DebenliirrM. Home & Lyell, W. S., 39 Castle Street, Edinburgh; Henderson & Clarke, /. S., 4 York Place, Edinbiiri'h ; J. & A. Peddle & Ivory, W. S., 122 George Street, Ed iirgh ; McGriaor, Donald & Co., 172 St Vliict.iit Street, Glassow : J. & H. Pattullo, i Messrs W l>ii__ . _ . . Bank Street, Dundee ; John W.-itson & Sons, ,\ssay Office, Leopold Street, Sheffield Mr. T. K. Mellor, 1 Cloth Hall Street, Hiidd.-vvv\.%v\x%'v%.%.-\,xxvx ^^.%\^x^\^ . vx vv\.\\%\% •vvxx'w'vvo' m W Fenchurch Avenue, LONDON, E.G. Irewell Chambers, LIVERPOOL. JOHN PATTON, Jr., & CO., PATTON, VICKERS & CO., PATTON, YIGKERS & CO., aeneral Aeeats, •35 BROADWAY, .... NEW YORK. Pictorial Ontario Advertisements JkiA.Jk.Jk. ixxxxy xxxxxx 'x ,_^ , ,X "' '~^*" ■ ■ Jk Jk. Jk-Jk. JlkLiAi i&: Jit X ALLAN rSm n LINE > ; lup: jigpc 1^ 'ii||t iiyic Tiffc jigir , X ' Ttff -agK a|jjn 'ii|gr ngr vyH vgi Cffc I X XXXXX XXXXXs THK DIRECT ROUTE TO :- TH IS -' a) I GREAT NORTH-WEST r ^ BRITISH COLUMBIA. r A PARTIATj list of TIIK ALLAN STEAM FLKKT. NU MIDI AN, - PARISIAN, SARDINIAN, POLYNESIAN, - S ARM ATI AN, CIRCASSIAN, - PERUVIAN, NOVA SCOTIAN, CASPIAN, CARTHAGINIAN, TONS. 6,IOO Building. 5,400 - - Capt. James Wylie. 4.650 Lieut. W. H. Smith, R.N.R 4,100 - - Capt. Joseph Ritchie. 3,600 Capt. J. Graham. 4,000 - • Capt. \Vm. Richardson. 3,400 Capt. Hugh Wylie. 3.300 . - Capt. R. H. Hughes. 3.200 Lieut. R. Barrett, R.N.R. 4,600 - - Capt. A. MacNicol. SALOOy FAUKS-IO, 12, 14, 16 AND IS GiriXKAS. INTERMEDIATE AND STEERAGE AT LOW RATES. i^" Assisted Ocean Passages are granted to Canada by the Mail Steamers. tS" One of tl'e great advantages of the Canadian route is that all Settlers' Goods are allowed to enter Canada frke of duty, as it is through Canada all the way. Tourists, Sportsmen, and others visiting the Canadian North-West, can avail them- selves of a special low return rate to the wonderful scenery in the Rocky Mountains and the sporting districts. Further particulars can be obtained from ALLAN BROTHERS & CO., James Street, Liverpool, • 103 Leadenhall Street, London. Eoyle Street, Londondeny. J. & A. ALLAN. 70 Great Clyde Street, - - - GLASGOW. OR AJfT AUTHORIZED AOENT OF THK LINE. g>?'.->5*<. u-^3t^ Pictorial Ostario Advkrtisemests I * %^ §fo6(!. XXXXXXxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXx TORONTO, - - - ONTARIO. IJJROGRESS lias over been a characteristic of THK GLOBE. From its liiilli to the present time THK GLOUE has steadily improved as a ncws- ("fsuMsac^ I'^H'^r »'"' tirown itj importance as a journalistic enterprise. There have ■^»^B^^^ Iiren no retrot^rade steps. ab.^lBs-^ Starting out in iHji as a weikly of uiipretcntions dimensions, and with modest claims, it rapidly assumed a place of admitted worth and influence. Tlio hi>;h moral and political tone, which was a. feature of its early lilc, _ which shaped its destiny during a lonj; and prosperous career, more stronHly than ever marks its present course. Its power is felt and acknowledged in every i>art of the Dominion, AS A NEWSPAPER THE GLOBE is without an equal in C.inada. Its facilities for the collection and dis- Homination of news are unrivalled. In no ureal emergency has it been found napping. Tllli GI^OBE caters for the benefit ot the public. Every new demand for news is promptly and elKcienlly met. ITS CIRCULATION. The growth of THE GLOHE, if not phenomenally rapid, has been continuous, per- manent, and highly s.itisfaclory. The /)oiiayi(/< circulation of THIC GLOBIC is ureater than that oT any othernewspaper in Canada. An accurate statement dl the circul.itiou, which may bu verified by anyone who desires to /IKK SVPEt ttOK, -: THE :- WHITE MOUNTAINS AND THE GLORIOUS ROCKIES, Are, with a thousand others, the attractions afforded by this the GREAT IXTER-OCEANIC ROUTE. It is also tlie favourite Line to CHICAG O AND TH E WEST. Superb Sleeping Palace Cars, Luxurious Dining and Parlour Cars attached to all Through Trains. i^ For Maps, Time Cards, Rates, or otber information, apply to ALEX. l, BEQO, European Emigration Agent, 88 Cannon Street, London, England or to Agents of all Steamsh Lines. ^^:S>4^^^9^' M. KJv^' f