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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reprodult en un seul clich6, il est fiimd A partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA ALFRED E. C. SBLWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.Ii.S., Director. NOTES TO ACCOMPANY A GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE NORTHERN PORTION OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. BY GEOEGB M. DAWSON, D.S., P.G.S. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. MONTREAL . DAWSON BROTHERS, 188T. [ I V F Li. To Alfred R. C. Selwtn, C.M.G., LL.D., P.E.8., Director of tlw Geological and Natural History Sur>-ey of Canada. Sir,— I bog to present herewith a geological sketch-map of the lortherii portion of the Dominion of Canada, with accompanying «v«temiUizeil notes. These may be considered as supplementary to the Geologiciil Map and Sketch of the Ph^'sical Geography and Geology of the southern portion of Canada, published under your direction in im. .ff \- iT('.,*F'*!\:s; I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, Ohawa, January 1, 1887. GEORGE M. DAWSON. NOTES TO ACCOMPANY A GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE NORTHERN PORTION OP THH DOMINION OF CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. The geological map of the northern part of the Dominion of Canada, Character and Uhich these notes are intended to accompany, is little more than a sys-and notes. Itematic compilation from all available sources, in which the observations I to. * Lithologically, their resemblance ij not close either to the tj al Huronian of Sir W. E. Logan or to the rocks elsewhere classed as Huronian, which have been provision- jllynamed Koewatin in a report by Mr. A. C. Lawson (Am al Report Geol. Sui'voy of Can., 1885). Neither do they correspond in character to the rocks which have been described as occurring with the Lauren- tian in nouthern Greenland and are V .lieved to represent the Huronian in that region. The quotations given in a subsequent page from Prof. S. Haughton's Silurian and jdmirable paper on the Arctic Archipelago, present tho main facts withrian. regard to the character of the Silurian and Cambro-Silurian (Upper wd Lower Silurian) rocks. It need here only be added that these are »-] N0TK8 ON NORTHERN OKOLOOr. 1*7 B east end of the lake. The rock was, howovei*, not seen in place. (Arctic Land Expedition, p. 54*7). Mackmzie River from Great Slave Lake to Bear Lake River, In the appendix to Franklin's Second Journey, Eichardson writes . — Devonian and 'The only rocks seen in situ between Slave Lake and The Forks [mouth rooks. oftheLiard] were a bituminous shale of a brownish-black colour, in thin tlates, and a slate-clay of a pure yellowish-grey colour, which, as well jsthe bituminous shale, forms steep banks." (appendix p. xxiv). In his jjbsequeiit Journal of a Boat Voyage, (vol. i., p. 164), he describes on the same part of the river, "bituminous shale" and "greyish-gi-een slate-clay," which weathers into a tenaceous clay, and adds : — "The fhole banks of the river seem to belong to a shale formation ; but from the want of induration of the beds, they have crumbled into a slope more or less steep." Though Tentaculites fissurella is noted as oceurrinff in the bituminous shale, it appears probable that the general surface of the country in this vicinity is composed of Cretaceous or Laramie bods, through which the river has cut in some places to the "iilijacent Devonian rocks. Richardson did not ascend the Liard River in any of his journeys, Liard River. kt learned that, "for twenty-four miles upward from its mouth, it !ows through sand and shale, with limestone occasionally cropping Ml" while seventy-five miles up it is a high hill, named the "Noh- knne Butto," on the summit of which is a salt spring. From this il,i[r. McPherson bi-ought specimens of limestone, "similar in litho- character to those procured from the Rock by the River's Side." (O. v., vol. ii. p. 203). This observation may bo regarded as spprcKlmately tixing the western edge of the Cretaceous and Laramie recks in thk latitude, while the limestone seen further down the Liard, may be that underlying these rocks, exposed by the river in places. In loose fragments of limestone at the mouth of the Liai-d, Kenni- tott collected fossils which, accoi'ding to Meek, are referable to the Hamilton group. (Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. i., p. 69). The Rocky Mountains, where approached by the Mackenzie Neighbouring Wow the mouth of the Liard, are described as consisting j» number of ridges running S.S.W., or S.W. by S., with abrupt [Mtern faces and longer slopes to the westwai-d, thus corres- ding with the outer ridges of the same range much farther [imtii, and probably indicating a similar prevalent westwai-d ^p A few specimens obtained from this part of the range are not I afficiently characteristic to be of much value, but some of them, n near the Liaixi River, are said to be indistinguishable from those 2 -part of Rooky Oi Mountains. m Mi' Gnphite Mid iron ore. The Rook by the River's Side. Relation of Talloy to the Rocky Moun- taioB. 18 b OSOL3OI0AL STTRVSY OF CANADA. Cretaoeous and Laramie. of Limestone Point, in Great Bear Lake, noted further on. (2nd Exp appendix, p. xxvi). Specimens of plumbago and specular iron were also given to Eichardson as derived from this part of the mountains. (p. xxv). The " Eock by the Eiver's Side " on the east bank of the Mackenzie about half-way from the Liard to Boar Lake Eiver, is the only solid rock observed by Eichaixison in this part of the courHo of the river. It consists of limestone dipping at high angles and is cut by veins of gypsum. The rocks are said to be like those of the limestone ridge at the rapid on Bear Lake Eiver (2nd Exp., appendix p. ixx.) Shale beds are said to "abut" against the lower side of the rock (J. B. v., vol. i., p. 183) rendering it probable that there is here an unconformable contact of the Cretaceous rocks with the limestones. In a general account of the features of this portion of the valley (J. B. v., vol. i., p. 171). Eichardson describes the river as passing to the west of the first or eastern ridge of the Eocky Mountain system at " The Bend," some distance below the mouth of the Liard. This first range is seen further on, at intervals, to the eastward, running toward McVicker Bay, of Great Bear Lake. After flowing in the valley bet- ween the first and second ridges for upwards of fifty miles, the river again turns to the westwai-d and crosses the second ridge, the " Eock by the Eiver's Side " being part of this ridge, which runs toward the promontary^ between Keith and McVicker bays on Great Bear Lake. It would appear that low flanking ridges parallel to the lime- j stone ranges of the mountains are here separated by areas of Cretaceous | or Laramie rocks, which occupy the valleys. The valley of the Mackenzie near the mouth of Bear Lake River, is occupied by rocks referred by Eichardson to the " Lignite j formation," which, with little doubt, represent the series now known as the Laramie. The formation "may be characterized as consisting of wood-coal in various states, alternating with beds of pipe-clay, potter's clay, which is sometimes bituminous, and slate-clay,] gravel sand and friable sandstones, and occasionally with por- celain earth. The strata are generally horizontal, and as many] as four beds of lignite are exposed in some parts." (2nd Exp,, appendix p. xvii.) The lignites were observed to be on fire in various j places, both by Sir A. Mackenzie, in 1789, by Eichardson and others. Fom* sections seen in the banks of he river are detailed by Eichard-i son— (1) at the mouth of Bear Lake Eiver, (2) five miles above thej mouth of the river, and (3) ten miles above the same point (2nd B.xp., appendix pp. xix-xxi.) A detailed description of these beds and thej lignites they contain is again given in the Journal of a Boat Voy8ge,r and fossil plants obtained from the shales are figui'ed (vol. i., p- ^^^■)\ tlirWii'] NOTES ON NORTHERN OBOLoaY. 19 R il plants collectou from the same vicinity are also deocribed and toired by Prof. O. Heer in Lis Flora Possilis Arctica (vols. i. and vi.) He deseriboH them as Miocene, though they correspond with those of the Laramie of North America, not now regarded as Miocene. (Cf. Geology and Resources of the 49 th Parallel. Appendix by Sir Wm. D»w8on and Trans. Eoyal Soc. Can. vol. i., Sect, iv., p. 31.) ^"] &reat Bear Lake aru. Vicinity. The following notes are chiefly derived from Sir J. Eichardson's ippendix to the narrative of Sir J. Fi-anklin's second expedition (1825-27.) The rooks of the south-east extremity of McTavish Bay (the MoTarish Bay. »ath-ea(•?«» Sl^« •' ' Liiko to Fort RichardHon writes: — "The granite formation continued for a consider- KntorpriBe. »hle distance on our route towards Fort Enterprise, but it contained more and more foreign beds as we Jidvanced to the northward. . • . At the mouth of Yellow Knife Eiver, and in Lake Prosperous, mica slate prevailed. Between Rocky and Carp lakes, the granite contains many beds of mica-slate, and the country is tolerably well wooded" (p. 520). " At Carp Lake [lat. 63° 35'] the hills are of low 'i- altitude, have fewer precipices, and more rounded summits ; the valleys are less fertile, contain gravelly soil, and nourish fewer trees. This appears to be the commencement of the gneiss, or as it may be termed, in this latitude the Barren Ground formation, for it seems to exist throughout ^ the great district to the eastward of the Coppermine River, termed the Barren (nounds by the Indians." (p. 520.) "The country about Fort Enterprise consists of short and very obtuse Rooks at Fort conical, or sometimes i-ound-backed hills, of moderate elevations, never " "p"'* disposed in mountain ranges, but entirely unconnected and separated from each other by inclined valleys of moderate extent. Their sum- mit* are almost universally formed of naked smooth rock, and gener- ullyofa species of durable red granite that has been more than once mentioned as composed of well crystallized reddish felspar and grey qaartz. Large, irregulai-, but somewhat cubical, fragments of this rock are scattered over the sui'face of the hills, or rest upon their very summits, by two or three angular points, as if left exposed there by the decay of the less durable material that enclosed them. ... The acclivities of the hills, generally speaking, consist of gneiss ^flapped in a mantle form, round the granite," (^ j20.) '" II 1. i J 24 b GEOLOGICAL 8UEVET OF CANADA. Lake. I i Age of the rocks. Following this general description (pp. 522-523), are local detaiW respecting the vicinity of Fort Enterprise ; granite, micaceous and bornblendic gneiss, greenstone, mica-slate and clay-slate, being men- tioned. Books at Point ^^^^ ^ho middle of Point Lake, lat., 65° 13' or in the country in this immediate neighbourhood, the following rocks are noted by Richard- son : — Greywacke passing into greywacke-slate, dark greenish or blackish-grey transition clay-slate, having a thick slaty structure greywacke with small imbedded crystals of hornblende, transition greenstone, compact earthy greenstone, containing disseminated ' "i pyrites covered with layers of transition greenstone-slate. "On the north side of the lake, two miles from the encampment, there is a high bluff hill with a precipitous side, which seems to consist principally of a transition conglomerate. The basis is earthy clay-slute. The im- bedded masses have an ellipsoidal form and smooth surftice, and are from one to two foot in diameter, and appear to consist of the same material with the basis, but impregnated with much sili'a, and not showing evident slaty structure. When broken, they present an even fine-grained fracture." (p. 523.) Though, in consequence of the terminology in use at the time, the above descriptions of rocks are rather indefinite, so much so indeed that they might be supposed to represent rocks of the series now called Huronian, their connection with the rocks further down the Coppermine, subsequently described, renders it probable that they are referable to the continuation of the Cambrian of the Co^^permine Eiver, If so, they constitute the furthest south-eastern extension of the Copper- mine River rocks yet recognized in this particular region. With the probable exception of two places, where the older (Lauren- tian) rocks appear to come to the surface, the Cambrian rocks seem, from Richardson's description, to occupy the whole region traversed by the Coppermine Eiver from Point Lake to the sea. The following notes era oody the principal recorded observations: - Eleven and a half miles on a north-westward course from the last mentioned locality, greenish-gray clay-slate occurs. The rocks at the west end of Point Lake were then found, for some miles, to consist of lUd Rook Lake, granite and gneiss, probably Laurentian. The shores of Eed Rock Lake are characterized by reddish and greenish-grey clay-slates, with hills apparently of trap. One of these " bore an exact resemblance in altitude and form to Salisbury Craigs, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh." In latitude 66° 45' 11", gneiss and syinite hills were again observed on the north bank of the east-and-west reach of the river. These, I suppose from the description, to form an eastward projection from the large area of these older rocks between theCopper- lAurentian spun. MWION.] NOTBS ON NORTHERN GEOLOGY. 25 R mine and Great Boar Lake. Beyond this point the rocks noted are as follows :— Dark red sandBtone ; dark purplish-red compact felspar rock, Cambrian with a light reddish and greyish felspar and quartz rock, the low area characterized by these rocks is bounded to the northward, and east- ward by a lofty ridge of trap rocks, which constitutes the famous Copper Mountains ; reddish-grey granular foliated limestone ; deep red sandstone, grey sandstone composed of grey quartz and felspar, pale red sandstone with quartz concretions, greyish-white siliceous sandstone with imbedded portions of the pale red kind; gi-eenish felspathic trap, greenstone, flesh-red felspar and hornblende in concre- tions, with hornblende and amygdules of prehnite, hard wine-yellow limestone with thin layers of flint inclining to flinty-slate. The above notes, taken in conjunction with Richardson's description Correspond- of the Copper Mountains, appear to show, in so far as lithological superior criteria may be depended on, that representatives of both the Animikee ™ "*°" and Keewcnaw series of the Lake Superior region may occur here. The , interest attaching to the Copper Mountains is so great as to justify the The Copper quotation of the paragraphs referring to them. They are as follows : — °"" *"'*' "The Copper Mountains appear to form a range running S. E. and y W. The great mass of rock in the mountains seems to consist of felspar in vai-ious conditions ; sometimes in the form of felspar rock or clay-stone, sometimes coloured by hornblende, and approaching to greenstone, but more generally in the form of dark reddish-brown amygdaloid. The amygdaloidal masses contained in the amygdaloid* Disseminated •" ""^ •'° copper. are either entirely pistacite, or pistacite enclosing calc-spar. Scales of -uive copper are very generally disseminated through the rock, through a species of trap tutf, which nearly resembles it, and also through a reddish sandstone on which it i ears to rest. When the felspar assumed the appearance of a slaty clay-stone, which it did towards the base of the mountains on the banks of the river, we observed no copper in it. The rough and in general rounded and more elevated parts of the mountain, are composed of amygdaloid ; but ktween the eminences there occur many naiTow and deep valleys, which are bounded by perpendicular mural precipices of greenstone. It is in these valleys, amongst the loose soil, that the Indians search for Mode of ooour- er. Amongst the specimens we picked up in these valleys, were , lof native copper; masses of pistacite containing native copper ; of trap rock with associated native copper, green malachite, copper jLwee or variegated copper ore, and iron-shot copper green ; and of peenish-grey prehnite in trap, (the trap is felspar, deeply coloured with hornblende), with disseminated native copper : the copper in some speci- mens was crystallized in rhomboidal dodecahedrons. We also found Kme large tabular fragments, evidently portions of a vein consisting renoe of ' copper. 26 R GEOLOaiOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Country north of the Copper Mountains. Sloody Fall. »*.■;! of prehnite, associijted with calcareous spai", and native copper. The Indians dig wherever they observe the prehnite lying on the soil experience having taught them that the largest pieces of copper are found associated with it. We did not observe the vein in its original repository, nor does it appear that the Indians have found it, but judging from the specimens just mentioned, it most probably traverses felspathose trap. We also picked up some fragments of a greenish-grey coloured rock, apparently sandstone, with disseminated variegated copper ore and copper glance ; likewise rhomboidal fragments of white calcareous spar, and some rock crystals. The Indians report that they have found copper in every part of this range, which they have examined for thirty or forty miles to the N. W., and that the Esqui- maux come hither to search for that metal. We afterwards found some ice chisels in possession of the latter people, twelve or fourteen inches long, und half an inch in diameter, formed of pure copper, " " To the northward of the Copper Mountains, at the distance of ten miles, in a direct line, a similar range of trap hills occurs, having, however, less altitude. The intermediate country is uneven, but not hilly, and consists of a deep sandy soil, which, when cut through by the rivulets, discloses extensive beds of light-brownish red sandstone, which appears to belong to the new red sandstone formation*. The same rock, having a thin, slaty structure, and dipping to the north- ward, forms perpendicular walls to the river, whose bed lies a hundred and fifty feet below the level of the plain. . . . Beyond the last-mentioned ti-ap range, which is about twentj'' miles from the sea, the country becomes still more level, the same kind of sandstone con- tinuing as a subsoil. ... A few ranges of trap hills intersect this plain also, but they have much less elevation than those we passed higher up the stream. The river, in its section of the plain, as far as Bloody Fall, presents alternately cliffs of reddish sandstone, and red-coloured slaty indurated clay or marl, and shelving white! clay banks. At Bloody Fall, the stream cuts through a thick bed of I dark purplish-red felspar rock,t similar to that observed ut theEockyf Defile [about fifty miles further up the river to the southw-ird] and associated, as at that place, with a rock composed principally of light red felspar and quartz, but which is probably a species of red secondary j granite." (Ist. Exp., pp. 528-530). • The undeveloped condition of the science of geology at the date at which Uichardson wrote,! led him to refer various rooks, on lithologioal grounds alone, to the New and Old Red Sandstone j formations. He describes the rocks of the Coppermine series, here collectively referred to the I Lower Cambrian, underthe heads of Transition rooks. Old Red Sandstone, and New Red Sand-f stone. (Ist Exp., p. 536). { t In the appendix to Franklin's Second Expedition (p. xlix). Richardson says he found Ihisj rook, on closer examination, to be greenstone, weathering rusty-brown. «A»ION.] NOTES ON NOBTHEEN GEOLOGT. 27 E rdaonsaj'i he found ihisl A rolled piece of chromic iron was picked up on the banks of the chromio iron. Coppeiinine River by Dr. Eae, when accompanying Sir J. Richai-dson, .in his search expedition in 1848. (J. B. V., vol, i., p. 327.) For additional facts on the vicinity of the mouth of the Coppermine, gee the notes on a subsequent page, under the heading Arctic Coast. jjoufg from Great Slave Lake north-eastward by Clinton-Golden and Aylmer Lakes and the Great Fish River to the Arctic Coast. The rock specimens collected by Captain Back on this route, and Laurentian reported on by Dr. Fitton (Arctic Land Expedition, p. 547 et seq.)> outlien!" " are all rotbrable to the Laurentian, being different varieties of granite and gneiss. Two of the specimens were obtained on the shores of the inlet into which the Great Fish River discharges. Dr. Fitton, however, feim Back's notes and observations, finds r.3a8on to believe that an area of rocks of the Coppermine River series occurs about Lake Beechv. The direction of the ranges of rough hills in that vicinity is north-west by south-east, and the strike of the rocks composing them may, therefore, be supposed to be the same with that of the rocks of Bathurst Inlet, near the mouth of the Coppermine, with which they are possibly continuous. The •' trap formation," mentioned by Back, 48 seen near the mouth of the river (p. 372), evidently refers merely to a step-like contour of the rocky surface. Samuel Hearne gives an account of the great tract of otherwise Hearne's , . J narrative, unexplored country which lies between Back's route, above mentioned, and the west shore of Hudson Bay north of Fort Chm-chill, but very little can be gathered from his nari-ative with regart to its geological features. He states, indeed, that : — " The land throughout the whole track of country is scarcely anything but one solid mass of rocks and stones, and in most parte very hilly, particularly to the westward, among tlie woods."* This description, with other incidental remarks in the narrative (such a« the abundance of islands in some of the lakes, recalling a feature almost universal in the lakes of the Laurentian country), may, so far as it goes, be taken to indicate that the region is chiefly or entirely composed of Archaean rocks — the " Barren Ground formation " of fiichai-dson. There is certainly nothing on record to war-rant a belief j^o great in the existence of a great tract of limestone rocks (Silurian), such as ^''""*° *"*• is shown on Isbister's map in this district and in which he is follow ' ky Prof. J. Marcou, in his Carte Geologique de la Terre, (18 <^ Neither is there anything in Back's narrative or Fitton's appendix 'A .louniey from Prince-of- Wales Fort, in Hudson's Bay, to the Northern Ocean, Dublin, 1% p.327. .jfe,. GEOLOaiOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. DeiU' out Isbister's statement (made on that authority) that lime- stone existH along the lower part of the Gi-eat Fish Eiver. This mis- conception has probably arisen from the mention of limestone debris on one of the islands in the inlet at the mouth of the river. Ander- son's report, of his subsequent traverse by the Great Fish Eiver when in search of Sir J. Franklin, affords no geological informiit!;ii, una the same may be said of Lieut. Schwatka's narrative of his expedi- tion from Hudson Bay to King William Land (ISTO-SO.) Additional confirmation of the belief that the region between the Great Fish Eiver and Hudson Bay is largely or entirely composed of Archa'an rocks, is afforded by what is known of the west coast of Hudson Bay, the facts in connection with which are noticed on a subsequent page. Arctic Coast, west of the Mackenzie River. Northern extremity of Rooky Mountains. Ban tree parallel to the coast. Cretaceous or Tertiary. Probably Cambrian rocks . Exploration of Ueaso and Simpson. Our knowledge of this region is very imperfect. On Petitot'g map, the mountains immediately west of the mouth of Peel River, are marked as schist, while those to the south are said to be of limestone. The rocks thus classed as schist are probably referable to the same series with those of the Eichardson and Buckland chains^ referred to below. The Arctic co^st, west of the Mackenzie, to longitude 148°, wag ex- plored by Fvankl in. The shore is described as low, but a short dis- tance inland, there is a range of mountains running nearly parallel to it, comprising, from east to west, the Eichardson, Buckland, British and Eorai;nzoff chains. The low land, at least as far as the west end of the Eicliiidson chain, is probably underlain by Cretaceous or Laramie rocks, continuous with those of the Mackenzie basin, as beds of lignite were observed at Garry Island, off the mouth of the Mac- kenzie, and near the Babbage Eiver, opposite the west end of the Eichardson chain. There is, however, nothing to indicate that these rocks terminate to the west at this place. (2nd Exp., appendix, p. xxiii.) Franklin collected a number of specimens from Mount Fitton, in the Eichardson chain and Mount Conylbeare, in the Buckland chain. These ai'e described in some detail by Eichardson as greywacke-slates, vary- ing in colour and texture. The mountain range is believed by him to consist of " transition rocks " (2nd Exp. appendix, pp. xxvi-xxvii.) It is coloured as Cambrian on the present map, though with considerable uncertainty. The rocks referred to do not seem to resemble those of j the Coppermine Eiver series. From Franklin's furthest point, the coast was subsequently (1837) explored by Messrs. Deaae and Simpson. It was found by them to be »»«>»•] NOTES ON NORTHERN QEOLOGT. 29 R uniformly low, with cliffs of frozen clay and sand, affording some reason for the belief that soft rocks, such as those of the Cretaceous or Lara- mie run continuously along it. There appears to be, on this coast, a very remarkable absence of boulders or travelled blocks, as Simpson particularly notes a single angular mass of dark-coloured granite as the first and only rock seen by him. (Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, etc., p. 149.) Arctic Coast and Adjacent L.^nds East of the Mackenzie TO Hudson Bay. Continental Shore from Mackenzie River to Boothian Feninmla. From Sir J. Eichardson's description of the rocks along this coast, Cretaceous and for about 270 miles east of the Mackenzie, or to the promontary of Cape Parry, they are referable, with little doubt, to the Cretaceous, ov to that formation in conjunction with the superposed Laramie series. In the bay west of Cape Bathurst, cliffs of sand and slaty clay are Doted. Ti)e extremity of Cape Bathurst Is composed of cliffs of slaty clay, which, when dry, has a light bluish-grey colour. East of the Cape are beds of" alum-shale " said to resemble that of Great Bear Lake, previously referred to. At Point Ti-ail, in this vicinity, cliffs or hori- Burnt shales. jnntally bedded "bituminous alum-shale" of a brown colour and interspersed with ciystals of selenite and ironstone concretions, had been on tire. "The burnt clays, variously coloured, yellow, white, and deep red, give it much the appearance of the ^rubbish of a brick- field," (2)1(1 Exp., appendix, pp. xli-xliii.) The circumstances here met with, apparently, exactly reproduce those presented by similar shales of the Fort St. John group (Cre- taceous) on the Smoky Eiver, a tributary of the Peace. (Report of Progress, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1879-80, p. 57 b.) Slate-clay is again noted in cliffs at several points further east, to the bottom of Franklin Bay, and at oi j place, the shaly strata were actually obsei-ved to be in a state of combustion. (2nd Exp., appendix, p. xliii.) In his Hubaequent Journal of a Boat Voyage (vol. i., p. 270), Richardson's Eichai-dson remarks of Cape Bathurst: — "I believe that this pro- montary, from its northern part to the bottom r*" Franklin Bay, is the lerminatioii of the sandy and loamy deposit and bituminous shale, ftieh, throughout the whole length of ^he Mackenzie rests on the sandstone and limestone beds so frequency noted in the preceding psges, and fragments of which may be traced among the alluvial islands '1 the estuary of the Mackenzie, and in Liverpool Bay." {Of. Bell, ■ilKn- 30 R QEOLOGIOAL SURVEY OV CANADA. on Cretaceous rocks overlying Devonian limestones on Athabasca Eeport of Progress, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1882-84, p. U cc.) It TJnoertaintyof should be Stated, in connexion with this district, that Petitot remarks formations. in * general way,- that the country between the Anderson River (north of Great Bear Lake), and the Arctic coast, is granitic, with sandy and calcareous masses here and there ove.-lying it (Bui. Soc. Gdog., Parjg vol. X., p. 175). He also marks granite on his map, as occurring in two places near the coast between the mouth of the Mackenzie and Franklin Bay. It is thus possible that the area of Cretaceous rocks, in this vicinity may not be so extensive or continuous as it is represented on the accompanying map. The continuous outcrop of limestone drawn between the Laurentian and Cretaceous rocks from the Mackenzie to Parry Peninsula, is scarcely more than hypothetical, as indeed the regularity of the outline given to it, will at once suggest to any geolo- gist. Hamilton group fossils have, however, been described by Meek from collections made by McFarlane, at localities on the Anderson Eiver, situated about a hundred and fifty miles in a north-eastward direction from The Eamparts of the Mackenzie (Op. cit., p. Y5). It must further be noted that notwithstanding the recognised value of Petitot's geographical work, the geological indications given by him — as judged by comparison wr, h those of Richardson, where both refer to a single locality — must be accepted with great reserve. Cape Parry, on the Arctic coast, and the promontary, or peninsula, of which it is the apex, appears to be composed entirely of limestone, yellowish-grey and brownish dolomite being most abundant. AVhere noted, the dip of these rocks is at low angles northward. The strata are compared by Richardson to those of The Rock by the Elver's Side on the Mackenzie, and to the limestones of Winnipeg Lake, and are doubtless either Devonian or Silurian in age. (2nd Bxp., appendix, p. xliv.) East of Cape Parry, for over seventy miles (Cape Lyon to Point onThe"coa8t?* Tinney), " the rocks forming the coast line are slate-clay, limestone, greenstone, sandstone and calcareous pudding-stone," and are recog- nized by Richardson as belonging to a formation differing from that met with further west. (2nd Bxp., appendix, p. xl/.) Naked ridgesof trap rocks are mentioned in some places,- and splintery reddish lime- stone, slate-clay and limestone interstratified, compact bluish-black limestone and othe- rocks are described, the dips observed being gene- rally to the north-eastward. Though the notes are rather imperfect for this part of the coast, it is believed to be occupied by an exten- sion of the Cambrian rocks of the Coppermine, possibly with outliers of the Silurian or Devonian limestone in some places. Limestones of Cape Parry. Extensive D«lHO».] NOTES ON NORTHERN QEOLOQY. 31 B In his Journal of a Boat Voyage (vol. i., p. 283) Eichai-daon makes the following additional iirjportant remarks respecting this portion of the seaboard : — " The quartz-rock beds acquire occasionally a pista- jjiio-green colour, as if from the presence of epidote. A similar stone occttre at Pigeon River on the north shore of Lake Superior ; and the limestones and sandstones of the latter district, with their associated ' trap rocks, as at Thunder Mountain [now classed as Animikie] corres- pond in most respects with those between Cape Parry and the Copper- mine River." It may be observed, that in the narrative from which the above is quoted, Richardson does not distinguish so clearly between the piobal^ly Cambrian rocks and the horizontal limestone series, as in his appendix to Fi-anklin's Second Expedition, while many of the jijological notes given are evidently extracts from that appendix. Beyond the district above described, from Point Clifton to Cape Silurian or Hearne, in Coronation Gulf, " The whole coast consists of a formation limestones. oflimestone precisely similar to that which occurs at Lake Winnipeg and Parry's Peninsula." (2nd Exp., appendix p. xlvii.) The strata are mid to be nearly horizontal. OnEae River, which flows into Coronation Gulf from the west near Rae River. the mouth of the Coppermine, limestone, bluish-grey quarts-rock and high cliffs of "basalt" are described from specimens and notes obtained by Dr. Rae, who ascended the river for about twenty miles in 1849, Among the limestone and quartz-rock, Dr. Rae discovered layers of " asparagus-stone or apatite, thin bods of soap-stone, and jade. »me nephrite or jade." In this connection Richardson fm'ther adds : — "From the similarity of the various rocka associated in this quarter, to those occurring at Pigeon River, and other parts of the north shore of Lake Superior, I am inclined to consider that the two deposits belong the same geological era, both being more ancient than the Silurian leries." (J. B. Y., vol. i., p. 312.) Near Eae River and Richaixison River, immediately to the north- 'n,?|**}'''* west of the mouth of the Coppermine, and also on the western side I of the Coppermine River, Richardson describes a series of lines of "basaltic" cliffs. "All these precipices face towards the south, loiitheast, or east-south-east, and radiate between west and south- Mth-west from a point in Coronation Gulf, at which they would meet ifprolonged. (J. B. V., vol. i., p. 316.) A notice of the rocks neai* the mouth of the Coppermine and of the Rooks between 3opper Mountains has already been quoted from the narrative of nnS'orMJtBear Franklin's first journey. Nothing material is added to this by the "■ observations in his second journey, but notes are there given of the focks of the Barren Grounds between the mouth of the Coppermine > Bay on Great Bear Lake. Rocks of the Coppermine River 32 b QBOLOGIOAL SaEVET OF CANADA. Coast east of Coppermine. Oalena. BathuTst Inlet. Cambrian and Laarentian. Batburst Inlet to moutb of Oreat Fish River- series are described as extending westwai-d to the height of land and consist chiefly of purplish, grey-spotted sandstone and con/^lomerate (Appendix p. 1.) So far as noted, the western slope appears to be com- posed of " granite " and "porphyry." Eastward from the raoutli of the Coppermine, the rocks of the coast and small islands lying off it, are described in the narrative of Frank- lin's first journey as similar to those of the Coppermine Rivor &h far as Cape Barrow. It is unnecessary to enumerate them in detail. From what is said, the strike of the beds is probably nearly easl^and- west on this part of the shore. Cape Barrow is undoubtedly Laurentian being formed of red and grey granite, which rises in rough mountains 1500 feet in height, and is associated with gneiss. The gneissic rocks are said to form a ridge, which runs southward at some distance from the west shore of Bathurst Inlet, but parallel to it, and is cut by Hood's Eiver about fifteen miles above its mouth. The tract between the shore and this ridge is again evidently occupie*! by the Cambrian rocks, which are exposed in the lower part of Hood's Eiver, and con- sist of trap and clay-slate. At Galena Point, fourteen miles south of Cape Barrow, on Bathuist Inlet, a narrow vein of pure galena was observed traversing gneissic rocks. (Ist Exp., p. 531.) The shores of Bathuret Inlet generally are described as consisting partly of the rocks here assigned to the Cambrian, partly of granite and gneiss, the limits of the two series being noted with considerable precision. The islands in the inlet consist entirely of the Cambrian rocks, and these also compose both sides of Melville Sound, * though j the gneiss formation again appears to the eastward, at the head of the sound. From Bathurst Inlet, the route travelled by Eichai-dson on his I return journey diverged from Hood's Eiver about fifty miles from its mouth, and ran south- westwai-d to Point Lake and Port Enterprise. I After reaching the gneissic ridge above mentioned as crossing Hood's j Eiver, the rocks observed were entirely gneissic or granitic. (Istj Exp., p. 534.) In 1838-39, Messrs. Dease and Simpson explored the coast eastwai'dj from Franklin and Eichai-dson's farthest point on Melville Sound, toj beyond the mouth of Great Fish Eiver, connecting there with the! surveys of Eoss. The geological notes given by Simpson, are, unforf tunately, very meagre. His description of the coast, however, witl the statement that the prevailing rock at Capo Alexander is aconglom-j • The eastern arm of Bathurst Inlet, not the large sheet of water known by the same numj in the northern a. ..hipelago. MMOD'J NOTES ON NORTHERN QEOLOQY. 33 R I known by the same null erste, while the sides of ravines are of red sandstone, (Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, etc. p. 297), and the name Trap Piiiiit, applied to a place a few miles further east, leads to the yiel' that the Kent Peninsula, (south side of Doaso Strait), forming the northorii part of the continent in this region, is occupied by a continuation of the rocks of the Coppermine River series. Further east, the coast loses its bold character, and becomes low and stony, with a very irregular outline, and a fringe composed of innumerable little rocks, having a "striped and variegated appearance," (p. 364) and prolmbly gneiss. Further on, granite is mentioned as forming the coast-line, which it appears probable may, with little doubt, be referred iiiidnly or entirely to theArchtean. The western edge of the limestone formation occurs on this coast, at Capo Selkirk, east of the inlet into which the Great Pish River flows. East of Cape Selkirk, the country is described as a "flat, barren, limestone tract." (p. 376). Islands Adjacent to the Coast. Montreal Island, in the inlet at the mouth of Great Fish River, is Montreal invested with a melancholy interest in connection with the fate of "''" members of Franklin's last expedition. It consists evidently of Lauren- lian rnclvM, the following being the description given of it by Prof. Hau!,'hton, in his Appendix to M'Clintock's Narrative of the Discovery ofthe Fato of Sir John Franklin. — " The granitoid rocks, which every- where in the Arctic Archipelago, underlie the Silurian limestones, ippear at Montreal Island as a gneiss, composed of bands of felspar (pink) and quartz (one-quarter inch thick), separated by thin plates, compoeed altogether of black mica; the whole rock exhibiting the phenomena of foliation in a "marked degree." On page 209 ofthe same volume, M'Clintock notes that the stratification runs north-and- wuth, very regularly, and is nearly vertical. What in known of the geology of Wollastou, Victoria and King- William lands, may here appropriately be added, in connection with the description above given of the adjacent part of the continental v ihore. Bed sandstone is mentioned by Simpson as occurring at one place victoria and I on the south shore of Victoria Land, north of Dease Strait, (Nan-ative Lands!'"" ofthe Discoveries on the North Coast of America, etc.), but it remains Mcertain from this notice whether it should be referred to the base of I lie Silurian or to the Coppermine River series. This point is, however, jprobably exceptional in its character, as Dr. Rao, who explored the |«Dtire south coast of Wollaston Land, with the south part of the east it of Victoria Land, notes limestone rocks, or a low shore composed of jhestone debris, almost everywhere, rendering it probable that the 34 R QEOLOaiOAL 8UBV«Y OF CANADA. Information furnishoii by Dr. Kao. King-Willium Land. Erratics. Bootliiiin Peninsula. strait Hopiirating thoHo northern lands from the continent, also con- BtitutOH, for a great part of itrt length, the riividing lino Imtwoon the hewor and older rock series. {Of. Journ. Ro^'al Geog. .Soc, vol xxii 1852, pp. 73, 82). ' ' ' In letters received from Dr. Rao since the above wan written he confirms the indications derived from his paper in the (ieomnphica! Society's journal, as to the universality of the liniostonio forma- tions along the south shore of Victoria and Wollaston InndM and states that the beds are nearly horizontal, and contain Cow or no fosHils The islands along the coast are, however, said to ditl'er in character being composed of gneiss or granitoid rocks. Some of these observed by him, are, probably, from his discription, amygdaloids. He adds that in the channel between Victoria Land and the main wliore, oppo. site Cape Alexander, in lat. 69° N., long. 10G° W. (approximatively) there are some rocky islets, composed of a remarkable conglomerate. The northern part of King William Land, with Matty iHJandtothe east of it, are described by Sir John Ross as of limestone. (Narrative of a Second Voyage in search of a North-west Passage, etc.) Simpson states the eastern part of the south shore to be also of limestone (Ob. cit., p. 379.) and Haughton dealing principally with the result*) of I M'Clintock's voyage, writes as follows: — "The east side of King-f William Island, though composed of Silurian limestone like the rest of the island, is strewed with blocks of black and red micai-eous gneiss, like that of Montreal Island, and black metamorphic clay-slate, in which the crystals of mica are Just commencing to be doveloped. It is probable that the granitoid rocks appear at the surface, Horaewbercj to the eastward of this locality." (Appendix to M'Clintock's voyage).} Boothian and Meloille Peninsulas md Vicinity. Numerous excellent, though brief notes on the geology of theeast-j ern and south-western coasts of the Boothian Peninsula, occur in Sir! John Ross' remarkable narrative above referred to. From these wel learn that the eastern shore is composed of limestone to PortLoganj (lat. 71° 21') where a high range of hills, — which is seen at a distance,} estimated at thirty miles inland at Creswell Bay (further north) and! runs north-and-.south, — impinges on the shore, and was found to consistj of granitoid and gneissic rocks. Thence southward, from notes given| in the body of the narrative, a narrow border of limestone may i the shore to about lat. 70° 35', though the geological appendix does notJ make any mention of this. Further south, the granitoid and gneissii^ rocks exclusively form the coast line and adjacent islands to Lon Mayor's Bay, where Ross' observations connect with those ofPr.1 Rae, subsequently detailed. In Agnew River, on this coast, eoppen ont, also con- 1 1) be AVOOI the ■ iOC, vol. xxii, ■ OltMD'J NOTES ON NORTHERN OEOLOOr, 3Br ore was found by Ross, and masHivo IxhIh of trap are mentioned in the ippendix us oocurrinj? in the Saumerez Rivor, though this in included in the area of country generally characterized by granite. The narrow Limostono neckiif '!'" Boothian Peninsula, which waH croswod by Ross on woveral '^fo^,^^n"" line.*, ii*, fyoni his description, composed of granitic rocks, with some otttliorH of limestone. One of these, definitely mentioned in the narra- tive but not in the geological appendix, is shown on the present map. On the coast of the mainland west of the isthmus, the lime- itone formation is found resting on the granites at Lake Witterstod. Sortli-westward from the isthmus, the south-west coast of Hoothia, prenentf* a range of granitoid hills, running northward, but becomes fringed liy a low border of limestone near Cape Isabella, and this incrt'ii^^oH in width to tJio north, till an extensive fiat limestone region ij found in the vicinity of the magnetic pole. The fallowing description of the rocks of the vicinity of BellotBeiiot strait. Strait, lit the northern extremity of the Boothian Peninsula, is from Prof, lliiughton's appendix to M'Clintock's voyage: — "Bellot's StraitB, lat. 72° N,, separate North Somerset from Boothia prof. Haugh- Feli.\'. Tiio'Fox' expedition wintered here in 1858, and had abun-ti'dli! "^^"^ danf mpiins of ascertaining the geological structure of the neighbour- hood. Tiio junction of the granitoid and Silurian rocks occurs in these straits, tlio low ground to the east being horizontal beds of Silurian limestone, while on the west the granite hills of West Somerset rise to aheight of 1600 feet above the narrow straits. The granite is hero of three varieties : — "a. Blackish-grey fine grained, gneissose granite, composed of fiuartz, white felspar, and largo quantities of fine grains and flakes of hitrnblenilo, passing into black mica. The gneisso.so beds of this granite dip 13° S.E. "fi. A lod granite, graphic texture, composed of quartz and red felspar, coarse-grained, "y. Syenite, composed of honey-yellow felspar and hornblende, in Tery largo crystals, the felspar passing into red and pink, and the whole rock mass penetrated by veins of the same material, but fine- grained. This variety of igneous rock was mot with principally at Penimican Rock, western inlet of Bellot's Straits, Large quantities of kornWondo are also met with at Levequo Harbour, Bellot's Straits, imposed of facetted crystals agglutinated together in large masses, forming a crystalline, hornblendic gneiss." It is to bo noted that Prof. Haughton's geological map does not, in Continuous _ ine vitinity of Bellot Strait, entirely agree with the indications given of the in M'Clintock's narrative, on page 311 of which it is stated (in travel- ling northward on the west coast of Boothia), " we passed from lime- 36 R UEOLOdlCAL 8UEVET OV CANADA. Oulf of Boothia. Simpson Peninsula limestone . Btono to grnnito in lat. 71° 10' N. Horo tho Ip.nd attains a conHidorable elevation. In the hollowa of tho dark, j^ranito rockH wo fuiind abun- danco of water," etc. On tho dotailod map of tho sti-ait, uccompiuiv- ing M'Clintocl{'H narrativo, its Houth whoro iH uIho markod iih con- HiHting of "irro^uhir granito hills" (hoo alHO pp. 1K2, IH'J anil ''•{(( for additional particulafu on tho outline of tho granitoid rook»). The error above referred to ia also pointed out by Prof. Maicou in Iuh Kxplication d'lino Hoconil Edition do la Carte (idoloijicjuo do la Torre p. 130. Tho ubovo obsorvationa, taken in connection with those of lloHs, and including not only tho actual notoH on rockn, Imt uIho the trend of the mountains and other circuniNtancos detailed, leave it scarcely doubtful that the granitic and gnoiwHic rocks of Houthorn Boothia connect with those of Uellot Strait, and form tho axis of thin remarkable projection of tho continent, in tho manner shown on the map accompanying those notes. From observations mudo by T)r. "Rao, while engaged in his well known and remarkable exploration of tho southorn shores of the Gulf of Boothia, and dotailod in his Narrativo of an K.xpodition to the Shores of tho Arctic Sea, wro learn that Kao Isthmus and both shores of tho Gulf of Boothia, northward nearly to latitude 70", (with the exception of Simpson Peninsula, and possibly of one other locality), are composed of Archican rocks. Granite is mentioned as occurring in situ in several places, and among specimens brought back are gneiss, mica-slato, granite, (luartz-rock and hornblondo-slate. It is possible that rocks both of tho series now recognized as Laurontian, and that classed as Huronian, exist in this region. A specimen of lead ore was found on a hill in lat. 69° 13' 14" on the west side of the gult; (Op. cit., p. 115). Tho whole of tho Simpson Peninsula, above referred to, is probably composed of Devonian or Silurian limestone. At Keith Bay, on it* south side, Rao remarks, — " Since passing Colvillo Bay tho coast has become much lower and more level, giving every indication of a lirae- stono country," (p. 107), and in crossing tho narrow part of the penin- sula, he observed limestone in place, (p. 108). In retuining round the outer end of tho same peninsula, he again notes its low, flat char- actor, (p. 131), and on one of tho maps accompanying the Arctic Blue Book of 1885, it is marked as " flat limestone country." The second exceptional point on (he shores of the gulf, is on the east side, in latitude 68° 27', whore precipitous cliffs of trap are men- tioned by Rae, (p. IGO). This rock may, however, be one of those of the Huronian series, or possibly even a dyke or intrusive mass cutting the Laurentian. If . ! ttftO*'] NOTES ON NORTHERN niOLOaT. 87 b )t' loaii oiT was The rofjion oxplorod by Parry in ]m Second Voyaj^o in Search of a Melville yorthwost PnsBa^o, (1821-23), incliuiod the northern oxtromily of'''""""''''' Soathamiiton iHland, with the entire woHt coftHt of Melville Peninsula ,n(l jiccliiivnd-Fiiry Strnit at its northern extromit}'. The j^oolog- ' icul ripocimens brought back wore examined by Prof JameHon, and the (ietdiled niiips of the expedition include iiidicationH of the character ofthenK'lv, at HO many places, as to alVord the means of tracing the je«lii!,'i('al outlines with very conHidorablo ac(!uracy. Granitic and mmc rocks occupy the whole southern part of the oast shore of Molville Peninsula, and are continued northward behind a low tract ol limestone country, forming a range of mountains in the centre of the peninsula, to IIocla-and-Kury Strait. They also form the south shore of this Mtrait, and most of the islands in it, and apparently the whole eastern shore of the adjacent south part of Cockburn " Island," (since thown by Dr. Boaz to form a part of Baffin Land). The western part of the same shore is marked as consisting of sandstone, probably of tho kind designated " Old Red Sandstone, or rod grey vacko," by Jameson. It may be assumed to repi'osent the red sandstones, else- There mentioned as so commonly found in the Arctic islands, at the kseoftho Silurian. The rocks referred above, in a general way, to the Archasan, Rocks and proliabiy include areas of lluronian. Jameson mentions as among ."Vcribed by the iiroininent varieties of ro(ks derived from this region, "Granite, ''*'"**"'■ gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, chlorite-slate, primitive-trap, serpentine, limestone and porphyry." In association with these the following minerals occur : — " Zircon and beryl, also precious garnet, actinolite, tremolite, diallage, coccolite, rock crystal, calc-spar, rhomb-spar, jsbestos, graphite or black lead, specular iron ore, magnetic iron ore, chromic ore or chromate of iron, titanic iron, common and magnetic iron pyrites." Some of the "transition rocks," noticed bj' Jameson, should probably also bo classed with tho Archiean, and in addition to sererai of tho minerals above mentioned, in these were found tour- maline (schorl) and molybdenite. (Narrative of Discovery and Ad- venture in the Polar Seas and Regions, by Professors Leslie, Jameson, »nd Hugh Murray, 1830.) The northern extremity of Southampton Island, as shown by Parry North-east in the volume above referred to, consists of granitic and gnoissic rocks, soi'thampton which may bo regarded as Laurentian, though limestones form the country toward the west shore, at tho head of Duke-of-York Bay. Captain Back, who, during the winter of 1836-37, was beset in the ice, md drifted slowly south-eastward along the whole north-east shore of Southampton Island, describes it as generally high', rough and moun- tainous. At two places at which ho landed, he notes the rocks as 38 R GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. West Coast. West Coast of Hudson Bay. gratiito, adding that the rocks of one locality were "striated granite" (Narrative of an Expedition in H. M. S. ' Terror,' pp. 131, IMJ.) u may thus be assumed that thin coast is in general Archioan, thouifh tlio mention of lower, rounded hills at two places, said to indicate ii "ditler- ent formation," leads to the belief that outlying areaa of limebtone occur on it. Sea horfcie Point, forming the east cape of Southampton Island is described by Lyon as high, in his Narrative of an Unsuccessful Attempt to reach Eepul^e Bay (1824), p. 51, while the coast u) the south and west, with the entire west '"oast of the island, bo far as seen by him and byMiddleton (1Y41), is low and shingly with flat limestone rocks. Cape Fullerton, on the continental shore to the west, is said, by Lyon, to be composed of "rugged red and grey graiuto i-ocks, with the strata running in a north-west direction." (Op. cit., p. 88.) On the portion of the west coast of Hudson Bay, to the north of Fort Churchill, besides the above allusion, we have a number of brief notes by Dr. Kae, who traversed it on his outward and return journeys to Repulse Bay, and describes it in his work already referred to, Of Dr. Eae's notes, the following summai-y may be given : — At forty milesnorth of Churchill, the land becomes much lower than at tliat place, and the coast so flat that it was necessary, with boats, to keep six to eight miles off it (Op. cit. p. 20.) The coast preserves the same low char- acter northward as far as Cape Esquimaux, in about latitude 61°, beyond which, in Novill's Bay, the "shore becomes steep and rugged, the whole coast being lined with bare primitive rocks" (p. 24.) Between this point and Repulse Bay, in the course of the two journeys above referred to, granite and gneiss were observed in a number of places, and no mention is made of other rocks in situ, though among specimens collected, and rejiorted on by Prof Tennant in the appendix, hornblende- and mica-slates and chloritic and talcose slates are noted. On an island near the south shore of Ranken Inlet, Rae " picked up some specimens of copper ore, but the ore did not appear to bo abundant." Huronisn rocks ^^'- I^^^'s observations would thus appear to place the probable northern limit of the limestone formation, which borders the west coast of Hudson Bay to the southward, neai Cape Esquimaux. It must bo added, however, that from specimens given to and reported on by Dr. Bell, in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey for 1885 (p. 19 dd,), the coast north of Cape Esquimaux appears to be by no means entirely composed of Laurentian rocks, as he is inclined to refer the majorit) of these specimens, on lithological gi-ounds, to the Huronian formation. Marble Island, lying off this coast, is further described by Di: Bell, from actual inspection, as consisting of light-coloured, tine-grained quartzite, associated with glossy mica-schists. ».«)«■] NOTES ON NORTHERN GEOLOGY. 39 R J^Whern Continental Shore, East of Hudson Bay, with Baffin Land. Dr. K, Bell, of the Canadian Geological Survey, has made several Reports by expeditions to Hudson Bay, the reports on which, tojjethor with his obeervatioiiH in Hudson Strait and the coast of Labrador, have afforded tie greater part of the information employed in indicating the geological fharaeter of the part of the continental shore east of Hudson Bay, with the norlii shore of Hudson Strait. It is considered unnecessary to summai'i/e the portions of the reports mentioned which bear on these coasts, as they have already been published by the Survey. The follow- ing may bo consulted in this connection : — Eeport on Exploi-ations ot'the East Coast of Hudson Bay, 1877-78 ; Report on Hudson Bay and some of the Lakes and Elvers lying to the West of it, 1879-80; Obser- vations on the Geology, Mineralogy, &c., of the Labrador Coast, Hudeon Strait and Bay, 1882-84 ; Observations on the Geology, Zoo- logy, &c'., of Hudson Strait and Bay, 1885 ; The Geology of Hud- son Bay and Strait ; Report of the Hudson Bay Expedition of 1885; Marine Department, Ottawa. In the Transactions of the Geological Society, vol. ii. (1814.) Rev. stomhaueron llr. Steiiihiiuer describes a number of specimens sent by the ^loravian * "* °^' missionories from the Labrador coast, and gives localities for labra- dorite, and for the soapstone used by the Eskimo in making lamps, etc. The rocks described as the Manitounuck formation (Lower Cam- Hudson strait brian) by Dr. Bell, are lurgelj' developed in the vicinity of Richmond Labrador. Gulf, on the east side of Hudson Bay, but are not known to extend jorthward to the southern limit of the accompanying map. Fi-om his observations on the northern part of the east coast. Dr. Bell considers it probable that rocks of the Laurentian system extend southward from Cape Wolstenholme to Mosquito Inlet (Report last cited, p. 61), while Nottingham and Digges islands, together with both shores of Hudson Strait, so far as examined, were found to consist of the same rocks. With the possible exception of jjai't of the north shore of .\achvak Inlet, which may be Hm-onian (see Report 1882-84) the rocks of the Labrador coast, wherever observed, are also referred to the Laurentian, gneiss of varied texture being here, as elsewhere, the pre- vailing material. As confirmatory of the entirely Laurentian char- acter of the northern part of the Labrador coast, the notes and geological map of Mr. O. M. Lieber may be referred to. (Appendix No. 42, U. S. Coast Survey, 1860.) Dr. Bell specially mentions the occurrence of mica and graphite on the north shore of Hudson Strait, "4ica and . . 1 , Graphite. tt being of possible economic importance. s^?*^',; 40 R QEOLOaiOAL SURVEY OP CANADA. AVestern end of HudsoD Strait. Fox Land. Baffin Land. Collections by Parry and Rusa Little is known as to the north shore of the western oxtremityof Hudson Strait, and nothing directly of its geological featuron. It may be assumed to consist cither of the prevailing Archajan rocks or of the overlying Silurian limestones, and on this assumption, tlio following de- scription,by Coats, leaves little room to doubt that it must be assigned to the first mentioned series: — "Cape Charles, on the eastern side of the North Channel, is twelve leagues north-east from these islands. [Mill Islands of Baffin, situated north-west of Salisbury Island of the map,] These islands and the main to the eastward of the North Channel are all high, bold, mountainous land, and are indented in bays and coves and the hills are cut and interspersed with valleys, very foul and rocky and deep watei- everywhere near them." (Coats' Geography of Hudson Bay. Hakluyt Society, vol. ii., 1852, p. 73). Coats also describes Salisbury Island as high and bold. The protile sketches of the same coast given by Parry in his " Third Voyage," (sheet 1), boar out Coats' description, and prove the resemblance in physical features of this coast to that of the north shore of she eastern part of the strait, which is known to be Lauren tian. Nothing can be gathered as to the geology of Fox Land, from the narrative of Luke Fox, the original discoverer, (1631). Little information is available, respecting the geology of the interior of Baffin Land. A few notes by Dr. Franz Boas, are quoted in full by Dr. Bell in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey for 1885. Dr. Boas describes the nucleus of the mountain masses as every- where gneiss and granite, while Silurian limestones occur at Lake Kennedy (^Nettilling of his map) and to the south of it. lie also refers to the occurrence of the same rocks at the head of Frobisher Bay. (Petormanns Mitteilungen, Ergilnzungsheft, Nr. 80, 1885.) Dr. Boas further informs me that from the description of the country between Cape Kater and Fox Channel, he believes the granitic rocks there to extend to the west coast of Baffin Land. The Archffian range, which borders the east coast of Baffin Land, is evidently the continuation of that of the Labrador coast. Prof Jame- son, however, states (presumably as the result of his examination of specimens collected by,Captain Parry), that on the west coast of Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, south of Lancaster Sound, primitive rocks pre- ponderate. He enumerates gneiss, mica-slate and granite. (Narrative of Discovery and Adventures in the Polar Seas and Eegions, etc.) The specimens collected by Captain Ross, in 1818, on the west sideof Baffin Bay, which are described in an appendix to his voyage (A Voyage of Discovery for the Purpose of Kxploring Baffin's Bay, etc) by Dr. McCuUoi^h, having been apparently picked up without any discrimina- tion, and consisting chiefly of loose pieces from two localities, give trtlO"-] NOTES ON NORTHERN GEOLOQY. 41 R little information. mywacke-Hchist. Those from lat. 10° 3*7', wei-e granite, gneiss and (vol. ii., p. 141.) In a Supplement to tlie Appendix of Capt. Parry's Voyage for the Discovery of a North-wot Passage in the years 1819-20 (Natural History) C. Koning describes the most characteristic rocks of the lest 'oast of Baffin Bay as "gneiss and micaceous quartz-rock, with jomc .mbiguous granitic compound, in which hornblende seems to ateras a subordinate ingredient (p. ccxlvii). Dr P, ('. Sutherland, in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Remarks by "' T, /n isutherland. Society (vol. ix., 1853, p. 299), describes the east coast of Baffin landtVom Lancaster Sound to Cumberland Sound, as follows: — "On the opposite [south] shore of Lancaster Sound, at Cape Walter Bathurst, the crystalline rocks are again recognized, and from this point they occupy the whole coast southward to Cumberland Strait [Sound] and probably considerably beyond it. To this, however, I klieve there is one exception, at Cape Durban, on the G7th parallel, fhere coal has been found by whalers ; and also at Kingaito, two degrees to the south-west of Durban, where, from the appearance of tie land ass viewed from a distance, trap may be said to occur on both sides of the inlet. Gra^ "'e is found abundant and pure in several islands situated on the b»> . parallel of latitude in Cumberland Strait, md on the west side of Davis Strait." A considerable collection of rocks and fossils, made by C. F. Hall, Rocks of I tiiiefly in Frobisber Bay and its vicinity, is described by Prof. B. K. ' "'^ "''' Emerson, in Appendix III. to Hall's Narrative of a Second Arctic Eipedition. The greater number of these specimens consist of ordin- ttvLaurentian rocks, including granite, gneiss, magnetite-gneiss, horn* Hendic gneiss, mica-schist, etc. In association with these, in Frobisher «d Field Bays, magnetite, apatite, bornite and pyrite wore found. Copper and togetlier with crystalline limestone holding coccolite. At the head of Frobisher Bay, from a hill named by Hall " Silliman's fossil mount,"* which appears to form part of a somewhat extensive development of nearly horizontal cream-coloured and sometimes magnesian limestone, aiiufflbor of fossils were obtained. These, according to Pi-of Emerson, represent both Upper Silurian and Utica shale Ibrms. Several of the fesils are named and figured by him in the appendix. The limestone is evidently in place, at this locality, but specimens of the nine rock picked up by Hall on other parts of Frobisher Bay and at MdBay, may probably have been erratics, as the Arcbaaan rocks •ppear everywhere to preponderate in this region. Ibt position of "Silliman's fosgil mount" is shown on the map accompanyinK Hall's Life |»«litheE!quiinimx. London, 1864. 42 R GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Notechy Endlich and Uaughton. Mr. F. M. Endlich, in a list of minerals obtained in the Howeate Polar expedition (ISTT-TS) enumerates, among others, the foilowine from Cumberland Sound : — Muscovite, crystals and large plates' chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, apatite (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec'- tions, 1882, p. 171.) In his appendix to M'Clintock's voyage. Prof. Ilaughton given the following, respecting the south shore of Pond's Bay, or inlet at the northern extremety of Baffin Land. (Lat. 12° 40'). " In this locality a quartziferous black mioa-sschist underlies the Silurinn limestone, and is interstratified with gneiss and garnet iferous quartz-rock, allinciined 38° W.S.W. (true)." M'Clintock states the inclination or dip of the! beds as 35° to the west, in the same volume, (p. 156). The Arctic Archipelago. Definition. Haughton's memuirs. The following notes include the islands lying to the north of the] American continent which have not already been noticed in connec- tion with the shores of the mainland, with the exception of Baffin I Land, (previously described), and Grinnell and Ellesmere lands which] are subsequently referred to. In Appendix TY. to Captain M'Clintock's Narrative of the Discovery j of the Fate of Sii- J. Franklin, Professor S. Ilaughton gives a geolog- ical map of the Arctic Archipelago, and a remarkably clear and! succinct account of its geological features, based principally on the! specimens brought back by M'Clintock from the four Arctic oxpej ditions in which he served, from 1848 to 1859. The extensive suite ofl specimens above referred to is now depoHited in the museum of the Eoyal Dublin Society. In the same memoir and in his map, Prof.j Haughton incorporated nearly all the infoi-mation available on the! region, and with our present knowledge, it is scarcely possible toj improve on his sketch. The following pages are therefore largelyj a transcript of his appendix, the same order of arrangement bcingj observed as that adopted bj' him. I have, however, added a fewj facts which appear to throw additional light on the geology of i Arctic islands. The greater part of his observations on the Gi'eenlandj coast are also here omitted, together with the lists of fossils given byl him, and most of the notes relating to the superficial deposits. Thej geological map accompaning Prof. Haughton's appendix, is based onj that of an earlier paper published by him in the ^'ransactions of i Royal Dublin Society in 1857. The arrangement adopted by Prof.j Haughton is as follows : — llflOK'] 43 R ClnsnifioatioD ndopted. of the Discovery I 1 filives a geolog- i-kably clear and ■incipally on the I 3ur Arctic oxpe-| extensive suite ofl museum of the] n his map, Prof. ( available on the! rcely possible to I heiefore largely! ■angement bcingl er, ailded a fewl geology of the I on the Greenland I fossils given byj al deposits. The! ndix, is based on! ansactions of the! idoptod by Prof.f NOTES ON NORTHERN GEOLOGY. 1 . The Granitic and Granitoid Rocks. 2. The Upper Silurian Rocks. 3. The Carboniferous Rocks. 4. The Lias Rocks. 5. The Superficial Deposits. , 1, The Granitic and Granitoid Rocks. " These rocks form a considerable (jra„itoid rocks pjrt of North Greenland, on the east side of Baffin Bay, and consti- ' ^ iDte the rock of the country at the cast side of the island of North Devon, which forms a portion of the coast-line of the west of Baffin 5av, and the north side of the entrance to Lancaster Sound." "Capes O.Hborne and Warrender, lat. 74° 30' N., North Devon.— ^l^^^fy^'render [te granitoid rocks between these two capes are composed of graphic jninite, consisting of quartz, (grey), and white felspar ; this graphic \ panite passes into a laminated gneiss, consisting of layers of black mica, and white ti-anslucent felspar, sparingly mixed with quartz; with the gneiss are intcrstratitied beds of garnetiferous mica-slate, consisting of quartz, pale greenish-white felspar, black and white mica in minute spangles, and crystals of garnet, rose-coloured, dissem- inated regularly through the mass. Quartziferous bands of epidotic knstone occur with the foregoing beds; and the whole series is overlaid by red sandstones, of banded structure, which bear a striking ! resemblance to those that overlie the granitoid beds of Wolstenholme ' Soand." "North Somerset. — The granitoid rocks are found again on the west j^^^fij iideofthe island of North Somerset, where they form the eastern^"™"'®*" tioundary of Peel Sound. Boulders of granite are found at a consider- ible distance, (100 miles), to the north-eastward of the rock in situ, as ; It Port Leopold, Cape Rennell, etc. The general characters of the I granitic rocks in the north and west of North Somerset, are thus tecribed by Capt. M'Clintock: — 'Near Cape Rennell we 'jassed a very 1 remarkable rounded boulder of gneiss or granite; it was six yards in I tircumference, and stood near the beach, and some fifteen or twenty [yards above it; one or two masses of rounded gneiss, altho"gh very Mch smaller, had arrested our attention at Port Leopold, as then we of no such formation nearer than Cape Warrender, 130 miles to the north-east ; subsequently we found it to commence in situ at Cape iiranite, nearly 100 miles to the south-west of Port Leopold. The I of Cape Warrender differs consideiably from that of Noi'th j Somei-set ; the former being a graphic granite, composed of grey Unartz and white felspar, the quartz predominating; while the latter, • North Somerset granite, is composed of grey quartz, red felspar, and Sf«n, chloritic mica, the latter in large flakes ; both the granite and gneiss of North Somerset are remarkable for their soapy feel.' " »'\ I !»'^ 44 GEOLOGIAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Junction of granitic and limostone series. Cape Granite. Prince-of- Wales Island. " To the east of Cape Bunny, where the Silurian limestone ceases and Houth of which the granite commences, is a remarkable vailej- called Transition Valley, from the junction of sandstone and limestone that takes place there. The sandstone is red, and of the same general character as that which rests upon the granitoid rocks at Cape j Warrendcr and at Wolstenholme Sound. Owing to the mode of travelling, by sledge on the ice, round the coast, no information was i obtained of the geology of the interior of the country, but it appears | highly probable that the granite of North Somerset, as well as that of j the other localities mentioned, is overlaid b}' a group of sandstones and i conglomeiates, on which the Upper Silurian limestones reposo directly. A low sandy beach marks the termination of the valley northwards, I and on this beach were found numerous pebbles, washed from the hills of the interior, composed of quartzose sandstone, carnelian and Silurian limestone." It may bo added in this connection that Sir R. Murchison, in liisl geological appendix to M'Clure's voyage (p. 402) writes: — "In North Somerset, to the south of Barrow Strait, red sandstone is associated! with the older limestone." (See also remarks on page 9 a of these j notes ) "Cape Granite is the northern boundary of the granite, which! retains the same character as far as Howe Harbour. It is composedj of quartz, red felspar, and dark ,' green chlorite ; and is accompaniedj with gneiss of the same composition. I have in my possession al specimen of this granite, found as a pebble at Grraham-Moore Bay! Bathuist Island, S.W., a locality 135 knots distant from Cape Granite! to the N.W." Prof Ilaughton's notes on Bellot Strait, Pond's Bay and Montreal! Island, have been quoted on previous pages — in connection with the! coast of the mainland. Of Prince-of-Wale.s Island, west of Pool Sound,! he writes : — " The granitoid i-ocks extend across Peel Sound intoj Prince-of-Wales Island, in the form of a dark syenite, composed ofj quartz, greenish-white felspar passing into yellow, and hornblendej This rock is massive and eruptive at Cape M'Clure, lat. 72' 52' N., and occasionally gneissose, as at lat. 12' 13' N. Between these two pointsJ at lat. 72" 37' N., a limestone bluff occurs, containing the characteristioi Silurian fossils, and is succeeded at 72° 40' by a ferruginous limestone,j bright red, and a few beds of fine red sandstone, like those observed bjl M'Clintock at Ti-ansition Valley, North Somerset. The entire westJ orn portion of Prince-of-Wales Land is composed of Silurian limel stone, which in the extreme west, at Cape Acworth, becomes chalkji in character and non-fossiliferous, resembling the peculiar Siluriai( limestone found on the west side of Boothia Felix." 111)011.] NOTES ON NORTHERN GEOLOGY. 45 R mcstone ceases, larkablo valley e and limestone j 10 same general rocks at Cape I the mode of nformation was ', but it appears 1 i well as that of f sandstones and repose directly. ! ley northwards, cd from the hills lian and Silurian Jay and Montreal! icction with the! St of Peol Sound,! 'eel Sound into! to, composed of] and hornblende^ t. 72' 52' N., and these two pointeJ lie eharacteristiof ■inous limestoneJ lose observed bjj 'ho entire v f Silurian lima bocoraes chalN leculiar Siluriai^ The Silurian Rocks. — " Tho Silurian rocks of the Arctic Archipelago «t everywhere directly on the granitoid rocks, with a remarkable reil Silurian rooks- andstono, passing into a coarse grit, for their base. This sandstone is sicceeded by a ferruginous limestone, containing rounded particles of [oiartz, which rapidly passes into a fine greyish-green earthy lime- itone, abounding in fossils, and occasionally into a chalky limestone, of a cream colour, for the most part devoid of fossils. Tho average Upoftho Silurian limestone varies from 0° to 5° N.N.W., and it I occasionally high clifll's, and occasionally low flat plains, terraced I action of the ice as the ground rose from beneath the sea. The I rtneral appearance of tho rocks is similar to tho Dudley limestone, and fould strike oven an observer who was not a geologist. This resem- toee to tho Upper Silurian beds extends to tho structure of the hocks on a large scale. Alternations of hard limestone and soft ikale, so characteristic of tho Upper Silurian beds of England and imerica, ari'anged in horizontal la3-ers, give to the cliffs around Port Leopold [north-east part of North Somerset] the peculiar appearance lihiehluis been described by different Polar navigators as ' buttress- ' castellated ' ; this appearance is produced by the unequal 1 weathering of the cliff, which causes the hard limestone to stand out ii bands, . . . Tho western side of King-William Island is an Hcellent example of tho low terraced foi*m which the rocks assumed I mimes." Prof. Haui^hton gives lists of Silurian fossils brought home by Localities of i„ .,,,,';.,, „ , ^ 11 . 1 I, . -n ,1 Silurian fossils. Captain jK'lintock from the following places: — barnier Bay (lat. li'X,; long. 92° W.), Port Leopold (lat. 73° 50' N. , long. 90° 15' W.), yith's island (lat. 74° 35' N. ; long. 95° 30' W.), Eeechy Island [(lat 74° 40' N. ; long. 92° W.), Cornwallis Island, Assistance Bay it 74° 40' N. ; long. 94° W.), Capo York, Lancaster Sound (lat. li3°50'N. ; long. 87° W.), Possession Bay, south entrance to Lancas- ter Sound (lat. 73° 30' N. ; long. 77° 20' W.), D6pot Bay, Bellot [strait (lat. 72° N. ; long. 94° W.), Capo Farrand, east side of Boothia [(lit, 71° 38' N. ; long. 93° 35' AV.), west shore of Boothia (lat. 70° to X,); Fury Point (lat. 72° 50' N. ; long. 92° W.), Princo-of-Wales lLjDd(lat. 72° 38' N. ; long. 97° 16' W.), west coast of King-William [lilinu. From the appendix to Parry's Third Voyage, we learn that in occurrence of jisociation with tho limestones of the east side of Prince-Regent Inlet, bedsof gypsum. |«re subsidiary beds of gypsum. Gypsum also occurs on tho west jiiieofthe inlet in North Somerset, where it is said to occur in "beds [leveral feet thick, extending for at least thirty miles through the jtountry," (App. p. 147.) At the first mentioned locality, brown ^ tite was also found, apparently derived from the limestone. 4Cr QEOLOOIOAL SPRVEY OF CANADA. Carboniferous rocks. Coal formation. The existence of Buch considerable deposits of gypsum is intorestineJ on account of the close association of limestones and gypsuinH in rocks cla.'^sed by Meek as Devonian on the Mackenzie Kivor, which theio jJ some reason to believe occur also in the region hero dcHcvibed bun have not yet been separated from the Silurian. The Carboniferous rocks are thus described by Prof. Haughton:- " The Upper Silurian limestones, already described, are succeedod by i most remarkable series of close-grained white sandstones, contaiiiina numerous beds of highly bituminous coal, and but few marine fossils] In fact, the only fossil shell found in those beds, so far as I know, in anv part of the Arctic Archipelago, is a species of ribbed Atrypa, which believe, to be identical with the .4fr^;7a/aZ/aa; of the Car bi)uiferou8Hhd of Ireland. These sandstone bods are succeeded by aseriesofbiuJ limestone beds, containing an abundance of the marine shells, comj monly found in all parts of the world where the Carboniferous depositJ are at all developed. The line of junction of these deposits with thJ Silurians on which they rest is N.E., to E.X.E. (true.) Like thi former, they occur in low, flat beds, sometimes rising into clitfs, bul never reaching the elevation attained by the Silurian rocks in Lancaste| Sound. "Coal, sandstone, clay-ironstone and brown hiumatite, were foiinij along a line stretching E.N.E. from Baring Island, through the smith' of Melville Island, Byam-Mai-tin Island, and the whole of Bathui^tj Island. Carboniferous limestone, with characteristic fossils, was found along the north coast of Bathurst Island, and at Hillock Point, Melvilll Island." From a comparison of different coal exposures noted by M'Clintoct rock-specimen? M'Cluro, Auston, Belchc]-, and Parry, in the Parry Islands, Prof. Haughl ton has laid down the approximate outcrops of some of the coal bedaj Those he tinds to agree remarkably well with the trend of thcbouniian of the formation drawn from totally different data. Lists of fo.^silJ and rocks from' the following places, with notes, are given :—Hillocli Point, Melville' Island (lat. 16° N.; long. 111° 45' W.) BathursI Island, north coast, Cape Lady Franklin (?) (lat. "76° 40' N.; long 98° 45' W. Princess-Royal Island, Piince-of-Wales Strait, Barind Island (lat. 72° 45' N.; long. 117^ 30' W.) In connection with thii place, it is noted that the Carboniferous sandstones underlie thj limestones, and that " it is highly probable that the coal beds ol Melville Island are very low down in the series, and do not correspond in geological position with the coal beds of Europe," (p. 385.^ • Dr. Armstrong in his Narrative of the Discovery of the North-west Pas?nge (p. 402), says ( the same place, "In Princcss-Koyal Island, besides the characteristic Silurian limestones, llierj are black basalts and red jaspers, as well as red rooks, less altered by heat, Liutsliuwingii|ias.«ui;1 into jasper." - ' . Localities of fossils and mmt'imm6 j^enoral northerly (lip of the Carhoniforoun limo- otnneHof the northern part of (rrinnoll iHliind, at an^loH of about 6°, appear to indiciitc that there may here be a Homowhat extensive de- velopnu'tit of MoMozoic Htrata. The8o, although the liiuH oidy has been re(());ni/.wl by foHsil evidence, may not improbably include even Cre- taceous l)0(l«, like those ril'similar lithologieal character in the Mackenzie region. A geological examination of this district would bo of great interest. The existence of Tertiary dopowitH, cla8Hef. F. B. Meek describes a number of Upper Silurian fossils collected by Dr. Hayes, on the west shore of Kennedy Channel between latitudes 79° and 80°. (Latitudes in original, " 80° to 81° " erroneous.) Capt. Grcely's Expedition (1881 to 1884), though so important in itsGreely result-s I'rom a geographical point of view, has added compai-atively little to oiu- geological knowledge of Grinnell Land and the northern coast of Greenland, a fact due to the absence of a geologist and the en- interior of forced abandonment of the specimens collected. From a careful perusal Q""*""'! ^^^^ ofCapt. Greely's narrative (Three Years of Arctic Service, 1886) and from information obligingly supplied by him and by Lieut. Brainard, in answer to enquiries made by correspondence, some facts of importance are, however, brought oui,. The Tertiary coal-beai-ing formation is evi- dently much more widely spread in the part of Grinnell Land in the i vicinity oi Lady Franklin Sound, than the previouslj' quoted map of Messrs. Fielden and DeRance would indicate, though it may probably be regarded as forming detached outliers (which I have not ventured to outline) on the Cape Eawson beds, shown by these authors to char- acterize the region generally. Bituminous coal was found at Lincoln Bay, half a degree north of the mouth of Lady Franklin Sound, on the east Grinnell Land coast in different parts of the Bellows Valley (which runs inland to the north of the same sound) to the head, and in thf) neighbourhood of Lake Hazen, to the westward, by Capt. Greely. Lieut. Biainard also describes in an appendix, a fossil forest discovered by him in Archer Fiord, a few miles west of Cape Baird, which, with tie associated rocks, is without doubt referable to the Tertiary. To- waixi the head of Chandler Fiord, (running west from Lady Franklin Sound), Greely mentions high cliffs of " schistose slate " (vol. i. p, 266), »nd in Ruggles River, the outlet of Lake Hazen, large slabs of " slate ' 'For a (li'Uilcd list of memoirs and reports on the fossil plants of Greenland, etc., to date, iM note by Prof. T. R. Jones in " Arctic Manual," 1875, pp. 372-373. The most important coal Ms of the vicinity of Disko ocour in the Atane, or upper dirision of the Cretaceous. " Arctic )i«n»l," pp. 426, ADO. it/, 54 R GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, Distribution of rooks. which had been used by the EBkimo in building their huts. (vol. i,p 3*19.) Brainard speaks of the cliffs of Beatrix Bay, as dark, those of Ella Bay, as very light in colour. These bays constitute the termina- tion of Archer Fiord. He remembers the cliffs on Musk Ox Valley to have been again of dark colours. Eespecting Greely Fiord, on the west Greely Fiord, coast of Grinncll Land, he quotes from his diary — " On the north shore of this fiord, the line of cliffs present a feature of marked peculiarity Horizontal lines or strata of different colours rup uniformly for milcg along their face." He adds, "The predominating colours in these hnes and of the cliffs was a pale yellow. On the south side where we were encamped, the cliffs were of about the same colour as those spoken of above, but the strata were not noticed. They were from 1500 to 1800 feet above the sea-level, and presented a castellated appearance. Fossils in great numbers were found here." These observations appear to me to establish the probability of the extension of the Cape Eawson beds, orof rocks like them, westward, well toward the head of Gi-eely Fiord, while a nearly horizontal t'ossiliferous (limestone ?) formation forms the sides of the fiord itself Taken in connection with the belief, stated by Fielden, that the United States Eange, running toward the fiord from the north coast of Grinnell Land, marks the strike of the Carboniferous limestones, I have ventured to designate the shores of the fiord as composed of these rocks, though the description would apply equally well to Silurian limestones, such as those of the vicinity of Hayes Sound to the southward. Silurian fossils. A number of fossils recognized by comparison with cuts in Dana's Geology as Silurian, were collected at Cape Craycroft, a few miles south of the entrance to Lady Franklin Sound (vol. ii., p. 25 and Appendix xv.) They were obtained from rock in situ, at the base of high cliffs composed of sandstone interstratified with a lighter rock, Of the west coast of Smith's Sound from Victoria Head, beyond the TQth, to Cape Isabella (above referred to) near the 78tli degree of latitude, as well as that part of the coast running south- wardlv to Jones Sound, Dr. P. C. Sutherland remarks : — " From its greater height in many parts than the adjacent, opposite shore, and also from its ragged, and in some places even pinnacled, contour, thus resembling the coast of Cape Farewell, it probably consists for the most part of crystalline rocks." (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ix,, 1853, p. 299.) Though the coast-line, where formed of the Cape Eixwson beds, is also high and rough, it appears not improbable that Dr. Sutherland is correct in his conjecture above quoted. He further describes the eastern part of Jones Sound and Cobourg and neighboui'- ing islands as presenting a similar rough and high contour. Bast side of Our knowledge of the geological features of the east coast of Smith's Smith's Sound. 6 6 o | EUesmere Land. eir huts. (vol. i. p. as dark, those of titute the termina- Musk Ox Valley to Fiord, on the west On the north shore narked peculiarity iniformly for mib lours in these lines ide where we were as those spoken of from 1500 to 1800 ippearance. Fossils probability of the em, westward, well zontal fossiliferous I itself. Taken in the United States it of GrinnollLand, '. have ventured to e rocks, though the limestones, such as ird. ith cuts in Dana's croft, a few miles (vol. ii., p. 25 and situ, at the base ith a lighter rock. ria Head, beyond near the 78th st running south- arks : — " From its iposite shore, and led, contour, thus consists for the See, vol ix., 1853, the Cape Kawson robable that Dr. [oted. lie further rg and neighboui'- lontour. ,et coast of Smith's R»ION ] NOTES ON NORTHERN QEOLOGY. 55 b ! Sonnd is unfortunately but fragmentary. Dr. Sutherand's descrip- Southern part. tion of that part of the coast extending from Cape York northward, forever two degrees of latitude, leads to the belief that it is charac- terized throughout by Teritary rocks like those of Disko, including L at that place both stratified volcanic materials and ordinary siDdstonos. Dr. Sutherland writes : — "At Cape York, lat. 76°, and [also at Cape Atholl, thirty to forty miles further north, although dif- fering in outhne, owing to the glacial accumulations, from Disko Island Ld other well-known parts of the coast to the southward, the rocks M be referred with certainty to the same trappcan formation." To ihe north of Cape Atholl, the rocks forming the coast and adjacent islands were abserved to be distinctly stratified, and in general to be hither horizental or undulating at low angles. Where examined, the Iwcks were found to be sandstones, interstratified with volcanic mate- [rials. (Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ix., pp. 297-298.) It must, be confessed, however, that our knowledge of this part of§°^*|j}{y^''°^- lie Greenland coast is extremely imperfect, and the geological colour- iDgof the map is here little more than conjectural. Prof Ilaughton [itates that Cape York " is composed of a fine-grained granite, consist- ;of quartz, white felspar with minute specks of a black mineral of [pitchy lustre, composition not yet determined.'" Of the coast to the irthhe writes " At Wolstenholme Sonnd (lat. 77° N.), the granitoid [rocks of Greenland become converted into mica-slate and actinolito- ilate of a remarkable character," the two rocks passing into each [other by an almost insenible gradation. " In the low ground between |¥olsTenholnio and Whale Sounds [thirty-seven miles further north], jllie granite rocks ceat^e, and are covered by deposits of fine red gritty [andetone, of a banded structure, and a remarkable coarse white con- jlomerato. The boundary between these formations is also marked [ly the development of masses of dolerite and clayey basalt. Cai-ey's [islands, 70° 40' N., lie to the west of Wolstenholme Sound, and are Itomposed of a remarkable gneissose mica-schist, formed of successive pin layers of quartz granules, containing scarcely any felspar, and [kyers of jet-black mica, with occasional facets of white mica. This [nicasehist passes into a white gneiss, composed of quartz, white [felspar, and black mica, penetrated by veins, coarsely crystallized, of Itliesame minei-als. Yellow and white sandstones are also found in laDall quantity on the islands, reposing upon the graitoid rocks." poggi{,,g [(Appendix to M'(ylintock'8 voyage, pp. 374, 375.) It may be con- "^'ation* of jifctuied that Archa'an and Tertiary rocks occui* on this coast in rela- jions similar to those which they hold in the vicinity of the Disko, jtiongh it must be admitted as possible that the red sandstones, above jlescribed, are, like those of Bache Island, (p. 52 r) on the west side of p strait, at the base of the Silurian. I I fi P\.. \r 56 R OEOLOaiOAL 80RVEY OP CANADA. North ooaat of Or>4enlan(l. Northern part. Further northward " the rocks of the coast between Eermselaer Har- bour and the great Humboldt glacier [in Peabody Bay], were stratified limestone, red sandstone, felspathic and often porphyritic cranite passing into gneiss, and in some places trap. The limestone and sand- stone formed lofty cliffs, averaging 900 feet in height, Hakliiyt Island in latitude 77° 20', presents on the coast a coarse sandstone in nearly horizontal strata, while in the back country, the rocks were in broken pyramidal shapes, appearing to bo 'greenstone.' " (Results of Kane's Expedition, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2nd series, vol. xxiv. 1857 p. 248.) The Upper Silurian limestone is stated, further north, to have been found along the whole west coast of North Greenland fiom the Hum- boldt glacier as far as the expedition of Captain Hall in the ' Polaris' extended. (Nature, vol. ix., 1874, p. 405.) The western part of the northern coast of Greenland, beyond Eobeson Channel, is shown by Messrs. Fielden and De Ranee, m composed of beds of the Cape Rawson series. Kor the coast east and north of that thus described, the following facts obtained by the Greely expedition constitute all the information available. Of the beds of Lockwood Island, near the furthest north and east point reached on the Greenland coast, Capt. Greely writes r — " Brainard and Lockwood both concurred in the opinion that the i;eological structure of Lockwood Island (83° 24') and those south, was the same as around Discovery Harbour." Lockwood's published sketches and descriptions show no evidence of the^existence of horizontally stratified rocks in this part of Greenland. It is described as being cut up by numerous and deep fiords with bold sides, or inlets with " no visible land at the head of several of them, nyry much like immense canals, and give the whole coast the appearance of Greenland, between Upernivik and Bisko," (^Op. cit. vol. i. p. 348). These statements render it probable that this coast is formed by some ancient rocks of a massive character, most probably resembling those of the Cape Rawson series rather than those of the Archaean, as granitic or gneissic rocks would, probably, have evidenced their nature even to non-geological observers and received special notice. The indications afforded are, however, too I vague to justify the geological colouring of the coast on the map. Direction of Ice Movement in the Glacial Period. Obsenrations on glacial phenomena. As stated in the introdi ly pages of these notes, no attempt isj hero made to include an a int of the superficial deposits, which arej nevertheless extensively developed in the extreme northern part ofl the continent, and on some of the Arctic islands. Interesting ob8er-| [miNi.] NOTES ON NORTHERN QEOLOQT. 57 R ; rations on these deposits, particularly in regard to the height at which [(ssiliferous Pleistocene beds occur above the sea-level, are given by Bsiivofthe explorers of the region, but most of the explorations l«re performed before phenomena of the glacial period had attracted tie close attention of geologists, and the rock striation, which is lottbtlesM to be found almost everywhere, and would give important I information as to the direction of ice movement, has, in consequence, jielJombeen noted. Some facts bearing on the direction of ice move- Lent during the glacial period, derived from the observed distribution Irf boulders and rock fi-agments, are, however, so important that they liMV be briefly adverted to. Sir J. Richardson's observations in the region of the Mackenzie are Erratics of . ,. , 11.././ n • Miicketizio liifficient to indicate the general direction oi transport oi erratics valley. iTestward from the Laurentian plateau, out over the flat-lying lime- litone country, but whether the direction trended to the south or north Idfwest, remains indeterminate. ilor.g the Arctic coast, and among the islands of the archipelago, ^°^.'*"^''^'^ Iiiere is a considerable volume of evidence to show that the main of erratics. Ifaction of movement of erratics was northward. Thus, boulders of Ipsnite, supposed by Prof Haughton to be derived from North Somer- lid, are foimd 100 miles to the north-eastward, (Appendix to M'Clin- Iwk's voyage, p. 374), and pebbles of granite, identical with that of Arctic Sanite Point, also in North Somerset, occur 135 knots to the north- [ist, {Op. cit. p. 376). The oast side of King-William Land is also lid to be strewn with bouluers like the gneiss of Montreal Island, to le southward (p. 377). Prof Haughton shows the direction and jlistance of travel of some of these fragments by arrows on his ^ieal map of the Arctic Archipelago, and reverts to the same ibject on pages 393, 394, pointing out the general northward move- lent of ice indicated, and referring the carriage of the boulders to dating ice of the glacial period. [Near Princess- Eoyal Island, in Prince-of-Wales Strait, and also on (coast of Prince-of-Wales Island, the copper said to be picked up I large masses by the Eskimo, (DeEauce, Nature, vol. xi., p. 492), liy be supposed to be derived from the Cambrian rocks of the Copper- iBe fiiver region to the south, as it is not probable that it occurs I place anywhere in the region of horizontal limestone where it is Dr. Armstrong, previously quoted, notes the occurrenqe of granitic 1 other crystalline rocks, not only on the south shore of Baring , but also on the hills inland. These, from what is now known te region, can scarcely bo supposed to have come from elsewhere 1 the continental land to the southward. 68 R Erratics of Smith's Sound. Glnciation of Hudson Bay and Strait. (Sonera! conclusions. GBOLOQIOAL SURVEY OP CANADA. In an account of the scientific results of the ' Polaris ' expeditio (Nature, vol. ix), it is stated of the west coast of Smith's Sound north of the Humboldt glacier, that " wherever the locality was favorable the land is covered by drift, wometimes containing very characteristic ! lithological specimens, the identification of which with I'ocks of South Greenland was a very easily accomplished task. Foi- instance Karnetii of unusually large size were found in lat. 81° 30', having marked min- eralogical characters by which the identity with some garnets from I Tiskernaces was established. Drawing a conclusion from such obser vations, it became evident that the main line of the drift, indicatini'l the direction of its motion, runs from south to north." It fihouldl be stated, however, that Dr. Bessels, who accompanied the 'Polaris' expedition, i-egards these erratics as certainly not transported bvl glaciers, but by floating ice, and as showing that the current of Davis] Strait was formerly to the north, and not to the south as at present,! (Bull. Soc. G^og., Paris, vol. ix., 1885, p. 297.) It may further be mentioned as bearing on the genei-al question here' referred to, that Dr. Bell has found evidence of a northward or north-j eastward movement of glacer-ice in the northern part of Hudson Buy. (Annual Eeport Geol. Survey of Canada, 1885, p. 14, dd), with dis-j tinct indications of eastward glaciation throughout Hudson StraitJ (Report of Progress, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1882-84, p. 36, dd), The facts so far developed in this northern part of the continentj and in the Arctic islands, thus point to a movement of ice outward in all directions from the great Laurentian axis or plateau, which extendJ from Labrador round the southern extremity of Hudson Bay to the] Arctic Sea, rather than to any general flow of ice from the vicinity of the geographical pole southward. m g marked min- llgt OF THE Principal W0HK8 and Papehs CoKSULTEn in the Preparation op thbGeouicical Map op the northern Part of tub Dominion of Canada. Jn ihefollomng list are included the full titles and dates of publication of works impers affording geological information which has been embodied in the, foregoing pmm till' accompanying map. Works relating to the same region, but from \ no geological facts of importance hare been obtained, are excluded, and no IfffflcM oTi' ginn to authorities on the geology of the Greenland coast south of Cape The ortkr observed is in the main that of the date of publication. \uke relative to the Geology of the Coast of Labrador, by Rev. Mr. Stein- Transactions of the Geological Society, vol. ii., 1814. liVoyaj.'e of Discovery, for the {Purpose of Exploring Baffin's Bay, '"..c, by iiJohn Ross, in 1818, London, 1819. Geological appendix by Dr. MoCulloch. [jmative of 11 Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the years 1'. 19-22, by I J. Franklin, London, 1823. Appendix i., by J. Richardson, M.l\ I Jomial of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North- West Passage, etc., !1.23,by Captain Parry, London, 1824. llSupplement to the Appendix to Capt. Parry's Voyage for the Discovery of a idh-West Passage in the years 1819-20 (Natural History) London, 1824. son Rock Specimens by Charles Koning. |lBrief Account of an Unsuccessful Attempt to reach ivtipulse Bay, etc., by lG. F.Lyon, London, 1825. Itoraalof aTliird Voyage for the Discovery of a North- West Passage, etc., ICipt W. E. Parry, London, 1826. Appendix by Prof. Jameson on Geology lOjontries discovered during Capt. Parry's Second and Third Expeditions. I&rrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea in the years 5'2"|by Capt. J. Franklin, London, 1828. Appendix i., by J. Richardson. [Sirrative of Discovery and Adventure in the Polar Seas and Regions, by fflors Leslifl, Jameson and Hugh Murray, Edinburgh, 1830. I&rrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North- West Passage, etc, 1829- liy Sir John Ross, London, 1835. Appendix on Geology, by Sir J. Ross. [Sirrative of the Arctic Land Expedition, etc., 1833-35, by Captain Back, lion, 1836. (See also Journ. Royal Geog. Soc, vol. iv., 1836,) [Sirrative of an Expedition in H.M.S. ' Terror,' 1836-37, by Captain Back, 0, 1838. [Sirrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, etc., 1836-39, by m Simpson, London, 1843. |lme account of Peel River, North America, by A. K. Isbister, Journ. Royal !.Soo., London, vol xv., 1845, p. 332. [irrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea in 1846-47, by Dr. iRae, London, 1860. [Wc Searching Expedition, a Journal of a Boat Voyage through Rupert's land the Arctic Sea, by Sir J. Richardson, London, 1851. ■ r' ,^i 60 a GEOLOaiOAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Journey from Great Bear Lake to Wollaston Land and Exploration! aloni the South and East Coast of Victoria Land, by Dr. J. Rae, Jouru. Re Soc, vol. xxii. 1852. Journal of a Voyage in Baffin's Bay and Barrow Straits in ISoO-si, by p iM Sutherland, M.D., Ijondon, 1852. Geological appendix, by J. W. Salter. On the Geological and Glacial Phenomena ef the Coasts of Davis' Strait aiidl Baffin's Bay, by P. C. Sutherland, M.D., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. ix l&iil p. 296. ' On Arctic Silurian Fossils, by J. W. Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol It I 1853, p. ;!12. A Summer Search for Sir J. Franklin, by Capt. Inglotield, 1853. [Contairul a geological appendix. I have seen only the notices derived from this work inl the " Arctic Manual " of 1875.] The Last of the Arctic Voyages, etc. , 1852-54, by Sir E. Belcher, London I 1855. Appendix by J. W. Salter on Arctic Carboniferous Fossils, and by ProtI Owen, on Remains of Ichthyosaurus, from Exmouth Island. (See also notes onl the Discovery of Ichthyosaurus and other Fossils in the Late Arctic Searcliingl Expedition, by Cupt. Sir E. D. Belcher. Report of British Association, 185').) On Some Additions to the Geology of the Arctic Regions, l)y J. W. Salter.! Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 18oo. Further Papers Relative to the Recent Arctic Exjwditions in Search ofSirl John Franklin, etc. Ix)ndon, Government, 1855. On the Geology of the Hudson's Bay Territories and of Portions of the Arcticl and North- Western Regions of America, by A. K. Isbister, Quart. .lourn. Geol] Soc, vol. xi. (Also reprinted, without map, in Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, i series, vol. xxi., 1856, p. 313.) The Discovery of a North-West Passage by H.M.S. 'Investigator,' Capt R.| M'Clure, 1850-54, London, 1857. Geological appendix by Sir K. Slurchison. A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Passage, by k.l Armstrong, M.D., late surgeon and naturalist to H.M.S. ' Investigator,' London, j 1857. Arctic Explorations by Dr. E. K. Kane, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, secondj series, vol. xxiv., 1857, p. 2,35. Map of the North-West Part of Canada, etc., by J. Devine, Toronto, 185".| /Geological indications.) Report from the Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, etc, Lon-I don, Government, 1857. (Geological map.) A Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin, by Captain! M'Clintock, London, edition of 1859. Geological appendix by Prof. Samuell Haughton. (Geological map.) [Notes on the geological resultb of M'Clintock'sj voyages were first published in the Journ. Royal Dublin Society, vol i., 185", and vol. iii., 1860. The first mentioned paper is accompanied by a geologiciil map which formed the basis of that subsequently produced in connexion with j the Appendix to M'Clintock's " Narrative." I liave seen only the abstract of) these papers by Prof. Haughton, which appears in the "Arctic Manual" of 1875.] Report of the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition, by H. Y.i Hind, Toronto, 1859. } Notes on the Geology of the Coast of Labrador, by Oscar M. Lieber. Appen-I dix No. 42, U. S. Coast Survey, 1860. 1 s TP^ U] NOTES ON NORTHERN GEOLOGY. 61 R rii. Geol. Soa, vol ixj Sci. and Arts, secondl Devine, Toronto, 185".l y Company, etc, Lon-I ar M. Lieber. Appen- nie Polar Regions, by Sir John Richardson, Edinburgh, 1861. (Reprinted ItanEncycloiiedia Britannica. Eighth Edition, 1860.) Beport on the Geological and Mineralogical Specimens collected by C. F. [ill in Frobi'-lier Bay, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, second series, vol. xxxv., 1863. Preliminary notice of a small collection of Fossils found by Dr. Hayes on the \M ^hof*^ •''^ Kennedy Channel, by F. B. Meek, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, IlKond series, vol. xl., 1805, p. 31. ?ihiria, by Sir R. Murchison. Fourth Edition, 1867, p. 440. Kcmarkw on the Geology of the Mackenzie River, with Fij^ures anil Descrip- ItoDS of Fossils from that Region, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institu- m etc., by V. B. Meek, Chicago Academy of Sciences, 18()8. , Flora Fossilis Arctica, Dr. Oswald Heer, vol. i., 18()8. ; vol. ii., 1871, Fossile lllora des Baron Insel; vol. v., 1878, Die Miocene Flora des Grinnell-Landes ; liol. vi., ISSO, Heitriigo zur Miocenen Flora von Nord-Canada. Scientific Uosults of the f Polaris' Arctic Expedition. Nature, vol. ix.. 1874, A Wlialini.' Cruise to Baffin's Bay, etc., by A. H. Markham, London, 1874. ippendix C, Li.st of Geological Specimens, by R. Etheridge. Manual of the Natural History, Geology and Physics of Greenland and Mjhbourin^,' Regions, etc., edited by Prof. T. R. Jones, London, 1875. [This dame, prepiired for the use of Nares' expedition under the direction of the lirtic Conuiiittee of the Royal Society, contains reprints of portions of several i\k works and papers above referred to, with occasional important remarks Bd memoranda by the editor.] Arctic Uedlogy, by C. E. De Ranee- Nature, vol. xi., 1875. (Geological map.) On a Fossil Saurian Vertebra from the Arctic Regions, by Prof. A. L. Adams, ik. Royal Irish Acad., second series, vol. ii., 1875. G^raphio de rAthabaskaw-Mackenzie et des Grands Lacs du Bassin lreti(|ue, par I'Abb^ E. Petitot. Bulletin de la Soci6t6 de Geographic, Paris, taex,, LS75- farte G^ologique de la Terre, and Explication d'une Second Edition de la Cute G^oloj.'i quo do la Terre, by Prof. Jules Marcou, 1875. ['Expedition Polaire Am<;ricaine, sous les ordres du Capitaine Hall. Letter lyDr. E. Bossels. Bui. Soc. G6og., Paris, vol. ix., 1875, p. 297. Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea During 1875-76, etc., by Capt. Sir G. iN'ares, London, 1878, Appendix xv.. Geology, by C. E. De Ranee and H. W. I Fulden. Geology of the Coasts of the Arctic Lands visited by the late British Expedi- [ lioii under ('apt. I ' George Nares, etc, by Capt. H. W. Fielden and C. E. De Since, Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv, 1878, p. 556. (Geological map.) Palicontolotry of the Coasts of the Arctic Lands, visited by the late British I Eipedition, etc., by R. Etheridge, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv., 1878, p. (Abstracts of this and the foregoing paper appear in Am. Jour. Sci. and [Ins, third series, vol- xvi-, p. 139.) Dies on Fossil Plants Discovered in Grinnell Land, by Capt- H. W. Fielden, [ «, by Prof- 0- Heer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv., 1878, p. 66. iarrativoof the Second Arctic Expedition made by C. F.Hall, Washington, fcemmeut, 1879. Appendix iii., by Prof. B. K. Emerson. (to the Miocene Plants discovered on the Mackenzie River, by Prof. 0. Heer. fno.Eoyal Soc, London, vol. xxx., 1880. # •*F',: 62 R GEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. Note on the Microscopic Examination of some Fossil Woods from tl kenzie River, by C. Schriiter. Proc. Royal Soc, London, vol. xxxi., 1881 Reports by Dr. R. Bell in Reports of Geological Survey of Canada, 1870-80, 1882-H4, and 1885. Also, The Geology of Hudson's Bay and Sl the Report of the Hudson's Bay Expedition, 1885, Department of '. Ottawa; Geology and Economic Minerals of Hudson's Bay and Ni Canada (abstract) in Trans. Royal Soc. Can., vol. ii., sect, iv., p. L'41. Dr. Franz Boas, Baffin Laml. I'eterinanns Mittoilungon, Er^'iinzungsli 80, 1885. Die Goographische Verbrcitung der Juraformation, by M. Nenmeyr. chriften der Kaisorlichen Akadamie dor Wissenschaften, Vienna, vol, 1 Encyclopedia Britannica (ninth edition), Greenland, by Robert Brown Regions, by C. R. Markham. (Geological sketches appended to botl articles.) Throe Yoars of Arctic Service, an Account of the Lady Franklin Bay tion, by Lieut. A. W. Greoly, New York, 1880. «i ^^^ -dn»i .dttt.UorWverr liEOKND: and the A'tnti^ana* '"- MmtMU thy reffitut). I l.iag ofArriic lalaniiat wCarhem/mMMMbinM^ane ^iiUta^^i^Mi es 6t mi n W ss y////7i Tt-^^^-t^W-^^^^x^^ ^^-^J?:^^ "^ --^...,^^^^^ / /7/ l\\wTxVX\^\ T* ^x-^ ^^W--^ '^-*.^ i> 1 (//f n r \ Tlr"Jfei 1 Jl ^ /\ \ ^v. /\. ^^ SO / .^^ 1 -.-^^?PW\ It^ v-*x'>K ^ \ ^s^K^ V M 'W^ ITs (i^^. ^E^4 '^'•'•*^ /■^>''''?2L,jJL*W ^w"^ \ ^5^ T^ w/^ \ \ /< \^ K 1 / \^ . / ^o*o/jta«iw||H[ II ^aiiSia^^^ ^\ "^k. . \ V / \ \ /Tv \ X/^ \^ \\1K \y >< ^\ J\^ f\ /\ \ X^s •0 ^l^jSv/^^f ,^^/^j^f ^H v^ / \. r/'^^^ \ 1 w -~-^__ h-**m-yl. *^^i^ «fl».«^ (ibimlHa.. TMI ■UIIURe UTII.Ce.,MailTlltAL,Mtr»-UTN. OonMM. Ankaan- 255 gn