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KNEELAND, COUNSELLOR AT LAW, OONXAHONG A L^T OF THE LAW MEMBEB8 OF THE A880CUTI0N. WITH THKB HOMB TMTIMO«UM. Aln) A COMPL.TK SYNOPSIS OF THE STATE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES ANn DOMINION OF CANADA. RELATING TO cZS AND OTHBB MATTBaS OF WTKBEST TO M^^OHAI^S. MA^UFAOTHZ^. ^ ^, ^^ ^^^^^^^^_ febs^ ..ii .-^rv „^^ ALBANY, N. Y.: P^i2^i;i2 ^ ^BBBICK, BUSINESS MANAGERS, LAW BOOK AND LAW BLANK PUBLISHEK8.. ^■■Ri Entered according to act of Congress, in tlicyear one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, By PARKER & HERRICK, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. AVEB^' IBICK, PBINTBB AND STEBEOTTTEB, ALBANY, N. Y. PREFACE. ta ,s „„ department of commerce of mo^ importance than the prompt enforcement of its rights and liabilities Our wonderful chain and net-work of internal comm Jla ions have made of the whole nation one commercial familT- hence, mercantile transactions are spread over a vast t»r i-' cedit . Therefore, when Bills Receivable are dishonored s"! ofT T"^ ''''^*"' ^"^ ^'"^^ '"^ «-»-i Standing of the merchant. The chief difficulties to be met with in the practical en^r^ement of mercantUe claims ma, be CassLd a! 1st. The absence of correct information as to the local laws govemmg the rights of commerce and the time and manner of applying its remedies. 2d. In the selection of a legal correspondent who shall be prompt, energetic, reUable and trustworthy and 8d. In securing the guaranty of legal serdces for a defi- mte and reasonable compensation Thisworkisintendedtomeetandovercometheseobstacles of each State affectmg the ordinary transactions of business 4 PREFACE. men, and the legal enforcement of past due claims, and by presenting the name of a competent lawyer in all places of importance throughout every section of this country and the British American Provinces. To insure safety, we have not only selected this corps of correspondents with the greatest caution and at the suggestion of competent parties in each State, but have obtained and publish in nearly every instance trustworthy home testimonials of their char- acter and standing. The members of this Association are bound to ti-ansact all business intrusted to them according to the terms specified in this work. No fee bill more liberal to creditors can be devised which will be acceptable to the class of professional men comprised in our membership, of which we feel justly proud. Believing that this work is based upon the true theory of commercial collections, and of transacting the general busi- ness of the law between different States and Communities most advantageously to both Merchants and Members of our Association, we have given it our most careful and ear- nest study and effort during the past year. We gratefully acknowledge the many kind favors received from our members in the preparation of this work, and trust that all interested in our Association will find mutual advantage in the extended business connection it offers. Albany, July 1, 1873. THE INTEENATlOJSfAL MERCHANTS' PEOTECTIVE LAW ASSOCIATION. This .s an Association of indiridual members, united lor the purposes of mutnal protection and benefit The primary object was the combination of responsible attor- neys m different sections of the country for the transaction of legal business inter ,e at certain fixed mtes, but it was afterward deemed advisable to exten 1 its usefulness by the adm,ss,on of mercantile members, for the purpose of aim- pMymg and protecting all coUectioa and legal business throughout the Union. ousmess Membekship. All business men become members of the Association upon the purchase of this book, and am entitled to the colle*on of mercantile claims at the rates specified below Terms fob Collectiohs Under $S0, five dollars; over $50 and under $200, ten per cent ; on larger claims, ten per cent on the first C and two per cent on the excess. 6 PROTECTIVE LA W ASSOC/A TION. In California, Oregon, Texas, Louisiana and the Terri- toriea of the United States, ten per cent commission may be charged on all claims. No charge for sermces witJiout collection, except by- special arrangement, our clients being only liable for actual disbursements arising within the limit of their directions. Where our members desire to have old or doubtful claims placed in judgment to save outlawry, or hold against the debtor for future contingencies, the work will be performed at the most reasonable rat^^s, to be agreed upon in each particular case. All legal services other than collections performed at the customary rates. When claims are received from the law members or from other attorneys, unless otherwise specified, one-third fee shall be returned to the sender. The Association Manual will be published biennially. All memberships expire on the first of June, 1875. Old members will then have preference in the renewal. We have deferred publication on account of delay in for- warding testimonials. A few have not yet been received, which we expect to place in the future editions of this work. Some testimonials and names of attorneys arriving too late for insertion in the body of the work will be found in the Appendix. The address of the Managing Attorney of the Associa- tion (Mr. S. F. Kneeland) will be No. 237 Broadway, New York city. All orders for the Manual must be sent direct to PARKER & HERRICK, Law PxMisliers, 496 Broadway, ALBANY, N. Y, COMMERCIAL LAW- AMD MEMBEKS OF THE LAW ASSOCIATION, ALPHABETICALLY AEEANGED. INTERNATIONAL MERCHANTS' PROTECTIVE LAW ASSOCIATION MANUAL. UNITED STATES. ALABAMA. El^ACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. AoKNowLKDOMENTs. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, « Rights of Aliens.'' _ Arrest m Civil CASEs.-The Constitution provides against impnsonnient for debt or arrest in civil actions, whether Sg on contract or otherwise. ^''^^o^ns Attachment and Garnishee or Trustee Prooess.-Ah attach- ment may issue against the property, real or personal, of a defend- ant when either one of the following facts appear to the satisfac- tion of the court, by an affidavit made by the creditor or his agent : I8t. Ihat the debtor has absconded, or secretes himself, so that process cannot be served upon him. 2d. That he is a non-resident of the State, or is about to remove his property out of the State. Jf' "^I'f .^'' ^''' fraudulently disposed of or is fraudulently dis- posing of his property. '' I 10 ALABAMA. ^ 4i;h, That he has money, effects or property, sufficient to satisfy his debts, which lie fraudulently withholds. Upon any money demand, whether due or not, by executing a bond payable to the defendant in a penal sum equal to double the amount of the demand, or upon making affidavit that the creditor is unable to give a bond wnth sufficient security. The attachment must issue during the pendency of suit, and not as a mesne process or original writ. Under it the goods of the defendant may be seized, the same as upon an execution. Garnishment.— Vi^on making a case for attachment against the principal debtor as above stated, and upon a further affidavit that such process is necessary, accompanied with a bond as above, an attachment will issue as a garnishment or trustee process against any of the debtors of such defendant. Bills of Sale are valid ; but if conditional, and not followed by delivery, they must be recorded the same as chattel mortgages, to entitle the vendee to hold against a lonajide purchaser. Chattel Mortgages.— The statute provides that all convey- ances of personal property to secure debts or to provide indem- nity, are inoperative against creditors and purchasers without notice, until recorded ; unless the property is brought into the State subject to such incumbrances ; in which case four months are allowed for the registration of the conveyance. And when property is removed from the county where it is recorded to another county in the State, it must be recorded in such county within six months after removal. Mortgaged property must be recorded both in tiie county where the chattels lie and where tlie mortgagor resides. Deeds of Trust are recorded the same as chattel mortgages. Deeds and Mortgages : Conveyances of land or any interest tlierein, if executed out of the State and within the United States, may be acknowledged before one of the following officers : judges or clerks of the federal courts, judges of any court of record in the State where taken, notaries public and commissioners for the State of Alabama. Acliiiowledgments may be taken out of the United States by any judge of a court of record, the mayor or chief magistrate of any ALABAMA. 11 city or town, notaries public, or by uny dirlomatic, consular or commercial agent of tlie United States. Two witnesses are required when the grantor cannot write his name. Otherwise the acknowledgment takes the place of wit- nesses. ^ <- wi *vit- Form of Acknowledgments. See Appendix, Forms. Record of .-K\\ mortgages, or conditional t uisfers, for the purpose of securing a debt contracted at the time of executing the conveyance, are void as to lonafide purchasers, mortgagees and bona fide creditors without notice, unless placed on record -vithin three months from date of execution. Execution, Lien of. See Judgment. Exempt from Lew under. %qq Exemptions. ^ ^ ExEMPrioNS.-Resident householders may retain the following property^ exempt from levy and sale under any legal proces^ ^ St. Household and kitchen furniture of tile falue of $150 and necessary wearing apparel for every member of the family not to exceed $50 in value for each member ^ 2d. All books not kept for sale, family portraits, one gun, one loom, two spinning wheels, one man's and one woman's Sle 3d. Three cows and calves, twenty head of sheep, twenty head of hogs, one work horse or mule, or one pair of oxen, one horse or ox car, all poultry on the place, 600 pounds of meat Too wheat, 1,000 pounds of oats in the sheaf, twenty-five bushels of sweet potatoes, al the meal on hand at any time not kept for sale, thirty pounds of wool or wool rolls, 200 pounds of lin cotton for spmnmg purposes, 100 pounds ^f ginned c tton o 400 pounds o seed cotton, all cloth on hand at any time no made or kept for sale, all tools or implements of any L hanica trade not kept for sale, not to exceed $200 in value two Xw and plow gear, and two hoes. ' ^^""^^ exc ed 32^^^^^^^^ '"^^"^'^ the homestead, not to exceed 320 acres, and in value not to exceed $500 ; all bui-yinc grounds and lots set apart for the interment of dec;ased p7sol m addition to the real and personal property, 12 ALABAMA. exempted as herembeforo set forth, there shall be retained for ?nlT '"i f '^' ""^ ^'"'^ ^^'""^y ^^'200 wortii of real estate, including the homesteaH, and $1,000 worth of personal property! it he cause of action arose subsequent to the adoption of the Constitution of 1868, it will be governed by the new law, which exempts $1,000 worth of personal property and $2,000 worth of real estate, selected by the debtor. Garnishbe. See Attachment. Imprisonment fob Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury Laws : Zegal rate, 8 per cent. Clmry only forfeits interest. The creditor may recover the principal, less costs of action. ^uver tne Jm)GMENTS Lien OF.-Record judgments are a lien on all the p operty, real and personal, of the defendant, not exempt, as liereinbefore specified, from the date of rendition. Limitation of Actions : Six Years-Action of debt, on contract, rent, parole and repTvi'n. "' '''^""*' *^^^P^"' *^^^^''' ^^'-^ -^ Ten Years.—Actions on instruments under seal Twenty Tears.-Actiom for the recovery of real property, or upon a judgment of a court of record F F /» or Savinj^ aause.-The time when the defendant is absent from theState IS not computed. An acknowledgment or promise to revive a debt, barred by the statute, must be in writing. Married Women retain their separate property, but can only dispose the same for the purpose of reinvestm^Jt, or the s p^^ port of die family. After execution against the husband for necessaries has been returned unsatisfied, her property .nay be taken by order of the court and applied in payment of (ho same. Tlie husband IS not liable for her ante-nuptial debts; but suit may be brought against her alone, and execution will issi e against her separate property the same as if she were a feme sole rfTT\ ""* ^ """'""^ ^'"^""' ^''^^ ^^' necessaries or in relation to her separate property as above stated, are void ; and she cannot, therefore, carry on business separate nd apart fil. ALABAMA. ^3 her husband, or be made personally liable on her note ^iveu during coverture. '^ Promissory NoTES.-The common-law rule applies where a note 18 made payable at a bank ; otherwise it is divested of the pecuhar attributes of negotiable paper, and is subject to all equities existing between the original parties; and in such a case, m order to hold the indorser, suit must be brought against the maker, if the demand is under $50, in thirty days from maturity, or from the date of the indorsement if made after maturity. If the note exceeds $50 in amount, suit must be brought at the first accessible term of court held in the county where the maker resides, after the maturity thereof 14 ALABAMA. ALABAMA. CAMPDEN — Wilcox County. Jared J. Cumming (ex-Member of Legislature and Register in Chancery). Recommended by P. O. HARPER, Judge Eleventh Cirmit, Alabama. CLANTON— Baker County. G, W. T/iaxton. (A trustworthy private recommendation on file.) COURTLAND- Lawrence County. Bpfiraim H. Foster, DADEVILLB- Tallapoosa County. J. O. Burns (Master in Chancery and Register). Daedanelle, Ala., A2yril 19, 1873 This is to certify that John P. Burns has been in the practice"of the law for ten years, and Register in Chancery for nine years, and 18 trustworthy and reliable in his profession. > > "^ ALLEN D. STURDIVANT, Judge of Probate. EDWARDSVILLE- Cleburne County TJiomas J. Burton (formerly Clerk of Probate Court). rr^^i V ir Edwardsvillk, Ala., January 31, 1873. i-oii.h. Kneeland, 74 State street, Albany, N: Y. • Tins ,s to certify that Thomas J. Burton is a citizen of this place and a regular practicn,g attorney, and I take pleasure in saying that he IS a reliable and iH-ompt attorney. W. R. HUNNICUTT, Judge of Probate. ALABAMA. 15 EUFALA — lE^arbour County. Shorter <& Brother, Henry R. Shortbb. Eli S. Shoeteb (Member of Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth Congress). "Refer to any prominent man in Alabama, and Hopkins, Dwiffht ^, , MOULTON-Lawrenoe County. W. JP. Chit wood.* OPELIKA — l,ee County. Wm. B. Thomas. Reeommended by a :cspo„sible member from Alabama. SCOTTSBOROUGH- Jackson County. Donaldson & Donaldson. clu^Us, and this testimonial is most cheerfully accorded Ihis J/rtrc/i 3(?, 1873. DAVID TATE, Judge of Probate ♦ For teeUmonials, see Appendix. 2 I 18 AZABAlfA. SELMA — Dallas County. PettHH cO DnwHou, Ei)\roM) W. Vktvvh (ox-Jndgo, nnd Solicitor of the Seventh Judicial District). Nathaniel II. 11. Dawson (cx-Mcniber of LogiHlatiire). Sklma, Ala., Mb. 24, 1873. State op Alahama, ) JJalldn Cuuntij, \ *^- •■ I, Jolm F. Conoly, judge of the Prol)ate Court of Dallas county, hereby certify that Messrs. E. W. Pettus and N. II. R. DaM-son, who compose the firm of Pettus & Dawson, attorneys at law at Selma, Dallas county, Ala., are lawyers of high standing, and are well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to them in the courts of this State. They are prompt and faithful in the interests of tlieir clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. Witness my hand and private seal, the 24th day of February, A. D. 187;3, at office in Selma, Alabama. J. F. CONOLY, Judge of Probate, B. C. i! SOMBRVILLE — Morgan County. Chris. C. Nesniith. TUSKEGEE — Macon County. Wm. C. Melrei' (formerly Probate Judge for Macon county). Recom'ucnded cordially. E. W. PECK, Chiej- Justice S,iqwcme. Court of Ala. UNION SPRINGS -Bullock County. Michmd IT. I'oirell (ex-State Senator of Alabama). State of Alahama, ) Bullock Counti/. \ Office of the Judge of the Phouate Court, ) Union Springs, February 21, 1873. \ S. F. Kneeland, Albany, JV. T. : Dear Sir.— I take pleasure in saying that Col. R. H. Powell is a lawyer in good standing and practices in all the courts of this 111 m ALABAMA. jjj county-County, Prob.to, Criminal, Circuit nnd Chancery, and in tho bu])rc'mo Court of the Slato. ' Very respectfully. W. II. BLACK, Judge Probate Court and ex officio Judge County Court. UNIONTO WN - Perry County. John W. Bush. State op Alahama, ) Peny Count]/. ) I, A. C. Ilowze, Judge of tho Probate Court in and for said TZw'^n ""'^' t '". ^""'-^ ••^" -"^-■^^' ^^« ^--'^y -'-tify that at Iv!; ; "^•''' ^'"«"^«^^'"' I^orry county, is an attorney ^is^u::;i;d^ti;:::"'^' ^"' -' '--' ^'^^^^ ^-^ «^-^^"^' ^" A. C. IIOWZE, Judge of B-ohate. 20 ARKANSAS. if ARKANSAS. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. ACKNOWLEDOMKNTS. ScC Bceds. Aliens. See title, " liiyhts of Aliens:' AKUE8T IN Civil AorioNS.—In a civil action for tiie recovery ot a debt the defendant may bo arrested upon an atHduvit made by the creditor that he believes, either that the debtor is about to depart trom the State and has fraudulently concealed or removed troni the State his property, or eo much thereof that the process of the court, after judgment, cannot be executed ; or that the debtor has money or securities for money, or evidences of debt due hnn, in the possession of himself or others for his use, and is about to depart from the State without leaving property therein sutticient to satisfy the debt of the creditor. A defendan't (except a temale) may also be arrested upon a judgment founded upon a fraudulent contract. The benelit of prison rules is abolished, and such defendants are imprisoned in tbo county jail until the judgment is satisfied or they arc discharged as insolvent debtors. Attachments.— An attachment may be issued against the property of a defendant (or to garnishee debts due him) who IS a non-resident; or who absconds or secretes himself, or who has been absent from the State four months ; or who has left the State with intent to defraud creditors; or who has left the county with the intent to avoid service of a summons; or who is about to remove, or has removed, property from' the State; or who has sold, or is about to sell or convey, his pro- perty, or has suffered or permitted the same to be sold, with intent to cheat, hinder or delay creditors. But an attachment shall not be granted, where the debtor is a non-resident or a for- eign corporation, for any claim other than a debt arising upon contract. ARKANSAS. 2I The creditor in order to procure an attael.nient, is required to fi^^abond wuh one or n.ore sureties, conditioned to\,ay a damages the debtor may sustain if the order proves to be \iZ fully obtained together with his complaint, under oath statins Bills of Exoiianoe. See Promissory Notes. Bills of Sale are valid without being j-ecorded CuArrKL MoRToAOEs are a valid lieu, as to third parties from the date of fill <»■ for r.v.nt./i ti "^' j'^^'^'^h* irom fl,« 1, : " iccord. They are governed, generally bv the laws pertaining to mortgages or realty ^ ^' ^ m.S™ s" ''''" "° '^^^ ^'"'"-'"'^ ^^ ^^- ^'^^ -f r««I estate DkeDS and M0KTOAOE8. thnsfr^f "•?'•"" '^'° acknowledgment be taken without the State but within the United States, it may be taken Tv an v court havinj; a seal or Hip nh^-l- r.r , ^ ^ ""^ nr. nr., • • ' ^ k of any such court, notary nublio ,.ri .1 " "^ ^''^^s- Tlie law provdes further- Tb.it and V hd as If inade in accordance with the laws of Arkansas co.„p.,ld„„, or under the influencro "r sbt ' "^,7 1°? cate »„o„.d a„o show that she -...^^Li^^,, ^/Z^ 9S A HE A NS AS. Fot'm of Arknowh(I(jni,ntn, Soo Appoiulix, Foi'ium. Record v/.— MortKnges bocomo a liuu upon their l)eii)g til.HJ l^r rocoril, aiul niuy bo furocIoHud in tho ordiim-y niannor of iuort- ga^o loroflusnroH. Ehtatks ok Dkokahki. 1'i.:u8ons. 1\) HOfuroa^>/'^yaA/ .liHtri- Imtion, claims niUHt l.u lilu.l within u jear after letters giMnted. It not presented within two years, they are absolutely burred. ExEciTioN. See JinUjin-nts and Ejcniptiom. ExKMi'TioNS.— l»erbonal property to the value of $2,000 and 100 acres of land, ov one town or city lot owned and occupied by any resident of th State, and not exceeding in value !t!5,000, are exempt from sale or execution, except for purchase-money, taxes or mechanics' liens. Garnish liii. See xUtaclment. liU'itisoNMKNT OF Dkhtous. Sco Ancst. Intkkkst and UsiiuY Laavs: Leyal Hate, G per cent. Um,'>/.— \]n<\iir the constitution, individuals may contract for any rate of interest, and the legislature is prohibited from enuct- mg usury laws. Contracts usurious, where executed or nuido payable, may be enforced in this State. Juix.MKNTs, Lien oK.-Judgments, decrees and justices' tran- scripts are hens upon the real estate of the county where entered, Irom the date of filing and continue ten years; when they are barred by the statute of limitations. An execution is a lieu only upon tho property levied under it. Enforcement of —An execution cannot issue on a judgment or deci-oo until ten days after rendition thereof, except by order of the court, but may issue at any time thereafter during the life of t..- ludgment. Tho debtor has the right to select what property 6Lah u izod; it ,.'i-.onal property, ho may retain possession oi It until time ot sale, by giving sufficient bonds for its produc- tion at that time. The sheriff's title to personal property sold under execution is ahsolute. The debtor has the right to redeem real estate at any time within twelve months, by paying the purchase money and litteen per cent interest thereon. A li KANSAS. 88 Limitation ok Actions : One Year. — Actioiin on Iloplevin. Thne }V«//'«r.— Actions on AccoiiiitH and in tm't. Fioii J'Y//'.y.— Actioua on ProiniaBory Notes and other iiistru- nientH in writing;. yW<}V(/Av.— Actions on .lud^Mnunts and Docrces, A't/;/yo/'.— Written aeiinowledgniont oi jiart pa>-nient. Maukiki) Womkn retain, aequiro and hold both i)er8onal and real property as un.|nalilie.lly as if %m^\Q. Family necessaries, mii)pliod to a married w.mian on tlie credit of her estutf", in en„ity becH^n.e a charge npon it. A married woman is incapable of making contracts or transacting business in her own name but she may bequeath or devise lier propert. the siuno as if single. Pk-.m/shouv Notks and JhLM OK Exui.ANOE.— A note or bill ot excliange has not the protection of " negotiable j.aper," with- out It IS expressed to be payable " without defalcation or dlscoimtr otherwise the common-law rule applies. ..^"''/•,7^"^ l*^''"'^"' '^^''"^' ^^" «o"n mt, knori"T!'/^-'"^"''v'''^ '"'*'' *''^ gentlemen, and have some knon ledge of their stranding, both moral and professional. They Very respectfully, T. W. GIB.SON, Prosemting Attorney Sixth Circuit of Arkansm, DARDANELLE- Yell County (for Yell and Pope Counties). Thomas Boles ^Member of Fortieth, Forty-first and Forty second Congress and ex-Judge Circuit Court of Arkar nsas. DES ARC -Prairie County. Horace P. Vmtffhmi. Office of County, Circuit and Prorate Clerk ) 1 RAiRiK County, Ark. ' L iJK Vali.'s iJi.uFF, April 11, 1873. \ To whom it may coneern ; I take pleasure in certifying that I am acquainted .vith Mr. H P Vaughn of Des Arc, Prairie county. Ark. Mr. Vaughn is a pnci h^loi th:;T.;r'^ '^^-^'-^'^ .T-uHcial circuit of tldsStarcTd has, to, the past five years, attende.l the Circuit Court nnd is in good standing and repute as a member of the bar, t I W h^ learning and integrity. ' "'"^^ '^^^ '"^ JOHN WIIYTOCK, Jadye Seventh Jucl dr., Ark. it DE WITT-Arkansas County. Statk and County of Aukansas hones y, ,..ob V .. d ,1 f' '" "'""^ '^'^P^'^' '-^ S^"^^-»='» «f il/arcA 9, 1873 ™''""'' ^'-''^^^^^'-t'^y ''^"•l ^-oliable. E. KIDLEY, ^erlff. A. C. WILEY, 7>.^„,;y Clerk. E. P. G. TACIvITT, Cleric. I, E. P. G. Tackitt, Clerk and ex officio Recorder in and for Ark 8 na u es ue n, the handwriting of the officers signing the samo Witness uiy hand and seal as clerk, etc., aforesaid. March 9, 1873. E. P. G. TACKITT, Clerk and ex officio Recorder in ami for Arkansaa Coimty, Arkansas. DOVER— Pope County. See Dajidanelle. FAYETTEVILLE- Washington County. I^'ay^^^'kville, Ark., Jywn7, 1873. Ihis is to certify that W. O. Lattiniore is an attorney in .ood standing and a member of the bar of Fayetteville, Ark. E. D. HUN, Judiie Fifth Jndkial Circuit, Ark. fn,^' ^" ^^''"'"•^"''''' ^"'1 ' ''»« transacted a large amount of business toi, and 1 deem him an attorney of ability. W. II. GELLER, Bmiker. ARKANSAS. 27 HELENA — Phillips County. Hanly and Thweatt. TuoMAs B. IIanly (e.v-Jutlge High Court of Appeals and Judge of Circuit Court, State Senator and President of the Senate). Peter O. Tihveait (ex-Deputy Secretary of State, Judge of County and Probate Courts, and Prosecuting Attorney). HOT SPRINGS -Hot Springs County. Withersiioou i& rattillo (P. O., Arkadelpliia, Ark.). Jas. L. Witiiergpoon (ex-Member of Legislature). R. G, Pattillo. JACKSONPORT- Jackson County. Samuel Pet'te. LAKE VILLAGE -Chicot County. Levi H. Sprluf/er. Was recommended by a responsible member in Arkansas. LOCKSBURGH- Service County. liohert E. Snmuei: STATE OF ARKANSAS, ) County op Sevier, j **• •' .1 \ T; ?■ T'^^'c^' •^"^^SeEightl, Judicial Circuit, Arkansas, certify that Robert E. Sumner is a practicing attorney of my court and enjoys the confidence of the citizens of Sevier county, has a fine practice, stands h,gh as a man of strictly moral and sober habits, attenive to business, and of strict integrity, and one whose word and st.atenie„t can be relied upon by any merchant or attorney put- ting c anns in his hands for collection, and such persons can rest assured whatever business put in his hands will receive promp attention, and such statements as he may make to his clients w 11 be correct and truthful. T. G. T. STEEL, Jiidffo Eiyhth Judicial Circuit, Arkansas. 28 AJiirAJVSAS. ss. STATE OF ARKANSAS, ) County of Skvieu, j' IJosoph II Dcnson, Clerk of the County Court, and ex-officio Clerk of the Circuit Court in and for the county of S vier a^^Sta e of Arkansas do certify that T. G. T. Steel, whol gen.I ne !"n tt l appears to the foregoing certificate of recommcndftion 1 nowa d was a he time of signing the same, presiding judge o he^"! h J^tdKual Cn-cuit of Arkansas, and the said county tf Settr is'one r; Sule a'^rid""' '' ' ^"'^* '' ''-''"' "^ '^"^ '- *^- -»-y In tes^mony whereof, I have liereunto set my hand and Li" s.] official seal at office, this 18th day of Marcl, 18/3, ' JOSEPH II. DENSON, Clerk. LITTLE ROCK -Pulaski County. Dodf/e a) Johnson. Geo. E. Dodge (formerly City Attorney for Little Rock, Ark ) Benjamin S. Johnson. ^ ,^iik.;. '■ MAGNOLIA -Columbia County. «7. JEf, Garrett, OZARK — Franklin County. Lucius L. WitticJi. Recommended cordially. G. W. SUTHERLAND County and Probate Judye, Franklin County PINE BLUFF -Jeflferson County. Nathaniel T. White. State op Arkansas, ) Comity of Jefferson. \ Na^h'nid T W^T V'T '^^ P~% -l-inted with ^atJ.ani 1 1. White, Esq., for the past five years, during which ^mc he has practiced law in my court, in the Counly of jfff".; a gentleman m every instance, and I regard him worthy of any ARKANSAS. 29 trust reposed iu him, anrl further, consider him well qualified as an attorney at law. In testimony, I, Henry B. Morse, Judge of the Tenth Judicial Circuit of Arkansas, liereby set my hand, at the city of Pine Bluff Ark., this June 5t]i, 1873. ' HENRY B. MORSE, Judge Tenth Judicial District^ Ark. POWHATAN — Lawrence County. Geo. Thot'uburg, ExECUTivK Department, Ark., ) Little Rock, 3[arch 29, 1873. ' j I hereby certify that in the year 1868, while acting as Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit of Arkansas, I granted a license to George Thornbu'-g, Esq., to practice as an attorney and counselor at law, and that he is now a member in good standing of the bar of that circuit. ELISHA BAXTER, Governor of Arkansas. PRINCETON — Dallas County. M. M. Duftie (ex-Member of Legislature). rp^ ,„/, ., Pkinceton, Ark., Dec. 21, 1872. 10 whom it limy concern : > *o<-. Mr. M. M. Duffie, of Princeton, Arkansas, is piompt and faithful lu mterests of his clients, and I cheerfully recommend him. A. G. SULLENBERGER, Co. a7id Probate Judge for Dallas County, Ark. WASHINGTON -Hempstead County. Witherspoon & Pattillo (P. O., Arkadelphia, Ark.). Jas. L. WmiEKspooN (ex-Member of Legislature). R. G. Pattillo. 30 CALIFORNIA. CALIFORNIA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. i\ if II; Acknowledgments. See Deeds. AxiENs. See title, " Rights of Aliens.' ' _ Areest in Civil AcTioNs.-Debtors are liable to aiTest in a civil action on a contract, express or implied, where it appears to the court by proper affidavits : _ 1st That they are about to depart from the State with the intent to defraud their creditors ; or, 2d In an action of replevin, where the property has been con- cealed, to jirevent seizure by the sheriff; or, 3d. In all actions for fraud ; or, 4th. When they have removed or disposed of their property or are about to do so, with the intent to defraud their creclito/s' ihe order IS obtained from the judge of the court in which suit IS brought, upon filing, with the affidavit before mentioned, a bond for ^500 with sufficient sureties, to be approved by the court. ^ 7 " ^ A-iTAcnMENT issues, as a mesne or original process, where the plaintiff resides in this State or the debt was contracted or made payab e therein, and is unsecured, or the security is worthless, upon the hl.ng of an undertaking by plaintiff', conditioned in a smn equal to one-half the amount of claim, but not less than ^200 in gold, tor the payment of costs and damages, should the defendant recover judg.nent. The property of the debtor may be seized anywhere in the State and held to abide the result of 611 It. Bills of Exchange. See Promissortj Notes. Bills of Sale are valid, but not in general use. m ■ CALIFORNIA. 31 Chattel Mo. saoks are valid if properly exccntod and recorded, or there is a delivery of the property mortgaged. Dkeds and Moktgaoes.— Every conveyance in writing whereby iiny real estate is cojiveyed or may be affected, must be signed by tlie grantoi-, acknowledged or proved, and recorded in the office of the county where tlie property is situated. If acknowledged or proved out of the State, and within any State or Territory of the United States, it may be certified by a judge or clerk of any court of the United States, or of any State or Territory having a seal, or by a connnissioner appointed by the Governor of this State for that purpose, or by any notary public, commissioner of deeds, or justice of the peace authorized to take' acknowledgments in his State or Territory. When a deed is acknowledged out of this State by any other officer than a com- missioner of this State, the secretary of the State or Territory in winch the acknowledgment is taken must certify as to "the authority of such officer to take acknowledgments in liis State, except where the same is acknowledged l)efore a justice of the peace, in which case the certificate must be by the clerk of the comity, or of a court of record in the county where such iustice resides. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Claims must be presented within ten months from the publication of notice to the creditors of deceased, or if contingent, within ten months from the time they become due or absolute. Such notice is required to be pn])lished by the executors or administrators immediately after their appointment. If the claimant is a non-resident and has not received such notice, he may present his claim at any time before final distribution. Executkws. See Exemptions and Judgments. Exemptions : Homcsteacl.-Jiy filing declaration of homestead in the recorder's office of the county where the property is situated, the liusband, wife or other Jiead of the family may acquire an estate of homestead, not exceeding $5,000 in value, which shall be exenq.t from debts or liabilities accruing thereafter, except for mechanics' liens and taxes. Personal Property. -Chtilvs, tables, desks and books to the 89 CALIFORNIA. % . ; value of $200; necessary household, tnble and kitchen furniture including one sewing machine and one piuno belongin.. to a woman and n. actual use in the family ; stoves and their apparatus, wearing apparel, beds, bedding and bedsteads, and provisions and uel for one month ; farming utensils or implements of husbandry : two oxen, or two horses or two mules, with one month's food tbr team, their harness and cart or wagon ; all seed, grain or vegeta- bles actually provided for planting or sowing within the ensuing SIX months, not exceeding $100 in value; tools of a mechanic or art san necessary to h.s trade, notarial seal and reconls of a notary ; ecJr'? r^ "^''''f ' ""^^"•' P^y«'«^-' ^-^-t - -'-eyor; iZaZi:^ T ^"''T'°"' ""'''' their scientific and professional' ibranes, the law professional libraries and office furniture of attorneys and judges, and libraries of ministers of the gospel • the cabm or dwelling of a miner not exceeding $500 in^value,' and the sluices, pipes, hose, windlass, derrick, cars, pumps, ools Z:Zlt ^''"T""' "r^^^^ ''' -ining'o^aL'nrno; exceeding ^500 m value; and two horses, oxen or mules, and their harness and food for one month, when necessary tobTuted by a miner, cartman, drayman, peddler, teamster, etc. ; and he horse and carriage of a minister of the gospel or ^hysidan fo r cows and calves and four hogs with their sucking pigs, .'.Z to the value o $60 the earnings of a debtor for sefviie^ iZld Zeedlj^ito ; "T '^ ' ^"""^^^^ corporation, nol Tnotlted toT '' ''' '^™^'^ '-'-^ --^ P-^- Imprisonment fob Debt. See Arresi. Intekest and Usury: Legal Rate, 10 per cent. ._^Partie. ™ay legally contract, i„ .rifng, f„, any rate „£ CALIFORNIA. 33 Limitation of Actions: Two Years.— k\\ actions accruing out of this State, and actions on oral contracts, on open or store accounts Kr goods sold and against public officers for their official liabilities. Three ^^^^--Actions for trespass on real property, for taking, detaining, injuring, or for the recovery of personal property, or tor relief on account of fraud. f t- jj " Four Imr*.— Actions upon written instruments. Fve Tears -Actions for the recovery of lands or any interest, rents or profits therein. ' Makkied WoMEN.-All property owned by the wife before ^arrnvge,orafterward acquired by gift, devise, bequest or descent, with he rents, issues and profits thereof, is her separate property and she may convey the same without the consent oAThl band; all property owned by the husband before marriage, or acqiiired as above during coverture, is his separate prope ty Property acquired in any other manner by either husband L wife IS common property, -^he husband has the exclusive man STf d^lT'"' '' f? ^^""°" P^^P^^*^' -th '^^ absolute pent of ?rwifr/ '"' '''' '^"' ^^"*^^^ «^^^ *^- -P-^te pro- perty of the wife during coverture, but cannot dispose of the same without her co-operation. Upon the death of the husband the wife succeeds to one-half of the common property after pav ment of debts and costs of administration, but'nS dowerT; tenancy by curtesy is allowed. Promissobt K0TE8. See Bills of Mchange. ■ 3 84 CALIFORNIA. CALIFORNIA. NEVADA CITY— Nevada County. Heul & aat'k. M. S. Dkal (District Attorney). J NO. W. Clabk. State of Caufobnia, ) Couufi/ of Nevada, j I, Jolin Caldwell, County Jndgo in and for the County of Nevada, State of California, do hereby certify that Alessra. Deal & Clark, attorneys at law, are efficient to transact any business that may bo intrusted to them. JOHN CALDWELL, Jiielf/e of (he County Court, Nevada Ccnmty, Col. SAN BUENA VENTURA — Santa Barbara County. JietlJ. T. Williams (formerly Town Attorney and Deputy District Attorney). Tills is to certify that B. T. Williams is a practicing attorney at law in this county, of good standing, and competent to transact the or whatever business may be intrusted to him by the Literna- tional Merchants' Protective Law Association. MILTON WASON, County Judge of Ventura County. San BuKj>fA VfiNTUKA, March 15, 1873. San Diego County. SAN DIEGO Nelson II, Dodson. San Dikgo, Cal., January 10, 1873. To the ^ferchants' Protective Law Association, New York: Gkxtlemkx.— Having known N. IL Dodson, Esq., personally and professionally, ever singe his admission to practice law by the CALlFOIiNfA. 35 Siipromo Cotirt of tluH Htato, in January, IfiflO, nnd I cordially rcconiniLM.i him uh a proper porHon to whom to intruHt y(.ur l)HHincHs. S, S. SANIJOUN, CUy Attomc;,. 7b the Merrhrnits' Prohvflm Lam Ansoviaeion, New York: Ah County J ...!-,. of the County of San Diojro, State of Cali- f..nMa .L.ring tho four years lant past, which time I have I^nown iN. II. J)o,ls„n, Es,,., I conlially reconimen.l him as a faithful and etftcu.r.t lawyer, j>rompt in the transaction of l.usines.s and faithful to hiH elients. THOMAS ir. BUSH, County J, ubje. SAN FRANCISCO - San Francisco County. llahjht, Trniple tC- Sawf/ir. IIkxry ir. IfAiiiiiT (lato Governor of California). Jacksov Tkmplk (ex-Judge Supreme Court). Cham. II. Sawyeu. SHASTA -Shasta County. Jolm S. FoUansbee (ex-Distriet Attorney). « 1? ir -n, . Shasta, Cal., 3Iat/ 1, 1873. S. F. KxEELAKD, Esq., Albmnj, MY..- ' ^ » ^o'*'- Fon!n "! ^''''Z^ ''*"''" ^"''" P'-'''-'^«'"^"y acquainted with John S Follans ,ee, attorney at law at Shasta, for over fifteen years and know h.m to be a man of strict integrity, a conq.etent lawj r 2 lllZLirr rlgf^^'" ^" '- — ^«" - ^-' ^^^^ W. E. HOPPING, County Judge and ex officio Pro. Judge, Shasta Co,, Cal MODESTO -Stanislaus County. A. G. Stakes (Coimty Judge). The following letter explains itself : to '? 'T-l "? ^'■'''"' ^°""*y -^"'^^^ °^ th'« ««"»ty, and not disposed to certi y to my own professional status. Ou District Id'o :;::: "Vrf'-T-f^' -^-^^ - '^-« -NationalB^nk S abouts. We are a hard currency community. Yours truly, A.' G, STAKES." 86 COLOR A no T Eli It iron r. COLORADO TERKTTORY. ENACTMENTS AFKE(JTING COMMERCE. I i M I ACKNOWLKDOMENTS. ScO Dl'tds. Alikns. See title, " liiyhts of Aliens. ^^ Akrest in Civil Actions is not poriuittcd in this Territory. ArrAciiMENTS are f^'ranted where tlie claim exceeds $20 in the following canes : Where the debtor is about to leave the Territory, or take his i)roperty therefrom, or conceals himself, or is convert- ing his property or fraudulently conveying the same with the intent in each case to injure, delay or defraud his creditors, or stands in defiance of an otKcer, or is a non-resident or foreign corpcir.tion. The usual affidavit and bond is required. Birj.s OF Exchange and Promissory Notes. — The statute has so remodeled the law that bills and notes stand on nearly the same footing as ordinary written contracts. The provisions, in substance, are as follows : Any promissory note, bill, bond or other instrument in writing, made payable to any person or per- sons, may be assigned by indorsement thereon under the hand of such jierson and of his assignee so as absolutely to transfer and vest the property thereof in each and every assignee successively. Protest is not allowed by law, nor is notice necessary. In order to hold an indorser, the maker must be sued at the first term of the court having competent jurisdiction succeeding the maturity of a note, nnless the institution of such suit would have been unavailing, or if the maker had absconded or left the Territory when such assigned note, bond, bill, etc., became due, in which case the assignee may recover against the assignor, as if due dili- gence by suit had been used. The common law rule applies, except where modified as above. -^ A CO LOR A DO TEHUITOR Y. 87 JJiLLs OF Sai,k aro not valid uh to third partioH without there is an actual and continued cluingo of posbenaion of the chattuln granted thereby. Chattkl M0RTOAOK8 miiHt he filed for record in the clorit'rt oftlce of the county where the mortgagor resided if ho bo a resi- dent; otlicrwisc, in the county where the lu-operty w;i.s n^tuated at the execution of the mortgage. If not tiled as al)ovo, they shall be absolutely void as to third i)artie8, unleHs there is a delivery and acceptance, or the mortgage bo acliiiowledged and re. oided in tlu; coU!\ty of the mortgagor's residence. Tlio lien of a recorded mortgage continues two years. Dkkds and Moktoaoks may l)o acknowledged, wlien executed outside of this Territory, and within the United States, or the Territories tiiereof before the secretary of any such State or Ter- rit.»ry, ct-rtifiod by him under tlio seal of such State or Territory ; before tlie cL rk of any e.'urt of record of such State or Territory,' or cf tlie T nited States, within such State or Territory, luiving a seal, such clerk certifying the same under the seal of such court • before any other offlcer authorized by the laws of such foreign' State or Territory, to take and certify such acknowledgments; provided, there shall be afiixed to the certificate of such ofHcer a certificate by the clerk of some court of record of the county, city, or district wherein such ofKcer resides, under the seal of such court, that the person certifying such acknowledgment is the officer he assumes to be; that he has authority by the laws of such State or Territory to take and certify such acknowledgment and that the signature of such officer to the certificate of acknow- ledgment is the true signature of such officer; or before any commissioner of deeds for such foreign State or Territory appointed under the laws of this Territory, certified under the hand and official seal of such commissioner. When executed out of the United States, before any court of record having a seal, the .judge or justice of such court certifying the acknowledgment to have been made before such court, under the seal of such court- before the mayor or other chief officer of any city or town havin<^ a seal, certified under such seal by such mayor or other office? or before any cotisuI of the United States within such forei-n country, certified by him under the seal of his fconsulate ^ 88 COL OR A 1) O TERR r TOR Y. i 1 A married woman must join with her Imsband in the convey- ance oflier separate real estate, and he examined "separate and apart" from him by the officer taking the acknowledgment; but Bhe need not join in the conveyance of his property, as she lias no dower right therein. -No transfer of real estate or any interest therein will be valid and binding, as to third parties, until recorded in the county where the property is situated. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Claims must be presented during the first year of administration, or they will be forever barred. Debts of the decedent rank in dignity as follows: Ist. Funeral expenses and expenses of last sickness, except the physi- cian's bill. 2d. Costs of administration, and physician's bill for last sickness. 3d. Fiduciary debts. 4th. All other claims exhi- bited within one year from the granting of letters. Executions. See Exemptions and Judgments. Exemptions : TIomestead.—Eynvy householder in this Territory, being the head of a family, is entitled to an estate of homestead, not exceed- ing in value the sum of $2,000, which is exempt from levy or attachment in any liability or claim incurred after the first 'day of February, 1808. The word "homestead" must be entered by the clerk in the margin of the recorded title; and it is only exempt during its o-cupancy l)y the owner or some member of his family; and it may consist of a farm of any mmiber of acres, provided it is not situated in a city, village or recorded town plat; or a lot or num- her of lots in a city, etc., connected together, and occupied as such homestead. The wife must join with the husband in order to mortgage or create any lien upon the homestead, and her acknowledgment must be taken separate and apart from her hus- band. Personal ProperUj.-TXx^ following personal property is exempt: To persons, not the heads of tamilies, necessary wearinp- apparel, also tools, implements, Avorking animals, books and stock m trade, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade or business. To the heads of families there is exempt the family l)ictiires, library, etc.; wearing apparel, not exceeding !?100 in COLORADO TERRITORY. 39 value; provisions for the dol)tor and his family for six months- tools and implements, not exceeding %^m in value; the library and im])lement8 of any professional inan, not exceeding $300 • workmg animals to the value of $200; eow, calf, ten sheep, and necessary food for six months; also a farm wagon, a plow, har- row etc., not exceeding $50 in value. No article of pro])erty shall be exempt from sale for the purchase-money. Imprisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury : Legal Rate, 10 per cent. There are no usury laws. Parties may legally agree upon any Juix>MENrs are a lien on the real estate of the judgment debtor for seven years from the last day of the term in which they are rendered, provided execution issues within one year. Executions the sCy' ^'''" ^'''''^' ^''"^ "''''"'''' ^''"" ^^'"^ *""'' ""^ """^ ^^^^ Limitation of Actions : One rmn-Actions for assault, battery, false imprisonment, slander and lil)el. ' Three Fm...-Actions for relief, on tlie ground of fraud, and all causes of action accruing out of the State. Six Years.— A.\\ other actions except record judgments Married Women.-TIic property, real or personal, which any woman may own at the time of her marriage, or acquire during coverture by descent, devise, bequest, or by gift from any person the reo , shall be and remain her sole and separate property not subject to the disposal of her husband nor liable for hird;^ She may, during coverture, carry on business, and sue and be sued in her own name, and may dispose of her separate personal 1 usband in he sale of her real estate. She may make a will but she cannot bequeath away from her husband inore than iSla ol her property without his consent in writing. If any married man deprives h s wife of over one-half his pi^porty b/wil she n.ay,ater his death, accept the conditions of Leh will or o halt ot his whole estate. The husband is liable for the debts of ill n 40 COLORADO TERRITORY the wife contracted before marriage, to the extent of the real and personal property he may receive with or through her, or derive from tiio sale or rent of her lands Pkomissory Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills must be executed in the presence of two or more sub- scribing witnesses. COLORADO TERRITOnT. 41 r more sub- COLOBADO TERRITORY. CENTRAL CITY — Gilpin County. Jlufjh Butler (ex-Prosecuting Attonity and Member of Leds- I'ture). ^ «I am attorney for Tl.atcher Standley & Co, bankers here, WcllH, J^argo & Co, First National IJank, Denver, First National Bank, Georgetown, and have fully my share of other business. I can refer to the houses named, and, for tliat matter, to any other busmess Iiouse or bank, either here, or in Denver, or Georgetown wliether I haiii^en to be attorney for it or not. ' Yours, etc., HUGH BUTLER." Arapahoe County. DENVER Crrahmn & Smith. D. B. Graham. L. K. SiiiTH. Dexver, Col., January 20, ISTS. IMcssrs. D. B. Graham and L. K. Smith, of this city, are members of the bar of the Supreme Court of this Territory, and are in every way worthy of conlidence. i^i. T. AVELLS, Judge First District, Colorado. 42 CONNECTICUT. CONNECTICUT. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. ii :J Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See " Ilhjhts of AlienaP ^ Arkkst in Civil Actions.— A debtor may be arrested in a civil process for fraud, but will be released ou taking an oath that lie has no real or personal property in possession, reversion or remainder, of the value of $17, or not a sufficient amount to satisfy the demand for which he is imprisoned, except Avhat is by hiw excmi)t from execution ; and tliat lie has not disposed of any of his estate in order to secure it to his own use ur benelit, or to defraud or decei ve his creditors. This provision practically nullities the imprisonment act. Attachmknt. See ''New England Grab Law.'' Bills of Exciiange. See Promissory Notes. Bills of Sale are not in general use in this State. Ciiattkl Mortgages are governed by the laws of real estate mortgages, both as to execution and foreclosure ; the mortgagor may retain possession of the mortgaged propei'ty. Deeds of Tkust are used for the conveyance of land, and are controlled by the same law as other conveyances of realty. Deeds and Mortgages. See Eeul Estate. AchioxdedgmentH ^/-.—Deeds executed in any other State or foreign country may be made before any United States consul, or before any notary public or justice of the peace of such State or country. The wife does not join in the deed with her husband, unless individually interested. Dower extends to one-third of The husband's estate of which he died seized. Form of Acknowledyments. See Appendix, Fonns. RCE. rrested in a ing an oath )n, reversion i amount to >t what is by disposed of 3 or benefit, 1 practically ' real estate ) mortgagor nd, and are 3alty. ler State or !S consul, or ph State or )r liusbaud, ne-third of g ■ CONNECTICUT. U lieconl ^.—Mortgages and deeds, both of real and personal pro- perty, leases for more than one year, tax liens on real estate, exe- cution and attachment liens on real estate, mechanics' liens and waivers of priority of title by reason of preceding mortgage, must he recorded, and in all cases take precedence from the time of liling for record, and not from the date of the instrument. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Executors or administrators are allowed six, ten or eighteen months, at the discretion of the court, for the settlement cf all claims against the estate ; and if the claims against the estate are not presented within the time limited, they are barred, unless the creditor, in the caae of insol- vent estates, shall, after distribution, discover additional etfects not before inventoried. Foreign claims are not barred until two years after administration. Execution. See Judgment and Exemption. Exemption.— Necessary wearing apparel, bedding, household furniture, arms, military equipments and implements of the debt- ors trade. One cow, ten sheep (not exceeding in value $150), are exempt ; and certain specified amount of famil y stores. One stove, the horse, saddle and bridle, buggy and harness (not cxceeduig in value $250), of any practicing physician or surgeon • one sewing machine, in use, one pew in church, in use, and a library, not exceeding in value $500. There is no homestead exemption in this State. Garnishee and Trustee Process. See AttaGh7nents. Imprisonment fob Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury LAws.-Legal rate of interest six per cent. By an act of the General Assembly, approved July 2d, 1872, it is lawful to contract to pay or receive any discount, at at any rate, and to contract for payment and receipt of anv rate of interest ; provided, hoxvever, that no greater rate of interest tlian six per cent per annum shall be recovered in any action except when the agreement to pay such greater rate of interest is in writing. JrnoMmTS.-A levy of execution under judgment vests in the plainfft the first title to the property levied upon, and the lien thus acquired is good against everything but insolvent and bank- ruptcy proceedings. The execution must be levied within sixty W'i u 1/ ! ! 1 .; CONNECTICUT. days after final judgment on personal property, and within four montlis when real estate is attached. The statute of limitations does not run on judgments, and they are not a lien on real estate. Limitation of Actions : One Year.— On bond for costs, and actions against insurance corporations. Eighteen Months.— KoXiom against railroads for negligence causing death. Two Years.— KoMxQXi against officers for neglect in their otti- cial duties. Three Years.— hsXxow on parol contracts. 8ix l^^a^'s.— Contracts in writing not under seal, account, book debt, negotiable notes and trespass on the case. Fifteen Fea/'*.— Bars entry on lands. Seventeen rm^-^.-Contracts under seal, bonds and mortgages. Absence from State, minors, married women, prisoners and non compos, form exceptions to the running of the statute. Married Women may carry on business in their own name in thesame manner as a feme sole. They can hold real estate to their own use, but cannot convey it unless the husband joins in the deed. The husband holds the personal estate of the wife as trustee; he may act as her agent in collecting rents, profits and interest, but the same is not liable for his debts, except debts con- tracted for the support of the wife and children. Policies of ihoui-ance for the benefit of the wife inure to her sole use and cannot be taken for the debts of the deceased husband, unless the yearly premium exceeds $300. The wife is liable for her debts contracted before marriage, and may be sued for the sam^ A married woman cannot carry on business separate and apart from her husband, unless she has been abandoned by him in which case she may make valid contracts, sue and be sued alone, or with her husband, and her property may be taken, on attach- ment and under execution, as if she was unmarried. Promissory Notes and Bills of ExciiANOE.-Notes, checks, bills of exchange payable at sight or on demand, do not have any days of grace unl^^s specified in the instrument. Promissory notes, of the amount of $35 or more, are negotiable. Demand and notice are necessary to bind indorsers and guarantors; the CONNECTICUT. 46 common law or law merchant applieB to them, except as herein modilied. Wills. — All persons, of sound mind and memory and of the age of twenty-one years, may devise real estate, or at the age of seventeen years may bequeath personal property by will, which is required to be in writing, signed by the testator, and subscribed by three witnesses, in the presence of the testator and by his request. 46 CONNECTICUf, CONNECTICUT. pi I ■' ii {li M ' ANDOVER- Tolland County. Myron P. Yeomans (formerly Judge of Probate^. Myron P. Yeomans. Myron P. Yeoraans, of Andover, Conn, is, in ray opinion a young lawyer of excellent legal attainment, .^nd of VoT nor.l character, and prompt and faithful in the transaction of le^al b^^S! D WIGHT LOOMIS, Judffc of the Superior Court. HARTFORD --Hartford County. Spencer <£• Taintor. Geotge M. Spencer. Henry E. Taintor. Messrs Spencer and Taintor are members in good standing of h. bar of Hartford county, Conn., and I believe them to be h^fest honorable and reliable lawyers. "onesi, DWIGHT W. PARDEE, A Judge of the Superior Court of the State of Connecticut. NEW HAVEN -New Haven County. Talcoft If. ItusseU. Hecommonded by a member in good standing.-[ED. NORWICH -New London County. Nenrf/ If. Burn/mm. New London County ) To whom it may concern : ^^^^ ^^^°^''' ^^'''- ^''^ ^«^2. \ thit'c;fnt7of ■ ''"r'r- "' """■"''■''' '^ ' '"^™^'-- «f ^^e bar of this county, of good character and stan.ling. Any business in the CONNECTICUT. 47 line of his profession, intrusted to his care, I believe will receive from hlni prompt and faithful attention. HIKAM WILLEY, Jmhje of the Court of Common rieasfor JSTew London County, Connecticut. BOCKVILLE-ToUaud County. See Tolland. STAFFORD SPRINGS ~ Tolland County. Samuel E. Stafford. Stafpoud National Bank, ) Stafford Spbings, Conn,, April 1, 1873. f S. F. Kneeland, Esq. : Dear Sir. —We have had occasion to use S. E. Fairliold, Esr , as an attorney for this bank on several occasions and liave 'found lum well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him Mr. Fairfield is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. ' Yours truly, R. S. HICKS. TOLLAND — Tolland County. Samuel H. Seward (P. O., Stafford Springs, Conn.). This m.ay certify that I am well acquainted with S. II. Seward, Esq., of Stafford Springs, Tolland county. Conn., and can cheerfully recommend him as a lawyer of good standing in his profession, and in every respect worthy of the confidence of all who may intrust him with professional business. DWIGIIT LOOMIS, a Judge of the Superior Court of the State of Connecticut. PiOCKviLLE, Tolland county, Conn., Ap)ril 15, 1873. WILLIMANTIC — Windham County. John 31. Hall. The Dlme Savings Bank, ) WiLLiMANTic, Conn., Jutie 3, 1873. j To lohom it may concern : We have had occasion to use John M. Hall, Esq., as the attorney for this bank, on several occasions, and cheerfully recommend him 48 CONNECTICUT. as well qtmlifiecl to luulcrtuko u.,y l.^al l,„sino88 intn.ste.l to his *"*''^'- Voui-M truly, S. F. LOOMEU, Prcmlent. Mkucuanth' Loax and Tuuht Company ) _, , VViLLiMANTic, Conn., June 2, 187a. ' r 10 whom it may concern : K..owing Mr. John M. Hall uh well as wo do, it is with ,,ioaH„ro that wo reconunen.l hini as an attorney in every way capable and trustworthy, an.l iK-lieve that all business intrusted to him will meet with that jirompt and (careful attention its importance merits. Yours truly, O. II. K. IIISLEY, TVemurer. WM. C. JILLSON, l^c>,idcn\ WINDSOR LOCKS -Hartford County. William C. Jialku'd. P^iKST National Rank, ) «, , . ., SiiFKiKLU, Conn., April 8, 1873. f lo whom It may concern: , .^lo. , I believe Mr. Uallard of Windsor Locks well qualified to transact any legal business intrusted to liim, and I cheerfully recommend hnu to any one requiring his services. C. A. CHAPMAN, Cashier. I concur in the above. A. W. CONVERSE, Treamirer. iV I i DELA WARE. 49 DELAWARE. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. AcKNowLKDOMKNTs. See Deeds. Aums. See title, « Rlyhts of Aliemr Akkkst in Civil Actions.-Aii execution will issue airainst l.e person of a defendant after an exec-ution against llpro? I hashes, returned unsatisfied; or it will is.^,e at oi ce S fra Id has been proved, a.id an affidavit tiled that the debtor Ims snmcicnt to satisfy the judgment and costs. ArrAciiMKNTs do not issue as a mesne j.rocess or ori-nnal writ Foreign attachment may issue against the property ora non re dent person or corporation when the deniand exce ds Z I^erii, attached inure to the leneiitof nil ''^'"''''^ "/ ^^'^P^'O- ^c. one oenejit of alt creditors pro rata Bills of Exchange. See Promissory Notes. be aTeh'ryrbrbinr""' • '" " "'^ ^''''' ' ^"* «-- "--* Cn.tr M ^'"^'"fe-'-^fi'^'^^t "'nocent purchasers for value. Chattel Mortgages are not in general use. Ueeds and Mortgages • M the pIacronS"ffl", T™' '«''■" "'■ ""= '^""«' S'^'e^ tn DELAWARE. before a pominisHioncrfor the State of Delaware; in all cases the Bful of oflico iniiHt be attached, and the certiticate of a married woinan must state " tliat she, upon ])rivate examination ai)art from her hurtl)and, acknowledged that she executed the same willingly, without eomj)ulsion or threats, or fear of her hus- band's displeasure." Form of Aeknmoh'dyments. See Appendix, Forms. Conveyances of real estate, or any interest therein, should bo under seal, signed by at least one witness, and recorded within one year from its delivery. Estates of Deceaskd Pkrsons.— Claims must bo filed with tho executor or administrator within one year from the time of grantitig letters of administration. ExECT'TioNs. Sec Jud(jmc7it8 and Exemptiom. ExEMi'TKjNs.— One hundred dollars' worth of personal ])ro- perty in Sussex ajid Newcastle counties. There is no exciiii>tion in Kent county, nor any real estate or homestead exemption in the State. Impkisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury Laws : Legal Hate, 6 per cent. Any higher rate is usury, and forfeits both principal and inte- rest. It seems that tho borrower may lawfully contract to pay the State tax in excess of interest. Judgments of tho Superior Court are liens upon real estate from the date of entry ; and Justice Court judgments from the date of filing a transcript in the Superior Court. Executions are a lien only on the property levied under them. Limitations, Statute of : Three Years.— Kctxom of tort or wrongs, and on debt and parol conti'acts. Six Years. — Actions on notes and contracts in writing not under seal. Ttoenty Years. — Actions on judgments and contracts under seal. Married "Women retain and may acquire real estate, bonds, mortgages, stocks and silver plate, subject, however, to be taken DK LAW A RE, 61 ()n u jiulKiiient n^rainst tlio husband for Iiorim to-nuptial liahilities Slio cannot (liaj.oHo of tlio same except hy tlio conscut, in writing und under goal, of l.cr liusband. Slie cannot execute a power of attorney, hut may carry on l)U8ine88 tlirou^h a power of attorney from her ]ui8l)an(l ; and if he refuses or neglectH to support her 8he may conduct l)U8ine.sH, and 8ue and ho sued in her own i-amo 80 longassho lives Hoparate and apart from her husband, and tho money accinired thereby will inure to her solo benefit. PiJoMissoKY NoTEB ANo B1LL8 OF ExdUANOK.— Thero aro no statutory changes to the common-law rules pertaining to ncsro- tiahle paper. * WiLLH.— A married woman cannot make a valid will. Any fe^ne nole or male pcrBon, over twenty-one years of ago and of sound mind, may dispose of property by will. Tho will must bo in writing, signed l)y the testator or by some other party in his presence and Ijy his express direction'; and the sig- nature must be witnessed by two or more reliable parties, who shall insert their names as witnesses in the presence of the tes- tator. to be taken 52 DEL A WARE. DELAWARE. DOVER— Kent County. EUas S. Heed (ex-Member of Legislature). To whom it viay concern : I have no hesitation in commending EUas S. Reed, Esq., as a worthy and reliable man in business, and as a lawyer of good standing in his profession J. II. BATEMAN, Cashier First National Bank of Dover, Del, WILMINGTON — New Castle County. Saml. A. 3IcAUster. Wilmington, Del., April 12, 1873. This certifies that Saml. A. McAlister, of Wilmington, Delaware, is an attorney, practicing in the courts of the State of Delaware, of good standing in his profession, and well deserving of the confi- dence of the business community and of the profession generally. DANL. M. BATES, Chancellor of Delaware. Wilmington, April 15, 1873. I certify that Samuel A. McAlister, Esq., of this city, is a mem- ber of the bar of this State, of good character, standing and ability, and I believe will faithfullv attend to any business that may be placed in his care. VICTOR DU POINT, Prest. Unio?i National Bank. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 53 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deed%. Aliens. See title, " Rights of AUensP Abeest and Impeisonment fob Debt is not authorized within the District. ArrAciiMENT.-During the pendency of an action the plaintiff- can attach the property of the defendant by filing a good and sufficient bond conditioned for the payment of damages and costs to defendant, If wrongfully obtained, together with an affidavit by the p amtiff; his agent or attorney, setting forth that the defendant is a non-resident, or that he evades the service of sum- mons, or that he is about to remove his property from the Dis- LllCt* Bills of Exchange and Pbomissoby Notes are governed by the common law or law merchant. Bills of Sale are not valid without there is an actual change of possession. ^ Chatiel Mobtgaoes and Tbust Deeds, when duly acknow- ledged betore a justice of the peace, and recorded within twenty days thereafter, are valid and binding, and take priority from the date of record. r ./ " Deeds and Mobtgages : Achnowledgmcnts to convoy an interest in real estate, if taken out of the District and within the United States, may be before any judge of a court of record and of law, or before a chan- celloi-of any State, or before any judge of the United States courts, or before any two justices of the peace. The acknowledcr. ment must be accompanied by a certificate of the clerk of such 51 DISTRICT OF' COLUMBIA. court under the seal tlioreof, that such officer, taking the same, hehl tlieothcc dysignated tlierein. Deeds executed in any foreign country may l)o acknowledged before a judge or cliancellor of any court, master in chancery oi- notary public of sucli foreign country, T\vo witnesses are required ; and a married woman, to release her right ot dower, must join with her husband, and must acknowledge the same separate and apart from him. Form of AGhioioUdgments. See Appendix, Forma. Record and Lien of.— Any deed executed in a foreign country must bo acknowledged within twelve months from its date and It executed within the United States, within six months from its date. When duly acknowledged and recorded, all conveyances, e.xcopt deeds of trust and mortgages, take effect fi-om the dai'j of acknowledgment. Jiut deeds of trust and mortgages (and other conveyances if not acknowledged, but are recorded within six months from their date) take effect from the time when they are ottered for record ; and if two or more deeds to the same pro- perty are recorded on the same day, they shall take effect from the date of execution and delivery. Estates of Deceased Peksons are adm " listered in the Supreme Court according to the rules of the common law. Execution. See Jtidgmetiis and Exemptions. ExEMi'TioNS.— The following property is exempt from levy under execution : corn and other provisions sufficient for mainte- nance of the family, bedding, gun, ax, wearing apparel, tools and miplements of the debtor's trade, and household implements • '-nd, generally, the statute shields, to a resident debtor, sufficient goods and chattels to enable him to have and procure a liveli- hood for himself and family. Imprisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury Laws : Legal Rate, 6 per cent. Parties may lawfully contract in writing for any higher rate, not exceeding 10 per cent. Usury forfeits the entire interest, which, if paid, may be recovered by suit, if commenced within a year thereafter. ing the same, icknowledged ' in cliaucory lan, to release J, and must ins. •eign country its date, and, nUis from its con^'eyauces, a the dai-i of 38 (and other d within six hen they are 10 same pro- 3 effect from the Supreme i from levy ; for mainte- jparel, tools mplements ; 3r, sufficient are a liveli- -f DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 65 Judgment and Exkoution.— A judgment of the Supremo Court is a lien on tlie real estate of the defendant from tlu; time of its rendition, and justices' judgments from the date of tiling transcript thereof in the clerk's office of the Supreme Court. An execution, when issued, becomes a lien ou the personal pro- perty of defendant not exempt by statute. Limitation op Actions : Three ym/'5.— Actions of account, upon the case or simple contract, note, or book account, of debt not of specialty, detinue, replevin, trespass or justices' judgments. Twelve Years.~k.^iion^ on judgments and contracts under seal. Marbied Women, Rights of.—K married woman retains all the property belonging to her at the time of her marriage, or acquired by her after marriage, as her sole and separate property. tontracU hj.—She may contract and sue and be sued in her own name, in all matters relating to her sole and separate property, in the same manner as if she were unmarried; and the husband is not liable by any such contracts, and has no control over her separate property. Promissory Notes. See Rills of Exchange. Wills, Who May ExecuU.-K^Xe^ at the age of twenty-one years and females at the age of eighteen may devise real estate; and males at fourteen and females at twelve may make a valid will ol personal property. Execution of, must be in writing, signed by the testator and subscribed m his presence by at least three witnesses. iigher rate, d, may be fter. 50 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. BISTBICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON CITY. Edwin L. Stanton (Secretary of the District of Columbia). FLORIDA. 67 FLOEIDA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. AcKNowLEDaMENTS. See Deeds. Alikns. See title, ''Rights of Aliens r Akrest and Imprisonmeni' for Debt.-Aii order of arrest in this State will be granted : let If tlie defendant has been gailtj of a fraud in contractirc, a debt, or assuming the obligation for which the action is brou^S' or m concealing and disposing of the property, for the taW detention or conversion of which the action i brought, or t" recover damages for fraud and deceit. ^ ' Jt ^^^^*^y'^«/'-^^'«"<:l^^"t is a non-resident of the State or about to remove therefrom, in an action for damages on a cause no arising on contract, injury to person or character, or for Win^ wrongtully taking, detaining or converting property. ^' SefZ™.'"""' """"'*'*'"''' *'^^^^ Bills OF Exchange, ^(^q Promissory Notes. Bills of Sale are very seldom used in this State. oe ettectual oi vahd, for any purpose whatever, unless such mort fl f mtt""t' " ''' '^'^ ''' ^^^°^-^ f- *^^ count; i\S he mortgaged property shall be at the time of the execution of he mortgage, unless the mortgaged property be deWd at the mie of the execution of the same, or Jthin twen y day" tire- f M in his possession. The same proof is necessary to adm^ chattel mortgages to record as mortgages of real estate 68 FLORIDA. h ;■,' Deed8 of Trust are not in use in this State. Deeds and Mortgages. See Real Estate : Acknowledgment o/.— Deeds, moi-tgages, etc., when executed without the State and within the United States, must be acknow- ledged before a commissioner for the State of Florida; and when no such commissioner has been appointed, the acknowledgment can be taken before the judge of any court of record within his territorial jurisdiction, and must be certified by the clerk thereof, under his official seal. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Claims must be presented and estates settled within two years, if the administrator or exe- cutor publishes notice. Executions. See Judgments and Exemptions. * Exemptions.— Homestead of one hundred and sixty acres of land and improvements, if in the country ; a residence and one- half acre of ground in a village or city, and $1,000 in personal property. An additional sum of $1,000 worth of property is exempt from all debts incurred prior to May 10th, 1865. Imprisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury Laws : Legal Rate, 8 per cent. Parties may legally contract for any rate per cent. Judgments.— Judgments are liens upon all the real estate of the defendant in the county where rendered, and in counties where a transcript thereof is recorded. Executions are liens upon all of the personal property of the defendant, from the time of the delivery to the sheriff. Limitations of Actions : Three Years.— Aciiom upon a liability created by statute other than a penalty or forfeiture ; actions for trespass, 'for relief on ground of fraud, for taking and detaining goods, for specific recovery of personal property, and on parol contracts. Four Years.— Actiom on an open account for goods, wares and merchandise sold and delivered, and an action for an article charged in a store. Five yea^*.- Actions on instruments in writing not under seal. Seven rear*.— Actions for the recovery of real property. FLORIDA, 59 Twenty F^fiwa.— Actions on judgments and contracts under seal. By the nineteenth section of the new act of limitations (Fe - ruary 29, 1872), it is provided that all actions not heretofore barred by statute, or that will be barred within sixty days from its passage, are not affected by the limitations of this act, until six months from the date of its approval. Married Women cannot carry on business nor sue or be sued in their own name separate and apart from their husbands. Tho husband cannot dispose of the wife's property nor use it for the payment of his debts; but in order to protect her property from the husband and his creditors, it must be recorded in the clerk's office of the county where the same is situated, whether possessed at the time of her marriage or subsequently acquired, within six months after such acquisition or marriage. Promissory NoTEs.—There is no statutory changes in this State of the common law rules appertaining to negotiable paper. Wills.— Two witnesses must subscribe to wills, in the presence of the testator. 00 FLORIDA. \. i FLORIDA. MARIANNA— Jackson County. Frank Baltzell. ^ Tljere is a vacancy in office' of County Judge and in this Judi- cial District. The nearest bank is located at Tallahassee, a distance of seventy-five miles, only one-half of which distance can be gone by railroad. ^ I take pleasure in referring the Association to ex-Gov. D. S Walker and ex-Lieut. Gov. W. D. Blayham, of Tallahassee. MILTON -Santa Rosa County. JoJm Chain (ox-State Senator, Representative and Judge of Inferior Probate and County Courts). John Chain is a member of the Santa Rosa bar, in the First Judicial Circuit of the State of Florida, of good standing and reputation, and a rehable and responsible gentleman. JAS. D. WESCOTT, Jn., Associate Justice Supreme Court, Ma. duly 28, 1873. WELLBORN Michael O. Clouts. Suwanee County. GEORGIA. 61 GEORGIA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. ! and Judge of Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title " RighU of Aliens:' Arrest and Imprisonment for Debt is abolished in this State. Attachments.— Enactments pertaining to attachments and gar- nishee process are similar to those in the State of Alabama. See Alabama. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes.— The common law rules apply ih all cases where the paper is made payable at a bank, except that an accommodation indorser ig considered a mere surety. Where notes are not made payable at a bank, a protest or notice is not necessary to hold the indorsers. In other respects, the law merchant applies also to such paper. Bill OF Sale and deeds of trust may be made to secure a debt and although the vendor takes a bond or other writing to secure a reconveyance upon the payment of the indebtedness, such con- veyances" shall not be deemed mortgages nor required to be recorded, but will convey absolute title, not subject, however, to hens or other incumbrances against the estate of the vendee until after the defeasance by the vendor; provided the debtor, if a married man, first obtains the consent of the wife to such transfer. Chattel Mortgages are valid and binding on all kinds of per- sona property. A mortgage on a stock of goods covers all after purchases made to keep up the stock, in which case the lien is lost on the goods sold in the usual course of trade. Priority of lien is governed by the time of filing for record in the county where ! hi f •! :i i 1 i ,- i i! >i s ■ 11^ 63 OEOIIGIA. tlieiuortgngor resides, or if ho is a non-resident, whore tlio chat- tels lie. Deeds of Trust. See Billa of Sale. Deeds and Mortgaoes or other conveyances of any interest in lands, must, ho witnessed by two witnesses, ono being a consul or vice-consul of the United StatoH, under his official seal, or u judge of the United States Court, or a court of record in tho Sta'to where executed t with the clerk's certificate, under the seal of tho court, as to the gonuineness of the signature of biich judge; or a commissioner for tho State of Georgia. Form of Acknowledgmejita. See Appendix, Forms. Record and Lien o/.— Deeds must be recorded within one year from the time of execution and delivery, in t)ie clerk's office of Superior Court, in the county where the property is situated; and mortgages must be recorded in said office within three r-onths after the date of execution. During the life of the husband, tho wife only has a right of dower in the j>roperty acquired by the husband by virtue of the marriage. In joining with her husband for the sale of such lands, she must specifically renounce the right of dower, and must acknowledge the same separate and apart f\-om her husband. Since the statute of 1866, the husband acquires no interest in the lands of his wife. Estates of Deceased Persons. —Debts of the decedent rank in the following order : 1st. Funeral expenses, physician's bill and expense of last sickness. 2(1 . Expenses of administration, includ- ing a year's maintenance of the family. 3d. Taxes or debts due the State or the United States. 4th. Fiduciary debts. 5th. Judgments, mortgages and otlier liens, according to priority (pre- ferable only as to tho property covered by them). 6th. Rent. Yth. Liquidated demands. 8th. Open accounts. Claims that are not presented within one year, lose their pri- ority under the foregoing classification. Executors and administrators must file a report yearly with the ordinary. No special time is given by law to close the estate, and claims may be presented at any time before the estate is settled. Executions. See Judgments and Exemptions. ivliore tlio chat- ter, and must GEORGIA. 63 ExEM,moN8.-Tho head of the family, gnnrdian or trustee of minor children, is entitled to a homestead of the value of $'> 000 in gold, and personal property of the value of $1,000 in .mid to be selected by the owner. *' ' The exemption does not extend to taxes, purchase money, or money, labor and materials uned in improving the property exempted, or m clearing it from incumbrances. Gaknishee. See Attachments. Impuisonment fob Debt. See jirrcst. Intkuest and Usuky Laws : Legal Bate, seven per cent. Allowable by spociul contract ten per cent. Usury extends iTonths ''''''' '"^"■''^' ^""^ ''''''' ^' '"'^ ^"^^^ ^^t^"" '^^ Jl-doments of a court of record operate from their date as a hen upon all the property of the dofendaut, real or personal, in the State and not exempt from execution, excepting bills Lnd notes, accounts and other rights of action The statute renders a judgment dormant in seven years, but a v.tnvn nMahona of an execution thereon revives the judg- ment and the limitation cunmences anew. ^ Limitations of Action • oftjcoMSr^'-"™' ™"'"" "«""■"' -" *- '"^ ^-«" Fhe r«,,.,._Action8 on foreign jnd^ments must be com- "r / ' v?"*" ^"' "'" '""" "-y ™- obtained J. reurs-Noto, and otber contract in writing not nn.lcr Sevm ^«-Jurlsmenls become dormant in seven years bnt SrS il;;;: t'4r ""'- "'"- '- y- '^-^• .rttS:::;,t:;::s;:to:dr"'"""'"'*"'"'^-— «™ tiofrttrJir-'"''" ""*'""™'^' p-"^-=^ "- -> « -n- 64 OEOliGIA. flonal, licld Ity a wonmn at the timo of lior marriago or ncuinircd by her tliumifter, by donation or I»u<|ue8t, arc Iield to tho Hopurato U80 of Huch married woman, and are not subject to the debts or liabilities of tho husband, (Jontmets.—ti. married woman may, by tho permission t)f lier husband, publislied in a public paper, for at least one moutli, bet'ome a free trader; when she may contract, sue and bo sued in hor own name, aiul lior soparato property is solely liable for lier debts in that capacity. As to her senn-.to property, tlio wife may, witliout becoming' a free tro.'.or, contract as legally as if she was a single woman, except that she cannot bind her separate estate by bccomin<' surety for, or assuming tho debts of, her husband. rRoMissoKT NoTKS. Sco Bills of Exchange. Wills must bo executed in the presence of three or more sub- scribing witnesses. I GKOliGJA. 05 GEORGIA. or inoro sub- ALBANY -Dougherty County. Thomax If. L„on (Men.ber of L<.giHlutu.v). To whom it may concern ; ''^"''^^ ^' ^''•' ^^''''' ^O. ' «7n. We arc well acquainted with Thos. I{. Lyon Ear. nff law ... .his ,,..0, an.l wo can recuaa.„o,.7 " ^^'n U W^ri!;^ prcni.t ,u the inturostH of Lis dio„ts. "' '*"*^ JOHN N. DAVIS ^Ot. a n. 11. ana m,. Co. and Atti,, at law. PETEll J. STUOZER, J>nli,c Superior Court, Allany Circuit, State of Ceoryia. AMERICUS-Sumpter County. HaivkitiH tO Guefi'i/. way trustworthy and reliable. ' '^ '" ''^^'"y EDMUND H. HAWKINS ^;^n7 27, 1860. "^'^ '^^ t'/'«««Aooe/«e C/rn«V, Ga. Firm testimonial not yet received. ATLANTA -Fulton County. L. J. Glenn tO Sons. John T P ^^^"^^^ (f^'^'^^^^'- «f Georgia Legislature). John T. Glenn (Solicitor-General). '^ - — Glenn. m (iKonaiA. AUGUSTA Rlohmond County. JoHefth I*. (Uirr. (il'lOltillA, I I liiivo writ kiidwn Major .1. I*. Cmr hIiuh* IIio y»ioiiiiiuM>t ami lt>atliiij>' iiiniilu'i' of tin* |>rol't«MHion liortv llirt hViII ami oaj'aoily is tiM(|m'Hliont'tl m a piiu^tiiioiu'r, and I l'ov\ no In'Hi- tam^y in itHHiniimMulinj; him aH a pr»un|it, otlioitMil and nlialilo altoiMU'y at law. 1 am, turt, ^^«,(/«.•^^^ CtiYiiit, Ai ui'STA, .J/Wk N, IN.:). BLACKSHEAR Piorco County. S. It. Ilitvh (Solioltoi'-lionoial). CALHOUN Gordon County. Jiohert M. Tiit'ver* , Caluovn, (Jn., A/>rit 11, lsT;i. This is to oovtify tInU Kol>ort M. Turvor, Ksq., of this plaot<, is in gooil j>iH>tVssi»>nal standing as a lawyvr at tlio bar of tho t'horokoo t'ironit of tho Stato of (n'orgla. O. W. NKKli, (h\li/t(tiy, (iorilon cottnti/, lieori/ht. COLUMBUS Muscogee County. II'. A. Littlf, NV. A. LirriK (SoUoitvn-(u>noral, Chattahooohio Circuit, (.u'orgia). Coi.l' Mill's, Urt., J/(i// 81.< 187M. \V. A. 1 ittK\ Ksq., is m luonxlu-r of tho bar of this oirouit in i>'ood staudiiiv;, anvl attonds promptly to his bnsinoss. W. I. SALISIUUV. IW»t. Met. and MrAn.' iiiud: W . A. l.ittlo is an attorney at law, of good standing, in t'hatta- hooohio C'irouit, and givos to his protVssioual business j>ivmpt and otVk'iont attonlion. KinirNDH. WOKIULL, •Jmlje >'. ('., Vhuttaho{.K'h%e Vinniit, (fa. Jl SK ID, lSt!l>. nF.onaiA. 67 «.s^» Vh\mit, uril N, 1SV;1. iH'liio C'iivuit, COVINGTON -^ Newton County. J.n,i,U'f It. .hHirtsoH (.v.lu.lK.MmclSolidtoMJonoral). CRAWFORDVILLE- Taliaferro County tJlOOIIIilA, I TalutjVrro Coinifi/. \ Tins cvrtilios that ("olon.l .lanios K. U..,.I is a «ontIomun (,r l.i.I. t .«l-a.I.. Ins ,...o Vssio,. Lo,!. as .vKanIs ahiii.y a .1 i„, J: j >.nu.,n.. Um„^ ...11 :uunvn ,., ,„.. iW y.-urs, un.l 1 tako this; . n//..,^yj.. 7: (U, (;«. DAHLONEQA - Lumpkin County. Ma ft in A. iirvri'ft/. DALTON- Whitfield County. Sfittmatr .1^ UiiffattisoH. luNATu s K. SuiMA,.,,: (.x.Mo.nbor <.f Loginlaturc). JO (tU ir/iotn it iikii/ fo/uYni: ii:.l.!i!:M:;i::,;n":'i:'::, ^r "": "' '^'"™'' *^«i- I .11 on, I,.,., IS ivsponsibU. :„„i ivliabU.. I have no u^.uuoy n. say.,,, that „o lawyo.- or law .i,„. .o,.hl ,,o f .a in Uus M^u>n who a,v n,..,v .„.,,.,;. „.., attentive to prolVo,, u s o,- „.o,v ,u-on.,.t in .vnuttanc-os. Sl.nn.ato is a o-oo. :.::;;:;? ^^ -1-!.;,.... i,. his profession. wii.iaLo;! --11 - P.-o.ossK>nal ohanu-tor of thoso p-nU.nu'n is uni.!;!:;;:;," I'.vnoN, r,a., .A(>(-. V2, isT-j. IT 'I i 1 1 1 68 GEORGIA. ELIJAH — Gilmer County. ILezeklah It. Foote (ex-County Court Judge). SlA 1 K OK GkOUUIA, ) Gill Iter Count I/, j I certify that II. 11, Foote is a piacticing attorney of good stand- ing in the Blue Kidge Circuit in said State. N. B. KNIGIIT, J. S. C. nine liidye Circuity /State of Georgia. May 12, 1873. 1, William Ellington, Clerk of the Supreme Court in said county, certify that N. B. Knight, whose signature appears to the forego- ing certificate, is the Presiding Judge in said circuit. WM. ELLINGTON, C. S. C. May 12, 1873. GREENSBOROUGH — Greene County. CuhdnbtlH Ilea I'd (State Senator, formerly County Judge, Greene county). Ilcferenvcs. — C. A. Davis, Hon. M. W. Lewis, Grcenesborough ; lion. Alex. II. Stephens, Crawfordville ; Hon. Augustus Reese, Madison. i^ GRIFFIN — Spaulding County. Hof/nton & IJiHitiiike. Jas. S. Boynton (ex-County Judge and Ordinary). FuED. DiHMUKE (Ordinary [Probate Judge], Spaulding county). 1 take great pleasure in recommending Messrs. Boynton & Dis- nuike as gentlemen of legal ability and strict integrity. Judge IJoynton, the senior member, has held several olHces of honor and trust at the hands of his peoi)le, and the junior laember, 31r. Dismuke, is now Probate Judge of his county. JOHN A. IIALI Jitdye Stipcrior Court, Flint Circuit. February 24, 1«73. of good staiid- lint Circuit. J no. W. Liudsey. State of Geokgia, ) V/Ukuison County, j GEORGIA. IRWINTON - Wilkinson County. 69 Office Court op Ordinary, ) e t. T- -n. Jamiary 15, 1873. S. F. IvNEELAND, Esq. : ^ . ' • Dear Sir.-I take pleasure in stating to you that I am person- ally acquainted with J. W. Lindsey, Esq., of this county, and have been xor many years, and know well his ],rofes8ional character which I can certify to as being good. As a lawyer he stands well among his profession, and for honesty, integrity and promptness in the discharge of his professional duties he stands second to none. Giv'ii under my hand and official seal of office, C. M. LINDSEY, Judge Court of Ordinary. LA GRANGE — Hough County. Speev & Speer. Jonx A. Speer (formerly Judge County Court and Prosecu- ting Attorney). D. N. Sl'EER. La Grange Banking and Trust Company, / La Grange, Ga., November 4, 1872. ' \ To whom it may concern : We have long and favorably known Speer & Speer, attorneys at aw Their standing as lawyers and citizens is most deservedly high, riiey are in a pecuniary way unquestionably prompt and very responsible. Any and all business intrusted to their care >vill be promptly attended to and collections quickly forwarded. JOHN F. MORELAND, Cashier. MADISON -Morgan County. G^reene S, Foster. This is to certify that Greene S. Foster is a regular practitioner of goodstandmginthe Circuit or Superior Courts of Ocmulgee Cmnut, _,n the County Court of Morgan county, Georgia, and all inferior judicatories of the same ComnuMnvealth. Siened at Chambers on this IGth day of April, 1873. C. IL ANDREWS, Judge of the County Court of Morgan County, Ga. r i '■ i, jj: il |l ii I, i 70 GEORGIA. MILLEDGEVILLE — Baldwin County. Wm. G. 3IcA(loo (ex-Dislrict Jiulj^o iiiid Solicitor-General of Ga,, and member of Legislature and Attorney-General of Tenn.). MiLLKDGEviLLE, Ga., Jauumy 11, 1873. I hereby certify that Hon. W. G. McAdoo, of this city, formerly Judge of the District Court of this Judicial District of the State of Georgia, is a practicing attorney in good standing, and enjoys alike an unblemished i)rofessional and personal reputation. M. li. IJELL, Ordinary, liaklwiii County. OGLETHORPE — Macon County. Thomas 1*. Lloifd (ex-Solicitor-Genc-al). "As to testimonials, modesty and common sense have always sug- gested to me a rule which I invariably follow, that is, never assume or undertake to do a tiling, or to transact any business concerning Avhicli you knoAV little or nothing. "Yours very respectfully, " THOMAS P. LLOYD." ROME— Floyd County. Hamilton Yancetf. Banking House op Allgood & Hargeove, ) Rome, Ga., Ajml 14, 1873. J We take pleasure in recommending Mr. Hamilton Yancey, attor- ney and counselor at law, as being perfectly reliable in every respect. We have intrusted considerable business to him and have found him very prompt. ALLGOOD & HARGROVE. BERRYS & CO. SAVANNAH — Chatham County. Thomas M. Mills f Jr. (Member of Legislature). Savannah, 8^/t March, 1873. Hon. T. R. Mills, Jr., is a lawer of standing in this State. In his practice before this court I have always found him well qualified GEORGIA. 71 to unclortake any business intrusted to him, and is prompt and faithful lu the discharge of his duties to Iiis clients. W. SCIILY, Judge Sup. Ct., Ga. SOMERVILLE- Clinch County. J, L, Sweat. SOMEBVILLK, Cl.INCII CoUNTY, Ga ) April 20, 1873. '' f Mr. S. F. Kneelanb, Albany, JST. Y. : Gkobgia, I Clinch County, j I, E. T. Dukes, Clerk Superior Court of the county aforesaid, do hereby certify that J. L. Sweat; Esq., is an energetic and reliable attorney, and that, in my opinion, business intrusted to his care anywhere in southern Georgia, will receive prompt attention. Given under my hand and seal of office this April 20, 1873. E. T. DUKES. SWAINSBOROUGH -Emanuel County. Josephlis Camp (formerly County Solicitor). THOMASTON-Upson County. Man lew H. SandwicJi (ex-Solicitor-GeneraJ). Indorsed by JOHN S. HALL, Judge Superior Court, Flint Circuit, Georgia. THOMSON — McDuflle County. Paul C. Hudson. Augusta, Ga., January 1, 1873. lo all persons wfiom it may concern: I have known Paul C. Hudson, an attorney at law, residing at Thomson, Ga for the past two years, and can safely recommend hun as a reliable and trustworthy lawyer, being well posted on the Code and statute laws of tlio State, as well as our practice. He can be safely mtrusted with any business pertaining to his profession. WILLIAM GIBSON, Judge Superior Court, Augusta Circuit, Ga. mi I 'M I .1 ,1 72 GEORGIA. QUITMAN — Brooks County. John G» McCall (ex-Judgc of Probate Court). Quitman, Ga., Febmary 14, 1873, Jolin G. McCall is a practicing attorney and counselor at law, of some ten years' experience. He is an active, energetic and reliable lawyer, and I cheerfully roconimond him to those having business in this section of the State. EDWAUD R. HARDEN, Judge C. C, B. C. • 1 ) 1 f sn i IDAHO TERRITORY 73 IDAHO TERRITORY. BOISE CITY -Ada County. Alhert Heed (ex-District Attorney). We, the undersigned, Judges of the Supreme Court of Idaho Torntory, take pleasure in certifying that we are acquainted with Albert Heed, and know him to be well qualified to undertake any legal busmess intrusted to him. He is prompt and faithful to the mterest of his clients. DAVID NOGGLE, Chief Justice, I. T. M. E. HOLLISTER, Asst. Justice, I. T. W. C. WIIITSON, Aast. Jmtice, I. T. Boise City, Jan. 17, A. D. 1873. 74 ILLINOIS. ILLINOIS. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Mi 1 m iil Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, « Rights of Aliens P Arkest and Imprisonment for Debt is greatly discredited by the courts, except in extreme cases. The statutory grounds for arrest are : 1st. When a debtor refuses to surrender his property for the benetit of his creditors, when so required by law, or for "he satis- faction of an execution against him. 2d. When sufficient facts appear by affidavit to make a strong presumption of fraud, and the creditor is in danger of losing his claim unless a warrant is issued. Attachments may be issued as a remedial process in any exist- ing action upon a money demand exceeding twenty dollars in amount when the defendant has departed, or is about to depart, from the State with the intention of removing his property th.-i-ftfrom ; or conceals himself, or stands in defiance of an officer, so that process cannot be served on him ; or is a non-resident person or foreign corporation ; or has fraudulently conveyed or assigned his property, with the intent to defraud his creditors, within two years prior to the conmiencement of the suit ; or has fraudulently concealed or disposed of his property, so as to hinder or delay his creditors, Avithin said two years ; or is about, fraudu- lently, to conceal or dispose of his property, with the intent to hinder, defraud or delay his creditors. Attaching creditors share j?;'o rata in the proceeds of the pro- perty attached. The plaintiff inust give bonds in double the amount of the claim. ILLINOIS. 76 •operty for the >r for 'he satis- make a strong r of losing his 3S in any exist- ntj dollars in )out to depart, : his property e of an officer, » non-resident Y conveyed or his creditors, le snit ; or has io as to hinder about, fraudu- the intent to ds of the pro- mount of the Garnishment.— The sheriff, upon failing to find property of the defendant sufficient to satisfy the attachment, may garnishee any person having any property, effects or rights of action in his possession belonging to the defendant, or wlio may be indebted to the defendant ; and he may attach the property discovered thereby, or attach other property of tlie garnishee if the indebt- edness be ascertained to exist for more than the sum of $20. Bills of Exchange and Pkomissory Notes are governed by the common-law rules pertaining to commercial paper, except tliat, wliere notes are negotiated in the State of Illinois, protest is unnecessary ; and, to charge the indorsers, suit must be com- menced against the maker in the county of his residence at the first term of court after maturity, to which suit could properly be brought, and pursued to insolvency; without the maker is notoriously insolvent, in which case, suit may be brought immedi- ately after default against the indorser. Judgment notes are much in use, and costs may be legally included therein if provided for in the note. Judgment may be entered immediately after default without further legal proceed- ings, and will be as valid and effective as if obtained compulso- rily in court. Bills of Sale are governed by the same rules as chattel mort- gages. CnATfEL MoKTOAGEs must be acknowledged before a justice of the peace and recorded, or the property delivered to the mort- gagee, to be binding as to innocent third parties. If recorded, the lien is only good for two years, and is entirely lost without foreclosure proceedings are commenced immediately after a default in the mortgage. Deeds of Trust.— As to acknowledgments, executions, record- ing and foreclosure, see Deeds and Mortgages. Trust deeds in this State are preferable to mortgages, as mort- gagees are not allowed to bid the property in on foreclosure, and must execute the trust personally, which is often disadvantageous to non-residents. Deeds and Mortgages {Beal £itate) may be acknowledged before either of the following officers : any judge or justice of the Supreme or District Court of the United States, or of the 70 Jijj.XiHs. w ^ ;'l SiipiviMc, Su,,^ri«ir or ('i,ri.it Oonrf of any cf tl.(. UnitcMl Sfutos- a coiumiHHio.uT ,i|.|M.iiifc'.l I,. h,k(. flu. ;iclwino; property is exempt from lew or attachment a-ainst a resident householder in this State, I 'hm the head of a fa.mily aiM residii,.. with the same: all necessary wearin- apparel, beds, bedsteads and cookiui. utensils, household turiuture ot the value of ^i'y^ one weavii.o loom and tlie appur- tenaiu-es, stove and i>ipe, one milch cow and calf, two sheep and the llceces taken tK.,n the same, or the fleeces of two sheep pur- chased lor the family by a person ownin- • sheep, and the yarn or doth manufactured from the same, no, ssa v p.ovisions\.md fuel tor the use of the family for three months, necessary tbod tor the exempted stock, and other property, of the value of i^OO suitable to his or li^ r condition in life. //,, addition to the above there shall be exempted from levy or forced sale all fainilv pic- tures, sdiool books and the family library, lious. .oh^ furniture imm ILLINOIS. 3 UiiiUmI Sfjitos; Lj:iiiciit ofdi-vdH; (!(l to hy II dork ir county wlioro •l< of ti court of iii^' to tlio lawH iiiHl'rr property ! ol tlio (dlicur court of record it the iickiiow- t(! wlific tiikou. ''orinx. Id 1(0 prosoiited luhniiiistratioii. is to ho ch)8ed ; in six iiiouthK Jic creditors of ts against tlic )o coimuenced lie ^M'aiifiuir of 10 oxecutorH or prohiifo court. t from levy or < State, ht'itig ull necestiary 'ilf*, honsehohl nd ilie appur- \vo shei']> and wo Klieep pi.r , and the yarn ovisions and lecessary food vahie of $C0, n to t/te above dl faniilv pic- oV fui'niture 77 of th(t dehtor of tiiu value of ^loo, ..jio yolto with the iiarncHei therefor, and one phiw and harrow. /l<>i,h.stva the ('H'ry ot the judgment, but, ^ other parts of the State, from the ) ^ s are liens upon the personal property as soon as inoyare hied with the sherilf. Property must be sold under execution in the following order, with, ur the debtor chooses to turn over at once sulHcient personal property to the slierif}'- hrst, unincumbered real e.Lit- second, the residence of the (Icbtoi-: and, third, his personal property. Executions may be i lod to any comity in the State. Limitation of Actions . Om- Year.—Actiom for libel and slander. Moc Jm/-5.-Actions upon o .en account, of account stated, i m-W 78 ILLlNOm. and upon tho cnso; and actions in tort for trespass, trover and rei)Iovin. Sixteen imr*.— Actions upon jud^rtnents and upon promissory notes, bdls of exchaugo and other instruuiontH in writing. Twenty lmr«.— Actions for tho recovery of real property. Maruiki) Women may hold, in their own right, as their sole and separate property, all property belonging to them at the tune of their marriage, or acquired by them during coverture from any person other than tlieir husbands, and the rents and prohts of such property ; and may legally contract ajid maintain a euit or action at law in reference to the same. They may bo sued m equity on their contracts, but not in law. Their dower right accrues to one-third of all the real estate owned by the husband durmg coverture, and they are heirs-at-law of one-third of the personal estate of their husbands. The earnings of a married woman belong to her exclusively. Wills.— Real estate may be devised by males at twenty-one, and by unmarried females at eighteen. Personal property may be bequeathed by will at the age of seventeen. Married women may dispose of their separate estate by will as well as by contract. Wills must be in writing and signed by the testator in the presence ot at least two subscribing witnesses. hi II pa88j trover and ILLINOIS, 70 ILLINOIS. ALEDO — Mercer County. Louis D, JfolmeM, 'J)> whom it may coitccrn: I know L. D. Ilolmtvs as an attorney, and bcHcvo him to be prompt and faitliful to liis clients and wortliy of confidence. JOSHUA IJllUNER, County Judye. AURORA — Kane County. Newell I. NiehilH (ex-City Attorney). AuKOKA, Kane County, 111., April 12, 1873. To tchom it may concern : Having been personally acquainted with Mr. N. F. Nichols for the last live years, we hereby cheerfully recommend him to any one who may desire his services as an attorney, as capable, prompt and ui all respects entirely reliable and trustworthy. E. A. BRADLEY, Cashier First National Bank, Aurora, III. I cheerfully and fully indorse the above. G. W. PANINGTON, Late Circuit Clerk said Kane County, III. BARRY — Pike County. Alvah C. Laliiff. State op Illinois, ) Pike County. \ I, R. M. Atkinson, Judge of the County Court of the County and State aforesaid, certify that I am personally acquainted with Alvah C. Laing, attorney at law, of the city of Barry, in said Pike county, and cheerfully recommend him to the Merchants' Protective 80 ILLINOIS. \\ i* 1 Law Association as reputable in profession and in every sense trustworthy and reliable. R. M. ATKINSON, County Judge. BEL VIDERE — Boone County. ChciH. E. FuUer. Judge's CiiAMnEns of Second Judicial Circuit, IN TUK State of Illinois, Woodstock, June Wth, 1873. To the Merchants' Protective Law Association, Albany, JST. Y. : Gentlemen.— I, the undersigned, T. D. Murphv, Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit, 111., do certify and take pleasure in saying, that I have long and well known Mr. Clias. E. Fidler, of Belvidere,' Boone county, in my circuit ; that I regard him as a high-toned' lionorable gentleman, both personally and professionally entitled to the fullest confidence and faith of the business public ; and I have no doubt, from his well known ability and habits of industry and energy, you will find business relations with him in all respects satisfactory. Respectfully, T. D. MURPHY, Judge, etc. BENTON— Franklin County. tTohn S. Smith. State op Illinois, ) Franklin County, \^^'' According to the request of John S. Smith, Esq., an attorney practicing within my judicial circuit, I hereby certify that he is an attorney of good and reputable character. S. C. DUFF, Judge Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit of Illinois. BLOOMINGTON — McLean County. Walter M. Hatch (formerly City Attorney). The National Bank of Bloomington, ) Bloomington, 111., Ajn-il 22, 1873. \ Walter M. Hatch, Esq. : Dear Sir.— Regarding an official letter of recommendation -(torn thi- bank, I have to say that several years since, for a special reason, the directors of this bank decided that the name of the bank should not be made use of for that purpose. If it was not for that reason ILLINOIS. gj it would give ns pleasure to issue such a one as you desire from our long ac.]Uiinitaiice witli you, ' °* You can howo^ or, if it will an.wer, n^fcr any person wishin^r to ma^e n.quny about your standing in this con.nfuLty ^ J banl and any such inquiry will be proniptly responded to ' Yours respectfully, E. THORP, Cashier. J^'-OOMmGTON,.lj,„v7 22, 1873. We have known Mr. W. M. Hatch a number of years and hnv. no hcMtation in reocnnmending him as worthy of yo c'onfid nl McCLURE, HOLDER & CO., Bankers. BUSHWELL-McDonough County. h. A. Epperson. 2h all whom it may concern: This i., to certify that wo arc woll acmiaintocl with SAP .o„ „„„• hi„, to b„ perfectly ,,.,,„„;„,„ a™','„tiS:: cict,. Thiste«i,„;iH;i;:ir:i;yar;Lr'"°^' "' "" J. IJ. CUMMINGS, Cashier Farmers^ Kut. Bank of Bushroell S. C. HAINES, Director of Far. Rat. Bank. WH.LIAM SHREVES JAMES COLE. CANTON Daniel Ahhott. Refers to Hon. C. L. H Pike county, 111. Fulton County. igbie, Judge of Circuit Court, Pittsfield, W W .^''f^^'^^^^E -Macoupin County. h(f«ff 82 ILLINOIS. IrJ i :■ them in giving me a suitable recommendation. I was admitted t j tlio l)av August 31st, 1871, and feel fully competent for whatever business you might intrust me with. I have nearly seven hundred acres of unencumbered real estate in this county, worth forty to forty-five dollars per acre, which I regard as security to my clients. I will refer you to tlie County Judge, P. C. Iluggins, who is also President of the First National Bank here ; to Messrs. Chesnut & Dubois, who are bankers here ; also, to C. II. C. Anderson, Presi- dent of the Henderson, Severn and Real Estate Association Bank of this place, or to any other citizen of Carlinville. Yours very truly, W. E. P. ANDERSON. CARL7LE — Clinton County. Jtanmay & Richardson. R. N. Ramsay (formerly Clerk County Court). T. J. Rkjuakdson. CARMI — White County. MoHH Graham. 7\) whom it may concern : I take pleasure in recommending Ross Graham as an attorney well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him, knowing him to be faithful and prompt in the interest of his clients. SAMUEL H. MARTIN, County Judye, White County, Illinois. Caumi, Aiwil IGth, 1863. CENTR ALIA — Marion County. Simpson A, Frazier. Offick of tiik First National Bank of Centbalia, III. ) Centbalia, III, February 19, 1873. \ To the Iferchants'' Protective Law Association, Albany, JV. Y. : Tills will certify that S. A. Frazier, of this city, is an attorney in good Standing, and may be safely relied upon for the faithful per- formance of any business intrusted to his care. E. S. CONDIT, President. F. KOIIL, Cashier. ILLINOIS. 83 JDERSON. CHAMPAIGN- Champaign County JahezB. Watklns. J. B Watkins is an attorney in good standing ; his business promptness and integrity is beyond question. "usmess, CHICAGO - Cook County. Scates, Olney & Whitneu. Waltek 13. Scates (late Chief Justice of Illinois) Jorm O.NKY (late Judge of the Twenty-sixth Circuit of Illinois) Henky C. WiimvEv (ex-Senator of Kansas). ^' DECATUR -Macon County John W. Smith. RucKEit, Hammer & Co., Bankers, ) lJi5CATUR,ln., ^4^,^7 21,1873. [ We hereby certify that John W. Smith of t*iis city is an attornev of pecuniary responsibility and ability a. a lawyer. Hi hab tTJ stnctly moral and temperate, and he is energeti'c in busbess Respectfully yours, RUCKER, HAMMER & CO. DIXON — Lee County. Eugene Pinckney. EAST ST. LOUIS -St. Clair County. John B. Bowman (formerly Police Magistrate). s p T' ^ ^^'^"^ St- I^ouis, III, Bee. 28, 1872. &. J^. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : I don't care to trouble anybody for a testimonial. If you can't n s.rt my name without such, you may leave it out. I Tnt y" book ,nore for gettmg other addresses than advertising rnvS Have enough to do, any way. ^ myscu. JNO. B. BOWMAN. h III Hi •I 84 ILLINOIS. EFFINGHAM -Effingham County. H. B. Kepley. State of Irxixois, ) Effinfjliam County. \ I, Jonathan Hook, Jiulgo of the County Court within and for the county aforesaid, do hereby cheerfully recommend H. B. Kcpley, E,sq., as being well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to hira, and as being prompt, reliable and responsible. JONATHAN HOOK, County Judge. EL PASO — Woodford County. Allison 31. Cavan (formerly Member of Legislature). GALENA — Jo Daviess County. Jfadison Y. Johnson. To whom it laay concern : I have known M. Y. Johnson, Esq., an attorney of this State, during all the time I have been connected with the courts (some twenty-four years), and have always found him well qualified as r.n attorney, prompt and faithful to the intei-ests of liis clients, :ind trustworthy and responsible to all engagements. This testimonial is cheerfully given by me in compliance to the rules of the International Protective Law Association, ,. ^„ ,, KICHARD SEAL, J^d%e. Galena, 111., 3Iay 19, 1873, 'J/ I fully indorse the above testimonial, WILBUR F. CRUMMER, Clerk County Court, Jo Dauieas County, III. QEi: ?SEO -Henry County. Frank H. 3IcArthar. GOLCONDA — Pope County. Thomas iZ. Clark', Tliomas H. Clark, of Pope county, 111., is an attorne'.- of good standing and reputation, prompt and faithful. DAVID J. BAKER, Jr., Judge Nineteentk Circuit, III. Cairo, 111., June 12, 1869, ILLINOIS. 85 ance to the HARDIN— Calhoun County. F. M. Gveathouse. F. M. Greathouse is a member of the bar of Calhoun county llhnois, m good standing and reputation, and worthy of entire coufidence. D. T. SIMPSON, County Judge. HAVANA — Mason County. Orlando IL Wright (formerly Clerk Circuit Court), To whom it may concern : "^'^^''^' "^■' ^^''^ ''' ^'^'^ The Hon. O. H. Wright is a lawyer of good standing at the bar. and to whose character for probity, industry, intelligence and ability, 1 take great pleafmre in subscribing. tL. s.] I ^ MALLOilY, County Judge Mason County, III. HILLSBOROUGH -Montgomery County. A. JV. Kinor^bury. To whom it may concern : TAYLORsyiixE, Mv. 1, 1872. I have known A. N. Kingsbury, Esq., attorney at law, at Hills- borough, II., fo. many years. He - the oldest and among le most re i.able and experienced mc.abc of the Montgomery colinty bar and I most cheerfully accord this testimony to his fiddity and ability as a lawyer and worth us a citizen. H. U. VANDEVEER, Judge Eighteenth Circuit of Illinois. JACKSONVILLE -Morgan County. Wm. II. Barnes (ex-Member of Legislature). Jacksonville, 111., May 21, 18T3 WUlhrn H V^ '^'T'^"?^ ^'"^^ '^' testimonial to the fact that \\.lham II Barnes has been a practicing attorney in good profes- sional standing in Morgan county, Illinois, durfng tlie p^ sTx years tha: I have been Judge of the Circuit Court in said county Very respectfully, ^r, ^ ^ ^ CHARLES D. HODGES. &. i^. Kneelani), Esq., Albany, JV. Y.: 86 ILLINOIS. JOLIET — wm County. Wni» W. Stevens. :il JJ JONESBOROUGH — Union County. Jaekson FHck. Mr. S. F. Kneeland, Albany, JV. Y. : Deab Sik. — Jackson Frick, an attorney at law of this place, we have known for more than twenty years. He is in good standing in his profession, in good practice, responsible and attentive to business. We can recommend him to you as a safe and reliable person to employ. Yours truly, TIIOS. HUMAN, Cotoity Judr/e. ELIJAH A. WILLAliD, Jianker. Refers also to Crow, McCreery A Co., St. Louis, Mo. ; C. M. He iderson & Co., Chicago, 111. ; Wm. Glenn & Sons, Cinciiuiati, O. ; Fowler & Slocum, New York city ; Hogan, Clarke & Sleeper, Boston. KANKAKEE — Kankakee County. Stephen It. Moove. S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : I hereby certify that Stephen 11. Moore is a reputable lawyer of fifteen years' standing in Kankakee county, Illinois, and business intrusted to him will be promptly attended to. WESTBROOK S. DECKER, County Judge Kankakee County, III. Kankakee, Oct. 28, 1872. MACOMB McDonough County. John Mosher. St. 3Ic state of Illinois, ) '.:Do>..>iiyh Con ty, j **' •' To S. F. Kneeland, Esq., and all whom it may concern: We, the undersigned, hereby certify that John Mosher of the city of Macomb, State and county aforesaid, is au attorney at law ILLINOIS. 87 in good staiuling, and a moral, honest, temperate, industrious and trustworthy gentleman. I. N. PEARSON, Chrh Circuit Court. J. IJ. NICKEL, Countij Jmlqe. Q. C. WARD, County Cleric. CIIAS. CHANDLER, l>resH Ut Nat. B'k. Macomb, III., Dec, 21, 1872. MAJORITY POINT -Cumberland County (Town of Prairie City). Dnnd Ji. Green. L'c'fers to Hon. Iliram B. Davios, Judge of the Twenty-first Circuit ot the State of Illinois, Majority Point, III.; Hon. James C Allene, ex-Member of Congress, Robinson, 111.; Hon. James c' Rob,nsc,u, M. C., Springfield, III.; Hon. John Schofield, Marshall! Clark County, 111. ' MASON CITY -Mason County. Jose2)/i A. Phvli).s (ex-County Judge). I have known Joseph A. Phelps, Esq!, for thirty years, and have always found him prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients and cheerfully state that I have no doubt of his faithfully return^ mg collections promptly and satisfactorily. GEO. IL CAMPBELL, President 1st Nat. Banh of Mason City, III MATTOON- Coles County. James F. Huuhes, To irhom U may concern: I, the andersigned, having been cashier of the First Naional BauK ot Mattoon for more than three years last past, do hereby certify, that during that time J. F. Hughes has been actively yngaged in the pr.cMce of the law in this city, and I take pleasure 11. saying that any business, in the line of his profession, intrusted to ndwit.fiTT.' l"-°ir" •'"'"*'""' ""^^ '''-' "»^"'-S«J with dispatch and with fidelity to the interests of his clients. M,-n.n Ti, r ^^- "• l^UNLA", Cashier. MATrooN, III., June 10, 1873. 88 ILLINOIS. MENDOTA - La SaUe County. Joscp/i rfuHfcf (loniuTly City Attonu^y). FlHST NaTIONAI, liANK OK IVIkVLOTA, IiJ,., ) „, , Mknduta, 111., Mairh 8, IHTU. \ to whom it may concern : We 1.,'ivo had occasion to use .Tosopli Ilnntor uh an attorney for tins hank on several occasions, an.l have foun.l hini wdl (inalillc.l to nndcrtakc any legal business intrusted to him. iMr. Hunter is l.ronipt and faithful in the interests of his clients, an.l this testi- monial IS very cheerfully accorded. E. A. noWKN, /'yv,sV Ut Nat. Batik, Mmdota, III. F. CHKFOUl), VaMer. METAMORA Louis J. l\>Uitr:o(ii. Woodford County. METROPOLIS - Massac County. liohcff W. McViU'turn (lormorly City Attorney). To whom it may concern : This is to certify that I have known IJobert W. McCartney Esq an attorney at law, residino- i„ this city, for and during, the paat SIX years, and that in his business transactions as an attorney at huv, ar.d us collector of claims, he has been energetic and successful and i.ronq.t ,n paying over all moneys collected by him, and I oheerlully recommen.l him to any and all persons who may require the services of an attorney. EDWAllD ]\[ may require ILLINOIS. 39 MONTICBLLO-Piatt County. Jjinhjr tt* llnsfoii. W.M. E. LoDUK. HaUVHY E. IIlJKTON. MessrH. L..ihorou(jh. GILL. J. JiUlill, Co. IVeaxurtr. ONAEGO — Iroquois County. Isaae A an evtu an . c ,, „ „ OxARGO, JSTooeinha' 4, 1872, fc?. l\ KxKELAND, Es(i., Alkmij, N: T.: 1)i:au Si 1!.— Understanding that Isaac Amorman, of this i)lace IS dcsiroMs .>f beeoming a member of your Association, I cor.liallv indorse h.m for tluit position. lie has long resided here, and his legal expenenee for the past seven years, together with his inte-ritv as a busmess man, render him well i>ili)^ tiiiiii I'll! il led to III >ri< i'oiili
  • ii( >. S. I). I'UTKl.UAI'UIl, .,uj,,e ^S^tmifh Vi, Vkouw, 111., lAfy H. ISdll. PETERSBURG Mtnard bounty. *foftn T. ,l/f,Vf •*•///. Staik oi" Iiiinoim, ^ Mtihinl (\>intf;/. \ Oki'ick ov riiK .IiDuic or iiik (Nuintv C M K\AUI> ( .M'MV, .(/)/•//, !sv;i. I (!\K<' ph'MNiiiv ill n'ooiiiincinliiij^;- lo ||it< Mcii'IimiiIn' 1 l,;nv Asso.'ijuioii .lolni '\\ IMcNoclv. I* I lolci'livc St]., of I his |i|;ii'(', !is i\ von iiU' iitlonioy ol tiiio ii1>ility. iiiKiuoslioncI inl.'iriiiy. .,,,,1 „,,|| M,,,,|i(i,,,| to mulcitnkf jiiiy log.il luisiiicss iiHiiislcd lo Ii lias tlio ii'piilation of l»i>iiin' piom|il aii.l l.iiilirul in (j ini. Mr. AliNCily his olioiils. U' llltlTCHlS of (. . M. UOHKirrsON, ./i„f;/r MohirJ (\Hinf;/ Coiirf. T. A K. Alick, riork of ih,. Coiiniy foinl within aii.l lor sui,| ooiinly. rlu-iMlnlly ooiuMir in tlii> !ilio\(> tt'siimonial. lus.l WiiiK'SH my liaiiii .•in.l otru-ial scul, m n»v ollic<> in rctcrsl in sai.l ooiinlv, this ':-2i\ day of Ajnil, A. D. ISV.i. nn'ir A. K. MU'K. (7,rL nofh rf li, (risirr//. PITTSFIELD Pike County. PONTIAC- Livingston County. Smith V. (itirratt (Distriol Attornoy for iho Twonty-.sovciith Juilioial Distrii-i of Illinois). J/JJNO/S. yi woiUv-sovoiith PRAIRIE OITT, BLAUDINSVILLB and OOLCHES- TEP M' ^^lono' h County. ,/. //, Jilri'imm/f (T. O., IIiimI , III,). nimilNKI.I,, III., ./,//„; I 1^ |H7:|. I lu'irhy .M-rtiry th.-.t Jim.,,!, |{. M,.(',„„„.|| in iMTHotmlly known •" ""' '''•■''■ '"' ''-"^ ••' K I i^ A'„tl,mnl. llmk i>/ IhiHhnvM, III. PRINCETON Bureau County. Ili'mh'i-snn, Trhiihh- «t /tittfrr. 'i'llOS. .1. IIlCNKICKHON, 11. l\l. Tkimi.mc. IImnuv r. lUnMcu. ll('C(lllllll(>tl(lo(l. K. S. LKLANI), Jnd^c CircnU Court. SHAWNEETOWN -Gallatin County. CaH Itocdvl. ((;ity AUonu-y). KiitsT NAiroNAr, Mank, | HiiAWNicCTovvN, III., Marr/i, J, Ih7;i. f To irhitiii, it ))i(nf fonccr/i. : Our liiiiik liiiH hu.l ()«(!!iHioii mcvctji! times to ciriploy Mr Carl K.KMlrl MS :m -Mlonn-y, ;iM.I we h.ivo r.„in.l liin, ,,rn,M|.l, and ivliable Mr. iJoc.ld iH well (lualifio.l to uiidutak.. any l,..r,il hnsiness intriislcd to liiin. J. M.KKK I'KFa'LES, /'remlcuL SHELBYVILLE - Shelby County. lloimi' S. Mousrt'. SPRINGFIELD -Sangamon County. Saiinicf IK Sr/tofcs. \\ as 1 iilly indorsed by rt'si>onsib!o parties. — [Eo. Pi •nS^ ^T^ ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // // ,.^^A fe. < <;' ,^ ^ % /- t/u ^ si^^ % 1.0 I.I 1.25 11^ £ U£ 12.0 1.4 1.6 "^ >* ■!-», • fc.*? A' V ^ y PhotDgr^hic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WCiBSTER, NY. 14680 (716) 872-4503 m \ V ^ v./^. (A \ ;V ^ <> i '■' ■! i: 92 ILLINOIS. STERLINO- Whitesides County. Binsmoor & Stayer. James Dinsmoor (ex-Member of Legislature). Waltek Stagke. First Nationj* :. Bank, ) Sterling, III, ijiril, 1873. j We know the law firm of Dinsmoor and Stager, doing business m this city, as reliable and responsible men. JOHN S MILLER, President. W. A. SANBORN, Cashier. 11 h ' ■ SULLIVAN — Moultrie County. Alvin P. Green. Sullivan, Moultrie Co., Til,, ) nf o t:. Tr March 19, 1873. \ Mr. S. F. Kneeland: ' Dear Sir.— I have had an ojiportunity to be some acquainted with Mr. A. P. Green of this town, and so far as I am informed, he is worthy to be intrusted with any legal business that might be placed in his hands. I further state that I take pleasure in recommending liira to you as a suitable man to become a member of your Associa- tion. [l. s.] ARNOLD THOMASON, County Judge. I fully concur in the above statement. A. N. SMYSER, Countij Clerk. SYCAMORE Aaron C. Allen. De Kalb County. The Sycamore National Bank, ) ^ , . Sycamore, 111., ^jun7 8, 1873. f Jo tonom It may concern: We cordially and cheerfully recommend A. C. Allen, Esq., of this place, as an attorney veil qualified to undertake and conduct legal business intrusted to him, he being prompt and faithful to the interests of his clients. P. M. ALDEN, Cashier. liiJ lllf ILLINOIS. 93 ir, doing business TA YLORVILLE - Christian County. James Carroll McBride. To all whom it may concern : ^''^^''''^^^^^^ I"-, Jan. 14, 18^3. I do Iiereby certify tliat J. C. McBrido is in nff., H. M. VANDEVEER, Judge Eighteenth Judicial Circuit, III. TUSCOLA -Douglas County. Bohert B. McPherson. Recommended by JAMES STEELE, Judge Txoenty-seveMh Judicial District Wa:.nut, Bureau County, 111 ) We bave been acquainted with J H '^mT'^ '' ''^'- ' ^ have found him well n, ^Hfi 7. "^'^^°' ^« «» attorney, and intrusted to 1^ T. r 1 '\r^Z'''''' ^"^ ''S'' ^"'">^«« faithful in t^.e ,";;! s of ^T ^' "^^^^'^ ^« P--'^t and fully accorded ''"*'' ""^ *^^« testimonial i. .heer- A. R. STONE, SAYERS & MYRICK PIENKOWSKY & CO., Merchants, Walnut, ' Illinois, '^'^TSEKA — Iroquois County. Alexander L. Whitehall. T 1 , Watseka, 111 Dec. 30th 187a is good. I Sard w' rr ""'^ ''"^ '^"^^*«^- J"« «*=^»ding deuce. ^ ""^ '" ^""•^^^' ^^P'-^We and deserving of confi C. F. McNeill, judge of the County Court. i: :i !'' 94 INDIANA. INDIANA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. AcKNowLEiwmKNTH. Scc Deeds. Alikns. Sec title " liUjhts of Aliens:' Ahukht and Imi'UIBonment for Debt.— Imprisonment for debt is prohibited by tlie Constitution of the State, which pro- vides that no dei>tor sliall be arrested in a civil action except in cases of actual fraud. Debtors are sometimes arrested for contemplated fraud orj an affidavit that they are about to leave the State and remove therefrom property with the intent to defraud their creditors. It is questionable whether this is not in violation of the Constitution, and is not generally resorted to, ATrAOHMKNTH,— An attachment will issue at the commence- ment or during the pendency of an action, against the property of the del>tor, or to garnishee debts due him, "Where it appears by affidavit : ' 1, That the defendant is a foreign corporation or non-resident of the State, or 2, That the defendant is secretly leaving or has left the State with intent to defraud his creditors, or 3, That the deferulant conceals himself so that a summons can- not be served upon him, or 4, That the defendant is removing or is about to remove his property or a material part thereof out of the State, not leaving enough therein to satify the plaintiff's claim, or 5, That the defendant has sold, conveyed and otherwise dis- posed of his property, or sulTered or permitted it to be sold with fraudulent intent to cheat, hinder or delay his creditors, or ^ 6, That Mie defendant is about to sell, convey or otherwise dispose of his property with such intent. in or non-resident has left the State t a summons can- INDIANA. 95 Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes.— Promissory notes, if made payable at a lank in Indiana, and all bills of exchange, are governed by the common law rules in every respect Notes not made payable at a bank in Indiana, are not negotiable pajKr within the commercial meaning. They may be as8iP lin, T- , co^inuesten years, and may be'r^Ld Ir^tir ^ ^jr"^^ A.ec.Uons may issue at any time within five years f on 'the entry oi judgments; leave of court must be obta ned afte t^al time, and during the life of the iudL^ment • thov Z « v the personal property of the ^.^L^^tCZ:^^:^, Z^ ment is entered from the time of delivery to the heriff ai d t other counties from the time the levy is made thereon ' LiMrrATioN OF Actions : Two J ««. Actions for injuries to person or chmoter and foMlie penalty m the forfeitnre of a statute °"''~"»^' ""f J^::JzL:t^'" "'™" - """^"^ »'«"■■ - '- «-'-. f./!r ^ 7''-.^''"'»"' by the defendant, his heirs or assigns cLltLr'™"""" "' '"" ™' -'^"^ -" "^ '"« »>.o" tf uS actions on written contracts, notes and jud/ne t ' .."rr';:rrriirdisSh;r^ action two years after the disaMlitie a™ riveT ""'""rrV" ""'*•"<•'« foverns as to contract, of other Satt A " .TtS-d^^Stfttr^^^^^^^^^ M.™.o W«^. _p,,perty held hy the wife at the time of 98 INDIANA. her marriftgo, or acquired by her thercatter, inures to her boIo and eeparato benefit. She haa no dower interest in tlic real estate of her husband, but receives a certain portion of his real estate in fee at tlic time of his death, being one-third, if the aggregate value is less than $10,(IOO, one-fourth if between )i$]0,0()0 and $20,000, or one-fifth if the value exceeds $20,000. She may waive her statutory rights and take under his will, if she elects. A married wonum cannot nuike a valid contract unless empow- ered by the court. If her husband abandons her, or is confined in the penitentiary, or is insaue, the cotirt, on applicaticni, will authorize her to make contracts and to sue and be sued in lier own name. Promissory Notes. See BllU of Excliamje. Wills executed out of the State are governed by the law of the place where executed, as to their validity. The statute requires a will to bo in writing, signed by the testator and sub- scribed by two witnesses in his presence. The husband cannot devise the real estate, reserved by law to his wife. Married women may devise and bequeath their sepa- rate estate. »'j % SAMPLE PAGE OF I.AW UEGISTKH. 00 INDIANA. ANDERSON-Madison County. 3imou S. Itobhisou (formerly Slate ScDator of Indiana), FiusT National Bank, ) v- „ / ., ^NDKUSON, Ind.. 2>tc'. 23, 1872. f Jo (til whom it mm; concern: "'-i. ) I take i.Ieasnro in recom,„enclinpr Col. M. S. Kobinso,, as an lUornry who ,,s wd qual.fie.l to u.HK.,tako any Wal l,n l,u "s ...■n,|an at orney of lon^. practice, and I.orf.cliy^vsp us b o nd faithlul 111 the interest of his cliontH. r^usiuit ana TilOS. N. STILT, WELL, Prest. First jXat. Bank, Amhirson, Tnd mum S Robinson is a member of the Anderson Bar, of high standing, trustworthy, and a responsible gentleman. ^ JOHN DAVIS, Jmhje Seventeenth Circuit, Ind. ATTICA— Fountain Countv Ihhuc E. Schoonover. FiiJST Nationai, IJank of Aitjca ) To whom it ma,, concern : ^"'"'"'' ^"•^•' ^'^'^' '' ''''■ ' > Schol,nove7or;ir.'r' ""•••^^'""•^ ''^S^S^^'^ <>>« ^^'•vioos of Isaac E. . cnoomnei.ot this place, as an attorney for this bnnk -u rl l...v« .ound ,m qnalified to transact any legal lusines^in tie 'Vhr' Ut Wlieve h.m to be prompt and faitnfnl in the interest of is clients, and havefull confidence in his integrity. SAMUEL KINNEy, Cashier First A at, M: of Attica, Lid. BROOKVILLE Franklin County Biithley .f; Jones. Chah. C-. BlNKI,KY. Wm. H. Jonks (ex-District and Prosecuting Attorney). The Brook VI ixkNationat. Bank ) M„ Tj- , , J^RooKviiXE, Ind., March 31, 1873. ' i' Messrs. Bnikley & Jones are attorneys of experience and are con,pet.„t to attend to any business that may be , Si Jo ti.t^r oui hauk."^ '•■' "''"^'^ """^ '-sponsible, and'are the attornej's of J. U. GOODWIN, Cashier. JOHN G. ADAIF?, President. II 11 El -I I I : I. I )} THE LVTKKXATIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION BLNNINOTON, VT.-Hon A. U, G.nlner. f..rm..rly Judge Advocate Gca ' I'liil, 8on«toriii.d Lieut. Oove.norof Vt * ^'ivocaie Uea- BOSTON MA8S.-AWS. Ili„i,,d, Hydennd Dickin«o... ' I'n,; I V '.''• ""■ L- ,«• '>iH>rict Attorney and City S..lici,or. rnrOArri „ t^"-\"''""' J''^- P'^'si^ltnt of Common Council, Iio»lou. CmCAC.O, n.L.-Messr.. Hcatcs, Oln.y & Wl.i.ney. I II ■ 1 1 "v,^*^"'^"; '"^f (''l«ier.>M8lice of Illinois. Pr vt.L^r l;rl ■'"■^ ^- ^y'"l'"'y.f«"n*-ily Senator in Kansas. CLLVKLAND OHIO.-MeHMv. J. & j. c. Ilutclnn*. T r„ p" r".".""^'"i!-.'' ^"""'-'•'y Miinberof Congrew. John C. IIutcLins, Ei-q. FREDKHICKSUL HU yA.-AU,srs. Al.uye & Filzlu.gh. &tt.lt4K;^'^"^- «--— ^ VirK.ni,.. MANCIIESTEII V ,, >I,.M.. Morrison. Stanley ct Hiland. CHni.!.;'u.'sii"K ''''"'''■"' ^I'^tundaaU Congress. Frank Illiund, Esq' MEMPHIS. TENN. --Messrs. Ellett & Phelnn. I on" I.onI?« l,^."''". '"^"'■Iv Mcmherof Congress and Judge Sup. Cl. K17W r.,M^ :l ^'"'''"'' fo'n'^-Tly ^^t'''« Senator ol Misso.iri. ^ NEW O LEANS. LA.-Messrs. Hawkins & Tl.arp. iS'c Tlia'rp, Eh^'""' '''"'*''''' *"' ^'"^ «"l><-'rio'' Court of Louisiana. SAN Fn.\NCISCO. CALJ-Messrs. llnisht Temple & Sawyer. JloD. 11. II. Haiglit, lnt«; G..verm)r of California, on. Jackson lemple. ex Judge Supreme Court of CalifornU xion. ciias. 11. Sawyer ST. LOUIS. JI(J. -Messrs. P.,lk & Causey. Hon: TCf. cSeJ'!'''"'"^ ^^''"^'""^ ""'^ ^- ^- ^^'""'°^- SYUACUSE, N Y. -Messrs. Sedgwick, Kennedy & T.-ncy. Hon. Chus. B. Sedgwick, ex-Member of Comfress. Clias. H, Sedgwick, Es-q w?' fi*'^,^- ^^•;n'"'*ly' ex-Senator N. Y. Slate. Wm. G. Tracy, Es(|. UTICA, N. Y^- .Messrs. Conkling. Lord & Coxe. lion. Roscoe Conkling, U. ^. Senator. \?r^' . Z;"^ .}' •'"''n'^^'ly Judge and Member of Coniiress." Altred Coxe, Esq. * CANADA. Jolin A Peikins.M.A., D.C.L., Professor of Com QI'EUEC. -Montheal. mercial Law, Victoria CoHege. Ql'ehkc. --Messrs. Addrcws, Caron A; Andrews. Hon. Frederick Andrews. Q C Adolplie P. Caron, B.C. L. Frederick W. Andrews, Esq. ONTAIUO.-KiNGSToN.-Mcssr. Cimpb.ll & Macdonnell. nil' )>'-^';»!.V^/"">'^'"' ^- ^ ' Senator and Postmaster General, Ont. Hon. O. M. Macdi.nnell. NOVA SCOTIA. -Halifax.-H. W. Smith, Esq., Att'y Gen. of Nova Scotia. INDIANA. 99 INDIANA. ludj{eSup. Cf. essor of Com ANDERSON - Madison County. Milton S. ItobluHon (formerly State Senator of Indiana). F1K8T National Bank, ) . Andekson, Ind., Dec. 23, 1872. f 10 all whom it may concern : I take pleasure in recommending Col. M. S. Robinson as an attorney who is well qualified to undertake any legal business being an attorney of long practice and perfectly responsible and faithful 111 the interest of his clients. TIIOS. N. STILWELL, J^-est. First JSTat. Ba^ik, Anderson, Ind. Milton S. Robinson is a member of the Anderson bar, of high standing, trustworthy and a responsible gentleman. JOHN DAVIS, Judge Seventeenth Circuity Ind. ATTICA — Fountain County. Isaac E. Schoonover. First National Bank of Attica, ) m , . AiTiCA, Ind., i^Jmaryr, 1873. f JO wnom It may concern : ./ ' j ^ We have on several occasions engaged the services of Isaac E. ^choonover, of this i^ace, as an attorney for this bank, and liave fmind him qualified to transact any legal business intrusted to him. \Vc believe him to be prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and have full confidence in his integrity. SAMUEL FINNEY, Cashier First JSTat. Bk. of Attica, Ind. f 100 INDIANA. AUBURN — DeKalb Co\mty. Jaa, E, liose, Forwurdod tcHtiinonialf, whicli have been mlHluid, and dupHoatos not yet received. — [Kd. BLOOMFIELD — Greene County. Luclen Shaw, Bloomfield, Greene County, Ind., ) Dee. 2Ut, 1872. f To whom it may concern : I hereby certify that Lueien Shaw, of Bloomfiehl, Ind., is an nttorney at the bar of Greene county, and in good Htanding in the profeHsion, and qualified to undertrlte any legal business intrusted to him. II, BURNS, Jmhje of Common Pleaa Court of the County of Greene, and Ninth Jud. Dial, of Ind. See NfiWTOjr. BRAZIL — Clay Coimty. BROOKVILLE — Franklin County. Binkley <& Jone8, CuAB. C. Binkley. Wm. H. Jones (ex-District and Prosecuting Attorney). The Brookville National Bank, ) Bkookville, Ind., March 31, 1873. j Messrs. Binkley & Jones are attorneys of experience, and are competent to attend to any business that may be intrusted to their care. They are reliable and responsible, and are the attorneys of our bank. J. R. GOODWIN, Cashier. I cordially indorse the above testimonial. JOHN G. ADAIR, I'resident. Brookville, Lid., March 31, 1873. Messrs. Binkley & Jones are attorneys of experience, and are competent to attend to any business that may be sent them. They are reliable and responsible. HENRY C. HANNA, Judge Thirty-seventh Judicial Circuit, State of Indiana. ■im it INDIANA, mi d, and duplioatos IR, President. ',e of Indiana. BUTLER -DeKalb County. George 11. K. JJohm. JJuTr.Ku, Do Kalb County, Ind., Dec. 12, 1872. To whom it may concern : TluH in to certify that George II. K. Mohh i. a practicing attorney u good Htand.ng ,„ tlnn Judicial (Hrcuit ; that he i« honctl d re ..ble an an atton.ey and buninesH n.an, and merit ."o patronage in hiH profeHHion. ^'u" puoiic IIIHAM S. TOUSLEY. Judye Fourteenlh Idielnl Circuit of Indiana. CAMBRIDGE -Wayne County. Oeo, A. John Hon, FittST NATioNAr. Bank of Cambridob City Ind ) m, . ., Novonl/er 25, 1812. ' ' t Jowhomit may concern: . <*. j Dkau S'R.-We have had occasion to place claims in the hands of Geo. A Johnsor , of this place, at different times, and for severa years, and have found him well qualified to undJrtake any Wa bus,ness nUrusted to him. Mr. Johnson is prompt and faiJhf din l;:r "^'" «^--;;^;;;^ -imonyl verychee^ln; THOMAS NEWBY, Cashier. ' CANNELTON- Perry County. E. B, & S. B. HatflehL E. R. Hatfield. • Sidney B. Hatfield (formerly Prosecuting Attorney). CHARLESTON - Clarke County. Binon Bvidfjea (ex-Member of Pennsylvania Legislature) Dillon Bridges, Esq., is an attorney of good standing in the County of Clarke, State of Indiana. ^ CHARLES P. FERGUSON, Judge of Court of Common Pleas, Clarke Cmtnty, Lid March 7, 1873. \Mi j: U 102 b i '^H INDUNA. Whitby County. COLUMBIA CITY Sooper t& Olds. Columbia City, Ind., JUai/ 20, 1873. Messrs. Hooper & Olds arc ijracticing lawyers of Columbia City, both of them personally known to me av attorneys of integrity, responsibility, efficiency, good standing and reputation, and may be bafely intrusted with any business in the line of their profeasiop. R. LOWRY, Circuit Judge. CO VINGTON — Fountain County. Michard M. Neheker (ex-Member of Indiana Legislature). Ckawfokdsville, Ind., March 3, 1873. To whom it may concern : It affords me pleasure to certify that R. M. Nebeker, of Coving- ton, Fountain county, Ind., is an attorney of excellent character and standing, and will attend to all business intrusted to him with energy and promptness. His uitegrity is beyond question. A. D. THOMAS, Judge Thirteenth Judicial District. CRAWFORDSVILLE — Montgomery County. Thornas & Thomas. CROWN POINT — Lake County. Wm. T. Horine (District Attorney). W. T. Ilorme, of Crown Point, Lake county, Ind., is an honest, industrious and financially responsible practicing lawyer of said county. II. A. GILLETT, Judge Thirty-first Circuit, Ind. May 14, 1873. DELPHI — CarroU County. Andrew H. Evans (ex-Member of Legislature). ^ ^ ,^ Delphi, Ind., March 6, 1873. b. I^ . Kneeland, Esq., Agent of Merchants' Protective Law Association: ^ This may certify that we are well acquainted Avith Andrew II. Evans, Esq., and that he is an honorable and trustworthy attorney, INDIANA. 103 and tliat we believe tbat all 1 usiness intrusted to him will receive immediate attention and all moneys will be promptly remitted. Respectfully, JAMES P. DUGAN, President First National Bank Delphi, Incl REED CASE, Cashier First National Bank Delphi, Bid. DUNKIRK - Jay County. Israel Alhnon. _ I hei^by certify that Israel Allmon, E.g., of Dunkirk, Jay county, m the State of Indiana, is well known to me, and I take pleasure in stating that he is a man of good character for integrity and moral- ity ; that he is a lawyer of considerable experience, ami I have no doubt that he will attend to any business that may be intrusted to him with promptness. J. M. IIAYNES, Judge Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, Lid. ieUuary 3d, 187S. ELKHART - Elkhart County. Shuey «€• Vmt fleet. Michael F. Shuey (ex-Member of Legislature). John M. Vanpleet. S. F. Kneeland, Esq. : ^^^^^^n-v, Ind., Deo. 1 2, 1 872. Dear Sm.--I hereby recommend Shuey & Vanfleet as prompt, faithful and efhcient attorneys, to whom all legal business can be safely trusted. B. L. DAVENPORT, Brest. First Nat. Bank, Elkhart, Bid. EVANSVILLE-Vanderburg County. Wm. M. Blakey. „, , . Evansville, Ind., March 1, 1873. 10 iciiom It may concern : I take pleasure in recommending William M. Blakey, Esq., a. a rising young man in the legal profession of this city. He has not 104 INDIANA. ill I resided here long, but no young man among us is more hif^hly respected, professionally or morally. ° Very respectfully, W. P. HARGRAVE, Judge V. Co. Cir. Court. FORT WAYNE -AUen County. Grahmn & Golshall. Jas. E. Gkaiiam. Martin V. B. Gotsiiaix. ^ Fort Wayne, Ind., January 15, 1873. To whom it may concern : We, the undersigned, officers of the Fort Wayne National Bank of Fort Wayne, Ind., hereby certify that we are acquainted with Mcssvg. Graham & Gotshall, attorneys at law in this city, and have found them to be reliable, prompt and faithful in the discharge of every duty pertaining to all legal business intrusted to them, and cheerfully recommend them as^ trustworthy. C. D. BOND, J^-est. J. D. BOND, Cashier. FRANKFORT — CUnton County. Doyal & GariL Samuel H. Doyal (formerly District Attorney). Perry W. Gard. First National Bank, Frankfort, Ind. ) _, , . March 6, 1873. f Jo whom It may concern : We have had occasion to use Messrs. Doyal & Gard as attorneys for this bank on several occasions, and have found them well quali- fied to undertake any legal business intrusted to them. Messrs. D. & G. are prompt and faithful in the interests of their clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. Respectfully, D. P. BARNER, Cashier. I cordially indorse the above testimonial. TRUMAN H. PALMER, Judffe Ttoentieth Circuity Ind. INDIANA. is more highly 103 tary 15, 1873. GOSHEN -Elkhart County. Wm.C. Wilson. rr 1 -. Goshen, Ind., Dec. 12, 1872. To whom it may concern : • *i io<^. We take great pleasure in recommending Mr. W Wilson an attorney of our town, as competent and reliable as a business man, and well qualified as an attorney to undertake any legal business nitrusted to his care. M. MERCER, Prest. First Nat. Bank. IRA W. NASH, Cashier City Nat. Bank. INDIANAPOLIS - Marion County. Ediclli A. Davis (Author of Davis' Indiana Digest, etc.). Clerk's Office, United States Courts | m , ., Indianapolis, Dec. 13, 1872. ' f 10 to horn It may concern : ' Edwin A. Davis ha for the past twelve years been a practicing attorney in tlie U. S. courts in this district, and for the past ten years a IJ. S. Commissioner of the Circuit Court, and also the author of Davis Indiana Digest, and the editor of various other valuable law works. To my knowledge Mr. Davis has had a large experience in commercial and bankrupt law; is prompt and reliable. J. D. HOWLAND, Clerk U. S. C, Indiana. We regard E. A. Davis as a prompt and reliable attorney, to whom business may be safely intrusted. FIRST NATIONAL BANK, By I. CoHN, Cashier. JEFFEESON — Clarke County. G. E, 31, Llston, KENDALLVILLE- Noble County. Thoniiif, L. Gi'aves. Thomas L. Graves, of KendallviUe, Indiana, is a responsible prompt and careful attorney. pu"8inie, HIRAM S. TOUBLEY, Judye of Thirty-fifth Judicial Circuit of Indiana. April 3, 1873. fl " '^ fv I 100 INDIANA. KBNTL AND — Newton County. Ward & CJrulmm. PifiTKit H, Waui», W. II, (ilUIIAM. I have no Ji('Hit)itioti in recommending Messrs. Ward & Graham, attorncyH at law, as worthy of the liighest respect and confidence! W, Q. GKESIIAM, U. S. District Jmhje. Indianai'omm, Ind,, Fnh. 22, 1872. I concur in tho above witli pleasure, THOMAS M, BROWNE, U. S. Attorney. KNOX— Stark County. Jo7m I), MeLaren. South Bknd, Ind., 3Iarch 13, 1873. I take pleaniur hi Haying that John D, McLaren has been prac- ticing Ihw iuffoie mo In the Stark Circuit Court for several years, and that I have always found him a skillful, careful and well read lawyer, hom^ruble in all liis dealings with the court and bar. Very respectfully, THOS, J. STANFIELD, Judge of the Ninth Jud. C. C. EOKOMO - Howard County. Milton Gart'lffUH. KoKOMo, Ind., June 4, 1873. We hereby certify that we have been, for the last few years, well acquaint(.'d with Milton Garrigus, an attorney of this city, that his moral and j.rofeHMional standing is good, his business qualifications above the avi^rage, and he is responsible in every way, in our oi)in- ion, and well n-HiJOctod in this community, and considered to be permanently locatcid hero, having resided for more than twenty years in this county, T. JAY, RUSSELL DOL.MAN, Bankers. C, N. POLLERD, Judye Circuit Court, aoth Judicial Circuit, Iloioard Co., Lid. INDIANA. 107 LAFAYETTE — Tippecanoe County. ThoinaHB. Ward, LA GRANGE — La Grange County. Cj/rua N. Wade. Cyrus N. Wade is an attorney of the La Grange county bar, in good standing, and prompt and reliable. HIRAM S. TOUSLEY, Judge of Fourteenth Judicial Circuit of Indiana. Aluion, Ind., Dec, 21, 1872. LA PORTE— La Porte County. Leouidas A. Cole. Tub Fikst National Bank, ) La Porte, Ind., April 3, 1873. [ We hereby certify that we are acquainted with Leonidas A Cole, attorney at law, of this place ; that we have frequently employed him in professional matters, and that we esteem him a tiioroughly competent and skillful lawyer, and in every way trust- worthy in his profession. E. MORRISON, President. R. S. MORRISON, Cashier. LEBANON— Broome County. John L. Pierce. Fikst National Bank, Lebanon, Ind. To whom it may concern : This is to certify that we are well acquainted with John L Pierce, an attorney of this place. We know him to be a graduate of the law department of the Indiana State University of the class of 1869. We believe him to be qualilied to undertake any leffal business intrusted to him. We have perfect confidence in his honesty and mtegrity. This testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. ABRAM O. MILLER, Cashier First Nat. Bank, Zebano?i, Ind. 108 INDIANA. ill y; I \k LIBERTY — Union County. Meiil & Stanford, J. S. Rkid. L. H. Stanpoed. rr 1 ■. LiBEETT, Ind., January 7, 1873. 10 xohom It may concern : I hereby certify that Reid & Stanford, attorneys of the Union county bar, are competent attorneys, and that all business intrusted to their care will receive their careful attention and be performed in an honest, capable and legitimate manner. II. C. HANNA, Judge of the Tioenty-sixth Judicial Circuit of State of Indiana. LOGANSPORT — Cass County. McConnell & Nelson, LoGANSPOET, Ind., April 4, 1873. Messrs. McConnell & Nelson, attorneys of this city, having called upon me to certify as to their standing and character as lawyers and gentlemen, to tlie Merchants' Protective Law Association, I take great pleasure in saying that I have been intimately acquainted Avith both gentlemen since 1866, and can heartily recom- mend them as being laAvyers of ability and industry, and men of good morals and honesty, and fully competent to conduct any legal business that may be intrusted to their charge. DUDLEY H. CHASE, Judge of the Cass Circuit Court. I, Andrew J. Murdock, Cashier of the Logansport National Bank, concur in the above, and say that these gentlemen have charge of all collections sent us and that we have found them prompt. A. J. MURDOCK, Cashier. MONTICELLO — White County. e7o.s. JT, Matlock (ex-Judge of Common Pleas and Prosecuting Attorney). MUNCIB— Delaware County. Thomas J. Samjde. Office of the Muncie National Bank op Indiana, ) April, 1873. I We are well acquainted with Thomas J. Sample, Esq., of this city, and cheerfully recommend him as an attorney of good stand- INDIANA. 109 Circuit Court. ing and ability at the bar, and & gentleman of unblemished reputa- tion and integrity in tliis State. JOHN MARSH, Prest. Muncie Nat. Hank. S. A. NELSON, Cashier. J. A. BURSON, Assistant Cashier. C. P. SAMPLE, Director. D. L HAINES, Director. T T 11 • 1 xi , Post-Officb, Muncib, Ind. I cordially indorse the above, HENRY C. MARSH, Postmaster. Indiana, ) Delaware County, po «'*«•' GEO. W. GREENE, Clerk Delaware Cir. Ct., Ind. ORLANDO H. SWAIN, Sheriff Del. Co., Ind. NEW ALBANY - Floyd County. S. K. Wolfe (formerly State Senator, now Member of Congress). NEW CASTLE — Henry County. Forkner & Bundy, Mark E. Forkner. Eugene H. Bundy. This is to certify that I am well acquainted with Messrs. Forkner & Bundy, attorneys, New Castle, Ind., and know them to bo cffi- cient and capable in their profession. J. R. MELLETT, Judge Seventh Circuit, Ind. NEWPORT — Vermilion County. Wm. E. 3IcLean (ex-State Senator, Member of Legislature and Prosecuting Attorney ; P. O. address Terre Haute, Ind.). The First National Bank op Terre Haute ) Terre Haute, Ind., Dec. 10, 1872. ' f To whom it may concern : William E. McLean has beta for past five years attorney for this bank, and is prompt, efficient and trustworthy. H. S. DEMING, Cashier. 3 '• 110 J N 1)1 AN A. PENDLETON ~ Madison County. livi'voii Cntrrn (('oiiiucliiijjt buHiiu'sM iit. lliiH (iino, and would think liiin (Munpc- tiMit. to opi'ialo for tlio MordiantH' I'l-otoctivi' Law AHMooiution, wliioli you iv| oil ic/ioin it tnay concern: South Hkno, Ind., March •», lS7;i, T tako ploasuro in saying that K. S. Fish, Ksij., of riyinouth, ISIarsliall oounty, is an ]ionor!il>I(> and trustworthy attorney ; that any coliootitMis intrusti'd to him will lu- tliligontly and I'ailhl'ully attondod to, and I boliovo sju't'ilily aooountod for. Very rospoctfuily, etc., TTIOS. J. STANKIKLI), J mhjc Sccmth Jn. Circuit. PRINCETON — Gibson County . O. jr. WeUwi'n. Oscar M. Wolliorn, attorney at law, of Princoton, Ind., is bi'lieved by mo to bo a oapablo, honost and roliablo lawyer. .MOIUUS S. JOHNSON, Judjc First Dint., Iml. utartj 10, 1H73. INDIANA. in RENSSELAER- Jasper County. J7ionijtnou tt Jiro, SiMiiN r. TlIOMI'HON. Tmdmah 'I'muMI'HON. Simon r. ThoiiipHori m<\ Tliomiis Thompson, conii.osing tho firm of Tlioii.pHoii tfc livn., of JiisiHT county, Indiiinii, uro i.mctioin^r atton.oyH of Huid county, of good al)ility, standing and reputation. n. A. (illAMTr, .hid,j(i tiixteentk Corn. Picas JJiat. Vam'akaiho, March V.\, 187a. Vau'akaiho, March 13, 1872, TlionipHon ife Uro., lawyers of liensHclaor, Ind., are good busi- ncNH men, rcHponHihle and roliablo in every particular. A. Mc;COV & TllOMl'SON, Jian/cers, Jlenssdaer, Ind. RICHMOND — Wayne County. Daniel W. Comstoeh', ViHKr Nationai, Bank of RioinroND, ) llicnMONi), Ind., March 0, 1873, j To whom it may concern : T\w uiulorHigned Iiaving been intimately acfpiainted for a number of years witli 1). W. Comstock, Khcj., of this city, would take great l.leasure in Haying that iie occui.ies a high position, socially and professionally; is strictly moral and temperate in Jiis habits, with ])roniptneH8 and ability in his profession, ami in every way worthy tlie confidenco of those with whom he nniy have business, jamp:s e. reeves, J'i-esident First National Hank, Richmond, Ind. ROCHESTER Keith «0 Siulth. SiDVKY KKrrn. MiLo K. Smith, Fulton County. 112 INDIANA. iii 1- SHELBYVILLE- Shelby County. Hoch'tnan «t Grfffln. J, T. IIocKMAN (ex-District Attorney). Gbifpin. First Nat. IJamc, ) SiiELBYViM.K, Iiul., Feb. 15, 1873. j To whom it may concern : It gives us pleasure to furnisli to tlie public this tcRtimonial of the standing, ability and responsibility of Messrs. llocknian & GrifHn. We recommend them cheerfully to the public as attorneys wlio are perfectly responsible, reliable and fully (piulificd to under- take any legal business intrusted to them. JOHN ELLIOTT, Prest. A. D. LYNCH, Cashier. SOUTH BEXD — St. Joseph County. Dunbar & Alwarih Alvin S. Dunbar. Geo. H. Alwakd (formerly City Judge). First National Bank, ) SouTii Bend, Ind., Dec. 10, 1872. j We take pleasure in recommending the law firm of Dunbar & Alward as attorneys in whom we have full confidence. They are men of good, sound principles, and worthy of all confidence as attorneys. J. A. HENRICKS, President BTc. C. A. KIMBALL, Cashier. South Bend National Bank of South Bend, ) South Bend, Ind., Dec. 9, 1 872. j To whom it may concern: I would recommend the firm of Messrs. Dunbar & Alward as "A No. 1" collectors and very good attorneys. Any business intrusted to them will be promptly attended to. Very respectfully, WM. MILLER, Cash. IN-DIANA, 113 ilA^.vKv 1). Scorr (S.ato Senator, f„™„Hy MombcT „f Co„. Geo. C. Duy. Are fully indorsod.— [Ed. VALPARAISO -Porter County T. J. 3Ierrl/ielft. ^" FmsT National Banij op Vau-ahaiso ) To S. P. K....A.n, E« J^"'^"^'^^' ^"^^•' ''"-' ^^. ^B73.^^' | un.loubtod integrity. ^ '"«'« «taii(liag and Yours truly, S. S. SKINNER, I^est. M. L. McClelland, co^Ar. VERSAILLES - Ripley County. Greene Duvbin. Osgood, Ind., April 2 1871 ^^'^rchantsrProtectiveZaw Association: ' " l.« ca,o, and g,ve, bnmnes, ,„tn„tod to l.im proper attention. Respectfully, JOHN G. BEEKSIIERE, Judffe First Judicial Circuit. WASHINGTON - Davies's County. Wm, R Gavainer (ex-Judge Common Pleas Court and Dis- trict Attorney). " Clerk's Office of Davies's County ) 7I,,„; .. ^^-^SHINGTON, Lid., J/wc-/i8, 1873 f 10 whom, It may concern : -^ ^ , i - m. j I certify that I have known Wra. Ray Gardiner of Wishinr^fon Ind.. as a practicing attorney, for nine yLrs,and that h!^:' pre^l' 114 INDIANA. i \% i ^1 J 1 liimscif rill alilc aiwl eloquent advociito, iind nkillful, dilij^t'iit mid tniHtworlliy in advancing and Hocuring llie interests of Ids clients. N. F. MALOTT, .Jaihjti TwdjXh Judicial Circuit of Indid/ut. I heartily iiulorse and concur in the above. S. 11. TAYLOR, Cashier Washington Nat. Bank. WATERLOO — De Kalb County. Mclivtde «t- Morlan, U. W. McHkide. Jo8. L. MoKLAN (ex-District Attorney), Watkkloo, Ind. To v)ho)n it may concern : I hereby certify that I am personally actjuainted with Messrs. MeHride & Morlan, attorneys at law, jiracticinj^ in this and adjoin- ing counties, and take pleasure in saying that they are men of experience, ability and learning, enjoying and meriting the conti- denco of all who know and intrust them with business. JAMES 1. BEST, Jud(/e Elect FourtecHth .fudicial Circuit of Indiana. WIN AM AC — Pxilaski County. Gerard T. Wirkers/Kun. Mr. Wickershani has held the office of recorder, prosecuting attorney and auditor. IOWA. 115 IOWA.% ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. '^ATKKLOO, Iiul. lit of Indiana. (Icr, prosecuting Acknowledgments. Sec Deer"i \m caro wl.icli ho may unaertake to do, and that he will render ucco(4nt ol' Hamc in a just and proper raaunor. Respectfully, O. n. WILSON, Cashier, Taylor County Bank. IJkdj'ohi*, Iowij, March 5, 1873. BELLE PLAINE and BLAIRSTOWN- Benton Co. Joseph S. HaUHburif (P. O., Vinton, Iowa). Samukl II. Watson & ^qns, BankerB, \ Vinton, Iowa, April 29, 1873. ) S. F, Kiiv:,Ki.\su,'EH(\., Albany, N. Y. : We are well a(;(pminted with J. S. Salisbury, Esq., of Vinton Iowa, and take ph^asure in stating that ho is a competent and reliable attorney, Yours, etc., SAMUEL II. WATSON & SONS. BURLINGTON — Des Moines County. Newman a) JUake, TiioH, W. Nkwman (ex-County Court Judge). Wm, E. I}/,akk. CABROLL— Carroll County. Geovf/a W. Paine. Cii-Y National Bank op Poughkeepsie, ) Pou(HiiiEEPsiE, N. Y., May 7, 1873. f I have known Oe(;rge W. Paine, now of Carroll, Iowa, ove? twenty years as a succe'ssful practitioner in tlie courts of the State of New York, an. My Dear Sm.-Mr. E. E. Cooley is an experienced lawyer of long residence here, prompt and faithful in the interest of his ciien s, and wel qualified to perform any professional business that may be given him. Yours, etc., F. W BURDICK, Cashier First National Bank of Decorah. 11. S. WEISER, Cashier Winnesheik County Bank. r ^ ^r. . VENISON -Crawford dounty. •/. S. Nicholson, Tr, ,„A^ •* Denison, Iowa, Dec. 17. 1872 10 whom It may concern: ^^- '■i, t-ot^. .T. S. Nicholson, Esq., attorney, etc., is a resident of this place -a man of strict integrity and good habits, and all legal business intiusted to his care receives prompt and faithful attention. MORRIS McHENRY & BRO., Bankers, Denison, lotoa. plj' li i :: H 1m ' IVi' i ' ! : i 1 'HI 1 illH 1 ' Um ^Hl j imn 124 IOWA. ■I ii '' J DES MOINES — Polk County. Harbert & Clark, W. S. ItAUiiKitT (Doj)uty U. S. Attornoy). J. S. Clauk, CrrizKNs' National Bank, ) Dks Moinkh, Iowu, Airril 10, 1873. ) S. F, Knekland, Esq. : Dkak Sik.— Wc take pleuHurc in rocomniending Mohhi-h. Harbert & Clark as roliablo, efficient and truHtworthy attorneyH and col- lectors. They will attend to buBiness intrimtod to them with fidelity and diHpatch. JOHN W. ULM, Vmhier. II. W. MAXWELL, JJhtrict Judge DEWITT — Clinton County, Hart & Leffiuifwell. Wm. a. II. Hakt (formerly City Attornoy). Wm. Ji. Lkfkinowkll, „ ^ ,, „ Clinton, Iowa, March 12, 1873. S. F. Knkelani), Esq.: Dear Siu.— MesHiu Hart & Leffingwell have been practicing at this bar for some years ; they are both active, energetic and perKc- vering, and although young men, have already acquired a very respectable business ; and we believe them entirely and in all respects trustworthy. W. F. BliANNAN, Judf/e Bcvmth Jxulkial Dutrict of Iowa. \\ i DUBUaUE — Dubuque County. Win, 3ims. Office of the Judge of the District Couut, ) DunuQUE, Iowa, 31ir,i. mill lliut llioy im' pvotnitl iukI .'iii.iK.'(i.> In Mif> |.ni.>lit-(< of [\wU- piolrMHiHii 'ni..) inv Itolh ^.>nil('iiii>n ol Ii..ii,.i' iin.l .-r i|it> Nliiol.-.t illtn^lIlN Wimpool Hilly yiiiii'M, cli'., .?. THACV. hiitft'i,'f ,ht,h),' h\ri>t .fii./h'iot fhntri,'f, i,Hr,i. lAMV) sriMNOS llowiira County. .1. ,1/. I «»»♦ l.ftuwn. \M,vn «.. 11. .n II A. «{oo,lii(.|i, .lii.|«,., ol.v. I.iim. SpiiiiKM, l..\vu, t.YONS Ollnton County. Aviwn' It, r.»»N (Momltoi of ("ohijivnn. lomu'ily .lii.|g«- ..|" I'tiOviti' i'oml), .\\ l»MO\ N, rHlV«H. KolVf lo luiy inonihor of Congi.-NM. or to (h,- I-'icNl Niilion-U Munk of l.yonx. lo\\.», MANOHKSTKK Dolrtwaro County. ,, , IMANrUKRtKH. .VrrJvA I H, |S(1,1. 7i» ft^hom ff »>»«s ^ntn\^to,^ to l\ini. Mr. An.lorsoii is ywnnyi juulfaitliful u< tho nitoii'M of Ins olionts .'Hi. I this tosiimonial is vory olioort'ullv ;«ooo)nIo«1 S. (}. VAN ANDA. Aftorun, \ ;un woll :»o,jn!nntoa xvilli S. t^ V.-ui An.ln. iui.l l>;)vo full »-onli »Um\oo \u tho ,tl>o\o i\vo)un\i>nil;Uiv>n. ^".^ •'< '-"'••*■ S. lUXU;. (Vm/.7.A/,/,M MAUUOKETA Jrtokson County. MavJI OKKVA, lowjv, ./uuf \ 18T;«. SiK. I h.uo tho honor o\ W\\\^ :»o«]u:unlo.i with Mr. (J. I, .lobnson. ;Utornoy :U I.u\. in this oily, rtn.i know him to Iv ;» p-ntlo- n\i*n o( iiuoiinty mu\ jihility in his pn^fossion. KosjHvttullv, Iv K." U'KKVK, /^>IIM. lao m«' Npiiii^N, loH.i, quokrfOy 7()»Ai, MARION Linn County. ,, , ''■'""' NviiMNM, Mank, IMauion, I.nvA. 'I'll 'r/iiiiti )l lliillf rniK'iTt. ,' W.. Imv<. Iiii.l .KTiiHi.Mi I., urn. Mr..huui'H I). (Jiir.'i. iih an utiorrM.y lo, ilMH l,:.nk .m M.-vnal nmisinh., ami l.av.. (omi..! I,i,„ vv.ll ..imli- li"l I" M.hl.Ti;,|<,. any lr,^al UhhUwm inlnisl...! (,., |,i,„. A|,. (; j„ l'"""l";'""' •'"'"''"' i" ""• int...vHtM ..!• hiH .■li,.„(M, ami ll.iMh.HU. iiiMiiial \h \i'\\, (•lit'crriilly acc.»r.|ii|. I{. I». STKI'MKNS, IWHhfnd. A. W. CIJANDKIj,, CuH/urr. MARSHALLTOWN Marshall County. TlnnhhiiH itiiijovd. MARVIN Pocahontas County. ff. t\ Siif/fof. MASON CITY Corro Gordo Octinty. St an In- I'll ,1- Stnnlii'i'ff, IM.VHttN CiTv, Imva, J„t,v 7, Ih7;i. i U.K.. |>l,.;iNur.. ill rocMiiMinhliiiK MrNsiu SlaulK-ry tfc SlaiilnTy Mtl.Mi,..y,sol' (Ins rily, as |,n.tn|,l an,| ivliahlo lM.Hi„..HH iimti, aii.l ''■'^ '•'"•'•" ••ir.ina.nto.l will. Hx'ni iir..lVsHi.,nMlly tl„. paHi, ij.r.v j,,,rs W. II. I.VTLK, /W.v\f,i,t ( ',',<)',> (fori/,, <.'o,„i/i/ Ittink, MONTEZUMA Powosheik County. \y. if. I.VH'is (roiiiu'ily CK'i'k District I'.nirl). \V. If. LowiH, Ks.,., is an m(Io,m,>v ai |,.,u .■it MoiitozniMu, I'owo- slu'ik coiMily, l.iwa, ill irocul stamlinjr. S. (\ nL.VNCIlAUM), ./«,/,/,. ,iM r/rcnU of lo,ra. MONTICELLO - Jones County. Wo, tlu. un.U.rsi^nu-.l, h.-u.k.-.s of .Monti.rlio, .Tonos coMnlv, Iowa ;">; .HquaMUo.! with A. .T. Monn-o ; lu- .lors our Imsincss, ami wo Ixliovo liiin t.) 1.0 woll .,ualilio.l, pn.inpt an.l laithful. Voiirs truly, CAliPEXTKlJ & LOVKTT, Jian/,rr/<, Monticvlh, Town. raj i i 1 s? ' a ' S * 'J 130 /<'>>irj. MT. PLEASANT — Henry County. JP. N. liowman. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 3Ianh 21, 1873. P. N. IJowman, Esq., of lliis city, is a good lawyer, prompt and reliable. T. WHITING, I^esident. J. II. WHITING, Cashier National State Bank of Mt. Pleasant. MT. VERNON -Linn County. J. T. Rfee. Mr. llicc comes to us well indorsed. — Ei). MUSCATINE — Muscatine County, AtnoA II. Knf/j. Muscatine, Iowa, Aj)ril 17, 1873. Amos H. Kagy, Esq., has for several years been a practicing attorney in the courts of the Seventh Judicial District of lowii. He has always shown himself to be zealous and persevering in the interests of his clients, is a good and safe lawyer, and entirely worthy of ])rofessional confidence, which lie fully possesses in the community where he resides. WM. F. BRANNON, Jmlf/e Seventh Judicial District of loioa. NEW HAMPTON — Chickasaw County. AyevH & Shu vet'. M. C. Ayeus. IIlKAM SlIAVEK. if NEWTON — Jasper County. W'tnslow ro])erty therein devised may be situated ; and will be as valid 1 binding as if executed according to the laws of this State. A'AXSA^\ 143 KxiNSAS. eal estate, except ABILENE — Dickenson County. John TT. Mnhftn (formerly County Attorney). FiKsT Natioxaf. Baxk, ) JuNXTioN City, Ks., Jwie ll, 1873. |" We have the utmost confidence in tlie inteyritj/ and ability of John n. IMahan, Esq., of Abilene, KanwaH. W. B. CLARKE, Cmhler. ATCHISON - Atchison County. //. i*. W((f/{/ener, -f^TciiisON, Ks., ,7(/«Mary 8, 1873. Jo ir/iom it VII IT/ concern : I take great pleasure in recommending to your favorable consid- eration Hon. U. P. Waggener, a regular practicing attorney in my court, as a gent'oman and an honorable attorney, and one who will I)rotni)tly attend to any business intrusted to his care. P. S. IIUBBAKD, Jmhje Second Ju. Bist., Kx. BAXTER SPRINGS -Cherokee County. Itttcker ct- JiHj. A. W. Ruf'KKU. T. A. UuCKEU. Cherokee County Bank, Baxter Springs, Ks. To whom it may concern, : Wo have upon several occasions employed Messrs. llucker & Bro to transact legal business for us and to make collections for our bank, and have always found them well qu'>lified to undertake any legal business intrusted to them. They have been prompt in t Kir remittances, and we believe them faithful to the interests of their clients. GRAVES & NILES, Proprietors, <> * 1\\ KAN.SAS. BURLINGAME — Osage County. Jno. G. MviViu (cx-Policc Judge). 1>i!iu,i\(;ame Savings Bank, ) BuituxGAJiK, Ks., Hay 2',], 1873. f Manaf/hip Office of the International Merchants' Protective Law ^■innociaf/on: I lioreby certify that I liave been acquainted witli J. G. Erwiu Tor two years last past, tliat he is a lawyer of good standing with the incinbers of his profession, a reliable and competent lawyer, and qualified to transact any business within Lis profession tiiat he undertakes. F. M. NELSON, Cashier. 5 t COLUMBUS — Cherokee County. Atnofi Sailford (ex-Judge of Probate and Member of Legisla- lature). Columbus, Cherokee Co., Ks., 3Iarch 9, 187a. This is to certify that lion. Amos Sanford, of this place, is an attorney of marked ability and high standing in his profession, and a man of strict integrity in all his business traiisactiojis. Ho is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients,and well qualilifd to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. In 1808 he was elected to the office of Probate Judge of this county, by a large majority, which position he resigned in 18C9 by reason of his elec- tion as Representative of the county in the Legislature of 1870. Ilu was the first resident lawyer of this place, and practices in tlio Supreme and all inferior courts of the State. C. D. NICHOLS, Frohute Jiulge, Cherokee Co., Ks. COUNCIL GROVE — Morris County. A, J. llufjhcii (formerly County Attorney). P'liJST National Bank, \ Council Gkove, Ks., Nov. 26, 1872. j To wham it may concern: I have had occasion to use Mr. A. J, Hughes as an attorney on several occasions, and regard him as a prompt and efficient collector, as well as an able lawyer. J. W. SIMCOCK, Cashier. . it KANSAS. SON, Cashier, )CK, Cashier. EL DORADO -Butler County. 145 A. L. L, Hamilton. Office of Probate Judgk, Butler Co, Ks., ) iiL Dorado, January 4, 1873. \ To u-hom it may concern: I take groat pleasure in recommencling A. L. L IHmilton F«n of tins c,ty, as a lawyer of ability and liH. Pic s faU ul to ?"' .ntnx.tH of his clients, prompt in transacting b si "'„r i''! gentleman of unexceptionable moral character! . S- W. TAYLOR, Jndye of the Probate Court of Butler County, Kansas. ELLSWORTH -Ellsworth County Philip T. PenaUton (fornaerly County Attorney). Office op County Judge > iLLLSAVOETii County, Kansas, Jan. 4, 1873 \ 10 lohom it may co7icern: ' intrusted him Mv rl ^? " undertake any legal business 1^ ^ ;' S^ts an] ;f 1:;- " ^'T ^"^^ ^^^^^^^^ -^^e inter, .ents, and this testimonial is very cheerfnlly accorded. ^ -I "^^^^^^ES MILLER, County Judrje. EMPORIA-Lyon County. Buck & CfinnuHfham. J. J. Buck (ex-Register in Bankruptcy). Ej- \\ . CuNNINGUASr. I l.ereby certify that I am well acquainted with Buck «- C I. H. WATSON, J«d!,e of the Fifth Mloial DU. of Kanm. «-..«e ,r!r «°°^^-=-'- county. Co..:.;. f,I; "IrdM^r '""' ^ '" "■ ''■ ^°""' "™"-- »'■ 10 146 KAj^^SAS. I If li ' in i LAWRENCE — Douglas County. A, J. Reid (formerly County Attorney). SisirsoN's Bank, ) Laweence, Ks., June 7, 1873. \ S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Managing Attorney, Albany, N. Y.: Dear Sik. — Permit us, at request of A. J. Reid, Esq., to say, that we have known the gentleman for six or seven years past, and had considerable business with him, in all of which he has been honorable and straightforward. Respectfully, W. A. SIMPSON, President. LEAVENWORTH — Leavenworth County. E. If. O. Cloitf/h (U. S. Commissioner, formerly City Attorney). The following letter of recommendation explains itself : State op Kansas, Executive Departjient, ) TopEKA, January 2Ath, 1871. j ITis Excellency the Governor of Montana: Sir. — I have the honor to recommend the appointment of E. N. O. Clouch, Esq., of Leavenworth, Kansas, as a Commissioner of Deeds for your Territory. Mr. Clough is a lawyer in good stand- ing, and is also extensively engaged in the business of convey- ancing. I am saticified that the trust which you may repose in him will be creditably and faitlifuUy discharged Very respectfully, your obed't serv't, JAMES M. HARVEY, Governor of Kansas. LINCOLN CENTRE — Lincoln County. Walter L. Walt, Recommended by J. H. PRESCOTT, Judge Fourteenth Judicial District of Kansas. MARION CENTRE — Marion County. L. F. Keller (County Attorney for Marion county). The State of Kansas, ) County of Chase. j This is to certify that L. F. Keller, Esq., of Marion Centre, Marion county, Kansas, is a regular practicing attorney in all the EAl^SAS. 147 )N, President. ict of Kansas. district courts of the State of Kansas ; that he stands well in the profes8iou,and is reliable and trustworthy. He was elected County Attorney of Marion county in 1871, and re-elected in 1872 for the regular term of two years, from January 13th, 1873, In witness whereof I have hereunto set mv hand at Cot [L. 8.] tonwood Falls, dhase county, Kansas, tlis March £, A, D. 1873. ' WILLIAM R. BROWN, Judge Ninth Jud. Diet., Kas., in which Marion county is situate. TuE Statr op Kansas, ) Chose County, \ *"■ •* I, S. A Breese, Clerk of the District Court for Chase county, Kansas, do n.r.by certify that William R. Brown, whose name £ signed to the abo/e certificate, is Judge of the Ninth Judicial Dis- trict of Kansas, and ^bat he signed the above in my presence Witness my hand and official seal this 6th day of March [l. s.] 1873. ^ ' SIDNEY A. BREESE, Clerk District Court Chase County. MOUND CITY -Linn County. John F.Bromlhead (Member of Legislature, formerly Judce of the District Court, County Attorney and State Senator). OSAGE MISSION-Neosho County. John Moffitt (formerly Police Judge). Humboldt, Kansas, (9c«, 24, 1872 10 whom it may concern : I have been personally acquainted with John Moffitt, of Osage Mission Kansas, for four years, and think him well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. Mr Moffitt is prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and I can cheer- tully recommend him to all persons desiring his services. JOHN R. SODDIN, Judge Seventh Judicial List., in the State of Kansas. Wl us KANSAS. OSWEGO — Labette County. Neliion Cane, OswBGo, Kansas, Januarcj 3I KENTUCKY. 159 FRANKFORT — Franklin County. T. N.Jin. W. Lindsay. Fbankfoet, April 20, 1873. T. N. & D. W. Lindsay, attorneys at law, of this place, are both men of high integrity, faithful and prompt in all their business relations, ai. I able lawyers. M. R. IIARLIN, B. J. PETERS, W. LINDSAY, N. S. PRYOR, Judges Court of A2)peals of Kentuchy. FRANKLIN — Simpson County. W. li. Clavke (ex-Member of Legislature, now Police Jud^re'. I clieerfully recommend Judge W. H. Clarke as a reliable collect- ing attorney. J. L. STANFORD, Judge County Court. GREBNSBURGH — Greene County. Jas. W. Jones, State of Kentucky, ) County of Greene, j ^^' ' I, Thomas R. Barnett, Judge of the County Court for the county and State aforesaid, certify that James W. Jones is a practicing attorney of the said county, and that he is worthy and reliable. Given under my hand this the 17th day of Apiil, 1873. T. R. BARNETT, Judye Greene County Court. HARRODSBURG — Mercer County. Kyle cC Postou, John J. Kyle (ex- Judge City Court). o, s. poston. First National Bank, ) Hakrodsbubg, Ky., April 15, 1873. j I have known Messrs. Kyle & Poston for many years, and take pleasure in repre anting them as prompt, reliable and efficient attorneys. D. J. CURRY, Cashier. 1 concur m the above. WM. H. RIKER, Vice-President First National Hank, Harrodsburg. 160 KENTUCKY. It M nu 1 .. IIarrodsuubg, Ky,, Anril 16. 18?3 To lohom It may concern: ^ "' ' * This is to certify that I am personally and professionally intimate with John G Kyle and O. S. Poston, partners in the practice of law at Ilarrodsburg, Ky.; that I have known them for years; that as to skill in practice, diligence in business, vigilance as to their Cents interests, and punctuality in paying over collections, they stand at the very head of our bar, and would so stand at any bar where they might practice. ^ W. E. KELLER, Presiding Judge of the Mercer County Court. IRVINE — Estell County. Wni. Ilerndon. First National Bank, ) RicinioND, Ky., February 20, 1873. j Wm. Uerndon, Esq., Irvine, Estell County, Ky. ; Dear SiR.-IIaving been informed that you are selected as attorney to represent The Merchants' Protective Law Association of Albany, New York, at your place of business, and also that thev require some testimonial as to your character, it gives me great pleasure to recommend you to the favorable consideration of that association, also to bear testimony to your standing as a lawyer and your integrity as a man. ^ Hoinng that your connection with the association will be both profitable and agreeable to the association and to yourself, I am, very respectfully, W. M. IRVINE, Cashier. LA GRANGE — Oldham County. Jno. W. Clayton (County Attorney). Mr. Clayton has held the office of County Attorney for Oldham county for fifteen successive years. Louisville, June 10, 1873. Whilst Judge of the Ninth Judicial District of Kentucky I became well acquainted with J. W. Clayton, Esq., of LaGrange, Oldham county, that county being m my circuit, and I take pleasure in testifying to his high character as a gentleman, and his integrity as a lawyer. H. W. BRUCE, ChanceUor of Lou. Chancery Court. KENTUCKY. LANCASTER - Garrard County W. B. Hopper (formerly Clerk Circuit Court). 161 The National Bank of Lancasteu, | ■^^^<^"^STEK, Ky., Feb. 28, 1873. b. Y. liNEELAND, Esc]., Albany, JST. Y. : Dear Sib.-I take pleasure in stating that W. D. Hopper attor ney at law, resident of this place, stands well in his prof^^ ion s 1" good collector, and prompt in paying ove- money coflecledbyi V ery respectfully, WM. H. KINNAIRD, Cmhier. LOUISVILLE -Jefferson County. See Appendix. MARTIN SBURG- Elliott County. J' J. Park. I have known Mr. J. J. Park as a practicing attorney in .H the courts of this and adjoining counties, and believe Mm . quahfied to discharge the duties of an attorn yl^ Z ; T^ ness „,trusted to his care. He is prompt and failhfuf n'tieTnte^ " 0.... Clients. Possessii^^t. ^^^^^^ . ,. ,„,, ^^l P. M. FANNIN, Presulin^ Judffe of Elliott County. MAYFIELD- Graves County. ii Fe/f/hari,. J. Z, MOOUK, J, W. FuKillAN, OWENTON — Owen County. Oroverf Monff/omert/ tC Iter ill. Aha p. (fiiovKit (ex-Memlwr of Congress and State Senate). Hhnuv 1', MoNT. MONTGOMERY. KENTUCKY. igg PADUCAH-McCracken County. John Q. A. King (ex-Lieutenant and Acting Governor of Ken- tucky, State Senator, Representative, Circuit Judge and County Attorney). •'' t PARIS — Bourbon County. Benj. G. Paton (formerly Clerk Circuit). Benj. G. Paton is a prompt, efficient and energetic nttornev exammer and collector, and his professional standing is good. R. HA WES, Judge Bourbon Cowdy Court. POPLAR PLAINS -Fleming County. W. O. PhtlUp.H. Flemingsbuegii, Ky., Bee. 16, 1872. To whom it may concern : This certifies that W. O. Phillips, of Poplar Plains, Kentucky, is a practicmg attorney in the Circuit and County Courts ; he is well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him is prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients. ' J AS. E. SMITH, Judge of Fleming Co., Ky. PRESTONBURQ- Floyd County. Jan. M. Hereford, Jr. Pkestonbur^, Ky., Jan. 10, 1873. We are personally acquainted with J. H. Hereford, Jr., and regard him as reliable and trustworthy, and honest in his practice as an attorney, and in his business intercourse with men we believe hnu to be prompt, honest and just. A. L. DAVIDSON, Presiding Judge Floyd Cmnty. R. S. FRIEND, County Atty. Floyd County. WILLIAM II. MAY, Atty. at Law, Floyd County. SMITHLAND Wm. D. Greer. Livingston County. WINCHESTER -Clark County. TncK'er & Hathaivay. J. S. Tucker (Member of Kentucky Legislature). L. Hathaway. lOl LOUISIANA. |i, .; LOUISIANA. f^^i^ ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, " Rights of Aliens.''' Akrest and Imprisonment foe Debt is practically abolished in this State, as it only secures the person of the debtor to answer the suit, and not for the payment of the debt. Attachments. — A writ of attachment will issue on the appli- cation of the creditor who charges, under oath, that the debtor is a non-resident, or is about leaving, permanently, the State, or has left it permanently, or that he conceals himself to avoid the service of citation upon him, or has mortgaged, assigned, dis- posed, or is about to mortgage, assign or dispose of his property, or a part thereof, with the intent to defraud his creditors, or give an untair preference to some of them, or that he has converted, or is about to convert, his property into money or evidences of debt, with the intent to place it beyond the reach of his creditors, A bond of indemnity for double the amount of the claim must be tiled with the application. There are provisions made for " Writs of Sequestration " and " Writs of Provisional Seizure," which do not generally apply to the class of actions arising in the commercial intercourse with other States, and are, therefore, not inserted. • Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes are held by the courts to be governed by the common law, although there is no statutory provision on the subject. Accommodation indorsers are held liable where, on the negotiation of the accommodation paper, credit has actually been given to such indorsements. The whole sum must be expressed in writing, except that the cents may be in figures. LOUISIANA. 105 are held by the Bills op Sale are not used in tliis State. Chattel Mortgages and deeds of trust are not in use. Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowledged before any oflicer authorized to take the acknowledgment of deeds in tiie State where executed, but a certificate of a clerk of a court of record must be attached showing the right of such officer to take tl.o acknowledgment of deeds, and as to the genuineness of his sji^iiature. Whenever a married woman joins with her husband in any act allectmg his real estate, it is the duty of the officer, before whom the act IS pa.-sed, to examine her, apart from the presence of her husl)and, toi hing the freedom of her action, and to inform her fully of the iature of her rights respecting the property of her husband ; and it must appear, upon the face of the act, that tliis liiis been done. Form of AcJcnowledgments. See A ppendix. Forms. Record o/.— All instruments conveying any interest in lands must be in writing, properly acknowledged and recorded in tlie I)ansh where the property is situated. Estates of Deceased Persons in the parish of Orleans are administered in the second district court; in other parishes in tlie parish courts. ' As the civil law governs in Louisiana the practice in the set- tlement of these claims is peculiar, and to non-residents exceed- ingly abstruse and complicated. Parties having such chiinm would do well to send them, in the iirst instance, to our attorneys lu tlie parish where the deceased resided in his lifetime or the property is situated. Executions. See Exemptions and Judgments. Exemptions: Ilomestead.-^^ Oixq hundred and sixty acres of land and the buildings and improvements thereon, occuoied as a residence and honafide owned by the debtor having a family, or niotlier, or father, or person or persons dependent on him for support." Personal Property.— Th^ sheriff cannot seize the linen or clothing belonging to the debtor or his wife, nor his bed nor those ot his family, nor his arms and military accoutrements, nor tlie tools, instruments or books necessary for the exercise of his 166 LOUISIANA. calling, trade or profession. Nor shall he, in any case, seize tho right of personal servitude, of use and habitation, of usufruct of the estate of a minor child, nor the increase of dotal property, Jior the salary due an officer, nor wages, nor recompense for per- Bonal services, nor house or kitchen furniture to the value of $600. There is also exempt one work horse, one wagon or cart, one yoke of oxen, two cows and calves, twenty-five head of lioga or one thousand pounds of bacon, or equivalent in pork, andjf a fanner, the necessary corn or fodder for the current year ;' pro- vided that the property above stated to be exempt from seizure does not exceed, in the aggregate, the sum of $2,000. No debtor shall be entitled to this exemption whose wife shiilj own in her own right, and be in the actual enjoyment of property worth more than §1,000. Interest and Usury: Legal Hate, 5 per cent. Allowable by written agreement, 8 per cent. Any rate of interest may be collected if it is embodied in the original instrument creating the loan, or if reserved by way of discount ; but after the maturity of an indebtedness, no greater rate than eight per cent is valid for i\\Q forbear ance thereof, and usury in this case forfeits the whole interest. Judgments.— A judgment is a lien on the lands of the judg- ment debtor in the parish where recorded from the date of record. An execution operates only as a Hoi: on the property levied from the date of levy. Limitation of Actions {Preacription) ; Three Years. — Actions on oj^en accounts. Five Frnz-s.— Promissory notes and bills of exchange. Ten y"mr*.- Actions on judgments and mortgages. Possession in good faith as owner for ten years of real estate, under a title translative of the property, allows the possessor to prescribe against the owner, provided the owner does not belong to the class against whom prescriptions do not run, such as infants or interdicted persons. Twenty Years will prescribe against the owner of real estate in such a case, even though the possession is in bad faith. ill LOUISIANA. 167 »on or cart, one Thirty Yearn prescribes against the owners in such a case, whether possession was founded on an oi-iginal title or not. Makuied Woman.— Marriage in this State is a business as well ae social copartnership. The parties retain their ante-nuptial proi)ert.y ; the partnership, consisting of all acquisitions received hy cither partner during coverture, whether from the resuk of their labor, or from donation to either, or both. The delfts or liabilities of either accruing after marriage is considered nsf.rm debts, and for which the firm property, above specified, is liable. The wife, by the consent of both her husband and the district judge, may charge her separate property, by loans or conti-acts, for her special benefit. If a married woman is permitted to carry on a separate trade she is considered a public merchant, and as such may obligate herself for anything in relation thereto ; but she cannot, even then, sue without the special authority of her husband. At the dissolution of this quasi copartnership the firm property is divided equally between them, without any reference to the amount of the capital furnished by either. The wife has, by operation of law, a lien, in the nature of a mortgage, in the separate real estate of the husband for the full amount of all moneys received from her by him during cover- ture, but this mortgage must be recorded to protect the wife from innocent third jjarties. Peomissoey Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills should be executed in the presence of two or more sub- scribing witnesses. ill 168 LOUISIANA. LOUISIANA. M lij i ALEXANDRIA- Rapides Pariah. Wm. C. McGinney. BASTROP — Morehouse Parish. D. C. Moryan. COLUMBIA — Caldwell Parish. Thomas E. Meredith, CoLUMiiiA, La., Jan. 13, 1872. Thomas E. Meredith is an attorney at law at this place. He is well qualifioj to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. He is prompt and faithful in the interest of his elients, of gu. <\ moral character and standing. This testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. R D. BRIDGER, Parish Jtulye. I hereby certify that R. D. Bridger is the Parish Judge of Cald- well Parish. [i>. s.] J. E. BARRY, Clerk Twelfth District Court, Pariah of Caldwell. CoLUMRiA, La., Jan. 13, 1873. HOMER — Claiborne Parish. Jas. W. Willson. HOMEK, March 11, IS 73. S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, JV. Y. : This is to certify to you that James W. Willson has practiced law successfully in this town, district and State for the last four- teen years. He is a gentleman of honor, ability and intej^a-ity. [l, s.] Given under my hand officially at Homer, Marcli 11, 1873. N. J. SCOTT, Parish Judge of the Parish of Claiborne, Za. i i LOUISIANA. MONROE- Ouachita Parish. 1(19 rch 11, 1873. dat'i't'tt tt- Gdt'tett. Isaiah GAiiiJE-ri'. Fkanklin GAUJtK'n'. MuNitoK, La., March 5, 1873. f am well acquainted with iMoHsrs. Garrett & Garrett, of this jilacc, and can voueli for their profeHHionul standing as attorneys and counselors at law and collection agents. The Henior partner of iliefirTii, Hon. Isaiah Garrett, is the seni. , [mietitioner at the bar 111 tl)is district, and well known as an able jumt and scholar iiinmghout the State. KOBT. I {.AY, Juil(/e of the Fourteenth JudicUU Didrict of Loaislana, NEW ORLEANS — Orleans Parish. Hawkins a; Sharp, (No. lO Commercial Placo.) Jacob Hawkins (Judge of the Hnpehur Court of Louisiana). Isaac Siiakp. Testimonial waived. — [Ed. SHREVEPORT — Caddo Parish. Chupmufi & Alexander. Saml, M. Chapman. T Al.EXAXDEK. SiiiiEVEPOBT, La., Jan. 6, 1873. This is to certify 1 hat Messrs. Chapman & Alexander, attorneys at law, are reliable and trustworthy L'-'Mitlemen, of good profes- sional standing at this bar. R0I3T. J. LOKNE. ,'v,/,. Tenth Dist. of La. 1 cordially indorse the above. J. M. FORD, Judge of Cmbh Parinh. SPRINGFIELD -Livingston Parish. George Voimer. SPKiNGPiEi.i , Livingston Pakish, La., Jamuiri/ 13, 1873. ' ) I Iicrohv certify 1 ' at George Colmer, of fhis State and parish, is a rcgulaiij aamitted member of the bar of this Stati', and that 'he 170 LOUISIANA. pi-ttcticOM in my court. Furtlienuori', I curtify that I have known him, oithor pui-Ho lully cr by rei»iitalioii, for more than thirty yoarH, and can tcHfify to the fact that hiu Htanding, both gentnil and Hijucial, hat) always buuu good. SUVIPSON KEMP, Pariah Judye, Livinyaton Pdriah, Ln. SpiUNOFiKLU, Livingston Pauisu, La., Jan. 13, 1873. I hureby certify officially that the above is the signature of J lal^e Kemp, of said Livingston Parish, La. ti.. s.] \VM. S. ROSE, t'krk of the Court uj'urtinaid. MAIA'E. 171 MAINE. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING OOMMEliCE. AcKNowLEDOMENTs. Sco Deeds. Alikns. See titlo " RUjhts of Aliens." AuKEST AND Imi'kisonment fok Debt.— Ill ull claiiiis for over ten dollars, the debtor iruiy be arrested ou an affidavit that he is iiboiit to depart from the State, and to carry with him jjroperty more than necessary for his immediate support. This proceeding' is not productive of very great hardship on the part of the debtor, for upon disclosing his property for the heiietit of the creditor, he will be discharged from custody. Attachments. — Actions are commenced by attachments as a mesne or original writ; no affidavit or security for costs is neces- sary. The liens created by writs of attachment take precedence according to the date of seizure, and continue for thirty days fitter judgment. See titlo " New England Grab Law," as to the elfect of this peculiar form of attachment. Bills of Exchange and rROMissoRv Notes are governed by the common law. Bills of Sale are good against third parties without being recorded. Chattel Moktgaoes.— No mortgage of personal property to secure the payment of more than §30 shall be valid against any other person than the parties thereto, unless possession of such property is delivered to and retained by the mortgagee, or the mortgage is recorded. Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowledged before any magistrate, justice of the peace or notary public or a commis- sioner of deeds for the State of Maine. Foreign acknowledgments 172 MAINE. Ml f may be taken before a notary public or a minister or consul u[ the United States. A clerk's certificate of the otHcer's sij^nuiturc is advisable, but not essential. No separate acknowledgment is required to reliti- (luish the dower right of the wife, if she joins in the deed. Fonii of Acknoioledfinmits. Sec Aj)])endix, Forms. EsTATKs OF riccEASEi) Peksons.— If the estate is solvent, claiins may bo ])re8ented to the executor or administrator, but if insol- vent, they must bo proved before the Probate Court, and the creditor will receive a pro rata payment or dividend. Claims should be presented within a year, to receive the benetit df the first distribution by the courts. Suits may be commenced against the execu.tjrs after the expiration of one year, and within four years from cho date of their appointment. Executions. See Exemptions and Judgments. Exemptions : IhiiDvMcad. — A householder, by filing a claim in the registry of deeds, mav have a homestead not exceeding tbe value of ^oiK) set oir to him, which will be free from all claims except mechan- ics' liens and taxes. 77 'sonal Property. — T\\o following personal property IS exempt from execution : Necessary wearing apparel, household furniture to the value of $50, beds, bedding, family portraits, and a library not exceod- iisg $150 in value, necessary kitchen furniture, twelve cords of wood or five tons of r'oal, necessary provisions for the family, tools of trade, a sewing inachine worth $100, a i)air of workini,' cattle, or in lieu thereof a pair of mules, one or two horses not exceeding $300 in value, a cow and heifer, ten shec]) and the lambs and wool raised from them, with sufticient hay to keep the above stock through the winter season, a liberal amount of ao'ri- cultural implements, including a mowing machine; and a fishing boat of two tons burthen. Imprisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interf^st and ITsuky ; Legal Hate, C per cent. The parties may legally stipulate in writing for any rate of interest. MAINE. 173 or consul of (\m7'y laws are abolished. Ji:i)0mi.:nt8 do not oi>erate as Hens upon real estate. The lien cruatod hy the originul attachuieut remains for thirty days after the entry of judgment. Limitation of Actions : One Year.— Aatxom against sheriffs for an escape, and scire facias against bail in civil suits, sureties in criminal recognizan- ces, indorsers of writs and trustees charged by the court. Two J m/'6'.— Personal actions for assault and battery, false iniprisoninent, slander and libel. Four Years.— M\ actions against executors and administra- tors, and against sheriffs, except for esca])es. Six Years.— k.Q,Wo\\i founded on any contract or liability not iiiider seal, except second judgments; for arrears of rent of assumpsit or in the case of waste, trespass, replevin and trover. T' 2ntu Years.— K\\ actions not above enumerated. There are the usual exceptions in relation to persons under disal)ilities. Part payment or a written acknowledgment or promise to pay ii claim, will renew the running of the ^statute. lArAKuiKi) Women retain their property owned by them at the time of marriage or acciuircd by them during coverture, as their separate property, free from the control of the husband in any manner whatsoever, and they may lawfully contract, sue and be sued in reference to the same. The husband is not liable for any of the debts of the wife created by her on the credit of her separate |iroperty. Pkomissoey Notks. See Bills of Exchange. Wills are valid to pass the title to personal property in this State, if executed according to the laws of the place where the testator resided ; but to legally devise real property, three wit- nesses should attach their names to the will, in the presence of testator and at his request. 174 MAINE. MAINE. AUGUSTA — Kennebec County. Baker & Baker, Joseph Baker (formerly State Attorney, State Senator and Kepresentative). S. F. KneeljVnp, Esq. : My Dear Sir.— Messrs. Baker & Baker, of this city, are mem- bers of the Kennebec county bar, of high standing in tlie profes- sion. I have known tlie senior party for many years as a leading member of the bar. The junior member is a young man of great promise. CIIAS. DANFORTH, Justice Sup. Jud. Court of Maine, 1:1 BANGOR — Penobscot County. Thomas TV. Vose (ex- State Senator and Representative). To lohoni it may concern : Hon. Thomas W. Vose is a member of the liar of Penobscot county, State of Maine, and is well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. Ho is promi)t and faithful to the inter- ests of his clients, and this tostimonial is ven cheerfully accorded. JOHN APPLETON, Chief Justice of Sup. Jud. Court of Maine. I cordially indorse the above testimonial, EDW. KENT, Associate Justice of S. J. C. of Maine. Bangor, April 5, 1873. MAINE. 17f e Senator and FRYSBURG— Oxford County. Heth W. Fife. The Norway National Bank, ) Norway, Me., April 9, 1«73. f To tchom it may concern : This will certify that we, the officers of the Norway National n.iiik, are acquainted with Seth W. Fife, Esq., of Fryeburg, Me,, and know him to be a counselor and attorney at law in good stand- ing, and qualified to do legal business that maybe intrusted to him. I. A. DENISON, FREELAND HOWE, HENRY M. BEARCE, JMrectors. LEWISTON and AUBURN — Androscoggin County. Pulsifei' n7 4, 187:{. j 7o iv/ioni it may concern: We have had occasion to employ Messrs. Pulsifer & ]3olster as attorneys for this bank, and have found :liem well qualified to niidertake any legal business intrns,ted to them. We have found tlum prompt, faithful and efficient in the interests of their clients, :in(l this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. J. H. HOAK, Prest. PORTLAND — Cumberland County. Joint Neal tt So^i. Jno. Neal. Jno. 1'. Neal. Bangor, May 21, l,s7a. I have known the firm of Neal & Son, of Portland, for many years as members of the bar of the State, of ability and integrity. The SL-nior mwnber of the firm long ago acquired a high distinc- tion among the literary men of the nation. I am happy to recom- mend the firm to the (Confidence of the public. JOHN APPLETON, Chief Justice Supreme Court of Maine. 'K*ltVrV.'a~t!' *• 17({ MA FNE. % \\ HICHMOND — Sagadahock County. »JoH. \V, Sjniuldiuff ((ix-Statc Soiiator ami licpresentativc). „, , , Richmond, Me., April ;i, i^-n. to whom n inuy concern: 1 eala of Md. CUMBERLAND — Alleghany County. Lloyd Lowndes f Jr. (Member of Congress). EASTON — Talbot County. Joseph B. Seth. Elkton, December 19, 1872. Mk. Joseph B. Setii : Dear Siu. — Your letter in regard to your standing at the Kustoii bar received. It gives nie pleasure to certify to your integrity W\\ ability. Yours truly, FREDETiW'K STl^MP, Judffe /Second Judkml Circuit, Miyr^fhind. ...i FREDERICK — Frederick County. Geo. E. Price, MARYLAND. 181 H AQERSTO WN - Washington County. T. J. C. Williams. IIaoekstown, Md., April 1, 1873. I l.crcby certify that T. J. C. WilliamH, Esq., is a member of tlio l.ar of WdHliington county, Md., in good professional standing, and that he bears the reputation of a gentleman of the highest lionesty, integrity and morality. W. MOTLER, Associate Judge of the Circuit Court for Washington County. ROCKVILLE — Montgomery County. Wm. Brewer. RocKViLLE, Montgomery County, Md., ) February 21, )?'73. \ To the Merchants' Protective Laio Association : William Brewer, Esq., is a member of the bar of the Circuit Court for Montgomery county, Maryland, in good standing. We take pleasure in stating that he is well qualified to attend to any legal business intrusted to his care. He is a gentleman of honor and integrity, prompt and faithful in the discharge of the business of his clients. JOHN A. LYNCH, W. VEHIS BONIC, Judges of the Circuit Court. ■f r 11 182 MASS A CIJ USETTS. MASSACHUSETTS. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. P\ 11 « 8 i'i ij \ 1 1 i 1 Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, ^^ liiyhts of Aliens.''^ Arrest and Imprisonment for Debt. — An order of arrest will l)e granted on a mesne process in au action of contract if tho plaintiff proves to the court by sutticient affidavits, 1st. That he has a good cause of action for an amount exceed- ing the sum of $20 ; or, 2d. That he believes, and has reason to believe, the debtor has pro])erty not exempt from execution, that he does not intend to apply to the plaintiff's claim ; or, 3d. That he believes, and has reason to believe, that the debtor intends to leave the State, so that execution, if obtained, cannot be served upon him ; or (instead uf the second and third) that the debtor is an attorney-at-law ; that the debt sought to be recovered is for money collected by him for the plaintiff, and which he unreasonably detains. An order of arrest will also be granted in an action arising on a tort, where the plaintiff shows to tho satisfaction of the court that the defendant is about to remove ou^ of its jurisdiction. No person can be arrested on an execution issued for debt or damages in a civil action for tort unless the judgment creditor, or some person in his behalf, after execution is issued amounting to 820, exclusive of costs, makes an affidavit as to the nature and amount of his claim, and specifying, further, that he believes, and has reason to believe, that the debtor is possessed of property not exempt from execution, and which he has no intention of apply- ing to the payment of the plaintiff''s claim ; or that, since the contraction of the debt, the debtor has fraudulently disposed of MASS A Cn U SETTS. 1^3 aount exceed- some part of his estato for the piui)08e of Bcciaiiig: the aniiie to hisowii use, oi f defrauding Ids creditors; or that, ince , e contraftion of the debt, the debtor has lost $100 or more by gambling, «' ,ly ex])ended or misused his goods, to enable liiiu , ., u pour debtor's oath ; or that he contracted the debt with lo intention of not paying for the same ; or that \y is an attorney-at-law, and has collected the money for the for and unreasonably delays in paying over the same. A woman cannot bo arrested in a civil action on a contract. The debtor may be discharged from arrest on taking the poor debtor's oath, or on an affidavit that ho has no intention of leaving the State. ArrAciiMENTK -AH of tho property of the debtor not exempt fnnn exccntioi .y be attached upon the original writ, and held t'ur thirty days after judgment a.- ocurity for the amount the plaiatitr may recover in the notion. No affidavit or bond is necessary, except that, in case uf non-resident plaintiffs, a resi- dent must indorse the writ and will be held liable for the costs, if any, recovered against the idaintiff. Personal property, if perishable, may be appraised and sold ; the officer holding the proceeds in lieu of the property. For the general application of this system of attachments see title, " New England Grab Za?<;." Dills of Exchange and Pkomissoey Notes are governed by the common law, except that in the case of notes, payable on demand, a demand must be made within sixty days from the date thereof to hold the indorser. Sight drafts are allowed three days' grace. Bills of Sale and Deeds of Trust are not valid as to third parties without they are accompanied by immediate and con- tinued change of possession. CiiArrEL Mortgages are not valid as to third parties until recorded as follows : If executed by a non-resident, in the record office of the city or town where the property is ; and if the mort- gagor is a resident, then in the city or town where he resides, and also where he transacts his principal business. Deeds of Trust. See Bills of Sale. Deeds and Mortgages, if executed in another State, may be ■'•..■/i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // V- % % 1.0 I.I 1.25 I4£|2.8 liO "^ ■1 2.5 2.2 2.0 111= U III 1.6 "€/l''^ y Photogrdphic Sciences Corporation \ ^ ^9> •1>' ^\ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. >4580 (716) 872-4503 6^ 'i:-^;.^. /.— Tho library and school books of every individual and family to tho value of $150; furniture anil l.niiHchold goods to tho value of $250; the teams, tools or implements of any trade or professi.m in whicli the party is principally engaged, to tho value of $250; to each householder ton sheep, two cows and five swine, and tho food for them dur- ing SIX months. The statute also covers tho usual speciHcations ot houHohold articles of a trivial value. Homestead.— Thom is also exempt to a resident householder a hoinostead of not exceeding forty acres, and tlio dwelling-house thereon, with its ai^purtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any recorded town plat, citv or vil- agc; or instead thereof, at tho option of the owner, a quantity of land, not exceeding in amount one lot, boing within a recorded town plat, city or village, and the dwell ihg-house thereon and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State not exceeding in value $1,500. ' Imi'kisonaient fob Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury : lc;/al Hate, 7 per cent. AlhmaUe hy wntten contract, 10 per cent. Usury forfeits the excess over 7 per cent. JCD0MENT8.--A judgment is not a lien on real estate until a levy is made thereon under execution. Limitation op Actions : Two Years.— M{\om of assault and batterv, folse imprison- ment, slander, libel and trespass on land. Three Years.-Aciion^ against sheriffs for the official miscon- duct of their deputies. 196 MICHIGAN. 15 •* Six Years. — Actions of debt on any contract or liability not under seal, except those brought upon judgments of ciurts of recorJ, actions upon judgments not above excepted ; for rent, of assumpsit, and all actions for taking, detaining or injuring goods or chattels ; and all other actions not otherwise mentioned. Ten Years. — Actions on judgments of courts of record and sealed instruments. Maebied Women. — The property of a married woman, whether actpiired before or after marriage, remains her sole and separate property. She may contract in relation to the same with any person, including her husband, and carry on business in her own name, dealing with her husband the same as with third parties, but she caanot become a surety for the pre-existing debt of iier husband. I'komissoicy Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills require two witnesses, and are executed in the ordinary manner. MICHIGAN. 197 MICHIGAN. ed in the ordiuary ADRIAN— Lenawee County. Geildes & 3Iill >r, NoKMAx Geddes. CiiAS. R. MaLBB (ex-Prosecuting Attorney). -Allegan County. ALLEGAN Arnold & Stone, Daniel J. Abxold (Judge of Probate). Joijx W. Stone (formerly County Clerk and Prosecuting Attorney). =" Allegan, Mich., October 28, 1872. 10 all whom it may concern : Wo, the undersigned, president and cashier of the First Nationa) Bank of Allegan, do certify tl.at we are personally acquainted with D.aniel J Arnold and John W. Stone, who compose the law farm of Arnold & Stone, and that they are men of integrity, and as lawyers are prompt, energetic and in good standing. G. B. ROBINSON, Cashier. B. D. PRESIDENT, President. ALMA — Gratiot County. Fmncis Palmer. State op Michigan, Tenth Judicial Circuit. To all lohom it may concern : This certifies that Francis Palmer is a practicing attorney at Ahna, Gratiot county, in my circuit, in good standing and repute m Ins pro ossion, and, as such, I believe him entitled to the confi- ueiice ot tlie public. n , , T „ JOHN MOORE, Circuit Judye. Uatecl Ithaca, May 7, 1873. 198 MICHIGAN. ANN ARBOR — Washtenaw County. M%ra C. Seaman, Office of First National Bank of Ann Arbor, / Ann Abbok, June 5, 1873. j The uiulersigned, officers of the First National Bank of Ann Arbor, county of Vfashtcnaw and State of Michigan, respoctfully represent tliat Ezra C. Seaman is a lawyer of good standing in the profession, and that he is a responsible and reliable man of good standing in the community. He can be depended upon as a busi- ness man of integrity. E. WILLS, President. J. K. KNIGHT, (Jashier, Of the First Nat. Bank of Ann Arbor, Mich. BAY CITY — Bay County. Holmes & Stoddard. Sydney T. Holmes (ex-Member (..f Congress and Judge C. C). John L. Stoddard. Bay City, Mich., Dec. 23, 1872. To tohom it may concern : I hereby certify that Messrs. Holmes & Stoddard, of this city, arc attorneys and counselors at law, and solicitors and counselors in cliancery in the several courts of this State, in good professional standing. S. M. GREEN, Circuit Judge Eighteenth Judicial Circuit. BIG RAPIDS— Mecosta County. B, Jt\ Graven, Northern National Bank, ) Big Rapids, Mich., March 1, 1873. j I hereby certify that I am well acquainted with B. F. Graves, and that he is an attorney at law and solicitor in chancery, in good standing, in this community. G. T. STEARNS, President. MICHIGAN. 199 CASSOPOLIS — Cass County. John A, Talbot. First National Bank of Cassopolis, Mich., ) October 28, 1872. f To whom it may concern : We have had occasion to use John A. Talbot, Esq., as an attorney for tills bank, and found him competent and trustworthy. We espe- cially recommend him to parties having any collections to make in this vicinity. CHARLES H. KINGSBURY, Cashier. CHARLOTTE — Eaton County. Frank A. Hooker. First National Bank, ) Charlotte, Mich., OcU 21, 1872. \ To whom it may concern : I have frequently placed business in the hands of Frank A. Hooker, Esq., attorney, etc., and certify that he is well qualified to transact any legal business that may be intrusted to him. Mr. Hooker is jjrompt and faithful in the interest of clients, and in every way entitled to success. E. S. LACEY, Cashier. icUcial Circuit. NS, President. CHELSEA — "Washtenaw County. James 31. Martin. DETROIT — Wayne County. Ward & Palmer. John Ward (ex-District Attorney of Vermont). EuviN Palmer. Ward & Palmer are members of the "Wayne county bar, and have an extensive practice in all the courts of this State. They are gentlemen of good character, high professional standing and pecuniary standing. JARED PATCHIN, Judge Third Circuit, Mich. 'f ' i , ! aoo MICHIGAN. l;:i EAST SAGINAW — aaginaw County. Hucklns & Sutherland. SeTII G. HUCKINS. Wm. O. Sutherland. To whom it may concern : This is to certify that Sotli G. Huckins and William O. Sutlior- land, corai^osing the law firm of Huckins & Sutherland, at East Saginaw, Michigan, arc attorneys of good professional standing, and worthy of confidence. I take pleasure in saying that I believe them prompt and faithful in the interests of their clients. JOHN MOOllE, Circuit Judae. February 28, 1873. I cheerfully indorse the above. [l. s.] FRED. B. SWEET, Clerk Saginaw County, Mich. If ' EATON RAPIDS — Eaton County. John M, Coi'bin. Banking-House of Morgan Vaughan, ) Eaton Rapids, Mich., April 14, 1873. j S. F. Knekland, Esq., Albany, JV. Y. : ^ John M. Corbin, Esq., has been a resident of our city for a long time. lie has done considerable business for us and has always been prompt and attentive. Yours truly, MORGAN VAUGHAN. FENTON— Genesee County. A, U. Wood. State Bank of Fenton, Michigan, ) November 8, 1872. j We are personally well acquainted with A. U. Wood, an attor- ney at law, of Fenton, and consider him professionally capable, reliable, prompt and responsible. J. BUCKBEE, President. EDWIN TRUMP, Cashier. \v\ MICIIIGAHr. 201 ^ Comity, Mich, I VAUGHAN. FLINT — Genesee County. F. H. Thurston (formerly State Seuator, Representative and I'rosccuting Attorney). Kefers to First National Bank of Flint; Citizens' National Ban^ . of Flint, Genesee county, Mich. ; First National Bank of Det; Morcliants' National Bank, East Saginaw; First National Bank u Bay City. FRANKFORT — Benzie County. N. AuyUHtHS i'tU'kei' (formerly Prosecuting Attorney). » GRAND HAVEN — Ottawa County. Samuel L. Tate. To whom it may concern : It gives me groat pleasure to certify that Samuel L. Tate, Esq., of the city of Grand Haven, is an able, faithful and reliable mem- ber of the bar, and has the entire confidence of the judges of the Courts of Record in Western Michigan, as well as of the public generally. A. IT. GIDDINGS, Circuit Judge Fourteenth Judicial Circuit, Mich. Gkand Haven, Mich., Oct. 2G, 1872. GRAND RAPIDS — Kent County. Euf/ene Carpentet: Office of Judge op Prohate, Kent County, Mich., ) Grand Rapids, December 19, 1872. J To vihom it may concern : Eugene Carpenter, Esq., of the city of Grand Rapids, Michigan, is a lawyer of good standing and ability. BENJAMIN A. HARLAN, Judge o/ Probate. GREENVILLE — Montcalm County. Geo. If. Beelmmt (P. O. Ionia, Mich.). HART — Oceana County. T. S. Guvney. ^Ir. Guniey is County Cr. rl and Register of Deeds for Oceana county, Michigan. 202 MICHIGAN. S|;'?i I J«m\ W: HASTINGS— Barry County. Chas. H. Bauer, Hastings National Bank, \ Bankinu-House of Bowne & Galloway, [ Hastincb, Mich., Feb. 28, 1873. ) I cheerfully recommend Mr. C. II. Bauer as an honest, prompt and reliable attorney. GEO. E. GOODYEAR, Cashier. We cordially indorse the above testimonial. S. C. PRINDLE, Judge of Probate. \VM. H. POWERS, Clerk of Barry Co., Mich. J. W. VROOMAN, Sheriff of Barry Co., Mich. IONIA — Ionia County. John S. Bennett (formerly County Clerk). The First National Bank op Iona, ) loNA, Mich., Feb. 27, 1873. \ I do hereby cheerfully recommend John S. Bennett, an attorney at Ionia, Mich., as a p litable and qualified person to undertake and transact any legal business intrusted to him as an attorney. A. F. CARR, Cashier. IJ I* ill JACKSON — Jackson County. Wm. Seward Gridletj, I have known Wm. Seward Gridley for several years ; he is an attorney at law, and is worthy of the confidence of the business public, J. M. ROOT, • I^esulent Peojiles^ Nat. Bank, Jackson, Mich. JONBSVILLE — Hillsdale County. W, J. Baxter, References. — People's Bank, New York ; Ralph Mead & Co., New York ; Swift, Seaman »fc Co., New York ; Hon. Geo. Ilin- croft. New York ; John A. Pago, Montpelier, Vt. ; Micliigan Ins. Bank, Detroit ; Ogden, Jones & Co., Chicago. MICHIGAN. 203 Jackson, Mich. KALAMAZOO — Kalamazoo County. B. F. mil. The First National Bank of Kalamazoo, ) Kalamazoo, Mich., May 26, 1873. \ 7i> ichom it may concern : We take pleasure in recommending Mr. R. P. Hill as an honor- able and upright man, and believe that all business intrusted to him will meet his prompt and careful attention. L. HULL, President. CHAUNCEY STRONG, Cashier. LANSING— Ingham County. S. S. Olds. By permission, I refer to the following gentlemen and business houses . Hon. H. P. Baldwin, of Detroit, ex-Governor of Michi- gan, and President Second National Bank, Detroit; Banking House of Cyrus Hewitt & Co., Lansing ; E. Longyear, Cashier Second National Bank, Lansing ; Messrs. W. C. Browning & Co., wliolesale clothiers, New York ; Messrs. Hazen, Whitney & Co.' importers and jobbers of silk goods, New York ; Taylor, Thomas & Co., wholesale dry goods, Boston, Mass.; Hon. B. D. Ball, Attorney-General of Michigan, Lansing. S. S. OLDS. LAPEER— Lapeer County. J. B. Hoove. I take pleasure in saying that J. B. Moore, Esq., of Lapeer, Mich., is a practicing lawyer of good standing, and entirely worthy the con- fidonce of any who may have business to be intrusted to a consci- entious and faithful laAvyer. JAMES S. DEWEY, Circuit Judge Sixth Circuit. LOWELL — Kent County. J. JI. Matheivson. Lowell National Bank, Lottell, Mich. To lohom it may concern : Wp have had occasion to use John M. Mathewson as an attorney for this bank, on several occasions, and have found him well quali fied to undertake any legal business intrusted to 1^. Mr. Mathew ml 304 MICHIGAN. son is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully given. H. M. CLARK, Cashier. Dated at Lowell, November 0, 1872. LUDINGTON — Mason County. E. N. Fitch. MANCHESTEE — Washtenaw County. G. It. Palmer. Pkople's Bank of Manchester, ) Manchester, Mich., Dec. 19, 1872. j S. F. Knbeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y, : Dear Sir. — G. R. Palmer, Esq., is an attoniey in good standing in this village, and enjoys the confidence of this bank to the fullest extent, and is particularly recommended in the matter of collections. Yours truly, O. F. HALL, Cashier. MANISTEE — Manistee County. Smith W, Fowler (formerly State Senator and Prosecuting Attorney). Manistee, Mich., April 17, 1873. This is to certify that I have known Mr. S. W. Fowler, .ittorney at law, for five years last past. I consider him perfectly respon- sible financially, and attentive and thorough in his business matters, and worthy of the confidence of his clients. J. L. TAYLOR, Cashier. MARQUETTE — Marquette County. James E. Daliha. Holding now the oftice of Register in Bankruptcy for this con- gressional district, of Prosecuting Attorney for this county, and of City Attornev for this city, and having heretofore been U. S. Attorney, I presume other testimonials of professional standing will be unnecessary. JAMES E. DALIBA. MICIITGAN. 205 \.LL, Cashier. E. DALIBA. MARSHALL — Calhoun County. Bi'own & Patterson. Wm. H. l^uowN (formerly Prosecuting Attorney). John C. I'atteuson. Tub First National Bank, ) Makshaix, Mich., Juiie 5th, 1873. \ S. F. Knkeland, Esq. : Dear Sir.— Messrs. Brown «fc Patterson are our attorneys in several important suits. We consider tliom gentlemen well versed ill tlio profession, prompt, faithful and reliable, entitled to full con- fidence for ability and character as men and lawyers, and commend them to such as that kind of services are desirable, and feel confi- dent they will meet their wants. Respectfully, G. L. WRIGHT, Cashier. MIDDLEVILLE Ilai'vey Wright. Barry County. MONROE — Monroe County. John R, Manch. The First National Bank op Monroe, ) Monroe, Mich., Ajiril 15, 1873. j To who)n it may concern : I have had a close acquaintance with Mr. John R. Ranch, an attorney of this place, for several years, and take pleasure in stating him to be responsible and prompt in attention to business. C. G. JOHNSON, Cashier. MT. PLEASANT — Isabella County. Isaac A. Fancher, Mt. Pleasant, Mich., N'ov. 8, 1872. Ih whom it may concern : I have had occasion for the past four years, while acting as judge, to test the honor and legal ability of Is".: ^ A. Fancher, attorney, and can assure whoever may require his services they will find him perfectly reliable and capable of transacting all business intrusted to his care. Very respectfully, etc., RICHARD HOY, Probate Judge. 206 MICHIGAN. • , ii B! . i* . » MUSKEGON — Muskegon County. Smithf Ntms tt IJnwln. Fkancis Smith. F. A. NiMs. David D. Euwin. Grand Havkn, Mich., Oct. 20, 1872. It givoH mc groat ploasuro to certify to tlio profcHHionul Htui.y. i?, 1872. f To whom it may concern : We have had occasion to use Jas. li. L^ on as an attorney for this bank on several occasions, and have found him well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. IMr. Lyon is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients, and this testimo- nial is very cheerfully accorded. C. L. BLOOD, Cashier. MICH 10 AN. 209 AsKt. Vnshkr. b.sistant riiited VASSAR- Tuscola County. Betlj. W. HKHton. Jr. (foiniorly I'roHccuting Attorney and MciiibiT of tho Miclii^'iin Logislatiiro). Honj. W. HuHton, J.-., of Va.sH.-ir, 'I'l.HcoIa county, is tho loading member of tho bar in that county, an.l enjoys tlic confidence of tho conununity m a gentleman of character, integrity an.l high i.rofeg- sluuiil Btaniling. .lOSIAII TURNER, JuJr/e .Seventh Circuit, Mich. OwAsso, Mich., Mai/ 8, 1800. WENONA — Bay County. M.A.Dou'lftiy. WHITEHALL -Muskegon County. A. C. Elswofth. 14 210 MINNESOTA. MINNESOTA. r ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, "■ RighU of Aliens P Akeest oe Imprisonment for Debt is prohibited, except i?) the case of fraud in the contraction of the debt. Attachments.— Writs of attachment will issue in the follow- ing cases : 1st. Where the debt was fraudulently contracted ; 2d. Where the debtor is a non-resident or foreign corporation or has departed from the State with the intent to defraud or delay his creditors, or to avoid the service of a summons ; or, 3d. Where he keeps himself concealed therein with a like intent; or, 4th. Has assigned, secreted or disposed of, or is about to assign, secrete or dispose of his property with intent to delay or defraud his creditors. The writ is granted on the usual surety bond, and affidavit specifying one or more of the above causes. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes.— The indorser cannot be held liable on a note, payable on demand, without a demand is made within sixty days from the date thereof, without grace, and the note duly protested on default of payment. In other respects the common law prevails. Bills of Sale are valid if accompanied by delivery or filed for record. Chattel Mortgages operate as valid liens on personal pro- perty, when duly recorded, in the same manner as real estate MINNESOTA. 211 ibited, except w ue in the follow- id, and affidavit ivery or filed for mortgages, and filed in the town or city clerk's office. They should be renewed every two years. Deeds and Mortgages.— When deeds or mortgages are exe- cuted out of this State, unless the acknowledgment is taken before a commissioner appointed by the Governor of this State for that pui-pose, or before a notary public, or clerk of a court of record, or some other officer having a seal of office, and the cer- tificate of acknowledgment upon such deed, with the seal of office of such officer affixed thereto, there shall be attached or appended to or indorsed upon such deed a certificate of the clerk, or other proper officer of a court of record, of the county, district or place Avhere^ taken, under the seal of his office, that the person whose name is subsci'ibed to the certificate of acknowledgment was, at tlie date thereof, such officer as he is therein represented to be ; that he is acquainted with the handwriting of such person, and verily believes the signature subscribed to the certificate of acknowledgment is genuine, and that such instrument is executed and acknowledged according to the laws of the State where exe- cuted. A separate acknowledgment of the wife is not required if she unites with her husband in the instrument. Form of Aclmowledgments. See Appendix, Forms. Estates of Deceased Pehsons.— Claims must be presented witliiii twelve months from tlie time of granting letters of adminis- tration. Executions. See Judgments and Exemptiom. Exemptions : IIomestead.—ThQVQ shall be exempt from levy under execution a hoinestead of not more than eighty acres of land, or a lot and dwelling-louse thereon, situated in any incorporated town plat, city or village, being a homestead. Personal Property.— The following personal property is exempt from execution : necessary household and kitchen "fur- niture to the value of $500 ; farming utensils to the value of $300 ; stock in trade to the value of $400. (The " stock in trade " has been held by the courts to mean simply the material before It is manufactured.) Also the wearing apparel, beds and bed- duig, hooks and musical instruments used in the family ; throe cows, two swine, one yoke of oxen and a horse; or' in lieu .1 J:' 212 MINNESOTA. \-'\ U i thereof a span of horses or mules ; twenty sheep and the products of tho same for one year; one year's food for said stock, and one year's provisions and fuel for debtor's family; one sewing machine ; the library and implements of a professional man, and the tools and implements of trade in actual use by any mechanic or laborer, and the earnings of minor children. The articles intended to be exempt under the above provisions shall be chosen by the dt'btor, his agent or legal representative. The statute provides that said property shall not be exempt from attachment for the purchase-money thereof; while tlie Constitution provides that a reasonable amount of property shall be exempt from seizure or sale for any debt or liability. Under this latter provision, the courts hold that the exemption applies to judgments for the purchase-money. Impkisonment for Debt. See Arrest Interest and Usury : Zegal Jiate, 7 per cent. Parties may agree in writing for any rate not exceeding twelve per cent. Usuri/ only applies to the excess. Judgments are liens on all of the real estate of the debtor in the county where docketed. The lien continues ten years, and covers all the real estate acquired by the debtor in said county during that time. An execution is a lien only upon the property levied under it. Limitation of Actions : Six Years— .Actions upon contracts and liabilities created by statute other than a penalty or forfeiture, for trespass on real property, for taking or irjuring personal property, for specific recovery of personal property, and for relief on the ground of fraud. Te7i Tears.— Actions on judgments and mortgages . Twenty Tears.— Actions for the recovery of real estate. Married Women retain their separate property in their own right, and may contract, sue and be sued in their own names as fully as if single, except that they cannot convey their real estate without the husband's consent. Promissory Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills require two witnesses, who must sign in the presence of the testator. MINNESOTA. 213 MINNESOTA. ALBERT LEA— Freeborn County. Asahel G. Wedge. I hereby certify that I am acquainted with A. G. Wedge, Esq., of Albert Lea, Freeborn county, Minnesota, and have known him for the past three years, and I take pleasure in recommending him as a prompt, reliable and efficient lawyer. [u s.] GILBERT GULBRANTSON, Judge of Probate. Dated Albert Tea, Minu,, May 1, 1873. ALEXANDRIA— Douglas County. Fmncls B. Van Hoesen (ex-Member of Legislature, County Attorney and Clerk of District Court). BEAVER FALLS — Renville County. John M. Dorman (County Attorney for Renville county). BRECKENRIDGE — Wilkin County. Charles B. Falley (County Attorney). FAIRB AULT — Rice County. John H. Case (ex-District Attorney and State Senator). HASTINGS — Dakota County. Smith tC- Van Sft/Ae. Sk(;kave Sjirrii (formerly Probate Judge). L. Vax Slyck (ex-County Judge). 214 MINNESOTA. 'I m LAKE CITY — Wabasha County. Wood & Wells. The First National Bank of Lakb City, ) Lake City, Minn., March 4, 1873. j "We are personally acquainted with Messrs. Wood & Wells, attor- neys of this city, and cheerfully recommend them as well qualified to transact any business that may be intrusted to them in their profession. L. H. GARRARD, President. G. F. BENSON, Vice-PrcsicUnt. L. S. VAN VLIET, Cashier. LITCHFIELD — Meeker County. Ahner C. Smith (ex-District Court Judge, State Senator in Michigan and U. S. Land Office Register). MONTICELLO — Wright County. W. C. Fiillet'ton. First National Bank, St, Anthony, Minn. We have had occasion to use "W. C. Fullerton as an attorney for this bank, and have found him qualified and prompt in doing our business. (Signed), E. K. SMITH, Cashier. NEW ULM — Brown Coxrnty. Judas Neivhart (Judge of Probate). S. F. Kneelaxd, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : "New Ulm, Minn., Feb. 25, ISTS. * * *■ " In my own behalf would say, that I make no preten- sions as an ' advocate,' but aim to be, and believe I am, a fair office hiwyer, and especially a good collector. Refer to R. B. Miller, of Williams, Miller & Olmstead, Chicago ; Hon. A. J. Edgerton, Comm. of R. R., and S. L. Pierce, Esq., St. Paul ; Hon. Sam Lord, Judge Dist. Court (and all business men), Mantonville, Minn. ; David Anthony, banker, Kasson, Minn, ; Hon. H. W. Lamber- ton, Winona, Minn.; Brown Co. Bank, New Ulm (we have no National Bank here), and any of the business men here or elsewhere MINNESOTA. 215 of my acquaintance. I might also state that since January Ist, 1873, I hold two county offices, viz., that of 'Judge of Probate' and ' Court Commissioner.' " RED WING — Goodhue County. Fred. W. Hoyt, I hereby certify that F, W. Hoyt, Esq., is a member of the Goodhue county bar, and an attorney of good standing. ROBT. DEAKER, Jicdge of Brobate, Goodhue County, Minn. Dated April 16, A. D. 1873, Red Wing, Goodhue county, Minn. ROCHESTER — Olmsted County. E. W. Denton. RocHESTBE, Minn., 3Iay 26, 1873. We regard E. W. Denton, attorney at law in this place, a person of business integrity and a good collector. JOHN R. COOK, l\est. First Nht. Bh. Rochester. A, C. SMITH, Collector Int. Revenue. ST. CLOUD — Stearns County. Louis A. Evans (Judge of Probate Court, ex-Clerk District Court, State Senator and Representative). " The fact that I am now, and for the last ten years have been, Probate Judge of this county, is, I presume, a sufficient testimonial! "L. A. EVANS." ST. PAUL — Ramsey County. John B. & W. H. Saubot'u. John B. Sanborn (U. S. Peace Commissioner, formerly Adju- tont-General of Minnesota, State Senator and Representa- tive). Watler H. Sanborn. To whom it may concern : I hereby certify that John B. & W. H. Sanborn, Esqe., are attor- neys of this court, and of all the courts of this State ; that they are engaged in the regular practice of their profession at St, Paul, ni the county of Ramsey and State of Minnesota, and are in 216 MINNESOTA. [iU good and regular standing as attorneys in said courts ; that they are well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to their care, and are prompt and faithful in the interests of their clients. I further ■ ertify that Gen. John B. Sanborn, senior member' of said firm, was, prior to the war of 1862, the senior member of the law firm of Sanborn & Limd, of St. Paul, Minn., which was then one of the leading law firms of this State ; that he was during said war State Senator, Adjutant-General of the State of Minnesota and Major-General of Volunteers U. S. Army ; that since the war,' ho has been with Generals Sherman, Harlan, etc., a member of the U. S. Indian Peace Commission, and that he is now a practicing attor- ney of the U. S. Supreme Court, and of the Court of Claims of the District of Columbia. That W. H. Sanborn, the junior member of said firm, was admit- ted to the practice of the law in the Supreme Court of this State in January, A. D. 1871, and has since proved himself a prompt, careful, attentive and reliable attorney. W. ^YiMm, Jmhje of District Court of the Coicnty of Eamsey, /State of Minnesota. St. Paul, March 5, 1873. Attest : ALBERT ARMSTRONG, Clerk of District Court, Bamsey Co., Minn. t'- ^-3 By Jas. O'Bkibn, Depy. Clerk ST. PETER— Nicollet County. SaUnon A. Buell. Refers, by permission, to Hon. F. H. Waite, Judge of the Sixth Judicial District, Mankato, Minn. ; Hon. A. G. Chatfield, Judge of the Eighth Judicial District, Belle Plaine, Minn. ; Hon. M. G. Hanscome, Judge of the Ninth Judicial District, St. Peter, Minn. STILLWATER — Washington County. James N. Castle. I have known James N. Castle intimately for the past fifteen years, and take great pleasure in certify to his general good char- acter and reliability. He is a lawyer of marked legal attainments and ability. — [Ed. WATERVILLE — Le Sueur County. L, Z. Rodgers, MINNESOTA. 217 WINNEBAGO CIT Y - Fairbault County. S, J. Abbott (ex-District Attorney). Mankato, Minn., March 29, 1873. To whom it may concern : Tliis is to certify that S. J. Abbott, Esq., of Winnebago City, Fairbault county, of this State, occui)ies a respectable standing as to character and ability as a member of the bar in his county. lie is a young member— I tliink a few years more of experience and study will place him considerably above the average members. Truly yours, FRANKLIN H. WAITE, Dist. Judge. "WINONA — Winona County. Geo. & Wm. Gale. First National Bank, ) Winona, Minn., March 1, 1873. ) S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y.: Dear Sir.— We take pleasure in recommending Messrs. G. & W. Gale as lawyers of character and ability. We have found them particularly successful in making mercantile collections. Truly yours, H. E. CURTIS, First Natl. Bank. 218 MISSISSIPPI. iif i p MISSISSIPPI. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. ["1 4 * rtf. f Acknowledgments. See Deeds. . Aliens. See title, ^^liighta of Aliens." Akkest in Civil Actions and Impbisonment fob Debt are abolished in this State. Attachments are granted in the following cases : 1st. Where the defendant is a foreign corporation or non-resi- dent of the State. 2d. Wliore he has removed, or is about to remove, himself or bis property out of the State. 3d. Where he absconds or conceals himself with the intent to evade the service of summons. 4th. Where he has property that he conceals or unjustly refuses to apply to the payments of his debts. 6th. Where he has assigned or disposed of, or is about to assign or dispose of, his property, or some part thereof, with intent to defraud his creditors, or give an unfair preference to some of them. 6th. Where he has converted, or is about to convert, liis pro- perty into money or evidence of debt, with intent to place it beyond the reach of his creditors. Tth. Where he fraudulently contracted the debt or incurred the obligation for which suit has been, or is about to be, brought. The plaintiff must file an undertaking, with sufKcient sureties for double the amount claimed, together with an affidavit setting forth the nature of the indebtedness, the amount of the claim, and designating one of the above causes. A nonresident may attach the property of a non-resident living in this State. MISSISSIPPI. 219 T FOR Debt are ]5iLi-8 OF ExciiANOK AND Pkomisbort Notes aro governed by the eoniinou law, except as modified by the following statutory provision : " From the Ist of October, 1871, all promissory notes and all otlicr writings for the payment of money, or for the payment of iiiiy other thing may be assigned by indorsement, whether the saiuu 1)0 payable to order or assigns, or not ; and the assignee or iiidursee may maintain an action thereon in his own name, and the defendant shall be allowed the benefit of all want of lawful eou.sideration, failure of consideration, payments, discounts and set-otfs made, had or possessed against the same previous to notice of assigmnent, in the same manner as if the suit had been brought by tlie payee or obligee." Bnxs OF Sale aro not in use in this State. Chattel Mortgages are only valid against third parties from the date of registry in the county where the chattels lie. Deeds and Mortgages may bo acknowledged before any of the judges of the Supreme or District Courts of the United States, or the justice of any Supreme or Superior Court of any of tlie States or Territories ; any justice of the peace, whose offi- cial character shall be certified to under the seal of some court of record, or by any commissioner appointed by the Governor of Mississippi. Acknowledgments may be taken out of the United States by any court of record, the mayor or chief magistrate of any city, borough or corporation ; or any ambassador, foreign minister, secretary of legation, or consul of the United States. Tlie acknowledgment of a married woman must be taken sepa- rate and apart from the husband, and the certificate must show thai: she executed the same as her voluntary act, without any fear or compulsion of her husband. Form of Achiowleilgments. See Appendix, Farms. Deeds must be recorded in the county where the property is situated, within three months from the time of their execution and delivery, in order to bind innocent third parties. Mortgages take priority from the date of filing for record, and are void as to tliird parties if not recorded. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Claims must be presented 220 Jiiississirpi. tu ii ( .'1 !. ! in writing, duly verified, to the executors or administrators within one year from tlie publication of the notLo to creditors by such officers. The law requirew the publication of such notice within two months from the time of their (n.pointment. Non-residento are allowed double the time above buitod for the preseutatiun of their claims. Executions. See Judymenta. Exemptions : Ilomentead.— On debts contracted prior to September Ist 1870, the act of 1857 applies, which gives the head of a family,' being a householder, a homestead of IGO acres of land not to exceed in value $1,500; but as to liabilities contracted after that date, the new act gives such householder a home- stead, not to exceed eighty acres, which, with the imi)rove- ments, shall not exceed $2,000 hi value, or the lot and buildings occnpied by such person, within au incorporated town, of the value of $2,000. The following personal property is exempt : The tools and implements of a mechanic, farmer or laborer, the library of a professional man, not exceeding $250 in value, and the instru- ments of surgeons and dentists to the value of $250. If the debtor is the head of a family or householder, two work horses or mules, two cows and calves, five head of stock hogs, five sheep, fifty bushels of corn, ten bushels of wheat or rice, 200 pounds of meat, a cart or wagon of the value of $100, and necessary household and kitchen furniture to the value of $100. Imprisonment fob Debt is abolished. Interest and Usury : Legal Hate, 6 per cent. Allowable by written contract, 10 per cent. Usury forfeits the excess. ^ Judgments.— A judgment is a lien on all the property of the judgment debtor in the county where the same is perfected era transcript thereof docketed. An execution may issue at once if an appeal is not taken, and is returnable within sixty days. Judgment liens commence on the day of registration and con- tinue seven years. MISSISSIPPI. 221 Limitation of Actions : 'J7irtc' years. — Actions upon accounts. ' S>x }m/'.y.— Actions on notes, IjiIIh, contracts not under seal, ai'il fur tlie recovery of or dainage to pei-sonal property. Seven i'mm— Actions on judgments and sealed instruments. Ten //««/•«.— Actions for tlio recovery of real estate. Personal disabilities and absence from the State are exemptions to tilt.' above limitations during the i)eriod ol their existence. Makiukd Women may retain, control and dispose of all the property owned by them at coverture or acquired by them there- aftcT; except as herein limited. The contract of a married woman cannot bo enforced at law; and she cannot, even with the co-(.i)oration of the husband, encumber her separate real estate, by way of trust-deed or mortgage, for the purpose of securing his debts; but she may sell and dispose of her personal property, and by a joint deed her real estate, for her own benefit. Promissory Notes, ^qq Bills of Exchange. Wills must be in writing and signed by the testator or by some person in his presence, and by his direction. Three sub- scribing witnesses are requisite, unless the instrument is wholly in the handwriting of the testator. 222 MISSISSIPPI. MISSISSIPPI. hi .{ ill ABERDEEN — Monroe County (and Macon). Geo. A. Itainney (residence, Columbia, MiHH.). Rccommondcd to ua as a trustworthy, prompt and able Attorney. —[El). AUSTIN — Tunica County. Andretv J, Wllkinnou. Austin, Miss., Jmi. 1. 1871. S. F. Knkelanp, Esq., Albany, MY.: Deaii Sir. — This is to certify that A. J. Wilkinson, an attorney at Austin, Tunica county, Miss., is a gentleman of good staiitling with the court and with the bar in my district, in said State, and recommend him as such to The Merchants' ^'rotective Law Asso- ci.ation. Given under my hand and seal of the Ch.anccry Court at [l. 8.] Austin, in and for the county of Tunic.-x, this the 7th day of January, 1873. E. STAFFORD, ^ Judge of the Chancery Court .Fifteenth Dist. of Jfiss. 11 « BEAUREGARD — Copiah County. X. O. livhlewell. I cordi.ally indorse L. O. Bridewell as an efficient and competent attorney at law in this district. URIAH MILLSAPS, Judge Fifth Judicial District of Mississippi. BOONEVILLB — Prentiss County. Wtn, 31, Rees (formerly Prosecuting Attorney). MISSISSIPPI. 223 COLUMBUS — Lowndes County. Beverly Matthews. and able Attorney. 88., Jan. 1. 1871. FRIAR'S POINT — Coahoma County. Harrison P. Iteid (cx-Judgo of Probate Court). TiiK Dk Soto IJank, ) Memi'iiih, Tenn., Ajml '25, 187.3. j W, B. Meekku, Esq., Cashier Jinnk of New York: Dkak Sii{.— We liavo the i)leaHure of intr. lacing our friend, II. P. Reiil, EHq,, of Friar's Point, M'sh., who visitH your city on busi- nosH, and we bespeak for liini your kind couHcHies and attentions, tiie bestowal of which will be duly -ippreciated by him, and Yours very truly. T. H. FARN^iWOllTlI. Cashier. GREENVILLE — Washint,ton County. Chan. W. Clarke (District Attorney, ex-Judge of Probato and County Courts). I am at this time District Attorney for five counties, running from ^[enijihis to Vicksburg, including Tunica, Coahoma, Bolivar, Washington and Issaquena Respectfully, CIIAS. W. CLARKE. HAZLEHURST— Copiah County. Calvlt KohertH. CouuT-HousK, CopiAii County, Miss., ) Junuary 7, 1873. J I beg leave to refer you to the following testimonial from the Hon. Uriah Mills.aps, Presiding Judge of our Circuit Court; also, tho testimonial of the Hon, E. G. Peyton, Jr., Chancellor prr-^iding in tliis Cliancery District. To all whom it may concern: We take pleasure in saying that we have known Calvit Roberts, Esq., as a practicing attorney and counselor at law for years in our i!f I i , ".1 • ■ -I ' p T' 224 MISSISSIPPI. several courts, and cordially indorse and recommend liim as emi- nently entitled to confidence and Hupijort. URIAH MILLSAPS, Judge Fifth Judicial District, Miss. E. G. PEYTON, Jr., Chancellor 2hentieth District, Miss. |i 1 LA GRANGE — Choctaw County. F. A. Critz. City of West Point, County of Colfax, ) State of Mississippi, Mb. 3, 1873. j This is to certify that F. A. Critz, Esq., is a young lawyer of decided ability, prompt and attentive to business; and, either as a gentleman or lawyer, h entitled to public confidence. J. A. OKU, Judge of Seventh Judicial District of Mississippi, MERIDIAN — Lauderdale County. BoU. B. llcCattkiU. Mekidian, Miss., 3firch 5, 1873. I, Thomas Cliristian, Chancellor of the Fourth Chancery District of the State of Mississippi, in which district the city of Meridian is situated, do state that I am acquainted with the moral and profes- sional character of R. 13. McCaskill, Esq., and I do hereby certify that he is a gentleman of high moral and professional standing, aud is in every way reliable. THOMAS CHRISTIAN, Chancellor. PALO ALTO — Colfax Coxrnty. Wfii. Hickman Hill. STARKVILLE —Oktibbeha County. Critz & Critz. Geo. E. Cuitz. Fkank a. Ckitz. Columbus, Miss., March, 1873. To whom it may concern : Goo. E. Critz and Frank A. Critz, composing the firm of Critz & CrJtz, are attorneys at law practicing in this circuit. I have known mend liim as emi- N, Chancellor, 3., March, 1873, MISSISSIPPI. 225 tlicra well since they came to the bar, some three or four years ago They are faitliful, energetic and intelligent lawyers, and entirely wortliy of public confidence. J. A. ORR, Judge of the Seventh Judicial District of Mississippi. SUMMIT -Pike County. H. Q. Bridges. Summit, Miss., February 28, 1873. The biATE op Mississippi, ) County of Pike, [**••' I, James M. Smiley, Judge of the Second Judicial Circuit Court District of tlie State of Mississippi, do hereby certify that H Q Bridges, Esq., is a practicing attorney at law, and in good standin.^ as such in this district. ° Witness my hand and seal the 28th February, 1873. t'- "-^ J. M. SMILEY, Judge. YAZOO CITY — Yazoo County. Ed ward Drenuiuff. I certify tliat E. Drenning, Esq., a resident lawyer at Yazoo City, IS a member of that bar, of good standing, prompt and effi- cient in the discharge of all his professional engagements. J. J. HOOKER, Chancellor of Twelfth Ch. Hist., Miss. March 20, 1873. rr J ., Canton, Miss., March 15, 1873. 10 ichom it may concern, : I take much pleasure in recommending E. Drenning, Esq., of Yazoo City, as a lawyer of ability and respectability ; has a fair practice and is perfectly reliable in every way, and a gentleman of very high personal character. Business intrusted to his care will be properly attended to. Very respectfully, W. B. CUNNINGHAM, Judge Circuit Court, Fourteenth Judicial District, Miss. 16 ti iiu V ii 1 . \ II; • IS '* 1 226 MISSISSIPPI. WEST POINT — Colfax County. Barry & Brame, Columbus, Miss., Dec. 28, 1872. Messrs, Barry & Brame are practicing lawyers in the circuit oi which I have been judge for several years. They are known to me as gentlemen of ability, energy, industry and integrity, and entirely worthy of confidence. J. A. ORR, Judge Seventh Circuit Court, Judicial District of Miss. WINONA — Montgomery County. Walter Trotter. I cordially indorse Mr. Walter Trotter as an attorney of eminent merit and qualification, assuring all whom it may concern that liis professional duties are always discharged with industrious zeal, honesty and fidelity. D. P. COFFEY, Chancellor Eleventh Dist., Miss. WOODVILLE — Wilkinson County. Henry S. Van Eaton (ex-District Attorney and Member of Legislature). MlSSOUIil. 2-2: MISSOIJBI. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMEECE. tenth Dist., Miss, Acknowledgments. Sec Deeds. Aliens. See title, ''Rujhts of Aliens:' Akrest in Civil Actions and imprisoninont for debt are abol- ished. Attachments.— The plaintiff in any civil action may, upon the filing of a sufKcient bond of indemnity for double the amount of Iiis claim, secure an attachment against the property of the judgment debtor or one or more of the judgment debtors, in either of the following cases : 1st. Where the defendant is a non-resident. 2d. Where the defendant is a foreign corporation. 3d. Where the defendant conceals himself to avoid the service of process. 4th. Where he has absconded or absented himself, so that the usual process of law cannot be ser^^ed ujjon him. 5tli. Where he is about to remove his property out of the State with the intent to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors. 6th. Where he is about to remove out of the State with the intent to change his domicil. 7th. Where he has fraudulently assigned his property, so as to hinder or delay his creditors. Sth. Where he has fraudulently conceale'd, removed or disposed of his property, so as to hinder or delay his creditors. 9th. Where he is about to convey his property, so as to hinder or delay his creditors. 10th. Where he is about fraudulently to conceal, remove or dis. pose of his property, so as to hinder or delay his creditors. 11th. Where the cause of action accrued out of the State, and 228 MISSOURI. 'Xi \ - m the debtor has absconded or secretly removed his property into this State. 12th. Wliere the damages for which tlie action is brouglit are for injuries arising in the commission of some felony or misde- meanor. 1 "th. Where the del)tor has failed to pay the price of an article which by the contract he was bound to pny on delivery. l-ith. Where the debt sued for was fraudulently contracted by the debtor. The attachment will issue on a demand before it becomes due in all except the first four of the above cases. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes are governed by the common law, except that in lieu of protest fees on bills of exchange, the following charges may be collected from the drawer or indorsers, where the paper is drawn or negotiated within this State : 1st. If drawn on any person within the State, at the rate of four per cent on the principal sum. 2d. If on any person without the State, but within the United States, ten per cent, 3d. If on any person without the United States, at the rate of twenty per cent. If such bill, drawn on any person within this State, is accepted but not paid, the acceptor is liable to pay the holder damages at the rate of four per cent, if the bill is drawn by any person within this State ; and at the rate of ten per cent, if drawn elsewhere within the United States. Bills of Sale are not in use. CuAiTEL Mortgages must be recorded in the county where the mortgagor resides, or the property delivered to the mortga- gee, to make them valid and binding as to third parties. Deeds of Trust are used as security for indebtedness ; the pro- perty is generally conveyed to a trustee, with a power of sale in case of non-payment. Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowledged out of the State before any commissioner appointed by the Governor of this State, or by 'iny judge of a court of record, or the clerk of such court, or by a notary public having a seal. Acknowledgments may be MISSOURL 229 his property into e it becomes due, tes, at the rate of taken out of the United States by the mayor or chief magistrate of any incorporated city or town, by a court of record, or a notary public having a seal. The acknowledgment of a married woman must be taken sepa- rate and apart from her husband. Form of Acknowledyments. See Appendix, Forma. All instruments affecting real estate must be recorded in the county where the property is situated, in order to protect the grantee from innocent third parties who may acquire ec^uitable interests therein subsequent to the grant. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Claims should be presented within one year, to secure the benefit of the first division of the estate. U not presented within two years, they will be forever l)arr(!d, except where the claimant is under the statutory disabili- ties ; then within two years from their removal, the claims when jnescnted m writing, duly verified, are paid in the following order : 1st. Funeral expenses. 2d. Expenses of the last sick- ness, wages of servant'^ and demands for medicines and medical attendance during the last illness of the deceased. 3d. Debts due to the State or any incorporated town or city. 4th. Judg- ments recovered against the deceased in his lifetime. 5th. All other demands which shall legally be exhibited against the estate within one year after the granting of letters, 6th. All demands thus exhibited after the expiration of one year, and within two years after letters granted. Executions. See Judgments and Fxem,ptions. Exemptions : Homestead.— A resident householder, or head of a family, is entitled to a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres of land, of the value of $1,500. In cities of forty thousand inhabitants or over, the homestead shall not include more than eighteen square rods of ground, nor exceed in value $3,000. In smaller cities the homestead shall not include more than thirty square rods, nor exceed in value $1,600. Personal Property/.— There is exempt to every resident, other than the head of a family, necessary wearing apparel, and the tools and implements of trade of any such mechanic while carry- ing on his trade. I, i 230 MISSOURI. If the debtor is the head of a family, there shiill also be exempt ten liogs, ten Kheepand the product thereof; two cows and calves- working animals to the value of $150; family provisions to the value of $100 ; necessary professional books and implements of sur- ffei-y. There Is also specified the usual household and agricultural exeu)i)tion8. In lieu of the stock and working animals,, such resident may select any other p'-operty or rights in action to the value of $300. A defendant ,vh.. .jut to abscond or leave the State with the intent to change nis domicil, cannot take the benefit of the exemptiim law. Impkisc^nment for Debt is abolished. Interest and Usury : Legal Bate, 6 per cent. AllowaUe hy written contract^ ten per cent. Usury forfeits all interest. Judgments.— A judgment is a lien for three years on all the real estate of the judgment debtor in the county where the judg- ment roU or a transcript thereof is filed. An execution may be issued thereon at any time within ten years from the entry of judgment, and is a lien only upon the jiroperty levied upon from the date of levy. The pratice in this State is similar to that of the State of New York. Limitation of Actions : Two Fm^'f.— Actions for slanuer and libel, assault and bat- tery, false imprisonment and criminal conversation. Three Fmrs.— Actions against sheriffs in their official capacity, and for a statutory penalty or forfeiture. Five Zert;-*.— Actions on contracts not hereinafter specified ; upon a liability created by statute other than a penalty or forfeit- ure ; for trespass on real estate ; for taking, detaining or injuring personal chattels ; and for all injuries to tin person not hereinbe- fore specified ; and actions for relief on the ground of fraud. Ten Years.— K(i\\ow9> for the recovery of lands or for a war- ranty or seisin contained in a deed ; on written instruments for the payment of money ; and actions for relief not otherwise provided for. Twenty Fmr*.— Actions on judgments of courts of record. MISSOURI. 281 Married Women. — Tlie real estate of the wife, together with the rents, issues and profits thereof, is exempt from attachment or levy in proceedings against the husband on his individual indebtedness, but the rents and profits thereof are liable for necessaries furnished to the family, or for labor and materials on account of her separate estate. The wife may devise her real estate, -eserving the husband's right of curtesy. A married woman cannot conduct business separate and apart from her husband, nor sue or be sued on her individual note or account, except where the husband fails to provide for her sup- port, neglects or abandons her, or is confined in prison. Pkomissort Notes. See Bills of Fochange. "Wills must be subscribed by the testator or by his direction, and attested by at least two witnesses, signing in the presence of tlie testator. rts of record. I i ' I i 232 MISSOURI. MISSOURI. ill BETHANY — Harrison County. Thomas D. Neal (Member of Missouri Legislature, formerly Probate Judge and County Attorney). BOLIVAR — Polk County. . O. D. Knox. Recommended by a prominent member from the State of Mis- Bouri. — [Ed. BRECKENRIDGE — CaldweU County. J. T. Anderson. Exchange Banic op Brkckknridge. I Lave had occasion to foi-m the acquaintance of James T. Anderson, as an attorney at law, and have found him well qualified to attend to all business intrusted to him. He is prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. B. CROOKE, Cashier. BROOEFIELD — Linn County. Charles L. Dobson, BRUNSWICK — Chariton County. JKinley & Kinley. Edward Kinlby. Isaac H. Kixley (formerly City Attorney). Isaac H. Kinley is an attorney of Chariton county, entitled to practice in all the courts of this State, and I consider him a capable, efficient lawyer. R. A. DE BOLT, Judge Eleventh Circuity Missouri February, 1869. tia:j 5 MlSSOUIil. 233 the State of Mis- OKE, Cashiet. cuit, Missouri, ..( BUFF ALO — Dallas County. Benjamin I\ 3IcJIenrf/. Exchange and Collkctino Office, Gkokhe II. Gkekm.kaf, Lehanon, Laclede county, Mo,, ,/uti. 14, 1873. To whom it may concern: J!. F. l\IcTIc;iiy, Esq., is a practicing attorney in Dallas county. Mo., and universally recognized as prompt and faithful in the dis- clmrgo of his duties to his clients, and I regard him as well qualified til undertake legal business intrusted to his care. 11. W. FYAN, Judge Fourteenth Jml Cir. of Mo. C AHOKA — Clarke County. Will. IF. Mobiiifion. Cahoka, Mo., Dec. 16, 1872. This is to certify that W. II. Robinson, of Cahoka, Clarke county, Mo., is a regular practicing attorney at law in the courts of this county, in good standing, and prompt in attending to busuiess intrusted to his care. M. J. MORRIS, Ju his arrival into this Territory, nuit-t be commenced within three montliB after the same has accrued, excejit upon a liability in reference to the i)urchase or sale of any property bought with the intention ro bring or for having brought the same into the Territory. And all claims barred by the statute in the State where they shall have accrued are barred in this Territory. MAKHiKn Women may conduct l)usines8 separate and ajjurt from their husbands. Their sejjarate ])roperty is exempt from all debts and liabilities of their husbands, except for necessary exiHMises of her family; pro\ ided a schedule of such property is drawn \^\) in writing and recoided in the registry otiice of the county of their residence. I'liOMissouv Notes, ^ea Bills of Exchange. Wills.— Two witnesses are required, who must attach their names in the presence of the testator. iril MONTANA TERRITORY. 249 MONTANA TERraTORY. list attach their BOZEMAN — Gallatin County. JoHi'itU J, JJavls, TiiK FiUKT Nationai, Bank op Bozkmax, ) iJozKMAN, Moiit.'Ui.'i, April 1, 1873. ] To irhoni it tiKiy coneern : This ccrtificH that we aro acquainted with J. J, Daviw, attorney at l,.w, at tliis place. Wb have found liim faitliful to tlio interests of his clients ard well quulitied to undertake any legal business iiitnisti'd to him. D. A. UoVWKXif^O^, Assistant Cashier. DEER LODGE — Deer Lodge County. MuHHena JtuUafd (P. O. Helena, Mont. Ten). FiitsT National Bank, J Helena, Montana, March 24, 1873. j To whom it may concern : I take ])leasnre in saying that Massena Bullard, Esq., resident of this tt)\vn, is a trustworthy and reliahle attorney, in whom entire confidence may be placed, and who has the reputation of giving strict and careful attention to all business intrusted to him. D. C. CORBIN, Cashier. It gives me pleasure to indorse the above. D. S. WADE, Chief Justice of Montana. HELENA — Lewis and Clarke Counties. OeotUfe G. Sffmes (formerly Justice of the Supreme Court of Alontana Territory). Fox, Lyster ifc lloE, Bankers, ) Helena, Mont., May (5, 1873. \ 10 whoiii it may concern : Wo have had occasion to use Judge George G. Symes, late Associate Justice of tlie Supreme Court of the Territory, as an r '' i 9S0 MONTANA TERRITORY. attorney for this bank, ivnd Imvo found him well (iimlifiiMl to under- tiiko !iuy lt"jj[iil busincHS intrtistud to him. Wo havo known .ludiro Synu'H for ii nuinbor of yi«iirs, and know him to bo prompt and faithful ill the iutereats of hia cliontn and pecuniarily rcMpon^iltlo, FOX, LYSTER & UOE. ' f % ilif' ^^H ^^^B K ^^B ■ i ■ii 1 ■ il 1 H 1 1 I MISSOULA — Missoula County. Wm. J. StrpheUH (cx-Diatrict Attorney). Dkick Ludcjk, Mont. Tor., April 20, 1873. 2'o ichom it rndi/ eoticern : I am weU acquainted witli W. J. Stephens, Esq., of Missoula, Montana Territory. I know him to bo an attorney in active prac- tice in his profession, and very industrious and energetic in his calling. I have never known hii:< to neglect in the slightest any business intrusted to him. lie is a man of good abilities, and possessed of a good moral character. This statement is made cheerfully and without any reservation. Yours truly, imtAM KNOWLES, Aaao, Justice of the Sup. Ct. for Mont, Ter. RADERSBURQ — Jefferson County. Albert G. I*. George (ex-Judge Probate Court and Member of Legislature). Helena, Mont., Dec. 30, 1872. To tohom it may concern : This may certify that 1 am acquainted with lion. A. G. P. George, of Jefferson county, Montana, and although he docs not reside in my district, yet ho has practiced in my court, and in the Supreme Court of the Territory, and from my knowledge of him, derived from occasionally seeing him in court, it gives me pleasure to say that he is a lawyer of ability and integrity. DECIUS S. WADE, Chief Justice of Montana. 251 MONTANii TEHRITORY. VIRGINIA CITY - Madison County. McMMeua liuUatd (V. O., Ilek'na, Montana Territory). P1K8T National Uank, ) IIklena, Montana, March 24, 1873. J To w/iom it niaij concern : I take ploasuro in saying that MaHsona Biillanl, Esq., resident of this town, i8 a tnistwortliy and reliable attorney, in whom entire contidenoe may bo placed, and who has the reputation of giving strict and careful attention to all buHinoss intrusted to him. D. C. COKIJIN, Cashier. It gives mo ploasuro to indorse tho above. D. S. WADE, Chief Justice of Montana. Si,l lists J I lii'l 252 NEBRASKA. NEBRASKA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. ) I Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens may acquire, hold, convey, devise and bequeath pro- perty, both real and personal, in the same manner as citizens. (See further, title, ''Rights of Aliens:') Arkest and Imprisonment for Debt. — In civil actions the defendant may be arrested before or after judgment. The affida- vit and bonds are similar to those of attachments. An order of arrest will be granted for either of the following causes : IsL Converting property to defraud creditors. 2d. Assigning, removing or converting property with a like intent. 3d. Concealing property. 4th. "Where the indebtedness was fraudulently contracted. Attachments may be issued in the following cases : Where the defendant is a non-resident or foreign coi-poration. (No undertaking need be filed in this case.) Where the defend- ant, or one of the defendants, has left the county or conceals himself to evade service of summons ; or where he is about to remove, convert or conceal his property with intent to defraud his creditors ; or where he has removed, assigned or disposed of his property with a like intent ; or has fraudulently contracted the debt on which suit is brought. The bond and affidavits are similar to those in New York State; the affidavit specifying the nature and amount of the claim, and the bond being executed for double that amount. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes are governed in this State by the common law or law merchant. - +"■ riiiWBailnissj NEBRASKA. 253 ' with a like Bills of Sale are not iii general use. CnA'iTEL Mortgages must be filed and recorded in the county M-here the property lies. Within thirty days from the expira- tion of each year the mortgagee must file a copy thereof, with a sworn sta .ment of the amount due thereon, and the extent of his interest in the mortgaged property. The property, on a breach of the condition in the mortgage, may be sold at public- sale in the county where the property lies ; twenty days' previ- ous notice being given of the time and place of sale. Deeds of Tkust partake of the nature, either of chattel or real estate mortgages, according to the nature of the property. Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowledged according to the law of the State where executed Acknowledgment* out of the United States may be taken by any United States minister, charge d'aft'aires, commissioner, commercial agent or consul. All acknowledgments must be under the official seal of the officer taking the same ; but if he has no seal, then there must be a cer- titicate of the clerk of a court of record, as to the signature of such officer and his right to take acknowledgments in such State. All instruments conveying any interest in real estate must be recorded in the county where the property is situated, and take effect, as to third parties, from the date of record. No seal is requii-ed. The acknowledgment of the wife may be taken the same as if she was a single woman. Form of Acknowledgments. See Appendix, Forms. Estates of Deceased Persons. — Claims must be presented within eighteen months, although the time may be extended in the discretion of the court, not to exceed three years and six months in all. The widow is entitled to $250 worth of the per- sonal chattels belonging to the estate, and a further allowance of $200 in cash, aiid one year's support for the family. After grant- ing such allowance, debts are paid in the following order : First, funeral expensed ; second, expenses of last sickness ; third, debts having preference by the laws of the United States; fourth, all other claims. Executions. See Judgments. 254 NEBRASKA. II* » Ill I I Exemptions : Homestead.— A homestead fonsisting of any quantity of land not exceeding 160 acres, and the buildings thereon, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any incorporated city or village; or, instead thereof, at the option of the owner, a quantity of contiguous land, not exceeding two lots, being within an incorporated town, city or village ; or, in lieu of the above, a lot or parcel of contiguous land, not exceeding twenty acres, being within the limits of an incorporated town, city or village' and not being laid off into streets, lots or blocks, owned and occu- pied by any resident of the State, being the head of a family, shall not be subject to attachment or levy so long as the same shall be occupied by the debtor as a homestead. A resident being the head of a family may, in lieu of such homestead, select $500 worth of personal property. ' Personal Property.— T]\q following personal property is exempt to a resident householder : necessary wearing apparel, household furniture, agricultural and mechanical implements of farmers or mechanics, and the necessary books and implements of a professional man ; six months' provisions and fuel for the family ; one cow, three hogs, all pigs under six months old, and, if the debtor is a farmer, ten sheep and one year's product thereof; one yoke of oxen, or a pair of horses in lieu thereof, together with six months' feed for said stock. Imprisonment fok Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury : Legal Rate, 10 per cent. Allowable by written contract, 12 per cent. Usury forfeits all interest. Judgments.— A judgment is a lien on all the real estate of the judgment debtor in the county where the judgment is rendered. A levy must be made on lands of the defendant in other counties in order to obtain a lien thereon. The lien of a judgment loses its preference at the expiration of one year without a levy under execution has been made thereon during said year ; and all judgments become dormant in five years if execution has not been sued out. T- i }?. NEBRASKA. 255 Limitation of Actions : One y^an— Actions for forcible entry and detainer. Foxier rear*.— Actions on parol contracts, or upon a liability created by statute other than a penalty or forfeiture, or for damages growing out of a contract, the consideration of which has wholly or in part failed ; and actions of trespass on real pro- perty or rights in or tc personal property. Fim Zeay'5.— Actions upon any agreement, contract or pro- raise in writing, and upon foreign judgments. Ten Years.— k(±\om for the recovery of real estate and upon official bonds and undertakings in attachment, replevin or injunc- tion. Married Women may retain, hold and convey all the property, real or personal, owned by them at marriage or acquired there- after ; and they may carry on business, sue and be sued in their own names as fully and with the same liabilities as if unmarried. Wills are executed in the usual manner in the presence of two subscribing witnesses. !"i '*! 256 NEBJ^ASKA. NEBRASKA. BEATRICE — Oage County. «7. W, Carter. Mr. Carter has held the office of District Attoi'ney, and is now Probate Judge. CRETE — Saline County. Wtn. H. Morris (formerly U. S. Attorney for Nebraska). State Bank of Nebraska, \ Crete, Nebraska, December 2\st, 1871. f To ichom it may concern : Wm. H. Morris is a gentleman of good habits, strict integiity and good business capacity, and in my judgment parties desiring the services of an attorney cafauot do better than to place their interests in his hands. H. 8. FULLER, Cashier. m F AIRBURY — Jefferson County. John Saxon. Attorney for St. Joseph and Denver City li. R. Co. ss. THE STATE OF NEBRASKA, Jefferson Couni'y, This is to certify that John Saxon, Esq., of Jefferson County, Nebraska, is an attorney-at-law duly admitted to practice as such in the Courts of Record of said State; and that he is in good stand- ing in his profession. I further certify that I believe him to be well qualified by experience, learning and ability to manage all '■■~™K4wfTO' orney, and is now LLER^ Cashier, JSEBRASKA. 257 business entrusted to him in his profession, and well worthy of coufadence as such attorney. DAN. GAULT, Judge of the Dist. Court, l8t Judicial Dist., Mbraaka. i Seal. 1 \ District Court, [ (JcffursouCo., Neb.) Attest. JOHN Y. BYERS, Clerk of Dist, Court, Jefferson Co., A'bbraska. GRAND ISLAND -HaU County. B. L, JEaslet/. Kefers to Hon. J. T. Asper, M. C., Chillicothe, Mo. LINCOLN— Lancaster County. Groff > o < o. , IV^:^^7*' "^''^••'^'' ''^''^ ^^"^^^^ ^''""'^ to be capable, prompt and faithful as an attorney. We consider him well qualified to perform any legal business intrusted to him, and in every way worthy of patronage. ^ STONE & EASLEY. SCHUYLER -Colfax County. 31. B. Hoxie (formerly District Attorney). I take pleasure in certifying that M. B. Hoxie, Esq., of Schuyler. Co ax county Nebraska, is a lawyer of ability and good standing at lie bar, and possesses that integrity that will insure the eflicient and faithful discharge, in my opinion, of any business that may be entrusted to him. ^ December, 1872. L. CROUNSE, Associate Just. Sup, Ct., and Judge Zd Jxtd. Bist. HAi sno NEB li ASK A. TEKAMAH— Burt County. JP. M. Johnson. Four Calhoun, May 1, ls73. Mr. F. M. Johnson, of Tekamah, Burt county, I know quite well as one of the practicing attorneys of the district in which I lately presided. I take great pleasure in recommending him as a gentle- man of undoubted integrity, energetic, of good legal ability, and one who will faithfully discharge any trust that may be committed to him. L. CROUNSE, Member of Co?igress, late Justice Supreme Court, WEST POINT — Cuming County. tT. C. Craivford. Office op the First Na^tional Bank op Fremont, ] Fremont, January 3, 18*73. ) 7b whom it may concern : We have had occasion to use J. C. Crawford, Esq., as attorney for this bank on several occasions, and have found him well quali- fied to undertake any legal business entrusted to him. Mr. Craw- ford is prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. E. H. ROGERS, Cashier. if '•>. . ITEVADA. 261 NEVADA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. GERS, Cashier. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, ''Eights of Aliens.'' Akkest and Imprisonment fob Debt.— An order of arrest will be granted, on filing the proper bond, in either of the fol- lowing cases : 1st. In actions on contracts where the defendant is about to leave the State with the intent to defraud his creditors, or has removed or disposed of his property, or is about to remove or dispose of the same with a like intent. 2d. In all actions sounding in tort or wrong. Tlie undertaking must be signed by two resident sureties to the amount of at least $500 in gold. Attachments.— The property of the debtor may be attached at the commencement or during the pendency of an action, as a security for the satisfaction of the judgment he may recover, where the plaintiff files a bond to the amount of $200 with the clerk of the court, together with an aflidavit showing that the claim is an actual bona fide existing debt due from the defendant to the plaintiff, and that the action is founded upon a contract for the direct payment of money made payable in this State, the Baino not being secr.red by mortgage, lien or pledge upon real or peisoiial property situated in this State, or that defendant has rendered such security nugatory, or that the action is against a non-resident. Bnj,8 OF Exchange and Pkomissoky Notes are governed hy the common law or law merchant. Bills of Sale are not used ; chattel mortgages take their place. 269 NEVADA. li t It * 11 !h lil r Chaitkl Mortoaokh are not valid without the mortgagee takes aTul rc'taiiis possession oi the i)roperty mortgaged, exeept that, iu ra u fh..' nature of the property will imt admit of actual delivery, p'K'h as growing crops, the mortgage may he acknowledged and recorded, which shall amouht to notice to third pailies. Fore- closure of chattel mortgages must ho, by action, the name as on mortgages of real estate. Deeds of Tkust are not in use. Deeds ayd Moktoaoes. — Every deed .rinstruui iitiu writing conveying any interest in land shall be acknowledged or proved and recorded in the office of the recorder in the county where the property is situated. If the acknowledgment or proof is taken out of the State and within the United States, it may be taken by any judge or clerk of a court having a seal, notary public or justice of the peace, or by a commissioner appointed by the Governor of Nevada for that purpose. If taken by a justice of the peace, it nmst be accom- panied by a certificate of the clerk of a court of record in the county 1 iving a seal, showing the official character of the j stice and the genuineness of the signature. If taken without he United States, it shall be before some judge or clerk of a court having a seal, a notary public thereui, or by a minister, commis- sioner or consul of the United States. Form of Achiowledgments. See Appendix, Forms. Estates of Deceased Peksons.— Claims must be presented to the executors or administrators within ten months after the publication of the notice for their presentation, if ilie claims are due; if not, within ten months from the time they become due. Executions. See Judgments and Exemptions. Exemptions : Homestead.— K homestead of the value of $5,000, provided the same was not secured through fraud, and prov'ded, further, that the owner -liall execute and record his intention to claim the property designated as his homestead. Personal Property.— K library to the value ot $1()(\ necessary wearing apparel, household furniture, fuel and provihions forthe family, necessary farming utensils, two oxen, horses or mules, and two cows, with one month's food for said stock ; all seed, grain NEVADA. 263 or vegetables provided for planting or sowing to the value of $200 ; the tools and implements of mechanics, the instruments of surgeons, surveyors or dentists, and the libraries of profes- sional men ; the dwelliii. of a minor to the value of $500, ith the implements and appliances for uilning to the value of $5oO; and two horses, mules or oxen, with their harness and one month's UmxI, where necessary to be used by miners, or with which cart- men or other laborers earn their livinrovided by law against debtors and creditors, and ni - s-e and be sued witliout being joined with their husbands. S64 NEVADA. Promissory Notes. Seo liilh of Exchange. Wills muy bo exocnted at the a^'o of eighteen by both males and females. Two witnesses are required, who muHt subflcriho their names in the prcbonco and by the request of the testator. I^EVADA TERRITORY. 960 jn by both males inuHt Biibflt-rilie of the testator. NEVADA TERRITORY. ii VIRGINIA CITY-Stovey County. Wnnamti a:- JUjler. TiK.s. ir. Williams (cx-Attornoy-Gcneral of California, Dis- trict Attorney and Member of LegiHlature). Davik Bixlrr. NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW HAMPSHIRE. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMEECE. Prepared for this book by E. M. Forbes, Esq., Attorney and Counsellor-at- law at Winchester, New Hampshire. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens, Rights of.— An alien resident in this State may take, purchase, hold, convey or devise any real estate, and the same may descend in the same manner as if he was a native citizen. The State I" statute has discharged any right or claim to the estate of any such alien by escheat or otherwise. Arrest on Civil Process. — No voter, on town meeting days, woman or sheriif, and no officer or soldier while attending to his military duties, shall be arrested or imprisoned on any action founded on contract. No person shall be arrested or imprisoned in any action founded on any contract, unless the debt or damage claimed shall exceed thirteen dolla'.~ and thirty-three cents, exclusive of all costs. No person shall be arrested on any writ or execution founded on any contract, unless the plaintiif, or some pei-son in his behalf, shall make an affidavit on the back of such writ, that in his belief the defendant is justly indebted to him in a certain sum exceed- ing thirteen dollars and thirty-three cents, and that he conceals his pro])erty so that no attachment or levy can be made, or that there is good reason to believe that he is about to leave the State to avoid the payment of his debts. Bills of Exchange, drafts, orders and negotiable promissory notes are payable, Avith three days of grace allowed, unless paya- ble on demand, or otherwise so expressed as to show that the NEW nAMPSHIRK 367 and Counsellor-at- parties did not intend to allow grace. Any such paper falling due on Sunday, Thanksgiving, Fast or Christmas day, on the 4th of July, or the 22d of February, or the following day, when either of the two days last mentioned falls on Sunday, are payable and to be executed on the day next preceding, not being one of said (lays, and may be noted and protested on such next preceding day. Notice to charge the indorser or other collateral party may be given on the d;iy next following, not being one of said days. Upon a promissory note payable on demand, presentment and demand of payment must be made of the promissor within sixty days from the date thereof, in order to charge an indorser upon the same ; and any demand made after sixty days is not suffi- cient. Bills of Sale are as at common law, but the courts look upon tlieni with disfavor. Cii/ iTEL MoKTGAGEs. See Mortgages of Personal Property. Estates of Deceased Persons.— No action can be sustained on claims against the estate of a deceased person within one year after the original grant of administration, nor unless the claim lias ])een exhibited to the administrator and payment demanded ; and such exhibition must be within two years after the original grant of administration, unless administration is suspended, and then two years are allowed exclusive of such suspension. Estates of persons deceased may be represented to the probate court by tiie administrator as insolvent, in which case one or more commissioners, not exceeding three, shall be appointed to examine and allow the claims of creditors against the estate, and a tune, not less than six mouths or exceeding nine months from the date of their commission, shall be prescribed by the judge for the creditors to bring in and support their claims. For good cause shown, the judge may afterward extend this time, but not to exceed in the whole two years. Coniniissioners have power to examine and adjust all claims aj,^anisl the estate, subject to the right of creditors or administra- tor to appeal within thirty days after the acceptance of the com- nns^sioners' report to the Supreme Judicial Court. Payment of claims against the estate is made in the foUowinc^ order of precedence : 268 , NEW HAMPSHIRE. wk ■A S 11 ^f Expenses of administration ; necessary cbarges for the burial of the deceased ; the allowance made by the judge to the widow out of the personal estate ; all rates and taxes ; claims for last sick- ness ; any balance remaining in the administrator's hands to be distributed ratably to other creditors, unless there is sufhcient to pay in full. Exemptions : Personal Property .—Ti\^. following goods and property are exempt from attachment and from levy upon execution : The necessary wearing apparel of the debtor and family, com- fortable beds, bedding and bedsteads for the debtor, his wife and children ; household furniture to the value of $100 ; the liibles and school books in use in the family ; one cow, and four tuns of hay ; one hog and one pig, and the pork of the same when slaugh- tered ; books and library to the value of $200 ; tools of his occu- pation to the value of $100 ; provisions and fuel to the value of $50 ; beasts of the plow, not exceeding a yoke of oxen or a horse, when required for farming or other teaming purposes, or other actual use ; six sheep and the fleeces of the same ; one cooking Btove and furniture belonging to the same ; the uniform, arms and equipments of every oflicer and private in the militia ; the debtor's interest in one pew in any meeting-house where they usually worship ; the debtor's interest iu one lot or right of burial in any cemetery, and one sewing machine kept for use. IIomeMead. — The wife, widow and children of every person who is the owner of a homestead, or of any interest therein, occupied by them or either of them, shall be entitled to so much of the same as shall not exceed in value $500, as against the creditors, grantees and heirs of such person, for and during the life of such wife or widow and the minority of such children. And in case the same cannot be satisfied out of said homestead, the exemption, or any part thereof, may be assigned or set off in any other real estate in which the debtor or deceased person may have an ownership, but not to exceed the sum of $500, Deeds and tiieik Execution, — Deeds must be signed and seahnl by the party grantor, attested by two witnesses, acknow- ledged by the grantor before a justice of the peace, notary public or commissioner, or before a minister or consul of the United NEW HAMPSHIRE. 260 \ States in a foreign ccuntry, and recorded at length in the registry of deeds in the county in which the lands lie. Leases of real estate for more than seven years require to be executed with same formalities. Moi'tgages of real estate also require the same. Form of Certificate of Aoknowledoment STATE OF County of Bate A. B. personally appeared and acknowledged the foregoing instrument to be his voluntary act and deed. Before me, C. D. Justice of the Peace. Mortgages of Personal Property may be made to secure a debt or as an indemnity, or to secure the fulfillment of any exist- ing contract, and the purpose must be stated specifically in the condition of the mortgage. Each mortgagor and mortgagee are required to take and sub- scribe an affidavit upon the mortgage in substance as follows, viz. : >' We severally swear that the foregoing mortgage is made for tlie pnri)ose of securing the debt specified in the condition thereof, and for no other puqjose whatever; and that said debt was not created for the purpose of enabling the mortgagor to execute said mortgage, but is a just debt, honestly due and owing from the mortgagor to the mortgagee." If t lie mortgage is given as indemnity, the affidavit must be varied 8o as to verify the validity, truth and justice of the liability or agreement. Personal property mortgages must be recorded in the office of town clerk in the cown in which the mortgagor resides, if he resides within the State; if not, in the town in which the pro- Wiy is situate, or the property must be delivered to and retained by the mortgagee. Imi'kisonment for Debt. See Arrest. iat^msi is six per cent per annum, unless a lower rate is etij}- 270 NEW HAMPSHIRE. ulated. Any person receiving upon any contract a higher rate than six per cent, forfeits three times the excess to the person suing therefor. Stipulation for usurious interest does not i'- val- idate the contract. The money actually advanced may be recov- ered with legal interest. Judgments are not a lien on real estate. Limitation, g*- Actions.— Actions for the recovery of real estate upon mortgages, or the notes secured thereby, upon judgments' recognizances and contracts under seal, may be brought within twenty years after the cause of action accrued. Actions for tres- pass to the person and for defamatory words must be brought within two years, and all other personal actions within six years after the cause of action accrued. All actions founded on a penal statute, which are wholly or in part for the use of the prosecutor, shall be brought within one year after the commission of the offense. When there is a legal disability, real actions must be brought within five years, and all otlier actions in two years after the removal of such disability. In^ all personal actions, if the defendant was absent and residing out of the State at the time the cause of action accrued, or f-fterward, the time of such absence shall be excluded in comput- ing the time limited for bringing the action. Writs of error may be sued out in three years after judgment. Scire facias against indorsers of writs and bail are limited to one year. Maekied Women may hold property to their sole and separate use, provided they did not obtain the same by payment or pledge of the property of their husband, and may disposf of the Bame by will. Wills, to become effectual, must be proved and allowed by the Court of Probate. To pass real estate or personal property,. or in any way affect the same, they must be made by a person of the age of twenty-one years, of sound mind, in writing, signed and sealed by the testator or by some person in his presence, and by his express direction, and attested and subscribed in the presence of three or more credible wit- nesses, none of whom should be a devisee or legatee. The NEW HAMPSUIRE. 271 form of attestation is, "Signed ani sealed by the above named A. B., as his last will and testament, pud by ue, m his presence and at his request, subscribed as witnesses." A nuncupative will, when the property exceeds $100, must be declared in the presence of three witnesses, who are requested by the testator to bear witness thereto in his last sick- ness, and in his usual dwelling, except >vhen he was taken sick away from home and died before his return. And a memoran- dum thereof must be r lade in writing, within six days, and pre- sented for probate within six znonths from the making thereof. ,4' ' i 272 MEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW HAMPSHIRE. in I FRANKLIN — Merrimack County. Daniel Barnard (ex-Stato Senator and County Solicitor for Merrimack county). Refers to the Supreme Court judges of New Hampshire. LANCASTER— Coos County. ve any court of law, or mayor or other chief magistrate of a m^, borough or corporatioa of such foreign State" or country executed, certified by such officer in their usual manner of anthcnticatmg .uch instruments; or before any ambassador, 276 NJt:W JERSEY public ininistor, cbarjije d'attiiires, conis, 1 or vice-consul, Bccrotary of legiiti<»ii, or the rcpresuutative of tho United States at foreign court. Eonn of AcknmoleiJgmenta. See Appendix, Eonna. Record <>f. — All instruments, executed for the puii)08<' of cciii- veying any interest in real estate, shall be void and of i, ) eflffct agaiuHt a subsequent judjjfnient creditor or bona fide purclii!>tr, or niort;^a,ifee for a valuable consideration, not hiiviu<^ notice thereof, unkrtssuch conveyance shall be acknowledged, or proved and recorded, or lodged for that purpose with the clerk of tlio Court of Conunou Pleas of the county in which such lands, tene- ments or heieditnments are situated, within Hfteeu days after tlio time of signing, sealing and delivering the same ; but such instni- ment will nevertheless be valid and binding as between the parties ami their heirs or personal rei)resentatives. EsTATKS OF Dkoeaskd Pkksons. — Claims must be presoiitud within nine months from the date of an order of the Oi'])li;iiis' Court, retpiiring them to be presented. If not y)resented witliiii said nine months they will be forever barred, unless the clainiaiit discovers ]>roperty not before inventoried, or the estate sluill jirove sufficient to pay the same after satisfying all other cilaiins. The notice is required to be given by hand-bills and publication in two or jnore public newspa]>er8. The claims should he jjre- sented in writing, duly veriiied by the claimants, and contain a full and complete statement of the nature and amount thereof, together with the amount of credits, if any, made thereon. Where the estate is insolvent the expenses of the last sickness, funeral charges and judgment liens shall have the preference of payment in the order stated. Executions. See JiuUjments and ^"Jxemptions. Exemptions: Homestead. — The house and lot occupied as a residence by any liouseholder, being the head of a family, to the value of 81,' ^ cp Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (71 6) 872-4503 ) ^^<^^ ^ i 4^0^ m>. i/i % 278 NEW JERSEY tiire by gift, grant, devise, bequest or descent ; and she may dis- pose of the same by will, reserving the husband's estate by cur- tesy therein. Her contracts during coverture, even though in reference to her separate property or in the transactions of her scparfite bimi- ness as -a feme soU trader, bind her separate estate and that of her husband, who may bo sued with her thereon, and execution issue against him alone. Pkomissokt Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills must be executed in the presence of at least two sub- scribing witnesses. IfEW JERSEY 279 NEW JERSEY. f at least two sub- BMDGETON — Cumberland County. Franklin F, Westcott. Franklin F. Westcott is a member of the New Jersey bar, of good standing and reputation, GEO. S. WOODIIULL, Justice of /Supreme Court of N. J. Tkenton, March 12, 1069, FREEHOLD— Monmouth County. Acton C. Uartshorne. Freehold National Banking Company, ) Fbeeuold, N. J., April 12. 1873. j To S. F, Kneeland, Esq. : This is to certify that Acton C, Hartsliorne, of this place, is a practicing lawyer of good standing, and we do cheerfully recommend him to you, especially as an active and energetic collector, always looking after the interest of his clients. WM. STATESIR, President. J. L, TERHUNE, Cashier. HIGHTSTOWN — Mercer County. Saml. 31. Schanek. First National Bank op Higiitstown, ) HiGHraTOWN, N, J., Dec. 2, 1872, ' j To whom it may concern : Saml. M. Schanek is a practicing lawyer oC this place. He is one of tlie directors of this bank, and also our attorney and notary. In all his business connections with us he has given entire satisfac- tion. In his profession we consider him prompt, faithful and responsible. Respectfully, W. H. HOWELL, Cashier. 230 IfEW JERSEY JERSEY CITY — New Jersey County. Abraham B. Bunting, NEWARK — Essex County. John W, Taylor (State Senator). NEW BRUNSWICK -Middlesex County. Absalom V, Schenek. ORANGE — Essex County. Mlchard Darnstaedt, Newark, January 27, 1873. I hereby certify that Richard Darnstaedt above named, is a regu- larly admitted member of the New Jersey oar, and practices in the courts of this county, and that his professional standing is good. C. L. CLIFFORD, Pres. Judge of Essex County Common Pleas. PATERSON — Passaic County. Chas, JE. Sandford. RED BANK — Monmouth County. Jo7in S. Appleyuie. SOMER VILLE - S omerset County. Bartine <£• Davis. Jno. D. Bartine. Wm. H. Davis. Teentojt, March 4, 1873. I take pleasure in saying that the character and standing of the law firm of Bartine & Davis, of Somerville, in this State, as to ability or integrity, is beyond reproach or question. Mr. Bartine has practiced in my district for the last seven years, and has recently associated with him, in practice of the law, Mr. Davis, a young member of the bar, of learning, industry' and iil'ility. Yours, etc., E. DALRIMPLE, Judge Sup. Court. iT^ir JERSEY. 281 VINELAND — Cumberland County. ^Ym. A. House (ex-Member of Legislature). _, , ., ViNELAND, N. J,, yl;?r?7 21, 1873. 10 whom it may concern : This is to certify that I have been acquainted with William A. House, attorney at law, of this place, for the last twenty years, and fully recommend him to all who may desire to place business in his Jiands as a reliable and prompt attorney at law, and that he is a gentleman of good standing and credit. WILLIS T. VlRGIL, Cashier Vineland Safe Deposit Co. NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. NEW MEXICO TERRITOEY. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aekest in Civil Actions is only granted where the debtor is about to abscond, and the claimant is thereby in danger of losing the enforcement of his claim. Attachments.— A creditor is entitled to an action of attach- ment against a debtor who is not a resident of the Territory or who has absconded or concealed himself, or whenever any person or corporation is about to remove any of his or its property from the Territory, or has assigned, disposed of or secreted, or is about to assign, dispose of or secrete, any of his or its property, with intent to defraud creditors, or where the debt was contracted out of this Territory and the debtor has absconded, or secretly removed his property into this Territory with a like intent. Bills of Exchange and Pkomissoey Notes are governed by the common law. Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowlec^ged ' sfore the judge or clerk of any court of record of the United J^.. ,es, or of any of the States or Territories, or of any foreign State, dominion, king- dom or empire ; the magistrate or presiding officer of any foreign city or municipal corporation under its corporation seal ; a United States minister, consul or commissioner ; or before any commis- sioner for New Mexico appointed for that purpose. The certifi- cate must state that the person making the acknowledgment was personally known to such officer to be the person described in and who executed the instrument, or that he was provtd to be such person by the oath of two credible persons known to such officer. Married women must be "separately examined," the NEW MEXICO TERIUTORY. 988 contents of the instrument being first explained by the oflScer taking the acknowledgment. Conveyances afiecting the title to real estate are not valid as to third parties until filed for record in the county where the proj^erty is situated. Estates of Deckaskd Persons.— Claims should be presented within a year from the granting of letters testamentary or of administration. Exemptions.— There is no homestead exemption. The follow- ing personal property is exempt to heads of fatnilies : Necessary clothing, beds, bedding and school books ; $25 worth of provi- sions and $20 worth of necessary tools and implements. Interest and Usury : Legal Rate, 6 per cent. Allowable by written contract, 12 per cent. Usury forfeits all interest. Limitation of Actions : Ten Years. — Actions for the recovery of real estate. Wills must be witnessed by three persons, in the presence of the testator. 284 JVHIV MEXICO TERRITORY. NEW MEXICO TERRITORY . h CIN;N'AMON-Colfex County. Melvin W. Mills. Mr. Mills was rocommen.k'cl by the County Judffo of Colfax county. SANTA FE — Santa Fe County. Conway & Uinqne. Tiios. F. Conway (ex-District Attorney). First National Bank op Santa Fk | . Santa Fb, N. M., March 15, 1873. ' \ To whom it may concern : We hereby recommend Messrs. Conway & Risque as well quali- fied to undertake any legal business intrusted to them. They are prompt and faithful in the interests of their clients, and this testi- monial is cheerfully accorded. WM. W. GRIFFIN, Cashi&n . NL'W YORK. 9M NEW YORK. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. ulgo of Colfax [N, Cashier AoKNowLKDeMENTs. See Deeds. Alii:n8. See title, " Rights of Aliens." Arkkst m Civil Actions.— The non-imprisomnent act of 1831 provides for the iirrost of the defendant in a civil action on a eon- tract when it shall Batistactorily appear by affidavit that there is a debt or demand due from the debtor amounting to raoro than $25 ; and that, 1st. The debtor is about to remove any of his property out of the jurisdiction of the court in which suit is brought, with intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 2d. That the debtor has property or rights in action, or some interest in any public or corporate stock, money or evidences of debt, which he unjustly refuses to apply to the payment of any judgment or decree which shall have been rendered against him by the complainant ; or, 3d. That he has assigned, removed or disposed of, or is about to atisign, remove or dispose of any of his property, with intent to defraud his creditors; or, 4th. That the debtor fraudulently contracted the debt, or incurred the obligation, respecting which suit is brought. In addition to the above, the Code (§ 179) prescribes the fol- lowing cases in which an order of arrest may be granted : 1st. In an action for the recovery of damages, on a cause of action not arising out of contract, where the defendant is not a resident, of the State, or is about to remove therefrom, and where the action is for an injury to person or character, or for injuring or for wrongfully taking, detaining or converting pro- perty. S86 NEW YORK. 2d. Ill an nation for a fine or penalty, or on a i^roiu'wc to marry, or for money recoived, or property embezzled or fraudti- lently misapplied by a public ofHcer or by an attorney, Holidtor or counselor, or by an officer or agent of a corporation or bank- iiig association, in the course of his cmployinent as hik-Ii, or by any factor, agent, broker or other person in a fiduciary capacity or for any misconduct or neglect in office or in a profeHhioi,',,! employment. 3d. In an action to recover tlie possession of personal pro])erty unjustly detained, where the property or any part thereof hart been concealed, removed or disposed of, so that it camiot l,« found or taken by the sheriff, and with intent that it Hhould not be so found or taken, or with the intent to deprive the plaintiff of the benefit thereof. 4:th. When the defendant has been guilty of a fraud in con- tracting the debt, or incurring the obligation, for which the action is brought, or in concealing or disposing of the property for the taking, detention or conversion of which the action is brought ; or when the action is brought to recover damages for fraud or deceit. 5th. When the defendant has removed or disposed of his i)ro- perty, or is about to do so, with intent to defraud his creditors. But no female shall be arrested in any action, except for a willful injury to person, character or property. Before making the order the judge shall recpiire an undertaking to be filed by the plaintiff, in a sum not less than $I0(). 'I'jio order will be granted at any time before the entry of jiKlgmi.'iit, but not after. The defendant will be discharged ui)oii giving bail, or depositing with the sheriff the amount of money men. tioned in the order of arrest. Execution Against the /'g/ww.— Where an execition against the property has been returned unsatisfied, in an action v/hero, under the Code, an order of arrest could have been granted iw above described, an execution against the person of the defendant may issue, provided the complaint, filed in the action, contains a statement showing one or more of such causes, or an order of arrest was served during the pendency of such action. The sheriff must arrest the debtor against whom the execution issues, and hold him in custody until he pays the judgment or is IVFW YORK. S87 disclinrn^ed according to law. Tho plfiintiff may, after thirty days, procure tho discharge of eucli debtor by sending a written ro(jiiC8t to the sheriff' to discharge liini. ArrAcnMKNTS.— A warrant of attachment will issue during tho pendency of an action on contract, or for tho wrongful conver- sion of personal proi)erty, whenever it appears by afHdavit that :i cause of action exists against such defendant, specifying tho ninount of the claim and the grounds thereof, and that tho defendant is either a foreign corporation or not a resident of this State, or Ims departed therefrom with tho intent to defraud his creditors, or to avoid the service of a summons, or to keep him- self concealed therein with tho like intent; or that such corpora- tion or person has removed or is about to remove any of his or its property from this State with tho intent to defraud his or it8 creditors ; or has assigned, disposed of or secreted, or is about to assign, dispose of or secrete any of his or its property with tho like intent, whether such defendant be a resident of tliis State or not. The plaintiff" must also file an undertaking, with sufficient surety, conditioned in the sum of at least $250, for the payment of all costs and damages that the defendant may recover or sus- tain in tho proceedings. Bills of Exciianoe and Promissory Notes.— The statutory provisions in relation to promissory notes do not materially cliaiige tho provisions of the common law or law merchant. Sight drafts and bills of exchange, payable at sight, are due on presentation without grace, and no grace is alluued oti notes payable on demand. Notes tainted with fraud or usury are void, even in the hands of an innocent holder for value. r>iLLs OF Sale that contain any proviso of reverter, or any cove- nant or condition whereby, upon the happening of a certain event, the instrument shall become void or the property revert to the grantor, are held to be chattel mortgages, and must be recorded in the same manner as chattel mortgages. The title to personal property generally passes by delivery without a bill of sale. CuATTEi. Mortgages must be in writing, signed by the grantor or by his authority, and filed in the town or city where the raort- 288 ^rh'w Yoiiiu gagor rcHidi'H at tlio time of exi'«utiiig tlio inort^a^'o; and if ho 18 not a rertideiit (»f tho State, then in tho city or town where thu property Ih at tlio time of tho execution of tho int)rtgage. Th(! lien of a luort^nij^'u ceaHcrt to \m binding', as to criMJitors of the mortgagor, Hubsetjnent jMirehasierH and iMortgugcfs in good fuith, after ono year from filing, MnleHH, witldn tliirty dayh next preceding tho expiration of tho year, and each your thereafter, a copy thereof, to which in attached a nworn Htatenientof the extent of the mortgagee's intercHt in the property is liled in the niuniiei reqnired for the iiling of the original inHtrnmeiit. Deeds and Mokto ages.— If executed out of the State and within the United States, tho acknowledgment of any written instru- ment nniy be taken before any judge of tlio iTnited States courts, or judge of any Superior, District or Circuit Court of such .w.ato or Territory, or by any person certitieil to by the clerk of a court of record, as an olHcer entitled by the laws of such State to take the acknowledgment of deeds therein, or by any commissioner of deeds for this State, if taken in the city or county in which ho resided at the time of his appointment. If executed without the United States ami in Euroi)e, or in other portions of America, the acknowledgment may bo taken before any minister or charge d'atfaires of tho United States resident and accredited at the ])laco of taking the same; or, in any other i)ort or country, before any consul, vice-consul, deputy consul, commercial agent or consular agent of the United States resident in such foreign jjort or country. In the dominion of Canada it may l>e taken also before any court of record, or the mayor of any incorporated city, under their othcial seals. The certiticate of acknowledgment, in all cases, must show that the officer taking the same knew, or had satisfactory pi-oof, that the person who made such acknowledgment or ])roof was the identical person described in and who executed the instru- ment, or II subscribing witness thereto. Form of Acknowledymcnts. See Appendix, Forms. Estates of Deceased Persons. — Claims must be presented in writing, duly verified, to the executors or administrators within six months from the first day of the publication of a notice to creditors to tile the same. The notice may be published at any JV£\r VOIiK. 2M0 tiino after the expiration of nix inontl.e from tho grnntin- of IdterH, and iH re.,uired to ho i.ui.liHJ.o.l once aweek foi^ix months. Claims, therefore, presented within one .year from tho Kranting ot letters teHtamentary, or of administration, will ho in t.n.e to take the henelits of tho first division of tho proceeds of the estate li hucI, notice is duly i.uhlished as stated, claims will 1.0 harred it not presented within the timo limited therein Dohts «Kai,|st tho deceased rank in dignity as follows: 1st. i W..U ^'"' led to pretoroncc according to tho laws of the United' b atcs. 2d. laxes assessed prior to the death of tho deceased M JiHiK"'entBanddecroe8according to their priority. 4th All other chums. KxKcuTioN. See JxidgmenU and Exemjttiom. p]xi;.Mi'Ti()N8: //.....v^ev./.-Thero shall ho oxen.pt from levy or attachment ■a homestead, owned and oecnpied l.y a rcsidnit housohohlor, hcmg the head of a family, to the vulno oi $1,000, provided I.Ht, m the conveyance to snch person, it wtvs designated ti.r a on.c8tead; or ho shall file for record a notice to that efieot in siluate.r ' ' '" "^" *''" '''""'^ '''^"•"' *''^ l"'^'I'^^-t>- '« Personal Propert^.^The statute provides for the usual exemption of household articles in favor of a resident honse- liul.ler; also a family library and books to the value of ,*50 • ten ^ .cop w,th their fleeces, and tho yarn or cloth manufactured .'■' TlLr^ ""T^ ^""'^ '""'""' ""^^ '^ t«^'"^ "«t exceeding the Nahie ot $250, and necessary for the transaction of the debtor's husmcss or profession, together with food necessary for such stock ; provisions and fuel for the use of tho debtor's family for sixty days; the implements of a mechanic to the value of $25- u^STtioS.^" "^"^' "^' ^"' '""'''-^ ^--^-" «^-- to The exemption does not apply to the purchase-money of such articles, nor on a judgment in favor of a domestic for services rendered in the family of the debtor. Iiu'KisoNMENT FOB Debt. Seo Arrest. Interest and Usuey : leyal Pate, 7 per cent, 1» 290 NEW YORK. if Usury fov^Qxts both principal and interest, and is a misde- meanor which renders the usurer criminally liable. Judgments.— A judgment is a lien upon real estate in the county where the judgrnerit roll, or a transcript thereof, is dock- eted or filed. A judgment is barred by the statute of limitations in twenty years, but the lien only continues ten years 'from the entry of judgment. Executions may be issued at any time within five years next ■ after entry of judgment ; and if execution has been returned unsatisfied within that time, it will issue as of course at any time thereafter during the life of the judgment. If no execution was issued within said five years, it can only issue thereafter by an order of the court. ^ When an execution has been returned by the sherifi" unsatis- fied, in whole or in part, the debtor may be examined in pro- ceedings supplementary to execution touching his property and rights in action ; and if any there be found, or if the debtor shall have made fraudulent transfers of the same, a receiver will be appointed by the court to take possession, or recover and dispose of such property for the benefit of the judgment creditor. Limitation of Actions : One Year.— An action against a sheriff for an escape. Two Years.— Actions for libel, slander, assault and battery, and false imprisonment, and for the penalty or forfeiture of a Btatute, when the action is in favor of the State Three rear*.— Actions against sheriffs, coroners or constables on account of their official acts, and for the penalty or forfeiture of a statute, except as above limited. Six tears.— Aoiions upon a contract, liability or obligation, except on contracts under seal; upon a liability created by statute other than a penalty or forfeiture ; for trespass upon real property ; for taking, detaining or injuring goods or chattels, or for the specific recovery thereof; for criminal conversation or any other injury to the person or rights of another not otherwise provided for herein ; and for relief on the ground of fraud in cases heretofore solely cognizable by the Court of Chancery ; the statute commencing to run upon the discovery of the fraud. Twenty Years.— Actions for the recovery of real estate; upon sealed instruments and judgments of courts of record. NEW YOPK 291 Any other action for relief must be brought within ten years from the tune the cause or' action arose. Part payment, or a written acknowledgment or i^romise to pay, revives the running of the statute. Married WoMEN.-The property, real and personal, owned by any female at the time of her marriage, or acquired thereat^er by inheritance, gift, grant, devise or bequest, from any person other than her husband, or by the trade, business, labor or services earned on or performed on her sole account, and the rents and profits thereof, shdl be and remain her sole r.nd separate pro- perty the same as if she was a single female, and shall not be liable to the disposal of her husband or liable for his debts- and she may bargain, sell, assign and transfer her separate property or execute any contract in relation thereto, and carry on any trade or business, and perform any labor or services, on her sole and separate account. Her promissory note or indorsement will bind her separate estate, provided the intent to do so is expressed in the instru- ment; and the courts have lately held that, where a promissory note IS made or indorsed by the wife, knowing or intending that credit shall be given to such paper on account of her separate pi'oporty, It shall be as valid and binding against her as if such intent was expressed in writing. But it seems that the wife cannot become a surety for the husband. Promissory Notes. See Bills of Sale. Wills must be in writing and signed by the testator. Two witnesses are requisite, to whom the testator must declare that the instrument is his last will and testament. Each witness must sign his name in the presence and at the request of the testator. Codicils must be executed and acknowledged in the same man- ner as the wills to which they are attached. 292 NEW YORK. Ml NEW YORK. AFTON, NEW BERLIN, GREENE and SMYRNA- Chenango County. Albert F. Gladding (P. O., Norwicli, N. Y.). The National Bank cf Norwich, ) NoKwicii, N. Y., April 4, 187;j. j S. F. Kneeland, Esq. : Sir. — I am well acquainted with Albert F. Gladding, Enq., an attorney of this village, he is well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him, and will p oinptly remit any money collected by him. Yours, etc., WARREN NEWTON, Cmhier. N. B. HALE, Brest. Nat. Bank, Norwich. ALBANY— Albany County. Aniasa J. barker f Atnasa J» JParkeVf Jr. Amasa J. Parker (ex-Member of Congress and Legisliittiro, Justice of the Supreme Court of New York, Judge of the Circuit Court and Chancellor). Amasa J. Parker, Jr. (XJ. b. Commissioner). Albany City National Bank, ) Albany, May 27, 1873. ( To xchom, it may concern : Messrs. Amasa J. Parker & Son have been attorneys for this bank for several years past, and it aifords me pleasure to say that, in all the business intrusted to their care, they have given us entire satifaction, having proved themselves exceedingly prompt, faith- ful and energetic. A. P. PALMER, Cashier. (Pleaae state particularly that claims are sent " for collection in accordance with the terms of this Association.") NEW YORK. 293 id SMYRNA- AMENI A — Dutchess County. Gen. W. Ingrahatn. First National Bank op Asienia ) rr „ J ., Amenia, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1872. ' f 10 all whom tt may concern: . We are well acquainted with G. W. Ingraham, an attorney at aw of this place, and believe him well qualified to undertake any cgal business intrusted to him. Mr. Ingraham is prompt and faithful m the interest of his clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. ■' N. HEBARD, Cashier First Mit. Bank, Amenia. C. H, DAVIS, Jr., Assistant Cashier. AMSTERDAM— Montgomery County. jr. L. Stov&r. To S. F. Kneeland, Esq. : I am well acquainted with Martin L. Stover, and cheerfully recommend him as an honest, competent attorney, and one faithful .n the discharge of his duty and to the interests 5 his cUents S. PUL VER HEATH, County Judge and Surrogate. I heartily concur in the above. J. McDERMOTT, I^est. First Nat. Bank. Amsterdam, Jan. 2, 1873. AUBURN - Cayuga County. Warren A. Warden. cJdir'" ^' ^''''^'" '' "" '^'''°*'''" '" *'''' ^^"'^ '^"'^ ^^ ^"'iti^*! to CHARLES O'BRIEN, Cashier Auburn City Nat, Bank, Auburn, N. Y. We, the undersigned casliiers of National Banks at Auburn, N. Y., believe Warren A. Worden to be entirely trustworthy and competent to discharge the duties which may be' intrusted to h m as attorney for the Merchants' Protective Law Association. C. H. MERRIMAN. 294 NEW YORK. ;lfi % A VOCA — Steuben County. A. M. Spooner. Refers to .-luy of the following parties: Hon. T. A. Johnson Justice Supreme Court ; Hon. G. T. Speneer, Judge Steuben County Court, of Corning, N. Y. ; or Steuben County Bank, iJath N. Y., and to all the business men of Avoca ; also, to the foliowinsi' testimonial by Juilge Spencer : Corning, June 5, 1873. I hereby certify that A. M. Spooner, Esq., of Avoca, Steuben county, IS a member of the bar of said county, of good staudin? and reputation, and entitled to confidence for ability and integrity GEO. T. SPENCER, County Judge of Stmben Co. ' BAINBRIDGE — Chenango County. Sumner tt- liererlf/, CiiAs. B. Sumner. John Beverly. I can testify to the efficiency and character of this firm.— [Ed. BALDWINSVILLE- Onondaga County. y. M. White. The First National Bank op Baldwinsville i BALDWINSVILLE, N. Y., JSTov. 14, 1872. ' f S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, JV. T. : Dear Sir. — I can cheerfully recommend Mr. N. M. White attorney and counselor at law, of this village, as in every way qualified to represent your association here, to your entire satis- faction. Yours very truly, W. F. MORRIS, Cashier. BELLEVILLE— Jeflferson County. E. B. Hawes & Son. Edw. B. Hawes. H. Clay Hawes. NEW YORK. 296 BERGEN — Genesee County. L. L. Crosby. Office of County Judge of Genesee County ) Batavia, N. Y., 3rarch 17, 1873. ' \ I hereby certify that I am well acquainted with L. L. Crosby, attorney at law, residing at Bergen, Genesee county, N. Y. ; that he has a good professional standing for integrity, and that bu'siness intrusted to him will be promptly and conscientiously performed, in my opinion. L. N. BANGS, Co. Judge Gen. Go. BERLIN— Rensselaer County. JI. W. Saunders. After a long and thorough acquaintance, I can cordially indorse II. W. Saunders as being both prompt and reliable. E. WOOSTER, Counselor at Law^ 53 Congress St., Troy, N. Y. BINGHAMTON — Broome County. Neri Pine. During the past four years I have been personally acquainted with Neri Pine, Esq., of Binghamton, he being my class-mate in the Albany Law University. I consider him a prompt, able and persistent lawyer, and perfectly trustworthy.— [Ed. BOONVILLE — Oneida County. Lennder W, Fiske (ex-Member of Legislature of the State of New York). S. C. Thompson's Bank. ) BooNviLLE, N. Y., June 4, 1873. f We certify that we are personally acquainted with L. W. Fiske of Boonville, N. Y., and believe him to be respectable in character' prompt and upright in his business relations. ' Respectfully yours, S. A. JOHNSON, Cashier. I ! nl i i - !ii I I 296 J^EWYORK BREWSTER'S -Putnam Oounty: A. J. Miller. Ckoton ItiVKU National Bank of Soutii-bast Nkw York ) Bkkwsteu's, N. Y., Nov. 10, 1872. ' f To whom it may concern : a T^I'm^" ''""^ ""'»'-'«■«"« occasions to require the services of Mr A J iVhllcr us ail attorney and counselor in prosecuting claims of tins bank We cleem hin. ^^..]l qnalifid to transact any'lc^allst noss which may be given hi* in charge, and consider him proun.t and reliable ,n forwarding the interests of his clients. It is wi h cheerfulness that this testimonial is given. ^ P. E. FOSTER, Cashier. BROOKLYN -Kings County. A, If. «£♦ W, E. Oshoru. Alukut II. OsuoRN (ex-Comptroller). Wxr. E. OsnoBN. V t V" 1- ^^"Z- ^'^''''"- ""^ *^' ''*y «^ Brooklyn, are lawyers of high standuig for responsibility, integrity and eminent legal attain- meuts. J. W. GILBERT, JusfAce of the Supreme Cmirt of the State of New York. BUFFALO — Erie County. Wadsworth & White. Geo. Wadsworth (ex-Qistrict Attorney). T. C. WlIITK. Messrs. Wadsworth & White refer to any of the Judges in Erie county, or to the officers of any National Bank in Buffalo We consi.ler them one of the strongest firms in western NewYork [Ed. CANAJOHARIE- Montgomery County. David Spraker (formerly State Senator). Hon. David Spraker is vice-president of the National Spraker's JJnnk of Canajoharie, and a lawyer of known integrity and respon- sibility. — [Ed. o ., I Francis 298 NEW YORK. OOOPERSTOWN— Otsego County. Samuel A, Bowen. Mr. Bowen is now District Attorney for Otsego county, and an able and upright lawyer.— [Ed. CORNING — Steuben County. Ellsworth I). Mills. Ellsworth D. Mills, of Corning, New York, is a reliable and responsible attorney. GEORGE T. SPENCER, Counts/ Judge of Steuben Comity. CoENiNG, N. Y., iVow. 20, 1872. DELHI — Delaware County. Abram, C. Crosby. Delaware National Bank, ) rr, , ., Delhi, N. Y., April 12, 1873. f JO wnom tt may concern : ' We are well acquainted with Abram C. Crosby, Esq., of Delhi N". Y., who is an attorney and counselor at law in active practice,' and is well qualified to transact such legal business as may be intrusted to him, and we take great pleasure in recommending him to all who may have such business to do. He is honest, prompt and faithful. > F P" CHARLES MARVINE, President. W. H. GRISWOLD, Cashier. The above testimonial is merited, and I cordially indorse the same. WILLIAM MURRAY, Je., Justice of Sup. Court. DO WNSVILLE — Delaware County. Ephrahn L. Holmes. Delhi, Dec. 28, 1872. To lohom it may concern : * I hereby certify that I am well acquainted with E. L. Holmes, attorney and counselor at law ; that he is well qualified to under' take any legal business intrusted to him, and that he is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients, and is in good standing among the profession in thiS county and vicinity. EDWIN D. WAGNER, Coimty Judge of Bel. Co. JVFW YORK. 299 is a reliable and of Sup. Court. DUNKIRK— Chautauqua County. Edwards & Hinckley, J^RANcis S. Ei.WAEDs (ex-Mcmber of Congress and Special County Judge). ELIZABETHTOWN- Essex County. Dudley & Perry, A, K. DuDLKY (District Attorney). Miles C. Pbkry. Messrs. Dudley & Perry, attorneys at law, residing and prao- ticnig at this place, are well known to me, and I can bear testi- mony to their good character and busmess qualifications. They are perfectly reliable and responsible, B. POND, County Judge qf Essex County. EuzAUBTHTowN, N. Y., April 8, 1873. ELMIRA— Chemung County. E. B. Youmans, „ ^ ^ Elmiea, N. Y., January 2, 1873. S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, JV: Y.: Dear Sir.— It gives me pleasure, in this manner, to certify to tlie high standing, professionally and morally, of Mr. E. B. You- mans, of this city. G. M. DIVEN, Atty. at Law. P. S. SPAULDING, Chemung Co. Judge. J. L. M'DOWELL, Mem. Board of Education. GEO. O. HANLON, Sheriff Chemung County. FISHKILL — See Wappingeb's Falls. FORDHAM— Westchester County. See Appendix. FORT PLAIN -Montgomery County. F, F. Wendell. To whom it may concern : I am personally acquainted with F. F. Wendell, Esq., of Fort Plain, m the county of Montgomery, and with his standing as a I 300 JVFW YORK. raenibor of the legal profession. Ho is a yomig ninn of integrity industry and energy, and of correct habits. Ah a lawyer ho is not inferior to any young man of his profession in the county, and I esteem liini as a man of decided merit. S. PULVER HEATH, (Jo. Jmhje of Montgomery Co. Amsterdam, March 10, 1873. BM J c-'i 1115 ,! fM 1 ■.* FRANKFORT J. A. tC- A. B. Steele. JosiAii A. Stkelb. Abbam B. Steele. Herkimer County. FULTON — Oswego County. W. J. Townsend. This is to certify that I am well acquainted with W. J. Townsend, and can recommend him as a prompt and faithful attorney, and well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him, GEO. M. CASE, Cashier Citizem'' National Bank Milton Co. QLOVERSVILLE— Fulton County. C. M. I*arke. C. M. Parke, Esq., of Gloversville, N. Y., is an attorney at hw of good standing, and justly merits confidence. McINTYRE ERASER, Comiti/ Judge Fulton County. December 28th, 1872. GRANVILLE— Washingrton County. O. F. Thompson (formerly Judge of Washington county). National Bank ov Salkm, ) Salem, N. Y., October 28, 1872. j To S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albatiy : I have been well acquainted with Hon. O. F. Thompson, of Granville, N. Y., for many years, and consider him well qualified to transact any legal business, and believe him to be prompt and responsible as a man and a lawyer. Yours respectfully, B. F. BANCROFT, President. *r JVEir YOIiK. GREENBUSH- Rensselaer County. See Ai'i'KNKix. *^. GREENWICH -Washington County. Job G. Sherman, 301 HAMBURGH — Erie County. Allah am Thorn (formerly Surrogate for Erie county). HAMMONDSPORT - Steuben County. B. Bennett. 'c Ihltun Co. HERKIMER -Herkimer County. Exra Graven (fonnorly Judge and Surrogate of Herkimer county). I am well acquainted witli the character and standing of Hon Kzra firavcH as a man and member of the legal profession, and take pleasure in recommending him as a man entitled to confidence. He iH honest and upright, and well (pialified to transact any legal busi- ness intrusted to his charge. AMOS H. PRESCOTT, Cowiti/ Judge Herkimer Co. Dated Hekkimer, Oct. 23, 1872. HOLLEY — Orleans County. Orauf/e A. Eddtj. Oni.EANs County Surkogatk'k Office, ) Alhion, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1873. \ This may certify that I am personally acquainted with Orange A. Eddy, Esq., of Holley, in this county, and have been for many years, and I know him to be a gentleman of the strictest integrity, a good lawyer, and he has the entire confidence of the community where he resides, and is entitled to the confidence of all. JOHN G. SAWYER, Covnty Judge of Orleatis Co., JV. Y. i 809 NEW YORK. j ■ HUDSON — Columbia County. Samuel EdtrnrdM. First National Bank «f Hudson, ) Hudson, N. Y,, JVov. 20, ih7'2. f I confidently recommend Mr. Samuel Edwards, an attorney of this city, as competent and reliable in businoHs matters intrusted to him. K. li. SIIEPAItD, Cashier Mrst Natiotutl Jiank, Jlmhon^ N. Y, HUNTINGTON - Suflfolk County. Henry C. IHatt (ex-Member of Legislature). Statk of Nkw York, ) Coimti/ of iSiifolk, \ **• •' I, John 11. Reid, County Judge of Suffolk county, do lieroby cer- tify that 1 am well acquainted with Henry C. Piatt, Esq. He is one of our most active lawyers, of excellent standing, and of pro- fessional integrity and personal Avorth. 1 most cheerfully commend him as " up in his profession," energetic in prosecuting cases, and generally successful in all professional ventures. JOHN R. REID, Counti/ Judge of Suffolk Co. ILION — Herkimer County. ^' I*. McWenny. t i.t „ ,r Ilion National Bank, JSTov. 9, 1872. We have had occasion to use Mr. F. P. MctSmmy as an attorney for this bank, and have found him well qualified to undertake any leg.al business intrusted to him, and prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and entirely trustworthy. F. C. SHEPARD, Cashier. JAMESTOWN — Chautauqua County. Abner Hasieliine, Jr. Ctiautauqua County Xaiional Bank, ) Jamestown, N. Y, Jnn. 9, liiVS. j To whom it may concern : A. Hazeltine, Jr., is a worthy, competent and upright attorney. D. N. MARVIN, Cashier. Abner Hazeltine, Jr., is an attorney and counselor of mature age, and is competent, trustworthy, and any professional business may ")v safely intrusted to him. R. P. MARVIN, Justice of the Siqjretne Court, New York. 2^EW YORK. JEFFERSON — Schoharie County. MoHCH E. Wilcox. 303 ! 0/ Suffolk Co. lONAf, Bank, ■ Ulster County. KINGSTON Carpenter & Fowler. Or.ivEii P. Cakpenteb (ex-Surrogato Ulstor county). CiiAULKs A. FowLBK (District Attorney). LIBERTY— Sullivan County. Georffe H. Carpenter. . LinBBTY, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1872. To whom it may concern: This is to certify tl.at I, Timothy F. Bush, County Judge of Sulhvan county, New York, am well acquainted with George IT Carpenter, and know him to bo of good character and standing, and well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him Mr. Carpenter is prompt and faithful in the discharge of his profes- sional duties and in the interest of his clients, and I take pleasure m recommending him. T. F. BUSH, County Judge of Sullivan Co., JST. Y. LIVINGSTON — Columbia County. Robert Hood. Hudson, March 17, 1873. This will certify that Mr. Robert Hood is an attorney and coun- selor at law, at Livingston, Columbia county. New York, is practic- ing law in this county and in good standing. THEODORE MILLER, Justice Supreme Court of New York. LOCKE John E. Cro2)sey. Cayuga County. LOCKPORT - Niagara County. L, F. M O. Demarest. 20 306 NEW YORK. Hi' 'i\ ■ ■ m ^^Bm^ t ' . j ^H' \ ■ *« A ^^H| 1 ' !:! ^ 1 ^^^^^Bb^ 1 ' ^' ■ ^^i ^^^^gi t ^^^^^Ri 1 'I OGDENSBURGH— St. Lawrence County. X. Masbrouekf Jr, I certify tliat L, Ilasbrouck, Jr., is an attorney of good profeg- sional standing. A. B. JAJVIES, Justice Sup. Vt. Ogdensbubgu, Oct. 22, 1872. ONEIDA— Madison County. tTas, B. Jenkins. Reference, if required, Oneida Valley National Bank, of Oneida; Barnes, Stark & Munroe, Bank of Oneida. I am attorney for both of these banks. J B J ONEONTA— Otsego County. J, H. & M. Keyes. Jas. H. Keyes (ex-District Attorney). Melville Keyes. OSWEGO— Oswego County. Bhodes & JParlchurst. CuAS. IlnouKS. Geo. W. Pakkuurst. OXFORD— Chenango County. Bu'if/lU H. Clarke (ex- Judge of Surrogate and District Attorney of Chenango county). ;Hon. Dwight H. Clarke is an excellent lawyer, a prompt and skillful practitioner, and a n^an of unimpeachable probity of char- acter. J. M. PARKER, Justice Supreme Court. OWEGO ~ Tioga County. Lyman Settle, Lyman Settle is an attorney and counselor at law, practicing in the Supreme and County Courts of this State, in good standing iind reputation. J. M. PARKER, Justice of the Supreme Court of New York, OwEGo, N. Y., December 17, 1869. i,.. X /Supreme Court. JV£:W YORK. 307 PATCHOGUE-Suflfolk County. Richard Jennings, PHCENIX — Oswego County. Lorenzo W. Mobinson. To who7n it may concern : This is to certify that I have known Lorenzo W. Robinson for the 1 St fifteen years, and believe him well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him, and is prompt, hontld ;:;;i":::rS'""-^^^^ -' ''- -'-'- -^ ^^^^ --^— ^^ c^- PLATTSBURGH-Clinton County. Geo. IT. Beckwith. Saratoga Springs, November 1, 1872 h. M. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : De.r SIR.-I have known Mr. G. H. Beckwith, of Plattsburirh , N. Y., ever since he was admitted to practice nn^ tnV^ ,"'""' S^, cenifying to his ability, faithfulness' anTStgHtr H^^^^ to l.nn. Indeed, I regard him one of the leading lawyers of his A. BOCKES, Justice of Supreme Court. PORT BYRON - Cayuga County. C. W. names (formerly Special Surrogate, Cayuga county). PORTLANDVILLE- Otsego County. Robert M. Townsend. See Ap.LT'''''^'^'*^'^-^^*^^-^ <^--ty. ^^I'ASKI- Oswego County. Nathan B. Smith (formerly Member of Legislature). Tn ,„/ ., Pulaski National Bank, Pulaski X Y ^oi'^hom It may concern: i^i^^bKi, .>. x. Innrdrr ''"P'^y^^^^'-- N. B. Smith as an attorney for this '^a..k o„ several occasions, and he has discharged the b„ siness 308 NE\Y YORK intrusted to his attention to our satisfaction. Mr. S. is faitliful and prompt, and wc believe liim well qualified to perform any legal business in which his services may be required. ^ J. H. CLAIIK, Cmhier. H n / RHINEBECK— /Sfee Wappingeu's Falls. ROCHESTER— Monroe County. M, & G. H. Humphrey. Hakvky Humphrey (ex-County Judge). GeOKGK II. IIUMPHKEY. II. & G. n. Humphrey have practiced their profcGsion for many years in this city, and I cheerfully recommend them as responsible lawyers, and worthy in every respect of confidence and patronaj^e. All business intrusted to them will be conducted ably, with fidelity and promptness. E. DARWIN SMITH, Justice Supreme Court. RocnESTER, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1872. H. & G. H. Humphrey have practiced their profession for many years in this city, and I cheerfully recommend them as responsible lawyers, and in every respect worthy of credit and patronage. T. A. JOHNSON, Justice of the Siqy. Ct. of N. Y. SARATOGA SPRINGS — Saratoga County. Carr tt* Petevs. Jonx J. Carr. Elias H. Peters. The Commercial National Bank op Saratoga Springs. To whom it may concern : We have on several occasions made use of Messrs. Carr & Peters as attorneys for this bank, and have found them well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to thera. They are faithful and prompt in their clients' interest. S. H. RICHARDS, Cmhier. SCHAGHTICOKE — Rensselaer County, Elihii Butts, JVA^W TO UK 309 CLARK, Cashier. Ice Supreme Court, JAEATOGA Springs, ;HARDS, Cashier. SCHENECTADY -Schenectady County. E. W. Paiye. Schenectady, N. Y., Bee. 12, 1872. b. F. Kneeland, Esq.: Mv Dear SiH.-Mr. E. W. Paige, a member of the Schenectady bar, ,s well known by me to be a young man of character, ability and responsibility. •' PLATT POTTER, Justice Supreme Court. SCHENEVUS-Otsego County. C. H. Graham* ScHENEVus, Nov. 30, 1872. We, the undersigned, take pleasure in recommendincr C. H Graham, Esq., of Schenevus, Otsego county, N. Y., as^bein^^ a lawyer well q,ialified to undertake any legal business intrusted'to hnn. Mr. Graham is prompt and efficient in collecting, and faith- ful m the interest of his clients. H. CHESTER, Cashier T., C. <& Co.'s Bank. JAS. M. THOMPSON, Supervisor. J. T. THOMPSON, Merchant, and Prest. of Thompson, Chester <& Co.'s Bank. M. F. PERRY, Merchant. SAML. S. EDICK, Otsego Co. Judge. SHERBURNE -Chenango County. Belofi L. Atkyns. Office of Sheiiburne National Bank ) Siierhurxe, N. Y., Bee. 26, 1872. ' f This certifies that D. L. Atkyns has transacted business as attor- ■} lor the above named bank, and we believe him qualified to •■.Hi o such legal business as may be intrusted to him, and that J. PRATT, I^-est. Sherburne Nat. Bank. SIDNEY PLAINS -Delaware County. Chai*. T. Alvei'Hon, 310 JVFW YORK. V ir iJifUi- . I Ml. '\ i'H ' i SKANEATELES— Onondaga County. Wm, G. Bllery. Skaneateles Savings Bank, Nov. 27, 1872. To whom it may concern : Wm. G. Ellery is the regular attorney of this bank, and in all the business intrusted to him by us he has proved himself well qualified and promi)t in the discharge of his duties. Clients will lind him faithful and capable. JOSIAS GARLOCK, IVeamrer. Banking-House op C, Pardee & Co., ) SUCCESSOK TO FlKST NATIONAL BaNK OP SkANEATELES. \ "We cheerfully indorse the above recommendation. AUGT. TREMAIN, Cashier. STAMFORD— Delaware County. Jas. II. 3IcKee. I take pleasure in certifying, from my personal knowledge of the character and qualification of my friend, Jas. H. McKee, Esq., that he will faithfully discharge any duties that may devolve upon him through the influence of our Association. I deem him thoroughly honest, capable and devoted to his professional demands.— [EiT SYRACUSE — Onondaga County. SedfjivickSf Kennedy & Tt'acy. CiiAs. B. Sedgwick (ex-Member of Congress). CuAs. H. Sedgwick. Geo. N. Kennedy (ex-Member of Senate, New York State). Wm. G. Tracy. References: Hon. I^ Roy Morgan, Justice Supreme Court; Hon. Chas. Andrews, Judge Court of Appeals. THREE MILE BAY, CHAUMONT and DEPAU- VILLE — Jefferson County. Chas. A. Kelsey (P. O., Watertown, N. Y.). 'To whom it may concern : This is to certify that I am personally acquainted with Mr. C. A. Kelsey, Esq., a member of the bar of Jefferson county; that I J '■' J^FW YORK. 311 KK, Nov. 27, 1872. and DEPAU- consider him well qualified to transact legal business. He is fa. h- ful in the interest of his clients, and is successful with cases in the County Court. This testimonial is, therefore, most cheerfully given. A. II. SAWYER, County Judge of Jefferson Go. Watbbtown, December 10, 1872. TROY— Rensselaer County. Cole & WilJcinson. Edmund L. Coi.k. Aljiadus Wilkinson. I hereby certify that Almadus Wilkinson, Esq., is a lawyer of integrity and good professional standing. December 4, 1873. ^^ '''™ '^^^'^' ^-^' ^^ '^"^^^• TRUMANSBURa- Tompkins County. J. Be Motte Smith. I heieby certify that I believe J. De Motte Smith, of Trumans- burg, N. Y., to be a gentlemanly and reputable attorney. RANSOM BALCOM, Justice of the Supreme Court, Sixth Judicial District^ JV. T. UNADILLA — Otsego County. CUjford S. Ames (ex-Member of Legislature). Or „ a A T^ BiNGUAMTON, March 1, 1873. Clifford S. Ames, Esq. : > "<«. Dear Sib.— I take pleasure in certifying to your good standing as a lawyer, and good character in every respect. I do not hesitate to say that, in my opinion, any business intrusted to you will be faithfully and properly managed. Very respectfully yours, RANSOM BALCOM, Justice of the Sup. Ct. 31» NEW YORK. i'. i I i tJTIC A — Oneida County. ConkUngf Lovd a> Coxe, ROHCOK CoNKLiNo (U. S. Senator, formerly Member of Con- gress). " ScoiT Lord (formerly Judge of Livingston Conntv) Alfkeu Coxu:. F1K8T National Bank op Utica ) (State Bank op Utica), C y, . ., Utica, N. Y., iVb«. 30, 1872. ) 10 whom it may concern : I am well acquuinted with Messrs. Conkling, Lord & Coxe attor- neys at law of this city, and know them tot distingui'ellTke for capacity, efhc.ency and fidelity in the conduct of matters intrusted to their care. '".lutis P. V. ROGERS, Cashier. VALATIE — Columbia County. Farrar c& Gardenler. WAPPINGER'S FALLS, FISHKILL, RHINEBECK and PINE PLAINS - Dutchess County. Jno. W, Bartrum (P. O., Wappinger's I'alls). aJlif^^^rED ^^' "^'''^'"™' -^"i-' *"* ^^ ^" attorney of integrity and WARRENSBURGH- Warren County. Thomas Cunningham. April 18, 1873. I hereby certify that Thomas Cunningham, of this place, is per- fectly responsible, an active lawyer, sharp collector. FRED. V. BURHANS, Director Glen's Falls JSTat. Bank. WATERTOWN - Jefferson County. F,W Huhhard (formerly Justice of the Supreme Court and Judge of the Circuit Court of the State of New York). Testimonial waived. iEIlS, Cashier. of integrity and J^A'W YORK. WATBRVILLE - Oneida County. VHni & CoffycHhaU. 813 "^tj j^:;: ^^^^^^^'^ ^'^^"^^ ^"--^ '^-^ «i-iai JrKNKY J CooaKs„A.L („ow Member of the Legislature, for- uierly AssiHtant District Attorney). ■\ WATKINS - Schuyler County. B. W. & a 31. Woodward. ScHUYLKK County Bank, SiTCCKSsou TO F.KST National Bank of Watkins, Watkins, N. Y., April 17, 1873. b. I . Knkeland, Esq. : SiK.-V7e consider B. W. & C. M. Woodward, attorneys able and prompt men to transact any law business y'ou may s nd to then,. They do the most of our legal business. ' Very truly yours, W. M. PELLET. J. D. PAYNE, President. WAVERLY- Tioga County. Wm. F. Warner (formerly Special County Judge) wY' f '•^:'!«q"^'^^"t«^^ ^ith Wm. F. Warner, attorney at law of y vorly, Tioga county, and very cheerfully certify to his fitTess to-character and legal abilities, for any business pertaining oh ^ profession with which he may be intrusted. ^ CHARLES A. CLARKE, Co. Judge of Tioga Co. 8U iVij'ir Yoiif{. YONKERS — Westchester County. Win. mieii. To whom it mm/ concern ; I liJivo observed the practice an an attornt and coiiimt'lor at law of William Ililey, of Yonkers, WestcheHtor county, New Vork, at tlie bar of the Huid county, ami 'iclievo him to be well (lualided' to undertake any legal bu.sincHs intrusted to him. Mr, l{iley appearn to be prompt and faithful in the intercHt of hin clientH, ami I very cheerfully accord him this testimonial. SILAS D. GIFFORl), Westchester Co. Judt/c. White Plains, Dec. 31, 1872. i- .' I I - illil i.'lllii!!- NORTH CAROLINA. 315 NORTH CAROLINA. hc9tcr Co, Judjc, ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. AoKNowLKDOMENTs. Seo Deeils. Alikns may hold unci enjoy all lands acquired by them in this State cither by way of purchase, descent or devise. See title, ^'hiijIiU of Aliens:^ ' AuKKsT.-The provisions in relation to arrest in civil actions unpnsonment for debt and attachments, are similar to those in the State of New York. See Nem York. ArrAcuMENTa. Seo Ai^est. ■ Bills of Exchange and PROMissoEr Notes are governed by the common law, except that the indqrser on a promissory note 18 only Imb e as a surety. No protest is therefore necessary, and upon default the nuiker must be immediately and vigorously pur- sued at law to hold the indorser. Bills of Sale are only valid as to third parties when regis- tei-cd, or followed by delivery and continued change of posses- Cuattel Mortgages are valid when registered in the county ^yhcre the mortgagor resides, or followed by a change of posses- sion of the mortgaged property. Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowledged or proved before any commissioner for the State of North Carolina, or before a c(..um..s.oner specially appointed by a probate judge in this State lor that purpose, or before the highest judicial officers in the State where executed, under their seal of office; and if taken out the United States, before the chief magistrate of a city, under its corporate seal or any ambassador, minister, consul or commercial agent of the United States, under their official seal. The acknowl- 316 NORTH CAROLINA. « . hi li^_lJi_ edgincnt of a marriecl woiiinti must bo taken separato and apart from hor huBhaiid. Form of Acknowledgments. Sco Appuiulix, Formn. Record o/— Deeds and mortgages and other inHtriimeiits in writing by which any interest in real estate is conveyed, except- ing leases for throe years or under, must bo duly tiled for probate and recorded within two years from the date thereof. Estates of Dkokaskd Persons.— Notice must be given to all creditors within twenty days from the granting of letters, to pre- sent their claims within a certain time therein limited, generally one year thereafter ; creditors not presenting their claims within the speeiiied time, lose the bcnotit of the division by the execu- tors or administrators of the property in their hands ; but they may, nevertheless, collect their claims thereatler from the persons succeeding to the property of the deceased as heirs, devisees or legatees. The debts of the deceased rank in dignity us follows: let. Specific liens. 2d. Funeral expenses. 3d. Taxes. 4Hu Debts duo the State or the United States. 5th. Judgment liens.' Cth. Wages and medical services for one year preceding the decease. 7th. All other debts and demauda. Executions. See Judgments. Exemptions : Homestead includes any real estate occupied and selected hy the debtor, being a resident and householder, to the value of $1,000. Personal property to the value of $500, to be selected by such debtor, is also exempt from execution. Imprisonment fob Deut. See Arrest. Interest and Usury : Legal Rate, 6 per cent. AllowaUe hy special contract in writing, 8 per cent Usury forfeits all interest, but does not affect the principal. Judgments of the courts of record oj)erate as liens on real estate in the county where perfected, or where transcripts thereof are docketed. A judgment of a justice's court becomes a lien from the date of levy under execution, or from the filing of a transcript thereof in the superior court of the county where ren- dered. NOnTH CAROLINA. 81T Jparato iiiid apart LiMrrATioN OF Actions: 8ix J/ortM*.— Actions for slaudor. One rcar.-ActionangainBt a i)ubHc officer for trespnsB under color ot lu8 office, or for tlio escape of a prisoner arrested on civil l.rocess; upon a statute for a penalty or forfeiture, and for i)er- sonal wrongs. ' Three Years.- UWom on any contract, obligation or liability, except official bonds and scaled instruments ; upon a liability crea- ted by statute other than a penalty or forfeif-re; for trespass on real property, or taking, detaining or injuring personal property, and tor tlio specihc recovery of personal property. Seven J'm;-*.— Actions on justices' judgments. _ Ten r^'ar*.— Actions on judgments of a court of rocurd ; sealed nistrumente; for the foreclosure or redemption of a mort-acro and actions for relief, not otherwise provided for. " " ' Makkied Women may retain and contn 1 all the'r ser.raie pro- perty, real or personal, but cannot make vaud executon contracts and are not personally liable for any debt contracted during coverture. * Pbomissort Notes. Sec Bilh of Exchange. Wills require two witnesses, except where a will is found among the valuables of the deceased or lodged by him for safe- keeping in the hands of some friend, and wholly in the hand- writing of the testator, in which case no witness is required, pro- vided the signature can be proved by three disinterested persons. 818 NORTH CAROLINA. NORTH CAROLINA. 5v CHARLOTTE — Mecklenburg County. Jones & Johnston. Hamilton C. Jones (formerly State Senator). Robert D. Johnston. This firm, who come to us well indorsed, will take charge of business in the counties of Lincoln, Anson, Stanly and Cabarras, as well as for Mecklenburg county. ELIZABETH CITY — Pasquotank County. Wm. F. Martin. fi J. ^ ^ Elizabeth City, N. C, Jan. 1, 1873. o. F. Kneeland, Esq.: Dear Sir.— I have known Col. Wm. F. Martin well, from the begmning of his professional life (now near thirty years), and know that he enjoys, in a high degree, a well deserved reputation for ability as a lawyer, and integrity in all his business relations. Very respectfully, G. W. BROOKS, Judge U. S. Bist. Gt. for N. G. FAYETTEVILLE - Cumberland County. Jolm W. Hinsdale. Fatetteville National Bank, ) Fayeti'eville, N. C, A2)ril 22, 1873. j I am well acquainted with CoL John W. Hinsdale, an attorney of this place, and I know him to be reliable in everv "articular. Any business intrusted to him will be promptly attended' to. WM. HUSKE, Gashier NORTH CAROLINA. 319 GOLDSBOROUQH- Wayne County. Smitlif Strong & Smedes. Wm. N. H. Smith. George V. Strong (formerly District Solicitor, Third Judicial District). A. K. Smedes. Newbeen, N. C, Dec. 16, 1R72. This is to certify that the firm of Smith, Strong & Smedes con- sists of Wm. N. H. Smith, George V. Strong and A. K. Smedes rehable attorneys, in good standing of my court, and that the senior members of said firm are among the leading lawyers of this State, and none better. WM. J. CLARKE, Judge S. C. Third Judicial District c^ North Carolina. GRANVILLE - Pitt County. S. S. Wallace. LEXINGTON-Davidson County. JoJm M. Welborn. Recommended by a prominent and responsible member from North Carolina. MIDDLETON Lewis H. Barron. Hyde County. MURPHY— Cherokee County. Rolen & Cooper, John Rolen (Member of Legislature). James W. Cooper. Recommended R. H. CANNON, Judge Twelfth Jud Dist. NEWBERN — Craven County. Leonidas J. 3Ioore (ex-State Senator of North Carolina). Office of Judge Third Jud. Dist., Newbern, N C ) April 14, 1873. ' j- I hereby certify that L. J. Moore, of Newbern, N. C, is a lawyer oi good standing, and duly authorized to practice in all the courts 320 NORTH CAROLINA. 1. Mil ; ,i; If' of this State, and I cheerfully commend Iiim to the favoraWe con- sideration of all persons having need of his professional ficrvices. WM. J. CLARKE, Judf/e of Sup. Court. NEW SALEM — Randolph County. Ilowgill Julian (formerly Presiding Justice County Court). OXFORD — Granville County. Jno. W. Hayes, State National Bank, ) a -p V r:^ Raleigh, N. C, March 21, 1873. f o. i*. Kneeland, Esq.: y -^lo. ^ Deab Sir.— Yours to hand. We have known Mr, John W Hayes, attorney at law, Oxford, N. C, long and well. He stands very high in his profession, as prompt, reliable, energetic and atton- tive to his business. Indeed, we consiuer you as fortunate in num- bering him among your correspondents. Very respectfully, JOHN G. WILLIAMS, Prmdent. RALEIGH— Wake County. TJios. P. Devereujc. Citizens' National Bank op Raleioh ) Raleigh, N, C, June 6, 1873. ' \ S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, K Y. : Deau Sir.— I am requested to state the standing of Mr. T. P Devereux, a lawyer of this city, in connection with a 1 w collection agency. Mr. Devereux is a member of the bar in Italeigh, is » m a of high character and standing, and I have no hesitation in saying that any business intrusted to him will bo promptlv and efficiently done. Respectfully, W. E. ANDERSON, Prest. I concur in the above recommendation, R. M, PEARSON, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of N. C. NORTH CAROLmA. 821 AMS, Pi-mdent SALISBURY -Rowan County. John S. Henderson, T .- , Salem, February 28, 1873 I certify that John S. Henderson, of Salisbury, Rotan couniv practices law m several of the Superior Courts in the^ilhr t /* cal District of North Carolina; ?hat he Tan a or-^^^^^ standing, and attentive to the duties of his profession ^ JOHN M. CLOUD, Judge Eighth Ju. Diet, of II. C. WARRENTON - Warren Co-intv Chan. A. Cook. ^' Kecommcnded by JOHN M. CLOUD, Judge, etc. WAYNESVILLE- Haywood County. W. B. tt- G. S. Ferguson. ^^'^^BSTER, N. C, Dec. 23, 1872 Messrs W. B. & G. S. Ferguson are prompt and reliable lawyers and by tlieir energy and ability they have merited the liS patronage hey now receive. I have marked with pleasure 4e p^npt^and energetic manner in which they seou. Slenne^tB' R. H. CANNON, Judge of the Twelfth Judicial District of North Carolina. WENTWORTH - Rockingham County. ^> F. Watkins. ^ WILMINGTON -New Hanover County. Marsden Bellamy (formerly County Solicitor). 21 H , .' Ill 322 orrio. OHIO. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, " Eights of Aliens." Arrest in Civil Actions. — The defendant may be arrested in a civil action by filing with the clerk of the court in which the action is brought a bond for double the amount claimed in the complaint, together with an affidavit of the creditor, or his author- ized agent or attorney, made before the judge of any court of the State, or clerk thereof, or justice of the peace, stating the nature of the claim, that it is just, and the amount thereof, and establishing one or more of the following particulars : Ist. That the debtor has removed or begun to remove some of his property out of the jurisdiction of the court, with intent to defraud his creditors. 2d. That he has begun to convert his property, or a part thereof, into money for the purpose of placing it beyond the reach of his creditors. 3d. That he has property or rights of action which he fraudu- lently conceals. 4th. Tliat he has assigned, removed or disposed of, or is about to assign, remove or dispose of, or has begun to dispose of his property, or a part thereof, with intent to defraud his creditors. 5th. That he fraudulently incurred tiie obligation, or con- tracted the debt, for which suit is about to be or has beeu brought. The sheriff, on receipt of the order of arrest, shall at once take the debtor into custody and hold him until bail is given, or the amount of money stated in the order shall have been deposited, or he is discharged by the court. onio. 323 which he fraudu- Attachments will be granted in a civil action for the recovery of money, where the plaintiff files an affidavit with the clerk of tlie court in which the action is or is about to be brought, setting hxiV the nature of the claim, that it is just, and the amount thereof, and showing, further, the existence of one of the follow- ing grounds : 1st. That the debtor, or one of the several debtors, is a non- resident or foreign corporation ; or, 2d. Has absconded with the intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 3d. Has left the county of his residence to avoid the service of summons; or, 4th. So conceals himself that summons cannot be served upon Inm; or, ^ 5tli. Is about to remove his property, or a part thereof, out of the jurisdiction of the court with the intent to defraud his credit- ors; or, Cth. Is about to convert his property, or a part thereof, into money for the purpose of placing it beyond the reach of his creditors ; or, 7tli. Has property or rights in action which he conceals ; or 8th. Has assigned, removed or disposed of, or is about to assign, remove or dispose of his property, or a part thereof, with the intent to defraud his creditors ; or 0th. Has fraudulently contracted the debt, or incurred the obhgation, for which suit has been or is about to be brought No bond is required when the debtor is a non-resident or ioreign corporation ; and the order for attachment is only .n-anted against such parties where the demand is upon a contrac?, iudo-- ment or decree. * Where the order is granted for any of the other causes before nientioned, a bond must be filed for double the amount claimed by the plaintiff. Bills of Exchange and Peomissoey J^^o':E8 are governed by the common law. Bills of Sale are valid when executed and filed in the same manner as chattel mortgages. Chattel Moetgaoes must be filed with the clerk of the town- ship or city where the mortgagor resides, if a resident of this 324 OHIO. ill But tiling is not ik gage, or persons li».\j' ,: .' tlie mortgaged property ■ , Dkkds and Mobtoaoks. Snite ; otherwise with the clerk of the township or city m which the property lies; and within thirty days next preceding the expiration of a year from the execution thereof they muBt be re-tiled, with a sworn statement of the amoiint due and claimed thereon, or such mortgages will be absolutely void as to subse- quent |)urchasers, creditors and mortr;agees in good faith. r r.s between the parties to a mort- *1 notice of its existence, or when ill the possession of the mortgagee. —All instruments in writing affecting the title to real estate, except leases for three years or under, must be signed by the grantor, his authorized agent or attorney, in the presence of two or more subscribing witnesses, duly acknow- ledged, sealed, delivered and recorded in the clerk's office of the county where the property is situated. The acknowledgment may be taken without the State before a judge of the Supreme Court, or a Court of Common Pleas, justice of the peace, notary public, mayor or other presiding offi- cer of an incorporated town or city, a connnissioner for the State of Ohio or a United States consul. Form of Achiowledgments. See Deeds. Estates of Deceaskd Persons.— Claims should be presented to the executor or administrator within nine months from the date of his appointment, and the esti-.e must be settled within eighteen months from the time of granting letters of adminis- tration. Actions upon disputed claims must be commenced within six months from their rejection, except where a claim is not due ; then in six months from the tune when it becomes due. Actions against executors or adi Inistrators are barred in four years from the time of their giving bonds, without the cause of action accrue or property is discovered after the expiration of the said four years. Debts of the deceased rank in dignity as follows : 1st. Fune- ral expenses, expenses of last sickness and costs of administra- tion. 2d. Twelve months' support for the wife and children. 3d. Debts entitled to a preference by the laws of the United States. 4th. Taxes and debts due the State. 5th. All other debts. OHIO. See ArreaU 325 Imi'risonment foe Debt. Intkkest and Usuky : Leijal liate^ 6 per cent. AUowaUe by special contract, 8 i>er cent. Usury invalidates the excess over 6 per cent. JunoMENTS.-A judgment entered durl.ig term time is a lien on the real estate of the dofendant in the county where recovered fruin the hrst day of the term; but judgments by confession, or reudereroduct of their own labor. A married woman may contract in reference to her separate property ; but the law does not favor the canying on or con- ducting a separate business by the wife as long as she lives with or is supported by the husband. The husband may be joined with the wife in all actions to which she is a party, except those in relation to her separate property, in which case she must sue by her next friend. Promissory Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator or by some other person in his presence and by his request, and attested by at least two witnesses, who must attach tlieir names at the end thereof in the presence of the testator and of each other. OHIO. 327 OHIO. fe in all actions to ATHENS — Athens County. A, G. & H. T. Brown, ^ , Athens, O., Jan. 11, 1873. To whom it may concern : I certify that I am well acquainted with Messrs. A. G. & H. T. Brown, of Athens, O., and that they are lawyers in good standing, and deemed by me to be efficient and perfectly reliable and respon- sible collectors. JOHN WELCH, Judge Sup. Court. BARNESVILLE — Belmont County. N. J. Mannhiy. Babnesville, O., Dec. 4, 1872. I have had occasion to use N. J. Manning as an attorney on several occasions, and have found him well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. Manning is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients, and this testimonial is very cJieerfuUy accorded. JOHN BRADFIELD, President First Nat. Bank of Barnesville, 0. BAT A VIA — Clermont County. (xeorge L. Swing (ex-Judge of Probate Court). BELL AIRE — Belmont County. Joseph B. Smith, The First National Bank, ) Bellaiee, Ohio, May 10, 1873. j S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : Dear Sir.— This is to certify that I am acquainted with J. B. Smith, Esq., of this city, having known him for a long time as an 32S t i! : I 5 > i OHIO. ottornoy in good standing. Any busincHH IntniHted to IiIh care will be attended to with promptneHS und iionor. ItcBpcctfully, A. P. TALLMAN. BELLEFONTAINE — Logan County. JE. J, HoweuHtine. „, , ., Bellkfontainb, O,, Oct. 28, 1872. Jio 10 hom It may concern: > <*• E. J. Ilowenstiuo is an attorney residing at IJellcfoi.tairu. in Logan county, Ohio. lie is energetic, competent, trustworthy, ind makes collections a specialty. JAS. LIESTEK, Cashier Belief ontaim Nat. Dank. WM. LAURENCE, l^-ent. B. Nat. Bank. li. LAMB, iJash. People's Bank, Belle/untaine, 0. CANTON— Stark County. Zevl M. Jones. rp, , ., Canton, Ohio, January 23, 1873. lo ichotmt may concern: We, the subscribers, cheerfully recommend L. M, .Tones as an able and reliable attorney and collector ; that he is well (jualHied to attend to any legal business which he may undertake, and that he is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients. ED. W. PAGE, Clerk of Courts .Stark Co., Ohio. .TAS. W. UNDEKHILL, Probate Judr/e. GEO. D. IIAIITER & BROS., Bankers. C ARROLLTON — Carroll County. A. P. Mortluml, A. P. Mortland, Esq., is a member of the bar of this county of good standing and reputation as a lawyer, of industrious liabits, perfectly reliable and responsible. I. H. TAYLOR, Clerk of Courts. OHIO. riiHtctl to hiH core 329 muarij 2.'J, 1873. CHILLICOTHE-RosB County. Beach & Law fence, Thomas ]Jkai;h. WiLMAM V. Lawrence. RosH County National Hank, ) 7, 1872.} CuiLiJcoTUE, Ohio, iJec. 27, To whom it may concern : Hiiyiiig known Tho.nas Beach & Wm. V. Lawrence, attorneys of thiH city, for some years past, we woukl clieerfully state from our knowledge that their business habits and qualitications, as active and careful business men, are good, and that they are well Muaiilu..! to undertake and prosecute any business intrusted to them. iH'uig prompt and faithful in the interests of their clients, and wo very cheerfully accord this testimony in their behalf. A. PEARSON, Pi-esident. B, P. KINGSBURY, Cashier. \Vc cordially indorse the above testimonial, P. G. GRIFFIN, Clerk of Courts, Hoss Co., Ohio W. 11. SAFFORD, Judr/e Court of Common Pleas, Second Subd. Fifth Jud. Dist. of Ohio. CINCINNATI - Hamilton County. Chriat//, Wriyht cC Simon (No. 67 W. Third street), RoHEUT Christy (formerly Member of Ohio Legislature) Irvin B. Wright. '' Israel M. Simon. Cincinnati, May 26, 1873. Messrs. Christy, Wright & Simon are practicing attorneys la this city .and well qualified to attend to any business intrusted to them. I cheerfully give this testimonial of their faithfulness to tho interest ot tlieir clients and to their ability. M. II. TILDEN, Judge Superior Court. CLEVELAND - Cuyahoga County. J. <0 J. C. Hutch ins. John IIutciiins (ex-Mcmbor of Congress). John C. Hutciiins. 880 OHIO. I I \ p II ■ I COLUMBUS — Franklin County. Otto Dft'ttel (cx-Alember of Lcgiwlaturc). Columbus, O., Jan. 21, 1873. Mr. Otto Dresel, attorney at '.aw, resiJing in this city, is an expcrioncecl, reliable and responHiblc practicing lawyer, faithful in the interests of his clients, and well qualified to attend to any legal business intrusted to him. JOHN S. GREEN, Presiding Judge of the Court of Common Picas of Franklin Co., Ohio. CRESTLINE — Crawford County. Nathan Jones (formerly Prosecuting Attorney). BucYRUs, O., Oct. 26, 1872. To whom it mag concern : Tliis certifies that I am personally and intimately acquainted -with N. Jones, Esij., attorney at law, of Crestline. He is an able lawyer, a prompt and energetic business man, who will faithfully attend to all business intrusted to his care. ABNEH M. JACKSON, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. DAYTON — Montgomery County. J". J. Bel V Hie, Dayton, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1873. S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albang, JV. Y. : Dkau Sir.— I have known Mr. J. J. Belville, attorney of this city, for about ten years, indeed ever since he entered upon the practice. lie is careful, prudent and reliable, as an attorney, and stands well in the community and among the profession. I am sure he will faithfully serve those who intrust business to him. II. ELLIOTT, Judge Com. Pleas Ct., Second Dist., 0. Second National Bank, ) Dayton, Ohio, Feb. 22, 1873. f S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albang, JV. Y. : Dear Sir. — Mr. J. J. Belville has practiced law in this city for some years. I regard him as prompt and reliable. Respectfully, CHARLES E. DRURY, Cashier. 5 I OHIO. 331 TiiK Dayton National Bank, ) Dayton, O., Feb. 22, 1873. J S. R Knkkland, Ewq. : Dkau Sir. — J. J. liolville, attonu'y, of our place, has l)een in biiHincsH liero several years, and lias Hustaiiied a reputation for proiniitness and correct dealing so far as I have hoard or known. Yours, W. S. PHELPS, Cimhkr. DEFIANCE — Defiance County. 8. T. Slltphen (is I'rosecuting Attorney for Defiance county). Defiance, 0.,Dec. 24, 1872. To S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, JV. Y. : Dear Sir. — I am acquainted with S. T. Sutphcn, Esq., and know liiui to be an attorney well qualified to attend to any business in the lino of the legal profession. lie is prompt and reliable. Yours respectfully, JACOB I. GREENE, Probate Judge. DELPHOS — Allen County. JoJin King. Van Wert, O., Dec. 12, 1872. John King, Esq., is an attorney and counselor at law in my Judicial District, residing at Delphos. I regard him as a safe and judicious attorney in the prosecution and collection of claims, or other matters committed to his charge in that lino of practice. He has the reputation of being prompt. E. M. PHELPS, 07ie of the Judges of the I'hird Judicial District, Ohio. I take pleasure in concurring in the above. JOS. BOEIIMER, Cashier, First Nat. Bank, Delphos, 0. iw in this city for IIURY, Cashier. DELTA — Fulton County. lirailei/f Geer & Waters. Moses R. Brailey (formerly Comptroller and State Treasurer). B. T. Geer. OtTAVius Waters. w ■ i4 - !i ; 332 OlfJO. SH.{ EATON— Preble Coiinty. Jacob U. Foos. FiKsT National Bank of Eaton, ) m J. . Eaton, O., Oct. 2i), 1872. ' f 10 whom It may concern : ' We have been personally acquainted with J. II. Foos, Esq., an attorney at this jjlace, for several years, and take pleasure in statnig that he is a good lawyer, a man of excellent character and standing, and entirely reliable and trustworthy. C. F. BROOKE, Cas/iier. W. M. BROOKE, I'rest. EL YRIA — Lorain County. Geo. OlniStead (formerly District Attorney). Elykia, O., Mai/ 2, 1873. 3ferc?i(mts^ Protective Lata Association, Albany, JST. Y. : Gents.— George Olmstead, Esq., of this place, is a member of the legal profession, a gentleman of good legal attainments and of high integrity, and stands well with the profession. Kespectfully, W. W. BOYNTON, Judge Lorain Co. Com. Picas. GREENVILLE — Darke County. Henri/ M. Cole, FREMONT— Sandusky County. A. B. Pntnian (formerly Prosecuting Attorney). Office Pkohate Couut, Sandusky County, Ohio, ) FijEMONT, February 19, 1873. ' f S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : .Deak Siu.— I can clieerfully recommend A. B. Putman, of Fre- mont, O., as a practicing attorney in good standing in his profes- sion, and well worthy of being a member of the' Merchants' Protec- tive Law Association. Very respectfully, your obed't serv't, F. WILLMEK, Probate Jiulye Sandusky County, 0. OHIO. 333 \Nic OF Eaton, JEFFERSON -Ashtabula County. 'E, Jay Pinncy. KENTON — Hardin County. Kiuff & Watt. John D. King. James Watt (Prosecuting Attorney). Bank op Exchange and Deposit, ) Kenton, Ohio, Dee. 21, 1872. J S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Attorney at Law: Deau Sir.— We desire to refer you to Messrs. King & Watt of tlus place. They are both gentlemen of fine ability and legal attainments, honorable and responsible, and have an extensive prac- tice in this county. Respectfully, D. THOMSON, Cashier. LANCASTER — Fairfield County. Henry C. Urinkle. McCONNELSVILLE- Morgan County. Gi'mtger <£• Foulke. Moses M. Granger (ex-Judge). W. M. Foulke (Prosecuting Attorney). MANSFIELD — Richland County. Geo. W. Statler. iilANSPiEiD, Ohio, Feb. 25, 1873, Mr. b. h . Kneeland : DE.VK SiR.-Mr. Geo. W. Statler, who is an attorney of this city, IS well qualified to attend to any legal business intrusted to luni. He ,s honest, as well as prompt and faithful, in the interests 01 his clients, and this testimonial is cheerfully accorded. GEO. W. GEDDES, Judge of Common Fleas Court. ~ Mm I R 1 1 ^ ! 4 ^ ' 3H ! ' ft i M'^i, ;'i| i: J' i I I I I 334 omo. Mabietta, Ohio, Dec. 7, 1872. MARIETTA — Washington County. Modney K. Shaw, S. F. Kneeland, Esq. : I hereby certify that Rodney K. Shaw, of Marietta, Ohio, is a lawyer of good standing, and well qualified to undertake legal business intrusted to him. He will be found prompt and faithful to the interests of his clients. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and [l. s.] affixed my official seal, this 6th of December, A, D. 1872. A. W. Mccormick, judge p. a, W. Co., Ohio. MAT AMORAS— Washington County. Jasper Lisk, Office of the Judge of Probate Court, ) Makieita, Ohio, Feb. 8, 1873. \ I certify that Jasper Lisk, Esq., of Matamoras, Ohio, is a mem- ber of the bar of "Washington county, in good standing in the profession, and in good repute for promptness and integrity. Witness my hand and the seal of the Probate Court, at [l. s.] Marietta, this eighth day of February, A. D. 1873. A. W. McCORMICK, Jmlge P. C, W. Co., Ohio. MOUNT VERNON — Knox County. Wm, M. SapJ) (ex-Member of Congress). Mount Vernon, Ohio, Mb. 21, 1873. 2h the Merchmits' Protective Law Association, Albany, Ni Y. : I am well acquainted with Hon. William R. Sapp, as an attorney at law, and know him to be well qualified to undertake any le^al business intrusted to his care. Mr. Sapp is prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and this testimonial I cheerfully accord to him. JOHN ADAMS, Judge Sixth Judicial District of Ohio. NEWARK — Licking County. Samuel M, Hunter (Prosecuting Attorney, formerly City Attorney). ■^OJUL y, formerly City OHIO. 33J, NORWALK — Huron County. J. & C. It, Kennan, Jaieus Kennan. Cortland L. Kbnnan. OTTAWA— PutnAm County. Day BiigJi, C. H. Rice & Co., Bankkes, ) Ottawa, Ohio, January 27, 1873. f S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Attorney, Albany, JST. Y. : Deab SixZ.— Your favor of 23d received and noted. In reply we would say that V7e have known Day Pugh, attorney of this place for ten years. lit is a man of honesty and integrity. He is a lawyer of fair ability, entirely responsible for business intrusted to bim, and one of the best collectors in the country. Yours respectfully, C. H. RICE & CO. PAULDING— Paulding County. Geo. W. Cox. Peobatb Judge's Office, Paulding County, ) Paulding, Ohio, April 11, 1873. [ To all %ohom it may concern : Goo. W. Cox, the applicant in this case, is a person of good standing in this community, and of the necessary legal qualifica- tions to transact any business that may be intrusted to his care. [^- «•] ' DAVID C. CAREY, Probate Judge. PERRYSBUEGH- Wood County. . Geo, Strain (formerly Prosecuting Attorney). n. . ., Tiffin, Ohio, March 17, 1873. ' It) whom It may concern: This is to certify that George Strain, of Perrysburgh, Wood county, Ohio, is an attorney and counselor at law in the several Courts of Record of said State, in good standing; and is entitled to all confidence for ability, integrity and promptness, in his profes- sion and as a citizen. Truly, JA3IES PILLARS, Judge of Court of Common Pleas and Dist. Court of said County. 336 OHIO. % J: p: I PORT CLINTON — Ottawa County. Jas, II. May ruder (formerly Prosecuting Attorney), PORTSMOUTH — Scioto County. ' F. C. Searl (formerly CouHty Judge). The J'irst National Baxk of Poktsmoutu ) Portsmouth, Ohio, December 21, 1872. ' f We have been acquainted with F. C. Searl, Esq., attorney at law of this place, for a number of years. He is careful and reliable in' the discharge of his business, and we cheerfully recommend him to any one who may need his services. Very respectfully, JAMES Y. GORDON, Cashier. I cordially indorse the above, and cheerfully recommend .Air. Searl as a competent, careful, prompt and responsible attorney. J. J. HARPER, Judge Common Fleas Court. RAVENNA — Portage County. W. B. Thomas, RIPLEY— Brown County. Baird & Young. CiiAMBKBS Baird (ex-State Senato"). Wm. D. Young. First National Bank op Ripley, Ohio ) Ripley, Brown Co., O., JSTov. 11, 1872. ' [ To whom it may concerti : We have had occasion to employ Messrs. Baird & Youniji lill I- Twenty Years. — Actions for tho recovery of real property. Actions barred in tho State where tho cumso of arose cannot be enforced in this State. Makiueu Women.— Tlio property and pecuniary rights of every married woman, at the time of marriage or afterward acquired by girt, devise or inheritance, shall not be subject to the debts or contracts of her husband. A declaration of the wife's separate personal property must bo recorded in tho county clerk's office. The wife may contract in reference to her sepa- rate estate. Wn,L8 must be executed by the testator in the presence of two subscribing witnesses. OREGON. 345 OKEGON. e presence of two BAKER CITY— Baker County. i. O. Stei-nit (fonuorly County Judge and State Senator). Pknuletox, Umatu.i.a County, Oregon ) April 26t/i, 1873. ' j" S. F. Knekland, Esq., Albamj, JV. Y.: Dear Sik.— I cheerfully recommend lion. L. O. Sterns, of Baker City, Oregon, as a safe and judicious counselor, and an honest and reliable attorney. Very respectfully, L. L. McARTIIUR, Justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon. HILLSBOROUGH — Washington County. Tho8. II. Tongue. rr 1, J. .. March 20th, 1873. Jo all wnom it may concern: This is to certify that Thomas II. Tongue is an attorney in good standing, of industrious, temperate habits, attentive to business intrusted to his care, and is a trustworthy and efficient collector, lie is practicing in the courts of this county and State. THOS. HUMPHREYS, County Jmhje of Washington County, Oregon. 346 PENN8YLVA.YIA. ii PENNSYLVANIA; 1 5 1 1 i ■ ■ '1 % s ■ 1 B '■ 1 F ■ 1 |i . i ] 1 If "■ ; ,HI I i lilli!! 'i'' 1! wm. fl ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens, See title, ''Rights of Aliens.'^ ' Arkest m Civil Actions.— Imprisonment for debt is abol- ished in all actions on contract, except in case of fraud. The defendant may, however, be arrested if it appears, to the satistac- tion of the judge, upon sufficient affidavits that, 1st. He is about to remove any of his property out of the juris- diction of the court, with the intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 2d. That he has property which he fraudulently conceals ; or, 3d. That he has property which he refuses to apply to the payment of the judgment of the complainant ; or, 4th. That he has assigned, removed or disposed of, or is about to assign, remove or dis])ose of, any of his property, with the intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 5th. That he fraudulently contracted the debt in suit. Upon conviction the debtor is committed to prison until he pays the debt, or gives security, or is discharged under the State insolvent laws. Attachment. — The same facts must be proved as in cases of arrest, and, in addition, the plaintiff must give bonds in double the amount of the claim, conditioned for the payment of all damages sustained by the debtor on account of the attachment, provided the plaintiff" tails to recover judgment. Property of a non-resident may, in ail cases, be attached. The plaintill must file a bond in this case, also, but it is, practically, in-.^rely a matter of form where the claim is just. Bills of Exchange. See Promissory Notes. W f PEN-WSYL VANIA. 347 BiLL3 OF Sale are valid as to third parties, only where there is an actual change of possession. Chattel Mortgages are not in general tise in this State. Possession of personal property is, in all c&%q&, prima facie evi- dence of ownersl ' -. No valid lien can, therefore, be created upon it. Deeds op Teust are valid, as to real estate, if recorded. Deeds and Moktgages : Aehiowledgments of.— If taken out of the State and within the United States, may be made before the mayor or chief mao-- istrate of any incorporated town or city (under the public seal), any judge of a court of record, or any officer qualiiied to take acknowledgments in tlie State where taken, if certified, under the seal of any court of record that the othcer taking the acknow- ledgment is duly qualiiied. If taken without the United States before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul or vice-consul of the United States. Form of Acknowledgments. See Appendix, Forms. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Executors or administrators are required to close up the estate of the deceased within one year from the time of granting letters of administration ; but claim- ants may prove their claims at any time before fihng the report of the auditor appointed to settle the executors' or administrators' accounts. Execution. See Judginent and Exemptions. Exemptions.— Wearing apparel of the debtor and his family, school books and Bibles, and $300 worth of other property, either real or personal, to be selected by the debtor. Imprisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usurv Laws : Legal Rate, 6 per cent. A contract for more than six per cent is not binding, and any excess may be recoverea back if suit is commenced for that pur- pose within six months from the time of making the payment. Judoment may be taken out of court. It is a lien upon the real estate of the defendant, in the county where entered, for five years from the date of entry, but does not cover after-acquired 348 PENNSYL VAN I A. property until the siieriff 'a certifit'ate of levy is filed. Executions may issue against real estate w- out first exhausting tlie per- sonal property. A justice's judgment becomes a lien upon tlie filing of a transcript in the Court of Common Pleas for the county in which the real estate is situated, and it maybe enforced in the same manner as a judgment of the Common Plea» Court, LnnxATioN of Actions : Six Years.— K\\ actions on accounts, notes, contracts not under seal, and all actions in tort for the unlawful taking or conversion of personal property or trespass upon real estate. Twenty J"m/'s.— Judgments and itistruments under seal. A part payment or verbal promise, if positive and unambigu- ous, will revive the debt. Maeeied Women.— a married woman retains all property owned before marriage or acfiuircd thereafter. She can make no valid contract, except in the case mentioned below, and her notes or indorsements are void. She may, however, by joininag held the position of President Judge of the 9th Judicial District of Pennsylvania for twenty-five years, at his request I waived the requirements in ibis case. S. F. K. orcst of his cheats, CLAKK & CO. for Carbotidale. PENNSYL VANIA. 353 CHAMBEBSBURG- Franklin County. Cook «C- Ilaya, ^ Jkrkmiah Cook. Sxici'iiKN VV. Hays. T, « , ^^Ki^^'OKi'.l'a., lWA7'eirwary, 1873. Melf "il Tr' ''''"""v!° '^"*" ^^'^^'^^"^ ^'^ *'- ^-t that N. M. ilALL, Prest.JudffelGthJud.mt.o/Ihin.. CHESTER-Delaware County Ward & B too, null. William "Wauu. William B. Ukoomall. Thi8 firm was strongly recommended in a personal letter in m« from a party in whom I place the highest convince Ld"n'st S. F. K. CLARION -Clarion County. Theo, S. Wilson. ^ The First National Bank of Clarion, Pa., Clarion, JVovember 22, 1872. S. F. Knbkland, Esq., Albant/, JV^. Y. ■ coJnttfr T:f ' ''"' ''''^" '• '"^"^^""^^ =^ -^-^-^ «f the Clarion county bar and a practitioner in the Supreme Court of Ponnsvl- ania :uid United States courts, of good Standing and iLutaZ "d IS financially responsible as well as prompt aifd energet c Ho lias been solicitor for this bank over six yeail """'«"*'''• ^^« Yours, etc., G. W. ARNOLD, Cashier. CLEARFIELD -Clearfield County. T. H, Murray. To whom it may concern : We have several times employed Thos. H. Murray, Esq , attorney- aw m tins place, for this bank, and found him well q la i^Td to uiHlortake any legal business entrusted to him. Mr. 2 is prompt 23 1 liv. 854 PENNSYL VANIA. and faithful in the interests of his clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. WM. II. DELL, Cashier. JoNA. BoYNTON, P)'esUlent. I cordially indorse the above. J. B. McENALLY [formerly PresH Judge). I I <; : iT *:IHt COUDERSPORT — Potter County. D. C. Larrabee. D. C. Larrabee of Condersport, Potter county, Penn., is a mem- ber of the Potter county bar, in good standing and reputation, of sound integrity, and prompt and reliable in the transaction of business entrusted to him. JOHN M. KILBOURN, Associate Judge. H. I. OLMSTED, Prothonotary of Court of Com- mon Pleas of Potter County, Pa. E ASTON— Northampton County. H, I). Maxwell (formerly President Judge and U. S. Consul at Trieste). First National Bank op Easton, Pa., ) (Capital, 1400,000), i Easton, Pa., Get. 21, 1872. ) We have used H. D. Maxwell as an attorney for this bank, and have always found him to be prompt and faithful. We cheerfully accord this testimonial to his merits. JOHN STEvVART, President. EBENSBURG — Cambria County. Geo. M. Meade. Ebknsburg, Pa., JSTov. 5th, 1872. Geo. M. Reade is a awyer of deservedly high standing at tlie bar of Cambria county, and is a gentleman of character, integrity ami pecuniary responsibility. R. J. LLOYD, Asst. Judge, Cambria Co., Pa. PENNSYL VAJVIA. 356 lamhria Co., Pa. EMPORIUM— Cameron County. F. D. Leet (ex-District Attorney). To whom it may concern : We have been for several years acquainted with F. D Leet Esq a practicing attorney at Emporium, Pa, and we hav5 foun.l h'im In honest upright and responsible attorney, one who is prompt and fiuthtul in all of his dealings with clients or otherwise, and it affords us great pleasure to accord this testimonial in his behalf. January 10, 1873. SAM'L SMITH, N. P. MINARD, Associate Judges, Cameron County. I hereby certify that the above named subscribers are Associate Judges of the several courts of Cameron county, and are entitled to the utmost credit and belief. [Seal Common Pleas Court.] J. M. JUDD, Prothonotary. ERIE — Erie County. Forre <£. Parmlee. A. B. Force. Jas. O. Parmlee. S. F. Kneeland, Esq. : ^'"^' ^^" ^'^- '^^'' MvDear Sir.- Messrs. Force and P.armlee, of this city, are attorneys of good standing in their profession, attentive to their ogal business, of good moral character, and I cheerfully commend tlieni to favorable consideration. Yours, &c., L. D. WETMORE, President Judge, mh Bist. ESPY — Columbia County. It. S. Howell, FRANKLIN -Venango County. S. tC- H. B, Plumer. S & H. B. Plumer were recommended by the cashier of a National bank in a private letter on file at this office. Ed. f ! ! ill!! 1 I vtm 850 PILVJVsriVAX/A. GETTYSBURG -Adams County. McLean A IVootlit, Wm. .Mr ..an. HENXty li. Woods (tonnorly DiHtrift Attorney). FutsT National Hank ok (IwrrYHHUBo, | Gettyhhi'uo, I'll., 0,-t. 2H, 1H72, \ This is to certify th.-it MosHrs, McLoaii A Wo. U, attonioyn, jiro the most prompt and voli.'.Me ImsluoHS moii of thi plaoc, Httctitivo to biisiiioMS, ami alw »y8 prompt in payiii;^ over ii»..ii(!y nn Moon as oolieotcd, ifcc, and are entirely worthy of your eoartdtjnce. Yours very respectfully, GE()11(;K AitXOLD, CuH/iier. GBEENCASTLE — Franklin County. W. F. Patton. Thk Fiust National Hank ov (\\uiKSi'\wv\M, Pa,, ) Greencastle, Pa., Dwcuilmr 2:ul, 1872. ) To the Merchant)^'' Protective Lam Anson uti on ; We are well ipiainted with W. F. Pattoti, Eh(|., attorney-at- law, and have alwayH found him promi)t and faithful to the interest of his clients, and we very cheerfully accord him thiH teHtimonial. Respectfully, J. C. McLANAirAN, I'rmiileui. L. II. FLKTCIIKK, (hiMhler. GREENVILLE — Mercer County. TF. Maxwell. Mr. Maxwell is the County Attorney for fiercer county, HARRISBURG— Dauphin County. Eugene Snyder. City Bank of IIakuihiuiuo, ) IIaukisiu'iio, March 12, 187.'<, \ S. F. Kneeland, Esq. : Deak Sir, — Eugene Snyder has been our attorney for ten years. He is a good lawyer, honest in his dealings with client -, and is responsible for any moneys that may come into hiii hands from col- lections, as he is a man of considenible property. Yours truly, JOHN II. BIGLER, Cashier. PENNSYLVANIA, H0LLIDAY8BURQ- Blair County. 867 ILER, Cashier. Jnmea F, Mflllken. IIou.i.AYSBURa, Pa., March 1, 1872. James F. Milliken, Esq, of Ilollidaysbu.-r, Pa., is a lawyer of goo.l Htanding m liin protVssion, is a gcntloiiian of strict iatcffrity aiKl gou.l busint'ss qualiticatioris. JOHN DEAN, Pi-esident Jmlje 24th Jud. JJiat. HUNTINGDON -Huntingdon County. IJnvld Caldwell (cx-Prothouotary and Clerk of Courts). March 28thy 1873. David Caldwell, of Huntingdon, Ilunting.lon county, is a mem- ber of the bar of said county, a lawyer of good standi,,^, prompt and systiinatic iu his business habits, and a man of strict integrity. JOIIV DEAN, President Judge 2Uh Jud. Dist., Pmn. JOHNSTOWN -Cambr... County. Daniel McLauyMin, rn 1, t . Johnstown, Dec. -it/i, 1872. Jo all whom it may concern : This is to certify that I am well acquainted with D. McLaughlin, tnq. attorney at 1.-, ,v, .iohnstown. Pa., and know him to be of Yrood Ktan^ '^ C/l Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ ■4 iV '%' # ^1, \\ O' 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <^^ VI. I/. & ^ 872 RHODE ISLAND. BT1 ■ ■■ ^^H 1 s ['<-p '/ ■ S B ■■ , H ;«]: i ■:!;! 1 111! if v -, ^ HI [j! mS p'8 ■Mh; Itaiji. c 1 pi ^HHf! ii HI^Knf iH' 4 niflj ^^■PP^ i SI i'! M 1 1 j^^^^^^K M K » j« » » < ) -f i 1 ~' Tl nm u JyA ^ i ui RHODE ISLAND, NEWPORT - Newport County. Gould & Bull, Stephen Gould. Daniel P. Bull. OLNEYVIIiLE— Providence County. Het'hert B. Wood, National Exchange Bank, Greenville, ) Smithpield, R, I. J 7b all whom it may concern : Mr. Herbert B. Wood is prompt and faithful to the interests of his clients, and well qualified to transact legal business intrusted to him. WM. WINSOR, Cashier. PROVIDENCE — Providence County. John Turner (ex-Member of Legislature, now Judge Advocate- General for the State of Rhode Island). SOUTH CAROLINA. 373 SOUTH CAROLINA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. ALmm may hold, transmit and convey both real and personal property as fully and in the same manner as citizens. See title Riffhts of Aliens. ' Aerest and Imprisonment for Debt.— The provisions of the State of New York in relation to arrest and attachments applies to thic State. See JVew York. Attachments. See Arrest. Bills of Exchange and Promis80Bt Notes are governed by the common law, except that, in lieu of ordinary protest fees, thefoUowmg per centage is allowed: on all bills of exchange drawn on persons resident within the United States and out of the State returned protested, damages of ten per cent on the sum drawn for, are recoverable; on bills drawn on persons residmg in other parts of North America or the West Indies twelve and a half per cent; and on persons residing in other parts of the world, at the rate of fifteen, per cent Bills of Sale need not be recorded, and are only required where the vendor remains in possession of the property sold. Chattel Mortgages and Deeds of Trust must be in writing and recorded in the county where the mortgagor or grantor vmdesj or, if he is a non-resident, where the property is situated. After forfeiture, the mortgagee may take possession of the mort- gaged property. Deeds op Trust must be recorded. Trusts for the twe of the giantor are void. Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowledged or proved before 374 SOUTH CAROLINA. I '"-1 a m a commissioner for the State of South Carolina, or commissioners specially appointed for that purpose. All instruments creating any interest or title to real estate must be recorded in the county where the property is situated. Deeds within thirty-three days, mortgages within sixty days, and leases within three montht? from the date of execution. Two witueses are required. Form of AcknowledgraenU. See Appendix, Forms. Estates of Deceased Persons.— Claims must be presented within twelve months from the granting of letters testamentary or of administration. They should be in writing, duly vf^rified by the oath of the claimant. ExEcPTioNs. See Exemptions and Judgments. Exemptions : Homestead. — The homestead of the head of a family residing in this State, and exempt from levy or attachment, consists of the residence of such person, and all the buildings and lands appurtenant thereto, to the value of $1,000, and the yearly pro- duct thereof. Personal Property.— ThQ Constitution of 1868 also exempts the following personal property, to wit: household furniture, beds, bedding, family library, wagons, farming implements, took, neat cattle, work animals, swine, goats and sheep, not to exceed in the aggregate the value of $500. Impkisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usukt : Legal Pate, 7 per cent. Usury has been abolished. Parties may legally contract for any rate of interest. Judgments are not liens upon real estate ; but where an execu- tion is issued to the sherifE directing a levy thereon, the real estate is held for 120 days from the time when a copy thereof is deposited in the register's office by the sheriff. Executions are returnable within sixty days. Makeied Women.— The estate of a married woman, held by her at the time of her m.arriage, or acquired thereafter, is not subject to levy and sale for her husband's debts, but is held as or commissioners SOUTH CAROLINA. 375 her separate property, and may be bequeathed, devised or con- veyed by her the saire as if unmarried ; provided, that no gift or grant from the husband to her shall be detrimental to the just claims of credi* ')r8. She may contract, sue and be sued the same as a f erne sole; and the husband is not liable for her debts, except for necessaries contracted during coverture. Promissory Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills must be attested in the presence of the testator by at least three subscribing witnesses. ;ally contract for 376 SOUTH CAROLINA. 'I 1 1 1 .' iir I SOUTH CAEOLIISrA. BRIGHTON — Beaufort County. Lawrence McKen»ie (cx-Meraber of Legislature). CAMDEN— Kershaw County. Henry N. Obear (P. O., Winnsborough, S. C). WiNNsuoRouGH, S. C, March 6, 1873. State op South Carouna, ) County of Fairfield. j 7h whom it may co7icern : The undersigned, President, Vice-President and Cashier of the Winnsborough National Bank, hereby certify that Henry N. Obear, Esq., attorney at law, is prompt and faithful to the interest of his clients, and is capable and well qualified to undertake any legal business that may be intrusted to him. We regard him as an attoi'ney of strict integrity and high legal attainment. W. R. ROBERTSON, President. G. H. M'MASTER, Vioe-I^est. SAML. B. CLOWNEY, Cashier. I cordially indorse the within testimonial, [l. s.] W. M. NELSON, Judge of Probate Miirfield County CHARLESTON — Charleston County. Hayne & Son. Isaac W. Hayxe (ex- Attorney-General of South Carolina). Isaac Hayne. Charleston, S. C, Apii' 9, 1873. Isaac W. Hayne and Isaac Hayne, composing the law firm of Hayne & Son, are members of the Charleston bar, of good stand- ing and reputation. The former was for nearly twenty years SOUTH GAUOLINA. 377 Attorney-General for the State of South Carolina, aad solicitor for the Bank of the State of South Carolina. R. F. GRAHAM, Judge First Circuit, CHESTER — Chester County. Uenry N. Obear (P. O., Winnsborough, S. C). WiNNSBOEouoH, S. C, March 6, 1873. State op South Carolina, ) County of Fairfield. j Ih whom it may concern : The undersigned, President, Vice-President and Cashier of the ^\ mnsborough National Bank, hereby certify that Henry N Obear, Esq., attorney at law, is prompt and faithful to the interest of his clients, and is capable and well qualified to undertake any legal business that may be intrusted to him. We regard him as an attorney of strict integrity and high legal attainments. W. R. ROBERTSON, President. G. H. M'MASTER, Vice-Prest. SAML. B. CLOWNEY, Caslmr. I cordially indorse the within testimonial. f^- S-] W. M. NELSON, Judge of Prolate FairfiMd County. COLUMBIA - Richland County. Arthur C. Moore, Cauolina National Bank op Columbia, S. C. | February 28, 1873. ' \ S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, JST. Y.: SiR.-The undersigned, officers of the Carolina National Bank take pleasure m recommending Mr. A. C. Moore, of this city, as a lawyer of gcod standing, of good character, and entitled to the conhdence of the community and of clients generally. Yery respectfully, L. D. CHILDS. W. B. GULICK. 378 Wl^f SOUTH CAROLINA. DAELINQTON — DarUngrton County. «7i J, Ward, Bennetu'sville, S. C, May 10, 1873. This may certify that J. J. Ward, Esq., an attorney at law, residing at Darlington Court House, in the State of South Carolina,' within my Judicial Circuit, is in every respect reliable as a profes- sional man ; and, for a lawyer of his experience, has considerable practice, and enjoys a reputation for energy, integrity and prompt- ness in his attention to business intrusted to him. C. P. TOWNSEND, Judge Fourth Judicial Circuit of South Carolina. EDGEFIELD — Edgefield County. Thos. J, Adams, GREENVILLE— Greenville County. Arthur & Arthur, Tnos. L. Arthur. Thos, L. Arthur, Jr. LEWIS VILLE — Orangeburgh County. H. PoiveU Cooke (P. O., St. Matthews, S. C). MARION — Marion County. Sellers, Hudson & Kelley, W. W. Sellers. J. H. Hudson. John A. Kelley. B^nnettsville, S. C, May 10, 1873. The individual members composing the firm of Sellers, Hudson & Kelley are attorneys practicing within my judicial circuit. They have had experience, command an extensive practice,' and are con- sidered in every respect perfectly reliable. I can certify that they are lawyers of ability, integrity, energy and promptness, and enjoy a reputation as such throughout my circuit. C. P. TOWNSEND, Judge Fourth Judicial Circuit of South Carolina. SOUTH CAROLINA. 370 Houth Carolina. outh Carolina, NEWBERRY — Newberry County. Jones <£' Jones, Lamuekt J. Jones. Benson M. Joneu. Newbbbby, S, C, May 17, 1873. I am well acquainted with Messrs. Jones & Jones, practicing lawyers, of this place. They are gentlemen of high respectability, and enjoy a wide-spread and well-deserved reputation for lidelity and attention to business. M. MOSES, Judffe Seventh Judicial Circuit. ORANQEBURQ — Orangeburg County. Bt'ownmy <£r Browning, Malcom I. Bbowning. A. ¥. Bbowning. State of South Cabolina, March 5, 1873. To whom it may concern : I certify that Messrs. Browning & Browning, attorneys at law, at Orangeburg, South Carolina, are of good professional standing and fair ability. R. F. GRAHAM, Judye First Circuit. PICKENS— Pickens County. C. L. MoUingsworth, SPARTANBURG -Spartanburg County. Geo, W, H. Legge (ex-Member of Legislature). State op South Cabolina, | Spartanburg County. \ To whom it may concern : I, Benjamin Wofford, Judge of the Probate Court for the County of Spartanburg and State of South Carolina, take pleasure in tes- tifying that George W. H. Legge, Esq., as an attorney, is well quahiiod to undertake any legal business intrusted to him, and that he 18 reliable, energetic, prompt and faithful in the interest of his cheats and discharge of his duty. Given under my hand and seal of office, at Spartanburg [l. s.j Court House, S. C, January 18, 1873. BEN J. WOFFORD, Probate Judge, 380 SOUTH CAROLINA. J, F. M. Trimmier, Clork of tho Court of Common Pleas for Spartunburgh county, do cheerfully indorse tho &hov*i. b" »•] F. M. TRIMMIER, Clerk C. P. SXTMTER — Sumter County. Morse & Lee. Edwin W. Monsa. RicuAiiD D. Lek. I certify that the firm of Morso & Loe is composed of gentlemen of high professional character and standing. F. J. MOSES, Chief Justica H^ipreme Court of S. C. J. W. DARGUN, Asst. Cashier Citizens' Sav. Bank. SuMTKE, S. C, March 6, 1873. WALHALLA — Oconee County. Jan. H. Whitner. Indorsed by B, F. Dunkin, late Chief Justice of South Carolina. WINNSBOROUQH — Fairfield County. James H. Myon, SuMTBE, S. C, April 4, 1871. It gives me great pleasure to certify that for many years I have known James H. Ryon, Esq. He has been in practice since 1854, and is now regarded as one of the leading lawyers in the State. His reputation is that of a high-minded gentleman, devoted to hig profession and zealously watchful of the interest of his clients. He may be depended upon to any extent. FRANKLIN J. MOSES, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of South Carolina. YORKVILLB — York County. James S. Hart. TE^iNESSEE. 381 I, Clerk C. P. TENNESSEE. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. South Carolina. th Carolina. AoKNowLKDOMENTS. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, •' liighta of Aliens." Arrest m Civil Actions and Imprisonment for Debt are not permitted in this State. Attachments.— An attachment will issue against the property of a debtor, or to garnishee debts due him, upon filing a bond M'lth sufficient surety for double the amount of the debt, together with an affidavit setting forth the nature of the action, that it is just, the amount claimed to be duo thereon, and showing the existence of one or more of the following grounds : 1st. That the defendant is a non-resident of the State. 2d. That he has removed or is about to remove himself or his property from the State. 3d. That he has removed or is removing himself or his prop- erty out of the county privately. 4th. That he is concealing himself so that the ordinaiy process of law cannot be served upon him. 5th. That he absconds, or is absconding or concealing himself or property. 6th. That he has fraudulently disposed of or is about fraudu- lently disposing of his property. 7th. Applies where the debtor, residing out of the State, dies leaving property, and liable for debts within the State. Bills op Exchange and Promissory Notes are governed by the common law. Sight drafts and bills are not entitled to grace in this State. Bills op Sale are valid in this State without being registered or recorded. 3S2 TENNESSEE. Hit p.i\> Chattel Moktoaoks and Dkkds of Trust arc used for tho purpose of 8ccurinj< loans or liabilities, and take oftcct, as to third j)artic8, from tho date of registry. Dekdh and Moktoaoes are valid, as to tin'rd parties^ from tho date of registry in tho county whe;o tho property is situated. A seal or scroll is required ; but no witnesses are necessary when the conveyance is jjroperly noknowledged. The acknowlcdg- ment, if taken in any other State or Territory, may bo executed before a commissioner appointed by tho Governor of Tennessee for that purpose, a notary public, or before a court, or tho clerk of a court of record in' tho State where executed ; and, in any foreign country, befbro a commissioner appointed as above, a notary public, or any ambassador, minisier or consul of the United States. Where the acknowledgment is taken before a commissioner, notary public, minister, consul or ambassador, the certificate must be under his seal of ofHce ; if before a judge, the certifi- cate must be under his hand, with a certificate of tho clerk of the court, under his seal of office if there bo a seal, or, if there bo none, under his private seal, as to the official character of the judge ; or a like certificate by the governor, under the great seal of the State or Territory. If before a clerk of a court of record of some other State, it must bo certified under his seal of office, with a certificate of the judge of the court as to the oflielul character of the clerk. Estates of Deceased Persons.— The estate must be closed within two years from the granting of letters ; but claims held by non-residents against the estate may be presented at any time within three years and six months from the acceptance by the executors or administrators of their trust; but claims cannot be enforced at law until six months after such acceptance. Executions. See Judgments and Exemptiom. Exemptions : Homestead.— Every resident householder is entitled to an estate of homestead consisting of the dwelling-house, out-build- ings and land appurtenant, not to exceed in value the sum of $1,000, which shall be exempt from levy and sale under execu- tion. ■i-: -111.1 .1 il L i TENNmSEE. 3S3 a cominissioner. Permml ProperiT/. —Thoro slmll nlao be oxornpt to tlio lieada ot't'ainilioB $250 worth ot'porsoiml projwrty ; also two l)ed8, bed- stondB, and necessary clothing for each; and for each three children an additional bed, bedstead and clothing, such bedstead not exceeding $25 in value ; one cow and calf, and, if family con- sists of six persons, two cows and calves ; one dozen knives and forks, one dozen plates, half dozen dishes, one set tabIe-si)oon8, one set tea-spoons, one bread tray, two pitchers, one waiter, one coffee-pot, one tea-pot, one canister, one cream jug, one dozen cups and saucers, one dining table and two table-cloths, one dozen chairs, one bureau not exceeding $40 in value, one safe or ])rc88, one wash-basin, one bowl and pitcher, one washing kettle, two washing tubs, one churn, one looking-glass, one chopping axe, one spinning wheel, one loom and gear, one pair cotton cards, one pair wool cards, one cooking etovo and utensils, not exceeding $25 in value, one cradle, one Bible and hymn book, all school books, two horses or mules, or one of each, or one yoke of oxen, one ox cart, ring, staple and log-chain, one two-horse or one-liorse wagon not exceeding $75 in value, and harness, one man's sad- dle, one woman's saddle, two riding bridles, twenty-five barrels corn, twenty l)U8hel8 wheat, 500 bundles oats, 500 bundles fod- der, one stack hay not exceeding $20 in value, and, in families of less than six persons, 1,000 pounds of po -k, slaughtered or on foot, or 600 pounds of bacon, and, if more than six persons, 1,200 pounds of pork or 900 pounds of bacon, all the poultry on hand and fowls np to $25, a home-made carpet, and six cords wood or 100 bushels coal, and, if the head of tlie family be engaged in agriculture, two plows, two hoes, one grubbing hoe, one cutting knife, one harvest cradle, one set plow gears, one pitchfork, one rake, one iron wedge, five head of sheep, and ten head of stock hogs ; also, in hands of a mechanic, one set of mechanic's tools, such as are usual and necessary in pursuit of his trade ; also, in hands of every male citizen, or female if liead of family, one gun ; also, in hands of head of family, or single female using, in earning livelihood, one sewing machine ; and in hands of heads of families fifty pounds of picked cotton, twenty- five pounds of wool, and enough upper and sole-leather to pro- vide shoes for family; also, if such person be a mechanic, $50 worth of lumber or material ; also the wages of a laborer to the 384 TENNESSEE. ii i- An extent of $100. But no property is exempt from execution upon a judgment for the labor and services of the judgment creditor when the recovery is Jess than $25. Gaknishee Pkooess. See Attachments. Impkisonment foe Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury: Legal Rate, 6 per cent. Allowable by stipulation, 10 per cent. Usicry is punishable by fine of $100 and loss of all interest over 6 per cent. In actions upon open accounts the matter of interest is left to the discretion of the jury. Judgments rendered against a debtor in his own county of -.sidence, or rendered elsewhere and registered in his county, ope- rate as a lien upon all the real estate of the debtor in the State for twelve months from the date of recovery or registration as aforesaid. An execution may be issued at any time within seven years after rendition of judgment, and will bind the personal property of the judgment debtor from the date of issue to the sherifi- and until the next term of court. The plaintiff must exhaust the personal property before he can levy upon real estate, unless the debtor elects to have the real estate sold first. Limitation of Actions : Six Motitks.— Actions for slander. One Tear.— Actions for libel, criminal conversation, malicious prosecution, seduction, breach of promise of marriage, and statu- tory penalties. Three Tears.— Actions for trespass on real or personal prop- erty, and for the detention or conversion of chattels. Six Tears.— Actions for rent, for use and occupation, against public ofiicers for misfeasance, malfeasance, or nonfeasance in their official duties ; and actions on co?itracts not under seal. Ten Tears.— S&dhfl instruments, including the bonds given by public officers, on judgments of courts of record, and all other actions not expressly limited herein. Married Women in this State are subject to very many of the common-law disabilities. The personal property owned by them at marriage passes to the husband, except that her rights in TENNESSEE. 335 action and other property, not reduced to possession bv him dur- ".g h.s hfetnne, may be retained by her as her own property upon h,s decease; but if the husband survives the wife he ml/ as her admnnstrator, collect all debts due her, and take poTsS s.on of all her personal effects of every descrip ion, whi h^e- njion becomes his property absolutely ^ ' ^ "'-^ "^ere The separate real estate owned by the wife at marriaije or eqinred by descent, gift or inheritance, during coverture may be held by her as absolutely as if a/. J ,ole. ^She may l^ey he same, by her husband joining in the deed, or deviTeTh same by wi 1, reservmg, of course, the husband's right by cu te y She Ze tTheT' Tr' ^P"^^^ P°"^^ ^-^*^d - tLdelTof any mentis, she may convey her property by will or deed in the same manner as a/m. sole, provided her privy examination is taken before a chancellor or circuit judge of thfs Static clerk fihe County Court; and she may, in such a case, carry on bu L s on tiac 8 m the same manner as a single woman. The separate estate of a married woman is liable for necessa- ; erf: 1 ^^^^^^^^^^ ;T "T ^^-^^^^^ '• ^^^ -tracts m l 1 ' u f * ""^ ^^'"'^^ ^'^ ^«^ separate estate, will be bmdmg on her sole property, provided the intent to hll it appears m the wntten instrument executed for that purpose Pkomissoby Notes. ^^^ BilU of Exchange. WiLLs.-Where a will is not wholly in the handwriting of th« testa or, and found after his decease among his va7uab^^^^'L ? or placed n the hands of a friend by hil for la e keepW ^ must be signed by the testator ^n the presence of twoT^'/ rested subscribing witnesses. ^ ^^"^ ^'^'''^^ 25 8S6 T£:nnessee. TENNESSEE. BROWNSVILLE — Haywood County. E. J, & J. C. Bead. Refer to Merchants' National Bank, Union and Planters' Bank, Memphis, Tenn.; S. H. Kennedy & Co., New Orleans, La.; Henry Bell & Son, Senter & Co., St. Louis, Mo.; Haynes, Neel & Co., Tral)ue, Davis A Co., Louisville, Ky. ; Kemper Brothers, Wilson & Hayden, Cincinnati, O.; Hopkins, Harden & Kemp, Baltimore, Md.; Wood, Marwh, Hay ward & Co., Morgan. Bush & Co., Philadelphia, Pa,; Evans, Gardner & Co., Henry W. .Juryee & Co., New York. CHATTANOOGA — HamUton County. Lawrence S, Marye. Tub First National Bank op Chattanooga, ) Chattanooga, Tenn., March 1, 1873. [ S. F. Kneeland, Albany, N. Y. : Lawrence S. Marye is an attorney at law and a gentleman of character and standing in this community. Yours truly, W. P. RATHBURN, President. CLARKSVILLE — Montgomery County. Arthur H. Munford. Ci,ARK8ViLLE, Tenn., Feb. 24, 1873. S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : Dear Sir. — I can confidently recommend A. H. Munford, Esq., as well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him ; he is prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients. W. P. HUME, Cashier of First National Bank of Clarksville. (i a gentleman of ., Mb. 24, 1873. ; of Clarksville. TENNESSEE. 387 I take pleasure in adding, in addition to what Mr. Hume has stated, that Mr. Munford is a competent as well as a faithful and prompt lawyer. JAMES E. RICE, Judge, etc. DRESDEN— Weakly County. Charles M. Ewing. Dresden, Tenn., Feb. 25, 1873. Mr. S. F. Kneeland, Albany, JV. Y. ; Dear SiR.-Charles M. Ewing, Esq., a member of the bar of this place, IS a lawyer of high character for ability and integrity, and is prompt and perfectly trustworthy. Yours respectfully, JAS. D. PORTER, Jr., Judge Thdfth Cir. of Temi. ELIZABETHTOWN- Carter County. Butler & Emmert. R. R. Butler (Member of Congress). W. C. Emmert. Elizabethtoavn-, Carter Co.. Tenn., ) Jammry 10, 1873. ' j I hereby certify that Wm. C. Emmert and R. R. Butler, compos- ing the law firm of Butler & Emmert, are attorneys in good standin.. m this community, and are skilled in their profession. H. C. SMITH, Chancellor, etc., First Div. Tenn. FAYETTEVILLE- Lincoln County. Solman & Holmnn. Daniel W. Holman. James H. Holman (Attorney-General). Holman & Holman, of FayetteviUe, Tenn., are attorneys in full "^TolTZr "^^^"''^^' '''' ^^^^'^'"^^ worthy t^ieconfi. JOHN P. STEELE, Chancellor. JOHN W. PHILLIPS, Judge Seventh dr., Tenn. Shelbyville, Tenn., Jan. 1, 1870. 38S TENNESSEE. 1'' FRANKLIN— WiUiamson County. Cook & Itichardson, Henky II. Cook. KOBEBT N. RiOHARUSON. GAINESBOROUGH— Jackson County. Youuff & Young, Milton B. Young. Napoleon B. Young. I, James M. Richmond, cliairman aud presiding officer of the County Court of Jackson county, take pleasure in stating that M. B, Young and N. B. Young, under the style aud firm of Young & Young, are practicing attorneys in all the courts of law and equity in the State of Tennessee; they obtained a license to practice in the year 1867. They are both men of good moral character, of sober and industrious habits, and are efficient in their profession. They are gentlemen of integrity, honest and reliable, and have been personally known to me for fifteen years, and I take much pleasure in giving to them this testimonial. Given under mv hand and seal of the Court, this the 7th [l. s.] day of January, 1873. JAMES M. RICHMOND, Chairman. State op Tennessee, j County of Jackson, \ I, William G. Cox, Clerk of the County Court of Jackson, do hereby certify that James M. Richmond is the County Judge of the county aforesaid, and that his signature, as it appears to the above, is genuine. Witness my hand and seal of office in Gainesborough, on [l. 8.] this the 7th day of January, 1873. WM. G. COX, County Court Clerk. ii :.|.:i ake much pleasure Court, this the 7th ND, Chairman, TENNESSEE. 3S9 GALLATIN — Sumner County. Jmnes 8, Tompkina. Office of Fibst National Bank, ) Gallatin, Tenn., March 1st, 1873. \ We take pleasure in recommending James S. Tompkins, Esq., as a prompt and efficient collecting attorney, and a man of undoubted integrity. JOHN T. BALER, Vice-President. D. B. ANDERSON, Teller. GROSS PLAINS -Robertson County. Ewin JBurney. Office of Springfield National Bank. To S. F. Knekland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : We are acquainted with Ewin Burney as an attorney, and believe him competent and qualified to undertake any legal busi- ncss intrusted to him ; he is prompt and faithful in the interests of Ins clients, and this testimonial is cheerfully accorded. H. T. STRATTOX, Cashier. TIIOS. PEPPER, GEO. R. SCOTT, Directors. HARTSVILLE Wm. J. Neely. Trousdale County. JONESBOROUGH- Washington County. S. J, Kirkpatrlck. Chattanooga, Tenn., Nov. 25, 1872. S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : I have known S. J. Kirkpatrick, Esq., ever since he has been practicing nis profession, and for several years practiced at the same bar with him. It gives me pleasure to bear testimony to his liigh standing as a lawyer, to his fidelity to his clients, atul to his honorable character as a gentleman. JAMES W. DEAI F.MCK, Judge Sup. Ct. of Tenn. 890 TENNESSEE. KNOXVILLE — Knox County. Lewis & Comfort. J. F. J. Lewis (ex-Judge of Probate in the State of Kansas). Jamks Comfort. „, , ., Knoxvillb, Tenn., March 1, 1873. lo whom It may concern : I have been personally acquainted with Mr. James Comfort who IS a practicing attorney in the State and Federal courts of this city for about seven years, and I take great pleasure in coraraeiuliiiii him to favor both as an educated gentleman and a lawyer of high integrity and industry. Any business that may be intrusted to Mr. Comfort will meet with prompt attention and be faithfully accounted for. CONNALLY F. TRIGG, U. S. District Judge for tlw Districts of Iknnessee. LIBERTY — De Kalb County. Joseph H. Blackhurne. MEMPHIS — Shelby County. Ellett & Phelan. Henry T. Ellett (ex-Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennes- see, Member of Congress and State Senator of Mississippi). James Piielan (formerly State Senator of Mississippi). Memphis, Tenn., Dec. 9, 1872. Messrs. Ellett & Phelan are attorneys at this bank and do an extensive practice ii.- all the courts of this city. They are gentle- men of liigh personal character, and rank with our very best Lawyers for ability and integrity. Full confidence can be placed in them by the public. Respectfully, R. J. MORGAN, Chancellor. NASHVILLE — Davidson County. Michard Stanley Tiithill (formerly Attorney-General of the Nashville Circuit, and U. S. Asst. District Attorney at Nashville). Nashville, Tenn., July 22, 1873. R. S. Tuthill, Esq., is a man of large natural ability and profes- sional skill, coupled with untiring energy and devotion to business. .N, Chancellor. TENNESSEE. 391 I think him decidedly a skillful business man, and in every respect worthy of confidence. I recommend him with much cheerfuluesfl to the confidence of all who may have business in his lino. NATHANIEL BAXTER, Judge of Circuit Court, Davidson Co., Tenn. Mr. T. is a lawyer of fine ability and one of unquestioned honor and integrity. J. C. GUILD, Judge of the Law Court of NashviUe. PARIS — Henry County. Williams & Taylor, Parts, Tenn., May 20, 1873. I hereby certify that I am personally acquainted with Messrs. Williams & Taylor, practicing attorneys at this place, and know them to be honorable gentlemen, and every way worthy and respon- sible, personally and professionally. I. W. HARRIS, Brobate Judge Henry Co., Tenn. State of Tennessee, ) Henry County. j I, James W. Ray, Clerk of the County Court of said county, do certify that I. W. Harris, whose name appears to the certificate al)ove, IS now, and was at the date thereof, the acting Probate Judge of said County Court, duly elected, qualified and commis- sioned, and, as such, full faith and credit may be given all his official acts. Given under my hand and seal of office, at office, May 26 [l. s.] 1873. ^ ' JAMES W. RAY, Clerk. PULASKI -Giles County. A. J, & J, p. Ahevnathy. RIPLEY — Lauderdale County. Chas, H. Conner. 892 TENNESSEE. 4i I, ^1 i. i» SOMERVILLE — Fayette County. Fred, M. Tayloi'. SoMERviixE, Fayette Co., Tenn., Jan. 1, 1873. _ I take pleasure in testifying that Fred. M. Taylor, Esq., a prac- ticing attorney and a citizen of our town, is faithful, energetic and reliable in his profession, and in all the relations of life, and enjoys the esteem and confidence of all his fellow-citizens. R. M. MOORE, Clerh Circuit Court. AND. J. PEEBLES, CUrk and Master Chancery Court, Somerville. CHAS. LYNN, former Chairman of City Court, and Jfember Legislature. THOS. J. FLIPPIN, Judge Fourteenth Ju. Cir., State of Tennessee. JOHN C. REEVES, CUrk of County Court, Fayette County, Tenn. TRENTON— Gibson County. Wise A. & John 8, Cooper, Wise A. Cooper. John S. Coopek, To whom it may concern : I am Judge of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit of Tennessee, in which is included Gibson county, of which Trenton is county seat Messrs. Wise A. and John S. Cooper are resident lawyers at Tren- ton. They are solvent, reliable men, good lawyers, energetic and prompt in attention to business ; will collect, and account punctu- ally for any business placed in their hands. This 8th March, 1873. GID. B. BLACK, Judge of the Thirteeiith Circuit, Tenn. WINCHESTER — Franklin County. John H. Beasley. TEXAS. 393 rp TEXAS. EWACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Arekst in Civil Actions is prohibited in this State. Attacuments may be isGued upon a bond and affidavit being filed witli tlie District Court at the commencement or durin-^ the pendency of a civil suit. The affidavit must show the nature .and amount of the indebtedness, that it is just, and the existence ot one or more of the following grounds : 1st. That the defendant is not a resident of the State; 2d. That he is about to remove therefrom, or has abandoned his country; or, 3d. That he secretes himself so that the ordinary process cannot be served upon him ; or, 4th. Tliat lie is about to remove his property beyond the State or beyond the jurisdiction of the court ; or, 5th. That he is about to transfer or secrete or has transferred or secreted his property for the purpose of defrauding his credit- ors, and that thereby the plaintiff will probably lose his debt. When the debtor, in such a case, has no property liable to attachment the debts due him may be reached by garnishment. Bills of Exchange and Promissoey Notes are governed by the common law, except that the holder of any accepted bill of exchange or promissory note may fix the liabili y of the drawer, or any indorser thereon, without protest or notice, by instituting suit against tlie acceptor or maker before the first term of court to which suit can be brought after the right of action accrues ; or by instituting suit before the second term of court, and showing good cause why it was not instituted before the first term. Bills of Sale are never used for the purpose of creating a 394 TEXAS. lien in the nftturo of a chattel mortgage; but the transfer of titli) to poreonal property can only he safely ])erfonned by means of a bill of sale; and especially is this true in relation to the sale of stock cattle and horses. Deeds of Trust and Cjiattkl Moktqaoes are used for the purpose of creating a lien on specific personal property ; but they must be recorded in the county where the mortgagor or grantor resides, in order to protect the property from subsequent pur- chasers, mortgagees or creditors in good taith. Deeds of trust are preferred to either chattel or real estate mortgages, as the trust may be executed without suit, while mortgages must bo foreclosed by the ordinary suit in equity for that purpose. Deeds and MoEroAOES. — The acknowledgment of any instru- ment in writing may be taken in any other State or Territory before a notary public, the judge or clerk of a court of record kaving a seal, or a commissioner appointed by the Governor of Texas for that purpose. If executed in any foreign country the acknowledgment or proof may be taken before any public minis- ter, charge d'affaires, consul or consular agent of the United States. A seal is not necessary; and where a conveyance is acknow- ledged, witnesses are not required. All conveyances aft'ecting real estate, excepting leases for five years or under, must be recorded in the clerk's office of the county where the property is situated ; and they take efiect from the date of filing for record, as to third parties, without actual notice. Form of Achnowledgments. See Deeds. Estates of Deceased Persons. — Claims must be presented in time to be probated within one year from the time of grant- ing letters of administration ; otherwise they will be subject to the prior payment of all claims probated within that time. Tlie sworn statement of the creditor attached to the claim should contain the following : " That the claim is just, that nothing has been paid or delivered toward the satisfaction of such claim, except what is mentioned or credited (if any), that there are no counter-claims known to affiant which have not been allowed (if any), and that the sum or balance claimed is justly due." TEXAS. 395 Tlic aflidavit ehould be made before a commissioner for tlie State of Texas. If tbe creditor is a corporation the affidavit should 1)0 sworn to by the treasurer, cashier or managing agent thereof; and when the affidavit is made by such officer, or by a- execu- tor, administrator, assignee, trustee or attorney, it should state " that the affiant has nmde diligent inquiry and examination, and that he does verily believe that nothing has been paid," etc., aa al)ove. Where a clahn is rejected by the executor or administrator, the creditor must commence an action thereon within ninety days or be forever barred. Debts against the decedent rank in dignity aa follows: Ist, Funeral expenses. 2d. Expenses of last sickness. 3d. Specific liens according to their priority, so far as the same can be paid out of the property to which the lien is attached. 4th. Wages of servants. 5th. Judgment liens on real estate. 6th. All claims legally exhibited within one year. 7th. All other claims. Executions. See Jndgmenta and Exempima. Exemptions : IIomestead.—EvQYy resident householder is entitled to an estate of homestead to the value, at the time of designation, of $500, including 200 acres in the country, or any lot or lots in a town or city, used as a homestead. The exemption extends also to any extra value acquired afterward on account of improve- ments or otherwise. Personal Property.— T\\QVQ is also exempted to resident house- holders household and kitchen furniture to the value of $500 • implements of husbandry, live milch cows, two yoke of work- oxen, two horses, one wagon, one buggy or carriage, one gun, twenty hogs, twenty sheep, all provision and forage on hand for home consumption; saddles, bridles and harness necessary for the use of the family. Every citizen, not the head of a family, may have exempt from execution one horse, saddle and bridle, all wearing apparel, and the tools, books and apparatus of his trade or profession. Imprisonment fob Debt. See Arrest. Interest : Legal Hate, 8 per cent. 396 TEXAS. \u ! U if!fnii!''i M. Partiefi may le '' wS^m • 1' < 1' ' i ' Mi Til,, il{i ; 404 TEXAS. QUITMAN — Wood County. John F. Jones, Quitman, Texas, Jaimcmj 14, A. D. 1873. I liereby cortily tliat John F. Jones is an attorney of goodwlnnd- ing at this bar, and wortl'y of all contideuce that may be reponed ill him. Witness my official signature and seal of office, this the [l. s.] 14th day of January, A. U. 1873. T. J. WORTHY, Clerk D. C, Wood Co., Te^im. I concur in the above. Witness also my hand officially, and seal of office, date [l. s.] above written. E. K. SHEItFOKD, J. P. and ex officio JST. P. Wood Coimty, Texas. RICHMOND — Fort Bend County. P. E. Pearson (ex-District Attorney). Refers to Hon. P. W. Gray, Houston, Texas. Judge L. Lindsay, La Grange, Texas. Judge W. H. Parkhurst, Matagorda, Texas. Judge A. P. McCormic, Brazoria, Texas. ROCKPORT — Aransas County. J. Williamson Moses (Prest. Justice). Austin, Texas, March 31, 1873. I hereby certify that J. W. Moses, Esq., of Rockport, Aransas county, Texas, is an attorney and counselor at law, in good stand- ing, and is authorized to practice in all the district courts and inferior ones in the State of Texas. Mr. Moses practices in the counties of Aransas, Refugio and Nueces in the Sixteenth Judicial District, which constitute a j^art of the district over which I pre- side. I further indorse Mr. Moses as an honorable man and a gentleman, T. C. BARDEN, Judge Sixteenth Judicial Dist., State of Texas. il of office, date TEXAS. 405 SAN ANTONIO -Bexar County. Houston & Cooke, A. W. HousTox. Fred. Cookb. MosBrs. Houston & Cooke are gentlemen of sterling wort), prompt, energetic and efficient in businesB, and lawyers f„lh>u' coufadence may be reposed, ^ H. KLOCK, Presiding Justice Comity Court, Bexar Co. G. H. NOONAN, Uistrict Judge, SHERMAN — Grayson County. Woods & Cowles. James D. Woods. James R. Cowles. VICTORIA-Victoria County. Phmip.H, Lackey & Stayton. A. H. Phillips (ex-State Senator). Saml. C. Lackey (ex-District Attorney). John W. Stayton (ex-District Attorney). WACO Buck Bros. G. J. Buciv. Silas C. Buck. McLennan County. WAXAHACHIE-Ems County. E. P. An(ler.son tC- Jiro. E. P. Anderson. G. B. Anderson. Office op District Clerk, Elms County ) Waxaiiaciiie, Texas, J/rt?r/(, 1873 'f To t^'e Officers of the Jferchants^ Protective Law Association, 74 ^tate street, Albany, R. Y.: ^'h >* GEN'rLEMEN.-I take pleasure in recommending E. P. Anderson and George B. Anderson, firm of E. P. Anderson & Bro l^r Z" neys at law, as being gentlemen of good average legal att^inCl, 406 TEXAS. and well worthy the confidence of those disposed to intrust busi- ness to their care. Respectfully, N. 6. DAVIS, l^xsiiUng Justice, Ellia Co., Ihxaa. S, F. Kneeland, Esq., Albatiij, N. Y. : Sir. — We send testimonial from our county judge, as the district judge is absent. Yours truly, E. P. ANDERSON. WEATHERFORD — Parker County. Ball & Boach. A. J. Ball. I. N. Roach. Weatiierford, Texas, Jan. 15, 1873. To the Merchants'' Protective Zaw Association : I take pleasure in recommending Messrs. Ball & Roach, of this place, as competent to transact any legal business that may bo intrusted to them, and, at the same time, prompt and reliable. Respectfully, CHAS. SEWARD, Judge Ihirteenth Judicial District, Ihxas. WILLIS — Montgomery County. John E. George. This is to certify that John E. George, a citizen of the town of Willis, Montgomery county, Texas, is a regular practicing attorney of the N ineteentli Judicial District of said State, of good stand- ing, of moral habits, and is prompt in .attendance at our District Courts, and faithful in the discharge of legal duties. Given under my hand and official signature, at my office, in the town of Montgomery, this the 24th day of March, 1873. E. C. CHAMBERS, Presiding Justice, 31ontgomery County, Texas. I, P. M. Tell, Clerk of the District Court, corroborate the above statement. In testimony whereof, I hereunto set my hand and affix the [l. S.J impress of the seal of said court, at office, in the town of Montgomery, in said county, this 24th day of Marcb, A. D. 1873. PLEASANT M. TELL, Clerk D. C, M. C. UTAH TERRITORY. 407 UTAH TERRITORY. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Akkest in Civil, AcTioNS—Tho defendant in a civil action ia liable to arrest where it is shown by proper affidavits that he ia about to depart from the Territory with intent to defraud hia creditors, or has been guilty of a fraud in contracting the debt or incurring the obligation for which the action is brouo-ht, or in concealing or disposing of such property, or that he has'removed or disposed of us property, or is about to do so, with intent to detraud his creditors. ArrAOHMENTS will issue at the issuing of summons in an action upon a contract which is not secured by mortgage, lien or pledge upon real or personal property, or, where the defendant has ren- dered such security nugatory, upon the plaintiff, or some one in lus behalf, hhng a bond with sufficient surety, and making an affidavit, setting forth one or more of the following causes : That the defendant is not residing in the Territory; or has departed or IS about to depart from the Territory or county; or conceals himself so that process cannot be served; or is disposing; of his property with intent to defraud his creditors. The process is similar to that in California. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes are governed by tiie provisions of the common law. CiiA'iTEL Mortgages are valid if duly acknowledged and recorded. & " Executions. See Exemptions. Exemptions : IIovxestead.--^v<,,^ resident householder, being the head of a taiiaJy, is entitled to an estate of homestead to the value of $1,000. 408 UTAH TERRITORY. and of tho additional value of ^250 for each njcniLcr of Iiin family, which Hliall he exempt from levy or attachmet.c. Also the fol- lowing: Penonal Properti/.— Cham, tahles, depks and books, to the value of $100; necesriary household, table and kitchen fnniitiiro; and wearing apparel ; and provisions and fuel for sixty days ; farm- ing utensils, or impleiuents ui husbandry; two oxen, or two horses, or two mules, and their harness; one cow and calf; one cart or wagon, and food for stock for sixty days ; all seed ) r< irram or vegetables, on hand or reserved or provided for planting witliin six months, not exceeding in value $100; tools and implomcnts of a mechanic or artisan necessary to carry on his trade ; instru- yients and libraries of physicians, dentists and surveyors ; libraries of lawyers and clergymen ; the tent or cabin of a miner, including fui-niture and necessary tools used in mining, not to exceed in value $400, and necessary food for thirty days. If the debtor be the head of a family, there is further exempt from execution: five sheep and their wool, two hogs, and three pigs, and necessary food for them for sixty days ; all flax raised and the material manufactured therefrom ; spinning wheels and other nistruments of domestic labor kept for family use ; also the earnings of the debtor for his personal services, or those of his family, rendered within sixty days next preceding the levy or attachment. Impeisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury : Zegal Rate, 7 per cent. Allowable by contract in writing, 10 per cent. Judgments are a lien for two years on the real estate of the judgment debtor, not exempt from execution in the county where rendered or a transcript thereof has been filed. Limitation of Actions : Two Tears.— Actions npon open accounts and oral contracts. Three Years.— Actions of trespass on real property ; for taking or injuring, or for the specific recovery of personal property, and for relief on the gro'.ind of fraud. Four Years.— Actions founded on written instruments Five Years. — Actions on judgments. VTA U TERR [TOR Y. 409 Seven Years.~kv.Wom foi- tho recovery of real property. Makuiki) WoMKN.-Tho Htatuto provides that tho property, cither real „r personal, owned hy either 8poU8o heforo niarria-o, an. that acquired aftorwar.l l)y ^xH, be.piest or devise, or descent, with the rents, issues and profits thereof, is tlie separate property ot that spouse hy wliom tlie same is owned or acpiired ; and sepa- rate property owned or acquired, as specified ahove, may be held niana/^^ed, controlled, transferred, and in any manner disposed of hy the spouse so owninj< or acquiring it, without any linn-fation (.r restriction by reason of marria^^e. Either spouse may sue or he sued, plead or be impleaded, or defend or bo defendant at law. A« would naturally be inferred from the marital relations amon^' a portion of the people occupying this Territory, the ri-rht ot dower does not exist. " ruoMissoBv Notes, ^qq Bills of Exchange. ,1 f l» 410 UTAH TERRITORY. UTAH TERRITORY. SALT LAKE CITY -Salt Lake County. Geo, M. Whitney. Attorney for and recommended by A. W. WHITE & CO., Bankers, Salt Lake Cit,/. VERMONT. 411 VERMONT. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMEIiCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. AUUK8T IN Civil Aotions.-No citizen of the Unito.l States can be arrested by virtue of any mesne process fovnded on a con- tract, unless the creditor files an affidavit vrith tue person anthor- ize.l to issue the writ, showing that ho ha: goou leason to I .^.]>ve, HiKl does believe that the defendant is about lo »:bscond f,v remove tn^m the State, and has secreted about his person or elsrwhero money or other property to au amount exceeding $20, or suf- licient to satisfy the demand of such creditor against hini, or that the debtor neglects or refuses to pay over money which he holds «ur the plamtitf in a fiduciary capacity, although demand has been made upon him therefor. 1m all actions of tort, an attachment will issue against the body ot tlie defendant as a mesne or original process, where the debtor lias not sufficient goods and chattels to answer the amount stated 111 the writ. A'lTAciiMENT.— An attachment issue as an original writ, and, practically, all actions at law are commenced by attachment' llie property attached will be hold as security for the satisfac- tion of the judgment when obtained, unless the defendant shall give bonds for the amount stated in the writ and retain the pro- perty. Perishable property may be sold and the proceeds' held by the sheriff or constable in lieu thereof. No affidavit is necessary. A nominal recognizance for costs is required, which, in the case of residents, is generally signed by the attorney or his clerk. For the general application of this peculiar system of attach- ments, see "New England Grab Law." :M':'m 412 VERMONT. Bills of Exchange and Peomissory Notes.— The comiiMm law prevails, except that notes made payable ou demand are ci;n- eidered overdue in sixty days from date, for the purpose of pro- test, to hold the indorser thereon. Bills of Sale have no binding effect as such, the title to per- sonal property always passing by delivery as to third parties. CiiArrEL MoKTGAGEs are only valid for the purpose of acquir- ing a lien on machinery or fixtures in a printing office or factory. They partake entirely of the nature of mortages of realty, as to execution, acknowledgment, recording, assignments and foreclo- sures. Deeds and Mortgages. — All conveyances of land or any inte- rest therein must be in writing, signed by the grantor or his authorized agent, sealed, delivered and recorded. The acknow- ledgment may be taken according to the laws of the State or country where taken, if certified to by the clerk of a court of record. Acknowledgments may also be taken before a conunis- sioner for the State of Vermont, or a minister, charge d'affaires, consul or vice-consul of the United States. Form of Achiowledgments. See Appendix, Forms. Estates of Deceased Person^.— Claims should be presented in \vritiiig, duly verified, to the commissioners appointed by the Probate Court for that purpose, within six months from the date of their appointment. The commissioners may, if a proper cause is shown, secure an extension of the time for receiving and pay- ing claims, but not to exceed two years in all. Executions. See Exemptions and Judgments. Exemptions.— A hom.estead of the value of $500, with the rents, issues and products thereof, is exempt from levy or attach- ment on all claims accruing after such homestead is acquired. The following personal property is exempt from execution or attachment: Such suitable apparel, bedding, tools, ^nns and household furniture as may be necessary for upholding life, one sewing machine kept for use, the best swine, or the meat of one swine, ten sheep and one year's product of said sheep in wool, yarn or cloth, forage suftlcient for the stock for one winter, fen cords of wood, twenty bushels of potatoes, all growing crops, ten bushels of grain, one barrel of flour, three swarms of bees with VERMONT. 413 their hives and produce in honey, two hundred pounds of sugar, a I lettered gravestones, tlie Bible and other books used in a itm- .!y, the pro essional books and instruments of physicians, and the protessjonal books o clergymen and attorneys-atiw, to Ihe value ot .^200 , one yoke of oxen or steers, as the debtor may select, two horses kept and used for team work and such as the debtor may of Todo w-h'' ^-^^-'.^'-^^r'' ^'^^ "«* to -''ceed in value the sum of ^200, witlx sufiicent forage for their keeping through the winter, and live poultry not exceeding in value the sum of tea ti()ii(irs« Impkisonmext for Debt. See Arrest. Interest AND Usury Laws: Legal Rate, 6 per cent. Usury invalidates the excess only. Judgments are not a lien on real estate. LUHTATION OF AcTIONS : Two r'm/-*.— Actions for slander and libel _ Thvee rm/>^.- Actions for assault and battery and false niipnsonment. *^ Four IW -Actions against sheriffs for the misconduct or iieghgence of their deputies. j!^^r.«.. Actions of debt founded on any lease, contract, obhgation or liability, not under seal ; actions of account, assump- s.t or on the case founded on any contract, obligation or liability, expressed or implied ; actions of trespass on land, of replevin or otlior actions for taking, detaining or injuring personal property; and a] other actions on the case, except as above s],ecilied. J'Mjht 1 m/v>;.— Actions on judgments, sealed instruments and covenants ot warranty or seisin. Fourteen Fmr*.— Attested promissory notes. Fifteen JW.v.-Actions for the recovery of real estate. An acknowledgment or pi-omise to pay must be in writing to revive a claim barred by the statute. Married Women enjoy nearly all the old common-law disabil- .t.cs m tins State. The personal property of the wife at marriage passes to the husband absolutely, and her choses in action become liis property when reduced to possession. He also has the rents and profits of her real estate. Upon the sale of her real property tlie proceeds may be invested for the separate benefit of the wife 414 VERMONT. . I It not liable to attachment on account of the debts of the husband except where she permits him to use the same as his own pro- perty, in which case her rights are waived, and it inures to his sole benefit. She may devise her real estate ; and where the hus- band absconds without providing for her, she may, by an order from the Supreme Court, be entitled to the earnings of herself and her minor children. With this exception, a married woman can be said to have no separate legal existence. Promissory Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills must be in writing, signed by the testator and attested by three or more witnesses, who must subscribe their names at the end thereof, in the presence of the testator and of each other. II r-f VERMONT. 415 VERMONT. married woman BARRE — Washington County. Wm,. A. Boyce. To whom it may concern : We hereby certify that we are acquainted with W. A. Boyce and recommend him as an attorney who is prompt and faithful in he interest of hia clients, and well qualified to undertake any legal busmess mtrusted to his care. J. C. HOUGHTON, Cashier First Mit. Bank. MoNTPELiEB, Vt., April 10, 1873. DERBY — Orleans County. John Young, FAIR HAVEN - Rutland County. George M. Fuller, George M. Fuller is personally known to me to be thoroughly reliable and trustworthy.— [Ed. ^ ^ JERICHO -Chittenden County. €, S, Palmer, 10 whom it may concern: We, the undersigned, can recommend C. S. Palmer, of Jericho Chittenden county, Vermont, as a person well qualified to al^end and transact any legal business that may be intrusted to his .10, to be prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and we cheerfully accord this testimonial in his behalf. C. M. SPAULDING. A. O. HUMPHREY. L. B. HOWE. JBRicno, Jan, 24, 1 873. ERASTUS FIELD. 416 VERMONT. l!..il LUDLOW — Windsor County. Walker <£• Goddard. Wm. H. Walkkb (formerly Member of Legislature and State Senator). Martin Goddard, Esq. National Black River Bank, ) PUOCTOKSVILLE, Oct. 25, 1872. j We certify that Walker & Goddard, attorneys at law of Ludlow, Vt., are men of good standing in their profession and every way qualified to discharge any legal business intrusted to their care. We have known them several years, and consider them prompt, faithful, responsible and reliable attorneys. II. W. ALBEE, President. MONTPELIBR — Washington County. T. J. Deavltt. MoNTPELiER, Vt., Dec. 9, 1872. To lohom it may concern : I have been acquainted with T. J. Deavitt, Esq., as a practicing attorney in the courts of this State for several years. He is a lawyer of good standing in his profession, and well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. Mr. D. is prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. TIMOTHY P. REDFIELD, Judge Sup. Ct. of Vt. NORTHFIELD — Washington County. Carpenter & Blumley. Herman CXrpenter (State Senator, ex-Probate Judge, and District Attorney). Frank Plumley. lb whom it may concern : We are well acquainted with the law firm of II. Carpenter & F. Plumley, and know them to be well qualified to undertake any business intrusted to them ; that their standing as a firm, financially and professionally. Is excellent; and we can recommend them to all who are in need of professional services, of whatever nature, as prompt and honorable attorneys. ALVIN BRALEY, Pres. Northfield Nat. Bank. T. L. ELY, Cashier. VERMONT. ilature and State d Nat, Bank. PROCTORSVILLE- Windsor County. 417 Pkobate Office, Windsor District ) i^RocTousviLLK, Vt., June 23, 1873 f S. F. Kneei,and, Esq., Attorney at Law, Albany, N. Y.: Dear Sir._I„ answer to your letter 'of the 20th, asking as to the character, abilities and responsibility of Hon. Clark H Chap- man, of this place, I write to say that he is a lawyer of twenty-five years practice in this county, and was formerly for several \Z the Irobate Register in this district; that since then he hj received two elections as State Senator from the county, serv ng the full terms with honor to himself and satisfactory to his con and one n Windham county. Hence, I conclude his pecuniary responsibility IS undoubted. He holds no other offic , and is Z iief 'V ?"•'' '"'■"" ^' ^ ^""^'-^^ ''^-y- -^ -"-ting attorney. Any business you or your correspondents may intrust fid liU '%f "m; ^ '-- - -obate Courtfor the District of Windsor, Vt. Banking-House of the National Black River Bank, ) 1 KOCTORsviLLE, Windsor Co., Vt., Jmie 21, 1873 , ^'Amanr^T- ^''^■' '^"'"''*'^ ""' ^''"'' ^''^- ''* '^''"'^ '*''''^ Dear Sia-In aiiswer to your inquiry as to the character and s nding of Hon. Clark H. Chapman, a» a lawyer and collecting attorney, I have to say that I have known him for twenty years and more, and most cheerfully assure you that, in my opinion, he is portectly reliable and trustworthy. As the attorney for this bank 1.0 has given entire satisfaction, and I believe he has the confidence ot all his business correspondents. Respectfully yours, GEO. S. HILL, Cashier, RUTLAND — Rutland County. -^. P, Simons. 27 It?.-" ■ 41S VERMONT. SAD A WGA — Windham County. Horatio N. Hill. 7b whom it may concern : I hereby state tliat I have been personally acquainted with Horatio N. Hill, Esq., of Sadawga, Vt., upwards of twelve years past, and tliat during that *'me ho ba° lieen a lawyer in practice in that town, and has beer if good professional standing and responsibility. H. H. VVHEiiiijER, Judge of Supreme Courts Vt. ST. ALBANS — Franklin County. Mason B. Carpenter. St. Albans, Jan. 23, 1873. This is to certify that M. B. Carpenter is an attorney of this place, in good standing and of good character in my judgment. HOMER E. ROYCE, Judge of Supreme Court. SOUTH LONDONDERRY Jas. L. 3lartln. An honorable, upright and able attorney Windham County. [Ed. YIROINIA. 410 VIRGINIA. gme Courts Vt. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. AcKNowLEDoivrENTs. See Deeds. Aliens. See title, " Mffhts of AUetis.'' ARREST.-An order of arrest is only granted in a civil action . .ere there .s probable fear that the debtor is about to leave the State The debtor will be discharged on giving sufficient bonds that he will, at any time within four months after judgment or decree, answer to such interrogatories as may be filed against h.m, and make the required conveyance or delivery, or perform or satisfy such judgment or decree. Attachments will issue in this State against the property of non-residents where the cause of action arose on cyntrac!, where the debtor is about removing his property out of Ihe State, and against tenants who are about moving their effects from the eased premises without paying the rent. The plaintiff must file the usual bond and -affidavit. ^^^''^l\'>\^^''^^^^<^^ AND Pkomissory Notes are governed entirely by the common law. Bills ^^ Sale -Deeds of trust are used in this State in the P^ace of both bills of sale and chattel mortgages, whereby either mtl or personal property is conveyed to a trustee, with a .ower of sale in case of a breach of the condition contained therein. Deeds of TRrsT must be in writing, signed, acknowledged and lecorded in the same manner as deeds of real estate. Chattel Mortgages. See Hills of Sale. Deeds and Mortgages may be certified to according to the laws of the State where acknowledged. The laws in relation to 420 VIRGINIA. real estate transfers in this State were substantially copied l)y the State of West Virginia. See Went Virginia. Estates of Deckased Peksons.— Executors and administi-utors are required to close the estate within one year from the time of their ai)poiiitinent. Claims should be presented as soon after letters of administration are granted as practicable. Where the estate is not sufficient to pay all claims filed against it, the personal representatives, after paying funeral expetjses ami costs of administration, shall apply the balance to the payment of claiins in the following order of preference : Ist. Debts due the United States. 2d. Taxes and levies assessed previous to tliu death of the decedent. 3d. Fiduciary debts. 4th. All other demands, except 6th. Voluntary obligations. Imprisonment fob Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury Laws : Legal Rate., 6 per cent. Allowable hy written contract, 12 per cent. Usury vitiates every contract into which it enters, including negotiable paper, and, at law, forfeits both principal and interest; bnt it seems that, in equity, the principal may be recovered and interest at the legal rate per cent. Judgments" are a lien on all of the real estate of the judgment debtor; but in order to bind innocent purchasers, for value, they must be docketed in the county where the property lies within a year from the date of recovery, or ninety days previous to the conveyance to such purchaser. Limitation of Actions : Two r^ars.— Actions for articles charged in a store account. Five Years.— K\\ actions excepting those otherwise limited herein. Ten J"y hand and official signature, at [L. s.] the city of Seattle, W. T, the day and year abUe ORANGE JACOBS, Chief Justice Wash. Ter. and Jmlfje Third Jud. DisU, W. T Mr. D. practices in King and Jefferson counties also. STEILACOOM- Pierce County. Jacob Hoover, Mr. S. F. Kneeland : ulT T^ '•«^«'"™<^"^ to yo" Jacob Hoover as a faithful and 1 ustworthy attorney, and one who has the confidence of his clients nd m every manner qualified to fulfill the duties of an Itto n y and counselor at law. •"» diioiney H. D. arONTGOMERY, Probate Judr/e Pierce County, W. T bTEiLAcooM, February 1, 1873. "WHATCOM - Whatcom County. Geot'fje A. Kellogg (ex-Judge in the State of Iowa). 434 Wi:ST VIRGINIA. WEST VIRGINIA, ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. : , t' Acknowledgments. See Deeds, and Appendix, Forms. Aliens. See title, " Rights of Aliens.'''' Arrest in Civil Actions. — The defendant in a civil action may be arrested where the plaintiff files an affidavit with the court showing the nature, justice and amount of his claim, and spacify- ing one of the following grounds : Ist. That the defendant has removed or is about to removo any of his property out of the State with intent to defraud his credit- ors; or, 2d. That he has converted or is about to convert any of his property into money or securities with a like intent ; or, 3d. That he has assigned, disposed of or removed his property or is about to do so with a like intent ; or, 4th. That he has property or rights in action which he fraudu- lently conceals ; or, 5th. That he fraudulently contracted the debt or incurred the liability for which the action or suit is brought ; or, 6th. That he is about to leave the State and reside perma- nently in another State or country, without satisfying the debt or liability for which the action or suit is brought. The usual bond of indemnity must also be filed by the plaintiff before the order will be granted. Attachments will issue in any action upon an affidavit stating the nature of the demand, and that the creditor is justly entitled to recover the amount claimed, and showing the existence of one or more of the following grounds : 1st. That the defendant or one or more of the several defend- ants is a non-resident or foreign corporation. I'! which he fraudu- le several defend- WEST VIRGINIA. 435 2d. Tliat the defendant lias left or is about to leave the State with intent to defraud his creditors. 3d. That he so conceals himself that service cannot be made upon him. 4th That he is removing or about to remove his property or a part thereof out of the State with intent to defraud his creditors. 5th. That he is converting or about to convert his property or a part thereof into money or securities with intent to defraud his creditors. Gth. That he has assigned or disposed of his property or a part thereof, or is about to do so with a like intent. 7th. That he has property or rights in action which he con- ceals. 8th. That ho fraudulently contracted the debt or incurred the liability for which the action or suit is brought. Attachments may issue on a debt before it'becomes due ; where the creditor files a bond or security, the sheriff may take the pro- perty attached into actual possession. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes are practically governcd_ by the rules of the common law. A slight statutory niodihcation, however, renders it preferable to make notes and mland bills of exchange payahle at some lank or hankinq insti- tution xoithin the State. Bills of Sale are not generally used for the transfer of per- sonal property. •' Ciiattel^ MoRTGAGE8.-Deeds of trust are generally used in the place ot chattel mortgages, real estate mortgages and bills of BHlC* Deeds and Mortgages may be acknowledged before any ins- tice notary public, recorder, prothonotary or clerk of any court within the United States, or before the proper officer of a court m any foreign country, or t?ie mayor or other chief magistrate of an.y city, town or corporation therein, or by any minister, charge (Uffim-es, consul, vice-consul, consul-general or commercial agent ot the United States. * ^cW jf.-Contracts in writing respecting the sale of real estate, deeds, deeds of trust and mortgages, may be recorded at any tnne; but shall be void as to creditors and subsecpient purchasers 436 WJi:ST VIRGIXIA. for Vftluivble coiiRideratioii without notice until and except from the time they are duly iidmitted to record in the county wherein the property end)rrtced in such contract or deed may bo. The ackiiowledfjjment of a married woman munt he taken sepa- rate and apart from her huHband, and the certificate executed according to the form inserted in the Appeiulix of this work. EsTATKs OF Dkceaskd Pkrsons. — Claims tmist bo prcfcnted to the executors or administrators within twelve montlis from their apiKiintmcnt. Where the estate is insolvent, the proceeds, after payinri7 14, 1873. To whom it may concern : I take i>lea8ure in saying that John W. Harris, Esq., is a gentle- man to wliom any legal business may be safely intrusted. Ho prac'tices in the highest courts of the State as well as the inferior tribunals of his immediate seetion, and h prosecuting attorney for this county. M. ARBUCKLE, Pres. County Court of Creenbrler County, W. Va. MOUNDS VILLE — MarshaU County. John A. J^wint/. POINT PLEASANT — Mason County. Wm. H. Toinlinson (Prosecuting Attorney). rii W£ST VIRGINIA. 43!) ST. MARY'S — Pleasants Coimty. W. W. Tfnil (I'roHeculing Attorney). I hereby recomm.iid W. W. Hall as nn attorney well qualified to undertake any businuss intrusted to liini. J. U. HECKiMAN, Premlent County Court^ Pleasants Count)/. January 4, 1873. WHEELING — Ohio County. George E» Boyd. WiiEELixVo, W. Va., N'ov. 21, 1872. Wo have had occasion frequently to employ George E. Boyd as an attorney, and have ahvayn found him i)r<)in|)t and faithful. Wo cheerfully recommend him to those wishing the services of a lawyer in this city. .T. K. BOTSFOUD, President of the First National Bank of W/ieelinf/. SAMUEL J. BOYD, Director in the People's Jiank of Wheeling, • 1 440 WISCONSIN: WISCONSIN. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens. See title " Rights of Aliens.'"' Arkest and Imprisonment for Debt. — The defendant may be arrested in an action for damages not on contract wlien the debtor is a non-resident, or about to remove from the State, or for injury to person, property or character; for a fine or penalty for money or property embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a public officer, attorney, solicitor or counselor, or an officer or agent of a corporation or bank, or by any factor, agei>-t, broker, or any person in a fiduciary capacity ; for damages for property obtained on false pretenses ; in replevin, where the property has been concealed or disposed of go that the eherifif cannot find it ; and, also, where the debtor has been guilty of a fraud in con- tracting the debt or incurring the obligation sued on, or in con- cealing or disposing of the property for the taking, detention or conversion of which the action is brought. But no female shall be arrested in any action except for a will- ful injury to person, character or property. The order must be granted during the pendency of the action, and before judgment is entered therein. The plaintiff is required to file an affidavit with the judge, showing that he has a cause of action, and the existence of ono of the grounds above set forth ; and, also, file a bond, with surety, in the sum of at least $100 for the indemnifi- cation of the defendant. Attachments. — In proceedings in the Justices' Courts of this Strte an attachment will be granted where the plaintifi;' files an affidavit that the claim is on a contract or judgment of some WJSaOiYSIN. 441 court, stating the nature and the amount of tlie claim, and that the affiant knows, or has good reason to believe, either, 1st. That debtor is a non-resident corporation ; or, 2d. Is not a resident of this State, and has not resided therein for three months immediately preceding; or, 3d. Has absconded or is about to abscond from the State; or, 4tli. Has removed or is about to remove some of his property out of the. State with intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 5th. Resides in some other county, and more than 100 miles from residence of justice ; oi-, Gth. Contracted tlie debt under fraudulent representations; or, 7th. So conceals himself that process or summons cannot be served on him ; or, 8th. Has fraudulently conveyed or dispo d of, or is about to fraudulently convey or dispose of, some of his property or effects so as to hinder or delay his creditors. ' In Circuit Courts, before any attachment shall be executed, the creditor or some person in his behalf shall make and annex thereto an affidavit, stating that the debtor named in such attach- ment is indebted to the creditor, and specifying the amount of such indebtedness, as near as may be, over and above all legal set-offs ; that it exceeds $50 after deducting legitimate set-olfs and payments ; and that the same is due upon contract, express or implied, or upon judgment or decree ; and containing a further statement that the deponent knows, or has good reason to believe either, ' 1st. That debtor has absconded or is about to abscond from this State, oris concealed therein, to the injury of his creditors ; or, 2d. Has assigned, or disposed of or concealed, or is about to assign, dispose of or conceal, some of his property, with intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 3(1. Has removed or is about to remove some of his property out of this State with intent to defraud his creditors ; or, 4th. Fraudulently contr.^cted the debt, or incurred the obliga- tion, respecting which the action is brought ; or, 5th. Is not a resident of tin:' State ; or, Gth. Is a foreign corporation ; or, 7th. Has fraudulently conveyed or disposed of his property, or a part of it, with intent to defraud his creditors. > uiifa ...» ,| ■ 1 ij 442 WISCONSIN. An undertaking must be givon in at least the sum of $250 and conditioned for the payment (A' all costs and damages the defendant may recover or sustain if judgment be in his favor. Where sufficient property of the defendant cannot be found by the sheriff, an order will be granted to garnishee debts due him. The defendant may obtain a release of the attached property, or retain possession of it, by depositing the amount of the claim with the court, or on filing bonds with surety for double that amount. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes are governed by the common law or law merchant. Bills of Sale aiid Deeds of Trust. — The statute provides that all deeds of gift, conveyances, transfers or assignments, ver- bal or written, of goods, chattels or things in action, made in trust for the use of the person making the same, unless accom- panied by an immediate delivery and actual change of posses- sion, shall be presumed to be fraudulent and void, as against creditors and subsequent purchasers in good faith. Chattel Mortgages are valid as to third parties only where there is an actual and continued change of possession, or where the mortgage or a copy thereof is filed in the office of the town clerk where the mortgagor resides, or, if he is a non-resident, in the town where the property lies at the time of its execution. Deeds and Mortgages. — All conveyances affecting real estate, made and executed in any other State, Territory or District of the United States, must be executed according to the laws of such State, Territory or District, and acknowledged before any judge of a court of record, notary public, justice of the peace, master in chancery, or other officer authorized by the laws of such State, Territory or District to take the acknowledgment of such deeds therein, or before any commissioner appointed by tlie Governor of this State f'jr such purposes. Unless the acknowl- edgment be taken before a commissioner, appointed by tlie Governor of this State for that purpose, or by a notary public with Ilia seal attached, such deed shall have attached thereto a certificate of the clerk or other proper certifying officer of a court of record of the county or district within which such acknowledg- ment was taken, under the seal of his office, that the person re governed by WISCONSm. 443 whose name is subscribed to the certificate of acknowledgment was, at the date thereof, such officer as he is represented to be- that he believes the signature of such person subscribed thereto to be genuine, and that the deed is executed and acknowledc^ed according to the laws of such State, Territory or District. "" _ Deeds executed in any foreign country may be executed accord- ing to the laws of such country; and the execution thereof may be acknowledged before any notary public, or other officer author- ized by the laws of such foreign country to take the acknow- ledgments of deeds therein, or before any minister, charge d altaires, commissioner or consul of the United States appointed therein. Form of Acknowledgments. See Appendix, Forms. Estates op Deceased PEKsoNs.-The court, upon application ot any mterested person, will appoint commissioners to receive examme and adju_; claims against the estate of the decedent, who are required to give notice, within sixty days after appointment oi tune and place of meeting, and the time limited for proving clanns. The time allowed shall not exceed eigliteen months nor be less than six months, to prove claims. Under special circum- stances It may be extended, so that the whole time shall not excep. two years from time of appointment of commissioners. On application of a creditor who has failed to present his claim it made within six months from the time previously limited, the court may, on good cause shown, allow further time, not exceed- ing three months. Claims not presented to the commissioners within the time limited as aforesaid shall be forever barred The time for payment of debts ordinarily is one year to eighteen months, and may be extended by the court, not exceecfing six months at a time, for six years. Debts must be paid in the fol- lowing order: 1st. Necessary funeral expenses. 2d. Expenses of last sickness. 3d. Debts having a preference by laws of the Inited States. 4th, Debts due to other creditors. No creditor of any one class shall receive payment until all of those of pre- ceding class shall be fully paid. Executions. See Judgynents and Fxemptions. Exemptions : Homestead.— k homestead, not exceeding forty acres of land, It hi 4U WISCONSIN. P used for agricultural purposes, and the dwelling-house thereon, and its appurtenances, to be selected by the owner thereof, and not included in any town plat, city or village; or, instead thereof at the option of the owner, a quantity of land, not exceedinf in amount one-fourth of an acre, being within any recorded town plat, city or village, and the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, owned and occupied by any resident of the State shall not be subject to forced sale on execution. Personal Property. — There is also exempt the following per- sonal property: 1. The fiimily Bible. 2. Family pictures or school-books. 3. The library of the debtor and every part thereof. 4. All wearing apparel of the debtor and his family ; all beds, bedsteads and bedding kept and used for the debtor aiid his family ; all stoves and appendages put iip or kept for the use of the debtor and his family ; all cooking utensils, and all other household furniture not herein enumerated, not exceeding $200 in value. 6. Two cows, ten swine ; one yoke of oxen and one horse, or, in lieu thereof, a span of horses ; ten sheep and tlie wool from the same, either in the raw material or manufactured into yarn or cloth ; the necessary food for all exempt stock for one year's support, either provided or growing or both, as the debtor may choose ; also one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag and other farming utensils, including tackle for teams, not exceeding $50 in value. 6. The provisions for the debtor and his family necessary for one year's support, either provided or growing or both, and fuel necessary for one year. 7. The tools and implements, or stock in trade, of any mechauie, miner or other person, used and kept for the purpose of carrying on his trade or business, not exceeding §200 in value ; the imple- ments of any professional man, not exceeding $200 in value. 8. 'nvord, plate, books, or other article, presented to any person by congress or the legislature of any of the United States. 9. All inventions from debts against the inventor. 10. Sixty days' earnings of married persons, or persons who have to provide for the entire support of a family in the State. 11. Fire-engines and all their fixtures. 12. All moneys arising from insurance of any exempt property, which has been destroyed by fire, including policies on the homestead. 13. All moneys arising fi-oiii an insurance on the life of any person, made for the benefit of a WISCONSIN. 445 married woman, are exempt from the debts of the insured, and shall bo i>aid to such married Avoman or her heirs. 14. Printino- materials and press or presses, to an amount not exceeding $1,50(X 15. The earnings of the debtor for sixty days next preceding the issuing of summons. Garnishment. See AttacJiments. Impkisonaiknt for Debt. See Arrest. Interest and Usury : Legal, Hate, 7 per cent. AlloioaUe by written stipulation, 10 per cent. Usury forfeits the entire interest. Judgments are a Hen on the real estate of th(> judgment debtor in tne county where recovered or a transcript thereof is filed The hen commences from the date of docket or filing, and con- tmues for ten years, and covers also real estate acquired durincr said period. *' A judgment of a justice of the peace operates as a lien upon real estate in the counties where a transcript thereof is docketed. An execution will issue on a judgment at any time within five years from the date of recovery ; and after said five years an alias execution may issue, the same as in the Statp of New York. Personal property must be exhausted before .evyinff on real estate. ^ Limitation of Actions : One Year.—An action against a sheriff for an escape. Two J'6'«A-f.— Actions for libel, slander, assault, battery and false Muprisonraent ; and upon statutory penalties or forfeitures to the people of the State. _ Three ^ Years.—Actiom against a sheriff, coroner or constable lor nonfeasance, misfeasance or malfeasance in his ofticial duties, except for an escape ; and upon a statute for a forfeiture or pen- alty where the action is given to the party aggrieved, or to such party and the people of the State. Six Years.—Vixm a contract, obligation or liability, expressed or unplied, except those mentioned hereafter; upon a liability created by statute other than a ])enalty or forfeiture ; for trespass upon real property; for taking, detaining or injuring personal w ■' li 446 WISCONSIN: U!f Wh hi H^M. property, or for specific recovery thereof; for criminal conversa- tion, and for other injuries to the person or character of another not arising on contract and not enumerated above ; for relief, on the ground of fraud, in cases heretofore solely cognizable in the Court of Chancery. Ten Years. — Actions for relief, except as above limited, and upon sealed instruments executed in another State. Twenty Years. — Actions on judgments ; on sealed instruments executed in this State, and for the recovery or possession of real estate. The limitation begins to run only when the cause of action has actually accrued ; and on mutual open accounts from date of last item. Infancy, insanity, imprisonment, and coverture of the wife, will extend the period of limitation during the con- tinuance of the disability, provided that (except in the case of ixvtancy) it cannot be extended over five years. The statute does not run during the time that the defendant is absent from the State, except where both plaintiff and defend- ant were non-residents at the time the cause of action accrued. Revivor. — A part payment, or written promise to pay. Makeied Women. — The real and personal property of the wife at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues and profits thereof, and any which she may receive by inheritance, gift, grant, devise or bequest, from any person other than her husband, she may hold to her sole and separate use, not subject to the disposal of her husband, nor liable for his debts. She may convey and devise real and personal property precisely as if unmarried. Her husband need not join in her deed of her separate property, and will, notwithstanding, be barred of any right of tenancy by the curtesy. If her husband, from any cause, shall neglect or refuse to pro- vide for her support, or the support and education of her chil- dren, or deserts her, she may, in her own name, transact business, and receive and collect her own earnings and those of her own minor children, and apply the same for her own support, and the support and education of her minor children, free from the con- trol and interference of her husband or any person claiming the same. Any policy of insurance on the life of any person, expressed to e ; for relief, on WISCONSIN. 447 be for the benefit of a married woman, effected bv any person, shall mure to her own benefit and that of her children. Promissory Notes. See Bills of Exchange. Wills are required to be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some other person in his presence, and by his express direc- tion, and attested by two or more witnesses, who must attach tlieir names thereto in the presence of the testator. us wiscoNsm. WISCONSIN. APPLETON — Ontagama County. Warner & Ryan, Wm. S. Wakner. Hekry D. Ryan (ex-City Attorney). Among the reasons assigned by this firm for not forwarding tes- timonials ai-e the following: "1st. We are not anxious to add to our extensive business. 2d. We are now engaged in court and have not the time. 3d. Our Mr. Warner is one of the directors of the First National Rxnk of Appleton, and is worth in jiersonal and real property, unencumbered, from $50,000 to $75,000, and owes nothing. 4th. He has the credit, whether deserved or not, of being the best collector in the North-west, and will take no pains to add to that except by prompt attention to business intrusted to him." We think they will pass. AUGUSTA Heman li. Day. Eau Claire County. BARABOO — Sauk County. Charles F. Freeman. Office op Attorney-Gexeual, ) Madison, Jan. 16, 1873. j To tchom it may concern : I am personally well acquainted with Mr. Charles F. Freeman, an attorney of this State. I have known him for many years, and know that he is honest and capable ; well qualified to attend to any business intrusted to him. Mr. Freeman is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients. I cheerfully accord this testimonial. S. S, BARLOW, Attorney- General Wisconsin, 1111.'. TITTTi ^i 1,1 ;' I I, wiscoNsm. 449 y-Gexeual, EAU CLAIRE -Eau Claire County Meggett & Teall. Alexander Meggett. Geo. C. Teall (County Judge). Uaire W,8; Clarke & Ingram, bankers; and all the business or professional men of Eau Claire. business or DODGEVILLE-Iowa County. Melancthon J. BHffgs. FOND DU LAC - Pond du Lao County. Jas. W. Bass. ^ 1h tohom it may concern: ^*''''' '''' ^^^' "^^^^ ^2. 1«73. I am acquainted with J. W. Bass, an attorney residing at this place and recommend him as one well qualified to undertake a v legal busmess entrusted to him, and as one who is always prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients. ^ ^ ^ CA3IPBELL McLean, Judge Fourth Judicial Circuit, for Wisconsin. FRIENDSHIP- Adams County. ^""IrJ^' ff^'K^^ (ox-County Judge, District Attorney and Member of the Wisconsin Legislature). GREEN BAY -Brown County. Norris c& Chynoiveth, Wm. H. Noebis, Jr. Thomas B. Chynoweth. Messrs. Norris & Chynoweth are attorneys in good standing whom we olten recommend. ^ M. D. PEAK, Cashier First National Bank of Green Bay. HUDSON -St. Croix County. Baker & Sjmoner. Hexry C. Baker. John C. Spooxer. 29 450 wiscoNsm. JANESVILLE-Eook County. tfiiv.httim, rft Norcross. Ax-FKiiD A. Jackson. Pliny Nokcuoss (District Attorney, ex-Member of Lcgisliture). First National Bank, ) Janesville, Wis., April l5>,3. | S. F. Knbbland, Esq., Alhcmy, N. Y. : Dear Sib. — Wo very cheerfully recommeinl to the Int' vnational Merchants' Protective Law Association, of Albany, N. Y., Messrs. Jackson & Norcross, attorneys of this city, as a law firm in goofl professional Ktanding here. Mr. Jackson, the senior raenibor of the firm, has been engaged in the practice of law here for eighteen years, has held many responsible offices and trusts, is a stockholder of oar bank and is favorably known throughout the State. Mr. Norcross has practiced here for six years ; is now serving a second term as District Attorney for this county. Both are men of good Standing and financial responsibility. Respectfully yours, J. B. DOE, Cashier. J. D. REXFORD, Preskknt. h'.. ; 1 LA CBOSSE — La Crosse County. John J. Cole. La Crosse April 19, 1873. John J. Cole, Esq., of this place, has acted for some time as attorney of this bank, and I have found him prompt ami faithful, and well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him, and this is his reputation in this community. G. VAN STEENWYK, J^'esident of the Batavia JJa/tk, Sparta, Wis., April 17, 1873. S. F. Kneel and, Esq., Albany, N". Y. : Dear Sib. — I have been acquainted with John ,T. Cole, atf nmey at law, residing at the city of La Crosse, in this State, for the pas* twelve years or more. He has practiced before me in this j udicial circuit during the past four years, and I take pleasure in recommending f 'I Iprtl 17, 1873. WISCONsm. 451 M \ rr^"' f.'^-^^^"''"* «t'^"'>'"g in his profession, of acknowl- edged ability and integrity, and ev«ry way trustworthy. Yours re8peotfu,ly, R. BUNN, Juilje Sixth Circuit, Wta. LANCASTER — Grant County. BuH/meU & Clarke. Allex R. Busiinell (has been District Attorney and Member ot Legislature). John G. Claukk (has been Member of Congress). T f '••*'" *"/«r'^'"^''^""'« ^'^^' t'lc'" "f «i>^teon years, durin- whioh I have held this office, I recommend Mess,.. BishnJll & Cl^rle of ns place, as attorneys of well establisheu, good repntation, ,;er. tectly ...^ ponsible pecuniarily, who devote themselves to their pro- fession l\ olusively. tiClI J.IU T .. ^^M^McOONIGAL, Judge of Grant Co. Court, Wis. Lancaster, Wis., March 26, 1873. MADISON— Dane County. Opton, Keyes t Chynoweth, H. S. Orton, LL. D. E, "W. Keyes. H. W. CuYNCiS ETH. MANITOWOC -Manitowoc County. Jmnes S. Anderson Manitowoc, Wis., April 17, 1873. This IS to certify that we are personally acquainted with J. S. Anderson, of this c.ty, and know him to he , practicing attorney, prompt and faithful in the interest of his clients, t"" '-J W. W. WALDO, Cozmty Judge. CHAS. GULIXG, Cashier First Nut. Bk. ^'ENOMONI^ - Dunn County. fiaml. W. Hunt (ex-District Attorney and Member of Leffisl ture). Aic^ioi. Menomonie, Dunn Co., Wis., Jan. 31, 1873. ^0 whom it may concert < : We have b, on acquainted with Saml. W. Hunt, Esq., of this village, for the rast six years ; have employed him as attorney in i.s I 452 WISCONSIN. several important oases, and rccoininoixl him as an honottt and efficieivt attorney and counwolor at law. KNAPP, STOITT & CO. JUerchanti and Luinbermen. MILWAUKEE — Milwaiikee Coimty. JvuhhiH tt- Elliott. Ja8. G. Jknkins (ex-City Attorney for the city of Milwaiikeo). T. 15. Kl.MOTT. ■Refer to Haekus, Button & Co., stove manufacturers, Albany, N. Y. ; II. B. Clafliin & Co., merchants, New York city. MINERAL POINT— Iowa Cotrnty. Wm. W. & John Lih'euM. MONROE — Greene County. Hiram Medlmrtf, To S. F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, N. Y. : This certifies that Hiram Medbury, of Monroo, Wis., is an attor- ney of the very highest standing as regards integrity, promptitude and pecuniary responsibility. WM. P. LYON, Justice of the Supreme Court of WiscoJisin. PAFRAVILLE — Waupaca County. James II. Jones (formerly Clerk Circuit Court). State of Wisconsin, | Waupaca County. \ May 6, 1873. I certify that J. II. Jones, of Pafraville, Waupaca county, Wis., is gene rully reported as a reliable collecting agent, and, in my opinion, is worthy of the confidence of the business community. [l. 8.] C. S, OGDEN, County Judge. nmmmtiuit wiscoNsm. 468 ail iioiiot»t and PORTAGE CITY- Columbia County. E,&j.n. raffioi'. HwMONH Tayu)u (District Attorney). Jamks Ji. Taylok. PoHTAOK City, April 21. I have long boon aaqnainted witi, E. & J. B. Taylor, of Portaffo ihToJl'V^- l"'"'''"^'^''^"''"" "^ g-'^J standing a.ul reputation in tno courts of Wi-sconsin. ALVA STEWAltl', Judr/e of the Ninth Judicial Circuit of Wisconsin. TREMPEALEAU -Trempealeau County. Seth W. Button (County Judge). To w/ioni it may concern : S. W. Button, of Trempealeau, in the county of Trempealeau. Wis .H an attorney at law, in regular practice before the circuit court of the Sixth Judicial District of said State, is in good stand- ing, safe and reliable. He now holds the office of County Judge. R. BUNN, Judfje of the Sixth Judicial Circuit of Wis Dated May 8, 1873. i " • VIROQUA- Vernon County. Wni F. Tevhuue (ex-County Judge and Member of Lecrisla- ture). ° Office of Couxty Judgk, Veunox County, Wis ) ViROQUA, Dec. 19, 1872. '' [ To ichom it may concern : I have long known Wm. F. Terhnne as an attorney of the conrts of record in this State, and know him qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. He has long made collections a si.ecialty, and is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients, lliis testimonial is cheerfully accorded. WM. S. PURDY, County Judge. WAUSAU — Marathon County. Sllverthorn & Bump, W. E. SiLVEBTHOBN (formerly District Attorney and Member of Legislature for the State of Wisconsin). E. L. Bump. 1 1{ ,1' , PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE, Compiled expressly for this Book by C. A. Stockton, Esq., liL. B., Barrister at Law, St. John, New Brunswick. m Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Aliens have the right to become naturalized after a continued residence of three years and upward and by taking the oatli of allegiance prescribed by the statutes, after which they will receive a certificate of naturalization, and shall thenceforth enjoy and may transmit all the righ's and capacities which a natural- born subject of her majesty may enjoy or transmit. Every alien-born woman married to a natural-born British subject, or to a person naturalized as aforesaid, shall be deemed to be herself naturalized, and shall have all the rights and privi- leges of a natural-born British subject. Akrest. — Any debtor (those having privilege of Parliament, judges, attorneys, etc., excepted) may be held to bail, affidavit having been first made of the debt being due, the amount, con- sideration and other particulars. If on a bill of exchange or promissory note, set out the same fully i.. the aftidavit, and aver presentment, if payable at a particular place. Attachment, — New Brunswick has no attachment laws for the benefit of the individual creditor, and cau only attach for L. B., Barrister PRO YINCE OF I^EW BR UN&WICK. 455 the benefit of all the creditors, providing the debtor absconds or conceals himself within the Province with intent to defraud his creditors, or to avoid being arrested by process of law, or absents himself with intent to defraud his creditors for the space of six months next preceding the application for writ of attachment; these facts must be verified on affidavit by the creditor making the application, and also by two respectable persons. lofnT'^'"''' '" ^'''^■^ "'''^^'" *^'^ -Dominion "Insolvent Act of 1869 for attaching tlie property of a debtor for the benefit of all the creditors; but this act only applies to t/aders, and will expire m a few months. Affidavits.- All affidavits for the purpose of holding persons to bail m this Province or having relation to any judicial pro- ceeding in any court of justice therein, purporting to be made before a judge of any court of justice in the United Kingdom, or m any foreign State, or in any British colony (if in other respects conformable to law and the practice of the courts in which they are designed to be used), may, notwithstanding they are made before a judge of a British, foreign or colonial court, be received and acted upon, and shall have the same effect as if made before a judge or other lawful authority in this Province, provided the same purport to be sealed with the seal of the British, foreign or colonial court before one of the judges of which they purport to be maae, or in the event of such court having no seal, pro- vided the judge whose name is subscribed thereto shall have attached to his signature a statement in writing on the affidavit that the court whereof he is a judge has no seal. Oaths, affirmations, affidavits or declarations may be adminis- tered, sworn, affirmed or made, out of the Province of New Brunswick, before any commissioner authorized by the lord chancellor to administer oaths in chancery in England, or before any notary public certified under his hand and official seal, or before the mayor or chief magistrate of any city, borough or town corporate in Great Britain or Ireland, or in any colony of her majesty, or in any foreign State or country, and certified under the corporate seal of such city, borough or town corporate, or before a judge of any court of supreme jurisdiction in any colony belonging to the crown of Great Britain and Ireland or any dependency thereof, or before any consul, vice-consul, acti IliT ill t> If fir 456 PRO VINGE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. u< 1 consul, pro-consul, or consular agent of her majesty, exercising his fniictions in any foreign place, for the purpose of, and in or concerning, any cause, matter or thing depending, orjn anywise concerning any of the proceedings to be had in any of the said courts of this Province. Any affidavit, declaration or affirmation proving the execution of a deed, power of attorney, will or probate, or memorial thereof, for the purpose of registration in this Province, may be made before a commissioner for taking affidavits in and for the cuurts in the Province of New Brunswick, or other person authorized to administer or take oaths, affidavits, declarations and affirmations. Bills of Excuangb and Promissory Notes. — In respect to bills of exchange and promissory notes, the following are legal holidays and non-juridical days, viz. : Sundays, New Year's day, Good Friday, Christmas day ; the birthday, or the day fixed by prociaraaiion for the celebration of the birthday, of the reigning sovereign ; any day appointed by proclamation for apublic holiday, or for a general fast or a geTieral thanlvsgiving day throughout the Dominion ; and the day next following New Year's day and Christinas day, when these days respectively fall on Sunday; any day appointed by proclamation of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Province for a public holiday, or for a fast or thanksgiving within the said Province. Whenever the last day of grace of a bill of exchange or promis- sory note tails on a legal holiday or non-juridical day, the day next following, not being a legal holiday or non-juridical day, shall be the last day of grace of such bill or note. A lost bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument maybe sued and recovered upon by the party entitled to the same, pro- viding an indemnity is given to the satisfaction of the court or judge against the claims of any other person upon such negotiable instrument. Bills and notes and choses in action, payable other than in money, held prima facie to be given for valuable con- sideration. Bills of Sale do not require to be recorded, and are governed by the common-law rules. Contracts. See Statute of Frauds. Chattel Mortgages. See Bills of Sale. PRO VINCE OF NEW BR UNS WICK. m Dekds and Moktoages reciuire to be in writing, and slo, Affidavits.) • i4 nil i 488 PBO VINCE OF NEW BE UNS WICK. All conveyances affecting real estate require to be registered, excepting leases for a term not exceeding three years. (See Appendix as to Form of Acknowledgment.) Form of AcJcnowledgment. (Name of place where acknowledgment is taken) s«.; Be it remembered that -m this day of , in the year of c ur Lord one thousand eight hundred and , before me (name, residence and addition of party taking acknowledg- ment; personally came and appeared (name of grantor) and (name of wife) his wife, who severally acknowledged that they signed, sealed and executed the within instrument or deed of conveyance, for the uses and purposes therein mentioned and contained ; and' the said (name of wife), wife of said (name of grantor), having been by me examined separate and apart from her said husband, acknowledged that she signed, sealed and exe- cuted the within instrument or deed of conveyance freely and voluntarily, for the uses and purposes therein mentioned and contained, and without fear, threat or compulsion of, from or by her said husband. In witness whereof, I, the said (name of party [seal.] taking acknowledgment), have hereunto set my liand an*^!, atRxed my official seal the day of . A. D. 187 . (Signature.) Dower. See Intestate Estates. Estates of Deceased Persons. See Intestate Estates. Executions. See Judgments and Exemptions. Exemptions. — Family homestead to the value of $600, anU $60 worth of household furniture, and implements of work, and one year's arrears of rent due landlord. Imprisonment for Debt. See Arrest. Infants. See Statute of Frauds, also Wills. Interest and Usury : legal Bate, 6 per centum. Contract for more does not forteit principal, but only the usuri- ous interest. PRO VINCE OF NEW BR UNS WICK 459 Intkstate Estates.— If a party die leaving cliildren, the widow takes one-third of the whole of the real estate for life and one-third of the personal estate absolutely, and each child share and share alike, the legal representatives taking the share of any deceased child. If there are no children or their legal representativesj then the wife takes one-third of the real estate for life and one-half of the personal estate absolutely. The rest goes to the next of kin, in equal degree, and those that represent them. Judgments.— A judgment is a lien on the property in the county after execution on said judgment is issued and placed in the hands of the sheriff of said county, or a memoi-inl of said judgment is recorded in the records of such county. Executions may issue at any time within fifteen years, and after that time may be revived by scire facias. (See, also, Limitations to Personal Actions.) Laj>se Legacies. See Wills. Landlord and Tenant,— Arrears of rent may oe distrained for wuthin six months after determination of lease and durino- tenant's possession. Goods fraudulently and clandestinely removed from the pre- mises, to avoid distress, may, within thirty days thereafter, be followed b> the landlord and seized, providing they are not sold hona fide for a valuable consideration before seizure. Notice to quit shall be as follows : For the year or half year, three months ; for the quarter or month, one month ; for the week, one week! LiMrrATioN OF Actions eespectihg Eeal Estate : Six Years. — Arrearage of dower and damages thereto may be recovered. Ten Years.— Party imder any disability may commence action within ten years after disability removed. Twenty Years.— R\^hi of entry or action barred. Forty Years.— W'lW bar action, although party under disability. Sixty J^e«r9.- -Eight of crown barred. LlMITATIO\j T*-^ i.ERSONAti AcTIONS : Six Years. — oimple contracts. Twenty Years.— Scire facias, recognizances, bonds, debts, judgments or other specialties. 460 PRO YINGE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. \ , Makbiei) Women. — The real and personal property belon^in"- to a married woman, acquired in her own right before or after marriage, is free from all liability for debts of her husband, and cannot be encumbered or conveyed without her consent. If real by her being a party to the deed executed in due form (see Deeds and Mortgages), and only liable for her debts contracted before marriage, and for judgments recovered against the husband for her wrongs. A married woman deserted or abandoned by her husband, or living separate or apart from him (not willfully and of her own accord), may recover, sue for and receive from any i^erson indebted or liable to her for debts due her, or for services per- formed, or for damages for injuries to herself or her separate property. And in such case such debt or action cannot be dis- charged by her husband ; and such married woman may will, demise, grant, give or dispose of her property, so acquired as afore- s:ii(i, free from all claims of her husband, as fully and etlectually as if she were a feme sole, and may appoint executors to her last will and testament. Statute of Fkauds. — No action shall be brought to chai-ge an executor or administrator upon any special promise to answer damages out of his own estate, or to charge any person upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default or miscarriage of another, or to charge any person upon any agreement made upon consideration of marriage, or upon any contract or sale of lands, or of any interest therein, or upon any agreement that is not to be ])erformed within one year from the making thereof, unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or Eonie memorandum or note thereof, shall be in writin-rand siijiied by the party to be charged therewith, or some other i>erson authorized by Inm. No contract for the sale of any goods, wares or merchandise for the price of $40 or upward shall be good, unless the buyer accept and receive part of the goods so sold, or give something in earnest to bind the bargain or in part payment, or unices some note or memorandum in writing of the bargain Ihj made and signed by tlie party to be charged thereby or his agent, whether such goods are actually made or ready for delivery or are intended to be made or delivered, or both, at some future tiaac or not. e to answer oil upon any PRO YINCE OF NE W BR UNS WICK. 461 No action shall be brought to cliarge any person, upon or by reason of any representation or assurance made or given concern- ing or relating to the character, conduct, credit, ability, trade or dealing of any ether person, to enable such other person to obtain money or goods upon credit, unless such representation or assur- ance be made in writing, signed by the party to be charged therewith, No person shall be liable upon any promise made after full age to pay any debt contracted during infancy, or upon any ratilication made after full age, on any promise or simple contract made during infancy, unless the same be in writing, signed by such ])erson. All leases, estates and other interests in lands, not put in writ- ing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or his duly authorized agent, shall have the force and effect of estates at will only, except leases not exceeding three years. All giants, assignments and surrenders of lands, or interest therein, must be in writing, signed by the party to be charged therewith, or his duly authorized agent. All declarations or creations of trusts in lands, or any grant or assignment thereof (except those by operation of law), shall be invalid unless the same be in writing. Wills.— Every person capable of making a will may dispose of, Ijy his will duly executed, all his real and personal property which he shall be entitled to at law or in equity at the time of his death, and which, if not disposed of, would devolve upon his heir, cliild or next of kin, or upos- iiis representatives, inclnding estates txr autro vie. No will made by an infant or a married woman (except in the execution of » power, and as above stated) «hall \m valid. (See Marrieti Women.) No will shall be \ .iHd unless it shall be in writing and executed ill manner hereinafter mentioned, that is to say, it shall be s-Vned at the foot or end thereof by the testator, or'by some other per- son in his presence and by his direction; and such signature shall be made or aclincwledged by the testator in the presence ot two or more witnesses present at the same time, and such witnesses shall attest and subscribe the will in the presence of the testator and in the presence of each other; but any will, j •:fti(T 462 PRO VINCE OF NEW BR UNSWICK. fcali' I although not signed at the foot or end thereof, shall be valid, if it bo apparent from the will and position of the signature, or from the evidence of the witnesses thereto, that the same was intended by the testator to be his last will, but no form of attes- tation shall be necessary. This does not apply to the will of soldiers in active service, and mariners at sea, as regards the disposal of their personal estate. Estate. — No will shall be invalid in consequence of the wit- nesses at the time of attesting the same or afterward becoming incompetent to prove the same. No will shall be invalid on account of the witnesses or the wife or husband of such witness being a legatee, only so far as such witness or the wife or husband of such witness is concerned, and such witness shall be admitted to prove such will. Execu- tors may witness the will of the testator. Marriage will revoke the will of a man or woman, except a will made under a power of appointment, when in default of such appointment the estate thereby appointed would not pass to the testator's heirs, child, next of kin or representatives. No will shall be revoked by any presumption growing out of change of circumstances. Every will shall be construed with reference to the real and personal estate comprised therein, as if it had been executed immediately before the death of the testator, unless a contrary intention appears by the will. If no words of limitation be used, a devise of real estate shall pass a fee simple, or all the estate that testator has power to dis- pose of by will in such real estate, unless a contrary intention appears by such will. Where any person, being a child or other issue of the testator, to wliom any real or personal estate shall be devised or be(iv\Ci\thed for any estate or interest not determinable at v^v betow the death of suJi person, shall die in the lifetime of the testator, IcaVWg issue, and any such issue of such person shall bo living at the time of the death of the testator, such devise ov bequest shall not lapse, but shall take effect as if the death of such person had happened immediately after the death of the testator, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will. PRO YINCE OF NEW BR UNS WICK. 463 CANADA. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. CHATHAM — Northumberland County. Wm, Wilkinson, Newcastle, N. B., Mbrua^y 12, 1873. To all to horn it may concern : I do liereby certify that Wm. Wilkinson, Esq., residing in Chatham, in the county of Northumberland and Province of New Brunswick, has practiced law in this county for twenty-five years, and is a barrister of twenty-three years' standing ; is well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him ; is prompt and faithful in the interests of liis clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully accorded. EDW. WILLISTON, Judffe Cotmty Court^ Northumberland Co. GAQETOWN— Queens County. T. Koherts Wetinore. Recommended by JOHN PALMER, High Sheriff, Queens Co. FREDERICTON — York County. Vt'efforj/ «t Jilaii'. (Jkouue F. Gukuoby (Mayor of Fredericton). Andrew G. Blair. I hereby certify that I am personally acquainted with Messrs. George F. Gregory and Andrew G. Blair, carrying on legal busi- ness in Fredericton as copartners, under the name of Gregory & Blair ; that they are duly admitted as barristers and attorneys of the Supreme Court of this Province ; that they are of respectable irllP 4(]4 PUO V7NVK OF NE W BR UNS WICK. Btaiuliiig and wkill in thoir buKincHs as barristers and attorneys ; and I believe they will give strict attention to any prolWsioniil business intrusted to them. Dated at Fredericton, in tlie Province of New Brunswick, tlic tirst day of March, A. D. 1873. JOIIxV C. ALLEN, Jmhje of the Supreme Court of New JBrmuvrlrk: Fbederktox, Ilbruary 28, 1873. Sirs.— T am personally acquainted with G. F. Gregory, Esq,, Mayor of the city of Fredericton, and Andrew G. Blair,' Es(|.,' attorneys at law, doin' business under the name and style of Gregory &, Blair, as professional partners, an/,■ ^^. Y. DRDIAC- RICHIBUCTO-Kent County. Hutchinson cC- riiltinejj. MoNKTON, N. B., Fehruary 10, 1873. I have known the firm of Ilntcliinson Sc Phinney for some titne • thoy are leading banisters in the County Court for the County of Kent, over M'hich I .ide, and I !,avo much pleasure in furnishin.. this testimonial of i , i- professional standing. ° B. BOTSFrtfor the Cmmty of Kent. To the International Merchants' Protective Law Association, Ko. 1i iState street, Albany, JV. Y. ST. JOHN — St. John County. Charles A. Stockton. „, ,. , , St. John, JWay 2f0873. Jo all to whom these shall come: I hereby certify that I have been acquainted with Charles \ Stockton, Esq., attorney at law of this city, for upward of eight. years. He studied law under my superinten V 'A -^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MfSO (/16) 672-4503 ,i i. ; 466 PBO VINCE OF NEW BR UNS WICK Simeon Jones «& Co., Bankers, ) St. John, N. B., May 3d, 1873. j This is to certify that we have known Charles A. Stockton, Esq., for a number of years, and liave much pleasure in recommencllug him as a lawyer, as well as a good, honest, sober and industrious citizen. We feel safe in saying any business intrusted with him will receive prompt and careful attention. SBIEON JONES ifc CO. I: w |: ST. STEPHENS — Charlotte County. Stevens <£• 3Iitchell. James G. Stevens, Jr. James Mitchell. To whom it may concern : We have had occasion to transact business with Messrs. Stevens & Mitchell as attorneys for this bank on several occasions, and have found them well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to them. Messrs. Stevens & Mitchell are prompt and faithful in the interests of their clients, and this testimonial is very cheerfully given. ROBT. WATSON, Ca.^hier St. Stephens Bank. J. F. GRANT, Acct. St. Stephens Bank. PRO VINCE OF NEWFO UNDLAND. 467 PROVINCE 'OF NEWFOUNDLAND. Newfoundland is an independent Province of Great Britain (if a Province can be independent), having about 150,000 inliabitants. Ihe chief commercial exports are fish and seal skins. St. John's the metropolis and capital, is a fine harbor city of about 30,000 inhabitants. The laws of England govern except in some bcal lu fitters. ST. JOHNS -Placentia and St. Mary's Countv J. S. Winter. ^ Mr. Winter comes to us well recommended, and we shall not hesitate to place any business in his hands.— [Ed. H a 4GS PROYIJSCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. it i PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. ENACTMENTS AFFECTING COMMERCE. Prepared by Cilviiles B. Owen, Queen's Counsel, Master find Surrogate, Solicitor, etc. , residing at Yarmoutli, N. 8. Aliens — Chapter 34, Revised Statutes, enacts that aliens may hold and convey real as well as personal estate. It points out a simple mode of naturalization at but trifling cost. Arrest for Debt. — E.xecution authorizes imprisonment of debtor, for want of sufficient real or personal estate, or where special directions to arrest are indorsed on writ. Cajnas may issue if affidavit made of claim being just and true, and of defend- ant being about to quit the Province, or in suits before a magis- trate that he is about to leave the county. Bills of Exciianoe and Pkomissort Notes — Cliapter 82. Bills drawn by residents in Nova Scotia and returned ])rotested, if drawn on party resident out of Nova Scotia but in North America, are subject to 5 per cent damages and 6 per cent inter- est ; if drawn on a party in any other country, 10 per cent and interest. As a general rule, English decisions apply, and those of the United States courts are respected. Bills of Sale protect the personal estate therein set forth after being filed in office of registry of deeds, if not fraudulent or without consideration. Leases of land, for a term longer than three years, are liable to be preferred by registered judgment or transfer. Deeds and Mortgages; — A registered docket of judgment, deed or mortgage registered, will take preference of an unregis- T find Surrogate, tate, or where PRO VINCE OF NO VA SCOTIA. 409 tered conveyance at law. But if the party, for wliose benefit the same is intended, knew of the existence of a lo7ia jide unregis- tered conveyance, equity will grant relief pursuant to tlu. deci- sions of the English chancery courts, some of which have been exprcbaly adjudicated upon and duly reported. Registry of Conveyances Executed Abroad.— Revised Statutes provide that deeds may be proved out of the Province as well in foreign countriesasin the British dominions by the oath ot a subscribing witness or the acknowledgment of the parties, under oath, to tlie due execution thereof, such oath to be admin- istered by the judge of any court of record, by the mayor of any city, by a justice of the peace, or by a notary public residing respectively at or near the place where the deed and the attesta- tion with the date to be certified under the seal of a court of record or of a city, or under the hand and seal of a notary public. And where a deed is proved in a foreign country, the oath may be administered by and attestation ^.nd date certified under hand and seal of any public minister, ambassador or consul of GreH Britain, or vice-consul residing at or near the place where the deed is proved. N. B.—The stafutes of Nova Scotia were revised last winter, but are not yet published ; so that it would be unsafe to sum- marize any other subjects than the above, which remain unaltered J 470 PRO VINCE OF NO VA SCOTIA. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. fi i It il ' AMHERST — Cumberland County. Chas, J, Townshend, Bank op Nova Scotia, ) Amuerst, N. S., May 5th, 1873. \ I beg leave to certify that I am well acquainted with Charles J. Townshend, Esq., of this place, barrister at law — that he is the employed attorney of this branch — and that on all occasions on which his services have been required I have found him prompt, reliable and well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. A. H. PATTERSON, Agent. (From Sm Wm. Yor^G, Bart.) I have pleasure in certifying in terms of the circular issued by the International Merchants' Protective Law Association, that Charles J. Townshend, Esq., of Amherst, barrister and attorney, is in good professional standing in this Province. W. YOUNG, Chief Justice. Halifax, N. S., April 30, 1873. BRIDGETOWN — Annapolis County. T, D, Ruffffles (Queen's Counsel;. County op Annapolis, ) Pi-ovince of Nova Scotia, >• Dominion of Canada. ) This is to certify that I have known Timothy D. Ruggles, of Bridgetown, in the county of Annapolis, Nova Scotia, Queen's Counsel, and a barrister of the supreme court of Nova Scotia, for many yeara ; that his standing at the bar is of the highest charac- ter, and that he is worthy of full trust and confidence. EDWD. C. COWLINS. Judge of the Courts of Probate and Insolvency, County of Annapolis, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, March 26th, A. D. 1873. ■ 1 Al PRO YINCE OF NO VA SCOTIA. DIGBY-Digby County. Th08. A, Shreve. 471 HALIFAX. Smith & MacCoy. H. W. Smith (Attorney-General of Nova Scotia). KENTVILLE- King's County. Harria & Chipnian. Tnos. W. Harris (Queen's Counsel). John P. Chipman. Office OF the Agexcy op the Bank op Xova Scotia ) KENTVILLE, King's County, Nova Scotia ' I January 26th, 1873. ' \ To whom it may concern : I hereby certify that Thomas W. Harris and John P. Chipman ha-e transacted business for this agency since its establishment, some two years ago, and that in all matters intrusted to them thev have been prompt and reliable. I further observe, that I have per- sonally known the said Harris & Chipman for many years, and that they are persons of character and credit in the Province of Nova Scotia. L. D. V. CHIPMAN, Agent and 31. P. LIVERPOOL— Queen's County. €r. Thomas 3Ioove. S, F. Kneeland, Esq., Albany, R. Y. : Sir.— We beg leave to recommend G. Thomas Moore, of Liver- pool Nova Scotia, as a fit and proper person to act as the attorney of the Merchants' Protective Law Association," he bein<. in sood «tan. M-Leod. County ok Pictou, ) Province of A'ova iScotia. ) I, David Matheson, protlionotary of the Supreme Court of the said Province, in the said county, do hereby certify that Jolin D. M'Lood, Esq., barrister and attorney at law, duiy admitted and practicing at Pictou, in said county, is in good standing at tlie bar in tliis Province, and is entitled to all confidence and trust in mat- ters pertaining to his said profession. Witness my hand and the seal of the said court of Pic- [Seal.] ton, in the Province of Nova Scotia, this eighth day of March, A. D. 1873. DAVID MATHESON, Prothonotary. SHELBURNE— Shelburne County. 3". W. White (Queen's Counsel). County of Shelburne, April 30). Tho 8tutnti.s of tho 1 ruvnico und Dominion of (j.inada arc diHtin^Mii.slKMl by tho addition "Can." Tl.oHoof the I'rovincc of Ontario (con.n.Jndnir 18«7-1H(IH), by tho letters " ( )„t." ^ Xvanim MKTWKKN I»AUTNKi«.-The ri^dit to a,. a.'cnunt as l.ot\vcen i.artners cat. be enforced in courts of law, but the Court ot Chancery is generally resorted to. Akkimavith, to be used in Ontario, may bo made before any commiHHioner in En-land authorized by the lord chancellor or a notary public un.ler his oCicial seal, or before tho n.ayor or chief iimKiHtrato of any city, borough or town corporate in Great nnta.n or Ireland, or any colony, or in any foreign country, and ccrtihed u.uh.r tho common seal of such city, borough or town corporate, or before a j.nlge of any court of supreme jurisdiction m any colony without Camula, or cousuhir agent ,.f her majesty c-xorcismg his functions. (3i Vict., c. U [Ont.].) Tho' seal and signature to such atHdavits need not be proved. A(n.:x()Y. Seo.4.«( to Dealing to ith Agents. See Factors. AMKNfl.-13y 31 Vict., e. m, every alien who, after a con- tu.ued residence in the Province for throe years or upward, takes the oaths of residence and allegiance and procures same to bo ii cd, shall enjoy and may transmit all tho rights and capacities ot a natural-born subject. Hy C. S. Can., c. 3, § 9, every alien has the same powers as to real estate as subjects of her majesty J}y tho connnon law, alie!i friends have a right to trade on the same footing as her maj'esty's subjects. ATTAouMKNT.-By C. S. IJ. C.^ c. 25, an,' person resident in Ontario who may be indebted, and departs from the Province in order to defraud his creditors, and is possessed of any real or ])er- sonal property, is deemed an absconding debtor, and his i)roperty may be attached by writ of attachment. In superior courts this writ is obtained on affidavit of the tacts by any creditor who has a claim over $100, and a further affidavit made by two persons m support. All the property, credit and effects of the debtor may bo attached under the writ and sold. Where there are ii Urn 4 478 PJiO VIiYCF OF ONTARIO. several writs, the property is distributed ratably among such of the attaching creditors as obtain judgments. Apprentioes.— Minors over sixteen may bind themselves, or parents or guardians of minors not under fourteen may bind such minors with their consent. (C. S. U. C, c. 76.) Bills of Exchange. — Acceptances of bills must be in writino- on the bill. The rate of damages on dishonored foreign bills drawn on any person in Europe or the West Indies, ten per cent. If in British colonies, in America or the United States, four per cent on principal sura. Interest is allowed in these cases on the amount for which the bill was drawn, from time of protest to day of repayment. In the case of foreign promissory notes, damages and interest at six per cent may be recovered. Protest of inland or foreign bills or notes may be made on the day of dishonor. In neither case is it absolutely necessary. Notice of protest may be sent through post. Three days of grace are allowed, and when the last falls on a non-juridical day, bills or notes juay be presented on the day following. An indorsement or memorandum of any payment written on a bill or note by the payee does not take out of the statute of limitations. Bill of Lading.— By 33 Vict, 19, rights of action pass to the indorsee of a bill of lading. Formerly the assignment transferred the property, but not right to sue on the contract. Bill of Sale. See Chattel Mortgage. Caebiers. — The common-law liability remains— that is, respon- sibility for all losses by any cause except act of God or of the Queen's enemies. Unusual stipulations do not prevent liability, unless brought to knov/ledge of shipper, nor if concealment of stipulations led to destruction of the goods. Even then, if car- rier be guilty of negligence or misconduct, he is liable for the full value ; and in any case, he is liable for the apparent value of the goods shipped. There is no statute limiting the liability of land carriers in Ontario. Common carriers by water are liable to the same extent as those by land, with tlie additional exceptions, however, of perils of the sea and navigation. This liability is usually restricted by express stipulation in the contract of affreightment, whether by charter-party or by general ship. Imp. act, 17 and 18 Vict., c. imong such of PRO VINCE OF ONTARIO. 470 104, also limits the liability of such carriers. By section 503 it provides against liability, unless goods lost were inserted in bill of lading; and section 504 limits liability of ship-owner to the value ol the ship and the freight due or to grow due in respect 01 it during the voyage. Chattel Mortoages. C. S. U. C, c. 44.-Mortgage8 of goods, not attended with change of possession, must be registered or else be void against creditors. An affidavit of execution and of the mortgagee, as to the genuineness of the transaction, must also be registered. Every such mortgage must be renewed within thirty days next preceding the expiration of one year from the day of iihng or renewing of such mortgage. Certain statements and affidavits are required, which should be carefully attended to. Contracts, Ratification of. See Ratification. CoRPORATioNS.-By C. S. U. C, c. 90, corporations aggre- gate may take and convey land by bargain and sale in the same manner as individuals. CopyKiaiiT.-The only persons entitled to copyright in Canada are any person resident in Canada, or any person being a Brit- ish subjecc and resident in Great Britain or Ireland." 31 Vict c. 54 (Can.). ' EvmKNCE.-By 33 Vict., c. 13 (Ont.), the parties to a suit are competent and compellable witnesses ; and by an act of the last session, husband and wife are competent and compellable, except as to communications made during marriage. Factors.-(7 ^>. Can.,c. 59, contains the following provisions as to dealing with agents : Any person may deal witli an agent, and the contract shall be binding on the principal. Agents are to be deemed owners for ^our purposes: 1. To make a sale or contract. 2 lo entitle a consignee of goods consigned by him to alien 3. To give validity to any pledge, lien or security made with such agent on the security of the goods ; and, 4. To make such contract binding on the owner of the goods, notwith- standing the person claiming had notice he was contra^ing only wi an agent Further, all lona fi.le loans, advanced and exchanges made with agents shall bind owners, provided there be no notice of dealing without authority. Any a-^eut mtrusted with documents of title, such as in ordfnary co'ursf o 480 PRO VINCE OF ONTARIO. i t "■p business are deemed to be proof of possession of goods (for exam- ple, bills of lading, wluirlinger's receipts, etc.), is deemed to be intrusted witli the possession of the goods rejiresented by each document of title, and contracts for a lien founded thereon are valid. Foreign Insurance Companies are required by 31 Vkt.^ c. 48 {Cai\.\ not only to deposit $50,000 with the receiver-general, on which a license will be issued, but also every foreign stock com- pany must have at least $100,000 unimpaired capital, of which the above deposit is reckoned as part. Annual statements are required to be laid before the minister of finance. Foreign Judgments are proved by an exemplification of the same under the seal of the court which delivered them. Jjy 23 Vict, c. , in many suits on foreign judgments any defence can be pleaded that was set up or might have been set up to the original suit. Fraudulent Preferences. See Insolvency. Grace, Days or. See Bilh and Notes. Guaranties must be in writing ; but by 23 Vict., c. 45 (Can.), the conside-'ation for promises to answer for the debt, defaxdt or miscarriage of another need not appear in writing. Hiking and Service. — No voluntary contract of service or indentures to be binding longer than nine years ; verbal as well as written agreements are binding, but verbal ones shall not exceed the term of one year. Insolvency. — Insolvent act of 1869 (32, 33 Vict., c. 10) applies to traders only. Assiijnment is made either voluntarily or by coercion. First. Voliontarikj, by deed executed by the debtor to an official assig- nee, called the interim assignee. lie notifies tlie creditors, to meet, and furnishes the meeting with a schedule of liabilities and assets. The insolvent must attend meetinir for examination by creditors. An assignee is then appointed by the creditors, who takes possession of the estate. Second. By Coercion; a debtor is deemed insolvent and is liable to compulsory liquida- tion in the following cases: 1. If he absconds. 2. If he secretes or is immediately about to secrete any part of his estate and effects. 3. If he fraudulently assigns his property. 4. If, with PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 481 propel ty to be seized under execution. 5. If he has been actunlly .mpnsoned on a civil action on contract for ,^re than t i ,' exan^ined ^^.^^^^l^^^l V;;''^--^^'- -fuses to appear and to bo examined. 7. If he willfully neglects or refuses to obey the order or decree ot the Court of Chancery. 8. If he has madf any gene ral conveyance tor the benelit of his creditors. 9. If he ifenuits any execution issued against him to remain unsatisfied till w S On pi oof of the above facts a writ of attachment (returnable in thirty days) is issued for the seizure of the estate and effec ! of the debtor and three days after the return day of the writtt judge may order a meeting of the creditors to be called, aTwhch an assignee is appointed. At such meeting an offer of col^ tion may be made, which, if accepted, end^the proceeding noifce r '^fr^T-^^'' ''''^''''^ ^" '"« appointment gives notice thereof by advertisement, and must obey instructions of t e affairs of the insolvent by the sale, in a prudent manner of airea estate of all bank and other stocks, and of alH o" ble belonging to him, and by the collection or sah of all de^r He may sue for debts due to insolvent, and distribute ^onls reditors ratably, moneys come to his hands. The claims whfc rank on the estate are all debts due by the insolvent at the me of hismsolvency; any contingent- claim is reserved for tlL con sideration of the assignee. After declaration of final divid nd" failure of assets, the assignee may prepare his final accoun and he insolvent petition for his d^-scharge. Dividends are de ared at intervals ot three months. tlnfr'^lr f y^^^^^-Gratnitous contracts made within tl e months o insolvency are presumed fraudulent and v d while those made for a consideration within thirty days befoi^ "solvency vo.d.ble, and generally all contracts madl wi 1 inte Lzrr^or-^ '''''''"' '-'' ^-^^^^^^ ^^ i->-r ^ Composition and Discharge.-K deed executed by maforitv m number of creditors, who have claims for sums of S J upward and who represent three-fourths in value of the iLilit es binds all the re.t. Consent of creditors, as expressed, absok ty 482 PRO YINCE OF ONTARIO. discharges the insolvent, except as to certain debts specially named. The insolvent may file the deed, and give notice, by advertisement, of his intention to ask for confirmation ; if ho does not, a creditor may notify him to do so. Interest. — The legal rate is six per cent. More than six per cent is not allowed on any contract for loan of any moneys, wares, merchandise or any other commodities ; except that any person may stipulate for, allow and exact on any contract or agreement any rate of interest or discount which may be agreed upon. Banks must not take more than seven per cent, with a certain additional per centage for discounting elsewhere than wbere payable ; on debts certain and over due, if payable by virtue of a written instrument at a certain time, interest may be allowed from the time when such debt became payable ; if otherwise, from a demand informing that interest would be claimed. Joint Contractors. — The effect of absence from Ontario is con- sidered under Limitations^ which see. Lien of Mechanics. — By the " Mechanics' Lien Act of 1873," mechanics, machinists, builders, miners, contractors or other persons working on or furnishing materials for buildings, have a lien on such buildings to the value of such work or materials. No lien exists until a statement of claim is registered before or during the progress of the work, or within one month fi'om the completion thereof. Limitations. — All actions of account or for not accounting, and suits for such accounts as concern trade or merchandise between merchant and merchant, their factors and servants, shall be commenced within six years. Tiie absence from the Province of one joint debtor does not extend the time as against the other ; nor is a judgment against the one who remained in the Province a bar to an action against the one who was out of it. (26 Yict.^ c. 45.) Actions of debt on demise, of covenant or debt on a specialty, of debt or " scire facias,^'' on a recognizance of debt on an award, are to be commenced within twenty years. Disabilities of non- age, coverture, mental imbecility give same time as if there were no impediment. Written acknowledgment or part payment by the debtor or his agent takes out of statute and causes time to run from such acknowledgment. {See C. S. U. C, c. 78, § 9, a/nd 26 Vict, c. 45.) PROVINCE OF OWTABIO. 483 In the Case of Realtt.— No land or rent can be recovered but witlim twenty years from the accruer of cause of action. In the case of lands granted by the crown and not cultivated or improved, forty years. Persons under disability of infancy, lunacy or coverture, and their representatives, are allowed ten years additional from the termination of their disability, but no action shall be brought by any such persons unless within forty years after the right of action first accrued. ^ Married WoMEN.-By 35 Vict., c. 16 {Ont), personal earn- ings of murried women are protected. They may insure their own or their husbands' lives, may hold stocks, deposit and cheque out of banks, and may maintain actions in their own names for their separate property. By "The Married Woman's Real Estate Act, 1873," every married woman over twenty-one may, with her husband's concurrence, convey real estate, or any interest therein, and release or extinguish powers as fully and eJBPectually as if she were unmarried. Master and Servant.— Servant may be remunerated with share of profits without having rights and liberties of partnership. Mortgage of Smps. See Shipping. PARTNEESHip.-By 0. S. C, 60, limited partnerships are allowed in which the special partners are not to be liable for the debts of the partnership beyond the amounts contributed by them to the capital. No part of sum so contributed shall be withdrawn during the continuance of the partnership, but the special partner may receive interest, and, if there are profits, a share of the profits. PaHner8hip.~RQgi%tr&i\on of, required by 34 Vict., c. 20, within six months after formation of partnersliip, restricted to mercantile, mining and manufacturing partnerships. Patent, who may Obtain.— Any person having been resident in Canada for one year before application. Ratification of Contracts.— By C. S. U. C, c. 44, any ratifi- cation of a promise made during nonage, to be binding, must be made by some writing signed by the party to be charged there- with. See Further Limita l.n^. Representations.— By § 10 of C. S. U. C, c. 44, in order to iMti 484 phovince of Ontario. render a person liable for representations regarding character, credit, etc., same must be in writing, signed by the party to be charged therewith. Shipping. — (J. S. Can., c. 41, enacts that to secure the rights of property in colonial vessels navigating the inland waters of the Province, and not registered as British vessels, and to facilitate transfers, and to prevent fraudulent transfers, all persons claim- ing property in any vessel over lifteen tons shall register their ownership in manner provided by act. Vessels are deemed to belong to some port and to be so registered. Property in vessels must be transferred by bill of sale or other instrument ill writing, and is to be divided into sixty-four equal parts, and not more than thirty-two persons can be owners of a ship at one time. Priority is gained by indorsement on the certificate of ownership granted by the collector of the port to which the ship belongs. When a transfer is made by way of mortgage the transaction is so registered, and the mortgagee is not be deemed an owner. Stamps on Bills and Notes. — By 31 Vict., o. 9, for $25, 1 cent ; for $50 and over |25, 2 cents ; for $100 and 6ver $50, 3 cents ; each fraction over $100, 3 cents ; on drafts and bills in duplicate 2 cents for each $100, or fractional part of $100 ; if in more parts than two, on each $100, and on each fractional part of $100, 1 cent. Sureties on payment of principal debt have a right to have assigned every judgment, specialty or other security held by the creditor, and to aU remedies on such assignment. (26 Vict., c. 45, §§ 2, 3.) Usury. — There are no usury laws in Ontario. For the rates of interest allowed, see Interest. Wills, to pass realty, must be in writing, and executed by the testator or by some one under his express direction, and in his presence, before two or more witnesses who shall sign in the presence of each other. Personalty may be bequeathed by any instrument in the testator's handwriting. The law as to wills has been to some extent changed by the " Ontario Wills Act of 1873," which, however, does not come into force until the first of January, 1874. ; be deemed PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 485 WEirrEN Acknowledgments.— C. aS'. U. C, c. 44, and 26 Vict., c. 45. In all actions— 1st. Of account and on the case, other than such accounts as concern trade or merchandise between merchant and merchant, their factors and servants ; 2d. In all actions on snnple contract, or on debt not secured by specialty, and in all actions for arrears of rent, a written memorandum or kcknowledg- ment of indebtedness is required to take the case out of the Statutes of Limitation. No joint contractor shall lose the bene- fit of the Statute of Limitation by reason of a written acknow- ledgment signed by the other, and even if barred as to some the plaintiff may recover as to the others. The statute applies as to set-off. Written Memoeandtjm.— Contracts respecting anything of greater value than £10 are void unless part of goods are accepted by buyer, or he pays a portion of the purchase-money, or unless some note or memorandum of the bargain is made' in writint^ and signed by the party to be charged therewith. * 486 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. I Win;! PROVINCE OF ONTAKIO. iiilS.?: BARBIE— Barrie County. McCarthy & McCarthy, D'Ajlton McCarthy. D'Altox McCaktiiy, Jr. BATH— (and other towns in) Adding^ton County. W. 8, Williams (official assignee and P. O., Napanee, Ont.). Bank of British North America, « Napaneb, Qth May, ISTS. j Tfie Managing Off,ce of the International Merchants' Protective law Association, 74 State Street, Albany, N. Y. Sir. — I have had occasion to employ Mr. W. S. Williams as an attorney for this bank on several occasions, and have always found him well qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. Mr. Williams is prompt and faithful in the interests of his clients; and I have much pleasure in according this testimonial. I am, yours faithfully, B. BRUKUS, Agent. BRAMPTON— Peel Coimty. George Green. This is to certify that Mr. George Green, of the town of Brampton, in the county of Peel, and Province of Ontario, barrister and attor- ney at law, has been well known to me for the last twelve years in the practice of his profession. I have always found him reliable in money matters and punctual and attentive in his business. He has a respectable professional standing. Brampton, County Peel, lUh April, 1873. A. F. SCOTT, Judge County Court, County Peel. PRO VINGE OF ONTARIO. 487 BRANTFOBD — Brantford County. B. F. Mtch. Bbanxpoed, February 18, 1873. o. r. Knk BLAND, Esq.: My Dbab Sib.— B. F. Fitch, Esq., has been in practice here for some years, and has attained an excellent reputation for integrity, ability and careful attention to the interests of his clients. S. READ, Manager Bank of Montreal. BELLEVILLE — Hastings County. MacLeUan & MacLellan, Archibald L. MacLellan. DuNOAN MacLbllan. Judges' Chambers, Bellbvillk, Ontabio, ) Dominion of Canada, 2'dth Ju«., 1873. J I have known Messrs. MacLellan & MacLellan of this place for several years. They stand very high in their profession as attor- neys, solicitors, etc., in Ontario, and are, I believe, well qualified to undertake any legal business entrusted to them. J. M. SHERWOOL, Judge of the County Court of the county of Hastings {formerly Her Majesty^a Meceiver- General for the Province of Canada). CALEDONIA— Haldimand County. Wm. B. Furlong. To all whom it may concern : I have employed Wm. E, Furlong as my solicitor and attorney in several suits, and have found him prompt and reliable, and an able and successful lawyer. R. KIERNAN. Caledonia Woolen Mills, January 20th, 1873. 2h all tohom it may concern : I have known W. E. Furlong, barrister and attorney at law, residing and practicing law at Caledonia for a number of years, and have pleasure in stating that, in my opinion, he is an able law- yer and a reliable man. E. B. WOOD, Queen's Counsel {formerly Treasurer of Ontario, Canada). Toronto, Jamiary 11th, 1873. 488 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. CHATHAM -Kent County. MobeH O'llara. This may certify that I have known Robert O'Hara, Esq., harrifi. ter at law and master in chancery, for some twelve years, and that ho has always been distinguished for his high cimracter and attain- ments. WM. B. WELLS, Judge Co. and Sur. Cts., Co. of Kent, Out. Chatham, Mbmary 25th, 1873. COBOURQ- United Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Cochhurne tC Payne, I, George floras Boswell, of the town of Cobonrg, judge of the county court of the united counties of Northumberland and Dur- ham, certify that I am well acquainted with the firm of Cocliburno & Payne, barristers at law, and know them to bo iu good standinjj in the profession hei*e. G. M. BOSWELL, Judge N. and D. Mbruary 19, 1873. COLLINGWOOD — Simcoe County. Henry JRobertson, L. L. B. The Canadian Bank op Commerce, ) CoLLiNGWOOD, Ont., Jan. 9, 1873. \ I have known Henry Robertson, Esq., L. L. B., barrister, etc., for the past eleven years, and have much pleasure in bearing testimony to his general good character and ability. His professional standing is excellent, and any business intrusted to him is attended to promptly and faithfully. JOHN MACMASTER, Manager Can. Bank of Commerce. FERGUS —and adjoining towns in Wellington Co. Olivei' & MacDonald (P. O. Guclph, Ont.). PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 489 JB8 intrusted ommerce. QODERICH — Huron County. S. L. Doyle. To the " Internationaf Merchants' Protective Law Aasocintion :'* I have much pleaHuro in stating that I am well acquainted with B. L. Doyle, Esq., barrister and attorney at law, of Godericrh, county of Huron, Ontario, and that he is a gentleman of high standing in his profession, both as to character and legal ability. S. BKOUGII, Ju(l;/e, County of Huron, March 24, 1873. aUELPH — WeUington County. Frederick THseoe. I hereby certify that Mr. Frederick Biscoe, barrister at law, ia well known by mo, and I consider him a respectable and safe per- son to intrust with any professional business. Dated at Guelph, this 8th day of January, 1873. A. MACDONALD, Judge of County Court, County of Wellington. HAMILTON — Wentworth County. Martin & Carnenlleti. Richard Maktin. II. Carscallen. (Extract from a Letter received prom Messrs. M. & C.) " In regard to furnishing testimonials signeo by a judge, we would say that, with us in Canada (or rather Ontario), such an appli- cation would be deemed very improper, but we can give you many references as to our standing, among whom are W. G. Crawford Esq., Manager of the Royal Can.adian Bank, of which we are the solicitors ; Messrs. E. and C. Gurncy, Iron-founders ; William M. McGiverin & Co., wholesale Hardware Merchants." DTGERSOLL — Oxford County. McCaiighey i& Walsh. Niagara Districv Bank, ) Ingersoll, Jammry 10, 1873. f To S. F. Knbeland, Esq., Albany: Dear Sir. — I hereby certify that I have known Messrs. McCaughey and Walsh, barristers, for many years; that they are iiK P. Cabon, B. (X L, Fkeobkick W. Andkkws. This firm stands at the head of the Quebec bar.— [Ed. RIMOUSKI A, P. Letendre, Rimouskl County. RiMOUSKi, April 24, 1873. To whom it may concerti : I have had many occasions of appreciating the legal capacities of Mr. A. P. Letendre as advocate, as well as his promptness and faithfulness in business. I know that he has been appointed Solici- tor of the Commissioners of the Inter-Colonial Railway, and has acted to their greatest satisfaction ; and I certify with pleasure that he has conducted the Crown affairs at our last criminal terai ■with great ability. L. A. BILLY, District Magistrate for Rimoiiski. PRO VINCE OF Q UEBEC. S05 CA^fAnA, Pbovinck op Qukhbc, ) RiviKiiK i>u Lour, ^/>W/ 30, 1873. j I do liercl.y certify tlmt A. P. Lcti-ndrc, Eh(|., attornoy, was, until the ruccnt upijoiiitmeut of Mr. Hilly as District MuKiHtrato, one of two mcmborH of the Iv^al firm of Jiijly & Letendrr, wliicli had conHidorablc practice at Itiiuoiwki, and that Mr. Lotondre him- self waH intruHted l)y the (Jovernmoiit of tljo Provinue of Quebec with Mie conduct of the criminal proceedings during the last term, at IlimouHlti, of the Court of Queen's Bench. N. CASAULT, Jmtice of JI. M.'s Superior Court for the 4\ov. of Quebec. ST. HYACINTHE CITY, COUNTY and DISTEICT. liouff/eolH, limhand & Richer, J. B. HOURGBOIS. PiKiiKK Bach AND, M. P. P. T. S. KiCIIKH. S. F. Knkkland, Esq. : Dkau Hik.— Although, upon cenoral grounds, not app.-oving tli*» rule adopted by the Merchants' Protective Law Assoc'atioii, vhich requires, as a thing essential for admission, a testimonial of the pro- fesHiomd standing, signed by a Judge, an application being made for the first time, and by persons fully deserving«credit, I give the present testimonial (being the first and the last), that Messieurs. J. B. Bourgeois, P. Bachand, T. S. Richer, of the city of St. Hya- cinthe, attorneys, practicing in partnership, are entitled to full confidence. L. V. SICOTTE, Judge Superior Court. DiSTBicT OF St. Hyacintiib, Jan. 10, 1873. SHERBROOKB — Sherbrooke County. Wm. Griffith, SnERBRooKE, P. Q., March 5, 1873. I hereby certify that I have known William Griffith, Esq., adv /- cate, of this town, for many years. He bears an unimpeachable character as a man, and is a faithful and reliable attorney. Any- thing that may be intrusted to his professional care, I have no doubt, would receive prompt attention and prudent management. J. S. SAXBORN, Judge Superior Court. I „ 506 PHO VIWCE OF Q VEBEC. SORBL for Richeliau and Yamaska Counties. Adolphe Gertnain. Merchants' Bank op Canada, ) SoREL, January 30, 1873. j I hereby certify that Adolphe Germain, Esq., advocate of this town, is one of the best standing law professional men, and is highly qualified for any legal business which may be intrusted to hira. A. A, TAILLON, Agent. SWEETSBURG— District of Quebec. Mmmet Itaccicot. Recommended by Prof. Perkins, the Member from Montreal, P. Q. THREE RIVERS — District of Three Rivers. A. L. Desaulniers (Member of the Provincial Parliament). I, the undersigned, one of the Justices of the Superior Court for the Province of Quebec, residing in the city of Three Rivers, do hereby certify that Abraham Lesieur Desaulniers, Esq., of the same city, advocate and attorney at law, is honest, upright, able, zealous in the discharge of his professional duties, and occupies a good position at the Three Rivers bar. • A. POLETTE, J., S. C. Three Rivers, February 27, 1873. • ■^» 'V' \ and ks APPENDIX. FORM OF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ALABAMA. 1. Acknowledgment by Grantor and Wipe. State op \ County of, ^ **• I, (insert name and title of officer), do hereby certify that A. B., and C. D., his wife, whose names are signed to the foregoing con' veyance, and who are known to me, acknowledged before me on this day that, being informed of the contents of the foregoing instrument, they executed the same voluntarily on the day the same bears date. Given under my hand this day of AD 18 pC 1 -I iO. . .. L ®^'-J [Signature and title of officer.] Proof by Subscribing Witness. [ ss. State op County of. I, (state name and title of officer), hereby certify that E F a subscribing witness to the foregoing conveyance, known to me, appeared before me this day, and being sworn, stated that A. B. the grantor in the conveyance, voluntarily executed the same in his presence, and in the presence ox G. H., the other subscribing witness, on the day the same bears date; that he attested the same in the presence of the grantor and of the said G. H., who sub- scribed his name as a witness in his presence. Given under my hand this day of A. D. 18 l.^^^^-] [Signature and title of officer.] 1 I [ [!:|l Si 508 APPENDIX. ss. AEKANSAS. 1. AcKNOWLEliOMENT BY GkANTOB AND WlFE. State op County of Be it remembered, that on this day came before me (insert title of officer) A. B., and C. D., his wife, to me well known personally (or proved by two credible witnesses) to be the persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing deed, and the said A. B. acknowledged that he had executed the said deed for the considera- tion and purposes therein mentioned and set forth; and the said C. D., being by me first made acquainted with the contents of the foregoing instrument, acknowledged, in an examination apart from her husband, that she executed the same freely and without com- pulsion or undue influence of her said husband. Witness my hand and seal of ofiice on this day of A. D. 18.. [Seal] [Signature and title of officer.] 2. Proof by Subscribing Witness. State op ) County of j ' Be it remembered, that on this day before me (insert title or officer) came C. D., to me well known personally (or proved by two credible witnesses), who being by me first duly sworn, stated on oath that he saw A. B., the grantor to said deed, subscribe and seal the same on the day of its date, as his act and deed (or that the Baid grantor, A. B., acknowledged in his presence that he had sub- scribed, sealed and executed said deed), for the uses, purpt es and considerations therein expressed, and that he, the said C. D., and E. F., the other subscribing witness, subscribed the same as attest- ing witnesses at the request of said grantor. Witness ray hand and seal of office on this day of A. D. 18.... [Seal] [Signature and title of officer.] FE. (insert title 1 personally rsons whose said A, B. 16 considera- ad the said tents of tlie apart from ithout com- of. f officer.] iert title or ived by two , stated on ibe and seal 'or that the he had sub- arpi OS and C. D., and le as attest- of f officer.] APPENDIX. 509 CALIFORNIA. ; 1. AcKNOWtEDGMENT BY GbANTOK AND 'WlPE. State op ) County of. j **• I hereby certify that on this day of 18,... before me (name and title of officer) personally appeared the within A. B,, and C. D., his wife, personally known to me to be the indi- viduals described in and who executed the annexed instrument aa parties thereto, and acknowledged to me that tbey executed the same freely and voluntarily, and for the uses and purposes therein mentioned.* And the said C. D., wife of the said A. B., having been by me first made acquainted with th« coirtenta of the said instrument, acknowledged to me on examination, apart from and without the hearing of her husband, that she executed the same freely and voluntarily, without fear or compulsion, or undue influ- ence of her husband, and that she does not wish to retract the execution of the same. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal in the said county, the day and year in this certificate first above written. t^- ^0 [Signature and title of officer.] Where the wife does not join in the deed omit all after the * 2. Peoop by Subscribing Witness. ) ss. State op County of [ I hereby certify that on the day of A. D 18 3tore me (name and title of officer) personally apijeared E.' F." who is a competent and credible witness, and personally known to me to be the same person whose name is subscribed to the annexed instrument as a witness thereto, who being by me duly sworn deposed and said that he resides at in the county of .' ^*'^*® °^ ; th!it he was present and saw A. B., known to him to be the same person described in and who executed the annexed instrument as a party thereto, sign, seal and deliver the same ; and that the said A. B. acknowledged in the presence of deponent that he executed the same freely and voluntarily and for 510 APPENDIX. the uses and purposes therein mentioned *and that he, the deponent, thereupon signed his name as a subscribing witness thereto. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal, the day and year in this certifi ate first above written. [Seal.] [Signature and title of officer.] When the grantor or a subscribing witness is not personally known to the officer, the certificate should contain, in the place of "personally known," &c., the following clause: "satisfactorily proved to me to be the person described in and who executed the within instrument (or " subscribed to the within instrument ") as a party thereto (or " as a witness thereto ") by the oath of G. H., a competent and credible witness, for that purpose by me duly sworn, and the said A. B., &c." CONNECTICUT. ACKNOWLEDGMBNT BY GrANTOB. State of I County of j Personally appeared A. B., the signer and sealer of the foregoing instrument, and acknowledged the same to be his free act and deed before me. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal at in said county, this day of A. D. 18 ... . [Seal.] [Signature and title of officer.] ss. DELAWAKE. 1. Acknowledgment by Geantoh. State op County of Be it remembered, that on this day of. A. D. 18 personally came before me (insert title of officer) A. B.,* party to the foregoing indenture (or instrument of writing), known to me personally to be ^uch, and acknowledged said indenture to be his deed. Given under my hand and seal of office, the day and year afore- said. [Seal.] [Signature and title of officer.] APPENDIX. 611 2. By Grantor and Wife. [As above to the *] and C. D., his wife, parties to the foregoing indenture, known to me personally to be such, and severally acknowledged the said indenture to be their deed. And the said C, D., being at the same time privately examined by me apart from her husband, acknowledged that she executed said indenture will- ingly, without compulsion or threats, or fear of her husband'c displeasure. Given under ri^ hand and seal of office, the day and year afore- said. [Seal.] [Signature and title of officer.] 3. By a Corporation. [As in Form 1 to the *] the president (or other presiding officer or legally constituted attorney) of the (name of corporation or bank), to me personally known, and who, being duly sworn, deposes and says that he resides at in said county; that he is president (or other officer) of the (name of corporation) ; that the seal affixed to the within instrument is the corporate seal of said corporation (or bank), and was affixed to said indenture by order of said direc- tors, for the uses therein expressed, and that he by like order did affix his name thereto as president of said corporation (or bank). Given under, &c. [as in Form 1]. DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. Forms 1 and 2 for the State of Delaware, next preceding, will apply in this District. FLOEIDA. 1. Acknowledgment by Grantor and Wipe. State of | County of.. f **" Be it remembered, that on this day of 18 ... . before me (insert name and title of officer or judge), at in said county, and within my official jurisdiction, personally appeared A. B., and C. D., wife of the said A. B., to me known to be the 612 APPENDIX. i »«. parsons who executed the foregoing and annexed deed, by them sealed and subscribed, and severally acknowledged the execution thereof to bo their free act and deed for the uses and purposes therein mentioned. And the said C. D., being privately examined by me separate and apart from her husband, acknowledged tliat the said deed (or relinquishment and renunciation of dower) and the said acknowledgment have been freely an /I voluntarily made, with- out any constraint, compi ^prehension, or fear of or from her husband, the said A. b. In witness whereof, I have Hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal the day and year first above written. [Seal.] [Signature and title of officer.] 2. PbOOB' by SuBSCRtBUTG WlTNES3. State of County of. lie it remembered, that on this day of A. D. 18 before me (title of officer) personally appeared E. F., whose name is affixed as a subscribing witness to the foregoing and annexed deed between A. B. and C. D. his wife, and O. P., who being duly sworn, deposes and says that the said A. B. and C. d! his wife duly signed, sealed and delivered the foregoing deed to the said O. P. as their act and deed, in the presence of him, the said E. F., and also in the presence of G. H., the other subscribing ■witness to said deed, who then, at the request of the said A. B,, duly signed and attesHd the same in the picsence of the deponent and of the said A. B., the grantor. In witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal the day and year first above written. [Seal.] [Signature and title of officer.] If the acknowledgment or proof is taken by the judge of a court of record, there should be attached thereto the following certificate of the clerk of such court: State of | County of j *"' I, M. N., clerk of the court of at do hereby certify that the person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing certificate of acknowledgment was at the date thereof the presi- dent judge (or according to the style of such officer) of said court. • APPENDIX. 513 duly appointed and acting as such, and that I verily believe hia signature thereto is genuine. ^ • Witness my hand and the seal of said court, this day of ^ ^^ '■' [Signature and title of officer..] oZ^r^t" ^''"''7 "' ^'^^^oribing witne . Is unknown to the in Z'f r\ "''"' '""y ^^ ■'^'"'^"'l^^ '» t'^« ™''»nn«r «et forth m the form of acknowledgments for the State of California, ^^ GEORGIA. 1. Acknowledgment by Geantor and Wife. State of \ County of. j **• I hereby certify that on this day of A, D 18 before me (insert title of officer) personally came A." B., and c"d' Ins wife, to me personally known to be the individuals named in and who executed the foregoing instrument, and severally acknowl edged the same to be their free act and deed for the purposes thoret named and mentioned, and the said C. D., being July examined by me separately and apart from her said husband, did declare that she did freely and voluntarily, and without any compulsion from her said husband sign, seal and deliver the said deed for the purposes herein mentioned with intention thereby to renounce, gi/e up and forever qmt-c aim her right of dower and thirds, and all her other interests of, in and to the lands and tenements therein men- tioned and conveyed. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal the day and year aforesaid. ^ ^^^"^•^ [Signature and title of officer.] 2. Proof by Subscribing Witness. State op ^ \ County of. \\\ [ •**• Before me (insert name and style of officer) personally came E. F to me known to be the individual whose signature is affixed to the foregoing deed as one of the witnesses thereto, who, beine sworn, says that he was present at the time when said deed was executed; that he saw the same signed, sealed and delivered by •iiii ;, 514 APPENDIX. A. B., whoso signature is thereto annexcil as grantor; that G. II., the other subscribing witness thereto, was likewise present at said time and witnessed the execution of said deed, and that lie the said E. F., and the said G. II., then and there signed the same as attest- ing witnesses. [Signature of witners.] Sworn and subscribed to before me this day of. 18. Given under my hand and official seal this day of. 18. [Seal.] [Signature and title of officer.] \ ss. ILLINOIS. 1. Acknowledgment by Gbani'OUS, State op County of I (here give name of officer and his official title) do hereby cer- tify that * (name of grantor, and if acknowledged by wife, her name, and add "his wife") personally known to me to be the same person (or persons) whose name is (or are) subscribed to the fore- going instrument, appeared before me this day in person, and acknowledged that he (she or they) signed, sealed and delivered the said instrument as his (her or their) free and voluntary act, for the uses and purposes therein set forth, including the release and waiver of homestead under the laws of the State of Illinois. Given under my hand and (private or official) seal tliis (day of the month) day of (mouth), A. D. (year). [Seal.] [Signature of officer.] 2. Proof by Subscribing Witness. [As in Form 1 to the *] E. F., personally known to me to be a subscribing witness te the foregoing deed, appeared before me this day in person, and after being duly sworn according to law, did depose and say that A. B., whose name appears subscribed to said deed, is the real person wlio executed the same, and that he the said E. F. subscribed his name as a witness thereto in the presence of ami at the request of the said A. B., which is sufficient evidence to me of the execution of said deed. Given, «&c., as above. APPENDIX. 616 Wliere the parties are unknown tc> the officer taking the acknowl- e ^'^ in said county, the day and year last above written, [S'^^l-] [Signature and title of officer.] In lieu of the above forms, the officer may execute the certificate of acknowledgment according to the forms prescribed for the acknow- ledgement of deeds in the State where executed. • ss. NEVADA. 1. Acknowledgment by Grantor. State op | County of f ^" *'"« s the contract, or some note or memorandum thereof expressing the consideration, be in writing, and be sub- scribed by the party by whom the lease or sale is to bo made. TiTI.E II. (No. 2.) § 2. In the following cases every agreement shall be void unless such agreement or some note or memorandum thereof * e.vpr&'\mx\^x in effect to New York, except that the provi- sion in "No. 6" applies to all contracts for the sale of any per- sonal property, goods, wares or merchandise. Georgia is governed by the provisions of the English statutes. -/««no2s.— Same in effect as New York. _ i"n<7/a«a.— Leases for three years or under are not required to be in writing ; with this exception, the New York statutes will apply. No. 9 of the English statute is also adopted. loxoa is similar to New York, except that «No. 6" applies to all sales of personal property, except where labor, skill or money are necessarily to be expended in producing or procuring such property. <=> i t, ^'^ntucky has, in effect, the New York statute, together with No. 9 of the English statute. JJ/ame.-Same as New York, except that the amount in "No. 6 18 hxed at $30, and adopts in addition " No. 9 " of the Enelish statute. ° Maryland copies the English biatutes. Massachmetts.—^wx^Q in effect as New York, adding « No. 9 » of the English statute and the folio »ving section : No promise for the payment of any debt made by any insolvent debtor, who has obtained his discharge from said debt under pro- ceedings in bankruptcy or insolvency, shall be evidence of a new or continuing contract, whereby to deprive the party of the benefit of relying upon such discharge in bar of the recovery of a judg- »' APPENDIX. 648 menu', upon such debt, unless such promise is made by or contained in some writing signed by the party sought to be charged, or by some person thereunto by him lawfully authorized. Michiijan. — Same as Kentucky. Minnesota. — Same as New York. Mississippi.— S&me as New York, except that it does not include " No. 6." JfmoMn.— Similar to New York, except the amount specified in " No. 6 " is changed to $30, and adding No. 9 of the English statute. Nevada. — Copied verbatim from New York statute. New Hampshire. — Same as Maine, except that the amount in " No. 6 " New York statute is changed to $3.3. New Jersey/.— Same as the original English statute, except that the amount in " No. 17 " is changed to $30. This does not include Nos. " 8 " and " 9." North Carolina. — Same as New York, except that leases for three years may be in parol, and " No. 6 " is omitted. Ohio. — No leasehold interest can be granted, except by a written contract signed by the party to be charged thereby; with this exception, the English statute is in full practical effect. Oreffon. — Same as New York. Pennsylvania. — The common law or English statute applies in this State, except that contracts, the consideration of which shall be a less sum than $20, shall not come within the effect of the statute. Ehode Island.— The New York statute will apply in this State. South Carolina. — Governed by the English statute, including Nos. " 8 " and " 9." Tennessee and Texas. — Same in effect as New York. Vermont.— Same as Maine, except that " No. 6 " is changed to Virginia.— Same as New York, adding "No. 8" and "No. 9" English statute. Wisconsin, — Similar to New York. 54i APPENDIX. KianiS AND DISABILITIES OF ALIENS. b~i As the cliaracter and objects of this work arc to a cei tin extent international, it ii deemet' advisable to insert a brief s\ (ioj)si8 of the laws pertaining to those rights and disabilities of aliens, in the several States, peculiarly affecting commerce, that is, in relation to the acquisition and disposition of i)r()i)erty. At the time of our separation from Great Britain we inherited or rather adopted their system of laws, which, under the title of common law, formed the basis or foundation of American jurispni- dence, and still governs, except where the same may be modified or changed by subsequent legislation. By the common law an alien cannot purchase or inherit lands, and as he is incapable of iiilioriting, so he cannot be inherited from. Thus A., a citizen, cam i, inherit from B., an alien. Neither can he inherit from C, a citizen, through B. Although an alien is prohibited from purchasing lands, yet he may by purchase or devise acquire a quasi title, which is good against every one except the government, and he may hold and enjoy the same until office found ; and if he become naturalized, or the government grants its interest therein to him before office found, he has an absolute title. But if he should die intestate in the meantime, the land escheats at once, as no one could inherit from him. Aliens have, at common law, the same rights in respect to personal property as citizens. So an alien friend may maintain a personal, but not a real action. Alien enemies h.ave no rights whatever, and their property is lible to confiscation. The general tendency of legislation in this country seems to be in favor of commercial freedom. In many States there is a com- plete abolition of all laws discriminating between citizens and foreigners in respect to the acquisition or disposition of property. In Alabama, aliens are not only under the common law restric- tions in respect to real estate, but are prohibited from acquiring title to personal property by descent. In Arkansas and Delaware, •i. APPENDIX 046 rmdent ahena who ha„e made a declaration of their intention to become ntrzena; ,n Connecticut, Indiana an.l New Ifanipshin., all resident aliens; and cUl alien., by th« Iuwh of (.'alifornia, FloH.la, ^eorgia, hno.s Maine, MnH«a« husetts. Mic-lugan, Minnesota Nebraska Ohio. Oregon, Pennnylvania, Hl.o.l. Inland, South Carol lina and W isconmn, may take by purchase or inheritance, hoM enjoy and dispose of, and generally have the same rights alul lia! b. .ties ,„ respect to both real and personal property as natural horn ^rone.';' TK ''" '" '''''''''''''"" '' '« ^'""^'^ '•' '^"-«. to tak property by descent, must file their claim with!,, rive vo^rs Worn the death of the mtestate, and that in Pennsylvania the a.nount of real .state to be lawfully owned and hel.l .,y an alien mu not exm^d m amount five thousand acres, nor in value twenty thousand It is provided by the laws of Iowa that resident aliens .'.dl have a the nj, . of citi/ens in respect to property, and that non-resi- dent aliens ,„ay purchase real estate and hold the same for ten years ; they mn;, make . valid conveyance of the .ame during that penod, l,„t not afterward. All aliens may acquire real estate by .lovise or descent, and hold or convey the sa.ae in the same manner as c tizenn, and ndient personal property. The Revised Statutes ot this State, after the foregoing provisions, contain the following peculiarly constructed section : ^ t»^r^L!'^ f\-^^\ " '"'^' P'''""' ^"'"^ '^ "^'''^" «^ t'"" State at te time of his deco.M . nhall have made a will, bequeathing his piope.ty to a oerson who at the time of making such bequest was an .tlHu non-nsident, who subsequently to the making of such bequest becine a resident, .uch alien shall be capable In law of beconnng a d^nsee of such .roperty, as well as if he was a resident ot the State at the time of making such devi. In the State of Kentucky, after two years o. residence, an alien acquires all the rights of citizenship in res,H ro property during the continuation of his residence. ^ V ^y ^"'nng In Maryland resident aliens may purchase, hold and convey real acq., itu thereof makem due ♦"orm a declaration of citizenship, and also become naturalized within a year from the time allowed by law or that purpose; and the heir of anv such alien may inher his i-eal ^tate by complying with the hove provisioifs. The statute further provides that any alien or foreigner may take a mortgage on Ian, . within this State to secure the payment of money ii ■"»- 646 APPENDIX. I St!, actually lent, and cnforco the payment thereof the same as a citizen. In Missouri and Tennessee it is provided that aliens residing witliin tile United States, who have made a declaration of their intention to become citizens, and any resident aliens of the State, may hold, purchase and convey property in the same manner as citizens, and all aliens may take by devise or descent, provided they dispose of the property in good faith within three years in Missouri or within seven years in Tennessee from the death of the intestate. By the laws of New York State, resident aliens, who shall have duly filed a declaration of their intention to become citizens, inure to all the rights of citizenship in respect to property, and every woman, being an alien resident, may take property by devise, and hold the same in fee. The heirs of any renident alien who shall have died intestate, after purchasing real estate in this State, may inherit the same in the same manner as if the decedent was a citi- zen; but if such heirs are male aliens of full age, they must first file in due form the required declaration of citizenship. It is further provided, §i4, page 57 of the Revised Statutes, that " every devise of any interest in real property to a person who, at the time of the death of the testator, shall be an alien, not authorized by statute to hold real estate, shall be void," etc. It has been held by the Court of Appeals in this State that the above provision does not apply to children unborn at the time of the death of the testa- tor. Thus where A. devised real estate to B., a citizen, residing in Canada, for life, the remainder over to her children who were aliens, the statute cuts off the rights of the children born before A.'s death, but after-born children, not being aliens "at the time of the death of the testator," do not come within the provisions of the statute, and will take under the common law, subject only to the rights of the State therein. In Texas an alien resident, who has made a declaration of his intention to become a citizen, may acquire, hold and convey pro- perty in the same manner as citizens. And any alien may take and hold property by 'evise or descent in this State in the same man- ner in which citizens of the United States may acquire and hold real and personal estate in the country of such alien. In the States of Virginia and West Virginia, resident aliens inure to all the property, rights and liabilities of citizens, after they have made the proper declaration of citizenship, and any alien may take by purchase, devise or descent real estate situated in this State, pro- tfs ' »' APPENDIX. 647 vuIhI ho Hhall, within fivo years after such acquiHition, ck-clare on oath, before a court of reeord within Hiieh State, that lie inten.ls to rcHido therein. If any alien holding real estate Nhall, before ottico found, become naturalized, or sell or devise the same, or die seized or possessed thereof, such person himself in the first case, and in the second case the iturchaser, lessee, heir or devisee froju him, if a citizen of the United States, may hold the same free and released from any right or claim of the State or the school fund, by reason of such person having been an alien. Wlien, by treaty, citizens of the United States are entitled to inherit, purchase, hold and convey real property lying in any foreign country, the citizens of such country may inherit, purchase, hold and convey property in the States of Virginia and West Virginia during the time i)rescribed by such treaty. The provisions of the common law in reference to alien enemies are not materially changed in any of the States. The above provi- sions only refer to citizens of a country at peace with the United States. 648 APPENDIX. THE NEW ENGLAND "GRAB LAW." f-t- We invite the attention of parties having business relations with the New England States to the following article contributed by E. M. Forbes, Esq., our law correspondent at Winchester, N. 11. This peculiar system of attachments very materially affect com- mercial interests, and should be understood and applied in forming a basis of credit, as well as in the enforcement of matured claims. Ed. The law of priority of attachments upon mesne process, or what is conmionly and familiarly known as the " New England Grab LaAV," is a system peculiaii to a few States, and has for many years endured liie ridicule of inhabitants of other Stales. Like most laws, it has its good and its bad features — its friends and its ene- mies. To most of us who have for many years lived and practiced under this system, it seems, in most respects, to be the best system that can be devised. It corlainly prevents many people from defrauding their creditors who could easily do so under other systems, and inculcates in the business men of those States where it is in force energy and prompt- ness in the payment or extension of t'loir liabilities. Under this system it behooves a man to look well to all his liabilities, in order til at he may not be broken up in his business, and tends to keep him alert, careful and prudent, making provision and arranging in advance for the payment of his debts as they become due. Thus in many cases he is prevented from incurring extravagant expenses which he might otherwise do, thereby saving the sum toward de- fraying his indebtedness. To this salutary check, we think, may saloly bo traced many of the thrifty, prudent, cautious habits which characterize New Englanders as a class, and which have, among more favor jd neighbors, gained them the reputation of being penurious. In practice under this law the securing of a debt, in case the debtor has sufficient assets which are not exempted from attachment APPENDIX. 549 or sale on execution, is a very simple and expeditious process. The original writ being an attachment and summons, the officer to M'hom it is directed, by proceeding and making an attachment, at once creates a lien in favor of the creditor upon such property of the debtor as he sees fit to lay his attachment upon. This lien is not such a right that it entirely divests the rights of the defend- ant in the suit, but it merely gives the plaintiff some certain know- ledge that whenever he shall obtain judgment in this suit that there will be something out of which he can wholly or in part satisfy the same. In the case of personal property, if movable, the sheriflp or officer at once takes it into his possession. Bulky articles and real estate are attached by a copy, with a proper return thereon, left at the office of the Clerk of Courts, Register of Deeds or Town Clerk, as the statute of that particular State may require. In the case cf property which the officer would ordinarily take into his own possession and remove the same from the premises of the defendant, the defendant has in most Scates the privilege of furnishing the officer making the attachment a receipt, in the nature of a contract, that the articles so attached, or .heir value in money, shall be returned to the officer on demand; this receipt to be signed by some responsible person, and in this manner the defendant may retain possession and have the use of the property until such time as judgment may be rendered, or the officer may see some occasion for demanding the return of the property. The attachment of personal property by different creditors, through different officers, not unfrequently happens, and sometimes causes much strife and gives rise to long, tedious litigation before the rights of all parties are finally sol tied, and in the end there is but little left to pay the debts Avith. I distinctly recollect an instance of tliis nature, occurring many years since, in which I was counsel for a number of the creditors. A manufnturing firm, doing a largt' business, • failed, having outsta.ding a large amount of indebtedness, and, of course, under our attachment system, the creditors must grab all they could, each one bound to look out for himself and intending to let that sombre gentleman who luxuriates in sulphurous fumes take the one who was left in the rear. Two or three deputy sheriffs were sent for, and, armed with the necessary authority, each endeavored to be first and to have his batch of claims secured. The larger portion of the defendant's property was in a building by itself, and two officers, by their returns, claimed to have attached the whole of this property, each 550 APPENDIX. claiming thfit lie was first, and that his attacliment was valid. The result was that, after keeping the cases in court several years, when the decision as to the rights of the sheriif was made there was but a small percentage left to the creditors whose officer had really made the successful attachment; probably if the property could have been sold Avithout incurring too great an expense, there would have been realized nearly enough to have paid the creditors. These cases, I am happy to say, are rare where there is so long and tedious a litigation as in the one referred to, and have now to be numbered among the things that were, and are not. The bankrupt act has provided a method, which is usually adopted, of cutting the knot, forcing the debtor into insolvency and distributing so much of his assets as the assignee can spare among the creditors. In the event of an attachment of property liable to perish, waste or greatly depreciate in value, both debtor and creditor are in most States provided with the means of preventing such loss, as the statutes provide for an appointment, upon petition of either party, of examiners, and a sale of property before judgment ; the pro- ceeds being retained in the hands of the officer until judgment is rendered. Otherwise the officer keeps charge of the property until judgment is rendered, and then the court issues a writ of execution which tlie officer levies upon the property which is attached on the writ, or any other property of the defendant which he may find. This is much better than in some States where there is no way for a creditor to secure a lien on the debtor's property, except he may be able to make affidavit to certain classes of facts prescribed by statute, and must, if he cannot make this affidavit, wait until he can obtain a judgment before he can get hold of any security for his claim. In the meantime the debtor m;iy by some necromancy, well understood by debtors and a certain class of unsorupiilous attorneys, become " poor," and the creditor find that hia judgment is worth- less. The attachment law gives foreign creditors equal chances with home creditors, so far as they see fit to avail themselves of them. All they have to do is to use caution and watch their debtor's con- dition, which we think as a general thing they do, and as seldom lose anything under this system us any other. Of course it gives the careful, watchful, alert creditor the advantage over those who are slothful and negligent. And the active, prompt business man is the one who is entitled to and generally conquers a success in business under any circumstance. »" APPENDIX. 651 Under the "grab" law there is no way for a debtor to so assign his property as to discharge himself from future liability ; but should he place all his assets in the hands of an assignee or trustee for the benefit of creditors, they might still attach upon their unpaid balance of claim any property the debtor might afterward acquire, until such time as their suit was barred by the statute of limitations. This feature has, perhaps, been the worst of the sys- tem, except the fact that any one could commence a suit against a person out of revenge and for malicious purposes (except such cases as are prevented by statute), cause property to be attached and really injure a man very much, when the plaintiff was in no way responsible to the injured party by reason of being one of that independent class who have not, neither do they wish or expect, any property. li 552 APPENDIX. ADDITIONAL NAMES AND TESTIMONIALS. ALABAMA. COXJRTL AND — Lawrence County. E. H. Foster, The State op Alajjama, | Lawrence County. \ I, James H. McDonald, Judge of the Court of Probate of said county, hereby certify that I am well acquainted with E. H, Foster, E8<|., a resident of the town of Courtland, in said county, who is engaged in the practice of law in all the courts of this county, dis- trict and State. His practice in the Probate Court of this county for a number of years, which has been equal to that of any other attorney, together with my observation of his management of his extensive legal business in the various courts of our county, fully justify me in saying that he is prompt and efficient in the discharge of professional duties, and that he is a gentleman in every way meriting confidence, and has uniformly maintained a position of high standing among t|tie legal fraternity. Given under my hand, at office in Moulton, this 9th day of June 1873. ^ ' J. H. McDonald, Jtid^e of Prolate. r MOULTON — Lawrence County. W. r. ChUwood. Moulton, Ala., June 9, 1873. I certify that W. P. Chitv/ood, a practicing kwyer of this place, is of good reputation and standing in his profession. Truly, J. H. McDonald, Jtidffe of Probate Court of Laicrence County , Ala APPENDIX. ARKANSAS. 553 GAINESVILLE — Greene County. B. II, Crowley y late member of Legislature ( I*. O., Crowley, Ark.). References : Elisha Baxter, Governor of Arkansao ; Logan H. Roots, ex Member of Congress from First Congreasionsl District of Arkansas, and now President -': National Bank of Arkansas, at Little Rock; also, Senator Ratcliffe, of Pocahontas, Ark. ; present Member of Congress W. J. Hynes, State at Large, and Lucian C. Ganse, First District. RORIDO — La Fayette County. S, S. Johnson. The State op Arkansas, ) County of La Fayette, \ This is to certify that H. S. Johnson is an attorney at law, in good standing as such, and regularly engaged in the practice of his profession. Lewis VII LB, June 10, 18T3. M. O. KENT, Judge Thirteenth Cmuut, IState of Arkansas. (ALIFORNLV. LOS ANGELOS — Los Angelos County. Samuel Hamilton, GEORGIA. BLACKSHEAR- Pierce County, Simon W. Hiteh. Georgia, \ Pierce Count//, j I, A. M. M<,ore Mayor of the tOAvn of Blackshear and Judge of the Cor])oration Court for said county, do hereby certify "that Simon W. Hitch i^ an attorney ut law, of good professional stand- V,i:;^AS: 554 APPENDIX. ing in the State of Georgia, and that he is the Statj Counsel or Solicitor-General of the Brunswick Circuit, composed of the counties of Appling, Coffee, Clinch, Charlton, Camden, Elysian, Liberty, Mcintosh, Pierce, Ware and Wayne, by appointment of His Excellency James M. Smith, Governor, with the confirmation of the Senate of Georgia. Witness my hand and official signature this June 8th, [i- 8.] 1873. A. M. MOORE, Mayor, etc. CARTBRSVUiLE — Barton Coirnty. Hobt. W, Murphy. Dalton, Ga., June, 1873. lb the International Merchants' Protective law Association, JVo. 74 State street, Albany, N. Y.: The undersigned hereby certifies that he is personally acquainted with Robert W. Mui^hy, attorney at law, at Cartersville, Ga. But this acquoijilince has existed only for a short period. Mr. Mur- phy's character and capacity is good, and judging from all I know of him and of his character, I ch(>evfully state that I believe that he will attend with fidelity and promptness to all business intrusted to him. C. D. McCUTCHEN, Jmlffe of St(2)erior Courts of Cherokee Circuit, State of Ga. ILLINOIS. JONESBOROUGH — Union County. Jachson Friek. INDIANA. COR YDON — Harrison County. Geo. W. fielf. APPENDIX. w ** m/ 509 CRAWFORDSVILLE — Montgomery County. Thomas <£• Thomas, To xchom it may concern : Messes. Thomas & Thomas, attorneys of this city, will faithfully and promptly attend to all business intrusted to their care. P. WASSON, Cashier First National Bank. Cbawfobdsvillb, Ind., June 6, 1873. IOWA. COR YDON — Wayne County. Freeland & Clark. CoRYDON, January 8, 1873. We take pleasure in recommending Messrs. Freeland & Clark as able and responsible attorneys. OCOBOCK BROTHERS, Bankers. CEDAR RAPIDS — Linn County. JR. JET. GiUmore, KANSAS. FORT SCOTT — Bourbon County. Eugene Ware. Fort S-ott, Kac, June 26, 1873. We, the undersigned, hereb} c* ,.v that we are personally acquaint *'d with Eugena Ware, attoruuy at law, at Fort hcott, and cheerfully rooommoiid him. C. II. OSBERN, Asst. Cashier First Nat. Bank. CHAS, \X. BLAIR, Jud(,e Sixth Jud. Dist., Kan. 556 APPENDIX. SALINA — Saline County. John Foster, Salina, Kansas, June 24, 1873. For integrity, professional honor and ability I most earneHtly r-jcommend and indorse John Foster, Esq., of this place. JOHN H. PRESCOTT, Judffe Fourteenth Jud. Dist., State of Kansas. We consider John Foster, Esq., a good and prompt attorney. JOHN GRIS & CO., Bankers, Salina, Kan. MINNESOTA. BEAVER FALLS— RenviUe County. John 31, Uorman (Court Commissioner and City Attorney). Office of Judge op Puoiute, Rkxville County, [ Beavek Falls, Minn., June 13, 1873. \ To xohotn it may concern : I have been acquainted with John M. Dorman, Esq., for some years, and I fu'ly recommend him as responsible and qualified to undertake any legal business intrusted to him. Mr. Dormaii is prompt and faithful as an attorney in the interest of his clients. MOSES LITTLE, Judue of Prolate. We cordially indorse the above. IIERRIC BRO'S, Hardware Ilcrchants and General Dealers hi Affrictdtural Implements. Dated Beaver Falls, Minn., Jime 13, 1873. MINNEAPOLIS J. Guilford. Hennepin County. MISSOURI. BUCKLIN — Linn County^ Thos. Whitaker. APPENDIX. PENNSYLVANIA. 657 SCRANTON — Luzerne County. A» H, Wlnton. ScuANTON, Pa., June 11, 18^.1. I cortify that A. IF. Wiiiton, Esq., is one of tlio loading attoriioyM of tiuB city, and is in all rospoctB reliable and truHtworthy. E. It. MILLS, Cashier of the Second Nat. Bank of Scranton, Pa. CANADA — PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. ST. THOMAS — Elgin County. John Farley. St. Thomas, Ontario, June 2(J, 1873. S, F. Rnkelanp, Esq., Managing Attorney: Siu. — From a perHonal and jjrofeasional acquaintance of John Farley, barrister and attorney, for several years, I have no hesita- tion in recommending liim as a professional gentleman to whom business may safely be intrusted, as ho is in all respects an honor- able man. TIIOS. BLAKENEY, Manager Molaon'a Bank. INDEX. m Paoi. PREFACE g MEMBEllSIIIP 5 TERMS FOR COLLECTIONS g LAWS AFFECTING COMMERCE — THE STATES, TERRITO- RIES AND PROVINCES -ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.. 9 NAMES OF PLACES REPRESENTED BY ATTORNEYS, AR- RANGED ALPHABETICALLY IN EACH STATE AND TER- RITORY, AND DOMINION OF CANADA 14, 552 DOMINION OF CANADA: NEW BRUNSWICK, PROVINCE OF 455 NEW FOUNDLAND, PROVINCE OF 407 NOVA SCOTIA, PROVINCE OF 408 ONTARIO, PROVINCE OF 475 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, PROVINCE OF 500 QUEBEC, PROVINCE OF 503 APPENDIX: ADDITIONAL NAMES AND TESTIMONIALS 553 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, FORMS OF 507 ALIENS, RIGHTS AND DISABILITIES OF 544 FRAUDS, STATUTE OF 539 " GRAB LAW " OF NEW ENGLAND 543 Irii. 1 PARKER & HERRICK, »aoo«iiHor« to ^V. O. LIXTLK -Sc CO. as Publi«hclllty and experience commund the conHdunce of tho Legal I'rofegilon. These are the only Blanks published in the State that are correct as to form. 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Particular attention given to supplying Continuations op Sets in Libha- niES, promptly, at reasonable rates. Second-hand Books Bought and Sold. CAsxi cusTOBfiERs e:sx>e:cxa.x.]:.y invited. WH HAVH constantly ON HAND lawyers' |6|ljlm, uiw aai m^uni jIyIi, |e(iprj, J[iy |QQk|. TOWN AND COUNTY RECORD BOOKS MADE TO ORDER IN THE BEST MANNER. ETSUBSCBIPTIONS TAKEN FOB THE LEADING PERIODICALS. Authors of Law Books liberally dealt with. STAmONERY OK AXiiX. KINDS SUPPLIED. AVERY HERRICK, PLAIN AND FANCY JOB PEINTEE, 4r96 BI^O-A.ID ^W ^ Y,