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 No. I._ON THE USK OF SKINES IN INLAND WATERS. 
 Br Pbofessoh Fbince, Commissionkr of Fisukkiss. 
 
 t 
 
 Among many meauures that have been taken for the preservation of the tish 
 wealth of our inland lakes and vivers, the eatabliuhment of close neasontj, affording 
 protection to breeding fish, the liberal stocking of waters with fry from the Govern- 
 ment hatcheries, and the regulation of modes of fishing by mesh restrictions and the 
 like, have proved of direct and substantial benefit. Without such regulations our 
 vast fresh water fisheries would already have been wholly depleted. Canadian fish- 
 ermen on the lakes readily recognize the value and utility of the fishery bws of the 
 Dominion, and an eminent United States authority* testified not long ago to " the 
 greater prolificness of the Canadian waters at the present time in whitefish and 
 trout " when comparing the north and south shores of Lake Ontario. 
 
 It cannot be denied that measures still remain to be taken to further aid in the 
 recuperation of our fisheries. While protecting full grown fish when about to spawn 
 it is forgotten that protection, too, is necessary for the fry, when newly hatched and 
 during the first months of their existence. The destruction of very young and im- 
 mature fish which were of little or no value to the fishermen, is a source of danger. 
 
 The fact needs no demonstration that our fisheries really ultimately depend up- 
 on the welfare and abundance of young fish. Anything detrimental to them in their 
 early and defenceless stages afi'ects injuriously the fisheries as a whole. If the young 
 be injured or destroyed the supply of adult fisn in the future will diminish or cease. 
 Artificial fish-culture, moreover, being carried on upon an extensivescale and vastquan- 
 tities of young fry deposited annually, these cannot adequately benefit the fisheries 
 if the liberated schools are disturbed or devastated. Scientific observation has shown 
 that the minute and defenceless fry of the greater number of valuable fishes, fresh- 
 water aud marine, resort to comparatively shallow water during the first months of 
 their existence. The surface of the sea in certain areas has been found to bo alive with 
 swarms of delicate young fish, and the shallow waters in our lakes and rivers are the 
 favourite haunt of multitudes of young. This is so for many rea-sons. The light and 
 warmth necessary for rapid growth are furnished there. At greater depths the 
 water is cold and comparatively dark. Further, safety from the attacks of larger 
 fish is better secured than in deeper water. Some fish are found to prefer shingly 
 beaches, where pebbles abound, attbrding crevices for shelter when danger is near; 
 others choose a smooth sandy bottom, especially in shellored bays and creeks, over 
 which they roam in search for minute food, chiefly infusorians, minute crustaceans, 
 molluscs, &c. The schools of diminutive fish in such regions are of the most varied 
 character including worthless as well as valuable species. A finemeshed naturalist's 
 seine, used in Lake Erie, captured in one haul, very small bass, lake herring, pike- 
 perch or pickerel, and various kinds of suckers and shiners. At certain seasons the 
 shores swarm with small lake herring in the post-larval stage, somewhat larger and 
 mr e active than the delicate and helpless larval stage. Fishery Overseer Boismior 
 (DetroitRivei- Division) lofers* to tlu> abundiince of young fish in the shallows of 
 Detroit Kiver and Lake St. Clair. " It is staled," he says, " that millions of young 
 fish are destroyed by parties seining for minnows in shallow bays." It is also said that 
 
 *Dr. Hiijrh M. Sinitli, Bull. V. S. Fish noiimiiH.Hi.m, 1,S!»0 p. ]«5. 
 *KfIx>lt (jf thf Dipaitliieiit IS'.lO, Ap]., C, |). l!l». 
 
■T— T— • 
 
 i: 
 
 2 
 
 AfA HINM '-I 
 
 AND FISHERIES. 
 
 apuwn iH ''at timeH drugged anhnre by th« Heine; but huuIi mubHeH of Hpuwn me 
 probably dialodsed by HlormH, and .ih ty rule the ueinu will not intorferu with Hptiwn, 
 nnleiw io localities choHen by the viiriouH Uindrt of biiHg. 
 
 It io precisely Huob shallowii u^t those here referred to, with beaches of Hiind or 
 pebble, in which seining is curried on. The net is, as it were, thrown around the 
 nth withiD a short distance of shore, and is pulled to land. Heforu being hauled in 
 both eude are ««cure<l on shore, and the net forms u complete indosuro, capturing 
 everythiog within its sweep and extending in some oases us much us 1,000 feet, with 
 12 feet dapth in the middle, though the dimensions are often less than these. 
 Capturea in the seine are of a ver}' varied nature, and as the meshes are loose, und 
 not usually fully open, as in a fixed net, like a pound, many Hsh are entangled which 
 are of no value for market purposes. Young tisb, includeu in this mi.xed catch, are 
 mostly injured, and may be thrown ashore us useless. Further, the constant use of 
 eeines, aweeping over the ahallows, has •■• very unfavourable etlect on the shoals of 
 small fish. They are disturbed in theit migratory movements and driven into 
 deeper water, where they are exposed to tue uttacks of larger fish. Indirectly, as 
 well as directly, the schools of fry are injuriously affected. Professor Ramsay 
 Wright hutf referred* to the capture of immature whitefish by herring seine nets, 
 and pointed out that the sarpfus fish are used as manure when the market is 
 glutted. Similarly, Dr. H. M. Smilh.t in his report already referred to, speaks of 
 ground where whitefish formerly spawned in considerable numbers and, wnere the 
 young now appear to congregate at times, on which quantities are taken for bait, 
 measuring 1^ to 3 inches long. The fishermen when using the seine can hardly 
 know theextentof injury they inflict; for when very young, our valuable good fishes 
 are transparent, minute, and almost invisible in the meshes of the not. 
 
 That valuable fry are thusdisturbefl, injured and destroyed, there can be no doubt. 
 It is impossible to avoid this where so ning is carried on. But ihe destruction of 
 the young of inferior species, usually regarded as worthless, is most harmful. These 
 small fishes, or minnows, are the favourite food of pike-perch or pickerel, salmon- 
 trout and other predaceous fish. The abundunce of these more valuable kinds 
 depends largely on the abundance of smaller varieties on which they largely livri. 
 The term minnow applied to these small fishes is used indiscriminately and embraces 
 nearly twenty species, including some of the more valuable food fishes. 
 
 As compored with the fixed pound net, inshore, through the meshes of which 
 the very small fry mentioned readily pass without injury, or again, with the gilt-net 
 hanging with fully extended meshes in deeper water, the seine is by far the most 
 injurious from the point of view here considered. 
 
 •Rep. Ont. Game ftnd Fish Comm., 1892^ p. AW. ■ 
 
 tBull. U.S. Fish Comni., 1890, p. 210. ,' 
 
 Al 
 been pi 
 Laborif 
 ThJ 
 has tal 
 in the [ 
 ment i 
 should! 
 und tti 
 made 
 author! 
 Canadil 
 reach« 
 practic 
 fd 
 in the 
 gation I 
 nutchij 
 neceasi 
 fisher 
 have 
 and lifJ 
 ledge if 
 /Tl 
 institui 
 which,! 
 no 80o| 
 marine 
 the api 
 
 a dozetf 
 Scotch] 
 place8,j 
 Italy, 
 made 
 of the 
 work ?| 
 in cont 
 the wol 
 
 ' waters r 
 abundt 
 charact 
 while \\ 
 culties I 
 Sir 
 veatiga| 
 searche 
 vestigal 
 student 
 studiesj 
 needed] 
 
StAHINE SCtHSTIFIC STATION FOH CANADA. 
 
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 •.( ii> 
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 with 
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 and 
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 I, are 
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 MOtH, 
 lift IH 
 
 liUs of 
 
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 tinliOH 
 
 Itniibt. 
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 kindn 
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 ir:icoH 
 
 I which 
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 1; most 
 
 No. II.— A MARINK SOIKNTIKIO STA'^lO^J l<'OR CANADA. 
 
 I 
 
 Bt pRonetiHOR I'hinuk, ('ommissionkk ok FiHiiKuiKd. 
 
 At the requoHt oftho MiniMttii- of Marino and FishurioH Iho following roport hud 
 bet)u propured embodying certain HUggoitionH touching the foundation of a Marine 
 Laboratory for iho Dominion. 
 
 There is a growing fooling prevailing that our country, which in ho manyrespeolH 
 hoM taken u leading place among tho ni«tionH in regard to fishery matters, especially 
 in the administratioa of judicious fishery laws and regulations, and the accomplish- 
 ment on an extensive scale of practical fishery objects such as artificial fish culture, 
 should take a position of equality with other countries in the furtherance of marine 
 and fresh water biological research. Proposals, indeed, have fiom time to time been 
 made in this directio;i, and professors in our universities, as well as practical fishery 
 authorities, have given strong expression to views in favor of a biological station for 
 Canada, od the lines of such institutions in other countries. A period has now been 
 reached, it may be justly clairr^ed, when such a suggested scheme should assume 
 practical shape. 
 
 Pot;Bessed, as the Dominion is, of perhaps the richest and most varied fisheries 
 in the world, the exemplar to other countries in hor elaborate system of fish propa- 
 gation for the replenishment of the groat lakes and rivers, and a pioneer in the 
 hatching of that valuable crustacean, ths lobster, it is not surprising thai the 
 necessity is now perceived for an institution devoted to the accurate investigation of 
 fishery problems, the elucidation and final settlement of perplexing questions which 
 have bafHed practical men, the collection of exact observations on the food, habits, 
 and life-history of fishes, and the accumulation in this way of useful scientific know- 
 ledge in order to promote the prosperity of our coast and inland fisheries. 
 
 There are few civilized countries which have not already established such 
 institutions. That their value is appreciated is clear from the p?. icy of Germany, 
 which, notwithstanding her limited coast line, bus several marine laboratories, and 
 no sooner became possessed of Heligoland, so long a British possession, than a 
 marine station was founded there by the German Government and equipped with all 
 the appliances for aiding the fisheries of that empire. 
 
 Directly or indirectly under the auspices of the British Government, about half 
 a dozen marine stations carry on valuable work on different parts of the Knglishand 
 Scotch coasts, at Plymouth, St. Andrews, Dunbar, Grimsby, Millport, and other 
 places, while the splendidly equipped laboratories of the tjnited States, France, 
 Italy, Holland, New Zealand, Australia, and other lands are famous. These have 
 made valuable contributions to our knowledge of fish and fisheries in various parts 
 of the world. Why should the Dominion be unable to do hor part in this groat 
 work ? Is it because Canada offers less field, or has fewer difflouii; problems to solve 
 in connection with her fisheries ? On the contrarj', it is no exaggeration to say that 
 the work done in other countries could be far surpassed by ('anada, and that our 
 waters offer unparalleled opportunities for scientific research, with the certainty of 
 abundant and valuable results. Prolific as our fisheries are, the infinitely varied 
 character of our maritime resources has yet to be fully understood and developed, 
 while le'-islalion in regard to the lishorios would bo no longer hampered by diffi- 
 culties and drawbacks, were a body of Mcientifically ascertained knowledge available. 
 
 Sir William Dawson, Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, and their colleagues, by their in- 
 vestigations in the Gulf of wSt. Lawrence, and Professor Ganong and others by re- 
 searches in New Brunswick waters, have shown what a promising field for in- 
 vestigation exists. But the fact that year after year professors and bands ot 
 students from the United States resort to Canadian shores to carry on marine 
 studies, preferring our prolific waters to their own, clearly proves, if proof were 
 needed, that a Marine Station in Canada would be able to accomplish great results 
 
MAtttSE Aifh FlHHKIittSS 
 
 The liiU I'roru^Hor MnitelHy, of Orloid, imturtilist on tho f'umoiiM "Clialloiti<ttr " 
 oxptMlitiDii, oiu;u iluclitroil liiN conviction that no fisheriurt oi/uhi be i-ikrri«)l on with 
 iiil«<|uatM HiicevHrt iin<l re^ultitud witli rtuoniity unlesn ii ^uittnliHu knowled^u of their 
 vonditionn nn<l churiictui had henu ohtuinod hy the ruHonrcho.i of Hcittntitli; obrturvuii. 
 " I do not think," he declured, in London, March ^iUt, lijH4, " tbut any invuHti^ation 
 not ol u Alrictly ■cientiHc chaructur is of much vuiuo with rnjrard to practical le- 
 nultM. ft in only by the n>i>il thorou;;h Hcinntitlo vvoi k tliut wo Hhall uvur arrive ut 
 the IncreHtting, for example, of our HUp|dicr* of oyMtorw aii<l lobrttorH." l'rofeM«or 
 MoHeUy had almont uniMiuallt'd opportunities, duritii; lliu cruirte of II. M. ij. 
 'ChullengtT,' for rninine an iiiiii^ht into th«t life ot the Hoa in the inotit diverxe 
 reeioHH ot the globt), and it wax clear to him that for the "ifuty of thtt fitthin^ induH- 
 tnen themnulved, and for the proxpcrity of lhonH eni^aj^od in them, u thoroughly 
 accurate knowledi^e of the conditionii of life in the watorn, the j^jrowth, hpawninu 
 period.'*, and migrutiormof the more valuable tiHhun wa.s(d'pikramount importance, (f 
 It be the duty of (lovernment to protect and foHter the tirihurieH in all logitimute 
 ways, it ih equally the duty of (lovornment to inveHtij^ate the causes which ren- 
 der Huch protection nt^cessary; and to oHtabliHh Huro and unqauHtionnble grounda for 
 action. 
 
 An opinion has nrevailud to a lamentable extent that tishery quostionx are all 
 purely practical, and the lui's that Hcitnice tnterferea the better. Uut no greater 
 error <« posaible. Year after year nerptoxing probleniH and diilicultiea have arisen 
 in connection with the flshttrius, and in onler to gut at the facts and causes involve<J, 
 uommisNions of inquiry have been institute<i. Such commissions have collected the 
 views of various parties, and, on the opinions obtained, have often taken action. 
 Bat opin'f.ns vary. There is hardly any unanimity, amongst those chietty intoroslod, 
 upon any fishery question, and the views expressed aro ofteti so (ipposed to each 
 other, that etHoient action in the way of legislation has not been possible. 
 Protective laws, regulations as to close seasons, restrictions as to tra|)s, nets and 
 methods of fishing, can never be satisfactorily framed if based merely upon opinions 
 and the varied views of those interested. Men engaged in chemical industries, in 
 engineering, farming, &c., have sought the help of science and received prac- 
 tical aid of the utmost value. Why should the fisheries not rocoivo similar aid from 
 science, and make progress under the reliable guidance of accurately ascertained 
 knowledge? The migrations of fi>hes, the fluctuations observed in their abun- 
 dance from season to season, their reduced numbors, or in some cases, total dis- 
 appearance in certain areas, and their unex|)ected appearance or increased abundance 
 in other waters, are at present largely matters of conjecture. But such movements, 
 and such decrease or increase in the quantity of fish depend upon causes which cm 
 be discovered, and their discovery would place in tho hands of fishermen the powei- 
 to carry on their work to the best advantage and not Oy mere chance or luck. 
 Observations on the abundance and nature of the food on the floor of the sea wouM 
 no doubt be a certain guide to the movements of fishes, while changesof temperature 
 at the sea bottom, and other conditions are of groat importance. Professor 
 Mcintosh, u leading Kuiopean fishery authority, has shown from laborious investi- 
 gations conducted at St. Andrew's Marine Laboratory, Scotland, that with the pro- 
 gress of the year there is a regular sequence in the kinds of animals which people 
 the waters of the sea in certain areas. These animals aft'ord food for the fishes, 
 young and adult, and that the abundance and character of the food directly affects 
 the numbers and kind of fish frequenting certain waters needs np demonstration. 
 Kach month, indeed, seems to be characterized by the appearance of special forms of 
 marine life. This fruitful field of investigation has never yet been entered upon in 
 tho waters of the Dominion. Tho first steps have yet. to be taken in this and a host 
 of other lines of study. Tho foundation of a marine station upon the coast would 
 rendei- possible the prf)secution of such necessary researches. The individual efforts 
 of naturalists can never lead to the rapid accumulation of facts necessary to a science 
 of the Canadian fisheries. Only a proj)erly equipped marine station can accom- 
 plish fruitful results. It would form a centre of operations whence systematic work 
 could be carried on; where by appropriate appliances and instruments, with the 
 
 ■killed aii 
 lie. liOgl 
 Hornewhaf 
 flicting 
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 hlbited, \^ 
 at ditfereif 
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 have eveij 
 effect of I 
 Bi7,e of 
 in tho ci 
 been Just 
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 basis of p[ 
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 various 
 would fall 
 upon th J 
 tion ofthJ 
 the thorol 
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 calculatec 
 most valil 
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 before hii 
 deteriorati 
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 work oarti 
 gation sh( 
 methods 
 ' of great 
 most app{ 
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 enemies uJ 
 growr.,, ik\ 
 for scieni 
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 suggest it 
 been mad (I 
 No doubt r 
 ment, anc 
 London 
 equate is 
 Pleuronecl 
 so high (J 
 wealth to 
 alive to tl 
 Norwegiail 
 this deficitl 
 ranking hi 
 fishingresij 
 the thoroui 
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 cognized >] 
 iletermine.] 
 
T 
 
 |alloit;,'er " 
 
 on with 
 
 J «t' their 
 
 |eiiti&(!itioii 
 Icticnl re- 
 
 iirrive at 
 
 I'rofeMsor 
 
 H. M. S. 
 
 \yt diverse 
 
 n<( iiulus- 
 |:ioroiighly 
 
 spawning 
 Irtiince. If 
 jlcgititnate 
 
 vhich ren- 
 Irounds for 
 
 Ins iive all 
 lio greater 
 lave arisen 
 
 i involved, 
 
 ccted the 
 Jen action, 
 li I) te rested, 
 Tod to each 
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 nets and 
 ill opiniona 
 biistrius, in 
 tved prac- 
 |r aid from 
 Iscertained 
 lieir abun- 
 k total dis- 
 Jfibuudance 
 liovements, 
 I which can 
 J the power 
 |e or luck. 
 
 sea would 
 Iniperature 
 
 Professor 
 Ims investi- 
 I'.h the p ro- 
 ll (;I> people 
 
 I the lishes, 
 
 ■tiy jilfects 
 J )iisiration. 
 Ill forms of 
 
 id upon ill 
 
 iiud a host 
 |)!iKt would 
 
 luiil etfort.s 
 [u a science 
 [:iin acconi- 
 In.'Uic work- 
 
 ^ with tlio 
 
 MA RINE SCIENTIFIC ST A TION FOR CA NA DA . 5 
 
 skilled aid of officialu, the results could be put into shape for the service of the pub- 
 lic. Legislation has done much ir. regard to the fisheries, but it has often proceeded 
 somewhat hazardously anrl without a trustworthy basis of knowledge. Hence con- 
 flioting regulations, alterations and amendments havn too frequently followed. 
 Special forms of fishing apparatus have been encouraged, others discouraj^ed or pro- 
 hibited, while the meshes of the various nets have been altered, according to law, 
 at different times. Such legislation may have worked harshly in many instances, 
 though OD tne whole it has been admittedly beneficial, yet no adequate experiments 
 have ever been carried on with the object of demonstrating for instance the actual 
 effect of meab regulations. On the one hand, it has been argued that the 
 size of mesh has little effect upon the capture of particular sizes of fish, 
 in the case of certain species; while on the other hand the opposite view has 
 been just as strongly urged. It is patent that such disputed questions could readily 
 be settled by experiments carried on at a scientific station and an unquestionable 
 basis of proved facts provided foi- fut ire legislative action. Scientific investigations 
 carried on by competent experimenters, would decide, once and for all, these debate* 
 able matters. The comparative efficiency, destructiveness. and wastefulness of 
 various methods of fishing, could be ascertained in the same way. Other work 
 would fall within the scope of a marine station, all having a most dii-ect bearing 
 upon the practical and mercantile aspects of the fishing industries. The investiga- 
 tion of the resources of the vaiious aveas along the lengthy coast of the Dominion, 
 the thorough examination of extens.ve regions of the sea 'bottom and the deter- 
 mination of fishes and special proc'ucts, peculiar to these various regions, are 
 calculated to place in the fisherman's hands precisely the information which will be 
 most valuable to him. Such knowledge directs him to new and unsuspec'ceu 
 grounds, saves him from fruitless trials of unproductive aj-eas, und may even bring 
 before him valuable fishes of whose value and abundance he was not aware. The 
 deterioration of areas once productive, the partial or total disappearance of certain 
 fish, these and other .^roblemri can only be solved by the accurate and systematic 
 work carried on froia some central station on the coast. The results of such investi- 
 gation show the causes of deterioration and may lead in some cases to practical 
 methods of restoration to former productiveness. The introduction of new species 
 of great market value and the creation of new industries is one of the readiest and 
 most apparent ways in which science is able to benefit the fisheries. The nature of 
 the food, the conditions of breeding and embryonic life, the presence or absence of 
 enemies and hurtful influences, in short, all the conditions influencing the welfare, 
 growth, and increase of such transferred or newly introduced species, are matt'^rs 
 for scientific investigation, preliminary to practical stops. The introduction 
 of the European sole (Solea vulgaris) is one of the first experiments which wou.'d 
 suggest itself, after the preliminary investigations had been completed. A trial has 
 been made in the United States, but the results have not proved very satisfactory. 
 No doubt many sandy areas, on our own coast, are well adapted for the experi- 
 ment, and the English sole is now one of the most valuable of food fishes. The 
 London market is being supplied from Norwegian and more distant waters, so inad- 
 equate is the aupply obtainable in British waters. It is a species, like all the 
 Plouronectidse, extremely tenacious of life, tvnd its value in the Eni^lisb mark^ls is 
 so high that the introduction of such a fish, if successful, would prove a source of 
 wealth to the fishing population on our coasts. Soles could no doubt be conveyed 
 alive to the London markets, for the voyage is liUie longer than that of the 
 Norwegian boats, which at present carry on a highly remunerative British trade in 
 this delicious and esteemed fish. But the experimental introduction of new fishes, 
 ranking high in economic importance, is secondary to the full development of the 
 fishing resourcesof our waters as they atprcsent exist. There is every probability that 
 the thorough and systematic investigation of the fauna of our Atlantic coast, carried 
 on from such a Marine station as Canada ought to possess, would lead to the discov- 
 ery of fishes of economic value at present existing in our waters though unre- 
 cognized and unappreciated. The anchovy has been recoi-ded, though probably 
 determined on insufficient grounds, on the Pacifio coast of the Dominion. Itishigiily 
 
m 
 
 ^ 
 
 6 
 
 MAIUNE AND FISHERIES. 
 
 probable therefore that thia tiuh occurs in our Athintic wnters, and it '» one of the 
 moat delicate and highly esteemed of our Hahes. If bu, a new and valuable industry 
 Would be readily opened up, just as in the smelt fishing recently developed in certain 
 rivers in the Maritime Provinces. The value of the nmelt wan not appreciated until 
 within the last few years and in such a river as the Miramichi the smelt fishery 
 hoA risen to the position of a highly remunerative industry. From investigations 
 pursued at the Ffymouth Marine Laboratory it has been shown that on the south 
 ooast of England anchovies are plentifully captured in sprat and pilchard nets, and it 
 has been pointed out by scientific workers at that laboratory that a regular 
 fishery could be established. On the coasts of Holland, France, Spain and Italy, such 
 an anchovy fishery has long been carried on with profit to the fishermen. The an- 
 chovy migrates and schools much after the fashion of the mackerel, and they are 
 netted in a similar way, when coming into the sh.'iliow waters. Whether fishee: 
 of econotnic value such as the anchor y, the pilchard, the sprat &c., really inhabit 
 our waters or not, cannot be decided in our present state of knov/ledge. At certain 
 seasons vast schools of small fish, roughly classed aa " Britt " or regard^ as "Tinkers," 
 invade particular portions of our littoral waters, and a thorough study of these 
 smaller forms must yield important knowledge and throw light upon tl^e productive- 
 ness and range of oar fish supply. Becent fishery investigations have more and 
 more clearly demonstrated that a knowledge of small fishes, whether small species 
 i.e., distinct kinds, or merely the young of larger and familiar forms is of supreme 
 value. And it is precisely of these smaller and often despised fishes that exact know- 
 ledge is most lacking. It is possible in a great degree to foretell the probable abun- 
 dance or scarcity of fish in future seasons, from observations on the schools of young 
 fish which make their appearance in certain areas. At present it is a matter of 
 little interest to those whose living depends upon the prosperity of the fisheries, 
 what the precise nature of these young fish may he, and their presence in the coastal 
 waters has not been regarded as of much importance from a practical point of view. 
 But it is not ao. The studies of the scientific observer have proved the fallacy of this 
 common opinion, and have established, beyond doubt, that these schools of fry direct- 
 ly and indirectly indicate a good or bad fishing season. Directly they do this bo- 
 cause when these schools are carefully examined by competent authorities they often 
 prove to be the fry of fish most valued as food, or again if not themselves the young 
 of such fishes, they form a favourite food of esteemed kinds. In the warm summer 
 months vast schools of minute fishes — one or two inches in length, occur oft' the Bay 
 of Chaleur and further north. The local fishermen regard them as young mackerel, 
 others as herring, others as cod and hake. As a matter of fact these important 
 schools of small fry have never been studied by any observer, and of what kind of 
 fish they really consist has never been decided. More than this, the work carried 
 on in ot'mr countries has shown that we can never understand the fisheries, the con- 
 ditions of their prosperity or decadence without a knowledge of the eggs and spawn- 
 ing grounds. Almost nothing is known of this great subject so far as Canadian 
 waters are concerned. I^or can such studies be successfully carried on until a pro- 
 perly equipped hauls of operations has been provided in a ma* ine station where 
 this work could be prosecuted. On the foundation of such a stat .on these important 
 problems would be attacked at once and much desired knovvled< e obtained. 
 
 Not only is a knowledge of the distribution and comparative abundance of th« 
 economic fishes in our waters needed, but the general condition.: and the probabili- 
 ties of success iu stocking new waters, or it may be re-stocking depleted waters, 
 require to be studied. The discovery of unnoticed or unknown species and the intro- 
 duction of now and valued kinds are not only possible, but under scientific guidance 
 may be matters of certainty. The capture of a new and valuable food fish, the tile 
 fish, off the New England coast, in 1880, shows that useful kinds offish may remain 
 still to be dlscovei'ed and that the treasures of our waters have not yet been fully 
 made known by the operations of fishermen. Further, the e.^tirpation of predatory 
 kinds which destroy nets, food-fishes, and are a terror to the fi iherman, would be a 
 matter of study.* 
 
 * III l.Silli iiiyriiicl.t of M)|-aciims i1<ijffi-ih {ArnnlhiiiA upfn^aivd in tli>- Kiiy of Kiiiidy iti tlif ninnth i>f 
 lV-hni:irv. 
 
 grel 
 
 salt! 
 
 cool 
 
 cani 
 
 watl 
 
 attrf 
 
 retul 
 
 Sucf 
 
 fish 
 
 aau,, 
 
 Soutl 
 
 adva 
 
 manl 
 
 ketsJ 
 
 prov( 
 
 our 
 
 gresB 
 from I 
 povvel 
 the b| 
 is to 
 fisheil 
 reseai 
 II 
 u{v)n 
 
i.-j one of the 
 filtlo inilustiy 
 |j»o(lini;ertaiu 
 In'ciatfd until 
 ,niolt fishery 
 ' iivoHti,L;ationN 
 I'dii the south 
 hd nets, and it 
 Tilt u regular 
 111 Italy, such 
 1 1 en. The an- 
 lul they are 
 I nether lisheH 
 ['loally inhabit 
 At certain 
 ..3"Tinkera," 
 jSiidy of these 
 io productivo- 
 3 ive more and 
 '^rnall species 
 .^i^ of supremo 
 Titoxuct know- 
 • obable abuu- 
 ^iools of young 
 'is ii matter of 
 ■'"'ilie tisheries, 
 ' in the coastal 
 |^))oint of view. 
 r t'lillacy of thiti 
 r ^ of fry direct- 
 >i'.y do this be- 
 
 " tic.-; they often 
 ves the young 
 
 A arm summer 
 
 'SirotFthe Bay 
 
 '^imj' mackerel, 
 
 lOso important 
 
 what kind of 
 
 work carried 
 
 leries. the con- 
 
 Iti 
 
 f rgH and Bpawn- 
 
 l?jr as Canadian 
 
 I .M> until a pro- 
 
 ^it;^tion where 
 
 le^c important 
 
 .:iilioi|. 
 
 'indance of the 
 *^' theprohabili- 
 pleled waters, 
 . ami theintro- 
 
 10. 
 
 *\ 
 
 nlidc truidance 
 
 ,. A ti.sh, the tile 
 
 lie I ' 
 
 J -h may remain 
 
 yet been fully 
 
 L' m of predatory 
 
 r.ui, would be a 
 
 III tlie llinlltll lit 
 
 MA HINE SCIENTIFIC STA TION FOR GANA l>A. 7 
 
 A complete biological survey of the coastal walei's of the Dominion is a great 
 task, and could only be accomplished gradually. But such a work would fall within 
 the operations of a marine station, and would be gradually pushed forwai-d season by 
 season until the phynical conditions, the biological characteristics, the fauna and 
 flora of every arc„, wherein the fishing industry is proi^ecuted, are made known and 
 are available for the guidance and information of those actively engaged in fishery 
 pursuits. Other work of a highly practical nature would come within the .-tcope of 
 the proposed institution. 
 
 Methods of preserving and traiisporting tiuh, improved means of drying, salting, 
 canning, and refrigeration — in short, all the modes suggested by science for conserving 
 the best and most attractive elements of fish food, would be thoroughly tested, and 
 new improvements, or novel and unsuspected raethala made known. The growth 
 within recent years of a vast industry which has proved a source of wealth to 
 many districts, viz., the preservation of orchard fruits, is an indication of the success 
 which may attend nev methods of "putting up" economic products, and the pre- 
 serving offish in attractive marketable form is a line of industry in which very little 
 progress has hitherto been made. The utilization of fish rue, livers, skins, and waste 
 products, at present of comparatively small value, is a promising field there can be 
 no doubt, if economical and ready methods be discovered of turning them to account. 
 It remains to be seen how far existing modes can be improved, or new methods 
 adopted, with a prospect of commercial success. 
 
 The preservation offish on new plans is a most piomising field, and one which 
 could be without difficulty carried on experimentally in a marine station. No one 
 acquainted with the incredibly rapid progress of the preserved fruit industry 
 already referred to, the great strides which it has made in the Dominion, and on 
 somewhat different. lines in Great Britain, can deny that such methods, if applied to 
 the preservation of fish, would mark a new era into the fisheries of our country. 
 While the neatly packed products of the orchard and fruit garden find their way to 
 the tables of all classes of the community in Britain, the United States, and other 
 countries, and the canned lobsters and os'slers prepared on our coasts are hardly 
 less widely used, the roughly dried and salted fish of the Dominion are far less gen- 
 erally sought and used in our provincial cities and towns, and are unknown to a 
 great part of the population in Britain. In appearance and comestible qualities, 
 salt fish, dry and pickled, have not appeared to recommend themselves to English 
 cooks and housekeepers. Yet the quality of our cod, haddock, mackerel and herring 
 cannot be questioned — indeed it may be doubted whether the fish of any other 
 waters are of equal excellence. Experiments leading to a superior and more 
 attractive method of preparing and packing these fish would yield pecuniary 
 returns more than proportionate to any exira trouble or expense in preparation. 
 Such prepared fish would ta.<e possession of markets never yet reached by our 
 fish merchants, and would prove much more lucrative than the coarsely prepared, 
 and, to" many, offensive, forms of cured fish, which at present are shipped to the 
 South American, West Indian and other markets. Norway has made great 
 advances in this direction and her attractively prepared fishery products, including 
 many entirely novel foods, have already secured much favour in the British mar- 
 kets. The enterprise of Canadian merchants would not be lacking if experiments 
 proved that new and superior met,hod8 of preserving fish could be readily applied in 
 our own fisheries. 
 
 Science alone can afford sure ground for advance in the various lines of pro- 
 gress indicated in the foregoing remarks. The fisheries have largely stood aloof 
 from scientific aid, or rather the means of scientific aid have been wanting, and its 
 powerful influence in the way of prospering the fisheries has not been realized. But 
 the benefits of fishery science are no longer matters of doubt, and all that is required 
 is to afford means for pursuing exact scientific research, and for spreading amongst 
 fishermen and others, actively engaged in the fisheries, the beneficial results of such 
 researches and new knowledge. 
 
 It is important that a scientific fishery station should be centrally situated 
 upon the coast, that the conditions of marine life should be favourable, so that 
 
8 . MARINE A2fn FISHERIES. 
 
 materinla for study wuuld be at hand aud obtained without difficulty or Iohs of time. 
 Again, it should be within easy reach of areas in which important fisheries are car- 
 ried on, that is to say, the fisheries in actual o) oration should be easy of access from 
 such a station, in order that all the practical knowledge of the fishermen may be 
 made available aud suggestions or information conveyed from the scientific station 
 to those engaged on the fishing grounds. 
 
 There are many points upon the Atlantic seaboard which might be recommended 
 for sQch a marine station. The richness and varied character of the fauna in the 
 more southerly shores of the Dominion cannot be lost sight of. To Passnmnquoddy 
 Bay and the prolific waters around Grand Manan and the Western Isles, scientific 
 workers from the United States have been accustomed to resort season after season, 
 and very valuable and substantial contributions to our knowledge of the sou's 
 resources have been made by Canadian investigators in this area. 
 
 A location further north presents, however, many advantages. The lobster 
 fishery, with the various perplexing and difficult questions connected therewith, is 
 carried on upon the greatest scale there, and with a marine station in close proxi- 
 mity, the life-history, habits, migrations and breeding of that valuable crustacean could 
 be thoroughly investigated. The mackerel fishery, however, is carried on at a most 
 important period of the year in the more northerly waters, and the cod fishery, 
 though not pursued to its fullest extent off Prince Kdward Island, affords material 
 for interesting and valuable inve>< ligations respecting the food, breeding, growth, 
 and movements of the various members of the cod tribe, all of economic importance. 
 Areas, with the most famous nnd prolific oyster beds extending over them, would be 
 readily accessible from such a station ; and the bays and inlets of the Quebec, and New 
 Brunswick shores and north shore of Nova Scotia abound with smaller fishes, such as 
 the smelt, capelin, etc., while the fry of various species occurring there require 
 study in order to throw light upon the future development of the fishing industry. 
 The fauna and flora may be less rich and varied than off the southern coast of Now 
 Brunswick; but that remains to be ascertained. Certainly points might be named 
 in the northern area, bordering on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which offer facilities 
 most favourable for experiments on retaining young and immature lobsters in ponds 
 until their defenceless stages are passed, and for repeating under strict scientific 
 supervision, the work carried on with such apparent success in Norway by 
 Captain Dannevig, whose achievements in rearing cod and other marine fishes to 
 an advanced and robust stage aro well known. 
 
 A marine station favourably situated and properly equipped has a great work 
 before it in Canada. The linei along which that work would, without question, 
 progress are infinitely varied, and no sketch, however full and comprehensive, can 
 aim to do more than indicate their nature and direction. They all end in supremely 
 practical results, and bear directly upon the welfare and prosperity of the great 
 fishing industries. All who have been associated with fisheries in anj way realize 
 keenly the lack of accurate knowledge on the most vital and important points. 
 Legislation has often been hazardous on account of this lack of ascertained fact and 
 the existence of contradictory opinions. Primarily, a marine station would be a 
 centre for investigation and research for the promotion and diffusion of knowledge. 
 Without interfering with this first and most important work, such a station might 
 be also a school for teaching and for scientific study. This latter line of work would 
 enlist for it the bynipathy and help in various ways of the universities, many professors 
 and students from which might be expected to aid in the fishery investigation carried 
 on. There is no field so fascinating and fruitful for the biologist as the sea, and dis- 
 tinguished zoologists and students would no doubt desire, as volunteer workers, to 
 help in the investigations, viewing the fine opportunities for research as aaiply re- 
 paying them for their labour. In this way, directly and indirectly, fishery science 
 would gain and the fisheries of the Dominion receive that light and knowledge 
 which in various directions is greatly needed. No doubt pure scientific lesearch, 
 that is reseaich with no direct practical end in view, must be carried on by private 
 rather than public support, and the work of marine stations, like those in Scotland 
 and elsewhere, must have sole regard to practical questions and utilitarian ends. 
 
 In other c«| 
 has helped 
 restrictioni*J 
 was wholh 
 with the fisi! 
 views were fl 
 to the spawJ 
 could no do| 
 eries Protecl 
 precise natuj 
 work of coll 
 tion of fish 
 
 only by la 
 provided i 
 It is I 
 mout of a 
 the neces 
 of the litt 
 more norf 
 great wor 
 in a simih; ' 
 life in the».> 
 benefits of '. 
 alone lead u 
 floating mar 
 coast to ano 
 such subsidi 
 adjuncts in »' 
 
 VI 
 
 2 
 
 9] 
 v| 
 
 n 
 el 
 h\ 
 ) J 
 
 ai 
 II 
 
 I 
 
z' 
 
 >,s uf time. 
 I'H arc cin'« 
 ijcOMH from 
 |n miiy be 
 [tic station 
 
 bmmended 
 
 |nu in the 
 
 fiiumioddy 
 
 , Hcieritifio 
 
 ^or iieason, 
 
 the seu'tt 
 
 [ii lobHtei- 
 prowitb, is 
 lio.se proxi- 
 Iceun could 
 ti at u roOHt 
 led fidhery, 
 |b material 
 ^', growlh, 
 Inportance. 
 V would be 
 lo, and New 
 lieti, 8ucb as 
 li'o require 
 
 induHtry. 
 last of Now 
 II be named 
 lor facilities 
 Irs in ponds 
 
 scientific 
 I or way by 
 >e fishe.-* to 
 
 »reat work 
 It question, 
 nsive, can 
 
 supremely 
 the great 
 Iway realise 
 jtant points, 
 led fact and 
 
 would be a 
 I knowledge. 
 
 ttion might 
 hvork would 
 professors 
 flion carriotl 
 [•ca, and dis- 
 1 vvorkera, lo 
 IS amply re- 
 liery science 
 knowledge 
 lie research, 
 |i by pi'ivate 
 
 in Scotland 
 flarian ends. 
 
 ■^'l'- 
 
 •\'.:y.;i . ■' 
 
 MARINE SCIENTIFIC STATION FOR CANADA. 
 
 1J.' 
 
 I 
 
 In other countries the existence of marine Hta'iuns has proved benuticial and 
 has helped in wise and serviceable legislation without the risk oc vexutioui 
 restriotionH. They have bhown in numberless instances that common opinion . 
 wa6 wholly untrustworthy and that the eviiiente of those prai.ticully connected 
 with the fishing industry was frequently far uatray, and that commonly expressed 
 views were the reverse of actual factH. Etpocially bus this been the case with i eupuct 
 to the spawning and growth of marine food tiuhes. Government rnurine Htations 
 could no doubt rely for much aid tipon certain of the cruiters engaged in the Fish- 
 eries Protection Service, but the main work of the station being of a delicate and 
 precise nature must be carried on in the rooms of the laboratory. Apart from the 
 work of collecting and making obsf^rvations on the food, migrations and distribu- 
 tion of fishes, and the modes of capture, tho more important results can be obtained 
 only by laborious and piolonged work, with the aid of tho instruments and books 
 provided in the laboratory itself. 
 
 It iu not too much to anticipate that the benefits resulting from the establish- 
 ment of a marine station ut some central ^ >iiit as indicated, would make obvious 
 the necessity of others. The vast extent of coai>t and the varying character 
 of the littoral waters would imply such a development of this work. Certainly a 
 more northern and a more southern murine station in tho future would promote the 
 great work of thorough investigation. The value and extent of the lake fisheries, 
 iu a similar way, would call for un inland slatioh, in order that the conditions of 
 life in these vast inland seas might be better understood. Certainly the practical 
 benefits of a more trustworthy knowledge of our marine and fresh water fisheries can 
 alone lead to their prosperity and growth in the future. Holland has established a 
 floating marine istation which can be moved season by season from one point of the 
 coast to another, and with one permament marine station as a central institution, . 
 such subsidiary stations, migratory or otherwise, might be found useful as secondary 
 adjuncts in a work so extensive. ^^; 
 
 J 
 
RINE AJSri) FISHERIES. 
 
 t hand and obtuined without difficulty oi- lot)8 of time. 
 ' reach of ai-eau in which important fisheries uro cur- 
 iries in actual 0[ oration should be easy of access front 
 1 the practical knowledge of the fishermen may be 
 . or information conveyed from the ticientific station 
 ; grounds. 
 
 n the Atlantic seaboard which might be recommended 
 e richness and varied character of the fauna in the 
 ominion cannot be lost sight of. To Passaniaquoddy 
 )und Grand Manan and the Western Isles, scientific 
 i have been accustomed to resort season after season, 
 antial contributions to our knowledge of the scu's 
 Canadian investigators in this area, 
 presents, however, many advantages. The lobster 
 exing and difficult questions connected therewith, is 
 icale there, and with a marine station in close prozi- 
 Bcrutionsand breeding of that valuable crustacean could 
 'he mackerel fishery, however, is carried on at a most 
 u the more northerly waters, and the cod fishery, 
 .■4t extent off Prince Kdwurd Island, affords material 
 re-^tiajutiuns respecting the food, breeding, growth, 
 nomt)ers of the cod tribe, all of economic importance, 
 id prolific oyster beds extending over them, would be 
 tatiou ; and the bays and inlets of the Quebec, and New 
 ore of Nova Scotia abound with smaller fishes, such as 
 the fry of various species occurring there require 
 ipon the future development of the fishing industry, 
 s rich and varied than off the southern coast of Now 
 
 be ascertained. Certainly points might be named 
 : on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which offer facilities 
 8 on retaining young and immature lobster.s in ponds 
 e passed, and for repeating under strict scientific 
 
 on with such apparent success in Norway by 
 vements in rearing cod and other marine fishes to 
 ro well known, 
 y situated and properly equipped has a great woik 
 
 along which that work would, without question, 
 nd no sketch, however full and comprehensive, can 
 lelr nature and direction. They all end in supremely 
 ctly upon the welfare and prosperity of the great 
 tre been associated with fisheries in an} way realize 
 nowledge on the most vital and important points, 
 rdous on account of this lack of ascertained fact and 
 opinions. Primarily, a marine station woiild be a 
 aarch for the promotion and dift'usion of knowledge, 
 rst and most important work, such a station might 
 
 1 for scientific study. This latter line of work would 
 p in various ways of the universities, many professors 
 be expected to aid in the fishery investigation carried 
 ting and fruitful for the biologist as the sea, and dis- 
 its would no doubt desire, as volunteer workers, to 
 ing the fine opportunities for research as aaiply re- 
 in this way, directly and indirectly, fishery science 
 f the Dominion receive that light and knowledge 
 reatly needed. No doubt pure scientific research, 
 :)ractical end in view, must be carried on by private 
 
 the work of marine stations, like those in Scotland 
 regard to practical questions and utilitarian ends. 
 
 lu other o«| 
 has helped 
 restrictionc 
 , was wholl 
 with the fii 
 views were 
 to the spaw' 
 could no do' 
 eries Pi-otec 
 precise natu 
 work of col 
 tion of fish 
 only by la: 
 provided i i 
 
 It is I 
 meut of a 
 the neces 
 of the litt 
 more nort 
 great wor 
 in a simiL ' 
 life io thes'j 
 benefits of :. 
 alone lead u 
 floating mar 
 coast to ano 
 such subsidi 
 adjuncts in i 
 
 (tl 
 
 nl 
 el 
 b( 
 
 t 
 
 Ml 
 
 ai