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Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 SOME PLAIN STATEMENTS ABOLT IMMIGRATION, AND ITS RESULTS. SubmiUed at Annual Meeting of Dominion Board of Trade, held at Ottawa, January nth, 1872. By Wu,Li.\M J. Patterson, Scrretary. In one of the Preliminary PaperB to the •' Annual Report of the Trade and Commerce of Montreal, for 1868," a variety of statements wcr. given relating to Immigration, with «ome collateral information. The following paragraphs formed the conclusion ol that chapter: — , . ^. . _ .'Under Confederation, opportunity will be afforded for the inauguration of a new system for peopling the country-miitating in its details, as far as inay be desirable the policy of the United States. Tne flow of immigration can be directed to the Red River and Hudson's Bay country, when these regions are brough . under the a^gis of the new government; the Ottawa Country.and the back townships in Canada West, can sustam a large influx of population; the country north of 'xontK-al, the Eastern Townships, the St Maurice and the Saguenay regions, may yet be niade to induce multitudes of settlers— while Mie Maritime Provinces, by their mineral and other resources, added to their p<;culiarly favorable position, will certainly receive large increases to their poprlation. Thus would the great wave of civilization flow through British North Arn^rica, surging onward, and onward, until kindred hearts on the shores of the Pacific found themselves indissolubly connected with those on the shores of the Atlantic and Gulf of St. Lawrence,-forming a grand link in a commercial chain, uniting Europe \rith China and Japan. -From what has preceded there can be little or no difficulty in determining what kind of settlers are required, and most likely to prosper in British North America. Let the enterprising capitalist and manufacturer come; let patient persevering farmeu come; let the industrious miner come; let the skilful mechanic and artizan come ;- and all their energies will conspire to build up a great and prosperous country The experience of late years in the United States is, thai new regions cannot be rapidly and efficiently settled, by individuals or single families plunging, so to speak, into the dense forest, and, axe in hand, hewing out their future destiny. Organised emigration has been successfully tried; friends and neighbours, by fifties and hundreds, have banded themselves together, for mutual help.-taking with them schoolmasters and ministers of the gospel,-and towns and villages have thus sprung up in a day, the people carrying all the concomitants of civilization with them. 2 "In closing these suggestive remarks on a most important subject, it need only be further added, that if proper arrangements were miKle to give reliable information in Great Britain as to what the resources of British America arc, and how capital might be safely (not spi ailatively) invested, — to explain the wealth of its resources, the pro, ductiveness of its soil, and the character of its climate, — there would come hither from the Mother-Country multitudes of immigrants, (not in transitu, but as wars : Acres in 1808-69. Acres in 1869-70, Cash sales 2,809,5-^4 2,159,515 Locations of military bounty-land warrants. . 449,780 512,360 Homestead entries 2,737,365 3,698,910 Agricultural Col'ege s^rip locations 352,664 1 92,848 Certified for Railways ■> r-.^nra J 996,685 Certified for Wagon-roads / '^^'^^^ \ 36,g28 Approved to States as swamp-lands 455,768 48 1 ,638 Indian scrip locations 24.2.9 16,827 7,666,151 8,095,413 The homestead entries iii 1869-70 show that 23,118 actual settlers, — doubtless heads of families, — became proprietors of free land in that year. The cost of making homestead entries on the public lauds is shown in the follow- ing table : No. of Price per Acre Commissions. Fees. Total Fees and Com'i&.iions Note. — The fees and commissions in the apper half of the table apply to homestead entries on surveyed lands in Michigan, Wis- consin, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, ArkansJis, and Florida ; — those iu the lower half to surveyed lands in California, Nevada, Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and Montana. Acres entered. Payable when entry is made. Payable when certi- ficate issues t'ayable when entry is iuade 100 80 40 80 40 $1.25 1.25 1.25 2.50 2.50 $4.00 2.00 1.00 4.00 2.00 $4.00 2.00 1.00 4.00 2.00 $10.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 $18.00 9.00 7.00 18.00 9.00 100 80 40 80 40 $1.25 1.25 1.25 2.50 2.50 $6.00 3.00 1.50 6.00 3.00 $6.00 3.00 1.50 6.00 3.03 $10.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 $22.00 11.00 8.00 22.00 11.00 How Immigrants are cared/or at New York. — The Castle-Garden Depot includes the folloAving Departments : — 1. A department for the boarding of ships on arrival at quarantine, — an officer ascertaining number of passengers, hearing complaints, &c. &c. 2. The landing department, which provides for the careful transfer of passengers, lug- gage, &c., to the main building. 3. The registering department, where name, nationality, destination, &c., are recorded. 4. The railway department, where the immigrants can procure passage, without risk of fraud or extortion, to all places in the United States and Canada. 5. Baggage delivery department, for transfer of baggage from ship-board to the depot, railway stations, or places in the city. 6. Exchange department; certain Brokers being admitted, who exchange specie, &c. 7. The information department, io enable immigrants to communicate with friends. 8. The letter-writing department. 9. Boarding House dei)artment, keepers of such places for immigrants being under careful supervision. 10. Thj forwarding department receives remittances from friends of persons either before or after arrival, and applies them as directed. 11. The Ward's Island, or hospital department. 12. The labor exchange department, where immigrants desiring work, and persons desiring laborers or others, find ample opportunity for supplying their wants. 13. The General Agent's office, where is transacted all the exectitive business of the Commission. 14. The Treasurer's department, which is sub-tiivided for (1.) corr(?spondence of all kinds, — (2.) money affairs, — aud (3.) business with the Counties and Institutions. What the Ivimigrants do in return. — In a recent report to Congress the Commissioner of the U. S. General Land Office said : — " The rapid extension of our western settlements is largely due to the influx of foreign immigration. The annual accessions from this aource show a decided increase to our population. Though partially arrested by the late civil war, the return of peace has expanded this popular movement to larger proportions than ever. * From correspondence on file it appears that a more than usual proportion of the intelligent and moneyed classes of Europe have become interested in our extraordinary resources. This improved character of foreign immigration, there is reason to believe, is mainly due to the distribution, at the Paris Exposition of 18G7, of brief reports on the resources of the United States, and by the circulation by the State Department of official information on the subject throughout Europe . . . We now see an iucrcasiug annual import of capital and skilled labor, enabling us to give a ; o more varied and romunerativc character to otir industry, by cn^ging in the higher and more elaborate processes of art. This enlargement of the scope of our home activity will ultimately result in benefits which, as yet, we are entirely unable to appreciate." An important consideration is the average cash capital 'i possession of the immigrants. Officials at Washington have made diflVrent estimates of thfc amount. Hon. Edwd. Young is of opinion that $68 per ca/iita is a fair average. — Hon. D. A . Wells says §80 ; while Mr. Kapp, whose opinion is entitled to the highest consideration, thinks $100 nearer the mark. The latter gentleman says : — " The money, however, is not the only property which immigrants bring with them. In addition to it, they have a certain amount of wearing apparel, tools, watches, books, and jewelry. Assuming that their cash amounts to only $100 a head, I do not think I exaggerate in estimating their A other property at $50, — thus making $150 the total of the personal property of each immigrant." If Mr. Kapp is correct, (and his conclusions are accepted by the Com- nussioner of the U. S. General Land Office), then the very large amount of $37,500,000 was added to the cash capital of the U. S. by 250,000 immigrants who landed at the port of New York during 1869. It is also reckoned, on the same basis, that, since the policy of naturalising aliens was adopted, the sum of one thousand millions of dollars has been brought to the United States by the in-flowing tide of foreigners. But a still more striking consideration is added by Mr Kapp, when he averages the economic value of each immigrant at $1,125, and infers, therefore, that the addition of value by foreign immigration has amounted to at least five billions of dollars, — or according to the present ratio of immigration, at least $1,000,000 per day. II. — Efflux of Population from Gheat Britain. The number of emigrants from Great Britain to all other countries during a period of 45 years, — 1815 to 1859, — was 4,917,598. There has been , larger exodus of late years, as will be seen by the following official figures for a period of 20 years; Years. To N. American Colonies. To United States. To Australian Colonies and New Zealand. To other Places. Total. 1851 42,605 267,357 21,532 4,472 335,966 1852 32,873 244,261 87,881 3,749 368,764 1853 34,522 230,885 61,401 3,129 329,937 1854 43,761 193,065 83,237 3,366 323,429 1855 17,966 103,414 52,309 3,118 176,807 1856 16,378 111,837 44,584 3,755 176,554 1857 21,001 126,905 61,248 2,721 212,875 1858 9,704 59,716 39,295 5,257 113,972 1859 •3,689 70,303 31,013 12,427 120,432 1860 9,786 87,500 24,302 6,881 128,469 1861 12,707 49,704 23,738 5,561 91,770 1862 15,522 58,706 41,843 5,143 121,214 1863 18,083 146,813 53,054 5,808 223,758 1864 12,721 147,042 40,942 8,195 208.900 1865 17,211 147,258 37,283 8,049 209,801 1866 13,255 161,000 24,097 6,5o0 204,882 1867 15,503 159,275 14,466 6,709 195,953 1868 21,062 155,532 12,809 6,922 196,325 1869 :i3.891 203,001 14,901 6,234 258,027 1870 35,295 196,075 17,065 8,505 256,940 430,535 2,919,709 787,000 117,531 4,254,775 According to this table, 4,254,775 persons emigrated from Great Britain during the past t^ I'nty j'ears, — of whom 68'62 per cent.; or 2,919,709, went to the United States, whiic only 10.10 per cent., or 430,535, came to the British North American Provinces, — 18'52 per cent., or 787,000, having gone tO ihc antipodes, and 2-76 per cent., or 117,531, to other countries, i 6 © t- 00 r^ B o CO « »-H 00 3 V »^ v > -«-l o 01 o. K as £i < « ." ^ h -t' : D ciO O a ■< (1 a 3 ■^ -o 4) O a O *-< 83 55 , '^ -w « en O ^H § > t-H M eu « o '<« :^ *? o ^ M be a Si ■>) !r, O •«) O to O >8 00 O A 00 >-i CO «<1 t- c> CO 00 o r«- CO co" cT i2 Ah ea 45 CO ■ft ^0 cc «> o oc co" e hi ce -i M 00^ ©^ o "-T ccT crT 05_ co" e^ o 00_ 1-1 cm" _ 00 CO M 1-1 rH~ m" icT f-1 © 00 CO 00 CD 00 r-i rf 00 © ■* CO 00 CO o 00 CO CO o CO to CO CO Ui CO CO -"ii CO tC CO co" c>r oT CO 00 CO CO CO ^ a's & ."3 XI -a 3 CO CO r-l Oi f-t o 05 s? rl M r-1 nH 05 r~^ 00 t- CO ■* 'I* O rt CO CO M CO s CO CO 1 The following stutement bhows the numjcr of immigrant arrivals during the last five years at all points of i le Dominion, in so far as the (jrcvcrnraent Agents have been able to obtain information : 1866. 28,648 Via the St. Lawronee " the Suspension Bridge and inland Ports of Ontario and Quebec 23,147 « Halifax j " St. John, New Brunswick . . | '< Miraraichi Total . 51,795 18S7, 30,757 25,631 781 409 1868. 34,300 36,511 3GG 271 1869. 1870. 43,114 30,326 448 456 21 44,475 23,867 437 219 31 57,578 71,448 74,365 69,019 1871. On the same authority, the number of immigrants who settled in Canada during five years, and the numbers merely passing through, were as follows : No. 186G 1867 1868 1869 1870 x871 of Settlers. No. in transit 10,091 41,704 14,666 47,212 12,765 58,683 18,630 57,202 24,706 44,313 In view of the results shown in these tables (and the figures are official), it can hardly be wondered at that unfavorable criticisms have been from time to time uttered, respecting the seeming lack of efficiency in the machinery employed by the Department of Immigration in Canada. As mere criticism, however, is not the object of this paper, the suggestions made in the following Section are submitted with some hesitancy, and not as containing anything new or remarkable, but as the result of experience and obser- vation, — simply in the hope of assisting to direct public effort into the right channel. IV. — How MAY Canada be Bknkkitted by Im-migration ? The main purpose, in some of the foregoing pages, has been to adduce facts to show the magnitude of the stream of emigration from the Old to the New "World and to indicate the immense value of immigration to the United States, — with a view to stimulate to adequate exertions to cause a deflection to some extent of that stream towards Canada. The writer has to acknowledge) here the kindness of B. Casserly, Esq., Superintendent of Emigration at Castle-Garden, New York, in favoring him with documents from which some of the facts were obtained. Of course, in the article pub- lished in 18C6, to which reference has already been made in the opening portion of this paper, the free lands in Canada were referred to. The arrangements made since Con- federation, by the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, for free-grant lands to heads of families and others in certain circumstances, are very liberal and well worth th« atten- tion of Immigrants. The present remarks apply more particularly to the general policy of the Dominion Government respecting the vast tracts of agricultural, mineral, and other lands, now brought under its control by the extension of the "ountry from the Atlantic to the Pacific. With reference to the inquiry, — How may the Dominion be benefitted by Immigration ?— it is far better to be able to refer to results elsewhere, than to rely upon a mere theoretical reply ; and it is believed that the reflective reader will 8 experience no difficulty in concluding that,— the whole circumstances of the two countries being not diKHimilar so fiu- as immigration from the north of Europe ih interested, — whut has been productive of such immense results to the United States, could not fail to benefit Canada. (1.) Tii'^ climate of Canada is as favorable for the. European emigrant, as is that of the Northern States; (2.) ilu-rc is plenty of good land for agricultural purposes to admit of the Dominion Government adopting a free homestead policy, as well as to admit of liberal grants to railways, &c. ; and (3.) t'lere are numerous public works to be entered upon, railways, canals, 'ic, wliiih will afford abundant employment to multitudes of new comers. Given for Cmada the same persistent, systematic agitation, — similar inducements to immigrants, and the same fostering care for them on landing, as in the neighboring llepublic, — and it cannot reasonably be doubted that great results would follow. The first consideration, then, is ho-v to introduce population into the vast tracts of arable land in the interior of the Dominion. Government should at the outset adopt the system of free homestead grants to actual si ttlers, by pre-emption, — the grant to be completed after five years of occupancy, — the pre-emptor to pay only a small fixed sum to reimburse the expense of survey, entry, Ac. The policy as regards grants of land to railway enterprises should also be liberal. These grants, as heretofore in the United States, should be in alternate sections, — the companies being, in their turn, bound to grant a certain number of acres of their free lands [say ten acrer.,] to each mechanic or laborer who shall have been employed during two years in constructing their roads. Railway Companies would in this way be prevented from holding up all their lands for speculative purposes, — while the enhanced value of the lands consequent upon improve- ment by settlers would be participated in by the Government. With such a basis for disposal of the Public Land.s, there would, it is believed, be little or no difficulty in inducing the coming hither of bands of laboring men and agriculturalists to work upon the Pacifii' Railway, and upon its eastern connec tions. It must not be overlooked, however, that discretion on the part of the Emigration Agents in Europe is of incalculable importance. There must be discrimination exercised, — pauperised immigrants are not to be desired, — and perhaps much of the " assisted " emigration should be discouraged. Every inducement should be given to those who have willing, hopeful hearts, strong arms, and good constitutions, to come hither and assist in laying, broad and deep, the foundations of civil and commercial prosperity. A gr«at step towards inducing desirable classes of immigrants, would be for the Dominion Government to commence upon an extensive scale the work of improving the channels of internal navigation, — the Rivers St. Lawrence and Ottawa with their existing and projected systems of Canals, — a new Welland Canal being a desideratum. These would ofl^er abundant inducements to mechanics and laborers, — holding out a sure prospect of employment immediately upon arrival. While the free-homestead grants would induce agriculturalists and laborers to push their way into the interior, fa(;ilities for settlement nearer the centres of population ought, if possible, to be afl'orded to organized parties intending to settle en bloc, I . entering, so to speak, upon municipal life from the outset of tlieir career in this Nev World. Such companies of settlers would, of coiu-se, include mechanics and artisans ol various classes, farmers, laborers, school teachers, and ministers of the gospel, — carrying with them into the forest, or out uj)()n the prairie, the amenities, comforts, and enjo}'- ments of ' homes they had left in the Old World. The ubjective point for such immigrant parties would always be determined before-hand ; there ought, therefore, to be a guide or conductor waiting for each compan- oii arrival, whose sole duty it would be to pilot it by the most direct travelled roui.e lo thi'ir dcst mtiou, detormining for tht'in the proper placo« for transient rest, rofroshmont, Ac. For tiiu purpose of managing tlio Immigration Bervice systematica! !•' and econo- mically, the Dominion Minister of Immigration might appoint a Board of Commis- sionerSj whose i'nst «luiy would he to (^■^tal)lisll a cap.uicus receiving depot, say at Point Levi, with the accompanying Departments as existing at Castle-Garden, in New York City. The proceeds of the per capita tax should he handed over to the Commissioners, to he applied towards maintaining their estahiishment. With tii(i view of inducing the riglit class of emigrants from Europe to come to Canada, the Agents of the Oovernmtnt should apply themselves especially to the " northern races," as best adapted to endure the mutations of climate which are experienced. The duties of Agents in Great Britain or other countriea, should he to give full and r'^liablc infornuvtion on all points relating to settlement in any of the Provinces, — i-xpiaining the advantages to he diiived from emigration in companies ; und a '' Hasd-Book fou Canada" should he prepared, embodying classified information relating to each of the Provinc(5s in the Dominion. Such a hook, carefully prei)ared, and scattered broad-cast in Europe, would be of immense service. It should contain bri(!f statements on the following topics : — 1st Historical notices relating to the Government of the Dominion and of the Provinces; 2nd, Remarks on tht> Soil, Climate, and Mineral resources of Canada, — specifying Coal, Salt, Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold, &c. ; 3rd, Natural Productions — Grain, Timber, Ac; 4th, Industrial enterprises, — Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures ; 5th, Water Power ; 6th, Internal Navigation, and Railway and Canal communication with the Interior ; 7th, Postal and Telegraphic service ; 8th, Revenue and Taxation of the Dominion and Provinces; 9th, Wages, and the purchasing power of money; 10th, Religion, Education, &c. The proposed Guide /look ought also to contain Directions and Advice for pjuiigrants from the Old World, — indicating who may emigrate, — suggesting arrange- ments, when and how to go, — what to do on arrival, — how most economically, all things considered, to roach different localities, — tables of steamboat and raihvay fares, — settin-., forth also in detail the special arrangements made for reception of immigrants, &c,, &c. A work containing such information as above suggested, — if frequently revised to keep th(> information fresh, as well as to admit of embodying the experience of those who may come to Canada, — would be the right arm of the service, and perhaps do more to promote the prosperity of the Dominion by the immigration it would induce, than all other agencies put together. Particular Schemes. — In bringing these general n .narks to a close, the writer is of opinion, that it 'vould be out of place to encumber his paper with details of what he may think to lie a preferable wheme, for promoting the bringing hither of colonies of settlers frcm the Old World. For the same reason, he thinks it inexpedient to particu- larise any of the colonization projects which have been promtdgated, however feasible they may appear to be ; — leaving the statements and suggestions to influence as they may the mind of the reader. .„,