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 1 
 
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M 
 
 TE 
 
 th: 
 
 
 GULF ( 
 
 GIVING 
 IN *r 
 V 
 
 CONT-f 
 
 ] 
 
% 
 
 JAMES'S 
 
 TRAVELER'S COMPANION. 
 
 BEING 
 
 I" 
 
 s ■;jr -A COMPLETE GUIDE 
 
 THROUGH THE WESTERN STATES, 
 
 ■>, 
 
 TO IU]$ 
 
 GULF OF MEXICO AND THE PACIFIC, VIA THE GREAT LAKES, 
 
 RIVERS, CANALS, ETC. 
 
 GIVING FULL AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL PLACES ON, AND 
 IN ^HE VICINITY OF, THE WESTERN WATERS ; INTERSPERSED 
 
 ^ ,,W1TH HISTORICAL NOTES AND STATISTICAL TABLES; 
 
 "' TOGETHER WITH A VAST AMOUNT OF GENERAL 
 
 INFORMATION NOT FOUND IN OTHER WORKS 
 £ «f^ OF A SIMILAR CHARACTER. 
 
 S *'~ ■ . . * * 
 
 f ? WITH NUMEROUS MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 CONTAINING ALL OP THE PBLVCIPAL STAGE, STEAMBOAT, AND RAILROAD 
 ROUTES IN THE WEST, AND THE CHIEF ROUTES TO OREGON AND 
 
 
 1' 
 
 m 
 
 CAUFORNIA, WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE DISTANCES. 
 
 Elje toljole facoufll)t Troton to t^e present tfme. 
 
 BY S. L. MASSEY. 
 
 CINCINNATI: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY J. A. & U. P. JAMES, 
 NO. 167 WALNUT STREET. 
 
 1851. 
 
 ul 
 
nuo , 
 
 
 
 
 ;^n3 
 
 
 
 
 
 ► ' 
 
 .' 
 
 t 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in 
 
 the year 1861, 
 
 
 By J. A. & U. P. JAMES, 
 
 
 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United 
 
 States, 
 
 for the 
 
 District of Ohio. 
 
 
 
 
 A. 0. JAMES, STEBEOTTPXB, 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 167 Walnut St., CincinnaU. 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 ■/ 
 
BS^ 
 
 'or the 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Note. — We have omitted to refer, in the following table, to a large number 
 of towns, incidents, &c., our space being so limited. As all places are placed 
 in the body of the work, in regular order, there will be but little difficulty 
 in finding anything that may be desired. 
 
 CITIES, ETC., ON THE 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Dubuque. 16 
 
 Galena, (note,) 16 
 
 Davenport, 18 
 
 Rock Island City, 19 
 
 Iowa City, (note,) 20 
 
 Burlington, 20 
 
 Nauvoo, 21 
 
 Alton, 24 
 
 St. Louis, 25, 26 
 
 St. Genevieve, (note,) 28 
 
 Cape Girardieu, 29 
 
 Cairo, 29, 174 
 
 Memphis, 34 
 
 MISSISSIPPI AND GULF. 
 
 Yazoo City, (note,) 
 
 Vicksburg, 
 
 Grand Gulf, 
 
 Natchez, 
 
 Jackson, (note,) 
 
 Baton Rouge, 
 
 New Orleans, 48, 
 
 Mobile, 
 
 Pensacola, 69 
 
 Galveston, 61 
 
 Vera Cruz, 62 
 
 Chagres and Panama, 63 
 
 Havana 64 
 
 PAGE. 
 .. 38 
 .. 39 
 . 40 
 .. 40 
 • . 45 
 46 
 53 
 59 
 
 CITIES, 
 
 Brownsville, 71 
 
 Alleghan City, 76 
 
 Pittsburgh, 77, 79 
 
 Harper's Ferry, 81 
 
 Steubenville, 87 
 
 Wheeling, 88 
 
 Marietta, • • 94 
 
 Coshocton and Zanesville, (note,) 96 
 
 Guyandotte, 103 
 
 Portsmouth, 106 
 
 Chillicothe, 108 
 
 Columbus, (note,) 110, 11 2 
 
 Maysville, 113, 114 
 
 Cincinnati, 117, 125 
 
 Newport, 125 
 
 Covington, 126 
 
 Hamilton, 130 
 
 Dayton, 131 
 
 Springfield, 134 
 
 Vevay, 141 
 
 Frankfort, (note,) 142 
 
 Lexington, 143 
 
 ETC., ON THE OHIO AND LAKES. 
 
 Madison, • 146 
 
 Indianapolis, (note,) 147, 148 
 
 Jeffersonville, 149 
 
 Louisville, 149, 151 
 
 New Albany, 152 
 
 Evansville, 162 
 
 Viucennes, (note,) 165, 166 
 
 Nashville, (note,) 
 Independence, 
 Jefferson City, 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 Milw^iukie, • • • 
 
 Detroit, 
 
 Toledo (note,) • 
 Sandusky City, 
 
 191, 
 
 170 
 
 182 
 
 186 
 
 192 
 
 . . . .' 194 
 
 197, 198 
 
 .... 201 
 
 202, 203 
 
 Cleveland, 203, 205 
 
 Erie, 206, 207 
 
 Buffalo, 207, 208 
 
 Toronto, 216 
 
 Oswego, 21 7 
 
 Sackett's Harbor, 217 
 
 Kingston, 217 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 Mississippi River, 9 
 
 St. Croix River, 12 
 
 Chippewa River, •* 13 
 
 Wisconsin River, 16 
 
 Rock River, ' 19 
 
 Iowa River, 19 
 
 Des Moines River, 22 
 
 Illinois River, 24, 187 
 
 IW^ 
 
IV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Missouri River, 24, 175 
 
 Ohio Kivor, 29, 84 
 
 IIatch«'« Kivor, 33 
 
 Arkansas River, 36 
 
 Yazoo River, 38 
 
 Rfd River, 42 
 
 Mononguhela River, 
 
 Alleghany River, 
 
 MuHkin(!U(n River, 
 
 HockhockiDg River, 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 9«i 
 
 100 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 Great. Kanawha River, 102 
 
 Scioto River, 110 
 
 liiekinf? River, 126 
 
 Great Miami River, 138 
 
 Kentucky River, 142 
 
 Wabash River, 163, 164 
 
 Cumberland River, 1(;9 
 
 Tennessee River, 172 
 
 Detroit River, 197 
 
 Niagara River, 210 
 
 ItaRca Lake, 
 
 Lake Pepin, 
 
 Lake St. Croix, (note,) • • 
 Lake Providence, (note,) 
 Lake Michigan, 
 
 9 
 13 
 13 
 
 38 
 193 
 
 Lake Superior, - 
 Lake Huron,- • 
 liake St. Clair, 
 
 Lake Krie, 
 
 Lake Ontario, • • 
 
 •... 195 
 .... 196 
 . ... 197 
 
 200, 201 
 . .. 216 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony, 10 
 
 Distances on the Mississippi River, 
 
 11, 17, 26, 30, 53 
 
 Fort St Leon, 68 
 
 English Turn, 58 
 
 Forts St. Philip and .Jackson, . • 58 
 
 Mouths of the Mississippi, 58 
 
 Fort Bowyer and Mauville. (note,) 60 
 
 Braddock's Field, '• 73 
 
 Fort Du Qucsne. 79 
 
 Distances ou the Ohio, . • 80, 132, 133 
 
 Blannerhassett's Island, 98 
 
 Virginia Springs, 104 
 
 Ohio Canal and Distances, . • 106, 107 
 
 Eseulapiun Springs, 113 
 
 Miami Canal and Distances, 129 
 
 Mammoth Cave, 159, 162 
 
 Fort Harrison, 165 
 
 Cave-in-Kock. 168, 169 
 
 Illinois anrl Michigan Canal, • • • . 190 
 
 Fort Stephi'ihsun, 202 
 
 Niagara Falls, 213, 215 
 
 ROUTES. 
 
 From Dubuque, 66 
 
 From Galena, 65 
 
 From the Mouth of Illinois River, 65 
 
 From St. Louis, 66 
 
 From Columbus, Ky. 66 
 
 From Memphis, 07 
 
 From Vicksburg, 68 
 
 From Natchez, 68 
 
 From New Orleans, 68 
 
 From Galveston, 69 
 
 From Mobile, 69 
 
 From Pensacola, 69 
 
 From Chagres, 70 
 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 From 
 
 Pittsburgh, 81, 83 
 
 Wheeling, 91, 93 
 
 Cincinnati, 132 
 
 Louisville, 151, 152 
 
 Na.shville, 170, 171 
 
 Fort Leavenworth, 180 
 
 Kansas River, 181 
 
 Independence, 183 
 
 Chicago, 192 
 
 Detroit, 199 
 
 Sandusky, 203 
 
 Cleveland, 205 
 
 Buffalo, 208 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 New York and Erie Railroad, • • 
 Albany and Buffalo Railroad, • • 
 Buffalo and Niagara Falls R., • • 
 Niagara Falls and Lockport R.,* 
 Oswego and Syracuse Railroad,* 
 
 Table of Ohio Railroads, 
 
 Mad River and Lake Erie R.,. • • 
 
 Little Miami Railroad, 
 
 Mansfield and Sandusky R., . > • • 
 Mansfield and Newark Railroad, 
 Columbus and Xeuia Railroad, > 
 
 . 217 
 . 218 
 
 • 219 
 . 219 
 
 • 219 
 . 219 
 . 220 
 . 220 
 . 220 
 . 220 
 . 221 
 
 Cleveland and Columbus R., • • • • 221 
 Indiana Railroads, 221 
 
 Madison and Indianapolis R.,. 
 
 Michigan Railroads, 
 
 Michigan Central Railroad, > • . 
 
 Illinois Railroads, 
 
 Galena and Chicago Railroad, 
 
 Kentucky Railroads, 
 
 Mississippi Railroads, 
 
 Louisiana Railroads, • • • • • 
 
 Alabama Railroads, 
 
 222 
 222 
 222 
 223 
 223 
 223 
 224 
 224 
 224 
 

 
 ■ • • • 
 
 102 
 
 • • • • 
 
 110 
 
 • • • • 
 
 126 
 
 • • • • 
 
 138 
 
 • • • 
 
 142 
 
 163, 
 
 164 
 
 
 169 
 
 • ■ • • 
 
 172 
 
 » • • • 
 
 197 
 
 • • • • 
 
 210 
 
 ■ « • • 
 
 195 
 
 • • • • 
 
 196 
 
 
 197 
 
 200, 
 
 201 
 
 • • 
 
 216 
 
 • • • 
 
 98 
 
 1 • • 
 
 104 
 
 106, 
 
 107 
 
 • • • 
 
 113 
 
 
 • 129 
 
 159, 
 
 162 
 
 . . . . 
 
 165 
 
 1C8, 
 
 169 
 
 . . • 
 
 ]90 
 
 • • • 
 
 202 
 
 213, 
 
 215 
 
 . 81 
 
 1,83 
 
 • 9] 
 
 1,93 
 
 • • 
 
 132 
 
 151, 
 
 152 
 
 170, 
 
 171 
 
 • « • 
 
 180 
 
 * • • 
 
 181 
 
 • • • 
 
 183 
 
 
 192 
 
 . . 
 
 199 
 
 • • • 
 
 203 
 
 • • • 
 
 205 
 
 
 208 
 
 • • ■ 
 
 221 
 
 • • • 
 
 221 
 
 • • • 
 
 222 
 
 • • • 
 
 222 
 
 • • • 
 
 222 
 
 • • • 
 
 223 
 
 • • • 
 
 223 
 
 • • • 
 
 223 
 
 • • • 
 
 224 
 
 • ■ • 
 
 224 
 
 • • • 
 
 224 
 
 1 
 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The following work was commenced about a year ago, at the 
 earnest solicitation of an esteemed friend, who has since been 
 suddenly called away to the enjoyment of a higher state of 
 society. The materials for the work have been collected and 
 arranged for publication, mostly during leisure hours ; and often 
 no opportunity was p-iven to read the manuscripts a second time. 
 Errors may, therefore, have escaped detection, which under other 
 circumstances would have been avoided. Although, with the 
 exception of a few pages, every line of the work has been written 
 in our own language, yet wo have not aimed at originality, but 
 rather at correctness, value, and brevity. 
 
 We have designed to have tiie work take a much wider range 
 than any similar one yet presented to the public. We have 
 endeavored to make a book that will merit reading ; and be what 
 its name indicates, a pleasing companion for the traveler; — a 
 book that will not only give him the name and location of places 
 along the principal thoroughfares, but will abound with incidents 
 of a novel and entertaining character, which he will wish to 
 remember, and delight to read. Besides, the character of the soil, 
 resources, present and future prospects, together with the past 
 history of most places in the Mississippi Valley, and along the 
 Gulf and Lake shores, pass in review before the reader. All of the 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 principal routes in the West, Soutli, and North, together with 
 tliose leading from thence to the East, are fully and correctly 
 given. 
 
 We believe that the descriptions which are given of the 
 
 various towns along the western waters, will be found to be 
 
 correct. But as the West is just beginning to develop its 
 
 resources, and as towns are springing up almost every day, it is 
 
 more than likely that some small places may have been omitted ; 
 
 but we think such omissions, if any exist, are but few and 
 
 unimportant. To those who wish to enlarge their field of 
 
 geographical knowledge, and impart it to others, we recommend 
 
 this work as a valuable companion. 
 
 . , , STEPHEN L. MASSE Y. 
 
 Cincinnati, Mat, 1851. , 
 
 I ^ 
 
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 . 'Y 
 
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( 
 
 I 
 
 FROM THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO 
 , THE GULF OF MEXICO^ 
 
 Itasca. I^ake* — This is the .iclunl source of the longest 
 and main fork of the Mississippi, tlie Lac la Biche of the 
 French). This beautiful lake, w liich is some five or seven miles 
 in length, reposes amidst hills of marine sand, of the drift 
 epoch, and consists of pure springs of water, gushing out in 
 copious rills, within a visible oasin. The Indian (name) term 
 of Lot-osh-ca, and denoting a characteristic property of the fe- 
 male breast, imparts a vivid idea in which these infant sources 
 of the father of rivers gush from their sandy elevation. 
 
 Many suppose the word "Itasca" to be derived from the last 
 and first syllables of the two Latin words, Veritas caput, which 
 means, the true head. 
 
 Schoolcraft, accompanied by tlie late Dr. Houghton and Col. 
 Allen (then Lieut. Allen), of the army, two gentlemen who sub- 
 sequently distinguished themselves in their several depart- 
 ments, and by Mr. Bentwell, a clergyman from New Hampsnire, 
 and Mr. John Stone, of Michigan, with Ozawindib, or Yellow 
 Head, a Chippewa chief, as the principal guide, reached Itasca 
 lake on the 13th of July, 1832, being just three hundred and five 
 years after the Spanish had first, incidentally, descried its 
 mouth. Its distance from the Gulf of Mexico, he estimated at 
 three thousand one hundred and sixty miles. The entire alti- 
 tude of the lake, as determined by Mr. Nicollet, in 1836, is one 
 thousand five hundred and seventy-five feet, which is one hundred 
 and five feet below the summit of its environing hills; and its lat- 
 itude, at Schoolcraft's island, the only island in it, is 47^ 13' 35". 
 From this time, the source of the Mississippi has remained a 
 fixed fact in our geography. The face of the country about its 
 head, presents a very similar appearance to that at its estuary. 
 
10 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 Fort Gaines.— This fort is situated six miles south of 
 Crow Wing, or De Corbeau river, and one hundred and twent>-- 
 two miles north of St. Paul. It was commenced in 1848. The 
 population, including garrison, does not exceed 150. 
 
 Siva.ll River, Benton county, eighteen miles south of 
 Fort Gaines, and one hundred and four north of St. Paul. 
 Near the mouth of this river, on the east side of the Mississip- 
 
 Ei, a small settlement has been formed. It contains 2 trading 
 ouses, 1 hotel, 5 or 6 dwelling houses, with a population of 
 about 25. 
 
 Sank Rapids, county seat of Benton county, twenty- 
 eight miles south from Swan river, and seventy-six miles north 
 from St. Paul. The village is situated on the east side of the 
 Mississippi, in the center of a very fine farming country. It 
 has 1 traaing house, 2 stores, 1 hotel, and a population of 180. 
 Rum River (Indian name, Iskode Waboy) rises to the 
 north of the Mississippi, in Mille Lacs, and after a course of 
 about eighty miles, falls into the Mississippi, twenty-eight miles 
 north of St. Paul. At the mouth of this river, a ferrjr has been 
 commenced, and a settlement made, which now contains 1 trad- 
 ing house, 1 grocery and a population of 15. 
 
 Falls of St. Anthony (St. Anthony City), Ramsey 
 county, twenty miles south of Rum river, and eight miles 
 north-west of St. Paul. 
 
 These falls are sixteen and a half feet perpendicular, and 
 about thirty rods in width, divided bv a conical island, leaving 
 about two-thirds on the west side. The fine scenery about the 
 Falls attracts great numbers of visitors during the summer 
 months. The town of St. Anthony is beautifully situated on 
 the side and summit of a hill, rising up from a precipice, from 
 which a fine view of the falls and surrounding country can be 
 obtained. It contains 1 chapel and school room, 1 hotel, 5 
 stores, 1 saw mill, 1 grist mill, 160 dwellings, and about 600 
 inhabitants. The land, in the vicinity of the falls, consists of 
 prairie, interspersed with openings of various extent, and is 
 
outh of 
 twenty- 
 i. The 
 
 )tith of 
 b. Paul, 
 ssissip- 
 trading 
 ition of 
 
 ;wenty- 
 s north 
 ! of the 
 iiy. It 
 of 180. 
 to the 
 urse of 
 it miles 
 IS been 
 1 trad- 
 
 lamsey 
 miles 
 
 r, and 
 eaving 
 ut the 
 Liraraer 
 ted on 
 , from 
 an be 
 otel, 5 
 ut 600 
 ists of 
 ind is 
 
 generally admirably adapted to agricultural purposes. It is 
 also well watered by numerous small lakes and streams, whose 
 never failing springs add much to the strength and fertility of 
 the soil. These lakes and streams are well stocked with fish. 
 
 IVotes. 
 
 The falls of St. Anthony were named by Father Hennepin, a companion of 
 the enterprising M . De la Salle, who, in 1680, ascended the Mississippi river as 
 far as the falls and reported that he had discovered its source. The Missis- 
 sippi river was discovered by Marquette, seven years before. 
 
 This table shows the distances of those places on the Mississippi, above 
 Galena, from each other, and from the Falls. 
 
 Fort Snelling. Min., 
 St. Peter's river, 
 St, Paul, Min.," •• 
 Luke Pepin, 
 Maiden's Rock, 
 Chippewa river, Wis., 
 La Crosse, Wis.,-... 
 
 Root River, Min., 6 
 
 Bad Axe, Wis., 20 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 88 
 
 32 
 
 72 
 
 96 
 184 
 190 
 210 
 
 Upper Iowa river, Min., 
 Prairie du Chien, Wis., 
 Fort Crawford, Wis.,.. 
 Wisconsin river. Wis., • 
 Prairie La Port, Iowa, • 
 
 Cassville, Wis., 
 
 Peru, Iowa, 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa, 
 
 Fever river, 111., 
 
 > 9 
 .52 
 . 1 
 . 2 
 
 ■ 20 
 
 10 
 
 •21 
 
 . 9 
 
 .18 
 
 219 
 271 
 272 
 274 
 294 
 304 
 325 
 334 
 352 
 
 
 Fort Snelling^, six miles south-east of St. Anthony, and 
 six miles to the west of St. Paul. This fort is situated on the 
 west side of tlie Mississippi, and is built on the point of land 
 formed by the junction of the Mississippi and Minesota 
 rivers. 
 
 St. Petors (Mendota), one and a half miles south of Fort 
 Snelling, and six miles west from St. Paul. From its fine posi- 
 tion, at tlie mouth of the Minesota, a river which must, one 
 day, bear upon its waters the valuable products of a fertile and 
 luxuriant soil, it offers prospects as brilliant as any other town 
 in the territory. Tlio country around Mendota is beautiful and 
 fertile. It contains 4 stores, 30 dwellings, and a population of 
 300. Here is a depot of the American Fur Company. 
 
 St. Paul, Ramsey county, seat of government. This is 
 the present head of navigation for the east side of the Missis- 
 sippi. It is pleasantly situated on the summit of a bluff, from 
 which a fine view of the river may be had. 
 
 Since the erection of the mill at St. Anthony, buildings have 
 gone up rapidly, and this city can now boast of many dwell- 
 ing houses, <fec., displaying great architectural taste. The soil 
 in the vicinity is good, and many farms have lately been com- 
 menced, with every prospect of success. 
 
 It contains a court house, 4 churches — 1 Roman Catholic, I 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist and 1 Methodist — 3 schools, with about 
 
 
60 scholars, 1 territorial library, containing 15 or 16 hundred 
 volumes, ^ printing offices, each issuing a weekly newspaper, 
 15 stores, 3U0 dwellings and 1,500 inhabitants 
 
 • . . t r 
 
 -. . HEAD OF STEAMBOAT NAVIGATION. ' 
 
 Red Bock, Ramsey county, six miles south of St. Paul. 
 Its name is derived from a large rock, which the Indians have 
 painted red, and styled Wakon, or Spirit rock. Red Rock was 
 first settled by the Methodist missionaries, in 18'}7, under the 
 superintendence of the Rev. Alfred Brunson. An Indian school 
 was established, at an expenditure of thirty thousand dollars; 
 but, after a few years, the mission failed, accomplisliing but lit- 
 tle permanent good. 
 
 The soil in tnis district is well adapted to the growth of corn. 
 The village consists of about 15 buildings ; population, 80. 
 
 Vermilioil River rises in Minesota and flows north- 
 east, on a line nearly parallel with the St. Peter's river, and 
 empties into the Mississippi a short distance above tliG mouth 
 of the St. Croix river. 
 
 St. Croix River rises in the north-western part of Wis- 
 consin and flows southward till it reaches the Mississippi in 
 44® north latitude. It is navigable for steamboats about sixty 
 miles. Large quantities of pine lumber are annually brought 
 down the river and shipped to St. Louis. At the falls, the head 
 of navigation, there is a fine town springing up. 
 
 Point Oougias, Washington county, post town, twenty- 
 five miles south of Stillwater, and twenty-one miles south-east 
 of St. Paul. This village is situated on the west side of the 
 mouth of Lake St. Croix. It contains 1 hotel, 1 public house, 
 3 stores, 20 very neatly finished buildings, with a population of 
 
 It has an excellent landing. In the lowest stage of water, 
 this is the head of navigation on the Mississippi. -^ ;; .j^- 
 
 w\ 
 
I 
 
 
 Notes. • ..r . .■ 
 
 LAKE ST. CROIX.— This lake receives the waters of the St. Croix river 
 and its tributaries. The river and lake form most of the bonndary line be- 
 tween Minesota and Wisconsin. There is a bar in this lake called Cat-fish 
 Bar, which extends about two miles into the lake. The Indians regard this 
 bar and lake with dread; they would rather carry their canoes than paddle 
 them across the lake. 
 
 STiLLWATER, oonnty-seat of Washington county, seven miles north- 
 east from St. Paul. This town is situated on the west side of Lake St. Croix, 
 twenty miles from its mouth; and, from its many advantages of water privi- 
 lege and excellent land, bids fair for a speedy growth. It contains i land 
 office, 1 saw mill, 1 court house, 3 hotels, 4 stores, and about 50 well finished 
 buildings (dwelling houses). There is also 1 church and 2 lecture rooms in 
 rourse of erection. Also, a school, with 25 scholars; the population is about 
 800. . . 
 
 Lake Pcpiii, about fifteen miles below the mouth of the 
 St. Croix river, and one hundred miles below the Falls, is form- 
 ed by an expansion of the Mississippi. It is about twenty-five 
 miles long, and four wide; the water is clear, and the current 
 very gentle. On the eastern side of the lake, is the celebrated 
 ; Maiden's Rock, which rises to the height of near five hundred 
 feet. Near this point, is the mouth of Pepin river, which emp- 
 ties into the lake; and, on the opposite side, is tlie Cannon 
 river. The shores of this lake abound with carnelktn and 
 other valuable stones., -j .; 
 
 Cllippewa Kiver rises in the northern part of Wiscon- 
 sin, near the head waters of the Montreal, and flows in a south- 
 westerly direction. After a course of near three hundred miles, 
 it joins the Mississippi near the termination of Lake Pepin. Its 
 principal branches are the Clear Water and Red Cedar rivers. 
 It is navigable for steamboats seventy miles. The shores abound 
 with pine forests. There is a very important trading post at 
 the mouth of this river, in Wisconsin, which may one day be- 
 come a large town. 
 
 Note. .,,..,!. 
 
 The mouth of this river is the southern boundary of that tract of land 
 known as Carver's Tract. It lies principally in Crawford county, and con- 
 tains an area of more than eight millions of acres. Captain Carver held this 
 land by a deed obtained from the Indians, May 1st, 1767. It commences at 
 the Falls of St Anthony and follows the Mississippi to the mouth of the 
 Chippewa; thence east, about one hundred miles; thence north, one hundred 
 and twenty miles; and thence, in a direct line, to the Falls. The Missis- 
 sippi Land Company, of New York, obtained, in 1824, a recognized deed, 
 before Judge Van Ness, of the U. S. District Court, New York. .- 
 
 WsJkXi Oju and IVIaniSka Rivers rise in tlie south- 
 eastern part of Minesota, and flow north-east and empty into 
 
I 
 
 the Mississippi, The waters of the two rivers are united by a 
 small creek, just before they enter the Mississippi. 
 
 illountain Island Kii'cr, a small stream in the 
 western part of Wisconsin, empties into the Mississippi. 
 
 Sap|»ah or Black River rises near the center of Wis- 
 consin and flows south-west. Before entering the Mississippi, 
 it separates into two branches, forming a delta of some extent. 
 It is navigable for steamboats sixty miles. 
 
 Prairie a la Crosse River flows through the western 
 part of Wisconsin into the Mississippi, one hundred and eighty- 
 six miles below the falls of St. Anthony, and eighty-nine miles 
 below the Chippewa. 
 
 La Crosse, a small town situated at the mouth of the La 
 Crosse River, Crawford county, Wisconsin. 
 
 lIol£a9 or Boot River, enters the Mississippi from 
 Minesotu, five miles below the mouth of the La Crosse. 
 
 Raccoon River, a small stream, flows into the Missis- 
 sippi from Wisconsin, nearly opposite Root river. 
 
 Rad Axe River rises in VV^isconsin and flows in a west- 
 erly direction, till it joins the Mississippi two hundred and 
 eleven miles below the falls of St. Anthony. 
 
 Upper IO%va River rises in Minesota and flows south- 
 east, then north-east, through the north-eastern part of Iowa, 
 and enters the Mississippi two hundred and ten miles below 
 the Falls, forming part of the boundary line between Iowa and 
 Minesota. 
 
 Prairie du Clllen, Crawford county, Wisconsin, is one 
 hundred and twenty-five miles west of Madison, three miles 
 above the mouth of the Wisconsin river, and about two hun- 
 dred and seventy-five miles below the Falls. It is situated on 
 the borders of an extensive prairie, and occupies the site of an 
 old Indian village, from whose chief, called by the French 
 Chien, it derives its name. The town contains a court house, 
 and an academy and several chMrches. There are excellent 
 hunting grounds in the vicinity of this place. The water 
 courses and marshes are covered with wild rice, which the In- 
 dians gather for food. Numerous mounds are scattered over 
 the land — the remains of a people whose history is unknown 
 to us, and whose existence might have been doubted, had they 
 not, like the builders of the pyramids, left these unmistakable 
 evidences of their having " lived, and moved, and had a being." 
 Stages leave three times a week for Galena. Population 2,300. 
 Fort Crawford, two miles below Prairie du Chien, is 
 on the Wisconsin side of the Mississippi. Fort Atkinson, Iowa, 
 near the head waters of Turkey river, is nearly due west from 
 
ed hy a 
 
 in the 
 i. 
 
 of Wis- 
 issippi, 
 
 extent. 
 
 western 
 eighty- 
 ic miles 
 
 the La 
 
 pi from 
 
 Missis- 
 
 a vest- 
 ed and 
 
 I south- 
 
 • Iowa, 
 
 below 
 
 wa and 
 
 is one 
 
 miles 
 o hun- 
 Lted on 
 i of an 
 French 
 house, 
 cellent 
 
 water 
 he In- 
 over 
 cnown 
 d they 
 ikable 
 eing." 
 2,300. 
 ien, is 
 
 Iowa, 
 from 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 15 
 
 is 
 
 this station. By going t -irough Prairie du Chien, travelers will 
 find a good road between the two forts. 
 
 li¥isconsiii River rises in some email lakes near the 
 boundary of Michigan, and after a south and south-westerly 
 course of four hundred miles, crossing the entire State of Wis- 
 consin, it enters the Mississippi in 43"^ north latitude and 91° 
 west longitude. It is navigable for steamboats one hundred and 
 eighty miles. There is a portage of about two miles between 
 the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, which will doubtless soon be 
 connected by a canal. In time of high water, small boats can 
 pass from one river to the other. 
 
 Note. 
 
 The State of Wisconsin, having received from Congress a grant of half a 
 million acres of land, design improving the navigation of these rivers, so as 
 to open, by way of Oreen Bay, a continuous steamboat communication be- 
 tween Lake Michigan and the Mississippi. The construction of the canal, 
 and the improvement of Fox river, are under contract to be completed daring 
 the present year. 
 
 Pra^irie In, Port, Clayton county, Iowa, is a trading post 
 of some importance, although it contains but few houses. It 
 is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, on a high bluff, 
 twenty miles south of the Wisconsin river. 
 
 Citssville, Grant county, Wisconsin, is on the east side 
 of the Mississippi, three hundred and ten miles below the Falls. 
 It was laid out on a large scale, under the direction of a New 
 York Company, and intended as a summer resort for pleasure 
 parties. The company built a fine hotel, and there the matter 
 ended. 
 
 Ttirliey River rises in Iowa, and after a course of one 
 hundred and fifty miles, passing diagonally through Clayton 
 county, enters the Mississippi. It is not navigable for steam- 
 boats. 
 
 Frankford, Clayton county, Iowa, is a small trading post 
 at the mouth of Turkey river. 
 
 Note. 
 
 POTOSI, Grant county, Wisconsin, is situated on a bayou a short distance 
 from the river. There are rich lead mines in the neighborhood. To these the 
 town owes its importance. Steamboats can only approach the town during 
 high stages of water. 
 
 Sinapee, Grant county, Wisconsm, is a small town a few 
 miles above Dubuque. 
 
 Note. 
 
 PERU, Dubuque oonnty, Iowa, is situated on the south side of the Little 
 Makoquette river, a short distance above its junction with the Mississippi. 
 
 ! 
 
 a ,, 
 
16 
 
 ROUTE OP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 OubUQIie. Dubuque county, Iowa, is on the west bank of 
 the Mississippi, three hundred and thirty miles below the Falls. 
 It is situated on a gently sloping prairie, in one of the richest 
 lead districts in the world. It contains a land office, 6 or 8 
 churches, and work shops of all descriptions. On account of 
 an island in front of the town, boats are compelled, in low 
 water, to land at the island, which is near a mile from the main 
 landing of the town. This retai'ds the growth of the place, 
 and greatly injures its trade. The town received its name from 
 Dubuque, its earliest settler. His tomb, on a high bluflf a short 
 distance below the town, overlooking the Mississippi, is an ob- 
 ject of great interest to travelers. 
 
 Fever River, a small, sluggish stream, empties into the 
 Mississippi, from Illinois, about sixteen miles below Dubuque. 
 It is navigable for steamboats to Galena, during most of the 
 year. On account of the narrowness of this stream, boats have 
 great difficulty in getting up and down. It is sometimes neces- 
 sary to dig away a portion of the bank to get room to turn. 
 The great central railroad, extending from Cairo to Galena, was 
 located along the banks of this river : its remains are still to be 
 seen. '■"' '■ ' •' ►',[■■• - 
 
 Notes. 
 
 GALENA, Joe Daviess county, Illinois, is situated on Fever river, seven 
 miles from its mouth. It is located near the center of a rich lead district, 
 extending, on both sides of the Mississippi, from the Wisconsin to the vicinity 
 of Rock river. It derives its name from galena^ a kind of lead ore found in the 
 vicinity. In 1822, the process of smelting was first commenced; since that 
 time there has been as high at 13,000,000 of pounds smelted in one year. The 
 ore lies in horizontal strata, varying in thickness from a few inches to several 
 feet, and yields 75 per cent of pure lead. A railroad is being constructed be* 
 tween Galena and Chicago, a distance of one hundred and sixty miles. It is 
 also in telegraphic communication with St. Louis, and with the East along 
 the nothern frontier. Population, 5,000. ^ < ,^,.v i ^t . - 
 
 The most direct route to Minesota, from the East, is by way of the Michi- 
 gan central railroad, and the railroad and stage route from Chicago to Galena. 
 The railroad on this line is completed from Chicago to Elgin, forty miles ; the 
 whole distance to Galena is one hundred and sixty miles. 
 
 The stage on this route travels night and day. If persons wish to take a 
 little more time, and travel only during the day, they can go to Milwaukie 
 and take the stage from there to Galena, which travels only in the day time, 
 over a road quite as good, and through a country quite as pleasant. Or, if a 
 journey by water is preferred, they can take the canal, at Chicago, and go by 
 the way of St. Louis, which will make the journey more expensive and at 
 least a week longer. By the shortest route, the journey may be performed 
 from Albany to St. Paul within a week, and at an expense of not far from 
 $35 00. The fare is as follows : from Albany to Buffalo, $10 00; from Buf- 
 
■ -•nn*v "i— i*- 
 
 bank of 
 \ie Falls. 
 > richest 
 ,6 or 8 
 ount of 
 , in low 
 he main 
 B place, 
 me from 
 ' a short 
 s an ob- 
 
 into the 
 ibuque. 
 i of the 
 its have 
 3 neces- 
 :o turn, 
 na, was 
 11 to be 
 
 er, seven 
 district, 
 
 > vicinity 
 nd in the 
 nee that 
 ar. The 
 
 > several 
 icted be- 
 IS. It is 
 St along 
 
 Michi- 
 Galena. 
 leg; the 
 
 take a 
 Iwankie 
 ly time, 
 Or, if a 
 d go by 
 and at 
 rformed 
 if from 
 m Baf- 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 17 
 
 falo to Chicago, $10 00; from Chicago to Galena, $8 00; and from Galena 
 to St. Paul, $G 00. 
 
 Goods are transported by wagons from Chicago to Galena in great qnanti> 
 ties. The expense of transportation between the two places is from $1 00 to 
 ^125 per hundred weight. t- ; !;;!,; n' u- .iii" i 
 
 ■f 
 
 The following table contains the 
 along the Mississippi, from Galena 
 
 Bellevue, 14 
 
 Savannah, 20 
 
 Charleston, Iowa, 3 
 
 Lyons, Iowa, 15 
 
 Fulton City, Illinois, 2 
 
 New York, Iowa, 3 
 
 Albany, Illinois, 7 
 
 Camanche, Iowa, 3 
 
 i*ort Byron, Illinois, • • • > 13 
 
 Hampton, 6 
 
 Davenport, Iowa, } „ 
 
 itook Island, ] 
 
 Muscatine, Iowa, 30 
 
 New Boston, Illinois, 23 
 
 Iowa River, 1 
 
 Pquawka, Illinois, 18 
 
 Burlington, Iowa, 13 
 
 Skunk river, 6 
 
 380 
 383 
 308 
 400 
 403 
 410 
 413 
 426 
 432 
 
 distances of most of the towns and rivers 
 to the month of the Missouri : 
 
 360 Montrose, Iowa, ) -« 
 
 Nauvoo, Illinois, ) 
 
 Keokuk, Iowa, 13 
 
 Warsaw, Illinois, ) .... 4 
 
 Des Moines River, | 
 
 TuUy, Missouri 16 
 
 La Grange, Missouri, 9 
 
 Q,uincy, Illinois, 10 
 
 Marion City, Missouri, 8 
 
 Hannibal« Missouri, 10 
 
 fort Madison, 16 
 
 440 
 
 470 
 493 
 494 
 512 
 525 
 531 
 547 
 
 557 
 569 
 573 
 
 Louisiana, Mii'souri, 23 
 
 Clarksville, Missouri, 11 
 
 Hamburg, Illinois, 14 
 
 Westport, Missouri, 13 
 
 Gilead, Illinois, 15 
 
 Illinois River, 28 
 
 Graflon, Illinois, 3 
 
 Alton, Illinois • 30 
 
 Missouri River, 5 
 
 589 
 596 
 608 
 616 
 626 
 649 
 660 
 674 
 687 
 702 
 730 
 733 
 753 
 758 
 
 Bellevuef Jackson county, Iowa, is a small town situated 
 on a high bluff, seven miles below the mouth of Fever river. 
 It is one of the most pleasant situations on the river, and well 
 deserves its name. 
 
 Makokety River empties into the Mississippi from 
 Iowa, a few miles below Bellevue. It furnishes the best water 
 power of any river in the State. 
 
 HuntSVille, Joe Daviess county, Illinois, nearly opposite 
 the mouth of Makokety river, is a small and unimportant town. 
 
 Savannah) county-seat of Carroll county, Illinois, is sit- 
 uated on the east bank of the Mississippi, a short distance 
 above the mouth of Plum creek. It contains a court house, 
 jail, and a number of stores and dwellings. Population, 250. 
 
 Charleston, Clinton county, Iowa, is situated on the 
 Mississippi, about three hundred and eighty miles below the 
 Falls. It is a small place, and of but litue importance. 
 
 Ijyons, Clinton county, Iowa, is a small town about fif- 
 teen miles below Charleston. Population, 300. 
 
 'Fulton Oity, Whiteside countv, Illinois, is just opposite 
 Xiyons, and is its rival town. Population, 500. 
 
New ITorR is a name given to a email arid unimportant 
 place in Clinton county, Iowa, five miles below Lyons. 
 
 Albany, Whitesicie county, Illinois, is a flourishing town. 
 The location being good, the town will doubtless continue to 
 increase. Population near 700. 
 
 Camanctie, Clinton county, Iowa, is on the west side of 
 the river, a short distance below Albany. Population about 
 100. 
 
 lirfipsipiliecoil River rises in the north-eastern part 
 of Iowa, and after a winding course of about two hunared 
 miles, empties into the Mississippi. It affords excellent water 
 power for mills; and it is hoped that the enterprising people 
 who are fast settling in that portion of country, will not let it 
 remain long unocccupied. 
 
 Princeton, Scott county, Iowa, is situated on the west 
 side of the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Wapsipinecon 
 river. 
 
 Port Byron, Rock Island county, Illinois, is a small 
 town, fifteen miles below Camanche. It is situated near the 
 head of the upper rapids. 
 
 Hampton, Rock Island county, Illinois, is situated six 
 miles below Port Byron. It has considerable trade in earthen 
 ware. Population, 300. 
 
 I^e Clare, Scott county, Iowa, is a small town, containing 
 but few houses. Tt takes its name from an old Frenchman, who 
 was the owner of most of the land in the neighborhood. 
 
 Davenport, Scott county, Iowa (county-seat), is one of 
 the most flourishing towns in t )wa. It is a beautiful situation, 
 and appears better from the river than any other town on the 
 Upper Mississippi. It has considerable trade, and is rapidly 
 increasing in importance. Being surrounded by a rich country, 
 it will soon become a large place. Population, 2,000. 
 
 BocR Island is the name given to a large island in the 
 Mississippi, ninety-four miles below Galena, and just above the 
 mouth of Rock river. The southern part of the island is occu- 
 pied by Fort Armstrong, an old U. b. Blockhouse in time of 
 Black Hawk's wars. The fort stands upon a rock, near twenty 
 feet above the surface of the river. There is a recess in this 
 rock called Black Hawk's Cave, where, it is said, he often con- 
 cealed himself. The officers and soldiers had most of the 
 island under cultivation; the remains of the gardens and 
 hedges are still to be seen. It was here that Col. Davenport 
 was murdered, July, 1845, by a party of lawless wretches. The 
 Mississippi at this point is very rapid; it falls twenty-one feet, 
 
 
 I 
 
 ten inches, in the clistance of fifteen miles. Ledges of loclc. 
 
nportant 
 
 ■ 
 
 11^ town, 
 itinue to 
 
 t side of 
 >n about 
 
 tern part 
 hundred 
 nt water 
 ? people 
 lot let it 
 
 the west 
 ipinecon 
 
 a small 
 near the 
 
 ated six 
 earthen 
 
 ntaining 
 aan, who 
 d. 
 
 J one of 
 ituation, 
 I on the 
 rapidly 
 country, 
 
 id in the 
 bove the 
 I is occu- 
 tiine of 
 r twenty 
 \ in this 
 'ten con- 
 b of the 
 ens and 
 avenport 
 es. The 
 one feet, 
 of Toclc. 
 
 ROUTE OP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 19 
 
 extend across the river and, at low water, greatly obstruct the 
 navigation. 
 
 Note. 
 The country aronnd Rock Island is probably one of the riclieat in the world. 
 It consists mostly of prairie land, rising in a snccession of little knolla, 
 which, at a distance, ap[>ear like the swells of the ocean, as it rolls aboot the 
 verdant islands of the East. After leaving the river, the land rises gradually 
 into a chain of rounded hills, thinly covered with trees. The Indians regard 
 Uiis as their promised land. Here they can gather the honey-suckle, grape, 
 plum and tifulberry, from trees planted, by the Great Spirit^ centuries 
 ago; and, from the bosom of every lake, without any plowing or sowing of 
 their own, they can gather an abundant harvest. The Oreat Spirit scatters 
 bountifully their bread upon the waters, which in due time they gather with 
 rejoicing. 
 
 Moline, Rock Island county, Illinois, is a small place at 
 the head of Rock Island. 
 
 Rock Island City, county-seat of Rock Island county, 
 Illinois, is situated near the junction of the Rock and Mississippi 
 rivei's. The city is rapidly increasing; and, being surrounded 
 by a good agricultural country, it will, doubtless, one day be- 
 come a large town. Coal, good timber and limestone, are found 
 in sufficient quantities for all practical purposes. Rock river 
 nffc»rds excellent water power for propelling machinery. Pop- 
 ulation near 2,000. 
 
 Kock River rises in the southern part of Wisconsin, and 
 y^ifter a rapid, south-westerly course of three hundred miles, en- 
 
 rs the Mississippi, a short distance below the island. It is 
 fiavigable for steamboats two hundred and fifty miles, 
 ' Rockingliam, Sco^t county, Iowa, is situated on the 
 plississippi, nearly opposite Rock river. It is pleasantly lo- 
 cated on a bluff bank, and contains a number of dwellings and 
 fieveral mills. Population, 500. 
 
 \ iTIliScatinc (formerly Bloomington), Muscatine county, 
 owa, is one of the most nourishing towns in the State. It is 
 the county-seat, and contains a fine court house, a jail, and 
 several good stores and churches. It was laid out in 1836 and 
 " as a population of 1 ,500. 
 
 New Baston, Mercer county, Illinois, is situated on a 
 sandy bluff, twenty-six miles below Muscatine. This town has 
 doubtless seen its best days. Population, 200. 
 
 Iowa River rises in Iowa, and after an easterly course 
 of three hundred miles, enters the Mississippi near five hun- 
 dred miles below the Falls. Its principal branch. Red Cedar, 
 is navigable for keel-boats one hundred miles above its junction 
 with the Mississippi. The Iowa is navigable for steamboats 
 
20 
 
 ROUT£ OF THE MISSISBIPPI RIVER. 
 
 one hundred miles. The water of the river is clear and pure; 
 the banks are high and coTered with good timber. 
 
 I Not*. 
 
 IOWA CTTT, the eapUal »f th« State, is •iteated oir the l9W« vftver, Mar 
 the head of steam navigation. The cHjf was lakl o«t in 1839; pfeviens to 
 this, it was an Indian huniimg gronnd. The bank»or the river, at thi« point, 
 rise in natmral terraces. The tirst piatean from the river is deveted to public 
 promenade. Meet of thv buildrngs, public and private, are at seme distance 
 from the riter. The Capitol, on Capitol street, is one of tlie ftnest baildingi 
 in the State. It n of Doric architecture, one hnndred and twenty feet long, 
 sixty feet wide, and two stories hi^. The done of the bnilding is sustained 
 by twenty<twO' Corinthian columns, whKh gi<ve it a nob and elegant appear- 
 ance. Population, 1,0@9. . . . 
 
 KcitltSblirg^lir eountjr-seat of Mercer county, Illinois, is 
 a small town, pleasantly situated on the Mississippi. It has a 
 good landing, and is the outlet of a rich country. Large quan- 
 tities of grain are produced in tlie vicinity and .'^^wpped to vari- 
 ous points aU>ng the river. 
 
 OQUamrka, county-seat of Ht^nderson county, Illinois, is 
 situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, five hundred miles 
 below the Falls. It stands on a sandy slope, and is a place of 
 considerable trade. It contains a printing office and several 
 good stores. Population, 1 ,000, 
 
 Burling^tOUt Iowa, tl>e old capital of the State and coun- 
 ty-seat of Des Moines county, is one of the best built towns on 
 the Upper Mississippi. It is surrounded by hills, which add 
 greatly to the beauty of the place. The town is regularly laid 
 out, and contains several neat churches, the State's prison, and 
 many fine resiflences. It was once the residence of Black 
 Hawk, and here his remains have been deposited. Its increase 
 in commerce and population have far surpassed that of any 
 other town in the State. It has a prospect of becoming a large 
 city at no very distant day. Population, 2^00. 
 
 Skunk Kiver, a small stream, enter»the Mississippi from 
 Iowa, a few miles below Burlington. 
 
 Fort madison, county-seat of Lee county, Iowa, is on 
 the west bank of the Mississippi. It became a town in 1835; 
 since that time it has increased rapidly. The town occupies 
 the site of an old fortification, built, in 1808, as a defense 
 against the Indians, who, in 1813, obliged the garrison to 
 abandon and burn the fort. Population, 1,100. 
 
 Jt^Ontrosey Lee county, Iowa, is situated on an elevated 
 prairie which commands a view of the river and country for 
 twenty miles around. Numerous Indian mounds, the deposi- 
 
 3 
 
r 
 
 ROUTE OF TH£ MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 21 
 
 rfid pure; 
 
 iirv«r, Mar 
 l^viaui to 
 I thi« point, 
 rd to publio 
 ■e distance 
 It buildings 
 f feet long, 
 is gnstained 
 ant appear- 
 
 Uinois, is 
 
 It has a 
 
 trge quan- 
 
 id to vari- 
 
 [llinois, is 
 jred miles 
 I place of 
 id several 
 
 and coun- 
 , towns on 
 rhich add 
 ilarly laid 
 rison, and 
 of Black 
 :s increase 
 lat of any 
 ng a large 
 
 isippi from 
 
 ova, is on 
 Q in 1835; 
 ft occupies 
 a defense 
 ;arrison to 
 
 in elevated 
 jountry for 
 lie deposi- 
 
 tories of the amcient dead, are found in the vicinity. This 
 town stands at the head of the Lower Rapids (Dea Moines), and 
 is the place of reshipping in time of low water. Population, 
 300. 
 
 IVailVOO, Hancock county, Illinois, the sacred city of the 
 |Mormons (see note), is the most remarkable city in the Union. 
 It is situated on a high slope, elevated several feet above the 
 surface of the river. The location is one of the best in the 
 "West. The land was purchased by the Mormons, and the city 
 laid out in 1840, under the direction of Joe Smith. It was 
 twelve miles in circumference — streets regular, crossing each 
 other at riffht-angles. The dwellings were mostly plain, with 
 the exception of the Great Temple, which was one of the finest 
 buildings in the West: it was one hundred and thirty feet long, 
 eighty-eight feet wide, sixty-five feet to the top of the cornice, 
 and one hundred and sixty-three to the top of the cupola, and 
 worth half a million of dollars. It was designed to accommo- 
 date a congregation of three thousand persons. The basement 
 of the temple contained the baptistry, or brazen sea, in which 
 new converts were baptized. This pool was supported by 
 twelve gilded, colossal oxen, and was designed to imitate the 
 brazen sea of Solomon. In the erection of this magnificent 
 irtiructure, most of the male population were engagea. Each 
 one considered it his duty to contribute as far as he was able, 
 believing he was erecting a temple whieh would stand till the 
 Ond of ti^e. The Mormons, supposing themselves the true 
 tter Day Saints, into whose hands the earth would soon pass, 
 id not, at all times, pay a due regard to the rights and privi- 
 ges of others. This constantly brought them into difiiculty; 
 ||ind though often in fault, yet they were persecuted beyond 
 easure. Smith and others of his sect were arrested and 
 rown into prison, where, in June, 1844, they were murdered 
 a lawless mob, without even the form of a trial. In October, 
 48, the temple was fired, and soon reduced to a heap of 
 ins. The city is now in the hands of a band of French So- 
 ialists; the property, however, is in constant dispute, there 
 >eing no good titles. Only a small number of the dwellings 
 re occupied — the Mormon population, which at one time ex- 
 eeded 15,000, having movea to California. The present pop- 
 lation does not exceed 2,000. 
 
 Note. 
 
 The Mormons first appeared in the United States about 1830. Joseph Smith, 
 
 |their prophet, pretended to have found an addition to the Bible, engraved on 
 
 twelve golden plates. After being submitted to Professor Anthon and others, 
 
 iho pronounced the inscriptions a mess of jargon, he, by Divine assistance, 
 
waa enabled to get a correct translation, which he published under the title of 
 the Book of Mormon, This book pretends to throw some light upon the his- 
 tory of the lost Tribes of Israel : how they found their way to America by 
 crossing Behring's Sirnits, traveling along the shores of the Pacific till they 
 reached the warm and beautiful country of Mexico. Here they formed settle- 
 ments, and sent colonies to Central America and Peru. They applied them- 
 selves to agriculture, built cities and temples, which they adorned in the most 
 magnificent style. They soon degenerated, however, and established for 
 themselves one of the most cruel systems of idolatry ever invented by man. 
 At the great Temple of the Sun, ten thousand human beings were sacrificed 
 annually. A large mound, estimated to contain several millions of human 
 skulls, has recently been discovered in Chili, near the remains of one of these 
 temples. Thus we see, that, according to Joe Smith and his deluded follow- 
 ers, all those stupendous ruins which are found in Mexico, Central and South 
 America, and which have been so grapiiically described by Stephens and oth- 
 ers, are fully explained, and their history simple and well understood. The 
 mysterious platis contain the records of events, the history of which would 
 have puzzled the world till the end of time. But mankind will still form their 
 own opinions, study ihes-i ruins with delight, and speculate upon their origin, 
 notwithstanding the Great Prophet has pretended to reveal their history. 
 
 IVasllvillc, Lee county, Iowa, is a small place, four miles 
 below Nauvoo. Population, 200. 
 
 Keokuk, Lee county, Iowa, is situated at the foot of the 
 Lower Rapids, and is a place of considerable trade. In low 
 water, the large boats from below cannot pass the rapids; their 
 freight is discharged at Keokuk .ind conveyed to Montrose, 
 where it is again 5^hipped on smaller boats. The growth of 
 this town is not as rapid as its situation demands. The prop- 
 erty being in constant dispute, no one feels secure in making 
 any very substantial improvements; for this reason the town 
 presents rather a mean appearance. Population, J, 500. 
 
 Churcliville (Alexandria), Clark county, Missouri, is 
 situated at the mouth of the Des Moines river. It contains 
 about Pi tores and 50 dwellings. Population, 200. 
 
 "WarssilV, Hancock county, Illinois, stands on a higli 
 bluff at the foot of the rapids, near the site of old Fort Ed- 
 wards. The situation is such that it cannot be seen from the 
 river. It contains 1 or 2 mills, several stores and a number of 
 neat dwellings. Population, 1,200. 
 
 I>es Ifloini^ icivcr rises in the southern part of Mine- 
 sota, and, after a course of four hundred miles, joins the Missis- 
 sippi four miles below Keokuk. It is 'navigable for steamboats 
 two hundred and fifty miles. The boundary line between Iowa 
 and Minesota runs along this river for several miles. 
 
 Tlllly, Lewis county, Missouri, is pleasantly situated on 
 the Mississippi, eighteen miles below Warsaw. Population, 250. \ 
 
ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 23 
 
 liS, Orsing^e, Lewis county, Missouri, is situated on the 
 west side of the Mississippi, just below the mouth of the Wya- 
 conda river. Population, 600. 
 
 Qllincy, county-seat of Adams county, Illinois, stands on 
 an elevation above the river, about one hundred and twenty- 
 five miles from the mouth of the Illinois ri\er, and commands 
 a fine view of the surrounding country. There is a large 
 amount of pork packed here, annually, and shipped to various 
 Jpoints along the Mississippi. The town contains a splendid 
 court house, and several fine churches. Population, 5,000. 
 
 MRrion City, Marion county, Missouri, is on the west 
 bank of the Mississippi, and is the commercial capital of the 
 county. The location of the town is beautiful; it extends 
 along the river bank for about a mile and a half. It contains 
 several steam mills, and a population of near 1,100. 
 
 Haitniba,!, Marion county, Missouri, is situated on the 
 Mississippi, one hundred and eighty miles north-east of Jefifer- 
 aon City. It contains a number of good stores and several 
 mills. Population, 900. 
 
 Uliaverton, Ralls county, Missouri, is pleasantly located 
 on the west bank of the Mississippi. Population, .1,000. 
 
 Nalt Biver rises in Missouri and flows in a south-easterly 
 direction till it joins the Mississippi, eighty-five miles above 
 the mouth of the Missouri. It is navigable for a short dis- 
 tance. 
 
 IjOlliSiaiia, Pike county, Missouri, is situated on the 
 west bank of the Mississippi, two miles below the mouth of 
 ?Salt river. It contains many good residences. Population, 700. 
 I Clarksville, Pike county, Missouri, is but a small place, 
 j It contains a few ordinary dwellings, and a population of 300. 
 
 llamblirg^ll, Calhoun county, Illinois, is a flourishing 
 own on the east side of the Mississippi. It has a good land- 
 ing, and employs a capital of near $100,000 in mercantile and 
 manufacturing pursuits. Population, 800. 
 
 IVestport, Lincoln county, Missouri, is situated on the 
 
 west bank of the Mississippi, fourteen m les below Hamburgh. 
 
 Population, 200. 
 
 Note. 
 
 GILEAD, Calhoun county, IIlinoiB, is situated on a slough, a short distance 
 [from the river, and fifteen miles below Westport. The location of this town 
 I is very much against its growth. Population, 600. 
 
 Bailey's liandingr, Lincoln county, Missouri, is situ- 
 ated on the Mississippi, about fifteen miles above the mouth of 
 the Illinois river. Population, 100. » 
 
24 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 rt 
 
 Illinois River rises in the north-eastern part of the 
 State of Illinois, and after a course of four hundred miles, 
 unites with the Mississippi in latitude 38® 58' north. The riv- 
 er is formed by the union of the Kankakee and Des Plaines 
 rivers. Above the mouth of Vermilion river, it is greatly ob- 
 structed by rapids; but below this point the current is gentle, 
 and the river is navigable for steamboats during most of the 
 year. The land bordering on the river is generally rich, but 
 subject to frequent inundations. Steamboats asceua the river 
 about two hundred and fifty miles, where, by the aid of the 
 Chicago and Illinois canal, a direct communication is opened 
 with the Lakes. Seepage 187. 
 
 Cirrafton, Jersey county, Illinois, is a small place, having 
 but little trade. In course of time it may become a town of 
 some importance. The population amounts to but a few hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Alton, Madison county, Illinois, is situated on the east 
 side of the Mississippi, two and a half miles above the mouth of 
 the Missouri. The town is well laid out— -streets wide and reg- 
 ular. The commercial advantag*^s of this place are second to 
 none in the State. The surrounding country abounds in good 
 timber and coal. It contains a number of good churches of 
 various denominations, and several schools. There is near a 
 inillion of dollars capital employed in the various business op- 
 erations. Population, 3,000. 
 
 ifiissonri River. — Above the mouth of the Missouri, 
 the Mississippi is a clear and comparatively gentle stream, 
 bounded by high, bluff banks; below this, its character is en- 
 tirely changed — its waters are no longer clear. Uniting with 
 the turbulent Missouri, it rolls on, formina; islands and remov- 
 ing plantations, till its influence is lost m the bosom of the 
 ocean itself. The Missouri rises in the far distant mountains 
 of the West. The mountain torrents which roll down the sides 
 of those snow-clad pinnacles, after minglin^jr together their 
 waters, dash furiously on through a winding course of three 
 thousand miles, till they embrace the Great Father of Waters. 
 
 This river in the early part of its course is a foaming moun- 
 tain torr'^nt, which rolls through a chasm of perpendicular 
 rocks, nearly six miles in length and twelve hundred feet in 
 height, called the Gates of thf Rocky Mountains. Sixty miles 
 below the eastern ridge, it forms a succession of cataracts, 
 which are second only to Niagara in grandeur. In the space 
 of seventeen miles the river has a descent of three hundred 
 and sixty feet. It now flows through vast prairies, and after 
 receiving the Yellowstone, a large and navigable river, it takes 
 
t of the 
 i miles, 
 The riv- 
 
 Plaines 
 jatly ob- 
 
 gentle, 
 jt of the 
 rich, but 
 he river 
 
 of the 
 
 opened 
 
 J, having 
 town of 
 few hun- 
 
 the east 
 mouth of 
 I and reg- 
 second to 
 
 in good 
 'irclies of 
 is near a 
 sinesd op- 
 Missouri, 
 e stream, 
 ter is en- 
 iting with 
 id remov- 
 >m of the 
 nountaine 
 I the sides 
 ther their 
 e of three 
 ^ Waters. 
 ng raoun- 
 )endicular 
 ed feet in 
 ixty miles 
 cataracts, 
 the space 
 > hundred 
 and after 
 if, it takes 
 
 HOUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 25 
 
 a south easterly direction, obtaining its principal tributaries 
 from the West. The channel is rendered intricate by the great 
 number of islands and sand-bars^ and in many places the nav- 
 igation is made very hazardous by the rafts, snags, banks, <fec. 
 The river begins to rise iia March, amu ^jontinues till July, 
 when the summer fl-oods ai its remote tributaries come in. 
 During this perix^d, tlaere is sufficient depth of water for steam- 
 boats of aUnost any classy but during tlw3 remainder of the 
 year, it is hardly navigablo for ^iXij distance, by the smalleet 
 vessels that float uj>on the western waters. See page 175. 
 
 Bloody Island, situated in tlie Mississippi between 
 
 "Illinois Town and St. Louis, is a sandy island, covered with 
 
 cotton-w«)od. It is the place where all those bloody affairs, 
 
 which so often occur in tJie n»eighborhood, are settled. Hence 
 
 its naj4;ie, Blaody Island, 
 
 VIEW OF ST, LOUIS FROM BLOODY ISLAND. 
 
 St. InOlliS, capital of St. Louis county, Missouri, is the 
 largest city in tlie State. It is pleasantly situated on the Mis- 
 sissippi, eighteen miles below the mouth of the Missouri. Its 
 latitude is 38^ 36' north, and its longitude 89'^ 56' west. It was 
 i founded about 1761, by a company of Frerch fur traders, who 
 supposed it to be a spot where tiie trade of the Missouri, Mis- 
 sissippi, and other great rivers of the West, would be likely to 
 center. It received the name of St. Louis in honor of the 
 reigning sovereign of France. The city rests upon a bed of 
 limestone, and is elevated some distance above the surface of 
 the river. The streets in the lower part of the city are narrow 
 and dirtv. In the back part, the land is quite level, but cov- 
 ered witn pools and stagnant water. The center of the city, 
 however, is well built and contains many good buildings, with 
 spacious and beautiful gardens attachea to them. The court 
 house is a splendid building; the lower floor is paved with 
 stone. In the center there is a rotunda with a sasn top, and 
 
t 
 
 26 
 
 BOUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 two circular stairs starting from the center in different direc- 
 tions. The inside finish is of heavy oak; the witnesses all 
 have fine oak desks and seats; the judge's seat is venr much 
 like a church pulpit of the ** Corinthian order." The city 
 hall and Catholic cathedral are also very splendid buildings. 
 The latter has a chime of six bells, the largest of which weighs 
 over two thousand pounds. There ai*e also several medical 
 schools and universities, filled with students from various parts 
 of the country. 
 
 The location of this city for commerce, is second to none in 
 the West. It is the center of a vast and fertile country, watered 
 by the largest rivers in the world. The country bordering on 
 the upper Mississippi is well adapted to the growing of wheat, 
 wliich is shipped in large quantities to St. Louis. Thus, St. 
 Lo!iis is fast becoming one of the greatest flour markets in the 
 Union. The total annual commerce of St. Louis, including 
 exports and imports, cannot be far from $100,000,000. 
 
 in 1S4D, the city was visited by a fire, which was the largest 
 fire that ever occurred in the West. Although the amount of 
 property destroyed was much less than that of the great fire in 
 New York, yet the extent of the burnt district far exceeded it. 
 The fire began among the boats at the wharf, and after burning 
 twenty-one of them, commuiiicated to the heavy mercantile 
 liouses along the river. Several hundred persons were thus, in 
 a few minutes, thrown destitute upon the world, who, but a 
 short time before, were enjoying the pleasures of a peaceful 
 home. 
 
 The population of the city has increased rapidly: in 1810, it 
 was less than 2,000; in 1830, it was 7,000; in 1840, it was 16,- 
 000; in 1845, 35,000; and in 1850, 70,000. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Tne folTowing table contains the distances of those places en the Missis- 
 sippi between St. Louis and the month of the Oi>io : 
 
 let, or Vide j ^ ^ ^ 
 
 B, Missouri, ) 
 
 Cahokia> Iltinois, 3 
 
 CarondaU 
 Ponche, 
 Jefferson Barracks, Missourf,. . . 2 
 
 Harrison, lUinois 20 
 
 Herculaneam, Missouri 2 
 
 Selma, Missouri, 4 
 
 Fort Charter's Island lH 
 
 St. Genevieve, Missouri, 11 
 
 Kaskaskia river,«« 14 
 
 Chester, IUiKoiS)«<.« A.. 1 
 
 Lncoarse's Island, 
 
 DeviPs Bake-oven and ) 
 Crtiml Tower, \ 
 
 9 Baiebp^d^, Missouri.......... 
 
 29 Devil's Island, 
 
 3l|Ca|ie Girardieu, Missouri,.... 
 
 35 Comineren, 
 
 50 
 
 61 
 
 75 
 
 70 
 
 Dog.tootki Island...... 
 
 Elk island, 
 
 Cairo, Illinois, and i 
 mouth of the Obio> \ 
 
 14 IK) 
 
 15 105 
 
 17 122 
 
 8 130 
 
 6 136 
 
 12 148 
 
 11 159 
 
 8 167 
 
 8 175 
 
 Illinois Toi¥Il» St. Clair county, Illinois, is situated on 
 
snt direc- 
 1 esses all 
 err much 
 The city 
 »uildings. 
 ;h weighs 
 medical 
 OU8 parts 
 
 > none in 
 , watered 
 lering on 
 [)f wheat. 
 Thus, St. 
 3ts in the 
 including 
 
 be largest 
 imount of 
 eat fire in 
 ceeded it. 
 r burning 
 nereantile 
 e thus, in 
 lio, but a 
 I peaceful 
 
 n 1810, it 
 , was 16,- 
 
 the Missis- 
 
 ....14 SH) 
 ....15 105 
 
 wi • • • X 4 x£Z 
 I • • • • o joU 
 
 6 136 
 
 12 148 
 
 11 159 
 
 8 167 
 
 k. . . . 8 175 
 ituated on 
 
 I 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 27 
 
 n 
 
 the east side of the Mississippi, just opposite St. Louis. The 
 people of this town have never been on very friendly relations 
 witn those of St. Louis — several disputes having arisen in rela- 
 tion to the channel of the liver, which has been annually leav- 
 ing the St. Louis side. But all this amounts to nothing, as St. 
 Louis will remain in Missouri, enjoying the free air of heaven, 
 while Illinois Town is submerged beneath the waves of the 
 Mississippi. Population 600. 
 
 CallOkia, St. Clair county, Illinois, was one of the first 
 settled towns in Illinois. It Avas settled by the French previous 
 to 1700, and early became the seat of the fur trade. The situ- 
 ation of the town is very unliealthy, and few Americans think 
 of spending a season here. Coal is found to some extent in 
 the vicinity. Population, 2,000. 
 
 Cstroiiclailet, St. Louis county, Missouri, is situated on 
 the west bank of the Mississippi, near five miles below St. Louis. 
 It contains 2 academies and several schools. Population, 3,000. 
 
 JelTei'SOll Barracks, St. Louis county, is eleven miles 
 below St. Louis, and is one of the most extensive military es- 
 tablishments in the West. It is now under the command of Col- 
 onel J. Plympton, of the 7th infantry. 
 
 Maramec River rises in Crawford and Washington 
 counties, Missouri, and flows north-east, then south-east, and 
 empties into the Mississippi, twenty miles below St. Louis. It 
 is navigable for boats about sixty miles. 
 
 Harrison, Monroe county, Illinois, is a small village, sit- 
 uated on the Mississippi, twenty miles below Jefferson Barracks. 
 Population, 150. 
 
 Hcrcillancilin, Jefferson county, Missouri, two miles 
 below Harrison, and thirty-one below St. Louis, is a flourishing 
 town, and exports annually a large amount of lead and shot. 
 Population, 700. ' ' ' * 
 
 Jtridg^e water, Monroe county, Illinois, is nearly oppo- 
 site Herculaneum. It is a small village; and, in a commercial 
 point of view, of but little importance. Populati^ 200. 
 
 l^lma, Jefferson county, Missouri, is situated on the west 
 bank of the Mississippi, thirty-five miles below St. Louis. It 
 has a good landing, and carries on considerable trade in lead. 
 Shot are also made here in large quantities. Population, 300. 
 
 Fort CliartrefS, Randolph county, Illinois, was an old 
 French fort, built in 1721, as a defense against the Spaniards. 
 It is now a heap of ruins. The walls are fast crumbling away, 
 and vines and trees are springing up around these venerable re- 
 mains. This fort was designed to be the strongest fortress on 
 the continent, and its walls were built of solid masonry, Jt 
 
- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 28 
 
 BOUT» OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 was the kead quarters of the commandant in upper Louisiana, 
 and the center of fashion in the West. 
 
 t I¥ote. . 
 
 ST. GENEVrEVE, capital of Genevieve county, Missouri, is a pleasant 
 town, sixty-one miles below St. Louis, and the oldest in the State. It stands 
 about two miles back from the river. Population, 2,000. 
 
 Directly back of this town, a few miles, is Potosi. It is located in the 
 finest mineral district in the United iStates. The Iron Mountain, the greatest 
 natural curiosity in the U'est^ is also in the vicinity. This mountain is an al- 
 most solid mass of ore, three miles Ion*,', a mile broad at the base, and three 
 hundred fe«t high. 
 
 KaskaSkia River rises near the center of the State of 
 Illinois, and after a course of four liundred miles, empties into 
 tlie Mississippi, near the southern terminus of the American 
 BoUom. It is navigable for steamboats one hundred and fifty 
 
 miles. 
 
 IVote. 
 KASKASKIA, capital of Kaskaskia county, Illinois, situated on the Kas- 
 kaskia river, seven miles from its moutli, is the oldest European settlement in 
 the Mississippi valley. It was founded by Father Graven, in the latter part 
 of the seventeenth century, and graunally became the central point of French 
 colonization. VVIien ceded to the English, in ITGH, it contained one hundred 
 families. Tlie town contains several Catholic institutions, a court house and 
 United States' land ofiice. Ttie inhabitants are mostly of French origin. 
 Population, 1,000. 
 
 Cbester, Randolph county, Illinois, is on the east side of 
 th'^ Missiiiisippi, one mile below the mouth of the Kaskaskia 
 river. The town is built on an elevated bottom, and is the 
 commercial depositor}' of a fine country. It is a flourishing 
 place, and contains a population of 700. 
 
 Iflary'S River rises in Illinois and flows south-west into 
 the Mississippi. It is a small stream, and not navigable. 
 
 Devil's Rake-oveu and Oraud Tower.~These 
 are names given to a portion of a gigantic range of rocks, rising 
 to a considerable height on both sides of the river, nearly mid- 
 way between St. Louis and the mouth of the Ohio. The sum- 
 mits of this range are crowned with vegetation, which looks 
 smilingly down upon the water as it dashes against its base. 
 Tlie current here is ven"^ swift; and, by its force and constant 
 wearing away of the Jlifl^s, it has separated a large portion, 
 which stands like a gigantic column in the midst of the waves. 
 Such is '* Grand Towt^r," which rises near fifty feet above the 
 surface of the river. 
 
 Those hardv boatmen of the West, who navigated our west- 
 ern waters before the introduction of steam, dreaded this place 
 

 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 29 
 
 uisiana, 
 
 . pleasant 
 It stands 
 
 ed in the 
 16 greatest 
 n is an al- 
 and three 
 
 State of 
 ties into 
 imerican 
 md fifty 
 
 \ the Kas- 
 .lement in 
 latter part 
 of French 
 le hundred 
 house and 
 ich origin. 
 
 side of 
 ELskaskia 
 d is the 
 urishing 
 
 vest into 
 le. 
 
 ►—These 
 ts, rising 
 irly niid- 
 'he suni- 
 :h looks 
 its base, 
 constant 
 portion, 
 le waves, 
 bove the 
 
 >ur west- 
 bis place 
 
 more than any other on the river. The only way they could 
 ascend the river, was to pull their boats along the Illinois shore 
 by means of ropes. The Indians, who were always on the 
 lookout for plunder, would conceal themselves in the bushes, 
 and, when a favorable opportunity offered, would fall upon 
 them. Thus many valuaDle lives and cargoes were lost, in at- 
 tempting that which steam now accomplishes in perfect security. 
 
 Ifllldcly Kiver rises in Illinois and flows south-west into 
 the Mississippi. It is navigable only for a short distance. 
 
 Devil*s Tea-table and Cornice Rocks are great 
 natural curiosities. The water has worn the rocks into regular 
 shapes, representing continuous rows oi cornice work and oth- 
 er architectural devices of the greatest beauty, which hang ma- 
 jestically over the river. 
 
 Bainlirid-g^e, Cape Girardieu county, Missouri, is situated 
 seventeen miles below " Grand Tower." It is a small place, 
 and has but little trade. Population, 200. 
 
 Cape Olrardieu, in the county of the same name, is on 
 the Mississippi, ten miles from Jackson, the county-seat. It 
 has a number of good stores and mills, 2 academies, 3 schools, 
 and 1 convent. There was a severe shock of an earthquake 
 felt here in 1811; also another in 1812. It is the seat of St. 
 Mary's college, founded in 1830; which now has a president, 5 
 professors, and a library of 2,500 volumes. Population, 1,500. 
 
 Commerce, Scott county, Missouri, is on the west bank 
 of the Mississippi, and contains a number of stores and dwel- 
 lings. It has considerable trade, and a fine country back. Pop- 
 ulation, 300. 
 
 Obio City, Mississippi county, Missouri, is on the west 
 bank of the Mississippi, just opposite Cairo. It contains but 
 few houses, though it occupies a very important position. The 
 land is low, and subject to inundations. 
 
 Cairo, Alexandria county, Illinois, is situated at the mouth 
 of the Ohio, on a very low point of land. On account of the 
 frequent inundations, the growth of this town has been very 
 slow. The location is a good one, and some means will doubt- 
 less be adopted to build up a town. This was designed as the 
 commencement of the great Central Railroad, the rails of which 
 were partly laid several years ago. There are but few houses 
 in the place; though many lots were sold, s'^me time ago, which 
 no one, but the inhabitants of the deep^ ever saw. Population, 
 200. 
 
 Oltio River* — This river i^ farmed by the union of the 
 Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, which receive their waters 
 principally from the Alleghany mountains. These rivers are 
 
i 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i. 
 
 
 30 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 1 
 
 navigable; the one for keel-bo'ts, two hundred and fifty miles, 
 and the other for steamboats as far as Brownsville, sixty miles. 
 The Ohio begins at Pittsburgh, and, after pursuing a south- 
 westerly course of one thousand miles, empties into the Mis- 
 sissippi, in latitude 37° north, and longitude 88° 58' west. 
 
 There is no river in the world that flows for such a distance 
 with such uniformity and gentleness. There are no falls, ex- 
 cept at Louisville; the river here descends twenty-two and a 
 half feet in two miles. In high water, the largest boats can 
 pass over the falls without difticulty; but in moderate stages 
 of water, it is dangerous, and many boats have been lost or in- 
 jured by attempting to pass over. The Ohio flows throiigh a 
 rich bed of bluish limestone, wliich admits of a fine polish. 
 The land along the river consists mostly of fine bottoms, which 
 are probablv the richest in the Mississippi valley. This river 
 was called by the French, " La Belle Riviere; " the appropriate- 
 ness of which any one will acknowledge, who, for the first 
 time, floats upon its waters. The rich products of six of the 
 largest States in the Union, float annually down this river, 
 which is now the outlet of most of the inland commerce of the 
 country. 
 
 The Ohio is navigable for about nine months of the year, 
 for all classes of boats, to Pittsburgh. During the spring, 
 there is suflicient water to float almost any vessel that rides the 
 ocean: the mean difference between high and low water mark 
 being near sixty feet. The impediments to navigation in the 
 Ohio, consist mostly of sand-bars, which are thrown up by its 
 numerous tributaries, or deposited in the bends by the floods. 
 Several plans have been proposed to prevent these formations, 
 but none have been fully tested. Yet it is hoped that the day 
 is not far distant, when the eye of general government will be 
 directed to these great inland streams of the West, with the 
 same earnestness that it now is to those numerous little rivers 
 which pour into the ocean along the Atlantic shore, and which 
 are so amply provided for in the Constitution. Seepage 84. 
 
 IVote. 
 
 This table contains the distances of those places on the MissiMippi between 
 the mouth of the Ohio and New Orleans : 
 
 Colambus, Kentucky 18 
 
 Hickman, Kentucky, 19 37 
 
 New Madrid, Missouri, 42 79 
 
 Point Pleasant, Missouri 7 86 
 
 Little Prairie, Missouri 27 113 
 
 Needham's cut-off, 25 138 
 
 Bearfield Landing, Arkansas,. 3 141 
 
 Ashport, Tennessee, 5 
 
 Osceola, Arkansas, 12 
 
 Plum Point,... 3 
 
 1st Chickasaw bluff...... 5 
 
 Fulton, Tennessee, , . 2 
 
 Randolph, Tennessee, 
 2d Chickasaw bluff, 
 
 146 
 158 
 161 
 166 
 2 168 
 
 10 178 
 
niles, 
 
 oiiles. 
 
 iouth- 
 
 Mis- 
 
 west. 
 
 stance 
 
 s, ex- 
 
 and a 
 
 s can 
 
 stages 
 
 or in- 
 
 )iigh a 
 
 polish. 
 
 which 
 
 } river 
 
 priate- 
 
 le first 
 
 of the 
 
 river, 
 
 J of the 
 
 3 year, 
 spring, 
 des the 
 r mark 
 
 in the 
 ) by its 
 
 floods, 
 lations, 
 ;he day 
 will he 
 ^ith the 
 e rivers 
 i which 
 4. 
 
 i between 
 
 .. 5 
 
 1 
 
 146 
 
 ..12 
 
 158 
 
 .. 3 
 
 161 
 
 .. 5 
 
 166 
 
 .. 2 
 
 168 
 
 ..10 
 
 178 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 31 
 
 3d Chickasaw bluff, 17 195 
 
 Greenock, Arkansas.......... 30 225 
 
 Wolf river, j ^^ ^45 
 
 Memphis, Tennessee, } 
 
 Norfolk, Mississippi 10 255 
 
 Commerce, Mississippi, 17 272 
 
 Peyton, Mississiii.ii, 31 303 
 
 St. Francis river, ) „ „.„ 
 
 Stirling, Arkansas, ) 
 
 Helena, Arkansas, 10 320 
 
 Yazoo Pass 10 336 
 
 Horse-shoe Bend, 8 3^4 
 
 Montgomery's PI., Arkansas, | _y .^w, 
 
 Victoria, Mississippi, ) 
 
 White river, 4 406 
 
 Arkansas river ) _., ._„ 
 
 XT I A I I 16 422 
 
 Napoleon, Arkansas, ) 
 
 Bolivar, Mississippi, 13 435 
 
 Columbia, Arkansas, 53 488 
 
 Point Chicot, 4 492 
 
 Greenville, Mississippi, 4 49G 
 
 Grand Landing, Arkansas,.... 40 530 
 
 Princeton, Mississippi 5 541 
 
 Lake Providence, Louisiana, .29 570 
 
 Tompkinsville, Louisiana,. ... 15 585 
 
 Campbeilsville, Louisiana,. ...16 601 
 
 Millikinsville, Louisiana 10 611 
 
 J'^T't'"'-- ! a 619 
 
 Sparta, Louisiana, ) 
 
 Walnut Hills, Mississippi, ....10 629 
 
 Vicksburgh, Mississippi, 2 631 
 
 Warrenton, Mississippi, 10 641 
 
 Palmyra, Mississippi, 15 656 
 
 Carthage Landing, Lonisiana,. 4 660 
 
 Point Pleasant, Louisiana,.... 10 670 
 
 Big Black river 14 684 
 
 Grand Gulf, Mississippi 2 686 
 
 St. Joseph's, Louisiana, ) ^^ 
 Bruinsburgh, Mississippi, ) " 
 
 Rodney, Mississippi, 10 706 
 
 Natchez, Mississippi,. ........ .41 747 
 
 Ellis cliffs, Mississippi, 18 765 
 
 [lomochitto river, 26 791 
 
 Fort Adams, 10 goi 
 
 Red river Island and Cut-off,. .11 812 
 
 Raccourci cnt-off,. 10 g22 
 
 Bayou Sara, St. Francisville, ) ^ 
 
 and Pt.Coupee, Louisiana, ] °^" 
 
 Waterloo, Louisiana, 6 p5g 
 
 Pt. Hudson, Louisiana, 5 863 
 
 Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 25 888 
 
 Plaquemine, Louisiana, 23 911 
 
 Bayou la Fourche and ) _ . -.._ 
 
 Donaldsonville, Louisiana, ) 
 
 Jefferson College 16 961 
 
 Bonnet Q,uarre Chute, 24 985 
 
 Red Church, Lonisiana, ... 1^. . 16 1001 
 
 Carrolton, Louisiana, 19 1020 
 
 Lafayette, Louisiana, 4 1024 
 
 New Orleans, 2 1026 
 
 BsildlVinsvillc, Scott county, Missouri, is situated on 
 the west side of the Mississippi, a snort distance above Colum- 
 bus. It is a small place and contains a population of only 200. 
 
 Collllll1>llS, capital of Ballard county, Kentucky, is on 
 the Mississippi, about twenty miles below the mouth of the 
 Ohio. It has several extensive ware-houses, and is a flourish- 
 ing town. Stages leave three times a week for Lexington. Pop- 
 ulation, 750. 
 
 Hickman, capital of Hickman counter, Kentucky, is pleas- 
 antly located on the Mississippi, nineteen miles below Columbus. 
 It contains a court house and several churches. Stages leave 
 three times a week for Nashville. Population, 450. 
 
 New JUadrid, capital of New Madrid county, Missouri, 
 was once a noted place; but since the great earthquakes of 
 1811 and 1812 it has greatly declined. It is situated in one of 
 those great curves or bends so common in the lower Mississippi. 
 
 

 Previons to the eiirthquake, the batiks were somewhat elevated; 
 but since that, the current of the river has undermined thorn, 
 and the town now lies quite low. It contains a court house, 
 several churches, and a number of stores. Population, 600. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Earthquakes are very common in tropical countries, but are seldom felt in 
 high northern latitudes. New Madrid suffered more during the earthquakes of 
 1811 and 1812, than any other town in the United States, either before or 
 since, from a similar cause. The first shock was felt in the early part of the 
 evening, December IGth, and being slight, gave but very little alarm. About 
 midnight, however, the shocks became more violent. The waters of the Mis- 
 sissippi, which were clear, suddenly rose several feet, and assumed a reddish 
 appearance, as if mingled with blood. The earth opened in wide fissures, and, 
 clo&ing suddenly, threw jets of sand and water several feet into the air. A 
 denie vapor, like smoke, floated in the atmosphere. Sand-bars seemed to rise 
 from the bed of the river and drive the angry waters far over the surface of the 
 land. Boats, broken from their moorings, soon disappeared in the vortices of 
 the returning waters. The shocks continued to be repeated for several weeks, 
 with less and less violence, till, at last, they died away, like the trembling 
 sensai-ion produced by a wagon, as it rolls over the rough pavements of oar 
 cities. The town appeared to sink several feet, and the bottoms of several 
 lakes became so elevated, that they have since been planted with corn. 
 
 Point Pleasant, New Madrid county, Missouri, is a 
 small town, seven miles below New Madrid. It is a flourish- 
 ing place, and exports lar^e quantities of corn to the lower 
 countries. Population, 100. 
 
 Kiddle *S Point, New Madrid county, Missouri, is mere- 
 ly a landing point for goods. It is located in the midst of a 
 country that pays the diligent farmer with an abiindant har- 
 vest. Large quantities of corn are raised in the vicinitjr, and 
 shipped to various points on the Mississippi and its tributa- 
 ries. 
 
 Liittle Prairie, New Madrid county, Missouri, is a 
 pleasant little town, twenty-seven miles below Point Pleasant. 
 It has I school of 35 scholars, and 3 churches. Population, 500. 
 
 iieedliam'S Cut-off. — These cut-offs are channels form- 
 ed by the current, in the circular bends of the river. The 
 floods are constantly washing away the banks, thus giving the 
 current a chance to go where it pleases. These constant 
 changes in the channel, render the navigation of the river quite 
 intricate. 
 
 Obion River rises in West Tennessee and flows south- 
 west into the Mississippi. It is navigable for sixty miles. 
 
 Bearfield Landing;, Mississippi county, Arkansas. It 
 is a mere landing, and of no further importance. 
 
evated; 
 I them, 
 house, 
 600. 
 
 m felt in 
 quakes of 
 before or 
 irt of the 
 About 
 the Mi8- 
 a reddish 
 ures, and, 
 e air. A 
 led to rise 
 ace of the 
 orticea of 
 ral weeks, 
 trembling 
 nts of our 
 of several 
 orn. 
 
 uri, is a 
 flourish- 
 tie lower 
 
 is mere- 
 idst of a 
 lant har- 
 aitjr, and 
 i tributa- 
 
 iiri, is a 
 Pleasant, 
 tion, 500, 
 lels form- 
 er. The 
 iving the 
 constant 
 Lver quite 
 
 vs south- 
 liles. 
 ansas. It 
 
 ROUTE OP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 33 
 
 Forked Deer River flows from West Tennessee into 
 the Mississippi, a few miles below I^eedham's cut-oflf. It is 
 navigable one hundred and ninety-five miles. 
 
 Asliport, Lauderdale county, Tennessee, is on the east 
 side of tlie Mississippi, near the lower end of the Canadian 
 Reach. It has several ware-houses and a steam saw mill. Pop- 
 ulation, 20.0. 
 
 Oseeollif county-seat of Mississippi county, Arkansas, is 
 a small village, just at the head of Plum Point Bars. 
 
 Plum Foint.— This is one of the most diflicult places to 
 pass on the Idississippi. From the frequent changes in the 
 channel, bars have been thrown up, in wnich a large amount 
 of drift has become embedded, rendering navigation very diflH- 
 cult. Quite a number of boats have been lost here. 
 
 1st ClUckasa^V BluflT.— These bluffs, which are four 
 in number, are merely ordinary banks, extending for a few 
 miles along the river. The highest is elevated about thirty 
 jfeet above high water mark. After passing these banks, the 
 country bordering on the river is very low; the next similar 
 elevation is at Vicksburgh, three hundred and sixty-five miles 
 below. 
 
 Fulton, Lauderdale county, Tennessee, is a small place, 
 situated on the lower extremity of the Ist Chickasaw bluff. It 
 contains several ware-houses, and a number of dwelli'^gs, and 
 has some trade in cotton. It is supported by a rich country, 
 which may one day build up a large town. Population, 400. 
 
 Hatcnee River rises in Tennessee and flows west into 
 the Mississippi, one hundred and seventy-eight miles below the 
 mouth of the Ohio. It is navigable as far as Bolivar, seventy- 
 five miles. 
 
 Raodolph, Tipton county, Tennessee, is situated on the 
 Mississippi, at the mouth of the Hatchee river, near the head 
 of the 2d Chickasaw bluff. It is a small place, and not in a 
 very flo irishing condition. Population, 300. 
 
 2d Cilickasaiv Bluff* is about one hundred and sev- 
 enty-five miles below the mouth of the Ohio. It presents noth- 
 ing attractive in its appearance, but is a point from which 
 large quantities of cotton are annually shipped. 
 
 3d Ciliekasavv Bluff*. — This bluff is separated from 
 the main channel of the river by a slough, which is only navi- 
 gable in high stages of water. 
 
 Oreenock, Crittenden county, Arkansas, is a small vil- 
 lage, situated on the west bank of the Mississippi. Popula- 
 tion, 200. 
 
 Wolf River rises in the northern part of the State of 
 
I 
 
 Mispissippi and flows m a westerly direction till it joins the 
 Mississippi just above Memphis. It is not navigable. 
 
 ]IIcill|>lliS, Shelby county, Tennessee, is the emporium of 
 West Tennessee, and the first town of ininortance below the 
 mouth of tlie Ohio. It is built on the 4tn Chickasaw blulF, 
 which is near tkirty feet above Mgh water mark. The town is 
 regularly laid out ; but, owing to the lack of pavefnents, the 
 streets are very muddy. It is destined to be a large town, as 
 it is the only eligible site for a city, on either side of the Mis- 
 sissippi, between the mouth of the Ohio and Vicksburgh. The 
 commerce of the .place consists principally of cotton; more 
 than J 20,000 bales have been shipped annually. A United 
 States' navy jrard has been lately established here, and the 
 necessary buildings are being constructed. The river is deep 
 enough to float, to the Gulf, any vessel of war. It contains 6 
 churches, 2 medical schools, a number of private schools, a 
 large number of stores, and a telegraph office. Its annual com- 
 merce exceeds t5,00(),000. Population, 12,000. 
 
 Stages leave 3 times a week for Nashville; and steamboats 
 arrive and depart daily for St. Louis, Cincinnati, and New Or- 
 leans. 
 
 Pickering, Shelby county, Tennessee, is a small village, 
 containing several large commission houses. It has an excel- 
 lent landing, but is too near Memphis ever to be much of a town. 
 
 ]VorfolK, De Soto county, Mississippi, is on the Mississip- 
 i river, ten miles below Memphis. It is a small place, and of 
 ut little importance. 
 
 Commerce, Tunica county, Mississippi, is on the east 
 side of the Mississippi, twenty-five miles below Norfolk. It 
 was designed to be a large town, but appears to have fallen short 
 of the expectations of its original projectors. Population, 200. 
 
 Peyton, county-seat of Tunica county, Mississippi, is a 
 small, flouriiliinff town on the east side of the Mississippi. It 
 contains a court house and a few dwellings. Population, 500. 
 
 St. Francis River rises in Missouri, and flows south- 
 ea.st into the Mississippi. It is four hundred miles long, and 
 navigable for boats three hundred miles. 
 
 Stirling, Phillips county, Arkansas, is a small trading 
 post, at the mouth of the St. Francis river. 
 
 Helena, county-seat of Phillips county, Arkansas, is a 
 flourishing town, containing a court house and jail, several 
 stores, and a United States* land office. There is a fine chain 
 of hills in the rear of this town, which give it a fine appear- 
 A large amount of cotton, raised along the St. Francis 
 
 I 
 
 ance. 
 
 river, is annually shipped from this place. Population, 500. 
 
 Va« 
 
 connect.' 
 wide an 
 with hof 
 
 licit 
 
 on the ^ 
 l.ige, an 
 
 lilor 
 resombl; 
 consider 
 
 iHoii 
 ing for 
 prospect 
 
 Vici 
 large an 
 
 ft WAS 
 
 The exact 
 must have 
 Po Soto \ 
 bad prove 
 discovery 
 posed to e 
 ever memi 
 J 2th of M 
 bay on tin 
 tlie first (1 
 Florida at 
 Ktep. In I 
 trived to 
 passing, v 
 pie, Afu 
 hostile CO 
 and wand 
 ions failir 
 his course 
 the mouth 
 dred yard 
 courage h 
 ing in a h 
 and reinf( 
 pedition \ 
 which soc 
 cessor, an 
 mander. 
 followers 
 word thai 
 
 T 
 
mm 
 
 mm 
 
 * 
 
 joins the 
 
 norium of 
 oelow the 
 saw blufr, 
 le town is 
 'iients, the 
 ! town, as 
 ' the Mis- 
 rgh. The 
 on; more 
 A United 
 , and the 
 ;r is deep 
 ontains 6 
 schools, a 
 nual com- 
 
 beaniboats 
 New Or- 
 
 11 village, 
 an excel - 
 of a town. 
 Mississip- 
 ce, and of 
 
 I the east 
 >rfolk. It 
 lien short 
 ion, 200. 
 dppi, is a 
 sippi. It 
 tion, 500. 
 5VS south- 
 long, and 
 
 II trading 
 
 risas, is a 
 il, several 
 Sine chain 
 e appear- 
 •t. Francis 
 m, 500. 
 
 ( 
 
 EOUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 36 
 
 Yazoo Pass, or Bayou, is ten miles below Helena, and 
 connects the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. It is sufficiently 
 wide and deep to admit flat-boats, which pass to the latter river 
 with heavy loads of cotton — distance three hundred miles. 
 
 l>cUa, capital of Coalioma county, Mississippi, is situated 
 on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the bayou. It is a new vil- 
 lage, and contains but few houses. 
 
 JllOI'l^e-ShOC Bend. — This bend takes its name from its 
 resemblance to a horseshoe. There is a cut-off here which saves 
 considerable time for boats. 
 
 iTIontg^onicry, Desha county, Arkansas, is a mere land- 
 ing for goods. It contains but few houses, and has but little 
 prospect of becoming a town. 
 
 ViclOl'ia, Bolivar county, Mississippi, is a small place. A 
 large amount of goods are landed here for the interior. 
 
 Note. 
 
 U was near this point that the great De Soto first behehl the Mississippi. 
 The exact point cannot be determineii ; but, from the descriptions given, it 
 fnnst have been somewliere between Helena and the mouth of White river, 
 jbe Soto was a man of influence and courage. And though other expeditions 
 iiad proven disastrous, he was willing to embark his fortune and fame in the 
 discovery and conquest of the rich agricultural and miuerui countries, sup- 
 posed to exist in Florida and north of the Gulf of Mexico. This expedition, 
 
 |;«ver memorable in the history of our country, sailed from Ilavaniia on the 
 J2th of May, 151^9. After a voyage of two weeks, the fleet landed in a small 
 bay on the coast of Florida. Fired by a thirst for gold, and ambitious to be 
 
 I'the first discoverTs of the country, they eagerly plunged into the wilds of 
 Florida and bej^^-.i: their search for gold. The natives opposed them at every 
 |ttep. In order to make himself as secure as possible, I)c Soto always con- 
 trived to get possession of the chief of the country through which he was 
 passing, whom he held a prisoner, as security for the good conduct of his peo- 
 le. After wandering about for more than two years, through a populous and 
 hostile country, lie at length reached the Mississippi. He crossed the river 
 and wandered about Arkansas, in the neighborhood of White river. Provis- 
 ions failing, and suffering from the coldness of the winter, he again directed 
 his course toward the Mississippi, which he reached about twenty miles below 
 the mouth of the Arkansas river. Here, situated on two hills, about one hun- 
 dred yards from the river, was the Indian town of Ouachoya. De Soto's 
 courage here began to fail him. He saw his best friends, one by one, perish- 
 ing in a hostile country, with but little hope of being able to obtain supplies 
 and reinforcements from Cuba. The fatigues and disappointinents of the ex- 
 pedition began to weigh so heavily on his mind, that they brought on a fever, 
 which soon terminated his existence. He appointed Luis de Mosco^o his suc- 
 cessor, and exhorted his officers and soldiers to be true to their king an4 torn- 
 mander. He died at the age of forty-two, a stranger in a savage lan^. His 
 followers, fearful that the Indians would be appriii^d of his death, gaye out 
 word that he was recovering. They prepared the ground as if for parade, and 
 
 "*}.' 
 

 36 
 
 ROUTB OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 I 
 
 buried him in secresy. But the Indians suspected their intentions, and they 
 determined to remove his remains that night. They accordingly cut a large, 
 green oak tree, and made a coffin by excavating the heart. Having placed 
 the body securely in this, they sunk it in the middle of the river, in nineteen 
 fathoms of water. Thns, the first discoverer of the Mississippi rests beneath 
 its waves. 
 
 Afler an absence of four years, during which they suflfered the most incred- 
 ible hardships, the remnant of ''.a once gallant army succeeded in reaching 
 Cuba. During their wanderings through the country, they treated the natives 
 with the utmost cruelty, their thirst for gold remaining to the last. See Ir- 
 ving*s Conquest of Florida. 
 
 ^V'llite River rises in the Black mountains, Missouri, and 
 flows south-east into the Mississippi. About seven miles from 
 the mouth it is connected, through a low forest, by a bayou, 
 with the Arkansas, thirty miles from its mouth It flows 
 through an extremely fertile coun'rv and rich mineral district. 
 Near its mouth it runs through & aeep swamp. Its length is 
 seven hundred miles, and it is navigable for boats five hun- 
 dred miles. 
 
 Arkansas River rises in the Rocky Mountains, and 
 afte/ pursuing an easterly course of near two thousand miles, 
 it empties into the Mississippi in latitude 33^ 40' north. It 
 flows mostly through a sandy country, abounding in salt. 
 Boats have ascended this river as far as Fort Gibson, nine hun- 
 dred and sixty miles from its mouth. The river above this, 
 and even down to Fort Smith, sixty miles below, loses itself, in 
 dry seasons, among the quicksands that fill its bed. The cur- 
 rent is generally veiy rapid; the river has often risen fifteen 
 feet in twenty-four hours. Next to the Missouri, this is the 
 largest tributary of the Mississippi, though not the most im- 
 portant. Below Little Rock, the land along the river is more 
 productive, and well timbered. The territory drained by this 
 river and its tributaries is estimated to contain 178,000 square 
 
 miles. 
 
 IVotei. 
 
 FORT SMITH. Crawford county, Arlrnss?, is a lively little t».>wn, sitnated 
 on the Arkansas river, near the western boundary of the State. The United 
 Stat«*s gO'^ernment haii established a fort here for the protection of the west- 
 ern fron^'br. It is just on the boundary of the Indian Territory. The fort is 
 now under vhe command of Captain C. C. Sibley, of the .5th Infantry. There 
 are many very rich merchants in thii town, who have made vast fortunes by 
 trading w^th the Indians, hundreds of whom can be seen in town every day. 
 Bi&!?ikf;C« and Red-eye sell better here than any thing else. The town contains 
 a population of about 7U0. 
 
 XilTTLE ROCK, capita^, of the State, Pulaski cor..; y, is on the Arkansas, 
 about four hundred miles from its mouth, in latitude ;;>4° 40' north, and longi- 
 tude S3* ^ett. Population, 3,00 . 
 
mm 
 
 '^ 
 
 >n«, and t.hey 
 f cat a large, 
 aving placed 
 I in nineteen 
 resUi beneath 
 
 most incred- 
 i in reaching 
 d the natives 
 ast. See Ir. 
 
 ssouri, and 
 miles from 
 f a bayou, 
 It flows 
 ai district. 
 J length is 
 five hun- 
 
 fttains, and 
 and miles, 
 north. It 
 )g in salt. 
 , nine hun- 
 ibove this, 
 es itself, in 
 The cur- 
 sen fifteen 
 :his is the 
 ; most im- 
 er is more 
 led by this 
 000 square 
 
 vwn, sitnated 
 
 The United 
 
 of the west- 
 
 The fort is 
 
 itntry. There 
 
 t fortanea by 
 
 wrn every day. 
 
 own contains 
 
 ;he Arkansas, 
 h, and longi* 
 
 This town was officially styled ArkopoliSy but the name Little Rock, given 
 in allusion to the rocks found in the vicinity, being the first met with in as- 
 cending the river, has prevailed. It is bnilt on a high bluff on the right bank 
 of the Arkansas river. Coal, iron and valuable stone, are found in the netgh- 
 borhood. A little to the south-west, and near the center of the State, are the 
 celebrated sulphur and hot springs, which are visited by great numbers of inva- 
 lids, and are said to possess great medicinal properties. 
 
 ARKANSAS POST, Arkansas county, is the oldest town in the State. It 
 was founded by the French in 1685. It is located on a high bluff; but, in 
 the rear of the town, the land is low and frequently inundated. It is situated 
 about sixty miles from the mouth of the river, and contains a court house, 
 jail, and printing office. Population, 600. 
 
 Napoleoil, Chicot county, Arkansas, is situated on the 
 west bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of the Arkansas 
 river. It is becoming an important point, as all the produce 
 brought down the river is landed there for re-shipping. Popu- 
 lation, 600. 
 
 Bolivar, capital of Bolivar county, Mississippi, is on the 
 east side of the Mississippi river, and north of Lake Bolivar. 
 It is a small place, being merely a landing from which produce 
 and cotton, raised in the interior, are shipped. 
 
 Columbia., county-seat of Chicot county, Arkansas, is on 
 the Mississippi, sixty-six miles below the Arkansas river. At 
 this point, the cotton plant begins to flourish with more vigor, 
 being near its proper latitude. The town contains a court 
 house and a number of dwellings. Its location is pleasant. 
 Population, 300. 
 
 Point Cllicot, formerly capital of Chicot county, is on 
 the Mississippi, four miles below Columbia. It now looks like 
 a fine plantation, with its numerous negro quarters scattered 
 about. 
 
 Orecnvillc, Washington county, Mississippi, is a small 
 village a few miles below Point Chicot. Population, 200. 
 
 Worthing^tOll Ijandillg^, Washington county, Missis- 
 sippi, is merely a landing, and of no further importance. 
 
 6rand I^ake Landings, Chicot county, Arkansas, is 
 on the Mississippi, near the southern boundary of the State. 
 Grand Lake is a short distance back of the landmg. 
 
 Princeton, county-seat of Washington county, Missis- 
 sippi, is a landing point ^^r the plantations in the neighbor- 
 hood of Lake Wasliington. It is a small village, containing a 
 number of stores, and a population of about 3UU. 
 
 Bundle's Bend a'tld Cut-Olf s ten miles below 
 Princet :>n. This cut-ofF runs through a swamp, and is but a 
 
 
38 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 few miles across; while the main channel flows round a circu- 
 lar bend of nearly eighteen miles. 
 
 Providence, capital of Carroll parish, Louisiana, is on 
 th 3 Mississippi, nineteen miles below Bundle's bend. It con- 
 tains a court house, jail, hospital, and a number of stores and 
 dwellings. It is a handsome town, and has considerable trade 
 in cotton. Population, 350. 
 
 Xsillllllai, capital of Issaquena county, Mississippi, is a 
 small place on the east side of the Mississippi. It contairis a 
 court house and a few dwellings. Population, 200. 
 
 IVote. 
 
 LAKE PROVIDENCE, in the vicinity of Providence, and from which the 
 name is derived, is the ancient bed of the Mississippi, whicii has now talien a 
 dilFerent direction. In tiie northern and southern parts, the entrance from the 
 river has become closed. Its out-let, on the soutii, is thrcigh Tens is river, or 
 bayou, a branch of the Washita. It is here that the S/'unish moi's is first 
 seen growing. The palmetto, with its broad leaves spread out like fans— the 
 lofiy cotton-wood tree— the wild and impenetrable cane-bral.e, nnd the impas- 
 sable swamp, ail flourish here in their native character*; A ; itors are fre- 
 quently seert, reposing upon a log, enjoying- tJie sun as j". 'K ■. o its scorching 
 rays upon the surface of the water. At other times, they either sit quietly on 
 the shore, or walk deliberately to some neighboring swamp, there to lave in 
 waters untouched by solar rays. 
 
 Tompkins ville, Carroll parish, Louisiana, is a neat lit- 
 tle place, extending for some distance along the river, and eon- 
 tains the residences jf a number of wealthy planters. 
 
 Cainpl9ell*iiVille, Carroll parish, is also a settlement of 
 planters. It is a small place, and of but little importance. 
 
 IflillikillSVille, Madison parish, Louisiana, is a large 
 settlement of planters, Avho have many fine residences. 
 
 Yazoo River rises near the central part of the Stftr of 
 Mississippi. It is formed by the union of tne TallahatrV • u J 
 Yallabusha, which are navigable rivers. After receiv ;; %q 
 Sun-flower, which runs nearly parallel with the Missis.^/ .r*, 
 and is navigable for eighty miles, it empties into the MissiS 
 sippi, three hundred miles from its source. The country bor- 
 dering on this river is very rich, and produces cotton in great 
 abundance. From Laflone, at the mouth of the Tallahatchee, 
 several large steamboats run regularly to New Orleans, during 
 the cotton season. The number of bales of cotton that annually 
 float down this river, is estimated at J 50,000. It is navigable 
 throughout its whole length, ihree hundred miles. 
 
 Note. 
 YAZOO CITY, Yazoo county, Mississippi, is a flourishing town on th« 
 east side of the Yazoo river, about one hundred miles from its mouth. It 
 
 
a circu- 
 
 na, is on 
 It con- 
 ores and 
 ble trade 
 
 ppi, is a 
 )ntairis a 
 
 I which the 
 
 ow taken a 
 
 ;e from the 
 
 18 river, or 
 
 iV is first 
 i fans—the 
 the impas> 
 »rs are fre- 
 I scorching 
 quietly on 
 to lave in 
 
 neat lit- 
 and con- 
 
 ement of 
 nee. 
 a large 
 
 St -lie of 
 
 fVi'-'car.d 
 
 Missis 
 itry bor- 
 in great 
 hatchee, 
 , during 
 in nu ally 
 wigable 
 
 i^n on th« 
 loutk. It 
 
 contains several stores ant^ ware-houses and a population of 800. Stages 
 leave three times a week for Holly Springs, and steamboats run regularly to 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Spa,rta,9 Madison parish, Louisiana, is a small village, 
 nearly opposite the mouth of Yazoo river. 
 
 "Vr alnilt Hills, a short distance above Vicksburgh, ex- 
 tend along the river for about two miles. They rise to the 
 height of near live hundred feet, and display the finest scenery 
 on the lower Mississippi. They are under a high state of cul- 
 tivation, which renders them very attractive in their apjpearance. 
 
 TiCksblirg:h, capital of Warren county, Mip^issippi, ^s 
 built on a hill nearly three hundred feet above the river, and 
 five hundred miles above New Orleans. It was settled in 1824 
 by Neivitt Vick, Esq., and became a city in J 836. This city is 
 the depot of all the Yazoo country. The soil is exceedingly 
 fertile, producing abundant crops of grain, cotton and tobacco. 
 About 90,000 bales of cotton are arnually shipped from this 
 place to New Orleans. It contains a court house, 5 churches, 
 3 academies, a theater, and several public and private schools. 
 Population, 4,000. 
 
 This city presents a fine view from the river; the location 
 being high, and the houses built in terraces on the sides of the 
 hills, give the whole a very romantic appearance. A railroad 
 extends to Jackson, the capital of the State, forty-six miles, 
 which cost $395,600. There is another road, thirteen miles in 
 length, that extends from Jackson to Brandon — cost, $100,000. 
 
 Steamboats arrive and depirt daily, for most places along the 
 Mississippi and Ohio rivers; cars, in connection with stages, 
 run regularly to Maysville, via Jackson, Columbus, Tuscumbia, 
 Nashville, and Lexington, Kentucky. 
 
 liVarreiiton, Warren county, Mississippi, is a pleasant 
 little town, ten miles below Vicksburgh. It contains several 
 stores, and a population of 300. 
 
 Palmyra Seltlemeiif, Warren county, Mississippi, is 
 on the Mississippi river, about twenty-five miics below Vicks- 
 burgh. The population is small, and the place of but little 
 importance. 
 
 Cartilage, Tensas parish, Louisiana, is a small place, and 
 only important as a landing. It contains but few dwellings. 
 
 roivkt Pleasant, Tensas parish, Louisiana, is on the 
 vvest side of the Mississippi, ten miles below Carthage. It is a 
 mere landing, containing but few houses. 
 
 Big^ Black JBiver rises in the State of Mississippi, and 
 after a course of one hundred and sixty miles, flows south-west 
 into the Mississippi. It is navigable for boats sixty miles. 
 
 I 
 
r^V^ 
 
 lUJi, L^mmnfimil^ 
 
 Grand Olllf, Claiborne county, Mississippi, is pleasantly 
 located on Grand Gulf, which is nothing but a large bend in 
 the river, a short distance below the mouth of Black river. It 
 contains a public hall, theater, hospital, several churches, a 
 Masonic hall, and a bank. Population, 1,0U0. 
 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily, for New Orleans and 
 other places on the Mississippi. 
 
 liayou Pierre empties into the Mississippi ten miles be- 
 low Grand Gulf. Keel-boats can ascend it as far as Port Gib- 
 son, which is a flourishing town, about thirty miles from its 
 mouth. It is the county-seat of Claiborne county, and contains 
 a population of 2,000. 
 
 Bruinsbur;;:!!, Claiborne county, Mississippi, is a small 
 place at the mouth of Bayou Pierre. 
 
 St. Joseph, capital of Tensas parish, Louisiana, is a 
 small village on the west bank of tlie Mississippi. It contains 
 a cou^*^ house and a number of stores. Population, 200. 
 
 R<l / y, Jefferson county, Mississippi, is a pleasant little 
 town, CO . ining 12 stores and several good dwellings. Popu- 
 lation, 500. 
 
 Fairchild'S Creclt, a small and unimportant stream, 
 empties into the Mississippi a little above Natchez. 
 
 Natchez, capital of Adams county, Mississippi, is built 
 mostly on a high bluff, near two hundred feet above the river, 
 and is the largest town in the State It was founded by D'lber- 
 ville (see note) in 1700. That portion of the city on the mar- 
 gin of the river is termed ''Natchez, under the hill," and is 
 the abode of some of the most dissolute wretches that ever in- 
 fested a city. Most of the heavy mercantile business is done 
 in this part of the town, and many of the stores are owned by 
 men of the highest respectability, who do a large and profita- 
 ble business. The upper town stands on a high bluff, or hill, 
 about two hundred feet above the surface of the water. From 
 this point, a fine view of the suiTounding country can be ob- 
 tained. As far as the eye can reach, along the margin of the 
 river, it beholds rich and well cultivated plantations; while, 
 beyond this, mingling with the blue mists that float along the 
 ^dge of the horizon, nothing can be seen but a boundless waste 
 of deep and impenetrable swamps. The streets are generally 
 regular and broad; the houses are built mostly of wood, and 
 are but one story high. In 1840, a severe tornado swept over 
 this city and destroyed a large amount of property. But 
 through the benevolence of other cities, the damage was soon 
 repaired — so that, now, scarce a vestige of its path remains. 
 This city is one of the principal cotton ports on the Missis- 
 
 i«ppi 
 
 -,im 
 
#■ 
 
 easantly 
 bend in 
 iver. It 
 irches, a 
 
 ans and 
 
 tniles be- 
 •ort Gib- 
 from its 
 contains 
 
 I a small 
 
 na, is a 
 contains 
 I 
 
 ant little 
 Popu- 
 
 stream, 
 
 is built 
 
 le river, 
 
 D'lber- 
 
 le mar- 
 
 and is 
 
 ever in- 
 
 s done 
 
 ned by 
 
 profita- 
 
 or hill, 
 
 From 
 
 be ob- 
 
 of the 
 
 while, 
 
 ong the 
 
 s waste 
 
 nerally 
 
 [)d, and 
 
 3t over 
 
 But 
 
 s soon 
 
 imains. 
 
 Missis- 
 
 mmmvm'mmitmmfmm 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 41 
 
 sippi; the streets are often rendered impassable by ^\e piles of 
 cotton bales waiting to be shipped. Tne city contains a large 
 number of stores, 3 churches, 4 banks, a hospital, an orphan 
 asylum, 1 academy, a Masonic hall, and several steam saw 
 mdls. 
 
 Natchez has often been visited by the yellow fever, which has 
 taken off many of its best citizens. During most of the year, 
 however, it is a very healthy and pleasant place of residence. 
 It carries on an extensive inland and foreign trade: many large 
 vessels come up to the town, receive their freight, and sail to 
 foreign ports. There are several large founderies here, which 
 are extensively engaged in making engines, cotton presses^ and 
 sugar mills. Population, 7,0(10. 
 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily, for New Orleans, St. 
 Louis, Cincinnati, and all intermediate ports. Stages leave 
 three times a week for Jackson and St. Francisville. 
 
 Note. 
 
 D'Iberville, whose name occupies a large space in the early history of our 
 country, and especially in those events which transpired on the lower Missis- 
 sippi, was no ordinary man. He was a Canadian by birth, though his parents 
 came originally from Normandy. He possessed great courage and resolution : 
 in the midnight attack upon Schenectady— at Port Nelson— at Ne»vfoundland— 
 and, lastly, at Hudson's Bay— he showed himself to be a man as well as a 
 Christian. But no where did he display himself to more advantage, than in 
 the discovery of the month of the Mississippi, tlie last great act i: his event- 
 ful life. He set sail for the Mississippi on the I7th of October, 1698, with two 
 frigates, two small vessels, and about two hundred settlers. When they ar- 
 rived at the mouth, they found it greatly obstructed by bars and floating drifl. 
 On the 2d of March, they socceeded in entering this mighty river in two small 
 barges ; they probably proceeded as far as the mouth of Red river, and then 
 returned, by way of the Bayou which bears his name, and Lakes Pontchar- 
 train and Maurepas, to St. Louis Bay. After building a fort and leaving his 
 two brothers in command, he sailed for France. About this time, Henne- 
 pin, under the patronage of William IH, of England, published a book, in 
 which he falsely asserted that he had explored the Mississippi to its mouth. 
 An expedition soon sailed from England to take advantage of this pretended 
 discovery. While one of the vessels was proceeding on her way up the river, 
 in search of a safe channel, they met D*lberviile's brother, who had been 
 sounding the river a little below the present site of New Orleans. He told the 
 English Captain that he was on French Territory, and, unless he retreated, he 
 would be compelled to use the force at his command to prevent their advance. 
 The English, believing the statement true, turned back. The bend in which 
 this interview occurred is called English Turn till this day. 
 
 In December, 1699, D'Iberville returned from Europe, with new plans of 
 
 colonization. In company with his brother, he ascended this great river for 
 
 the purpose of selecting a site for a town. When he arrived in the cooatry of 
 
 the Natchez, the Great Sun, their principal chief, came out to welcome them. 
 
 I 
 
•WUfOWlMW l»!l^iw|iw,i f/^nt 
 
 •v^ 
 
 42 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 ' 
 
 n' 
 
 A high blnfr, on which Natchez now stands, was selcfcted^ and called Rosalie, 
 in honor of the Countess Pontchartrain. The fort, however, was not bu''t till 
 1716, sixteen years after the selection of the site. Up to this time, no perma- 
 nent settlement had been made at Natchez. The few traders and hante.s who 
 had taken np their abode among the Indians, did not attempt to form a settle- 
 ment. Bat after the completion of the fort, the tide of emigration ponred in 
 so rapidly, that it soon became the most important place in Louisiana. 
 
 Vidaliay Concordia parish, Louisiana, is a small place, 
 situated on the Mississippi, opposite Natchez. It is the county- 
 seat, and contains a court house and a small number of dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 £lliS Cliffs is a hi^h ridge on the east side of the Missis- 
 sippi, about twenty miles below Natchez. They extend for 
 several miles along the river, and tend to relieve the eye of the 
 low and monotonous scenery of the lower Mississippi. 
 
 FairvieiV, Concordia parish, Louisiana, is a small town 
 on the west side of the Mississippi, a short distance below 
 Ellis cliflFs. 
 
 HomocllittO River rises in Mississippi and flows west 
 into the Mississippi, twenty -six miles below Ellis cliSs. It is 
 only a small stream, and not navigable. 
 
 !Port Actams, Wilkinson county, Mississippi, is a small 
 
 town on the river, and is considered the port of Woodville, a 
 
 thriving town, a short distance in the interior. Population, 
 
 300. 
 
 Note. 
 
 WOODVILLE, capital of Wilkinson county, Mississippi, is situated in the 
 south-western part of the State, eighteen miles from the river. It is a neat 
 and flourishing town, containing a conrt house, market house, bank, and sev- 
 eral churches. It is connected with St« Francieville by a railroad. Popula- 
 tion, 1,500. 
 
 Red River rises near the base of the Rocky Mountains, 
 in the mountainous region of north-west Texas. After pursu- 
 ing an easterly course of fifteen hundred miles, it empties into 
 the Mississippi. It receives in its course the waters of several 
 rivers, the largest of which are the Blue river and False Wa- 
 shita, or Rio Negro. After leaving the mountains, it flows 
 through extensive prairies of rich, red soil, which impart their 
 color to the water. From this circumstance it received the 
 name of Red river. The margin of the river is covered, in 
 many places, with fine vines, which are loaded with rich fruits. 
 The bottoms on this river are from one to ten miles wide, and 
 are well timbered with willow, locust, cotton-wood, pawpaw 
 and buckeye. On the uplands, elm, ash, hickory, mulberry and 
 black- walnut grow in great abundance. 
 
■I 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 43 
 
 About one hundred miles above Natchitoches, commences 
 what is termed the " Great Raft." It consists of fallen trees 
 and drift, which have been collecting here for ages. This raft 
 extends for seventy miles, and, by damming up the waters, causes 
 the river to expand to the width of near twenty miles. In some 
 places soil has collected upon it, and willows have taken root. It 
 was so cemented together that horses and cattle have passed over 
 it in safety. The United States government have cut awav, at 
 great expense, a large portion af this, for the purpose of making 
 a safe steamboat channel through it; but it appears to ac(i>'mu- 
 late as fast as it is removed. Along the river, the tjees grow 
 very tall and thick; in some places their branches nearly meet 
 across the stream. 
 
 Above the raft, the river is wide and deep, and navigable for 
 several hundred miles. A few miles below Natchitoches, the 
 river divides into a number of channels, and extends over a 
 large tract of country, filling numerous small lakes. The bot- 
 tom land along the river is very fertile, producing com, cotton, 
 tobacco, and sugar cane, in great abundance. If the navigation 
 of this river was once permanently opened, the country would 
 soon fill with an industrious and enterprising population; lands 
 that now lie in waste would soon be under cultivation; and 
 boats, laden with the rich products common to the West i*nd 
 South-west, would glide smoothly along its reddened waters, 
 to the great coftmiercial depot of the South. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 SHREVEPORT, capital of Caddo parish, Louisiana, is situated near the 
 boundary of the State, on the south side of Red river, five hundred miles 
 aliove New Orleans. It contains a court house, 2 churches and several stores. 
 This place is improving rapidly. Population, 2,500. 
 
 NATCHITOCHES, Natchitoches parish, Louisiana, is situated on Red river, 
 about eighty miles above Alexandria. It was first settled by the French, 
 under a grant to St. Denis, who, in 1713, established a trading post here. In 
 1722, it was attacked by the Natchez Indians, who had been driven from their 
 own country, after the great massacre of the 28th of November, 1729. After 
 K hard fought battle, which lasted several hours, the Indians were repulsed, 
 leaving ninety-two of their bravest warriors on the field. With this battle 
 ends the existence of the Natchez as a distinct nation. Those who were taken 
 prisoners w^e conveyed to the West Indies, there to enjoy the sweets of 
 Spanish slavery. Population, 2,300. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA, capital of Rapides parish, Louisiana, is on Red river, one 
 hundred and fifty miles from its mouth. The location of the town is very 
 beautiful. The surrounding country is quite level, producing cotton in great 
 abundance. The town consists principally of one long street, upon which 
 itands the court house and several fine buildings. Population, 1,500. 
 
14 
 
 ROUTE OF THB MISSISSIPPI KIVER. 
 
 f&cd River Island and €ut-off.— At the mouth of 
 
 Red river, the main channel of tlie Mississippi makes quite a 
 long bend, leaving a verjr narrow strip of land between. Cap- 
 tain Shreve, of the United States Engineers, cut a channel 
 across this bend, which, upon admitting the waters, soon be- 
 came sufficiently wide and deep to allow the largest boats to 
 pass with ease. 
 
 Note. 
 
 From this point, the waters of the Mississippi no longer flow in one regular 
 channel, but, separating into a number of brandies or bayous, they wend their 
 way through lakes and swamps to the Gulf, in lines nearly parallel with the 
 parent stream, thus dividing the southern part of the State into a number of 
 islands. The largest of these bayou:i is Atchafalaya, which leaves the river 
 about three miles below Red river, and pursues a southern course till it falls 
 into Atchafalaya Bay, on the Gulf coast. At Plaquemine, one hundred and 
 twenty-eight miles below, there is another bayou, which also connects with 
 the Gulf. At Donaldsonville, eiglity-one miles above New Orleans, the justly 
 celebrated Bayou La Fourche commences. It can be compared to nothing 
 else than a beautiful ship canal. Tlie plantations along this bayou are so 
 thick, that they resemble one continuous town stretching from one extremity to 
 the other. On the east, the principal out-let is the Iberville, which communi- 
 cates with the Gulf, through Lakes Maurepas, Pontchartrain and i^orgne. The 
 land included between these bayous is called the del'a of the Mississippi, 
 from its resemblance to the Greek letter A {delta). This land is frequently in- 
 undated, and amounts to several thousand square miles. To prevent these 
 overflows as much as possible, embankments have been thrown up along^the 
 river, called the levee. On the east side, the embankment commences about 
 sixty miles above New Orleans, and extends for near one hundred and thirty 
 miles ; on the west side it begins at Point Coupee, one hundred and seventy- 
 two miles above New Orleans. From this point down to New Orleans, the 
 river is lined with beautiful plantations, upon which are many fine and costly 
 residences. They have narrow fronts on the river, ornamented with beautiful 
 flowers and shrubbery, but extend back into the interior for several miles. 
 The whole has the appearance of a town, extending along the margin of the 
 river. 
 
 ICed River Landings, Point Coupee parisli, Louisiana, 
 is a small place, where those going up Red river usually stop, 
 It contains but few houses, and is of but little importance. 
 
 Raccourci Bend. — The cut off here, was made about 
 three years ago, by order of the State. The distance by the 
 main channel is near thirty miles — by the cut-ofF it is only 
 about half a mile. The width of the channel is four hundred 
 yards, and sufticiently deep to admit the largest boats. 
 
 Tunica Bend is a large bend a few miles below. Island 
 number 122 is in the lower part of this bend. 
 
 Bayon Sara, West Feliciana, Louisiana, is a noted place 
 
 
1 
 
 )uth of 
 quite a 
 Cap- 
 hannel 
 pon be- 
 oats to 
 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 46 
 
 for shipping cotton. It is in the midst of a thickly settled and 
 well cultivated country, a short distance from St. Francisville. 
 
 St. Francisville, capital of West Feliciana parish, is a 
 pleasant j)lace, being built mostly on a hill, about one mile 
 from the river. It is connected with Woodville, a distance of 
 twenty-eieht miles, by a railroad. That portion of the town 
 that stands on the hill is well built, and contains several fine 
 houses. Along the margin of the river, there are a number of 
 large ware-houses, from which a large amount of cotton is an- 
 nually shipped. Population, 500. 
 
 Point t^oupec, capital of Point Coupee parish, Louisi- 
 ana, is on the Mississippi, opposite St. Francisville. It is a 
 settlement of wealthy planters, mostly French, and extends for 
 several miles along the river. At this place, the Grand Levee 
 or embankment commences. This embankment was made to 
 protect the plantations along the river against the frequent 
 overflows. By recent accounts, it appears to have broken away 
 at Coupee to such an extent as to threaten the neighboring 
 plantations, for miles below, with complete inundation. The 
 t<indency of lower Mississippi to seek new channels to the 
 Gulf, has been apparent for a long time. The cut-offs that have 
 been made above, though they have shortened the distance sev- 
 eral miles, have, by giving the water a more direct course, 
 greatly increased its rapidity, voIunie,and pressure against its 
 banks. This is yo doubt the cause of th^ crevasse, which has 
 often been the means of destroying entire plantations, and 
 burying villages in water. The land on the river, from this 
 point to the Gulf, is, with few exceptions, below the surface of 
 the water, even at its ordinary stage. From this and other cir- 
 cumstances, it appears that the whole of this lower country, 
 was once either a great lake, or an arm of the sea, which has 
 become filled up by the immense and rapid deposits of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 lil^aterloo, Point Coupee parish, Louisiana, is situated on 
 the Mississippi, at the outlet of False river. It is a handsome 
 settlement, surrounded by rich and beautiful plantations. Pop- 
 ulation, 200. 
 
 Thompson's Creek enters the Mississippi from the 
 east, a short distance above Port Hudson. 
 
 Note. 
 
 JACKSON, East Fei'ciana parish, Louisiana, is situated on tiie east side 
 of Thompson's creek, abcnt twelve miles from St. Francisville. It is the 
 seat of Louisiana College, founded in 1825, which has an able faculty of 9 
 professors, over 100 students, and about 2,000 volumes in its libraries. The 
 annual commencement is on the first Wednesday in June. The town con- 
 tains several churches, 3 academies, and a population of 1,000. 
 
"liUPWPW*""!-'-!'"! Vll 
 
 Ik 1 
 
 46 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 Port Hudson, East Feliciana parish, Louisiana, is a 
 !^niall place on the east bank of the Mississippi. Thi^^ plnce is 
 built on White Cliffs, which rise a short distance above the 
 river. 
 
 Thoinas'S Point is situated in an acute bend of tlie 
 river, thirteen miles below Port Hudson. 
 
 .^aton ffOUg'C, the present capital of Louiuana and scat 
 of justice for East Baton Rouge parish, is pleasantly situated 
 on a beautiful bluff, rising in regular swells to the height of 
 forty feet above the waters below. From Baton Rouge to NeAv 
 Orleans, the "coast," as it is called, is lined with as fine plant- 
 ations as there are in the South. Every spot, susceptible of 
 cultivation, is transformed into a beautiful garden, containing 
 specimens of all those choice fruits and flowers which flourish 
 only in tropical climes. 
 
 This place contains a U. States barracks, which is the finest and 
 most commodious in the Union. It became the State capital in 
 1^48, and contains a court house, penitetitiary, and many fine res- 
 idences. The penitentiary is a fine brick building, three hundred 
 and twenty feet long, three stories high, and contains two hundred 
 and forty cells for convicts. Baton Rouge college has 4 profes- 
 sors, 50 students, and a library of 10,00(1 volumes — the annual 
 commencement is in December. It also contains several cliurchcs, 
 2 academies, and a number of scliools. Population, 2,500. 
 
 liVest Baton Kouge, is a small place on the opposite 
 side of the river. 
 
 ITIancliac, or Iberville, East Baton Rouge parish, Louisi- 
 ana, is a small place at the mouth of Bayou Iberville, or Man- 
 chac pass. 
 
 ll>ervllle Bayon leaves the Mississippi fourteen miles 
 below Baton Rouge. About twenty miles from tlie river it is 
 connected with the Amite river, and by means of Lakes Mau- 
 repas, Pontchartrain and Borgne, opens i communication with 
 the Gulf. It marks the course of the great D 'Iberville, when 
 he was returning from his excursion up the Mississippi. 
 
 Churcll Of^St. Oabriel, Iberville parish, Louisiana, is 
 on the Mississippi, a short distance below tlie bayou. 
 
 Plaqucmine, capital of Ibarville parish, Louisiana, is at 
 the mouth of Plaquemine bayo\i, twenty-three miles below 
 Baton Rouge. It contains a court house and 20 stores. Pop- 
 ulation, 500. 
 
 Bayou Oonid, Iberville parish, Louisiana, is situated 
 on the west side of the Mississippi. It is a small place, and 
 of but little importance. 
 
 B|iyou I^a Fourclie leaves the Mississippi at Donald- 
 
^lana, is a 
 i« plMco is 
 above the 
 
 nd of tlie 
 
 a and seat 
 y situated 
 height of 
 ;e to NeAv 
 iiie plant- 
 ptible of 
 ontainin^n^ 
 h flourish 
 
 finest and 
 capital in 
 y nnc res- 
 i hundred 
 ) hundred 
 4 profes- 
 le annual 
 eliurchcs, 
 >,500. 
 
 opposite 
 
 1, Louisi- 
 or Man- 
 en miles 
 iver it is 
 :es Man- 
 ion with 
 le, when 
 I. 
 siana, is 
 
 ma, is at | 
 3 below 
 J. Pop- 
 
 sitnated 
 ice, and 
 
 Oonald- 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 47 
 
 Ronville, and flows in a direct line to the Gulf. It is verv 
 thickly settled on both sides, by some of the richest planters 
 in the State. It is navigable during most of the year for a dis- 
 tance of sixty miles. 
 
 l>onal(lSOnville, Ascension parish, Louisiana, is just 
 below the mouth of the Bayou La Fourche, and was formerly 
 the capital of the State. It is now the capital of the parish, 
 and contains a court house, several churches and aeaoemies, 
 and a land oflice. Since the removal of the capital, this town 
 has somewhat declined. It is a place of considerable wealtli 
 and trade, and is the most important town near New Orleans. 
 Population, 1,200. 
 
 Jelt<;r$Oll €olIeg:c, founded in 18.31, is a thriving in- 
 stitution, sixteen miles below Donaldsonville. 
 
 ISring^crs, St. James parish, Louisiana, is on the south 
 side of the Mississippi. It contains a court house and a num- 
 ber of dwellings, located mostly on the river. 
 
 Bonnet ^iiarre Church, St. James Parish, Louisi- 
 ana, is on the Mississippi, twenty-four miles below Bringers. 
 It is merely a church with a few planters' residences around it. 
 
 Red Church, St. John the Baptist parish, Louisiana, is 
 on the east side of the river. This, also, is merely a church, 
 surrounded by a fine settlement of planters. 
 
 Carrol Iton, Jefferson parish, Louisiana, is a flourishing 
 town, situated on the Mississippi, seven miles above New Or- 
 leans, with which it is connected, by a railroad that runs to the 
 center of the city. This is the residence of many merchants, 
 who pass to and from the city upon the cars, which run every 
 few minutes, during the day and evening. The Carrollton 
 Gardens are much admired by all who visit them. They are 
 public, and laid out with great taste, having a hotel attached 
 which provides visitors with excellent accommodations. Hun- 
 dreds of visitors, both young and old, come up daily from the 
 city, during the summer months, to spend a few hours in the 
 quiet shades of this delightful spot. Here you can amuse 
 yourself in a variety of ways: you will see flowers, shrubbery, 
 vines and fruits, of almost every variety ; while birds of the 
 richest plumage will enchant the ear with the sweetness of 
 their music. After leaving the dust and bustle of such a city 
 as New Orleans, and coming to a place like this, one would 
 almost fancy himself in the gardens of Paradise, listening to 
 that unwritten music which comes from the spirit- voices of the 
 dead. 
 
 IjRrayette City, capital of Jefferson parish, Louisiana, 
 is but a continuation of New Orleans, though it is under a 
 
! 
 
 T 
 
 ■ I 
 
 48 
 
 ROUTE OP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 separate government. It contains a court house and other 
 county buildings, several churches and a market house. The 
 railroad leading from New Orleans to CarroUton, passes, in 
 Naides street, through this city^. A steam ferry is constantly 
 running from this to the opposite shore, while another one runs 
 to New Orleans, a distance of two miles. Most of the flat- 
 boats, bound for New Orleans, land at Lafayette. It contains 2 
 academies and 4 schools. Population, 5,000. 
 
 NEW ORLEANS FROM THE MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 New Orleans, Orleans parish, Louisiar 
 the Mississippi river, near the southern extn y 
 ippi valley, in 29* 57' north latitude and 90" T 
 
 is situated on 
 of the Mis- 
 sissippi valley, in •^ii" o/ norm laiiuuic ana »u' / west longi- 
 tude. It is the great commercial capital of the South, and is, 
 by the river, about one liundrcd miles from the Gulf. New 
 Orleans is the seat of justice for Orleans parish, and was, until 
 recently, the capital of the State. This city is built on a low 
 strip of marshy land lyiug between Lake Pontchartrain and 
 the Mississippi river. The ground gradually falls back toward 
 the lake, ancl in no part of the city is it sufficiently elevated 
 to throw the waste water into the river. In time of heavy 
 rains many of the streets are flooded with water, and in some 
 places it covers the first floors of the houses. 
 
 Above New Orleans, and joining it, is the city of Lafayette, 
 which is fast becoming an important place. On the opposite 
 side of the river, is the town of Algiers. This place is exten- 
 sively engaged in ship building; it contains several large ship- 
 yards, which employ a great number of hands. Above and 
 telow the city, as well as in the rear, there are several small 
 villages, called Fauxbourgs, which are properly a part of New 
 Orleans, though under different governments. The principal of 
 these are St. Mary, Annunciation, Marigny, Franklin, Wasning- 
 ton, St. Claude, Ac. 
 
 w 
 
i|M> ■«W II , p 
 
 nd other 
 ise. The 
 )a8ses, in 
 onstantly 
 ' one runs 
 the flat- 
 lontains 2 
 
 tiiated on 
 the Mis- 
 est longi- 
 1, and IS, 
 ilf. New 
 ras, until 
 on a low 
 Tain and 
 k toward 
 ' elevated 
 of heavy 
 in some 
 
 jafayette, 
 opposite 
 is exten- 
 rge ship- 
 )ove and 
 ral small 
 t of New 
 incipal of 
 fVasning- 
 
 ROUTE OP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 49 
 
 In 1836, the Legislature divided the city into three munici- 
 palities, each having a distinct council for the management of 
 its internal aJairs, in conformity to the regulations of the gen- 
 eral government. The first municipality occupies the center, 
 and extends from the river to Lake rontcnartrain. The second 
 embraces the upper part of the city, and the third, the lower. 
 The Carondelet, or old canal, is in the first municipality. This 
 canal runs in a line with Orleans street, the center street of the 
 city, to Bayou St. John. The canal is about two miles long, 
 and from twenty-five to thirty feet in width, and from four to 
 seven feet in depth. The basin is in the center of the city, 
 nt^r the Catholic cemetery. It is about five miles from the 
 canal, down the bayou, to its junction with Lake Pontchartrain, 
 where there is a large dam about three-quarters of a mile in 
 extent; at the extr'^nnty, there is a light house, from which 
 vessels commence ti-oir voyages to various parts of the world. 
 By this canal, is brought cotton, tobacco, lumber, wood, lime, 
 brick, pitch, bark, sand, oysters and produce, to the New Or- 
 leans markets. There is another canal running through the 
 city to the lake, which does a large amount of business. The 
 New Orleans and La Fourche canal extends through Algiers to 
 Bayou La Fourche, r> distance of eighty -five miles. This is a 
 very important work, as it brings in communication with New 
 Orleans, some of the richest agricultural portions of the State. 
 There are three railroads in this city: the Orleans and Carroll- 
 ton railroad, which runs through most of the second municipal- 
 ity, to Carrollton, a distance of seven miles; the New Orleans 
 street railroad, which starts near the river, in the lower part of 
 the city, and extends to Lake Pontchartrain, a distance of six 
 miles. This road is in connection with a line of superb steam 
 
 Eackets, which run regularly, via Lake Pontchartrain, to Mo- 
 ile. The third and last railroad is the Mexican Gulf railway, 
 which starts off at right-angles from the Pontchartrain road, 
 at the corner of the Ehrsian Fields and Good Children streets, 
 and runs eastward to Lake Borgne, a distance of twenty-seven 
 miles. It is designed to continue this road to the Gulf. The 
 fare from New Orleans to Lake Borgne is seventy-five cents, 
 which is certainly high, considering the bad state of the road. 
 The shell road is the pride of New Orleans. It extends to 
 the lake, and runs along side of the new canal. This road is 
 made of small, white sea-shells, which soon become broken 
 and cemented together. It presents a beautiful appearance, 
 being as smooth as a parlor floor. This road well deserves the 
 attention of strangers. 
 The public buildings of New Orleans are not numerous, con- 
 
sidering the size and importance of the place. St. Charles hotel, 
 built in 1^36, Is one of the finest buildings in the city. It is sit- 
 uated on St. Charles street, and extends from Gravier to Cc inmon 
 street. It is built of freestone, and, in architecture, resCi' bles 
 the Capitol at Washington. The Verandah, at the corner of 
 St. Charles and Common streets, is another fine building. It 
 is built perfectly square and plain, presenting nothing very at- 
 tractive m its appearance. The new Hall of the second muni- 
 cipality is one of the most splendid buildings in the city. The 
 front is of fine white marble. The new Custom House is one of 
 the largest buildings of the kiri in the Union. It is built of 
 New England granite, which is brought in vessels from Boston. 
 Tn fact, most of the building stone used here, is brought from 
 Boston and other eastern cities. The United S^ itejj Branch 
 Mint is a large edifice of the Ionic order, two hundred and 
 eighty -two feet long and one hundred and sixty-eight feet deep. 
 Tije Catholic Cathedral is also a large and splendid building. 
 The United States Marine E spital is on the opposite side of 
 the river. It consists of a large main building with two wings, 
 and, at a distance, resembles a castle of ancient times. The 
 markets also deserve attention. They are conducted on a dif- 
 ferent plan from those of most of our western cities. There 
 are stands erected along the sides of the market house for the 
 sale of coffee, chocolate, cakes, pies, <fec. These are the board- 
 ing places of hundreds of people who wander about without 
 any fixvd place of residence. The city contains several public 
 squares, which are ornamented with fine trees and slirubbeiy. 
 Alo»»g the sides of several of the principal streets, there have 
 been planted rows of fine trees, wl)ich make delightful prom- 
 enades. The Post Office, on Roval street, a short distance 
 above the St. Charles, is well ceiiiuoD^d, and probably one of 
 the best arranged ofl^ces in the country. The University of 
 Louisiana was founded in 1835, and has an elegant building at 
 the corner of Common and Philippe streets. It has 7 profes- 
 sors and 40 students. There is a department of medicine, law, 
 political economy, and commerce, with able professors in each, 
 connected with this institution, which render it one of the 
 most 'lesirable places in the State for obtaining a thorough ed- 
 ucation. The annual lectures of this institution commence on 
 the 20th of November, at the college edifice. New Orleans 
 has quite a number of excellent public schools, in which seve- 
 ral thousand children daily receive in.struction. 
 
 The cemeteries of New Orleans attract considerable notice. 
 On account of the marshy state of the soil, all the graves are 
 above ground. The conius are placed in a kind of vault, 
 

 rles hotel, 
 It is sit- 
 Ccixim«yn 
 resei' bles 
 corner of 
 ding. It 
 » very at- 
 nd muni- 
 ity. The 
 3 is one of 
 is built of 
 n Boston, 
 ight from 
 $5 Branch 
 drcd and 
 feet deep, 
 building. 
 :e side of 
 vo wings, 
 les. The 
 on a dif- 
 8. There 
 e for the 
 he board- 
 t without 
 •al public 
 irubbeiy. 
 lere have 
 ul prom- 
 distance 
 ly one of 
 versity of 
 lilding at 
 7 profes- 
 ;ine, law, 
 J in each, 
 e of the 
 ough ed- 
 [nence on 
 Orleans 
 ich seve- 
 
 m 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIFFY RIVER. 
 
 61 
 
 n 
 
 closed with cement. The custom prevails here, to a consider- 
 erable extent, of planting flowers on the graves of departed 
 friends. Fine wreaths are hung on the bushes about the graves, 
 and cut flowers, placed in vases, are tastefully arranged, around, 
 and renewed with as much care as though they were placed on 
 a parlor mantel. Thus, ere the morning sun pencils with radi- 
 ant light the eastern sky, a father or a sister, a brother or a 
 husband, a wife or a mother, moves with slow paces to these 
 receptacles of the dead, there to bestow some twig, or flower 
 (frail memento of departed kindred), upon the grave of whom 
 they loved. But, as if emblematic of the forms that there lie 
 entombed, how soon do they wither and fade away. It mat- 
 ters but little to us, whether our graves be planted with flowers 
 or thorns — whether a board or marble slab Dears our epitaph — 
 whether our graves be made in the ocean or on the land — pro- 
 vided we have erected in this life, by the good we have done, 
 a lasting monument of our existence. 
 
 New Orleans is built upon the convex shore of a large bend 
 which resembles a crescent or new moon ; for this reason it is 
 often called the crescent city. The city proper contains sixty- 
 six complete squares, each having a front of three hundred and 
 nineteen feet. The streets, with a few exceptions, are less than 
 forty feet in width. The population consists mostly of French, 
 Spanish and Americans; but you can find men here from almost 
 every nation in the civilized world, dressed in the fashions of 
 their own land, speaking the language of their own country. 
 
 Ill 1718, Bienville selected the site of New Orleans, and de- 
 termined to make it the capital of Louisiana. It increased but 
 slowly at first: in 1723, it contained one hundred cabins, a 
 small chapel, and about two hundred inhabitants. In 1769, it 
 suffered greatly from the yellow fever; in 1788, a disastrous 
 fire swept over the city, and destroyed near one thousand 
 houses; in 1803, it passed, by purchase, into American hands, 
 since which time it has been steadily advancing in commerce 
 and population. The business of New Orleans is done mostly 
 between the months of November and June, which is the 
 healthy season. The population at this season is about 200,- 
 000, while in July, Augur.t and September, it does not exceed 
 120,000. 
 
 The situation of this city for commerce, is not surpassed by 
 any in the Union. The Mississippi and its tributaries, alone, 
 aflord at least ten thousand miles of steam navigation, which, 
 independent of the communication with the ocean, would soon 
 bulla up a great commercial city. The exports of New Or- 
 leans are nearly equ£d to those of New York, while the imports 
 
 4 
 
A|!f^^nis ''" 
 
 " '"-^ MJ ^■■iiMA^yf Jwti 
 
 62 
 
 ROTJTK OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 are much less. fc is the third city in the United States in pop- 
 ulation, and the second in comraere. The exports and imports 
 amount to nearly $175,000,000 — a little short of the whole for- 
 eiffii commerce of the country a few years a^o.* 
 
 There is a regular line of steam packets plying between New 
 Orleans and Galveston, Texas, which is about four hundred and 
 fifty miles distant. Packets run, also, regularly to all the At- 
 lantic cities, Mexico and South America. Steamboats start 
 daily for St. Louis, Louisville, Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, and 
 all intermediate ports. 
 
 MAP OF THE TTCINITT OF NEW OBLEANS. 
 
 ;; •- 
 
 Rates of fare from New Orleans to the following places. — To St» 
 Louis, $14 00, St. Anthony's Falls, $22 00; Louisville, in Nev^ 
 
 * See De Bow'a Commercial Review for Jane, 1850. 
 
3 in pop- 
 [ imports 
 hole for- 
 
 ecn New 
 clred and 
 I the At- 
 ats start 
 rgh, and 
 
 \ 
 
 ,— To St. 
 
 , in Nev/^ 
 
 i'm , 
 
 L 
 
 ROUTB OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 63 
 
 Orleans boats, $20 00 — in Cincinnati boats, $12 00; Cincinnati, 
 $10 00; Pittsburgh (by changing boats at Cincinnati), $16 00; 
 Mobile, $5 00; Galveston, $20 00; Savannah, $25 00; Charleston, 
 $30 00; Baltimore, $50 00; Philadelphia, $60 00; New York, 
 $6000—(by steamship), $75 00; Boston, $70 00; Havanna, $25 00; 
 Vera Cruz, $30 00; Liverpool, $120 00; London, $125 00; Havre, 
 $120 00. 
 
 Note. 
 This table contains the distances of places on the Mississippi, from New 
 Orleans to the Gulf. 
 
 Battle Ground 6 
 
 English Tarn, 12 18 
 
 Poverty Point, 20 38 
 
 Wilkinson's, 8 46 
 
 Johnson's ' 7 53 
 
 Fort Jackson and St. Philip,. . .12 65 
 
 S^onth-west Pass, 25 90 
 
 Onter Pass, 4 94 
 
 Balize, 5 99 
 
 Parat Soath Pass and ) 
 Galf of Mexico, ) 
 
 5 104 
 
 The Battle Ground.— In order to give any thing like 
 a connected account of the battle of New Orleans, which took 
 place here on the 8th of January, 1815, and of the circum- 
 stances connected with it, it will be necessary to go back a few 
 years, and take up the history in regular order. 
 
 In 1759, Great Britain had over-run most of the province of 
 New France, and obtained possession of Quebec, Ticonderoga, 
 Crown Point and Niagara. During this war, Spain had formed 
 a family compact with France, and taken sides against Eng- 
 land. In 1762, hostilities ceased between the three powers, 
 and peace was restored by the ratification of the treaty of Pa- 
 ris, dated FebriK"-y 10th, 1763. Bv this treaty, England ob- 
 tained possession. ^ Canada and all the posts along the St. 
 Lawrence. France al.^o ceded to her al of that portion of 
 Louisiana, extending frort' the source of the Mississippi, on the 
 east side, to the mouth of the Bayo Iberville; thence, along 
 the bayou, to Lake Maurepas; thence, along the center of the 
 lakes, to the Gulf of Mexico, including A\e port and river of 
 Mobile. The navigation of the M sssissippi was to remain for- 
 ever free to both powers. At the .^ame time, the French King 
 formed a secret treaty with Spain, b}^ which he agreed to deliver 
 to the Spanish government the remain*^ r of Louisiana, includ- 
 ing the Island of New Orleans. ' lus ends, for a time, the 
 jurisdiction of France in America. Two or three years elapsed 
 before Spain took possession of this valuable territory. The 
 French population were very much dissatisfied at the change; 
 and, in order to prevent an outbreak, it was deemed necep;sary 
 to keep a large military force constantly at New Orleans. The 
 
1 
 
 64 
 
 ROUTE OP THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 laws of Spain were very despotic and unpopular. Morales, 
 the intendant, knowing tnat Spain could not long maintain her 
 position on the Mississippi, determined to exercise his vindic 
 tive feelings against the Americans, by denying them the right 
 to deposit goods and produce in New Orleans. This act so 
 completely aroused the people of the Western States, that it 
 was with great difficulty that the general government was able 
 to restrain them from the conquest of the country. This sus- 
 pension of trade brought the people of Now Orleans on the 
 verge of famine. Accordingly, to modily the evil, without 
 fully removing the cause, Morales issued an order, that western 
 people mi^ht have the privilege of sending flour into the terri- 
 tory, provided they paid a duty of six per cent, ad valorutn, and 
 shipped it in Spanish vessels. But the Americans respectfully 
 declined to avail themselves of the privileges of tins order. 
 The King, however, so far revoked the acts of ufiorales, as to 
 again restore, in 1803. the free navigation of the river, and the 
 right to deposit at New Orleans. 
 
 After the overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty, the French 
 people began to cast their eyes, for the first time, over the ereat 
 western ocean to their brethren in Louisiana, who had been 
 suffering for so many years under the galling yoke of Spanish 
 tyranny. Accordingly, on tlie 1st of October, ItOO, the King 
 of Spain formed a secret treaty Avith the First Consul, bv which 
 he agreed to deliver, within six months, the province of Louis- 
 iana to the French authorities. In consideration of this act of 
 Spanish generosity, the Frencli established on tlie throne of 
 Tuscany, the Prince of Parma, son-in-law of the King of Spain. 
 Napoleon now began to make extensive preparations to extend 
 his authority over this rich and valuable territory. A largo 
 fleet and an army of twenty-five thousand men were soon 
 ready to sail for the Mississippi. After spending a year in the 
 various ports of Holland, continually watched by the English, 
 Napoleon determined to abandon the enterprise, and transfer, 
 if possible, the territory to the United States. Near the close 
 of the year 1802, he din cted his minister, M. Talleyrand, to 
 open negotiations with Mr. Livingston, United States minister 
 at Paris. While this correspondence was ^oing on, Mr. Jeffer- 
 son, then President, deeming the possession of New Orleans 
 and Florida of vast importance to the whole Union, sent over 
 Mr. Monroe, with instructions to make some arrangement, if 
 
 Eossible, for its purchase. When Mr. Monroe arrived in Paris, 
 e was somewhat surprised to find Napoleon so willing to part 
 with Louisiana. His willingness, however, was the result of 
 necessity, as it must soon have passed into the hands of Great 
 
rales, 
 lin her 
 dndic 
 B right 
 act so 
 that it 
 LS able 
 is sus- 
 on the 
 without 
 western 
 B terri- 
 m, and 
 ctfully 
 order. 
 ., as to 
 nd the 
 
 French 
 
 e great 
 
 d Deen 
 
 Spanish 
 
 e King 
 
 which 
 
 Lou is - 
 
 act of 
 
 rone of 
 
 Spain. 
 
 extcn<l 
 
 largf 
 
 soon 
 in tlic 
 nglish, 
 ansfer, 
 
 close 
 md, to 
 inister 
 Jeffer- 
 )rleans 
 it over 
 lent, if 
 
 Paris, 
 to part 
 3ult of 
 ' Great 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 65 
 
 Britain, had he not sold it to the United States. The only thing 
 then for the American Commissioners to arrange, was to fix 
 the price to be paid. Napoleon wanted 125,000,000 francs ; but 
 the commissioners, thinking it by far too high, offered only 
 50,000,000. After some time spent in consideration, they agreed, 
 on their own responsibility, to pay 80,000,000. Their course was 
 fully approved by the President and his Cabinet, and confirmed 
 by the Senate of the United States. On the 20th of December, 
 1803, the Province of Louisiana was officially delivered over to 
 the constituted authorities of the United States.* Thus was a 
 vast empire Wvin for freedom, without sacrificing a drop of human 
 blood. 
 
 The Spanish Government were very much displeased at this 
 transfer of Louisiana, but finally, in 1804, became reconciled. 
 Spain, however, still retained possession of Florida till 1820, 
 when it was purchased by the United States. Immediately after 
 the United States obtained possession of Louisiana, it was formed 
 into a territorial government ; not, however, on quite as liberal 
 principles as the people anticipated. The Governor had the 
 appointment of the Legislative Council, which was to consist of 
 thirteen of the ablest men in the Territory. In 1811, the people 
 were authorized by Congress, to form a state constitution ; and 
 in 1812, Louisiana was admitted into the Union, with full privi- 
 leges, as a sister state of this Great Western Republic. In 1812, 
 war was declared between England and the United States, and 
 the British Ministry resolved, if possible, to possess themselves 
 of Orleans, and thereby control the entire navigation of the Mis- 
 sissippi. New Orleans was in imminent danger ; the city was 
 without defenses, and the Spaniards, at Mobile and Pensacola, 
 were ready to receive a British army with open arms. This state 
 of things, was repeatedly urged upon the consideration of the 
 President and his Cabinet, but nothing was done, till the arrival 
 of General Jackson, in the autumn of 1814, Had the diff^erent 
 passes on the Gulf been properly guarded, and forts built, as 
 recommended by General Wilkinson, the British army would 
 never have found their way to the " Plains of Chalmette.^* They 
 would have gone to rest beneath the waves of the ocean, without 
 effecting a landing on the coast. But this was not the case ; 
 Louisiana was soon called upon, to check the advance of a 
 powerful British army, who adopted for their watchword " Booty 
 and Beauty;" an army, who were well clothed, and provided 
 with everything ; while her own feeble little band, were destitute 
 of almost every necessary of life. And had it not been for the 
 
 * See Americaa State Papers. Also, Martin's Louisiana. 
 
-TI»'''*™"W"^*!W?)F''W'W'*«||f!WwjiPT(fi»;»^^ 
 
 I 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 t', 
 
 lii 
 
 vn 
 
 
 patriotism of the ladies of New Orleans, who supplied the army 
 with clothing, they must all have perished from the inclemency 
 of the weather. 
 
 On the 12th of December, 1814, the British fleet made their 
 appearance off Cat Island, near the entrance of lake Borgne. 
 Commodore Patterson dispatched a flotilla of five gun-boats, to 
 observe the movements of the enemy, and oheck if possible, his 
 advance. On the 14th, the boats were attacked by a superior 
 force of forty-three barges, and twelve hundred men, and after a 
 gallant struggle of one hour, they were overpowered and com- 
 pelled to surrender. In this engagement, the Americans lost but 
 six killed and thirty-five wounded, while the British loss could 
 not have been lestj than three hundred in killed and wounded. 
 
 General Jackson, on reviewing the militia and defenses of the 
 city, found that there were a large number of persons wandering 
 about, who were entirely indifiTerent as to the final issue of the 
 coming contest. For this, and other reasons, he deemed it neces- 
 sary to proclaim martial law^ which no doubt saved the city. 
 This measure was very much opposed at the time. Judge Hall, 
 an Englishman by birth, took upon himself the responsibility to 
 impose upon the General, after the battle, a fine of $1000, in 
 consequence of the suspension of the habeas corpus act. The 
 Judge undertook to interfere with the military arrests, and Jack- 
 son ordered him beyond the limits of the camp. This fine, which 
 the General promptly paid from his own resources, viras refunded 
 by Congress with interest, a short time before his death. 
 
 On the 22d, a division of the British army, under General 
 Keane, succeeded in passing from lake Borgne into Bayou Bien- 
 venu, which extends neariy to the Mississippi, by the aid of some 
 Spanish fishermen, whom they employed as guides. The British., 
 supposing themselves perfectly secure, and that the whole coun- 
 try would soon fall into their hands, concluded to encamp near 
 the banks of the river. The American general determined to 
 attack them in their new position. He accordingly collected his 
 whole force, which was less than 2,000, and marched to attack 
 the English, who were not less than 3,000 strong. The schooner 
 Caroline, and the Louisiana, were sent down the river, with 
 orders to commence the attack when the proper signal should be 
 given. The action commenced at half-past seven in the evening, 
 by a heavy discharge of grape and cannister, which was the first 
 warning the enemy had of the ^proach of the American army. 
 Jackson commanded here in person ; and so complete was the 
 surprise of the enemy, that hundreds were cut down, without 
 even an opportunity of oflering any resistance. The British lost 
 near four hundred, in killed, wounded, and prisoners. 
 
* 
 
 -I 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 67 
 
 General Jackson fell back within five or six miles of the city; 
 where he commenced fortifying himself on a narrow strip of land, 
 lying between a low swamp and the river. The General deter- 
 mined to build a breastwork of cotton- bales and earth, extending 
 from the swamp to the river, a distance of nearly a mile. He 
 accordingly ordered all the drays and wagons in the city, to com- 
 mence hauling the cotton from the warehouses; which orders they 
 were compelled to obey, at the peril of their lives. The front of 
 this cotton breastwork was protected by a deep ditch, filled with 
 water. On the 28th, a skirmish occurred a short distance from the 
 American lines, which lasted several hours ; in this the English 
 lost about two hundred and fifty, and the Americans only seven.* 
 
 The British army under Packingham, encamped near the 
 American lines, waiting several days for reinforcements. The 
 Americans numbered six thousand, and the British fifteen thou- 
 sand. At length the anxious night of the 7th hud passed away, 
 and the dawn of the glorious 8th, had just shed its mellow light 
 on the extended lines of the two reposing armies. Packingham, 
 after sending eight hundred of his men, under Colonel Thorton, on 
 the opposite side of the river, arranged the remainder of his army 
 into two divisions, of sixty deep; the right under General Gibbs, 
 and the left uit ;dr General Keaue. The English moved slowly to 
 the attack ; but when w.itiiiii a short distance, the batteries along 
 the American lines opened upon them such a destructive fire, that 
 their ranks were broken almost as fast as they wore closed up. 
 But when they came within reach of the muskets, the whole 
 American line opened upon them such a discharge of musketry, 
 that they soon retired in confusion from the field. Packingham 
 was killed In front of his troops, endeavoring to encourage them 
 by his presence. The officers succeeded in bringing the troops 
 to a second attack, but this was even more disastrous than the 
 first They soon gave way, leaving more than 2,000 lying on the 
 field. The American loss was only seven killed and six wounded. 
 
 The battle of New Orleans, one of the most important in the 
 history of our country, was the closing scene of the war of 1812. 
 This war cost the United States near $75,000,000, and the lives 
 of several thousand of her best troops. The loss to England was 
 immense ; in her Louisiana campaign alone, she lost at least five 
 thousand men, besides a very large amount of military and naval 
 stores. Notwithstanding this heavy loss of the United States, the 
 war of 1812 was no doubt a good thing for the country, as it 
 gave greater security to our commerce, and established throughout 
 the world a name and influence that even England herself fears. 
 
 * See Breckenridge' History of the War. 
 
58 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 
 
 The battle of New Orleans, was fought after the signing of the 
 treaty of peace ; yet both parties were entirely ignorant of it ; as 
 it was not officially known in New Orleans, till the middle of the 
 following February. This treaty was concluded at Ghent, on the 
 24th of December, by John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, 
 Henry Clay, Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin, as Envoys 
 Extraordinary, on the part of the United States ; and Lord Gam- 
 bier, Henry Goulburn, and William Adams, on the part of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Fort St« Eieon is on the Mississippi, seventeen miles below 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Eng^lish Turn, is a bend in the river, opposite Fort St. 
 Leon. It is the point where the English vessels, sent to explore 
 and take possession of the Mississippi, met the French, who 
 informed them that they were in the dominions of his majesty, 
 the King of France, and unless they retreated, the large force, 
 which they alledged was but a short distance up the ri^'er, would 
 be brought against them. The English reluctantly turned, and 
 sailed down the river. 
 
 Forts St. Philip and Jackson, are on the Missis- 
 sippi, about seventy miles below New Orleans. It was the design 
 61 the British commander, to reduce these forb, which had been 
 previously garrisoned by Jackson, so he could have the aid of the 
 squadron in a grand attack upon New Orleans. But the squadron, 
 which consisted of two bomb-vessels, a brig, a sloop, and a 
 schooner, all well manned, did not, from the difficulties of navi- 
 gation, arrive before Fort St. Phil«n till the morning of the 9th 
 of January. They soon commenced a tremendous cannonade, 
 which was answered by such a well-directed fire from the fort, 
 that the vessels were compelled to fall back a distance of two 
 miles. And finally on the 18th of January, after trying in vain 
 to take the fort, they concluded to abandon the enterprise. The 
 fort was defended by less than four hundred men, under the 
 command of Major Overton. 
 
 The mouths of the lUississlppl.— -We have now 
 arrived at the poini where this mighty river, separating into a 
 number of branches, resembling a large hand with extended 
 fingers, discharges its waters into the Gulf. The sediment which 
 is annually deposited here, is about jt^jj of the quantity of water 
 by weight. This affords a great obstruction to navigation, espe- 
 cially in low water. This water is found, by actual experiment, 
 to contain carbonic acid, chlorine, lime, oxide of iron, magnesia, 
 soda, and several other substances, which are the canse of its 
 deleterious effects. 
 
 :n 
 

 r of the 
 r it ; as 
 ) of the 
 
 M 1 
 
 ft 
 
 1 
 
 
 ROUT£S ON THR GULF OF MEXICO. 
 
 69 
 
 The North-east Pass, latitude 2SO T N., and longitude 89° 10' 
 W., is the principal pass. It is through this pass, that the English 
 fleet, that was to have assisted at the attack on New Orleans, 
 entered the river. The word Balize, means a level ; at the mouth 
 ot the pass, there is a small settlement of pilots, known as the 
 Balize settlement. The other passes, are the Outlet Pass, the 
 South-east, the South, the South-west, and the West. 
 
 KOUTES ON THE GULF OF MEXICO. 
 
 A brief account of those cities adjacent to New Orleans, which 
 are connected with it, by regular lines of steamers. 
 
 JTIOlliley Mobile county, Alabama, is situated on the west 
 side of Mobile bay, about thirty miles from the sea, and one hun- 
 dred and sixty-seven from New Orleans. It is the commercial 
 capital of the State, and next to New Orleans, the greatest cotton 
 market in the Union — 320,000 bales have been exported in a sin- 
 gle year. The situation is considered very healthy; being built 
 on a plain, that rises near fifteen fret above tide-water. The 
 breezes from the sea, render the atmosphere pure, which together 
 with the climate, make it the resort of great numbers of invalids, 
 from various parts of the world. The city is supplied with water, 
 brought from a neighboring hill, and distributed through the town 
 in iron pipes. This city contains a naval hospital, city hospital, 
 four banks, a theater. Burton Academy, and several churches. 
 There is a railroad in progress, from this place to the mouth of 
 the Ohio. If this road is ever completed, it will throw into 
 Mobile a very large proportion of the western trade, that now 
 goes by way of Orleans. This road will be able to compete with 
 the steam navigation of the Mississippi, by shortening the dis- 
 tance, from the mouth of the Ohio to the Gulf, near five hundred 
 miles, and gaining about twenty hours in time, at a saving of five 
 dollars in fare.* About two railes from Mobile, is Spring Hill 
 College, incorporated in 183U, which has a president and twelve 
 instructors, one hundred students, and a libraiy of four thousand 
 volumes. Annual commencement, first day of February. Popu- 
 Ittion of the city, 73,000. 
 
 • The Bay of Mobile, is the outlet of one of the most prolific 
 cotton-growing regions in the south. At present, an annual pro- 
 duct of over 500,000 bales, is sent through this bay to various 
 European markets. The value of this product, is estimated at 
 $17,000,000.t 
 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily for New Orleans, by way 
 of the lakes ; fare, on regular line five dollars; in other boats, four 
 
 * See De Bow's Commercial Review, vol. 7, p. 459. f Ibid. p. 286. 
 
1 
 
 
 60 
 
 ROUTES ON THE GULF OF MEXICO. 
 
 dollars. BoatR run also, regularly to Montgomery, on the Ala- 
 bama river, where they connect with the cars on the Montgomery 
 and West Point railroad. The fare to Montgomery is ten dollars, 
 and the time, fifty hours. From this point, there Is a daily line of 
 stages, that run through Greenville and La Grange, to Griffin, on 
 the Georgia Central Railroad, a distance of about seventy-five miles; 
 this road connects at Atlantic, with the Charleston and Georgia 
 railroad. The distance from Charleston to Montgomery is five 
 hundred and twenty miles ; fare, $26.50, and time fifty-three 
 hours. A line of sailing vessels plies regularly, between Mobile 
 and New York. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 FORT BOWYER (Morgan) that oommands the entrance of the bay of Mo- 
 bile, is built upon a low, sandy point, just opposite Dauphin Island. This 
 fort is noted as being the place where the retreating British army, under 
 Cockburn, after they had received oflScial intelligence of the signing of the 
 Treaty, determined, by the direction of their unprincipled commander, to 
 glut their vengeance on the feeble garrison, of three hundred men — which, 
 but a few months before, had destroyed a large amount of their shipping. 
 After » bonibardment of four days, they were compelled to surrender to the 
 British forces, which amounted to tweuty-five sail, and five thousand troops. 
 
 The name of the present city of Mobile was derived from that of the Indian 
 town of Mauville, which was situated on the Alabama, near its junction with 
 the Tombigbee. De Soto, of whom we have had occasion to speak in a former 
 part of this work, during his wandering through the southern part of the 
 United States, came, in 1540, to the border of the territory of Tuscaluza, a 
 proud and warlike chief. This chieftain was disposed to treat the Spaniards 
 with kindness, and render them all the assistance in his power. De Soto, 
 under the guise of friendship, obtained possession of his person, and held him 
 a close prisoner, during his march through the country over which he pro- 
 sided. Tuscaluza obtained permission to dispatch some of his attendants in 
 advance to Manville, in order to make preparations for the arrival of his dis- 
 tinguished strangers. But these preparations, were preparations of war. 
 As soon as they learned the condition of their chief, the warriors of his own 
 and neighboring tribes collected in the town of Manville, there to awadt the 
 orders of their cacique. 
 
 De Soto, leaving the main part of his army behind, under Moscoso, pushed 
 rapidly on to Manville, where he arrived on the 18th of October. He was 
 met by a large party of warriors, preceded by a band of music, and conducted 
 into the town. De Soto found it a strongly-fortified place, surrounded by a 
 wall, made of pickets, with but two gates — one on the east side, and one on 
 the west; the houses were mere sheds, covered with reeds and straw. After 
 
i the Ala- 
 ntgomery 
 en dollars, 
 aily line of 
 Griffin, on 
 five miles; 
 d Georgia 
 ?ry is five 
 fifty- three 
 eu Mobile 
 
 5 bay of Mo- 
 land. This 
 rmy, under 
 ning of the 
 mander, to 
 len — which, 
 ir shipping, 
 nder to the 
 and troops. 
 
 the Indian 
 notion with 
 in a former 
 part of the 
 Qscaluza, u 
 Spaniards 
 De Soto, 
 Iheld him 
 ich he pre- 
 sndants in 
 of his dis- 
 IS of war. 
 )f his own 
 await the 
 
 10, pushed 
 He was 
 jonducted 
 ided by a 
 ad one on 
 w. After 
 
 ROUTES ON THE GULF OP MEXICX). 
 
 TiT 
 
 the soldiers had been supplied comfortable quarters, Tuscaluza informed Dc 
 Soto that he wished to retire a short distance, to make further preparations 
 for his army. But he was making preparations for himself. Soon, the town 
 was filled with a multitude of warriors ; and over the surrounding plain, as 
 far as the eye could reach, nothing could be seen, but one vast assemblage of 
 Indians. Scarce had the echo of the warwhoop died on the ear, than th«' 
 Spaniards and Indians became engaged in one general melee. The Spaniards, 
 perceiving that the Indians had the advantage, retreated to the plain without 
 the walls. After the battle had raged furiouaiy up and down the plain for 
 several hours, the Spaniards determined to destroy the walls, and burn the 
 houses. Soon the whole town was one sheet of fire. Thousands of females 
 and children were consumed in the houses where they had taken shelter. 
 This was a critical moment. Had it not been for the arrival of the 
 main body of the army, the Spaniards would certainly have lost the day. 
 The battle now began with renewed fury, and ceased only with the set- 
 ting sun — and seldom did he ever set on a more desolate scene. The 
 streets of the town were blockaded with the dead ; the houses were about 
 ail consumed, and with them the clothing and baggage of Spaniards. About 
 fifty of the Spaniards had been killed, all of them more or less wounded, and 
 seventeen hundred wounds required a surgeon's care. The plain around was 
 strewed with more than twenty-five hundred Indian bodies, besides those who 
 perished by the flames within the walls. The situation of the Spaniards was 
 beyond description — with no medicine, no food, no baggage, and not even a 
 shed to protect their wounded bodies from the dampness of the midnight air, 
 they were compelled to lie down upon the field of battle, with no other con- 
 solation than having destroyed a populous village and thousands of innocent 
 lives. ^ 
 
 Pensacola« Escambia county, Florida, is situated on Pen- 
 sacola Bay, ten miles from the sea. The town is built on a sandy 
 plain, about forty feet above the waters of the Bay. It is regu- 
 larly laid out, and contains a court house, custom house, and two 
 public squares. Eight miles below the city, there is a United 
 States' Navy Yard, which covers eighty acres of ground. Popu- 
 lation, 3,000. 
 
 Stages leave three times a week for Mobile, Alabama, and Tal- 
 lahassa, Florida, 
 
 Oalveston, Texas, is the most important city in the State. 
 It is situated on the eastern part of Galveston Island, at the en- 
 trance of the Bay. It was first settled in 1837, since which time 
 it has rapidly increased in commerce and population. It contains 
 a large number of stores and commission houses, four cotton 
 presses, two high schools, one university, and six churches. It 
 nas an excellent harbor, with sufficient depth of water to float all 
 
62 
 
 ROUTES ON THE GULF OF MEXICO. 
 
 ordinary vessels, and is by far the most flourisliing place in tho 
 State. Population, 6,000. 
 
 There is a regular line of steam packets running weekly to 
 New Orleans ; also, a daily line to Houston, eighty-five miles dis« 
 tant. Boats are constantly running to the Brazos, Trinity, and 
 Sabine rivers, and to Corpus Christi. 
 
 Vera Cruz, capital of the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, is 
 situated on the south-west shore of the Gulf of Mexico, in 19<^ 
 12' north latitude, and 96*^ 9' west longitude, and has an average 
 annual temperature of 77*^. It is tlie principal seaport of Mexico, 
 and is one of the oldest Spanish towns on the continent. The 
 present city of Vera Crut was founded by Count de Monterey, 
 near the close of the sixteenth century, and is situated about fif- 
 teen miles from the old town planted in 1519, by Cortes, who, 
 guided by religious superstition, named it " La Villa Vica," or, 
 The rich town of the true Cross. Before approaching^ the city, 
 the lofty peak of Orizaba comes in view, with its cap of eternal 
 snow, rearing its hoad far above the region of the drifting clouds, 
 which hover around its summit. 
 
 The city is enclosed by walls, and the streets are wide, regular, 
 well-paved, and lighted by two hundred and thirty-two lamps. 
 Tho houses are mostly two stories high, with flat roofs, and built 
 of submarine stone, obtained, from the seashore. The red and 
 white cupolas, numerous towers, and battlements, ^>resent u 
 beautiful appearance when viewed from the sea. Ti': l.arbor is 
 very insecure, on account of the rocky state o the coast, and 
 the severity of the gales that prevail here during a large portion 
 of the year. The public buildings consist of hospitals, churches 
 and convents, and a custom house, all remarkable for their size 
 and solidity, rather than for their architectural beauty. The cli- 
 mate of the city, owing to the reflected heat from the numerous 
 sand hills without the walls, and the scarcity of water, is ex- 
 tremely unhealthy, especially to foreigners. It is perhaps more 
 subject to yellow fever than any other place on the coast. 
 
 The country in the vicinity of Vera Crr.z, produces everything 
 in abundance. Cattle roam in vast numbers over the plains, 
 which, when properly cultivated, yield annually two abundant 
 crops of corn, and tropical fruit of a superior quality. The table- 
 lands vary so little in temperature, that they will produce most of 
 the grains and fruits common to both temperate and torrid zones. 
 
 Vera Cruz has been besieged and taken near ten times — t>nce 
 by a band of robbers — twice by the independent and ministerial 
 troops — three or four times by the Spaniards — once by the 
 French — and lastly by the Americans, under General Scott. 
 The castle of San Juan de Ulloa commands the entrance of the 
 
ROUTES ON THE GULP OF MEXICO. 
 
 63 
 
 ilace in the 
 
 weekly to 
 e mileo dis- 
 'rinity, and 
 
 Mexico, is 
 [ico, in 190 
 an average 
 of Mexico, 
 lent. The 
 
 Monterey, 
 i about fif- 
 ortes, wlio, 
 
 VicA," or, 
 T the city, 
 • of eternal 
 ing clouds, 
 
 ie, regular, 
 two lamps. 
 
 and built 
 le red and 
 ^jresent u 
 I- arbor is 
 coast, and 
 •ge portion 
 , churches 
 
 their size 
 The cli- 
 numerous 
 ter, is ex- 
 laps more 
 ist. 
 
 jvery thing 
 le plains, 
 
 abundant 
 The table- 
 ^e most of 
 rrid zones, 
 les — t)nce 
 ninisterial 
 ;e by the 
 iral Scott, 
 ice of the 
 
 1 
 
 harbor, and is the most celebrated fortress in America. It was 
 commenced in 1582, on a smull island or bar, a little more than 
 one thousand yards distant from tiie town. This island received 
 the name of Juan, from Junn de Grijalout who landed here pre- 
 vious to the arrival of Cortes upon the continent. There was an 
 Indian temple upon this island, in whicii the natives offered hu- 
 man sacrifice to their gods, in obedience to the commands of 
 Acolhua, one of their kings, whose name became attached to the 
 island, and was soon abbreviated into the word Ulloa. The 
 cost of this great work, whoso foundations, buried deep in the 
 sea, have resisted for near three ciMituries the lashing of its waves, 
 and the fleets of the most powerful nations, is estimated at forty 
 millions of dollars. The fortress is made of Madrepora Astrea, a 
 kind of coral that is found in great abundance on the neighboring 
 islands. The walls are from four to five yards in thickness, with 
 a course of harder stone for the exterior. There are seven large 
 cisterns within the castle, which contain ninety-three thousand 
 seven hundred atid sixty-seven cubic feet of water. Its full 
 equipment of artillery pieces is three hundred and sixty-seven. 
 
 The population of Vera Cruz is 15,000, and its commerce, very 
 extensive. Most of the goods for the interior pass through this 
 place. It is connected with the city of Mexico, by an excellent 
 road, along which stages and merchandise are constantly passing. 
 A regular communication is kept up by sea, with the various 
 United States and European ports. British steamers on their 
 way to Vera Cruz, usually arrive at ship island on the 21st or 
 22d of each month. 
 
 Cliag^res and Panama, situated in the republic of 
 New Greneda, on opposite sides of the Isthmus of Darien, are, 
 from the great amount of travel to California, fast becoming im- 
 portant places. Chagres is on the Chagres river, seven miles 
 from its mouth, and is the landing place of all those who are 
 going to California, by way of the Isthmus. The Chagres river 
 is navigable as far as Cruzes, which is but fifteen miles from 
 Panama. The passage across the Isthmus is usually performed 
 on mules, and during the rainy season is extremely difficult. 
 The climate is very unhealthy, and few foreigners think of re- 
 maining long in the place. 
 
 Panama, on the bay of Panama, Pacific coast, is a fortified 
 town, having considerable trade. 
 
 The population of Chagres is 2,000, and of Panama 10,000. 
 
 The price of passage from New York to Chagres, varies from 
 $50, to $150. From Chagres to Panama, with two hundred 
 pounds of baggage, it is about $10. From Panama to San 
 Francisco, $150 to $300, according to the accommodations. 
 
atr 
 
 Iri rig i 
 
 i 
 
 li' 
 
 is. 
 
 •(^ 
 
 i^ 
 
 t .• 
 
 » 
 
 « 
 
 Through tickets can be obtained in New York and Philadelphia 
 for $200, (steeragCi) and $400, (cabin,) in the regular Uno of 
 steamers. 
 
 Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba, is situated in 
 the north-western part of the island, in 23^ 9' north latitude, and 
 82^ 23' west longitudo. This city has one of the most secure and 
 commodious harbor^ in the world. Its entrance is through a 
 small channel, admitting but a single ship ; but within the basin 
 it will contain a thousand ships. The harbor is sheltered from 
 the wind by the surrounding hights, and the channel which 
 communicates with the sea, is eight or ten fathoms deep. On 
 the hills opposite the city, there is a continuous row of forts, 
 from whose outer parapet, elevuted one hundred and fifty feet 
 above the level of the sea, a beautiful view of the city and its 
 environs can be obtained. These works are said to have cost 
 forty millions of dollars. 
 
 The greatest object of attraction in Havana, is the cathedral. 
 It is situated in the oldest part of the city, near the entrance of 
 ths port. ExternoUv, it presents nothing attractive. It is built 
 of coral rock of a yelloi/ish color, which gives it an appearance of 
 great age. The interior is adorned with paintings and the shrines 
 of saints. The windows being small and near the ceiling, ad- 
 mit but little light, giving the whole interior the appearance 
 of a place of great solemnity. In this cathedral arc deposited 
 the remains of Columbus, who gave a new continent to the 
 world. His bones rest on^the right hand of the altar, in a small 
 recess in the wall. On the left hand side of the altar hangs the 
 pdintiig which was the constant companion of Columbus during 
 his eventful voyages. Columbus died at Valladolid, May 20th, 
 1506, and his body was deposited in the Convent of St. Francisco. 
 In 1513, his remains, and those of his son, were removed to 
 Seville- In 1536, they were removed to Hispaniola, where they 
 remained till 1795. His remains were then collected and carried 
 in great pomp to Havana, where they now rest. 
 
 Moro and Punta castles are very strong works, but they yielded 
 to the English in 1762, whc captured nine vessels, and goods to 
 the amount of £3,000,000. The arsenal and dockyard are also 
 on a grand scale. The city, when viewed Irom a distance, pre- 
 sents a most beautiful appearance. Its numerous churches, with 
 their lofty spires pointing upward to the heaven they profess to 
 iove — its beautiful gardens, ornaaiented with all the beauties of 
 tropical climes — and its numerous beautiful and costly mansions 
 all conspire to impress the mind with the idea of its wealth and 
 magnificence. But when one wanders for a short time about the 
 t^.vn, thes^ visions of beauty soon, in a great measure, fade 
 
Philadelphia 
 liar line of 
 
 situated in 
 atitude, and 
 t secure and 
 
 through a 
 in the basin 
 altered from 
 nnel which 
 
 deep. On 
 BW of forts, 
 nd fifty feet 
 city and its 
 
 have cost 
 
 e cathedral, 
 entrance of 
 It is built 
 •pearance of 
 i the shrines 
 ceiling, ad- 
 appearance 
 iro deposited 
 nent to the 
 r, in a small 
 ar hangs the 
 nbus during 
 I, May 20th, 
 t. Francisco, 
 removed to 
 , where they 
 and carried 
 
 they yielded 
 ind goods to 
 ard are also 
 istance, pre- 
 urches, with 
 ey profess to 
 
 1 beauties of 
 tly mansions 
 s wealth and 
 ne about the 
 easure, fade 
 
 BOUTBS ON THE GULF OF MEXICO. 
 
 65 
 
 away, as the abodes of the poor present a striking contrast with 
 the palaces of the rich. The streets are narrow and poorly 
 paved. The commerce, which is considerable, consists mostly of 
 sugar, and tropical fruits. Population, 140,000. Vessels run 
 regular to New Orleans, and most of the Atlantic ports. Also, 
 to all the important seaports of Europe. 
 
 STEAMBOAT, RAILROAD, AND STAGE ROUTES. 
 
 ROUTES FROM THE PRINCIPAL PLACES ON OR NEAR 
 THE MISSISSIPPI, AND GULF OF MEXICO, TO VA- 
 RIOUS POINTS IN THE INTERIOR, W^ITH THEIR 
 INTERMEDIATE DISTANCES. 
 
 Front Dubuke to Davenport f hy Stage. 
 
 Distance to Andrew, 27 miles ; to De Witt, 26 miles ; to Daven- 
 port, 21 miles. Total distance to Davenport, 74 miles. 
 
 From Galena to Chicago, hy Stage, 
 
 Distance to Elizabeth, 15 miles ; to Burr-oak Grove, 18 miles ; 
 to Freeport, 13 miles ; to Silver Creek, 6 miles ; to Vanceburgh, 
 9 miles ; to Rockford, 12 miles ; to Cleveland, 7 miles ; to Belvi- 
 dere, 7 miles ; to Amesville, 7 miles ; to Marengo, 5 miles ; to 
 Coral, 4 miles ; to Hampshire, 6 miles ; to Udina, 8 miles ; to 
 Elgin, 6 miles ; to Bloomingdak , 12 miles ; to Cazenovia, 13 
 miles ; to Chicago, 12 miles. Total distance to Chicago, 160 miles. 
 Daily lines, fare $8. The Galena and Chicago Railroad is now 
 in operation between Elgin and Chicago, a distance of about 
 forty miles. 
 
 From the mouth of the Illinois to Chicago. 
 
 Distance to Montezuma, 5 miles ; to Augusta, 10 miles ; to 
 Naples, 8 miles ; to Meradosha, 16 miles ; to Beardstown, 33 
 miles; to Havana, 31 miles; to Pekin, 9 miles; to Peoria, 15 
 miles ; to Rome, 13 miles ; to Lacon, 17 miles ; to Hennepin, 
 15 miles ; to Peru, 5 miles ; total distance by the river to Peru, 
 202 miles. By the Illinois and Michigan Canal from Peru to 
 La Salle, 2 miles ; to Utica, 4 miles ; to Ottawa, 9 miles ; to 
 Marseilles, 8 miles; to Clarkson, 12 miles -. to Morristina, 4 miles; 
 to Dresden, 9 miles ; to Dupage River, 4 miles ; to Joliet, 10 
 miles ; to Lockport, 6 miles ; to Keepotaw, 5 miles ; to Des 
 
,y i .n ' III i n m I 
 
 ■iHii 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 
 66 
 
 STEAMBOAT, RAILROAD, AND STAGE ROUTES. 
 
 
 Plaines, 5 miles ; to Summit, 10 miles; to Caniielport, 8 miles; 
 to Chicago, 4 miles. Total distance to Chicago, 100 miles. 
 Wliolo distance from the mouth of the Illinois river, 302 milts 
 
 From St. Louis to Springfield and Indianapolis^ by Stage. 
 
 Distance to Edwardsville, 21 miles ; to Paddock's Grove, 10 
 miles; to. Bunker Hill, 5 miles; to Carlinville, 19 miles; to 
 Girard, 13 miles ; to Auburn, 11 miles ; to Springfield, 17 miles ; 
 total distance to Springfield, 96 miles. Via Terre Haute.-— 'Yq 
 Rochester, 10 miles; to Taylorsville, 16 miles ; to Shelbyvillo, 
 30 miles ; to Cochran's Grove, 11 miles ; to Paradise, 8 miles; 
 to Bethsaida, 7 miles ; to Charleston, 8 miles ; to Hitesville, 12 
 miles ; to Grand View, G miles ; to Paris, 12 miles ; to New Mar- 
 ket, 12 miles ; to Terre Haute, 10 miles ; total distance to Terre 
 Haute, 142 miles. To Van Buren, 12 miles ; to Harmony, 7 
 miles ; to Manhattan, 8 miles ; to Putmanville, 4 miles ; to Mount 
 Meridian, 6 miles ; to Stilesville, 8 miles ; to Belleville, 8 miles ; 
 to Plainfield, 5 miles ; to Bridgeport, 6 miles ; to Indianapolis, 
 9 miles ; total distance to Indianapolis, 73 miles. Whole dis- 
 tance from St. Louis to Indianapolis, 311 miles. From this 
 point, the Ohio river can be reached by the Indianapolis and 
 Madison Railroad; distance* 86 miles — fare, $2.50. For interme- 
 diate places on this road, see page 223. 
 
 For routes on the Missouri river, see page 175, and on the Ohio 
 river, see page 84. 
 
 Froftn St. I^ouis to Buffalo , via Sandusky. 
 
 Distance (by steamboat) to ttie mouth of the Ohio, 172 miles ; 
 to Cincinnati, 506 miles; to Sandusky, (by Little Miami and Mad 
 River Railroad, (see page 222 for intermediate places on these 
 roads,) 218 miles ; to Buffalo, (by steamboat, on Lake Erie,) 249 
 miles. Whole distance to Buffalo, 1147 miles. The fare from St. 
 Louis to Cincinnati, is $6, and from Cincinnati to BuflTalo, $10.00. 
 
 From Columbus Ky. to Lexington, by Stage. 
 
 Distance to Milburn, 8 miles; to Mayfield, 21 miles; to Wades- 
 borough, 20 miles ; to Aurora, 12 miles ; to Canton, 8 miles ; to 
 Cadiz, 9 miles ; to Bellevue, 12 miles ; to Hopkinsville, 10 miles; 
 to Elkton, 20 miles; to Russelviile, 15 miles; to South Union, 
 14 miles; to Bowling Green, 14 miles; to Dripping Spring, 14 
 miles; to Three Forks, (near Mammoth Cave,) 8 miles ; to Glas- 
 gow, 10 miles ; to Blue Spring Qrove, 12 miles ; to Monroe, 17 
 miles ; to Greensburgh, 6 miles ; to Campbellsviile, 12 miles ; to 
 New Market, 12 miles ; to Lebanon, 6 miles ; to Perryville, 18 
 miles ; to Harrodsburgh, 10 miles; to Shawnee Run, 7 miles; to 
 
IF 
 
 i>Mi 
 
 IJTES. 
 
 >ort, 8 miles ; 
 ), 100 miles, 
 er, 302 miles 
 
 by Stage. 
 
 t's Grove, 10 
 
 19 miles ; to 
 
 jid, 17 miles ; 
 
 e Haute.— To 
 
 ► Shelbyville, 
 
 Use, 8 miles ; 
 
 Hitesville, 12 
 
 to New Mar- 
 
 nce to Terre 
 
 Harmony, 7 
 
 es ; to Mount 
 
 'ille, 8 miles ; 
 
 Indianapolis, 
 
 Whole dis- 
 
 From this 
 
 ianapolis and 
 
 For interme- 
 
 d on the Ohio 
 
 r. 
 
 0, 172 miles ; 
 iami and Mad 
 ces on these 
 ke Erie,) 249 
 
 fare from St. 
 LifTulo, $10.0U. 
 
 je. 
 
 Ds; toWades- 
 
 1, 8 miles ; to 
 ille, 10 miles; 
 South Union, 
 ng Spring, 14 
 lies ; to Gias- 
 
 Monroe, 17 
 
 12 miles ; to 
 
 Perry ville, 18 
 
 D, 7 miles; to 
 
 Mm 
 
 STEAMBOAT, RAILROAD, AND STAGE ROUTES. 67 
 
 Nicholasville, 12 miles ; to Lexington, 12 miles. Total distance 
 to Lexington, 319 miles. 
 
 From Columbus to NaskviUef Tenn> 
 
 Distance to Clinton, 12 miles; to Feliciana, 11 miles; to 
 Boydsville, IG miles; to Paris, 20 miles; to Sandy Hill, 12 miles; 
 to Reuoldsburg, 19 miles ; to Waverly, 9 miles ; to Batsons, 12 
 miles ; to Charlott, 10 miles ; to Chesnut Grove, 22 miles ; to 
 Nashville, 18 miles ; total distance to Nashville, 161 miles. 
 
 From Memphis to Charleston^ S. C 
 
 Distance (by stage,) to North Mount Pleasant, 38 miles ; to 
 Holly Springs, 17 miles ; to Ripley, 28 miles; to Jacinto, Miss., 
 32 miles; to Tuscumbia, 56 miles; to Decatur, (by railroad,) 43 
 miles ; to Gunter's Landing, (by steamboat on the Tennessee 
 river,) 60 miles ; to Van Buren, (by stage,) 29 miles ; to Gayles- 
 ville, 22 miles ; to Rome, 32 miles ; to Kingston, 16 miles ; to 
 Augusta, (by Georgia R, R., see R. R, Guide,) 231 miles; (pas- 
 sengers now cross the Savannah river, where omnibuses are in 
 waiting, to convey them to the depot of the Charleston Railroad 
 at Hamburgh. For routes on this road, see R. R. G.) Distance 
 from Hamburgh to Charleston, 136 miles ; whole distance from 
 Memphis to Charleston, 740 miles. 
 
 From Memphis to Little Rock. 
 
 Distance to Marion 10 miles; to St. Francisville, 30 miles; to 
 Clarendon, 50 miles ; to Little Rock, 65 miles ; total distance 155 
 miles. The distance from Little Rock to Hot Springs, is as fol- 
 lows : to Collegeville, 15 miles ; to Caldwellton, 9 miles ; to 
 Owensville, 9 miles ; to Whittington, 8 miles ; to Hot Springs, 12 
 miles ; total distance from Little Rock, 53 miles. 
 
 The Hot Springs are situated near the Washita River. These 
 Springs, on account of the medicinal quality of their waters, are 
 fast becoming a place of fashionable resort, as well as the abode 
 of invalids. The waters are said to be excellent for scrofula, 
 rheumatism, and other chronic diseases ; but it is extremely 
 doubtful, whether diseases, that have baffled the skill of the most 
 eminent physicians, are speedily cured by a few draughts from a 
 spring v/hose waters often require all the resolution of well men 
 to retain. It is not for one moment to be doubted, but that an 
 absence from drug stores and a residence of a few months in the 
 country contribute greatly to the restoration of health. Visitors 
 will find here a good hotel ; the proprietor Mr. Mitchel, having 
 every arrangement for the accommodation of invalids, in botli 
 summer and winter. Board, $25 per month, $8 per week, $1.50 
 per day. 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
, I 
 
 68 STEAMBOAT, RAILROAD, AND STAGS ROUTES. 
 
 A line of stages run twice a week, Monday and Friday morn- 
 ings, from Little Rock to the Springs, a distance of 53 miles. 
 
 From Vicksburgh to Jackson, by Railroad, 
 
 Distance to Montalban, 6 miles ; to Bovina, 3 miles ; to Ed- 
 wards, 8 miles ; to Boltons, 9 miles ; to Clinton, 10 miles ; to 
 Jackson, 10 miles; whole distance to Jackson, 46 miles. Fare $2. 
 
 Jackson, Hinds county, Mississippi, is on the west side of Pearl 
 river, which is navigable for boats to this place. It is built on a 
 level plain, about half a mile square, and is regularly laid out. It 
 contains an elegant state house, a United States' land office, a 
 bank, four churches, four printing offices, several schools, and 
 Centenary college. Population, 3,CK)0. 
 
 Cars leave daily for Vicksburgh, and stages for Natchez, by 
 way of Newtown, Line Store, Gallatin, Reid*8 Store, Malcolm, 
 Hamburgh, and Washington. 
 
 From Natchez to Georgetown, on Pearl river, by Stage. 
 
 Distance to Washingt'>n, 6 miles ; to Hamburgh, 10 miles ; to 
 Malcolm, 10 miles ; to Reid's store, 19 miles ; to Gallatin, 15 
 miles ; to Georgetown, on Pearl river, 18 miles ; total distance, 
 138 miles. 
 
 From New Orleans to Natchez, by Railroad and Stage. 
 
 Distance (by stage) to Red church, 18 miles ; to Bonnet Quare, 
 20 miles ; to Bringer's, 22 miles ; opposite Donaldsonville, 15 
 miles ; to Iberville, 20 miles ; to Manchac, 10 miles ; to Baton 
 Rouge, 11 miles; to Mount Willing, 32 miles; to St. Francis- 
 ville, 13 miles ; to Woodville, (by railroad,) 28 miles ; to Cold 
 Spring, (by stage,) 15 miles ; to Natchez, 22 miles ; whole dis- 
 tance to Natchez, 226 miles. 
 
 From New Orleans to Washington. 
 
 Distance to Mobile (by steamboat,) 167 miles; to Montgom- 
 ery, (by stage,) 212 miles; to West Point, (by railroad,) 88 miles ; 
 to Covington, (by stage,) 117 miles ; to Charleston, (by railroad,) 
 269 miles ; to Wilmington, (by steamboat,) 158 miles ; to Frede- 
 ricksbur^h, (by railrosS,) 323 miles ; to Washington, (by steam- 
 boat,) 42 miles. Total distance to Washington, 1377 miles. 
 
 From New Orleans to Mobile, by Railroad and Steamboat. 
 
 Distance to Lakeport, on lake Pontchartrain, (by railroad,) 6 
 miles ; by steamboat to Point aux Herbes, 15 miles ; to Fort Co- 
 quilles, 7 miles ; to Lake Borgne, 11 miles ; to Grand Island, 9 
 miles ; to St. Joseph's Island, 4 miles ; to West Marianne, 5 
 miles ; to East Marianne, 5 miles ; to Cat Island, 11 miles ; to 
 
:£S. 
 
 -iday morn- 
 3 miles. 
 
 lies ; to Ed- 
 miles ; to 
 s. Fare $2. 
 
 }ide of Pearl 
 is built on a 
 laid out. It 
 ind office, a 
 schools, and 
 
 Natchez, by 
 re, Malcolm, 
 
 Stage. 
 
 10 miles ; to 
 
 Gallatin, 15 
 
 otal distance, 
 
 d Stage. 
 
 ionnet Quare, 
 Idsonville, 15 
 es ; to Baton 
 St. Francis- 
 iles ; to Cold 
 I ; whole dis- 
 
 to Montgom- 
 ad,) 88 miles ; 
 (by railroad,) 
 es ; to Frede- 
 in, (by steam- 
 177 miles. 
 
 Steamboat. 
 
 jy railroad,) 6 
 ; to Fort Co- 
 rand Island, 9 
 Marianne, 5 
 11 miles : to 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 STEAMBOAT, RAILROAD, AND STAGE ROUTES. 
 
 69 
 
 Mississippi city, 11 miles ; to Fascagoula, 28 miles ; to Potersville, 
 13 miles ; to Cedar Point, 12 miles ; to Mobile, 30 miles ; whole 
 distance to Mobile, 167 miles. Fare $5. tbi 
 
 From New Orleans to Covington. 
 
 By railroad to Lakeport, thence by steamboat to Madisonville, 
 on the opposite side of Lake Pontchartrain, 33 miles ; thence to 
 Covington, 8 miles ; whole distance, 47 miles 
 
 From New Orleans to Galveston, by Steamboat 
 
 Distance to English Turn, 12 miles; to Poverty Point, 23 miles; 
 to Fort St. Philip, 37 miles ; to the mouth of the Mississippi, 33 
 miles ; to Galveston, 345 miles ; whole distance to Galveston, 
 450 miles. 
 
 From Galveston to Austin, by Stage. 
 
 Distance to Houston, 80 miles ; to San Felipe de Austin, 55 
 miles ; to Rutersville, 42 miles ; to La Grange, 5 miles ; to Bas- 
 trop, 40 miles ; to Austin, 33 miles ; whole distance to Austin, 
 225 miles. 
 
 From Mobile to Montgomery, by Steamboat. 
 
 Distance to Fort St. Philip, 29 miles ; to the mouth of Tom- 
 bigbee. 23 miles ; to Gosport, 60 miles ; to Claiborn, 6 miles ; to 
 Lower Peach Tree Landing, 29 miles; to Upper Peach Tree Land- 
 ing, 30 miles; to Canton, 19 miles; to Portland, 20 miles; to Caha- 
 ba, 23 miles ; to Selina, 16 miles; to Benton, 28 miles; to Vernon, 
 22 miles ; to Washington, 19 miles ; to Montgomery, 12 miles ; 
 whole distance to Montgomery, 327 miles. | 
 
 From Mobile to Columbus, on the Tombigbee, by Steamboat. 
 
 Distance to the mouth of the Tombigbee, 43 miles ; to Jackson 
 45 miles ; to St. Stephens, 8 miles ; to CofFeevillc, 26 miles ; to 
 Wood's Bluff, 20 miles ; to Moscow, 66 miles ; to BlufFport, at 
 the mouth of the Black Warrior, 14 miles ; to Jones' Bluff, 42 
 miles ; to Gainesville, 16 miles ; to Hebron, 10 miles ; to Vienna, 
 15 miles; to Pickensville, 33 miles; to Nashville, 9 miles; to 
 Columbus, 20 miles. Whole distance to Columbus, Mississippi, 
 367 miles. 
 
 From Pensacola to Tallahassee, by Stage, 
 
 Distance to Florida Town, 15 miles ; to Milton, 7 miles ; to 
 Almirante, 38 miles ; to Geneva, 44 miles ; to Campbelltown, 24 
 miles ; to Webbville, 13 miles ; to Marianna, 13 miles ; to Chat- 
 tahoochee, 24 miles; to Quincy, 18 miles ; to Salubrity, 9 miles; 
 to Tallahassee, 13 miles; whole distance to Tallahassee, 218 miles. 
 
 Stages run from Pensacola to Blakeley, on the east side of 
 Mobile Bay, a distance of 50 miles. 
 
 II , 
 
 *<;'■ 
 
 ■^^ 
 
I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Frmn Chagrea to New York, hy Steamer. 
 Distance to Havana, 1,048 miles; to Charleston Bay, 646 miles; 
 to Sandy Hook, 614 miles; to Now York, 12 miles; total distance 
 to New York, 2,320 miles. 
 
 From Chagrea to San Francisco. 
 
 Distance to Gorgona, (by mules,) 36 miles ; to Panama, 20 
 miles; to Acapulco, (by steamer,) 1,000 miles; to Mazatlan, 1,000 
 miles; to San Diego, 1,000 miles; to Monterey, 420 miles; to 
 San Francisco, 80 miles ; whole distance to San Francisco, 
 5,876 miles. 
 
 ROUTES EAST OF PITTSBTJRQ. 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PLACES 
 AND ROUTES, EAST OF PITTSBURG. 
 
 Tht:.^ monongahela River* 
 
 The Monongahela rises in Randolph county, Virginia, and 
 after a northern course of three hundred miles, unites with the 
 Allegheny at Pittsburg. It is navigable for steamboats, as far as 
 Brownsville, sixty miles above Pittsburg; and for keelboats, near 
 two hundred miles from its mouth. Its principal branches are 
 the Cheat and Youghiogeny rivers. Large quantities of excellent 
 coal are annually brought down this river, and shipped to various 
 points on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The navigation of this 
 river has been greatly improved and made permanent, by the 
 erection of eight or ten substantial locks, between Brownsville 
 and Pittsburgh. Boats now run daily to the latter place. 
 
 Clarksburg;, county seat of Harrison county, Virginia, is 
 situated on the west fork of the Monongahela, seventy miles from 
 the Ohio river. The town stands on a small piece of elevated 
 land, surrounded by a few small hills, while Elk Creek flows 
 gently through the town, imparting its beauties to the scene. 
 There are excellent coal mines in the vicinity of this place, which 
 yield a large amount of coal. Iron and salt are also found to some 
 extent, ft is a flourishing place, and contains several large 
 mercantile houses, four churches, two academies, and two printing 
 oflices. Population 2,500. 
 
 Fairmont, capital of Marion county, Virginia, is situated 
 on the Monongahela, twenty-two miles north of Clarksburg. 
 
DES. 
 
 , 646 miles; 
 >tal distance 
 
 Panama, 20 
 
 latlan, 1,000 
 
 20 miles ; to 
 
 Francisco, 
 
 T PLACES 
 IG. 
 
 /^irginia, and 
 ites with the 
 »ats, as far as 
 selboats, near 
 aranches are 
 3 of excellent 
 led to various 
 oration of this 
 nent, by the 
 
 Brownsville 
 (lace. 
 
 y Virginia, is 
 ty miles from 
 e of elevated 
 
 Creek flows 
 to the scene. 
 I place, which 
 bund to some 
 several large 
 I two printing 
 
 ia, is situated 
 ■ Clarksburg. 
 
 ROUTES EAST OF PITTSBURG. 
 
 ^1 
 
 The town was incorporated in 1820, and is now a very flour- 
 ishing village. It contains a number of stores, four churches, 
 several mills, and 150 dwellings. The surrounding country is 
 hilly, and the soil productive. The forests are filled with excel- 
 lent timber, and the earth is well stored with iron and coal, which 
 are largely exported. Population, 700. 
 
 Palatine, Marion county, is on the Monongahela river, just 
 opposite Fairmont. It is a thriving village, containing ten stores, 
 several mills, and 100 dwellings. Population, 400. 
 
 Morg^antourn, county seat of Monongalia county, is a 
 flourishing and wealthy village, situated on the Monongahela, 
 about sixty miles south of Pittsburg. The town was laid out on 
 the lands of Zaquell Morgan, in I7d5. It contains a number of 
 stores and mills, two printing offices, one academy, four churches, 
 and 250 dwellings. The surrounding country is very fertile, and 
 abounds in coal and iron. About five miles from Morgantown, 
 on the road to Clarksburgh, there is a large rock, about 150 feet 
 by 50, which contains numerous engravings of animals,well execu- 
 ted; the history of this curiosity is unknown. Population, 1,000. 
 
 WeiV Oeneva, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, is pleasantly 
 situated on the right bank of the Monongahela, at the mouth of 
 George's creek. It contains about 100 dwellings, a large steam 
 flour mill, and a glass factory. 
 
 This place derives its name from Geneva in Switzerland, the 
 birthplace of Albert Gallatin, who many years ago, in com- 
 pany with a Mr. Nicholson, and the Messrs. Kramer, established 
 the glass works at this place. Mr. Gallatin lived for many years, 
 in a log cabin near the river; but after he was called to take part 
 in the affairs of his adopted country, he built an elegant mansion 
 on the high grounds, about two miles above Geneva. 
 
 The life of the Hon. Albert Gallatin, is interesting and lengthy, 
 and is incorporated in the history of our country for the last forty 
 years. Being a man of true republican principles, he left the 
 home of his fathers at the age of nineteen, and came to the then 
 infant republic of America. After being called to fill various 
 posts of honor, such as U. S. Senator, Minister, and Secretary of 
 Treasury; he died at Astoria, L. I on the 12th of August, 1849, 
 at the advanced age of 88 years. 
 
 Bro^l^nSVille, Fayette county, Virginia, is situated twelve 
 miles north-west of Uniontown, at the intersection of the na- 
 tional road, and the Monongahela river. It occupies an impor- 
 tant point as a place of business, enjoying the advantages of the 
 national road, the improved navigation of the river, and the Bal- 
 timore and Ohio railroad. 
 

 The inexhaustible beds of coal in the vicinity, must eventually 
 make it a great manufacturing place. The town contains a bank, 
 a Masonic Hall, seven churches, several foundries, and machine 
 shops, a number of mills, three glass factories, and other factories 
 of various articles. There is a splendid bridge over the Monon- 
 gahelu, which was built in 1832, and is 630 feet long, and cost 
 §50,000. Brownsville was incorporated in 1815, and now con- 
 tains a population of 3,000. 
 
 Iflonong^abda City, Washington county, Pennsylvania, 
 is situated on the Monongahela, at the mouth of Pigeon creek. 
 The town occupies a beautiful plain, ascending gradually from 
 the river. Iron, coal, and salt, abound in great quantities through- 
 out the surrounding country. This town is noted as being the 
 place where the insurgents held a great meeting in 1794, during 
 the Whiskey Insurrection. Since the year 1830, this place has 
 increased rapidly. It contains two glass factories, three saw 
 mills, two carding machines^ and six churches. Population, 1,100. 
 
 Note. 
 
 GREENSBURG, county scat of Westmoreland county, is situated thirty- 
 one miles east of Pittsburg, on the Pittsburg and Bedford turnpike. It con- 
 tains a court house, an academy, and ten churches. It wa« incorporated in 
 1799, but has increased slowly, as there are no facilities for manufacturing. 
 Population, 1000. 
 
 This place is noted as the spot where the remains of the unfortunate Gen- 
 eral Arthur St. Clair repose. Here, in an obscure corner of a Presbyterian 
 churchyard, the weary limbs of this man found that rest, of which life 
 deprived them. For years those moldering ashes were marked by no mon- 
 ument, save the thorns and thistles that grew in their native wildncss, 
 over his grave. In his old age, he was forsaken by his friends, and, wc 
 regret to add, by his country. After suffering from the pangs of poverty, h« 
 finally succeeded in obtaining from Congress, a pension of $60 per month. 
 He died on the 31st of August, 1818, in the 84th year of his ago. In 1632, 
 the Masonic fraternity, acting upon the square of equal justice, placed over 
 his grave a monument, bearing the following inscriptions: — S(mth side: 
 ** The earthly remains of Major General St. Clair, are deposited beneath this 
 bumble monument, which is erected to supply the place of a nobler one, due 
 from his country. He died August 31, 1818, in the 84th year of his age." 
 North side: <*This stone is erected over the remains of their departed 
 brother, by mem bet's of the Masonic Society." 
 
 Elizabctllt01¥ll9 Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, is a 
 beautifully located manufacturing town, situated on the Monon- 
 gahela, sixteen miles above Pittsburg. The town was laid out in 
 
^entually 
 8 a bank, 
 machine 
 factories 
 Monon- 
 and cost 
 now con- 
 
 isylvania, 
 jn creek, 
 ally from 
 througli- 
 beiug the 
 '4, during 
 place has 
 liree saw 
 on, 1,100. 
 
 ated thirty- 
 ke. It oon- 
 irporated in 
 lufacturing. 
 
 tunatc Gen- 
 !*re8bytorian 
 f which life 
 by no mon- 
 re wildness, 
 ds, and, wc 
 poverty, ho 
 per month. 
 ;o. In 1832, 
 placed over 
 -South side: 
 beneath this 
 tier one, due 
 of his age." 
 eir departed 
 
 ania, is a 
 le Monon- 
 laid out in 
 
 I 
 
 ■^!!* 
 
 !«■ 
 
 M 
 
 ■ 
 
 ROUTES EAST OF PITTSBURG. 
 
 73 
 
 1787, the year that the north-west territory was organized by 
 Congress, and in 1800 the business of ship building was com- 
 menced. Since this time, Elizabethtown has turned out several 
 thousand tons of boats, barges, and other river craft The com- 
 pletion of the Monongahela slack water navigation has greatly 
 increased the commercial advantages of this place. The town 
 contains four churches, three ship yards, several saw mills, and 
 glass, woolen, and other manufactories. Population, 1,000. 
 
 Brad dock's Field, is in Alleghany county, on the banks 
 of the Monongahela, ten miles above Pittsburg. This field will 
 long be remombored and visited, as it is the spot where Washing- 
 ton, the great and good, first displayed those high qualities of a 
 man and a general, which in after life entitled him to the respect 
 of his country. The ground is somewhat elevated, and at the 
 time of tiie buttle, was covered with a dense forest, in which the 
 Indians had secreted themselves, waiting the advance of the Brit- 
 ish, who were on their way to Fort Du Quosne. Washington 
 advised Braddock to send forward scouts, and in case they were 
 attacked by Indians, to take to the woods and fight them in their 
 own way. But this prudent advice was treated with contempt 
 by the proud Braddock, who relied upon the superior discipline 
 of his English troops. Accordingly on the 9th of July, he began 
 his march with as much parade, as though his army were about 
 to be reviewed by the Duke of Wellington. He had not ad- 
 vanced far, when the deafening sound of the Indian war cry rang 
 through the wood at the road side, and fell with fearful accent on 
 his ear. Soon there blazed from every tree, the awful flash of 
 Indian muskets, which soon threw the advancing army in great 
 confusion. Braddock, under whom three horses had been killed, 
 soon received a mortal wound in his lungs, and was carried off 
 the field by Col. Gage, (afterwards Gen. Gage.) The battle last- 
 ed three hours, during which most of the ofiicers, and seven 
 hundred of the British were killed or wounded. The so called 
 regular troops fled in every direction, leaving everything a prey 
 to the enemy. The three companies of Virginia troops who 
 were engaged in this disastvous battle, behaved themselves in a 
 masterly manner, and of some companies, not one was left to 
 tell the fate of their friends. Of the whole number engaged, but 
 thirty escaped the fate of their brave but haughty commander. 
 The retreating army carried their wounded General for four days. 
 When seven miles from Dunbar's camp he expired, and was 
 buried in the center of the road, cut by the advancing army. It 
 is near a small run, a little north of the national road, which de- 
 viates somewhat from Braddock's, between the fifty-third and. 
 fifty-fourth mile from Cumberland. A plain shingle nailed to a 
 
m 
 
 ii- 
 
 74 
 
 ROUTES EAST OF PITTSBURG. 
 
 tree, was the only monument that marked the grave of this hero 
 of the French war. Some time since, his remains were acciden- 
 tally disinterred, and many of his bones and military trappings 
 found their way to the museum, where they are preserved us 
 curiosities. 
 
 Birming^ltam, is a large manufacturing town, situated on 
 the south side of the Monongahela, one mile from the center of 
 Pittsburg. It has three churches, one market- house, and several 
 large glass factories, and iron foundries. There is over $300,000 
 capital employed here in the various manufactories. The popu- 
 lation is 3,000. 
 
 The Alleg^hany River. 
 
 The Alleghany river rises in the northern part of Pennsylvania, 
 thence flows in a north-westerly direction through the southern 
 part of New York, thence returning to Pennsylvania ; and after 
 pursuing a general south-west direction of four hundred miles, 
 unites with the Monongahela at Pittsburg. The waters of this 
 river are pure and clear, while those of the Monongahela are col- 
 ored by the soil through which it flows. Vast quantities of lum- 
 ber are sawed along this river, and floated in rafts to Pittsbnrg 
 and Cincinnati. It is r vigable for keel bouts, about 250 miles. 
 The country between i. j Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, is 
 the richest coal region in the Union. As wo pass down the Ohio, 
 the mind becomes more and more impressed with the idea that 
 the river has not always pursued the same channel ; but that u 
 large tract of country on both sides of the Ohio, was once be- 
 neath its sounding waves. Instead of a river, it was probably 
 then a great lake, with a few mountain streams pouring into it. 
 These streams in their rapid course, must necessarily carry with 
 their rolling current, vast quantities of timber, which would be 
 deposited in regular layers at the mouth, and uftervvard covered 
 with soil. Ages indefinite and unnumbered roll by ; generation 
 after generation of animal existence pass away, and new crea- 
 tures constantly appear — man, the beauty of God's creation, at 
 last comes into being, " multiplies and replenishes the earth ; " 
 more than one hundred generations of these new forms lie mol- 
 dering in the dust they tread, when by chance there is discovered 
 deep in the earth a vegetable substance, highly inflammable in its 
 nature, but hard as the rocks that lay on the summit of the hills. 
 The question now arises, is not this coal the same substance, 
 that once floated along that river, was imbedded in earth, and, 
 after undergoing successive chemical changes, according to laws 
 of whose action we know but little, has assumed this new form, in 
 order to subserve more fully the wants of man ? 
 
ROUTES EAST OF PITTSBURG. 
 
 76 
 
 >f this hero 
 >re acciden- 
 y trappings 
 reserved us 
 
 situated on 
 B center of 
 and several 
 Br $300,000 
 The popu- 
 
 tinsylvania, 
 le southern 
 ; and after 
 dred miles, 
 ters of this 
 ela are col- 
 ies of lum- 
 
 Pittsburg 
 250 miles. 
 
 a rivers, is 
 
 1 the Ohio, 
 idea that 
 
 but that a 
 once be- 
 s probably 
 iig into it. 
 carry with 
 would be 
 rd covered 
 generation 
 new crea- 
 Teution, at 
 le earth ; " 
 IS lie mol- 
 discovered 
 lable in its 
 f the hills, 
 substance, 
 sarth, and, 
 ng to laws 
 w form, in 
 
 Olcan, Cattaraugus county, New York, is situated on the 
 Alleghany at the junction of Olean creek. This is a flourishing 
 villnge, and destined to become a very important place. The 
 Genesee valley canal, which connects It with Rochester, termin- 
 Jitea here. The line of the Erie railroad, see page 221, which 
 connects New York and Dunkirk on Lake Erie, passes through 
 this place. The width of the Alleghany is twenty rods, and its 
 channel free from obstructions. It is estimated that more than 
 200,000,000 feet of lumber, of excellent quality, is a^inually sent 
 to various places along the river. Population, 1,000. 
 
 'Warren, county seat of Warren county, is situated on the 
 right bank of the Alleghany river, near the mouth of Conewango 
 creek. It is built on a plain containing an area of three hundred 
 acres, elevated about thirty-five feet above the water. It was 
 incorporated in 1832, and laid out on an extensive plan. Near 
 the center, is a large public square, around which are the court 
 house and public offices. But the growth of the place has been 
 slow, and the public buildings are left almost alone, most of the 
 houses being built along the river. During the winter and summer 
 months, Warren is an extremely dull place. But during the 
 spring, the town is alive with the bustle and activity of lumber 
 merchants, preparing to depart for below, with their long train 
 of rafts. Population, 1,200. 
 
 Franklin, county seat of Venango county, Pennaylvania, 
 is situated on the Alleghany, near the mouth of French creek. 
 It was laid out in 1795, and contains the usual county buildings, 
 and six churches. There are several large mills and furnaces in 
 the vicinity, from which the town derives a large amount of 
 trade. During high water, the Allegheny is navigable from 
 Pittsburg to this place, a distance of one hundred and twenty- 
 four miles. The dams on French creek afford immense water- 
 power mills. There is a splendid bridge across the Alleghany 
 here, which is a great advantage to the town. Population, 1,000. 
 
 Kittanning^, seat of justice of Armstrong county, Penn- 
 sylvania, is situated on the left bank of the Alleghany, near the 
 center of the county, and was formerly the site of an old Indian 
 town of the same name. This town was laid out in 1804, and 
 consists of four principal streets, running parallel with the river, 
 crossed at right angles by eight others. It contains the county 
 buildings,an academy, a female seminary, and several churches. 
 The town is considered healthy, and abounds with pure and 
 wholesome water. Being situated in the midst of a rich agricul- 
 tural and mineral country, it bids fair to become an important 
 manufacturing town. Population, 1,500. 
 
 >>^ 
 
7G 
 
 ROUTES EAST OF PITTSBURO. 
 
 Frcoport, Armstrong county, Pennsylvunia, is a flourishing 
 town on the rigiit bunii of the Alleglmny river, and Pennsylvunia 
 canal, see page 80* This canal, wliich runs tlirough tho town, has 
 been tlirowing a great amount of business in tho place, wiiich 
 otherwise would have sought different channels. Many salt 
 wells were sunk in the hills south of the village, whicii are now 
 in successful operation. Population, 1,200. 
 
 Sharp^^burgT; '" pleasantly situated on the right bank of 
 the Alleghany, five miles above Pittsburg. It is a small village, 
 containing an industrious and enterprising population. It lias 
 several large ship yards, from whicli a number of steam and keel 
 boats are annually launched. 
 
 L<ll.\Vl*eilCCVillCf named in honor of Capt. Lawrence, of 
 the U. S. Navy, is pleasantly situated on the left bank of tile 
 Alleghany, two and a half miles above Pittsburg. In the center 
 of the town, tliero is an U. S. Arsenal, at which are stored all 
 sorts of military equipments, which are shipped west and south, 
 as occasion requires. In the vicinity, on the high grounds, there 
 are many fine mansions, the residences of tlie wealthy citizens of 
 Pittsburg. Tho town contains four churches and u iyceum. It 
 was at this place where General Washington, in 1753, came near 
 losing his life by attempting to cross the river on a raft, when it 
 was nlled with floating ice. 
 
 AllCg[hany City, is situated on tho right bank of the Alle- 
 ghany river, opposite Pittsburg. This city is strictly a part of 
 Pittsburg, though under a different corporation. Many of tho 
 business men of Pittsburg reside here, in order to escape the 
 clouds of smoke, that constantly hover over the " Iron City." It 
 has considerable commerce, and does a large manufacturing busi- 
 ness ; employing a capital of near $1,500,000. The city contains 
 twenfy churches of various denominations, three academies, 
 fifteen schools, and a population of 11,000. 
 
 The Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church 
 was located here, in 1827. It stands on a hill which rises about 
 one hundred feet above the river. The building is one hundred 
 and fifty feet long, four stories high, with wings three stories high. 
 From tliis hill, you have a beautiful view of both cities, as they 
 stretch along the margin of the rivers which wind through the 
 valley below. This institution has connected with it, a work- 
 shop for manual labor, and a library of 6,000 volumes. 
 
 Behind Seminary hill, is the Western Penitentiary, an immense 
 castle-built building, of the ancient Norman style. It was com- 
 pleted in 1827, at a cost of $183,092 ; near 1,200 prisoners have 
 been received here, since the commencement of the institution. 
 
onrishing 
 nsylvania 
 town, lias 
 CO, wliicli 
 Many suit 
 uro now 
 
 bank of 
 ill village, 
 It has 
 und keel 
 
 I. 
 
 Arrcnco, of 
 nk of the 
 the center 
 stored all 
 ind south, 
 inds, there 
 citizens of 
 ceuin. It 
 cunie near 
 ft, when it 
 
 if the Alle- 
 a part of 
 my of the 
 escape the 
 City." It 
 iring busi- 
 y contains 
 icudeniies, 
 
 an Church 
 rises about 
 le hundred 
 :ories high, 
 es, as they 
 irough the 
 it, a work- 
 
 II immense 
 was com- 
 )ners have 
 istitution. 
 
 r 
 
 J 
 
 PITTSBURG. 
 
 77 
 
 VIEW OF PITTSBURG. 
 
 PittSl>urg^, capital of Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, is 
 situated at the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. 
 This city is built upon a pointed strip of land, lying between the 
 Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, in latitude 40^ 26' north, 
 and longitude 79^ 59' west. About a mile back, rise Grant's, 
 Ayer's, and Quarry hills. Tho city is rapidly extending itself on 
 the sides and summits of these hills, which are high and airy. 
 This city was laid out in 1765, on the plan of Philadelphia, with 
 streets runniuL* parallel to the river, and crossing each other at 
 right angles. It is compactly built with fine brick houses, which, 
 owing to the smoky atmosphere that is constantly floating about 
 them, present rather an ancient appearance. The public build- 
 ings are not numerous ; the court house on Grant's hill., 'm a 
 splendid building, 165 feet long and 100 deep, of Grecian Doric 
 architecture, and cost $200,000. The buildings of the Western 
 University of Pennsylvania, on Third, between Smithfield and 
 Grant streets, were erected in 1830, and are an ornament to the 
 city ; the Roman Catholic Cathedral, on Grant's hill, is another 
 fine building. The city contains, besides the public buildings 
 mentioned above, forty churches of different denominations, three 
 market-houses, a museum, five banks, capital over $3,000,000, 
 and a number of fine hotels. The Monongahela house, is Diie of 
 the finest buildings in the city, and is not surpassed by many in 
 the West. It stands near the end of the Monongahel*?. bridge, 
 opposite the regular steamboat landing, and has a front of 120 
 feet on the river, and 160 feet on Smithfield street; it was com- 
 pleted in 1841 ; is five stories high, and cost, with the ground, 
 $100,000. There are, also, insurance companies, a board of trade 
 who have a reading room and exchange for merchants, the 
 Monongahela Navigation Company, for improving that river by 
 
dams and locks ; and about twelve transportation coii.panies, for 
 receiving and shipping goods to various points on the rivers and 
 canals. 
 
 Pittsburg is the most extensive manufacturing town in theWest. 
 The principal articles manufactured are steamboats, engines, 
 bar-iron, nails, and ploughs; glass-ware, cotton cloths, leather, 
 and saddlery, and a great number of other articles which are man- 
 ufactured on a smaller scale. The capital employed in the various 
 manufactories, is over $3,000,000. There is over $500,000 worth 
 of machinery, and $300,000 of hardware and cutlery, manufuc- 
 tured here annually 
 
 The city is supplied with clear and wholesome water, which is 
 raised from the Alleghany by sttam power, to a reservoir on 
 Grant's hill, 116 feet above the riven The basin is 11 feet deep, 
 and will contain 1,000,000 of galloui?. The water is conducted 
 through the city in iron pipes, which are in all, over twelve 
 miles in length. 
 
 Pittsburg is connected with the villages on the opposite side of 
 the Monoiigahela, by a bridge, erected in 1818, at a cost of 
 $102,430, having eight arches, routing on stone piers, and 1,500 
 feet in length. Across the Alleghany, there arc four briiiges, 
 besides the iqueduct of the Pennsylvania canal. About a mile 
 below the city, is the pleasant village of Manchester ; while on 
 the opposite side, at the foot of Coul hill, is Sligo, with its long 
 smoky streets, and numerous noisy manufactories. These, and 
 the other villages and towns in the vicinity, may properly he 
 considered as forming part of one great v^ominercial and manu- 
 facturing city, whose natural advantages are probably surpassed 
 by no city in the world. Nature has made it truly a great place; 
 man has, as yet, developed but a small portion of its greatness. 
 
 Besides the natural udvuntjiges for manufacturing, Pittsburg 
 has also, nearly equal advantages, natural and artiticial, as a com- 
 mercial city. Being located at the head of a ri'/er, more tlitui 
 one thousand niles in length, and which opens ut all times, a auk' 
 tin<\ direct communication with the largest valley in the worhl, 
 and the richest in agricultural products, — washed 0*7 the north 
 and soutli sides by two navigable rivers, which flow from the 
 interior of two of i\ui oldest and largest states in the Union — 
 situated at the western terminus of the Pennsylvania canal, which 
 flosses tiie entire state of Pennsylvania, and which does a very 
 large business — and together with its lines of projected railroads, 
 it enioys resources for commerce, -jwcond to but few inland 
 townj. 
 
 Ou the 10th of April, 1845, the city of Pittsburg suffered 
 greatiy from one of the most disastrous conflagrations that ever 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
;on, ponies, for 
 tho rivers and 
 
 m in tlieWest. 
 oats, engines, 
 Jotiis, leather, 
 hichare man- 
 in the various! 
 500,000 worth! 
 jry, manufuc- 
 
 ater, whicli is 
 I reservoir on 
 5 11 feet deep, 
 is conducted 
 , over twelve 
 
 ipositc side of ' 
 
 at a cost of 
 
 ?rs, and 1,500 
 
 four briilges, 
 
 About a njjlt' 
 
 er ; while on 
 
 with its long 
 
 These, and 
 
 properly be 
 il and niaiiu- 
 bly surpassed 
 I great place; 
 greatness, 
 ig, Pittsburg 
 ial, as a coiii- 
 r, njore tlitni 
 
 times, a Hufc 
 n the world, 
 oi} the north 
 3w froin the 
 :he Union — 
 canal, which 
 
 does a very 
 ted railroads, 
 
 few inland 
 
 urg suffered 
 lis that ever 
 
 J 
 
 
 occurred in this country. The fire broke out about noon in an 
 old frame shed, and the wind blowing briskly at the ti.-ne, the 
 flames soon spread over most of tho south-eastern part of the city. 
 The flames rolled rapidly from building to building for near forty- 
 eight hours, — destroying about one thouaaud houses, amoug 
 which were the best hotels in the place, banks, churches, 6lc. 
 The amount of property destroyed, is estimated at |$(>,000,000. 
 
 The population of Pittsburg in 1810, was 4,768 ; in 1820, 
 7,248; in 1830, 12,542; in 1840,21,115; and in 1850,50,000. 
 Including those places in the vicinity of the city, tlie population 
 will be near 100,000. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 The city of Pittsburg occupies the site of Fort Du Quesne, which was built 
 by the Fren'^h in V^-l, and named in honor of the Governor of New France. 
 This place hjid been jjiuted out by Wa-shington as a suitable point for a fort. 
 Lieutenant Ward had been sent with forty men, to build a fort, and establish 
 a trading post; but jio sooner had he accomplished his mission, than he was 
 compelled to give way to the French, who, having heard of the designs of the 
 English, advanced with a strong force down the Alleghany, to intercept their 
 plans. The English were permitted quietly to evacuate; after which the 
 Frouch cjymraonced their fort, which soon became one of the strongest forti- 
 fied -'.dces west of the mountains. In 1755, Gen. Braddixik came over from 
 England, with a large regular army, for the purpose of conquering the Ohio 
 country. Tho whole force under his command, amounted to twenty-five 
 hundred. He arranged his army in two divisions; the first consisting of 
 twelve hu'^ared men, he commanded in person; the second under Col. Dun- 
 bar, wa'i ordered to follow by slow marches. After a march of nearly four 
 weeks, the advancing division arrived on the 8th of July, at the junction of 
 Youghiogeny and Monongahela rivers. On the morning of the 91h of July, 
 the army crossed tho rivei, within ten milrs of the fort. Pursuing their 
 course, thoughtless of danger, they were soon arrested In their march, and 
 throw a into confusion, by the sudden discharge of the muskets of ei;,ht. hun- 
 dred xiYench and Indians. The English were totally defeated, lea\mg three 
 hundred and fifty privates, and twenty-six officers, dead upon the field. See 
 Brnddock's Field, page 71. 
 
 In 1758, the ministry, under the guidance of William Pitt, determined to 
 retrieve the honor of the British arms. They accordingly sent an army of 
 seven thousand men toward the Monongahela, for the reduction of Fort Du 
 Quesne, Tho French commander, deeming resistance useless, determined to 
 abandon the fort as soon ar the British army came in sight. After having 
 placed in boats, provided for the occasion, all his troops, artillery, and muni- 
 tions of war, he dismantled the fort, set flro to tho buildings, and departed 
 

 i 
 
 80 
 
 DISTANCES FROM PITTSBURG TO CINCINNATI. 
 
 down the Ohio, to join the French troops on the Mississippi., The English 
 re-built the fort, and changed the name to " Pitt," in honor of William Pitt, 
 prime minister of Great Britain. 
 
 This table contains the distances of most places on the Ohio, )>etwceii 
 Pittsburg and Cincinnati. 
 
 Middletown, Pa. 
 Economy, Pa. • • 
 Freedom, Pa. • • 
 Beavor, Pa. • • * • 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 7 
 8 
 
 fling, Va.> 
 ;eport, 0.) 
 
 12 
 8 
 6 
 5 
 
 <ieorgetown, Pa.) ^ » 
 
 <Jla.«gow, Pa. 
 
 Liverpool, 0. • • • 
 
 Wellsville, •• 
 
 Steubouville, 0. 
 
 Well.ehurg, Va. 
 
 Warrenton, 0. • 
 
 Martinsville O 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 Bridgi 
 
 Elizabethtown, Va. ) 
 
 Big Grave Creek, 0. J 
 
 New Martinsville, Va. 
 
 Clarington, 0. 
 
 Sisterville, Va. 
 
 Newport, 0. 
 
 Marietta, and 
 
 Harmer, 0. 
 
 Vienna, Va.****- ♦' • • • 
 
 Parkersburg, Va.) 
 
 Bel pre, O. ] ' 
 
 Blennerhasset's Island 
 
 llockingsport, O. 
 
 Bellville, Va. 
 
 Murraysvillo, Va. • ••• 
 
 Shade River, 0. 
 
 Ravenswood, Va. 
 
 Letartsville, 0. 22 
 
 Pomeroy, 
 
 Coal port, O 
 
 Sheffield 
 
 Point Pleasant, Va. ) 
 
 Gt. Kanawha River, Va ) 
 
 '} 
 
 t,0.) 
 
 1,0.5 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 20 
 31 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 D5 
 74 
 81 
 88 
 91 
 
 97 
 
 13 110 
 
 11 
 
 121 
 
 4 
 
 125 
 
 26 
 
 161 
 
 12 
 
 163 
 
 18 
 
 181 
 
 6 
 
 187 
 
 t 
 
 1U4 
 
 2 
 
 lor. 
 
 11 
 
 207 
 
 4 
 
 211 
 
 5 
 
 216 
 
 1 
 
 217 
 
 11 
 
 228 
 
 22 
 
 230 
 
 14 
 
 264 
 
 266 
 277 
 
 } 
 
 Gallipolis, 0. 
 
 Millersport, 0. • • * 
 Guyandotte, Va.) 
 Proctorsville, O.J 
 Burlington, 0. ••• 
 Big Sandy River,) 
 Catlettsburg, Va.j 
 Hanging Rock, 0. 
 Grcensburg, Ky. • 
 Wheelersburg, 0. 
 Portsmouth, 0. 
 Scioto River, 
 
 Rockville, 0. 
 
 Vanceburg, Ky.- • • • 
 
 Home, O. 
 
 Concord, Ky. 
 
 Manchester, O.- • • • • 
 MaynriMe, Ky.l 
 Alx-rdeen, O. ) 
 
 Charleston, Ky 
 
 Hipley, 0. - 
 
 Higginsport, 0. 
 
 Augusta, Ky. 
 
 Meehanicsburg, Ky. 
 
 Neville, O. • • • 
 
 Moscow, 0. 
 
 Point Pleasant, 0.^ 
 Belmont, Ky. f 
 New Richmond, 0. • 
 
 Palestine, 0. 5 
 
 Little Miami River, 
 
 Col innbia, 0, • • 
 
 Jamestown, Ky.) 
 Fulton, 5 
 
 Newport, Ky. ^ 
 
 Cincinnati, 0. ? 
 
 Covington, Ky. ) 
 
 4 
 
 281 
 
 26 
 
 806 
 
 13 
 
 319 
 
 8 
 
 327 
 
 4 
 
 331 
 
 13 
 
 344 
 
 6 
 
 350 
 
 8 
 
 358 
 
 12 
 
 370 
 
 17 
 
 387 
 
 3 
 
 390 
 
 7 
 
 397 
 
 6 
 
 403 
 
 7 
 
 410 
 
 12 
 
 422 
 
 7 
 
 429 
 
 2 
 
 431 
 
 7 
 
 438 
 
 4 
 
 442 
 
 7 
 
 449 
 
 3 
 
 452 
 
 4 
 
 4b6 
 
 4 
 
 4C0 
 
 6 
 
 4G5 
 
 5 
 
 470 
 
 14 
 
 4ii4 
 
 1 
 
 486 
 
 3 489 
 
 2 401 
 
 II 
 
A.TI. 
 
 The English 
 'WUliamPitt, 
 
 Ohio, l>etwc€ii 
 
 ... 4 281 
 
 ... 25 306 
 
 ... 13 319 
 
 .... 8 327 
 
 ... 4 331 
 
 ... 13 344 
 
 .... 6 350 
 
 . ... 8 358 
 
 12 370 
 
 17 387 
 
 3 890 
 
 7 397 
 
 6 403 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 o 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 7 
 3 
 4 
 
 4 4i;o 
 
 5 40j 
 
 5 470 
 
 14 484 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 48C 
 489 
 
 2 491 
 
 wo 1 
 410 
 
 422 
 
 
 429 
 
 
 431 
 
 
 438 
 
 , 
 
 442 
 
 A 
 
 449 
 
 
 452 
 
 
 456 
 
 
 STEAMBOAT, RAHEOAD, AITI) STAGE ROUTES. 
 
 « 
 
 From Pittsburg to Baltimore, 
 
 Distance to Braddock's Field (by steamboat,) 10 miles ; to 
 McKeesport, 6 miles; to Elizabethtown, 8 miles; to Monongahela 
 City, 11 miles; to Beilevernon, 13 miles; to Cookstown, 2 miles; 
 to Brownsville, 10 miles: whole distance to Brownsville, 60 
 miles. Distance to Uniontown (by stage,) 12 miles; to Somer- 
 field, 21 miles; to Addison, 4 miles; to Little Crossing, 13 miles; 
 to Frostburg, 13 miles; to Cumberland, 10 miles: whole distance 
 to Cumberland, 133 miles. Distance to Little Cacapon (by Balti- 
 more and Ohio railroad. For routes, &.C., see R. R Guide,) 
 21 miles ; to Hancock, 34 miles ; to Martinsburg, 23 miles ; to 
 Harper's Ferry, 19 miles; to Frederick, 20 miles; to Ellicot's 
 Mills, 47 miles ; to Relay House, 6 miles ; to Baltimore, 8 miles: 
 whole distance to Baltimore, 311 miles. Fare $10, time 32 hours. 
 
 Uniontown, county seat of Fayette county, is a flourish- 
 ing town, situated on the national road, four miles west of 
 Laurel Hill, and sixty-two from Cumberland. This town was 
 laid out by Henry Beeson, a Quaker from Berkley county, Va., 
 in 1767. Besides the county buildings, the town contains nine 
 churches, one college, and one female seminary. The constant 
 travel on the national road, which forms the principal street of 
 the town, give to it the appearance of great life and activity. 
 Every hour of the day, stages may be seen passing through the 
 town. Population, 2,500. 
 
 Cumberland, capital of Alleghany county, Maryland, is 
 situated on the Potomac, 178 miles from Baltimore, at the present 
 extremity of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. It is a well built 
 town, containing a court-house, a market- house, six churches, a 
 bank, and several hotels. It occupies the site of Fort Cumber- 
 land, a place noted in the early history of that section of country. 
 The mountain scenery is beautiful, and beds of excellent coal 
 abound in the surrounding hills and mountains. Population,7,500. 
 
 Harper's Ferry, Jefferson county, Virginia, is pleasantly 
 situated on the Potomac, at the mouth of the Shenandoah riv«r. 
 This flourishing town stands in the valley of the Potomac, where 
 that crystal stream breaks its way through the lofty pinnacles of 
 Blue Ridge, which rise twelve hundred feet above the surface of 
 the river, whose rippling waves, acting through untold centuries, 
 have thus worn a wide and deep channel for its pure waters, which 
 continually roll onward to the ocean — the receiver of every 
 
■mmmamP'!^ 
 
 SWHPWilBtfW 
 
 stream. Harper's Ferry is sixty miles above Washington, and 
 contains twenty-five stores, two cotton factories, situated on the 
 island of Virginus, formed by the Shenandoah, ono foundry, a 
 United States* Armory and National Arsenal, seven churches, a 
 female seminary, and Masonic, Odd- fellows, and Sons of Tempe- 
 rance Halls. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes along the 
 opposite side of the Potomac, and the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
 road runs directly through the town. There is a fine bridge over 
 the Potomac, of about eight hundred feet in length. Population, 
 including the suburbs, is near 10,000. 
 
 The National Armory and Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, are the 
 most extensive establishments of the kind in the Union. The 
 lower Armory stands on the margirt of the river, a little above 
 the bridge. It consists of about fifteen different buildings two 
 stories high, among which the various parts of the business of 
 manufacturing fire-arms are divided. The rifles are all made at 
 the upper Armory, which stands on Hall's Island, about three- 
 quarters of a mile up the Shenandoah. There are, at present, 
 near foui hundred hands employed in making nev/ guns, and 
 re-molding old ones. They turn out 1,500 per month, or 18,000 
 per annum. After these guns are finished, they are taken to the 
 Arsenal, which consists of two larger buildings, situated on 
 Shenandoah street, near the river. At this place, are constantly 
 stored about 90,000 stand of arms. The Arsenal grounds are 
 beautifully ornamented with trees, shrubbery, and flowers, and 
 present a very neat and tasteful appearance. 
 
 The scenery about Harper's Ferry is worth, as Jeff*erson says 
 in his Notes on Virginia, "a trip across the AtUmtic." Perpen- 
 dicular ledges of rocks rise on both sides of tb^^ Potomac, to tlie 
 height of near a thousand f»!et, forming the wildest scenery of 
 which the mind is capable of conceiving. Jefl*orson'8 Rock, the 
 place where he wrote his notes, is a high rock resembling a center 
 table. From this point, you can obtain a view, which is not sur- 
 passed in beauty by many in the world. If it be by moonligut, 
 when the soft light of that evening luminary melts into crys- 
 tals as it descends through the mountain gorges, to rest upon tht 1 
 bosom of that sparkling stream, the effect is sublimely grand, and 
 fur beyond the power of language to describe.* 
 
 From Pittsburg to Philadelphia. 
 
 Distance to Johnstown (by the Pennsylvania Cann',^ \04 milts; 
 to HoUidaysburg (by Alleghany and Portage Railro nd,) 36 miles; 
 
 •See Jefferson's Notfs on Vlrgiulo. 
 
 A^_, 
 
STEAMBOAT, RAILROAD, AND STAGS ROUTES. 
 
 83 
 
 'ashington, and 
 situated on tlio 
 ono foundry, a 
 en churches, a , 
 Ions of Tempe- \ 
 isses along the! 
 and Ohio Rail- jl 
 ine bridge over' 
 1. Population, | 
 
 Ferry, are the 
 » Union. The 
 a little above 
 buildings two 
 le business of 
 ire all made at 
 , about three- 
 re, at present, 
 ov/ guns, and 
 mth, or 18,000 
 e taken to the 
 if situated on 
 ire constantly 
 1 grounds are 
 d flowers, and 
 
 Jefferson says 
 ic." Perpen- 
 Jtomac, to the 
 ■st scenery of 
 )n'8 Rock, the 
 bling a center 
 ich is not sur- 
 by moonligUt, 
 Its into cryi- 
 rest upon tht 
 lily grand, and 
 
 i1,; \ 04 miles; 
 "d,) 36 miles; 
 
 io Harrisburg (by canal,) 146 miles; to Philadelphia (by Columbia 
 ind Philadelphia Railroad, and Harrisburg and Lancaster Railroad,) 
 106 miles: whole distance to Philadelphia, 392 miles. Fare $13; 
 imc 4J days, in packet line. 
 
 Another route to Philadelphia, is by way of Baltimore ; as in 
 Irst route, thence by the Baltimore and Wilmington Railroad, to 
 "llmington, 70 miles ; thence by the Wilmington and Philadel- 
 »hia Railroad, to Philadelphia, 27 miles. 
 
 From Pittsburg to Erie, by Stage, 
 
 Distance to Alleghany, 1 mile ; to Bakerstown, 16 miles ; to 
 riade Mills, 6 miles ; to Butler, 9 miles ; to Brownington, 13 
 liles; to North Liberty, 8 miles; to Mercer, 12 miles; to Mead- 
 
 riile, 30 miles ; to Rockdale, 13 miles ; to Waterford, 11 miles ; 
 
 to Erie, 14 miles : whole distance to Erie, 133 miles. Fare $5; 
 
 lime 30 hours. 
 
 From Pittsburg to Buffalo ^ New York, by Stage. 
 
 Distance to Mercer, as in previous route, 65 miles; to Hender- 
 12 miles; to Franklin, 12 miles; to Perry, 22 miles; io Irvine, 
 
 son 
 
 |19 miles; to Warren, 7 miles; to Carroll, 15 miles; to Jamertown, 
 miles; to Vermont, 7 miles; to St. Clairsville, 6 miles ; to Cas- 
 Isadaga, 7 miles ; to Fredonia, 9 miles ; to Irving, 15 miles ; to 
 liHuniburg, 19 miles ; to Buffalo, 12 miles : whole distance to 
 IBuffalo, 233 miles. 
 
 From Pittsburg to Wheeling, by Stage. 
 
 ^ Distance to Herriotsville, 10 miles ; to Cannonsburg, 8 miles ; 
 [to Washington, 7 miles; to Claysville, 10 miled; to West Alexan- 
 jdria, 7 miles; to Triadelphia, 5 miles; to Wheeling, 8 miles; whole 
 [distance to Wheeling, 55 miles. Fare $3; time 12 hours. 
 
 From Pittsburg to Wooeier, Ohio. 
 
 Distance to Beaver, 27 milesr Io Industry, 7 miles; toOhioville, 
 9 miles ; to LJltle Beaver Bridge, 2 miles ; to Calcutta, 2 miles ; 
 to New Lisbon, 12 miles ; to Buck's,, 5 miles ; lo New Garden, 3 
 miles; to New Alexander, 4 miles; to New Fn iiklin, 6 miles; to 
 Paris, 4 miles; to Osnaburg, 6 miles; to Canton, 5 miles; to Mas- 
 sillon, 8 miles ; to East Greenville, 6 miles ; to Dalton, 4 miles ; 
 to E&st Union, 5 miles ; to Wooster, 8 miles : whole distance to 
 WoosiER, 123 miles. Fare $5; time 30 hours. 
 
 % 
 
! 
 
 ^taaa^i^M 
 
 84 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 BOTTTE OF THE OHIO. 
 
 The Ollto, as we have before seen, is formed at Pittsburg by 
 the union of two rivers. This river and its tributaries, drains 
 most of the territory between tlie Alleghany mountains and 
 Mississippi river, and is the great thoroughfare between the 
 southern and central portions of the Union. But a little more 
 than a half a century has passed away, since the Indian paddled 
 in security his light canoe down its gentle current. But the 
 white man, looking from the summits of the Alleghany, saw 
 these boundless plains of the West, and sighed for the fatt of the 
 Indian. For soon he knew, that the arms of civilization would 
 extend themselves across the continent, and tie together the two 
 great oceans that encircle it. The Indian and his canoe have 
 long since gone to the region of the setting sun. The beautiful 
 boat, ornamented by American art, now rides in peace its quiet 
 waters. The busy work-shop, and fertile field, pour into its chan- 
 nel their first and richest fruits. Thus, instead of a dead solitude, 
 it is now a river of life and motion, pouring the wealth of this 
 rich valley into the great southern markets. 
 
 JVIidfllctOWIl, Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, is a small 
 village situated on the Ohio, 12 miles below Pittsburg. 
 
 Kconomy, Beaver county, Pennsylvania, is a German 
 settlement, IB miles below Pittsburg, belonging to the Harmony 
 Society.* The streets of the village are broad, and the houses 
 are mostly frame and brick; each house has a fine garden, ornu- 
 mented with shade trees, and bowers of vines. There is a large 
 hall, where the people meet and hold their public festivities. The 
 wants of all classes are amply provided for, and all seem indus* 
 trious and contented. Population, 800. 
 
 * George Rapp, the founder of thifl society, emigrated to this country, in 
 1803, from Wirtemburg, on account of religious persecutions. He first pur- 
 chased a tract of land in Butler county; but afterwards moved to the Wabash; 
 but the climate not being healthy, he returned to Pennsylvania, in 1825^ and 
 made a large purchane in Beaver county. He soon built the town of Econ- 
 omy, which now contains 200 houses ; among these are a church, a public 
 hall, a large woolen and cotton factory, and a large number of work-shops. 
 
 The advantages claimed for these, and similar associations, are a more 
 equal distribution of la1)or and capital. As things now exist in society, the 
 sweat of the mechanic fills the cofiers of the rich, the labor of the poor builds 
 
Pittsburg by 
 taries, drains 
 ountains and 
 between the 
 a little more 
 idian paddled 
 nt. But the 
 leghaiiy, saw 
 he fatt of the 
 ization would 
 ;eti»er the two 
 s canoe have 
 The beautiful 
 eace its quiet 
 into its chan- 
 dead solitude, 
 wealth of this 
 
 nia, is a small 
 
 rg. 
 
 is a German 
 
 the Harmony 
 nd the houses 
 
 garden, orna- 
 'here is a large 
 stivities. The 
 11 seem indus- 
 
 this country, in 
 
 ms. He first pur- 
 
 ed to the Wabwh; 
 
 Qinia, in 1S25> and 
 
 he town of Econ- 
 
 church, a public 
 ' of work-shops, 
 ions, are a more 
 :i8t in society, the 1 
 of the poor builds 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 86 
 
 Freedom, Beaver county, Pennsylvania, is a snaall manu- 
 facturing town, pleasantly situated on the Ohio. Messrs. Phillips 
 and Graham commenced building a ship-yard here, in 1832, since 
 which time, several large manufactories have sprung up in and 
 about the town. Being built on a gently sloping hill, it presents 
 a fine view, when seen from the river. Population, 500. 
 
 Beaver River is formed by the union of the Mahoning 
 and Shenango rivers; the former rises in Ohio, and the latter in 
 Pennsylvania. The main river has a course of only about twenty 
 miles. The state authorities have erected dams in several places 
 on the river, for the purpose of rendering a greater amount of 
 water power for manufacturing purposes. It is estimated that 
 there is water power sufficient to propel several hundred mills. 
 
 Beaver, county seat of Beaver county, Pennsylvania, is 
 situated on the Ohio, just below the mouth of Beaver river. It is 
 built principally on a long street, running parallel to the Ohio, 
 about forty rods from the bank of the river. There is a shoal in 
 front of the town, which greatly obstructs the landing. The 
 court-house, jail, and three churches, all stand in an open square, 
 through which runs the main street. There are several large 
 factories and mills in operation about the town. The water 
 power afforded by Beaver river, is very great, since the building 
 of the state dams. The water falls about sixty-nine feet, in five 
 miles. A branch of the Pennsylvania Canal extends to the head 
 of slack-water navigation on the Shenango river, and a branch of 
 the Ohio Canal extends to Akron, Summit county, Ohio. 
 
 In the vicinity of Beaver, there are several thriving villages, 
 among which is Brighton, a promising village, on the west side 
 of Beaver river, four miles from its mouth. A fine bridge, 600 
 feet long, connects it with New Brighton, which is situated on 
 the east side of the river, opposite the Lower Falls. This is also 
 connected by a bridge with Fallston, which is noted for its man- 
 ufacturies of woolen, cotton, paper, oil, wire, scythes, baskets, 
 window-sash, ploughs, carpets, engines, &c. The other villages 
 are Sharon, Bridgewater, and Rochester — all thriving towns on 
 
 the palaces of the great. That there are evils in society, no one doubts ; but 
 the great mass of those who pretend to be reformers, are nothing but gnun- 
 blers — speculative philosophers, who talk much and think but little. The 
 plans of association, formed in different countries, at different times, have all 
 failed to accomplish the great end of their founders — the happiness of man- 
 kind. These associations, in a pecuniary point of view, have done even less 
 for their members, than the industrious, enterprising, and economical mechanic 
 or farmer can accomplish, under similar circumstances, in any corner of the 
 civilized world. 
 
 
I 
 
 "^ 
 
 Beaver river, within a short distance of each other. Phillips- 
 burg is on the Ohio, opposite tlie mouth of Beaver river. It 
 contains i large ship yard, and about 400 inhabitants. The 
 combined population of these villages is near 10,000. 
 
 Oeor^etown* Beaver county, Pennsylvania, is a small 
 village, situated on the Ohio, forty-four miles below Pittsburg. Ii 
 is one mile from the Ohio state linei and contains a population 
 of 400. 
 
 Ola&^OIV, Columbiana county, Ohio, is located on the Ohio 
 river, opposite Georgetown. This place has but recently been 
 laid out ; a number of buildings have been erected, and it has u 
 prospect of becoming a thriving town. 
 
 Ijiverpool, Columbiana county, Ohio, is situated on the 
 Ohio river, four miles below Georgetown It has five schools, 
 an d se veral earthen-ware manufactories. Population, 700. 
 
 %¥ellsvlllef Columbiana county, Ohio, is four miles below 
 Liverpool, at the mouth of Yellow creek. This place has an 
 excellent landing, and is surrounded by a rich country. It was 
 laid out in 1824, by William Wells, from whom it derives its name. 
 The business of the town is rapidly increasing ; and if the con- 
 templated railroad to Cleveland is completed, it will become a 
 large and important place. The town contains several churches, 
 mills, machine shops, and stores. Population, 1,200. 
 
 About two miles below Wellsville, is the place where Logan, 
 the white man's friend, mourned the loss of his murdered family.* 
 
 Note.t 
 
 It was near this place, where the celebrated fight between Poe and tlu' 
 Wyandotte chief, noted for his size and strength, ia Raid to have occumil. A 
 party of eight men, atuong whom were Adam and Andrew Poe, set out in pnr 
 suit of some Indians who hud been committing murders in the neighborhood. 
 On the following morning, they came upon an Indian trail. To avoid iiii 
 ambuscade, Andrew left the party, and crept along the bank of the river. 
 lie had not gone far, before he discovered Indian rafts fastened at the foot of 
 the banks. Not seeing any one, he passed softly down the bank, and soon 
 discovered the giant chief and a small Indian, standing with their guns 
 cocked, looking in the direction of the remainder of the party, who by this 
 time had passed some distance down the river. Poe took deliberate aim nt 
 the chief; and, had it not been that his rifle missed fire, this would have beon 
 the Indian's last. The snapping of the gun arrested the attention of the 
 Indians; but Poe without a moment's hesitation dropped his gun, and sprung 
 upon them so suddenly, that ho soon succeeded in bringing them to the 
 
 ♦ See Silliman's Journal for 1836. f See Doddridge's Notes. 
 
Phillips- 
 r river. It 
 ;ants. The 
 
 is a small 
 ittsburfT. li 
 
 i populutioi) 
 
 oil the Ohio 
 icently been 
 and it hus a 
 
 lated on the 
 five schools, 
 I, 700. 
 miles below 
 )lace has an 
 try. It was 
 ves its name. 
 d if the con- 
 ill become a 
 ral churches, 
 
 here Logan, 
 jred family.* 
 
 n Pee and tho] 
 ire occurrod. A | 
 set out in \mr- \ 
 5 neighborliootl. 
 To avoid iuij 
 ik of the river. | 
 d at the foot of j 
 )ank, and soon | 
 ith their guns! 
 ;y, who by this 
 iberato aim ati 
 ■ould have betii 
 ttention of the! 
 an, and sprun;; 
 g them to tbc] 
 
 Notes. 
 
 ground. They very soon, however, extricated themselves. The Indian ran 
 to the raft and got his tomahawk, to dispatch his pale-faced enemy, while the 
 chief hugged him closely in his arms. Poe watched his movements, and when 
 he was about to deal the fatal blow, he gave him such a severe kick, that ho 
 knocked the tomahawk from his hand. The savage approached a second time 
 more cautiously, but was again disappointed; Poe by throwing up his arm 
 warded off the blow, and by a violent effort extricated himself from the 
 grasp of the chief, snatched one of their guns, and shot the Indian through 
 the heart, as he came running the third time to tomahawk him. The two 
 were now left alone ; and owing to the slippery state of the banks, they soon 
 found themselves in the river, each endeavoring to drown the other. They 
 were finally carried so far out into the current, that they were compelled to 
 swim for mutual safety. They directed their course toward the shora, to end 
 the contest by arms. Poe, seeing that the Indian was gaining on him, deter- 
 mined to remain in the water, and escape being shot by diving. By the time 
 the chief reached the shore, Adam Poe came up. Both their guns were 
 empty, and whoever loaded first would be the victor. Poe succeeded in 
 loading first, and he shot the Indian just as he was in the act of elevating 
 his gun. 
 
 Steilbenvilley county seat of Jefferson county, Ohio, is 
 situated on the Ohio, nineteen miles below Wellsville. The name 
 is derived from Fort Stsuben, which was erected in 1789, near the 
 present site of the Female Seminary. This fort was garrisoned 
 by U. S. infantry, but at the time of Wayne's victory, it was 
 abandoned. Steubenville was laid out in 1798, and incorporated 
 in 1805. The town stands upon an elevated plain, in the midst 
 of beautiful scenery. The surrounding country is rich, and pro- 
 duces wheat in great abundance. There are a large number of 
 stores, several churches, a bank, woolen, glasF, and cotton facto- 
 ries, and numerous machine shops, in this place. There are a 
 number of public and select schools, a male 'academy, and a 
 female seminary. The seminary stands on High street, on an 
 eminence that commands a fine view of the town. It was erected 
 at a cost of $40,000, and employs 12 teachers, and usually has 
 150 pupils, who must be over twelve years of age This institu- 
 tion is in a flourishing condition, and has a wide spread reputation. 
 
 The population in 1810, was 800 ; in 1820, 2,479 ; in 1830, 
 9,964 ; in 1840, 4,247 ; in 1850, 7,950. 
 
 Steamboats are passing up and down the river, almost hourly, 
 and stages leave daily for most of the towns in the interior of the 
 state. 
 
 UTetlslnirg^, capital of Brooke county, Virginia, is situated 
 on the Ohio, twenty-two miles above Wheeling. It was laid out 
 in 1789, by Charles Prather, and received the name of Charleston, 
 
I 
 f 
 
 f' ■ • 
 
 i \ 
 
 Nil t 
 
 ill 
 
 l^Bw^i 
 
 88 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 wliicli was afterward changed to Wellsburg, in honor of Alexan- 
 ier Wells, who built the first flour warehouse in the state of 
 Ohio. The town is surrounded by hills that abound in coal, 
 which is furnished to the manufactories at a few cents per bushel, 
 About 50,000 barrels of flour, are annually exported to New 
 i)rleuiis. The present population is near 3,000. 
 
 VVellsbu g is a flourishing place, and contains 6 churches, a 
 lurge nuin er of stores, and manufactories and mills of every 
 Ixiud. Among the noted men who have lived here, may be men- 
 lioncd Philip Dodriddge, a member of Congress, who died at 
 Wusliington in 1832, and who wss universally admired for his 
 •loquence and fine talents. His brother, the Rev. Dr. Doddridge, 
 the author of the "Notes" before reflferod to, was an Episcopal 
 clergyman in this place. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Bethany-f 8 miles east of Wellsburg, is noted as being the residence of 
 Alcxdnder Campbell, the founder of that religious denomination, known as 
 ■< Disciples," or " Christian Baptist." The Bethany college was founded in 
 1841 by Alexander Campbell, and is in a flourishing condition. The town ie 
 small, and contains but few dwellings. 
 
 'Warrenton, Jefferson county, Ohio, is a small village, 
 seven miles below Wellsburg. Population, 350. 
 
 Iflartinsville, Belmont county, Ohio, is situated on the 
 river, about a mile above Wheeling. It contains 3 churches, 10 
 stores, and a population of 500. 
 
 VIEW OF WHEELING. 
 
 liVhcelinii^, county seat of Ohio county, Virginia, is situa- 
 ted on the Ohio river, at the mouth of Wheeling creek, on a 
 high alluvial bank, ninety-five miles below Pittsburg. This city 
 is surrounded by a range of rough, precipitous hills, in which 
 
r of Alexan* 
 the state of 
 ind in coal, 
 i per bushel, 
 ted to New 
 
 churches, a 
 lis of every 
 lay be men- 
 vho died at 
 lired for his 
 . Doddridge, 
 m Episcopal 
 
 e residence of 
 ion, known as 
 as founded in 
 . The town is 
 
 nail village, 
 
 ated on the 
 hurches, 10 
 
 aia, is situa* 
 creek, on a 
 This city 
 s, in which 
 
 are deposited vast quantities of coal. It stands on the site of 
 Fort Iienry, and was first laid out in 1793, and now extends near 
 two miles along the river, and is the most important town in 
 Western Virginia, Wheeling creek divides the city in two parts, 
 which are connected by a fine stone bridge. Tiie city is supplied 
 with water raised from the Oliio. Opposite the city, in the Ohio, 
 is Zane's island, so named in honor of Col. Ebenezer Zane, one 
 of the first settlers; wliich contains 350 acres, a large portion of 
 which is laid out in lots, and connected with tiie city by a bridge 
 over which the national road passes. This place has received the 
 name of Columbia City. 
 
 The National Road, wliich was built by order of Congress, and 
 afterwards dedicated to the states in which it lies, and which is 
 designed to extend from Washington City to St. Louis, passes 
 through Wheeling, and brings it in communication with some of 
 the richest portions of Ohio and Virginia. 
 
 1'he manufactories of Wheeling are on a large scale. There 
 are now in operation 4 founderies, 4 engine factories, 1 nail fac- 
 tory which turns out 1,200 kegs of nails per week, 8 houses for 
 the manufacture of glass, 4 cotton and woolen factories, 2 paper 
 mills, I steel and spring factory, 1 silk factory, 3 manufactories 
 of copperas, white and sheet lead,, together with a large number 
 of mills of various kinds in the city and vicinity. The business 
 in the above branches during the last year, amounted to $3,365,000. 
 
 The commerce of Wheeling is also extensive ; it being the 
 general depot for goods which arrive by way of the national 
 road, and which are shipped to all parts of the West, along her 
 numerous canals, railroads, and rivers. 
 
 The city contains 14 churches of various religious denomina- 
 tions, a large number of stores, commission and forwarding 
 houses, and 5 public schools, employing 19 teachers ; one female 
 seminary of 109 pupils, a male seminary with 93 pupils, and 7 
 private schools. 
 
 The following is a list of the chartered institutions of the city, 
 and their respective capitals : 
 
 Merchants' & Mechanics' Bank, cliartered 
 North Western Bank of Virginia, 
 Wheeling Savings Institution, 
 Fire &l Marine Ins. Co. of Wheeling, 
 Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Co., 
 
 i I Wheeling Gas Company, 
 
 1 1 Wheeling Hotel Company, 
 I Wheeling, West Liberty and Bethany 
 
 Turnpike Company, 
 Wheeling Female Seminary, 
 
 I 
 
 (( 
 
 tt 
 ft 
 
 tt 
 
 1835, capital $540,000 
 
 1819, 
 
 it 
 
 792,000 
 
 1834, 
 
 *i 
 
 15,540 
 
 1832, 
 
 tt 
 
 100,000 
 
 1847, 
 
 tt 
 
 200,000 
 
 1849, 
 
 <(• 
 
 50,000 
 
 1849, 
 
 (( 
 
 40,000 
 
 1847, 
 
 tt 
 
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 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 chartered 1832, capital $ 
 
 " 1849, « 12,000 
 »' 1840, " 90,000 
 " 1850, " 50,000 
 
 Wheeling Lyceum, 
 Washington Hall Association, 
 Western Insurance Company, 
 Wheeling Hospital, 
 
 Besides these, there is a handsome court-house, jail and county 
 offices ; 4 newspaper offices, 2 daily, 1 weekly, 1 monthly and 1 
 semi-monthly. There is also a telegraph office, connecting with 
 all the principal cities cast and west ; a theatre, masonic hall, &c. 
 
 The object of greatest interest to the traveler, is the Wire Sus- 
 pension Bridge, that spans the Ohio at this place. It is the work 
 of the same genius that bridged Niagara. It occupied near two 
 years in building, and cost near $200,000. The span is the 
 longest in the world, being lOlG feet — that of Freiburg, which is 
 the longest in Europe, being only 905 feet. It is built 92 feet above 
 low water mark, is 21 feet wide, and is supported by 12 wire 
 cables, each 1380 feet long, and 4 inches in diameter, and each 
 contains 572 strands of No. 10 wire. There is a carriage way of 
 17 feet, and two foot-paths, each 3J feet wide. The towers on 
 the Wheeling side are 153| feet above low water mark, and 60 
 feet above the abutment on which it stands ; on the other side 
 they are 21 feet lower. This stupendous structure was built by 
 a company of capitalists, who obtained a charter in 1847. An 
 effort is now being made to have the bridge removed, upon the 
 plea that it is an obstruction to navigation. This is no doubt, in 
 a great measure, the work of men who are jealous of the pros- 
 perity of Wheeling ; but it is hoped that those who have power 
 to act in the mattci', will not let such a monument of enterprise 
 and art be removed for such trifling and selfish reasons. 
 
 Steamboats leave daily for Cincinnati and all points on the 
 Ohio, Mississippi, and their tributaries. Stages leave daily for 
 Baltimore, (connecting with the curs at Cumberland,) Pittsburg, 
 Cincinnati, and Maysville, Ky. ; also, for St. Louis, (on the 
 national road,) via Zanesville, Columbus, Springfield, Indianapo- 
 lis, &c.; and for Ashtabula, Cleveland, and Sandusky, three times 
 a week ; for Marietta, twice a week. The population of W^heel- 
 ing is 13,162. 
 
 ROUTES PROM -WHEELING. 
 
 From Wheeling to Cincinnati^ 
 
 From Wheeling (by stage) to Bridgeport. 1 mile; to St Clairs- 
 ville, 10 miles ; to Morristown, 11 miles ; to Fairview, 10 miles j 
 to Washington, 9 miles ; to Cambridge, 8 miles ; to New Con- 
 
WW Jin ll»l l|l», w. 
 
 BOUTES FROM WHEELING. 
 
 91 
 
 cord, 9 miles ; to Bridgeville, 6 miles; to Zanesville, 8 miles ; to 
 Hopewell, 9 miles ; to Brownsville, G miles ; to Linville, 5 miles; 
 to Hebron, 8 miles; to Etna, 10 miles; to Reynoldsburg, 9 miles; 
 to Columbus, 11 miles ; to Alton, 9 miles ; to West Jefferson, 5 
 miles; to Lafayette, 8 miles; to Summerfield, 5 miles; to Spring- 
 field, 16 miles ; to Yellow Springs, (by Little Miami Railroad,) 
 10 miles ; to Xenia, 9 miles ; to Spring Valley, 7 miles ; to Cor- 
 win, 7 miles ; to Freeport, 6 miles ; to Morrow, 8 miles ; to 
 Deerfield, 5 miles ; to Loveland's, 9 miles ; to Milford, 10 miles ; 
 to Columbia, 9 miles ; to Fulton, 4 miles ; to Cincinnati, 1 mile. 
 Total distance from Wheeling to Cincinnati, 254 miles, 84 of 
 which is by railroad. 
 
 Fro7n Wheeling to Detroit. 
 
 From Wheeling to Bridgeport, 1 mile ; to Colerain, 5 miles ; 
 to Cadiz, 15 miles ; to Tappan, 16 miles ; to Eastport, 8 miles ; 
 to New Philadelphia, 10 miles ; to Mount Eaton, 20 miles ; to 
 Wooster, 14 miles ; to New Pittsburg, 11 miles ; to Ashland, 13 
 miles ; to Greenwich, 16 miles ; to Bronson, 14 miles; to Nor- 
 walk, 3 miles; to Lyme, 10 miles; to Lower Sandusky, 21 miles; 
 to Woodville, 15 miles; to Perrysburg, 16 miles; to Toledo, 11 
 miles; to Manhattan, 3 miles; to Erie, 9 miles; to Monroe, 11 
 miles ; to Brest, 5 miles ; to Brownstown, 13 miles ; to Gibraltar, 
 7 miles ; To Detroit, 15 miles. Total distance, by stage, from 
 Wheeling to Detroit, 280 miles. 
 
 From Wlieeling to Baltimore. 
 
 From Wheeling to Washington, Pa., 30 miles ; to Brownsville, 
 26 miles. For the remaindor of the route, see route from Pitts- 
 burg to Baltimore. 
 
 From. Wheeling to MaysvUle. 
 
 From Wheeling to Zanesville, as in previous route, 73 miles ; 
 to Putnam, 1 mile; to Fultonham, 8 miles; to Somerset, 10 miles; 
 to Rushville 8 miles ; to Lancaster, 10 miles ; to Tarlton, 15 
 miles ; to Kingston, 9 miles ; to Chillicothe, 10 miles ; to Bourn- 
 ville, 13 miles ; to Bainbridge, 11 miles ; to Cynthiana, 5 miles ; 
 to Sinking Springs, 10 miles ; to Locust Grove, 8 miles ; to 
 Dunbarton, 5 miles ; to West Union, 10 miles ; to Aberdeen, 17 
 miles ; to Maysville, 1 mile. Total distance to Maysville, 224 
 miles. 
 
 From Wheeling to Cleveland. 
 
 From Wheeling to Wooster, 87 miles ; to Jackson, 11 miles ; 
 to Seville, 15 miles ; to Medina, 24 miles ; to Brunswick, 32 
 
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 92 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 miles ; to Strongsville, 38 miles ; to Cleveland, 52 miles, 
 distance to Cleveland, 260 miles. 
 
 Total 
 
 ^Wheeliilgf Creelc, rises in the south-western part of 
 Pennsylvania, and enters the Ohio at Wheeling. The mouth of 
 this stream (Fort Henry) was the theatre of some of the most 
 daring exploits connected with the early Indian warfare of our 
 country. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Fort Henry. The first settlement was formed here in 1769, by three 
 brothers of the name of Zane, together with a small party of emigrants. 
 The fort, however, was not built till 1774, and was at first called Fincasitle ; 
 but in 1776, the name was changed to that of Henry, in honor of Patrick 
 Henry, the eloquent and patriotic Governor of Virginia. During Dunmore's 
 war it was a place of refuge for settlers. 
 
 In the month of September, 1777, the fort was besieged by a party of five 
 hundred Indians, led on by the notorious Simon Girty, who was then in the 
 service of the British government. On the evening of the 26th of Septem- 
 ber, the settlers in the neighborhood of Fort Henry were surprised by the 
 smoke and flames proceeding from a block-house, a few miles down the river. 
 They immediately became apprehensive of the approach of Indians, and 
 hastened to seek shelter in the fort. The garrison numbered forty-two fight- 
 ing men, all well enough supplied with guns, but powder was scarce. The 
 night was passed in quiet ; but early in the morning, the alarm was given ; 
 and a party of fifteen men, who were sent out to dislodge the enemy, were 
 decoyed into an ambuscade and all killed but throe, who made their escape by 
 concealing themselves among the logs and brushes. Another party of thirteen 
 going out to their rescue, shared a like fate. The garrison, now consisting 
 of but fourteen men, was called upon by Girty to surrender in the name of 
 his Britannic Majestj^. The answer to this summons was a rifle shot, which 
 came near closing forever the savage warfare of Girty. Finding the attempts 
 at frightening of no avail, they commenced the work of storming in good 
 earnest. But being without cannon or scaling ladders, their muskets and 
 rifles made no impression on the walls ; while their own ranks were con- 
 stantly thinned by the galling fire of those fourteen well-aimed rifles within 
 the fort. 
 
 Getting tired of this mode of warfare, they procured a hollow maple tree, 
 which, by stopping up one end, and boring a touch-hole, afforded a substitute 
 for a cannon, with which they expected to be able to annihilate the little fort. 
 
 Having loaded their extemporaneous weapon to the muzzle, with stones 
 and pieces of iron, it was brought to bear on the gate of the fort. The 
 match was applied, and lo 1 it blew into ten thousand fragments, killing five 
 
and 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 93 
 
 
 Indians, and wounding as many more. It did no more damage to the 
 garrison, than a battery of pop-guns. 
 
 They continued their ineffectual attempts to dislodge the garrison until the 
 next morning; when finding every effort unavailing, they raised the siege 
 and dispersed. Their loss amounted to nearly one hundred in killed and 
 wounded. The loss of the garrison was, twenty-six killed, and five wounded. 
 These all fell in the first attack outside the fort, not a man having been 
 killed inside the walls, and but one wounded, and he very slightly. Thus 
 ended this sanguinary conflict ; standing in history as a monument to the 
 bravery of the early settlers of Western Virginia. 
 
 Briclg^eport, lies directly opposite Wheeling, in Belmont 
 county, Ohio. It contains a church, a saw and grist mill, besides 
 several stores and commission houses. 
 
 The national road passing through it, serves to add some im- 
 portance to the village, as a depot for goods forwarded through 
 that section c" country. The population of Bridgeport is about 
 500. 
 
 ElizalietlltOWII, lies thirteen miles below, on the Virginia 
 side, and is the county seat of Marshall county, Virginia. Big 
 Grave creek empties into the Ohio at this point, separating this 
 town from Moundsville. The two contain several stores, a news- 
 paper, an academy, and a steam flour mill; with about 1,200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Big Orave Creefe derives its importance from the Indian 
 mound, a short distance from the mouth. It is 70 feet in hignt, 
 and about 900 feet in circumference at the base. It has an observ- 
 atory on top, erected in the year 1837, by Mr. A B. Tomlinson, 
 which can be seen from the river. 
 
 Grave Creek was settled in 1770, by Joseph Tomlinson, who, 
 with a small party, emigrated from Maryland. The mound was 
 discovered by him two years afterward. 
 
 In the month of September, 1777, Capt. Foreman, and twenty- 
 one associates, all settlers of Grave Creek, v/ere massacred by a 
 party of three hundred Indians ; probably a portion of the same 
 that attacked Fort Henry. The following inscription may be 
 found on a monument erected to the memory of these brave men, 
 about four miles from the mouth of the stream : 
 
 " This humble stone is erected to the memory of Capt. Fore- 
 man and twenty- one of his men, who were slain by a band of 
 ruthless savages — the allies of a civilized nation of Europe — on 
 the 25th of September, 1777. 
 
 So sleep the brave who sink to rest, 
 By all their country's wishes blest." 
 
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 94 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO BIVER. 
 
 Stienerville, situated eight miles below, in Belmont 
 county, Ohio, is a small village, noted as being the scene of a 
 bloody battle, between a party of Americans and Indians, in the 
 month of May, 1794. The battle was called Captinay in honor 
 of the creek, on whose banks it was fought. 
 
 Neur Martinsville, three miles below, in Marshall 
 county, Virginia, is a small village, containing a population of 
 about 200. 
 
 Fish Creek, is a small stream rising in Tyler county, 
 Virginia, and empties into the Ohio at New Martinsville. 
 
 Clarington, is situated at the mouth of Sun Fish creek, 
 in Monroe county, Ohio. The country around abounds in beds 
 of iron and coal. The population of Clarington is 300. 
 
 fSim Fisll Creek, is a small stream, rising in Monroe 
 county, Ohio, and empties into the Ohio river at Clarington. 
 
 SiSterville, is twelve miles below, in Tyler county, Vir- 
 ginia. It was laid out originally as the county seat ; but from 
 some mysterious cause, it was bereft of that honor, which was 
 conferred on the village of Middletown, about nine miles in the 
 interior. The population of Sisterville is about 250. 
 
 IVewport, is a flourishing town, situated twelve miles below* 
 in Washington county, Ohio. The population is about 600. 
 
 Middle Island Creek, is a small stream rising in 
 Harrison county, Virginia, and emptying into the Ohio river at 
 the village of Centreville. 
 
 CentreTille, is a small village, situated on the west bank 
 of Middle Island creek, in Tyler county, Virginia, and contains 
 about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Marietta, is situated on the Ohio, nineteen miles below, at 
 the mouth of the Muskingum river, in V^ashington county, 
 Ohio, and is the seat of justice for that county. The city is 
 built on level ground, and in consequence of this, is often over- 
 flowed by the rivers. This city has long been celebrated for its 
 neat and handsome dwellings, with their beautiful and ornamental 
 flower-gardens ; and the high tone of morality and literary intel- 
 ligence which pervades all classes. The churches are 7 in number, 
 viz : 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Universalist, 1 Methodist, 1 
 German Methodist, 1 Catholic and 1 Presbyterian. 
 
 Marietta College is a handsome ediflce, with beautiful grounds 
 attached. It was chartered in the year 1835, and was mainly 
 intended as a theological seminary ; and there are few institu- 
 tions of the kind in the country, which rank higher in the 
 confidence of its patrons than this. 
 
ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 95 
 
 In addition to these, tliere are 2 academies, 2 public libraries, 
 a bank, 2 printing officeSj several mills and factories, and moie 
 than twenty stores. 
 
 The population of Marietta will number about 2,500. 
 
 The early history of Marietta is intimately connected with 
 the early history of the state of Ohio ; it being the place where 
 a permanent settlement was first formed. It was settled by a 
 party of 47 New Englanders, under the guidance of Gen. Rufus 
 Putnam, in the spring of tiie year 1788. These men were all 
 characterized by a strict sense of morality, and stern integrity, 
 and no set of men could have been better fitted for the trials and 
 privations of early pioueers, than they were. Under such favor- 
 able circumstances their prosperity, which was unabated for 
 years, is not to be wondered at. The name of Marietta was 
 given to the village on the 2d day of July, in honor of Marie 
 Antoinette, the beautiful queen of the unfortunate Louis XVI, 
 whose sad fate all are acquainted with. On the 2d day of Sept., 
 1788, v/as assembled the first court of justice ever held in the 
 North-west territory. The ceremony of opening the court was 
 conducted with great dignity and decorum. A procession was 
 formed in the foilowing order : 1st. H^gh Sheriff with drawn 
 sword; 2d. Citizens; .3d. Officers of the Army; 4th. Members 
 of the Bar ; 5th. Supreme Judges ; 6th. The Governor and 
 Clergy; 7th. Judges of the Court of Common Pleas. They then 
 marched round the settlement to the town hall, and took, their 
 seats. The court was opened by prayer, by the Rev. Dr. Cutler, 
 and then proceeded to business. The novelty of this proceeding 
 brought to the village a number of Indiuns as spectators; although 
 none of them ventured to enter the hall. 
 
 The objects of the greatest interest to the stranger in Marietta, 
 are the Indian mounds, which are quite numerous in the vicinity; 
 one of these rises to tlie higlu of thirty-two feet perpendicular, 
 and is one hundred and ten feet in circumference at the base. 
 
 Besides the steamboats which arrive and depart daily, there are 
 two regular stage lines, one to Zanesville, Ohio, and the other to 
 Wheeling, Virginia. 
 
 Harinar, is situated on the south side of the Muskingum 
 river, directly opposite Marietta. It is favorably situated for 
 manufacturing purposes, having the double advantage of two 
 rivers and the fails of the Muskingum. Steamboat building has 
 been carried on to a considerable extent of late years. Harmar 
 has a fine large hotel, a Methodist church, a male and female 
 academy, a steam mill, iron fouudery, half a dozen stores, and 
 about 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
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 96 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 The site of this village was occupied in early times, hy Fort 
 Harmar, which was huilt in the year 1786, by a detachment of 
 U. S. troops, mifler the command of Major Doughty, and belong- 
 ing to Col. Josiah Harmar's regiment, in honor of whom the fort 
 was named. It was occupied by troops for several years, whose duty 
 it was to guard the settlements in the vicinity. It was a beautiful 
 ami romantic place, and was the second fort erected in Ohio. 
 
 The Muskln;;^!!!!! River is formed by the junction of 
 the Tuscawara and White Woman rivers, which unite at Cosh- 
 octon. It is one of the largest rivers which lie wholly in the 
 state. Navigation is greatly impeded in this river, in consequence 
 of the numerous fulls and rapids. There have been many dams 
 and short canals constructed, however, by which means the river 
 is made n'l.vigable about 100 miles. 
 
 The disadvantages in regard to navigation, are, in a measure, 
 made up by the easy access of water power atTorded by these 
 numerous falls and rapids. It unites with the Ohio at Marietta, 
 and is 225 yards wide at the mouth. 
 
 Cosliocton is beautifully situated at the head of the Muskingum river, 
 113 miles from Rfarietta, and is the county seat of Coshocton county. It was 
 laid out in the year 1802, and was called Tuscawara, which name it retained 
 until the year 1811, when it received its present appellation. 
 
 It contains 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a flour mill, and woolen factory, 
 half a dozen stores, and has a population of 1,000. 
 
 When the river is very high, steamboats occasionally ascend as high up as 
 this point. 
 
 Zanesville is situated on the cast hank of the Muskingum river, 80 
 miles from its mouth. It is the county seat of Muskingum county, and ranks 
 with the principal towns in the state. It was laid out in the year 1799, by 
 Ebenezer Zan«» and John Mclntire, and was first called Westbourn, which 
 name it bore until the establishment of a post-office, when it received its 
 present name. The commerce of Zanesville is considerable, having a trade 
 opei^od by means of steamboats, with Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and New Orleans, 
 Ac., and through the northern part of the state, by means of the Ohio canal, 
 with which it is connected by a side cut-oflf at Dresden. The national road 
 also passes through it, and adds considerable to its trade. 
 
 The natural advantages for manufacturing purposes possessed by Zanesville, 
 are not surpassed by any other town in the state. Besides the immense 
 amount of water power afforded by the river, the surrounding hills abound 
 with beds of bituminous coal, affording ample supplies of fuel for all pur- 
 poses. Though possessed of so many advantages for a manufacturing town. 
 
ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 97 
 
 the citizens of Zanesville bave not improved them as they might have done. 
 There seems to have been a mania for the salt trade, to the exclusion of 
 almost every thing else. Circumstances have shown, of late years, that 
 Zanesville cannot compete with New York, and the Kanawha region in the 
 manufacture of this article. This fact, the citizens now see, and are grad- 
 ually turning the bulk of their business into other channels. 
 
 Zanesville is divided into South and West Zanesville, and Zanesville proper. 
 These are divided by the river, over which there are bridges, connecting them 
 with each other, and with the village of Putnam, a short distance below. 
 
 The churches of Zanesville are 14 in number, viz : 3 Lutheran, 2 Baptist, 
 2 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Protestant Methodist, 1 Universalist, 1 Episcopalian, 
 2 Catholic, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 African. 
 
 It contains, also, 7 flour mills, 5 saw mills, 2 oil mills, 1 paper mill on the 
 late improved plan, 7 iron foundcries, 2 glass factories, 2 manufactories of 
 crockery ware, 4 machine shops, 2 woolen factories, 1 shoe-last manufactory, 
 besides numerous others of minoi importance. There are 5 printing ofSces, 
 in which are printed the Gazette, weekly; Aurora, weekly; Courier, weekly 
 and tri-weekly; the Western Recorder, weekly; and a Counterfeit Detector. 
 
 For the education of the young, Zanesville has many and superior advan- 
 tages. There are two large buildings, one for males, and the other for females, 
 each capable of holding three hundred scholars, which contain schools as 
 ably conducted as any institution of the kind in the state. These buildings 
 belong to the town, and were built under the direction of the late John 
 Mclntire, who left his entire estate, to found and sustain a school for the 
 benefit of the poor. In these schools, the poor, who are unable to pay, have the 
 samo.advantages as the wealthy, who are charged a moderate compensation. 
 
 There are also district schools in West and South Zanesville, which are free 
 to all who are willing to attend. Besides these, there is a handsome court- 
 house, with public offices in the west wing, and an atheneum in the east 
 wing, in which there is a library of over 9000 volumes, and a cabinet of 
 minerals. There is also a market house^ a bank, and a juvenile lyceum, with 
 a library attached. 
 
 The town is supplied with water from a reservoir, on a hill 160 feet high, ^ 
 The water is forced up by means of a powerful force pump ; it is then 
 conducted through the town by means of iron pipes, as is usual in cities. 
 
 The population of Zanesville is 8,000. Steamboats arrive and depart 
 daily. Stages leave daily for Maysville, Ky., Cincinnati, and Wheeling ; and 
 three times a week for Marietta, and Cleveland, via Massillon. 
 
 Putnani) is a small village, situated opposite Zanesville, in the same 
 county. It contains a printing office, one Methodist, and one Presbyterian 
 church, and the Putnam Female Seminary, which is an incorporated institu- 
 tion, and has been in operation about 13 years. The cost of the building 
 
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98 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
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 with furniture, Ac, was more than $20,000. The original nnme of the town 
 wafl ►Springfield, but there being another town of that name in the state, it 
 was changed to its present name, which was that of its founder, Edwin 
 Putnam. The population is about 1,200. 
 
 ■.•>*.■.•• ft 
 
 Vil^Iinnif a pleasant littlo village, is situated on the Ohio, in 
 Wood county, Virginia, opposite an island of the same name. 
 
 Piirkersl>urs:ll, Wood county, Virginia, is pleasantly 
 situated on the Ohio, at the mouth of the Littlo Kanawha river. 
 It is the county seat, and contains the usual public buildings, 
 together with a number of factories of various kinds, about a 
 dozen stores, and several churches. It has considerable trade, 
 and efforts are being made to extend the Baltimore and Ohio 
 railroad to this point. The population is about 3,500. 
 
 BcSprc, or "Beautiful Meadow," opposite Parkersburgh, in 
 Washington county, Ohio, is a pleasant place, extending about 
 ten miles along the river. It was first settled in the year 1789, 
 but has improved very slowly. It now contains a population of 
 near 1,500. "^ 
 
 The Liittic Ksilia^llia Oliver, rises in Braxton 
 county, Virginia, and flows in a north-westerly direction, and 
 empties into the Ohio just below Parkersburgh. 
 
 BlaiinerliaSSen's Island, a beautiful island in the 
 Ohio, two miles beh 3lpre, is remarkable as being the residence 
 of one of the most ^ortunate men that ever landed on our 
 shores. 
 
 Herman Blannerhassett, an Irishman by birth, who left the 
 verdant home of childhood, in company with his wife, to seek 
 that quiet among strangers, which the disturbed state of his 
 country denied him at home, found, in 179S, a dreary island in 
 the Ohio, upon which he resolved to spend the remnant of his 
 days. In a short time this island was transformed into one of 
 the most enchanting spots in the country — disturbed not by the 
 jarring sounds of a tumultuous city, or the wild excitement of 
 politics, the years of his life seemed to glide along as smoothly as 
 the waters of the beautiful river that passed his island home. 
 But alas ! how uncertain and how fleeting are the pleasures of 
 life ! Little did he think that there was owe, high in the honors 
 of his adopted country, who, one day, would heap dishonor upon 
 his head, and send him, broken-hearted, to die in a distant land. 
 This island will ever remain as a memento of the fate of its 
 unfortunate proprietor, the story of whose wrongs has been 
 rendered immortal by the genius of Wirt. ^ - *» 
 
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 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 99 
 
 The mansion of Blannerhassett was the resort of the best 
 society ; and his wealth and the intelligence of his wife, caused 
 many of the most distinguished men rn the country to become 
 his guests. 
 
 After the defeat of Aaron Burr, in 1804, for the Vice Presidency, 
 he went to New York and became a candidate for Governor. 
 He was opposed by Hamilton, a man of high mind and excellent 
 talents. Burr was defeated, and taking advantage of some lan- 
 guage used by his opponent, challenged him to fight a duel. The 
 parties met, and Hamilton fell. 
 
 Burr now seeing that all hope of future distinction in the East 
 was forever lost, determined to separate the Union, and establish 
 an empire in the West. On the 2d of March, 1805, he took his 
 celebrated leave of the U. S. Senate, and on the 29th of April, he 
 arrived at Pittsburgh. He soon repaired to the residence of 
 Blannerhassett, and persuaded him to join in the conspiracy, and 
 embark all his fortune in the scheme. From this point, Burr 
 made excursions into Ohio and Kentucky, obtaining money, men, 
 boats and provisions. When his real designs became known, all 
 his movements were watched, and his plans constantly defeated. 
 Ou the 26th of December, 1806, he arrived at the mouth of the 
 Cumberland river, with only about 100 men ; with these he 
 descended the Mississippi river. Gen. Wilkinson, however, of 
 whom Burr had made a confidant, had informed the President of 
 his plans, and was authorized to arrest him for treason. On the 
 17th of January, 1807, Burr gave himself up to the authorities 
 of Mississippi territory, and underwent an examination. He 
 was placed under bonds, and while the grand jury were investiga- 
 ting the case, he made his escape. He was arrested on the 
 Tombigbee river, on his way to Florida, and sent to Richmond 
 for trial. His examination was commenced in the Circuit Court 
 of the United States, before Judge Marshall, on the 22d of May. 
 Two-bills were found against him ; but, contrary to the wishes 
 of the President, the suit was discontinued on the part of the 
 United States, and he soon after left the country for Europe. 
 
 Blannerhassett was also acquitted, but he was a ruined man. 
 After wandering from place to place, he died in the year 1822, on 
 the island of Guernsey, in the English channel. His wife 
 returned to the United States, and applied to government for 
 indemnification, but without success. She died in New York, in 
 theyear 1842, 
 
 Xroy, Athens county, Ohio, is a pleasant little village, at the 
 mouth of the Hockhocking river. It is often called Hocking- 
 port, and is of but little importance in a commercial point of 
 view. The population is 250. 
 
 
 
 '^- 
 
 3 4- 
 
 
 1 1 
 t 
 
 
 . I 
 
 I 
 
 !fe 
 
 H: 
 
 
'fi' 
 
 HockbOCking^ River, rises in Fairfield coanty, Ohio, 
 and after a circuitous course of eighty miles, enters the Ohio at 
 Troy. It received its name from the Indians, in consequence of 
 a supposed resemblance, in some places, to a bottle. It is naviga- 
 ble for small boats as far as Athens. Seven miles from Lancaster 
 it falls over a perpendicular ledge of rocks, forty feet high. The 
 country bordering on the river abounds in romantic scenery, and 
 in some places there are to be seen many ancient mounds and 
 fortifications, the remains of a race iong since passed away. 
 
 The valley of the Hockhocking appears, from recent investi- 
 gations, to have once been covered with yellow pine forests, the 
 remains of which are to be seen. There has been found, in 
 several mounds that have been opened, scattered among the 
 human bones, the charcoal of pine wood ; which shows that at 
 the time of their erection, this was the prevailing tree of the 
 forest. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Atliengy ootinty seat of Athens county, Ohio, is situated on the Hock- 
 hocking river, about 72 miles south-east from Columbus. It became the 
 county seat in 1805, and now contains several churches, and about 20 stores. It 
 is the seat of the Ohio University, the oldest college in the state. The Ohio 
 University was founded in 1819, and endowed, by Congress, with two town- 
 ships of land, containing 46,000 acres, yielding an annual income of $5,000. 
 It was once in a very flourishing condition, but of late it has failed to sustain 
 its high reputation. It numbers among its graduates many prominent 
 men of our day. The population of Athens is about one thousand. Stages 
 leave daily for all the principal points in the state. 
 
 About four miles from Athens, there are several mounds, fortifications and 
 gateways. From one mound there were taken over one thousand perches of 
 stone, differing from any now found in the vicinity, for the purpose of con- 
 structing a dam across the river. There were also found copper rings and 
 other curious relics. There are in this region many fossil relics, bearing 
 devices and figures, so ingeniously wrought as to induce the belief that they 
 were the work of man before the fiood, and which became buried in heaps of 
 sandstone, and afterwards consolidated into rock. The strata which extends 
 through this region, forms one vast cemetery, in which are deposited speci- 
 mens of those plants that existed in the early ages of the world. 
 
 Belleville, situated at the mouth of Lee*s creek, in Wood 
 county, Virginia, four miles below Troy, is a small but beautiful 
 village. In early times it was the scene of many tragical events 
 enacted by the merciless savages. It was settled in the year 1785, 
 
ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 101 
 
 the 
 
 by Joseph Wood, Esq., who, in company with some others, 
 emigrated from Pitlsbnrgh. The next year they erected block- 
 houses to defend themselves from the Indians, who became 
 extremely troublesome, by the many depredations which they 
 committed on the unoffending settlers. 
 
 Iflurraysville, five miles below Belleville, in Jackson 
 county, Virginia, is a small village of minor importance. There 
 have been several steamboats built here lately, which shows that 
 efforts are being made toward progression. 
 
 Sliaicle River, is a small stream rising in Meigs county, 
 Ohio, and emptying into the Ohio one mile below Murraysville. 
 In by-gone days the mouth of this river was the spot where the 
 Scioto Indians crossed, after their marauding expeditions in Vir- 
 ginia. The place was known by the name of the *^DevW8 Hole,^* 
 for -many years. 
 
 BavenSWOOd, lies eleven miles below, in Jackson county, 
 Virginia. It contains 2 churches, 2 school-houses, and one large 
 mill; with a population of 350. The country around is finely 
 adapted for grazing, and large numbers of cattle and sheep are 
 raised. Although Ravenswood is only ten years old, it is quite a 
 business place, and bids fair to make a large town in time. 
 
 lie TartSVille, is a small village, situated twenty-three 
 miles below Ravenswood, in Meigs county, Ohio. It lies opposite 
 an island of the same name in the Ohio river. 
 
 Oraham'S Station, lies six miles below, on the Ohio, in 
 the same county. It is quite a small village, and is of no partic- 
 ular importance. Its population is 120. 
 
 Pomeroy, is situated eight miles below, and is the county 
 seat of Meigs county, Ohio. It is located in the midst of wild 
 And romantic scenery, and is overhung by a lofty and precipitous 
 hill, leaving not more than twenty-five rods for the width of the 
 town, which extends along the river for more than a mile. 
 
 There are 6 churches, a court-house, printing office, 20 stores, 
 «'^veral founderies, mills, machine shops, carding machines, 
 tan-yards, &c., &.c. The population is about 2,000. 
 
 Steam engines are used exclusively for driving machinery, of 
 which there are about a dozen in constant operation. 
 
 Pomeroy derives its importance solely from the coal mining 
 business, which is carried on very extensively. The first coal 
 dug here was in the year 1819 ; but the business was not com- 
 menced in good earnest, until the year 1832, when Mr. Samuel 
 Pomeroy, having purchased a share of the coal land, formed a 
 company, consisting of himself, two sons, and two sons-in-law, 
 
 
 •M 
 
 I. 
 
 t! 
 
* 
 
 •;■■,» 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 1 
 
 102 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 under the firm of Pomeroy, Sons & Co. Since that time mining 
 has been an important business at Pomeroy. The annual product 
 of the coal mines is now estimated at 2,000,000 bushels, and is 
 constantly increasing. 
 
 Coalport, situated one mile below, on the same side of the 
 river, and in the same county, is the principal depot of the 
 Pomeroy mining company. Railways are laid from the hills to 
 the river, where the boats lie to receive the coal. 
 
 mididleport, lying alongside of Coalport, has been recently 
 laid out for the accommodation of the rapidly increasing coal 
 trade. 
 
 Sheffield, is a small flourishing village adjoining Middleport, 
 and may be considered part of the same town. 
 
 Point Pleasant, the "ounty seat of Mason county, Vir- 
 ginia, is situated twelve miles below, at the mouth of the Great 
 Kanawha river. It is a small village, containing a court-house, 
 2 churches, 3 mills, several stores and 2 tanneries ; with a 
 population of 500. 
 
 The spot on which Point Pleasant is built, is celebrated in the 
 annals of Virginia, as being the scene of one of the bloodiest 
 Indian battles that was ever fought in the state. The battle took 
 place on the lOth of October, 1774, between a large party of 
 Indians, consisting of Shawnees, Mingoes, Delawares, Wyandots, 
 and Cuyahog«j, led on by the celebrated Shawnee chief. Corn- 
 stalk, and a branch of Lord Dunmore's army, numbering eleven 
 hundred men, under the command of Gen. Lewis. The battle 
 raged all day long with doubtful success, and it was only through 
 the means of stratagem, that the Indians were at last frightened 
 into a retreat. Gen. Lewis' loss was seventy-five killed, and one 
 hundred and forty-three wounded. The loss of the Indians could 
 not be ascertained, but must have been very large. Cornstalk, 
 who was a brave and noble chief, was murdered at this place, in 
 the year 1777. The Governor offered a large reward for the 
 arrest of the murderers, but all efforts for their apprehension 
 proved unsuccessful. The town, not prospering for some years 
 after this event, gave rise to a superstitious belief that the murder 
 was the cause of it. 
 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily ; stages leave three times a 
 week for the Virginia Springs. 
 
 Tlie Oreat Kanawlia River, rises in the Alleghany 
 
 mountains, taking its course in a north-westerly direction through 
 some of the grandest and most romantic scenery in the West, and 
 empties into the Ohio at PoinI, Pleasant. It is the largest river 
 
lining 
 oduct 
 iind is 
 
 Df the 
 of the 
 ills to 
 
 cently 
 r coal 
 
 leport, 
 
 ,Vir- 
 
 Great 
 house, 
 7ith a 
 
 in the 
 iodiest 
 e took 
 rty of 
 mdots, 
 Corn- 
 eleven 
 battle 
 irough 
 htened 
 lid one 
 5 could 
 nstalk, 
 ace, in 
 'or the 
 ension 
 ) years 
 nurder 
 
 ;imes a 
 
 )ghany 
 nrough 
 ;st, and 
 3t river 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 103 
 
 in Western Virginia. By means of a vast amount of labor, the 
 river has been made navigable about sixty miles. At the head of 
 navigation are the Kanawha Salines. By boring to the depth of 
 five hundred feet below the surface, there may be found streams 
 of water highly impregnated with salt, which gushes up in 
 immense columns, high above the level of the ground. 
 
 The salt is manufactured by evaporation, which is carried on 
 by a steam process. There are now over 3,000,000 bushels 
 manufactured annually. 
 
 The river above the salines has numerous falls and rapids, being 
 in character with the surrounding country, which is exceedingly 
 rocky and mountainous. On the banks of New river, about ten 
 miles from its junction with the Gauley, (the two forming the 
 Kanawha,) is a rugged pillar of rocks rising to the hight of one 
 thousand feet perpendicular. It was formerly known by the 
 name of " Hawk's Nest," but is now called " Marshall's Pillar," 
 in honor of Chief Justice Marshall, who once stood on the 
 summit and measured the distance to the valley below. 
 
 This pillar, with the accompanying scenery, has never failed to 
 impress the beholder with the sublimest thoughts, and the grand- 
 est conceptions of the works of nature; and no traveler who finds 
 himself in this vicinity should fail to pay a visit to this stupendous 
 monument of nature's handy work. 
 
 OallipoliS, situated four miles below Point Pleasant, is the 
 county seat of Gallia county, Ohio. It was settled by a company 
 of French, who emigrated to this place in the year 1791. They 
 were particularly unfitted for the hardships and privations of a 
 backwoods life, being mostly persons who were raised amidst the 
 gaities and luxuries of Paris. Consequently, for a few years, 
 they suffered considerably. But being of a lively, vivacious 
 turn, they succeeded in time, in accommodating themselves to 
 the circumstances in which they were placed. 
 
 There are no.v in Gallipolis, 3 churches, 2 newspaper offices, 
 17 stores, and about 1,800 inhabitants. 
 
 Jfllllersport, is a small village in Lawrence county, Ohio, 
 twenty-five miles below Gallipolis, containing about 40 houses, 
 4 stores, and a population of 150. 
 
 Ouyandotte, thirteen miles below, in Cabell county, Vir- 
 ginia, is a place of considerable importance as a point of steamboat 
 embarkation and debarkation. The village contains a church, 10 
 stores, 1 or 2 saw-mills, and is flourishing very rapidly. The 
 population, which is steadily on the increase, is about 1,000. 
 
 At this point persons from the South and West, going to the 
 Virginia Springs, usually disembark from the steamboats and 
 
 t [. 
 
 ii 
 
■4 
 
 ii' 
 
 i 
 
 i^ 
 
 n 
 
 104 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 take the stags. Stages leave here three times a week for Rich- 
 mond, Washington, and Baltimore, via the White Sulphur Springs. 
 
 THE VIRGINIA SPRINGS. 
 
 The most frequented of these are the White Sulphur Springs, 
 situated in Howard's oreek valley, in Greenbrier county, on a 
 branch of the Greenbrier river. 
 
 They are a great resort for invalids, and those in search of 
 amusement and pastime, and the waters are thought to possess 
 medicinal virtues in an eminent degree, particularly in chronic 
 diseases. They contain chloride of sodium, sulphate of soda, 
 carbonate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, oxide of iron, sulphate 
 of magnesia, precipitated sulphur, phosphate of lime, iodine, and 
 organic matter. The gases which enter into their composition, are 
 hydrogen, nitrogen, carbonic acid, and sulphurated hydrogen. 
 The scenery in the neighborhoo.1 of these springs is beautiful and 
 romantic ; encircled by bold and lofty mountains, and traversed 
 by bright and shining rivulets. There are few places in the 
 country that possess greater charms for the eye of the painter 
 than this lovely valley. Thirty-five miles to the north, in the 
 county of Bath, are the Warm Springs, one of the oldest water- 
 ing places in the state. The waters are very clear and transparent, 
 and have a temperature of 98° Fahrenheit. 
 
 The Hot Springs lie five miles to the southward, in the same 
 county. There have been excellent arrangements made at thq^e 
 springs for the accommodation of patients, Both male and female. 
 The waters vary in temperature from 98^ to 106^. 
 
 In the eastern extremity of Monroe county, are the Sweet 
 Springs. These are highly recommended on account of the 
 tonic powers with which their waters are said to be possessed. 
 The temperature of the water is 73° Fahrenheit. 
 
 The Salt Sulphur Springs are also situated in Monroe county, 
 and are highly celebrated for the medical properties of their 
 waters, and the superior accommodations for invalids and visitors. 
 The temperature ranges from 50^ to 60^. 
 
 The Red Sulphur Springs lie 17 miles to the southward, in the 
 same county. The water is cool and transparent. The temper- 
 ature is 520. 
 
 The Blue Sulphur Spring, situated on a small stream which 
 empties into the Greenbrier river, enjoys a high reputation for 
 the medical properties of its waters. It is consequently much 
 frequented by invalids, during the summer season. - 
 
<M tw!f,vimif^i;gf^'f>>m'",-wimi':'i tnjf^^iti.m' 
 
 . 
 
 OuyandOtte River, rises in Logan county, Virginia, in 
 the neighborhood of the great flat top mountains, and empties 
 into the Ohio at the town of Guyandotte. 
 
 Proctorville, is a small village, in Lawrence county, Ohio, 
 and li*»s nearly opposite Guyandotte. 
 
 Burling^ton, is situated eight miles below, and is the county 
 seat of Lawrence county, Ohio. It is a small village, containing 
 a court-house, 2 churches, half a dozen stores, and about 400 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The country around Burlington on both sides of the river, 
 abounds in beds of iron ore. There are now twenty-one furnaces 
 in operation, employing more than two thousand workmen, which 
 annually turns out about thirty-eight thousand tons oi pig iron, 
 valued at $1,125,000, 
 
 The Big: Sandy River, four miles below, rises in the 
 Alleghany mountains, and emptios into the Ohio at the village of 
 Catlettsburg, Kentucky. It is navigable as far as the mountains, 
 and for nearly two hundred miles forms the boundary line 
 between Virginia and Kentucky. 
 
 Catlettsburg:, situated at the mouth of the Big Sandy 
 river, in Greenup county, Kentucky, is a small village contain- 
 ing only about half a dozen houses. It forms the extreme north- 
 eastern point of the state. 
 
 Hang^ing: Rock, thirteen miles below, is situated on the 
 Ohio river, in Lawrence county, Ohio. Being in the neighbor- 
 hood of the iron manufactories, large quantities of that article 
 are shipped from this port. There is to be a railroad built, about 
 fifteen miles in length, connecting this place with the iron regions. 
 
 The village derives its name from an immense sandstone cliff, 
 which overhangs the rear of the town. 
 
 It contains a church, half a dozen stores, a forge, rolling-mill, 
 and foundery, with a population of about 250. 
 
 Orcenupsburg:, county seat of Greenup county, Ken- 
 tucky, lies six miles below, at the mouth of the Little Sandy 
 river. It was laid out in the year 1818, and now contains a fine 
 large court-house, a church, school-house, 11 stores, a number 
 of mechanics' shops, and a population of about 300. 
 
 Tlie liittle Sandy River, is a small stream, rising 
 in Carter county, Kentucky, and emptying into the Ohio at 
 Greenupsburg. 
 
 liV'iieelersburg:, lies eight miles below, in Scioto county, 
 Ohio. It is a small but flourishing village, with a population 
 of 300. 
 I 
 
106 
 
 ROUTE 01 THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 "t 
 
 M 
 
 Portsmouth, county seat of Scioto county, Ohio, is 
 situated twelve miles below, at the mouth of the Scioto river, 
 and also at the southern terminus of the Ohio canal. Portsmouth 
 stands in a most advantageous situation for trade, being connected 
 by the Ohio canal with the great lakes on the north, as well as 
 the most fertile agricultural districts in the state of Ohio. The 
 iron region being in the vicinity, also adds considerable weight to 
 its trade. 
 
 These advantages hate all been more or less improved by its 
 enterprising inhabitants, and the town presents u lively and 
 business like appearance. 
 
 A company of capitalists have now in process of erection, on 
 the opposite side of the Scioto, a basin with dry-docks for build- 
 ing and repairing steamboats* The town now contains a fine 
 court-house, 1 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 
 Catholic church, 2 well conducted free schools, one for boys, and 
 the other for girls, a rolling-mill, oil-mill, carding machine, 2 
 printing offices, several founderies, about 40 stores, and a popu- 
 lation of about 3y500< 
 
 In the vicinity of Portsmouth are to be seen the remains of 
 many ancient works, which have excited considerable curiosity 
 among the antiquarians of our day. Steamboats leave daily for 
 all points on the Ohio river, and stages leave daily for Columbus 
 via Lucasville, Piketon, Waverly, Chillicothe, Circleville, &c.; 
 distance 90 miles ; fare $3. 50. 
 
 Vlie OlliO Canaly one of the first great public works 
 of the state, was commenced in the year 1825, and finished in 
 1832, at a cost of $5,000,000. It traverses the entire length of 
 the state from north to south. After leaving Portsmouth it takes 
 its direction almost due north for the space of ninety miles, 
 crossing the Scioto river twice in its course j it then takes an 
 easterly direction, passing through the valley of the Tuscawara, 
 then diverging to the northward again, passes through the valley 
 of the Cuyahoga, and continuing in this direction, connects 
 with Lake Erie at Cleveland. Its length is 307 miles. 
 
 There are 152 locks, and 8 branches. The Columbus branch, 
 connecting the city o( Columbus with the main canal, is ten 
 miles in length. The Lancaster branch, extending to Lancaster, 
 is nine miles long. The Athens branch is an extension of the 
 Lancaster branch, and is called the Hocking canal. Its length is 
 fifty miles. The Zanesville branch extends to the town of Zanes- 
 ville, and is fourteen miles long. The Walhonding canal is a 
 branch of the Ohio, commencing at the town of Roscoe, and 
 crossing the valley of the Mohican. Its length is twenty-five 
 
ROUTES ON THE OHIO CANAL. 
 
 107 
 
 miles. The Granville branch extends to the village of Granville, 
 and is six miles long. The Eastport branch extends to the 
 village of Eastport, and is four miles long. The Dresden branch, 
 two miles long, connects the Ohio canal with the Muskingum 
 river, and through the means of locks and dams, with the Ohio 
 river at Marietta. Besides these, there is the Sandy and Beaver 
 canal, which may be considered a branch of the Ohio. It extends 
 from the village of Bolivar to the mouth of Beaver creek, about 
 thirty miles below Pittsburgh. The Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal extends from Akron till it meets a division of Pennsylvania 
 canal near the town of New Castle. Length in Ohio 77 miles, 
 and in Pennsylvania, 8 miles. Cost $764,372. 
 
 The following table contains a list of places and distances on the Ohio 
 Canal and branches, between Portsmouth and Cleveland : 
 
 Jasper, 
 
 Waverly, ••••♦• 
 
 Sharonville, * ♦ 
 
 Chillicothe, 
 
 Deer Creek, 
 
 Circleville, 
 
 Bloomfield, • • • * 
 
 Columbus, 
 
 Lockburn, * • * 
 
 Columbus and Lancaster) 
 
 road, > 
 
 Waterloo, - 
 
 Carroll, * 
 
 Havensport, 
 
 Baltimore, * • 
 
 Millersport, 
 
 Hebron, 
 
 Newark, 
 
 Licking, 
 
 Nasport, 
 
 Frazeesburg, 
 
 Dresden, 
 
 Webbsport, 
 
 Stillwell's Locks, 
 
 Roscoe, 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 16 
 
 9 
 14 
 
 8 
 10 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 4 
 2 
 6 
 4 
 6 
 8 
 7 
 9 
 6 
 6 
 2 
 4 
 10 
 
 26 
 32 
 36 
 52 
 61 
 75 
 83 
 93 
 103 
 
 Newport, ..*......•• 
 
 ETansburg, 
 
 New Comer's Town,- 
 
 Salesbury, 
 
 Babelard, 
 
 Trenton, 
 
 New Castle, 
 
 New Philadelphia," 
 Dover, 
 
 3 191 
 9 200 
 
 4 204 
 6 210 
 4 214 
 
 j^Q Jennings' Bridge, 
 
 115 
 119 
 121 
 126 
 130 
 136 
 144 
 151 
 160 
 166 
 172 
 174 
 178 
 188 
 
 Zoar, 
 
 Bolivar, ' 
 
 Bethlehem, ....•.'•<* 
 
 Massillon, ' • ' • 
 
 Fulton, '••• 
 
 Clinton, • • • • 
 
 New Portage, 
 
 Akron, 
 
 Newberry, 
 
 Old Portage, 
 
 Peninsula, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 Tinker's Creek, 
 
 Mill Creek Aqueduct,- 
 Cleveland, 
 
 219 
 223 
 225 
 229 
 231 
 8 240 
 
 3 243 
 
 8 251 
 6 257 
 
 9 266 
 
 4 270 
 8 278 
 
 284 
 287 
 291 
 
 8 299 
 3 302 
 
 9 311 
 
 5 316 
 10 326 
 
 6 
 3 
 4 
 
 
 
 Hip 
 
 ■ - {, 
 
% 
 
 V. 
 
 I 
 
 I' 
 
 108 
 
 ROUTES ON THE OHIO CANAL. 
 
 THE HOCKING CANAL. 
 
 From Portsmouth to Carroll, as before given, 119 miles; to Lancaster, 9 
 miles; to Logan, 19 miles: to Nelsonville, 14 miles; to Athens, 16 miles. 
 Whole distance to Athens, 176 miles. 
 
 ChilliootHCf county seat of Ross county, lies on the west bank of the 
 Scioto, and on the line of the Ohio canal. It is forty-five miles north of 
 l*ortsmouth, and the same distance south of Columbus. It is situated on a 
 level plot of ground, about twenty-five feet above the river. The plan of 
 Chillicothe is excellent; the streets being laid out broad and straight, 
 meeting at right angles; much resembling Philadelphia in this t'espcct. The 
 sc«;nery in the vicinity is beautiful and romantic in an eminent degree. 
 
 Chillicothe was laid out in the month of August, 1796, by Gen. Nathaniel 
 Ma.ssie, on his own land. He gave a lot to every one who chose to settle on 
 it. Thus, by holding out inducements to emigrants, the village Improved 
 . jrapidly. In the year 1800, Congress removed the seat of government of the 
 North-west territory from Cincinnati to this place. The legislature for two 
 years held their sessions in a small two story log house, which was also used 
 as a church on Sunday ; in the upper story there was a billiard table and 
 other paraphernalia of a gambling saloon. Here many would congregate to 
 gamble, who, willing to lose their last cent at the gaming table, would thus 
 hurry away the peaceful hours of midnight, while those whom they were 
 bound to protect, were at home, struggling between fear and sleep, endeav- 
 oring to catch the sound of the well-known footsteps. The old state-house 
 was finished in 1802, and is yet standing. The constitution of the state of 
 Ohio was framed in this house on the first Monday of November, 1802, from 
 which time Ohio was an independent state. The legislature continued to 
 meet at Chillicothe until 1810, when Zanesville came in for the honor. In 
 1813, they moved back again to Chillicothe, and in 1816 Columbus was made 
 the capital of the state, which it has continued to be to this day, and more 
 than likely will continue to be so for some time to come. 
 
 Chillicothe now contains thirteen churches, viz. : 2 Methodist, 2 Presby- 
 terian, 1 Associate Reformed Presbyterian, 1 Protestant; Methodist, 1 Baptist, 
 
 1 Episcopal, 1 Catholic, 1 German Lutheran, 1 German Methodist, and 
 
 2 African. It has also, 1 male academy, and 1 female seminary, 60 stores of 
 various kinds, 6 newspapers, 1 bank, 5 flour mills, and 4 pork-packing 
 establishments. Chillicothe occupies an advantageous situation for trade. 
 Being the commercial center of the Scioto valley, and connected with the Ohio 
 river by means of the canal and Scioto river, it stands a fair chance of being 
 an important commercial city. The population is now 800. Stages pass 
 daily through the town for Zanesville, Columbus, Portsmouth, and Maysville, 
 Kentucky. 
 
ROUTES ON THE OHIO CANAL. 
 
 109 
 
 Circlevllley county seat of Pickaway county, Ohio, is a flourishing town, 
 situated on the Ohio canal and Scioto river, 19 miles north of Chillicothe. 
 The town is built on the site of an ancient fortification, and was laid out in 
 the year 1810, by Daniel Dresbach. It derived its name from the circular 
 form of one of the ancient ruins which were found here. These ruins have 
 long since disappeared before the steady march of improvement, which has 
 marked the settlement of our western country. 
 
 For an interesting account of these ruins, the reader is referred to a work 
 published in 1820, entitled " Archoelogio Atnericana.** 
 
 Circleville now contains a fine court-house, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, 1 
 Lutheran, 1 United Brethren, and 1 Episcopal church ; 2 academies, i print- 
 ing offices, 1 bank, 30 stores, and a population of 4,000. 
 
 The trade of Circleville is quite extensive, and rapidly increasing. 
 
 Three miles and a half south of Circleville are situated the Pickaway Plains, 
 said to contain the richest soil in the state of Ohio. In ancient times these 
 plains were covered with rare and beautiful flowers, and a person gazing on 
 this gard^'u of nature could scarcely believe they were in a trackless wilder- 
 ness. It was on these plains that the far-famed Indian chief, Logan, made 
 his celebrated speech, which is a model of touching eloquence. 
 
 Hf^bron, Licking county, Ohio, is a small village situated at the junction 
 of the national road with the Ohio canal. Its situation renders it of some 
 jraportanco as a depot for goods coming by the way of the national road and 
 Ohio isanal. The population is about 600. 
 
 Ne^varlcy county seat of Licking county, Ohio, is situated on the line of 
 the Ohio canal, and the Sandusky and Columbus railroad. It lies about 
 thii ty-seven miles east of Columbus. It was laid out in 1801 by Gen. Schenk, 
 George \V. Burnet, Esq., and John M. Cummings. The streets are broad 
 and straight, and it has a fine public square. 
 
 Newark contains 3 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 1 
 German Lutheran, 1 Welch Methodist, 1 Welch Presbyterian, and 1 Catholic 
 church ; 4 printing offices, 4 mills and factories, and about 50 stores. Th.^ 
 population is about 4,500. 
 
 For several miles around Newark there are to be seen numerous remains 
 of ancient works, which were no doubt constructed by the same hands and 
 at the same time, as those in the vicinity of Marietta ac>d other places in the 
 state, to which reference has already been made. 
 
 Neiv Pliilade]p]iia« situated on the Ohio canal and Tuscawara river^ 
 is the county seat of Tuscawara county, Ohio. It was laid out in the year 
 1804 by John Knisley, but never made much progress until the last few years. 
 It lies one hundred miles north-east from Columbus. It now contains 1 Baptist, 
 t-Methodist, and 1 Presbyterian church; half a dozen stores, 2 printing offices, 
 2 mills, 1 factory, and a population of about 1,500. 
 
no 
 
 ROUTES ON THE OHIO CANAL. 
 
 Massilloiiy Bituated in Stark countj"^, Ohio, on the Ohio canal and Tusca- 
 wara riTer, about sixty-five miles from Cleveland, is a handsome and flourish- 
 ing town* Zt was laid out in the year 1826, by James Duncan, and now 
 contains 1 Lutheran, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 German 
 Evangelical, 1 Methodist Episcopal, and 1 Catholic church; 25 stores of 
 different kinds, 3 founderies, 3 machine shops> 1 printing offlccj 1 bank, and 
 1 factory ; with a population of about 2,500* 
 
 The town derived its name from a celebrated French clergyman^ by the 
 name of John Baptiste Massillon. There are many foreigners in the neigh- 
 borhood of Massillon, mostly German and French. They make excellent 
 citizens, and readily accustom themselves to the manners and customs of 
 American society. The trade of Massillon is principally in wheat, it being in 
 one of the richest wheat regions in the state. The commerce is all carried on 
 by means of the Ohio canal. « 
 
 Akron, county seat of Summit county, Ohio, is situated about thirty-six 
 miles from Cleveland, at the junction of the Ohio ar 1 Pennsylvania canals. 
 It was laid out in the year 1825, and was made the county seat in 1841. The 
 Pennsylvania canal was also opened the same year, and since that time Akron 
 has c< atinued to increase and prosper very rapidly. The business of the 
 town is principally confined to the wheat trade, which is carried on very 
 extensively. Akron now contains 2 Baptist, 2 Methodist, 1 Universalist, 1 
 Episcopal, 1 Congregational, 1 German Lutheran, and 1 Catholic church; 
 30 stores, 12 mills and factories, several blast furnaces, 1 insurance company, 
 1 bank, 3 newspapers, Avith a population of about 4,000. Stages leave throe 
 times a week for Cleveland. 
 
 The Scioto Kiver, rise.s in Hardin county, Oliio, and 
 flows in a south-easterly direction and empties into the Ohio river 
 at Portsmouth. It is navigable for steamboats but a short distance 
 from its mouth. Flatboats in high stages of water are brought 
 down from a distance of one hundred and thirty miles. Its 
 length is one hundred and sixty miles, and it is one hundred and 
 fifty yards wide at the mouth. The counties through which this 
 river flows, are among the most fertile and highly cultivated in 
 the state of Ohio. It is the second river in size which Ho wholly 
 in the state. Efforts are now being made to render it perma- 
 nently navigable as far as Chillicothe. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Columbus, county seat of Franklin county, and capital of the state of 
 Ohio, is beautifully situated on the east bank of the Scioto, ninety miles from 
 its mouth. It lies in north latitude 39° 57', and west longitude 83° 3' from 
 Greenwich, and 6° from Washington. The city is situated on a level plot of 
 
 1 
 
1 
 
 ROUTES ON THE OHIO CANAL. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ground, and the streets are laid out with an uncommon degree of neatness and 
 regularity, being very straight and broad, and a few of them are ornamented 
 with fine shade trees. In the center of the city is a handsome public square 
 containing ten acres of ground. The old state-house, which should always stand 
 as a monument of the architecture of other dayo, occupies one corner of this 
 lot ; in the other, however, just opposite the Neil House, there is now in course 
 of erection a new state-house, which, when completed, will be the finest 
 building in the state. 
 
 The city was laid out in the year 1812, in an unbroken wilderness. In 1816 
 the legislature held their first session here, and in 1824 the county seat was 
 removed to this place from Franklinton. 
 
 The first newspaper started in Columbus was the "Western Intelligencer 
 and Columbus Gazette," which was commenced in the year 1814. It is still 
 in existence, and is now known by the name of the " Ohio State Journal." 
 
 Columbus is a place of considerable commercial importance. The national 
 road passes through it from east to west, and throws into it an immense 
 stream of travel. The Ohio canal also has a branch extending to this place, 
 while on the west comes in a branch of the Little Miami railroad, connecting 
 with Cleveland on the north, and, by way of Xenia, with Cincinnati on the 
 south. It will indeed, be a matter of wonder if Columbus does not, in time, 
 become a large commercial city. 
 
 Th(5 churches are 10 in number, viz.: 3 Methodist, 1 German Methodist, 3 
 Baptist, 2 Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, 1 German Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, 
 1 German Evangelical Protestant, 1 Univcrsalist, 1 Welch Presbyterian, 1 
 United Brethren, 1 Bethel, and 1 Catholic. F:i' educational purposes, there 
 are several institutions enjoying a high reputation, among which is the 
 tlerman Lutheran theological seminary, founded in the year 1830. There is 
 also a male academy, a female seminary, both excellent institutions, several 
 well conducted public schools, and a high school. 
 
 The state institutions located here are, the Ohio Asylum for the instruction 
 of the Deaf and Dumb; the Ohio Lunatic Asylum; the Ohio Institution for 
 the education of the Blind, and the Ohio Penitentiary. 
 
 Tho Ohio Asylum for the instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, was founded 
 in the year 1829. The buildings are large and handsome, and arc "situated 
 In the center of beautiful grounds, ornamented with flowers and shrubbery. 
 The whole cost of the structure was about $25,000. The pupils, numbering 
 over one hundred, are instructed in all the branches of a usefi)! and practical 
 education. 
 
 The Ohio Lunatic Asylum. — This noble monument of civilization and 
 progress, went into operation in the year 1838. The buildings, which occu- 
 _gi4td two years in their completion, were commenced in 1836, and cost nearly 
 $150,000. There are thirty acres of land belonging to the institution, and 
 immediately surrounding it, a part of which is handsomely ornamented with 
 
112 
 
 ROUTE OP THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 ! if' 
 
 !? 
 
 shrubbery. This institution is conducted in a manner highly creditable to 
 those having it in charge. The statistics show that nearly one-half of the 
 patients who are received within a year of the time diseased, are cured. Of 
 the cases of long standing, about one-fourth are cured. 
 
 The Ohio Institution for the education of the Blind was founded in the 
 year 1837. The building is a handsome edifice, situated on the national road 
 a short distance from the noise and bustle of the city, and surrounded by a 
 fine garden of flowers, shrubbery, &c. The pupils numbering about one 
 hundred, are taught in all the branches of a thorough English education, 
 with instruction in various mechanical trades, lessons in fancy and orna- 
 mental work, music, &c. The pupils all appear to be happy and contented. 
 
 The Ohio Penitentiary is a large and imposing structure, with two wings, 
 where those who disobey the laws by committing criminal offenses, are con- 
 fined, and generally made to perform some kind of manual labor during the 
 time for which they were sentenced. The building contains 350 separate 
 cells for prisoners, besides the warden's house, oflices, and guard rooms. In 
 going to and from their work, the prisoners walk in close order, all having 
 their faces directed toward the person having charge of them. Every move- 
 ment is made in perfect order. The produce of their labor yields an annual 
 surplus to the State of about $18,000. There is a chapel connected with the 
 building, in which there is religious worship every Sunday. This, the pris- 
 oners all attend. There have been many interesting results growing out of 
 the mild course of treatment pursued in this prison, showing the supremacy 
 of moral over brute force. 
 
 The city contains several of as well conducted hotels as there are in the 
 state ; the principal of which are the Neil House and American. The popu- 
 lation of Columbus is about 18,000. Stages leave daily for Wheeling and 
 Portsmouth, and three times a week for Sandusky and Cleveland. 
 
 Springville, Greenup county, Kentucky, is a small village 
 on the Ohio, opposite Portsmouth. It contains a post office, 
 several manufactories and tanneries, with a population of about 
 130. The country around abounds in beds of iron ore. 
 
 RockvillCy Scioto county, Ohio, lies seventeen miles below 
 Portsmouth. It is a small village containing only about half a 
 dozen houses, a mill, and a store. It is of no particular impor- 
 tance, and likely never will be nuch of a town. 
 
 Vanceburg^f situated two miles below Rockville, in 
 Lewis county, Kentucky, is a small village containing four stores, 
 several mechanics' shops, and 150 inhabitants. There is a quarry 
 of slate stone a short distance from Vanceburgh, also •v-i'* of white 
 lime stone, and one of alum rock. On the banks of a small creek 
 near Vanceburg, there are extensive beds of copperas, from 
 which great quantities of this article are obtained. 
 
ROUTE OF THE OHIO BIVBR. 
 
 113 
 
 Note* 
 Tke SiScnlapian Springs.— This is a celebrated watering place, situ- 
 ated a few miles from Tanceburg, said by some to be equal to the Virginia 
 Springs. The situation is remarkably fine, and there are ample accommoda- 
 tions for seyeral hundred visitors. Thd waters are said to possess tonic pow- 
 ers, and enjoy a high reputation among patients sujQfering under chronic 
 diseases. 
 
 Rome, situated seven miles below Vanceburg, on the Ohio, 
 in Adams county, Ohio, is a small village containing only about 
 half a dozen houses. 
 
 Concord, seven miles below Rome, is a small village on the 
 Ohio River, in Lewis county, Kentucky. It contains one church, 
 six stores, and a population of 150, 
 
 Mancliester, seven miles below Concord, is a small village 
 in Adams county, Ohio. A settlement was made here as early 
 as the year 1795, by Gen. Nathaniel Massie. It has never made 
 much progress, however, and will not be apt to ever be of much 
 importance. It was the county seat of Adams county for sev- 
 eral years; but in 1803, West Union became the place where the 
 people learned the beauties of legal justice. Manchester contains 
 several stores, and a population of 270. 
 
 MCaySVille, twelve miles below Manchester, in Mason 
 county, Kentucky, is a handsome and compactly built city. The 
 first settlement made at this place, was in the year 1784, and was 
 at that time called Limestone, by which name it was known for 
 many years. It was subsequently changed to the one it now 
 bears, in honor of John May, who owned the land on which the 
 city was built. Maysville for many years improved but slowly, 
 and many prophesied that it would never become a place of any 
 commercial importance. But of late years it has had a new 
 impetus given it, which has sent it far ahead of its numerous 
 competitors. 
 
 Maysville is celebrated as having been, in early times, the resi- 
 dence of the far famed Col. Daniel Boone, and many others of 
 our most noted pioneers. 
 
 The situation of Maysville is quite imposing, being built on a 
 graceful bend of the river, and surrounded by high and precipitous 
 hills, which extend down so near the water's edge, as to leave 
 only about a mile for the width of the city. 
 
 It was incorporated as a city in 1833, and now contains a hand- 
 some city hall, 6 churches, (1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, 2 Methodist 
 Episcopal, 1 Christian, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Catholic,) 2 seminaries, 
 2 public schools, 7 private schools, a large stone jail, a hospital 
 
!■ 
 
 >.' 
 
 I '! 
 
 114 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 and almshouse, a bank, several newspaper printing offices, 2 
 cotton factories, 1 bagging factory, 1 wool carding machine, 2 
 founderies, 3 large mills, and numerous tanneries, rope-walks, 
 candle factories, and mechanics' shops of all descriptions, 50 
 groceries, 30 dry goods stores, and 15 miscellaneous stores, 3 
 pork houses packing twelve thousand head of hogs every season, 
 and 5 lumber yards; with a population of 5j500. The seat of 
 justice has recently been moved from the town of Washington 
 to this place. Steamboats ply to and from all points on the Ohio 
 River. Stages leave daily for Lexington, via Blue Lick Springs, 
 (see page 126,) and for Zanesville, Ohio; three times a week for 
 Lexington, via Flemingsburg and Mount Sterling. 
 
 Aberdeen, situated directly opposite Maysville, in Brown 
 county, Ohio, is a flourishing little village, containing a church, 
 several stores, and a population of about 600. It is to this little 
 village that those runaways from the surrounding country, who 
 cannot get the consent of their parents, go to have the connubial 
 knot tied. There is a worthy old magistrate living here, who 
 has a great faculty for minding his own business; he, therefore, 
 asks no questions, but goes right to work as soon as a couple 
 present themselves as candidates, joining in one those whose 
 feelings and dispositions often have not the least affinity for each 
 other. This is a great undertaking, a long journey, and should 
 be well considered before commenced. 
 
 CltarlestOIlf situated seven miles below Aberdeen, in 
 Mason county, Kentucky, is a small village containing only 
 about half a dozen houses. 
 
 Ripley, two miles below, in Brown county, Ohio, is a flour- 
 ishing business town. It was laid out in the year 1812, and was 
 called Staunton; it was changed to Ripley in honor of General 
 Ripley, a military officer highly esteemed by the settlers at this 
 place. In the first few years of its settlement, i( was the seat of 
 justice for the county. Georgetown was subsequently appointed 
 the permanent county seat of the county. 
 
 Ripley now contains 2 Presbyterian, 1 Associate Reformed, 1 
 Methodist, 1 New Light, and 1 Catholic church, a high school, a 
 female seminary, 25 stores, I newspaper printing office, 1 foun- 
 dery, 1 carding machine, 3 mills, and a population of 2,000. 
 
 lia,vana,9 two and a half miles below, in the same county, 
 is a small village containing only a few houses, and is of uo 
 special importance, save to its own worthy citizens. 
 
 Dover, situated opposite Lavana, in Mason county, Ken- 
 tucky, is a thriving little village, containing 2 churches, 2 large 
 tobacco warehouses, 6 stores, 2 mills, several mechanics' shops, 
 and a population of about 600. 
 
' iw'>>wii9m^'%.fff'',vi 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 115 
 
 There is considerable business done at this place> It being the 
 point from which all of the tobacco raised in the surrounding 
 country is shipped. 
 
 Higgilisport, four miles below, in Brown county, OhiO) 
 is a flourishing village. It was laid out but a few years sincej 
 and now contains several churches, 6 stores, 1 grist mill, and 1 
 saw mill, with a population of about 600. 
 
 Augusta, situated four miles below, in Bracken county, 
 Kentucky, is handsomely situated, and was once a flourishing 
 town, but has lately declined very much. There have been 
 numerous human bones excavated from the earth in Augusta, 
 proving it to have been a burial place in times long since gone by. 
 A resident of this town mentions having found one hundred and 
 ten skeletons in digging a cellar sixty by seventy feet. 
 
 Augusta contains a fine college edifice, 3 churches, 1 large 
 steam mill, 12 stores, 3 tobacco warehouses, and about 1,200 
 inhabitants. Augusta college was founded in 1822, by the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, being the first college ever instituted 
 by that church. For many years it sustained a high reputation, 
 and was considered one of Ihe best colleges in the West. 
 
 KocRs»pring^, in the same county, is a landing point, three 
 and a half miles below, and has two or three houses only. 
 
 ChilO, or Meclianicsburg^, is situated opposite Rock- 
 spring, in Clermont county, Ohio, and contains several stores, 
 and 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Neville, situated three miles below, in the same county, is a 
 thriving and enterprising little village. It contains half a dozen 
 stores, and about 350 inhabitants. 
 
 MOSCOAV, two miles below Neville, in the same county, is a 
 small village of minor importance, containing a Masonic Lodge, 
 and about the same number of inhabitants as Neville. 
 
 Point Pleasant, is a small village, also in the same 
 county, about three miles below Moscow. It now contains 
 two pork-packing establishments, several stores, and about 200 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Belmont, situated opposite Point Pleasant, in Pendleton 
 county, Kentucky, is a small village containing only half a dozen 
 houses, and is of no great importance. 
 
 NeiV Riclimond, situated in Clermont county, Ohio, five 
 miles below Point Pleasant, is a thriving business town, and is the 
 largest and most important one in the county. It contains 2 
 distilleries, 2 steam mills, 2 carding machines, 1 Baptist, 1 
 
 8 
 
i !i' 
 
 li 
 
 
 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Catholic church, 2 schools, about 
 20 stores, and near 2,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Palestine; situated four mfles below, I'n the same county, is 
 a small village of considerable trade. There has been an exten- 
 sive brkk-yard started at thJs place latety. The brJck are made 
 by machinery, and at a much less cost than by the old method ; 
 large q«ai>tities are shipped in flatboats to Cincinnati. The pop- 
 ulation is about 350. 
 
 The LiUtle Miami River, rises in Clinton county, 
 Ohio, and eniptie.s into the Ohio river, eleven miles below Pales- 
 tine, and seven above Cincinnati. It is a beautiful stream of 
 water, bounded on either side by some of the most fertile and 
 highly cultivated land in the state. Toward the mouth of the 
 streamy the land bordering on it is low and levels and is known by 
 the name of the " Miami Bottoms." 
 
 At a place called "Clifton," about seventy miles from the 
 mouth of the river, there is a highly picturesque cataract. The 
 channel is here cut through solid rocks, and the water falls about 
 two hundred feet. The landscape which presents itself to the 
 eye in this neighborhood, is svirpassingly beautiful. The mad- 
 dened waters of the impetuous stream, foaming and boiling in 
 their wild career over the rocks and down the steep precipice ; 
 the high and lofty rocks hemming it in, as if to guard its course, 
 and the calm and serene beauty of the surrounding country, form 
 a scene on which one who loves nature and her God, could gaze 
 with profound admiration. 
 
 The Little Miami abounds in excellent fish, and is frequently 
 visited by parties who delight in the sport of hooking the finny 
 tribe. The members of the Cincinnati Council have made sev- 
 eral excursions to this lovely stream, in search of pastime and 
 recreation from their toilsome and arduous duties. Many are the 
 anecdotes related of the adventures of the worthy " Queen City " 
 fathers, when they have thus laid aside the high honors conferred 
 upon them by their constituents, and assumed the garb of humble 
 Jishermen. 
 
 California, Hamilton county, Ohio, is a small village 
 recently laid out at the mouth of the Little Miami. 
 
 Collllllllia, situated two miles below, in the same county, 
 is a small town, containing a tan-yard, 3 lumber yards, several 
 stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. The first settlement made at 
 Columbia was in the month of November, 1788, by a party under 
 the dire^ ^a ol Major Stites, who started from Limestone for the 
 purpose of forming a new settlement. In this party there were 
 many men of superior energy and enterprise, among whom we 
 may mention Col. Spencer, Major Gano, Judge Goforth, Francis 
 
about 
 
 ntv, is 
 exteii- 
 ) made 
 3thod ; 
 e pop- 
 
 ounty, 
 Pales- 
 iam of 
 lie and 
 of the 
 »wn by 
 
 >m the 
 . The 
 i about 
 to the 
 i mad- 
 liiipf in 
 cipice ; 
 course, 
 y, form 
 d gaze 
 
 uently 
 
 finny 
 
 de sev- 
 
 ne and 
 
 are the 
 
 City '' 
 
 nferred 
 
 humble 
 
 village 
 
 rounty, 
 several 
 nade at 
 ^ under 
 for the 
 re were 
 om we 
 ■Truncis 
 
H 
 
 ^f 
 
 
 I 
 
 ? 
 
 MAI' OF HAMILTON COUNTY. 
 
 " 
 

 •"1 
 
 .. 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 117 
 
 Dunlavy, Major Kibbey, Rev. John Smith, Judge Foster, Col. 
 Brown, Mr. Hubbell, Captain Fiinn, Jacob White, and John 
 Riley. 
 
 The village continued to prosper rapidly, and for several years 
 outnumbered all its rivals in this section of country This, how- 
 ever, was of short duration, as the settlement opposite the mouth 
 of Licking proving to be a far more elligiblo point, soon withdrew 
 a large portion of their population. For a full and interesting 
 account of the settlement at Columbia, the reader is referred to 
 Burnet's Notes. 
 
 IjewiStOlil^n, two miles below Columbia, in the same 
 county, is a small village containing a lumber yard, several stores, 
 and about 100 inhabitants. This place properly belongs to the 
 town of Fulton, just below. 
 
 Jamestoivn, opposite Lewlstown, in Campbell county, 
 Kentucky, is a small village which was laid out about four years 
 since, by Col. James Taylor, of Newport, Kentucky, from whom 
 it received its name. It has improved very rapidly, and now 
 contains several stores, and a population of 200. 
 
 Mau}, of the inhabitants being mechanics, work on the other 
 side of the river. For their convenience and that of others, there 
 is a steam ferry-boat plying between this place and Lewistown, 
 every few minutes of the day. 
 
 FllltOO, situated about one mile below, in Hamilton county, 
 Ohio, is quite a flourishing town. It joins Cincinnati on the 
 east, and appears to be a part of that city. The business of 
 Fulton is principally teamboat building. Ship building has also 
 been carried on here to some extent, for a few years back, and it 
 is thought that the business in this department will be greatly 
 increased in a few years. Immediately behind Fulton, and not 
 more than a few hundred yards from the river bank, there are 
 numerous high and lofty hills. These hills are filled with lime- 
 stone which is quarried in vast quantities for building purposes. 
 These stones are composed of an infinite varitey of marine ani- 
 mals, many of which belong to species now extinct. 
 
 Fulton contains 4 churches, 2 public schools, 10 ship yards, 
 several steam saw mills, 1 dry dock, 1 rolling mill and nail factory, 
 1 foundery, 1 planing machine, a number of mechanics' shops 
 of all descriptions, about 40 stores, and a population of near 3,000. 
 The Little Miami Railroad track passes through Fulton from 
 west to east. 
 
 Cincinnatiy county seat of Hamilton county, and the 
 largest city in the Western States, stands on the north bank of 
 
( ■, 
 
 m 
 
 118 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 the Ohio River, in N. Lat. 390 6' 30", and W. Long. 84^ 27' 
 from Greenwich, and 7° 24' 45" from Washington. 
 
 The city was laid out in the year 1789, by Matthias Denman, 
 Col. Patterson, and Col. Israel Ludlow. "The name first given to 
 the settlement, was Losanteville, which, greatly to the credit of 
 the inhabitants, was soon abandoned for the beautiful name it 
 now bears. The town was surveyed and laid off in lots, by Col. 
 Ludlow, which were given to settlers, gratis. A short time after 
 this. Fort Washington was erected ; and a garrison being sta- 
 tioned here, the settlement was comparatively safe, and com- 
 menced increasing very rapidly. In 1800, the population was 
 750; in 1810, 2,540; in 1820, 9,602; in 1830, 24,830; in 1840, 
 46,383; and in 1850, 117,000; having more than doubled Itself 
 within the last ten years. This rapid increase is unparalleled in 
 the history of the world. 
 
 The city stands in a valley about twelve miles in circumference, 
 and now occupies every portion of that part of it lying north of 
 the Ohio River. It is laid out with considerable regard to regu- 
 larity; the streets in the center of the city being broad, and 
 intersecting each other at right angles. But in those portions of 
 the city which have been recently laid out and built up, the same 
 degree of regularity has not been observed. Cincinnati is encir- 
 cled by hills on every side, many of which are adorned by stately 
 and elegant mansions with ornamental grounds attached; while 
 some of them are yet covered with groves of ancient forest trees, 
 which afford a delightful retreat for the citizens, in the sultry 
 months of summer. 
 
 In point of commercial importance, Cincinnati has no equal in 
 the West or South-west, with the single exception of New Orleans. 
 By means of the numerous steamers which are constantly plying 
 to and fro on the bosom of the majestic river which rolls grace- 
 fully on the south of the city, and the several canals and railroads 
 which center here, Cincinnati is connected with every available 
 point of importance in the great and highly productive valley of 
 the Mississippi. The trade is not, however, confined to the inte- 
 rior; but, on the contrary, a vast amount of foreign importation 
 and exportation is done; so important has this branch of commerce 
 become of late years, that Congress, who had tfieir eyes opened 
 to the fact by the Hon. S. P. Chase, Senator from Ohio, have 
 contracted for the building of a custom house, which will be 
 commenced this year. The site selected, is the corner of Fourth 
 and Vine streets, a point near the business center of the city. 
 The branch of business which excels all others in Cincinnati, is 
 the pork business, which is carried on more extensively here 
 than at any other place in the world. The value of pork annu- 
 
ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 119 
 
 ally exported from Cincinnati, Is estimated at $3,000,000. This 
 is not above, although it may be considerably under the true 
 value. All other branches of budness are in a prospering con- 
 dition, and the total amount of capital invested in commercial 
 pursuits is estimated at $22,000,000. 
 
 It is deeply to be regretted, that those in authority in Cincinnati 
 do hot or will not see the necessity of extending the public wharf. 
 A space two squares in length, and containing about four thou- 
 sand square feet, is not the kind of wharf that this city ought to 
 have. 
 
 Manufacturing is also entered into here with great energy, and 
 employs a vast amount of capital. 
 
 The Franklin Cotton Factory j erected in 1845 by a company of 
 capitalists of Cincinnati, is one of the largest cotton factories in 
 the West Numerous other mills and factories are in operation, 
 besides founderies, planing mills, saw mills, rolling mills, flour 
 mills, type founderies, machine shops, distilleries, &c., &c. 
 Nearly all kinds of machinery is driven by steam, and there are 
 now over two hundred steam engines in operation iiiUhis city. 
 The Chemical Lahoratory, for the preparation of numerous kinds 
 of drugs, and the manufacture of alcohol, sulphuric, nitric and 
 muriatic acids, is quite an extensive building. It is owned by £. 
 Graselli & Co., and does a large and lucrative business. 
 
 The Fire Department of Cincinnati is second to none in the 
 Union in point of efficiency. This is probably the reason that 
 there have been fewer lar^e fires in this city than any other either 
 east or west of the mountains- The department is divided into 
 separate companies, each having two engines and one hose car- 
 riage, and generally composed of respectable and worthy young 
 men. The whole is subject to the direction of the Fire Asso- 
 ciation, which is composed of members elected from each 
 company. 
 
 The Public BuiLmNCS of Cincinnati are numerous, and many 
 of them handsome specimens of architecture. 
 
 The Cincinnati Observatory was built by public contribution, 
 and is a fine stone building, situated on a beautiful hill to the east 
 of the city, called Mount Adams, in honor of the late ex-president, 
 who officiated on the occasion of laying the corner stone, on the 
 9th of November, 1843. The Observatory is the residence of 
 ^ofessor Mitchell, who devotes his' whole attention to astro- 
 nomical observations. The telescope is from the manufactory of 
 Mentz & Mahler, of Munich. It is an excellent instrument, of 
 fine finish and vast power. Its cost was $10,000. 
 
 The Mechanics^ Institute is a splendid building, situated on the 
 south-west corner of Sixth and Vine streets. It was erected by 
 
■ 
 
 Hi 
 
 pi 
 
 ■I 
 
 1 
 
 120 
 
 ROUTE OP THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 '1, 
 
 voluntary subscriptions of the citizens. The design of the insti- 
 tution is a noble one — that of improving the intellectual condi- 
 tion of the v^orking man. It well deserves the encouragement of 
 all classes. The ground floor is rented out for stores of various 
 kinds, with the exception of one large room, used as a permanent 
 place of exhibition for articles manufactured by the mechanics of 
 the city. The second story is divided into several separate apart- 
 ments, and in the third story is a fine largo hall used for concerts, 
 public meetings, &c. Attached to the institution is a library 
 containing over four thousand volumes of useful and standard 
 works of every description. An annual fair for the encourage- 
 ment of the mechanical arts, is held in the hall of the Institute. 
 
 The Masonic Hall is a fine edifice, situated on the corner of 
 Third and Walnut streets. It was erected by the society of Free- 
 masons of Cincinnati, and cost $30,000. The corner room of 
 the lower story is occupied by Messrs. Ellis & Morton, as a 
 banking house. The second story is used as a concert and public 
 hall, and the third story is occupied by the subordinate Lodges, 
 Chapters of Royal Arch Masons, and the Encampment of Knights 
 Templars. 
 
 The Odd Fellows* Hall, situated on the north-west corner of 
 Third and Walnut streets, is a fine brick building, three stories 
 high, belonging to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 The Cincinnati College Edifice is situated on the east side of 
 Walnut street, between Fourth and Fifth streets. The front is 
 of Dayton granite, and presents a chaste and beautiful appear- 
 ance. The building is used by the merchants as an Exchange, 
 and also by the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association. 
 Thi? Association consists of about 1,250 members, with a library 
 of 16,500 volumes, beside all the principal American and foreign 
 periodicals. 
 
 The Art Union Buildings^ corner of Fourth and Sycamore 
 streets, is a place of interest to citizers and strangers. In the 
 upper story of the building, is the gallery of the Western Art 
 Union, where the works of some of the most eminent artists in 
 the world may be seen at all times. This institution was gotten 
 up by subscription — each subscriber paying five dollars, being 
 entitled to all the rights and privileges of membership, for the 
 term of one year. It is conducted on the same plan as similar 
 institutions in the East, having annual drawings of prizes. The 
 great prize of 1850 was Powers' statue of the Greek Slave. It 
 was drawn by Mr. D'Arcy, of New Orleans, and is valued at over 
 $3,000. 
 
 The Burnet House is a large and elegant hotel, situated on the 
 corner of Third and Vine streets. It was built about one year 
 
 I 
 
n 
 
 ', • 
 
 1 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 121 
 
 ago by a company of capitalists of thia city, and was named in 
 honor of Judge Burnet, one of the early pioneers of the West 
 The whole cost of the building, with the ground, was $300,000. 
 The building contains 342 rooms, and the furniture cost $100,000. 
 The stockholders have leased it to Messrs. Coleman & Reily. 
 These gentlemen, by their energy and perfect knowledge of the 
 business, have stamped it as the hotel of the West. The number 
 of servants employed is 172. The highest number that have 
 lodged at this house at one time, up to this date (February, 1851,) 
 is 1,253. The architect of the building was Mr. Isaiah Rodgers, 
 a gentleman who stands at the very top of his profession. 
 
 Saint Peter'' s Cathedral is a splendid edifice, 200 feet long by 80 
 feet broad, with a spire 250 foet high, erected by the Catholics of 
 tlfls city. The corner stone was laid in the year 1841, with all 
 the pomp and ceremony which characterizes this peculiar religious 
 sect. The cost of the building alone was $100,000; that of the 
 ground was $24,000 more. The architect was the late William 
 Walters, of Cincinnati. The altar is of pure Carrara marble, 
 and was executed by Chiappri, of Genoa. The roof is supported 
 by eighteen fluted free-stone Corinthian columns. The ceiling 
 is richly and elegantly ornamented, being of stucco-work, and is 
 considered a masterly piece of workmanship. The walls are 
 adorned with several splendid paintings executed by the old mas- 
 ters. The organ of this chuich is one of the largest in the West; 
 it has 2,700 pipes, 44 stops, and cost $5,500. 
 
 There are many otlier churches, hotels, and public buildings 
 of various kinds, wliich deserve separate notices, but our limits 
 will not admit of it. 
 The number of religious denominations in Cincinnati is about 100. 
 
 The number of Methodist Episcopal churches is 10, viz: 
 Wesley Chapel, Morris Chapel, Asbury Chapel, Hamline church, 
 Soule Chapel, Bethel Vhapel, Maley Chapel, Christie Chapel, Union 
 Chapel, (pewed,) and the New Street church. 
 
 The number of German Methodist Episcopal is 3, \iz: First 
 church. Second church, and Third church. 
 
 The number of Methodist Protestant is 3, viz : the Sixth 
 street, the George street, and the Elm street churches. 
 
 The number of Methodist Wesleyan is 2, viz: the First and 
 Second churches. 
 
 The number of Catholic churches is 7, viz : Saint Peter^s 
 Cathedral, Holy Trinity, St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, St. PhUomena, 
 St. John the Baptist, St. Xavier's, and one or two others in process 
 of erection. 
 
 The number of Baptist is 5, viz: First church, Ninth street 
 
r 
 
 ^i 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 122 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 church. Fifth street churchy High street churchy and the Welch Bap- 
 tist church. 
 
 The number of Old School Presbyterian is 5, viz . First 
 church, Broadway street church, Fourth church, Fifth church, and 
 Central church. 
 
 The number of New School Presbyterian is 4, viz: Second 
 church. Third church, Eighth church, and Taberna,.ld church. 
 
 The number of other Presbyterian churches is 5, viz: Associate 
 Reformed, Reformed Presbyterian (O. S.), Reformed Presbyterian 
 (N. S.), Church of the Covenanters, and Associate Presbyterian. 
 
 The number of Episcopal is 5, viz: Christ church, St. PauVs, 
 Trinity, Mission church, and one in process of erection for Rev. 
 Mr. Nicholson, 
 
 The number of Congregational is 4, viz: First church, Vine 
 street church, the Welch church, and the Clinton street church. 
 
 The number of Christian Disciples, or " Campbellite Bap- 
 tist," is 3, viz: First church, Christian church, and the Church of 
 the United Brethren in Christ. 
 
 The number of Lutheran is 7, viz: German church, English 
 Evangelical church, German Lutheran, German Protestant Evan- 
 gelical church, Zion church, German church, and the United Evan- 
 gelical church. 
 
 The number of German Reformed is 2, viz: First church, and 
 Reformed church. 
 
 The number of Universalist is 2, viz: First and Second church. 
 
 There is, also, 1 Unitarian and 1 Swedenborgian church; 2 
 Hebrew Synagogues, and a society styled the Universal Church 
 op Man, who meet on Sabbath afternoon in the hall of the Me- 
 chanic's Institute. 
 
 The Hotels of Cincinnati will equal any in the Union in point 
 of convenience and superior arrangements. Besides the Burnet 
 House, which has been previously mentioned, there is the Broad- 
 way Hotel, corner of Broadway and Second streets; the City Hotel, 
 on Fourth street, near Main; the Pearl Street House, corner of 
 Pearl and Walnut streets; the Walnut Street House, a firo n-^w 
 hotel on Walnut street, between Sixth and Seventh; the Dennison 
 House, which has lately been enlarged and fitted up handsomely, 
 on Fifth street, between Main -iid Sycamore; the United States^ 
 Hotel, corner of Walnut and Sixth streets; the Gibson House, on 
 Waiiiut, near Fifth street ; the Henrie House, on Third, near 
 Main street; the Mansion House, on Main, near the Canal; the 
 Cincinnati Hotel, at the foot oi Broadway; and many others of 
 inferior grade. 
 
 There are several important Public Buildings now in contem- 
 plation, several of v/iuch will be commenced Qurirr the coming 
 
 i 
 
i 
 
 summer, which will add greatly to the appearance of the city. 
 The Court House is to be erected on the site of the old one which 
 was burned down two years ago, on Main street, opposite Court. 
 The Custom House, with government offices, is to be built on the 
 corner of Fourth and Vine, as has been previously mentioned. 
 The City Hall is to be erected on the corner of Plum and Eighth 
 streets, opposite the Cathedral; and last, not least, is the Widow^s 
 Home, which is to be located on Mount Vuburn. This building 
 will be what its name indicates — a home for the houseless and 
 friendless widow. The ground on which the building is to be 
 erected, was donated for that purpose by several worthy individ- 
 uals of the city; and the money to build with, was subscribed by 
 the citizens. The whole amount was made up in a few weeks, 
 which goes far to show that Cincinnati is not 'behindhand in 
 objects of real charity. 
 
 The institutions of learning in Cincinnati are numerous and 
 well sustained. There are five medical colleges, viz: the Ohio 
 Medicalj the Eclectic Medical, the Botanico Medical, and the Ohio 
 College of Dental Surgery. These are all flourishing institutions, 
 and as ably conducted as any in the country. 
 
 The Wesleyan Female College, St. Xa.ier College, and the 
 Woodward College, or High School, are well regulated institu- 
 tions, and extensively patronized. There are many private 
 schools and seminaries, which hold a prominent place in the 
 esteem of the cilizens; but there are none which are looked on 
 with so much pride as the Common or District Schools. The 
 city is divided into fourteen school districts, each having a school 
 house capable of accommodating fivt hundred pupils. The 
 houses are bui't of brick, three stories high. There are now 
 employed in the common schools of Cincinnati, 147 feachersj 
 with 7,000 pupils in daily attendance. In connection with the 
 common schools, there is a Central High School, to which those 
 scholars who have made sufficient advancement in the district 
 schools, are sent. They here have an opportunity of studying 
 the languages and the higher branches of science. It is designed 
 to make this school equal to the best eastern academies. 
 
 In the vicinity of Cincinnati, there are many handsome and 
 beautifully located country scats. The principal portion of these 
 are situated on "Mount Auburn" and "Walnut Hills," two 
 delightful villages lying north and east of the city. They were 
 formerly separate and distinct from the city; but have lately, by 
 vote of the citizens, been taken into the c^'poration. On Walnut 
 Hills is situated Lane Seminary, an institution which ranks high 
 as a theologicai school. It is under the patronage of the Presby- 
 terian church. The library contains over 15,000 volumes. 
 
! t 
 
 124 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 About five miles to the north-west of the city is Spring Grove 
 Cemetery. It is now becoming the principal burial place for per- 
 sons living in and near Cincinnati. It is a beautiful place, well 
 laid out, and adorned with shade trees and shrubbery, and com- 
 prising about 250 acres, a large portion of which is still covered 
 with native forest trees. 
 
 The Wat sr- works of Cincinnati is an object of some interest. 
 The water is forced, by means of a powerful steam-engine, from 
 the river on to a hill, about fifty rods distant, and near two hundred 
 feet above the level of the lowest part of the city; it is then con- 
 ducted, by means of iron pipes, through all the principal parts of 
 the city; thus affording a full supply of excellent water to every 
 inhabitant, provided he pa^s for it. 
 
 The city is supplied with gas by the Cincinnati Gas Light and 
 Coke Company. A few of the principal streets are lighted; but 
 the greater portion of the city, and that which really needs it 
 most, is left to revel in all the glory of Egyptian darkness. 
 
 The charitable institutions of Cincinnati are not numerous; 
 yet her citizens are ever ready to exercise that godlike virtue 
 whenever occasions demand. Hence the destitute are so well 
 provided for through private channels, as to have but little need 
 of public charity. There are, however, a hospital and lunatic asy- 
 lum, a ^est-house, four orphan asylums, a widow's home, house 
 of correction, and a poor-house with a large farm attached. The 
 last two are a few miles beyond the corporate I'mits of the city. 
 
 Within the city of Cincinnati, there are a number of worthy 
 benevolent societies, which owe their existence to the philan- 
 thropy of the ladies. These societies are daily scattering the 
 blessings and comforts of this life among those who need them. 
 
 The Public Markets of Cincinnati are six in number. The 
 houses are usually one-story buildings, about three hundred feet 
 long, the roofs of which rest upon brick pillars about eight feet 
 I apart. The markets are well supplied with fruits and vegetables 
 " raised in the adjacent country, together with fish and meats of all 
 kinds. Fruits and butter always find a ready sale, and command 
 good prices. 
 
 There are printed in Cincinnati eight daily papers, viz: the 
 Gazette, Enquirer, Times, Nonpareil, (Commercial, Chronicle and 
 Atlas, and three German papers. The most of these issue week- 
 lies. There are several weekly offices which do not issue dailies; 
 among which are the Presbyterian of the West, Watchman of the 
 Valley, Star in the West, Columbian and Great West, Western^ - 
 Fountain, Merchants^ Herald, Western Christian Advocate, and 
 Catholic Telegraph 
 
 Besides these, there are seven monthly publications, viz : 
 
frove 
 per- 
 well 
 
 VIZ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 126 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Buchanan's Journal of Man, The Western Lancet, the Botanico- 
 Medico Journal, the Illuminated Western World, the Masonic 
 Review, the Ladies'* Repository, and a horticultural journal. 
 
 There are two canals, the Miami and Whitewater, which ter- 
 minate at Cincinnati. The former lies wholly within the state, 
 extending from Lake Erie to the Ohio River; but the latter lies 
 principally in the state of Tnd'ana. Besides these, there is the 
 Little Miami Railroad, having branches extending to Cleveland, 
 Hillsborough and Belpre, w'lich enters the city on the east, and 
 the Hamilton and Dayton Road, which comes in from the north. 
 On the south is the contemplated Lexington Road. Casting our 
 eyes westward, we behold two projected lines of road extending 
 to St. Louis, which, when finished, will be the most important 
 roads in the Wesl. It will not be more than three years before 
 most of these lines are in complete operation. When this is 
 done, Cincinnati will possess advantages which must necessarily 
 add much to her wealth and importance, and make her truly the 
 Queen and Star City of the West. 
 
 Newport, situated on the south bank of the Ohio river, at 
 the mouth of Licking, is opposite Cincinnati, in Campbell county, 
 Kentucky. This town progressed very slowly for a long time 
 after it was laid out; but during the last five years, large additions 
 have been made to it. Several hundred acres of land adjoining 
 the old town, which but a few yenrs since were covered with 
 fields of corn, have recently been hud out in lots, upon which a 
 large number of buildings have already been erected. The town 
 is bounded east and south by a fine range of limestone hills con- 
 taining many rare geological specimens of the antediluvian world. 
 
 Newport is rapidly increasing in population and wealth, and 
 her commerce and manufactures have more than doubled within 
 *he period of five years. The town contains a number of churches, 
 ■several schools. Odd Fellows' and Masonic Lodges, a large num- 
 • ;r of stores, mills, factories and shops of all kinds. Population 
 .;irrir 6,000. 
 
 At the mouth of Licking there is an old United States' recruit- 
 ing station, under the command of Capt. McCrea ; the buildings 
 beloi ^ing to the station have, within a few years, been rebuilt in 
 a neat and handsome manner. The mansion of the late Gen. 
 James Taylor, situated near the bank of the Ohio, about half a 
 mile east of the Licking, on a beautiful knoll, a little above the 
 general level of the town, is one of the finest private residences 
 in the West. There are several acres of ground attached to the 
 building, the greater portion of which is laid out and ornamented 
 with shrubbery, in a most beautifiil manner. 
 
 *'-,. 
 
^■a 
 
 mm 
 
 126 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 5 i 
 
 A 
 
 11 
 
 h 
 
 i !; 
 
 n 
 
 I: 
 
 Note. 
 
 Alexandria) county seat of Campbell county, Kentucky, is situated 
 about tliirteen miles south-east of Newport. It is a small village, of very 
 little importance, save that derived from the assemblage of the concentrated 
 legal wisdom of the county. It contains a court-house, several stores, and a 
 population of 200. 
 
 liicRlllg^ River* — This is a very remarkable stream, and 
 with but little expense could be made of immense value to the 
 state. It is usually from fifty to one hundred yards wide, with 
 high steep banks, and in many places, even in low water, is more 
 than thirty feet deep. The average depth for sixty miles above 
 its mouth, during two-thirds of the year, except on the ripples, 
 will no doubt exceed eight feet. It is generally muddy, with but 
 very little current. The shores are covered with large forest 
 trees, whose gigantic limb ; almost touch each other. The state 
 commenced some years sinr improve, by means of locks, (a 
 
 thing which could easily be ac. mplished,) the navigation of this 
 river. Several locks were built, and a large quantity of stone 
 for others is now lying in sweet repose in the bottom of the river, 
 never to be again disturbed so long as the state maintains its 
 present position with regard to internal improvements. 
 
 During high water, liglit draught steamboats can, without dif- 
 ficulty, ascend fifty or sixty miles. This river rises in the Cum- 
 berland mountains, Floyd county, Kentucky, and after pursuing 
 a north-westerly course of one hundred and eighty miles, empties 
 into the Ohio opposite Cincinnati. 
 
 There are many small streams called Licks, which empty into 
 this river, and whose waters are highly prized throughout the 
 United States. The principal of these are situated in Nicholas 
 county, and are known as the Blue Lick Springs. The water is 
 found to contain sulphureted hydrogen, carbonic acid, muriate of 
 soda, muriate of magnesia, muriate of lime, sulphate of lime, 
 sulphate of soda, sulphate of magnesia, and carbonate of lime. 
 Several thousand barrels of this water are annually exported. 
 Connected with the springs are fine accommodations for visitors. 
 The main hotel i» six hundred and seventy feet in length, and 
 three stories high. Thousands of the Parisians of the West and 
 South visit this place during the summer months. 
 
 The action of the water upon the system is purgative, dia- 
 phoretic, and alterative, and for some diseases is highly recom- 
 mended. 
 
 Covington, Kenton county, Kentucky, (see note,) is 
 beautifully situated on the Ohio and Licking rivers, opposite the 
 public landing of Cincinnati. It is one of the most important 
 
 ^ 
 
ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 127 
 
 places in the state. The streets are regularly laid out, and viewed 
 from a distance, appear to be a continuation of those of Cincin- 
 nati. This city is bounded south and west by a continuation of 
 the same range of hills that surround Newport, and we might 
 add, were it not for the passage of the Ohio and Licking rivers, 
 the sites of Newport, Covington and Cincinnati would form one 
 vast circular valley of more than twelve miles in circumference, 
 surrour ed by hills, varying from two to three hundred feet in 
 hight. 
 
 The pnblic buildings of the city are 2 Methodist churches, 1 
 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Christian, 1 Episcopal, and 2 Catholic; 
 one large city hall, which stands in the public sqnare, 2 female 
 academies, 2 common and several private schools, and the Wes- 
 tern Baptist Theological Institute. This college is situated on a 
 high point of the city, about a mile from the Ohio river. It is 
 surrounded by beautiful grounds, is richly endowed, and is in a 
 very flourishing condition. The Rev. S. W. Lynd, formerly 
 pastor of the Ninth street Baptist church, Cincinnati, is now 
 (1851) president. The female seminary of the Rev. Mr. Orr is 
 beautifully situated on the bank of Licking, in a retired place. 
 It is surrounded by fine grounds for exercises and promenade. 
 This school is well conducted and has a good reputation. The 
 Licking Iron Works, situated on Licking river, and owned by 
 Messrs. Morrell, Stewart & Co., of Cincinnati, is a fine, new 
 establishment for the manufacture of bar, sheet iron, &,c. The 
 business of the establishment is rapidly increasing, and will, no 
 doubt, in time, equal any of the Pennsylvania manufactories of a 
 similar kind. 
 
 The Linden Grove Cemetery, situated about a mile back of 
 Covington, is a lovely place for the repose of the silent dead. 
 The ground is level and beautifully ornamented with trees. The 
 avenues are narrow and intersect each other at right angles. 
 
 The population of Covington is 12,000. 
 
 Notes. ^ 
 
 Kenton county is named in honor of Gen. Simon Kenton, one of the early 
 pioneers of Kentucky and of the West. Gen. Simon Kenton was born in 
 Fauquier county, Virginia, on the 15th of May, 1765. The adventures of 
 this singula?.' man appear more like the imaginings of a writer of romance, 
 than the erents of real life. His career teems with incidents of a most won- 
 derful and romantic character. But these ended, in a measure, with his 
 youth. After spending his life in the service of his adopted state, he was 
 called upon, in his old age, to mourn over tho legal acts of our so-called 
 enlightened and Christian society. 
 
 i 
 

 At the age of sixteen, having got into difficulty with a young man by the 
 name of ycaoli, about a young lady with whom it appears he was enamored, 
 he encountered his rival in a retired spot, and beat him unmercifully, so 
 much 80 that he thought he had killed him. Horror-struck at the thought 
 of being a murderer, he immediately fled, and to this circumstance is Ken- 
 tucky indebted for one of her noblest and truest defenders. 
 
 lie remained in the western wilds for the period of thirteen years, engaged 
 in the variour struggles with the savagos, and always holding a prominent 
 place under the command of Boone, Clarke, and others. He was generally 
 employed as a spy or guide, having, from his expertness and knowledge of 
 the countiy, become invaluable in that capacity. Ho suffered many hard- 
 ships, and among others, captivity by the savages; but it is probable that 
 his remorse of conscience, believing himself a murderer, was greater than 
 all his other sufferings. Who then can depict his joy, when in the year 1782, 
 he heard that his father yet lived, and also that young Veach whom he 
 thought he had murdered ? On hearing this news he immediately determined 
 to return home, and bring his father's family to the West. His father died 
 before reaching Kentucky. Kenton, during his career in the West, had 
 accumulated several valuable tracts of land, on which he determined to 
 build up settlements. As the country began to fill up, and land to increase 
 in value, speculators from the East begun to arrive, and before Kenton was 
 aware of it, he found his lands dwindling away like the snows of winter 
 before the summer's scorching rays, scarce leaving him a place to lay his 
 furrowed head. In Kentucky, that state for which he had suffered so much, 
 and for whose welfare he had toiled and bled, he was imprisoned for debt ! 
 What a lasting disgrace to the state. It would be better to let all the 
 swindlers in Christendom go free, than that one such man as Simon Kenton 
 should be disgraced by imprisonment for debt. 
 
 In 1802 he moved to Ohio, where he resided in poverty and obscurity, until 
 the year 1813, when he again went forth to meet the foe at the battle of the 
 Thames. After the battle, he returned to his cabin home in Ohio, and dwelt 
 in complete retirement until his death, which occurred in the month of April, 
 1836, at the age of eighty-one years. His grave may bo seen about five miles 
 from Bellefontaine, Ohio. It is surrounded by a rude picket fence, now fallen 
 to pieces, and over it is a small slab, having inscribed on it his name, place 
 of birth, and death. So rest the brave. 
 
 Tlie liatonla Sprinj^Sy about four miles south of Covington, have 
 good accommodations for visitors, and being but an hour's ride teom. Coving- 
 ton, are much frequented during the summer months. 
 
 Independence) county seat of Kenton county, Kentucky, is a small 
 village situated about ten miles from Covington. It contains a court-house, 
 church, post office, several stores, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
lan by the 
 
 enamored, 
 
 rcifully, so 
 
 ho thought 
 
 ice is Ken- 
 
 ■rs, engaged 
 
 prominent 
 
 ks generally 
 
 nowlodge of 
 
 many hard- 
 
 obable that 
 
 rcater than 
 
 le year 1782, 
 
 h whom he 
 
 determined 
 
 J father died 
 
 West, had 
 
 termincd to 
 
 i to increase 
 
 Kenton was 
 
 [V8 of winter 
 
 Be to lay his 
 
 red so much, 
 
 icd for debt ! 
 
 » let all the 
 
 iMON Kenton 
 
 scurity, until 
 battle of the 
 io, and dwelt 
 (nth of April, 
 )ut five miles 
 ce, now fallen 
 ; name, place 
 
 ington, have 
 fl-om Ck)ving- 
 
 ;;, is a small 
 . court-house. 
 
 The Miami Canal, connecting the Ohio river and Lake 
 Erie, descends to the level of the Ohio at Cincinnati, by means of 
 locks. This was the second great work of internal improvement in 
 the state. The canal is one hundred and eighty- one miles in length, 
 about four feet deep, and forty feet wide, and cost $3,750,000. 
 The Warren canal is a branch of the Miami, about twenty miles 
 in length, extending from Middletown to Lebanon. 
 
 Above Dayton, for the distance of 113 miles, the canal is known 
 as the Miami Extension. It here forms a junction with the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, and thus connects with Lake Erie. 
 
 The followitig table shows th« relatiye distancos of the principal towns on 
 these canals, from Cincinnati to Toledo : 
 Miami Canal, 
 
 Lockland, • " 15 
 
 Hamilton, 15 30 
 
 Middletown, 14 44 
 
 Fr«inkUa, 6 60 
 
 Miamisfourg, 6 56 
 
 Dayton, 12 68 
 
 Miami ExtensioH. 
 
 Troy, 22 90 
 
 Piqua, 8 98 
 
 Newport, 16 114 
 
 Minster, 9 123 
 
 Fare, $6 60. 
 
 St. Mary's, 11 
 
 Deep Cut, 12 
 
 Junction, •••'"•.•> 35 
 
 Wuba^k and Erie Oarud, 
 
 Deflance,»-»«»« > 9 
 
 Florida, 10 
 
 Napoleon, 8 
 
 Damascus, 9 
 
 Providence, 6 
 
 Watervilte, 11 
 
 Maumee city, • • 6 
 
 Toledo, 10 
 
 Time, 56 hours. 
 
 134 
 
 146 
 181 
 
 190 
 200 
 2Q8 
 217 
 223 
 234 
 240 
 250 
 
 The .bllowing is a table of distances on the Wabash and Erie canal, from 
 Cincinnati to Lafayette, Indiana : 
 
 Junction, — 181 
 
 Antwerp, 14 195 
 
 State Line, 4 199 
 
 Indiana City, la , 3 202 
 
 Lewistown, 4 206 
 
 FoET Wayne, 11 217 
 
 Aboite, 12 229 
 
 Huntington, 16 245 
 
 Wabash, - 20 265 
 
 Fare, $10 00. Time, about 3 days. 
 
 Itoclciand) is a small village on the Miami canal, about fifteen miles 
 from Cincinnati, in Hamilton county, Ohio. There are several mills in ope- 
 ration, which serve to give an air of industry to the place. It contains a 
 few stores, and about 150 inhabitants. The canal locks at this place afford 
 excellent water power. 
 
 Peru, ••• 
 
 Lewisburg, 
 
 Logansport, 
 
 Lockport, 
 
 CarroUton, 
 
 Delphi, *•• 
 
 Americus, 8 
 
 Lafayette, 
 
 15 
 
 280 
 
 8 
 
 288 
 
 8 
 
 296 
 
 15 
 
 311 
 
 6 
 
 317 
 
 6 
 
 322 
 
 8 
 
 330 
 
 10 
 
 340 
 
M 
 
 
 fl 
 
 I 
 
 130 
 
 ROUTES ON THE MTAMI CAKAL. 
 
 Hamilton) coanty seat of Butler coxakijf is situated on the Great 
 Miami river and the Miami canal, twenty miles north of Cincinnati. It is 
 quite a large and flourishing town, neatly built, with a handsome public 
 square, in which are located the county buildings. The town contains 7 
 churches, viz. : 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, X Presbyterian, 1 German 
 Lutheran, 1 Associate Reformed, and 1 Catholic. It has also a female semin- 
 ary, 2 newspaper printing offices, 3 cotton factories, 5 flour mills, 4 saw mills, 
 3 founderies, 4 machine shops, about 40 stores, and has a population of 8,000. 
 
 The business of Hamilton consists chiefly in manufacturing, for the aid of 
 which there faaye been constructed within the last few ;;ears, hydraulic works 
 of immense power. There is a fine bridge connecting Hamilton with BoesTille, 
 which cost $25,000. 
 
 Hamilton is situated on the site of Fort Hamilton, j t was built in the 
 yeat 1791, by order of the unfortunate Gen. 8t. Clair, and was intended as a 
 depot for provisions during the disastrous campaign of that commander. 
 
 At Hamilton may be seen the gravo of John Cleves Symmes, author of the 
 Ixieory of Concentric Spheres. Ue oudcavorcd to demonstrate that the earth 
 was hollow, and inhabited on the inside ; and that it was possible for those 
 who lived on the outer crust to descend to those within by means of openings 
 at the poleSr He petitioned Congress several times to supply him with means 
 and m ney to start on a voyage of discovery to the north pole. That august 
 assembly, being too dull of comprehension to see the practicability and utility 
 of such a discovery, refused to grant his request. A waggish fellow once told 
 Mr. Symmes, that if the inside of the earth was inhabited, the volcanoes were 
 no doubt, the chimneys of some of the large houses ; in that case, the best 
 thing he could do would be to hire a chimney-sweep to go on an exploring 
 expedition down the crater of Vesuvius. Whether this did not meet his 
 views, or whether he was not fortunate enough to find a sweep willing to 
 undertake the voyage, is an unfathomable mystery. 
 
 He made but few converts to his theory, being almost universally met with 
 ridicule. He however bore the scorn and ridicule of the world like a martyr, 
 and for that reason should be entitled to our respect. There has lately been 
 a monument built to place over his remains. It is surmounted by a globe 
 open at tfiepolesy which is a/oc simile of his theory. 
 
 Stages leave Hamilton daily for Cincinnati and Dayton. Cansd boats arrive 
 and depart constantly. 
 
 Ross'vllle) situated opposite Hamilton, in the same county, is a town of 
 considerable and growing commercial importance. It contains 1-Baptist, and 
 1 Presbyterian church, several mills, about 30 stores, and 2,500 inhabitants. 
 
 Oxford) situated about twelve miles north-west from Hamilton, in the 
 same county, is a beautiful and pleasantly located town. It is the seat of the 
 Miami University, an institution of high rank and extensive patronage. It 
 
he Great 
 ti. It is 
 
 e public 
 ontainB 7 
 
 Qerman 
 ,le semin- 
 saw mills, 
 
 of 3,000. 
 the aid of 
 ilic works 
 BoflSTille, 
 
 lilt in the 
 ended as a 
 ander. 
 thor of the 
 t the earth 
 e for those 
 )f openings 
 ^rith means 
 hat august 
 and utility 
 V7 once told 
 anoes were 
 se, the best 
 1 exploring 
 it meet his 
 > willing to 
 
 ly met with 
 
 ;e a martyr, 
 
 lately been 
 
 by a globe 
 
 )Oats arrive 
 
 s a town of 
 Saptist, and 
 nhabitants. 
 
 Iton, in the 
 a seat of the 
 ronage. It 
 
 I 
 
 • 
 
 ROUTES ON THE MIAMI CANAL. 
 
 131 
 
 was chartered in 1809, and endowed by Congress with a township of land for 
 its support. It was not opened for the reception of students, however, until 
 1824. Besides the university, Oxford contains a theological school, under 
 the patronage of the Associate Keformed church, 5 churches, about 15 stores, 
 and a population of 2,000. 
 
 Day tony county seat of Montgomery county, Ohio, is situated sixty-eight 
 miles from Cincinnati, on the Great Miami river and Miami canal. The town 
 was laid out in 1795, by Gen. Jonathan Day, Arthur St. Clair, James Wilkin- 
 son, and Col. Israel Ludlow. It was made the county seat in 1803, and at 
 that time contained but five families. Its progress was very slow, until the 
 year 1812, when an impetus was given to it by the arrival of troops belong- 
 ing to the army. From this time until 1820 it improved very rapidly. After 
 this, business declined, and Dayton received a shock from which many sup- 
 posed she would not recover ; but at the opening of the Miami canal in 
 1827, business begun to revive, and from that time there has been a rapid 
 and steady improvement, and it now ranks as the second city in wealth in 
 the state. The city of Dayton is laid out with a great degree of regularity 
 and neatness, the streets being one hundred and fifty feet wide, and inter- 
 secting each other at right angles. It is almost universally pronounced by 
 visitors, the haadsomest city in the West. The court-house at Dayton is one 
 of the handsomest buildings in the state. It is built of gray granite and cost 
 $63,000. In addition to the court-house, the city contains 17 churc^ ^s, viz : 
 4 Methodist, 2 Lutheran, 3 Presbytei'ian, 1 Episcopal, 1 New Light, 1 Disci- 
 ple, 1 German Reformed, 1 Catholic, 1 Albright, 1 .T)unker, and 1 African 
 Baptist, 4 newspaper offices, a female seminary of high standing, 4 common 
 schools, and 1 high school, 2 banks, a jail, 14 mills of various kinds, several 
 factories, 2 market houses, 3 iron founderies, with a large number of stores 
 of all descriptions. The population of Dayton in 1810, was 383 ; in 1820, 
 1139; in 1830, 2,954; in 1840, 6,067 ; and in 1850, i?,roo. 
 
 The citizens of Dayton have, at considerable expense, built a hydraulic 
 canal, something similar to the one at Hamilton, which affords a vast amount 
 of water power for the various mills and factories in and near the city. 
 
 Canal boats ply daily to and from Cincinnati, Toledo, and all intermediate 
 ports. Stages leave daily for Cincinnati, Columbus, Indianapolis, Indiana, 
 and Sydney. 
 
 Troy, county seat of Miami county, Ohio, is a flourishing town, situated 
 on the Great Miami river and Miami canai, ninety miles north of Cincinnati) 
 It was laid out in the year 1808, and soon after became the seat of justice. 
 It is a place of considerable commercial importance. Vast quantities of 
 wheat, corn, oats, barley, whiskey, flour, pork, lard, clover and flax-seed, salt, 
 sawed lumber, Ac, ai-e exported. The annual shipments to and from this 
 place, amounting to 25,000 tons. Manufacturing is also carried on. to some 
 
132 
 
 ROUTES ON THE MIAMI CANAL. 
 
 extent, though not so energetically as the mercantile busineAS. Troy con- 
 tains 2 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Baptist church, a town 
 and masonic hall, 1 bank, 1 market'house, 3 printing offices, 1 academy, 
 several mills^and factories, 1 foundery and machine shop, 6 large warehouses, 
 a large number of store's, and mechanics' shops of all kinds, with a popula- 
 tion of near 3,000. Canal boats arrive and depart daily. Stages leave 
 regularly for Cincinnati and intermediate points. 
 
 Plquaj situated in the same county, about eight miles abofe Troy, on 
 the Miami canal, is a thriving business town. It was laid out in the year 
 1809, and was first called Washington, which name it retained until about 
 the year 1820, when it received its present name. The plan of the town is 
 strikingly uniform and symmetrical, being laid off in regular blocks, with 
 wide and straight streets. The town contains 12 churches, viz : 3 Methodist, 
 2 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Lutheran, I Associate Reformed, 1 
 Disciple, and 2 Catholic ; a town hall, a high school, 1 bank, a number of 
 mills and factories, several of which are driven by steam, about 125 mechan- 
 ics' shops, a large number of stores of various descriptions, and a population 
 of 3,500. Canal boats arrive and depart daily. Stages also leave for Cincin- 
 nati and Dayton. 
 
 Deftancey county seat of Defiance county, Ohio, is situated on the 
 Wabash and Erie canal, at the junction of the Maumee and Auglaize rivers, 
 and is one hundred and ninety miles from Cincinnati by the canal. It was 
 laid out in 1822, and now contains 1 Methodist and 1 Catholic church, 10 
 stores, and a population of 1,000. It is well situated for trade, and will, no 
 doubt, in time, make a place of considerable commercial importance. 
 
 The town occupies the site of Ibrt Defiance, which was erected in 1794, by 
 Gen. Wayne. There are traces of the old fortifications still to be seen 
 
 ROUTES FROM CINCINNATI. 
 
 The following table contains a 
 their distance from Cincinnati, to 
 
 North Bend, 0., 
 
 Great Miami river, 0., 6 
 
 Lawrenceburg, la., 2 
 
 Petersburg, Ky..».»«« 2 
 
 Aurora, la., 2 
 
 Belleview, Ky., 6 
 
 Rising Sun, la., 3 
 
 Big Bone Lick, and ) ^. 
 Hamilton, Ey., ) 
 
 list of the principal places, together with 
 the mouth of the Ohio ri> or : 
 
 15 
 20 
 22 
 24 
 26 
 32 
 35 
 
 Patriot, la.,'" 
 Warsaw, Ky.,< 
 New York, la., ■ 
 Vevay, la., and 
 
 Ghent, Ky., 
 Carroll ton, Kentucky river,) 
 
 and Preston, Ky., ) 
 
 Milton, Ky., and ) 
 
 Madison, la., j 
 
 } 
 
 2 
 
 49 
 
 11 
 
 60 
 
 1 
 
 61 
 
 10 71 
 
 10 81 
 
 12 98 
 
Troy con- 
 , a town 
 academy, 
 rehouses, 
 a popula- 
 tes leave 
 
 Troy, on 
 the year 
 itil about 
 e town is 
 )cks, with 
 lethodist, 
 iformed, 1 
 lumber of 
 5 mechan- 
 >opulation 
 for Cincin- 
 
 d on the 
 dze rivers, 
 i[. It was 
 church, 10 
 ad will, no 
 ce. 
 
 in 1794, by 
 seen 
 
 ether with 
 
 • •2 49 
 ..11 60 
 .. 1 61 
 
 1 
 
 10 71 
 
 10 81 
 
 12 98 
 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 ROUTES FROM CINCINNATI. 
 
 133 
 
 .} 
 
 ] 
 
 America, 111., 
 
 Trinity, 111., 
 
 Cairo, 111., and Mouth 
 of the Ohio. 
 
 } 
 
 8 
 
 803 
 
 3 
 
 306 
 
 3 
 
 309 
 
 12 
 
 821 
 
 6 
 
 327 
 
 8 
 
 385 
 
 12 
 
 847 
 
 25 
 
 iJ72 
 
 16 
 
 887 
 
 6 
 
 892 
 
 6 
 
 898 
 
 5 
 
 408 
 
 10 
 
 413 
 
 . 2 
 
 415 
 
 Hanover Landing, la., 6 99 
 
 New London, la., 4 103 
 
 Bethlehem, la., 8 111 
 
 Westport, Ky., 6 117 
 
 Charleston Landing, la.,- • • • 12 129 
 
 Utica, la, 5 134 
 
 Jeffersonville, la., 9 143 
 
 Louisville, Ky, 1 144 
 
 ShippiDgport, Ky., 2 146 
 
 Portland, Ky., and > 
 
 New Albany, la., 5 ^ ^^^ 
 
 Salt river, and > ,« j^g 
 
 West Point, Ky.,) 
 
 Brandenburg, Ky., 18 183 
 
 Manchport, la., 3 186 
 
 Northampton, la., 7 193 
 
 Amsterdam, la., 3 196 
 
 Leavenworth, la., 8 204 
 
 Fredonia, la., 4 208 
 
 Alton, la., 14 222 
 
 Concordia, Ky., 10 232 
 
 Rome, la, Stephensport, ) ^ 
 
 and Sinking creek, Ky ., ) 
 
 Cloverport, Ky., 10 253 
 
 Hawsville, Ky., and > ^^ ^ge 
 
 CanneltoU) la., • • • . ) 
 
 Troy, la., 6 272 
 
 Maxville, la., 1 273 
 
 Batesville, la., 2 275 
 
 Lewisport, Ky., 3 278 
 
 Rockport, la., 13 291 
 
 Owensburg, Ky., 9 800 
 
 Total length of the Ohio river, according to the best authorities, 1,027 miles. 
 
 Bon Harbor, Ky.,. • • 
 Enterprise, la., • • • • 
 Point Isabel, la.,* • • 
 
 Newburg, la., 
 
 Qreen river, Ky., • • • 
 
 Evansville, la., 
 
 Henderson, Ky.,- • • • 
 Mount Vernon, la., 
 Uniontown, Ky.,*.. 
 
 Wabash river, 
 
 Raleigh, Ky., 
 
 Shawneetown, 111.,* 
 Casey ville, Ky,«... 
 Battery Rock, 111.,* 
 
 Cave-in-Rock, 111., 12 427 
 
 Elizabeth, 111., 6 433 
 
 Golconda, 111., 23 456 
 
 Cumberland river, and 
 
 Smithland, Ky.,* * 
 Tennessee river, and 
 
 Paducah, Ky, 
 
 Belgrade, 111., 
 
 Fort Massac, 111., * • * 
 Metropolis, 111., • • • • 
 
 Ilillaman, 111., 
 
 Wilkinaonville, 111., 9 
 
 Caledonia, 111., 10 
 
 17 473 
 
 12 485 
 
 8 
 2 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 493 
 495 
 496 
 508 
 512 
 522 
 525 
 580 
 
 6 586 
 
 From Cincinnati f East. 
 
 There are two principal routes, known as the Pittsburgh, and 
 Northern routes. Those wishing to take the former can always 
 find in waiting, at the Cincinnati wharf, one of the fine daily line 
 of steamers which run to that place. The time is from one and 
 a half to three days, and fare generally about six dollars, (depend- 
 ing upon the state of the river, and the amount of competition.) 
 The remainder of the route is the same as that previously given 
 on page 81. 
 
Hi 
 
 ill; 
 
 h\ 
 
 !i 
 
 ) ■■ 
 
 
 134 
 
 ROUTES FROM CINCINNATI. 
 
 Persons going the Northern route^ leave the Little Miami rail- 
 road depot, on East Front street, at 6 o'clock, A. M., and arrive 
 at Sandusky early next morning, where they will find in waiting 
 one of the splendid line of lake steamers, which will convey them 
 to Buffalo. At BufTulo they take the Albany and |3uffalo railroad 
 to Albany ; (for routes on this road, sees page 218,) thence down 
 the beautiful Hudson to New York. Time, about three days — 
 fare $20. 
 
 Distance to Sandusky, 218 miles, running time, 16 hours ; to 
 Buttalo, 250 miles, time, 20 hours ; to Albany, 325 miles, time, 
 24 hours ; to New York, 150 miles, time, 8 hours. From Albany 
 to Boston, by railroad, 207 miles, time, 10 hours. Total distance 
 from New York to Cincinnati, O.'if miles, time 68 hours. From 
 Boston, 1,000 miles, time, 70 hours. Through tickets can be 
 purchased at the office in Cincinnati, corner of Broadway and 
 Front. Fare to Xenia, ${ 90; to Springfield, $2 50; to Bellevue, 
 $6; to Sandusky city, ,f 6 50; to Columbus, $3 50; to Wheeling, 
 $10 50; and to Buffalo, $10. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Springfield. 
 
 From Cincinnati (by the Little Miami railroad) to Columbia, 
 4 miles; to Plainville, 5 miles; to Lovclaiid's, 9 miles; to Deerfield, 
 9 miles; to Morrow, 5 miles; to Freeport, 8 miles; to Corwin, 6 
 miles; to Spring Valley, 7 miles; to Xenia, 7 miles; to Yellow 
 Springs, 9 miles; to Springfield, 10 milos. Whole distance from 
 Cincinnati to Springfield, 84 miles. (For remainder of the route 
 to Sandusky, see Tables of Western Railroads, page 223.) 
 
 Springfield, Clark county, Ohio, is situated on the National Road, 
 forty-three miles west of Columbus, and at the northern extremity of the 
 Little Miami Railroad. It is the county seat, and was laid out in the year 
 180-3, by James Demint. It is surrounded by a fertile and highly cultivated 
 country, and is considered one of the most beautiful villages in the state. 
 
 The town has excellent advantages for water power, and within a circuit of 
 three miles, there are upward of twenty mill seats. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal church have a flourishing high school at Spring- 
 field, and the public libraries of the town contain near 4,000 volumes. 
 There are in Springfield 12 churches, 3 printing oflices, and about 25 stores, 
 besides a large number of mechanics' shops. Population about 8,000. __ 
 
 Stages leave regularly for Columbus, via national road ; also for Dayton, 
 
 and other towns in the state. Fare to Columbus, $2; time, from five to 
 
 seven hours. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Columbus. n 
 
 From Cincinnati, (by railroad,) as in previous route, to Spring- 
 field, 84 miles; to Summerfield, (by stage,) 16 miles; to Lafayette, 
 
 (!! 
 
 
I rail- 
 arrive 
 aiting 
 them 
 iilroad 
 down 
 ays — 
 
 rs ; to 
 
 time, 
 
 Ibany 
 
 stance 
 
 From 
 
 :an be 
 
 iy and 
 
 llevue, 
 
 eeling, 
 
 iimbia, 
 ierfield, 
 rwin, 6 
 Yellow 
 ce from 
 le route 
 
 \T. Road, 
 ty of the 
 the year 
 iultivated 
 state, 
 circuit of 
 
 kt Spring- 
 volumes. 
 25 stores, 
 
 0. __ 
 
 r Dayton, 
 a five to 
 
 Spring- 
 ifayette, 
 
 ROUTES FROM CINCINNATI. 135 
 
 .1 
 
 
 5 miles; to West Jefferson, 8 miles; to Alton, 5 miles; to Colum- 
 bus, 9 miles: whole distance from Cincinnati to Columbus, 127 
 miles; fare, $4 50. Or, from Cincinnati to Xenia, (by Little 
 Miami railroad,) 65 miles; thence to Columbus, by the Xenia 
 and Columbus railroad, (for routes on this road, see page 221,) 
 •54 miles : whole distance from Cincinnati to Columbus, 119 
 miles. Fare, $3 50; time, 3 hours. 
 
 From Cincinnati to MaijsvUle, 
 
 Daily packets run regularly to Maysville, leaving Cincinnati at 
 10 o'clock, A. M. Fare, with excellent accommodations, $1 50. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Madison, 
 
 A splendid line of steamers run dally from Cincinnati to Mad- 
 ison, leaving the wharf at 12 o'clock, M. Distance, 100 miles. 
 Fare $1 50. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Louisville. 
 
 There are usually two daily lines of steamers, morning and 
 evening ones, running regularly to Louisville. The lines are 
 composed of the first class steamers, and commanded by some of 
 the most experienced men on the river. The accommodations 
 are superior, and every thing is in the most perfect order. The 
 morning line leaves at 11 o'clock, A. M , and arrives at Louisville 
 during the night. The cars of the Little Miami Railroad arrive 
 at the depot at 10 o'clock, A. M.; so there is always a boat in 
 waiting for those going to Louisville. The distance to Louisville 
 is about 140 miles; time down, from 12 to 14 hours; up, about 
 20 hours, including stoppages. Fare, $2 50. 
 
 * 
 
 From Cincinnati to Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 From Cincinnati to the mouth of the Cumberland, 474 miles; 
 to Eddyville, 50 miles; to Canton, 20 miles; to Tobacco Port, 13 
 miles; to Dover, 18 miles; to Palmyra, 30 miles^ to Clarksville, 
 15 miles; to Nashville, 55 miles; whole distance from Cincinnati 
 to Nashville, 675 miles. Fare, $10; time, 4 days. These packets 
 leave Cincinnati every Wednesday at 4 o'clock, P. M. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Toledo. 
 
 From Cincinnati (by Miami canal) to Hamilton, 30 miles; to 
 Middletown, 14 miles; to Franklin, 6 miles; to Miamisburg, 6 
 miles; to Dayton, 12 miles; to Troy, (by Miami Extension canal,) 
 22 miles; to Piqua, 8 miles; to Newport, 16 miles; to Minster, 
 9 miles; to St. Mary's, 11 miles; to Deep Cut, 13 miles; to Junction, 
 35 miles; to Defiance, (by Wabash and Erie canal,) 9 miles; to 
 Florida, 10 miles; to Napoleon, 8 miles; to Damascus, 9 miles; 
 
WZ 
 
 ? I 
 
 I 
 
 !l! 
 
 • iUi 
 
 to Providence, 6 miles; to Watorville, 11 miles; to Maumee City, 
 
 6 mi^^es; to Toledo, 9 miles: whole distance from Cincinnati to 
 Toledo, 250 miles. Fare, $6 50; time, 3 day;?,. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Dayton, 
 
 To fcsaaron, (by stage,) 12 miles j to Che,J^te^, 4 miles; to 
 Bethany, 4 miles; to Monroe, 5 mjies; to Franklin, 5 miles; to 
 Miamfsburg, 4 miles; to Alexandria, 7 miles; to Dayton, 12 miles; 
 whole distance from CincirjAati to Dayton, (by stage,) 52 miles. 
 Fare, $2; time, 8 hours. 
 
 From Cinfrinnati to Chillicothe. 
 
 To Fulton, (by si^^e,) 2 miles; to Plainville, 7 miles; to Mil- 
 ford, 5 miles; to Perrin's Mills, 4 miles; to Gordonville, 8 miles; 
 to Fayetteville, 6 miles; to DodsonvMle, 26 miles; to RaJnsboro% 
 II FiYiles; to Bafnbrrige, 9 miles; to Bourneville, 10 miles; to 
 Chillicothe, 14 miles: whoJe distance from Cincinnati to Chilli- 
 COPHE, 102 miles* Fare, $3 50; time, 16 hours. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Indianapolis^ 
 
 To Cheviot, (by stage,) 5 miles; to Miami, 7 mites; to Har- 
 rison, 6 miles; to New Trenton, 5 miles; to Bi'odkville, 8 miles; 
 to Laurd City, 13 miles; to Rushviile, 15 miles; to Burlington, 
 8 mil -is; to MorHstown, 7 miles; to Sugar Creek, 10 miles; to 
 Indianapolis, 15 miles: whole distance from Cincinnati to iNOiAN- 
 AFOLis, 102 miles. Fare, $-^ 50; time, 20 hours. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Piqua, 
 
 To Reading, (by stage,) 9 miles; to Mason, 6 miles; to Leba- 
 non, 4 miles; to Rrdgeville, 7 miles? to Centreville^ 9 miles; to 
 D.yton, 6 miles, to Troy, 14 miles; to Piqua, 1'* m:!cs; whole 
 distance from Cincinnati to Piqua, (by stagej 79 miles. Fare, 
 ^3 50; time, 14 hours. 
 
 From Ctncinnaii to West XJrmn, Ohio. 
 
 Ta Newtown, (by stage,) 8 miles; to Mt. Cannel, 5 miles; to 
 Batavia, 10 miles; to WillFamsburg, 8 miles; to Bethel, 6 miles; 
 to Hamersville, 3 miles; to Georgetown, 8 miles; to Russellville^ 
 
 7 miles; to Decatur, 8 miles; to West Union, 10 miles: whole! 
 distance from Cincinnati to West Union, 77 miles. Fare, $3 50; 
 time, 15 hours. 
 
 From Cineinnati t9 Wheeling, Virginia. 
 
 To Columbus, (by railroad or stage,) 127 miles; to Reynolds- 
 burg, 11 miles ; to Kirksville, 11 miles ; to Lury, 3 miles ; to 
 Hebron, 2 miles; to LlnnTille, 8 miles; to Brownsville, 5 miles; 
 
ee City, 
 inati to 
 
 i)es; to 
 lies; to 
 2 miles; 
 Q miles.. 
 
 to Mil- 
 8 miles; 
 insboro% 
 liles; to 
 Cbilli- 
 
 to Har- 
 
 8 miles; 
 
 rlington, 
 
 iiiles; to 
 
 Indian - 
 
 o Leba- 
 n\\ea: to 
 ;: whole 
 * Fare^ 
 
 niles; to 
 6 miles; 
 sellville^ 
 »: \rboIel 
 >>$3 50; 
 
 Bynolds- 
 iiles ; to 
 & miles; 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 137 
 
 to Gratiot, 2 miles; to Hopewell, 4 miles; to Zanesville, 8 miles; 
 Norwich, 11 miles; to New Concord, 4 miles; to Cambridge, 
 10 miles; to Washington, 7 miles; to Fairview, 11 miles; to Mor- 
 ristown, 12 miles; to St. Clairsville, 12 n'iles; to Bridgeport, 11 
 miles; to Wheeling, 1 mile: whole distance from Cincinnati to 
 Wheeling, (by stage,) 258 miles. Fare, $10 50; time, about 40 
 hours. 
 
 From Cincinnati to NashviUe, Tennessee, 
 
 To Covington, 1 mile; to F'orence, (by stage,) 9 miles; to Crit- 
 tenden, 16 miles ; to Georgetown, 46 miles ; to Lexington, 12 
 miles; to Nicholasville, 12 miles; to Harrodsburg, 19 miles; to 
 Lebanon, 30 miles; to Campbellsville, 19 miles; to Greensburg, 
 12 miles; to Monroe, 10 miles; to Blue Spring Grove, 11 miles; 
 to Glasgow, 13 miles; to State Line, 33 miles; to Nashville, 35 
 miles: whole distance from Cincinnati to Nashville, 295 miles. 
 Fare, $12; time, about 48 hours. 
 
 From Cincinnati to Lancaster, Ohio. 
 
 To Montgomery, 13 miles; to Hopkinsville, 12 miles; to Mor- 
 row, 7 miles; to Rochester, 3 miles; to Clarksviile, 7 miles; to 
 Wilmington, 15 miles; to Sabina, 10 miles; to Washington, 12 
 miles; to New Holland, 10 miles; to Williamsport, 6 miles; to 
 Circleville, 12 miles ; to Lancaster, 22 miles : whole distance 
 from Cincinnati to Lancaster, 129 miles. Fare, $5 25; time, 28 
 hours. 
 
 Mill Creek, enters the Ohio just below Cincinnati, and 
 forms the western boundary of the corporation of said city. It 
 is a very crooked stream, and during low water can be easily 
 crossed on foot. It is bounded on both sides by a high range of 
 hills, which, on the west, descend to the edge of the stream; those 
 on the east, however, are about half a mile distant. The Miami 
 canal passes along the edge of the latter, at an elevation of about 
 one hundred feet above the waters of the creek. The valley 
 included between these ranges of hills, is highly productive; but 
 is subject to constant overflows from the river, the backwaters 
 of which often ascend the creek for nine miles. Efforts aro being 
 made to confine the water to a narrower channel. The Dayton 
 and Hamilton Railroad Company, whose road passes along the 
 side of the western hills, have already changed the channel in 
 several places. 
 
 Industry, situated four miles below Cincinnati, in Hamilton 
 county, Ohio, is a small village which has been built up within a 
 few years. It contains a large stove foundery, owned by an asso- 
 ciation of journeymen stove molders, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
M 
 iiti 
 
 ii''* 
 
 Home City, six miles below Industry, in the same county, 
 has been laid out for a town within the last three years, by an 
 association styled " The CiiNcinnati Building Association.*' 
 There have, as yet, been but few houses erected. At a recent 
 session of the Ohio legislature, this company obtained a charter, 
 which will no doubt insure its permanency. 
 
 North Bendi five miles below Home City, and fifteen from 
 Cincinn ivi, is a beautiful and retired spot, celebrated as being the 
 residence and burial place of the lamented General Harrison. 
 The house in which he resided is still standing; it is built of logs, 
 and weather-boarded, which, being painted white, gives it a neat 
 and elegant appearance. It is now occupied by the widow of the 
 President. 
 
 The tomb in which the remains of Harrison are interred, stands 
 on a small knoll about a quarter of a mile from the house. It is 
 perfectly plain, without either inscription or ornament of any 
 kind. But what need have the great in deeds of glory and virtue, 
 of " the trappings and suits of woe? " It is only those that the 
 world knows not, who have need of monuments and sounding 
 epitaphs. 
 
 It was at North Bend that Judge Symmes intended to have 
 planted the emporium of the West. But fate decreed it other- 
 wise. After laying off a town, and making immense exertions 
 to bring settlers here, he was forced to abandon the project, and 
 every vestige of a city has long since disappeared from the face 
 of the country. Judge Symmes' remains lie entombed a short 
 distance from Harrison's gi.^.ve. 
 
 The Oreat Miami River, rises in Hardin county, 
 Ohio, and after a south-west course of about one hundred miles, 
 it empties into the Ohio, five miles below North Bend, at the 
 state line between Indiana and Ohio. The country through 
 which it flows is highly cultivated and exceedingly fertile; it is 
 termed the ** Great Miami Bottoms," in contradistinction to the 
 ** Little Miami Bottoms." There is a great amount of water 
 power obtained from this stream, which renders it of immense 
 importance to the inhabitants of the region through which it 
 passes. Several of the most important towns in the state of Ohio 
 are situated on this river; but being also situated on the Miami 
 Canal, they have been previously mentioned. (See page 129.) 
 
 I^awrenceburg^, county seat of Dearborn county, In- 
 diana, situated two miles below the mouth of the Great Miami, 
 is a flourishing, business-like place. That part of the town near 
 the river being low, is liable to inundations; this has served some- 
 what to retard its growth. The inhabitants are now building 
 
 j*ta 
 
ne county, 
 ars, by an 
 
 OCIATION.*' 
 
 t a recent 
 a charter, 
 
 fteen from 
 being the 
 Harrison. 
 
 ilt of logs, 
 ds it a neat 
 
 dow of the 
 
 •red, stands 
 »use. It is 
 nt of any 
 and virtue, 
 se that the 
 I sounding 
 
 ed to have 
 d it other- 
 e exertions 
 ►roject, and 
 m the face 
 )ed a short 
 
 in county, 
 Ired miles, 
 end, at the 
 y through 
 5rtile; it is 
 tion to the 
 ; of water 
 f immense 
 1 which it 
 ite of Ohio 
 the Miami 
 ge 129.) 
 
 junty, In- 
 lat Miami, 
 town near 
 •ved some- 
 V building 
 
 
 ^. 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 139 
 
 farther back, on higher ground, where the waters cannot reach 
 them, and the town is improving very fast. It contains a court- 
 house, 6 churches, a large and extensive distillery, 8 mills, a 
 carding machine, a large number of stores of various kinds, and 
 a population of about 4,000. The Whitewater canal passes 
 through the town, bringing it in connection with some of the 
 most populous districts of Indiana. Its advantages are numerous, 
 and consequently it must prosper. • 
 
 Petersburg'^ situated in Boone county, Kentucky, two 
 miles below Lawrenceburg, is a small village, containing a mill, 
 2 churches, 2 schools, a tobacco factory, several stores, and a 
 population of 250. The village seems to have occupied the site 
 of an ancient burial ground of some race who have long ago 
 passed to those blissful regions where the wicked cease from 
 troubling and the weary are at rest. Many curious remains of 
 this ancient race have been found by the inhabitants of Peters- 
 burg, in digging their wells, cellars, &c. About a quarter of a 
 mile above the town, there are the remains of an ancient fortifi- 
 cation, evidently erected by a more intelligent and civilized people 
 than any of our North American Indians appear to have been ; 
 but their history is yet unwritten. 
 
 Aurora, situated at the mouth of Hogan creek, two miles 
 below, in Dearborn county, Indiana, is a flourishing place, and 
 has recently become a city. It was laid out in 1819, and incor- 
 porated as a city in 1848. A large pork business is done here, 
 besides distilling and various other branches of business. There 
 are 3 churches, a saw-mill, distillery, 1 ^> stores, and a population 
 of 2,500. 
 
 Belleview, situated six miles below Aurora, in Boone 
 county, Kentucky, is a small village, containing a few stores and 
 about 40 inhabitants. 
 
 Rising f^un, county seat of Ohio county, Indiana, situate'^ 
 three miles below Belleview, is a growing and flourishinpf towii. 
 It was made the county seat of the new county of Otuo about 
 six years ago, and from that time has continued to improve 
 steadily. It really is astonishing, what importance the concen- 
 tration of legal wisdom gives to a town, and how it thrives ii ier 
 the benign smile of those whose duty and glory consists i deal- 
 ing out justice (?) to the erring sons of men. Rising Sun 
 contains a court house, 3 churches, an academy, a printing office, 
 3 mills, a large cotton and woolen factory, an extensive distillery, 
 a tannery, a number of stores of various kinds, and a population 
 of 2,500. 
 
li!! 
 
 140 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 I' 
 
 Tflillersliurg, formerly North's Mills, is a small town in 
 Ohio county, three miles below Rising Sun. It is one of the 
 principal landing points for several of the interior counties. 
 
 Blg^ Bone liick Creek, empties into the Ohio River, 
 twelve miles below Rising Sun, in Boone county, Kentucky. 
 Near the mouth of the creek, are the Big Bone Lick Springs, 
 formerly a watering place, but now seldom resorted to. The 
 creek derives its name from the bones of the mastodon and arctic 
 elephant, which have been found here. The first were collected 
 in 1803, by Dr. William Goforth, an eminent physician, and one 
 of the pioneers of the West. The collection was intrusted by 
 him to the care of an English traveler by the name of Thomas 
 Ashe, who took them to England to exhibit. When he arrived 
 there, instead of performing his trust, he sold the whole collec- 
 tion, and kept the money. He, however, showed his wisdom in 
 one thing, which was, never to show his face in this country 
 again. A second collection of tiiese boi: 3S was made in the year 
 1805, by order of President Jefferson; a third collection was made 
 in 1819, by the Western Museum Society; and a fourth in 1831, 
 by Mr. Finnell. 
 
 Hamilton^ situated a short distance below the mouth of 
 Big Bone Lick Creek, in the same county, is a small village of 
 minor importance, containing half a dozen stores, and a popula- 
 tion of about 250. 
 
 Patriot, situated two miles below Hamilton, in Switzerland 
 county, Indiana, is a thriving little village, containing 3 churches, 
 half a dozen stores, and a population of about GOO. 
 
 Warsaw, the county seat of Gallatin county, Kentucky, 
 situated eleven miles below Patriot, is a town of considerable 
 trade and growing importance. There is now quite a large 
 business done, in exporting corn, tobacco, and various kinds of 
 produce. 
 
 It was laid out in 1831, and was at first called Fredericksburg. 
 It retained this name but a short tiiup; the inhabitants having 
 imbibed an enthusiasm for suffering Poland, adopted the name of 
 Warsaw, in honor of that unfortunate country. Warsaw con- 
 tains a court-house, 1 Baptist and 1 Reformed church, 1 news- 
 paper printing office, 3 schools, a distillery, 2 pork houses, 15 
 stores, and a population of about 900. 
 
 New ITork, also called Little York, for fear that travelers 
 should mistake it for the city of New York, is a tnall village, one 
 mile below Warsaw, in Switzerland county, Indiana. It contains 
 two or three stores, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 iMtessi 
 
 aasm 
 
ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 141 
 
 lall town in 
 s one of the 
 )unties. 
 
 Ohio River, 
 , Kentucky. 
 ICK Springs, 
 ed to. The 
 m and arctic 
 ere collected 
 ian, and one 
 intrusted by 
 5 of Thoma's 
 n he arrived 
 ^hole coller- 
 s wisdom jn 
 his country 
 
 I in the year 
 m was made 
 rth in 1831, 
 
 le mouth of 
 
 II village of 
 id a popula- 
 
 Switzerland 
 3 churches, 
 
 Kentocky, 
 Jonsiderable 
 ite a large 
 us kinds of 
 
 ericksburg. 
 mts having 
 he name of 
 arsaw con- 
 h, 1 news- 
 houses, 15 
 
 at travelers 
 
 village, one 
 
 It contains 
 
 p 
 II 
 
 Vevay, situated ten miles below New York, is the county 
 seat of Switzerland county, Indiana. It was first settled in 1804, 
 by a party of Swiss emigrants, who received a grant of land from 
 Congress, for the express purpose of cultivating the grape. This 
 has been carried on successfully ever since, and large quantities 
 of wine are annually made. The county is settled almost wholly 
 by Swiss emigrants and their descendants, and it would be a diffi- 
 cult matter, in any country, to find a more industrious, orderly, 
 and well informed set of people. Vevay contains a court-house, 
 two or three churches, a jail, a dozen or more stores, and about 
 2,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Oheilty situated directly opposite Vevay, in Carroll county 
 Kentucky, is a pleasant little village, containing 1 Methodist and 
 1 Reformed church, half a dozen stores, a tobacco factory, and a 
 population of 350. 
 
 This village bears the name of the city where the treaty of 
 peace was negotiated between Great Britain and the United States, 
 which closed the war of 1812. 
 
 CarrolltOti, seat of justice for Carroll county, Kentucky, 
 is situated ten miles below Ghent, at the mouth of Kentucky river. 
 
 The town was laid out in the year 1792, under the name of 
 Port William. Previous to this date, there had been a block- 
 house erected at this point, by Gen. Charles Scott, which was 
 occupied by troops for several years. When the town was laid 
 out, the post was abandoned. Carrollton received its present 
 name in honor of the abode of that distinguished patriot, Charles 
 Carroll. (See note.) Carrollton contains a court-house, jail, 3 
 churches, 1 academy, 1 common school, several mills, about a 
 dozen stores, and a population of 1,000. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Charles Carroll, one of that noble band that dared to question the divine 
 right of kingH, was born in the city of Annapolis, state of Maryland, on the 
 8th day of September, 1737. He received an excellent edacation, and at an 
 early age showed signs of more than common talents. He took a firm and 
 decided stand against British aggression and tyranny ; and when that immor- 
 tal paper was drawn up, which declared the American colonies free and 
 independent states, he hesitated not to put his name to it in bold and fear- 
 less characters. An anecdote is related of him, which is as characteristic of 
 the man, as it is bold and decided. A short time after signing the Declaration 
 of Independence, a friend remarked to him, " that if the British caught him 
 ihey would not know whether it were he, or Charles Carroll, of Massachu- 
 setts, whose name was affixed to the Declaration ; hence they would be in 
 doubt which to hang. His reply was, " In order that there may be no mistake 
 
r 
 
 i'i 
 
 i 
 
 HIi 
 
 4 
 
 
 142 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 al)put it, I will inlbrm them where I may be found," and immediately affixed 
 the name of his estate. He was ever after known as Charles Carroll, ol 
 Carrollton. This worthy patriot and distinguished statesman, died on the 
 14th of November, 1832, at the good old age of ninety-five. He lived to see 
 all those who had placed their names with his, on that glorious scroll, go to 
 " that bourne from whence no traveler returns ;" then quietly resigned his 
 body to the peaceful earth, and in spirit hastened to join, in the angelic 
 world, those noble souls who had gone before him. 
 
 The Kentucky River, rises in the Cumberland moun- 
 tains, and after pursuing a north-westerly course for the distance 
 of two hundred and sixty miles, empties into the Ohio river at 
 Carrollton. The river has been rendered navigable, by means of 
 dams and locks, as far as Frankfort. There are seventeen locks, 
 built at a cost of $2,300,000. The perpendicular hight overcome 
 by these locks, is two hundred and ten feet. 
 
 The Scenery along the banks of the Kentucky river is not 
 surpassed by any other river in the Union, unless it be the Hudson. 
 The channel, for the greater part of its course, runs through beds 
 of solid limestone rock. In the neighborhood of the mouth of 
 the river, there are many remains of ancient works, relics of a 
 race, whose history is beyond the present limits of human knowl- 
 edge, and whose deeds are buried in the impenetrable mysteries 
 of the past. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Frankfort, county seat of Franklin county, and capital of the state of 
 Kentucky, is situated in a beautiful plain surrounded by lofty hills, on the 
 Kentucky river, about sixty miles from its mouth. It was laid out in the 
 year 1773, and was made the seat of government in 1792. The capitol is a 
 large and handsome edifice, built of Kentucky marble. The representative 
 hall is a large room situated in the second story of the building; it is hand- 
 somely ornamented, and is adorned with portraits of Gen. Washington, 
 I»a Fayette, and Col. Daniel Boone. The senate chamber, also in the second 
 story, is a smaller room, but very tastefully furnished. It has a full length 
 portrait of Gen. Harrison, hanging immediately behind and over the presi- 
 dent's chair. 
 
 The Penitentiary buildings are spacious, and admirably arranged. The 
 plan on which this prison is conducted is a very superior one, combining 
 punishment with moral reform and mental progress. The prisoners are 
 required to work through the day, with the exception of the Sabbath ; on 
 this day there is divine service, at which all are required to attend. There 
 is also an excellent library for the use of the prisoners ; and those who can- 
 not read are taught. Their diet is plain and simple, but amply sufficient for 
 
-fl 
 
 ROUTE OP THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 143 
 
 sdiately affixed 
 les Carroll, of 
 a, died on the 
 Se lived to see 
 us scroll, go to 
 ly resigned his 
 in the angelic 
 
 irland moun- 
 the distance 
 3hio river at 
 by means of 
 »nteen locks, 
 fht overcome 
 
 river is not 
 > the Hudson, 
 through beds 
 ;he mouth of 
 B, relics of a 
 iman knowl- 
 ale mysteries 
 
 of the state of 
 ty hills, on the 
 laid out in the 
 Fhe capitol is a 
 
 representative 
 ing; it is hand- 
 a. Washington, 
 o in the second 
 as a full length 
 
 over the presi- 
 
 &rranged. The 
 one, combining 
 e prisoners are 
 le Sabbath; on 
 attend. There 
 those who can- 
 >ly sufficient for 
 
 I 
 
 all the wants of life. The keeper's office is a handsome building, ornamented 
 with two Gothic towers. 
 
 In addition to these buildings, Frankfort contains a fine court-house, 4 
 churches, viz : 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Episcopal, an 
 academy 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, several factories, a large number of 
 mechanics' shops, about 40 stores of various kinds, and a population of 3,009. 
 The railroad from Lexington to Louisville passes through Frankfort. Cars 
 <irrive and depart daily for Lexington, Louisville, and intermediate points. 
 Stages leave daily and semi- weekly for Louisville, Harrodshurg, and Madison 
 Indiana. 
 
 Ijextn§fton) county seat of Fayette county, Kentucky, is beautifully 
 situated twenty-five miles south-east of Frankfort, on a small branch of the 
 Elkhom river. The first settlement made here, was in 1776, and was called 
 Lexington^ in commemoration of the place where the first battle of the Amer- 
 ican Revolution was fought. It was incorporated as a town in the year 1782, 
 and was, for a few years, the seat of government. Lexington is situated in 
 the richest and most delightful portion of the state of Kentucky. The country 
 around is exceedingly fertile, and under the highest degree of cultivation. 
 The staple product of the county is hemp, for the manufacture of which 
 there are in Lexington and vicinity more than twenty establishments, turn- 
 ing out annually 2,600,000 yards of ba^ ,Ing, and 2,200,000 pounds of rope. 
 
 The plan of the city of Lexington is elegant anJ, uniorm. The streets are 
 broad, crossing each other at right angles, and well paved. The residences 
 are nearly all noted for their neatness and comfort, and many of them have 
 tastefully ornamented grounds attached to them. 
 
 The public buildings of Lexington are numerous, and generally good 
 specimens of modern architecture. The Transylvania XJniversitt, since the 
 year 1842 under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 
 was founded by the state in the year 1798, by the association of the Transyl- 
 vania seminary and the Kentucky academy. It comprises a medical school, 
 having eight professors, and an average of one hundred and eighty students, 
 a law school, having three professors, with an average of about one hundred 
 students, and a literary department, denominated Morrison College. This 
 department has six professors, and an average of three hundred students. 
 
 The Lunatic Asylum is an institution of which the state may well be 
 proud. The buildings are spacious and admirably well adapted to the wants 
 of the patients. The treatment of patients is conducted on the best and 
 most approved system, and the success with which it is followed, reflects 
 great credit on those having charge of the institution. 
 
 The other public buildings of Lexington are a court-house, masonic hall, 
 city hospital, work-house, a free school, and eleven churches, viz.: 2 Metho- 
 dist, 1 Baptist, 1 Reformed, 1 Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Seceder, 1 Catho- 
 lic, and 2 African. The population is about 10,000. The Lexington and 
 
I'-'ll 
 
 H 
 
 il 
 
 ,'» 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 *i> ■ 
 
 ;1 
 
 Ml 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 144 
 
 ROUTB OP THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 Ohio railroad terminates here, bringing this city in connection with Louis- 
 ville, at which place the road commences. The road is ninety-three miles :n 
 length, and cost $1,000,000. Cars arrive and depart daily for Louisville and 
 intermediate points on the railroad. Stages leave daily for Maysville, Zanes- 
 ville, Ohio, and Wheeling, Virginia; tri-weekly for Cincinnati, Ohio, and 
 Nashville, Tennessee, via Harrodsburg and Bowling Green. 
 
 Aslilandy situated about one and a half miles from Lexington, is the 
 residence of the distinguished American statesman, Henrt Clat. It com- 
 prises an estate of about six hundred acres, considered the best and most 
 productive land in the state of Kentucky. The house of Mr. Clay is built of 
 brick, plain and neat, without any display of architectural beauty. The 
 grounds immediately surrounding the house are laid out in an elegant and 
 tasteful manner, and ornamented with a variety of trees and shrubbery. 
 The name of Ashland is as familiar to the American public, as that of the 
 honorable gentleman who resides there. 
 
 BoonglMtrougliy situated on the east bank of the Kentucky river, in 
 Madison county, is a small village, and now of little or no importance, save 
 its connection with the early history of the West. It was on this spot that 
 Col. Daniel Boone made the first permanent settlement in the state of Ken- 
 tucky. Here, in the midst of a trackless forest, filled with hordes of remorse- 
 IbZ'^ and bloodthirsty savages. Col. Boone built, in the year 1775, a rude fort 
 of logs, and with his family took up his abode. 
 
 Colonel Daniel Boone, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, on the 
 11th of February, 1731, being one year and eleven days before the birth of 
 Washington. When he was but a boy his father moved to the head waters 
 of the Yadkin, in North Carolina. At an early age Boone evinced an ardent 
 love for roving through the woods with his gun on his nhoulder, in pursuit 
 of game and the excitements of the chase. From his childhood he was char- 
 acterized by undaunted courage, and it is related of him that when but 
 fourteen years of age, while out hunting in company with several boys near 
 his own age, they encountered a huge panther. Young Boone's companions 
 fled in terror and dismay — not so the youthful hero, bat coolly raising his 
 gun to his cheek and taking deliberate aim, shot the animal dead, while in 
 the very act of springing on him. 
 
 Boone continued to reside in North Carolina until his fortieth year;.,.^ery 
 little is known of his adventures during this period. The only fact of which 
 there is any degree of certainty, is his marriage. In the year 1769, having 
 been fired by the glowing descriptions of Finley and others concerning the 
 beautiful country of the Far West, he determined to set out on a visit to the 
 vast hunting grounds lying west of the Cumberland mountains. Leaving 
 his family at their home on the Yadkin, he, in company with Finley and four 
 others, started on their expedition. Boone remained in Kentucky for the 
 
n with Louis- 
 three miles :n 
 [iOuisTille and 
 jTSville, Zanes- 
 iti, Ohio, and 
 
 Ington, is the 
 !lat. It corn- 
 iest and most 
 Jlay is built of 
 beauty. The 
 ,n elegant and 
 id shrubbery, 
 as that of the 
 
 tucky river, in 
 portance, saye 
 this spot that 
 ! state of Ken- 
 ies of remorse- 
 75, a rude fort 
 
 [rania, on the 
 e the birth of 
 e head waters 
 iced an ardent 
 ler, in pursuit 
 d he was char- 
 [lat when but 
 eral boys near 
 i's companions 
 »lly raising his 
 dead, while in 
 
 th year;.„^ery 
 y fact of which 
 ir 1769, haying 
 concerning the 
 n a yisit to the 
 ;ains. Leaving 
 Finley and four 
 ntucky for the 
 
 space of three years. Often, for months, without a single human companion, 
 hundreds of miles from any white settlement, he quietly and contentedly 
 pursued his favorite occupation of hunting. His companions had all fallen 
 victims to the tomahawk and scalping knife, but one; and he becoming 
 disheartened, returnp»l bome. But Boone's stern sy;irit know nothing of 
 discouragement, and the idea of relinquishing his expeditiou never once 
 occurred to him. In fact the very perils and hardships of the life, were 
 the charms by which he was won, and accordingly he determined to make 
 this adventurous land his future abode. With this dctermmation he started 
 after his family. After selling his possessions in North Carolina, and taking 
 leave of his friends, he, accompanied by his own and five other families with 
 about forty men, started once more towards the Far West. The party encoun- 
 tered numerous hardships and privations, which so discouraged them, that 
 thoy gave up the expedition, and joined the settlements on Clinch river. 
 The party remained here until 1774. Boone was employed as a guide to 
 conduct a party through the wilderness to the falls of the Ohio. After this, 
 he again started for Kentucky. Accompanied by only a few followers, he 
 arrived at the spot where Boonsborough now stands, in the early part of the 
 year 1775, and erected a fort. While building the fort, the party were several 
 times attacked by the Indians, and lost about half their number. As soon 
 as the fort was completed, Boone returned to Clinch river for his family, 
 having fully determined that Kentucky should be his abode. The little 
 garrison at the fort were frequently attacked by the Indians, and lost many 
 of their best men. In the month of January, 1778, Boone and a party of 
 twenty-seven men were captured by a large body of Indians, at the Blue 
 Lick Springs. Boone remained a captive until the following June, when 
 being apprized of the design of the British and Indians to attack the fort at 
 Boonsborough, he mustered all his energies for an attempt to escape. This, 
 by his consummate skill and cool intrepidity, he was enabled to accomplish, 
 and in a short time arrived at Boonsborough. His arrival produced the 
 most heartfelt joy in the little fort. They had all supposed him long since 
 dead, and his family had returned to their friends in Novth Carolina. Imme- 
 diately on his arrival, Boone proceeded to put the fort in a state of defense, 
 and a short time afterward the Indians, under the command of British 
 oflftoers, appeared before the fort. The garrison was csilled upon to surrender, 
 which Boone answered by a request that they would give him two days to 
 think about it. This request was granted. At the expiration of the time, 
 Boone informed them that he would decline surrendering, at least for the 
 present. A proposition was then made to treat, which ended, as might have 
 been supposed, by treachery on the part of the enemy ; and the party sent 
 out to treat barely escaped with their lives. The attack then commenced, 
 and continued nine days, making no impression on the fort, and killing but 
 two of the garrison, The enemy then dispersed with the loss of twenty- 
 
 10 
 
i 
 
 146 
 
 ROUfE OF THE OHIO RlVER. 
 
 Rotcn killed, and a lAtgo utimber i^ownded. This wss ibe last stricnut nUack 
 mode on Boonsborougb; and Boone having once mofo bfougfat bia famity to 
 thia piftco, iha settlement en joyud peace and prospei'itf lior several yean. In 
 the month of AuguH, 1782^ Boone \n\s engaged In the memorable and disas' 
 trous battle of the Bl/Ue Licks. Out limit* will not admit of a full account 
 of this battle J sOfflco it to nay, that Boone conducted himself with that 
 gallantly and fearless coufagc, which always characterized him in the hour 
 of trial. A short time after this battle^ he accompanied Oeii< Clark in his 
 expedition against the Indians, which was the last campvign of any note in 
 which ho wai» engaged* In the year 1795, he Icfft Kentucky, and started for 
 the bank«of the Missouri, where ho lived until 1820, when he resigned his 
 body to its mother earth, and took his flight to realms of joy and peace. He 
 died at the adtanced age of eighty-nine ycars/ 
 
 The remains of Col. Boone and his Wife hayp been rcmoted to Prankfort, 
 Kentucky, and now lie entombed at that place. The remoral of the bodies 
 took place on the 13th Soptombcr, 1845. There is to be a monument erected 
 to mark the place of the repose of this true nobleman of nature. A monu- 
 ment to him cannot add to his futae^ he has feared a name among men 
 vrhich is more durable than marble^ and will live as long as virtue exists, 
 and good deeds are appreciated. 
 
 Preston, Jsr a mnaJl vJlIag'e ju.<?f befow the mouth of the 
 Kentiiclty rivef, Darned in honor of Col. Preston, of Virginia. 
 It contains 2 stores, and about 150 inhabitdnt^. 
 
 Ma.clii<M>ll9 county aeat of Jefferson county, Indiana, situated 
 on the Ohio, twelve miles below the mouth of the Kentucky 
 river, is one of the largest and most important commercial cities 
 in the state. It is beautifully located in a valley, about three- 
 fourths of a mile in width and three miles in length, lying in a 
 bend of the river, and snrroanded by steep and rugged hills, 
 from four to iive htiudred feet hi hight* The pr}i>cipul part of 
 the city is situated more than thirty feet above the highest floods 
 of the Ohio river. 
 
 The trade of Madison fs quite extensive, and the manufactures 
 are very important. The principal part of the trade of the city 
 is in wheat ana pork, those articles being the chief prod^icts of 
 the state. For many years after the settlement of Madison, its 
 progress was slow ; but for the past twenty years it has improved 
 very rapidly. The population in 1830 was 2,000, in 1840, 4,000, 
 and now it is 10,000. There has lately been built a fine new 
 hotel, at d cost of $30,000, which has added much to the appear- 
 ance of the city. The other buildings of note in the city, are 
 the court'house, jail, and county offices, 2 market-houses, a bank, 
 2 schools, and about IS^churches, viz : 3 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 2 
 
flCtlouR ffUack 
 t bis funity to 
 ral yean. In 
 tble and disas' 
 a full account 
 self with that 
 in in the hour 
 < Clark in his 
 )f any note in 
 bnd started for 
 e resigned his 
 md peace. He 
 
 [ to f rankfort, 
 1 of the bodies 
 ument erected 
 urc. A monn- 
 le among meu 
 » virtue exiRis^ 
 
 lOiith of the 
 of Virginia. 
 
 iana, situated 
 e Kentucky 
 nercial cities 
 about three- 
 h} lying in a 
 rugged hills, 
 tcipal part of 
 lighest Hoods 
 
 nanufactures 
 
 of the city 
 
 f proxlttcts of 
 
 Madison, its 
 
 lias improved 
 
 1840, 4,000, 
 
 a fine new 
 
 the appear- 
 
 the city, are 
 
 >uses, a bank, 
 
 , 1 Baptist, 2 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 147 
 
 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, 1 Christian, 1 Catholic, besides those 
 of various other denominations. Several of these buildings are 
 handsome and costly edifices. Madison contains several mills of 
 various kinds, founderies, factories, and a large number of stores, 
 many of which are wholesale houses, and do an extensive business. 
 The Madison and Indianapolis railroad was completed in the 
 year ]849, and is one of the most important works in the state. 
 It was commenced by the state, but after a short time fell into 
 the hands of a company. This road extends through some of the 
 most populous and productive districts of the state of Indiana, 
 and is of immense advantage to Madison in a commercial point 
 of view. There are several branches, some completed and some 
 in contemplation, extending from the main road, which tend to 
 enhance the importance, and increase the business of this road 
 amazingly. There are several important towns on the railroad 
 between Madison and Indianapolis, among which are Vernon, 
 Columbus, Franklin, and some others' of minor importance. 
 
 Note* 
 
 Indianapolis, capital of the state of Indiana, and seat of Justice for 
 Marion county, is situated at the northern terminus of the Madison and 
 Indianapolis railroad, on the West Fork of White river. It lies on a beauti- 
 ftil plain, nearly in the centre of the county. The location is healthy and 
 every way desirable. The city was laid out in the year 1820, for the purpose 
 of mailing it the seat of government. At that time the country around was 
 an unbroken wilderness, the nearest settlement being more than fifty miles 
 distant. It was but a short time, however, until the town began to improve, 
 and this has continued to go on steadily up to this time. The commerce and 
 manufactures of Indianapolis are in a flourishing condition. The city is 
 situated in the midst of a most fertile agricultural district, with ntunerous 
 facilities for transportation. Besides the Madison railroad, there is one 
 extending to Lafayette, ono to Bcllefontaine, Peru, and Terre Haute ; it is 
 also on the line of the national road. These advantages render the onward 
 progress of Indianapolis a certainty. 
 
 The public buildings are, a fine state-house, 80 by 160 feet, erected at a 
 cost of $60,000, 7 first class hotels, a splendid masonic hall, a court-house, 3 
 seminaries, and 17 churches, viz : 6 Methodist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 2 
 German, 1 Associate Reformed, 1 Lutheran, 1 Christian, 1 Quaker, 1 Episco- 
 palian, 1 Catholic, and 2 African. Indianapolis also contains a number of 
 private and district schools, 5 mills, 2 carding machines, 2 founderies and 
 machine shops, and about 130 stores of various kinds. 
 
 Besides the above mentioned public buildings, there are some important 
 state institutions near the city, which have been but recently established, 
 and which deserve separate notices. 
 
\ 
 
 , .1 
 
 ^ { 
 
 ;*4 
 
 ■ i 
 
 148 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 The Astlum for the Deaf and Dumb, was established by an act of the 
 stato legislature, in 1844. The buildings are located in a beautiful grove, 
 about a mile east of the city. The whole length of the main building is 
 two hundred and fifty-six feet, and is beautifully stuccoed with hydraulic 
 cement. There are now over one hundred pupils in attendance, and the 
 institution is in a very flourishing condition. The session commences on the 
 first Wednesday in October, and closes on the last Wednesday in July. 
 
 Tub Indiana Institute for the Education of the Bund, was founded in 
 1847, by legislative enactment. It occupies a beautiful site of eight acres in 
 the northern part of the city. The building is four stories high, including 
 basement, with a fine portico in front, and is, no doubt, largo enough tu 
 meet the wants of the state for several years to come. 
 
 The Indiana Hospital for the Insank, is beautifully located on a farm 
 of one hundred and sixty acres, two miles west of Indianapolis. The co8t 
 of farm and buildings is estimated at $72,000. The present edifice will 
 accommodate two hundred patients. The institution is in a very prosperous 
 condition, and the number of inmates is constantly increasing. 
 
 The population in 1830, was 1,100; in 1840, 2,700, and in 1850, 8,000. 
 
 UliltOIly Trimble county, Kentucky, is a small village situ- 
 ated nearly opposite Madison. It contains 2 stores, a post office, 
 and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Hanover 9 six miles below Madison, in Jefferson county, is 
 a beautiful town, situated on the high bluffs of the Ohio. The 
 town was first settled in 1810, and now contains about 600 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Hanover College, established about thirty years ago by Rev. J. 
 F. Crowe, D. D., and the Hon. W. Dunn, is a literary institution 
 of the highest order. The average number of students is about 100. 
 
 I¥ew IjOBICIoii, four miles below Hanover, in the same 
 county and state, is a small village, containing 1 store, and about 
 40 inhabitants. 
 
 BethlellCIIl, situated eight miles below New Londop, in 
 Clark county, Indiana, is a small town, containing a churcH^sev- 
 eral stores, and a population of about 300. 
 
 ItVestport, situated on the Ohio river, in Oldham county, 
 Kentucky, six miles below Bethlehem, is a village of some impor- 
 tance, containing 1 mill, 3 stores, 2 churches, and about 300 
 inhabitants. Westport was formerly the county seat, but for 
 some mysterious cause which the worthy inhabitants could never 
 fathom, the seat of justice was removed to LaGrange, where 
 there is a Masonic college under the Grand Lodge of Kentucky. 
 
 f; 
 
r 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 149 
 
 in act of the 
 lutiful grove, 
 n building Ih 
 ith hydraulic 
 anco, and the 
 mences on the 
 n July. 
 
 as founded in 
 eight acres in 
 igh, including 
 ge enough tu 
 
 id on a farm 
 olis. The cost 
 it edifice will 
 iry prosperous 
 
 '• 
 
 0, 8,000. 
 
 village situ- 
 (i post office, 
 
 n county, is 
 Ohio. The 
 t 600 inhub- 
 
 [) by Rev. J. 
 Y institution 
 is about 100. 
 
 in the same 
 d, and about 
 
 London, in 
 shurcTirsev- 
 
 lam county, 
 }ome impor- 
 l about 300 
 sat, but for 
 could never 
 ingfe, where 
 ' Kentucky. 
 
 Charleston Lianding, twelve miles below Westport, is 
 the landing point for the town of Charleston, which is situated 
 two miles and a half from the river, and is the county seat of 
 Clark county, Indiana. 
 
 JJiiCB., situated five miles below Charleston Landing, is a 
 small village in the same county. Population, 350. 
 
 JefierfSOnville^ situated nine miles below Utica, in the 
 same county, on the Ohio river, is a pleasant and finely located 
 town for business. It was named in honor of Mr. Jefferson, who 
 furnished a plan for the town. His plan was to build on alternate 
 squares, leaving the intermediate ones for pleasure grounds. 
 This plan was soon abandoned. The Indiana State Penitentiary 
 is located at this place. It is a fine, large building, admirably 
 arranged, and well adapted for the confinement of convicts. The 
 town also contains a land office, printing office, several churches, 
 and a population of 2,000. 
 
 VIEW OF LOUISVILLE. 
 
 liOniSVille, county seat of JefTerson county, Kentucky, 
 and the largest city in the state, is situated on the south bank of 
 the Ohio river, in north latitude 38° 3', and west longitude 8° 45' 
 form Washington, and 85° 30' from Greenwich. It is laid out 
 regularly. The principal business streets are 120 feet wide. 
 
 The commerce of Louisville is very extensive ; the net amount 
 of capital employed in mercantile business being estimated at 
 nearly $10,000,000. The manufactories are also numerous and 
 flourishing; there being 8 factories for the manufacture of bagging, 
 cordage, rope, &c., 12 iron founderies, 1 brass foundery, 1 rolling 
 mill, 4 lard oil factories, 4 mills, 1 white lead factory, 1 nail fac- 
 tory, gas works, several glass houses, candle factories, pork houses, 
 besides a large number of smaller establishments of various kinds. 
 
 I 
 
m\ 
 
 •k : 
 
 I 
 
 If 
 
 160 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 The public buildings of Louisville are numerous, and some of 
 them handsome specimens of architecture. The churches are 
 thirty in number, viz : 9 Methodist, 5 Baptist, 2 Universalist, 3 
 Episcopalian, 1 Unitarian, 4 Presbyterian, 1 Christian Disciples^ 
 1 Bethel, 1 Free church, 1 Jewish Synagogue, and 2 Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 The University of Louisville has a fine edifice, and is a flourishing 
 and growing institution. It has been established but a few years. 
 The first course of lectures was delivered in the winter of 1847. 
 
 The Mediccd Institute f founded in the year 1837, is a public 
 institution of high rank. It has been extensively patronized, and 
 enjoys the entire confidence of its patrons. The edifice is a 
 handjcme and elegant structure; and the arrangements of thecpl* 
 lege are surj. issed by none in the West. 
 
 The Marine Hospital, established in 1890, as a place of refuge 
 for sick and disabled boatmen, is an institution which the dan- 
 gerous navigation of our western waters renders of vast impor- 
 tance. 
 
 The Asylum for the Blind, is a noble instUution, and reflects 
 the highest honor on the state. It was established in the year 
 1842. The building of the institution is large and commodious. 
 The students are instructed in all the principal branches of edu- 
 cation 'aught in our colleges. They are also instructed in various 
 kinds of mechanical arts, by which they may be enabled to earn 
 a livelihood. 
 
 Besides these buildings, thore is a splendid court-house and city 
 hall, a city and county jaii. a large theatre, a hospital, 2 orphan 
 asylams, a Magdalen asylum, 4 krge school-houses belonging to 
 the city, 4 market-houses, a city work-house, 5 banks, and sev- 
 eral fine hotels, the principal of which are the Gait House and 
 Louisville Hotel 
 
 The newspapers and periodicals of Louisville are, — The Louis- 
 viUe Journal, Morning Courier, Evening Express, and Louisville 
 Democrat, dailies; and the Journal of Commerce, Baptist Banner, 
 Presbyterian Herald, Spirit of the Age, Examine. > and Cathottc 
 Advocate, weeklies; the Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery, 
 monthly; and the Southern Mtk,hodist Quarterly Review, 
 
 The falls rn the Ohio, just below Louisville, is a great obstruc- 
 tio'ti to navigation, and a serious hindrance to the trade and com- 
 merce of the whole river. It has been in some measure obviated 
 by building a canal, with locks, to overcome the difference in 
 grade from Louisville to Portland, two miles below. The can&l 
 is inadequate to the wants of navigation; many of the boatfa 
 which ply on our we«:^«)rn waters are unable to get through. 
 
EOUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER- 
 
 151 
 
 il 
 
 some of 
 rches are 
 srsalist, 3 
 Disciples^ 
 S Roman 
 
 ourishing 
 ew years, 
 of 1847. 
 ) a public 
 lized, and 
 ifice is a 
 >f the col* 
 
 of refuge 
 
 the dan- 
 
 st impor- 
 
 d reflects 
 the year 
 imodious. 
 •s of edu- 
 in various 
 id to earn 
 
 e and city 
 2 orphan 
 Oiiging to 
 and sev- 
 [ouse and 
 
 he Louis- 
 Louistille 
 ' Banner, 
 i Cathottc 
 I Surgery, 
 
 t obstruc- 
 and com- 
 * obviated 
 3rence in 
 fhe can&l 
 the boatia 
 through. 
 
 i 
 
 The attention of governraeut has been called to this repeatedly; 
 yet it remains, as heretofore, in the hands of a company of capi- 
 talists, whoso interest it is to make it as inconvenient ats possible. , 
 It is to be hoped that Congress will soon do something toward 
 improving the great thoroughfares of the West. The loss of life 
 has really become terrific; and it is a well known fact, that a 
 voyage down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, is accompanied 
 with more dangers than one on the ocean. 
 
 LouisviUe was first settled in the year 1778, by a few families, 
 who emigrated from Virginia under Gen. George Rogers Clark. 
 They built a block-house where Ijoutsvilie now stands, and %verc 
 soon joined by numerous other parties of emigrants. The town 
 was established by the Virginia legislature in the year 1780, and 
 at that time contained just thirty inhabitants. I'he settlers suf- 
 fered severely for many years, from the encroachments of the 
 savages. lu the year 1800, I^uisviile contained a population of 
 600; in 1810, 1,300; in 1820, 4,000; in 18:i0, 10,000; in 1840, 
 21,000; aud in 1850, 50,000. 
 
 ROUTES PROM LOUISVILLE. 
 
 Steamboats arrive and depart dailv for Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, 
 St. Louis, New Orleans, and intermediate ports; cars arrive and 
 depart daily fur Lexington; stages leave for the principal points 
 in the interior of Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois aud 
 Missouri. 
 
 From LouisvUle to Lexington. 
 
 To Middletown, {by railroad,) 12 miles; to Long Run, 6 miles; 
 to Simpsonville, 5 miles; to Shelbyville, 8 miles; to Clay village, 
 6 miles; to Hardinsville, 8 miles; to Bridgeport, 4 miles; to Frank- 
 fort, 3 miles ; to Versailles, 12 miles ; to Lexington, 12 miles : 
 whole distance from Louisville to L£Xin£!ton, 78 miles. Time, 
 6 hours; fare, $2 50. 
 
 From Louistille to St. Louis. 
 
 To New Albany, Indiana, (by steamboat,) 4 miles; to Green- 
 ville, (by stage,; 12 miles; to Fredericksburg, 13 miles; to Puoli, 
 17 miles; to Columbiaville, 16 miles; to Ml- Pleasant, 12 miles; 
 to Washington, 15 miles; io Vinecnnes, 20 miles; to Lawrcnce- 
 vllle, Illtuois, 9 miles; to Olnoy, 22 milos; to Mavsville, 25 miles; 
 to Salem, .']6 miles; to Carlisle, 2G miles; to Lebanon, 27 miles; 
 to Belleville, 12 miles; to St. Louis, 14 miles : whole distance from 
 Louisville to St. Louis, 279 miles. Time, about 50 hours; fare. 
 
 
 (I 
 
-il 
 
 F;;i 
 
 
 152 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 From Louisville to Indianapolis. 
 
 To Paoli, (by stage,) 46 irJies; to Orleans, 6 miles; to Spring 
 Mill, 5 miles; to Bedffyrd, lO miles; to Marysville, 8 miles; to 
 Bloomington, 14 miles; to Martinsville, 21 miles; to Indianapolis, 
 15 miles: whole distance from Louisville to Indianapolis, 125 
 miles. Time, 20 hours; fare, $7 50. 
 
 From Louisville to Nashville. 
 To Salina, (by stage,) 11 miles; to West Point, 10 miles; 
 
 to 
 13 
 to 
 to 
 
 Elizabethtown, 22 miles; to Nolen, 11 miles; to Leesville, 
 miles; to Mumfordsville, 8 miles; to Woodsonville, 10 miles; 
 Dripping Spring, 20 miles ; to Bowling Green, 13 miles ; 
 Franklin, 22 miles; to State Line, 10 miles; to Tyree Springs, 
 Tennessee, 14 miles ; to Mausker's Creek, 7 miles; to Pleasant 
 Hill, 7 miles; to Nashville, 6 miles: whole distance from Louis- 
 ville to Nashville, 183 miles. Time, 30 hours^ fare, $10. 
 
 Shippingsport, situated two miles below Louisville, in 
 the same county, is a small village of little importance. It looks 
 very much as though it had seen its best days. It contains a 
 mill, four or five stores, and about 150 inhabitants. 
 
 Portland, three miles below Louisville, also in Jefferson 
 county, is a place of considerable importance, on account of the 
 large steamers generally making it a stopping place, not being 
 able to get through the canal. There U a line of omnibuses 
 running from Portland to Louisville, for the convenience of trav- 
 elers. It contains about a dozen stores, and a population of 600. 
 
 New Albany, county seat of Floyd county, Indiana, is 
 situated opposite Portland, and is one of the most important 
 towns in the state. It was laid out in the year 1813, by three 
 brothers of the name of Scribner. It is regularly laid out, with 
 wide streets and convenient side-walks. 
 
 The business of steamboat building is carried on here to a 
 greater extent than any other place in the state. Other branches 
 of mechanics are also in a flourishing condition. 
 
 There are 11 churches, viz: 3 Baptist, 1 Episcopalian, 2 Mef^- 
 dist, 1 Lutheran, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Catholic, and 1 Christian. 
 There is also a collegiate institute, a Presbyterian theological 
 seminary, 2 district schools, several private schools, 1 bank, 2 
 printing ofRccs, 3 iron founderies, 1 brass foundery, 1 bagging 
 factory^ and about 130 stores of various kinds. In 1830, the 
 population of New Albany was 2,000; in 1840, 4,225; in 1850, 
 11,000. 
 
to Spring 
 miles; to 
 lianapolis, 
 OLis, 125 
 
 miles; to 
 
 sville, 13 
 
 miles; to 
 
 miles ; to 
 
 Springs, 
 
 Pleasant 
 
 >m Louis- 
 
 (10. 
 
 lisville, in 
 It looks 
 contains a 
 
 i Jefferson 
 unt of tho 
 not being 
 omnibuses 
 ce of trav- 
 on of 600. 
 
 ndiana, is 
 
 important 
 
 , by three 
 
 out, with 
 
 here to a 
 * branches 
 
 2 MefTio- 
 Christian. 
 heoiogical 
 I bank, 2 
 1 bagging 
 
 1830, the 
 ; in 1850, 
 
 BOUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 163 
 
 There is a railroad from this place to Salem, and is intended to 
 be carried still farther. This, when completed, will add much to 
 the importance of the city. 
 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily for all points on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi rivers. Stages leave regularly for St. Louis, 
 Indianapolis, and Madison. 
 
 Salt River, rises in Boyle county, Kentucky, and, pursuing 
 a north-westerly course of about 200 miles, empties into the Ohio 
 river, at the line between Jefferson and Hardin counties. Its 
 mouth is 200 yards wide. It derived its name from the numerous 
 salt licks along its banks. The first salt made, was at Bullitt's 
 old licks, about three miles from Shepardsville. The settlers in 
 the neighborhood of Salt river experienced a full share of those 
 hardships common to the pioneers of our western country. The 
 district of country through which Salt river runs, comj)rises 
 some of the most fertile lands in the state. The inhabitants of 
 this section of country are generally a hardy race, and little accus- 
 tomed to the restraints and formalities of refined circles. They, 
 however, possess a full share of ** hard Jiorse sense" to use their 
 own language ; and if any doubt their patriotism, we would 
 earnestly advise them, as friends, not to tell them so, as it would 
 be accompanied with some danger. 
 
 Salt river is navigable for flat-bottom boats, for a distance of 
 150 miles. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 HaiTodsburg, county seat of Mercer county, is situated about a mile 
 from the banks of Salt river, and near the head waters of that stream. It is 
 a beautifully located town, standing on a commanding eminence, and sur- 
 rounded by a fine country. It contains the usual county buildings, 6 
 churches, a college, seminary, 2 academics, about 20 stores, 1 printing office, 
 several factories, a number of mechanics' shops, and a population of 1,800. 
 It received its name in honor of the Ilarrod family, who emigrated to Ken- 
 tucky at an early period. ^ , 
 
 TKe Harrodsburgp Springs, situated near Harrodsburg, is one of 
 the most celebrated watering plocos in the state The waters contain sulphate 
 of magnesia, carbonate of magnesia, sulphate of lime, sulphate of soda, iron, 
 carbonate of lime, and sulphurated hydrogen. 
 
 Tho proprietor of the Springs, Dr. Christopher Graham, has erected a 
 magnificent hotel, and laid out extensive and beautiful grounds, at a cost of 
 $300,000. The medicinal virtues of the waters, and the excellent accommo- 
 dations, attract crowds of visitors during the summer season. 
 
j 
 
 ■ M 
 
 154 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 lil^est. Point, situated on the Ohio, just below the mouth 
 of Salt river, in Hardin county, is a thriving little village, des- 
 tined, no doubt, to future greatness. It contains an extensive 
 boat yard, 4 stores, and about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Brandenburg^, county seat of Meade county, Kentucky, 
 is situated eighteen miles below Salt river, on a high bluff bank 
 of the Ohio. It is a place of some trade, being a shipping point 
 for large quantities of corn and tobacco. It contains 2 mills, 2 
 churches, 16 stores, several mechanical shops, and about 700 
 inhabitants. 
 
 maucliLport, situated three miles below Brandenburg, is a 
 small village in Harrison county, Indiana. It contains one store, 
 and half a dozen houses. Population, 30. 
 
 Northampton, seven miles below Mauckport, is a small 
 village in the same county. It contains but few houses, and is 
 of little importance. Population, 50. 
 
 Amsterdam, three miles below Northampton, also in 
 Harrison county, is a pretty little village, contaiiiing 2 stores, and 
 about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Blue River, a small stream, rises in Washington county, 
 Indiana, and flows in a southerly direction for the distance of 
 about 75 miles. It empties into the Ohio about two miles above 
 Leavenworth. 
 
 LieaveniVOrtll, county seat of Crawford county, Indiana, 
 is situated on the Ohio river, eight miles below Amsterdam. It 
 is a thriving town, and well situated for business; being at the 
 commencement of the coal region in Indiana. The country in 
 the vicinity of Leavenworth is exceedingly fertile, and well culti- 
 vated. The advantageous position of this town, will, at no very 
 distant day, render it an important business place. Leavenworth 
 now contains 2 churches, 1 newspaper printing office, about 20 
 stores, and a population of 700. 
 
 Fredonia, formerly seat of justice for Crawford county, is 
 situated four and a half miles below Leavenworth, on a high blult 
 of the Ohio river. It contaiub half a dozen stores, and a popula- 
 tion of about 300. 
 
 Ijittle Blue River, rises in Crawford county, and empties 
 into the Ohio, at the line between Crawford and Perry counties. 
 Its length is about 45 miles. 
 
 Alton, situated fourteen miles below Fredonia, just below 
 the mouth of Little Blue river, in Perry county, Indiana, is a 
 small village containing but few houses. Population, 100. 
 
> 
 
 the mouth 
 illago, des- 
 L extensive 
 
 Kentucky, 
 bluff bank 
 ping point 
 2 mills, 2 
 about 700 
 
 nburg, is a 
 i one store, 
 
 , is a small 
 ses, and is 
 
 n, also in 
 stores, and 
 
 m county, 
 distance of 
 niies above 
 
 y, Indiana, 
 erdam. It 
 ?ing at the 
 country in 
 well culti- 
 at no very 
 avenwortli 
 , about 20 
 
 county, is 
 
 high bluff 
 
 1 a popula- 
 
 nd empties 
 Y counties. 
 
 just below 
 Jiana, is a 
 100. 
 
 iK '' 
 
 ROUTE OP THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 165 
 
 Concordia, ten miles below Alton, in Meade county, Ken- 
 tucky, is a pleasantly situated village, containing 1 church, 2 
 stores, and about 75 inhabitants. The hills in this neighborhood 
 abound in beds of limestone rock, from which immense quantities 
 of lime are made. 
 
 Rome, county seat of Perry county, Indiana, is situated 
 twelve miles below Concordia, opposite the mouth of Sinking 
 creek. It was settled in 1811, and now contains a court-house, 
 jailf county seminary, 3 churches, a number of stores, and about 
 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Stephensporty situated opposite Rome, in Breckenridge 
 county, Kentucky, is u pleasant little village, containing 2 
 churches, several stores, and a population of about 250. It was 
 established in 1825, and is now rapidly growing into importance. 
 
 Sinkings Creek, is a very remarkable stream. It rises in 
 tlie upper part of Breckenridge county, and after pursuing a 
 course of about six miles, suddenly sinks into the ground, and as 
 suddenly bursts into view about five miles from the spot where it 
 sunk. Of its subterraneous passage, nothing definite is known. 
 Whether the depth to which it sinks is but a few feet, or many, 
 or whether it pursues a straight course, or a meandering one, is 
 all doubt and speculation. 
 
 On the banks of this creek may be seen a natural rock mill- 
 dam, which serves all the purposes of one constructed by the 
 hand of man. There has been a mill erected just below this dam. 
 
 Not far from this place is a cave called Penitentiary Cave, of 
 vast size, and containing many magnificent apartments. Collins' 
 Kentucky says : " In one of the rooms about one hundred yards 
 from the mouth of the cave, the roof is from sixty to seventy 
 feet high, and on the floor there are three natural basins or troughs 
 of cool, clear water, of very remarkable construction and appear- 
 ance, fifteen feet in length, four feet wide, and twelve inches deep. 
 These basins are elevated above the level of the floor, in the form 
 of troughs; and it is remarkable, that the stones which form the 
 sides and ends of the basins, do not exceed in thickness the blade 
 of a table knife.'* 
 
 Cloversport, situated ten miles below Sinking creek, in 
 the same county, is a place of some commercial importance. 
 There is considerable shipping done from this point, mostly con- 
 sisting of tobacco. The town contains quite a number of stores, 
 and a population of about 800. 
 
 There are extensive and almost inexhaustible beds of coal in 
 this vicinity. But little attention has yet been turned to these 
 mines. 
 
 9 
 
156 
 
 ROUTS OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 Near Cloversport are the White SSulphuR) Breckenrioge, and 
 Tar Springs. The water of these springs is highly medicated, 
 and they are becoming a fashionable, and justly celebrated water- 
 ing place. 
 
 Hanresvllle^ county seat of Hancock county, Kentucky, 
 is situated fourteen miles below Cloversport, on the Ohio. The 
 town has considerable trade, being situated in the coal region, and 
 being conveniently located for boats passing up and down the 
 river. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 churches, 2 schools, about 
 a dozen stores, and a population of 600. 
 
 About four miles from Hawesville, may be seen a natural forti- 
 fication. It is a circular plat of land, surrounded by inaccessible 
 cliffs, rising to the hight of from fifty to one hundred and 
 twenty-five feet, and projecting over at the top. 
 
 CanneltOIlt is situated opposite to Hawesville, in Perry 
 county, Indiana. This flourishing village promises to become 
 an important manufacturing city, and that at no very distant day. 
 In the year 1849, its population was about 500; it is now estimated 
 at 2,000. No place on the river seems in be increasing with 
 such unparalleled rapidity. The chief business of the town has 
 been the mining of coal for steamboats. Recently a large num- 
 ber of capitalists have commenced at this place, the business of 
 manufacturing. The excellence and cheapness of coal, building 
 stone, fire clay, &.C., together with the healthiness and convenience 
 of the site, fully warrant the belief, that this mineral district will 
 become one of the most important manufacturing positions in the 
 world. The coal hills seem to extend along the river more than 
 five miles. The depth of the coal strata averages about four and 
 a half feet; this is underlaid by fire clay, and runs into the hills with 
 an inclination toward the river sufficient for natural drainage. 
 
 The CanneUon Cotton Mill, situated in the center of the town, 
 is 287 feet long, 67 feet wide, with towers 106 feet high. It is 
 constructed entirely of a beautiful sandstone, which is cut with 
 remarkable facility and smoothness, on exposure to the atmos- 
 phere. The mill contains 11,000 spindles, and corresponding 
 machines, for an annual product of 5,000,000 yards of brown 
 sheeting. This is said to be the most beautiful edifice of the^nd 
 in the Union. 
 
 The buildings in the town are chiefly of wood, and seem to 
 have been put up hastily, to meet the necessities of emigrants. 
 The excellence and cheapness of stone, however, will eventually 
 insure the use of that material for building purposes. 
 
 Immediately below Cannelton is the site selected for the monu- 
 ment to Robert Fulton. The land was purchased by h;m soon 
 
rRioG£, and 
 medicated, 
 ated water- 
 Kentucky, 
 )hio. The 
 region, and 
 down the 
 ools, about 
 
 tural forti- 
 naccessible 
 ndred and 
 
 » in Perry 
 to become 
 listant day. 
 7 estimated 
 aaing with 
 9 town has 
 large num- 
 business of 
 al, building 
 onvenience 
 Jistrict will 
 tions in the 
 more than 
 iit four and 
 e hills with 
 rainage. 
 
 the town, 
 ligh. It is 
 is cut with 
 the atmos- 
 responding 
 
 of brown 
 of the^nd 
 
 id seem to 
 emigrants, 
 eventually 
 
 the monu- 
 h;m soon 
 
 after the introduction of steam navigation on the Ohio, and in 
 reference to the future value of these coal banks for steam pur- 
 poses. This place is peculiary appropriate for the erection of a 
 tribute to the memory of that great and world-renowned man. 
 
 Xroy, situated six miles below Cannelton near the mouth of 
 Anderson river, in the same county, is a thriving village, and 
 must in the course of time, command the commerce of a portion 
 of the rich mineral district in the rear and along the margin of 
 this section of tiie great central coal field. Should this district 
 increase in population and wealth, as accessible coal districts 
 always have increased, this point will surely become one of im- 
 mense importance. The banks of the Ohio from the mouth of 
 Anderson river to Deer creek, and embracing Cannelton, has 
 been pronounced by eminent civil engineers, to be the best site 
 for a manufacturing city, of any now known in this or any other 
 country. There are more natural advantages here for the manu- 
 facture of great staples, cotton, wool, iron, and the various kinds 
 of clay and earthenware, than at any point known elsewhere. 
 In view of the movements now in progress, and of those in pros- 
 pect, this section of the Ohio possesses unusual interest tu the 
 traveler. 
 
 Troy now contains 2 churches, several stores and about 350 
 inhabitants. . - I 
 
 Anderson River, rises in Crawford county, and flows in 
 a southerly direction and empties into the Ohio near Troy. It is 
 navigable for flatboats about thirty miles, in high water. It also 
 affords many valuable mill privileges. 
 
 MnXVlHe, situated just below the mouth of Anderson river, 
 in Spencer county, Indiana, is a small village, containing several 
 stores, and about 200 inhabitants. | 
 
 Ba.tesville, two miles below Mijxville, in the same county, 
 is a small unimportant village, containing about the same number 
 of inhabitants as Maxville. 
 
 liCWisport, situated three miles below Batesville, in Han- 
 cock county, Kentucky, is a small "illagc, extending for some 
 distance along the banks of the river. It contains 1 church, 
 several stores, and a population of 300. 
 
 Rockport, seat of justice for Spencer county, Indiana, is 
 situated thirteen miles below Lewisport, on the Ohio. Its name 
 is derived from a hanging rock, known by the name of " Lady 
 Washington's Rock.'* This rock is a sandstone formation, and 
 rises to the hight of about thirty feet above the general level of 
 the river. 
 
158 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 The town contains a court^housei jail and county offices, a 
 county seminary, Methodist church, several storesj and a popu- 
 lation of about 600. 
 
 Ol¥eitSt>urg[9 county seat of Daviess county, Kentucky, 
 is situated nine miles below Rockport, on the Ohio river, at the 
 Yellow Banks. The town has considerable trade with the interior 
 of the state. It contains a court-house and county offices, 
 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Catholic church, 2 schools, an 
 academy, 16 stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Daviess County was named in honor of Col. Joseph Hamilton 
 Daviess, brother-in-law of Chief Justice Marshall, and one of the 
 ablest lawyers, and most gallant soldiers, of which Kentucky can 
 boast. He received the appointment of major, under Gen. Har- 
 rison, in his expedition against the Wabash Indians, in 1811. He 
 fell at the battle of Tippecanoe, while gallantly heading a charge 
 of his brave troops. 
 
 Bon Hnrbor, three miles below Owensburg, in the same 
 county, is a thriving and progressive little village. There is an 
 eddy formed by a bar in the river at this place, which forms an 
 excellent harbor for boats. It is from this circumstance that the 
 name of the place is derived. In the vicinity are fine beds of 
 coal, which render facilities for manufacturing to a large and 
 extensive cotton and woolen establishment. Bon Harbor contains 
 a number of stores, and a population of about 300. 
 
 Enterprise, three miles below Bon Harbor, is a small village 
 in Spencer county, Indiana, containing a few stores, and a popu- 
 lation of 200. 
 
 Point Isabel, three miles below Enterprise, is a small 
 village situated in the same county, and containing only about 
 50 inhabitants. 
 
 IVeWburg;, situated thirteen miles below Point Isabel, in 
 Warwick county, Indiana, is a finely located and thriving town. 
 It was laid out in the year 1817, by Michael Sprinkle, and was at 
 first called Sprinklesburg. It now contains 3 churches, 3 large 
 commission ware houses, 2 mills, several stores, and a population 
 of 500. ^ 
 
 Oreen River, rises in Lincoln county, Kentucky, and 
 flowing through an exceedingly rich country, in a direction 
 nearly west and north-west, enters the Ohio six miles below 
 Newburg, fifty miles above the mouth of Cumberland river, 
 and about two hundred miles below Louisville. It has been made 
 navigable, by means of locks and dams, for a distance of one 
 hundred and sixty miles. 
 
offices, a ! 
 nd a popu- 
 
 Kentucky, 
 iver, at the 
 the interior 
 nty offices, 
 schools, an 
 
 [ Hamilton 
 one of the 
 
 ntucky can 
 Gen. Hur- 
 
 1I8II. He 
 
 ig a charge 
 
 n the same 
 Phere is an 
 h forms an 
 nee that the 
 me beds of 
 a large and 
 bor contains 
 
 small village 
 and a popu- 
 
 is a small 
 only about 
 
 t Isabel, in 
 •iving town. 
 , and was at 
 ;hes, 3 large 
 I population 
 
 ttucky, and 
 a direction 
 niles below 
 rland river, 
 i been made 
 ince of one 
 
 Wa 
 
 I 
 
 \ :^ 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 UlamniotH Ca-rc^ situated on the banks of Green rirer, in Edmonson 
 county, Kentucky, is the most stupendous work of nature to be found any- 
 where on the earth. The following description is gleaned from the publication 
 of a Tisitor, entitled " Rambles in the Mammoth Care during the year 1844 : " 
 
 For a distance at two miles from the cave, by the approach from the south- 
 cast, the country is level. It was, until lately, a prairie^ on which, however, 
 the oak, chestnut and hickory are now growing ; and there being no under- 
 brush, its smooth, \''erdant openings present here and there a close resem- 
 blance to the parks of the English nobility. Emerging from these beautiful 
 woodlands, the visitor is presented with a view of the hotel and adjacent 
 grounds. The hotel is a large edifice, two hundred feet long, by forty-five 
 feet wide, with piazzas sixteen feet wide, extending the whole length of the 
 building above and below. The accommodations of tliis hotel are excellent. 
 
 The cave is about two hundred yards from the hotel, and is approached 
 through a romantic and beautiful dell, shaded by a forest of trees and grape- 
 vines. Passing by the ruins of some old saltpetre furnaces, and large mounds 
 of ashes, and turning abruptly to the right, the visitor is suddenly startled 
 by a rush of cold air, and beholds before him the yawning mouth of the great 
 cavern, dismal, dark and dreary. Descend some thirty feet, by rude stone 
 steps, and you are fairly under the arch of this " nether world." Before you, 
 in looking toward the entrance, is seen a small stream of water, falling fh)m 
 the face of the rock, upon the ruins below, and disappearing in a deep pit. 
 Proceeding onward about one hundred feet, the progress of the explorer is 
 arrested by a door, set in a rough stone wall, which stretches across and 
 completely blocks up the entrance to the cave. Passing through tliis door, 
 you enter a narrow passage, at the end of which is the great vestibule or 
 ante-chamber of the cave. This is a hall of an oval shape, two hundred feet 
 in length by one hundred and fifty feet wide, with a roof as flat and level as 
 if finished by the trowel, and from fifty to sixty feet high. Two passages, 
 each a hundred feet in width, open into it at its opposite extremities, but at 
 right angles to each other; and as they run*in a straight course for five or 
 six hundred feet, with the same flat roof common to each, the appearance 
 presented to the eye is that of a vast hall in the shape of the letter L, 
 expanded at the angles, both branches being five hundred feet long by one 
 hundred wide. The passage to the right, is ^'Audubon Avenue ; " that in the 
 ft-ont is the beginning of the Qrand QaUtry^ or the main cavern itself. The 
 entire extent of this prodigious space is covered by a single rock, in which 
 the eye can detect no break, save at its borders, which are surrounded by a 
 broad and sweeping cornice, traced in horizontal panel work, exceedingly bold 
 and regular. Not a single pillar or pier of any kind contributes to support it. 
 
 :i! 
 
. Ill 
 
 ih 
 
 VM 
 
 y i 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 Leaving this ante-chamber by an opening on the right, the visitor enters 
 Audubon Avenue, which is a chamber more than a mile long, fifty or sixty 
 feet wide, and as many in hight. The roof of tliis apartment presents the 
 appearance of floating clouds. The Little Bat-room cave, a branch of Audubon 
 Avenue, is on the left as you advance, and about three hundred yards from 
 the great vestibule. It is a little over a quarter of a mile in length, and is 
 romarkable for its pit, two hundred and eighty feet doop. During the winter 
 Reason, tens of thousands of bats are seen hanging from the walls, in an 
 apparently torpid state ; but as soon as spring opens, they all disappear. 
 
 From the Little Bat-room and Audubon avenue, the visitor returns into 
 the vestibule, from whence, by another passage, at right angles to that just 
 mentioned, ho enters the Grand Gallery or main cavern. This is a vast tun- 
 nel, extending for many miles, averaging, throughout, fifty feet in width by 
 as many in hight. Proceeding down this main cave a quarter of a mile, the 
 visitor comes to the Kentucky Cliffs, so called from a supposed resemblance 
 to the cliffs on the Kentucky river; and descending gradually about twenty 
 feet, enters the Church. The ceiling here is sixty-three feet high, and the 
 Church itself, including the recess, is about one hundred feet in diameter. 
 Eight or ten feet above the Pulpit, and immediately behind it, is the Organ 
 Loft, which is sufficiently capacious for an organ and choir of the largest size. 
 This Church is large enough to contain many thousan a solid projection 
 of the wall seems to have been designed for a pulpit, and a few feet back, is 
 a place admirably calculated for an organ and choir. In this great temple of 
 Nature, religious service has often been performed, and it requires but a 
 slight effort on the part of the speaker to make himself heard by the largest 
 congregation. 
 
 Leaving the Church, and proceeding through the ruins of the old saltpetre 
 works, the visitor will see a large cave, connected with which is a narrow 
 gallery, sweeping across the main cave, and losing itself in a cave above, and 
 on the right. This latter cave is the Gothic Avenue, which, no doubt, was at 
 one time connected with the cave opposite. The Gothic Avenue, to which the 
 visitor ascends from the main cave by a flight of stairs, is about two miles 
 long, forty fe6t wide, and fifteen feet high. The ceiling, in many places, is as 
 smooth and white as if formed by the trowel of the most skillful plasterer. 
 In a recess, on the left hand, elevated a few feet above the floo^r^wo mum- 
 mies were found in the year 1813. A description of one of these, a female, 
 has been published by a gentleman of New York. The following is an 
 extract of his description : 
 
 " In the digging of saltpetre earth in the short cave, a flat rock was met 
 with by the workmen, a little below the surfiaco of the earth, in the cave ; 
 this stone was raised, and was about four feet wide, and as many long; 
 beneath it was a square excavation about three feet deep, and as many in 
 length and width. In this small nether subterranean chamber, sat in solemn 
 
r== 
 
 visitor enters 
 fifty or sixty 
 , presents the 
 b of Audubon 
 3(1 yards from 
 length, and is 
 ing the winter 
 walls, in uii 
 lisappear. 
 
 r returns into 
 es to that just 
 } is a vast tun- 
 et in width by 
 
 of a mile, the 
 d resemblance 
 
 about twenty 
 high, and the 
 t in diametrr. 
 t, is the 0)-gan 
 he largest size, 
 olid projection 
 w feet back, is 
 p:eat temple of 
 requires but a 
 L by the largest 
 
 tie old saltpetre 
 ich is a narrow 
 ;ave above, and 
 
 doubt, was at 
 le, to which the 
 bout two miles 
 iny places, is as 
 illful plasterer, 
 ops^-^wo mum- 
 these, a female, 
 bllowing is an 
 
 1 rock was met 
 d, in the cave; 
 OS many long; 
 tnd as many in 
 )t, sat in solemn 
 
 t. 
 
 MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 161 
 
 silence one of the human species, a female, with her wardrobe and ornaments 
 placed at her side. The body was in a state of perfect presetratioo, and 
 sitting erect. The arms were folded up, and the hands laid across the bosom ; 
 around the wrists was wound a small cord, designed, probably, to keep them 
 in the position in which they were first pku;ed ^ around the body and next 
 thereto, were wrapped two deer-skins. These skins appeared to have been 
 dressed in some mode different from what is now practiced by any people of 
 whom I have any knowledge. The hair of the skins was cut off very near 
 the surface. The skins were ornamented with tho imprints of vines and 
 leaves, which were sketdied with a substance perfectly white. Outside of 
 these two skins was a largo square sheet, which was cither wove or knit The 
 fabric was the inner bark of a tree, which I judge {torn appearances to be 
 that of the lind trees In its texture and appearance, it resembled the South 
 Sea Island matting or cloth ; this sheet enveloped the whole body and head. 
 The hair on the head was cut off withiL an eighth of an inch of the skin, 
 except near the neck, where it was an irch long. The color of the hair was 
 a dark rod ; the teeth were white and perfect. I discovered no blemish upon 
 the body, except a wound between two ribs, near the ba^k bone ; and one of 
 the eyes had also been injured. The finger and toe nails vrere perfect and 
 quite long. The features were regular. I measured the length of one of the 
 bones of the arm with a string, from the elbow to the wrist joint, and they 
 equaled my own in length, vie : ten inches and a half« From the examination 
 of the whole frame, I judged the figure to be that of a very tall female, say 
 five feet ten inches in hight. The body, at the time it was discovered, weighed 
 but fourteen pounds, and was perfectly dry; on exposure to th^^ atmosphere* 
 it gained in weight, by absorbing dampness, four pounds. The features of this 
 ancient member of the human family much resembled those of a tall, hand« 
 some, American woman. The forehead was high, and the head well formed." 
 
 The writer enters into a minute and very interesting account of the ornar 
 ments and articles of dress which were found with this relic of antiquity. 
 Our space, however, will not admit of a more lengthened description. 
 
 These mummies resembled those found in a cave, in 1775, near Lexington, 
 Kentucky. But, having been discovered by the unlearned, and at a time 
 when the whites were very much excited against the Indians, nothing but 
 the fact of their existence has ever been preserved. The cave in which the 
 bodies were found was supposed to have been an Indian sepulchre ; it was 
 soon emptied, and all the bodies burned on a funeral pile together. Thus the 
 world has probably lost forever, that which time can never restore — a 
 knowledge of their history. 
 
 There are a great number of places of interest and attraction, in this sub- 
 terranean world, which we have not time to mention separately. Among the 
 many matters of interest, we may mention the Star Chamber, the Giant's 
 Coffin, the Devil's Arm-Chair, Napoleon's Breastwork, the Lover's Leap, the 
 
 11 
 
• \l 
 
 ill 
 
 ri 
 
 ■ft 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 162 
 
 MAMMOTH CAVE. 
 
 Deserted Chamben, the Bottomless Pit, Oorin's Dome, the Winding Way, 
 Persioo Avenue, the Rirer Hall, Relief Hall, the Bandit's Hall, Ac, Ac. It is 
 estimated thai thi» wonderful cave contains two hundred and twenty-six 
 ayenues, forty-seven domes, eight cataracts, several rivers, and twenty-three 
 pits. This is the estimate so far as it has been explored, which is about 
 eighteen miles; what lies beyond this, is wrapped in the clouds of its own 
 impenetrable gloom. 
 
 No person who is traveling through the country, should fail to vi»it this 
 cave, as we are confident they will never regret the time spent in its exami- 
 nation. The cave can be readily reached from Cincinnati, Frankfort, Lex- 
 ington, Nashville, Louisville. St. Lonis, tc. During high water, steamboats 
 ascend Green river to within a short distance of the cave. It is about 130 
 miles from Lexington, 98 miles from Harrodsbubo Springs, and 00 miles 
 from Louisville and Nashville. 
 
 The idr which circulates throngh the cave, is considered by many to be 
 highly beneficial to those laboring under diseases of the lungs. Thousands 
 visit the cave in quest of health, many return apparently benefited, while 
 others die within its gloomy chambers. We are of opinion that the day is 
 fast approaching when the young will be taught to live in accordance with 
 the divine principles of Nature and the pure air that floats through the 
 broad expanse of heaven, and the crystal fountain that jets up among the 
 sands in the hill-side, will be found to contain medical properties sufficient to 
 eradicate all the temporary ills with which this life is accompanied. 
 
 Cvatnsvilley nine miles below the mouth of Green river, is 
 the county Beat of Vanderburg county, Indiana. It was laid out 
 in the year 1816, and received its name in honor of Gen. R. M. 
 Evans, who was one of the early settlers of the place. It is situ- 
 ated on an elevated bank of the Ohio, about equi-distant from 
 Louisville and the mouth of the river. The trade of Evansville 
 is considerable, and rapidly increasing. The Wabash and Erie 
 canal, when finished, will terminate at this place, and then there 
 can be no doubt that Evansville will be second to no city in the 
 state, in commercial importance. The annual amount of exnorts 
 is now estimated at more than 600,000 bushels of corn, lt)0,000 
 bushels of oats, 1,500 tons of hay, and 1,500,000 pounds of pork 
 and bacon. Evansville contains a court-house, jail, a branch of 
 the state bank, 7 churches, viz : 2 Presbyterians, 2 Methodists, 1 
 Episcopalian, 1 German Lutheran, and 1 Catholic, a market 
 house, 2 fire-companies, 7 hotels, a large number of stores, and a 
 population of 6,000. 
 
 Verooa, situated seven miles below Evansville, in the same 
 county, IS a small village of little importance, and containing but 
 few houses. 
 
 !'■! 
 
inding Way, 
 Ic, Ao. It is 
 d twenty-six 
 twenty-three 
 ilch ia about 
 da of ita own 
 
 1 to Tisii this 
 in ita exami- 
 
 anklbrt, Lex- 
 ', steamboats 
 
 t is about 130 
 
 and 00 miles 
 
 >y many to be 
 Thousands 
 neflted, while 
 lat the day is 
 ;ordance with 
 through the 
 ip among the 
 38 auffleient to 
 lied. 
 
 een river, is 
 
 vas laid out 
 
 Gen. R. M. 
 
 It is situ- 
 
 istant from 
 
 Evansville 
 
 h and Erie 
 
 then there 
 
 city in the 
 
 it of exports 
 
 rn, ltJO,000 
 
 tids of pork 
 
 1 branch of 
 
 ethodists, 1 
 
 , a market 
 
 tores, and a 
 
 in the same 
 itaining but 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 163 
 
 Henderson, situated twelve miles below Evansville, is the 
 county seat of Henderson county, Kentucky. It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1812, and is now a place of extensive trade. It is the 
 shipping point for all the produce of the extensive and highly 
 fertile country bordering on Green river. There are numerous 
 beds of stone-coal and iron ore found in the vicinity of Henderson, 
 which will some day vastly enhance the manufacturing interest 
 of this region. The town now contains a court-house, jail, and 
 county offices, 1 Baptist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Methodist, and 1 Epis- 
 copal church, 4 schools, 5 tobacco factories, 20 stores, and a popu- 
 lation of about 2,000. 
 
 West Franklin, fourteen miles below Henderson, in 
 Posey county, Indiana, is a small and unimportant village, con- 
 taining only six or eight houses, and about 40 inhabitants. 
 
 Iflount Vernon, county seat of Posey county, Indiana, 
 is situated twelve miles below West Franklin, on a fine bluff of 
 the Ohio. It was settled in 1803, and contains, at the present 
 time, a court-house, jail, and county offices, 2 hotels, 3 churches, 
 (1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, and 1 Presbyterian,) a number of stores, 
 and about 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
 UniontOVrn, situated ten miles below Mount Vernon, at 
 the mouth of Highland creek, in Union county, Kentucky, is a 
 fine, flourishing, business-like little place. It is situated in a very 
 fertile and well cultivated district, and, in consequence, does a 
 considerable shipping business. It now contains two or three 
 churches, about a dozen stores, and a population of 400. 
 
 Near Uniontown, is a fine tar spring, the water of which is 
 said to be highly beneficial in pulmonary complaints. A curiosity 
 worth visiting in this country, is a large flat rock, on which may 
 be distinctly seen the prints of the naked feet of men. 
 
 Wa,1>nsll River, rises in Mercer cormty, Ohio, and after 
 receiving numerous tributaries in its course, flows first north- 
 west, and then in a general southerly direction through a portion 
 of the state of Indiana, and forms, for a distance of near two 
 hundred miles, the boundary between Indiana and Illinois. It is 
 navigable for flat-boats for 400 miles, and in time of high water, 
 steamboats ascend as far as Terra Haute and Lafayette. The 
 navigation of this river is now being extensively improved, by a 
 company under the title of the "Wabash Navigation Company." 
 They have received a charter from the legislature, for the express 
 purpose of clearing the obstructions which have hitherto impeded 
 the navigation of this river. If our general government were to 
 organize itself into a navigation company, and make some exer- 
 tions to improve the condition of our great western waters, it 
 

 lit! 
 
 i » 
 
 164 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 WO lid do a vast amount of good, and form a br>lliant pago in its 
 history. 
 
 The portion of the state of Indiana through which the Wabash 
 runs, is probably the most fertile and highly productive portion 
 of the state. The growth of this section of country has been 
 somewhat retarded, on account of ihe unhealthiness of the coun- 
 try. The principal disease is fever and ague, which, however, is 
 rapidly disappearing before the beneficial influence of scientific 
 cultivation of the lands. 
 
 The total length vf the Wabash is rather more than 500 miles. 
 The tributaries it receives in its course are the Salomonie, Mis 
 sissinewa. White river, Patoka, Tippecanoe, Little Eel, Vermillior, 
 Little Wabaab. Embarrass, Wild Cat, Coal creek. Sugar creek, 
 and Raccoon creek. Some of these are large and important 
 streama 
 
 Notes* 
 
 Lafayette^ county seat of Tippecanoe county, Indiana, is beautifully 
 situated on the Wabash river, three hundre^T and sixty-one miles from its 
 mouth. It was laid out in the year 1825, on land bought at goyernment 
 prices. Its progress has been steady and rapid, rnd it is now among the first 
 towns in the state, in population and commercial importance. The Wabash 
 and Erie canal passes through this place, bringing it in connection with Lake 
 Erie ; and when the Wabash Navigation Company complete their works, the 
 river will be navigable for a greater portion of the year to tbi.^ city. Its 
 commercial advantages will then be increased in a great degree, and we may 
 look for 8. greater and more rapid improvement than has yet been witnessed. 
 The public buildings of Lafayette are a fine court-house, jail, and public 
 offices, 8 churches, viz ; 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 2 Presbyterian, 1 Associate 
 Reformed, and 1 Catholic, a branch of the state bank, and a county seminary. 
 There are, b^nides, 3 printing offices, 2 paper mills, 2 founderies, several pork 
 houses, 1 district and 4 private schools, and about 100 stores of variou.s 
 descriptions. In 1840, the population was 1,700 ; \n 1845, 4,000 ; and is now 
 about 7,000. Canal boats arrive and depart daily. Stages leavejthree times 
 a week for Logansport and Indianapcli<t. 
 
 Terre Havttey county seat of Vigo county, is situated one hundred and 
 twenty-four miles below Lafayette, on the Wabash rivor, National road, and 
 the present terminus of the Wabf^sh and Erie canal. It was laid out in tiie 
 year 1816, by an association of individuals who purchased the ground at a 
 public sale of government lands. The trade of Terre Ilaute is considerable, 
 and rapidly increasing. The Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad will, 
 when completed, give increased energy to the busine^^s of this place. The 
 town contains the usual county buildings^ 8 churches, viz: 1 Congregational, 
 
pagcj in its 
 
 ;he Wabash 
 ive portion 
 y has been 
 if the coun- 
 however, is 
 of scientific 
 
 500 miles, 
 nonie, Mis 
 Vermillior.', 
 ugar creeli, 
 I important 
 
 is beautifully 
 niles from its 
 it government 
 mong the first 
 The Wabash 
 tion with Lake 
 leir works, the 
 thi3 city. Its 
 (C, and we may 
 )een witnessed. 
 til, and public 
 an, 1 Associate 
 anty seminary. 
 58, several pork 
 )re8 of various 
 00 ; and is now 
 .vejthree times 
 
 le hundred and 
 ional road, and 
 laid out in the 
 he ground at a 
 \a considerable, 
 s railroad will, 
 his place. The 
 Congregational, 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 166 
 
 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Universalist, and 1 
 Lutheran, a branch of the state bank, a county seminary, several fine hotels, 
 two or three large pork houses, and about 70 stores. The population, in 1830, 
 was 600 ; in 1840, 1,200 ; and now it is about 4,500. Canal boats arrive and 
 depart constantly on the canal. Stages leave regularly for Indianapolis, St. 
 Louis, and Shawneetown, Illinois. 
 
 Fort Harrison 9 was built in 1812, by order of Gen. Harrison, on the 
 Wabash river, about twenty miles below Terre Haute. The object in building 
 the fort was the protection of the frontier settlements against the incursions 
 of the British and Indians. The command was given to Capt. Zachary Taylor, 
 afterward major general in the American army, and late president of the 
 United States. Although young in years at the time — bein^but twenty-seven 
 years old — the result proved that the command could not have devolved on 
 one more able to fulfill the duties of this respon^loie station. A short time 
 after Capt. Taylor was appointed to this command, the fort was attacked by 
 a large party of Indians. The attack was made at night, and before the 
 alarmed garrison could recover from the consternation into which they were 
 thrown, the Indians succeeded in setting fire to the block-house containing 
 the stores of the post. Capt. Taylor had just recovered from a severe illness, 
 and more than half his men were disabled from sickness, there being but 
 fifteen men able to do duty. In th's critical juncture, the military talents 
 of the future hero shone forth in a manner which has never since been 
 rivaled. Cool and collected, he stood in tbe midst of confusion of the most 
 appalling kind, and, by his voice and man/^er, inspired hope and courage in 
 the breasts of his little band, who ralUcJ under their intrepid leader; and, 
 by the dawn of morn, succeeded in ariving the host of savages from their 
 murderous work. The Indians lost many of their bravest warriors in this 
 contest, while the garrison lost but two men. For this gallant affair, Capt. 
 Taylor was promoted to the rank of major ; and what is more, he gained a 
 p^oce in the hearts and confidence of his countrymen, which he never lost, 
 and never can lose, so long as men hold gratitude to be a virtue. 
 
 VincenneS) county seat of Knox county, Indiana, is situated on the 
 Wabash river, ninety-seven miles below Terre Haute. This place derives a 
 great interest in the history of the West, from the fact of its being one of the 
 first settlements formed in the valley of the Mississippi. It was first occu- 
 pied by the French settlers, as a military post, in 1735, and was called Post 
 St. Vincent. In the year 1743, the name of Vincennes was given to it, in 
 honor of F. M. De Vinsenne, a gallant and much respected French oflftcer, 
 who fell in battle with the Chickasaws, in 173G. For many years the inhabi- 
 tants were all French and their descendants, and the English language was 
 scar^ly ever beard. Now the French is almost forgotten, while the English 
 is spoken by all. The religion of the inhabitants of Vincennes and vicinity 
 

 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 IE 
 
 
 rB 
 
 i( 
 
 V 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 '< 
 
 166 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 is mostly Roman Catholic. The bishop of the state of Indiana takes his title 
 from this city. 
 
 There was held, in 1809, a celebrated Indian council at this place. The 
 Indians, under the command of the renowned chief Tecumseh, assembled by 
 invitation of Governor Harrison, to obtain satisfaction for the supposed 
 encroachments of the whites. The council assembled under the shade of 
 some trees in front of the governor's house, Tecumseh and his warriors 
 refusing to accept of the seats offered thom, saying that the sun was their 
 father and the earth their mother, and they would recline on her bosom. 
 During the conference, something that Qovtrnor Harrison said, offended the 
 haughty chief, Tecumseh, who rose to his feet, and sounded the war cry, 
 bringing together about four hundred of his dusky warriors, who were in the 
 vicinity. The whites were few and unarmed, and would doubtless all have 
 been murdered, had it not been for the cool and determined bravery of Gov- 
 ernor Harrison, which so overawed the Indians, that they quietly dispersed. 
 
 Vincennes contains a fine cathedral, a large, commodious city hall, court- 
 house, jail, and county offices, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Methodist, Christian 
 and African churches, St. G.^brii l College, a theological seminary, a fine 
 market-house, 2 newspaper printing offices, several manufactories, a large 
 number of stores, and a population of 2,500. 
 
 Steamboats ply regularly, in times of high water, on the river. Stag*'H 
 leave daily for New Albany, and St. Louis, IMissouri ; and three times a week 
 for Terre Haute and Evausville. 
 
 "Sew Harmony^ a town of 8.bout 1,000 inhabitants, is situated on the 
 Wabash river, fifty miles from its month, in Posey county, Indiana. It was 
 first settled by a German colony, under the renowned George Rapp.* This 
 society, in 1803, purchased 6,000 acres of land in Butler county, Pennsylvanin 
 and laid out a town which they named Harmony. Desiring to engage in tljc 
 cultivation of the grape, and believing that their vineyards did not prosper 
 well, they determined to remove to the Wabash. They accordingly purchased 
 a large tract of land, containing about 17,000 acres, and laid out .-tie town of 
 New Harmoey, to which they removed in 1814. They remained here about 
 eleven years, during which time they had planted fine orchards and vine- 
 yards, erected several mills and factories, and built about two hundred dwel- 
 lings and two churrheK Deeming the location very unhealthy, they sold out 
 to the celebrated Robeet Owen, and returned to Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. Owen was a man of talent and wealth, and was endeavoring to give to 
 the world a practical illustration of his peculiar views of Socialism. Confi- 
 dent of success, he founded a society, and embarked his fortune in the enter- 
 prise. He labored with great zeal to build up a community that would be, 
 in his opinion, an honor to the state. But defeat soon overtook him, and his 
 
 t 
 
 *See note, page 70; also, Hiittory of PcDDsylvauia, page ill. 
 
;es his title 
 
 }lace. The 
 
 sembled by 
 
 e supposed 
 
 e shade of 
 
 is warriors 
 
 1 was their 
 
 her bosom. 
 
 )ffended the 
 
 le war cry, 
 
 were in the 
 
 less all have 
 
 v^ery of Gov- 
 
 ly dispersed. 
 
 hall, court- 
 
 st, Christian 
 
 inary, a fine 
 
 ries, a large 
 
 iver. Stag«B 
 ;imes a week 
 
 uated on the 
 ana. It was 
 Rapp.* Tliis 
 onnsylvaniii, 
 jngage in tlic 
 no*^ prospf^r 
 fly purchased 
 b Mg town of 
 d here about 
 da and viue- 
 lUndred dwel- 
 they sold out 
 
 ing to give to 
 ilism. Coiifi- 
 
 in the entcr- 
 liat would be, 
 
 him, and his 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 167 
 
 experiment failed. This appears to be the common fate of all such associa- 
 tions. Many suppose that the cause of such failures results from the fact 
 that the founders of sxxcb. systems endeavor to build up a social organization 
 not authorized by the Bible and the doctrines of the church. But We are 
 inclined to assign other reasons. The principles of brotherly love and charity, 
 which these and similar ascociations have been-endeavoring to diffuse through 
 the world, are the fundamental principles of the Bible, and the very ones 
 that the church have been urging upon the world for more than eighteen 
 hundred years. Do unto others as ye would have them do to you, is sounded 
 in the ears of thousands of idle listeners in the house of God, from. Sabbath 
 to Sabbath ; yet one-half of the nineteenth century has passed aw ay, and 
 Lazarus still sits at the gate begging, while the rich, clothed in costly robes, 
 go up to the temple, thanking God that they are not as other men. T7ith 
 what earnestness do many call upon Heaven to remember the poor, the orphan, 
 and the widow, forgetting that tliey have anything to do in this world, but to 
 make money. Parents spend their lives to accumulate wealth, but their 
 children die in poverty, not having been taught how to use it. 
 
 In view of this, we would regard him who would in the least obviate the 
 errors of society, as one of the greatest benefactors of his race. Who, then, 
 does not hail, as the herald of a brighter clay, every effort, however feeble, to 
 ameliorate the condition of the human race? How very inconsistent Is it, to 
 pray for the reign of universal peace, and at the same time teach children to 
 exercise and develop those traits of character which are diametrically opposed 
 to love and harmony. Let virtue, goodness and truth be impressed upon 
 every immortal mind that enters the circles of this world's society, and a 
 ncT? order of things will spring up, while songs of thanksgiving and rejoicing 
 wo-uld fall from every lip. But reformers should not expect too much, nor 
 be discouraged if effects do not immediately follow their causes. Let each, in 
 his day, contribute his mite, remembering that the present is nXl that he can 
 call his own. 
 
 Ralcig^ll, six miles below the mouth of the Wabash, in 
 Union county, Kentucky, is a small village containing only a few 
 houses 
 
 Sha¥meet01Vll, county seat of Gallatin county, Illinois, 
 is situated five miles below Raleigh, on a low bank of the Ohio. 
 It is liable to inundations from the river ; which has retarded its 
 growth very materially. It is, however, a place of considerable 
 business, and is the largest town In southern Illinois. It was laid 
 out in 1814, and now contains a court-house and the requisite 
 county buildings, 3 churches, a fine banking house, a land office, 
 a large number of stores, and a population of 2,000. The explo- 
 sion of the bank of Shawneetown in 1843, produced a great 
 
I II 
 
 I 
 
 ,1' 
 
 } 
 ■1 
 
 
 ' 
 
 'i * 
 
 
 • 
 
 '(. i V' 
 
 i 
 
 :' - 
 
 I il'' 
 
 168 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 excitement in the West, and the name of Shawneetown became 
 known throughout the length and breadth of the land. 
 
 Stages leave regularly for Springfield^ Vincennes, Indiana, and 
 St. Louis, Missouri. 
 
 Caseyville^ ten miles below Shawneetown, in Union 
 county, Kentucky, is a small village containing a school, half a 
 dozen stores, and a population of about 250. About three miles 
 from Caseyville, may be seen a natural curiosity, termed the 
 Anvil Rock. It is a large rock about fifty feet high, twenty feet 
 in width, and two feet thick, and bears a striking resemblance to 
 a blacksmith's anvil. It stands erect, on a plat of ground which 
 is perfectly level, and not at all rocky. By what means It was 
 placed there, is likely forever to remain a mystery. 
 
 Battery Bock, twelve miles below Shawneetown, in the 
 same county, is a highly picturesque and rugged looking rock, 
 extending for several miles along the river. Viewed from a dis- 
 tance, it has the appearance of an impregnable battery or 
 fortification. 
 
 €ave-in-Rock, situated twelve miles below Battery Rock, 
 in Hardin county, is a place long celebrated as having been the 
 rendezvous of bands of outlaws, in the eariy settlement of the 
 West. One of these bands, under the command of a famous out- 
 law by the name of Mason, continued their depredations so long, 
 and were so successful in their expeditions, as to become a terror 
 to all who navigated the river in those times. They woiik' lie in 
 concealment until a trading boat would make its appearance, and 
 then darting out in their light boats, would fall upon the crew — 
 rob them of their hard earnings, and murder them to conceal 
 their crimes. These depredations at last became so alarming, that 
 the governor of the Mississippi territory issued his proclamation, 
 offering a reward of five hundred dollars for the head oij^ason, 
 the deader of the band. This reward, one of his band by the name 
 of Harpe, who was too covetous to recollect that there is 
 ** honor among thieves," determined to secure for himself. Being 
 in company with Mason one day in a solitary place, Harpe shot 
 him, cut on his head and carried it to the governor. His reward, 
 however, was of quite a different kind from that he anticipated. 
 He was recognized as belonging to the band, and was without 
 delay, tried, condemned, and executed on the gallows. This 
 deprived the West of two of the most daring outlaws with which 
 it was ever troubled. The following description of the cave 
 we copy from the notes of a visitor : 
 
 ** Perhaps one of the most beautiful panoramic views which 
 the traveler meets in our extensive country, is afforded by thu 
 
1 
 
 n became 
 diana, and 
 
 in Union 
 ool, half a 
 [iree miles 
 ermed the 
 wenty feet 
 mblance to 
 und which 
 ans it was 
 
 ^n, in the 
 king rock, 
 rom a dis- 
 battery or 
 
 tery Rock, 
 g been the 
 lent of the 
 amous out- 
 )ns so long, 
 me a terror 
 jvoiiiC lie in 
 arance, and 
 the crew — 
 to conceal 
 rming, that 
 oclamatton, 
 J of JVIason, 
 ly the name 
 it there is 
 iself. Being 
 Harpe shot 
 His reward, 
 anticipated, 
 iras without 
 lows. This 
 with which 
 of the cave 
 
 iews which 
 rded by the 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 169 
 
 bold, rocky bluffs, with the intervening valleys, which meet the 
 eye as one descends the stream. Cedars cover the high woodlands 
 above and below the cave, and civilization, which has extended 
 its hand over the surrounding country, has left this romantic spot 
 untouched. The entrance to the cave is nearly semicircular, and 
 when the river is high it is on a level with the water. The 
 passage, which is twenty feet high, affords admission into a 
 spacious square apartment, whose dimensions may be fairly stated 
 at about one hundred and twenty-five feet. Above this room is 
 a magnificient chamber, whose natural limestone formations 
 greatly resemble the carvings of a Gothic cathedral. The en- 
 trance to this beautiful room is by a chimney, so to speak, in the 
 roof of the first. An opening at one end of the cave leads into 
 a deep vault, extending far into the heart of the rock, and the 
 traveler may amuse himself by courting the many seconds which 
 elapse between the time when a stone is cast into the abyss and 
 the return of its reverberations." 
 
 The scenes and incidents connected with this cave, will always 
 make it a place of interest to the traveler. 
 
 Eliza,bctlltO\VIl, county seat of Hardin county, Illinois, 
 is situated six miles below Cave-in- Rock, at the foot of Hurricane 
 Islau'l. It is a small village of no commercial importance at 
 present ; but being bituatcd in the vicinity of an iron region, it 
 may one day become a manufacturing place of some note. Pop- 
 ulation, about 150. 
 
 Oolconda,, situated twenty-five miles below Elizabeth town, 
 is the county seat of Pope county, Illinois. It is finely located, 
 and has some trade. It contains a brick court-house, about a 
 dozen stores, and u population of 250. 
 
 Cumberland River, rises in the Cumberland moun- 
 tains, and flows first in a south-westerly course, then north-west, 
 and, receiving .lumerous tributaries in its course, empties into 
 the Ohio, fiftecL miles below Golconda, in Livingston county, 
 Kentucky. It is the second largest tributary of the Ohio, is six 
 hundred miles in length, and drains a territory comprising up- 
 ward of 18/^00 square miles. It is navigable for the largest class 
 steamboats a^ far as Nashville, which is two hundred a«d three 
 mileij from its month ; and for llathouts and all kinds of small 
 craft, *hree hundred miles further. This river passes through a 
 couL,ry of remarkable fertility, though as yet but thinly inhab- 
 ited. The natural advantages, however, are such as to insure u 
 speedy sett'ement, and we may expect, before many years, in 
 passing up the Cumberland, to see its banks lined with populous 
 and enterprising towns and cities. 
 
i 
 
 170 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 Note. 
 
 NasHvllle, capital of tho state of Tennessee, and seat of justice for David- 
 son county, is pleasantly situated on the Cumberland river, two hundred and 
 three miles from its mouth. The city stands on a solid rock elevated to the 
 distance of from fifty to one hundred and seventy-five feet above the level of 
 the river. The location is delightful, and is considered very healthy. It is 
 in consequence much frequented by southern people during the sultry heat 
 of summer. The commerce of Nashville is very extensive, and is rapidly 
 increasing. The principal article of commerce is cotton, of which large quan- 
 tities are shipped to the southern markets. There are some fine public 
 buildings and institutions of note in Nashville, among which are the state- 
 house, penitentiary, hospital for lunatics, the Nashville University, a female 
 seminary, several schools, a large number of churches for the various 
 denominations of Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Epiicopal, Campbellite, 
 Catholic, African, Ac. The University was founded in 1806, and has a presi- 
 dent and six professors, and is extensively patronized. The library contains 
 12,000 volumes. Besides these buildings, Nashville contains several manufac- 
 turing establishments, a large number of wholesale and retail stores of all 
 kinds, and a population of about 17,000. Steamboats leave daily for New 
 Orleans and intermediate ports ; stages leave daily for Lexington and Mays- 
 ville, Kentucky, and Yicksburg, Mississippi; and three times a week for 
 Memphis, Columbus, Kentucky, and Smithland. 
 
 ROUTES FROM NASHVILLE. 
 
 From Nashville to MaysvUlCf Kentucky. 
 
 To Pleasant Hill, (by stage,) 8 miles; to Hendersonville, 8 miles; 
 to Gallatin, 10 miles ; to State LLne, 23 miles ; to Scottsville Ky., 
 10 miles ; to Glasgow, 25 mles ; to Blue Sp/ing Grove, 12 miles; 
 to Three Springl, 5 miles ; to Greensburg, 17 miles ; to Camp- 
 bellsville, 13 miles ; to Lebanon, 17 miles ; to Harrodsburgh, 27 
 miles ; to Nicholasville, 20 miles ; to Lexington, 12 miles ; to 
 7 miles ; to Paris, 8 miles ; to Lower Blue Licks, 22 
 Mayslick, 13 miles ; to Washington, 7 miles ; to 
 4 miles : whole distance from Nashville to Maysville, 
 Time, 50 hours ; fare, $13. 
 
 From Nashville to Columbus. 
 
 To Chestnut Grove, (by stage,) 20 miles; to Charlotte, 18 miles; 
 to Waverly, 22 miles ; to Reynoldsburg, 10 miles ; to Paris, 30 
 miles ; to Boydsville, 21 miles ; to Felicianna, 16 miles ; to Clin- 
 ton, 11 miles ; to Columbus, 12 miles : whole distance from 
 Nashville to Columbus, 159 miles. Time, 25 hours ; fare, $7. 
 
 Moreland, 
 miles ; to 
 Maysville, 
 268 miles. 
 
itice for David- 
 hnndrcd and 
 ilevated to the 
 70 the level of 
 iiealthy. It is 
 he sultry heat 
 md is rapidly 
 eh large quan- 
 ne fine public 
 are the state- 
 rsity, a female 
 f the various 
 , Campbellite, 
 ad has a presi- 
 brary contains 
 i^eral manufao- 
 il stores of all 
 daily for New 
 ton and Mays- 
 2s a week for 
 
 ille,8miles; 
 ttsville Ky., 
 ret 12 miles; 
 ; to Camp- 
 •dsburgh, 27 
 2 miles ; to 
 le Licks, 22 
 ' miles ; to 
 Maysville, 
 
 te, 18 miles; 
 to Paris, 30 
 js ; to Cliii- 
 tanco from 
 fare, $7. 
 
 ROUTE OP THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 171 
 
 From Nashville to Memphis, 
 
 To Reynoldsburg, (by stage,) 70 miles ; to Camden, 10 miles ; 
 to Huntingdon, 20 miles ; to Spring Creek, 23 miles ; to Jackson, 
 12 miles ; to Medon, 12 miles ; to Bolivar, 16 miles ; to New- 
 castle, 13 miles ; to Somerville, 10 miles ; to Whitehall, 5 miles ; 
 to Morning Sun, 17 miles ; to Raleigh, 13 miles ; to Memphis, 10 
 miles : whole distance from Nashville to Memphis, 230 miles. 
 Time, 40 hours ; fare, $11. 
 
 From Nashville to Natchez, Mississippi. 
 
 To Franklin, (by stage,) 18 miles; to Spring Hill, 13 miles ; 
 to Columbia, 11 miles; to Mount Pleasant, 10 miles ; to Law- 
 renceburg, 21 miles; to Florence, Alabama, 35 miles; to Tuscum- 
 bia, 6 miles ; to Russellville, 18 miles ; to Pikevillo, 43 miles ; to 
 Moscow, 18 miles; to Border Spring, Mississippi, 16 miles ; to 
 Columbus, 17 miles; to Choctaw Agency, 24 miles; to Louisville, 
 26 miles ; to Hopalika, 36 miles ; to Springfield, 14 miles ; to 
 Sharon, 10 miles ; to Canton, 8 miles ; to Jackson, 22 miles ; to 
 Newton, 11 miles ; to Line Store, 13 miles ; to Gallatin, 14 miles ; 
 to Malcolm, 33 miles ; to Washington, 15 miles ; to Natchez, (by 
 Mississippi railroad,) 15 miles: whole distance from Nashville 
 to Natchez, 469 miles : Time, 80 hours ; fare, $20. 
 
 From Nashville to Smithland. 
 
 To Clarksville, (by steamboat,) 66 miles; to Palmyra, 13 miles; 
 to Dover, 32 miles ; to Tobacco Port, 12 miles ; to Canton, Ken- 
 tucky, 16 miles ; to Smithland, 29 miles : whole distance from 
 Nashville to Smithland, 203 miles. Time, 20 hours ; fare, $4. 
 
 Sinithland* county seat of Livingston county, Kentucky, 
 is situated on the the west side of the mouth of Cumberland river. 
 It is a place of considerable commercial importance, being favor- 
 ably situated for roshipping goods to and from the interior of 
 Kentucky and Tennessee. This town, in common with others in 
 the same region, enjoys a rather qucstionanle reputation with 
 regard to morality ; and it has long been celebrated as a resort for 
 gamblers, and persons who are not particularly conscientious 
 about the manner in which they obtain a livelihood. This kind 
 of society is, however, rapidly giving way before the march of 
 honest industry and enterprise. Smithland now contains a court- 
 house, jail and county offices, 2 churches, I foundery and machine 
 shop, a boat yard and tannery, a large number of stores, and a 
 population of 1,500. 
 
 S 
 
I I 
 
 I,' 
 
 f % 
 
 I 
 
 172 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 Tennessee River, th largest tributary of the Ohio, and 
 one of the largest rivers east of tiie Mississippi, is formed by the 
 union of tlie Clinch and Holston rivers, which rise in the Alle- 
 ghany mountains, and unite about forty-five miles south-west 
 from Knoxville, Tennessee. It then takes a south-west course, 
 traversing the northern part of the state of Alabama, and then 
 changing its course, flows in a northerly direction through the 
 states of Tennessee and Kentucky, and finally empties into the 
 Ohio, twelve miles below the mouth of the Cumberland, and 
 about fifty from the mouth of the Ohio. The total length of this 
 river from the head waters of the Clinch and Holston, is about 
 1,200 miles ; being longer than the Ohio from Pittsburgh to the 
 mouth. The obstructions to navigation are few, and could easily 
 be remedied. The first obstruction is the Muscle shoals at Flor- 
 ence, Alabama, about two hundred and sixty miles from the 
 mouth. Up to this point, the largest class steamboats can ascend 
 at almost any season of the year. Above these shoals the naviga- 
 tion is entirely unobstructed for the distance of two hundred and 
 fifty miles, which is as far as would be of any practical use, as the 
 country here is wild and mountainous, but little cultivated, and 
 thinly inhabited. There has been a canal constructed around the 
 Muscle shoals, which, if finished as designed to be, will obviate 
 the difficulties of navigation at this point. The banks of this 
 river are as yet but thinly inhabited, and the towns are like the 
 visits of celestial beings, exceedingly " few and far between." 
 Civilization, however, ia advancing with rapid strides, and ere 
 long the barren wastes and howling wilderness, bordering on this 
 noble river, will disappear before the smiling verdure of cultiva- 
 tion, and the busy hum of industrious and enterprising citizens. 
 
 Notes. 
 
 Florence; county seat of Lauderdale county, Alabama, is situated on 
 the Tennessee river, two hundred and sixty miles from the mouth, and at the 
 head of steamboat navigation. It is the most important place on the river, 
 and, from its situation, is destined to become a place of considerable impor- 
 tance. It contains a handsome court-house, several churches, a fine hotel, 
 a number of stores of various kinds, and it, population of about 2,500. 
 
 Tuscumbla* situated on the Tennessee river, a little below Florence, in 
 the same county, is a thriving and important town. It contains two or throe 
 churches, several stores, and a population of about 2,000. There is a rail- 
 road extending from Tuseumbia to Decatur, a small town situated thirty-six 
 miles above, at the head of Muscle shoals. At Tuseumbia there is a very 
 remarkable spring, which flows from a fissure in a limestone rock, and which 
 
\ie Ohio, and 
 rmed by the 
 in the Alle- 
 I south-west 
 (Vest course, 
 la, and then 
 through the 
 ties into the 
 )erlan(i, and 
 ^ngth of this 
 ton, is about 
 )urgh to the 
 could easily 
 oals at Fior- 
 es from the 
 s can ascend 
 3 the naviga- 
 hundred and 
 d use, as the 
 Itivated, and 
 i around tlie 
 will obviate 
 inks of this 
 are like the 
 between." 
 Jes, and ere 
 sring on this 
 3 of cultiva- 
 ing citizens. 
 
 s situated on 
 jth, and at the 
 B on the river, 
 erable impor- 
 , a fine hof-cl, 
 it 2,500. 
 
 RT Florence, in 
 IS two or throe 
 'here is a rail- 
 ted thirty-six 
 here is a very 
 ck, and which 
 
 'i 
 
 It: 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 173 
 
 is said to discharge 20,000 cubic feet of water per minute. Stages and steam- 
 boats run regularly to all the principal points along the Ohio and Mississippi 
 rivers, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic coast. 
 
 PaclllC^llf county seat of McCracken county, Kentucky, 
 is situated on the west bank of the Tenneusee, at its junction 
 with the Ohio. It was laid out in the year 1827, and received its 
 name in honor of the celebrated Indian chief, Paducah. It is 
 rapidly growing into a large and extensive trade, and, from its 
 advantageous position, will become a town of great commercial 
 importance. It now contains 4 churches, a court-house, a fine 
 hotel, a large number of st«res, and a population of 3,000. 
 
 Belgrade, situated eight miles below Paducah, in Massac 
 county, Illinois, is a small village of no particular importance, 
 and containing only a few houses. Population, 40. 
 
 Fort ITItESSRCf two miles below, in the same county, is the 
 spot which the troops occupied, who were sent to intercept the 
 plans of the celebrated Aaron Burr. The fort was burned down 
 several years ago, and nothing is to be seen now to mark the spot, 
 but a barren plat of ground, covered with rubbish and blackened 
 timbers. 
 
 metropolis, county seat of Massac county, Illinois, is 
 situated one mile below the site of Fort Massac. It has been 
 laid out recently; and having a very eligible location, may, in 
 time, become an important place. It now contains a population 
 of about 150. ' 
 
 HillSIIIiail, situated eight miles below Metropolis, in the 
 same county, is a small village, containing only about 100 inhab- 
 itants. It lies on a low plat of ground liable to inundation, and 
 consequently makes but slow progress. 
 
 l¥ilkinsonville, lies nine miles below Hiliaman, in 
 Alexander county, Illinois. It is a small village, named in honor 
 of General Wilkinson, and containing about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 CaledLoilia, ten miles below Wilkinsonville, in the same 
 county, is a small village of about the same colossal dimensions 
 as the above mentioned town. 
 
 America., three miles below Caledonia, in the same county, 
 is a small and unimportant villaoe, containing about half a dozen 
 miserable looking tenements, which the inhabitants terra houses. 
 
 Trinity, situated six miles below America, also in Alexander 
 county, Illinois, is a landing point for steamers, and contains only 
 two or three houses. This place is located at the mouth of Cache 
 
im 
 
 •I 1 
 
 iiilPt 
 
 l; 
 
 I 
 
 
 .t; . 
 
 • ■ 1 
 
 it 
 
 
 • * 
 
 1 
 
 174 
 
 ROUTE OF THE OHIO RIVER. 
 
 river, a small and unimportant stream, which rises in Union 
 county, and enters the Ohio about six miles from its mouth. 
 
 Cairo, six miles below Trinity, at the junction of the Ohio 
 and Mississippi rivers, occupies one of the most eligible situations 
 in the world for a large city, were it not for the difficulties 
 encountered in building a town, owing to the lowness of the 
 ground, and the liability to inundation. There have been 
 numerous attempts to build a city at this point, but all efforts 
 have heretofore proved unsuccessful. This is to be attributed 
 more to mismanagement than anything else. The banks of the 
 river are very low, and the country, for miles in the interior, is 
 exceedingly marshy. This state of things renders the country 
 unhealthy; which circumstance has served to retard the growth 
 very much. Some years ago, a company of English capitalists 
 undertook to lay out a city here. They commenced by purchasing 
 the site of the town, and the land for several miles in tFie interior. 
 They then erected levees along the margin of the rivers, and 
 endeavored to drain the swamps and marshes surrounding the 
 town. They built a foundery, hotel, and several fine buildings, 
 and offered numerous inducements for settlers to emigrate. 
 They, however, refused to sell a foot of the ground, but wished 
 persons to lease of them. This selfish, monopolizing scheme, 
 met with a fate of which it was most eminently cieserving. A 
 short time sufficed to convince the emigrants, that, under such 
 auspices, the sooner they made their escape, the better it would 
 be for them. The place was accordingly deserted, and the men 
 who expected to muke a princely fortune off of the verdant eavth 
 that God has given to all men, were soon forced to abandon their 
 scheme. 
 
 Within a few years, another company have undertaken to build 
 up this place, and may in time accomplish something. There 
 cannot be a doubt, that if proper means are used, this place will 
 rapidly grow in wealth and importance. The difficulties to be 
 overcome are not to be compared to those which had to be 
 encountered in the settlement of New Orleans. And yet that 
 city has risen to a hight from which she may look down and 
 smile on thousands far beneath her, auJ beckon them onward as 
 followers in her foot-prints. The idea that Cairo will ever 
 approach New Orleans, in point of commercial importance and 
 wealth, does, at this present time, seem to be the dreamings of 
 the wildest imagination. But be this as it may, we venture to 
 predict, that when it does obtain a fair start under favorable 
 auspices, its progress will be without a parallel in the history of 
 the world. 
 
ROUTE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 
 
 176 
 
 3g in Union 
 mouth. 
 
 of the Ohio 
 )le situations 
 e difficulties 
 rness of the 
 
 have been 
 lit all efforts 
 )e attributed 
 banks of the 
 le interior, is 
 the country 
 
 the growth 
 )h capitalists 
 y purchasing 
 
 the interior. 
 3 rivers, and 
 rounding the 
 lie buildings, 
 to emigrate. 
 , but wished 
 King scheme, 
 eserving. A 
 , under such 
 itter it would 
 ind the men 
 irerdant eai'th 
 
 bandon their 
 
 aken to build 
 ling. There 
 lis place will 
 culties to be 
 h had to be 
 Vnd yet that 
 k down and 
 m onward as 
 ro will ever 
 portance and 
 ireamings of 
 ^e venture to 
 ier favorable 
 le history of 
 
 1 
 
 BOUTE OF THE MISSOUBI RIVER. 
 
 The Missouri River, rises in the Rocky Mountains, and 
 takes its name after the union of three branches, the Jefferson, 
 Gallatin, and Madison. The springs which give rise to the 
 Missouri river, are not more than a mile distant from some of the 
 head waters of the Columbia river, which run, in a contrary 
 direction, into the Pacific ocean. 
 
 At the distance of four hundred and forty-one miles from the 
 extreme point of the navigation of the head branches of the 
 Missouri, are what are denominated the ** Gates of the Rocky 
 Mountains," which present an exceedingly grand and picturesque 
 appearance. For the distance of about six miles, the rocks rise 
 perpendicularly from the margin of the river, to the bight of 
 twelve hundred feet. The river is compressed to the breadth of 
 one hundred and fifty yards, and for the first three miles, there is 
 only one spot, and that only of a few yards, on which a man 
 could stand between the water and the perpendicular asceut of the 
 mountain. At the distance of 1 10 miles below this, and 551 miles 
 from the source of the river, are the " Great Falls," 2,575 miles 
 from the egress of the river into the Mississippi. At this place 
 the river descends, by a succession of rapids and falls, a distance 
 of 357 feet in sixteen miles and a half. The lower and greater 
 fall has a perpendicular pitch of eighty-seven feet, the second 
 of nineteen, the third of forty-seven, and the fourth of twenty- 
 six feet. Between and below these falls are continual rapids of 
 from three to eighteen feet descent. These falls, next to those of 
 Niagara, are the grandest on the continent. Above the falls, the 
 course of the river is northwardly. 
 
 The Yellowstone river, eight hundred yards wide at its mouth, 
 and probably the largest tributary of the Missouri, enters it on the 
 south-west side, 1,2 L 6 miles from its navigable source, and 1,880 
 miles from the junction with the Mississippi. The Yellowstone, 
 at tlie place of junction, is as large as the Missouri. Steamboats 
 ascend to this point, and could go much farther by either branch. 
 
 The length of the Missouri river, from its source to its entrance 
 into the Mississippi, is 3,096 miles,which with the addition of 1,353 
 miles, the distance from the mouth to the Gulf of Mexico, makes 
 a total length ol 4,^49 miles, being the longest river in the world. 
 Through its v^hole course, there is no substantial obstruction to 
 the navigation, bejsore arriving at the Great Falls. Its principal 
 tributaries are each navigable from one to eight hundred mile^. 
 The soil immediately on the banks of this river is very fertile, 
 

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 ROUTE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 
 
 but extending but a short distance in the interior. Here the eye 
 rests on vast and boundless prairies, stretching out lilce a mighty 
 ocean. Through tiie greater part of its course, the Missouri is a 
 rapid and turbid stream, and in tlie upper part of its course, flows 
 tlirough an arid and sterile country. It Is over half a mile wide 
 at its mouth, and is generally nearly a mile in width. Notwith- 
 standing it drains such an extensive region of country, and 
 receives so many large tributaries, it is at certain seasons of the 
 year quite shallow, not affording sufficient water for steamboat 
 navigation, owing to its passage through a dry and open country, 
 and being subject to more than usual evaporation. 
 
 The Missouri river trade has become a very important one, and 
 the annual business between St. Louis and the towns on the 
 river, and with Santa Fe, through Independence, is increasing 
 with an amazing rapidity. 
 
 The Missouri river enters the Mississippi, eighteen miles above 
 St. Louis, by a mouth much wider than the upper Mississippi. It 
 is the opinion of many geographers, that the Missouri river is the 
 main river, and should be considered as one river from its head to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The reasons in support of this opinion are, 
 that below the mouth of the Missouri the Mississippi has the 
 same turbulent appearance as the Missouri ; while the upper 
 Mississippi is remarkable for its clearness and transparency. 
 Whether this be true or false, it matters but little. All the 
 opinions in the world will not diminish the greatness, nor alter in 
 the slightest degree the course of these mighty rivers. 
 
 There are g"»me peculiarities of the Missouri river, which it is 
 highly important for emigrants, who design settling on its banks, 
 to be made acquainted with. The river has no permanent and 
 settled channel, and it is on this account that steamboats are gen- 
 erally compelled to lay up in the night, it not being considered 
 safe to run unless with the light of day to guide them. Many 
 persons who have purchased farms on the banks of this river, not 
 understanding the nature of the current, have lost acre after acre 
 by the washing away of the soil, and in many instances have 
 been completely ruined. Not only have farms suffered in this 
 way, but whole towns have been laid waste, and swept off with 
 the resistless current of this mighty river, compelling the inhabit- 
 ants to seek other, and more permanent places of abode. The 
 best and wisest plan, is to fix the residence at such a distance from 
 the river, that the waters will not reach them. 
 
 The following table contains the distances of the principal places on the 
 Missouri river, bo far as can be ascertained : 
 
sre the eye 
 B a mighty 
 issouri is a 
 urse, flows 
 mile wide 
 Notwith- 
 iiitry, and 
 sons of the 
 • steamboat 
 n country. 
 
 at one, and 
 
 vrns on the 
 
 increasing 
 
 niles above 
 sissippi. It 
 river is the 
 
 its head to 
 opinion are, 
 )pi has the 
 
 the upper 
 nsparency. 
 All the 
 nor alter in 
 
 which it is 
 ii its banks, 
 nanent and 
 its are gen- 
 considered 
 !m. Many 
 s river, not 
 after acre 
 lances have 
 red in this 
 pt off with 
 he inhabit- 
 bode. The 
 stance from 
 
 places on the 
 
 441 
 
 551 
 
 } 
 
 .6^5 1216 
 
 The Gates of the Rocky ^ 
 
 Mountains, j " 
 
 Great Falls, and Fort Mo- \ , , ^ 
 
 Kenzie, .••••» .J 
 
 Mouth t)f Yellowstone, 
 and Fort Union, ...*.. 
 
 Council Bluffs, »1200 2416 
 
 Traders' Point, • 4 2420 
 
 Bellevue, • • • ■• 21 2441 
 
 Mouth of Platte river,- • • • • • 15 2456 
 
 Iowa Point, •> • • .135 2591 
 
 Nodeway City, 30 262i 
 
 St. Joseph, •- 25 2646 
 
 Weston, ' ......... ^5 2701 
 
 Fort Leavenworth, • • • • 7 2708 
 
 Mouth of Little Platte river, 20 2728 
 
 Parkville,-..- - 1 2729 
 
 Kansas, ^ 10 2739 
 
 Randolph, 6 2744 
 
 Wayne City, 7 2751 
 
 Liberty Landing, ........... 5 2756 
 
 Livingston, » 6 2761 
 
 Owen's Landing, ........... 1 2762 
 
 Sibley, 14 2776 
 
 Camden, 12 2788 
 
 Wellington, .» 5 2793 
 
 Lexington,^ .......... 
 
 Walconda, 
 
 Waverly, ............ 
 
 Mouth of Grand river, . 
 
 }•• 
 
 3 2890 
 
 • . 6 2799 
 •• 25 2824 
 .. 5 2827 
 • • 1« 2845 
 
 Brunswick, •.......»* 2 2847 
 
 Old Jefferson, .........*..., 28 2875 
 
 Glasgow, 3 2878 
 
 Arrow Rock, - 9 2887 
 
 La Mine river, 10 2897 
 
 Cooneville, and Frank- 
 lin,. ......•...*.. .. 
 
 R-ockport, .........^. . 15 2905 
 
 Providence, 12 2917 
 
 N«flhville, ................. 1 2918 
 
 M'arion, 15 2933 
 
 Hibernia, • • • • • 15 2948 
 
 Jefferson City, • » 6 2953 
 
 Mouth of Osage river, ...... 9 2962 
 
 Portland,.. 21 2983 
 
 Mout^ of G-asconade river,. . 10 2993 
 
 Herman, •••...... ..... 52998 
 
 Pinckney, 22 3020 
 
 Washington, 8 3028 
 
 St. Charles, 46 3074 
 
 MovTH OF Missouri^ • * > • — 22 3096 
 
 Note* 
 
 From the source of the Missouri to Council Bluffs, the lands along the 
 river are almost entirely void of human habitations. There are some United 
 States' military posts along the banks of the river, among which are Fort 
 McKenzie, Fort Union, Fort Mandan, Foet Clarke, Fort St, Pierre, and a 
 few others. During itB loiig and dreary course through the vast prairies of 
 the Missouri territory, the Missouri receives numerous tributaries, many of 
 which are large and navigable streams. They are, however, but little known, 
 and will continue to be so until the country through which they flow becomes 
 peopled with an enterprising and industrious population. With these pre- 
 liminary remarks, we propose commencing our routes at Council Bluffs, and 
 continuing them regulaarly to the mouth of the Missouri. 
 
 Council Blufis, on the west bank of the Missouri, in the 
 Indian territory, is a high bluff bank, on which a celebrated 
 Indian council was held. It is a place of considerable notoriety, 
 
 12 
 
■ 'I 
 
 i 
 
 II; . 
 
 ;|i , ; 
 
 
 I 1 '^ 
 
 on account of its being about as far a» steamiboata ever ascend 
 the rivef. 
 
 Council Point, situated opfposite, in Iowa, is sometimes 
 miscaUed Council Bluff. It is the landing point for a Mormon 
 town named Kane*vil,le, situated about four miles in the interior- 
 
 Note* 
 
 Kanesvilley rottowatoniie county, Iowa, was settled about four years 
 ago, by the Latter Day Saints, or Mormons. It is not the intention of the 
 inhabitants to remain here; but merely choose it as a resting place, on their 
 journey to the Great Salop Lake. Kancs>ille contains a tabernacle for reli- 
 gious worship, ten stores doing a large and profitable bosineaa, and a popula- 
 tion of about 2,000. Tlie population, however, is very fluctuating, great 
 numbers leaving every spring for the valley of the Great Salt Lake, and as 
 many arriving during the fall and winter. The business of this place is 
 immense, it being the last place on the route to Oregon and California where 
 supplies can be obt.'vined, ]Many of the emigrants get their entire outfit at 
 this place. Kaaesville received its name in honor of Colonel Thomas L, Kane, 
 of Philadelphia, who was a distiHguisbed officer in the Mormon battalion, in 
 the Mexican war. 
 
 Traders' Point, four miles below Council Pointy iu the 
 same county, is a small French settlement, established to facilitate 
 trade between the various InJian traders. It contains about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 BellCVnc, tvventy-one miles below Traders* Point, on the 
 west bank of the river, in the Indian territory, is an Indian mis- 
 sionary station. It is also the residence of the agent employed 
 by the United States to attend to the government business with 
 the tribes inhabiting this territory. It has a good landing for 
 boats, and may some time become an important place. 
 
 Platte River, rises in the Rocky mountains, by two 
 branches, termed the North and South Forks. After an easterly 
 course of nearly 2,000 miles, it empties into the Missouri fifteen 
 miles below Bellevue. It is about a mile wide at the mouth; but 
 is, as its name indicates, exceedingly shallow, and is not navi- 
 gable, except in times of the great spring freshets. 
 
 loiva Point, one hundred and thirty-five miles below the 
 mouth of Platte river, Holt county, Missouri, is the landing point 
 for the town of Oregon, county seat of Holt county, situated ten 
 miles in the interior. Oregon contains a population of about 500. 
 
 Nodeway City, thirty miles below Iowa Point, in Andrew 
 county, Missouri, is a small village containing a few stores, and 
 
 [ 
 

 i^er ascend 
 
 sometimes 
 a Mormon 
 be interior. 
 
 it four years 
 ention of the 
 lace, on their 
 Kacle for reli- 
 and a popula- 
 lating, great 
 Lake, and as 
 this place is 
 ifornia where 
 itire outfit at 
 anas L, Kane, 
 L battalion, in 
 
 'oint, iu the 
 to facilitate 
 3 about 100 
 
 oint, on the 
 Indian mis- 
 t employed 
 isiness with 
 landing for 
 
 ns, by two 
 an easterly 
 
 jouri fifteen 
 mouth; but 
 
 is not navi- 
 
 »9 below the 
 
 inding point 
 
 situated ten 
 
 f about 500. 
 
 t, in Andrew 
 r stores, and 
 
 about 200 inhabitants. It is the landing point for Savannah, a 
 town of 1,000 inhabitants, situated a few miles off the river. It 
 is the county seat of Andrew county. 
 
 St. Joseph, twenty-five miles below Nodeway City, in 
 Buchanan county, Missouri, is a thriving and important town. 
 It was settled only about seven years since, and named in honor | 
 of Mr. Joseph Rubidoux, an old gentlemp.n, who has resided at 
 this point for about forty years. He laid out the town himself, 
 and named all of the streets after his children, of which he had 
 an ample quantity to have supplied the streets of several towns 
 with names. St. Joseph is now growing with amazing rapidity, 
 and it is confidently predicted, that in a very few years, it will be 
 the second town in the state in point of wealth and commercial 
 importance. There has been a telegraph line established between 
 this town and St. Louis, and there is in contemplation a rail- 
 way to Hannibal, on the Mississippi, which will no doubt soon be 
 completed. St. Joseph now contains 7 churches, viz : 1 Bap- 
 tist, 1 Pr'' byterian, 2 Methodist, 1 Campbellite, or Disciples, 1 
 Catholic, and 1 Latter Day Saints or Mormons. There are also 
 5 steam flour mills, 2 steam saw mills, and 1 saw mill running by 
 water power, a large number of stores, and a population of about 
 4,000. 
 
 There are many emigrants constantly passing through this place 
 to seek the long lost El Dorado of the world. The principal 
 routes to California and Oregon however, commence at Fort 
 Leavenworth, Independence, and the mouth of Kansas river. 
 
 Stages leave regularly for Liberty and other points. 
 
 liVeSton, about fifty-five miles below St. Joseph, in Platte 
 county, Missouri, is a fine flourishing place, and is rapidly 
 improving. Many of the emigrants make this a stopping place, 
 for laying in supplies, previous to starting out on the plains. It 
 contains 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Catholic 
 church, a large number of stores and a population of 2,000. 
 
 liittle Platte River Ijandingr, three miles below 
 
 Weston, is the landing point for Platte City, situated a short dis- 
 tance up the Little Platte river. It is the county seat of Platte 
 county, and contains about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Fort JLeavenwortll, four miles below Platte River 
 Landing, is situated on a high bluff of the Missouri, in the Indian 
 territory. The situation is remarkably fine, the bluff being 
 about 150 feet in hight, and composed principally of white lime- 
 stone. There is an excellent landing for boats, and many other 
 superior advantages, which warrant the belief that there will, 
 some day, be at this place a large and flourishing town. There 
 
Ill 
 
 
 .» 
 
 •v-'f\ 
 
 ' s 
 
 180 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 
 
 is usually a small garrison stationed here, and it is the rendezvous 
 for all United States' troops destined for Santa Fe, Oregon, and 
 the frontier stations. One of the principal routes to California 
 commences at this place. 
 
 BOTJTE 
 
 From Fort Leavenworth to Sutter's Fort, California. 
 
 To Blue river, 249 miles ; to Big Island, 35 miles ; to Forks 
 of Platte river, 105 miles ; to South Fork, 77 miles ; to Ash 
 Hollow, 20 miles ; to Fort Laramie, 115 miles ; to head waters 
 of Platte river, 91 miles ; to Sweetwater 147 miles ; to Big Sandy, 
 26 miles ; to Green river, 45 miles ; to Harris' Fork, 30 miles ; to 
 Smith's Fork, 63 miles ; to Soda Springs, 63 miles ; to Fort Hall, 
 70 miles ; to Oregon road on Snake river, 43 miles ; to junction 
 of old road and Lake Mary, 180 miles ; to Sink of Mary's river, 
 225 miles ; to Cannibal Cabins, 120 miles ; to Johnson's Station, 
 108 miles ; to Sutter's Fort, 40 miles : whole distance from Fort 
 Leavenworth to Sutter's Fort, 1 ,882 miles. 
 
 liittle Platte River, rises in Clark county, Iowa, and 
 pursuing an almost direct southward course for a distance of about 
 two hundred miles, empties into the Missouri twenty miles below 
 Fort Leavenworth. This river is exceedingly shallow, and diffi- 
 cult to navigate. Steamboats occasionally ascend as far as Platte 
 City, a distance of about forty miles. 
 
 Parkville* situated one mile below the mouth of Platte 
 river, in Platte county, Missouri, is a fine flourishing little village. 
 It was named in honor of one of the early settlers of this region, 
 by the name of Park. It now contains 1 Disciples' church, 
 1 Methodist, and 1 Presbyterian, about a dozen stores, and a 
 population of 260. 
 
 Kansas River. — This is one of the largest tributaries of 
 the Missouri. It rises in the Rocky mountains, and runs eastward 
 through the entire breadth of the Indian Territory, and empties 
 into the Missouri, ten miles below Parkville. Its entire lengtli 
 is about twelve hundred miles, for nine hundred of which it | 
 might be navigated. It is three hundred and forty yards wide at 
 the mouth, and discharges an immense amount of water ; many 
 of its tributaries being nearly as large as itself. 
 
eiidezvous 
 ■egon, and 
 California 
 
 irnia. 
 
 ; to Forks 
 3 ; to Ash 
 ead waters 
 Big Sandy, 
 ) miles ; to 
 
 Fort Hull, 
 ,0 junction 
 iry's river, 
 I's Station, 
 
 from Fort 
 
 Iowa, and 
 ice of about 
 niles below 
 V, and diffi- 
 ar as Platte 
 
 ,h of Platte 
 ittle village, 
 this region, 
 church, 
 and a 
 
 es 
 
 ares, 
 
 ibutaries of 
 ns eastward 
 md empties 
 itire length 
 of which it 
 irds wide at 
 ater ; many 
 
 Kansas River liandingr, is a landing point for V'yan- 
 DOTtE City, situ8*3d a short distance in the interior. It is also 
 one of the principal starting points for emigrants going to Oregon. 
 
 ROUTE 
 From Kansas River Landing to Oregon City. 
 
 To Kansas river crossing, 75 miles ; to Platte river, 220 miles ; 
 to Fork of Platte, 130 miles; to crossings of South Fork, 75 
 miles ; to North Fork, 20 miles ; to Chimney Rock, 55 miles ; to 
 Scott's BlufF, 20 miles ; to Fort Laramie, 80 miles ; to Independ- 
 ence Rock, 205 miles ; to South Pass, (Freemont's,) 110 miles ; 
 to Green river, 70 miles ; to Bridger's Fort, 60 miles ; to Bear 
 river, 70 miles; to Beer Springs, 90 miles; to Fort Hall, 60 miles; 
 to Salmon Falls, 150 miles; to crossings of Lewis river, 40 miles; 
 to crossings of Boisee river, 70 miles ; to Fort Boisee, 50 miles ; 
 to Malheur river, 20 miles ; to Burnt river, 50 miles ; to Grand 
 Ronde, 65 miles ; to Dr. Whitman's 75 miles ; to Fort Walla- 
 walla, 25 miles ; to Umatillah river, 25 miles ; to John Day's 
 river, 75 miles ; to Falls river, 22 miles ; to Dalles of the Colum- 
 bia river, 21 miles ; to Cascades, 40 miles ; to Fort Vancouver, 
 55 miles; to Oregon City, 30 miles : whole distance from Kansas 
 River Landing to Oregon City, 2,152 miles. 
 
 This route is generally considered as commencing at Independ- 
 ence, but the traveler does not actually take leave of civilization, 
 and commence in earnest his toilsome journey through the wild 
 and trackless wilderness, until he arrives at this point. Hence we 
 have given the route from this place. 
 
 Kansas, situated near the mouth of Kansas river, in Jackson 
 county, Missouri, is a pleasantly situated town, standing on a 
 high bank of the river, and commanding a view of the surround- 
 ing country for many miles. It has been settled about four years, 
 and is thought by many to possess the finest situation of any 
 town on the river. The business of the place is very extensive, 
 there being an almost constant stream of travel passing through 
 this region, on their way to that country, whose barren rocks are 
 sources of wealth incalculable, and whose rivers flow through 
 sands glittering with yellow particles infinitely more charming to 
 the eyes of many than the refinements of society, the blessings 
 of home, the sympathy of friends, or the brilliancy of a well 
 cultivated mind. 
 
i'^ ■. » 
 
 .1 (■ 
 
 .1 
 
 ■ ( 
 
 ' 'K 
 
 185^ 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 
 
 Kansas contains 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, and 1 Presbyterian 
 church, a large number of stores, and about 800 inhabitants. 
 
 Ilsind.Olpll9 five miles below, in Clay county, Missouri, is 
 a handsome little village, finely situated on a commanding emi- 
 nence. It contains one or two churches, several stores, and a 
 population of 200. 
 
 Wayne City, seven miles below Randolph, is the prin- 
 cipal landing point for goods and merchandise destined for Inde- 
 pendence. There are three or four stores and a few families 
 here. It is connected with Independence by the Independence 
 railroad. 
 
 The Independence Railroad Depot, is about one mile from 
 Wayne City. There is generally quite an air of business about 
 this place, from constant arrival of goods and emigrants on their 
 way to Independence. The road is four miles long, and heretofore 
 horses and mules have been used to draw the cars. There is, 
 howevr , in contemplation, a new track, and a locomotive engine. 
 This improvement is much needed. 
 
 Independence, county seat of Jackson county, Missouri, 
 is situated about four miles back of Wayne City ; is a place of 
 great importance, and is growing with amazing rapidity. The 
 country around is exceedingly fertile, and well adapted to culti- 
 vation. The business done here is immense, and a person not 
 acquainted with the country, would be perfectly astonished. The 
 town is well laid out, with wide and convenient streets, and good, 
 substantial brick dwellings. It contains a court-house and county 
 buildings, 3 hotels, I Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Campbellite Baptist, 
 or Disciples, 3 Presbyterian, and 1 Roman Catholic church, a 
 large number of wholesale and retail stores, and a population of 
 2,500. There is a large trade carried on between this place and 
 Santa Fe. The goods are transported across the country in 
 wagons, which are built very large and strong, and are usually 
 drawn by oxen, from sixteen to twenty of which are attached to 
 each wagon. There has been a new route recently laid out from 
 St. Louis to this place, and on to the frontier. This will, no 
 doubt, increase the commercial prosperity of the place very much. 
 Independence derives its importance from being the point where 
 most of the emigrants going the overland route to California and 
 Oregon, get their last supplies, and, also, as being the point 
 where the principal routes to these places commence. This gives 
 to Independence an air of business possessed by no other town on 
 the frontier. The rapid improvements going on at this place will 
 no doubt continue, and in a few years we may expect to see a 
 large and flourishing city occupying the site of this town. Stages 
 
 l\ 
 
ibyterian 
 ints. 
 
 ssouri, is 
 ing enli- 
 st and a 
 
 he prin- 
 for Inde- 
 families 
 pendence 
 
 (lile from 
 ess about 
 i on their 
 leretofore 
 There is, 
 '■e engine. 
 
 Missouri, 
 place of 
 ity. The 
 1 to culti- 
 3rson not 
 led. The 
 and good, 
 ad county 
 ;e Baptist, 
 jhurch, a 
 Illation of 
 place and 
 3untry in 
 •e usually 
 ttached to 
 i out from 
 s will, no 
 3ry much, 
 int where 
 fornia and 
 the point 
 rhis gives 
 r town on 
 place will 
 t to see a 
 1. Stages 
 
 J 
 
 leave Independence three times a week for Booneville, Jefferson 
 City, and St. Louis; and once a month for Santa Fe- 
 
 BOUTE FROM INDEPENDENCE TO SANTA FE. 
 
 To Westport, 12 miles; to Round Crove, 23 miles; to Narrows, 
 30 miles; to Bridge creek, 43 miles; to Council Grove, 42 miles: 
 to Diamond springs, 15 miles; to Lost spring, 15 miles; to Cot- 
 tonwood creek, 12 miles; to Turkey creek, 25 miles; to Little 
 Arkansas, 17 miles; to Cow creek, 20 miles; to Walnut creek, 8 
 miles; to Ash creek, 19 miles; to Pawnee Fork, 6 miles; to Coon 
 creek, 33 miles; to Caches, 36 miles; to Ford of Arkansas, 20 
 miles; to Sand creek, 50 miles; to Cimarron river, 8 miles; to 
 Middle spring, 36 miles; to Willow Bar, 26 miles; to Upper spring, 
 18 miles; to Cold spring, 5 miles; to McNee's creek, 25 miles; to 
 Rabbit Ear creek, 20 miles; to Round Mound, 8 miles; to Rock 
 creek, 8 miles; to Point of Rocks, 19 miles; to Rio Colorado, 20 
 miles; to Ocate, 6 miles; to Santa Clara spring, 21 miles; to Rio 
 Mora, 22 miles; to Rio Gallinas, 20 miles; to Ojode Bernal spring, 
 17 miles; to San Miguel, 6 miles; to Pecos village, 23 miles; to 
 Santa Fe, 25 miles: whole distance from Independence to Santa 
 Fe, 875 miles. The maii generally goes through in about one 
 month. The route has been gone over, however, in twenty days. 
 The passenger fare from Independence to Santa Fe, is $100. 
 This route, with the ones given from Fort Leavenworth and 
 Kansas River Landing, embrace the three principal routes to 
 California, Oregon and New Mexico. There are other routes, 
 commencing at other points; but they all merge into these threa 
 
 Ijiberty liandillg^t five miles below Wayne City, in Clay 
 county, Missouri, is a landing point for the town of Liberty, four 
 miles from the river. 
 
 Note* 
 liibertyy county seat of Clay county, Missouri, is a fine, flourishing 
 town. It contains a court-house and county offices, 5 churches, viz : 1 Bap- 
 tist, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Dutch Reformed, and 1 Catholic, about 30 
 stores, and a population of 1,500. Stages leave daily for St. Louis and Fort 
 Leavenworth ; and three times a week for St. Joseph. 
 
 liivinglStOll, five miles below Liberty Landing, is a small, 
 dilapidated village, rapidly going to decay, and probably into the 
 river. It was formerly a landing place for Independence. 
 
. • 
 
 a 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^- ^ 
 
 I! 
 
 ^ I 
 
 Ir 
 
 ; ( 
 
 
 1 ;.: 
 
 I : 
 
 184 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 
 
 Owen's EAncling', one mile below Livingston, was, in 
 former times, a landing place for Independence ; but, like its 
 neighbor Livingston, its occupation is gone, and it is left now 
 with nothing to do but mourn over its former greatness. There 
 are but few houses here, and these but sorry looking affairs. 
 
 Sillley» fourteen miles below Owen's Landing, is a fine, 
 thriving village, situated in Jackson county, Mis^^ouri. It occu- 
 pies the former site of Fort Osage, a military station abandoned 
 some years a^o. It contains 2 churches, about a do^eu stores, 
 and 300 inhabitants. 
 
 Csimdcn, twelve miles below Sibley, in Ray county, Mis- 
 souri, is a pleasant little town, containing about the same popu- 
 lation as Sibley. 
 
 liVellilll^tOll, five miles below Camden, in Lafayette 
 county, is a small village, containing less than a dozen houses. 
 
 IjCXingtOII« county seat of Lafayette county, is situated 
 six miles below Wellington. It is a fine, thriving town, having 
 the highest location of any town on the river, being about 300 
 feet above high water mark. Th-- first house built here was in 
 the year 1839; and it now contains a court-house, jail and county 
 offices, 7 churches, viz : 1 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Cumberland Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Campbellite Baptist, 
 or Disciples, a f c ' seminary, a masonic college, a large num- 
 ber of stores, ai. population of 3,000. Stages leave three 
 times a week for Jetferson city, St. Louis, and Independence. 
 
 liWalcOIidai, twenty-five miles below Lexington, in Carroll 
 county, is a small, but rapidly growing town. It contains now 
 about 200 inhabitants ; but will no doubt double that before 
 another year. 
 
 "Waverly, three miles below Walconda, in Saline county, 
 is a fine, flourishing village. It contains two or three churches, 
 several stores, and a population of 400. 
 
 Orand River, rises in Madison county, Iowa, and flows 
 in a southwest direction for, a distance of two hundred and forty 
 miles, and empties into the Missouri eighteen miles below Wa- 
 verly, forming the boundary line between Carroll and Chariton 
 counties. It is navigated by boats about 100 miles. 
 
 Brunswick) two miles below the mouth of Grand river, 
 in Chariton county, is a fine, enterprising town. It is situated 
 on a beautiful level prairie, and contains several churches, Baptist, 
 Methodist, Presbyterian, &c., a large number of stores, and about 
 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
[1, was, in 
 , like its 
 left now 
 ». There 
 fairs. 
 
 is a fine, 
 
 It oecu- 
 
 ibandoned 
 
 eu stores, 
 
 nty, Mis- 
 ,me popu- 
 
 Lafayette 
 houses. 
 
 s situated 
 n, having 
 about 300 
 ere was in 
 nd county 
 )yterian, 1 
 ite Baptist, 
 irge num- 
 iave three 
 idence. 
 
 in Carroll 
 itains now 
 hat before 
 
 ae county, 
 I churches, 
 
 and flows 
 
 and forty 
 
 below Wa- 
 
 d Chariton 
 
 rand river, 
 
 is situated 
 
 les, Baptist, 
 
 1, and about 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 
 
 185 
 
 Old Jefferson, twenty-eight miles below Brunswick, in 
 Saline county, is a small, dilapidated village, containing about 40 
 inhabitants. There was formerly a place by this name a short 
 distance down the river, opposite Glasgow; but the remorseless 
 river swept it off, and the inhabitants were compelled to seek for 
 other lodgings. 
 
 Chariton River, rises in Lucas county, Iowa, and after 
 a course of one hundred and fifty miles, in a southerly direction, 
 empties into the Missouri nearly opposite Old Jefferson. It is not 
 navigable for more than thirty or forty miles. 
 
 Olasg^OW, three miles below Old Jefferson, in Howard 
 county, is a place of some note, and is rapidly improving. It 
 contains 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 Campbellite church, 
 a female seminary, a large number of stores of various kinds, and 
 a population of 1,800. Stages leave daily for St. Louis, Fort 
 Leavenworth, and intermediate points; and three times a week 
 for Hannibal. 
 
 Arrow Rock, nine mifes below Glasgow, in Saline county, 
 is a handsomely situated village, standing about one hundred and 
 fifty feet above the river. It derives its name from the fact that 
 the Indians used pieces of the rock found here, for the purpose 
 of making heads for their arrows. This place, though generally 
 healthy, suffered severely from cholera, in 1849. Its population 
 is about 300. 
 
 I^a Mine River, rises in Lafayette and Johnson coun- 
 ties, Missouri, and empties into the Missouri, ten miles below 
 Arrow Rock. It is navigable for about thirty miles. The water 
 of this river is remarkably clear, and almost transparent. 
 
 Booneville, three miles below the mouth of La Mine river, 
 is the county seat of Cooper county. It is situated on a bluff, 
 elevated about one hundred feet above high water mark, and 
 received its name in honor of the celebrated Colonel Daniel 
 Boone. It contains a handsome court-house, 1 Presbyterian, 1 
 Baptist, and 1 Methodist church, 2 academies, 20 or 30 stores, and 
 a population of 1,200. Stages leave three times a week for 
 Columbia, Jefferson City, and Independence, 
 
 Note* 
 Franklin, opposite Booneville, is a small place, located about three 
 miles from the river bank. It formerly stood on the river ; but, like many 
 of its neighbors, was driven back by the merciless waters. Population, 200. 
 
 Rockport, fifteen miles below Booneville, in Boone county, 
 is a thriving town of about 500 inhabitants. 
 
\' 
 
 M 
 
 186 
 
 ROUTE OF THE MISSOURI RIVER. 
 
 Provld.eilce, twelve miles below Rockport, in the same 
 county, was built after the flood in 1844, for the convenience of 
 Columbia, situated a few miles in the interior. Providence con- 
 tains only about fifteen houses, and will never be likely to contain 
 many more, as there is no place for much of a town at this point. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Columbia^ situated about ten miles from tbo banks of tbo Missouri, is 
 the county seat of fioone county, and contains a court-house, several churches, 
 and about 1,000 inhabitants. It is the scat of the Missouri University, 
 founded in 1840. The university has a president, three professors and sixty 
 students. Stages leave daily for St. Louis and other points. 
 
 Na^Shville, one mile below Providence, in the same county, 
 is a small village, destined ere long to become immeasurably 
 smaller. The river is fast washing it away, and the inhabitants 
 are availing themselves of every possible opportunity to make 
 themselves scarce. It numbers novv about 100 inhabitants. 
 
 IHariOIly situated in Cole county, fifteen miles below Nash- 
 ville, is a small town containing about 500 inhabitants. It was 
 formerly the county seat, but that has been removed to Jefferson 
 City. 
 
 Iliberilia.9 fifteen miles below Marion, in Callaway county, 
 is a pleasant little village, containing a population of about 100. 
 
 XetlerSOIl City, county seat of Cole county, and capital of 
 the state of Missouri, is situated on the south bank of the Missouri 
 river, five miles below Hibernia. It contains a state-house, 
 situated on a high and beautiful hill called Capitol hill, the gov- 
 ernor's house, state penitentiary, a court-house of brick, 1 Baptist, 
 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Catholic church, 
 1 grist mill, 1 rope manufactory, a large number of stores of 
 various kinds, and a population of 1,500. Stages leave daily for 
 St. Louis ; three times a week for Independence, Lexington, 
 Booneville, ^c. 
 
 Osag'e River, rises in the Indian territory, and after a 
 meandering course of several hundred miles, empties into the 
 Missouri nine miles below Jefferson City. It is 397 yards wide 
 at the mouth, and is navigable for steamboats about 200 miles. 
 Tbe land bordering on this river is exceedingly fertile, and yields 
 abundant crops of all the products of the West. 
 
 Portland, twenty-one miles below Jefferson City, in Calla- 
 way county, is rather a miserable looking apology for a town. The 
 houses are mostly built of logs, in the real backwoods fashion. 
 Population about 300. 
 
 11; 
 
 B 
 
 
the same 
 lience of 
 ince con- 
 o contain 
 lis point. 
 
 lissouri, is 
 
 churches, 
 
 Jniversity, 
 
 i and sixty 
 
 e county, 
 easurably 
 (habitants 
 to make 
 nts. 
 
 ow Nash- 
 
 i. It was 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 y county, 
 ibout 100. 
 
 capital of 
 Q Missouri 
 [ite-house, 
 , the gov- 
 
 1 Baptist, 
 ic church, 
 
 stores of 
 ) daily for 
 jexington, 
 
 id after a 
 5 into the 
 ^ards wide 
 200 miles. 
 and yields 
 
 ', in. Calla- 
 )wii. The 
 Is fashion. 
 
 Oaf§M!Onade River, rises in Wright county, Missouri, 
 and taking its couise in a northerly direction for a distance of 
 200 miles, empties in'o the Missouri ten miles below Portland. 
 It is not navigable io any extent, but affords a vast amount of 
 water power to the numerous mill seats along its banks. 
 
 Ilermail, county seat of Gasconade county, is situated five 
 miles below the mouth of Gusconaile river. It is a beautifully 
 located town, and contains a court-house, several churches and a 
 population of 500. 
 
 Piiickney^ twenty-two miles below Herman, in Warren 
 county, is a small and unimportant village, containing about 100 
 inhabitants. 
 
 OriSWOld, opposite Pinckney, in Franklin county, is a small 
 village, of about the same dimensions as that place. 
 
 liWashing^ton, eight miles below Griswold, in the same 
 county, is a fine little village, containing 200 inhabitants. 
 
 St. Charles, forty-six miles below Washington, and twenty- 
 two from the mouth of the Missouri, is the county seat of St. 
 Charles county, and is one of the most important towns in the 
 state. It is handsomely situated, and has an excellent appearance 
 from the river. The country around, is remarkably fertile, and 
 is also very healthy. St. Charles College founded in 1839, is 
 located at this place. It has a president, 3 professors, and 120 
 students. St. Charles also contains a court-house, market house, 
 2 Presbyterian, 2 Methodist, 1 Lutheran, and 2 Catholic churches, 
 a nunnery, and a population of 3,000. The river here is over a 
 mile wide, across which a ferry plies every few minutes. Stages 
 leave daily for St. Louis, Jefferson City, and intermediate points; 
 and three times a week for Burlington, Iowa, 
 
 ROUTE OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER, 
 
 And Illinois and Michigan Canal. 
 
 The Illinois River, is the most important river within 
 the state. It is navigable as far as Peru, which is connected to 
 Lake Michigan by a canal. The navigation of this river has been 
 rendered permanent, within the last few years, and it has already 
 been the means of throwing a large amount of trade and travel into 
 the state, that otherwise would have taken different channels. 
 These improvements have cost the state near $10,000,000. (For 
 a more complete description of this river, see page 24.) 
 
 
h ..'n 
 
 'f i 
 
 The following is a table of distances on the Illinois river from the mouth to 
 Peru, and from thence by the Illinois and Michigan Canal to Chicago. 
 
 Montezuma, 25 
 
 Augusta, 5 30 
 
 Naples, 10 40 
 
 Meredosia, 8 48 
 
 Beardstown, 16 64 
 
 Havana, 33 97 
 
 Pekin, 31 128 
 
 Peoria, * 9 137 
 
 Chillicothe, .-... 15 152 
 
 Lacon, 13 165 
 
 Henry, 5 170 
 
 Hennepin, 12 182 
 
 Peeu, ' 15 197 
 
 Sy lUinois and Michigan Canal. 
 
 LaSalle, 2 199 
 
 Utica, 4 203 
 
 Ottowa, 9 212 
 
 Marseilles, 8 220 
 
 Clarkson, 12 232 
 
 Morriss, i> . . . . 4 236 
 
 Dresden, 9 245 
 
 Joliet, 
 
 Lockport, 
 
 Des Plaines, 10 
 
 Suinmit, 10 285 
 
 Bridgeport, 8 293 
 
 Chicago. 4 297 
 
 14 259 
 6 265 
 275 
 
 IfEollteziiniay situated on the west bank of the Illinois, 
 twenty-five miles from its mouth, in Pike county, is a small and 
 unimportant village containing twenty or thirty houses. 
 
 Aug^llSta, is a small village, situated five miles above Monte- 
 zuma, and is about the same size. 
 
 Naples, ten miles above Augusta, in Scott county, on the 
 east bank of the river, is a pleasant and thriving town. It 
 contains one or two churches, 3 steam mills, several stores, and a 
 population of 500. 
 
 Meredosia^ eight miles above Naples, in Morgan county, 
 is pleasantly situated on the east bank of the Illinois, on a fine 
 elevation. It contains 2 steam mills, a number of stores, and a 
 population of 300. There is a railroad from this place to Spring- 
 field, the capital of the state. Cars arrive and depart daily. 
 
 BearclStOMrii, sixteen miles above Meredosia, on the east 
 bank of the river, in Cass county, is a fine thriving village, 
 containing I Methodist, and 1 Episcopal church, 20 stores, and 
 about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 Havana, thirty-three miles above Beardstown, opposite 
 the mouth of Spoon river, in Mason county, was formerly the 
 county seat of that county, an honor lately conferred on Bath, a 
 town about ten miles from the river. Havana is finely situated 
 on a high sandy ridge, fifty feet above the highest floods of the 
 river, and contains a population of about 400. 
 
he mouth to 
 icago. 
 
 xn Caned. 
 
 2 199 
 
 4 203 
 
 9 212 
 
 .... 8 220 
 
 12 232 
 
 4 236 
 
 9 245 
 
 . ... 14 259 
 
 ... 6 265 
 
 10 275 
 
 10 285 
 
 8 293 
 
 .... 4 297 
 
 he Illinois, 
 i small and 
 
 38. 
 
 ove Monte- 
 
 nty, on the 
 town. It 
 tores, and a 
 
 an county, 
 3, on a fine 
 tores, and a 
 to Spring- 
 daily. 
 
 on the east 
 ing village, 
 ) stores, and 
 
 rn, opposite 
 'ormerly the 
 1 on Bath, a 
 lely situated 
 ioods of the 
 
 ROUTE OF THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 
 
 183 
 
 Pekill, thirty-one miles above Havana, in Tazewell county, 
 is a fine flourishing town, containing an academy, 1 Methodist, 
 
 1 Unitarian, and 1 Presbyterian church, 1 newspaper printing 
 office, 1 steam flour mill, 1 steam saw mill, more than 20 stores, 
 and several forwarding and commission houses, and a population 
 of 1,000. 
 
 Peoria^9 county seat of Peoria, county, is handsomely 
 situated nine miles above Pekin, at the southern terminus of 
 Peoria Lake. The town lays on two tables of land, the first being 
 about twelve feet above the water's edge, and the second some half- 
 dozen feet higher, and extending back some distance to the bluffs, 
 in the rear of the town, which rise 100 feet above the general 
 level. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, 1 Unitarian, 1 
 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, and 2 Presbyterian churches, 
 
 2 newspaper printing offices, 2 steam saw mills, 5 schools, 30 
 stores, and a population of 2,000. Stages leave daily for Chicago, 
 Springfield, and St. Louis; three times a week for Galena, and 
 Burlington, Iowa, Madison, Wisconsin, and Indianapolis, Indiana. 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily. 
 
 Peoria Lake, is an expansion of the Illinois river, com- 
 mencing at the town of Peoria, and extending in a northerly 
 direction for a distance of twenty miles. It has very little current, 
 and the water is beautifully clear and transparent, so much so, 
 that the fish, of which there is a great abundance, can be distinctly 
 seen swimming about, and performing their various evolutions, 
 far beneath the surface. 
 
 CllilliCOtllC) is a small village, situated 15 miles above Peoriai 
 in the same county, at the head of Peoria Lake. Population, 100. 
 
 Ijacon, county seat of Marshall county, is situated thirteen 
 miles above Chillicothe, on the east bank of the Illinois. It is a 
 small village of about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 Henry, is a small place, five miles above Lacon, containing 
 less than 100 inhabitants. 
 
 Hennepin, county seat of Putnam county, is situated 
 twelve miles above Henry, in the Great Bend of the Illinois river. 
 The location is a beautiful one, being elevated by a gradual and 
 gentle ascent, to a bight of about twenty or thirty feet above 
 the river. This town was named in honor of Louis Hennepin, a 
 Franciscan friar, and one of the early explorers of the North-west. 
 It contains a court-house, jail, Methodist and Presbyterian 
 churches, 20 stores, and about 600 inhabitants. 
 
 Peru, La Salle county, fifteen miles above Hennepin, is a 
 small village, situated at the head of steamboat navigation on the 
 
I 
 
 1 If- i 
 
 
 '. .ll 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 \ ' 
 
 l.i ; 
 
 , -r-i ■ I 
 
 ••i I 
 
 .4 r 
 
 I ,1 
 
 Illinois, and the commencement of the Illinois and Michigan 
 canal. It has a population of about 300. 
 
 Tlie Illinois and Mictiigra^n Canal. — This impor- 
 tant work, by which the great lakes on the north, are brought in 
 connection with the western rivers and the Gulf of Mexico, and 
 by which a great portion of the United States is rendered a vast 
 island, was commenced in the year 1836, and finished in the year 
 1848. Its length is one hundred miles, is sixty feet wide at top, 
 and thirty-six at bottom, and is six feet deep. There are 17 locks, 
 each 110 feet long, and 18 feet wide, being large enough for 
 vessels of 120 tons burden. The entire cost of this work was 
 $ 6,600,000. 
 
 I^a Salle^ two miles from Peru, in the same county, on the 
 Illinois and Michigan canal, is a small village, named in honor of 
 the celebrated Frenchman, M. De la Salle. It is a village of 
 little commercial importance, containing a population of 200. 
 
 Utica, four miles from La Salle, in the same county, has 
 about the same population. 
 
 OttOWa, county seat of La Salle county, is situated nine 
 miles from Utica, on the Illinois and Michigan canal, and on both 
 sides of the Illinois river. It was laid out in the year 1830, and 
 now contains a court-house, several churches, 20 stores, and a 
 population of 600. Stages leave daily for Springfield and Chicago. 
 
 IVIarseilleSf eight miles from Ottawa, in the same county, is 
 a thriving town, and on account of its facilities for manufacturing, 
 is a place of considerable importance. The Grand Rapids of the 
 Illinois at this place, affords an immense water power. There 
 are a number of mills of various kinds, and a population of 300. 
 
 Clarkson, is a small village, twelve miles from Marseilles, 
 Grundy county. Population, 100. 
 
 TUEorriSS, county seat of Grundy county, situated four miles 
 from Clarkson, is a small village of no particular importance, 
 save that of being the place where the legal talent of the county 
 assembles. Its population is about 200. 
 
 Dresden, nine miles from Morriss, situated on the Illinois 
 and Michigan canal, and at the junction of Kankakee and Des 
 Plaines rivers, which form the Illinois proper, is a small village, 
 containing about 250 inhabitants. 
 
 Joiiety county seat of Will county, is situated fourteen miles 
 from Dresden. It is a small village, containing a court-house, a 
 few stores, and a population of about 300. 
 
\L. 
 
 Vlichigan 
 
 is impor- 
 rought in 
 xico, and 
 red a vast 
 I ttie year 
 de at top, 
 17 locks, 
 10 ugh for 
 work was 
 
 y, on the 
 I honor of 
 village of 
 »f 200. 
 
 unty, has 
 
 lated nine 
 id on both 
 1830, and 
 res, and a 
 d Chicago. 
 
 county, is 
 ifacturing, 
 )ids of the 
 ir. There 
 an of 300. 
 
 Marseilles, 
 
 four miles 
 nportance, 
 the county 
 
 the Illinois 
 (6 and Des 
 lall village, 
 
 rteen miles 
 rt-house, a 
 
 liOCkporCy six miles from Joliet, in the same county, is a 
 town of superior advantages for manufacturing purposes. The 
 canal here has two locks, and the Des Plaines river has a fall of 
 fifteen feet. These advantages will no doubt render the advance- 
 ment of this place rapid and steady. The town is smallj and 
 contains only about 200 inhabitants. 
 
 I>es Pla,ines, is a small village in Cook county, ten miles 
 from Lockport. Population, 600. 
 
 Summit, situated at the *' Point of Oaks," in Cook county, 
 ten miles from Des Plaines, is a small place, containing twenty or 
 thirty houses. Population, 80. 
 
 Bridg^eport, is a small village, eight miles from Summit, 
 in the same county. Population, 50. 
 
 Clticag^O, the largest and most important commercial place 
 in Illinois, is situated at the north*eastern termination of the Illi- 
 nois and Michigan canal, on both sides of the Chicago river, and 
 on the borders of the southern shore of lake Michigan. It was 
 settled about the year 1830, and has increased with a rapidity 
 almost without a parallel in the history of our country. The 
 situation for trade is remarkably good, being at the point where 
 the great Mississippi valley is united to the chain of lakes on our 
 northern frontier, bringing the East, South and West into direct 
 communication with each other. The first vessel that left this 
 port, was a small schooner loaded with wheat, in 1839 ; now the 
 arrivals and departures of various kinds of vessels number about 
 4,000, making an aggregate of 50,000 tons of shipping. The 
 principal articles of export are wheat, flour, beef, pork, wool, 
 hides, and leather. The lumber business is carried on here proba- 
 bly to a greater extent than any other. There are about 40 
 dealers in this article, and the amount brought into market last 
 year probably reachd 70,000,000 feet. 
 
 Chicago is situated on a level plat of prairie land, rising suffi- 
 ciently high to escape the highest floods. It is handsomely laid 
 out, and has an arti^cial harbor, built at considerable cost, by the 
 construction of piers, which extend for some distance out into 
 the lake, and prevent the sand from accumulating in sufficient 
 quantities to obstruct the entrance to the harbor. Chicago is the 
 county seat of Cook county, and contains, besides the usual county 
 buildings, a number of fine hotels, among which are the Tremont 
 House, Mansion House, Lake House, Sherman House, and others, 
 twelve or fifteen churches, many of them handsome structures, 
 works for supplying the city with water, a large number of 
 wholesale and retail stores of all kinds, and a population of 28,000. 
 Cars leave daily on the Chicago and Galenir. railroad ; steamers 
 
ivlaM^MMUf 
 
 [ ! 
 
 
 'hi'lii 
 
 m 
 
 I ■ 
 
 i 
 
 J > 
 
 h 
 
 MMirtlMKWMHM 
 
 III wiiiii ^Uii^MtjMiawiBa^iiMt— 
 
 192 
 
 ROUTES FROM CHICAGO* 
 
 and pail vessels arrive and depart daily for Buffalo and all inter- 
 mediate points on the Lakes : stagos leave daily for St. Louis, 
 ; Galena, Milwaukee, and Detroit. 
 
 BOTJTES FROM CHICAGO. 
 
 From Chicago to Buffalo. 
 
 To Southport, Wisconsin, (by steamboat,) 57 miles ; to Mil- 
 vvaukie, 38 milei ; to Manltou 1t1 imiji Ij O '"ifes J to Mackinaw, 
 Michigan, 105 miles ; to Thunder Buy Isla'hn, 14i/niilt'!s ; to Tort 
 Gratiot, 150 miles ; to Detroit, 70 miles ; to Sandusky, Ohio, 80 
 miles; to Huron, 10 miles ; to Black river, 20 mil^&,.;.jtoCleve- 
 lan.i, 25 miles ; to Grand river, 30 miles ; to AshtalTula, 30 miles ; 
 to Conneaiit, 14 miles ; to Erie, Pennsylvania, 30 miles ; to Port- 
 land, New York, 10 miles ; to Dunkirk, 16 miles ; to Buffalo, 45 
 m'les : whole distance from Chicago to Buffalo, 1,045 miles. 
 
 From Chicago to Su Louis ^ 
 
 To Summit, (by stage,) 13 miles ; to Des Pluines, 10 miles ; to 
 Lockport, 8 miles ; to Joliet, 5 miles ; to Au Sable, 13 miles ; to 
 Lisbon, 9 miles ; to Ottawa, 21 miles ; to La Sullc, 15 miles ; to 
 Hennepin, 16 miles; to Lacon, 17 miles; to Chillicothe, 13 miles; 
 to Rome, 3 mHes ; to Peoria, 15 milcv-? ; to Pekin, 8 miles ; to 
 Tremont, 5 miles ; to Dillon, 4 miles ; to Delevan, 8 miles ; to 
 Middletown, 25 miles ; to Springfield, 20 miles ; to Auburn, 15 
 miles; to Carlinville, 24 miles; to Lincoln, '2) miles; to Pad- 
 dock's Grove, 8 miles ; to Edwardsville, 7 miles ; to St. Louis, 21 
 miles : whole distance from Chicago to St. Locis, 327 miles. 
 Time, 55 hours ; fare, $16. 
 
 From Chicago to Galena, 
 
 To Cazenovia, 11 miles; to Bloomingdale, 12 miles; to Elgin, 
 12 miles ; to Hampshire, 14 miles ; to Marengo, 10 miles ; to 
 Belvidere, 12 miles ; to Cleveland, 7 miles ; to Rockford, 7 miles ; 
 to Vanceburg, 12 miles; to Freeport, 15 miles; to Burr Oak 
 Grove, 13 miles ; to Elizabeth, 18 miles ; to Galena, 15 miles : 
 whole distance from Chicago to Galena, 158 miles. Time, 30 
 hours ; fare, $7 50. 
 
 From Chicago to MilwaukiCf Wisconsin. 
 
 To Dutchman's Point, (by stage,) 12 miles ; to Wheeling, 4 
 miles ; to Half Day, 5 miles ; to Libertyville, 7 miles ; to Abing- 
 ton, 4 miles ; to Little Fort, 5 miles ; to Otsego, 4 miles ; to 
 
daiUiMIIaKatllMHM 
 
 all iuter- 
 >t. Louis, 
 
 ; to Mil- 
 lackinaw^ 
 '; to I'ort 
 , Ohio, 80 
 to Cleve- 
 30 miles ; 
 ; to Port- 
 kiffalo, 45 
 miles. 
 
 ) miles ; 
 miles ; 
 
 to 
 to 
 
 miles ; to 
 13 miles; 
 miles ; to 
 miles ; to 
 uburn, 15 
 ; to Pad- 
 Louis, 21 
 327 miles. 
 
 to Elgin> 
 
 miles ; to 
 
 d, 7 miles ; 
 
 Burr Oak 
 
 15 miles : 
 
 Time, 30 
 
 Wheeling, 4 
 to Abing- 
 : miles ; to 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 193 
 
 Southport, Wisconsin, 14 miles ; to Racine, 11 miles ; to Oak 
 creek, 15 miles; to Milwaukie, 10 miles : whole distance from 
 Chicago to Milwaukie, 91 miles. Time, 15 hours ; fore, $4 50. 
 
 From Chicago to Detroit, 
 
 To Calumet, 12 miles; to City West, Indiana, 24 miles; to 
 Michigan City, 17 miles j to La Porte, 12 miles ; to Hudson, 13 
 miles i to Niles, 19 miles ; to Edwardsburg, 10 miles ; to Union, 
 12 miies ; to Mottsville, 6 miles ; to Sherman, 19 miles ; to Free- 
 dom, 4 miles ; to Brown's Prairie, 10 miles ; to Batavia, 4 miles ; 
 to Coldwater, 7 miles ; to Quincy, 6 miles ; to Moscow, 16 miles ; 
 to Woodstock, 15 miles ; to Cambridge, 7 miles ; to Iron creek, 
 9 miles ; to Clinton, 5 miles ; to Benton, 7 miles ; to Saline, 5 
 miies ; to Pittsfield, 5 miles ; to Ypsilanti, 6 miles ; to South 
 Plymouth, (by Central railroad,) 7 miles ; to South Nankin, 8 
 miles ; to Dearbon, 5 miles ; to Detroit, 10 miles : whole distance 
 from Chicago to Detroit, 280 miles. Time, 40 hours ; fare, $14. 
 
 HOUIE OF THE GREAT LAKES, 
 
 l<ake Midligfan* — This lake is the largest lake that lies 
 wholly in the United States. It is 340 miles long, and generally 
 about 60 miles broad. The waters are deep enough to float the 
 largest class vessels, and abound with almost every species of fresh 
 water fish. The line of coast is generally quite uniform and but 
 little indented with bays and inlets. The principal bays are Green 
 bay, and Great and Little Traverse bays, situated in the north. 
 Tliere are a few islands in the northern part, but none in the 
 southern of any consequence. 
 
 Micbig^ail City, is situated in La Porte county, Indiana, 
 and is the only harbor in the state. It was laid out in 1831, and 
 it was thought for a long time that it would become a large 
 commercial city. This would no doubt have been the case, had the 
 improvp'^'ent of the harbor been completed, as was contemplated. 
 The expense of improving the harbor would be very trifling in 
 comparison to the advantage the city would derive from it. \es- 
 sels are now compelled to load and unload by means of lighters, 
 and this can be done only in pleasant weather. As long as this 
 state of things lasts, we cannot expect much commercial pros- 
 perity. The advantageous position of this town, it is to be hoped, 
 will ere long direct the attention of the citizens to the fact, that 
 money spent in public improvements, will always enhance 
 individual interests. 
 
 13 
 
f 
 
 t •> 
 
 m 
 
 
 I . ' 
 
 4 I 
 
 ' f. I 
 
 194 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 Michigan City now contains a bank, printing office, 20 stores, 
 and a population of 1,090. 
 
 New Buffalo is situated about opposite Chicago, on Lake 
 Michigan, in Berrien county, Michigan. It is a place of con- 
 siderable importance, and is rapidly growing. From its advan- 
 tageous position, it will doubtless become quite a large town. It 
 is at present, the western termination of the Michigan Central 
 railroad. Steamboats arrive and depart daily for Chicago, St. 
 Joseph, &c. ; cars leave daily for Detroit and intermediate points. 
 
 St* Josepll* twenty miles north of New Buffalo, in the same 
 county, at the mouth of St. Joseph's river, is the most important 
 town in the western part of Michigan. It is contemplated to 
 bring the Michigan Central railroad to this point. The town has 
 an excellent harbor, much improved somo years ago, by an appro- 
 priation from the state. The trade is increasing rapidly every 
 year, and there are now several steamboats owned at this place. 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily from the wharf ; stages leave 
 daily for Detroit. 
 
 MilH^ailkie, county seat of Milwaukie county, Wiscon- 
 sin, is situated ninety-five miles north of Chicago, on Lake 
 Michigan. It was first settled in the year 1834, and has increased 
 with a rapidity truly astonishing. It lies on both sides of the 
 Milwaukie river, a strecm affording an abundant supply of water 
 power for all kinds of manufacturing purposes. The facilities 
 for trade are excellent, and the country around is exceedingly 
 fertile. In 1834, Milwaukie contained two log huts ; in 1840, it 
 contained a population of 1,800, and now will number 20,000. 
 Steamboats arrive and depart daily for Chicago, Buffalo, and 
 intermediate points. Stages leave daily for Chicago and Galena. 
 
 OrailCl Haven, county seat of Ottawa county, Michigan, 
 is situated opposite Milwaukie, on the east side of Lake Michigan, 
 at the mouth of Grand river. It is a pleasant little town, with an 
 excellent harbor, though as yet but little trade. 
 
 liWaShingtOIl, county seat of Washington county, Wis- 
 consin, is situated twenty-five miles north of Milwaukie. It is 
 yet quite a small village, but will no doubt some day be a stirring 
 business place. 
 
 SbebOyg^aUy county seat of Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, 
 is a small village, twenty-four miles north of Washington. 
 
 ]fIaiIlitOll\¥a.C9 county seat of Manitouwac county, Wis- 
 consin, is a small village twenty-six miles north of Sheboygan. 
 
 The Straits of Mackinavr, connect Lake Michigan 
 with Lake Huron. The straits are net more than three miles 
 
10 stores, 
 
 on Lake 
 I of con- 
 s advan- 
 own. It 
 I Central 
 cage, St. 
 te points. 
 
 the same 
 inportant 
 plated to 
 town has 
 in appro - 
 
 11 y every 
 lis place. 
 ges leave 
 
 Wiscon- 
 011 Lake 
 increased 
 es of the 
 r of water 
 I facilities 
 ceedingly 
 n 1840, it 
 er 20,000. 
 ffalo, and 
 id Galena. 
 
 Michigan, 
 Michigan, 
 Li, with an 
 
 nty, Wis- 
 
 kie. It is 
 
 a stirring 
 
 Visconsin, 
 ton. 
 
 nty, Wis- 
 sboygan. 
 
 Michigan 
 tiree miles 
 
 wide at the narrowest place, but they are sufficiently deep to float 
 any ordinary craft. 
 
 IfIsickina.1V, situated on an island of the same name, in the 
 straits of Mackinaw, is a fine little village, celebrated for the 
 excellent quality of fish caught in the vicinity. It is the county 
 seat of Michilimackinaw county, Michigan, and contains about 
 100 inhabitants, mostly fishermen. The name is of Indian origin, 
 and was given to the island from its supposed resemblance to the 
 back of a turtle. 
 
 Lake Superior. — This lake, the largest body of fresh 
 water in the world, is 400 miles long, and averages about 130 
 wide, and covering an area of 32,000, square miles, being only 
 3,800 square miles less than the whole of Indiana. Its absolute 
 elevation is 672 feet, and its bed is 300 feet below the surface of 
 the Atlantic, making a mean depth of about 900 feet. It is 
 surrounded bv a rock bound coast, and contains a number of 
 islands, many of them being of considerable magnitude. The 
 waters are clear and transparent, and abound with fish of various 
 kinds, among which the trout and white fish are the most impor- 
 tant ; these weigh from 12 to 50 pounds. The navigation of this 
 lake has not yet been carried on to any extent, in consequence 
 of the rapids at St. Mary's straits, or river rather, which connects 
 Luke Superior and Lake Huron. There is, however, a canal in I 
 contemplation around the falls, which will obviate the difficulties 
 of navigation. There are no important towns on this lake ; but 
 the navigation being once opened, we may look for vast improve- 
 ments. Portions of the southern coast of Lake Superior abound 
 in extensive beds of copper. These mines are very rich, and will 
 prove a source of inexhaustible wealth to those that work them. 
 There are many fine harbors on the coast, and the soil and timber 
 is generally of an excellent quality. This lake receives the waters 
 of more than thirty rivers. In this vicinity, there are numerous 
 beautiful and glassy lakes, which abound in multitudes of excel- 
 lent fish. 
 
 Saint mary'S Strait, forms the outlet of Lake Superior, 
 and connects it with Lake Huron. It is 10 miles long, and con- 
 tains four large islands, and a number of small ones. The largest 
 of these are St. Joseph, Sugar, Sailor's Encampment, and Lime 
 Kiln islands. The navigation of this strait is exceedingly difficult 
 and dangerous ; the channel is about three-fourths of a mile 
 wide, and the current one and. a half miles an hour. The rapids 
 are nearly a mile in length, and have a fall of 23 feet. The entire 
 fall of the river from Lake Superior to Lake Huron, is 44 feet 
 8 inches. 
 
f .; 
 
 m 
 
 :t;i 
 
 
 t-i 
 
 If 1 
 
 196 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 Saillt de St. Marie, county seat of Chippeway county, 
 Michigan, is situated on the site of an old French fort, at the foot 
 of the rapids in St. Mary's strait. Vessels come to the foot of 
 the rapids and discharge their cargo, and then it is transported by 
 means of wagons above the fulls, and re-shipped. The winters at 
 this place are excessively cold, and the thermometer often falls to 
 25 or 30*^ below zero. The town contains a court-house, jail, 
 several churches. Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, &c., 2 mis- 
 sionary schools for Indian children, several stores, a trading house 
 of the American Fur Company, and a population of about 1,000. 
 The population however, is very fluctuating, sometimes being 
 considerably more than 1,000, and sometimes less. Stages leave 
 during the summer, once a week for Detroit ; and in the winter, 
 once a month. 
 
 Ijake Huron. — This lake is 290 miles long, and from 90 
 to 180 miles broad. Its altitude is 30 feet lower than that of Lake 
 Superior, and the mean depth is about 800 feet. It receives the 
 waters of Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, through the straits 
 of Mackinaw and St. Marys, and discharges its waters into Lake 
 Erie, through an outlet called the St. Clair river, which, after a 
 course of 40 miles, expands into a lake of the same name, 24 miles 
 in length, and 30 in breadth, and again contracts, and enters Lake 
 Erie, under the name of the Detroit river. This lake has many 
 fine harbors, and some Virge bays ; Georgian bay in the north, 
 Saginaw bay in the south-west, and Thunder bay on the west 
 coast, are the principal. There are some large islands also ; Great 
 Manitoulin, the largest, being 80 miles long. Thunder bay is said 
 to be the focus of some peculiar electrical phenomenon, which 
 produces constant concussions, similar in sound to thunder. The 
 waters of this lake', like all the others, are clear and transparent, 
 abounding in fish. There are but few towns on the coast, and 
 they are mostly of little commercial importance, being mere 
 trading posts. The principal rivers which empty into the lake, 
 are the Saginaw and Sable. 
 
 St. Clair Biver, connects Lake Huron with Lake St. 
 Clair, and discharges the waters of the three great upper lakes, 
 Superior, Michigan, and Huron. It flows in a southerly direction 
 for the distance of 40 miles, and enters Lake St. Clair by six 
 channels, only one of which is navigated by vessels ascending or 
 descending the river. Its principal tributaries are the Black, 
 Pine and Belle rivers. The scenery along the banks is very fine, 
 and flourishing little villages are springing up on all sides. 
 
 St. Clair, county seat of St. Clair county, Michigan, is 
 situated at the south side of the mouth of Pine river, about IB 
 
county, 
 t the foot 
 foot of 
 sorted by 
 vinters at 
 
 n falls to 
 )use, jail, 
 c, 2 mis- 
 Ing house 
 aut 1,000. 
 les being 
 iges leave 
 le winter, 
 
 i from 90 
 at of Lake 
 ceives the 
 the straits 
 into Lake 
 ch. after a 
 ?, 24 miles 
 Iters Lake 
 has many 
 the north, 
 1 the west 
 Iso ; Great 
 bay is said 
 ion, which 
 ider. The 
 •ansparent, 
 coast, and 
 eing mere 
 
 the lake, 
 
 1 Lake St. 
 pper lakes, 
 y direction 
 lair by six 
 scending or 
 the Black, 
 } very fine, 
 ides. 
 
 ichigan, is 
 r, about 18 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 197 
 
 miles from the head of St. Clair river. It occupies the site of fort 
 St. Clair, named in honor of General Arthur St. Clair, a man 
 whom tlie stern hand of fate seemed to mark, as one that should 
 never know prosperity. The town contains a court-house, jail, 
 two or three churches, 2 mills, 4 schools, a number of stores, and 
 a population ot 600. 
 
 liQke St. Clair, is merely an expansion of St. Clair river. 
 It is 24 miles long, 30 wide, and about 20 feet deep. Its banks 
 are alluvial, and are elevated about twenty feet above the surface 
 of the water. The Clinton river empties into it from Michigan 
 on the west, and the Thames, and some smaller ones from Canada 
 on the east. 
 
 Detroit River, which unites Lake St. Clair with Lake 
 Erie, is twenty-eight miles long, and from three-fourths to one 
 and a half miles wide. It is deep enough to float the largest 
 vessels, but the navigation is somewhat intricate, owing to the 
 number of small islands in the western channel. The eastern 
 channel, however, is but little obstructed, and is consequently 
 much easier navigated. The largest islands are Grasse and Fight- 
 ing islands, lying near the mouth of the river. The banks of this 
 river present a striking similarity to what is termed the Coast on 
 the lower Mississippi. Tiie country back of the river being low 
 and swampy, the farms do not extend back but a short distance, 
 and the banks appear to be a continuous line of villages for many 
 miles on both sides of the river. 
 
 [Detroit, seat of justice for Wayne county, Michigan, and 
 the largest city in the state, is situated on Detroit river, eight 
 miles below the outlet of Lake St. Clair, and twenty above its 
 confluence with Lake Erie. Tiie first settlement made here, was 
 by a party of French from Canada, about the year 1683. It 
 however did not become a place of much importance, until about 
 the year 1810, when it began to show unmistakable signs of 
 progress. Its population in 1810, was 770 ; in 1820, ],422; in 
 1830, 2,222 ; in 1840, 9,102 ; in 1850, 20,000. The city has a 
 beautiful and healthy situation, on a plain elevated about 30 feet 
 above high water mark. It is handsomely laid out, extending one 
 and a half miles along the river, and about a mile back. There 
 are several fine public squares, which add to the looks of the city 
 very much; one of these, called Campus MartiuSf is of considera- 
 ble extent and very tastefully laid out. This city was formerly 
 the capital of the state, and the State-house j now used for a court- 
 house, is a fine brick building of the Ionic order of architecture, 
 90 by 60 feet, with 6 columns in front, and pilasters on the sides. 
 The City Hall is a fine brick building, 100 feet long by 50 feet 
 
i«s 
 
 ! .(( 
 
 '^ '• 
 
 
 :;M 
 
 '■( ■ I 
 
 \ J 
 
 broad. The lower story is occupied as a market-liouse, and in the 
 upper story there is a spacious hall, where the city business is 
 transacted There are several fine hotels in this city, among 
 which the Mansion House, National, Michigan Exchange, Rail- 
 road, Commercial, Steamboat, and Temporanco, rank as principal. 
 The city also contains 13 churches, viz : 3 Methodist, 2 Presby- 
 terian, 2 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 German Lutheran, 2 African, and 
 2 Catholic, 4 banks, 4 markets, a theatre, museum, government 
 magazine, penitentiary, mechanics' iiall, 15 public, and a number 
 of private schools, the Ladies' Free-school Society, and various 
 other benevolent and charitable institutions and societies. 
 
 The commerce of Detroit is very extensive, and is rapidly 
 increasing. The Michigan Central railroad, extending from this 
 place to New Buffalo and St. Joseph, will add greatly to the facili- 
 ties for trade, already possessed so largely by this city. There are 
 20 commission and forwarding houses, 180 wholesale and retail 
 stores of various kinds, 6 lumber yards, several founderies, tan- 
 neries, and potteries, and about half a dozen newspaper printing 
 offices. Steamboats arrive and depart daily for Buffalo, Chicago, 
 and intermediate points. Cars leave daily for all the principal 
 points on the Michigan Central railroad ; stages leave daily for 
 Toledo, Ohio ; and three times a week for Port Huron, Howell, 
 Lyons and Grand Rapids. 
 
 Note. 
 
 We cannot refrain from noticing in this connection, one of the most disas- 
 trous events that took place during the war of 1812. — We refer to the surren- 
 der of General Hull. On the 6th of July, 1812, General Hull arrived ai 
 Detroit, with a force of two thousand five hundred men, to open the campaign 
 on the frontier of Upper Canada. Having arrived at Detroit, he proceeded 
 to cross the river, and take possession of the town of Sandwich. lie then 
 issued his proclamation, inviting the colonists to Join him, or remain neutral. 
 Hull's force became much weakened by sickness and other causes, and hearing 
 that a detachment of the enemy under General Brock, were marching against 
 him, he thought it prudent to retreat to Detroit. The Americans were now 
 reduced to eight hundred effective men. General Brock, whose command 
 numbered about fourteen hundred, consisting of regulars, militia, and 
 Indians, crossed the river, and prepared for an immediate attack ; but Hull, 
 instead of bravely defending the town as he might have done, basely signed 
 a capitulation, by which the whole American force were surrendered prisoners 
 of war. Loud complaints were made by the American public, against the 
 conduct of Hull, who was afterwards tried and condemned to be shot ; but 
 was subsequently pardoned on account of his age and former services. Hull 
 had on previous occasions shown himself to be a good soldier, but his course 
 in this affair must ever remain among the inscrutables of human conduct. 
 
nd in the 
 isiiiess is 
 
 , among 
 ige, Rail- 
 3rincipal. 
 2 Presby- 
 :ican, and 
 vernment 
 a Humber 
 id various 
 s. 
 
 is rapidly 
 from this 
 the faciii- 
 There are 
 and retail 
 eries, tan- 
 r printing 
 , Chicago, 
 
 principal 
 ; daily for 
 1, Howell, 
 
 e most clisas- 
 the surron- 
 II arrived uL 
 lie campaign 
 he proceeded 
 h. lie then 
 uain neutral. 
 , and hearing 
 [jhing against 
 ns were now 
 )se command 
 militia, and 
 k; but Hull, 
 basely signed 
 red prisoners 
 , against the 
 be shot; but 
 rvices. Hull 
 at his course 
 man conduct. 
 
 R0UTS3 FROM DETROIT. 
 
 199 
 
 BOUTES FBOK DETBOIT. 
 
 From Detroit to New Buffalo, (by Michigan Central Railroad.) 
 
 To Dearborn, 10 miles ; to Wayne 7 miles ; to Ypsilanti, 12 
 miles ; to Ann Harbor, 8 miles ; to Dexter, 10 miles ; to Chelsea, 
 9 miles; to Grass Lake, 9 miles; to Jackson, 11 miles: te 
 Gridley's, 9 miles ; to Albion, 11 miles; to Mai'shall, 12 miles; 
 to Battle creek, 13 miles ; to Galesburg, 14 miles ; to Kalamazoo, 
 8 miles ; to Pawpaw, 17 miles; to Decatur, 8 miles; to Dowagiac, 
 11 miles; to Niles, 12 miles; to Buchanan, 6 miles; to Terre 
 Coupee, 6 miles ; to New ButFalo, 15 miles : whole distance 
 from Detroit to New Buffalo, 218 miles. Time, 12 hours; fare, 
 $6 50. 
 
 From Detroit to the Copper Region. 
 
 To Fort Gratiot, 72 miles ; to Thunder Bay Island, 150 miles ; 
 to Sault de St. Marie, 172 miles ; to White Fish Point, 40 miles ; 
 to Sucker river, 44 miles; to Hurricane river, 23 miles; to Grand 
 Sable, 15 miles ; to Pictured Rocks, 12 miles ; to Grand Island, 
 20 miles; to Chocklace river, 40 miles; to Huron river, 58 miles; 
 to Fort Wilkins and Copper Harbor, 118 miles; to Eagle Harbor, 
 20 miles; to United States' Indian Agency, 71 miles ; to Presque- 
 Isle river, 40 miles ; to Black river, 6 miles; to Montreal river, 
 25 miles ; to La Pointe, 26 miles; to Fon du Lac, 90 miles: whole 
 distance, 1,046 miles. 
 
 From Detroit to St. Joseph 
 
 To Pawpaw, (by Central railroad, as in the previous route,) 
 164 miles; to Kendall, (by stage,) 8 miles; to Keelersville, 8 
 miles; to Bainbridge, 10 miles; to St. Joseph, 10 miles: whole 
 distance from Detroit to St. Joseph, 200 miles. Time, 16 hours; 
 
 fare, $7. 
 
 From, Detroit to Saginaw. 
 
 To Royal Oak, (by Detroit and Pontiac railroad,) 14 miles ; to 
 Birmingham, 5 miles ; to Pontiac, 6 miles ; to Waterford, (by 
 stage,) 7 miles ; to Springfield, 5 miles ; to Grand Elanc, 9 miles; 
 to Flint, 8 miles ; to Genessee, 4 miles ; to Thetford, 7 miles ; to 
 Bridgeport, 13 miles; to Saginaw, 12 miles : whole distance from 
 Detroit to Saginaw, 97 miles. Time, 14 hours ; fare, $4 50. 
 
 From Detroit to Lansing, ^ 
 
 To Jackson, (by Central railroad,) 76 miles ; to Lansing, (by 
 stage,) 35 miles: whole distance from Detroit to Lansing, 11^ 
 miles. Time, 12 hours ; fare, $5. 
 
It- r.' 
 
 I! 
 
 
 ■ 'I ■ I 
 •v\ ( 
 
 t 
 
 :f,..f 
 
 200 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 . 
 
 IjaRe £rie* — Lake Erie, the fourth in order of the great 
 chain of lakes, is situated north of New York, Pennsylvania, and 
 Ohio, and forms a part of the boundary line between the United 
 States and Canada. It is 250 miles long, and generally about 50 
 wide. 
 
 Its altitude is thirty-two feet lower than Lake Huron, and its 
 greatest depth 270 feet. Near the shore, however, it is quite 
 shallow, and is often frozen in the excessively cold winters, which 
 are common to this region. According to several distinguished 
 American engineers. Lake Erie rose several feet isetween the 
 years 1825 and 1838; and this increase of magnitude, seems to be 
 general in the American lakes, while those of the eastern hemi- 
 sphere appear to be decreasing. Lake Erie has a number of good 
 harbors, and some islands; though not generally very large. The 
 largest island lies among a group of smaller ones, in the south-west 
 corner, and is called Cunningham's island. There is more busi- 
 ness done on this lake, than either of the others, and on the shores 
 are numerous towns and villages, besides several cities of great 
 commercial importance. 
 
 One of the most brilliant naval achievements of the last war, 
 took place on Lake Erie. The American fleet, consisting of nine 
 small vessels, carrying in all fifty-four guns, had been built and 
 equipped entirely through the exertions of Commodore Perry, 
 during the summer of 1813. The Britisli fleet consisted of six 
 vessels, carrying sixty-three guns, giving the Ainericans the 
 advantage in tlie number of vessels, and the British the advantage 
 in the size and number of guns. The British fleet was command- 
 ed by Admiral Barclay, a veteran ofiicer who had served under 
 Nelson at Trafalgar, while Perry, the commander of the American 
 fleet, had never seen a naval engagement in his life. The battle 
 took place on the lOth of September, 1813, and resulted in the 
 total triumph of the Americans. In the heat of the battle, the flag 
 ship becoming disabled. Commodore Perry left her in charge of 
 his lieutenant, and proceeded to go on board one of the other 
 vessels of his little fleet. This he accomplished in an open boat, 
 passing the whole line of the enemy, and exposed to the fire of 
 their musketry. During the whole time of passing from one 
 vessel to the other, he stood up in the stern of the boat, and held 
 aloft the flag of his country, on which were inscribed the dying 
 words of the immortal Lawrence, " Don't give up the ship." 
 What a magnificent spectacle, and what a feeling of honest pride 
 must glow in the breast of the American, when he feels that this 
 was one of the noble'defenders of his country; and at the same 
 time, while contemplating this scene, what feeling of contempt is 
 
ie great 
 nia, and 
 ) United 
 ibout 50 
 
 and its 
 is quite 
 s, wliich 
 iguished 
 een the 
 tns to be 
 iiemi- 
 of good 
 re. The 
 nth-west 
 >re busi- 
 le shores 
 of great 
 
 n 
 
 ast war, 
 ^ of nine 
 luilt and 
 e Perry, 
 d of six 
 zans the 
 d vantage 
 ►mmand- 
 ?d under 
 American 
 he battle 
 d in the 
 , the flag 
 largo of 
 he other 
 pen boat, 
 e fire of 
 rom one 
 and held 
 iie dying 
 
 IE SHIP." 
 
 est pride 
 that this 
 the same 
 itempt is 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 201 
 
 engendered toward tho3e who would sever the bonds of our 
 glorious confederacy, for the mere gratification of party ambition, 
 or the very chivalric feelings of insulted dignity. 
 
 The loss of the Americans in this engagement, was one hundred 
 and twenty-three, in killed and wounded. Among the wounded 
 on the iJritlsh side was Admiral Barclay. Their entire loss could 
 not be ascertained. 
 
 IflOliroCt county seat of Monroe county, Michigan, is situated 
 near the mouth of the river Raisin, and contains a splendid court- 
 house, 1 Buptist, 2 Methodist, I Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, and 2 
 Ivoman Catholic churches, several mills, factories, and foundcries, 
 2 printing offices issuing papers, about 30 stores, and a population 
 of 2,000. There is also a branch of the university of Michigan, 
 2 academies, a reading room, and a library of 1,500 volumes. 
 There is a siiip canal two and a half miles long, from this place to 
 the lake, by which steamboats and other vessels are enabled to 
 come to the city. A railroad extends to the town of Hillsdale, 
 70 miles west. Cars leave daily for Hillsdale. Steamers arrive and 
 depart daily for all points on the lake. Stages leave daily for 
 Detroit and Toledo, Ohio. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Toledo, is situated on the Maumee river, near its entrance into Lake Erie, 
 in Lucas county, Ohio. It is a thriving business place, being the nortliern 
 outlet of a portion of Ohio and Indiana, by means of the Wabash and Erie 
 canal, which terminates here. The harbor of Toledo is excellent, and is acces- 
 sible to large class steamers, and small sail vessels. The city extends along 
 the river for the distance of a mile, and is divided in two parts, termed Upper 
 and Lower Toledo. It occupies the site of a stockade fort called Industry, built 
 in 1800. It was incorporated as a city in 1836, and now contains six or eight 
 churches, about 70 stores, of various kinds, 2 banks, several manufacturing 
 establishments, and a population of 4,000. There is a railroad extending 
 from this place to Hillsdale, and connecting at Adrian with the one from 
 Monroe. Regular lines of steam packets leave daily for Buffalo, Detroit, 
 and other points on the lake. Cars leave daily for Adrien and Hillsdale. 
 Canal boats arrive and depart daily for Lafayette, Indiana, Cincinnati, Chliij 
 and all intermediate points. (For routes on the canal from Toledo, reverse 
 those on page 129.) Stages leave daily for Detroit, Cleveland, and Sandusky 
 City. 
 
 Port Clinton, county seat of Ottawa county, Ohio, is 
 situated on a beautiful little bay putting in from hake Erie, and 
 contains a population of about 400. It has a good harbor, and 
 
v^: i 
 
 t ! : 
 
 m 
 
 : It > 
 
 *Ui 
 
 will no doubt in the course of time, become a place of commercial 
 importance. It was nearly opposite this place, a few miles out 
 on the lake, that Perry's victory was gained. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Ttower Sandusky, county seat of Sandusky county, Ohio, is situated 
 on tho Sandusky river, at the head of navigation. It is a thriving business 
 place and contains a court-house, 2 Methodist, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Presby- 
 terian, and 1 Catholic church, 2 newspaper printing offices, 30 istoresy 1 
 woolen factory, 1 foundery, and a population of 2,500. 
 
 Lower Sandusky occupies the site of Fort Stephenson, erected during the 
 last war with Great Britain. This fort, under Major Croghan, whose garrison 
 amounted to only two hundred men, with only one six-pounder, was attacked 
 on the 1st of August, 1813, by General Proctor, with a force of 500 regular 
 troops, 800 Indians, and several pieces of artillery. Major Croghan's orders 
 were, to burn the stores and abandon the fort, should the enen*y approach 
 in force, with cannon. Major Croghan had no idea of obeying these instruc- 
 tions, and accordingly on the approach of the foe prepared himself for a stern 
 resistance. The summons to surrender by the British commander was disre- 
 garded, and the attack was commenced by a heavy fire from their artillery ; 
 which however had but little effect on the walls, so well had Major Croghan 
 prepared for his defense. The firing continued for several hours, when the 
 enemy thinking they had effected a breach, attempted to take the fort by 
 storm. This attempt was so gallantly met by the garrison, that the enemy 
 were repulsed with immense slaughter; which so discomfited General Proctor, 
 that he immediately ordered a retreat, leaving the victory in the hands of a 
 beardless youth, only twenty-one years of age. This circumstance to a veteran 
 General, commanding a force more than six times as large as his opponent, 
 must have been humiliating in the extreme. The gallant Croghan, although 
 he disobeyed orders, was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and 
 was presented with an elegant sword by the ladies Ok Chillicothe. 
 
 Sandusky City, county seat of Erie county, Ohio, is 
 situated on Sandusky Bay, near its outlet into Lake Erie. It is 
 finely located, commanding an extensive and beautiful view of the 
 lake. It was laid out in the year 1817, under the name of Port- 
 land, which name was subsequently changed for the one it nov/ 
 bears. The business of this city is very extensive, and is rapidly 
 increasing. Besides the immense amount of lake commerce 
 which her advantageous position and excellent harbor afford, 
 there are two lines of railroads, connecting with Cincinnati, and 
 many of the most important places in Ohio. Sandusky suffered 
 severely during the summer of 1849, from the terrific disease of 
 
mmercial 
 miles out 
 
 is situated 
 ng business 
 ttl, 1 Presby- 
 $0 dtoreS) 1 
 
 during tbe 
 
 oso garrison 
 
 vas attacked 
 
 500 regular 
 
 lan's orders 
 
 vy approach 
 
 lese instruc- 
 
 f for a stern 
 
 jr was disre- 
 
 ?ir artillery ; 
 
 ijor Croghan 
 
 rs, when the 
 
 I the fort by 
 
 it the enemy 
 
 eral Proctor, 
 
 hands of a 
 
 to a veteran 
 
 is opponent, 
 
 in, although 
 
 Colonel, and 
 
 ', Ohio, is 
 Irie. It is 
 ^iew of the 
 le of Port- 
 me it nov/ 
 [ is rapidly 
 commerce 
 JOT afford, 
 nnati, and 
 Ly suffered 
 disease of 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 203 
 
 cholera. Hundreds of her citizens were consigned to the silent 
 torf>b in the space of a few weeks. 
 
 Sandusky is built on an inexhaustible stratum of the finest 
 limestone, which is not only used for building purposes in the 
 city, but is extensively exported. The city now contains a 
 court-house, 2 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Congregational, 1 German 
 Lutheran, and 1 Catholic, church, 1 high school, several mills and 
 factories, a large number of stores, 2 banks, 2 printing offices, and 
 a population of about 4,000. In the vicinity of this city, there are 
 many remains of ancient mounds and fortifications. Regular 
 lines of lake steamers run to Buffalo and other points on the lake. 
 Cars leave daily for Cincinnati on the Mad River railroad. Stages 
 leave daily for Cleveland and Toledo ; and three times a week for 
 Wooster. 
 
 ROUTES FROM SANDUSKY. 
 
 From Sandusky to Springfield, (by Mad River and Lake Erie 
 
 Railroad.) 
 
 To Bellevue, 15 miles ; to Republic, 15 miles ; to Tiffin, 8 
 miles; to Carey, 16 miles; to Patterson, 14 miles; to Kenton, 10 
 miles; to Belle Centre, 12 miles; to Bellefontaine, 12 miles; to West 
 Liberty, 8 miles; to Urbana, lO miles; to Springfield, 14 miles: 
 whole distance from Sandusky to Springfield, 134 miles. Time, 
 9 hours; fare, $4. (For routes from Springfield to Cincinnati., by 
 Little Miami railroad, reverse those on page 134.) 
 
 From Sandusky to Newark, (by Sandusky, Mansfi.eld, and Newark 
 
 Railroad.) 
 
 To Mansfield, 56 miles ; to Newark, 55 miles : whole distance 
 from Sandusky to New \rk, 101 miles. Time, 6 hours; fare, $3. 
 This line will connect, at Newark, with the Scioto and Hocking 
 Valley railroad, which, when completed will extend to Portsmouth. 
 
 CBevcland, county seat of Cuyahoga county, Ohio, is situ- 
 ated on Lake Erie, at the northern termination of the Ohio canal, 
 and at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river. The location of the 
 city is most beautiful, being on an elevated plain rising to the 
 hight of one hundred feet above the level of the lake. The first 
 permanent settlement made at this place, was in the year 1796, 
 and in the fall of the same year, the city was laid out by the 
 Western Reserve surveying party. The settlement was named 
 in honor of General Moses Cleveland, agent for the Connecticut 
 
■n 
 
 n \>. 
 
 I! 
 
 ;4 
 
 It 
 
 • if 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 t. 
 
 1 'J 
 
 [S > 
 
 204 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 Reserve Company. During the early settlement of the place, the 
 people suffered severely from sickness ; and the difficulty of 
 getting supplies through the wilderness, rendered their situation 
 unpleasant in the extreme. The bilious fever, and fever and 
 ague, were the diseases with which nearly every one of the set- 
 tlers was afflicted; and he who was fortunate enough to have 
 only one at a time, was deemed a remarkably lucky individual. 
 This state of affairs lasted several years, until the settlement 
 began to grow, and through the agency of civilization improve the 
 face of the country, from which the miasmatic influence arose. 
 
 The appearance of Cleveland as viewed from the lake, is not so 
 preposessing as one would naturally expect to find it, from the 
 accounts generally given of the beauty of the city. On arriving 
 in the upper part of the city, however, the traveler finds his 
 anticipations fully realized. The streets, few of which are less 
 than 100 feet wide, and some even more than that, cross each 
 other at right angles, and are generally handsomely ornamented 
 with shade trees. In the center of the city there is a fine public 
 square, of ten acres, divided into four parts by intersecting streets. 
 The court-house, county ofHces, and several handsome churches 
 front on this square. 
 
 The bnsiness of Cleveland is very extensive, and it ranks as the 
 second commercial city in Ohio. Its natural advantages for 
 commerce are not surpassed by any other place in the West. 
 Besides having the best harbor on Lake Erie, it is connected with 
 the Ohio river by means of the Oliio canal, and with the interior 
 of Pennsylvania by the Erie canal, and witli the interior of Ohio, 
 by the Cleveland and Columbus, and Cleveland and Wellsville 
 railroads. The value of exports and imports is estimated at about 
 $15,000,000, and the number of vessels of all kinds owned here 
 is more than 100. 
 
 The public buildings are generally handsome structures, and 
 some display a considerable degree of architectural beauty. 
 Among these are the Merchants' Exchange, the Cleveland Medical 
 College, the hotels, churches, 6lc. The churches are 26 in 
 number, viz : 3 Episcopal, 3 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 3 Presbyterian, 
 I Bethel, 1 Wesleyan Methodist, 1 German Evangelical Protestant, 
 1 Associate Reformed, 1 German Mission Society of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church, 1 Evangelical Association of North America, 1 
 German Evangelical Lutheran, 1 Seccders, 2 Universalist, 1 Disci- 
 ple^i, I Jewish, 2 Second Advent, and 2 Catholic. The hotels are 
 generally well conducted, with every arrangement for the conve- 
 nience and comfort of the traveling community. The population 
 of Cleveland shows a remarkably rapid growth. In the year 1796, 
 the population was 3; in 1800, 20; in 1825, 500; in 1830, 1,000; in 
 
ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 205 
 
 ace, the 
 ultv of 
 ituation 
 ver and 
 the set- 
 to have 
 ividual. 
 tlement 
 rove the 
 arose. 
 s not so 
 •oni the 
 arriving 
 inds his 
 are less 
 )ss eacli 
 amented 
 le public 
 r streets, 
 churches 
 
 ks as the 
 tages for 
 he West. 
 :ted with 
 
 interior 
 of Ohio, 
 ^ellsville 
 
 ut about 
 ned here 
 
 [ires, and 
 beauty. 
 I Medical 
 re 26 in 
 byterian, 
 •otestant, 
 rotestant 
 inerica, 1 
 , 1 Disci- 
 lotels are 
 e conve- 
 )pulation 
 ear 1796, 
 1,000; in 
 
 1840, 6,071 ; in 1845, 10,100 ; and in 1850, 17,000 ; showing an 
 increase of near 200 per cent, in ten years. Steamers arrive and 
 depart for all points on the lakes, daily. Cars arrive and depart 
 daily for Columbus, and intermediate points on the Columbus and 
 Cleveland railroad. Stages leave daily for Toledo, via Sandusky, 
 for Buffalo, via Erie, and for Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and three 
 times a week for Zauesville. 
 
 JEtOTTTES FEOM CLEVELAND. 
 
 From Cleveland to Cincinnati. 
 
 The most direct route to Cincinnati, is by the Cleveland and 
 Columbus Railroad, which has lately been completed. This road 
 is said to be one of the best in the state. The distance to Colum- 
 bus is 135 miles ; thence to Xeniu, (by the Columbus and Xenia 
 railroad,) 54 miles; thence to Cincinnati, (by the Little Miami 
 railroad,) 65 miles: whole distance from Cleveland to Cincinnati, 
 254 miles. Fare, $8 50. 
 
 From Cleveland to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 
 
 To Bedford, (by stage,) 12 miles ; to Hudson, 12 miles ; to 
 Ravenna, 16 miles-; to Palmyra, 9 miles ; to Canfield, 17 miles ; 
 to Poland, 9 miles; to Petersburg, 9 miles ; to Darlington, Penn- 
 sylvania, 10 miles ; to Beaver, 12 miles ; to Economy, 10 miles ; 
 to Alleghany, 16 miles; to Pittsburgh, 1 mile: whole distance from 
 Cleveland to Pittsburgh, 133 miles Time, 20 hours; fare $6 50. 
 
 From Cleveland to Toledo. 
 
 To Elyria, (by stage,) 24 miles ; to Birmingham, 14 miles ; to 
 Norwalk, 19 miles; to Bellevue, 13 miles; to Lower Sandusky, 18 
 miles; to Woodville, 15 miles; to Perrysburg, 16 miles; to Mau- 
 mee City, 1 mile ; to Toledo, 10 miles : whole distance from 
 Cleveland to Toledo, 150 miles. Time 11 hours; fare, $6 50. 
 
 From Cleveland to Zanesville. 
 
 To Parma, 7 miles; to Brunswick, 12 miles; to Medina, 8 miles; 
 to Wooster, 22 miles; to Millersburg, 18 miles ; to Millcreek, 12 
 miles; to Coshocton, 11 miles; to Zanesville, 29 miles: whole 
 distance from Cleveland to Zanesville, 119 miles. Time, 18 
 hours; fare, $6. 
 
 From Cleveland to Buffalo, 
 
 To Astabula, (by steamboat,) 60 miles; to Erie, Pennsylvania, 
 44 miles; to Portland, New York, 30 miles; to Dunkirk, .16 miles; 
 to Buffalo, 45 miles: whole distance from Cleveland to Buffalo, 
 195 miles. Time, 14 hours; fare, 
 
It ■' : i 
 
 I •'■"! i 
 
 l-f 
 
 ^;^ •■ i- 
 
 , . (I ■ . ^ 
 
 i 
 
 1:1 
 
 206 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 Obio City, is situated on a beautiful and commanding 
 eminence^ opposite Cleveland, on the west bank of the Cuyahoga 
 river. It was incorporated as a city in 1836, and now contains 3 
 churches, viz: 1 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, and 1 
 Episcopal, a number of stores, several of which do a large and 
 extensive business, and a population of 3,000. The Episcopal 
 church of this city is a splendid edifice, of the Gothic order of 
 architecture, and will compare favorably in point of architect- 
 ural beauty, with many of the handsome churches in our large 
 cities 
 
 Note. 
 
 PainesviUe) county seat of Lake county, Ohio, is beautifully situated 
 on Grand river three miles from its mouth. It is a strikingly handsome 
 village, the houses being all neatly and tastefully built, with ornamental 
 gardens attached. In the center of the town, is a line public square compris- 
 ing several acres, and handsomely laid out with ti«es, and various kinds of 
 shrubbery. Some of the finest buildings in the town front on this square. 
 Painesville contains 1 Methodist, 1 Episcopal, 1 Disciplen, and 1 Presbyterian 
 church, a classical academy, 1 bank, 1 newspaper printing oflUce, 1 flour mill, 
 j 20 stores, and a population of 2,000. Painesville was laid out in the year 1805, 
 under the name of Champion. The name was subsequently changed to 
 Painesville, in honor of General Edward Paine, a revolutionary officer of high 
 reputation, and one of the first settlers of this place. 
 
 Fsiirport, three miles below Painesville, at the mouth of 
 Grand river, is a fine little village, having an excellent harbor, so 
 well defended from winds, and so easy of access, that vessels often 
 put in here and lay in times of storms, when unable to make any 
 other port. The village contains 8 forwarding houses, several 
 stores, and a population of about 250. 
 
 Erie, county seat of Erie county, Pennsylvania, is beautifully 
 situated on a high bluff of Presquc-Isle Bay, affording a fine view 
 of the surrounding country, and of Lake Erie in the distance. 
 The first settlement made here was in 1795, by General William 
 Irvine and Andrew Elliott. In the year 1836, the land specula- 
 tion raged in this town to an amazing extent. Real estate rose in 
 value 100 per cent, in one day. A lot of ground, sold in February 
 for $1,000, was sold the succeeding March for $10,000. This 
 continued some time, and being based on real and true causes, 
 never retrograded. The excitement, however, naturally settled 
 down in time, and the business became steady. 
 
anding 
 yahoga 
 itains 3 
 and 1 
 'ge and 
 )iscopal 
 irder of 
 chitect- 
 ar large 
 
 ' situated 
 landsome 
 namental 
 compris- 
 } kinds of 
 is square, 
 jsbyterian 
 dour mill, 
 year 1805, 
 banged to 
 %r of high 
 
 iouth of 
 arbor, so 
 icls often 
 lake any 
 , several 
 
 autifully 
 fine view 
 distance. 
 William 
 specula- 
 e rose in 
 ii'ebruary 
 0. This 
 3 causes, 
 y settled 
 
 Erie contains a court-house, jail and county offices, the Erie 
 Bank, a female seminary, 7 churches, viz: 1 Baptist, 1 Methodist, 
 1 Associate Reformed. 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 German 
 Lutheran, and 1 Roman Catholic ; the Reid House, a splendid 
 hotel on the plan of the Astor House, an academy, several mills 
 and founderies, a large number of stores, and a population of 
 4,000. The town of Erie, is the place where Commodore Perry 
 built and equipped his fleet, preparatory to his engagement with 
 the British Admiral, Barclay. The fleet was brought in here 
 after the victory, and the remains of the flag ship Lawrence, are 
 now to be seen lying here rotting. Pieces are constantly being 
 cut from it, by visitors, as relics of this memorable event. Steam- 
 ers ply daily to and from all important places on the lake. Stages 
 leave daily for Cleveland, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and 
 Buflklo, New York. 
 
 Dunkirk, situated on Lake Eric, in Chatauque county. 
 New York, is a fine flourishing village, destined at some future 
 day, from its advantageous position and excellent harbor, to 
 become a town of great commercial importance. This place is 
 to be the termination of the New York and Erie railroad. This 
 road is already completed as far as Corning, a distance of 300 
 miles,and will be one of the most important roads in the country, 
 when finished. The prospects of Dunkirk under these circum- 
 stances, are very flattering, and many think there will be a day, 
 when she will rival Buflalo. 
 
 Dunkirk contains 3 churches, an academy, about 20 stores, two 
 or three mills, and a population of 500. 
 
 Buffalo, county seat of Erie county. New York, is situated 
 at the head of Niagara river, on Lake Erie, and at the western 
 terminus of the Erie canal, in latitude 42^ 53' north, longitude 2^ 
 west from Washington. It is 364 miles from Albany, and 445 
 from New York. It was originally laid out by the Holland 
 Land Company, in 1801. The progress of the settlement was 
 exceedingly slow until the year 1812, when it became a military 
 post, and began to show signs of rapid increase. The next year, 
 however, it was laid in ashes by the British and Indians, who 
 burnt every house in the town with the exception of two. After 
 the war was over, and business began again to prosper, the advan- 
 tageous position of the place arrested the attention of settlers, and 
 the town began to grow with increased rapidity. In 1825, the 
 Erie Canal was opened ; and from this time Buffalo dates the 
 commencement of her prosperity. The population in 1825, was 
 2,412; in 1835, 15,661; in 1845, 29,773; and in 1851, 50,000. 
 Buffalo, from its situation, commands a fine view of Loke Erie, 
 
l^- 
 
 ^■VC| 
 
 :1! 
 
 
 ( 1 
 
 i ■ t ' 
 
 208 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 Niagara river, and the surrounding country. Tlie streets are 
 generally broad and regular; many of them being 100 feet wide. 
 There are three public squares — those oases of large cities, whose 
 delightful bowers afford a pleasant retreat to the dust weary in- 
 habitants. The public buildings and institutions of various kinds, 
 are a court-house, jail, and county offices, 4 markets, 30 churches, 
 for the various denominations of Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, 
 Episcopal, German Protestant, Methodist Protestant, Universalist, 
 Unitarian, Lutheran, Bethel, Roman Catholic, and African: there 
 are also 2 orphan asylums, a theatre, several banking houses, an 
 academy, 50 public, and a number of private schools. There is 
 also a Young Men's Association, having a library of over 6,000 
 volumes. 
 
 The harbor of Buffalo is formed by the mouth of Buffalo creek, 
 and is considered one of the best on the lake. It is from 14 to 16 
 feet deep, and has been extensively improved by the general 
 government. There has been a pier constructed of wood and 
 stone, extending 1,500 feet from the mouth of the creek, upon 
 the end of which is a light-house, 20 feet in diameter at the base, 
 and 40 feet high. The accumulation of ice, arising from the 
 frequency of westerly winds on the lake, is a serious inconvenience 
 to the commerce of Buffalo; and it is sometimes several weeks 
 after the lake is clear, before the harbor is unobstructed. Buffalo 
 may be termed the great gate between the East and West, 
 through which most of the trade passes. In connection with its 
 lake navigation, it has communication with Albany both by a 
 canal and railroad, and with Boston by a continuous chain of 
 railroads, 525 miles long, and with Black Rock, Niagara Falls, and 
 Lewistown, also by railroad. Steamboats leave Buffalo daily, for 
 Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, Detroit, Michigan, Chicago, and all 
 intermediate points of importance on the great chain of lakes. 
 Cars leave twice a day for Albany and Boston, and Niagara Falls. 
 Stages leave daily for Erie, Pennsylvania; and three times a week 
 for Olean, Genesee, and Batavia. 
 
 KOTJTES FROM BUFFALO. 
 
 (For difitancefl from Buffalo to Chicago, and points on the lakes, reverse 
 those on par 32.) 
 
 Frtn^ 'Buffalo to New York. 
 
 To Batavii^, (by railroad,) 42 miles ; to Rochester 32 miles ; to 
 Canandaigua, 29 miles ; to Geneva, 23 miles ; to Cayuga Bridge, 
 (by steamboat on Cayuga lake,) 16 miles ; to Union bprings, 7 
 miles; to Levanna, 5 miles; to Aurora, 3 miles; to Sheldrake Point, 
 
jts aro 
 t wide, 
 whose 
 ary in- 
 i kinds, 
 urches, 
 ^terian, 
 ersalist, 
 i: there 
 ises, an 
 here is 
 >r 6,000 
 
 creek, 
 14 to 16 
 general 
 ood and 
 k, upon 
 he base, 
 rom the 
 »renience 
 |al weeks 
 Buffalo 
 id West, 
 with its 
 oth by a 
 chain of 
 I'^'alls, and 
 daily, for 
 , and all 
 of lakes, 
 ara Falls. 
 3S a week 
 
 ces, reverse 
 
 miles ; to 
 ra Bridge, 
 Springs, 7 
 ake Point, 
 
 ROUTES FROM BUFFALO. 
 
 209 
 
 8 miles ; to Port Ogden, 2 miles ; to Ludlowville Landing, 8 
 miles; to Ithaca, (by Cayuga and Susquehanna railroad,) 7 miles; 
 to Smith's, 13 miles; to Gridleyville, 4 miles; to Candor, 2 miles; 
 to Oswego, (by New York and Erie railroad,) 10 miles; to Union, 
 14 miles; to Binghampton, 7 miles; to Conklin, 7 miles; to Marsh- 
 ville, Pennsylvania, 10 miles; to Lanesboro', 12 miles; to Deposit, 
 New York, 16 miles , to Stockport, 19 miles ; to Hawkins, 15 
 miles; to Cochocton, 12 miles; to Narrowsburg, 9 miles; to Laxa- 
 waxen, Pennsylvania, 11 miles; to Pond Eddy, 11 miles; to Port 
 Jervis, New York, 11 miles; to Otisville, 12 miles; to Middletown, 
 11 miles; to Goshen 7 miles; to Monroe Village, 11 miles; to 
 Monroe Works, 8 miles; to Ramepo, 8 miles; to Monsey, 7 miles; 
 to Blanveltville, 7 miles ; to Piermont Landing, 4 miles ; to Fort 
 Lee, (by steamboat on Hudson river,) 14 miles ; to Weehawken, 
 8 miles ; to New York, 2 miles : whole distance from Buffalo to 
 New York, 459 miles. 
 
 From Buffalo to Albany. 
 
 To Lancaster, (by Attica and Buffalo railroad,) 10 miles ; to 
 Alden, 10 miles; to Attica, 11 miles; to Batavia, (by Tonawanda 
 railroad,) 11 miles; to Byron, 7 miles ; to Churchville, 14 miles ; 
 to Rochester, 14 miles; to Pittsford, (by Auburn and Rochester 
 railroad,) 8 miles ; to Victor, 12 miles; to Canandaigua, 9 miles ; 
 to Short's Mills, 6 miles; to West Vienna, 8 miles; to East Vienna, 
 1 mile; to Geneva, 8 miles; to Waterloo, 7 miles; to Seneca Falls, 
 4 miles ; to Cayuga Bridge, 5 miles ; to Auburn, 10 miles ; to 
 Skanetaias Junction, (by Auburn and Syracuse railroad,) 9 miles; 
 to Camillus, 9 miles ; to Geddes, 6 miles ; to Syracuse, 2 miles ; 
 to Manilas, (by Syracuse and Utica railroad,) 10 miles; to Canas- 
 toto, 10 miles ; to Oneida Depot, 6 miles ; to Verona Center, 4 
 miles ; to Rome 9 miles ; to Whitesboro', 11 miles ; to Utica, 3 
 miles; to Schuyler, (by Utica and Sc!ienectady railroad,) 8 miles; 
 to Herkimer, 7 miles; to Little Falls, 6 miles; to St. Johnsville, 
 10 miles; to Palatine Bridge, 9 miles; to Fonda, 11 miles: to 
 Amsterdam, 11 miles ; to Hoffman's, 7 miles ; to Schenectady, 9 
 miles ; to Albany, (by Mohawk and Hudson railroad,) 16 miles : 
 whole distance from ^Buffalo to Albany, 325 miles. Time, 18 
 hours; fare, $9 50. 
 
 From Buffalo to Niagara Falls. 
 
 There are two routes from Buffalo, by which visitors may reach 
 Niagara Falls, viz: by Buffalo and Niagara railroad, and by steam- 
 boat to Chippewa, on the Canada side, or to Schlosser, on the 
 American aide, and from thence by cars or stage to the Falls. 
 The distance by railroad is 22 miles. The fare on both routes is 
 75 cents, or $1 25 going and returning by the same conveyance. 
 
 14 
 
n 
 
 
 
 |:| 
 
 i 
 
 
 :W!i 
 
 ROTJTE OF THE NIAOABA filVEK. 
 
 Ntagaf%l Rivelr, etrntteeiing Lake Erie whh Lake Ontarfa^ 
 and forming the outlet of four of the five gfeat American lakes^ 
 is 36 miles long, from 40 to 60 feet deep, and has a current ( inde* 
 pendent of the FallSf) of about four mJles an hour. At fts head it 
 is about three-fourths of a m&e wide; but after a course of about 
 ten miles, it widens, and flowing in two dfstimct channels, forms 
 several islands, the largest tft Which is Grrand Isiand, iSf miles long, 
 and from two to seVen miles wfde, and reaching within one and 
 a half miles of the Falls^ Navy Island, the next in importance, is 
 much smaller; and the others are alt very stnal). 
 
 Fort Eri^, situated an the West side of Niagara rfvefy nearly 
 opposite Buffalo, is a place of interest to the reader of American 
 History. On the 13th of August, the American troop» under the 
 command of General Gaines^ being encamped at Fort Erie, Were 
 attacked by a British force numbering nearly twice as mai\y as 
 the Americans* Fort Erfe at this time was not in reality a fort, 
 but merely an encampment, affording the Americans no particular 
 advantage, with reffard to position or defense^ mere than an open 
 field. The folloWmg account We abridge from a detail of the 
 battle, in Frost's Remarkable Eventis jn IfiiE History of 
 AmeHica, by an officer who* Was engaged in the coniiict : 
 
 "On the eTenitig of the fourteenth, General Gaines having observed some 
 signs of an approaching visit froifit the enethyf put bis force in the t)cst situa- 
 tion for giving them a proper reception. 
 
 " Agreeably to the orders of the British general, the attack was organized 
 into three colttmtis. The first, consisfiAg of detachments to the amount of 
 thirteen hundred men, was placed under the coznimand of Lieutenant Colonel 
 Fischer, of the King's regiment. Seven hundred picked men, under Lieutenant 
 Colonel Drummond, composed the second or center column. And the one 
 hundred and third regiment, amounting to upward of eight hundred men, 
 under the command of Colonel Scdtt, constituted the third. The points 
 against which these columns were to move, ^ere respectively the left flank, the 
 fort, and the line between the fort and the lake ; and the time fixed for the 
 enterprise was an early hour on the morning of the fifteenth. Accordingly, 
 about an hour and a half before day, the approach of an enemy was discov- 
 ered on the road west of Towson's battery, alid immediately after, the lines 
 on that quarter were furiously assaulted by^the enemy's first or second column. 
 The infantry of ^ur left, consisted at the time, of the twenty-first regiment, 
 tinder the command of Major Wood, of the engineers; who instantly drew up 
 
ROUTE OF THE KIAGARA RIVER. 
 
 211 
 
 itarfa^ 
 lakeSf 
 (inde* 
 lead it 
 about ^ 
 form» I 
 IS long, 
 ne and 
 anee, f» 
 
 i nearly 
 nerican 
 idef the 
 ie, "v^^ere 
 mai\y a» 
 y a fort, 
 articular 
 an open 
 I of the 
 
 TOKY OF 
 
 jrved some 
 l)cst situa- 
 
 ! organized 
 ) amount of 
 ant Colonel 
 
 Lieutenant 
 ind the one 
 ndred men, | 
 
 The points 
 3ft flank, the 
 fixed for the 
 Accordingly, 
 r iraa discov- 
 ter, the lines 
 sond column. 
 rst regiment, 
 ntly drew up 
 
 his line in the space between the battery and the water, and received the 
 charge in a style suited to its impetuosity. Checked by a seasonable volley 
 from this corps, and a shower of grape from Towson's artillery, the enemy 
 sustained tbi conflict but a few minutes, and fell back to consolidate his ranks 
 for a second attempt. This, however, proved equally unsuccessful; and 
 though it was followed up by a succession of desperate charges, our column 
 continued firm until the enemy was in a condition no long' r to give battle. 
 
 " The firing had in some measure subsided on the left, when the approach 
 of the columns under Lieutenant Colonels Drummond and Scott was anouAced 
 by the fire of our picket-guard in a ravine at a small distance fh>m our right; 
 and in less than a minute afterward the direction of the two was plainly 
 distinguishable, by the voice of their ofilcers — one of them appearing to move 
 from the ravine toward the fort, and the other rapidly approaching its point 
 of attack by the margin of the lake* This flank was in a very inefficient state 
 of defense, and as this circumstance was doubtless known to the enemy, it 
 became doubly necessary to make timely resistance. Accordingly^ the first 
 of the two was promptly met by the fire from the salient bastion of the fort, 
 and the musketry on its right and left, that on its right, consisting of Bough- 
 ton's and Harding's volunteers, and that on the left, of the ninth regiment; 
 altogether making perhaps one hundred and sixty or one hundred and seventy 
 men. The night was exceedingly dark; but as near as we could judge through 
 the obscurity, the last column did not continue long advancing — it seemed 
 to hesitate at fifty or sixty yards distance — remained stationary for a minute, 
 and then began to recoil. At this critical moment, loud and repeated threats, 
 mingled with much confusion, announced the unwelcome intelligence that 
 the enemy had been successful in carrying the bastion. The leader of the 
 enemy's column was killed, and nearly all his party cut to pieces, before it 
 had approached near enough to place its ladders, ^r avail itself of the open 
 places in our line. Such was the result of the attack at this point. In the 
 meantime day had broken, and the enemy, notwithstanding several attempts 
 to dislodge him, was still in possession of the contested bastion, which, 
 however, he derived no advantage from. 
 
 " The column of Colonel Scott being now routed, the guns of the Douglass 
 battery were so directed as to cut off all communication between the contested 
 bastion and the enemy's reserve — and a party of desperate fellows were 
 about to rush in and finish the work, when a spark being communicated by 
 some means to an ammunition chest under the platform, the bastion, with 
 those in it, were blown into the air together. 
 
 "This ended the fight for the time being, and the enemy retired to prepare 
 intrenchments. The Americans also were strengthening their defenses. The 
 two forces thus lay within two miles of each other, for the space of thirty 
 days. The time was occupied in skirmishes, but no decided engagement took 
 place until the 17th of September. 
 
i: I 
 
 {|!f 
 
 W'k 
 
 W'i-^' 
 
 W-- 
 
 ill 
 
 !' t 
 
 " Accordingly, on this date, orders were distributed to the different corps 
 of the American forces, to supply themselves with ammunition, and be ready 
 to march. The order was eagerly obeyed, and at two o'oloclc P. M., of the 
 same day, the army being formed into two columns, under Generals Porter 
 and Miller, filed out of camp by the left, and advanced upon the enemy. 
 The column of General Porter made a considerable c^e^our through the woods, 
 in order to gain the enemy's extreme right, while that of General Miller 
 passed along the skirts of the wood, and concealed itself in a ravine above. 
 While this was taking place, a heavy fall of rain came on, which continued 
 during the remainder of the day ; it had no effect, however, upon our opera- 
 tions ; the column of General Porter approached its destination with such 
 secrecy and address, that he was not discovered by tho enemy till he rose 
 upon them within pistol-shot of their lines. As soon as the firing announced 
 this event to General Miller, he left the ravine in which he lay concealed, and 
 charged upon the enemy's third battery, which, being carried, their whole 
 line, as far as their second battery inclusive, was in a few minutes in our 
 possession. The olyect of the enterprise being thus accomplished, the army 
 retreated again within its lines." 
 
 This battle, considering the superior force of the enemy, may 
 be considered one of the most brilliant acliievenients of tho war ; 
 and this is our apology for the lengthy account which we have 
 given of it. 
 
 Black Rock, three miles north of Buffalo, on the Niagara 
 river, Erie county, is a fine flourishing village. It is situated on 
 the line of the Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, and has a good 
 harbor, deep enough for any ordinary sized vessel. The village 
 contains several mills and factories, a number of stores, and a 
 population of 3,000. 
 
 filack Rock was destroyed by the British, during the war of 
 1812. 
 
 Ifl^atei'lOO, is a small village on the Canada side, situated 
 directly opposite Black Rock, to and from which a ferry plies every 
 few minutt.'S during the day. 
 
 C9lipi>C\va, a small village on the Canada side of Niagara 
 river, is celebrated as being the scene of a memorable military 
 engagement, during the last war with Great Britain, The British 
 forces under the command of Generals Drummoiid and Ryall, 
 were all veteran troops who had served during the peninsular war, 
 were considered invincible, and in numbers far exceeded the 
 Americans. In this engagement, the British formed their plan 
 of battle at their leisure — chose their own ground — an open 
 plain, on which not so much as a single stump was to be seen, 
 behind which a soldier could hide. The battle ended in a complete 
 
 y 
 
nt corps 
 be ready 
 I., of the 
 Is Porter 
 
 enemy, 
 le woods, 
 al Miller 
 le above, 
 ontinued 
 ur opera- 
 ffith such 
 
 he rose 
 mounced 
 >aled, and 
 A^ir whole 
 08 in our 
 the army 
 
 ly, may 
 ho war ; 
 ive have 
 
 Niagara 
 uated on 
 IS a good 
 village 
 ;s, and a 
 
 3 war of 
 
 , situated 
 ies every 
 
 Niagara 
 military 
 le British 
 id Ryall, 
 ular war, 
 teded the 
 heir plan 
 ■an open 
 be seen, 
 complete 
 
 I 
 
 ROUTE OF THE 17IA0ARA RIVER. 
 
 213 
 
 victory on the part of the American forces ; and such was 
 the discomfiture of the enemy, that nothing could induce them to 
 try the fate of another battle. The most of this battle was fought 
 by Brigadier General Scott, the distinguished hero of Cerro 
 Gordo and Chepultepec. No battle during the war, could be 
 more satisfactory to American valor than the battle of Chippewa. 
 The advantages were all with the British. Their troops were all 
 regulars; ours, part regulars and part volunteers. Theirs, were 
 the heroes of an hundred battles ; ours, new recruits, who had 
 scarce ever handled a musket. The ground too was of their own 
 choosing, as well as the time of engaging. Yet we see them most 
 signally defeated; and in view of this, there can be but one opinion; 
 and that is, that the superior intelligence which characterizes the 
 American soldier, will always triumph over the mere animal 
 courage of the European. 
 
 Niagara Falls, a small village in Niagara county, situated 
 at the Falls of Niagara, and at the termination of the BufTalo and 
 Niagara Falls railroad. It contains two or three churches, 
 8 hotels, several schools, half a dozen mills, about 15 stores, and a 
 population of 1,000. This village derives its interest from its 
 proximity to nature's great master-peice of grandeur and sublimity. 
 
 Nlag^ara Falls, over which fiows the greatest body of 
 fresh water on the face of the globe, is justly considered the most 
 magnificent cataract in the world. The sight of this vast sheet 
 of water, at once inspires the beholder with feelings of admiration 
 mingled with awe; and the mind is deeply imbued with lofty 
 conceptions of the beauty and grandeur of nature's works. 
 There are many cataracts having a greater perpendicular hight 
 than Niagara, but none that discharges such an immense volume 
 of water, and is accompanied by such sublime and varied scenery. 
 The roar of this mighty fall of water can be distinctly heard, 
 under favorable circumstances, for a distance of 15 miles ; and 
 the firm earth may be felt to tremble as though palsied by the 
 apprehension of another deluge. 
 
 The Falls are divided by a small island containing about 75 acres, 
 called Goat Island. The divisions are termed respectively the 
 American, and Canada Falls. On tli^ American side, the perpen- 
 dicular fall is greater than on the other ; but the quantity 
 of water discharged is much the largest on the Canada side. It 
 has been estimated that seven-eights of the water discharged is on 
 the Canada side of Goat Island A bridge connecting Goat Island 
 with the main land on the American side has been constructed, 
 from which the visitor may gaze at the foaming waters hurrying 
 onward into the abyss below. 
 
214 
 
 ROUTE OF THE NIAGARA RIVER. 
 
 1 
 
 E I 
 
 ■■lli'l 
 VJ ■ 
 
 1 
 
 The perpendicular hight of the American Fall, is 164 feet, and 
 that of the Canadian, also called the Great Horseshoe Fall, is 
 158 feet. The hest view obtained of the entire Falls at one time, 
 is from Table Rock; but a large portion of this has lately given 
 way. The best view of the American Falls, is from the ferry ; 
 and of the rapids above, the best view is obtained from Goat .Island. 
 There is a winding staircase from Goat Island to the bottom of the 
 Falls, which was built by Nicholas Biddle, by which visitors may 
 descend below the bank, and behind the vast sheet of water. 
 There are three paths leading from the foot of the staircase, one 
 of which leads to the Great pforseshoe Fall, the second to the river 
 below, and the other to jEoIus' Cave or Cave of the Winds. This 
 cave is 125 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 90 feet high. It is situated 
 immediately behind the Center Fall, and is remarkable on account 
 of the peculiar currents of air which constantly play through it. 
 There is another staircase on the American side, and also one 
 from Table Rock, on the Canadian side, where the visitor will 
 find a guide and suitable dresses to descend behind the sheet of 
 water. 
 
 The Wire Suspension Bridge, at the elbow of the Niagara 
 river, two and a half miles below the Falls, spans the river near 
 the head of the rapids, above the Whirlpool. It was built by Mr. 
 Charles Ellet, of Philadelphia, and cost about $200,000. From 
 pier to pier it is 800 feet long, and in breadth 8 feet. It is sus- 
 pended on eight wire cables, four on each side, and which pass 
 over towers fifty-four feet high, built of heavy timber. The 
 present structure is only the scaffolding for constructing a larger 
 bridge, intended for the passage of railroad cars. The towers for 
 the largd bridge will be of solid masonry, each 80 feet high. 
 Each of the cables is 1,160 feet long, and composed of 72 strong 
 No. 10 iron wires, closely wrapped round with small wire three 
 times boiled in linseed oil, which prevents injury from rust or 
 exposure to the weather. The cables, aft^r passing over the 
 piers on the banks, are fast anchored in sciia masonry, fifty feet 
 back of them. The auspenderSf which fornr the sides, are com- 
 posed of eight wires each, and are four and a half feet apart. 
 The bridge itself is 200 feet, above the water, and is a wonder 
 alike of enterprise and art. 
 
 The Terrapin Bridge, is likewise a structure worthy of note. 
 It is 300 feei long. It extends from the west side of Goat Island, 
 and projects 10 feet over the Horseshoe Fall. At the very verge 
 of the precipice, built on the solid rocks, is a stone tower forty- 
 five feet high. It was erected in 1833,and has a winding staircase 
 inside, and an open gallery on the top, from which the visitor 
 
,L 
 
 ROUTE OF THE NIAGARA RIVER. 
 
 216 
 
 
 contemplates the surrounding scenery, in its fullest majesty and 
 grandeur. 
 
 Tile obstructions to navigation, occasioned by these Falls, have 
 been overcome by constructing 
 
 The Welland Canal. — Ihis canal is large enough to float 
 large class vessels, and Is of immense importance to commerce 
 on the lakes. 
 
 There are several places of note that the visitor should not fail 
 to see. Among these are the Whirlpool, said to resemble the 
 celebrated Muelstrom on the coast of Norway. The "Devil's 
 Hole,'* about a mile below the Whirlpool, and the Burning 
 Spring, on the Canada side, are each well worthy of a visit, by 
 the lovers of nature^s curiosities. There are many other places of 
 interest in the vicinity, which we have not space to enumerate. 
 
 Iiei¥isCOD, situaled on the Niagara river, seven miles north 
 of Niagara Falls, is a flourishing village, containing several 
 churches, Baptist, Methodist, Universalist, Episcopal, and Presby> 
 terian, an academy, two or three mills, a number of stores, and 
 about 1,000 inhabitants. 
 
 There is a railroad connecting this place with Niagara Falls, 
 and with Lockport There is also a ferry, which plies between 
 Lewiston and Queenstown, on the opposite side of the river, in 
 Canada. 
 
 Queenstown, situated opposite Lewiston, in Canada, on a 
 high and rocky eminence, was the scene of some bloody engage- 
 ments, during the war of 1812. It was here that the brave and 
 heroic British General Brock fell, while gallantly charging at the 
 head of his column. The legLiIature of Canada West have 
 erected a monument dedicated to his memory ; it is built of free- 
 stone, 126 feet high, and 20 (eet square at the base. 
 
 This battle was fought on the 13th of October, 1812. The 
 American forces were unde the command of Major General Van 
 Rensselaer, who, owing to the tardiness of his reinforcements, 
 and the lack of ammunition, was compelled to retreat, after having 
 once driven the enemy from the bights. The loss in killed and 
 wounded was nearly the same on both sides, but the Americans 
 lost many prisoners, among whom were about 60 oflicers. 
 
 Battle of Bkidgewater or Lundy's Lane. — This battle was 
 fought on an obscure road called Lunoy's Lane, about half a mile 
 westward from Niagara, on the 25th of July, 1814. 
 
 In this engagement too much praise cannot be awarded to 
 General Scott, upon whom the command devolved, after General 
 Brown was wounded ; and he has always been cherished in the 
 hearts of his countrymen, as the ** Hero op Lundy's Lane." His 
 recent exploits in Mexico, have stamped him as one of the ablest 
 
> ?! 
 
 V 
 
 •f 
 
 ti.c 
 
 ill 
 
 
 ''i i 
 
 216 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 military generals of the age; and should our country again be 
 called upon to defend her honor by force of arms, we shall have 
 nothing to fear, so long as Winfield Scott has command of her 
 armies. 
 
 YoungStOl^ll, situated on Niagara river, one mile from 
 Lake Ontario, in Niagara county, New York, is a small village 
 containing about 300 inhabitants. 
 
 IViag^a.ra.9 a small village in Canada, is directly opposite 
 Youngsto^n. 
 
 Fort Nlag^Sira,, at the mouth of Niagara river, is a place 
 of interest, on account of the many incidents which have trans- 
 pired here. It has twice been taken by the enemy, and again 
 surrendered to our arms There are many legends connected 
 with the history of this fort, which, however, we have not space 
 to relate. 
 
 BOCJTE OF THE GEEAT LAKES, 
 
 (resumed.) 
 
 I^ake Ontario, the fifth and last of the great chain of 
 North American Lakes, is 190 miles long, 55 miles broad, and 
 is in some places more than 600 feet deep. Its altitude is 331 feet 
 below that of Lake Erie, and it discharges its waters into the 
 Atlantic ocean, through the river St. Lawrence. I'c is navigable 
 for vessels of the largest class, and on account of its great depth, 
 is seldom obstructed by ice. Tiiis lake, like all the others, abounds 
 11 myriads of fish. The commerce of this lake, though not so 
 extensive as that of Lake Erie, is considerable. Hundreds of 
 vessels and steamers constantly plough their way through its 
 waters, bearing the produce of the West to various ports in New 
 York and Canada. It is connected with Jie Atlantic, by the 
 Oswego and Erie canals, and Hudson river. This lake is gener- 
 ally smooth, and is far less liable to storms than Lake Erie. 
 
 Toronto, the principal comriicrcial city of Canada West, 
 is situated on Toronto Bay, and h»3 about 20,000 inhabitants. It 
 •c regularly laid out, and commands a large and extensive trade. 
 The city is ^^,^\ lighted by gas, and presents a fine appearance. 
 
 li¥^inclSOr, situated thirty m'lesto the north-east of Toronto, 
 on Lake Ontario, is a thrivingf town in Canada West. 
 
 Cotmrg^, forty miles east of Windsor, also on the lake shorci 
 is a flourishing town about tlie same size as Windsor. 
 
 
 J 
 
1 
 
 ROUTE OF THE GREAT LAKES. 
 
 217 
 
 Osu^eg^Of situated on both sides of the Oswego river, and at 
 the northern termination of the Oswego canal, is the county seat 
 of Oswego county, New York. It is a flourishing place, having 
 a good harbor, and contains 6 churches, and 4,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Sackett'S Harbor, Jefferson county. New York, is situa- 
 ted on the south-west side of Black River Bay, on Lake Ontario. 
 The harbor is one of the best on the lake, and the trade of the 
 town is considerable. It contains two or hree churches, and 
 about 2,000 inhabitants. This village was attacked by the British 
 on the 29th of May, 1813. Their force was greatly superior to 
 the Americans, who were commanded by General Brown. After 
 a hard fought battle of several hours, the British were compelled 
 to retreat, leaving the victory in the hands of the Americans. 
 
 Klll§^StOIl, situated at the north-east end of Lake Ontario, 
 and at the head of the river St. Lawrence, is, next to Toronto, 
 the principal city of Canada West. It has a large commodious 
 harbor, is neat and tastefully laid out, and contains a population 
 of 10,000. 
 
 During the war of 1812, it was the chief naval station of the 
 British lake fleet. It is connected with Bytown by the Rideau 
 canal, and has a good harbor and dock yard. The canal will 
 admit vessels of 125 tons burden. 
 
 WESTERN EAILEOADS. 
 
 In our description of Western Railroads, we shall commence 
 with those in the western part of New York, they being the 
 farthest east of any which we have had occasion to introduce into 
 this work. 
 
 Kew York and Erie Bailroad. 
 
 This road, when completed, will be one of the most important 
 in New York, and we might say in the Union. The routs 
 extends from Piermo)it, 24 miles from New York, on the Hudson 
 river, to Dunkirk, on Lake Erie; making a distance of 450 miles, 
 aad traversing the entire length of the state of New York, and 
 touching Pennsylvania in several places. The whole cost of the 
 road will probably be near $20 000,000. The company was 
 incorporated in the year 1832, and the road is now opened as far 
 as the town of Corning, a distance of 300 miles from New York. 
 From Dunkirk, the road is completed a distance of twenty-eight 
 miles. This road intersects many others of importance, some of 
 which are in operation, and some contemplatod. 
 
■ \ 
 
 \ ■ 
 
 I: I -r 
 
 218 
 
 WESTERN RAILROADS. 
 
 Albany and Buffalo Bailroad Line.* 
 From Buffalo to Albany. 
 
 Clark's Branch, 6 
 
 Lancaster, 4 
 
 Town Line, 6 
 
 Alden, 5 
 
 Darien Centre, 6 
 
 DarienCity, 2 
 
 Attica, • ' 5 
 
 Alexander, 3 
 
 Batavia, 8 
 
 Byron, 8 
 
 West Bergen, .•••• 7 
 
 Churchyille, 4 
 
 Rochester, 14 
 
 Brighton, 4 
 
 Pittsford, 4 
 
 Fisher's, 6 
 
 Victor, 6 
 
 Canandaigua, '•••• 9 
 
 ChapinsTille, 3 
 
 Manchester, 4 
 
 Short's Mills, 2 
 
 EastTienua, 6 
 
 Oaks' Corner, 3 
 
 Obneva, 4 
 
 Waterloo, 7 
 
 ... 4 
 
 ... 5 
 
 ... 10 
 
 ... 6 
 
 ... 6 
 
 ... 2 
 
 Seneca Falls, 
 
 Cayuga, • 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 Lec^ctt, 
 
 Skaneatales Junction, 
 Maroellus, 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 43 
 
 51 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 S4 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 105 
 
 108 
 
 112 
 
 114 
 
 120 
 
 123 
 
 127 
 
 134 
 
 138 
 
 143 
 
 153 
 
 158 
 
 164 
 
 166 
 
 Camillus, 5 
 
 Geddesburg, 6 
 
 Syracuse, 2 
 
 Manilas, - 10 
 
 Kirkville, 2 
 
 Chattenango, 4 
 
 Canescraga, 2 
 
 Canastota, 4 
 
 Wampsville, •••• 2 
 
 Oneida, - 8 
 
 Verona, 4 
 
 Green's Corner, 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 ... 3 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 Rome, " 
 
 Oriskany, 
 
 Whitesborough, 
 
 Utica, 
 
 Schuyler, 
 
 Herkimer, 
 
 Little Falls, 
 
 St. Johnsville, 10 
 
 • • • f • • • Q 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 Garuga, 
 
 Fort Plain,.- •• 
 Palatine Bridge, 
 
 Spraker's, 
 
 Fonda, 
 
 Tribis' Hill, 
 
 Amsterdam, • • • • 
 
 CranesTille, 
 
 Hoffman's, 
 
 Schenectady, ••• 
 
 Albany. • • • 16 
 
 171 
 177 
 179 
 189 
 191 
 195 
 197 
 201 
 
 203 
 200 
 210 
 214 
 219 
 226 
 229 
 232 
 240 
 247 
 253 
 263 
 266 
 270 
 273 
 276 
 284 
 289 
 294 
 297 
 300 
 309 
 325 
 
 * This line consists of seven distinct roads, owned by diflferent companies, 
 viz : Attica and Boffalo Railroad, 32 miles; Towanda Railroad, from Attica 
 to Rochester, 42 miles; Rochester and Aubvrn Railroad, 78 miles; Auburn 
 AND Syracuse Railroad, 26 miles; Syracuse and Utica Railroad, 53 miles ; 
 Utica and Schenectady Railroad, 78 miles ; Schenectady and Albany Rail- 
 road, 16 miles. The Erie Railroad which passes through the southern part 
 of the state of New York, on a line nearly parallel with the above road, has 
 Just been completed, the last rail having been laid. Passengers can leave 
 Dunkirk, and go direct to New York city without interruption. 
 
171 
 177 
 179 
 
 189 
 
 igi 
 
 195 
 197 
 201 
 
 203 
 8 206 
 210 
 214 
 219 
 226 
 229 
 232 
 8 240 
 7 247 
 
 289 
 294 
 297 
 3 300 
 9 809 
 
 I 
 
 BufCedo ftnd Niagara FallB Bailroad. 
 From Buffalo to Niagara Falls. 
 
 4 
 11 
 
 Cayuga Creek, 6 
 
 NiaqabaFaus, 5 
 
 Rock, 3 
 
 Black Rock Dam, 1 
 
 Tonawanda, 7 
 
 Niagara Falls and Loekport Bailroad. 
 From Niagara Falls to Loekport. 
 Junction, 21 | Lockport, 
 
 Lewistcn Bailroad. 
 From Niagara FaUs to Lewiston. 
 Junction, 3 | Lewiston, 
 
 Oswego and Syracnse Bailroad. 
 From^ Oswego to Syracuse. 
 
 17 
 22 
 
 3 24 
 
 8 6 
 
 Fulton, ••■ 
 Samson's, • 
 
 11 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 Baldwinsville, • >< 
 Syracuse, • 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 23 
 35 
 
 OHIO BAILBOASS. 
 
 The following table will give a complete view of all the 
 railroads of Ohio, and their present condition : 
 
 Xfames. Length. Qmplde. ConstrucCg^ 
 
 Mad River Railroad, ..-134 miles, 134 mUes, — 
 
 Findlay Branch, 16 « 13 « — 
 
 Little Miami,.... ^^ " 84 « ~ 
 
 Xenia and Columbus, 54 « 64 « — 
 
 CoJiimbus and Cleveland, 149 « 149 « — 
 
 \Tuiu'ky and Mansfield, 66 « 56 « — 
 
 V \ t'ftld and Newark, 65 " 65 « — 
 
 bui i^ -nd Hocking Valley, HO « — " 85 
 
 Clevola.Jl and Pittsburgh, 98 « — " 98 
 
 Clereland and Wellsville, 30 «* — « — 
 
 Cincinnati and Hillsborough, 37 " — " 37 
 
 Cincinnati aud Belpre, 121 « _ «« 40 
 
 Ohio and Mississippi, 20 « — «* — 
 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio, ... • 145 *' — « 145 
 
 Belletontaine and Indiana, 118 « — " US 
 
 Central Railroad, 137 « - « 28 
 
 XcAitt and Dayton, 16 " — « — 
 
 Western Railroad, •• 97 « — " 87 
 
'i: 
 
 i 
 
 I • , -I 
 
 is i 
 
 220 
 
 WESTERN RAILROADS. 
 
 Names. Length, Complete. ComtrucVg. 
 
 Lake Shore Railroad, 165 miles, — miles, 115 
 
 Dayton and Springfield, 24 « 24 
 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, 60 
 
 Hamilton and Eaton, 20 
 
 Greenville and Miami, 20 
 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 <( 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 tt 
 
 eo 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 Twenty-three lines, 1,705 
 
 ({ 
 
 572 
 
 (( 
 
 748 
 
 Mad Biver and Lake Erie Bailroad. 
 From Sandusky to Springfield. 
 
 ■ i 
 
 Bellevue, 16 
 
 Republic, 15 30 
 
 Tiffin, 8 38 
 
 Carey, 16 64 
 
 Patterson, 14 
 
 Kenton, 10 76 
 
 BelleCentre, .12 90 
 
 Bellefontaine, 12 102 
 
 West Liberty, 8 110 
 
 Urbana, 10 120 
 
 HPRINaFIELD, 14 134 
 
 Findlay Branoli Bailroad. 
 From Carey to Findlay. 
 VanLuc,- 7 7 | Findlay, 
 
 9 16 
 
 Yellow Springs, 9 
 
 Galloway's, 5 14 
 
 Xenia, 6 19 
 
 Spring Valley, 7 26 
 
 Corwin, 7 33 
 
 6 39 
 
 Little Miami Bailroad. 
 From Springfield to Cincinnati. 
 
 Deerfield, 5 
 
 Foster's, 5 
 
 Oregon, 
 
 Fort Ancient, 
 ^lorrow, 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 43 
 47 
 
 52 
 67 
 
 Loveland's, 4 61 
 
 Indian Ripple, 6 66 
 
 Germany, 2 68 
 
 Milford, 2 70 
 
 Plainville, 4 74 
 
 CiNCINXATI, 10 84 
 
 Mansfield and Sandusky Bailroad. 
 From Sandusky to Mansfield. 
 
 Monroeville, • . 16 
 
 Centreville, 11 27 
 
 New Hayen, 6 33 
 
 Paris, 8 36 
 
 Shelby, 9 45 
 
 Mansfosld, 11 56 
 
 Mansfield and Newark Bailroad. 
 
 From Mansfidd to Nevtark, 55 miles. — This road has lately been 
 completed, and the cars are now running; we have not, however, 
 been able to obtain the intermediate distances on the road, in time 
 for publication in this edition. 
 
WESTERN RAILROADS. 
 
 221 
 
 Columbus and Xenia Railroad. 
 From Columbus to Xenia. 
 
 West Jefferson, 14 Adamsville, 
 
 London, 10 24 Xenia, 
 
 South Charleston, 11 35 
 
 Cleveland and Columbus Bailroad. 
 From Cleveland to Columbus. 
 
 11 40 
 
 8 54 
 
 Rockport, • • • • 
 
 Berea, 
 
 Olmstead, • • • • 
 Columbia, • • • 
 
 Eaton, 
 
 Grafton, 
 
 La Grange, • • 
 Wellington, • • 
 Rochester, • • • 
 New London, 
 Greenwich, • • • 
 Salem, 
 
 7 
 
 ^M 16 
 
 4 22)4 
 
 2)4 25 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 6 
 
 29 
 36 
 41 
 47 
 54 
 60 
 
 Shelby,. 
 Vernon, 
 Galion, 
 Iberia, • 
 
 Gilead, 9 
 
 Cardington, 
 
 Oxford, 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Berlin, 
 
 Orange, 
 
 Worthington, 
 
 Columbus, 9 
 
 6K 
 
 66^ 
 
 8^ 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 9 
 
 94 
 
 3 
 
 97 
 
 7 
 
 104 
 
 6 
 
 110 
 
 5 
 
 116 
 
 4 
 
 119 
 
 7 
 
 126 
 
 9 
 
 135 
 
 INDIANA BAILBOADS. 
 
 There are several important lines of railroads in Indiana, in 
 process of construction, besides those already completed. 
 
 The Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, was completed on 
 the 1st of February, 1849, at a cost of about $1,500,000. The 
 first year the line was in full operation, the number of passengers 
 averaged 200 per day, and the receipts amounted to $235,000. 
 
 A branch from Euinburg to Shelbyville, a distance of sixteen 
 miles, was completed a short time after the main road was finished. 
 From Shelbyville there are two routes graded; one to Rushville, 
 twenty miles, and the other to Knightstown, twenty-five miles. 
 
 The Lafayette and Indianapolis Railroad, has been graded, 
 and is rapidly approaching completion. It will extend from 
 Indianapolis to Lafayette, a distance of sixty-three miles. 
 
 The Peru and Indianapolis Railroad, is also fast progressing, 
 and will soon be in operation. It extends from Indianapolis to 
 Peru, seventy-one miles. 
 
 Tile lNDiA.>fAP0Lis and Bellefontaine Railroad, is designed to 
 form one of the links of the great central lines of railways, 
 connecting the Atlantic cities with St. Louis, on the Mississippi. 
 A portion of this line is now under contract. 
 
I 
 
 * 
 
 ii ■ -\> 
 
 ' it, ; 
 ■ \ \ 
 
 
 
 i- ■!' 
 
 ,i:?i.)r 
 
 1 l»i . 
 
 ^ ;i 
 
 i 
 
 
 f 
 
 I ■ ■ 
 
 'f V 
 
 -iSi 
 
 222 
 
 WESTEFijr RAILROADS. 
 
 The Jeffersonville Railroad Company, have surveyed a 
 route from Jeffersonville to Columbus, and have a portion of the 
 road under contract. 
 
 Tlie New Albany and Salem Railroad, is completed, and 
 the cars are now running. It extends from New Albany to Salem, 
 a distance of thirty- five miles. > 
 
 Madison and Indianapolis Eailroad. 
 
 From Madison to Indianapolis, 
 
 Wert, 
 
 Middlefork, 
 
 Big Creek, 
 
 Dupont, 
 
 Champion's Mills, 
 Butler's Switch, • • 
 
 Vernon, 
 
 Queensville, 
 
 Scipio, 
 
 6 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 6 
 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 16 
 20 
 22 
 28 
 31 
 
 Klizabcthtown, 7 
 
 Columbus, •«• 
 Tuylorsville, • 
 Kdinburg,' • •• 
 
 Amity, 
 
 I'ranklin, ••• 
 Greenwood, • • 
 Soutliport, • • • 
 Inwanapolis, 
 
 7 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 10 
 4 
 6 
 
 38 
 46 
 61 
 66 
 61 
 66 
 76 
 80 
 86 
 
 Edinburg and Shelbyville Branch Bailroad. 
 From Edinburg to Shdhyville. 
 Adams' Mills, 9 | Sii .luyvill", 
 
 7 16 
 
 MICHIGAN RAILROADS. 
 
 Michigan Central Railroad. 
 From Detroit to New Buffalo. 
 
 T^earborn, 10 
 
 ♦♦'ayne, 7 17 
 
 Ypsilanti, 12 29 
 
 Ann Harbor, 8 37 
 
 Dexter, 10 47 
 
 Chelsea, 9 56 
 
 Grass Lake, 9 66 
 
 Jackson, 11 76 
 
 Gidley'8, 9 86 
 
 Albion, 11 96 
 
 Marshall, 12 108 
 
 Michigan Southern Railroad. 
 From Monroe to Hillsdale, 
 
 IJuttlc Creek, 13 
 
 Galosburg, 14 
 
 Kalamazoo, . 8 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 Pawpaw, 
 
 Decatur, 
 
 Dowagiac, • • • • 
 
 Niles, 
 
 Buchanan, • • • ' 
 Tcrre Coupee, • 
 New BurFALO,' 
 
 121 
 135 
 143 
 160 
 163 
 179 
 191 
 197 
 203 
 218 
 
 Ida, 
 
 Petersburg, 
 Deerfield, • • 
 
 10 
 8 
 3 
 
 18 
 21 
 
 Palmyra, 
 
 Tecumseh Junction,' 
 Adrian, 
 
 6 
 4 
 4 
 
 26 
 30 
 34 
 
.d a 
 the 
 
 and 
 ileni} 
 
 38 
 46 
 6 61 
 6 66 
 
 5 61 
 
 6 66 
 10 76 
 
 4 80 
 6 86 
 
 7 16 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 160 
 163 
 
 11 
 
 179 
 
 12 
 
 191 
 
 6 
 
 197 
 
 6 
 
 203 
 
 16 
 
 218 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 I>OTer, 6 39 Pittsfleld, 
 
 Clayton, ••'....< 6 44 Osceo, 
 
 Hut vn,...-. 7 61 Hillsdale, 
 
 Tetoaueh Branch Bulroad. 
 From Junction to Tecumseh — 8 miles. 
 
 Erie and Kalamazoo Bailroad. 
 From Toledo to Adrian. 
 
 11 Blissfield, 
 
 * 4 15 Palmyra, •••<......•• 
 
 5 20 Adrlln, • . • . • 
 
 Detroit and Pontiao Bailroad. 
 From Detroit to Pontiac. 
 
 RoyalOftk,... -. 12 i Pontiac, 
 
 Birmingham, ........<. g 18 | 
 
 6 67 
 6 63 
 6 68 
 
 Sylrania, ... 
 Ottawa Lake, 
 Knight's, • < . 
 
 3 
 4 
 6 
 
 23 
 27 
 33 
 
 7 25 
 
 Cottage Hill, • • • 
 Babcock'8 Grore, 
 Wheaton's, 
 
 ILLIKOIS BAILB0AB8. 
 
 Galena and Chicago Union Bailroad. 
 
 From Chicago to Elgin.* 
 
 Junction, • 
 
 16 
 
 4 20 
 
 5 25 
 
 Elgin, 
 
 5 30 
 12 42 
 
 * From Elgin the rails are nearly all laid, and in a short time the cars will 
 be running c /er the whole route from Chicago to Galena. 
 
 St. Charles Branch Bailroad. 
 From Junction to St. Charles — 8 miles. 
 
 Sangamon and Morgan Bailroad. 
 From Springfidd to Naples. 
 
 Berlin, It 
 
 Franklin, 8 24 
 
 Jacksonrille, 9 33 
 
 Morgan City,- 
 Naples,.... •« 
 
 12 45 
 10 65 
 
 KENTXrCKT BAILBOADS. 
 
 louisville and Frankfort Bailroad. 
 From LouiavUle to Frankfort. 
 
 Williamson, 14 
 
 La Grange, 13 27 
 
 Frankfort, 
 
 36 72 
 
 J' 
 
f'r 
 
 ■,1 i 
 
 
 t 
 
 ?■ 
 
 h 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 , 
 
 
 • 
 
 « I:-: 
 
 ! t 
 
 ill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 224 
 
 WESTERN RAILROADS. 
 
 Midway, 
 
 Lexington and Frankfort Railroad. 
 
 Frmn Lexington to Frankfort, 
 
 I Frankfort, 
 
 14 
 
 14 28 
 
 MISSISSIPPI RAILROADS. 
 
 Vicksl)urg, Jackson, and Brandon Railroad. 
 
 From Vickshurg to Brandon. 
 Mount Alban, 
 
 Boviiia, 4 10 
 
 Big Black, 2 I'i 
 
 Edwards', 6 18 
 
 Bolton's, 9 27 
 
 Clinton, 36 
 
 Jackson, 10 46 
 
 Brando.v, 
 
 14 69 
 
 20 
 
 LOUISIANA RAILROADS. 
 
 Clinton and Port Hudson Railroad. 
 
 From Clinton to Port Hudson. 
 La Centre, ••• 12 | I'ckt IIuusox, 12 24 
 
 West Feliciana Railroad. 
 
 From St. FrancisvUlc to yVoodoillry Mi. 
 Laurel Hill, 14 | W'oodvillk, Mi., 12 
 
 Railroa-'s to Lake Ponchartraln, and to Carrollton. 
 
 From New Orleans to Lake I'ondtartrain — 6 miles. 
 
 From New Orleans to Carrollton — 6 miles. 
 
 Mexican Gnlf Railroad. 
 
 From New Orleans to Proctorsville. 
 Congress Street, — — i Torreaux, — 
 
 U. S. Barracks,- • 
 
 Versailles, 
 
 Cuculu's, 
 
 Ducro's Landing, 
 
 Boeuf C. II. ~ 
 
 Santiogos, — 
 
 Tantant's, — 
 
 12 — ' Proctorsville, 15 
 
 27 
 
 ALABAMA RAIIROADS. 
 
 Montgomery and West Point Railroad. 
 
 From Montgomery to We^^t Point. 
 
 Franklin, 33 f Aiilurn, 12 
 
 Chehaw, 7 40 Opelikau, 8 
 
 Natasulga, 8 48 West Point, 
 
 Tecuxnseh, Cortland and Decatur Railroad. 
 
 From Tu8»umbia to Decatur. 
 
 Leighton, 10 I Hillsborough, 
 
 Cortland, 12 22 I Decatur, 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 10 
 
 60 
 68 
 87 
 
 30 
 40 
 
1 
 
 14 28 
 
 . 9 27 
 
 . 36 
 
 . 10 46 
 
 . 14 69 
 
 12 24 
 
 , . 12 20 
 
 on. 
 
 15 27 
 
 ...12 60 
 
 ... 8 68 
 ...19 87 
 
 8 30 
 
 10 40