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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre wilmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque' le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 m B^'; GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA ALFRED R. C. SELWYN, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Director. REPORT TO ACCOMPANY QUARTEE-SHEET MAPS 3 S.E. AND 3 S.W. SURFACE GEOLOGY NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. BY E. CHALMERS. - ) it PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. t ; MONTREAL : DAWSON BROTHERS. 1881. i:i Alf Si suift inap; Quel ilurii now ofth Ami I static Ut' iii Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Etc., Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey, Sir: — I have the honour to present herewith a detailed report on the surface geology of the district comprised within the two quarter-sheet ma])s, 3 S.E. and 3 S.W., (northern New Biunswick and south-eastern Quebec), being the i-esult of explorations and survej's made chiefly (luring the summer of 1885. The two map-sheets referred to, with colour- ing and notation to illustrate the surface deposits of the region, are now leady and will accompany this report. My thanks are especially due to W. Mann, C. K., Bathurst, for a plan ot tlie Caraquette Railway; and to H. A. Johnson, Dalhousio, and Miss Andrews, Bathurst, for barometric readings taken at the meteorological stations under their charge. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, E. CHALMERS. Ott.vwa, May, 188(J. II >if¥] 1 EH f. <;': 4 mS r ''i^ ;, ! 1' ''1 ' ■ - t ' f 'A"' ■i' "1 'i ■ m '■ M ( lA 'f '■ ,)•' :- <• REPORT TO ACCOMPANY QUARTER-SHEET MAPS 3 8.K. AND 3 8.W. SURFACE GEOLOGY. NOETIIEEN NEW BEUNSWICK AND SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. In the Annual Report, Geological Sui-voy, 1885 (report gg) a general Previous description of the surface geology of northern New Brunswick is region. given, with a brief sketch of the geological relations of the deposits, lemarkH on their agricultural capabilities, etc. The present report is intended to be of a more detailed character, and besides, will embrace a cei'tain part of the province of Quebec, especially the area drained by the Rostigoucho and other rivers falling into the Bale des Chaleurs. As the glacial phenomena of this region, as well as the distribution of I'J|^^?^"|^<','' "^ the surface deposits, stratified and unstratified, have been so largely 'o^'^i'^s* influenced by its more prominent physical features, it is only by view- ing the drainage basin of the Bale des Chaleurs as a whole that it is liossiblo to treat the surface geology in a connected and systematic manner. For this reason and also to complete the study of the area Area explored. included in the quarter-sheet maps, 3 S.E. and 3 S.W., the explora- tions of the season of 1885, extended beyond the limits of New Bruns- wick as stated, and the larger part of Bonaventure county was also examined. Moreover, the oscillations of level which the region, em- braced in this report, underwent in the Postr Tertiary period as well as its glaciation are obviously so related to similar phenomena on the northern side of the Gaspd peninsula or Notre Dame Mountains that |^«j,'^^^o° °^,g it seemed desirable and necessary, in elucidating them, that a cursory Sf 'lorthom . •' ' o ' J I^cfl, Itrunswick examination, at least, of the lower part of the St. Lawrence valley to""**' of , soutli-eastera should be made. Accordingly, a short time was spent in the early part Quebec of the summer between Riviere du Loup and M^tis, where a number of foets were discovered which, correlated with those of a cognate char- acter observed in the Bale des Chaleurs district, must have an import- i i riF £•1 ')>..> ^^ /to f:-:: ■;-R; I V ■ ■ !■> ■; -.J.:i,i Obiorvntions at Riviiro du Loup. Cacouna. St. Arsine. Trois Pistoles. 6 M NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND SOUTIl-EABTERN QUEBEC. ant bearing on inveHtigationa regarding the wurfaco geology of eiintorn Canada. TIigho facts may horo bo given in some detail : — At Rivit^rc du Loup, marine terraces were found at elevations of 225 and 345 feet;* in the lower of these, shells of Saxicava ru(josa, Macoma G'romlandica, Mytilus edulis and a species of Lala or Yoldla occur in Leda clay of unknown thickness, overlain by Saxicava sand to a depth of fifteen feet. The ridge on which Cacouna village stands is highly gla- ciated, the striae running N.K. and S.W. or parallel to the general course of the St. Lawrence valley. The extensive terrace on wiiiiji Cacouna station (2C3 feet high) stands is evidently of marine forma- tion. On the road leading southward from this station, other terraces and old shore lines were observed, the highest being 340 feet. Fine blown sand occurs in the uppermost terrace. Along what must have formed the ancient beaches referred to, great numbers of boulders arc strewn, chiefly of granite, gneiss, felsite, etc. Above the 345 t'eut contour line the surface appears to be more uneven, terraces are absent, and boulders not ho numerous. An extensive marine terrace also occui's at St. Arsiine station (277 feet high), in which shells of Saxicava rugosa were detected. Another behind it abuts against an old shore line or bank at a height of 340 to 345 feet. These terraces are continuous to Cacouna station, three miles distant. Half a mile west of Trois Pistoles station (100 feet high), at a small stream, rocks were seen planed and striated in the direction of X. 2° W. In certain places they were rounded on the southern face and broken ofl:' abruptly on the northern. One exposure, however, wliitli takes the roche moutonnc form, has, in addition to the ice markiniis mentioned, other stria) on the northern face (which slopes towaril the St. Lawrence at an angle of about 30°), the direction being N. 35° K. or S. 35° \V., i.e., nearly parallel the St. Lawrence valley. No lounded face {stons-seite) showing in which direction the ice producing these moved, whether up or down the valley, was observed. A few rods to the east of Trois Pistoles station, another small brook flows into the St. Lawrence, which, in the lower part of its course has cut a deep trench through boulder-clay. Just south of the railway track it falls in a cascade over a ledge which is finely planed and striated, — striic N. 10° W. — rounded side (sfoss-seite) to the south, the northern face being abrupt for several feet forming the cascade men- tioned. Till rests on the glaciated surface. Numerous boulders of all • The elevations are above high tide level ; those of the Intercolonial Railway station.'^ were obtained from profiles in the oBice of the Railwoy Department, Ottawa, through the kin Jnesii ut Mr. CoUingwood Schreiber, Chief Engineer. The bearings given are referred to the true meridian. cHAiMERi.] STKIJR AND SUBSIDENCE IN SOUTH-EASTERN QtTEBEC. •7m easlorn m of 225 Macoma occur in deyith of ^rhly gla- 1 gonei'iil m wliii'h le forina- • terraces et. Fine hat imisl t' houltliTs ) 345 i'eet H'O absent, ition (277 Another t of 3-10 to hreo miles at a small oi' N. 2° face and er, which markings toward the 35° Ivor roinuleil licing these small brook course has ic railway planed and south, the scade men- Iders of all ay station? were 1 the kindness of c true meridian. slzoH np to six feet in diameter occur in the Htroam bod, the largest heing derived from local rocks, but others of granite, gneiss and crys- talline schist were notetl. On the road leadinij; from Trois Pistoles station to the back concos- Rear „ . , , 1-1 -conccjBions, sions traces 01 marine submorgonco were observed up to a height ot Trois Piftolos. 345 to 375 feet. Below that level, blocks of granite, gneiss, syenite, telsite, etc. strew the surface in groat profusion, all well rounded. Above the limit stated the boulders are, generally speaking, more angular, and fewer gneiss or granitoid ones occur, but a largei- number belong- ing to local rocks. Several of a reddish granite or syenite, /.<'. con- taining a large proportion of tlosh colouied felspar, were however, met with. Glacial striie were observed in diiierent places up to the last back settlement, 800 feet high, the roches moutonnres and oast-and-west ritlges presenting, in all cases, the glaciated faces to the south. On a ri1 feet high) to the rear R'^ouski. concessions, terraces at levels of 260, 330 and 367 feet were crossed, the one at 330 feet being the most extensive. The surface of the 367 feet terrace is somewhat hummocky and uneven, but a shore line is trace- able here. Below this level, water- worn boulders of granitoid rocks are frequent, while above it, scarcely any, except a few of the red variety were met with, and the debris both large and small is more angular. This is the appearance pi-esented as far as examined, up to a height of 625 feet, nothing like marine action on the surface being ob- |/& T 8 M NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND 80CTH-EA8TERN QUEBEC. r ' •4" ', :(^ .4 ''.I. T! If St. Fliivio. St. Octavo and Littlu M^tis. Conclusions respecting Klaciation and subsidence of St. Lawrence valley below Quebec. sorvablo ubovo tho 367 f'eot contour line. Ghiciated rocks and bosHen with the ico-worn face {stoss-seite) in all vaneti presented to tho Hoiitli or south-woHt, wore Hocn in eevoral places, imt no Hnostriio nor grooves. At St. Flavio station (24(5 ibet hij^h) marine terraces wore found ex- tending up to a height of 340 to 345 feet, an old shore line appealing at that level. Immediately below this contour line, great num- bers of drifted boulders, all well rounded, wore observed, while above it, the surface became uneven and rolling and the boulders of gneiss, syenite and hornblendic rocks scarcer. On going into the back settlements a few of tho reddish granitoid rocks were still soon, how- ever, as far as observation extended, up to an elevation of 450 feet oi' more. A wide terrace occurs at St. Flavio at the 300 feet level, which howevor, has a slight slope towards the shore. Glaciated rocks with the worn faces to tho tho south were seen in this vicinity. Along the site of tho railway at St. Octave station (561 feet high) and Little M<5tis station (675 feet high) nothing like marine beds was observed, the ground being uneven and hummocky. About 200 to .^00 feet below this level, however, tho groat marine plain on the south side of tho St. Lawrence can be seen stretching up and down the valley. Prom these facts the following conclusions may legitimately bo de- duced : 1. That in the region along the south side of the St. Lawrence, below Rivi6ro du Loup, there has been a subsidence of from 345 to 375 feet with reference to the present sea level in the Post-Tertiary period. Above the 375 feet contour lino, no evidence of submergence was seen, and the hummocky nature of the surface, tho general absence of foreign boulders, their more angular forms, and the obvious rolatioiis of such as ai'o met with to the rocks of the district, support the view that the downward movement has not exceeded the limit stated. 2. That the glacier or glaciers which produced the south-to-noitli striation moved from the Notio Dame Mountains, or the adjacent water- shed, northward, debouching into tho;St. Lawrence estuary, which must have been at least partially open during the period of their existonco. 3. That the north-east and south-west striation has been produced by ice which moved up or down the St. Lawrence valley independently of that referred to in section 2, but whether contemporaneously or ear- lier or later, or whether the stria; were caused by glaciers alone, or by icebergs, the facts at hand are not sufficient to enable us to decide. Tho co-ordination of these phenomena with observations made on the surface geology of the Bale des Chaleurs basin will be brou^dit under review in a subsequent part of this report. The investigations in the Bale des Chaleurs district have resulted in the discovery of a number of additional facts of importance respecting '*Ld:..^A*,^.' CHALMtM.] CliASSIFICATION OP POHT-TERTIABY DEPOSITS. 9 M tlio i^laciution, the formation of the drift bods, inchiding the origin of invostiptions the till, of l'• "i""- HorioH of obnervations in barometric bypHomotry made, and the general elevation and surface features of the region drained by thorn ascer- tained. The valleys of the Scaumonac, Nouvelle, (.'aseapodia, Bonaven- tiire and other rivers debouching into the Bale des CJhaleurs were also examined, and the extent and fertility of the flats or intervales border- ing them noted. The forest growth, which is so rai)idly being depleted by (ires as well as by the lumberman's axe in some parts of the district, the size and relative abundance of the dift'eront kinds of trees, the dis- li'ibution as afleoted by the geological formations oi other causes, wore likewise studied as far as time would permit, while attention was also given to the character of the soils and their relative values as derived from each of the series of formations within the area under review. The surface deposits met with in the examinati(jn of the district included in the two ([uarter-sheet maps referred to, may bo enumerated us folbws in descending order: — Post-Teutiart Deposits. M 3. FRESn- WATER. 1. Peat bogs. -. Siiell marl. I!. Liu'ustrine and fluviatile marshes. 4. liiverllats (intervales). MARIN'H. 1. Estuarine flats. •2. Salt marshes. 3. Sand diuieti. Cliissincd list of (i('|i()»itf< I'xaiiiiiicd in (jiairict. M 2. 1. River terraces and kames of river valleys. 2. Stratified inland gravel, sand and clay, and kames of the higher levels. 1. Saxieava sand and Leda clay, and kames of marine origin. (The Saxieava sand and Leda clay often form sea-border terraces.) M 1. 1. Till or boulder clay, moraines and erratics. t brought Each of these formations, as it occurs in the di8ti'ict,will be described, and the locality and superficial extent defined on the map. It is perhaps necessary to state that the section of country included Difficulties in the maps is settled only along the coast and river estuaries, except investVgiftiona near the towns, where occasional back settlements have been established "' "*" ""«"»''• on the second and third tiers of lots. Hence it was impossible to cany out a detailed system of investigation as regards its surface geology in the interior, as only along streams and lumber roads could i.:m 1p Ih III Topoifrapliiciil fcuturcs, where and liy whom described. Rostifc'ouclic estuary. Baiodes Chalcurs. Heron Tshind. IJaie des Chalcurs a valley of erosion. 10 M NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. it bo penetrated and the character of these observed. From the exam- ination made, however, and the known distribution of the older rocks as mapped by R. W. Ells, of the Goolotfical Survey, it is believed tolerably correct knowledge regarding the interior, as well as along the coasts, has been obtained. Topographical and Physical Features. The main topographical features of the region under examination have been described in previous i-epoi-ts by different geologists. Sir W. K. Logan and Mr. Richardson each exploj-ed portions of the arou mapped, lying within the Pj-ovince of Quebec (Reports of Progress, 1844 and 1857-'58), and the results of their work are given in the Geology of Canada, 18(i3. In Prof. Hind's Preliminary Report on the Geology of New Brunswick, 18G5, the chief outlines of the topography of the northern counties are given ; but it is to the reports of Mr. i'^lU (Reports of Progress, ISTO-SO and 1880-81-82)), that we are mainly indebted for details regarding its orographical and geological features. The writer has also sketched some of the chief surface characteristics in report gu. (Annual Report, 1885); so that in view of what has alreaily been written respecting the region, it is unnecessary to do more at present than recapitulate the chief points in the descriptions referred to. The more salient features are the Baie des Chaleurs basin and the estuary of the Restigouche, the former merely a prolongation and expansion of the latter. The estuary mentioned is a shallow basin about twenty-two miles long and from one to thi-ee miles wide, lying in an east-and-west direction (magnetic) and surrounded by hills of trap rock which rise fiOO to 1,000 feet above sea level. The Baie des Chaleurs is a broad sheet ofwater, the general dii'cctioii of which is nearly east-and-west, occupying a trough about seventy-live miles long and fifteen to twenty-five miles wide. Itsgeneral deptli can be seen from an inspection of the map. There is a gradual doseeiit in the contour lines of its bottom eastward, and the dejith intrea>es beyond its mouth, for, outside of the Orphan Bank, the lead goes down, according to the charts, 450 feet or more. This beautiful expanse of water is without rock or shoal, and lias only one solitary isle — Heron Island — lying off the coast of Resti- gouche county. The hydrographical basin of the Baie des Chaleurs is in icaiit\' a wide valley of erosion originally formed in the Silurian rocks, which has been partially filled in to a height of 200 to 300 feet above the presefat sea level by Devonian and Carboniferous sediments. Tlie.se CHALMERS. ] TOPOGRAPHICAL AND PHYSICAL FEATURES. 11 M again were subjected to extensive denudation. Indeed the existing physical features are largely the result of erosive agencies continued since iSo des the land first rose above the sea, although the mountains and table iiia"r?ct"how lands are undoubtedly due to original disturbances and uplifts of t^jg '"'""""''"b- strata. Erosion has, however, been more ett'ective in wearing down the rocks, especially the Lowei- Carboniferous, on the south side of the Bale des Chaleurs than on the north. Fi-ora the patches. and remnants of these found occupying sinuses and small marginal areas all around the coast, it is evident the whole basin of this sheet of water has been skirted and, perhaps, pjartially filled in with them, the chief portion of which has since been denuded. In general, the surface of the land may be said to slope upwards from Slopes ami the shores of the Bale des Chaleurs on all sides to an elevation of 1000 feet or more, although within the limits of the maps reaching that height only in the west and north. The 200 I'eet contour line, mark- ing approximately the upper limit of the marine deposits, gives an idea of the slope near the coast, but the general appearance of the country on either side of the bay is quite ditferent. Along the ]?estigouche Elver and in the region west of the Cascapedia Eivor embiaced in the maps, the chief portion is a table land, intersected by numerous deepxabio lands, river gorges and ravines, the average elevation of which is about 1,000 feet above the sea. Mountains 1,200 to 1,500 feet high, or more, how- evei', occasionally loom up, and a bold escarpment here faces the estu- ary of the Restigouche and the Bale des Chaleurs. Kast of Casca- pedia Eiver, the coast district, although not so high as that just re- t'errotl to, nevertheless maintains an elevated, undulating aspect, ex- hiliiting steep banks and ditfs along the shore in many places, with a surtiieo behind, which, generally speaking, ascends till it merges into the table lands along the watershed of the peninsula. On the New Brunswick side of the bay, to the south and south-east ^'•'"/"'^t'"' <>'' •' ' surtiice (in of the Dalhousie or Restigouche hills, the land is comparatively low, *:"".t|>^''ic of with gentl}' rising, uniform, or slightly undulating contours, and i.s flmieurs. witlioiit any eminences^ except the Blue Mountains near Jacquet River. This area has evidently undei-gone great and prolonged denudation, especially near the coast, for, although the rocks are much disturbed, the strata in many places crumpled and upturned vertically, they never- theless exhibit a comparatively even surface. To the south-east of the Bale des Chaleurs stretches the great Car- honiferous plain of New Brunswick. It is a flat disti'ict, whose sur- face within the area mappeil does not exceed 200 to 300 feet above sea level, the strata being comparatively undisturbed, and sloping very gently down beneath the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A number of important rivers debouch into the Bale des Chaleurs, ofnivcrs. -Mm -.Via .fum ■■ij m •M> ■ IS I' M H 31 Wi llli: -,: 1 ■:. Elevations along Resti- gouoho River and in the interior. 12 M NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. which the chief are Restigouche and Nepisiguit in New Brunswick, and Great and Little Cascapedia and Bonaventure in Quebec. In the table land referred to, these have cut deep trenches into the strata, and produced marked features in the landscape. On the lower grounds, however, the river valleys are comparatively shallow, but most of them have been filled to a greater or less depth, especially the estuarine portions, with till and stratified beds, during the glacial period and since. The elevations of certain points along some of these rivers, and of the adjacent country, as measured by aneroid, may here be stated. They are in al! cases above sea level. Along the Eestigouche estuar}-, on both sides, the hills are 500 to 1000 feet ; mouth of Metapedia, 20 feet; hills in this vicinity, COO to 000 feet; mouth of Upsalquitch, .38 feet; general level here about the same as at Metapedia; Red Pine Brook, 170 feet ; hills and general level near here, 700 to 900 feet ; mouth of Patapedia, 220 feet ; general level of country near river val- ley, 750 to 000 feet, but rising to 1000 or 1200 feet at some distance north of it ; confluence of Patapedia and Awaganaseos branch, OGO I'eot ; general height of country here beyond valley, 1200 to 1500 feet ; mouth of Quatawamkedgewick, 327 feet; hills near river, 600 to 750 feet; mouth of States Brook, on last mentioned river, 5G7 feet ; height of measured hill here, 1300 feet, others rising 1400 to 1500 feet ; Resti- gouche River, at limits of map, below mouth of Gounamitz, 3S0 feet; hills on both sides, (iOO to 700 feet. On the Upsalquitch, mouth of Roland's Brook, is 117 feet, and confluence of north-east and north branches, 180 feet; general level of country in immediate vicinity of latter point, 500 to (iOO feet. From these altitudes, it will be seen the country drained by the Restigouche rises towards the sources of the Patapedia and Quatawamkedgewick, and the lowest part is alonu: the main river and the Upsalciuitch. The maps show the elevations at all accessible points. Some changes seem to have taken place in the coui-ses of a few of have been discovered, especially on the north side of the Baie des Chaleurs. These, and others not previously noted, are included in the following table. Their courses are all referred to the true meridian. V [;ii ■■Aim ■mm it ■•■ '-mi mk i ■■ '' III',;'-; teli;'- if^-uvj \ ■ m ^ v.- "V: M 14 M NOBTHERN NEW BEUNSWIOK AND SOUTH-EASTEaN QUEBEC. No. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Localities. Course of Striio.ito. Gloucester Couxtv, N. B. At Bass River Mills, along Caraquetto Railway . In Middle River settlement, on road side In Dumfries settle't, on central E. and W. road . " in another place on same road, In Robertvilli!, on westernmost N. and S. road . , At Belledune, near P. 0., on bank of shore Restigouciie County, N. B. In Archibald settlement, near school house " in another place on main road . In both of these places the sloss'snte of the rock is to the S. W. At Benjamin River, on bye-road to second con- cession lots In Quatawamkedgewick River valley, 3 miles below mouth of MclJougall's Brook. Grooves and striae The .strife are parallel to that j)art of the river valley in whic^li they occur. Till rests on the rock surface, but is now being rapidly worn away by the river (see section under head of till or boulder-clay). BOXAVENTUUB CoUNTV, QlEnKC. N. 22° E. N. 46° E. N. 56° E. N. 46° E. N. 8(>° E. S. 54° E. N. 12° E. N. 21° E. N. 76° E. S. 38° E. Near Maguasha Point, I'ochcn moutonvim S. 68° E. On E. side of Nouvelle Valley, on road to Parker settlement S. 24° E. On road to St Louis Mountain settle't. Grooves. . S. 44^ E. Ice in two last mentioned localities evidently flowed from table land along gorges into Nou- velle estuary and into AV. end of Baie des Cha- leurs, coalescing with glacier of Restigouche valley. At Black Cape, along road in several j)laces, roclics moutonnees, grooves and striic S. 42° E. These striit, etc., have been produced by a body of ice wliicii movtul down tlio (.'ascapedia valley into the liaie des Chaleurs basin. At Port Daniel Mountain, roclics moutonneSs, and grooves, s(i>sK-mti; N.W g. 46° E. On ^iccond ritlge E. of Port Daniel River, along road in several places I S. 44° E. At Point Maquereau, on road leading to light J bouse and along main road in several places . ! S. 44° E. The glaciers producing those striif.' have evi-; dently debouched into the open bay. J, a a, N. N.E. N.E. N.E. N.E. N. N. N. N. S.E. S. E. S. E. S. E. S. s. ]•:. S. E. 30 250 250 20() 275 200 520 200 700 700 250 S. E. 300 225 300 » (- . ^ni « 01 f. .a (Mne instances, inexplicable, and encourages the belief that the laws or j'|^|^'[j','^y^*^j iii;oncies governing their distribution are yet but very imperfectly S'"*-"''' ''''""".""^ uiulerstood. In the Middle Carboniferous district east of Bathurst, ■'^"'•«»- they are scattered about in such profusion as to give rise to the ojiinion that domes or bosses of the parent i-ock must have protruded through tiu'se strata in places at or iinmediatel}' prior to the glacial period, although they cannot now bo seen. Near Black J^ock on the road from rol . :m Stratitictl inlanilgriivol, sand and clay, wliere found- Everywhere outside of tho river valleys, above the 200 feet contoiu' line, deposits of stratified gravel, sa:.d and clay occur, forming (he largest portion of the cultivable soil within the area mapped. F'jv the most part, these beds aro quite thin, usually resting on the till or rock debris; baton slopes and in hollows they are often a foot or more in thick- ness, constituting lenticular sheets, more especially the clayey portion, which appears to have been washed down from the hills and lidges CHALMERS.] STRATIKIEO INLAND GRAVEI,, SAND AND CLAY. 21 M whorovor tlioro aro rollinjif or uneven HurfaeoH. The chief a^ont How formed, in Htrntifying or romodollin^ those from prc-oxlHting beds wa8, no doubt, tlio waters rosultiiig from the molting of tho snow and ico of tlic glacial period, at or near its doso. In certain hoUowH, lakes or ponds oxisteil at that time, which have since dried up from drairuigo or evaporation. Streams also flowed through nearly all the minor valleys then, where now they may be seen only for a short time during tho molting of each winter's snow. Those would be important agents in remodelling thi' surface materials. Over a large part of I he ilistrict mentioned, liowever, these iidand surface deposits are really till, or tho rock debris trom which till is derived, with the upper portion oxidized and partially modified through atmospheric action such as rain, frost, melting snow, ote., and by the rooting of plants and their decay. Wherever the surface was irregular, these agencies, by loosen- ing tho soil, would keep it in such a condition that it could be readily moved from higher to lower levels by ordinary' sub-ierial processes, so that, in tho lapse of agos, these apparently insigrdticant means would result in changes of great importance as regards those surface bods. As illustrating tho character and depth of these iidand tleposits, the follow- ing sections may bo instructive : — 1. At tho confluence of tho Metapodia and liestigoucho rivers, in a fj^raViHeu ^ hillside, a stream of M'ater from a bursting resei'voir cut a channel into ',"''"".' , ' f (ll'pdSltrf lit tlie suri'ace beds six to ton feet deep, exposing the rock surface beneath, JM«t»i'edia, which was not glaciated, and affording a good section. The principal mass was seen to be local rock debris, unstratified, and apparently fiirmod m situ. The uppermost twelve to fifteen inches were, however, (ixidizod and jjartly stratified from the materials sliding down hill. 2. In St. Alexis settlement, which has a rolling surface 800 to 1000 St. Alexis, feet above tho sea, the deposits are : — (1) Stratified sand, gravel, or clay on the surface, from two or throe inches to a foot or more in thickness. (2) Till in places, but sometimes rock debris restinj; on the upturned ra^'^ed edges of tlie fragile, decaying Silurian slates. The till, oxi- dized on tlie surface, seems to cover, indeed, a large part of tlie district. )!. On a hill behind Paspebiac, 210 feet high, tho surface deposits Puspobiac. arc somewhat similar, viz : — (1) A few inches to a foot or more of oxidized and motlified rock debris finely comminuted by atmospheric action, and in places stratified. (!.') Decayed rock niaterial.derived from the underlying Lower Carbonif- erous sandstones, which, for the most part, has been changed to till by glacial action. TIT El t: * JI "'':'#& ;:#■»'* 'I .1 :. 22 M NfillTllERN NEW HIIUNHWK'K AND HuUTIl-EAHTEUN yUEUEC. River Terraces. River torracci. The rivor valleyH in this district uro all tori-iiccd tliroii/^hout at varioiiH lioi^htH, tlio torrncnis all corrospondiiij^ in sizo with tlio rivers, UH stutod in previous rcportH, except near their nioutliH, whore they are of marine I'orniation. The Ilestigonche and its larger alliiients, and the NouvoUo, Cascapoilia, Hotiuvcntiire, etc., oxhiltit terraces of greater or' Oooiirronco of h>ss extent, On th'j Restigoiiche, the highest are at the t'ollowiiiir tornioesiilciiKC , . Hisstiuoiirlio placoH, (the heights, unless otherwise mentioned, having reference Id River anil Its , „ , , ' f briificiiL!'. tiiat of the river at the nearest point). 1. Rod Pino Brook, a terrace HO to 30 feet, another HO to 40 feet high. Those are narrow and somewhat uneven. 2. Mouth of I'atapcdia on loft baidv, a terrace 50 foot high. ii. On opposide side of Rostigouche, a terrace tlireo-([uarfersofa mile long, kamc-liko, and also about 50 feet high. This terrace extends up the Restigoiiche valley, on one side or the other, nearly to White's Rrook. 4. Opposite Stillwater Brook, terraces are seen 20 to 30 feet high, forming the point in the river bond hero. 5. In (iuatawainkedgewick valley, below Falls Brook, terraces ai'c seen 20 to 30 feet high. None higher than these occur on this river. (J. On Pata])edia, the terraces do not exceed 20 to 30 feet in licigiii, and are all narrow. 7. Terraces near the mouth of Upsalquitch, on that river, are 20 to 40 feet high. Further up they are usually lower, except at the upper falls, six to seven miles below Upsabjuitch Lake (see preliminary ro- roportuci. Annual Report, 1885). Along Metapodia River terraces occur at tho mouth of Assometcpiagan twenty to tliirty feet high, but narrow. At Milnekik branch they are thirty to thirty-tive feet high, and extend along Metapedia one to two miles. Above that, to Asscmet(iuagan station, Intercolonial Railway, they are narrow and not more than ten to twenty-tive feet high. J^o notowortb}' river terraces were observed on other rivei's within tho limits of tho maps; and the above represent the highest in the district, except it bo at waterfalls. AIarink Terraces and Kames. {Saxicava Sand and Leda Clay). Marine or sea-border terraces wore met with all around the Baicdcs Chaleurs, anil often extending uj) river valleys many miles. Tlio Restigouche exhibits these formations as far up as the confluence ot the Upsalquitch, thirty-six miles from its mouth, and tho Metapcdi;i, Marine terraces . .;{;:'-| ifi-. i-J '•] MAIUNK TGURAOKS AND KAMGS. 23 m iis fur as MillMtroam hniiirh. Tlu' Casciipodia, Nouvdlo, and Hoiia- wikto found. vctitui'O vall(«3-M art- likowino tcrracod with marino deposits I'or cm insider- ul)lo distances, the fornuT ospociaily i)eyon(i tlio limits of the map. A marked dill'oi'Miee exists between these and river terraces as [limrpnc*! ic''ariis elevation and ai-ea. For example, on the IJestiL'oiicho and its nmrim- and ■^ . river Irrriii't'!'. iiillucnls, no river terraces occur hif^her than 4(1 to !")<• feet aliove liie stream alonjL^sideof them; htit asweapproach its mouth, esjiecially within live to tifteen miles of tide head, we find marine terraces 150 Icct high or more. The same distinction holds i^ood with relercnco to liver atid marine torraceson tiieNoiivelle, Cascajiediaand iJonavcntiire rivers. These elevated terraces, althou/.jh formed in estuaries or tidal inlets during the Post-Tertiary suhmergenco, and loveied off by the sea, have nevertheless derivi'd the material which composes them from , llie rivers ; in other words, tiiey have been formoil of river detritus at ()!• near the head of tidal wateis during tiio I'ost-Tortiary subsidence. The terraces found around the coast of the liaio desL'halours lilvewisoMn,,,rii,i, consist of the debris of the rocks within its drainage basin, and have ",',;',)jg',',f" ""' been modelled cliietly by the sea. No well detined ones were observed at '"'•""'"""• !\ greater elevation than 175 to 200 feet above tide level, unless it may be some occurring at Port Daniel, described below. Fossils arc found ill iicai'ly all these terraces, being most abundant, however, aiound th'.' mouth of rivers, and within the area of the Silurian limestone. Marino terraces are invariably formed of (1) S.vxicova sand, which snxieiivn sunil changes on the one band into a coarse gravel or d'jti'itus with small iMiiilders, und on the other, to tine sand without admixture of other iiiiiieiial ; (2) Lcda clay, fossiliferous in the uppermost strata, the wlmle usiuUly resting on till, rock debris, or occasionallv on kames. Over a largo ])art of the area under review, these marine deposits Aiisence of (Saxicava sand and J.edu clay), are not regularly terraced, however, tirmcc's iiionc 1 . .1 • I i' 1 1 . xi ' / /• »i 1 1 1 I'liiL-it ill cor'ain Ijiit occur as tnin or lenticular sheets U|jon the suriace of the boulder- lomiiitiu.-. (liiy, or rotted rock material, as the case may bo. And, although from the elevations of the terraces under discussion it is evident the sea has invaded the region to a height of about 200 feet above tho existing sou level, yet long stretches cf tho coast area below the 200 feet contour line bear no traces of submergence. Certain tracts (m tho New Brunswick side of tiie Bav may be mentioned, as for examploi (1) between Jacquet and Tete-i-gaucho rivers, and (2) oast of Bathurst to the limits of the map. These 8lo])0 down to the shore, and are un- tenaccil, except at the mouths of the rivers and brooks. In Bonaven- ture county a similar want of terracing is apparent in many localities. The tacts tend to show that terracing has taken place, as stated, chiefly at 01' near tho mouths of rivers, and that these have supplied the prin- cipal portion of the material. ■■: i ;ii Mi ■ ii. H jj m r Section of marine deposita. Leda clny resting on till. Description of marine terraces. Batliurst. Jiicquet River. Charlo River. Along Re!tigoucho River, south Bide. Rannymcde. Metiipoiiia River. 24 M NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. In the unteiTaced coast areas, below the 200 feet level, the beds, so far as examined, connist of the following series: — 1. Saxicava sand or (jravel, with boulders and travelled blocks of various sizes. Deposit (generally thin. 2. Leda clay; thin but sometimes in lenticular sheets of a few feet in thickne.ss. Seldom containing fossils. 3. Boulder clay or rock debris, of various dopths. Often, however, one or the other of the series is wanting. A fine example of Leda clay overlying and resting on til!, the latter with a smoothed surface, can be seen at Miller's Crossing, Intercolonial rail- way. Following is a description of the principal marine ten-aces. The elevations are referred to high tide level, and the courses of karaes, etc. to the true meridian. 1. Extensive terraces occur around Bathurst harbour, stretching east- ward to Salmon Beach, and westward to Peter's River, occuj)ying an area of not less than twenty-Hve squaie miles. They are considcrabU' denuded by the four rivers which here ilow into this harbour ; but the elevation of the upper ones is 125 to 175 feet, reaching 190 feet in the rear of St. Ann settlement, and along Tete-tVgauche River. Fossils are found in them at Bathurst and Tete-tVgauche. 2. Around the mouth of Jacquet River and extending westward to Nash's Creek and some distance beyond it, a series of terraces occurs, the highest of which is 150 to 175 feet. These are likewise much denuded. Fossils at Jacquet River and Louison Brook. 3. Well-defined terraces occur around the mouth of Charlo River, rising, at the distance of two miles from the shore, to a height of 150 feet, and in Mountain Brook settlement, between Charlo and Eel rivers, 165 feet. Fossils. 4. In the Restigouche valley (south side) terraces occur in the fol- lowing places: — At Campbellton, 10 to 30 foct high, with fossils; at Christopher's Brook, extending up that stream to Glencoeand Glenlivit settlements, the highest one being at the end of the Glencoe road, b'^" to 200 feet; at Flatlands, along roail to Glenlivit settlement, anotiicr 160 feet high, and at Dawsonvale a nai-row one 180 to 190 feet high, a short kame parallel to Rafting-ground Brook standing upon it. 5. Returning, on the north side of the Restigouche valley we find at Runnymede a series of terraces along the fiice of the slope bchiud the flat which occurs here, 75 to 90 feet high ; three to four miles fur- ther down, another series, the highest about 90 feet, with fossils {Mya and Macoma) in lower ones; at mouth of Metapedia, several terraces. Fossild. (See Annual Report, 1885, p. 45 go., for section of those.) 6. Along Metapedia River, opposite mouth of Mill-stream, a ter- CHALMERS.] MARINE TERRACES AND KAMES. 25 m 15iittcry Points. race occurs 70 to 75 feet above that river, or about 200 feet above the sea, extending along the valley several miles, although not more than 100 to 200 yards in width. If this terrace was iormed when the Mctapedia valley was flooded by the sea, as is assumed, it marks the upper limit of the Post-Tertiary submergence here. Farther down tlic valley lower terraces skirt it on one side or the other till it joins the Restigouche. 7. Just below the mouth of Sellar's Brook, a terrace 175 to 180 feetSciinr's Brook 1.1 1 ■ .1 '° Bourdo. high occurs, and othei-s are seen stretching along the river a mile or two farther down ; also at the mouth of Little River and at Bourdo, terraces are found at difliercnt elevations, but none high. S. At Oak and Battery Points terraces 150 feet high lie behind thcOnkand^ kamo seen at these places. Fossils. !). Terraces are met with at Harrison's Brook and along the shore Seimmenao towards Scaumenac River ; also, up the river about three miles, one 140 to 150 foet high was seen. 10. On the west side of Nouvcllo valley, along the main road, three N(„ivciie well-formed terraces wore observed, the highest 150 feet. ThcBo extend^" "^' down river two miles or more ; also, two to two and a half miles above the middle bridge, on the east side, another a mile or more in length and about 125 feet high ; and a third behind kame No. 3, described below, stretching towards foot hills at a height of 80 to 100 feet. Otliei' lower terraces intervene on river-ward side of kame. 11. lichiiid Shoolbrcd, terraces skirt the base of the mountains atshoolbred. variims elevations, but none exceed in height those just described. 12. Two to three miles westof Carleton a terrace 125 to 140 feet high carleton. is seen lictwoen a rocky ridge and the mountains. 13. East of Carleton,extensive tei-races extend from the lagoon inside Carleton Point ,, -, , -1-, . HI- . . .1 1 n 1 1 t" Maria. 01 t.arleton Point to Maria, six or seven miles, and irom the shore back to the foot-hills (see map) ; height 130 to 140 feet. The highest or outer margin of these forms kame No. 4, called Maria Capes. Along base of mountains another narrow terrace rises to a height of 175 feet. Fossils. 14. Behind Maria P.O., along Green's Brook, extensive terraces like- Green's Brook. wise occur at elevations of (1) 50 to 75 feet, (2) 110 feet, and (3) 175 feet, the latter close to foot-hills. 15. At IMue Lakes, Irish town, ten-aces 150 to 175 feet high are irishtown. t'oiinii, in which some of these lakes lie. They extend along the banks of Mandorson's Brook and around certain hills between that and Cas- capetlia River, (see map). If). Extensive terraces border the Cascapedia River as far up as the c„j,e„pe(iia limits of the map, and beyond it, the highest rising 150 to 175 feet^'"'"'- above sea level. The terrace on the left bank for five miles up from ^ i 1 I ;l ti ;'f r f Little Ca.icapcdia River. C'apelin. Bonaventure River. Port Daniel. Ansp u 111 liiirljc. Marino kames Rcsti(toueho kamc. Battery Point. Nouvelle. Maria. 26 M NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND SOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC. the river's mouth has been cut into u magnificent kame (kame No. 5). lY. Terraces occur on the left bank of Little Cascapedia Eiver, three miles up from the main post road, 150 to 180 feet high. 18. Behind Capelin wide terraces were seen at different elevations, highest 190 feet. Some of these are, in reality, benches made in the Lower Carboniferous rocks, but are, nevertheless, covered by water- worn gravel. 19. Along Bonaventure River, west side, wide terraces, 05 to 75 feet high, extend ; and on east side, going up the road to back settlements, four teriaces wore seen in succession, ut heights of 50, 70, 100 iiiid 150 feet, the last one narrow. 20. On the west side of Port Daniel, terraces occupy a considerable area, the highest of which are 225 to 240 feet. They are undeiiiiid by Lower Carboniferous rocks, however, and their terraced appearance may be owing to the horizontality of these; but they certainly have rolled, watei'-worn gravel on their summits. No fossils were found in them. 21. At Ansc a la Barbe, a terrace was observed 100 to 125 feet liigii,. much denuded by the stream. Many others, not here noted, occur in the district, but the foregoini,' will exemplify the e.xtent and elevation of the marine terracing, and the subsidence the region underwent during the Post-Tertiary period. Marine Kames. These kames, which usually occur along with the terraces last de- scribed, have boon met with in the following localities : — 1. The Eestigouchc kame extends along the coast from Charlo River to Nash's Creek. (For description, see Annual Report, 1885, p. 30 c, a.) 2. A kame about one and a half miles long extends from Oak Bay to Battery Point, in the Eestigouche estuary; course about N. SO li ; height 150 to 175 feet. Eiver-ward face steep, but inner side slopes awa}' towards hills at a low angle. It consists of a series of luiminouks. 3. In Nouvelle valley, a kame stretches from the E. C. Church to the river's mouth, three and a half to four miles ; course S. 50° K. or par- allel to valley ; height, 80 to 100 feet. Eiver-ward face steep. This kame is really the high outer margin of a terrace. 4. This kame, like the last, is also the high border of a wide terrace, and consists of a series of hummocks stretching along the coast between Maria and Carleton, a distaace of fully five miles. Course nearly S. W. and N. E. ; height 140 to 150 feet. These ridges and hummocks are widest at the northern end. 5. This kame, already referred to, which extends along the east side k chalme:;S.] RIVER FLATS OR INTERVALES. 27 m of the Cascapedia for five miles, is the finest in the Baie des Chaleurs basin. Course ?^. and S. ; height 100 to 150 feet. It is wider and higher at the upper end and terrace-like in places, being, in fact, a denuded terrace, worn away by the river on one side, and by several small streams, tributary to it, on the other. These, as the land emerged from the Post-Tertiary sea, flowed in a direction nearly paral- lel to the river for some distance, eroding the east side of the kame. 6. Between two small lakes behind New Carlisle, the largci- of which New Carlisle. is called Dark Lake, a kame extends one and a half to two miles, hold- ing up the watei's of the other fifteen feet above it. Course N. 75° E. Height of Dark Lake, 160 feet. Gravel ridges or kames, the summits of which are 190 to 200 feet high, encompass these lakes. EiVER Flats or Intervales. These formations embrace the lowest of the terraces or steps along Kiver flats, liver banks, and are distinguished from the latter, on account of their and. mode of being annually or periodically overflowed by freshets. They seldom rise more than eight or ten feet above the ordinary summer level of the rivers, and are capped by loam of vaiied texture, from a few inches to several feet deep. In some of the lower intervales, nothing, except the loam, is visible; but in making openings in them, gravel beds, and in some cases, clay, are found underneath. They occur in all river valleys above tidal waters. Those flats which are met with near the mouths of rivers, below the 200 feet contour line above sea level, are, however, partly of cstuarine and partly of fluviatile origin. During the Post- Tertiarv subsidence, marine beds consisting of Leda clay and Saxicava sand, often holding sea shells, were deposited in river valleys above existing tidal waters in what were then estuaries ; but on the emer- gence of the land subsequently, the rivers again flowed over these estuarinc bottoms, eroding them and depositing sand, loam, etc., upon them ill certain places. Sections of these flats would show the strati- tied portion of the beds to consist of: (1) loam or fine sand, (2) I'iver j^^^j^j^^ ^^j. gravel, (;{) .Saxicava sand, (4) Leda clay, etc. They were generally of these, wider area than those intervales solely of fluviatile formation occurring in the interior, and comprise the very best farming land in the district. Along the rivers within the region mapped, the most extensive inter- River flats on vales, altogether of fluviatile origin, are found on the upper Eesti- and 'other ° gouche at the confluence of the larger tributaries, such as the Quataw- "^''"" iimkedgowick, Patapcdia, Upsalquitch, etc. As they are met with, however, on almost every river and stream of any size, only the largest and most important will be hero described, and all river-flats will be classed together in this report, reference being made particularly to those underlain by marine deposits : — ■ t 'U \ i I? ^?>. i . ■ f II '■■ BHI'' * 1 M^^l ', 1 i ^H i hhIJu ^^H III I^^^H^B rn 1 ;' Tt'tc-i\-gaucho River. Marino and fluviiitilc Huts (intervales) aldiiB the Kestiffouclio River. Nouvclle. Cascapedia. Little Cascapodia. Bonarenture. Port Daniel. 28 m NOniHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND 80UTH-KA8TERN QUEBEC. 1. Near the mouth of the TSte4-gauche River, at Somorect Vale farm, excellent intervales, dotted with elms, maples and clumps of spruce, may be seen. These have marine beds underneath. 2. In the Restigouche valley, fine intervales occur at Athol House, Flatlands, Metapedia and Runnymede, which are partly marine, while others, altogether of fluviatile origin, were observed at Deeside, Pata- pedia, Tracy Brook, Quatawamkedgcwick, etc., being usually of greater extent at the mouths of these affluents. In many places, these flats are half a mile or more in width, and form excellent soil. Along the chief tributaries of the Restigouche, flats of considerable area likewise occur, but usually narrower than on the main river. On the Upsulquitch, near its mouth, a fine intervale two to three miles long was seen, and another occurs at the confluence of the north branch. 3. In Nouvello valley an excellent intervale stretches from tide-head three to four miles up, beyond which there is a constriction in the val- ley. Above this another occurs, called the "big flat." 4. Along the Cascapedia, intervales and islands extend as far up as the limits of the map and beyond it. They comprise a number of good farms, and are ncai-ly all cleared and occupied. 5. A wide flat is found on the cast side of the Little Cascapedia, ex- tending up the valley as far as the road goes. (See map.) The intervales described as occurring along the last three rivers, con- sist of Leda clay and Saxicava sand overlain by \oiim of tluviatile for- mation. ii. Along Bonaventure River intei-vales stretch from the head of the tide, at a varying width, to within a shrincipiii cipal places where they have been noted arc : — wTci. "''""' 1. In Pokeinouche Harbour, skirting the shore. 2. At Point Mizzenette, inside Caraquette Harbour. 3. In Bathurst Harbour, covering nearly the whole basin. •1. Inside of Restigouche estuary, from Point La Lime to tho head of the tide, and occupying a large ])art of this area. 5. In Cascapedia Bay and estuary, also at mouth of Little Cascapedia Elver. (J. At mouth of Bonaventure Rivoi', and T. Around the Port Daniel basin, in marginal flats. These estuarine flats, more especially at Pokemouche and at the Restigouche and Caacapedia Rivers, form feeding grounds for the wild geese and brant (Bemicla Canadensis and B. brenta) which frequent this region in great numbers every spring and autumn. Agricultural Character, Flora, Fauna, etc. A general description of tho agricultural character of northern New AKricuiturai Brunswick was given in the preliminaiy report already several times «'Bion: where cited, and the geological relations and mode of origin of the soils and subsoils discussed in some detail. It was shown that the passage of gla- ciois over this region, from west to east, had distributed large quanti- .■'! i : 11 :Ji n ■ ti'i'' 1 aratel3-, showing, as nearly as possible, tho relations existing between it and the 8U])erincumbont soil. Tho Silurian being the largest and most im- portant arei\, a description of the soil resting upon these rocks will tirst claim attention. l i'-i, •*! ifi'i' mi Elevation, extent and qiiulity of Silurian uiilanil?. Settlements esriililislied on tliem. St. Alexis, progress of. CltAUACTEK OV SlLUUIAN Ui'LANIJS. The general aspect of the surface over all this largo tract on both sido of the Bale des Chaleurs and Eestigouche valley, is rolling, but il is deeply trenched by the rivers and sti-oams which traverse it. As hits been stated in previous ro])orts, the portion of these uplands lying iioith and west of the liostigoiicho is almost entirely a table-land, varyiiiN' in elevation from 800 or 'JOO foot to 1500 foot abovo soa-lovcl, the heigiit, increasing northwards. Tracts of comparatively level Itmd are, how- ever, tbund between the river valleys on which tho .soil is often deep, generally I'ree from stones, and fertile, the materials of which it is com- posed liaving been derived, in a large measure, from the rotting oiilic underlying Silurian slates. Unfortunately, not much ])rogross has yet been made in forming settlements upon those Silurian uplands, their romotoness, want ofroivls, and other drawbacks operating agtiiiist it. In Eestigouche county, two or three settlements have been located upon them, however, and although meeting with difficulties and adverse circumstances at tirst, have recently been more successful. These are Balmoral, Blair Athol, Bocketville, etc., in which, it may be reiiiaikcd, the soil, although fertile, is somewhat stony, owing to their proximiiy to large trap dykes, and not by any means to be compared in agricul- tural value to that of the lai-ger area of these lands in the interior. The people in these settlements are now, howevei-, making substantial progress, the land, in addition to its good quality, being well wooded and watered, and having good natural drainage. In Bonaventure county, a thriving new settlement called St. Alexis, CHALMERR.] CHARACTER OF SILURIAN UP'ANDS. 33 M has been cstabliHhed on these table-lands, about seven miles west of the mouth of Metapodia River. Here, thoir height is 900 to 1000 feet above the sea, and the surfiaco is undulating and comparatively free from boulders. While the clearings were small and confined, summer frosts prevailed to some extent ; but latterly, these have not recurred 80 frequently, owing, probably, to the larger acreage of cleared land admitting a freer circulation of air. Indeed, it may be stated as a rule, that summer frosts occur oftener in valleys, and especially along water courses at some distance from the sea coast, than on these table-lands. A greater drawback is the increased quantity of snow which falls there, compared with that of the coast district, and which usually remains later on the ground in spring. Grain is later in maturing also, especially wheat; but all kinds of crops grow well. Upwards of one hundred families have taken up farms in this settle- ment, and are industrious and hopeful. Settlements have been located also at Little River and in one or two localities east of the Nouvelle valley, which are fairly prosperous, but they do not appear to have thriven like St. Alexis. Limestone is abundant in the Silurian area, and deposits of shell- marl occur in certain localities; but the former is burned only in small quautities, and is very seldom applied to the land. Only at Port Daniel is limestone quarried to any considei-able extent, and fi-om there it is shipped to Prince Edward Island, to be used chiefly for fer- tilizing purposes. The chief trees found growing on the drier parts of the Silurian up- lands, are, in the order of tbeir relative abundance, as follows : — Summer frosts and snow-fall. Little River and Nouvelle. Limestone and ghell-marl in Silurian area. Chief trees on Silurian uplands. 2 to 2 J feet in diameter above the roots. (I « K (I White spruce {Picea alba) Black birch {Bettda lenta) 2 to 3 Rock maple {Acer mccharinum) 2 to 2J Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) 1 to 2 White birch (Betula papyracea) 2 to 2J Do (B. alba, v&rpopvlifolia) 1 Yellow birch (J5. Zutea) ItolJ " " White pine {Pinm strobus) 2 to 3 " " Red pine (P. resinosa) 1 to 2 " " Heech (Fagu^ femiginea) lto2 " " Poplar (Populm tremulotdes) 2 to 2 J " " Do (P. grandidentata) 2 to 2 j " " Red oak [Quercus rubra) 3 to 6 inches " " Rowan tree (P(/7nM^mfirican«) 3to9 " " " Ground hemlock (Taxug baccata) 1 inch or less " '* On the lower grounds and in swamps, the following species occur. They are also enumerated in the order of their abundance, the size given being the maximum attained : — 3 Trees on lower grounds. 1%: ft if- ll : •'',51 If \KI\t H ■ ; : i r?i;'l Trees aloiiK blinks and intervales. 34 M NORTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK AND HOUTH-EASTERN QUEBEC . White cedar {Thuja occulentalin) 1 to 3 foet in diameter. Ilacmatac (Larix Americana) 1 to L'J " " Vfhita birch (Biiulapapyracea) 1 to 2 " " Wliito ash (I'VaxiniM Americana) 1 to '_'A " " Blucic as!) (F. mmbuci folia) I to IJ " " lied tnaph (Acer rubrum) ItolA " " Black spruce (Piceu »ii(;r(() 1 to li " " White spruce {P. aUja) 1 to 2 " Arrow-wood ( Viburnum) 2 or 3 species 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Along river banl■■ lJ 36 m noutiikrn new brirnhwick and soijtii-eastehn quebec. Kind ok Soil overltino Middle Carbonikerous Rooks. Kind of noil Rocks of tilis ago undorllc that part of the district cast of Salmon Curhoi!iro'ruu(( Beach, GloucoHtor county. The surface hero is also Hat, and the gunonil rooks. aspect of the country tame and monotonous, relieved, however, to some extent, by the boKl cliff's which face the Bale des Chaleurs at Now Bandon and Pokeshiiw. At Salmon Beach, the soil is clayey, boin^ composed of till underneath, with a fow inches of Loda clay ovor it. To the east of this, it is more gravelly or sandy as far as Grand Anso, wheio it again becomes partly of a clayey nature. This latter ciiar- aclor pi'ovalls, indeed, in many of the lower tracts bordering the ]iay and Gnlf, and especially in river valleys. In these, however, the soil is more or less loamy. In the districts occupied with clay deposits, the soil is genoi'iilly more or less impervious to water, and being flat, like that underlaid by Lower Carboniferous rocks, is also liable to bo wet in spring, and during rainy seasons. It is nevertheless excellent for hay and cereals, and when lime in sufficient quantities is ajiplied, is highly productive. The arenaceous tracts, on the contrary, constitute rather dry and hungry soils. Lime is the great desideratum for those, but more OMpe- cially for the clayey lands. A large part of eastern Gloucester is occupied with good arable land, which only requires pi oper cultivation to render it a desirable farming locality. At present, fishing and other occupations inteif'ere, to some extent, with successful agricultural pursuits. The construc- tion of the Caraquette Railway through it must enhance the value of land, however, affording, as it docs, increased facilities of transport for agricultural produce, freestone, fish, etc., so abundant here. Qood quality of land in eastern Gloucester. it Character of soil rcstiuK upon Cambro- Silurian and Pre-Cambrian. Soils upon Cambro-Silurian and Pre-Cambrian Rocks. The character of the soil resting upon the Cambro-Silurian in Glou- cester county was dcsci'ibed in some detail in the pi-eliminary report, 1885, and nothing further can bo added i-especting it. In general, it may be stated, the surface is boulder-strewn, and rock bosses are not infrequent; nevertheless, when cleared, the soil is found in many places to be deep and rich. At Point Maquereau, and behinil Port Daniel, the tract occupied by these and the Pre-Cambrian rocks is more elevated and rugged, and plentifully covered with boulders. Here, however, it is almost entirely unsettled. In regard to the districts underlaid by Pre-Cambrian rocks alone at Tete-i-gauche and Jacquet rivers, and at Point Macquereau, occupj ing as they do only limited areas, it does not seem necessary to refer to them in detail. W herever surface deposits are seen as solely, or in any CHAlMtRi.] FADNA. 37 M considorahlo part belonging to thorn, thoy form apoor, stony soil. Those lockH, have, however, furnished hirgo quantities of boulders and coarse material to the soils of contiguous districts. The trees found growinif upon the areas underlaid bj' the Carbon iferousTroi^ uiiun '' , , . ... • ( iirlMiniliTiiuH and other rocks arc much the same in regard to species and dimensions urtu. as those already enumerated as occurring on the Silurian, although Komowhat different in their numerical relation. On the Carboniferous, however, we find in addition, tho hemlock (Tswja Canadensis) H to 2^ feet in thickness above the roots ; l>lack spruce {Picca nigra), a larger tree, 1 to 2\ feet in thickness, and the scrub pine {Pinus Banksiana), a small tree, found on gravelly and sandy soils. The sweet fern (Myrica asjilenifolia) is mot with here only on the dry soil of the Carboniferous rocks. Fauna. From the fact that tho chief part of tho area under review ispauna. Htill covered by forests, it may be inferred hat animals, of which they form the habitat, are more numerous hei'^ thun in tho southern counties of New Brunswick, and such, in th«j (bourse of explora- tion, was found to bo the case. The moose (^4/ >ericanus), caribou, Animuis {naiujijer caribou), the boar {Irsus Amencanus), lynx (Lynx Ca/ia- forests. densis), fox ( Vulpes vulgaris), and tho fur-boaring species, such as the Ijoavcr, (Castor fiber), otter, (Lutra Canadensis), ])ine marten, or sable, {Miititela Americana), the tisher, or black cat, (M, Pennanfii), and the weasels (Putorius vulgaris), and P. ermineus, the mink (P. vison), tho skunk, {Mephitis mephitica), the little brown bat, (Vespirtilio subulatus), the eomnion mole, (Scalops aquaticus), flying squirrel {Sciuropterus mki'dUi), the common red squirrel, (Sciurus liudsonius), meadow mouse, {Arvicota riparius), musk rat, (Fiber zibethicus), porcupine, (Erethizon dormtus), and hare, (Lepus Americanus), are found in greater or less mimliei's. The llestigoucho and its tributaries are favourite hunting grouniis. Tho birds which frequent the province of New Brunswick are now being industriously studied by Mr. M. Chamberlain, of St. John, and other members of the Natural History Society, and a catalogue has been published (see Bulletin of tho Natu>'al History Society of N.B. Nos. I and II.) The common crow (Corvus frugivorus), tho robin, (Merula viigratoria), Bi,.jj_ besides the snow-birds usually observed, were seen in this district by tho vriter during the winter of 1885-86. The loon (Colymbus torquatus) frequents the open portions of the Bale des Chaleurs all winter. Fish of many ditferont kinds are proverbially abundant in the BaioFish. des Chaleurs ; and the Eostigouche, Nopisiguit, Cascapedia, etc., are I f 'It. : m ,1 .r: nd^ 1 .', ^fij li" .• ■ * Salmon nr.A trout. Fish in Baic dcs Chalcurs. Crustacean)'. Molluscaii fauna. Materials of economic importance! in the surface deposits. Brick-clay. Brick-kilns. 38 M NORTHEttN NEW BRUNSWICK AND S0CTII-EA8TERN QUEBEC. famous for walmon and trout. The smelt, (Osmerus mordax), which i.'s also anadromous, goes up these waters at certain seasons, and great (juantities are caught; indeed, smelt fishing has become an important industry of late years in the northern counties of Xew Brunswick during winter. Whiteftsh (Goregonus albiis) are occasionally seen in some of the upper branches of the Eestigoucho, but they are scarce. The common eel (Anguilla rostrata), is speared in great numbers in the muddy estuaries. The fish most abundant in the Bale des Chaleurs are well known, and need not be enumerated. The cod, mackerel, herring and capolin, the latter caught in great quantities along sand beaches and dunos with scoop-nets, and used for manuring the land, occur in great pro- fusion, and often swarm in its waters; while others, such as the halibut (Ilippoglossus vulgaris), the flounder, torn-cod, scuipin, etc., are also frequently caught. The basking shark,white wha\e,(Delphinapt8rus catodon) and the seal {Fhoca vftulina) are rarely scon. Of crustaceans, the lobster (Ilomanis Americanus) abounds all around the coasts. Of late years, however, owing to the groat numbers caught, it has become considerably depleted, and fishermen report it as much smaller than formerly. The crab (Cancer irroratus) is plentiful, and the squid (Ommatostrephesillecebrosa) is sometimes thrown up on tiio sliores of the south side of the Bale des Chaleurs; while the barnacle {Balaam balanoidesf) is found adhering to the rocks, etc., everywhere in littoral watcis. The Bale des (Jhaleurs also supports an auundant molluscan fauna, closely similar to that which inhabits the southern part of the Gulf of St, Lawrence, where dredgings wore made by Kv. Whiteaves sonic years ago. Materials ov Economic Importance in the Surface Deposits. The only materials of economic importance known to occur in tlie surface deposits of this disrrict are those which have been cui'soriiy referred to in previous pages, viz. : brick clays, shell marl and ])oat. Along with these may, perhaps, be classed fine sand, used in the manufacture of bricks and mortar, and gravels of difl'crent kinils suit- able for road-making, ballasting railways, etc. Brick-day is found in the Leda clay bods in numerous localities armind the Bale des Chaleurs ; and also of fluviatile formation in river vtil leys in the interior. The manufiactuio of bricks is, however, carried on hero merely to supply the local demand, which is not great. At Bathurst, a brick-kiln has been in operation for some years, and one was also started at Campbelltou, but work in the hitter place has recently been discontinued. SIATERIALS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN SURFACE DEPOSITS. 39 M Shell marl has been mentioned as occurring at Belledune, Charlosholi marls, unci New Eichmond ; and I ara informed it is also found in one of the" "" small lakes behind the town of New Carlisle. It is used to a limited ei'tent for fertilizing purposes and is said to be excellent for the heavier clay soils overlying the Lower and Middle Carboniferous ti-acts skirting the Bale des Chaleurs. Peat is found in numerous places, nearly all of which are enumerated Peat. on pages 29 and .SO m (this report). It has not yet, however, been utilized in any way in this district. Sands and gravels occur in ridges, tei'races and beaches, and as Snnds ami already stated, are everywhere abundant. Fine blown sand, of use '''^''^'"*' lor the purposes above mentioned, can be found at numerous points around the Bale des Chaleurs, especially in the modern beaches, being developed in great masses at Kel Eiver, Alston and Carron Points at Bathurst, Blue Cove and Point Mizzenette, Pokemouche, etc. It also occurs in the Saxicava sand deposits in various places. Gravel, suit- able for the purposes above i-eferred to, is found also in the Saxicava sand beds, particularly at Bathurst, Tete-a-ganche, New Mills, Chris- topher's Brook, etc. Pits (from which large quantities were taken) were opened in these and othei- localities during the construction of the Intercolonial railway. ■ 1 -'s SI aves so I no