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 1 
 
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 6 
 
LABORATORY 
 
 O* THE 
 
 INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT 
 
 OTTAWA, CANADA 
 1901 
 
 BULLETiisr :^^o. 79 
 
 OIL OP TURPENTINE 
 
il 
 
 15 
 
 4 i 
 
 1. 1, 
 if.' 
 
LABORATORY 
 
 or TUB 
 
 INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT 
 
 BULLETIN No. 79. 
 
 w. 
 
 OIL OF TURPENTINE. 
 
 , „ Ottawa, October 29, 1901. 
 
 J. Gbrald, Esq., 
 
 Deputy Miniater of Inland Revenue. 
 
 by parties engaged in the trade but fS!;. - ? • ^ *"' ""^'y'" 
 was not deei^Twi^ to un^t« f K^ "^^ •^"•« unknown it 
 
 recommend that a collection of H«i,i^« «lL,or>i § • *<^'«»*'le *« 
 
 ation, the results of which are <nv«n ;„ k- J. u *'»'"*««'» examm- 
 
 Hll fifty samples were SS of w>5k'^''V'^>"'*"''PP^'»'^'^- I" 
 adulte.4ted b^ the dTtn't anStku Mr mSi r„r^ ^"'""""''^ 
 «.x other eases, the genuine chaScter ^M^'.'^:7^irrX'' 
 would indicate that sixteen ner «.nf «* n. •! 77 aoubttul. This 
 the open market is Snited rLI.. rr "''.u' *'"T*''«ne sold in 
 tained by the parti^X hm,',„^f f J u*^' *'*^ suspicions enter- 
 the department. ^''^ **** '"^J^* **» the attention of 
 
 ^^ We to recommend the publication of this and Mr. McOill's 
 
 I have the honour to be, sir. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 THOMAS MACFARLANE, 
 
 Chie/ Analyst. 
 
r* 
 
 in 
 
 h 
 
 i-4 
 
 r' 
 l| 
 
 TABLE 
 Rmult* ut the Examiiution of 48 
 
 1901. 
 
 )une G 
 
 
 Nani« and 
 Addm* oi Vendor. 
 
 aOMU 1 qiuu-t 
 
 wono ., 
 
 20061 .. 
 
 1778511b.... 
 1778721ta... 
 
 3 19tO0 1 quart 
 
 19833 ,. 
 
 1U835 
 
 11' l!l837j " 
 n 19838! M 
 
 June 18 1983!) 
 
 M 18 19840 
 
 M 18 19841 
 
 .. 18 l!l«42 
 
 1.' * 
 
 • ct».OfieialAnalDtl,iff.BowtMin, 
 I Ualt/ajc, ir.S. 
 
 I Hali/fue, fT.S. 
 
 40jT. M. Power k Sonii, drug. 
 I lri>t«, (inttinfft-n street. 
 
 IHiW: B. Arthur ft Co., hard- 
 ware nierchantn. 
 
 35 A. A. ThomiiKin, druggiat, 
 ArriooU atreet. 
 
 SI. John, N.B 
 
 75 The MuDiarmid I ir Co., 
 
 Ltd., .Market Square. 
 
 1 ««T. H, Barker* Son, druggiat, 
 
 •17 Kiugatreet, 
 
 Offieiut A nalitit. Dr. M. Finet, 
 
 Montrtnl, 
 
 SO;>T. Denia, hardware n)er- 
 I chant. ZW St. Lawrence 
 I atreet. 
 
 I Quther. 
 
 SOiLagenneae et Frere, liard-i 
 ware merchant, 773 8t! 
 Valier atreet. | 
 
 Ruskmond, P.Q. 
 
 ao!J. SulMvau, painter, Main 
 street. 
 
 «. HiNcinthe, P.Q. 
 
 36 E. St. .lacque^ druggist. 
 
 Cascade street. 
 <i 20 IT. Beaunoyer, paint and oil 
 
 merchant. Cascade street. 
 
 Offieial Anali/tt, A. L. Tour 
 ckot, SI. Hyiuinthe. 
 
 (/ranbji, P.(J. 
 
 20 Jfontly Bros., general store. . 
 
 20 N.. Mitchell, general store. . . 
 
 30 Dy. St.'Onge, druggist 
 
 sop. E. Dosois, Druggist.. 
 
 White, but not 
 quite clear. 
 
 8708 White and 
 I clear. 
 
 8928 Yellowish, but| 
 clear. I 
 
 o»f>9o ! 
 
 0-866 
 
 867 
 892 
 0-870 
 
 1S9 6°. . 
 
 
 162 5°. . 
 
 
 160°.. 
 
 
 166".. 
 
 180°C. 
 
 
 96 p. c. 
 
 160».. 
 
 96p.c 
 
 ieo\. 
 
 87p.c. 
 
 154°. 
 
 95p.c. 
 
u 
 
 tWniplM ,4 Oil „f Tur,K.ntir 
 
 
 Soltlbility _ _ 
 
 ill 
 
 Soluble. 
 
 1 0«0 
 
 916 
 
 1 91S 
 
 Not q i t e . 
 homogencout. 
 
 5 '76 Homogeneous, 
 
 0«»Not quite 
 homogrnecoR. 
 
 3 10 Soluble 
 
 2-0 „ 
 
 U'Oj Incomplete.. 
 4 0Solu6le»nd 
 ' limpid 
 
 •«r-4ro. 
 
 «°-tt°o. 
 
 41°-43°c, 
 
 ly-^G-c. 
 42°-44°c. 
 
 24 4S 
 
 If' i 
 
 P- 0. ! p, o. 
 
 .i 
 
 aOMIIjOenuine.. 
 
 300BO 
 90061 
 
 mw. 
 
 17787 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 19830|<renuiiie jj 
 
 J"S33 
 
 lONSS 
 
 198X1 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 Adnlter»ted with romn oil. 
 Genuine ig 
 
 IB 38 907i 19SS8 
 
 2258 ISM 
 33'33 19'99 
 
 24s!7l 1658 
 
 9 041 19840 
 13 Mj 19841 
 
 8 69i 198421 
 
 Impure containing mini ] ] 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 SO 
 
RnuLTM <>f th« Ex*niin»ti<m ol 48 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 IWl. 
 
 JuM 20 
 „ 20 
 
 Col. 
 
 I 
 
 t9IU.11 quMt 
 lWt44 
 
 1W*4.^ 
 IWMT 
 
 20, KKUH 
 20' 19MI) 
 
 tHUO 
 llMl 
 ltW32 
 
 ItWfiS 
 
 May 
 
 30 
 
 ■• 
 
 .% 
 
 •■ 
 
 30 
 
 Fune 
 
 5 
 
 25 19HM 
 
 20M4 
 aOM9 
 
 3 pints. 
 208.'i0jl quart 
 
 30661 „ . 
 
 6 20652 
 
 .5 aons: 
 
 Nam** and 
 > IdrKiii irf Wmliir. 
 
 J* 
 
 t cte lO^i-M/ ^>n/;vif, ><. L. Tomr- 
 tlwl, St. H^rintkt. 
 
 I I 
 
 i 
 2&(>ilhi-rt Morri»T, i«inta. . 
 2& A. i>. Martin, |«inU ... 
 
 Skfrfcrootf. P.Q. 
 
 2ft'J, R MoBain, Hnimnat.. 
 
 WiKvrr . F »•, liardwcrK 
 
 lUCurlirn! Hrua. k Cu., hard 
 
 22 (;. X. Buurf|nv, (winta ! 
 
 OSOti. Kiohard, I)r..ggi*t. 
 
 St. John, /".v. 
 
 ao|c*t» ft Vnrr. hardware . . . 
 
 SO Dr. Savarin, driifritiHt 
 
 20 1 irrvais rt Fn'-rv, grnrral atore 
 
 CoicaniivWe, P.O. ] 
 
 20 .VlcClatc'liie Brtx., hardware | 
 
 Smelthurg, P.Q. 
 
 2S C. H. Borigbt, Ki'nvral store. 
 
 Offcial Analmi, 
 Dr. F. X. yalttde, Ottawa. 
 
 I OUara. | 
 
 30 J. Skinner h. Co., druggist. . . i 
 
 30' Josh. Arrhambault, oil and 
 I colour merchant, Dtlhousixi 
 I St. I 
 
 23 J. B. Diiford, oil and oulour! 
 merchant, Rideau H*. \ 
 
 Pittrboro', Ont. 
 
 A. K. Mioks & Co., oil luid 
 colour merchants. 
 
 20 Peterboro' Hardware Ca . . . 
 
 Off rial Analuit, 
 Dr. W. a. Ellit, Toronto. 
 
 026 
 
 Pfterkoro', Ont. 
 Peterhoro' Hardware Co. 
 
 Coknir. 
 
 Rmvlti 
 
 871 
 OH76 
 
 
 (h;h 
 
 
 mi; 
 
 OlWti 
 
 
 »H» 
 
 
 WHI 
 
 
 WW 
 
 
 ma 
 
 
 869 
 
 
 HA2 
 
 
 876 
 
 
 08898 
 
 
 8680 
 
 
 8662 
 
 
 08600 
 
 
 08687 
 
 
 08664 
 
 
 134", 
 t&2no 
 
 i6r.. 
 
 164°. 
 
 154'. 
 
 103 U> 
 
 164 
 
 IM 
 
 196' 
 
 lASto 
 
 1M\ 
 
 14r.. 
 
 96P.C. 
 «3p.c. 
 
 96p.o. 
 ORp-c. 
 «ep.o. 
 
 96 po. 
 9H|<.c. 
 
 97 p.c. 
 86;p,c. 
 
 163 to 97 p.c. 
 1M^ 
 
 i^r 
 
 163 to 
 164' 
 
 180^.. 
 
 i4r. 
 
 166'.. 
 
 169'. 
 158°. 
 
 g6p.c. 
 
 92p.c. 
 
 ie2'C. 
 
 80p.a. 
 186'G. 
 80p.c. 
 
 163°C, 
 80p.o. 
 
 lerc. 
 
 80 p.o. 
 
 ie6"'C. 
 
 80p.a. 
 
 ise-c. 
 
 ifJ. — 
 
HMiplM (rf oil "f Tuqjentine.— C<mlmii«/. 
 
Results of the Examination of 48 
 
 \H 
 
 m 
 
 &r 
 
 .1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 RUL-LT* 
 
 E 
 
 
 CoHt. 
 
 Name and 
 Addreiw of Vendor. 
 
 .lO 
 03 
 
 Colour. 
 
 1901. 
 
 June 
 
 (i 208631 
 
 6 20864 
 
 r. 20865 
 
 6 20866 
 
 6 20867 
 
 i|uart 
 
 June 3 
 
 I 
 
 19492 
 
 19495 
 
 i 
 
 194!I7 
 19499J 
 19D0O| 
 
 i 
 
 4 17:130 
 
 4 17.t?l 
 
 I 
 
 4 17;«2 
 
 4 17333^ 
 
 4 21579 
 
 $ cts. OfficiaJ Aniilml, 
 
 Dr. W. B. Ellii, Toronto. 
 
 Toronto. i 
 
 15|EI1intt k Co,, wholmnle dru(j- 
 
 I iriiit, Front St. I 
 
 20Tho«. Meredith * Co.. hard-: 
 
 ware merchants, King St. 
 20 The Harris Co., Lt<l., (lil ai.d 
 colour nierchantH, King rit. , 
 20 Lyman Bros. 4 Co., whole-| 
 
 Kale druggist. 
 20 Huasill & Co., hardware 
 merchants. King St. 
 i 
 
 •Official Analiitt, F. T. Harri- 
 dan, Lonfion^ Out. 
 
 Stratford, Ont. 
 
 25 W. H. Thomson, druggist. . . 
 
 , Windsor, Out. 
 25 H. O. Fleming, druggist 
 
 ' London, Ont. 
 
 25 C. MfCallum, druggist . . . 
 
 25 James Wright, hardwurei 
 
 merchant. 
 25 A. Westman, hardware mer-; 
 
 chant. 
 
 Official Anal lilt. E. B. Ken- 
 rick, Winnipeg. 
 i 
 ' Winnipeg, Man. 
 
 25 Graham & Rolston. hard- 
 ware merchants. 
 
 25 R. Wyatt, hardware mer- 
 chant. 
 25 .1. H. A^hdown, hardware 
 
 I merchant. 
 20IG. F. Stephens A Co., oil and 
 i ailour merchant. 
 I 
 
 ^Official Aiuiliist, Dr. C. J. 
 Faijan, Vancouver, B.C. 
 
 : Vancoiiifr. B.C. 
 
 ."iO| J K. Patton, druggist . . . 
 
 til 
 I I 
 
 <2 " 
 
 
 08692 
 
 ; 160°.. 
 
 166'C. 
 
 0-8680 
 
 1 165°.. 
 
 165°C. 
 
 08683 
 
 158°.. 
 
 163°C. 
 
 8688 
 
 160".. 
 
 165 C. 
 
 8556 
 
 i 158.. 
 
 185''C. 
 
 8692; . 
 
 154° 
 
 IV8676 ' 165°, 
 
 0-8620;. 
 8664 . 
 8681 
 
 165°. 
 156°. 
 154°. 
 
 8<W6 Yellow, with a 156.5°. 
 strongly mark- 
 ed blue fluor- 
 escence. 
 
 8680 „ 156-6°. 
 
 8674 „ 156°, 
 
 8680 „ 156-5°., 
 
 8715J Limpid colour- 165° 
 i less. 
 
 170'C. 
 9911 p.c 
 
 170°C. 
 99-59 p.c 
 
 180°C. 
 99-68 p.c 
 
 174'^C. 
 97-71 p.c 
 
 172°C. 
 1)9-38 p.c 
 
 167 5°C. 
 95 5 p.c. 
 
 16i) 5=C. 
 
 195-2 p.c 
 
 166^C. 
 
 :94 4p.c 
 
 lW-S°c. 
 
 961p.c 
 
 161°C. 
 
 •.r .1 
 
SampleH of Oil of Turpeatine—Coiainued. 
 
 OF Analvhis. 
 
 ;6 
 
 s 
 
 h 
 
 Solubility 
 
 in 
 
 (ilucial 
 
 Acetic Acid. 
 
 ^^t "»h 
 
 tiun. 
 
 Point. 
 
 Complete . . 
 Iiicomiilete.. 
 Complete. ,. . 
 
 •Stj 
 
 III 
 
 X 
 
 p. c. 
 
 SI 
 
 X 
 
 p. c. 
 
 !51 ' 
 
 p. c. 
 
 I 
 
 RemarlcK by Analyat. i-g 
 
 i 
 
 n 89 
 « 
 
 32 
 
 2!»! 
 B2 
 
 Soluble in own 
 volume. 
 
 13 03 
 15 .541 
 
 14 3!) . 
 
 15 14 . 
 15 35' 
 
 ■■^ "iiiall In an equal 
 q uan-j volume, 
 tity. I 
 
 2 
 
 . ■ 20863;Genuine '^ 
 
 . 20864J „ L 
 
 . . 20865! „ '^^ 
 
 208661 
 
 i« 
 
 . . I 20867 Specific n-avity too low, nf 46 
 ! doubtful ootrixMition. 
 
 19492 Character and te«t8 oor- 
 re«pond to B.P. except 
 residue io high. 6enuii:e. 
 
 19495;Corre8pondH to B.P. tests 
 and character. Genuine, 
 
 19497 
 19499 
 19500 
 
 17330 Genuine. 
 
 17331 
 17832 
 17333 
 
 21679; 
 
 » 
 10 
 11 
 
 !47 
 
10 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 
 1901. 
 
 June 4 
 
 RRauLTS of the Examination of 48 
 
 Cost. 
 
 a 
 m 
 
 21682 1 quart. 
 
 5| 21686! t 
 5 216861 
 
 Name and 
 Addretw of Vendor. 
 
 f ctB. Official AniilyU, Dr. C. J. 
 Faijun, Vancouver, B.C. 
 
 j Vancouver, B.C. 
 
 20; McLennan ft McKeely, haid-j 
 ware merchants. I 
 
 KlSl'LTH 
 
 ^ 
 
 or 
 
 39 
 
 Colour. 
 
 .S a! 
 .1 g 
 
 (2 « 
 
 869 
 
 Limpid areen- 
 ish vellow. 
 
 I Victoria, B.C. 
 
 30i.T. W. Mellor i 869 Limpid colour 
 
 I i ieiw. I 
 
 36 R. Lettier Limpid yellow- 
 
 isn. 
 
 154 , 
 
 154". 
 154". 
 
 1^ 
 
 158»C. 
 09p.c. 
 
 160°C. 
 98'8p.c. 
 
 15»'C. 
 98-5p.c. 
 
 m 
 
11 
 
 Httmples of Oil of Turpentine — Conrhided. 
 
 OF Analysin. 
 
 at 
 
 
 Ice. 
 
 1 20ce. 
 1 5cc. 
 
 In an miiwI 
 volume. 
 
p 
 
 14. 
 1 
 
 ■j.'i 
 
 12 
 
 Labokatohy of thk Tm.ani 
 
 Hkvknuk Departmrnt, 
 Ottawa, Octolxr 24, 1901. 
 
 Tiios. Macfahlank, Es(|., F.H.S.C, itc, 
 C'liiff Analyst. 
 
 SiH, I have the hiiiuiur tii Mibiiiit lieivwitli the results of my 
 investiffiition of oil of tiirixTitiiii'. Tliis nmttei was |ihu-e<l in my 
 hands in June hist, and woiilil liave Ix-en i-ej'orted ujMm some time 
 ajto but for illness. Other demands u|Hm me, since returnin<f to the 
 lalxiratorv, have (h-laytnl its oonipletion, and must also account for any 
 deliciencies in it. 
 
 Owinj; to the fact that most of the tests applicable to turpentine ar*» 
 physical rather than chemical in the strict sense, and iei|uire larjjer 
 i|uantities of material, I should reconnneml that iit least two linti* 
 of each siimple lie furnislie<l to the analysts, where practicable. 
 
 I have the honour to be, sir, 
 
 Your obedient .servant 
 
 A. McGILL. 
 
 K- 
 
 .:!■ 
 
 
 
13 
 
 Oil of T-irpenHn*, 
 
 Oil 
 p«pia 
 
 Oil of turpentine or Terebinthin* Oleum of the British Phannaco- 
 m .H thuH ,le.scribed by that authority: 'The oil dintilled u^lv 
 bytheaKlof8team,from the oleom^ij obtaine,! f.C S/svlveJ 
 tri« and other specie, of Pinus ; rectiHed il nec-sHary ' ^ 
 
 Squire s Com,«nion to the Phamiacop,eia gives the f.-llowinij addi 
 tional information a^ to the sourc-s of oil of tur, ,,tine. " Thf oU o' 
 turp».ntine sold in Britain is alm,«t wholly in.,K,.te<l fn,m AmSj^ 
 and IS the product yi.ainly) of Pinus austrilis and P. t^t Ge3„ 
 and Russian od ,s chieUy distilled frtim P. sylvestris, fZ,! oil ™ m 
 P. maritima Hungarian turpentine is distilled fn.m thecon^otT 
 
 vnth 1, .^r"*^ ^'^ American turpentine is distill^ f.-om gum 
 
 n ch IS collected fn.m notches cut in the trees, or from th,it ftechT 
 
 cXcti Th "' ♦■^';y^''™th*;Peldis too small to b.proJit* ■ 
 
 dS^wiTh J*'" ^T ^'"■"'"^•^ '"''*'"*^ -^--y' *>"* •* ;« now usually 
 
 uriiif T^t lt% •■'■"'T'' """" ''"'■^'"^ ^-^^ *-'«»>» to fifty 
 
 barrels. Ihe yield of od is about one-fifth the weight of the irum 
 The \ irgin dip and scrape yield more oil than the latef produce ofthe 
 
 ft. ^w'"*^«u '''""^•^t*''-^ "* "i> "f tuq^-ntine, are given as follows bv 
 the British PharmacojHBia-' Limpid. colour)es,s, with a strongT^liar 
 <Klour which vanes in the diffeivnt kinds of oil, and h7u« and 
 bitter tast^. It ,, soluble in its own weight ot ghvcinl acetk- S T^ 
 
 rm a """ ''' *"*?"* ^'"^ .^•' -'' »>"-' "'tireSLnstlow 
 IMI (..— lucle or no residue re.iiaining ' " 
 
 f,-om"sfin f "'X"";" *^t ^^r *"""^'''« -"^^ «P«.-ific gravity varies 
 rom mo to 880. French oil is strongly la-voit-ta^rv. Oil of tui^n- 
 tine, especially Russian, when exp.««^ tA the continu.ms action of^r 
 .npjvsenceof water, develops a large quantity of hvdrc,gen ".^*^ide' 
 ca^nphoric acid, and other oxygenate.1 pmlu.t;. It dissolves b^wax' 
 
 ing varnish. It is soluble in 6-5 v.,lumes of 90 r<-r cent alcohol • in 
 
 The opinions expressed by the public analysts regarding thegenuine- 
 
 T^'^ltf 'thlrsff r""''"."' "." '*■ *"'P^"«"^ -P<>rtedfr::,nTn 
 e~rat^LKl Ti. "' "T ^T' '"*" * ^' '^^ "* the ch^i^-ters 
 enun.erate<l above. The analysts have reported all of the ^simoles m 
 genmne, with excvption of two : and in tllese cases the genulX^^ 
 
 menf as'Cw:"" ^'"'^""-^ "^ ^"^ "^ ^^^^^ ufap.— ^^ 
 
 ^"n5r'''«.:i!f,'^'' ^T'-' ''*'".^. "''"'^'■' '''«'' '^"'•nK point and large 
 
 M ^ .mL, T "" '^•■yng, indicate rosin oil. ^ 
 
 Wo. 0867-Low gmvity probable presem* of some ingredient ha.-in- 
 
 (40) H less density than turpentine. " 
 
 se. uellor' cafli^. ir'^'l""'""?, '^^ ^''^''^' ^ '"'"- «i^«» -^n in the 
 iO, and 51 luP^tion the genuineness of N.«. 9, 19, 22, 29, 31, 
 
 1. •lourn*] .\n«lyt ft App. Cheiu.-VI, I.— 
 
a 
 
 
 M * 
 
 i;i ! 
 
 ■air 
 
 u 
 
 ComniorciBl oil of turpentine in not a definit*- iheinieal ituliMtance. 
 When carefully dintilled it conMiHtti chiefly of iiiiiene, C,„ H,„ ; but 
 other terpenes, and productH of the oxidation of thew are alwavH pre- 
 sent. Owin({ to the readineiw w .th which oil of turpentine unJerjjoeH 
 oxidation, in the presence cj air and moisture, its composition is 
 continually changing, and for this reason it is not easy to fix numerical 
 (■onstantM by means of which the nenuineness of a jjciven sample may be 
 judged. 
 
 The adulteraticm of turjientine spirit is no new thinjf. Materials 
 for effectinj; this have lieen ma<le the subject. of patents in England and 
 in Germany. (See English jMitent 12249 grantefl Oi-tober 14, 18H5,) 
 P. H. Conradsim (1) desc-ribed a stwalled ' W(K»d turpentine,' having 
 a specific gravity 0-845 and a flash jioint below 80 Fall. The most 
 usual adulterant of our time is proliably certain fractions of j)etroleum 
 obtaine<] in the refining of burning oils. In orfler to disguise their 
 presence, resin oil may Ix- added, or suitable resins (Kaori) dissolved. 
 
 In addition to the examination of the samples recorded in Table I, 
 I have done some work on certain petroleum products similar to those 
 which are eniploye<l in the sophistication of oil of turpentine, a so-called 
 ' spiritine ', a by-pnKluct of the refining of wood naphtha, and a sample 
 of resin oil. Since these substances are themselves of very indeter- 
 minate composition, it is evident that their presence in a sample of oil 
 of tur|)entine must be ascertaine<i rather by attention to physical than 
 to chemical pn>j)ertie.s. 
 
 The following list comprises the chief characters which an- available 
 for this pur|)ose. 
 
 Physical characters : — 
 
 . 1. Colour, 
 
 i. Clearness, 
 
 .'5. Odour, 
 
 4. Ta.ste. 
 
 "). Density, 
 
 6. Boiling ;>"int, 
 
 7. Volatility- -presence of h fixed residue, 
 
 8. VajMjur Density, 
 
 9. Flash jM)int, 
 
 1 0. Viscosity, 
 
 11. Solubility, 
 
 1 '1. Solvent jM)wer, 
 
 1 -■{. Rotatory power for polarise*! light, 
 
 1 4. Refraction, 
 
 1 ■'). Fluoi-esccnce. 
 
 Cheniicil Charactei-s. — 
 Hi. Oxidisability, 
 
 17. Bromine AWirption, 
 
 1 8. Rise of ten)|)eruture with sulphuric acid. 
 
 1. Coldiir. Although recently distilled oil of turpentine is colourless, 
 in thin layers, it has a distinctly yellowish-re<l tint when viewed through 
 a ri-.lsimn of from ■_*ft- -fi'Vm. After "ettling ij;iit<' clcjvr, T find the 
 colour in a 60cm. column to be equivalent to yellow, 5 units -|- red, 
 1 unit of the Lovibond scale ; and I have not been able to obtain any 
 sample with less colour than this. Samples, as purchased, are always 
 
 (1) .Tounul Soc. Chem. Indus. 1897-519. 
 
15 
 
 much liarker. The following numbei-H are nUted for columiiN of 
 16 cm., viewed against a strongly illuminated, white wall. 
 
 I Yellow. 
 
 I 
 
 No. 7. Fimt 75cc dintill)^ from iOOcc o>* 
 
 " 44. The Baniple ' ' ,,» 
 
 .. ^_ .. I 60 
 
 " 5ft (ittwih-.,.. .'....'.'.'.'.".'.."".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..', 
 
 ■ 54. Hpirittne '.',.'..... 
 
 RediHtilled turpentine + 8 [ler cent renin oil !..,.!!_ ^ 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 20O 
 
 Red. 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 10 
 
 OS 
 Of 
 
 02 
 8!tO 
 
 So far as I know the colour of pure turpentine doen not undergo 
 change, if kept in the dark an<l in air-tight vessels. My experience 
 only covers a \^vuMi of tw.. uumths. A sanij-le e>.jM>8e<l to sunlight 
 (diflused) has not riarkened |wrceptiblv, during a peri.nl of one month 
 Among the adulterants of turpentine, gasoline is iii<listinguishable, 
 in this regunl, from oil of turi)entine, and appears Ui undergo no change 
 of colour by keeping either in darkness or in sunlight. Hpiritine, 
 recently <listille<l, is nearly as free from colour, but ra-.idly becomes 
 yellow on exjHwure to sunlight. The sample .|uote<l above ha<l been 
 exposed U, sunlight for two weeks since distillati<m. Rosin oil gives 
 to tu;-pentine a de<-ided coloration in which ml predominat«>s. 
 
 Many of the samples which I have examiiie<l have been coloured by 
 traces of linsetnl oil or varnish, due to their having been poured 
 thniugh the sai.ie funnels, or store<l in the same containers which had 
 l)een use<l for these substances. It would jierhaps be Uk) much to 
 exjKvt perfect freedom nom traces of oil and varnish in the case of oil 
 of turpentine which is avowedly sold for the use of painters. It is 
 evident, however, that such in.purity must prevent the colour test 
 from havmg any value. As appliefl to the I'edistille*! turpentine sold 
 by druggists, the colour test has a decided value. 
 
 2. Cfmrn^ss.m of turpentine is perfectly clear and transparent. 
 A ver>- minut.' trace of water, if mixer, with the turjM'ntii.e by shaking, 
 suffices to give adistinct turbidity.— L>.n stam^ng for some time, most 
 of the water .separates, and may Ih- identifiwl by giving a blue colour 
 U< anhydn.us sulphate- of cor.(.er. The clear .supernatant oil of turpen- 
 tine IS not, however, alwohrely anhyilrous, and if subjected to distilla- 
 tion, the hrst portions of theJistiliate will lie found ((uite turbid -only 
 after 20 or .'50 ,>er cent by volume has come over will the distillate be- 
 come clear. Samples of turpentine distilled from r-cently fused 
 chloride of calcium come over turbid, and on settling clear the liquid 
 at the IxHtom of the cylinder gives u blue colour to anhydrous sulphate 
 i'i cop()er. It would then-fore seem impossible, by any ordinary ca^e 
 to obtain oil of turfn-ntine jx-rfectly anhydrous, lliis difficulty may be 
 due to the fact that turpentine in presence of air and sunlight is con- 
 tinually pixKlucmg hydrogen in-ioxide, which, by decomposition into 
 oxy),^n and water, mcounts for the traces of water always found in 
 oil of turjientine. 
 
 Light petroleum pi-<»ducts such as are used to adulterate turpentine, 
 are rendered mMmrnt^riU" turbid by being shaken up with a trace of 
 water but the water sepai-ates in minute droplets almost instantly, so 
 that the difference between oil of turpentine and petroleum is very 
 marked in this respect. 
 
 When oil of turpentine containing 10 per cent of gasoline is sub- 
 mitted to distillation, the first fraction comes er (juite clear, behaving 
 

 
 16 
 
 in thiH r»«H|Hft ijuite diffeivntly frtmi ^fiiuinc HanipleK. A faint tur- 
 bidity ttpiH'ant when about 15 t«i 20 p. c. voluint> Iihm {MlN^w><l ovvr, in 
 (•HM«>M where the amount of tlie adulterant in not larjje. No doubt thiH 
 elearneMM of the tirMt |iortions of the (hHtillate is connet'ttil with the 
 lowered iMiilinK jxiint of the Hani|)le, which ciiu^'s the water to eonie 
 over with a fraction vt-rv rich in p«'troleuiii. 
 
 Although the ojiacity t<i which I have referrt-^l in lar^elv due to j)re- 
 wnce of water, 1 am not convincd that it in altojjether rlue to this 
 cause. The indeKnite character of oil of tur|M'ntine, and the ){reat 
 numU-r of oxi<iation jinxlucts U-inj; roriMtantly forme<l in it when in 
 contact with air an<l NunliKht, make it not unlikely that nonie of the 
 lesH Holuble |iro<lucts, [His-sinn into the distillate, or mechanic^^lly carrie<l 
 over with it, nuiy jiartly explain the ojxicity refernnl to. 
 
 Another cause of opacity in oil of tur{H-iitine is the difference in i-e- 
 fractive |«>wer (Kissessed by its different com|Hments, and bv the same 
 c<)m)Hment undi'r<liff<'rentc(mditionsof temju-ratuit'. Unless verv^ivat 
 care l)e t'iikeii to have the whole sample at uniform tem|)erature and 
 thoiiiuj{hly mixed it is usually im|Missible to till the (20 cm.) tuU' of 
 the ]x>iariniet4'r so that an imnie<liat<' reading can Ik- made. A |>eculiar 
 ' troubled ' ap}>earaiice is st-en which makes the clear definition of the 
 ]Hiliirisco|>e tield im]N)ssible. On allowing; the tuU- to lie at rest for 
 some time, this trouble<l I'ffect disap|M>ars, and verv often a |Ki-uliar 
 blackness is seen at a jH)int in the top of the tield (which as it is 
 invert*"*!, corresponds with the iMittom of the tul)e) cause<l by the 
 optical disturlMince of droplets of water, (or other liipiid) which has 
 Hei>arate<l from the samjile. 
 
 ."). Oi/iiiir. — Tlie o<lour of such of these stimples of tur])entine as I 
 have ivason to l)elieve jjenuine, i.s very characteristic and uniform. It 
 is surticiently stronj; to disjruise effei-tively the pn's«>nce of 10 to 20 {ler 
 cent of gasoline (H. P. 90' C). Higher j)ercenta>;es of ^'asoline can 
 be detected by its characteristic mlour ; and, in the tirst fraction, of 
 one-tenth volume, from a tur|)entine containing 5 jier cent of gasoline, 
 this can be recrognia-d. 
 
 Spiritine has a distinct acetone smell, but this is very effe« tivelv 
 hidden, up to 20 (>er cent, by the (Klour of turjH'ntine. 
 
 Rosin oil has a very jK-rsistent and characteristic (nlour of rosin. 
 Tliis is fairly well disguised, uj) to 10 j)er cent by that of oil of turp-n- 
 tine, but liecomes distinct in the later fracticms. and rosin oil consti- 
 tutes a large jMirt, if not the whole of the residue which is left after 
 the B. P. has reachcfl 210 C. 
 
 4. Timff. This proin-rty has not l)een exari'ine<l. 
 
 T). I)nmili/.~\n was to Vh> exj>ected from its indefinite conijxjsition, 
 the Density of oil of tuiiientine is very variable. Pinen", C,„H,j, 
 which is the princijuil com))onent, has a density O-SoH at 20 C. The 
 oxidaticm priMlucts of turjK'ntine iM>s.sess a higher gravity than this, 
 H. K. Armstrong' is of ojiinion that junol hydrate, (which he projKises 
 to name Sobrerol, after Sobreri), who tirst descriV»*Hl it in 18")]) in the 
 initial priKluct of the oxidation of turpentine. Pinol hydrate, C,„ 
 H,„ (OH)2 is a crystidlinesub-stance M.P. 150 isomeric with ]>inene 
 glycol, another oxidation priKluct of turjientine. Resinous lioflies are 
 also among the ]>r(Klucts of oxidation, and their pn-sence in solution, 
 raises the density of oil of turi>entine. Allen'' <|Uotes the following 
 densitie.s for pine resin : 
 
 Yellow, trans|)arent = 10M 1084. 
 Whitish, oiMi(|ue= 1044-1047. 
 Dark, colophony = 1 '100. 
 and for roxin oil, 0-980 — MOO. 
 
 >Pr.>c. Chem. Soc. 1890, 90 ; libntractMl in the Jour. Soc. Cheni. Indus. 1890, 819 
 'Comnit-rcial Org. Anal. II, 453 am) 461. 
 
J7 
 
 tahlp: ir. 
 
 HPKm-.c (inuity of (,ii ..f Tur,..ntin.., «„,1 f,,..,i,.n ,, ,„ ,.. ., ,...,„„,.. 
 
 THnip. IB 6" (\ 
 
 ■i)004 
 
 ■8669 
 
 •H7n8 
 
 ■86S0 
 
 ■9251 
 
 8716 
 
 ■«7H 
 
 MS(i6 
 
 ■883 
 
 ■fUiJut 
 
 ■inieo 
 
 ■8684 
 
 ■8771 
 
 ■8654 
 
 •8666 
 ■ilSOfi 
 
 ■8122 
 
 W. A mixture of e<,»al voluinen of No. St and Na M " 
 
M 
 
 18 
 
 TAHI.K II CuwhiiM. 
 
 Hi-Ki inc (Jriivity "f Oil of TiiriHiitiiii-, ami fiiiclioii of |(» p. <•. voluiiic. 
 
 Teni|>. WS" C. 
 
 H 
 
 X. ami V. TiiriH'iitiiii- Kaiiiplfs liclif\H<l M Iw KHumic. 
 
 T. A iiiivtiin' iif «iiml vnluinc" of Nii. W ami Nip. .")!!. 
 
 «. A iiiisturc iif tiirjHiitiiiiK, luulmlily iffiiuine. 
 
 K. A niixtiirt- of im|»iitin' i. prohulily (Hiiuiiif. 
 
 1'. A siilwtimie Holil for tlii' |mr|Mwf of ailiiltcmtiinr tiiri»'Mtin<'. 
 
 Ill tlic iicci.nii>Hiiyin);tal>lt'(ll) \ Imvc iiriiui>;t"<l tlii' ">l»ici-vf<l s]xi'itif 
 ;.'iiivitifs (if 11 iuiiiiIh'I- of hiiiii|>I<-s of tiir|)ciiti:if nil. Tlii' siMfitir gra- 
 vity »as (It'tfi-iiiiiifd in .luiii', iiiiim'iliatfly after collwtioii of the 
 simijilfs. Tlifsf w.-if coiitnimKl in ;;lass Ixittlfs of iilxiut 1-' t<i L'O ouncos 
 (•a|Mi< itv. After work U}H)n tlicm liad Im^i'II ci.ini'li'ti'd ii« far as wa.s 
 ]ioKsilili"' at that time, tlic wiiniilcs wen- )ila(c(i in a dark t-ujilioard, the 
 Imttles Ix'iiij; corked, and api>i-oxiniately half full of the sjiniiile. After 
 three months it was found tliat the sixcitic K""^>t.vhad inci-eased as 
 shown in the eolunis heade<l ' SejiteniU'r I'.llH.' 
 
 A third determination of the density, alHiiit a month later showed a 
 further inei-ease, in every sample examin»Hl, althoUfili in this case, the 
 i!ii-r(>a.se is less eonsiderahle. 
 
 The mean density found in June for 47 wimj'les, is ()-^<(i87. The 
 l.iu^est density anioiif; these sa- pies is 0-.s8;(l' and the lowest is 
 OMOl'l'. From inde]H'ndent eoi rations the genuineness of these 
 two sam])les is (|ue.stio>U'd. 
 
 Thirtv-two of the.se samjiles were exaniinefl after a jH-riiHl of three 
 months," and their mean density was found to lie 0-8i»8-J, an average 
 increa.'.e of O-'ll!!*"), or 3-4 \>vv eent. This increase is, however, very 
 •litl'erent in diilerent sainj>les. The most noted increa.ses are a.s fol- 
 lows : 
 
 No. ."?- lOOri jH'r eent, 
 " 11 — 10()8 " 
 <' 40-_- f<-i(l " 
 
 In eertai. samples the increase is slight ; such samples are: — 
 
 No. \'l ■-'•.'!" |K'r eent. 
 
 •• It) !•:;.■. " 
 
 .. 24-O-fil " 
 
 " L'(i^()-79 " 
 
 " .3:.' -0-48 " 
 
 '. 37—0-36 " 
 
I!) 
 
 tur,H.„ti,';.. • '"' "''"" '" ""'"«♦'"• «<•"•'"'.•>..■- of oil of 
 
 Tlif oiilv miniplf of Hosin ,,ilrs«. v.. i')*™!,-! i 
 
 s,K.ific «^w,v inm. i,. ;:...: s .hIh. r :S:,.lr:? ';;::;• /""' " 
 
 > nioiitlw, the nciviim. in ,1,....;.. • ,".""'• 'i *• timt (luriiiif 
 
 It IN pvi.lciit that mlmixturc of DHti-oli-mn ».i»l, i e . 
 
 foal oil •• o-2f( •• 
 
 . mixture •• o-80 " 
 
 i.i:::i;,;;:;;'r::v'],:;:;";l:«;i'f^,s;r"s:;,;""""'"'"" '" 
 
 In ^^J. ' r r ' '*'* fn^ivity of pin.-ne i» 0-HM at •'(» C n^ 
 in N-pt^-mlHT, r fnicton.f in the s»m.. »«v N i -",*--(•»)• 
 
 a ..H-an ,len«itv of 0-,s(ir,l f„r thJZTr ? -' 'l'«""I'l««' »"'' "btainwl 
 h, Oct^.l,..,- -. «.... .* ^'^^•'■"I'rf one-tenth vohime. 
 
 obtaine'l ' """'"''" ""'■^' "^""""'^ ■*"•! a mean density of 08693 
 
 1. Comiianioii to B. 1'., ]S<J!>, tJ2a 
 
 2. Jour. AiwJvt. and App. Chem. VI., ■>. 
 a. RichtPr. Org. Cher.i., Tran». II, ;«•.'. 
 
•-•1) 
 
 t 
 
 Tlif n-iultH niiiv \«- -<iiinni«riw'<l ii» (oIIowm:- 
 
 Jink. SKniwHUH. ! Ocrniitii. 
 
 Saiii|>l)-«. ' Kiwtiim. Siiiiipl.n. KraitiiHi, .SBniplMi. Knwttmi. 
 
 tMi&i I 11035 ma 
 
 H«Tl 
 
 WIOO 
 
 M8U 
 
 TAI'.I-K III. 
 
 DKNHITrKM l)K I1K.MIIHM. hi' MTHlNjt ">K "NKTKNTII VOl.CMK. 
 
 Burial' 
 
 
 
 Nuni- ■ 
 
 [)«Kri|>tion. 
 
 ■ flllK. 
 
 h-r. ' 
 
 IfMli; 
 
 
 
 
 )«i:t!i 
 
 U 
 
 KtSV. 
 
 •HUl.") 
 
 1ft 
 
 I!i.s;i7 
 
 1 ii;i-.' 
 
 IH 
 
 l!tH4(l 
 
 HUM 
 
 ai 
 
 1!IH4:i 
 
 J*7W 
 
 U4 
 
 ItttMti 
 
 
 28 
 
 I!tSf>() 
 
 M'.IIK 
 
 32 
 
 lit-*:,! 
 
 
 :« 
 
 31050 
 
 <.Kiir2 
 
 3A 
 
 •.W4H 
 
 iwm 
 
 :iM 
 
 •JitN5ll 
 
 Ksm 
 
 w 
 
 i.'KVJ 
 
 SM4!! 
 
 41 
 
 ■2My2 
 
 S7L'4 
 
 :.i 
 
 'J<IH<>7 
 
 
 M 
 
 WWII 
 
 54 
 
 SpiritiiH' 
 
 ■HtHH 
 
 liO 
 
 T 
 
 
 44 
 
 ■JUMlTi 
 
 
 no 
 
 (ittwililie 
 
 i 
 
 St<t>t«niU<r. 
 
 Kt-niarlw. 
 
 Ailiiltrrutt'd with nuin "il. 
 
 ilia:. 
 '.I.V.'4 
 
 M)73 Prui«l)ly wlultvratM). 
 '.I4ir, 
 
 K-:>2 Mixtrnv tiiriientinf ami gaM'linr. 
 
 UtUK) 
 
 7.V-ti 
 
 Tliiis it i< st'«Ti that altlu>ut;Ii tlif tirHt frai'ticm of «m't4'nth vnlume 
 ilK-iciisis ill (Iciisitv, its rate of im rcasc i.s vitv mufli ii'.ss tiiail tiiat 'if 
 the wlmlc ^,Hii|il«' : ami a fiactimi t'alliii« wi-ll within tin- limits for tiii- 
 |iciiliiii' iiiuv 1m' obtained fmin a sainiijc of oil of turiH'iitilu' wliicli 
 inurli I'xct'isls tlicsi limits. 
 
 VVIii'ii a samplf is adultciatiMl with jiasoliiif, or other ailulteruiit of 
 low ilirisitv and IniilinK (Hiint, this constitutes the main (uiit of the 
 first fraetioii, anil thi- soi.liistieation is clearly indicated hy the rediictHl 
 j.;ravitv. StM> sjim|)les .")l, "«'p and W. 
 
 When the distillation is cuiried on nntil ',»(» \«-r i-ent of the sample 
 comes over, tin le is usually left a resi<liie of more or less well-iletined 
 brown colour. This coiit.iiiis the resins formed liy oxidation, and any 
 rosin oil adiled as an adulterant. It sometimes hap|)«'iiM that the 
 temlH-rature rises considerably aUive IHd t'.. U-fore '.«» jM-r cent comes 
 over. I have not as a rule carried the distillation U'yond "JIM> , and 
 in a few cases a residue of morv than 10 |>er cent of volume ha.s then 
 remained. In table III. I have jxiven tlu' "iensities of some of these 
 ivsidues. Tliev Hie iisu.ii'!> . ii.ii ,i. trri.scd by a iiif;h iiidc.i of nfraL-titm 
 and a well inarked imIoui- of resin. 
 
 0. linU'ni'j I'nnit. 
 
 '11 
 
 ilinn 
 
 l>oint of jiinene i 
 
 s 155 C. Txmtt (1) 
 
 found the initial J?. P. for pure couuuercial turi«'ntines to Ih' unitoruily 
 (1) Jour. Analyt. ,and X\\i. Chum. VI. 2. 
 
91 
 
 1.W t..IM C .i«J MflpercntdiHtillHl ..v.-r Uaww-n thin U.m|*«tun, 
 
 Wow INS c "**''"" """ '""''""''"" '" l"-'"-tu»lly cmnpl^u^ 
 
 I l.»v.. r.'«<l th.. H. P. *l„.n L' nr .t ,.,•. f,o,„ 1(H),-,.. h»,l .liHtille,! 
 
 V ' ?1'!; ' ""•' ",T I"""*' =" l>'''"uii.Hl)ly «.'nuiiM. turiH.i.tine, t,. %arv 
 
 Tv. ir.-^ '" ''"; <'^"" ''"'•'" ^'"'- '" » '•"«- ti'.- B. P. i. 
 
 D.-i t..l..(, ; Hml.tHlwHv, li-Mol.", M-.r.- 5 ,H.,c-,.nt ,.f H... ««,„ 
 
 liaM ciriif over. ' 
 
 Tl..; iiiitwl t.-ni}H-rHtur.- of .liHtilliitioii a|>| ."ars t4> k' but littlt- nff.H;t«l 
 by oxHlation of tin- Naiii|.|i-. 
 
 KonIm oil liDs an initial H. P. alMtvc -JIM) C. 
 
 Npiritin,. lM.Kin« to ,liNtil at 1 51 I'. Tli.. vari.'.UM fraction-. of i^-troleum 
 whuh may. \h- u-mhI to a,lult..rat.- ..il of turpt-ntim-, UHuallv hav.. I,.w..r 
 l".i ...K |H.,nt« timn l.'.O C. (;a«.li„,. (N,, -..j) U-^inn t.. .iWil at 5H» C, 
 ami ,M) |i,.f ci'nt ot its volume cimi-s ovi-r In'|,>w 114 (,'. 
 
 ri... .-mHt of oxidation is t.i laiH.. tli.- B. P. of th.- lnHt fnu-tion. N.. 
 KtiH-iHl con.luHionM can, Ii.iw,.v.t, U- .Irawn iin to tlu- nit,- of tliix 
 '"TT"' ""';■.'•"'••'«' r""l'l"H liHV.. not »M.,.n oxi,liz«l umh-r mmilar or 
 <l.-nnit4- .-onditionH. 11... r.-«ulU, a^ oU-rvwl, an, Nummuri»Ml l«-low. 
 
 Hampln, 
 
 aerM Nunibpr. 
 
 7. 
 
 H 
 
 13. 
 IS. 
 16. 
 28. 
 
 an 
 
 43. 
 44. 
 
 45. 
 
 4N. 
 49. 
 
 51 
 54. 
 
 M. 
 
 Drwription. 
 
 1941)2 
 19496 
 IDKM 
 lUKQ 
 
 uman 
 igNn) 
 a)05i 
 
 20M.4 
 
 2<)MCfi 
 
 21BHS 
 21IW5 
 
 M 
 
 Spiriting.. 
 W 
 T 
 
 Initial B<>iliair Point f<ir 
 
 U*t fraction 
 of 10 per oent vnlump. 
 
 Juno. 
 
 167 
 IIW 
 UA 
 )«» 
 1«K 
 1«7- 
 18S- 
 KS4 
 
 9ept«'niber. 
 
 im' 
 
 179 
 »W' 
 17(r 
 11)6" 
 IW 
 
 2or 
 
 Msiin for tirf^t I:! Kampl™. 
 
 i'!4' 
 
 174- 
 
 1117 
 
 200^ 
 
 IKI 
 
 IHtf- 
 
 17D' 
 
 anrr 
 
 
 
 m' 
 
 ItiO- 
 
 175 
 
 175" 
 
 200 
 
 2rio° 
 
 IM 
 
 l.'i9- 
 
 18« 
 
 1!»2" 
 
 7. r,J.,tillty \V}».n th" .li.sti]lation of a sami-.l,. of oil of turpentine 
 
 ::„r; . »'viv^"V'"-v'""" '^ "'"">^ ^"""'' « -sLiuunTwhii 
 
 ,annot U- volatiliml without .l.t .|«,«ition. f fiml this t,. Ik- true 
 
 even m the case ot a reitiHe,! oil of turiK^ntine. The resi.lue i.s 
 usually very .Miimll, but sometimes am.mnts to m-arlv 10 .kt eent of 
 llie sfimpl... 1|„„ .-esHlue is resinous, an.l an att«'nipt to 'volatilize it 
 r,-sult.s ,„ a .l,i-om,KHition whieh is proUbly analogous U. the ,-r„rki„., 
 •f IK-troleums. An o.l (r.>s.n oil) eon.es over, and « earboni.H,Hl n,:»i 
 of •'')"(-;""''"."• I ^^''"""Fl^ition begins so.m after a temperature 
 of - 10 C. IS reaehe-1. It would be inter,.stinK U, c«ny the distillation 
 
 had L... *■; r 'V'T'"'^ "f »»«■ 'i-«m. to which resinitication 
 
 Which the addition of rosin or nwin oil should be indicated. 
 

 :ii 
 
 Hi 
 
 4i^ 
 
 hs 
 
 pRS<i 
 
 |l .T ft 
 
 IM 
 
 Vul|iiHs (1) siifijicsts tlio cviipdnition of I iii'iiiniiic of a siis|H'f'ti i 
 simi|)lc si<l(' l)y s'mU' \vith 1 j;raiiniic li' a jiurt' oil of tiir]icntiii(', on 
 watch i.'lassc-s. tloatcil on water ki'jit at MO I'. This test assiniics that 
 |ini'i' tui|M'iititH' ^o trcatt'il leaves a fairly eoiistant amount of fcsidiie. 
 an assumption whii-h iIim's not airree with luv i'X|ierietiee. Oxidatiiui 
 ]>r(K'ee(ls /i<i,i /hisxii with evaiH)ration. and sinci- ditl'erent turjientines 
 lii\i' very ditleiciit i-a|ia(ity for taking; up oxy;.'eii (J) the residual ivsin 
 must vary in amount. Kveii w ith a rei eiitlv distilled oil of turpentim» a 
 decided residue is left on evapoiatini; in an open dish. (See No. 5.").) 
 1 have found tliat the condilioiis under whieli evaporation is conducted 
 produce so laii.'e \ariation in tlie result, that uidess the process is carried 
 out with stiict attention to detail the estimation has little \alue. If 
 t<Hi small a (piantity Im> opeiated on, tht una\oidahle variation due to 
 error of e.\|ierimelit Ikcouics relativelv i,'reat. 
 
 The numhers i;i\cii in thi' third column of Tal)le IV. were obt.iiiu'd hv 
 evajioiation of I'-") i.'rammes of the sainjile in a porcelain ilish of I inch 
 diameter and hemispheiical shape. The dish was placed on a water 
 hath, in contact with the water, (which was kept in vij^oi-ous elmlli- 
 tioii), and was wciirhed frem time to time until tlie lesidue ceased to 
 lose more than a few millifiianmies in lid minutes. Kven under these 
 conditions dujilicates were not always satisfactory, and in a few cases 
 showtnl ditrerences of (••.") per cent when the total residue was less 
 than '2 jier cent. 
 
 The numlx'rs in the fourth column of Tahle I\ . were ohtained hv 
 heatilif,' 10 jrrams of the sample, (sjiread over tihrous aslx'stos in a 
 lari;e sizeil ^lacfarlaiie tuU- (.>) t.' lOO" C'. dui'iiii; L'4 hours. I hoiH-d in 
 tills way to secuii' a maxiunnTi oxidation and maintaiui'd a rapid current 
 of hot air throUi.'h the oven durinit the w hole time of the experiment. 
 The duplicates were very unsatisfactory, and I was led to conclude that 
 the shap<' of the tulie prevented access of air to the centre of the mass. 
 On usinj; a shallow tulx', the numbers in column "> were ohtaine<i, and 
 <lu|ilicates were nmch clo,ser. Tliese |H'rcentai;es, In^ar no consistent 
 relation to tlie residue ohtaii'ed liy drvin;; in an o]M'n dish ; and if 
 they are functions of the capacity of ahsorhini; oxvi.'cn from hot air, 
 this fait has not U'cn iiuule clear hy a studv of other characters. 
 
 The numlMM's i.'i\fii in the next three columns were ol)tained bv 
 treatinvr lOcc. of the sample, absorlH'd by ,'i ^rrammes of IcmiscIv ]iacked 
 librtius asliestos contained in a shallow and w ide Macfarlane tube, with 
 a current of air at the ordinary teiii|«rature for IS hi ans alio for a 
 second peri(Kl of 1'4 hours. This was followed by exposure in a current 
 of air at lOO ('. tor ■_' I hours. The object sou;.'ht was to obtain a 
 maximum oxidation of the sample under iriveii conditions. The 
 duplicates timilly obt.iincd are f-iKid. This may indicate that a methiHl 
 of XMirliiiur ccaild 1m' devised which should irive some idea of the 
 oxidi, ''lility of oil of tui)ientine, and thus all'ord a means of ascertain- 
 inj; whi'ther the resinous residue has U'cn priMJuced bv oxidation of 
 the sample through lonj; kee|iiii!.', oi' has U'cn ailded .is an adulterant 
 in the form of rosin oil. It has not lx'c!i possible for me to further 
 investi^rate this subject. 
 
 
 (1) Al».tli, Z.'it. IS;il. 1.. L'SII. Ahstrilttnl ill .Imir. .S)c. Cll. Ilicius. 18!)1, MOO. 
 (I'l Kiiiifzi'tt, .liiur. .ScK'. I'll. Iiiilii-., l.sxri, 7. 
 (3) Aimly»t, Vol. xvii, 7<X 
 
23 
 
 TABLK IV. 
 
 Residue RoHidiic' Kraidiic 
 
 lOro. in Shi)rt tnhcn with 
 
 •H (fruis. AnlwKtiM 
 for Kiueeiwivc |»Ti(Kl» iif 
 
 Ihiplicatcx. 
 
 (1). See explanatory note to Table II 
 
{ ■ 
 
 :? i 
 
 rU 
 
 •24 
 
 Pctriilt'Uiii jiriKlucts cif low Ixiiliii^ |M>iiit voliitili/.t' I'onijilctely with- 
 out oxiiliifioii. Wlifii tilt- H.P. of the pt'tiolcuin lululteriiiit is liijjh, 
 a liirj.'!' ri'siduc is left (set- Nd. ").'{) liiit this is of an oily cliaractcr, not 
 ri'siiious : and wlion olrtaintKl in asln-stos, is easily wasiicd out with 
 ]M>ti'ol(>uin <'tii('r. 
 
 I thinlv tiiat ileterniinations of vajMiur t<'nsioit, made with an 
 instniiiicnt on tlie same )iiincii)lf as (icissliTs well known vaiM)rini('ter, 
 niijiiit j;ive useful indications, hut I have not founii time to investi>;att' 
 this |Hiint. 
 
 >*. ]'<i/>iiiir P'lisiti/. Themoleeular wei',;lit of pinene.C ,„ H. ,„ = 136 
 eon-esponds to a \ai)our density of OS (Hydro;;en = 1), or 4-7l! (air= 1). 
 That of the |iarallins which arc ;;encrally use<l to adulti-rate oil of 
 turi>cntiiu' correspomls to a V.I), of alxiut 57 (or .'i-DO). p'or a 
 lietroleum In'nzine distillini; U'twecn S()° and 150°, I^m;; (1) obtaineil 
 a V.I). = t-di). For a fraction of oil of tur)H'ntine distilled at 150 he 
 obtained V.l>. ^ 4.t>7: while tifteen commercial sjim]>les <;ave V.l). 
 from 4S(l to 511. 
 
 I have rei«'atedlv attempted the determination of the va]x)ur den- 
 sity of oil of turi«'ntinc with Victor Meyer's apparatus, usinij methyl sjili- 
 cviate as a hath. Itut without satisfactory result. The tem|»ratun' of 
 Ix' 'iii^' methyl salicylate (■_'"_'4 <\^ is not hij,'h enough to secure the 
 coiii|ilete vaporisation of oil of iar|M>ntine. I have also tried a liath 
 of Kose's metal kept as nearly as jKissihle at ;!(>() C. Tlu> results are 
 U'ttcr, hut are not such as to justify e.xjH'ctation of the methml prih 
 vin;{ available in assay work : at least until the ;;lass vessel shall have 
 U'l'n replaced !)y somethint; less frajiile. T am now exjM'rimentin',' in 
 this direction, hut results are yet too incomjilete to justify jmhlication. 
 
 9. Flush J'liliif. —'Dw usual Hash i)oint for oil of turjK-ntine, accord- 
 in}; to l.iim<;. is .'t'J C. He used a Stoddanl apparatus. (2). 
 
 Most of the ])etiiileum i)r(Khicts usimI to adulterate turjx'ntine have 
 a lower tiashinj; ]H(int. Cotmulson (.'<) descriU's a so-<-alled ' wikmI 
 tur|K'ntine haviiij; a Hash jMiint U'low '.'7 I'. The following; numtiers 
 have l)eeii ohtaiiied with Alxd's well-known a]iparatus. 
 
 Hi-ri.il 
 
 N iim- 
 
 Iter. 
 
 «2 
 
 r>" 
 
 53 
 59 
 tiO 
 51 
 
 Pescription. 
 
 Turijentine Hpirit 
 
 " k 
 
 "X 
 
 Coal oil 
 
 (tanoline 
 
 iMix tur[ientin« and gatK>lint-. 
 
 Sample M 
 
 Flaxh 
 Point. 
 
 28° 
 .%5° 
 
 2r 
 
 23° 
 26° 
 
 I 
 
 The flash point is apparently a valuable indication of th<' presence 
 of low iMiiliiif; |M'troleuin adulterants. It would, however, fail to dett«t 
 mineral oils of flash test alnne :i'2 C —such as the ordinary burning 
 oils (ker<isene). 
 
 (1) Jour Analyt. and App. Chem. VI. 
 
 (2) .Aninrican Chcni. .li)ur.- 4, 287 
 
 (3) .lour. S<K>„ Clieni. Indus. 18"J7, 510. 
 
2S 
 
 (w,;t^r=l(K)(l) " ^"""'^ '•>■ E- J- Mill- to b« 177-4« 
 
 ."^ w£r^«^:Sr'i;:^;lr"'t^^ tt ""r^*- ^'^^ " "-•-- 
 
 .lian...t,.r wa. u«.l. ^-*- "^ '•y'.mJru-al nozzlf „f ^'^ ind, 
 
 Temp. 20° C. 
 
 1 Seconds for 
 I SO oc. 
 
 Ratio. 
 
 128 5 
 
 1.000 
 
 181 
 
 1.40K 
 
 1140 
 
 0,887 
 
 126 i> 
 
 0984 
 
 157 6 
 
 1.226 
 
 1«> 
 
 1.291 
 
 172 
 
 1.338 
 
 1530 
 
 1.191 
 
 Sample. 
 
 ,, Water... 
 
 («. g. -129) Casoline (No. .W . . 
 
 T(No. 60) • ■ 
 
 Tiirjwntine 
 
 " + 5 % Resin oil 
 
 ». J + 10 
 
 M. (No. 51). 
 
 »- pre,«.re, h" .,- t'ii 1^1 v^s.""> """ «f.Ktr«Ieum. could Lily 
 
 that a study --f he cWe i^*S, -^" "'"*»f -'th air, it i« pn.bable 
 of air through turpentine undTv.^l'"'"'^! ^Z a-spirating a current 
 
 i"« aduIteratio„;':;'/;';ttl*^i'';Xu ^ 
 
 aeil/istSt^i^'Sl:?' •^^n-.tine in facial acetic 
 Ca..„.UHtbetakfnlu:^lIX4^^^^^^^ "^ I-tMeun.H. 
 
 The presence of a verv «moll !' i foIIowinK reasons :_(]) 
 
 sepa/ation ,f the 1 .fu ds HeT'""* "^ ""**"' ''"*«'^*"' *" '^''t*'™*'"' the 
 acetic acid faitS with !^^"?f;"'""v •'""'• ■'' '*"'P'*"* "' K'-^i*' 
 150 to 200^ C nmrU-Tim f^ 'rP""*'"*"- , *'' ^•'t«,leu.ns of B. P. 
 out affecting the solubiK .iK.f/'''*"* "^ """'"'y ^" f^"" '=-"t with- 
 LiKht,,etn,tu,nsare3vll"!j77''r '" «''^'''' '^•'■«'' ««"'• 
 '^ appiie.! to the CClr;ttw-^ ^7 C '"'"''• ""'' ^"^ *^^^ ^^ 
 ^^ .H..s.„ .,.1 and spiritine are both ,uite miscible with gW-.a) .-etic 
 
 '^v!rit^'^!i!:::::„^':z:r^'^'^'''f''''^'' -ive„t power of • 
 
 lowing way T)., of fi. '^^'^* " ""^ulterants for asphaltum in ''.e fol- 
 asphakun?i„ a test u£ aJ'f ^ " ^'""^ "P"" ^ '^""" "^ I>'-'<«"^' 
 the n^sultin; s^lSm tTfiZtit'to :' '""'"Tl" t *" '"""• '-■ «^ 
 dilut«l with 10 to IW of^ ^ ".'^ *"*^' **"'• *'»' «'t™t« is 
 
 (1) Journal of the Society of Chem. Indu.. 1886, 149. 
 
 l««I'p. W"""'" "-^"^ "' «<"-<*. '««. 168 .„d t,.n«ction. Roy. See. o. C«. 
 
•26 
 
 (tent, owin^ to the greater solvent power of turpentine. An approxi- 
 mate estimation of theijuantity of mineiiil oil adultwmt may be raa<le 
 by notinjf the relative depth of colour. 
 " The process has been tested upon the following samples with the 
 results given. 
 
 Serial 
 No. 
 
 M 
 
 51 
 63 
 69 
 53 
 
 D«iicri|>tion. 
 
 Intvnaity 
 
 of 
 
 colour. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 20867 i Very lilack . . . 
 
 Cienuine I " 
 
 M IMuch lighter. 
 
 P I 
 
 Oasoline \ " " 
 
 Coal Oil , " ■• ■ 
 
 Doubtful xaniple. 
 
 Pure. 
 
 Doubtful nail' pie. 
 
 Surrogate. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 l.i. Rnfalory ixmvr for /Mitiiriiied /(V/A'.— Kingzett (1) a.sHerts that 
 the oxidistihili'ty <,. oil of turj)entine and its cavKibilitv of jirtKlucing 
 hydrofjen fK-roxide varies much in dilfei-ent samples. Those having a 
 high rotatory jxjwer are most market! in this reganl, next coming 
 those of very low rotation. He claims that American oil of tur])entine 
 is not reatlily oxidisable, and is not a prolific source of j eroxide of 
 hydrogen. H. E. Armstrong holds (2) that there are two terjwnes 
 (dextro and Isevotei-ebenthene) represente<i by the essential components 
 of French and Burmese oil of turpentine respectively, and that 
 American and other turi)entines are niixtui-es of these. 
 
 J. H. l»ng (:l) finds American oil of turi)entine ti> vary through 
 wide limits in it« rf>tatory power. He is of opinion that the presence 
 of small (juantities of the re.sin from /'iiiii^ jMiliiMlrtH, which is stnmgly 
 Isevorotatorv 
 
 ["] 
 
 1) 
 
 :u H.I 
 
 ') 
 
 may account for the left-handed rotation of many American samples. 
 He" notes the following ;jeculiarities . ' After carefully fractionating 
 distillwl turyientine, the first portions pcwsess a higher, both + and 
 - rotation than the last portions. The lower rotation of the last 
 fractions is prolwblv not due to the presence of oxygenated bodies. 
 Expiwure to light apiK-ars to increase the sj)ecific rotation. In one 
 case it did so from 16 1.5 t«j 17 08" in .")0 days. Combination with 
 oxygen during exfHwure to air increases the i-otation. In one sample, 
 air at 90° C. passed thn)ugh for .55 hours, changed the roUtion from 
 9 79 to l.'{ .56." 
 
 My results with these samples are state<l in Table V. The reaflmgs 
 made in June wen> made in a iO cm. tube, using sodium light. The 
 polarimeter was graduated in circular degrees, and the sjjecific rota- 
 tion is calculate*! by the usual fornmla — 
 
 bl> 
 
 100 rt 
 
 2 X n/>. ftrnr. 
 
 (1) Jour. Soc. Ch. Indus., 1886-7. 
 
 (2) Prw. Chem. Soc., 1890, 9». 
 
 (3) Jour. Analyst and App. Cb., VI, 1. 
 
27 
 
 S-hitH^i* H "^i"*^ '^^'* """'*■ *'*'• * »"P'« fi«W instrument of 
 Schmdt & HaenHch new pattern. I find that the Holution of bi "Zmate 
 of potash PBCommended as a lipht filter rthe white li^hf ^* . n 
 incandescent electriclamp is employed) is^lel ^^J^^Li **•!?*" 
 pentines than a solution !f fuehsiS rff o'^ g^n^e^^^T^rtLT; 
 which K.ves a very evenly lighted field. The scale is Sa^lii 
 
 [•^]h^ 
 
 ■ .352 
 
 X »/>. yrar. 
 
 176a 
 up. grav. 
 
 Thefart..r 352 was determined by n-ading a series of samDles in 
 b..th .nstruments, using the sodium flame for the ci^ poTaSete, 
 TIu, numbers obtained are therefore comparable with e^hS 
 
 iH-yorotetory samples which wen. examined at both dateL 
 
 t)f the samples exhibiting dextro-rotation, only 9 show anv marked 
 
'^ 
 
 I 
 
 ■•:S 
 
 TABLE V. 
 Spbcific Rotation [8] D for Oil of Tuq)entine. 
 
 
 
 THI 8AIIPIE 
 
 First Kbaition ok Laht Fbaction ok 
 
 ,■9 VoLrM. A VOLl'MK. 
 
 'A 
 
 Dewrin- 
 tiuu. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 June. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 June. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 June. 1 Sept. 
 
 1 
 
 17330 
 
 -16 95 i 
 
 - 8 06 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 173S1 
 
 + 15 53 ! 
 
 + 12 33 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 3 
 
 17332 
 
 + 16-46 
 
 + 11 04 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 4 
 
 17333 
 
 + 5 00 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 5 
 
 .r:86 
 
 + 9 40 1 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 <> 
 
 17787 
 
 + 9 07 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 7 
 
 194!e 
 
 + 12 06 
 
 + 1213 
 
 + 16 11 ' 
 
 
 8 
 
 19495 
 
 + 4 23 
 
 + 647 ' + 7-47 
 
 
 9 
 
 19497 
 
 + 14 78 
 
 , 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 19499 
 
 + 11 96 
 
 + 12-18 t 
 
 
 11 
 
 IftMO 
 
 + 11 01 I 
 
 + 10 41 1 
 
 
 12 
 
 19830 
 
 -16 43 
 
 -14 19 -1826 1 
 
 
 13 
 
 19833 
 
 + 13 68 
 
 + 14 29 ! i +18-68 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 19835 
 
 + 13 67 
 
 \ i 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 19837 
 
 + 14 16 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 19838 
 19839 
 
 + 4 17 
 - 4-87 
 
 + 4 95 
 
 
 + 7 74 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 19840 
 
 -11 21 ' 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 19841 
 
 + 11-35 
 
 j 1 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 1!)842 
 
 + 1 15 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 19843 
 
 + 15 6:1 
 
 . 
 
 
 22 
 
 19844 
 
 + 14 6 
 
 + 13 96 +1866 ! 
 
 
 2H 
 
 19845 
 
 + 14 23 
 
 + 1407 i i 
 
 
 24 
 
 19846 
 
 + 14 41 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 25 
 
 19847 
 
 + 5 94 
 
 4 6 85 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 26 
 
 1!I848 
 
 + 15 -,55 
 
 + 15 51 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 19849 
 
 19850 
 
 + 4 30 
 + 11 72 
 
 
 
 + 709 i 
 + 16 88 
 
 
 28 
 
 ■■+ 12-77' 
 
 
 
 2!) 
 
 198.)1 
 
 + 12 45 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 19852 
 
 + 16 Oil 
 
 -14 97 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 liW-13 
 
 -13 77 
 
 -12 92 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 19854 
 
 + 13 95 
 
 + 14 22 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 20049 
 
 + 13 79 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 34 
 
 20050 
 
 + 17 12 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 35 
 
 20051 
 
 + 14 12 
 
 + 13 12 
 
 
 + 16 92 
 
 
 + 1-37 
 
 an 
 
 20848 
 
 + 14-«i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 20849 
 
 + 2-44 
 
 •1 1 118 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 20850 
 
 + 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 20851 
 
 + 8 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 2<I852 
 
 + 1 01 
 
 + 2 97 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 20S62 
 
 + 13 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 2as63 
 
 + 12-10 
 
 
 +15 18 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 20864 
 
 + 13 8;i 
 
 + 13 87 
 
 +18-37 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 20865 
 
 + 12 98 
 
 + 1287 
 
 +16-91 
 
 
 45 
 
 208<iti 
 
 + 12 59 
 
 + 12 03 
 
 ' -,17-60 
 
 
 
 4«i 
 
 20H(!7 
 21579 
 
 + 13 07 
 
 4 16 87 
 
 + 12 46 
 + 16 .52 
 
 
 + 15 94 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 '21M2 
 
 + 17 03 
 
 + 16 80 
 
 
 + 20-92 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 21585 
 i 21586 
 
 + 12 9!) 
 4 15-37 
 
 + 12 93 
 1 1554 
 
 
 + 17 36 
 
 + 19-44 
 
 
 
 TiO 
 
 
 + 767 
 
 51 
 
 ! M.C) 
 
 + 10 65 
 
 + 8-79 
 
 
 + 9 19 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 Renin oil. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5:j 
 
 Coftl4ii]. 
 
 + 00 
 
 + 06 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 Hiiiritiiw. 
 
 + 1145 
 
 + 11 74 
 
 
 -14 M 
 
 
 
 + 3 95 
 
 55 
 
 V(l) 
 
 
 + 12 04 
 
 
 
 
 ."* 
 
 Wil; 
 
 
 +4-77 
 
 + 7-89 ! 
 
 1 
 
 57 
 
 XII) 
 
 
 + 11 49 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Y(l) 
 
 1 
 
 + 1 38 
 
 + 3 32 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 Gasoline. 
 T(l) 
 8(1) 
 
 
 + 12 
 
 + 8-70 
 
 
 + 0-28 
 
 W 
 
 
 + 6 06 
 
 
 + 6-98 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 1 ( 
 
 
 62 
 
 K(l) 
 
 
 + 11-69 
 
 i +U.61 
 
 
 63 
 
 P(l) 
 
 t 
 
 - 36 ! 
 
 1 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 (1). See explanatory note at foot of Table II. 
 
29 
 
 ru these. a.^iZ n rZlu^f ^"^"''^1*'^ ^^''"'- '' '""' •'^'') 
 l'.V UmK. Owi„K t., the Town I "^T *'*'' ^'"' "--^"'ts found 
 
 It iH UHUttlly asMumed that a low sn«.ifi,. „ w ■ i- 
 «enoe „f a petr.,leun, or other nfonr^n ^*"'" '"•''<^^»t'"< the ,,re- 
 the fact, however, that l^vo^taW^ . ^' '^^l'" ""lultemnt. Fn.m 
 
 evident that a mixture of t L^with L d"^" ''T'" '^'""■*^*''> '» is 
 
 lower the ol«ervH rotation Id mi L '''■'^f-"';<'t«t<"y kind wouH 
 
 .ictive mixture ' ""*'''* •''*''' l"-'"'"'*- -^ non-optically 
 
 . .Spiritine has the .me dextro..tatio„ as an on.inary tur,.ntinl 
 
 easJJ^^l^Liii^'rhe'Jhln^rir';::;::^ •' '^^"'-"" '" ^--...tine is 
 .vsidualfractio„ius«j|^:X;;;,w;^' ^p.'^rf^j^y whe„ a 
 French oil of tuHH^ntine which i-Ll\ ''"« is .loubtless true of 
 with American tm-iSes '"'^'"••"t«t'.ry but it altogether fails 
 
 either+or-:isanldS:;„.J^;,P;i„';;.^:: »«■■ »« a hi^d. rotation 
 
 U.— Ini>kx of Refha< 
 
 TIO.N. 
 
 This has been determined by the use of the \' . y ■ v, ^ 
 meter of the older form and not f„..„; i. ^ ■.. ^^""^ ^^fruaU^- 
 
 change« of ten.peratu.!^ '^r^atlTlff^.t ttl"' '"•""", T'"«-^- '^'"'='' 
 is not easily maintained at anv 1^ «e«,lings, an.l the instrument 
 
 room, I ha^founS advisable S *""'»'"'**•■"* »*•«„ that of the 
 haveadopted ± oJst'ra ^ S' ViT'Th'"" '5^'^\''"'^ 
 all been made within a few degm-s i^'O" C anVh ^^'LI!'"!''''?'' have 
 to this temperature by the abov^L^tL tV' "^ ^" corrected 
 
 The instrument was adjusted to ,.a.l 1-3330 for^;S at fo C. 
 
 (l)Comp. Reud. 124, 1367. 
 
30 
 
 TABLK VI. 
 
 it 
 
 CoHHKiTloN of Refractive Imlex for Teini>eraturt'. 
 
 (Abhe'H Refr»ctoiret«r.-Thr ncale readinan give three dreinial ftgurw. ; the fourtli 
 tlwinial i» entimated by the obseiver. ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ? 
 
 ll 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 33 i 
 
 ^i* 
 
 S9 • 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 is 
 
 n 
 
 a — KeniarkH. 
 
 P 
 
 Whole naiiipleBuf turt»>n- 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 1 4fi87 
 1 4753 
 
 \ 00061 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 1 The mean value for a 
 
 
 
 ■21 
 
 28 
 18 
 
 14680 
 I 4731 
 
 1 00051 ; 
 
 - difference of V C. i» 
 000547. 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 32" 
 18 
 
 14658 
 1 4745 
 
 } 00062 
 
 Firnt fraction of 
 
 one- 2» 
 
 15" 
 
 1 4715 
 
 VoOOBO 
 
 
 tenth vohiiiie. 
 
 
 18 
 
 r47UU i 1 
 
 The mean value for a 
 
 
 31 
 
 IB 
 
 1 4703 1 .nnn33 
 1 4«'.a i ; "°°*' 
 
 y difference of 1' C. i* 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 000437. 
 
 
 one 
 
 42 
 
 21 
 17' 
 
 1 4«84 
 1 4703 
 
 ! 00048 
 
 v 
 
 
 Last fraction of 
 
 1 
 
 2)1 
 
 18 
 
 1 504 
 
 : I OOOtiol 
 
 tenth volume. 
 
 
 1.5' 
 
 r5??2 { iThe mean value for a 
 
 
 31 
 
 W 
 
 } JSiS 1 00033 difference of 1 C. is 
 1 **5? ' 000477. 
 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 42 
 
 2r 
 
 1 5^r 1 00060 
 
 
 j 
 
 17' 
 
 1 5070 1 ) ^"" , 
 
 1 
 
 mi 
 
 The average value for a difference of one (lefjree centigrade is 
 therefore 00049. A slightlv 'ligher value in olwervefl in whole 
 turpentines, and a somewhat lower value in the fraction.s obtained on 
 diHtillation.s. 1 have a<lo})ted the uniform correction, V = ± 0005, 
 and when the reading is made at a temperature but a few degrees 
 removed from -JO C, only a negligible error can result by using this 
 c<mstant. 
 
SI 
 
 TABLE Vri. 
 
 KKPHAcmvK IndiieN „f Oil of Turpentine, at 20 C. 
 A. Ohwrved in June, 1901. B. Oh»rved ia SepfmUr, 1901. 
 
 i Lrtt»r 
 Dencrip- j of 
 
 tion. I Refrr- 
 
 i eiKX'. 
 
 RirRAOTivK Imiiex. 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 •M 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 2£ 
 26 
 27 
 2d 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 
 34 
 36 
 
 .« 
 
 1-3SU 
 
 17331 
 17332 
 17833 
 177H6 
 
 17787 
 19492 
 194U5 
 
 1U497 
 
 19499 
 19600 
 1U830 
 
 19833 
 
 19885 
 19837 
 
 I 19838 
 1983!) 
 
 19840 
 
 19841 
 19842 
 
 10843 
 
 19844 
 
 1!)848 
 
 19846 
 
 19847 
 
 19848 
 
 19849 
 
 19850 
 
 19851 
 
 19852 
 
 19383 
 
 19864 
 
 20049 
 20060 
 20061 
 
 20648 
 
 A 
 
 K 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 U 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 The 
 Ham pit*. 
 
 1-4684 
 1 4797 
 1 4681 
 1 4682 
 1 4688 
 l'46r8 
 1 4818 
 1 4682 
 1-4684 
 1 4686 
 
 1 4667 
 1 4830 
 1 4678 
 1 4679 
 I 4697 
 1 4764 
 1 4681 
 
 1-4686 
 14726 
 1 4688 
 : 1-4722 
 1 4741 
 14721 
 1 4749 
 1 4761 
 i 14718 
 1 4729 
 1 4706 
 1 4712 
 14729 
 1 4780 
 1 4706 
 14720 
 1 4703 
 1 4707 
 1 4702 
 1 4724 
 1 4705 
 1 4716 
 1 4714 
 1 4740 
 1 4707 
 1 4733 
 1 4725 
 1 4755 
 1 4704 
 1 4719 
 1 4682 
 1-4700 
 1 4707 
 I 4716 
 1 4713 
 1 4673 
 1 4694 
 
 1-4686' 
 1 4708 
 
 Fii»t : Rekidue 
 Fncciuiiof' uf 
 I'fVolumo.VgVoltiii.t' 
 
 1 4677 
 
 i 4622 
 1 4672 
 1 4676 
 1 4060 
 
 1 4609 
 1 4660 
 14666 
 1 4692 
 1 4648 
 
 1 4<i56 
 1 4668 
 1 4676 
 1-4706 
 1 4662 
 1 46!» 
 t 1666 
 1 4674 
 1 4664 
 1 4089 
 
 1 4790 
 1 6111 
 14767 
 1 4806 
 1 4783 
 1 4816 
 
 'i-4837 
 1 4861 
 I 4869 
 
 1 4670 
 
 1-47.51 
 1 4862 
 1 4779 
 1 61.53 
 1 4777 
 1 5164 
 1 4942 
 1 6049 
 1 4793 
 1 48.<i2 
 
 Difft^r- 
 enoe. 
 
 00113 
 
 6 0096 
 Oi:44 
 0108 
 OlNi 
 
 6 0168 
 0191 
 0193 
 
 0022 ' 
 
 00096 
 0184 
 0103 
 0447 
 0115 
 00469 I 
 00277 ; 
 00375 
 0129 
 0143 
 
 Builiny 
 Point. 
 
 I 156-164 
 
 167* 
 
 1 163°-1B2' 
 
 16S°-164' 
 
 isi-idr 
 
 166°-164° 
 
 i8»"-184°' 
 
 186''.16r 
 
 166".in0" 
 
 166-210f 
 
 154°-180^ 
 
 i53"-166" 
 166 164" 
 156-164° 
 16r-17r 
 
 I5r-ia3° 
 
 186°-200» 
 156"-170f 
 168°-200" 
 156°- 168° 
 156°-16r 
 
 1 4674 
 1 4684 
 
 I 14810 I 0121 186M66' 
 
 14668 14803 0136 
 
 1 4673 
 1 4692 
 1 4666 
 1 4697 
 1-4669 
 1 4694 
 1 4668 
 
 1 5138 
 1 4842 
 
 00464 
 0168 
 
 1-4663 
 I 4693 
 1 4670 
 1 46% 
 1 4670 
 1 4698 
 1-4668 
 1 4690 
 '4670 
 1 4687 
 1 466!) 
 1 4685 
 1 4fifln 
 1 4697 
 1-4661 
 1 4660 
 1 4667 
 1-4683 
 1 4661 
 t 46« 
 
 002S6 
 0388 
 0176 
 00S26 
 ()0.-., 
 Ol.W 
 00088 
 
 154-200° 
 15r-172° 
 
 156° 164° 
 
 154°-176* 
 
 166°-170" 
 
 166' 
 
 156 ? 66' 
 
 167^-165' 
 
 0127 
 
 0210 
 
 0125 
 
 0424 
 
 00117 
 
 00282 
 
 00364 
 
 00306 
 
 00116 
 
 0213 
 
 00017 
 
 00165 
 
 00227 
 
 0346 
 
 00164 
 
 OOl-JO 
 
 OOIBO 
 
 0402 
 
 00232 
 
 00291 
 
 186°-Hie' 
 'i65°-16r 
 
 i65°-i6r' 
 
 156°-195° 
 164°-17r 
 
 isr-w 
 
 167° 
 168°-186° 
 
 i5o"'-i68'' ■ 
 166°-168° 
 166°-165° 
 156°-162° 
 165°-163° 
 156°18r 
 166°-17r 
 166° 
 
33 
 
 '1 A ULK V I l—CoxliiiueJ. 
 Rkkkaitivk IiulitvH irf Oil of Tuqientine, «t 'M C. - C'ofK/«rf«/. 
 
 i' 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Lf>tt«r ' 
 
 •>r 
 
 Refer- 
 
 Kitr HAITI VK Inukx. 
 
 
 
 Dncrip- 
 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 
 Differ. 
 
 BoilinK 
 Point. 
 
 The 
 8ain|>le. 
 
 Kimt 
 
 Reiiidue 
 
 elice. 
 
 1 
 
 
 HIIW. 
 
 KrBctiiini.f 
 i'aV'oIiiiim*. 
 
 1 4<15<l 
 
 ,SiVt»lnine. 
 1 4873 
 
 
 
 (G23 
 
 
 37 
 
 2UH4g 
 
 A 
 
 1 4ri8« 
 
 156" 166 
 
 3M 
 
 •JOWO 
 
 A 
 
 1 4701 
 
 1 4673 
 
 1 4787 
 
 0114 
 
 
 :«i 
 
 ■iOHfil 
 
 A 
 K 
 
 1 47UI 
 
 1 46711 
 1 4717 
 
 1 4800 
 
 01:m 
 
 156 165'" 
 155' 
 
 -«> 
 
 20H52 
 
 A 
 
 1 4672 
 
 1 ttW.) 
 
 'l'4758" 
 
 "6 OOKO' 
 
 157- 174* 
 
 41 
 
 20862 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 1 4M-.ti 
 1 46! *5 
 
 r46i->7 
 
 1 4712 
 
 0055 
 
 
 
 155-175' 
 
 42 
 
 2I)H<>3 
 
 A 
 
 1 47(»ti 
 
 1 4<i<i7 
 
 i 4813 
 
 0175 
 
 ' ' 154 liw'-' ' 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 I 47" 
 
 1 4<it<8 
 
 1 -1(155 
 
 ();W7 
 
 156* 
 
 4S 
 
 20H'>4 
 
 A 
 
 1 4»i'.l7 
 
 1 M-M) 
 
 1 47ti4 
 
 0104 
 
 15ft-l(i4' 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 4763 
 
 1 1717 
 
 1 5U8 
 
 (M37 
 
 ir.5-wi' 
 
 44 
 
 208(l-> 
 
 A 
 
 1 4UW, 
 
 1 4<)tW 
 
 1 48l>:) 
 
 0142 
 
 l.V. 164' 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 
 1 46!l| 
 
 1 l'.l>5 
 
 0(1291 
 
 l.-|6-174° 
 
 45 
 
 2nH<>ii 
 
 A 
 
 1 47W 
 
 1 4650 
 
 1 4819 
 
 00160 
 
 1;V).1(;7* 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 4N16 
 
 1 4701 
 
 1 r.nw 
 
 04!t5 
 
 iMr-MO- 
 
 4« 
 
 20WJ7 
 
 A 
 
 1 46:.l 
 
 1 462.") 
 
 1 4626 
 
 (11)01 
 
 155 180" 
 
 
 
 ]) 
 
 r4i>85 
 
 1 4ti:>8 
 
 14780 
 
 00122 
 
 
 47 
 
 2»57!l 
 
 A 
 
 1 4710 
 
 1 4<'>62 
 
 1 4787 
 
 0125 
 
 ' mi'-vrr" 
 
 4H 
 
 215H2 
 
 A 
 
 1 4<il« 
 
 1 4666 
 
 1 4743 
 
 0078 
 
 imua- 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 474U 
 
 146% 
 
 1 5091 
 
 <I3!*5 
 
 156'-1«6' 
 
 49 
 
 21585 
 
 A 
 
 1 47(>0 
 
 1 4661 
 
 1 4857 
 
 00196 
 
 155175' 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 1 •*»«!» 
 
 1 6150 
 
 00461 
 
 15ft"-2no 
 
 50 
 
 215M6 
 
 A 
 
 1 4<i!t2 
 
 1 4670 
 
 r47!l« 
 
 0126 
 
 156°-170 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 4723 
 
 14691 
 
 1 4919 
 
 0228 
 
 
 51 
 
 •M 
 
 A 
 
 1 4iOT 
 
 1 4437 
 
 1 475!» 
 
 0322 
 
 131164'' ' 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 44i7!» 
 
 1 4466 
 
 1 4451 
 
 0486 
 
 
 S2 
 
 Kesiii nil 
 
 A 
 
 1 53U8 
 
 
 
 
 200° + 
 
 53 
 
 C<i»l oil 
 Spiritinc 
 
 A 
 A 
 
 1 4341 
 1 4701 
 
 
 
 0134 
 
 171 -20ir + 
 
 54 
 
 "i'm-A" 
 
 "i'4788' 
 
 151 176" 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 4722 
 
 1 4698 
 
 1 4891 
 
 0193 
 
 164-175" 
 
 S5 
 
 •V 
 
 A 
 
 14763 
 
 
 
 
 166°-15tt' 
 
 M 
 
 •w 
 
 A 
 
 1 4:-W 
 
 ■i'4n<ni ' 
 
 i 4Ni2 
 
 (ioosfi' 
 
 154".'.'60° + 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 4538 
 
 1 44!»4 
 
 1 4Ni5 
 
 0071 
 
 lM"-250°-l- 
 
 67 
 
 •X 
 
 A 
 
 1 4700 
 
 1 4«i60 
 
 1 1 4733 
 
 00073 
 
 
 58 
 
 'Y 
 
 A 
 
 1 4737 
 
 1 46'J<i 
 
 : 1 4985 
 
 00289 
 
 '■l57'-17!r" 
 
 5!> 
 
 Uanoliiie 
 
 A 
 
 1 4«» 
 
 1 4033 
 
 1 14231 
 
 0198 
 
 90-1 14° 
 
 m 
 
 •T 
 
 A 
 
 1 4398 
 
 1 4178 
 
 1 1 4770 
 
 0(J592 
 
 93-15y 
 
 62 
 
 •R 
 
 A 
 
 1 4733 
 
 1 4617 
 
 
 
 155-174° 
 
 l>3 
 
 •P 
 
 A 
 
 1 4173 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water 
 
 
 1 3330 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 * See explanatory note at foot of Table II. 
 
 The iiienn intU'x of refraction for 4"-' samples of oil of turpentine is 
 l-4*)i)4 at 20' C. The extremes amon^; these sainpleK are 1 "4(507 and 
 I-4722. It is nwtter of ohservatioii that wherever these numbers 
 have lieen exceeded, the Haniple has Ix-c-n found to be suspicioUH upon 
 other j^rounds. 
 
 The refractive inilex of ii>sin oil i.s so much hi;;her than ♦^hat of oil 
 <»f turjientine, that the admixture of a few per cent causes a notable 
 rise. At the same time, it is evident that the resinous bodies which 
 result from atmospheric oxiflatio?! of the tiii-jHTitine act like roxin oil 
 in this respect. These are for the most excluded fn>ra the first frac- 
 tion of one-tenth \-oiume, and the refractive index of this fraction 
 shows a remarkable uniformity. It may Ix" taken a8 averaging 1-4670 
 when distilli-d from a newly opened barrel of turpentine ; and when 
 distilltxl from a sample long exposed to the air, it rarely exceeds 1'4700. 
 
/=,z:5L iTt^r:^^,^ 's -" -' i;~"™- 
 
 of turDentin« M, v ■ "*^"°" "^ estimiition m presence of oil 
 
 «4inSo, i?33,,''mT>' n333"^f • »"-«-•—« in 
 genuine. ' ' ^'^^^- ^^ wmplea he considew 
 
 active condition and 8uJw»o.u.nf i» !l-*^^ ■ * "osorbed is m the 
 
 The m»dy SCriz^tS^nH ^ '^'^"™' intramolecular oxidation. 
 
 dangerous expl^iona ^t may beTat^JJ: *" ^ P"^^^"* ^'*'^*"'^ *°«^ 
 - y UB. ± t may be that fu rther experience would over- 
 
 (1.) Jour, Chein.Soc., 1890, 99. " 
 
 (2.) Ab.t. in Jour. Soc. Chen,. Indui 1900, 682. 
 (1.) Amer. Ohem. Jour., 12, 102. 
 
.14 
 
 cm,., the*. ai«cutti«.. The method h« h«-n «ppn.v«i by LonB »n.l 
 
 "*m7 attempt- t«. brinR .bout .tm.»pheric oxi.lation under fixed .nd 
 coi»t*nt wmditionH are ciencribed in A-t-tion 7. 
 
 17. Bromi,^ Abm,rptu>n. ¥. Even. (I) P^ITT. */»'' '*~"||:';l"f ;„"'' 
 bn.mine water by oil <rf turp.«ntine an a way .rf di.t.nKUwh,nK it fnm. 
 
 "t»?rl.iw'ariSt»..he (2) imj.n.ve upon thU .u«^tion by mo<Ufy- 
 
 in« the deUilii of the pnK-eH«, »m follow* : , u i /a<t <l^ 
 
 The »an.ple in prejiml by ,li«M,lvinK Ice. in 49cc. alcohol (90 J^ 
 
 jH-r cent.) 
 
 Solulum(l.h-V^r»m\i^»l yH»>^*wn 50 Kranime. and bnmiate of 
 potatutiuin I •'> >{ranjnicH, in 1 litre of water. 
 
 Soluti(m(:.) UiluN- sulphuric acid, 1:3. , , ,. 
 
 aS o th> Piv .anMl sHulple in trvate.1 with 20cc. of each -olut.on 
 and^he ...ixtu,; «h..ken for half a minute, the temperature te.ng kept 
 an near "20' C. an inmHible. 
 
 Genuine Hpirit of tuqx'ntine decolorixe« thin m)lution. 
 
 "have found thin to work fairly natinfactorily with fmr nampleH of 
 genuine t..r,K-ntine npirit. The .l«-olorati«n wan eompl"te m one can,. 
 and nearly ho in the othern. C.Mil oil, Kanohne and nmin oil, fade<l t ► 
 dm.loriL. the bromine K..lution. Oil of turpenMne w.th 20 jM-r cent 
 of «»ril wan eanilv di.tinguished fron, the un.,.lulterate.l art.cle. but 
 10 per cent coal oil gave <mly a doubtful indication. 
 
 18 If oil of turiH-ntine l» mixwl with alx.ut 4 volumeH of a mineral 
 oil (^\ oil) the a.l.litio„ of HtronK sulphuric -i'^ V"'^"^^, .'"'j,';;,;;' 
 charrinif, an.l the rise of temin-raturp in gnKlual. In the following 
 eSrn^nt^, 10,c. of stnm« Hulphuric acid wan a.lde.1 with conntant 
 HuSr; mixture of loTv. tun^-ntine with 40,.c. of ortiinary k.-ro- 
 «ene (c««l oil). The beaker containinp the tun»-ntine ""f^ure J,«f; 
 placed in a larger beaker, the intervening H»«ie Vx-ing ♦^lle*! 'Mtl. 
 
 KbrouH anbestoM. « i . .„..„i„,.b m. 
 
 The c«l oil used t.. dilute the turp^-ntine wa- found to P"^«l"^ * 
 rise of :l-4 C. on mixing 50o^-. with lOcc sulphunc acid. Two san^ 
 Dies of tUHH-ntine gave (a) 57 (b) .'"h" mean=5, C. and (a) -.4 « 
 (b75'2 9 ■3=.5.1-9 while the »«n,ple. No. 63 of the tables, gave 
 (a) 109 (b) 10-4, mean =10-7° C. , .u » ^ fi. 
 
 The initial temperature was, in each experiment, nearly that c^ tlu 
 nxmi. Further investigation of this t«tt will lie nuwle. 
 
 (l.) Chem. Ceiitr»lb., 1898, 866. 
 
 (2.) Chem. Zeit., 1899, (WC. Abstract*! in Jimi. i^. Otum. l«d««., 1899, 94*. 
 
35 
 
 HvwonuN «rf rraulU iMtintinx *«> mlultemtion. 
 
 Ohanotmr. 
 
 8wiiUNurabwolHMnpl» 
 
 
 1 
 Colour abnomul 
 
 • UU|l4:|Bia» 
 
 1 
 
 .. H 
 
 ... X \: .: :: 
 
 4U«BI 
 
 C1<«mn. of tint rnotion. 
 
 (Mour abnormal 
 
 K , . 
 
 ..XX 
 
 l)M«ity abnunuaJlx low in 
 
 wniplr 
 
 DfMity •liocmwlly high in ' 
 
 Nunple 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 X X 
 
 1 
 
 ... X J 
 
 
 
 
 t>eniiljr •bnomuUly luw in 
 
 Iracticn 
 
 l>»iMit]r klmumuaiy high in 
 
 nmiaxto 
 
 X . ... ' 
 
 1 
 
 .... xi 
 
 1 
 
 • •• X ■'.... X ... . 
 
 ..XX 
 
 Boiling |>,int •bnommlly juw. . , . 
 
 
 
 
 n_ij" I. .',' i^, .'"«'' • 
 
 .. ..!.. .. X .. .. 
 
 
 
 Rniduo kbnonnally high x 
 
 J"l»»h point »bnonn*lly low. . . , 
 
 .. • •!.. .. X .. X 
 
 .. ..1 
 
 « X .. X .! .. W ;.' !! 
 
 
 ViKoaity ratio low. ... 
 Solubility in Metio •oid in- 
 
 oomplat*. 
 
 Index ol refraction high 
 
 " ■ low . 
 
 . X X X ..!x X . 
 
 .. ..|.... xj.. X 
 
 !•• ' • I 
 
 ■ X XX 
 
 < X 
 
 .. .. X 
 X . . .. 
 
 SumniMy 1 
 
 -.1:11114 
 
 al 4 1 illlil 
 
 t i 
 
 1 4 8 
 
 In the a«;oni}«tny,nK synopHiH I have arrunKed the resulU .>f mv 
 t«HtH a- applied f. the Hampl«, collected. It will be men that 9 nampli 
 Kive abnormal indicahonn in regard t<. two or more character, the 
 Identifying numbers are aw folIowH :— 
 
 Snrisl 
 Numbem. 
 
 16 
 1» 
 
 » 
 31 
 40 
 46 
 
 Oencription. 
 
 Reuutrk*. 
 
 injy- 
 
 19.837 
 19,841 
 19,844 
 19,861 
 l!l,853 
 20,862 
 20,887 
 
 Probably ccntiin« petroleum. 
 I'nntains main oil. 
 Probably oontaiiu roain oil. 
 .May contain nmin oil. 
 Probably contain* roam oil. 
 May contain petroleum. 
 
 Contain! mineral oil. 
 
 61 
 
 M 
 
 It occurred to me that the determination of the heat of combugtion 
 might fumiHh numbers which would have value in discriminating 
 between genuine and adulterated turpentines. My friend Dr. H C 
 Sheiman of Columbia College, New York, was good enough to 
 iSfpK"vil''!i ^'""^ clorimeter) the calorific ^e« for thrS 
 
 No. 53-(C<»l oil). 
 
 .(a) 11168 
 
 (b) 11176 
 
 (c) 11198 
 
 Mean = 11184 calories per gram at con- 
 stant volume. 
 
36 
 
 Hho. !)i — (Hpiritine) . 
 
 .(a) 10568 
 (b) 10546 
 
 lil 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 Mean = 10557 calories per gram at con- 
 
 stant volume. 
 
 No. 55 — (Genuine turpentine) .. (a) 10813 
 
 (b) 10788 
 
 Mean = 10801 calories per gram at con- 
 
 stant volume. 
 
 The eomj»arutively Hniall differences shown make it very doubtful 
 whether useful indications could he obtained. It may be possible at 
 some future time to further investigate this subject. 
 
 The following is an attempt to define oil of turpentine on the basis 
 of the work just recorded. The definition must be regarded as provi- 
 sional, and subjei't to correction and amplification. 
 
 Oil of turjK'ntine is a liquid, i-olviirlenn in thin layers, and having a 
 yellow-red tint, eijuivalent to alx)ut 1 unit of j'ellow and 0-1 unit of 
 red (L«)viboiid scale) when viewed in a column "2 dm. long. Clear, but 
 made decidedly opm|Ue by shaking with 0-1 per cent water, and 
 giving an upaque distillate of one-tenth volume, which settles clear in 
 a few hours. Odour peculiar and characteristic, quite di.stinct from 
 that of ga.soline, rosin oil or acetone, and capable of disguising these 
 odours to the extent of 10 per cent admixture. Demiity between 
 0-860 and 0-880, (usually about 0-870) — but samples which have been 
 long exposed to air may have a higher density. The fimt /ravtion of 
 one-tenth volume, has a density Ix'tween 0-856 and 0-870 ( usually 
 about 0-860). The residiml tenth should not exceed 0-900. Tlie Boiling 
 point should lie Ijetween 154° and 158' C, and nine-tenths should di.stil 
 below 180' C. The fixed renidtie, on evaporating over boiling water in 
 a 4 inch, hemispherical dish, should not exceed •_' per cent. The visco- 
 xiti/, at 20° C, should be nearly l-'J.W (water = 1-000)— McGill viscosi- 
 meter. F/iish point should be about 32' C. — (Abel instrument.) — Should 
 dimolve completely in an equal volume of glacial acetic acid, and the first 
 fraction should similarly di.ssolve. A mlnrated mlution of asphaltum 
 should not be rendered translucent by dilution to ten volumes. 
 (This test is best made by comparison with a sivmple of known purity.) 
 The opiicid (wtivity of the first fraction should increase in a -|- direction 
 by oxidation. Tlie refractive index at 20° C. should lie Ijetweeu 1-4667 
 and 1-4722. That of the first fraction should not exceed 1-4700. 
 Moistent»d iodide of starch paper should become blue when suspended 
 over turjx'ntine exjiosefl to air. Free Bromine in solution (.tee Section 
 17) .should be decolorized. Strong milphnric acid should polymerize 
 and char the sample at a lK)iling tem{)erature. A rise of temperature 
 {nee Sec. 18), should result on mixing with sulphuric acid. 
 
 Nqte. — I niay mention that an investigation is now Iwing carried on with a 
 view to iitilizin(5 the specific heat of oil of turpentine aa a means of determininf; its 
 purity. There is a KiiHicient difference lx<tween the ki»M:ific heat of oil of turpentine 
 and that of dydrocarbons of the paraffin series, to make tfiis determination available, 
 if a sufficiently simple and yet accurate apparatus could be devised for carrying it 
 out. 
 
 A. McGILL 
 
 I