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 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 
 
 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 
 
 STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 

 
 
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 liUprint fton Ti 
 
 MB Camaoian Practitiqnbk, Toronto, 8«pt«mbcr, ilfl.) 
 
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 ■-.'-.'r-w"^-^---*.^ •>^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ • . - 
 
 Lz/e Insurance and the Relation 
 Existing between it and 
 Medical Men. 
 
 J 
 
 BV 
 
 DR. JAS. THpRBURN, 
 
 TORO^TTO, 
 
 Pkofcflior of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Toronto ; 
 
 and Medical Director North AoMrican Life 
 
 Assurance Company. 
 
 #■ 
 
 <Read at meeting of Ontario Medical Aw>ci|ition, 1888.) 
 
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 J. E. BitVANi: ft Co., Publishwrs, Toronto, Canada. 
 
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 :e and the 
 
 LIFE INSqRANCE AND THE RELA- 
 
 TtONS EXISTING BETWEEN IT 
 
 AND MEDICAL MEN. 
 
 — ♦>"<♦ ■ 
 
 r. . 
 
 Life insurance is now one of the principal 
 
 Institutions of the civilized world, whether we 
 
 i view it financially or as a provision to succor 
 
 "i^and maintain those whp depend upon the heads 
 
 :of families for their present and future support 
 
 jEiS well as comfort and happiness, or to maintain' 
 
 one's self in after years, when unable, from 
 
 various causes, to battle with life. The history 
 
 of it is interesting and instructive. 
 
 In earlier years annuities were common," 
 and these were granted by Jews and usurers, 
 and extortion and vice of all kinds pre- 
 vailed. Policies of alf kihds were issued, not only 
 for mercantile purposes, but also against wind 
 and weather, against particular diseases, pro- 
 viding safe passes even through purgatory, etc." 
 Intrigue and wars, with pestilence, carried off tens' 
 and hundreds of thousands, aiid there was no 
 provision for those left behin|i. • In its infancy' 
 life insurance was conducted in 4 hap-hazard' 
 style, and partook very much 6f a gamlbling^ 
 nature. Often the healthy and; strong died 
 
 *-5<: 
 
 .^ 
 
"" if^^^'^^PPT^'^' ' 
 
 ■ / 
 
 « 
 
 , I, i, ontv within the last century 
 suddenly. It » °7 i^^ ^is has been 
 
 • ' •''^rrer'tobri-ofn.edica.n.en 
 
 • cstaWished. '"*°" deduced the probable 
 and statisticians have deduced F ^.^ ^^ 
 
 • duration If human Wc to an ex P_^ ^^^^ 
 
 . r'°;i:etw:nt vidXye-ith;av^^^ 
 
 human hfe taken . ^^ ^^^^^^ ^j,„^ 
 
 """"too thHx^ctatio; amounts almost to 
 .,000,000 the cxp ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ 
 
 , a certamty. 1 "c car y ^^ ^^^^ ^j^^ 
 
 • ^*' 1- f ii '^hl oTce in his clutches 
 P°«" "'*'': hlnrst to introduce the study of 
 
 ^:Trl he B eslau tables, fo'rmulatcd 
 . CrS.^e%henrstofanyi.p^^^^^^ 
 
 arVow'Trd for one year l^om the 3|^ 
 
 %-^- ti::t d^d'^^Th-crt 
 
 retuseu h ' ^ , ho„^ver, ruled that 
 
 T 7:ty ofdate exdudcd the day itself. 
 
 a tLa thJ underwriter was liable. This .s 
 
 and that tne uuu ^^^^ 
 
 the first insurance on a hfe ot wni 
 
 * i^* the history of life insuran«= ; bu the 
 sS of early insurance, how ""d where . 
 •• •- ttLted is of no practical importance to us 
 - ::rS-t time. It is now before us as one 
 
 
 J 
 

 * # ^^ir '^s jf "^ 1 -* ^ - 
 
 of the greatest finai^cial-saving institutions of 
 the world, and speaks much for the thrift and 
 unselfishness of man in providing for breakers 
 ahead and in alleviating distress and poverty. 
 Man does not live for himself alone, and he 
 who does not provide for his dependents falls 
 short of his moral obligations. And here life 
 insurance shows itself ds a most valuable insti- 
 tution. For many years, from small beginnings^ 
 surrounded by enemies and ignorance, supersti- 
 tion and vice, its progress was spasmodic and 
 slow ; but ab^ man became more intelligent and 
 civilized, ignorance disappeared, and we now 
 find it a valuable hum'ane institution, the widow's 
 hope and help, the orphan's protection and 
 salvation, and the enfeebled and aged insurer's 
 maintenance, in thousands of instances. 
 
 The growth .0^ life insurance during the past 
 thirty years, mdre espa|blly on this continent, 
 has been something fpHderful. In the year 
 ^rSy^the date of the earliest American official 
 reports^ there were only fourteen J.ife Com- 
 panies doing business in the State of New 
 York and one Home Company here ; there are 
 now twenty-nine in that State, and during the 
 intervening years the number of companies has 
 fluctuated Irom fourteen to seventy-one, the 
 latter number being that for 1870. The greatest 
 increase in the number occurred during the 
 inflatiofT period, following the close of the 
 American civil war, when men, without ariy 
 
 11 
 
 ■M 
 
 
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 f^At j^i^^^ik^ 'fffO^^ /g^ ^' V 'Vi^&J'2.& a\fib^ii^2J' 
 
■m ', • <»5%> ir^>;-^^^Bfnt^KWFg^)i tj i»- s | 
 
 
 K 
 
 knowledge whatever of the science of hfc in- 
 surance, undertook to 8j)cculatc in Life Com- 
 panics, as they had done in railroad and mining 
 stocks,' with the usual consequences resulting 
 from inexperience. 
 
 In 1859 the true purpose and great benefits 
 of life insurance were but little known by the 
 general public. In that year the total amount 
 of business written, namely, ii little over $30,- 
 ooo.oop, would scarcely now satisfy a single 
 com'pany for one year's transaptions, and the 
 entire amount of insurance then in force, about 
 $141,500,000, is but little more than was written 
 by one comiwny alone last year. During the 
 last thirty years there has been an increase 
 of nearly five hundred per cent, in the number 
 of policies and amount of insurance in /orce, 
 while the gain in assets has been somewhat 
 greater. During 1887 the official reports show 
 that twenty-nine United States companies wi^ote 
 $531,170,773,. while the amount in force at 
 the close of the year was $2,837,926,053, being 
 an improvement over the record of the previous 
 year of $82,556,541 in amount of insurance 
 written, and of $252,094,070 in the aggregate 
 amount of insurance carried by these companies. 
 
 In CAiada the amount of new business 
 written last year was $23,560,849 by the .Cana- 
 dian Companies ; $3,112,160 by the British 
 Companies; and $ii,435»72i by the United 
 States Companies, and the total amount in 
 
•y f* "^""^"'T^ 
 
 
 force $i9i»67$,852, 0(<^\\e ncwly-ismied busi- 
 ncss oUr Home Companies did over Avice thd 
 amoimt done by the United States Companies, 
 and nearly ^ighf times that of the British 
 Companies. " ; 
 
 A most rapid growth in the business done on 
 this continent has taken place during the last 
 few years. For c^tample: in round numbers 
 the new insurances written in 1885 *>y the 
 United States .Companies was $400,006^000 ; 
 in 1886 it was $600,000,000; and in 1887 it 
 exceeded $700,000^000. The total amount of 
 insurances in forqe in them is now $2,837,- 
 926,053, whict^ conrprises a larger amount than 
 has been in force for many years and proves 
 that ^ people iJjelieVe in it, because, as a 
 whole, iNjas proved itself trustworthy, a quality 
 which distinguishes it froBi the worthless coun- 
 terfeit furnished by companies .doing business 
 on the co-operative system. "!; 
 
 During 1887 the total payments made to 
 policy-holders ^y the United States Companies 
 amounted to over $70, Ti'O^^^oo, and their gross 
 assets amounteil to over $614,000,000. The 
 payments made to policy-holders by our Cana- 
 dian Companies in 1887 amounted to $1,405,- 
 4i7rand their aggregate assets to $14,352,475. 
 In former timejj; any adult in apparent good 
 health could be insured without a medical 
 examinatiqp, and, as a consequence, many 
 ,<io^bt^ and bad risks were accepted. The 
 
 X 
 
 '«; 
 
praved habits and tainted constitutions. 
 
 The history of life insurance revcaU many 
 instances of groa frauds perpetrated upon Life 
 Insurance Companies. Personation, forgery, 
 and murder hav<} been employed, and fre- 
 quently with success. The medical man muit 
 weigh carefully the statements of the applicant 
 and friends. Many persons of intemperate 
 
 , k'.- 
 
 ai& i. .e M& iiiiM^ ^Jf^^ .'tliB&Cit „d*rMtij&^^M^hki.ia\.i/^it 
 
 i ^fi. 
 
influence, pecuniary or otherwise. He it the 
 official or the company, and while paying due 
 reipect to all information received from the 
 applicant and friends, as well tis from physical 
 examination, he must bear in mind that to the 
 company alone is he responsible. This is some- 
 times a difficult matter for the medical exam- 
 iner, as his decisions may affect him pecuniarily 
 
 
 
given, or is not willing to give, care, iimc anu 
 
 •tudy to it. 
 
 It is important that the medical exammcr 
 should carefully consider the statement of the 
 applicant and his friends, They often conceal 
 important facts, especially in reference to habits, 
 and any answers that are not explicit should be 
 carefully' examined into. The medical man 
 must not think that his duties arc finished when 
 
 1^ 
 
 ft' fit, i d. 
 
 't i 
 
 ,kPigM-^fe4J^Jffi:4"* . « 
 
v.vjiiamciai)ic imponancc, nencc companies ^ 
 vide risks into different classes. Chiefly through 
 the instrumentality of the medial men the mor- 
 tality of the trades has been materially dimin- 
 ished ; the mortality from sickness of the British 
 army has been reduced one-half during the lost 
 few years. 
 
 The surroundings of an applicant arc most 
 important in arriving at a correct conclusion. 
 
'1 
 
 of the heart and circuiaiion aic uucu ima q^ 
 down from father to son. The occupotion of 
 an applicant sometimes tends to shorten life, as 
 that of a painter or plumber/which is due to the 
 absorption of lead. Seamen, miners, engine- 
 drivers, brakesmen, hotelkeepers and liartcnders 
 are all risks that should not be taken at ordi- 
 narjfc rates. Amqng the best* risks arc profes- 
 sional men. The question o( epilepsy is one in 
 
 ■M 
 
nuu suHcrctI from fwfalysis, the effect, say, of 
 diptheria or typhoid fever, all indications hav- 
 ing been removed for at least upwards of a year, 
 the life would be insurable. It is customarj^ 
 for insurance companies to exchange with each 
 other their decisions in rejected cases, when 
 required, and by this means frauds, made either 
 puriwscly or in ignorance, are frequently de- 
 tected. Hence the importance of the medical 
 
 
Puerperal fever 
 Tout 
 
 a83 
 
 or,1n other words, i death for childbirth in aoo 
 cases of la»)or. How many of the above casca 
 were affected by phthisis is not given. The 
 population of Ontario was a.ooo.ooo. 
 
 Life insurance is a contract entered into by 
 an applicant or his friends and the company to 
 
 ^ 'k* .. ..^dkllV j»k,iA. 't-^.-d^s' , 
 
 
amounts to a warranty, it RiuM not only be tub- 
 •tantJally but literally true." The tame judge 
 further on states that the responsibility of giving 
 full information rests with the proposer: "If 
 the projxjsal leads the insurers into error by 
 Inducing them to compute their risks upon cir- 
 cumstanccs not founded in fact, so that the risk 
 actually run is diflTercnl from that intended to 
 be run, the contract is as much at an end as if 
 
 
 .^j^^ajfei JMt4!^^-^ .^JBa^iiw'W- -^^^^^4^s^>ii> -ii^UL^^^'i 1 
 
 ..^ 
 
U routt be asaumcd upo t ^ awiwu^y u>a% »»v 
 office or fclotion of m medical euunincr to hii 
 com{iany » one of agency for certain important 
 purixMicf." Further on he iumi up hii coie in 
 the following nianner: "To the medical exam- 
 iner, however, thete Judicial definition* have a 
 special present neccwity and value, for they 
 declare what hi« true office ii, what hii limiu- 
 tioni are, and in what relation* he ttandi to a 
 company and his statutory disqualifications as a 
 
 t 
 
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 ^'iiuMt^lAK^ 
 
 
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oti convictton themif iKall be liable to a Ane 
 not ejicccding $1,000, or to imprttonment in the 
 county Jail not excelling three months, at the 
 diicrction of the court, and he thaJI alio be 
 liable to the com|Kiny for an action on the caae 
 for the full amount of any insurance obtained 
 from iuch company by means, o^through the 
 awintancc, of such false statemeffir report." ^ 
 In conclusion, gentlemen, I hope that I have 
 
•* 
 
 
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