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 The following page9 have^ be^n eoi^Qpiled fi^om various sour- 
 ces, foi< the uae of the Studente of the MutoHa Medica Class, 
 
 Queen*s College. 
 
 ■ FIFE FOWLER, 
 
 Kingston, C. W., August ISe*. 5fc*oi;^ 
 
 111 ■ •.<«» ..- . 
 
 ^Ttn 
 
 »!♦ " 
 
 The term Materia Medica,in the striotaencfe^feasrefereiiOc 
 only to material 8ub$tance8 used in the treatmeht of disease, 
 but in the more extended sense, it includes all remedial agents 
 of whatever kind, whether material ot otherwise, used in pal- 
 liating, curing, or preventing disease. A Medicine is a sub- 
 stance which produces such changes in the vital functiont as 
 makes it available lor curative purposes. Medicines diffeir 
 from alimentary substances in not being essential to the sup- 
 port bf life, ini not being assimilated to t)^ various organs but 
 in some way altering or modifying the various vital actions. — 
 Poisons dimir in the degree of action-^they have the inherent 
 power of violently disturbing the system ; they are not neces- 
 sarily medicinal agents, although many of them under proper 
 regulations are valuable as such. ' ''* 
 
 By Therapeutics is understood the application of remedies 
 to the cure of ditease. 
 
 Pharmacy is that department which Has reference to the 
 collecting, preparing, preserving and dispensing of Medicines. 
 Remedies are divided into those which act through the mind, 
 and those acting directly on the body. The former may be 
 called Mental, the latter Corporal Remedies. The internal 
 affections of the mind, as fear, faith, and, above all, hope, are 
 ofttimes used as powerful temedies. Coleridge says, '* he is 
 the best Physician who is the most ingeniousinspirer of hope." 
 The mind communicates with the external worid through the 
 senses, and in this way also powerful influtoces may be 
 brought to bear on disease. Sound may be stimulating or 
 soothing ; color is not without its influence^ and a good deal 
 
 
may be dcme thraugh the medium of common senflation. Of 
 the remedies acting directly on the body, some are imponder- 
 able, |uch as Li^'fAPe^t ^^^ Electricity j others are of a sur- 
 gical or m^hkniclt to^ef, and the reWdmler aife the Medi- 
 ein^ as^ibi^e d^^. Mediciiiesaet BiT«Mog)e ally and 
 t*her<ipeuticajly : by the former is understood thi^efffct ine4i- 
 ci^shavdoli th# system fvitlkmt reference to disease ; by the 
 latter the aptiou th«y mani.ftiit on the disei^WH**for example, 
 the Physiologieat ejects of an Etnefic are nausc'a, Smiting, 
 i*c., white the Thewij^^uticat fnay be the cure of Jiundice, or 
 li9acbehe>i(^^4i^|H!!e^ of <bi paii^03f;^8m,fif |(|ue« The. 
 
 Physiologicai eii^ of refmedles aire dlvi<ied into Local and 
 B^ote ; sflfiie medicines are exclusively local in their action 
 confininf themselV08 to tKe place to w^h^^^^^ they arefp|>licd, 
 lactiog Iii#ehi(l(ii68|ll3r or ^heiiiBilfially ^n th^ surliice ; sometimes 
 when (headiou is eas^nded, it is only to the adiapent parts, 
 but in the i^rity ot infitances, p^ia for rempvejd are more 
 or lesil eiSH^« i^eal actious may ^ jad4 then to be mani- 
 fested jpfovioua to t^Borptioax and cempte o^es subseqiieht to 
 it. JPl^ic»nes produce their effects on the system, either ^y 
 .mechibioal, ch0mical or vital meajss. tst H^kanical—- by 
 excUi^ni atmospheric air, and proter4ng parts in vi^rious 
 way»-l;\%^ external form and weight ; andj^iore ion^portant still, 
 medicines act mechanically thjrou^ the i^fluenjoe ^y have 
 oyer th# Phenomena of ibcoemose ajod Enoosmose. 
 
 When the serum of the blood is sep^i^tf^ from another 
 liquid hf an organic mmnbrane„ two currents are in general 
 established^ one from thelserum to the eolution, the other 
 from the eoiution to the Sj^riim^ Whea the ioienmty of the 
 first exoejfdf /that of the second,, it is called endosmose of 
 the aennft^ but when the intensity of th^e second exceeds 
 that of tlio ^mr it is eiAed ei^doemose of the solution. This 
 action is supppa^dto^go on not only t^erote but after the ab- 
 . sorption of ro^didftes into the ^irpul^^on. This i» supposed 
 to explain the action <^ k»^ n^iciAes^jojpre especially those 
 ofa saline dMur8Cter^tti.08e whose tpepi&c gravity is grea- 
 ter than that of the sttrum of the blood, pplucing endosmose 
 o( the lerum and purging; those oa thei other hand whose 
 
 ■Vf: . 
 
•n. Of 
 >onder- 
 f a sur- 
 Medi- 
 I!y and 
 
 iiftple, 
 
 >mtting, 
 
 dice, or 
 
 The. 
 
 oaf aoi 
 
 action 
 
 ? 
 
 aetunes 
 
 :e more 
 9 mani- 
 tieht to 
 
 Bal^ — by 
 various 
 int still, 
 5y have 
 
 another 
 (i;eneral 
 B other 
 ^ of the 
 )ose of 
 ^siceeds 
 This 
 the ab- 
 pposed 
 ly those 
 ia grea- 
 osmose 
 whose 
 
 * 2 
 
 specific graKilyJs .Iesa.tl^a,n,t}j^t Qi[ th$ sqrum, producing en- 
 dosmose of tl\e ^pljitio^, j^n^jj^inigSjiue jjlo^^ 
 acting as Diuretes. 
 
 ^nd. Mediomes l^ay set eh6nlfieall^.~-The chennical 
 cfW^^m <^ tha^^r^ojM pyfie bc^y^^d ^ th^ blood 
 itself, ^ ttften, f^a^4' l^r*^^^W« '^'^!^ ^ acting 
 
 cjijei^iicaily^ \}^v^ ijpdaubi^tljy th^, 1^9 'V^R i'V w4^j J'*^!^"*'* 
 eSfOf tiringfrijL b^ckjtbeife ftuids taii^;yre, no,rm^^^ ' *f his 
 
 t(j(By.mj\y d^o before ^WjcgtipOj,^ ip jie^.iiloqil, or at the 
 
 tina^'qf tb|?ir-&jflg eUnii|M.tf4 fwf" ]t^>9 sy8tW^ '^^f^^ ^^^^ 
 alkalies.miy i^ o^e^jtioiUfgil ..as e:(m|4f^ of r|ifi4i<5»i[if4 f ggnts 
 |acting.i5bensiic«i!j[,f nd^as suc^^^^ tfieyfiref^^ii^c^njly, i?^((. . The 
 local actiotni of rmaiiyx^tt9ti^ls!ex;plaloe4 pui:ely uj^ii chemi- 
 caI gjrpuad^ir^^JitMfrfi actvou oC n^^fiy j^i^c^tallio limits j^, greatly, 
 i f nol^ entirely ^ p>\\fp g Xo the cKeij^cistl ijf^iqi^ tli^^'; iorih wi th , 
 afwitiiie, action tli^y iave . upon the .fibnn/aid AlpumcA of the 
 
 3r4j, , ]Vfeai<»ne8 #re sai^ to,aciw^ny.pr.ay^^ when 
 
 they.p^f^i^e^IkiBfiuliar ffiet^ yf%p^^ '^^ei)^ PP^v)e'toa^9punt 
 
 f^r the£o h$r ,ine<;:^iapici^l or cl^er^iqaUg^nciea.; gf; {he nature o( 
 this acdon^ i^^p^rance n^ust ^ ,'conresf^i(^ a^d sH^iOg ibat me- 
 dicines acfdyoajnfcaUy> is in fftct acjsnowiif^^ging ,igf]|6r^nc!e of 
 their niode oi^ action ; uiide^ this b^^ f peaking, 
 
 should be cl|\9^(l, what are called ^e*. secondary f^ct^P^f, of 
 medicine^, i, e^tbo^e acjttbns wbicb lollqw ^b^ orig«h,aI and 
 ch^rap^teristicInAfur^sai^^ iip ponsequenc^^ offeerjl^in pl^ysiolo- 
 
 gical lawf ^ if>K ii^a,nce* ^M^ ^ ^yy ¥ ^^^¥f^^l^ i^M ^^^r^'i^ 
 amoMnt, of d^reiMiien folloivs a ciprtain amounf of e:3^itAnieot, 
 
 and generally speidcingf^he opposite alap bo!(|#gp9<l; these 
 
 tionji ff^y^ and frog ueujily are exeinpl^ne^ ^r ^e^atlrainis- 
 
 tratipfi ^Cs^ttdiciiial agenjs. , Again ,u»,fi(re ia qffj i iii^^reiiit fli«- 
 
 po^tioq^ aiod.a.greiyter ,or Ipss power i,o^.aIl^ livi|f^ be^ie^ to re- 
 
 secondary aptl^, yafieq in tl^eif nat^ire^, are sft up. in fiiany 
 ins^nces, Afi^ it heti^yefi all ^tjiid^j^j^^ 4)!se^^ ^^ IW^'^^^^ 
 thm i aq4 }^i%>f it |i»usi iot bejfori^'teA. 4bi^t.|afinp9^^ies e,\'- 
 i^t be^i^efn the 4i|^rent^P^^ b< the body ^ 
 
 for this jtofetner witb the jpovyprful int^i^nqe of the inind, oil- 
 

 
 fimes explains the action of medjcines which to su 
 observers a^p^r ctirlbUB, nay almost mysteriplis* 
 
 ~^..4^|t$^l«7^tON OF MEPIClNBd*. . ^^ 
 
 el:bedidnbs sudin^s irritant emetics, cuithar- 
 tiba i^c^, Act iiitrehr Ibcatljf; it is heciscfiiy that f hti ^eat ma- 
 jority obiai^if ^htirailcehito the bloddbtr internal fluids^ before 
 their action caifi be mianifested ; and^ moreover, to enable 
 ihem tb be absorbed it is necessary thai tbey be either 
 soluble in water, or in the ^stric br ihte'siinal juicie^.— 
 That medicines are absbrbed, is pifoved ih Variotis ways. The 
 gi^at majority of mediriinea navb been foiihd in thb blood, 
 chyle, sofidsy and in the various exciretidns^'Khdi;<rhen with this 
 Is C(%red tb6 ftot, that they disappear fH>ixi surfaces t which 
 Ih^y have Be^ aj^))1ied^ it &rms a strong argument ; but over 
 and above it is fotind thdlt a medicine introduced ihto the sys- 
 tem elsewhere, acts in the same w^y as when it ha^ been swal- 
 lowed; nkorebVbr the preventioh^ Of the remote effects is 
 brought aboiit by the prevention bf the circulation bf medi- 
 cines, and tlJe prevei^tfbh and retardation of the remote effects 
 ofahy medicine lire influenced by; any circumstance which 
 promotes or retards the circulation— but on- the othelr hatid, al- 
 though the stbppUge or retiairdation of the circulation thus in- 
 fluenbes tbe remote effects of medlclines, thd same thing does 
 not hold good in regat'd to the nerres, for the division even of 
 the spitiaT cbrd a^ loi^g ais the ciMulation is carried on, does 
 not prevent the irembte efil?cts of medicines from taking place. 
 Lastly, the circulaition of tllb blood is sufficiently quick to ac- 
 count for the operation of even the ttiost rapid poisohs. It is 
 thus very apparent thai medicines find their way into the 
 blood, and thiat the majority, if not the whole, of their remote 
 actions are owing to their doing so. These given iti a state of 
 solution, may immfediately |>att$ by endosmOse, absorption, ca- 
 pillary attraction (pr whatever name^ the process may get), 
 through the mucouis membrane, into \(the small net work of 
 capillaties, h^nce ini;o the mesenteric veins, and portal system ; 
 but if not given in solufion solvents of varied characteir are 
 provided by the system 5 the gastric juice and salivti dissolve 
 
 some, 
 the al 
 thougl 
 is not 
 ways 
 duubt( 
 anythi 
 very' ' 
 may 
 not in 
 ti-bduc 
 into tt 
 cordir 
 after f 
 ilepos' 
 ly in t 
 the gr 
 cretioi 
 ed; s( 
 itiakin 
 vous, I 
 as it V 
 hand ( 
 tin var 
 of the 
 and n< 
 
 mi 
 
 Th< 
 extern 
 com hi 
 
 1st 
 the sui 
 tionat 
 cy all 
 thesk 
 count 
 
% 
 
 uperficial 
 
 gteat ii^a- 
 
 dsy befolre 
 
 to enable 
 
 )(a either 
 
 juices. — 
 
 ys. The 
 
 h^ blood, 
 
 I with this 
 
 rto which 
 
 but over 
 
 o the sys- 
 
 een swal- 
 
 eflf^cts is 
 
 bf medi- 
 
 }te effects 
 
 56 which 
 
 'hat)d,al- 
 
 f 'thus in- 
 
 hing does 
 
 h even of 
 
 on, does 
 
 ng place. 
 
 ck to ac- 
 
 Ihs. It is 
 
 into the 
 
 It rewrote 
 
 a state of 
 
 )tion, ca- 
 
 nay get), 
 
 work of 
 
 1 aystem ; 
 
 ict^r are 
 
 i dissolve 
 
 ^,vj»».«."'i-^* I: rH.'Jr^^ T 
 
 -.1x7 ...»ai-, 
 
 . T ■ -.At 
 
 :1&ft;'-'ik.'L 
 
 some, the acids of ihe stomach and intestinal canal others, and 
 the alkaline ^ecretiofebf the tiver and JPancr^sis others, al- 
 though some n^edibineB have faieen fdUnd in the chyle, yet this 
 is not this haturjal en'traince for them^ tl^e Lact^als are not al- 
 ways in a cdndttjon Citable fSr taking up ineaicin^s, and un- 
 doubtedly the^y woulid ihiis act ihi^ch less dxp^dUiously . If 
 anything ]inbre is i'e<iuired to shew t^ithe £flM^teals plisiy btita 
 very Secondary part in the absprptioa of medlbines, the tact 
 may tie nlenitioned thai the stbppine up of this channel does 
 not in the stijgti test degree prevent me atiction of medicines in- 
 troduced into the intedfinat (ianai. MedJcihes are absorbed 
 
 into the blood either unchanged^ or sonie^hat modified, ac- 
 cording to circumstances, by the fluids of the intestinal canal : 
 after their entrance they circulate With the h\o6d, some are 
 deposited to a certainextent in the abdomirial viscera especial- 
 ly in the Liver, isome remain permanently in the blood, but 
 the great niajdrity of them, s6on^r dr lat^r pass out by the ex- 
 cretions, some doing so entirely unchanged, others much alter- 
 ed; some it may be said, merely journey along this highway ; 
 making it a medium of communication. With bither the ner- 
 vous, muscular system, or the secreting orgaiis,each medicine 
 as it were, having its particular mission, but i^me on the othei- 
 iiand direct tMr attention more to the blood itself^ altering it 
 in various ways, now ciianging its color, now changing the size 
 of the corpuscles, now th' quantity of the serum and hematln, 
 and now eliminating some i oxious principle from it. 
 
 iNFtUfiNCeS MOBIFVING the effects of MEDICmES. 
 
 These chiefly- relate to the organisii^, ietlthotigh to a certain 
 [extent, the doses of medicines^ their stake of sdlubility, their 
 I combi nation ^c, also* exert a modifying influetoce. 
 
 1st Age. It is a general but nbt a universal law of nature, that 
 Ithe susceptibility to theinfluencecfniedlcine is inver^ly propor- 
 tionate to thci size of an animal, but iridependent of size, in infkn- 
 Icy all the tissues are delicate atfd easiljr impre^d, especially 
 |the skin, mucous membrane and the hervous system ; on ac- 
 :ount of the rapid development iVhich it has to superintend, 
 
til 6 nervous systeiii i^ easily irritated, hence the frequency of 
 convul^ionjl Jninfahp^'^even from ^r^ The vascular 
 
 syslejnfi iqg has m^cl^ l^ae'r^si^taoicc ttianii^ adult life, reaction 
 in childhooa is atvvaijrs atteindf d with difficulty, hence the alarm 
 that s^^ncope, calls iprth fii Jthe very young; how diBerent ia 
 the pjchire old agef prese^W! th^ mottlity aad lujipresaibility 
 essen'tiif ih ^hilqnb^ account of nipid assimilation) is 
 
 wanting, ahtdin&^ad of sb(^ and delicate tissues they are found 
 firm and dry, sensation is blunted, mobility is impaired, hence 
 as a geherat rule, snaairi^r doses of medicines ar«. required in 
 infanc^'and larger in old ag{?,<butthf»ri?ar^ exceptions, some 
 medicmes are better borne by pjiildren thap by adults, as Cal- 
 omel, Castor Oil and the mild £nieties— on the pllier hai^(^ some, 
 such as narcotics, are not so well borne eitl>er ^y. children or 
 by elderly people. No ciertain rule can be- laid down tor re- 
 gulating Uve doses of medicines tochildren—peirhaps that 
 
 given bfBif; llo^ It^llW? 'kat^^- N 12 fi^ i^jeatttlp^ a 
 
 hiid two years old ;(2><,i2*t) Ti^quires aiily l-'^th pf the quan- 
 
 c 
 
 t'lty required t^y ap.XtduU]; but experiepce teaches prfictition- 
 ers to modify this ri^fe according to, cirGumstancei^. 
 
 2nd Sex. As af<g6neral rule: females reqiiin^^thaller doses 
 than ma!es> thf^is well exemplified in the caSe of mercury. — 
 Xhereave certain oomHtion&rik'lbe female system that require 
 attention in the use of medicrnes. Pregnancy contra<indicates 
 remedies of a harsh character or anything that will make a 
 sudden dr powerful impression, especially on this Pelvic vis- 
 cera^ .Tonics iSfire. pot wdl borne during pregnancy, neither 
 are emetics nor sti^ong ^fa^tics > , bloodletting seems however, 
 when cautiouslyp^rforp^edi to be better borne than in the non- 
 pregnant state. , During mensfruatipn few women vviil take 
 medicin^, l^nd( J>erhaps they are right, pndng suckling it is 
 of irtiporianc^ not to give suc^. medicines as will, either drive 
 away the milk pr^i 
 
 3rd, ipEMPEaAMENT AND •CONSTITUTION %. BoDY. The 
 sanguine temperament, demands caution in iJtm use of stimu- 
 lants, the nervous and irritable do not bear well either evacu- 
 
 ants, 
 eVac 
 easil 
 of "a 
 drcin 
 has 
 
 4tl 
 ting I 
 pera 
 wart 
 
 -5tl 
 syste 
 as m 
 Life 
 ing< 
 than 
 
 6t 
 effec 
 the I 
 opVu 
 cduh 
 a m< 
 
 7t 
 mati 
 erne 
 ople 
 susc 
 
 li 
 ther 
 
 2 
 
 the 
 ab8< 
 peu 
 run 
 
 tics 
 
t 
 
 »quency of 
 e vascular 
 e> reaction 
 the alarm 
 Ji^erent i» 
 )Te|38ibi|ity 
 lilatlpn) is 
 are found 
 •ed, hence 
 equiVed in 
 ynSf some 
 ts.aVCal- 
 ai?<J some, 
 lildren or 
 vn tor re- 
 haps that 
 
 lea^lple a 
 
 the quan> 
 KacUlion- 
 
 Her doses 
 3rcurv. — 
 
 • 
 
 »t require 
 •indicates 
 1 make a 
 elvic vis- 
 f neither 
 lovyever, 
 the non- 
 ^viil take 
 Jing it is 
 er drive 
 
 r. The 
 
 tf stimu- 
 
 evacu- 
 
 ants, counter-ifntants or tnercuiry — fat people generally bear 
 evacuants and bloodletting badly, and ceteris paribus, are more 
 easily vomited than those of a lean habit of body* Some are 
 of a peculiar idiosyncrasy, so tbatft small <|>uantity lyf a me- 
 d'rcine wiU eflect them powerfully, while the same quantity 
 has oir others scarcely any effect. 
 
 4th, Climate an^ Season. Evacuants such as bloodIet«^ ^ 
 ting are not so well borne in hot climates as in cold and tem- 
 perate, while on the ether hand mercury is well borne in 
 warm <climates. 
 
 5th, Habit mostly always lessons the suseepfibili^y of the 
 system to medicines, there are however some ex<6e!piions, such 
 as mercury and some medicines of the irritant class. Mode of 
 Life is not without its influeneor-those greatly or dti^irely liv^ 
 ing on vegetalbl^ food, s(re more easHy affected by medicines 
 than those eating largely of tmimal food. ; ^m., ; .^u 
 
 6th; MfijiTAt AtrrioN. MWicines 4ill act^betiei* when the 
 effects are expected, and when the patlentieels^nfidence in 
 the prescriber ; perhaps the only exception to this, is, when 
 opium is giyen to cause sleep, as anxiety for fhe resfilt may 
 cduhterak the eiftbct of the drug, eSffeciaily if the dose n only 
 a medium one. ' < 
 
 7th, State of the Disease has greajt influence. Inflam- 
 mation of the stomach for instance, increases susceptibility to 
 emeticd; inflammation of the bowels to purgatives, whilst ap- 
 o'plexy on the other hand, diminishes tp a great extent, the 
 susceptibility to purgatives. 
 
 Therapeutic Effects — Mode of Production, 
 
 1st, By removing the exciting «ause, this they may do ei- 
 ther directly or indirectly i- i*V:A;fi 
 
 2ncl, By depletion j sometimes there is a great fullness of^ 
 the system which gives rise to many diseases and prevents the*^ 
 absorbents from acting efficiently—- remedies then lict thera^'^ 
 peutically, by diminishing the quanfity of the blood or the se-^^ 
 rum of it— besides blopdletting, cathartics; diuretics, diaphore-^^ 
 tics 4rc., act as depleting agents. ^^ '' 't 
 
 
 i?d) ^Qy^_ 
 
 #■ 
 
Sfd) Dilution or the copioua internal use of water, acts the- 
 rapeutically, by rcfndericig the liquids of the body less exciting 
 and by promoting secretion. 
 
 74th, Elimina/tion. In <he course off various diseases nox- 
 ious matters aceumnlafe in the blood* from various causes, and 
 become sources of great disturbances and danger to the sys- 
 tem ; some reme4ies, especially those which stimulate the va- 
 riouftsecretingand excreting or^ns, have ah eliminatii^gpdwer, 
 and thus act therapeutically. These eliminating or e vacua- 
 ting agents have been long recognised as important, and in 
 using them the indications pointed out by nature, are in many 
 instances iblloWed. In ^alth,'thesenojiiou^^ ihiatters are ne- 
 ver allowed to accumulate^ but are iilehtljr eliioafiiiat^ by Or- 
 gans specially constructed ftr the ]^urpi(i^fe. '^ ;'^'^, " '^' ' 
 
 9ith, R^TOjRAX^oy. ^<^^ Il^dloin^s aci therapeuiicaily 
 by restoring to the system some^^ing that is w^tpiing. ' 
 
 6th, SriMyi^ATioK. According to the !Qrunonian theory, all 
 medicines nreistimulants to a grea^t^ or jess extent, but While 
 few novv>iwiU adii^^^ch yiews, none can doubt that it is oilen 
 desirably ioiT the pujfpoae, of .|>roiiu)tlng the cure of disease to 
 exalt someor all of tbeyi^l funoiibns above the state in which 
 they happen to be at'the time stimulating remedi^f are re^gr- 
 t^ to> and that on the other hand. ' ' 
 
 V7th,' Sedation or Diminution of action is oi^n loudly call- 
 ed for. 
 
 . 8th, Rsy viiupN, Couhter Irritation or Beirrivation. This, 
 principle of action is of extehslVe applicability in the cure of 
 disease; ns^ture frequently indicates it. Hi^tast^is often de<« 
 inand it. 
 
 - 9th^ ALvcR'AHdioN* In a lei^e majority of cases, the causes 
 of disease have ceased to act, or if still ac^tihg, are not cogni- 
 ft&ble; orif so^cenot 4>f a material Jiature— in such cases 
 med^CHnes are administered, to alter ^ip^ased action. The 
 emplpymen^ofthe terni^alterativ^e^^h however scarcely be 
 looked upon in «ny other aensb than as a convenient nnode of 
 classifyii^ certain uniotelligible resulf8» which depend alto- 
 gether for their acceptance upoa ohservation. 
 
 1 
 flue 
 cha 
 
 .icu- 
 
 s 
 
A? 
 
 10th, Medicines may act therapeutically by chemical in- 
 fluence. llth/MiedrcmeiTnaiy set therapeutically by me- 
 chanical iflfltieiice*t>i}rM.: c nfn^* ri . r?) st^iu: mim^3Hv<i»4r 
 
 PARTS TO WHICH iSlfiDIfcllf ES AREf AVVtittfi^ ' ^J^tu 
 
 • ■'''•■ :-■, .'I bt.i iJ''>(»»j J';i^i '/i^^lj 
 
 1st, Mucous Membranes, (a) The Stomach.— ^Medicines 
 are in the fnajjorify of iiidtanoesv introduced into ttie stomach ; 
 it is comttiotiifllie most con venirent, and sitttaj^le mode pf ac- 
 cess to the circulation ; here are numerpuaabaorbiiig. vessels, 
 and the nervous system is also largely developed in this quar- 
 ter; it is centirical /and from; It imii)rd68i6iiWare soon carried to 
 the most remote parts f taking in the whole intestinal canal the 
 extent ofsuiface is veiry great, So thit impt*essions of a varied 
 charactei' both local 8(rid genelal, can be readily generated 
 from the introduction of medicines into the'Stomachv (b) The 
 Bectum. As the large intestine^ possess fess sensibility than 
 the stoniach, the dose of medicines administered by ihe Rec- 
 tum requires in nrtclst cases to be much ikrger than When gi- 
 ven by thie mpuih. Medicines are admirtiSeTed by the Rec- 
 tum with twd distinct o1>iect^, one to evtrcuafe the boxKrelS by 
 irritatiiig the pai^t, and <h^ other llo prodiiipe their f)eeuliar and 
 characteHstic itnpresslon, either oh the ffefetumi or the sysreiTi 
 generally ; in the latter case the bulk must be small j and ivhefi 
 possible, it is desirable to introduce it in the solid R>i»m, (sup- 
 pository) or if ih the liquid form, to fake such precautions as 
 will prevent its speedy expulsion. The circumstances under 
 w'hich medicines may be adniinistered by the rectuiti, are 1st 
 when the 8tonla9h is unable to retain them, oir from any cause 
 they arci'thbi^te to be injurious to that orgfiin^ 2rtd, When it , 
 is desirable to produce a very rapid impression on the system 
 
 M^ 
 
 and thus to seek an entrance by every avertue; 3rd, When 
 from the lonj^ continuance of the indication for the tise of ant 
 medicines, it is adVi^iiible to vary the surface of 'apj>licatioiii? 
 in order to avoid we^Hng out the susceptibility 61 thi* stoniaci*/ 
 and thus to prolong the period during inHii^h the efl^cts of t1^6 
 medioine ma^ bie iUatained. 4th, When the tleirt i^ th6 di^w 
 easels iri parts neighbouring tothe rectum, and Ih'e disease 114'* 
 self is of sucha charadtCF as to be relierVed by iii^pressiohs 
 
10 
 
 U It 
 
 (I 
 
 (( 
 
 M 
 
 >j ill > : 
 
 Eye only for local purposies/" Yii'^i''^ 
 iiHHri "5>r| ? Nose chiefly for local purposes. 
 ^;it,a>fcrfi Bladder and Urethra for local pur's, 
 ** Vagma for local purposes^ .tBjr?) jj 
 
 made initavfcimtymorespeedilyjand effectutilly, than through 
 the system at large, (ex. in painful affections of the urinary 
 and genital ofigans.) dth^ When the indication is to produce 
 the effect upon the rectum itself. , 
 
 'X c ) The Lungs, With the exception of senestbetic^ medi- 
 cines are seldom^ applied to the mucous membrane pf the 
 Lungs unless for local purposes* -} :i^^) > 
 
 1(d) Mucous membrane of inuuth ootb ior local and gene- , 
 
 ral purposes. 
 
 («) - 
 
 (/) 
 
 is) 
 
 2nd, The 4Skin* Many substances used in disease habitu- 
 ally produce their effects by being applied to the skin, such as 
 blisters, rubefacients, baths 4rc., but besides tnese, many sub- 
 stances usually introduced into the stomach, or rectum, may 
 be made to produce their ordinary effects, by being applied to 
 t\ye surface of the body, for the skin is abundantly supplied 
 with nerves and ama)l ve^»els, and in parts especiauly where 
 the epedermis is thin and soft, absorption in many instances 
 takes place very quickly. The Intraliptic method consists 
 in merely using friction in the application of the medicines, 
 which should be in a minute state of subdivision, and incor- 
 porated either with oil, water or alcohol according to the na- 
 ture of the substance used. The Endermic method consists 
 in first removing the cuticle by a blister or otherwise, and then 
 applying the medicine to the denuded surface, the best part of 
 the body being, when required for general purposes, the epi- 
 gastrium. In this way medicines sometimes act as promptly 
 as when given by the mouth. This mode of administration is 
 not however, had recourse to from choice, but only when cir- 
 cumstances forbid the administration by the mouth or rectum, 
 for often great irritation and even sloughing has been Induced, 
 especially in children. ^ 
 
 I 
 
through 
 urinary 
 )roduce 
 
 of the 
 
 d gene*- 
 
 {f«4 9^fi'i 
 
 iUi. : - 
 
 les. 
 il pur's, 
 
 ttbilu- 
 Buch as 
 ny sub- 
 n, may 
 plied to 
 jpplied 
 where 
 stances 
 consists 
 [icines, 
 incor- 
 he na- 
 onsists 
 dthen 
 3art of 
 e epi- 
 •mptly 
 tion is 
 in cir- 
 ctum, 
 luced; 
 
 li 
 
 '3rd, Injection into the Veins. Medicines produce their 
 specific ejects by bein^ injected into the veins. It is a dan- 
 gerous mode, and one which is never had recourse ts, except 
 in desperate cases, fit^j^? • - - ^ il^#g ': 
 
 4th, Injedim into Ceihdar tissue. §j«ij«^ 4^ ^aiuX 
 
 Medictn al form. Licjiiid preparations. Decoetion , infusion , 
 solutions, medicated Waters, mixture, Syrup, HiMieyt, Vinegars, 
 Tinctures, Wines, Spirits, Ethers, Distilled Oils. Solid pre^ 
 parationSf VowderSf Pills, Confections, Extracts (two kinds 
 solid and fluid), Lozenge^ Ointment, Cerate Plaster, Liniment.- 
 
 ANiESTHETICS, PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS — USES IN DISEASE. 
 
 • Chloroform, Sulphuric Ether. '?^k:«H>wr .^rnt^fy.;. .rjS(>^*-'| 
 
 Antacids, Definition, Physiological effects, how produced. 
 Therapeutical effects, neutralizing acidity in intestinal canal, 
 aiding in digesting fatty substances^ alkalizing system ; render- 
 ing urine more solvent. Diseases in which used, cautions as 
 to use. Combinations, Magnesia Calcinata, magnesia carbo- 
 nas, liquor potasssB, carbonas potassse, bicarbonas potassiBe, car- 
 bonas sodo, bicarbonas sodo, liquor ealcis, creta preparata, 
 liquor aminoniffi, spiritusammoniae, carbonate ammoniae, carbo 
 ligni. 
 
 AUTHELMINTICS, VERMIFUGES, VERMICEDES, DEFINITION. 
 
 Different kinds of Worms, where found— cause? of Worms. — 
 liow Authelmintics produce their effects. Administration and 
 combinations. J 
 
 Spigelia, Santonine, Turpentine, Muouna Pruriens, Filix Mas,,' 
 K0U880, Calomel, purgati/es. Iron and Bitter tonics. 
 
 Antispasmodics, Definition. Physiological eflfects. The- 
 rapeutical uses, contra indication, AssafoBtdia, Valerian, Musk, 
 Castor. ' ' i» ' «. ; iv ^^ 
 
 Astringents* (Styptics Desicoatrt^Constringents,) definition' 
 of each. Physiological 9flfectH and modes of prcSuction. Thera- ' 
 peutical uses, l«t, check jmorbid and exce«i«ive discharges. 2nd, ' 
 obviate morbid relaxation. 3rd,check inflammation. 4th correct 
 })utrefaction. 'U .♦?! vtr-. i 
 
 Cold as an astringent. Vegetable astringents, Nut Galls, 
 
!■ I 
 
 Oak bark, Tannic Acid, Gallic Acid, Catechu, Kino, Rhataay, 
 Logwood, MaticO) Uva,U&i. m^r^^ > ,!si\i ' i 
 
 ' Mineral Astnngentii, A\iim,Lea^, tilhArg€J, Carbonate of 
 Lead, AodtiBite of Lead, Didcs^tate of Lead. StiTphkte of Ciapp&r, 
 Sulphate of Iron, Peruitrate of Iron, Sulphate orfZtnc> Acetate of 
 Zinc, Carbonate of Zinc, Oxyd^of 'Zii^o,^ Prepared Chalk, Crea- 
 80te. 
 
 Cathartics ; definition.' Physiological effect, l4t}fQnr InXek' 
 tinal canai^^xteatOf auriiic^aifdcted. On Mucous lOiembraiie, 
 on Skin, on Brain, on Vascular system. 
 
 Modes in which cathartics produce their effects. Ist, By irri« 
 tatinjg mucous membrane. 2ud, increasing secretion from canal. 
 3rd, By producing bile. 4th by ab8orption,and acting on nerves 
 
 ' Therapeutical effects. Evacuating contents of canal. To 
 promote secretion. To deplete, revulsion, absorption, acting on 
 neighbouring viscera. Abuse of Cathartics. Contraindications, 
 treatment of over purging. Modes of admin istratioh, combina- 
 tions. 1st Laxatives, definition. Laxative articles of food. 
 Manna, Sulphur, Magnesia, Castor Oil. ^ y./j-^ ^ u , . ^.h**/. 
 
 Purgatives. Rhubarb, Aloes, Senna, Ja^p. Drastics. Defini- 
 tion, Podophillin, Soammony> CoiocyLth, Hellebore, Gamboge, 
 Eiaterium, Croton Oil. Samies, Deiinition, Epsom Salts, Glau- 
 ber Salt8, citrate of Magnesia, Phosphate of Soda, Sulphate of 
 Potash, Bltartrate of Potash, Tartrate of Pqtash, Tartrate of Soda 
 and Potash. • ' < ' 
 
 Mercurial Cathartics. Calomel, Blue Pjll. 
 Cathartic Enamata. » l^.*'>' ao; 
 
 
 « 
 
 CausiiCf Definition, effects, mode of production, uses. Caus- 
 tic potash, Chloride of Zinc, Dried. Sulphate, Arsenious Acid, 
 Nitrate of Silver, Subacetate of Copper, Sulphate cf Copper, 
 Nitric Oxid of Mercury. >«tm>!^if?o < ^ ^a , 
 
 Acids f Acetic Sulphuric, Muriatic Nitric, Caustic Ammonia. 
 
 • .*. 
 
 Diaphoretics, (Sudorifics Diapnoics), Definition. Skin and 
 its relations with other parts, effects of Diaplioretics local and re- 
 mote. Modes in which effects pru<iuce(i, 1st, by relaxing skin, 
 2nd, stimulating circulation. 3rd, by k)wering temperature. 4th, 
 by entering circulation and acting directly on skin. 5th, by fil- 
 ling bloodvessels. Therapeutical effects, let Depletion, 2ud, 
 
 }uy. ,s{r^-t(!;:r^5 U'CiiJf^r^^ .^^^5'^aurvi?t> J-v- %.\ :.^. ' ■ 
 
equalizing circulation. ^Srd) changing. condition of %kin. ,i\h, 
 absorption. 5th, RcYuUion* 6th| Eliminfitioii. . 
 
 Admin istratiou of Diaphoretics. Contra indicatioas. HKt^ 
 
 Individual Diaphoretics^ Ist, cooling applications to skin.— 
 2nd, warm, dOi'SM, friction. Nauseating diaphoreticsi Tartar 
 Kmetic, Ipecacuan, r0frigerating. Diaphoretics. Solution of 
 Acetate of Ammonia, Nitrate of Potasb| Cetrate of Potash, Sweet 
 Spirits of NitriB. 
 
 '.'Ji ,:iU 
 
 Stimulating Diaphoretics, Dovers powders, Guiacum^^Mezereoti 
 SursapariJla, Sassafras. 
 
 .1? 
 
 Diuretics. Def. Physiological effects, local and remote.-^ 
 Circumstances modifying effects, 1st, condition of skin, 2nd, 
 Bowels, drdj Kidneys theniselves. 4th, Form in which given 
 and quantity Ci fluid drank. 
 
 Indications for us^. Ist, deplete. 2nd, To eliminate* 3rd, To 
 
 promote absorption. 4th, To render urine mor9 aolvent. 5th, To 
 
 render urine less irritating. 6th, To stimulate pa^fages* Agen- 
 cies non-medicnal used as diuretics. 
 
 Squill, Digitalis, Juniper Bucu, Pareira, Cauthoides, Turpen- 
 tine, Capivi^ Cubebs Sweet Spirit of Nitre, Nitratepf Porash, 
 Acetate of Potash, Bitartrate of Potash. . ,^ ' / . 
 
 EmaiicSk Def, Organs immediately concerned in vomiting. 
 Physiological eifeotB of emetics, local and remote ; eiroumstanc" 
 es modifying these effects. Indications for use of Emetics. — 
 Ist, Unloading stomach. 2nd, Mechanical compression.^ 3rd, 
 Reduction of Arterial excitement. 4th, Muscular relaxation.— 
 6th, Revulsion. 6th, Promotion of secretion. 7th, Depletion.. 
 8th, Absorption. 9th, shock to system. 10th, Local irritation. 
 11th, Cathartic effect8.f|.fj,i,/, ^jiujiomiisinhmj .h / iwrn^Vii i 
 
 CONTftA INDICATIONS, MOpiFYINq CIRCUMSJAN(yBS,/ L'^ V 
 
 Rule$ Jot giving. Auxiliary emetic Meaisures, Tpecaouan, 
 Squills, Lobelia, Mustard. Tartar emetic. Sulphate of Zinc, 
 Sulphate of Ccpper, Carbonate of Ammonia, Sulphate of Mer- 
 cury. ' 
 'iEmmenago^ues, Def Divisions of Emmenagogues. Rules 
 for administration of Preparations, Iron, Aloes, Gluicum, Saff- 
 ron, Ergot, Rue, Savin. ^; -'--^n 
 
 Emollients, (Deluncents,) Relaxatants, def. of each. Physi- 
 
14 
 
 ologlcal effects and modes In wKich p^roduced uses in diseases. 
 Girni Acaciav Tragacanth> Liq^uorice, Suofar, {Spermaceti Wax, 
 Lard, Olive OiJ, ¥\vLx6e^, Barley, Oat Meal, Flour, Sago, Ar- 
 roW'Root, Tapioca. 
 
 
 ?*K 
 
 Epispaitics, VeAieants, Ral^efacieals, counter irritun^ BeL 
 Physiok)s:ical 6lie,ct$,. local and remote., Mode^ in which they 
 prove curative^ 1st, a^ eVacnants. Shd, as deriy^tiv^s. 3rd, by 
 HUbstitutioo. 4th, as general stimulants. 5th, jeff/ local stimu* 
 lants. 6th, as Antisposmodics. 
 
 Mustard, Capsicum, Turpentine, Ammonia, Boiling wafer, 
 Cantharides, Croton Oil, Ipecacuan, Tartar Emetic, Savin, 
 Setons and issues. v^^^ 
 
 ' ExpectoratSf Def, modes in which ther act,, many relative 
 agents. 1st, by local or<;ceneral. 2nd by loCal or general stimu- 
 lation. 3rd, by altering secretion. 4th, by relieving spasms. 
 Sthf byrei^iflyins paiit^. Therapeutical uses, eautioifs asto use. 
 Tartar flnietie, IpecaCcran, Ijobelia, Sqsuiil, Senega, Balsam of 
 Tolu, Peror Beiizom, Benzoic Aeid. 
 
 Narcotics, Def, Pb^sological effects. Modifying circunistan- 
 ces, Idiosyncrasv, habit, age» &c. Uses. Ist,, allay pain 2rid, 
 irritability. 3rd, Spasm* 4th, Resirau secretioa produce sleep. 
 Stimulate. Cautions as to use. 
 
 Poppy-heads, Opium, Morphine, Hyoseyamus^ Belladoona^ 
 Stramouium, Conium» Lupuline, Indian Hemp. 
 
 '^'RefrigeranU, Def. effects, mode of production ^ uses in dis- 
 eases. 
 
 Lemon Juice, Citric acid. Tartaric acid, Oxalic acid, Yinegac, 
 Nitrateof Potash, Chlorate of Potash. li^ty n^^w^-i^^dt ]ti '' 
 
 SedativeB, Contra stimulants. Calmatives, def. £ffect8, uses 
 in disease. 
 
 Tartar Emetic, Di^etatis, Creasote, Prnssic acid, cyanide of 
 Potash, Aconite, Conium, Tobacco. Abstinence. Cold,Bilood- 
 letting. , v..^: 
 
 General Stinnilfintf ,, def. Effects, uses in diieiM. Aromatic* 
 Anise, Calamus, Cardamoms, Carui, Cassia, Cinnamon, Cori- 
 ander,] Fennel, Peppermint, Nutmeg, Mace, Allspice, Long, 
 Pepper, Black Pepper, Ginger. Diffusible and arterial stimu- 
 lants. Ammonia and preparations Capjioum; Tarpeotine^ Phos^ 
 phorus, Alooholi Ether, Camphor. 
 
liseases. 
 
 Jti Wax, 
 
 |ago, Ar- 
 
 Def. 
 Iich they 
 ard, by 
 (1 jiUnau- 
 
 yratetf 
 Savin, 
 
 '■■:■ i ■:. 
 
 • V "t ^ V' 
 
 Relative 
 I fitimu- 
 spasms. 
 8 "to Hse. 
 Isam of 
 
 imstan* 
 1 2nd, 
 Be sleep. 
 
 achmna. 
 
 15 - 
 
 Special Stimulants or alteratives, Def. Snppoeed modes of 
 actioa. Directions for administration. Mercury and prepara- 
 tions. Iodide of Potassiam,. Bromide of Potassium, Artienio , Nu x 
 Vomica^ Cod ^^iver Oil. 
 
 Tonics. Def. how they differ from stimulants and astringents, 
 Effects, local and remote. Modifying circumstances. 1st, age. 
 i2nd, temperament. Std, climate. 4th, condition of system. 
 5th, combinalion. States favourable and unfavourable to use of 
 tonics. Food and diet. 
 
 Ist, Pure bitter tonics. Effects and uses. Quassia, Columba, 
 Gentian; Aateperiodics, Cinchona, Quinine, Beberine, Saiicine, 
 Acting on Liver, Chiretta, Taraxicum. Aromatic, Chamomile. 
 Canefla^ Cascarilla, Angustura Myrrh. 
 
 Mineral TbniCs. Effects, usee, coatoa indications, combina- 
 tions. Iron and preparations Manganese, Bismuth.. The Mineral 
 Acids, Nitrate of Silver, Oxide of Silver, Arsenic, Sulphate of 
 Copper, Ammoniated Sulphate of Zinc, Oxide of Zinc. 
 
 ' in die- 
 inegac, 
 
 is, uses 
 
 lide of 
 Blood- 
 
 tnaticfi 
 > Cori- 
 Long, 
 itimu* 
 Phoft. 
 
 R. C. Benedict, Book and Job Printer, Kingston* 
 
 Wi.\