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32X

4'^

J <w. Lawrence coLLEcxratJ

first mortgage seven-thirty
Gold Bonds

Lil THK

Iffivv

>» I*'*

"--4

10.

^5»

XI1£

ROUTE. RESOURCES, PROGRESS ANCf^^SINESS

THE ROAD

The .author of /*oyr'.s linilrowf Matiiial, n staiularcl LTiiited JStates au-
thority, says : — "It is uiulou1)lodly Iruo that Raili'oad securities have
provofl to bo th(^. most productive iuvcstmont lor oanitnl that we have
liiid tor twenty years.

ISSUED BY

C- "VJ^. ATvTE T :\d: O I^ E ,

General Agent for the Sale of the Bonds in the Maritime Provinces,

1\l

.'>ALN'I' .in] IN. N. I!.:

PIMNTKD AT IF. UHl'ISJ} \ fO.\S STKAM JOB PRINTINO OlTlCK
PRIXCE WILLIAM SlliEET, NEAR FEKBY LANDING

1872.

^^.3

i -'•'^'

■ft.

TliB

wKii

FIRST MORTGAGE SEVEN-THIRTY

Gold Bonds

Ol- TUB

WIImu

iidic ^

TlIK

ROUTE, RESOURCES, PROGRESS AND BUSINESS

THE ROAD.

Tho author oi Poors Railroud Manval, a standard United States au-
thority, says : — " It is undoubtefUy true that Railroad securities IiaA e
proved to bo the most productive in\estmeut for capital that we ha\ e
had for twenty years.

ISSUED BY
General Agent for the Sale of the Bonds in the Maritime Provinces.

SAINT JOHN, N. B.:

PRINTED AT H. CHUBB i<c CO.'S STEAJI JOB PRINTING OFFICE,
PRINCE WILLIAM Si'KEET, NEAR FEUUY LANDING,

1872.

IDrjjniii,]nlioii. ,

TriwtMi for the Firtt Mortgage Bondboldcre :

JAV COOKK.

.1. EDOAK TlIOMSOy.

Orr.tero of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company
J. (ilil.GOlJYHMrill, yv<v»/c,i/, \

U. D. Klfi:, \irr-J'n'snlnit

.SAMUICti \ViLKi;su\, >ii:retiiry,

A. If. HAUXKY, Trinsum-

W. JIILNdlJ liOlti.l?TS ICiigintcr-in-C/o'-f,

F.DWfN J\ .JOIlNSTdN, ComvUing Eiviineer, )

• VJO Bniadway, Xkw Vork.

Board of Directors :

.1. (iUKGOUY SMITH, Sr. Ai.jiaxs, Vt.

I{. I). UlCl' \iiiUsrA, Maim:.

THCtMAS II. CAXFIKLD, Bn;u.N(iio.v, Vr.

\VM. U, (X.BLN, CiiK'Afio, Ii.i,.

\VM. ti. MOdlJUKAl), Phii.adkt.thia, ri;x.Y.

W.M. c. KAl{c;o Buffalo, N. Y.

H. P. CIIKMiY', Boston, Mass.

(t1;o. W. CUSi* Prnsuuri«, Pj;.n-x.

KUKBJ'ililCIC lULLIXGS, Woodstolk, Vt.

WILLIAM V. INDOM, AVi-nona, Mi.nx.

.IAMi:S STIXSUN, Clilc.UfO, Il.L.

•^AMrEL M. TELTOX, Pim.AUELPiiiA, Pi:\v.

i'lIAIfMIS I!, WKIC.'IIT, Pi!ILA]jki.phia,Pi:n.v.

y>n-ctn,y : SAMUEL WILKLSOX.

Executive Committee:

.1. GUKOOUY SMITH WILLIAM G. FAKGO,

K. D. KICK, WILLIAM WIXDOM,

WILLIAM B. OGDEX, S. M, FELTOX,

(iEOlJCL \\. (ASS, CKAliLES B. WllIGHT,

WILLUJI <i. MOOKIIEAD.

Financial Agent* for the Eailroad Company :
JAY COOKE & CO.,

PHll^nET.PUIA.

INDUCEMENTS TO CAPITALISTS.

• -^•Vrf ^'.•"•»-*'v

Seven-thirty First iVIortgage Gold Bonds

OF THE

jorthcrtn mtifi[ |mIroa(l |ompang.

First. Tlieir security is perfect, being Lased not only on the
road, its (.'(juipments and franeliises, but also on the vast grant of
land, estimated at about fifty millions of acres, or about three
Hmes the area of New Brunswick, and which is, at the most
moderate calculation, worth more than the entire cost of buildino-
and e(pipping the road.

Skcond. The cost of the road (as stated by the most eminent
and reliable engineering autliority, after a careful examination of
the route) " will 1)e less per mile tlian the average cost of rail-
roads in the United States ; and the cost of working it, owing to
the predominance of light grades over the greater portion of the
route, and the facilities wliich it possesses, most of the way, in
good supplies of water, wood and coal, will fall below the average."

Third. The Bonds are free from any U. 8. Tax.

Fourth. They are receivable at a premium of ten per cent, in
payment for all lands of the Company, at their lowest cash prices.

Fifth. The money derived from sales of First Mortgage Bonds
is required, by the terms of the mortgage, to be devoted to the
construction and equipment of the road, and the proceeds of land
sales are to be applied exclusively to their piurchase and cancel-
lation, before maturity, provided they can be bought at a premium
of not over ten per cent.

►Sixth. The effect of the operation of tliis policy will iieccH-
sarily be to increase th(5 value of the Honds in the market, as fast
as they are retired by sucli purcliase.

SKVKNTir. Principal ami interest are payalile in f^old. Tlie
principal at the end of 30 years, from July 1870, and tlie interest
lialf-yearly, first of January and July, at tlie rate of 7 i", per cent.
per annum, or two cents in coin, per day, on each $100 Bond.
They are issued in the followin;;- denominations, Coupon and
l{e,'4istered always interchan,i,'ea hie : Coupons, $100, {j^oOO, $1,000 :
Renfisten-d, $100, $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000.

EKiHTir. Tile Bonds are offered, at present,'[at par and accrued
interest in U. S. currency. The investor thus secures to himself
the return of iiis capital, at maturity, in gold, and its semi-annual
income in like form. They are sulmiitted as a Real Estate
Security, one, whicli in the judgment of tlie best financial minds
of the United States, cannot be exceeded as a desirabhi an.d safe
investment, by anything before the pu))lic.

NiNTir. I'. S. Government Bonds, and all others, readily
mai'ketable, will be received and accounted for, free of any
charges for commission or express transportation, and the North-
ern Pacifies delivered free to the buyer.

Tenth. The issue is limited to $50,000 per mile, secured on
the completion of the road.

1. By a first and only mortgage on over two thousand miles of
road, its rolling stock, buildings and all other e(iuipments, pro-
perty and rights.

2. By over twenty-two thousand acres of land to every mile of
finished road.

Eleventh. It is intended that these Bonds shall possess the
important feature of being well known and readily convertible in
the leading cities of America and Europe. Principal and interest
may be made payable at any of the principal financial centres of
Europe, and in the coin of such of the various countries as may
be preferred.

pri
be

TwKi.PTH. Tlio cluiriic'tcr of lluj men oonnc'ctcd with tlie ontcr-
])iise is a ;j;uarant('(' tliat iill the provisions and reciuircmcnts will
he faitlifiilly and hunt-stly cMirird out. lit-torc idoutifyiny; their
reputation and intercuts witli the suecess of the road, or uwitlw^
subscriptions from tliosi; wlio nii^dit ei .itide in tlieir judgment,
Messrs. Jay Cooke Si Co. instituted the most seiirehin;;' inipiiry
into the whole matter, and had the opinion of their own enj^ineers
and explorei'8 as to tlic resources of the lino of country traversed,
and its feasibility for the route as projected. Numerous and able
reports have ])een publislied from time to time, omanatinij from
nu'U of the hij^liest scientiHc and personal character, whidi set
forth in detail the various meri(s which underlie the ^rent enter-
prise. Into all these p(»ints tlie strictest scrutiny of investors is
solicited.

TiiiRTKKNTii. The rapid side and occupation of t he Company's
lands is not to bo left to chance, but is to be facilitated and
rendered certain by the operations of the Department of Emigra-
tion, ory;anized to foster and promote their immediate establish-
ment of Colonies of the most desirable class of settlers. The sys-
tem adopted is comprehensive, practical and on a scale hitherto
unattempted by any corporation or {government.

I am authorized to sell Xortliern Pai-ific 7-30's at par and ac-
crued interest in U. 8. Currency. At the present rate of gold
(114). 8877, New Jh-unswick Currency, will purchase a $1()()()
Xorthern Pacific Bond, paying $7.3 in gold yearly, free from U. S.
Tax, which is e([uivalent to Sa pc'r cent, on the amount invested.
$877. loaned at 6 per cent, will yield (^.5.3,63 a year. Here is a
difference in annual income of more than one-third^ beside an
addition of nearly 14 per cent, to the principle, when the North-
ern I'aeific Bond shall be paid.

The Land Grant, oO,0()(),00() acres, is the largest ever donated
by the U. S. Government to a single Corporation, and must make
tlie bond holders safe, almost beyond the possibilities of loss.

The attention of investors is particularly called to tlie testi-
monies in the following pages, regarding the character of the Com-
pany's land, which has been derived, mainly from sources imcon-
nected with the road, and which will be found to corroborate the
representations of the Fiscal Agents for the Company, in their
pamphlets and advertisements.

Aftor the most tuioful and tlioioujifli enquiry into the nature
and extent of the security upon whieh the loan is Itaned, und alio
into th(! {,'oneral management of th(! Road, I do with the ntnuM
roufulC'nrc, recommfnd the homls, as in my opinion, a perfectl/f
fta/eand most tlenlrable hu'extment.

C. W. WKTMORE,
102 Prince Win. Street,
St. John, N. H.

ga-l
a rl

ThI

U. S. RAILROAD 80NDS AS AN INVESTMENT.

The author of Poor's Rdiliuxid Ma)iiuU, a stanchird V. S author-
ity, says: " It is undoul)tedly true that railroad securities hav<'
proved to be the most productive inveatment fur capital that we
have had for twenty years."

TiiK Chroniolk, rt leadlnf/ KoAv York financial Wceldj nays: —
We have heretofore <(iven a brief account of the principal railroad
Bonds, upon which any default has been made in the payment of
Interest, within a few years past, observinyj at the same time
that the total amoimt of such Bonds was so small, in comparison
with the whole amomit of Railroad Securities outstanding, as to
furnish an argument hi favor of rather than aj^ainst Railroad
Investments.

In reply to a correspondent who asked its opinion of railroad
bonds in general, and of Northern Pacific seven-thirties in par-
ticular, the New York 7^n(?^^eu<?e>ii recently published the follow-
ing editorial :

I. Thus far the first mortgage bonds of American railways
have proved to be among the very safest securities. In propor-
tion to amoimt they have probably shown a smaller percentage of
loss in interest and principal than any other investment, except
United States bonds, that has been accessible to the people. Such
has been the hlstonj of railway securities. Of course there have
been exceptional cases of mismanagement and loss ; but far oftener
liave imperfect titles, lapsed insurance policies, bankrupt Insm-ance
('ompanies, and shrinkages of value rendered real estatate mort-

the nature
I, uiul alio
the ntmoM/.
ft perfect I ti

RE,
'tretft,
s', N. |{.

lIT.

8 author-
ities have
1 that we

U mi/s:—-
1 raih-oad
lyment of
ime time
rnparison
i^S as to
Kail road

railroad
s in par-
f) follow-

railways
propor-
iita;>e of
, except
. Such
^re have
• oftener
surance
e mort-

ga|j[('s a had investment. Then; is a liviu'; [trhiilplf uiidcriyaiu
a railway hond, which applirs to \ery few if any either secJirit ies».
This:

1. L'sually the sfilvency t»f a railroad depends npnu its InifVie ;
anil, as a rule, that tratHc steadily increases as the mad <;rows
older and the population a loni; its nMitehecomes richer and denser.
In a word, th<; incoin<' of a railroad (and heiiii' its di lit-p;iyin';
ahility) will ordinarily keep pace with the ;^ro\vlh of populiit ion.

2. A radway, once huill, ia])idly rri'dlcH a liMsiiie>s whi' li is to
render it protitalHe. It tli-frlojtoHw. curryin;^' tnidr which did not
hefore exist, and whicli ;;rows much fastei- than the Iriltutary
population increases in nundiers.

.3. A railroad usually has back of it a stroii;;- corponitioi! of
capitalists and shrewd, enemetic business men, whose prolits.
tinaneial standinj;", commercinl ri'putation, and otliciai )»esitions
depend upon the solvency and suecess of the road with winch they
are identitied. This powerful combination of pri\ate interest^
constitutes a livini;' power wlioseelforts tend eon^tantly to in<'rease
the profitableness and soundness of tin,' enterjirise in whe^e inter-
ests they are enlisted.

4. Finally, afler a, railroad is l)uili, every dollar expended in
making;' improvements and extensions, addin;.;- new facilities for
doinj;" business, and in securin;;' valuable alliances with coiuiettiiiL;
lines, adds to the seciu'ity of its first mort;^a«.;e itonds, by au,:;inent-
ing the productiveness a)id valu(> of the proi»erty on winch tli( .-e
are based. It is in this w:iy that a .sv'rio/tf^mort^aiic may increase
the safety of the ///w/. Witli mort ^a.^^os whii-li rest upon improved
real estate in our midst the security steadily dets-riorates witli
time, as the buildinj^s Iteconi" less v.duable. lliili'()<i,iU f/roii^
beUci' and moi'e pvo^pcA'Dun ?'•///(, aijn^ itiulfi'i'iilK/i a. i'lhiMdnthi
increasia;/ securlt// f(»' flif- ileht createtl la f/iclr coustni.rflim.
It is for these reasons that /irst mortg-ag(i railroad bunds are
among" the very soundest securities that can be had.

II. The Northern Pacitii' liailroad has a three-fold s.ilidity.
which renders it financially impregnable. 1. It has for its broad
and firm foimdation a Iteal Estate endowment of more than

Twenty-three Tliousand Acres of Jiaiul to ciieli mile oi' track. *
* * * * ^ * ^* * * * * 2. It lias awaiting it u
ImsincHS wliicli wo believe /^ ceiialu to render it self-sustaining'
from i\\L\ni'st, and to j^-i\-e it a lar;;'e surplus at an early day. 3.
It is in the hands of men of known and acknowledged integrity,
whose tiuancial standing-, whose Imsincss sagacity and thorough
experience, furnisli a ciiinpletc guaranty that economy, energy,
and iidelity will chaniiteri/e its management.

Jhe ^

Pac

sissil

Chit

the

sanci

Pugl

Oceil

lines

of til

OAD.

i \

'J'he route of the NORTIIKRN PACliac Kailuoad is as follows :
[See map.] Starting from Duluth, ^liniiesoti, at the head of
liuke Superior, ;ind from St. Paul on the Mississippi iviver,thet'vo
•Msternarms unite in ceutral .Minnes)ta ; from the p.)int of junc-
tion the trunk lin*? extends westward tlu'ough central Dakota an*:!
central ]\Iont:'.na. At a ( onvenient point in ]\Iont,uia the road
will again branch [see map], one arm passing tlu'uugh central
Washington to the juiiin ()ci>an Terminus on Puget Sound ; the
other ibllowing down tlie \ alley nf the Columiun througli South-
ern AVasiiington and Nortiu>vn Oregon to Portland at tide-water
on the Columbia Iviver. A shore line — now buihling — will unite
the two Western termini. Still anotlier branch will leave the
main line in ^^'estern .Minnesota, and extend north through the
Red Iviver valley to Pembina, on the l)order of British America.
Nature has leveled a pathway for the Xorthern Pacific Railroad
from tlie L:d-:es to the Ocean. All through the Roiky ^Mountain
region tlie elevation is some .3,300 feet less on tlie Nt.rthern line
tiian on the Central route. The Cascade or Sierra I'ange, which,
on the Central is scaled, at a hight of 7,0-12 feet, is crossed by the
Xorthern Pacilic nearly at the sea level — through the channel cut
l»y th(> Colund)ia liiver. On the Northern Pacific line no tun-
nels will 1)0 needed, and probably no grade to exceed oO feet to
the mile. The construction of the Northern Paciiic Koad shortens
the distance bv rail between the Lakes and the Pacific Ocean more
than noo miles. It shortens the distance by water and rail between
New York (or Liverpool) and the ports of Asia some 1400 miles.

i of track. *
awaiting it a
t'lf-su.stainin-i-
'uriy day. 3.
;o{l integrity,
nd thorouffli
KJmy, ent'i-oy,

Connections. — At Saint Paul and Minneapolis the Northern
Pacific Kailroad system connects witl) the navijjfation of the Mis-
sissippi River, and tlie various lines of railroad extendin<>' tlu'ou^h
(-'hicago to the Atlantic Coast ; at Duluth witli the commerce of
the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence ; at iVmbina with a thou-
sand miles of river and lake navigation in British America ; at
Puget Sound, when completed, with the ccinmerct! of the Pacitic
Ocean and tlie trade of Asia; at Portland, Oregon, with the coast
lines of road, the traffic of the Columbia, and the coastwise trade
of tlie sea.

'ROGRESS OF

ONSTRUCTION.

s as follows :
the liead of
iiver,tliet'vo
.>:nt of junc-
]-)akota anc
na the road
ugli central
Sound ; the
)ugli South-
t tide- water
will imite
ill leave the
u-ougli the
h America,
ic Railroad
'f 3Iountain
^rthern line
nge, which,
sed by the
'hannel cut
le no tun-
oO feet to
id shortens
>cean more
11 between
400 miles.

Tile Trunk Line is now (Jiuni 187-,) i-nnplt'tcil across tho Stati- of Minuosota,
•Jof), from Duliitli lo l'arj,'o on tlio Hcil iJiver of tlio North, mid trains arc van-
ning,' rcf^iilarly. Tlie Dakota divi.^iou, extfndint; -'0<> iniics westward, from
till,' crossiiij;- of till! Kt'd Uivcr to the cros.ssiii^' of the .Missouri in central Da-
kota, is now under construction, mid contracteil to l>e finished July 1. In the
memitinie, a section of Cm miles is ltuildiii<j lietween the C'olumhia river and
I'uget Sound, in W.ishinj^'ion Tt-rritory, where tratdv-hiyiiif,' is pro^ressiiif;.

It Avill he reniemhereil that tiic Nortliern Pacific Coinijany, in order lo re-
movo hurtful ri\ airy and secure early ami direct, (toniiectioii with St. I'aul,
<Jiiica;;o. and tiie Kast, recently iiurciuised the Main Line and Hrancli of the St.
I'aul iV: i'acilic Road. Durinj^ihe past year the Main Line has lieen completed,
tIirouf^!i an excellent cjuntry, to Breckeiiridj'e on the Ked lliver. At the same
time the Uranch has heeii extended from iis late terminus at St. Cloiiil, 05
miles n<n1hward, to IJrain'>rd, wJiere it joins, and becomes triliutary to, the
Trunk Line of the Xorl horn I'acitic. Finally, contracts have been let for the
construction of a hrancli road (to he technically known as tlie St. Vincent Exten-
sion of the St. I'aul & racilic Railroil.) from ist. Cloud .'i7.') miles to IVmhina,
near tlie northwestern corner of .Minnesota, and on the border of the Uritish
Province of .Ntanitoha. This is to lie completed before the close of the present
year. It ^vill dr.iin the richest portion of the lied lliver Valley, open direct
conimunicatiou with tho British s;'ttleiiients of AViimipejj; and the productive
\ alley of tlie Saskatchewan, li will also serve as tlu! southeastern arm of the
.Vorthern racilic lload, reaching; to St. Paul and .Minneapolis.

.\t this date, the Xorthern Pacitic ('.)m]mny own, by construction and piiv-
eliafce, 640 miles of tinished road. The (;oiiii)letioii of the above named con-
tracts will fjfive the Comiiany, at the close of 1872, more than 900 miles of
completed track in the prosperous State of ^Minnesota alone, nnd 1165 miles
altoi^ether: it will carry the Trunk Line nearly one-third of its distance across
the. coiifiiietit, and briii^ to it the lari^eand jirohtable traflicof .Montan i and the
• iovernnient transiHjriation of the rpp"r .Missouri. The Hudson's Day (Jom-
paiiy ha\ (' already h-ased wharves ainl warehouses at Duluth, jireparatory to
doing tho wliolt! of their business, hicli is very hirge, over the .Northern Pa-
citic line, .Vearly Two Million Ac:■,■^ f the Company's lands in .Minnesota are
now ready f(n' sidV, andmuny thou:aiiu . "res have already been sold to colonies
and individual settlers who are moving to the line of the road in gratifying
nunibers.

K^'onmnical and honest manag-Mnent, together with the recent great reduc-
tion in jirice of material, reduces the cost of construction iind e(piip-
ineiit (piite considerably below the original estimateK. For example, locomo-
tives which cost !81!),0(>0 wiien the Union and Central Pacitic lloads were built,
now sell for iSlU,;i()(); bc'st .American rails have, during the same period, fallen

fron; S'OO to S70 per ton. Then the ripcht of way, ami stone and timber mntc-

rial usually lar^e items in the co.st of new roails — are fuvushed to the

North Pacific gratuitously from the Oovernnient domain.

The money is heinfj furnished for the early completion of the Northern Pa-
ciiic Road by tlie now rapid sale (at par and accrued interest) of its First ifort-
gape 7-30 Bonds. These bonds have established tlieir character as a flrst-dass
security, good evidence of which is the fact that they are being largely taken
as an investment by savings banl<s and other conservative moneyed institutions
of the country. Since the success of the United States Five Per Cent. Loan,
veiy many Iiolders of Five-Twenties are taking the advantage of tlie favorable
opportunity to exchange their (loverimient Bonds for Northern Pacific, at a
large profit.

Steadily, and with even greater rapidity than was anticipated by its pro-
jectors, this great thoroughfare ia advancing across the continent, o^H'ning as it
progresses tlie finest belt of undeveloped country in America. Kvery phase
of the enterprise is in the most satisfactory condition, its complete success
was long siace assured, and its early completion is now a certainty.

oxpei

cost.

(k'nti

Oros^

Operj

Net'
Inter

Future Business of The Road.

vast region the Nortlu
existing line to the i'j

The Northern Pacific Raih-oad will centrally traverse ?.nd draw
its traffic from a country 1,800 miles long and several Inmdred in
width, which is now wholly unsupplied with railroads or other
adequate means of tr. ortation. For the carrying trade of this

^ > ific Kailroad will have no rival. The
.*' has an ample field for a prosperous
business of its own.

The States and Terrilories, dependent uijon the Northern
Pacific Railroad as their thorouglifare of travel and traffic are
already populated to a \ery considerable extent, and enjoying fully
organized local go\ernments. The country directly tril)utary to
the Northern Pacific Road contains quite as many people as did
the States and Territories traversed by the first Pacific Road when
it was built, while the producing capacity of the Northern belt is
far greater than that cf the Central.

It was predicted that years would elapse Ix'fore the Union and
Central Pacific Roads could reach a paying business. I^ook at
the facts: Although built by the longest line between the Lakes
and the Pacific ocean, through a belt of coimtry much of which
cannot be occupied, and over a mountain region presenting great
elevations and most difficult grades, these two roads, winch for
commercial purposes may l)e regarded as one, earned enough in
theiv first full year of throvr/h business, over and above running

? and timber matc-
fiiroished to the

tlip Xorthorn Pa-
) of its First Afort-
oter as a first-clasn
inj,' largely taken
tneyedinstit lit ions
' Por Cent. Loan,
:e of the favorahl,'
;liem Pacific, at a

>atf'd hy its pro-
lent, n])tMiinfj; as it
ca. Kvery plinse
com])Iete success
;iintv.

AD.

erse r.nd draw
i'lil lumdred in
oads or other
g trade of this
10 rival. The
a prosperous

;he Northern
id traffic are
mjoyiug- fully
' tributary to
people as did
ie Road when
•thern ])elt is

e Union and
>s. Ijook at
m the Lakes
ich of which
entino- great
, which for
1 enouo'h in

ove runninjr

expenses, to pay si.K per cent, interest on a fair estimate of their
cost. Tiie official statement of the earnings and expenses of the
('Cntral Pacific Road during six years is as follows : —

(jrross earnings, ^18,029,81 3, 'JO

Operating expenses, 8,5/50,548, 1;>

Net earnings, $10,079,265,2-4

Interest on bonded debt, 4,184,221,00

Surplus of net earnings over interest, $5,895,044,24

The financial representatives of the Road make this comment
on the abo\ e figures : —

From the foregoing tables it will be seen that tlie ("Central Paci-
fic Railroad has earned, in six years, more than $10,000,000 Net
over operating expenses, and nearly $6,000,000 over operathi(f
expense and Interest on its Bonds; while, during /o^t ;//C(fc/'N
and a half of that time, the Road was under construction, with-
out through business, and, for the first three years, with less than
100 miles in operation.

It would have been difficult, before the construction of the
present Pacific Road, to say of what would consist the enormous
traffic it at once obtained imd now enjoys, yet sagacious men knew
the business was awaiting the Road. The builders of tlie I'nion
and Central Pacific Roads deserve much credit as the pioneers of
a great movement. They took the risk of a vast experiment, and
their demonstration of the feasibility and profitableness of a trans-
continental road by a most difficult route, has rendered compara-
tively easy and wholly safe the construction of a second road, on
a short line, with easy grades, and througli a country of singula)"
mildness, fertility and variety of resoiu'ccs. The success of tlie
first being already proved, the success of the second, under tlie
circumstances, is doubly assiu-cd.

To enumerate som(> of the sources of that traffic wl\ich now
awaits the comjiktion of tlie Northern Pacific Railroad:

1. The Road will command the vast interior trade that now
supports nineteen steamers of the Oregon Steam Navigation Com-
pany, which navigate the lower Columbia, the upper Columbia,
Clark's Fork, the Snake River, Lake Pend d'Oreille, and Puget
Sound.

2. The shipments of Lumbei", by vessel, from Puget Sound in
1870 e(iualled 18,000 car-loads, or 900 trains of 20 cars each.

Tlie Railroad will create a proportionate trade eastward. And
this traffic is yet in its infancy. What must it contribute to the
business of the Northern Pacific Railroad ?

3. The Railroad will do most of the business now done by steara-
lioats on the upper Missoiu'i and Yellowstone rivers. That busi-
ness is of long standing and very considerable amount.

4. It will take the bulk of the large business now done all over
the Northwest by pack-animals and wagon-trains. It will per-
form tlie most profitable part of the mail service of five States and
Territories, and will ultimately carry the Chinese and Japanese
mails.

5. It will take the place of the present wagon service in tran-
sporting supplies to the twenty-eight northern military posts — a
service which now costs the Government between Six and Sex en
Million dollars yearly.

In 1870, Eighteen Million pounds of freight entered Montana
by way of Corriune station, Utah, being hauled in wagons 400
miles across a rugged country at a. cost of fifteen cents 2^cr pound.
(^2,700,000.) This is some intimation of what a railroad will do
for ^Montana, and Montana for a railroad.

G. Where the Road crosses the Red River of the North it taps
loOO miles of inland navigation, down the Red River, tlu*ough
Lak(! Winnipeg, and up the Saskatchewan to the foot hills of the
Rocky Mountains.

The Hudson's Bay Company and Winnipeg settlers now ship
their supplies over the Northern Pacific Road to Red River where
tiu'ee Steam Boats connect with the Road.

7. The tide of emigration, already povu'ing into the country
now oi3ening to settlement, with the needs of new communities,
will contribute a large Revenue to the Road. For many years the
transportation of settlers, their families, goods and supplies (though
done at low rates ) to all parts of the country adjacent to the
Northern Pacific line, will form a constantly increasing source of
income to the Company. As a route for tourists the Northern
Pacific must always be popular. The summer pleasure travel
over the line will be increasingly great.

8. The shipment of cattle over the Northern Pacific Road
promises to equal that upon any line in America. Stock raising
will continue to be, as it now is, one of the most lucrative branches

eastward. And
ontribute to the

^ done by steam-
ers. That busi-
ount.

w done all over
. It will per-
' five States and
2 and Japanese

I TV ice in tran-

ilitary posts — a

Six and Se\ en

itert'd Montana
in wagons 400
nts jjcr ijound.
railroad will do

? North it taps
Eiver, tlu-ough
bot lulls of the

tiers now ship
.'d Kiver where

o the country
communities,
nany years the
[>plies (though
Ijacent to the
sing source of
the Northern
)leasure travel

Pacific Road
Stock raisinof
tive branches

of business in the Northwest, and with this great thorouglifare
furnishing quick transportation to a ready market, this interest
(•ann(;t })ut reach enormous proportions. The experience of the
Kansas Pacific and Union Pacific Roads, in suddenly developing
an extensive trade in cattle from tlie Southwestern plains fur-
nishes a suggestion of what may be expected by tlie Northern
Pacific Road.

9. The grain-producing capacity of Minnesota is well-known.
The Northern Pacific Road and its branches will drain two-thirds
of the whci'it-lands of ^linnesota, and the trunk line will traverse
on its way to the Pacific, many million acres of e(iually good soil.
Indeed, the Road may be said to traverse, and open to tlie world's
markets, that region whicli, at a very early day, is to furnish the
bulk of the surplus wheat crop of the United States. How mucli
business must tlie grain product of the Northwest, present and
future, furnish to the Northern Pacific Road ? Witli one-fiftieth
part of her lands under cultivivtion, ^Minnesota alone exported
grain enough in 1870 to load 2,500 trains of 20 cars each.

10. The many navigable rivers crossed and recrossed at conve-
nient intervals by the Northern Pacific Railroad, will contribute
to it a large traffic by bringing in the trade of the country^foi-
many miles on both flanks. For example, on the Pacific slope,
the waters of Puget Sound, the Cowlitz river, tlie Williamette,
tlie lower and upper Columbia, tlie Snake, the Clark, and-Lake
Pcnd d'Oreille — all will servo as feeders and outlets for the con-
centration and distribution of freights and passengers upon and
from the great central tlioroughfare, the Railroad. From the
head of navigation on the Columbia's branches it is only 230
miles across the mountain country to the navigable waters of the
Missouri on the east. This stream and the Yellowstone'drain
large tracts of fertile country, and both will bring their tribute of
trade to the Railroad where rail and river intersect in Dakota.
Two himdred miles further east, the navigable Red River is
crossed. At their eastern termini, the two arms of the Northern
Pacific Railroad connect with the commerce of the Mississippi at
St. Paul, and the commerce of the great Lakes and the St Law-
rence at Duluth on Lake Superior.

This lake and river system of the Fertile Belt is obviously an
important element in the assured success of the Road, giving it

the practical advantage of eight or ten side branch lines, without
the expense of building them. But tlie Central and Union Pacific
Koad lias proved a business success without having a single navi-
gable stream triljutary to it between Sacramento and (.)maha —
l,77o miles.

11. The ^Mining interest of Montana, Idaho, and Wasliington
will at once furnish a large share of traffic to the Xorthern Pacific
Koad, and, with cheap transportation and the introduction of im-
proved machinery, this branch of business will steadily increase.
The product of the Montana, Idaho and Wasliington mines was
over Twenty Million Dullars in 1870 indicating the richness of the
deposits and the permanent nature of this industry. The ship-
ment of supplies for the mining population, and th.e transporta-
tion of their products eastward, will in all probability render the
mountain section of the route more profitable to the Koad than
any ecjual extent of agricultural country.

What the coal traffic is to many Eastern roads, the transporta-
tion of ores promises to be to the Northern Pacific. Already the
Union and Central Pacificline derives a very considerable revenue
from this trade — carrying the ores of the precious metals from
the mines to the smelting works at .San Francisco and on the
Atlantic seal)oard. Four thousand tons of ores, assaying from
.$200 to $1200 per ton, now pass over the Central and Union
Pacific Roads monthly. The authorities of these roads estimate
that when the smelting works are enlarged to the proper capa-
city, not less than 1000 tons of ore per day will be shipped over
their line. The well-known richness and extent of tlie mines ad-
jacent to the route of the Northern Pacific Road give assurance
that it will derive as great a traffic as the Central from this
source.

12. Too much importance is not attached to the matter of
through business between the ports of Asia and our Atlantic Coast,
experience having shown that Local Traffic must always be the
main reliance of all great thoroughfares. But, whatever shall be
the futm-e volume of the Asiatic trade by rail across this conti-
nent — and it will imquestionably be large — the Northern Pacific
Road is sure of its full share. Its advantages in this regard are
as conspicuous as in others. It spans the continent from the
great Lakes to the Pacific by a line 600 miles shorter than the

prestni
^•lurei
So\m(

1 Wft'U

Cenlri
iiiver
North
Sue
bulk

rxp(.'ct

ment

c'h lines, witliout
ml Union Pacific
\g a single navi-
;o and Oraalia —

and \Va.sliin<>;ton
N'orthern Pacific
roduction of im-
teadily increase.
i<,'ton mines was
2 richness of the
itry. The sliip-

the transporta-
lility render the

the Koad than

the transporta-
c. Already the
derable revenue
us metals from
isco and on the

assaying- from
ral and Union
roads estimate
le propel- capa-
)e shipped over

tlie mines ad-
give assm-ance
tral from this

the matter of
Atlantic Coast,
always be tlie
itever shall be
OSS this conti-
)rthern Pacific
his regard are
cut from the
>rter than the

enough as it

present finished road ; and, owing to tlie prevailing winds and
currents of the Pacific Ocean, the sailing distance between Pugit
Sound and tlie ports of China is (JOO to 800 miles less than be-
tween San Francisco and China. The Western terminus of the
Central Road is many degrees South of tht; dirt.'ct line between
Liverpool, New York, and China. 'I'lie Western termini of the
Northern Pacific lioad is directly on that line.

Such is a partial enumeration of tlie sources from which the
hulk of the carrying trade of the Northern Pacific Railroad is
(Xpc'cttMl to come. .Many items, as important as some of those
mentioned, have been omitted ; the case is strong
stands.

The CliiiMRi) .Iniinial, in nil iutflli({oul lyj.iew ol tlio Pucitii! liailroails, says :
The c.'cii^^us rt'tin-iis (if l^-HO jjuve lti(),l U' a'* the sum total of tlio piifmliition of Xebninka, Wvo-
iiiiii;,', I'tali, KcMulaiiridCalilovuiii— tlif ili-.trii't now tnivtTsetl hy tlio Union au'l CentMl Piu'itic
K.iilniadH. Work was coiiinienccd on I In' roail, a( both ends, in tlio wintei' of iNtix, Between the
iv.odaK -iiii'iiJiiin.- l,owiuf{tor,hc war, it is cvideut tlmt the far Westeould not have receivi'd
iimiii of an addition loits [wpiilation. Looking hattk now, it is easyto se«' wliy so many of its
irieiids, even, iimpliesied tliul linaneially the road wonld l)e a failnre. They rejjarded tiieenter-
liri'-e as one of politieal neiM-'Ssity, hiil could sec no money in it. Its route, for the most part, lav
I liniuKh a wilderness incap.ih!e of a),'riiMiltiiral settlement. Of the whole nnmher of inhahiunt's
:i*po\o given all but !W,Us were in tlie State of California.

» « » -» -< » • » > ,

The earnings of the Central an I I'nion I'aeilie K.iiIroad were Kourleen Millions in 1S70— the
ii"l reeo.pt« over operatiuii expenses beinfjin e\eessof Six Millions. In other words, in thefirst
\ear 111 its lhro«(;h business itearne lenoufJth o\er and above running expenses to jiaj- six per cKUt.
• Ml a lair estimate of its eost. li siv years the Central Paeilic (forming one-half of the throu{;li
line) hasearned Ten Millions nvt, iiclng mwrly Six Millions more than the interest on its Bonds
iiid all tlie eost of oporating. Six-live iier cent, of this eanio from loeil traftie, and one year
only of rhrou;;!! business is inclu l.,- ! uit. I'he authorities of the Central Haeilie estimate the ikrn-
iuif- of their road for l'*? 1 at Ten Alillious, and President Thomxs A. Se/>tt, of the Union Paeilic,
olaees tile earulHfjs of that road, '.:iis year, M Vine Millions, niikinf; J^I!^,0lW,0uu for the through
line from San Franci-iiiiloOmaJia. Of this at least $9,U0iViuu will be net above running expenses, or
■I |)rr cent . on u r.'asouable estimate of the entire cost of the rojid. The lirst in '.jage bonds of the
Central I'acitie, bearing six percent, interest, and secured only on the rool ■ now selling at
I'i:t. So oppositely to all expectation has the opeMtion of the road turned oiii :

Since the eotnm'euex;nient of the Union and Central Pacille, San Francisco has grown from
!ijiug a city of sixt,\ thousand inhabitants to be a city of a hundre<l and lifty thousand. But,
including that, a total |H>pnlation of the belt of StaU^s and Territcn'its throu'git which the road
runs is only 7^M,27it. .■Vud this number of people, with aid from a portion of Colorado (popnia-
ton :tsi,(),sr) furnish business to the Union and Central Paeilic at the rate of Fourteen to Nineteen
iiillion dollars per year. This brings up the rather curious question, How many inhabitants are
necessary in a given district to make a railway pay?

And now comes the Xorthern Paeilii', certainly with grpiiier probabilities of success than were
lielore the Union (/'ontral Paeilic. While it eqiials the other in mineral wealth, the country
ihrougli which it runs is vastly more in\ it;ng to the farmer. Indeed, testimony shows It to lie
111 s|}ecial ugrieultnral value, licaving out Cidifornia on the Union Central Paeilic, an<l also ex-
'hiding Minnesota on the Xorthern Paeilic, and the latter road has Iiil,7.')2 more [leople to con-
tribute to its l(Kul business than awaited tlieoi>euing of the Union and Central Pacific, and only
:.':l,.'S'L' less than give support to the latter road now.

Including those i«o States, which wduld not be unfair, inasmueh as the Northern Pacific will
have in Minessola, with its main and liranch liiu's, over eight hundred miles of road, draining
two-thirdnof the entire State-includiug these two States, the tributary population of the Nortliern
read in all is ti:'.!!,!:!.;, or 1 7".».:i21 more than were at tir.st reached by the Union Central Paeilic, and
■ inly 1 lH,s:f7 less than '.{Ive aid to it now.

liiit the figures gi.en are suggestive. What, principally within the last five years, has added
Uio,iioo to the iKipulation of San Francisco? Surely nothing so much as the summons of iron
Iciioeking at the Golden Uate. If a I'oad can add 1(10,1)00 people in live years to an exi.sting city,
eiiiiiot another one in the wimo time build up a city of 100,uoo,especially if, by reason of its shorter
oceanic distance, it is (hnnonstratcdthut it will necessarilv control foreign shipments!'

Few doubt tliat if the land lying along the Union Pacific had lieen as available for agriculture
a~ the lauds of the Northern I'acilic, the))opuliition along the route would have trel)lo<l as well as
that of its terminal city. Here, then, the case will probably stand :— The Northern Pacitic, on its
completion, will tind ii flourishing cityawaiting it on PugetSonnd, inferior.of course, in size, to
Sail Francisco, but still a tliriving, well-grown city, as helpful to it as the other to its Southern
compeer. It will, during its progress, on account of its fertile lands, more than quadruple tlia
population west of Minnesota, and so bids more than fair to etiiial the first through business of
tlio Union and Central Pac'lic, while for the succeeding years its returns will be vastly gi-eater.

THE NEW NORTHWEST

Land Grant

The Nopthei^n Pacific Raili\oad Pompany.

The chartor granted by tlie CongTcss of tlie United Statics to
the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, with its amendments,
confers the riglit to construct a line of Railroad and Telegraph
across the continent, between some point on Lake Superior, in the
State of Wisconsin or Minnesota, and some point on Puget Sound,
via the valley of the Columbia river, by the most eligible route
within the territory of the United States, on a line north of tht;
4oth parallel of latitude, with a branchto Puget Sound across the
Cascade mountains from some convenient point on the main trunk
line.

The charter grants the Company for each mile of track 20 al-
terriate sections of public land (640 acres to t]w section) on each
side of the line of the Road in the Territories, and 10 alternate
sections on each side of the line in the States, through which it
runs. This is equivalent to 25,600 acres per mile through the
Territories, and 12,800 acres per mile through the States, or an
average of nearly 23,000 acres per mile along the entire length of
the Road. The grant is the same for the chartered branch of the
Road as for the trunk line. It grants to the Company the right
of way for their Road and Telegraph line tlivough the public do-
main, to the extent of 400 feet in width, and all necessary ground
for station-buildings, workshops, depots, machine-shops, switches,
side-tracks, turn-tables, and water-stations. Tt grants to the
Company the right to take from the public domain adjacent to
the line of the Road, earth, stone, and timber for construction.
If, owing to pre-emption, settlement under the Homestead Law,
or other cause, the Company cannot get, within the above limits,
the quantity of land per mile to which it is entitled by its charter,
it may make up the deficiency anywhere within twenty miles

EST-

MPANY.

'nited States to
ts amendments,

and Telegraph
Superior, in the
on Puget Sound,
t elig-iljle route
ne north of the
(ound across the

the main trunk

of track 20 al-

ection) on each

id 10 alternate

rough which it

Ic through the

e States, or an

ntire length of

d branch of the

ipany the right

the public do-

cessary ground

hops, switches,

grants to the

lin adjacent to

f construction.

jmestead Law,

e above limits,

by its charter,

twenty miles

beyouil either boundary of itss land grant. This provision rendei>
it abs;tlut(.'ly i-erlain that tlie Citrnpauy will receiNc the full aruomit
of hind granted.

Tile amount of land granted to tin" Xoitliem Pacitii' K'ailroad
liy its charter, original and as amended, is about Fifty Millions
(,50,000,001)) of acres. Th • grant i> nearly thrrf times as large
as the Province of New IJninswiek.

jp'lF^ST ^ECTION OF ThT |R,0AD.

/a At ;»

The lirrit section of the Xortlieni I'acilie Road is in the State of
.Minnesota. It conunences at Duhith, on tlu; head of Lake Su-
perior, and runs to lied IJiver of the North, a distance of li-').')
miles.

The following information relating to the State of Minnesota is
taken from the IJeport oC the Connuissioncr of Statistics for tliat
State, for 1871:

Tlie Stiite of Minnesota occupies tlic exact center of the Continent of Norlli
Auicrica. It lies midway between tlic Arctic anil Tropic circles— midway Ite-
twecn tlic Atlantic and Tacific Oceans— and midway i)otween Hudson's Bay and
tlie Gulf of Mexico. It embraces tlie sources of the three vast water systems
which reach their Ocean termini ; Nortliward through Hudson's Bay, Eastward
tlirough the chain of !,'reat lakes, and Southward via the Mississippi lUvcr.

Sou, Anu TninKK.— Three-quarters of the State may be generally describcul
as rolling prairie, interspersed with freijuont groves, oak openings, and belts of
hard-wood timber, watered by numberless lakes and streams, and covered wiiii
warm, dark soil of great fertility. The rest embracing tlic elevated district
immediately West of Lake Superior, consists mainly of the rich mineral ranges
on its shores, and of tlie pine forests wliicii clotlu; the licad waters of the Mis-
sissippi, aflordiiig inexhaustible supplies of lumber.

CLIMATE.

Its yearly mean temoerature (-14 G-), coincides withtiiat of Central Wiscon-
sin, Michigan, Central New York, Southern Vermont, New Hampshire and
Maine, and has an annual range from the summer heat of Southern Ohio and
Southern rennsylvania, to the Winter cold of Montreal.

Sjfow. — Tlie average fall of snow is about six inches, per ntontli. Tlic snow
falls in small quantities, at different times, and is rarely blown into drifts, so as
to impede travelling. * * * Lon^-, driving snow storms are almost nnknown, and
rain seldom falls during the Winter months.

Salubrity OF Climatk.— The c'tynesj of the air, the character of the soil,
which retains no stagnant pools to send forth poisonous exhalations, the univer-

sul luirity iitits watt-r, tlic hciiuty olits sci-nery. ami llic iilinost total absence of
t'o^; or mist; tin' brilliaiicy ofits Miii-li^lif, tlio iik'a.singnucceNsion of the Hcnvoiis ,
all (uiiyii.re In ;;ive .Minuesotiui cliiiiato ut iiiiiivalli'ti salubrity.

POl-l'I-ATIOX.

Wliiii tlio Territory was orgaiiizeil in 1.SK», tlic population wna 1,057; at the
ulosi' of :m;;i— I'O years later— it was l.'iO.dOo!

CoMTAiiisoN With Otiiku iSrAiKM.— riie lollowini,' taiile illustrateB the
^I'outli otMinnesota as coiiiparcd witli iliat ol'tlie ailjoiiiing States of Wiscon-
sin and low a, I'.uriii:-; tl.e paht ten years : —

llOS

the

I'Dpulation

l'o]iulati()n

Absolute

Inerease

States. V

in m\().

in 1S70.

increase.

per cent.

J
Wisconsin,

775,.ssl,

i,o.-r.,r.5y,

270,678,

;5r.,04.

Iowa,

tjl,!tl3,

1,11(1,802,

.■•)1(;,88!>,

70,">8.

Minnesota,

ni'.OL'i',

•110,000,

2ti7,'.t78,

l.">5,78.

A«;Riciii,Triii:. — Tcriiaps no single fact exliibits witb f^rcater force tlie extra-
ordinary developments of our State tban tiie unprecedented enlargement of lier
ciiltivuud area.

Tills in 18r)0 was 1,000 acres, in 18(10 it was l;'.3,2(;7 acres ; in 1870, ], 803,010
acres !

In lbi',0 the production of Wheat, Oats and Corn, ollieially reported, was as
I'oUuWB :

I'roduct,

Acres cultivated.

Bushels produced.

Wlieal,

1,006,007,

117,Ct;o,4G7,

Oats,

i'7H,4»7,

10,510,9<)J),

Corn,

147,587,

4,519,120.

A ^joniparis(jn if liio j roducts of Minnesota with those of Iowa and Ohio, as
sliown by the Dllkial returns of cacii for tlic yciir 1808, aflbrds the following

exhibit of avtr:'.i'es :

Jliniiesota.

Iowa,

Oldo,

Wluiit, Oat«, Corn, Itarlcy, llyc, lluckwiiciit, I'otiitoi*.

17,0, 3t;,9, 37,!, -8,5, 19,2, 16,4, 105,9,

!t.!l.-,, 28.1, 37,12, 23,07, 13,28, 9,49, 81,01,

11.31, 2;','^6, 34,37, 20,38, 9,30, 10,97, 72,12.

In^ten years ending; in 1800, the Wheat crop of New England, New York,
rennsylvania and Oliio, decna-ie 1 (!,")00,(00 bushels, while the surplus of Min-
nesota lor the year 18C9 al< no was little less than 14,000,000.

Hay.— The statistics of the Hay crop of 1800, show a total product of 300,000
tons, witli an average of over two tons per acre, being sixty per cent, more than
tile avenijje of Ohio.

FnuiT. — Almost all kinds of "sn all fruits" known to the temperate zone are
found here in a wild state, while the cultivated varieties generally thrive well.

St total iibscnci- (if
iunof tliu Kc-abuns ,

>rni4,Oi7; at the

} illuBtrates x\w
tiitt'8 ofWidcon-

Incr

CUiiC

per cent.

;'>0,04.

7(i,r)8.

l.>5,7«.

foiTO tlie extra*
largi'inont of Iut

11 ]«70, ],.SGy,iJlG

I'l'lJuitcil, was as
produced.

r,(;i;u,4G7,

),510,9(J!),
f,519,120.

i¥a and Oliio, as
8 tlie following

Votiifut'S.

105,0,
■Sl.Ol,
72,12.

ul, New York,
iurplus of Min-

luct of 300,000
ent. more than

leratc zone are
y thrive well.

Water Power and Manufactures.

Watbr 1*oweu. — Mr. Whoelook, Ibnaer Coniuii.s.sioncr of ritati.s-
lies, a ;.;eiitlemaii tliorouuhly conversant with the .sulijcet, makes
the rollowin<; just statement of the extraordinary nianufacttiring
I'acilitios which nature has lavishwl upon this favored State :

"Minnesota possessi-s a more ample and ettbctivo water power than New
Knglanil. Tlie Falls and Kapida of St. Anthony alone, with a total dcsucnt of
04 feet, afford an available hydraulic capacity, (according to an experienced and
competent Engineer), of 120,000 horse-power. This is considerably greater
than the whole motive power— steam and water — employed in textile manufac-
tures in England in 1N50, and nearly seven times as great as the watcr-powerso
employed. * ♦ * This difl\ision of hydraulic power throughout the whole State,
is a feature whose value as • n element of developiaent, can scarcely bo over
estimated, as it gives every neighborhood the means of manufacturing its own
tlour and lumber, and affords the basis of all those numerous local manufactures
wliich enter into the industrial economy of every Northern community. * * *

A region six times as large as all New England, is yet undeveloped, but al-
ready starting on the swift career of the Western growth, and capable of sup-
porting many millions of population, is directly dependent upon Minnesota for
all the manufactured commodities it may consume.

Its position relative to these Northwestern valleys, invests its manufacturing
capabilities with an importance greater than those of any other of the interior
districts of the Continent For the future manufacture of cotton and woolen
fabrics, it has decided advantages of position over New England.

The Mississippi River brings it into intimate relations with the sources of the
Cotton Supply, and it lies In the midst of the great Wool Zone of the
Continent."

pj\owTH OF Manufactures.

Tlie following' comparative statement illustrates the growth of

the State in manufacturing industry during the past decade :

No. of Capital Value of

[Year,] establishments, invested, annual product.

1860, ,511, )82,320,380, $4,205,208,

1870, 2,037, 11,806,738, 23,301,147.

The relative progress of the State in agriculture, population and

manufactures in ten years, is thus shown :

Increase of cultivated area, 290 per cent.

I ncrtjase of population, 155 " "

Increase in value of Manufactures, 443. " •'

I' I

.MiimcHilii liiH oulstripivil nil tlir nllnr SfiilrH, Imtli in (ij^viriiltiirnl <l('vilii|i-
liicnts iiii'l ^,'riiwtli of popiiliition, ami lici'f i-* ntTunltHl tlu' nmtifyinj; i'\ iili'iicf
llial hill' liii" ini\'lo a f*till more iiiiirvrllcni!* aiivnncr in ninnMl'iictnrin^f illlln^ll•v.

^OGS AND ^UMBEF^.

The followiiiii' shows tho oxteiit of liunltcrliiir operations in (ho
two ijriiicipal districts for tlie past two years :

mV.K 1870.

St. Cruix District, ffft (.f Iok." sciilid i:.s.;wj,4:.4, htl,(i77.77<'..

.MissiKMppi, " " " SL'JOO.n.'iO. |-JI,4;iH,.'H0.

'.'-.•J,(KM,4H4, .'U;i,llti,lli;.

Tho valuf of tlio niaiiufrrrtiiivd IuiiiIkt for tile ycitv t'lidin^' .Imic I, 1870. in
this Stnto was S">,0rt8.ir>7.

Commerce and Navigation.

The Connnovoial po'^itiun of Minncsotn is povliniis the fjramU'st nnionp; tlic
.States. OcciipyiiiR tlif t-xact CTUtrc of tlii.s Contint'nl and const ilutinjj the
wntor sIiimI of its oaslcrn half, thu Steam Xavigation of thivo >j;n'al internal
Water SytfteniH terminates here.

The liead of liake Snperior, while practically as near the .seaboard as Chicajfo.
at Die head of Lake Mkhigan, has the advantages of i)elnK nearly iUtO miles
nearer the henrt of those Western area.s, whose exhaust less resources feed tht-
vast conimerce of those lakes. Hy this shortcut our trade may avoid the
circuitous and exi)eiisive route via Milwaukee and (Jhica<,'o. The necessity of
emph)ying which has heretofore stripped us of our f^reat natural advantages
and made our position as much worse than that of intervening Stales, as it is
more remote than they.

The navigation of Lake Superior, which has heretofore been insignillcant.
will doubtless experience great expansion, since a direct connection has been
achieved with the Railroad system of tho State, while the immense comnserce
which will be promoted by the comj)letion of the Northern Pacific Railroad, is
sure to .swell it to vast proportions. During the season of 1870, there were ten
Steamboals trading with the port of Duluth, with an aggregate tonnage of
7,98.\

prog 11

pleteJ
th.- .N
Tlij
li.'iidl
gr'-ati
I.M nl
tranxl

j^AILF^OADS.

After various hindrances arising from tho financial crash of 1857, and other
causes, the first mile was finally completed in 18Gl'. T« show at a glance the

riiltiirnl ilivilii)!-
itifyinj; cn itlfiiri-
ctiiriiijx iiuliiHirv,

[Tntiotis in tlio

1870.
I'.tl,(;77.77<i.
|-Ji,4;w,;n(».

.'ii.".,ii(;,iM;.
.Iiinc I, I87(». in

ilost nnioiip tlip

(•imsfitutiujj; the
' K'"*'"' iiitcriiiil

Dnrdns Cliiciij,Mi.
fiivly I'M) niiU's

iirct's IVt'd tilt.'
niiiy avoid tlic
riu' lU'Ccssity of
iiral n<lvitntngos

Stales, lis it is

1 insif>nificniit.
til III lin,s been

L'llSO COlllllJOVCC

fic Railroad, is
tlifii'e were ten
ato toiinapc of

BW. and other
t a glance the

Iim;,'^'"'* xiiini' at'hirxed, it will «iiHli'<' t<i «;iy, tln'rc uvf now l,17<l inilt's roiii-
|il)>tt'd loid in o|ii-nitioM, and '.',i|ili| niil<'> addition d proji'i'ti'd in addition to
tlu^ NortlH-rn'racilli' Kailroad.

The LaUi' Superior and .Mi->.'4i.«'>i|i|ii KnJlroad, nnniiii^ fi'oni St. I'anI to the
luail of \,nk>' Sii|M'rior, eonni'dn liic watmof tlif .Mi«>i'(-ijiiii with iIiom- of the
•^vfM l.aKi'x. Thin road tni vertex a eoinilry rich in linid'ii- and niinirMl-. It in
l.M mill-* InMt'ni^th and mtiri'ly roniiili'li'd, alVurdin;; tin' -liorle-t and liewi
iran^il to tlir xfaboard.

pDLUTH.

Tlio TiMiiik Liiu! of the Nnilln'rii I'sieilit; itoiuLas ])e(oi'o statod,
conuiieitcos al.J)iiliitli. Tlio lirst sijitlioii of lli<> road runs to Uod
River of jtlic North, anil rrosst-'s it at Far.o«). '["Uo, MiHsi-i^ippi is
crossod at IJrainaril.

Ex Fiif'iii. CJovt'rnor I>ro«s of the (Jhicxtjo Tiibniv: in ^peak•
in<>; of J)iihith, says : —

Tiiiir-<day aflcrnoon (Jnly 1871), mn' .-teHnu'r n^aelird tin' wharf of ihi' new
t'iiy of Dninth, the li>rniinns(if a railway from St. I'anl,and alxothe laket( rniinus
of the .Vorihcrn I'acilic Kailway. Whrn tlic loeationof Dninth was llrst pointed
out to the writer, on the ina|i,ha\ in^ stfii il sixteen year-'aj.jo, Ihecost of l)nildinf;'
!uleiinati'doid<s seemed an innsa|Mrahlcdillieidty in the wayof it.s lieconiintja
;,'reat ciiy. lint thi-enttinj^of the canal thronjijh Minncsida Toint, I'oO fcidwide,
into Ihf Day of ;iu|i(riin', irill ijire Jiuhtfh one of ihe ii*! of /itirljom. JJy a
southeast and east itr northeast wind, the only direction to he feared, a vessel
will run direetly into the hariior, and (tf conrse he safe. The canal is open:
steamers pass thronyii it, and diu'ks are l^ein^,' jiiit down on either side.

huhilh is only some two years old : and yet it.s citizens now claim a popula-
tion ol 1,0(10. It has schools and eliurches, a very line hotel, the C'la"k House,
and se\eral snniller ones: nnniufactnries, and in a very short tinu- will have
;,Ms anil water works, and all llie ajiiMirtenanees of a city. It is finely situated
on a heantifnl slope, risinj,' not too abruptly, affordin},' j»erfect drainaf^o and a
nnif,'nilii'ent view of the lake.

In anotlior lottcM" to tlio same paper, Governor Ilross stiy.s of
the country west of Diihith : —

For a hundred miles or more west of l.ake .Superior the country is mainly
valuable, at first, for its tindier. This timber will all be wanted in the middle
and western jiarts of the Slate. It will be .snr.- to find its way far into Dakota,
and down the VaUey of the Keid River of the North.

C. W. IJryaii, of the Spriuf/jield Repabllcnn, in a letter to
thai Journal under date of Atiiiust Ttli, 1H71, savs: —

Tiie idea has been a impulnr one with the itublic f;enerally, and with many

I !{!

who are more or less interested in the success of the road, that the land be-
tween Dill nth and the Jlississipi)! river would never become valuable for cul-
tivation ; but it turns out tliat the heavy clay of that region, upon being broken
and thrown up and exposed to the sun and air, becomes friable and warm and
easy of cultivation. Wherever tlie cabins of the road-builders were made, and
the horses and cattle were fed, and seed from the feed became scattered, a
luxuriant growth of timothy and oats is seen this season, and the belief now
largely obtains with those who have seen these results, that all tiiat section of
country, when once cleared up and put under cultivation, will become very
valuable as a grazing locality.

The Commissioner of Statistics in his report before quoted, in
speaking of this District, says : —

It i9 crossed by views of good land, and has large bodies of hardwood tim-
ber, but it is chietly esteemed for its inexhaustible supplies of pine which clothe
the liead waters of its streams, and also for its deposits of minerals in the north-
east portion, among which Slate is found of excellent quality and in immense
quantities.

Slate. — ^[r. Thomas Arnold, who recently explored the Slate
lands at St. Louis River, reported as follows : —

Taking this section all through, I think it is the largest and mostjmmense
body of Slate that 1 have ever heard of; Mr. Humphrey, who is a Welclmian,
and has worked in the largest (piarries in Wales, coincides with me in this
opinion.

Speaking of the country north of, and tributary to the Northern
Pacific Road, the same authority says : —

It is valuable principally for its supplies of timber and cxaustless^nineral
resources, whicli have been shown by scientific exidorationjand analysis to
embrace numerous varieties of great value, which will one day richly, reward
the capital and labor employed in their develoi»ment.

Corri'.R. — Copper abounds in the mineral belt stretching along the northern
shore of Luke Superior; and large masses of tiie pure metal have been taken
from Knife and Stuart rivers.

I»ox.- Iron ore is found in considerable (piantity around Portage and
Pigeon rivers. The metal wrought from this ore has been put to tlie'severest
test, and found fully ecpial in tenacity and malleability to the i)e&t Swedish
and Rrussian iron. The growing importance of this mineral resource may be
inferred from the table of shipments of iron ore from the Superior district,
which sliows a rapid increase.

W.vi i;R-i'()wi;n.- The numerous falls and rapids of the St. Louis River, in
its decent to I^ake Superior, afford an incalculable amount of .water power
which tlie vast mineral deposits in near proximity must speedily^^bring into
requisition.

, that tlio land bo-
le valuuble for cul-
upoii being broken
ble and warm and
!rs were made, and
ecame scattered, a
,nd the belief now
all that section of
, will become very

eforc quoted, in

! of hardwood tim-
F pine which clothe
lerals in the north-
ty and in immense

lored the Slate

nd most^immense
10 is .1 Welclinian,
i with me in this

the Northern

(xaustleasjriineral
Q][and analysis to
lay richly, reward

lonpf the northern
have been taken

md I'ortage and
lit to tlie'severest
:lie iiest Swedish
resource may be
Superior district,

Louis River, in
. of .water power
?edily^,bring into

Western Division of Section No. One.

or this part of the road, Mr. Bi-vaii in the lettur roCernd to
above, says : —

Once across ihc .Mi.-^sissiiiji', riinl tin- niiul soon stvilvc?' ibi- •iillinir jmiiric.'
of this bi'RiitifuI lake rci^ioii. Tiii' liikes iin- niiiiilierli'ss, niid of rll fi/.f!-. riid
liave the m(>>t beiiutifui Min'Oi.inliiiLjs of oak-liinlitrcd.vi^liiiiy i»n)irii's iImI llie
eye of mnn ever rested upon. Detroit iiil.is inn! rdici!!! l.ikr iW' i.iiioiin iIjc
lar<^est of liu> nest, and the eniiii'ifiiils hiiM' niready loc.ih d in sor.;,' of I'lr iiiosl
cliariiiiufj; spol-< on iheir lionlt'vs, v.liii,' niov" aiv on tlif wny, in;(l ilie ch'.-iiijj ,)f
the i>r('Sfiit ,>('iison will find n liw^.' iiu-r"iisi' iil' popuhttion in thf n'yioii oi' Il;i'
lake country. Tlie whoh' section of country hercaltout is exii-.'iiicly fertile, liiis
wonderfully uiiifonu cliiuati' I'oi' such a hi;;'n l.ililuil.', is, i'or a iiniivi' I'oiui-
try, (piite well wooded, ami ^'ood w.itir is (';i>ily olitaiued Ivoiu springs iir.d
wells, and fi'oin the hike's iiy thojic who elioos,' to iisi' lak(! water.

General, then Captain. Pojx! was connnissiont'd in 1 S Ml to
make a typouTaphical survey of nortlnvest(;rn Minnesota. In his-
oltioial report to Congres.s he says : —

1 have triri'ersed tJiis territory From norlli to souili, ;! dist;:nee of ."•(•() iiiilis.
and with th<' exception of a few swamps, I have not seen one acre of uiuiio-
(bietive laud.

I know of no couutry on earth where so many adviiiilM;.;vs are invsinted to
tlie farmer and miiniifacturer.

In this whole extent it^ ])reseiits an almost unbroken le\t'l of rich pruiries,
intersected at rij,dit nujjjles by all the heavily-timbered trlluitaries of the Ked
Kiver, from the east and west, the Ued Kiver it.self runniuy nearly di:e iu)rtli
through its center, and heavily tinil)ereil on both bunks with elm, oak, asli,
maple, .Sre. This Viilley, fnnn its \(ist extent, perfect uniformity of surfuce,
richness of soil, and iinliiiiiied sujiply of wood and water, is among the finest
wheal eoimtries in tlie world.''

Otter Tail Lake is on the line of the Northern Paeifie Roatl, 70
or 80 miles east of the crossinu- at lied River. General Pope
says of the region snrroinidinji' this lake: —

The v.liolo re;^iou of eouiitiy I'or iil'ty miles in all direetions aroumi iliis
lake, is amoui,' tie- mo-'t lieniitiCiil ;ii;<l f-rlile in the worhl. The line seeiiery
of lakes and open groves of oal; liiiilier, of winding streiuus connecting them,
and beautifitlly rolling ettiintry on all sides, renders this i:ortion of .\iinnesot:i
the gai'di'ii spot of the northwest.

The ra]»idily with wliifh the Company'.s lands are belnu' (akm
up in this seetion tends to eoniirm the above statements regarding
their eliaracter.

The Ri.i^Iit Rcvei-cn<], Tl)c Lord Ei.sliop ol' Rupert's Land, in llie
.M;ii(*li iiuiiiIk'I' oC tli'.' ^lissiou Life, a London Montlil}', says in
rotbri'iiig ti> (.'uiijiration to (lie nortliwcst: —

Till; liind I'tir HH) iiiiK-s ui)rtl\ of TJi'f'ckinvid^t', Jilnii;;' tlu' Red Ilivor and ils
iiiliiitiirii-, li;:s Iti'i'ii I'litirily tiikt ii iij) l,;st Miimiic;', iiiid liii.s bceii laryvly set-
lifd u\inu. Vm' read of l!0,(M)0 M'ttltv.^^ in IJed l?ivcr Valloy at Hit- close of llic
■.iinmu'r, wlicrc at llie lic^Muninj^ tlicre wore ))Ut lOf) slrafjglin;f residents. We
i.'jid of icnnif- of emigrants jKiurinf;- daily by dill'rrenl roads into the country
.ilor,;;' llie Noriiiern I'acilic IJailway sometimes as many a.s 200 in one day.

13avai'(l Tavloi". tlic vonowncd tra\-cllcf. iiiidcr date ol Jnlv

• •< ml

1S71. Avi'itos an IblloAv.s to the JVcw York 7\'Unine: —

1 liiii )io.-ili\ely a.-siired that .".0,(MIO emigrants are already settled between
tile \\vt\ I{;m'1 and Urainard. Tliere tiie Xortliern I'acilic crosses the ^Nfissis-
>ipi.i.

A uentlenian extensively eii,<>a,u,"ed intlie jnanulaetiu'C of Lnmbcr

ill tills Province, visited Minnesota in the autinnn ol' 1871, and

selected and piircliased a tract ol" })iiic land on the Crow Winji',

near the 'rninlc line ot'lhe Northern Paci lie road, in the central

partdl" that State. J £e represents the hnnber as lieino; superior

to thiit of the Arcstook District in its palmiest days.

The Northern Paeilic RiiilroadConijtany has many thousand acres
of tiiulter land, such as is here rofv-rred to, on the eastern end of
I heir road.

The avcraue prices taken from ollicial sources, at which, the
twenty-live leadin2,'lT. S. Land (irant Railroads have thus fia- sold
their lands is $7,04-, — the highest average of any C rant ])ein<r
$ia.08. and the lowest $r),07.

'J'lie average prices per acre obtained 1)y live Minnesota Rail-
road Coinj)anies, is as follows :

Southern Minnesota. ..... $7.04

Winona and St. Peter, - ... - 7,08

St. Paul and Paeilic, ..... (i^oQ

St. Paul and Sioux City, .... .3^(57

Lake Superior and Jlississippi, - - - 4,88.

The ^Minnesota School Lands have avci'aged !:'(»,').'). Unim-
[troved Private lands in this State, accessibly situated among
settlements, are sold at from $4 to $1'), per acre. Lands offiiir
quality, are olferedat '!i5o to $20 per acre, within ten miles of St.
Paul.'

-^ay^
jaisi

thi.'il

■t'>^ Land, in (lie
foiitlily, says in

Rfd I{ Ivor and it-^
Ijci'U lar;;oly .sel-
tllit! (•lost' of llic
IK ivsidciitia. AVe
!s into till' country
2(10 ill one dny.

■ duto oi Jnly

y st'tllod Ixitwofn
■iissi's lilt! ^fi.ssis-

;ure of Lunibor
ol' 1S71, and

('row VVinjr,
in tlio c'cntral

IxM'nu: superior

thousand acres
eastern end of

at Avliidi, the
; thus ffor sold
r ( J rant beinji"

uuiesota Rail-

$7.04

7,08

<5,r)0

.3,()7

4,88.

1),');). Unim-

ated anions'

<ands of fair

miles of St.

A late report on the .St. Paul and Pscifie Railroad I^and Grants,
-Jays: — That from the sale of Town Lots, the Conipauy expects to
jaise tlic avei-agc pen* acre to $8.

The Northern Pacifuj Company will, doubtless, larti'eiy ini.'reasc
their receipts iu the same way.

" J. Ji.'" a Xew liriuiswieker, and a correspondent of the St.
John Ei'eniiHj Globr, in a letter dated at Seattle, Washington
Territory, and published in that paper 2nd June, 1871, says in re-
lerriuu' to the Northern Paeifu; Ilaib-oad :

Tlic iiiii'iits of til'' coniiiiiiiy ((iiietly liouKJit the im-sont silo of Kalaniii, for a
t villi', (111(1 li'ivo rwiJi/.iMl, from .<itl<',-< of city lots, jin aiiioiint Miillicit'iil to(;oiii-
Itii'te tlie flrf<t t\vt'iity-li\t' mill's,

Wiit'ii till! silt' of tilt' iiuiiii tt-niiiiiiH is tlt'citli-il, a cily rivaliiifj any on this
loasl Avill spring into I'.visUiici'. Tin' fompaiiy will ri'ali/n an fiioriuou.s
.tmoiiii!, I'stiiiiated as liij;ii as twenty millions of dollars, for salt- of lots in
\\ liat is to l)n tlu' cliit'f city of tiic I'acilic.

Owin;;' to tlic fai.'!. that i'lii^ct S niiid is an inland sea, with niini'.'roiis inlets
.iii'l h.irliors, having' a co.tst line, of nearly 1800 miles, l.ie company will not bt;
oliii.ni'd to l.icitc any jtarliciilar town, imt can si'dire a silc lo suit themselves.

The Europeau and North American Raih'oad running wcstwaril
iVom St. John lo the L^. S. Boundary, receives from our Provincial
(jovi'rnment, a subsidy of $10,000 per mile, this was supplimented
by i^^oOOjOOO stock whitth iucreased the Clovernment aid to about
.Si;},:J8G.

Miiuieft'jta being a State, the Xorthern Pacific Railroad Com-
pany has under its Charter 12,800 acres per mile of Trunk Road in
tliis section, the value of this land at a moderate estimate, based
u)(on iictual sales of other (Jori)orations in this State, as given
aliovi?. would be six dollars an acre ; this woidd make the sub-
sidy per mile, in this State .S76,800. The remainder of the road
being through Territories, the Company will be entitled to 25,600
acres per mile from the Red Riv(!r.

Second Section

r-'

The Second Section of the Road is IVom Red River across the
Territory of J.)ak(jtah, to the Yellowstone Riv<.M-, a distance of
about 100 miles. The first ilivisionof this SeCvtion, 200 miles to

the Missouri, is under contract, to be completed the first of noxl
mouth (July 1872). The opening of the Road to tlie Mi.-isouri.
will give the Company 455 miles of completed Trunk Line, from
Lake Superior, which will connect with steamers riuininu' TOO
miles tnrther West, to Fort Benton.

PL C. I), in a letter to the Chicago Trilmne, dated Faruo.
Dakota march 12th., says in referring to the country along the
line of the Northern Pacific, between Red River and the second
crossing of the Sliyennc, a distance of GO miles : " Thus far the
soil is the best in quality and boundless in depth. The grass tJuit
grows wild on these prairies is equal to any in the world."

He then continues :

AN IMVOIMAN r TOWN.

The James River, at the crossing, has a valley ahoiil '2 miles in wiilth : soil
good, and well timbered with a superior (quality of white i,'»k, elm and box-
elder. For many reasons, I believe this is bound to be one of tl>e most im-
portant places on tiie entire line, because it is situate'l midway between the
Ked ami ilimsouri llivers ; is sm-rounded by a splendid agricultural country :
will midoubtedly Ih; the Capital of the projjosed Territory of Pemldnii, and the
point at which the main line of the 8t. Paul and I'acitic, or Vi 'ona and St.
Peter Branch of the Chicago and Nortjiwestern, will form a juncti>)n with tliis.
the main line of the Xorthern I'acific.

TUK coiKAix. — ci.nrATi;.

Leaving James River we csme upon the range or hill.H from wliicli this terri-
tory takes its name — the "Coteaux." Althougli they are, as a general thing,
very rough and the building of railroads over them would be very expensive,
engineers have succeeded in finding an excellent line, and that, too, with a
grade of only 40 feet to the mile.

From the James to the Missouri, a distance of 1 10 miles, is one great rolling
prairie, mi timber being seen, save where the country has bee" protected from
lire; ; it is always found there. The descent to the ^fissouri is made down the
Valley of Ai)ple Creek. This stream empties into the Missouri nearly oppo-
site the mouth of Heart River. As an index to the climate on the prairies be-
tween the Red and Jlissouri Rivers, I would say that engineer parties hav(>
been working through this section all winter, and living in tents, without dis-
comfort. Transportation has been carried on almost entirely on wheels : and
"Washington's (22nd February), Birthday was celel)rated by a dinner in tlie
open air, and a game of base ball on the top of tlie (!oteaux.

Governor Bross in writing of the Red River Valley says : —

We were told it is some forty to sixty miles to what maj' be called the
high lands on the east, and to the west the valley stretclies a hundred miles or
nKU'e, and scarcely any really hilly country can be found east of the Rocky
Mountains, The mil ofthf vnlle;/ fill/;/ equalled expect at ion*. It is a dark, rich

first of no\l
the iMis.soiiri.
ilv Line, from

riiimiiiii- 700

dated Faruo.
try along- the
nd the second

Thus far the
'lie ffmss tJiiit
Kvorld."

i ill wiiitli : .soil
c, elm iind box-
)f tilt; iiuisl iiii-
iiy IitUwotMi the
ItiiViil country :
'inl)iiiii, and the
\> 'oua ami St.
ction witli tills.

liicli this torri-
if(fnoralthi!if<-,
v(-vy exponsivt',
at, 1.00, with ii

IP great i'oIlii)>>
protfctod from
nade down tlif\
i nearly (jpjio-
he prairies bp-
iT parlies hav(>
', without dis-
11 wheels : and
dinner in the

says : —

be called the
dred miles or
of the Rocky
is a dark, rich

loam, and, as we saw for ourselvps, will produce fine crops of wlieat, oats, bar-
ley and potatoes. The grasfes that cover it are very nutritious, as the fat
oat tie we saw abundantly testify.

The Ijand Commissioner of the United States, in his report in
1870 has the followin<r:

Dakota baa as great a variety of surface and as rich a soil as almost any
State or Territory of the L'nited States. The general surface may be described
as a smoothly luidulating jfruirie : the soil a rich, deei» sandy biam, principally
an accumulation of decayed vegetabh; matter, rendering it warm and dry for
seeding in the early spring.

The Secretary of Dakota, in a pamphlet on the history and pro-
Gjress of that Territory, says : —

The general surface of the coimtry east and noith of the Missouri is a beau-
tiful, rich, uutluiating prairie, free from marsh, swamp or slough, traversed by
many s; reams and dotted over with innumerable lakes of various sizes, whose
woody miirgins, rocky ehores and gi'avel bottoms, afford the settler the purest
of water and gives to the scenery of the Territory much of interest and fascina-
tion. * * * The upland soil of east Dakota cannot be surpassed for fertil-
ity and tlie variety of luxuriance of its vegetation. Tiie Missouri Valley of
Dakota, between the 4'Jnd and 47th degrees of north latitude, is one of the finest
agricultural regions of the Xorthwestern Territories. The bf)ttom lands border-
ing on the great rivers ami its tril)utaries passesmost singular natural meadows
of luxurious grasses, while the adjoining prairies clothed with nutritious her-
bage, are liigh and rolling and free from malaria.

The history of the expedition, to the Pacinc and back, of Cap-
tains Lewis and Clarke, durino-the years 1804, 180,), and 180G
(nearly half a century before the Northern Pacific Railroad was,
thouglit of), by order of the United States Government, shoidd be
reliable testimonv as to the character of the country traversed bv,
and tributary to this road.

In spcakin.t; of the country from about where the Northern
Pacific Road will cross the ^lissouri, to the mouth of the Yellow-
stone, much of which will be embraced in the Land Grant of this
road, their Journal says : —

April 1), 180r>. — The bluffs we passed to-day, are upwards of one hundred
feet liigli, composed of a mixture of yellow clay and sand, witii many horizon-
tal strata of carbonated wood, resemhli'ig pit coal, from one to live feet in dejjth,
and scattered tlirougli the bluft' at different elevations, some as higlt as eighty
feet above the water. April 15.- - Tiie low grounds on both sides of the river,
are extensive, rich, and level. April 10. — The country presents the same ap-
pearance of low plains ami meadows on the river, bounded a few miles back,
by broken hills, wliichc nd ui /lif/h lewl fertile lamh ; the quantity of timber is,

lio\vfTt>v, incit'iisiiip. * * * Tlirvc i.«, indpcd, I'ttisonto bflievo tliat llie
strain of (Villi in tlin liills cause tlio fire, and the appoimnn'o -wliicli tlicy fixliibit
«)i' lii'iiig liiii'iicd. Ajn-il 18. — Tlie ooiiiitry prt'Hcntfd tlie u.xiial variety of
liijililamls inlorHjiersod with rich plains*. Aitrii 10. — In walking tlimugh the
nclKlilioiiriiig plains we i'ound a fertile soil. April -'I. The country was the
snmi' dt script ion lis witliin the few last days : we saw immense quantities of
huH'ido, elk, fleer, ant«>lope, geese, and some swan and ducks. .\]ml 22. —
The usual «p]*earance8 of Coal or carbonated wood, and pumice-stono, still con-
1 iiiue, tile ("oal being of n belter quality, and when burned, affording a /lof, and
/nnfuiffjirr, einitting verij littlf sniokc or flaiiir. There an; large herds of deer,
elk, buffalo and antelope, in view of us. April 27. — We left the mouth of the
Yellowstone. » *f * "On the South a beautifiU plain separates the two
riverF. April 29. - Wc are surrounded with deer, elk, buffalo, antelope, and
their companions the wolves. * * * There are greater appearances of
Coal than we have hitherto seen, the strata of it being in some places, six foet
thick, and there are also a strata of burned earth, which are always on the same
level with thoss of the coal. May 4. — There are, as usual ; vast quantities of
game which are extremely gentle. May 5. — The country like that of yester-
day, is Iteautiful in the extreme. -May G. — Tiie country cmitinues level, rich
and beautiful ; the low grounds wide, and comparatively with the otiier parts
(if the Missouri, well supplied with wood.

Mr. J'aul Allen, who prepared the Joanial for the press, and to some extent
abridged it, says after date May t» : The party proceeded up the river at the
rate of about twenty miles a day, through beautiful and fertile plains, which
rose gradually from the low grounds bordering its banks to the heigth of lifty
feet, and extends a perfect level, at that elevation, as far in places as the eye
could reach. May 11. — The highlands are broken, continues the .Journal, and
approach nearer the river than they do below. The soil, how(,'ver, of both
liilln and low grounds appears as fertile as that farther down the river : it con-
sists of a black looking loam, with a small portion of saiul, which covers the
hilh and W/(//.s to the depth of twenty or thirty feet, ami, when thrown into the
waier, dissolves as readily as loaf-sugar and effervesces like marl.

Lippiiicofs Gazctter, says of Dakota :

The greater portion of this Terrritory is Prairie.

or a Town that is likely to be built on the Missouri River, on
the line of the Northern Pacifie, C. W. Bryan of the Springjidd
liepuhlican, thus speaks :

The next push af tor leaving the Red River, will be to the bank of the Mis-
souri River, where, it is claime 1, the largest town tm the line of road will be
liuilt rajiiflly, as soon as the crossing-place of the Missouri shall be designated
iiml nuuli; public.

Rivoij
the if
11.
divisil

The Western Division of Section number two, runs from the
Missouri river, along the valley of the Heart, to the Yellowstone

> iK'lievt! Unit (ho
.liich tlicy exiiibit
usual Miriety of
Iking through tho
•! country was the
.'11 so quantities of
icks. Ajn-il 22.—
x'-stone, still con-
Tordiiig a /lof. and
rge herds of deer,
the mouth of tiie
eimrates tlie two
ilo, antelope, and
r appearances of
le places, six foet
ivays oji tile same
list quantities of
e that of yester-
iiues level, rich
the otiicr parts

y to some extent
:) tlie river at the
le ]>lains, which
le heigth of lifty
ilaces as tlie eye
he Journal, ami
o\v<i\er, of bot/i
le river : it con-
.'hich covers the
thrown into the
H.

ui'i River, on
Springjield

Ilk of the Mis-

of road will be

be designated

IDS from the
Yellowstone

Uivor ; a little more than 200 miles. From a map before mo,
the Heart River appeals to lie about l'J5 miles lonji;.

11. C. \). ill the letter above (|Uoted fiom. in referring to this
(.livision of the l?oa<l, eoutinues: —

HI' vur invKit VAt,i,i:Y.

It lias bi'fMi docidi'd. ( bclicvr. to take the ll.iavt River route. The section nf
country draiiu'd liy tiuit stivaiu is oni' about which there has liertofuiv liecii
little known, — our whole stock of inforinatiou havinn enuu' from persons who
were with Oeuiral Sully during his (•iinii)aigu unainst tlir Indians. Lust tall,
an e:;pi'diti()n, under (i.mcviil T. L. Knsscr, Chicr Kngiiicr of the Dakota Divi-
sion of the .Ndrlluru I'acitic Kiiilnod, uiade a careful exploration from the
mouth of Heart River through to the Yellowstone l{i\er, in Moutana : ami,
being a niemlier of his party, I feel safe in saying tliat there never was a coun-
try more thoroughly misrepresented than the Valley of Heart River, li is n
stream that, at its mouth, is soui^dhing like ."StX) feiM in width, and runsthrough
a valley not unlike lliat of the .\fis-issii)iti above l,a Crosse, though not as ex-
tensive. The valley is ib'fined by Iduffs that, lor the liv.^t fifty miles, will aver-
age JifH) feet in lieighl, and are from 1.1 miles to twic that distance apart.
From one side of the valley st) fornu-d to the other, the ri\er winds in a fear-
fully crooked course. The valley is widl timliereil with oak. elm, ash, cotton-
wood, and box-(d<ler. The .soil is rich, and in <h'i)lh without limit. We tind
some trace of alkali, but good fresii water is abundant, There are many branches
-some so largo tliat it is almost iniiiossible to distingui^h tlie tributary from

the main stream.

co.\i„ i:i<.

Fifty miles from the mouth, we found traces ,)f coal in the shape of lignite ;
farther west it assumed the nature of semi-bituminous: and, before we leave
the valley of this stream, we find good bituminous coal, that is equal to any
I have ever seen from Illinois. Wt^ also found kaolin (which is used in the
manufacture of china-were), and gy|isum sufficient to fertilize the whole con-
tinent. Leaving the Valley of Heart River, we strike into that of the Little
Missouri- -the descent to that stream being grmlually made (biwn Davis' Creek,
a distance of 18 mile:-. Ri'uning down the river 4 miles, an excellent line is
found up -Vndrews' Cretk, on the We.-t side. In the Valley of the Little Mis-
souri is to be Hnnid the best coid on tl\e entire route. 1 there saw oin' vein
showing itself in a canyon for nearly a thousand feel, and estimated to be U
feet thick, well protected by a layer of rock, and, in its very appearance, in-
viting to the quarryman not miner fm- it would be unnecessary to sink shafts.
The Little Missouri is very heavily limbered niucli heavier than any other
stream tributary to the Missouri above the mouth of Platte River. liCaving
the valley of the main stream, \\e cross Innian's Fork, and thence go down to
the Yellowstone through the Valley of (deiidive's Creek. The descent is dis-
tributed over a <listance of about OU miles, and is consecpieiitly, gradual. We
struck tlie Yellowstone at a point about 100 miles from its mouth : found it
well timbered, running through r x-al ley averaging i'? miles in width, it is a
lovely stream of p'u-e mountain water Mowing on abed of pebbles — neither
sand or mud being seen in its boilom. Its valley i.- abuudaiilly watered by

Minaller slreanis, and tiio wliole country iur miles back is lirst-claes for ugricul-
liirnl piii'iioses.

OAMK, DAI) LANDS, KTC.

If I liad attempted a description of personal adventure, I might tell of the
myriads of game wliich we found lor the whole distance from the time wo left
the mouth of Heart River till ouv return. Our tables were constantly loaded
witli butt'alo, elk, deer, antelopr, sage-iienandprairie-cliickens. If I were equal
to the task of describing the picturesque scenery we encountered, I might well
speak of what is, without i<, doubt, tiie most brilliant feature presented in
Xature on this continent,— .l/wHrnwct Terrea ai the Valley of the Ijittlo Mis-
souri. This is tlie much-talked of " iJad Lands," and consists of iimumerable
l)uttes, formed by l.ie washing away of tlie soil, wliicli eventually finds its way
to the Delia of the Mississippi. The imttes are left in a conical form, aver-
aging sometliing like ."MKJ feet in height and 400 in diameter at the base. Tlie
different strata of earth are loft exposed. They vary in color from firo red to
yellow-ochre. We see all sliades of blue clay and pure white (this white clay being
Kaolin), which I spoke of seeing in abundance in the Heart River Valley.
•Vpxt, and directly under, comes a thin layer of coal. The whole is arranged
with wonderful contrast, — having a tla/zling appearance from the dusting of
gypsum, which rattles down from one ot the ui)per strata. Of course, this land
is worthless for agricultural purposes, although bunch-grass grows around
these buttcs heavier even than I have ever seen elsewhere.

IN Sl'MMIXG I'P

I would give, as an opinion based on personal experience that has extended for
most of the distance, through every season of the year, that there is no stretch
of country of the same extent on this continent that is more capable of sustain-
ing itself independently than that to be traversed by the Northern Pacific from
Duluth to the Yellowstone River. Here are slate and building material of
every description, and without limit ; grazing that is nne(|ualed, and wheat-
land that is unexcelled. Jlore than all, we thid coal in such quantities that its
only value will be that which transportation will give it. As for climate, that
is settle<l beyond a doubt.

H. C. D.

The following is from Lippiucot's Gazetter :

A portion of Dakota is, traversed by a branch of theRocky Mountains called
the Black Hills. The highest point of this extensive range is Lararnc's Peak,
which rises about 8,000 feet above the level of the sea, and is situated about
42° 10' n. lat., and 105° w. Ion. From this point the range extends northward
nearly 300 miles.

This range appears to lie between the head ot the Heart River

and the Yellowstone. The Northern Pacific Road crosses it at

favorable grades. Professor Hay den, Geologist to the U. S.

Government, thus speaks of this part of the country : —

The numerous wood valleys iu the Black Hills possess a very fertile soil and
abound in springs of pure water, and the time cannot be far distant when they
vnW be settled by a thriving population and the vast forests of pine rendered
S3rTiceable to man. o

clrtss for dgi'icul-

lUght toll of tlio
tlie time wo left
lonstimtly loaded
If 1 W(U*« equal
od, I might well
ii'e preheiitod in
■ the Little Mls-
« (if inuumerable
illy Hnds its way
lieal form, aver-
it the base. Tlu'
from tiro red to
white clay beiug
I't River Valley,
t'lioie is arranged
u the dusting of
course, this land
s crows around

has extended for
lere is uo stretch
ipable of sustain-
leru I'acific from
liner material of
aled, and wheat-
uantities that its
for climate, that

II. C. D.

tlountains called
Larar-ic's Peak,
is situated about
;end9 northward

) Heart River

crosses it at

to the U. B.

fertile soil and
stant when they
3f pine rendered

The Northern PacilhRoad will run for about GOO miles tliroui^h
the Territory of Moiilana, a larj^o portion of its Land (Jrant will,
<!onsc(|ii(!ntly, lie in lliis Territory.

Tlie following ••■enei-al deM(;i'i|»tiiMi of Monliina, is IVojn a report
to (Joni:;i'oss. on the States and T ci ritories west of the Uocky
MonntaiiK, l>y J. lt»ss IJrowne, in ISCti). pajie 4^7:

Mniilanii. the mo.-t nTciitly ipv^aiii/fd nf tlie Tcrritoj'it s nf tlieL'niled States,
in s(!Coiid only to Ciliforniti in the pvodtictinu of (mid. linibriieiiip; within its
limits ilie r.cii^e nf (he Km Uy Mnuutains, aiiu the headt? of two of liie yrcate.<<t
i'ivei'^< llitit wind tliciv Imv^' iuul <!e\ ious (•our^^^^•^ llinnnh tjie iowrr omnilries to
ihe I'licilic anil Atlaniic ocedn.-i, tlii.- Tenimry ni.iy justly claim the appelhition
of the " (tolden Summit." Kxtendiii;,' from the 4."tth to tiie 49tli parallel of
Ndrtli latiuidi', ami from ilie -7lh to the .'IKth mci-iiliau wt-st from Wa.sliiii;,'lon ;
il coiitaln.i an iiri'a. a(H!oi\lin:4 to the n'port of tlie Commissioiiei' of the <ieneral
l.iiuil Olliec, of 1 t^'.TTIi M|uare mili'S, (!»_',ol(»,(UO acres), liouuded by meridians
and pr.illeis of latilmic, cxeepl a jiortioii of the Soiitliwestern corner, where, for
ihe flistance of iii-;vly 4iK) niiles, tiie honndary follows the crest of the Bitter
Hoot Mounl^iins. Tiie population is about ."iL',^)*).

Moi'MAiN.-. In this Territ<iry tiie most striking geographical feature is
tlie greai rannc of i !.■ {{ocixy Mountains, extending .'(oO miles from its South-
t-m lo its iionliern Imi imla'.y, and in wid:h ti\er :i(Mt miles.

This rang**, with i;.- s;)urs, occupies fully half the Territory. Tlie main chaiu
of mountains is si)li; 111 into a niiml)er of different ranges, as tlie IJitter Root,
wliicli is tlie I'.ighest, „ud lh» mist westerly, and the Iloeky, Wind River, Big
Horn, and Bidi ranges.

All of til 'M! have a treii ! uoriliwesL and soullieast, and all contain mines of
Hold and ,-ilver. Their licigiit has umV bt'endetermiui'd, liut it is probably from
iO,()OU lo 14,000 feel, the liiglmsi peak being covered with perjietiial snow.

This great exteii; of mountain ranges causes the condensation of a large
amount of ;iioisture from ilie atiuospliere, which falls principally in the form of
.-now. (iratliiaily melting during the warm seimon, it thoroughly saturates the
eai'tli, inducing a fine growth of grass and timber tliroughout the mountain
regions.

The Territory is divided iiy these ranges into a number of basins, and their
spurs sub-divide each basin into a number of valleys, which contain mwrly all
tiie towns and settlements, and the greater j tart of its agri»idtnral as well as
nearly all its mineral resource-.

* * * All the mountains appear to bo old and weather-worn, and almost
at the very summits of the highest ranges beds of gi'avel containing placer goM
have been formeil fnnu the disintegration of the neighboring peaks. Thus
jilaeer mines are found on the niouutaiu tops, differing in tl>is respect from the
Sierra Nevadas, where jdacer gold ia almost invariably f(Uind in the foot hills.
In the nortiiern part of tlie Territory the mountain regions have been i)rospect-
ed only sufficiently to prove the existence of OoM.

The hostility of the Indians has prevented a thorough exploration, or any
permanent working of the mineral dejwsits.

VEnnTAUi.K I'nonn TH. In tin- ffrtili- .Hoil ur«11ic vulli-y.-', wliciit, Imrlcy, niul
i>atH urow well, iiiui ^^ood vnnt.* ;iro iiniiliiofd. Hyr ami iMickwht'iit winild iil-'o
Hourisli, liiit iiidiiiM corn would |>n)l)til)ly fail. I^llatlll!^i ^row in tiu' ^rciilt-.si
pt'rfectjoii, and tli»'ir flavor if iiol miiH-riov, is t-qiial to (lia( ol' any in AuRnca.

'I'lu- rcfidftits of .Montana lu'licM' tinit tlicif iiotators an' t«upfrioi' in drynt'f'.'*
ami niti'iliiifs.s to any in tiic world, Indand and Cidifornia not t'.vci'plfil.

t'l.iMATi:. Tli(> diniatc of .Montana in tln' inuuntninous |)arls it) as cold a.'>
that of tin- Nnw Knjfland States. * * * In the Vallcy.s where Ihi' altitude
is lens, the clinuile is ndhhT. In L)(!cr Loil^'e and the (iallatin itnd Madison
Valleys, stock conlitnies in ^ood condition throughout tiie year, without hay or
j^riiin, the ;;rass kein;;' idunidant nearly all the time. .Montinia is a reiuarkaiily
healthy country. There se. mis to he no peculiar iliseases incident to the clim-
ate. In the towns th(> f;reat nnijority of deaths are either accidental or the
result of violence.

Third Section.

The third Section of the Uoud is aloii*!; the Ycllow.'itono River,
in tlie Territory of Montuiiti. The lengUi of (his Soetion will de-
fend upon the point at wiiich the river will l)e crossed. It will
probably be something' loss than 400 miles.

The following' reference to this river is foniul in the Journal
of Captains Lewis and Clarke, nnder date 2(Jth April, 1 80.') :

The Yellowstone ris' , accord iuf; to Indian itd'orniation, in th" Rocky Moun-
tains. Its sources are near those of the Missouri and the I'latte, and it ludy h"
navi(j;aled in canoes almo-t to its head. It runs lirst throuj^h a uioiuitainous
country, Itut which, in many jiarls is fertile and well linihered ; il then waters
a rich, delij^htful land, hroken into valleys and meadows, and well supplied
■with wood and water, till il reaches near the Missouri, open meadows and low
grounds, which are siifllcieutly timhered on its honlers.

General Reynolds wintered in 18G0 in tlic valley of Deer Creek,
tlu'oujrh which the Northern Pacific Road will run. In his report
to the II. S. (Jovernment. on his explorations of the Yellov/stone.
he says :

Throufjhout the whole of the season's nuirdi the subsistence of our animals
had been obtained by grazing after we had reached canvp in the afternoon, and
for an hour or twti between the dawn of day and our time of starting. The
conse(iuence was that when we reached our winter quarter.s there were but few
animals in the train that were in condition to have continued the luaroli with-
out a generous grain diet. Poorer and more l)roken down creatures it would
be difficult to fmd. In the spring all were in as fine a condition for commen-
cing another season's work as could be desired. A greater change in their ap-
pearance coukl not have bet n produced, even if they hail been grain-fed uiul
stable-housed all Avinter. Only one was lost, the furious storm of December

comiug on before it liftd >;;aine(l siifflcirnt fitn'iigtli to tndiiiv it. Tlii.'^ fnct, that
Beventy t'xliHii!«tLHl aiiiniiiU tiirrifwl nut to winttT on tlio ])li(in.s on tliu tii'itt of
November, camo out in tlu' nprin^j in tlif In-st condition, ami witli tlu; Iom of
but one, is the moHt forcible connnttntary loan niaku on the quality of tlit>
grass and tlie character of \hv wintt-r.

Professor Ilayilcii, wlio cxplorod the entire region, with (ienc-
ral Reynolds, in his rejmrt to tiie United States War Depart-
ment (p. r)9)says: —

From the nioutii of the Bi^,' llnni to tiie head 'of tlu' Yoiiowotone, tlie lig-
nite beds occupy the \\iin|p country. The liedH are well develoiH'd, and at least
20 t ) .'50 seams are nhowii varying .n thickness from a few inches to 7 feet."

Lippineot's Gazetter, refers as follows, to the Yellowstone
Valley :

Tile long Valley of the Yellowstone River, in the eastern part of .Montana,
is reported to lie fertile, and to be bordered on one or two sides by. grand walls
of mountain. The valleys of the extensive region between the Yellowstone
and the Missouri, are said to be liberally supplied, with running water and
forest trees.

In reply to inquiries made l>y his former neighbors and friends
in Ohio, Governor Potts of Montana wrote the following private
letter addressed to Dr. J. Armstrong of Alliance :

EXKCUTIVK DKI'.VIlTXtKN'T, MOXTANA TkuIMTOJIV, \j^

Vii-yinitt City, Fehruari/ 17, 1871.

Siu: — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 0th
inst., inquiring about the character and climate of Montana, through which the
Northern Pacific Railroad will run. » # » #

The Yellowstone valley (along nearly the entire length of which the North-
ern Pacific Railroad will pass)^s about 400 miles long by l.')0 miles wide. It
contains eight principal valleys, entering the great parent valley of tlie Yellow-
.stone, situated midway between the mountains and prairies. Its climate is
soft and genial. Its soil is exceedingly fertile, and contains extensive coal
fields and numbers of oil springs. The Yellowstone is navigable for light draft
boats for 000 miles from its mouth. I am satisfied that this valley is one of
the most healthy and productive on this continent, and will furnish homes for
at least a million of people.

The valleys of tlie Gallatin, Deer Lodge, Jefferson, Bitter Root, and Jocko
are equally as productive as the Yellowstone, The average yield of wheat in
these valleys is from fifty to sixty bushels per acre, aurl all other cereals in
proportion.

I have never seen any place that equals this Territory for the production of
vegetables. The common yield of potatoes per acre is 400 bushels. The moat
valuable land in Montana for agriculture is yet unoccupied. That now midor
cultivation la generally close to some mining camp, and was taken up and occu-
pied solely because it was near a settlement*

Quid uinl .*»ilv(r initiiiiK h very profttnlilp in this Torrilory. MoVf limn
Twolvo .Villii>n of <lnlliirs Ruld dust wiik luincil lH<rt> iliiriiiK' the \WAi Hciiftin.und
tho coming >'''•''' pro'"'-'*''''' to in- the uio?'t protltaMc ininini; fcnfioii »'v»>r known
in tho liihtory of Moiitiinii. Lalior Iutp is very HCttrcf, find cimMMpicntly vt'ry
liiRli. Couniion day iiiltovm-H nrndily couiniinid from S'» to S') ii diiy, mid nic-
chani(•^< fmni SG to $10 per diiy.

Kvoni tlu! iM'st infi rintition tlint I can oi)tniii tin- .Nortlii-ni I'liciflc Hailroftd
will opon iiji llio riclusl country in nRrirultnnd mid niiiifrnl rsNourcoH on tlii'
Aniericun coiilincnt, imd if tho people Kii^^l lunl in Kiiropc could fee the ricli
Iftud Kvmit that tho rondlmw its hondn would not ri'iimiii in tlii« ninrket ninoly
rtnyp. The roiuincr yoiiv i« Cfrliiinly a propitious lime to cettle in Montana,
anil I shall take preiit pleasun; in welfoiiiinp; a M)ldier colony from old Molly

Stark.

1 almost forf.;ot to speak of the rliinnte. This winter is said lu he colder
than usual, hut I cnn assure ycui that it is not so coM or disanreeahle as Ohio

V, making this mountain country
healtliiest on the continent. On the hinli mountains snow falls to a greater
depth, hut the valleiff! arc ^cnrrely ever ivrrrrr/ wif/i hiioiv. The cattle run at
larpe iliirinfi the entire year, and no graiii or ha> is fed them, yet they como
out in the spring as fat as thel)est stall-fed cattle in Ohio. Our meat market
here is pujiplied with heef driven in from the herd, and ! can a^^surc you the
meat is hettcr than 1 ever saw in Oliio.

In my haste I may Imvo omitted to state many things you and your friends
may want to know. If so, I shall he glad to answer any (luestious you
pound.

proj)

Very trnly your;

B. I'. rOTTS.

The Land Commisaionor oPtlic United States, in hi.s report for
1870, on page 131, says of Ea.stern Montana:

The climate is much milder than the latitude, and ilevution would seem to
indicate, and the soil is unsurpassed for i)roductiveness. A large extent of
country in this region is under cultivation. Wheat is reported l ., ield 50
bushels to the acre, cats 75 to 100 bushels, and jxnatoe.s" from 300 lO 400 bush-
els to the acre, while garden vegetables have a mannuoth growth.

In the Helena Dailt/ Herald, Montana, of March 21st, 1872,
is the foUowintj^ item :

Mr. Sparks, just returned from tho Muscle Shell Valley, where he has been
during the winter, says the snow is very light there, and the cattle have had
no difficulty in getting plenty of grass tho entire winter.

Quincy A. Scott, describing the Yellowstone Valley, says :

Some of the other valleys are beautiful. This is grand. It abounds in mag-
nificent scenery, most excellent farm-sites, and water-powers. The soil is very
rich and fertile, timber very convenient, coal and iron cropping out in abun-
dance at different points, and at others evidence of rich deposits of copper,
while the sun'omiding mountains are full of gold and silver-bearing quartt.

lin[)ortuiil testimony iM^Iatiiic; to the Yollowstono valley, from a
New Hruuswlckcr. who n'turnod from Montana, in ISOM, and who
is now euj;aH;cJ in u commeixial house in this City, he says : —

Our piirfy ron.si.'^tiMl nf Mixtv-ri^'lit, with iiliout Iwi'iity \vuf:fons. Wf Mturtcd
from Onmlia, in Muy IHtu;, dihI struck Ww pDwdi-r Uivir, west uf tlic Uliick
llillrt, iiliniit 1(H) iiiilt'K frnm wlifMv it ciittTti tlm Yillowsldtii", or miy So iiii|,>Hin
II <lin'ct liiii' fmiii tlint rivt'i'. Wf thru went wfst fnr I5i)zt'i!iiiii I'u.xh, whicli
\vnH (liHtnut iihiMil ;5IH) niilr,-., hut tn avoid tlif Imliaiis wf tnudli'il (joulili- thiit
(li>'titnci', Hdiui'tiiiiis iiDrtli luwanl the Villuw.-lnui', til olhiTi', .snulhwurd t4) tiut
lUMuiiiaiiit*.

The country triivorsi'ilhy U.S was nliuost an iiniiiferru/ifril nalnnil inmiluii',
tilt' soil f(U' ut'arly tlie \shnh' way was ihirk, rich, and very fertile, avcragiufj
threo to four fi-rt, and w)UU'tinji'> r-'iu'liiufj six or m-vimi fci'' in lliicknt-mi.
Prospect iiiK for 111 incrals as Wf joiirucyi'd, miil cros^inj^ on an avera^ic linif-a-
dozoti wtivaius a day, wc Inul (,;oik1 oiiportunitics for ohMcrvin;; tho diaracter
and deptli of soil. A uunihcr of our party iiicliidin;,^ myself, liaviufj heoii
Itroufjfht up on farms, we were coiitiiiuidly discussiiit,' the H^M•icultllnd ciipa-
bilitics of the r(uintry, we estiniatt d tlial liio grass, which was iiji to tho bodies
of our cattle, would yield two tons per acre, and so nutritious wa» it, we con-
cluded that iin animal would do a> well on it alone, as it would on New Druns-
wick Timothy, with four quarts of oats per day additional. We found gold
and other minerals all aloiii^ our route, (iold was in jiayinu quantities in many
localities, hut the iinfriemlliiiess of the Indians prevented our permanently
mining it. K.\'iiurieiiced minors, of wiioni we had several in our party, werw
of opinion that the entire country abounds in minerals, especially in gold.

Wo were constantly iu view of limber to the southward, while northward,
toward the Yellowstone, as far as the t ye could reacli, the country resembled
that we passed over.

We were but twico ali<j[htly inconvenienced from scarcity of water, the
nimierou.s mountnin streams furnisheil abundant sujiplies of the purest descrip-
tion.

In pa;<sing a stream west of I'owder ilivor, we saw three distinct bods of
coal, which were about two, three, and six feet each, respectively. We i)a88ed
through countless numbers of buffalo and anleiop,-, they were never out of our
sight during the day time.

We ended our journey in August, our cattle then being in lietter order tlinn
when we started. In November we sold them for beef, they were at tiiat timo
in splendid condition.

The Indians. — The followin}}; is fi-om the Neio York Tt'ibune
of a recent date : — The Hl)l. Win. Welsh and other members of
the Indian Commission, left St. Paul on Monday, the 2r)th May,
for an extended trip among the Indians of Dakota and Montana,
adjacent to the line of the Northern Pacilie Railroad. The Com-
missioners have received a letter from tlic officers of the Road, iu
which they use the following language :

" Whatever tlio company can do, it will do lo aid tlia General (lovernment
and the various co-operating societies in the human and sensible work of civil-
izing and t'leviiting tlie Indian triltes of the Nortliwest, protecting them from
fraud and abuse, and giving them both opportunity and inducement to adopt
habits of industry and fixed abodes," " You are authorized to give these utter-
ances to tlie tribes you \ isit, and to say tluit the Northern Pacific Railroad Com-
pany, in prosecuting its great and necessary work, is the Indians friend."

Governor Bross in referring to freights of Montana, writes :

The business of Montana, present andprosjjective, would almost warrant the
liuilding of this road. Last year forty-one steamers were recpiired to do it,
and it is stated that S-t,000,OOU were paid by the people of Montana for freights
alone. Her mines of the precious metals are unsurpassed in number and rich-
mss, i\nd in her vaP jys their immense herds graze and grow fat the year round.

The vahie which Railroad communication will impart to the
rich agricultural and mineral lands of Montana, may be estima-
ted by the following extract from Poor's Mailrofid Manual for
1870-71 :

The cost, for example, of transporting Indian corn and wheat over ordinary
highways, will equal 20 cents per ton, per mile. At such a rate, as already
shovni, tlie former will bear transportation only 125 miles lo market, where its
value is equal lo 1') cents per bushel; the latter only 250 miles, where its value
is SI. 50 per bushol. AVitli such highways only, our most valualile cereals will
liave no conunercial Aalue outside of circles having radii of 125 and 250
miles, respectively. Upon a railroad the cost of transportation equals one and
a quarter cents per ton, i)er mile. AVith such a work, consequently, the circle
within which corn and wheat, at the prices named will have a marketable value,
will be drawn upon radii of 1,600 and 3,200 miles, resiiectively. The area of
a circle with a radius of 125 miles is 49,087 square miles ; that of a circle drawn
upon a radius of 1,000 miles is about 160 times greater, or 8,042,406 square
miles. Such a difference, enormous as it is, only measures the value of the new
agencies employed in transportation, and the results achieved, compared with
the old.

The Rocky Mountain Section of the Road, commencing at the
liead of the Yellowstone Valley is 300 miles long, and in the
Journal of Captains Lewis and Clarke 1 7th May, 1 806, is de-
scribed as follows : —

The country along the Rocky Mountains, for several hundred miles in length
and about fifty in width, is a high level plain; in all its parts extremely fertile,
and in many places covered with a growth of tall, long-leafed pine. This plain
is chiefly interrupted near the streams of water, where the hills are steep and
lofty; but the soil on tliem is good, being unencumbered by much stone, and
possessing more timber than the level country. Under shelter of these hills,

the bottom lamLx skirt tho niartjins of tli" rivers, aud tli t ts!i n irrow aivl con-
tineii, are fertile and rarely inmidati'd. .Xcirly liu' wlidle of llii^t \videsi)reail
tract is cuverod witli a prtjfusion oi j^rass and iilaiit.-i wiiicli were at tlii.s time
as hifjli as theknee. Amoup; Uiese are a variety of esculent plants and roots,
gathered without much dillicnltj-, and yielding not only a nutritious, Iml a
verj' agreeable food. The air is i)ure aud dry, the climate (juite as mild,
if not milder, than in the same paruUids of latitude in the Atlantic Statet-,
and must be equally heaUliy;for all tlie disorders which we had witnessed might
be imputeil more to the nature of the diet of the inhabitants than to any pecu-
liarity of climate.

Professor Swallow says : —

The results already obtained from herding and the cultivation of our own
rich valleys are such as to remove every reasonable doul)t of the entire suceess
of agricultural pursuits in the Territory. It certaiidy is out; (tf the tinest stock
countries on the contincmt. All the mor.i imi»ortant domestic animals and
fowls do remarkably well. Horses an<l mules and neat cattle art! more hardy
and kept in better condition on tlie native gi-asses than on hay and grain.

As a general rule they winter wtdl in tlie valleys and on the surrounding foot
hills without hay or grain. Thi; valleys furnish a lar.;e area i if natural mea-
dows, whose products are equal in quantity andipuility to those of thecidtivated
meadows of the midlle States. Beef, fattened on the native pastures, is cr-
tainly not inferior to the best produced in the country. TIk^ small grains,
wheat, rye, barley, and oats, produce as large an average yield as in the
most favored grain producing States. *******

All the more important root crops, and the most valuable ganlen vegetal)les,
are cultivated with great success. Timber is abundant on the mountain slopes
and in some of the valleyy.

The Land Commissioner in his report of 1870, in spcakinii^ of
this part of Montana, says : —

Cattle usually winter well in this section without hay or grain, and without
housing. A large extent of the Western slope is one of the most admirable
stock countries on the continent. The \alleys and foothills furnisli a large
surface of natural meadows, whose jtroducts of different varieties of grasses
are equal in quantity and quality to those of the cultivated nieailuwa of the
United States.

Lippincotts' Gazetteer contains the following : —

"The country bordering on the.Ieft'erson Fork, the Gallatin Pork and the ^^a-
dison Fork of the Missouri," says Captain Mulhin, " is among the -iiost beauti-
ful to be found west of the .Mississii)pi. The country is a gently and undidat-
ing pvairie, dotted here and there with clumps of tinvber. All the streams are
beautifully fringed with forest growth, the soil is rich, climate* mild and in-
vigorating, and all the elements for hai)py homes are here to be found."
♦THE WINTER OV Wl-'i IS TUB N0UTHWE9T.

The folIowiiiR tiilile, tukoii from tin- I'hilivle.liihin Knquirn; of April iltli, gives the averiiBt! tein-
peruture diiriun tlie the past winter (ls71-'J) at the p.iinU iMiiicd. Except iii two iiistiUiues ilie
lignres are fiiruishel by tlie V. H. HiKuul Otflct; nf Wasliin^toii. ami represent three Uuily q.ioti-
tions «f the tliermoineter at eioti place -niorniu),', iiooa an I evorihig :

OBJKfTS OV I.VTKRKSr TO TOfRISTS.

In the W. central part of Jloiitani aro the Great Falls of the Missouri, which
are rej^arded as the grandest in Nortli America, except tlie falls of Niagara. At
tjiis place, wliich is '»00 miles from its source, the river has a perpendicular
f ill of 87 fesjt, and distjench by a siiQC'Jssioa of cataracts and rapids 357 feet
in HJ] mik'v.

INERALS.

Tho following brief extracts are taken from the report for 1867,
of Professor A. K. Eaton, to Governor G. C. Smith : —

Lead ores occur in profusion, both as galenas and carbonate of lead, in nearly
all districts of the Territory. ******

Copper lodes ai'e abundant, showing at the surface ores ranging from 15 to
()0 per cent, of motallic copper. These w'^ located near tho Mispouri river
may be immediately made profitable. Copper ores in the eastern market pro-
bably command to-day about S5 for t^very per cent of copper contained; 15 per
ore would l)e worth .^7.5 per ton, and <')0 per cent, ore $.300, Thus, long before
we shall be extensively engaged in smelting tiiese ores, our copper lodes may
lU'ove largidy rem'- erative.

The silver lodes of the Territory, which at present attract much attention*
are, in part, siher-bearing galenas. These range by practicable working from

Ijouisvillo, Ky

St. lv(i;i;s, Mo

Cliic.igo

Baltniiioi'i'

Pliiliirleliiliiu

W.isliinntoii

New Yoric

Helena. MoutJina.
lialunu, W. T

Dec. 1S71.

.Ian. 1372.

Fell. 1J<72.

35°

3:to

;w«

•M

:!2

;<2

:;<;

:iO

:i.5

3rt

;iO

2i)

:!2

;"i

:;:t

;to

:;o

;i«

■42

■n

350

29
33
29
3.1
29
42

Moan.

.31

2»J

S3}

20}

31?

Tlieti'nmpsiMtu.'eiit Heleni, Moatain, may proporly 1)6 taken as a fair average fortheTer
ritory, anrl henoe for the moiinttiiii section of tlie Nortiiei-n Pacific Itiilroad, whfcie climatic diffi-
culties slioiiM bj encountere'l it aiiywiiere. Iteloua is on the general route of Road, directly in
tUv^ mouu'^aias, and but a few hundred feet below the highest point on the line. NotwithHtanding
t.he p.ist wlntjr Iim bean the coldest oier known in MonUtna, and a surprlsr to the people, it wiU
be observed :

1. That the avprage tempomture at Helena (latitude 4tSJ * ) for the four months was the
Nameas that of Palladelpliiu.althongh the latter city is 4203 feet lower, and 4o0 miles father
south.

2. It was four degrees warmer at Helena tlian at Chicago, and only three degrees colder tlian
at Wasliiugton.

3. During February and March it was mueli wirmor at Ilolena than at Philadelphia, Louis-
\ille, St. Louis, or Wa'shins^ton. During Mareli it was 9 degrees warmer at Helena than at
Wasliington and Baltimore.

4. The a\-er;i!r,. winter temperature at Kalama, Washington Territory, on the finished por-
tion of L':" Xorthiirn Pacific road, (in latitude 46 ° ,) was several degrees warmer than at Louis-
viU J, Washington, or niltimoro, In latitude 390. Tlie greatest cold of the pastwiiterat Kula-
ma was 14 " above zero.

• Letter.s from members of the Montana territorial government, dated March Cth, stat« that for
three week< previous to that time (beginning about tlio middle of February) tlie weather had
been so mild that all signs of winter had disappaared ; farmers had put in nearly all their spring
grahi crops, and nmv grass was three inche-t higli in the valleys. The signitirtinc^ of this can be
appi'eciat^id when it is remembered that in the Atlantic States, as late as March 6th, intensely
"old weather and heivy snows prevailed ; trains were block.ided on many Eastern roads, and up
to thv2ail of April frost had not left the ground in Pennsylvania, and the grass had )iot shown
the slightest tinge of green.

Thesa simple facts, mainly dorlved from otflc'iil sources and easily vcrlfle<l, are the strongest
possible corroboration of the stitements hitherto made by the promoters of the Northern Pacifto
Hailroad as to the climatic advantages of the Valley route across the continent.

S20 to S303 \).iY ton. TIio juv.s '-.il c ist of labor anil fuel pveoliides the wovkiug
of the poorer of these orc-s, bsit (sveutually all will l-.e worked profitably. Ano-
ther cLi38 of silver loles is t'ouinl in the country wiiieli oirry no lead or other
base metal to interfere with the .successful working of the ores by amalgama-
tion. It is from this class of ores probably that the fi*st remunerative results
will be obtained, owing to the simplicity of the maciiint-ry reipiired. MI'Is are
now being erected for working ores of this character. Tlie great abundance of
viens of this nature, of the most promising ai»peari'.nce, justifies the expecta-
tion that a short time will show large returns of IniUionfrom this source. It is
the fourth year of my residence in the Territory, and I can assure you that my
confidence in its great mineral v.ealth is stronger tliau ever, and notwitiistand-
ing the discouragements that we have been compelled to meet, we may say
with pride that no new Territory has made such rapid advances in so short time
as this.

The workmg of m;.riy lliousamls of t(.. s of gold ore in differeut parts of the
Territoiy, varying from Sl.'» to STo per ton by active working, is a Hufflcient
indication of the probable average of our goUl bearing rock, * *

With agricultural resources imexcelled, with a climate most inviting, with
mineral wealth inexhaustible, we may.v.itli reason feel assured that Montana
will take the highest rank among the gold and silver producing Slates.

The Surveyor General in his report for 18G7, says:

When provision and labor become ciieapcr, many gulches will l,e worked
which are at present untouched. Large amounts of money have been expend-
ed this season in the construction of dit'.ues, and in prei)arations for gidch
niiniuf next year. Tiie result of tliese preparations will be that, during 18G8,
fully .jO per cent more gold will i)e taken out tlian tliere has been this sea-^on.
The productioii of gold tliis season has been estimated at SlilVKKM^OO, and still
not a tenth part of the Territi)ry has yet been prospected.

Ix'on has been found on Jackass ("reek. Copper abounds princii)ally in the
vicinity of the ilusclesliell river. Tiie width of the \eins is from tliree to four
feet. Placer copper ha- lieen found on Beaver Creek, near Jelferson City,
which shows some sitlendid specimens.

The leads of Montana are generally bettir defined than in any other mining
country in the w(md, and the singular freaks sometimes taken by tliem in other
regions are less fretpient here.

la the report of tiie United States Commissioiiers on Mines and
Mining for 1870, occurs the followiu;^ statement in regard to coaljin
Montana :

Coal has been found in all parts of tlie territory ; among the principle_, points
are IJoreman, Ualhitin county; near tlie Dearborn in (h-eeidKu-n CJulcli; at Ar-
genta Bannot Summit, Birch C'reek, and there is every reason to sui)poso that
coal bearing Strata will iu discovered in nearly all the valleys. Tlie eoal be-
longs to the lignite gi-oup. It is already used to a considerable exteiit in the
cities as fuel, for blacksmitliing purposes, and for the manufacture of g;is. It
occurs in beds^of from _ to G feet in thickness, an I can 1 e easily mined.

The small portion of the northern part of the territory of
Idaho, crossed by the Northern Pacific Road, is similar in agri-
cultural and mineral resources and climate to western Montana.
J. Ross Browne in his report to Congress estimated the gold and
silver product of this Territory for 1 86 7 at $6,500,000. Its popu-
lation in the 1869 he considered was about 20,000. He says of
a mine in the neighborhood of the Northern Pacific Line : —

The Oro f iiio is one of the most productive mines in Idaho. The vein is
lai'ge and well defined, and the gold generally diffused tliroughoiit the vein-
stone.

Of the climate he says : —

The portion of the Territory drained by Clark's Fork of the Columbia has
a milder climate than is found further south, and corresponds to the Yocko and
Bitter Eoot valleys in !A[ontana.

W. Milnor Roberts, U. S. Civil Engineer, in his special report
to Messrs. Cooke &C'o., on the Northern Pacific Road, at page 22

says : —

Around Lake Pend d'Orielle, and for some miles westward, and along Clark's
river, above the lake, as far as we traversed it, there^is a magnificent region'of
l)ine, Cyprus, hendock, tamarack and cedar timber, many of the trees of prodi-
gious size. I measui-ed one which was thirty feet in* Circumference, and a
number that were over twenty-seven feet, and saw hundreds as we passed along
that were from twenty to twenty-five feet in circumference, and from two
hundred to two hundred and fifty feet high. A number of valleys cciitainiug
large bodies of this character of timber enter Clark's river from both sides,
and the soil of these valleys is very rich.

Wester^ S

ection:

Leaving Idaho, the Northern Pacific Road enters Washington
Territory, which has three natural divisions, Easten, Central and
AVestern.

Eastern Washington is variously termed the Upper Country,
sometimes the Walla- Walla Valley, and Spokane Plains ; frc-
«i[uently " Colville" is made to embrace a large section of country.

As I cannot give the exact length of Road across the several
divisions of this Territory, attention is directed to the table of
of distances to })e found elsewhere.

Eastern Washington.

Governor Stevens who frequently passed over the route of the
Northern Pacific, as Superintendent of the Government Railroad
Survey, thus speaks of this Section :

That portion of the great plain lying east of the main Columbia, and whitii
may be regarded as bounded on the north by the Spokane, and on the east by
the foot liills of the Bitter Root mountains, Is, for the most part, well watered
and well grassed. The eastern half of this portion is exceedingly well adapt-
ed to agricultural purposes.

The various streams,— the Pelouse, the Kamas Prairie Creek of the Coeur u'
Alene, the Spokane and Coeur d' Alene rivta-s, are well timbered witii pine,
and numerous rivulets and springs are found tin-ough that portion of the coun-
try, facilitating the progress of settlements, and rendering the whole at once
available for agriculturists.

W. Milnor Roberts, in his report, on page 19, thus writes :

The general character of all this region may be described as high rolling
prairie, everywhere covered abundantly witii bunch grass to the summits of
the highest hills ; treeless, excepting along the margins of the streams. Such
is the country all the way to the northern boundarys of the United States,
(latitude 49°) and beyond into the British Posse? .ions.

H* * * In Washington Territory alone, ahmg its eastern sitle, there are at
least, twenty thousand square miles, or twelve million eight hundred thousand
acres of the finest grazing lands, on which thousands of cattle and sheep will
be raised as cheaply as in any other quarter of the globe.

J. Ross Browne, in his report to Congress, on page 555, says :

There is a striking peculiarity about the innumerable streams which How
into the Walla- Walla River. They spread themselves in almost every dii'ection
not only in channels, but over and on top the surface constituting a most ad-
mirable system of self-distributing natural irrigants. To this feature this rich
agricultural valley owes verj' much of its remarkable fertility and producing
power. » * * The valleys of all these rivers and their numerous branches
afford iibimdance of excellent farming lands, yielding heavy crops. The table
lands and surrounding hills are possessed of soil of like character. In conse-
queuce of the absence of water, or difficulty of irrigation, which was deemed a
sine gun non to their successful cultivation, untii very recently no attempts
were made to convert these lands into farms; but as settlement increases, they
are being occupied and very successfully cultivated.

For gi-azing, these tables and side hills cannot be excelled.

Gold. — The same report says on page 558 : —

Gold is found on all the streams and bars from the Spokane River to the
Northern boundary, and ui» the Pen d'Orielle to the Catholic Mission, ^^j,

Again on page 560 : —

There is uo hazard in the statement that for health and salubrity, tliere is no
climate in tin- world which surpasses that of Washington Territory in the; two
portions east of the Cascade Mountains. It is seldom essential to house or
feed stock, though occasional severe winters serve as warnings to provide food
and shelter.

Central Washington,

The second natural division of Washington Territory, lies
between tlio Cascade mountains and the Columbia River. J. Ross
Browne in his report on page 552 says : —

Great injustice has been done this country by a want of patience and con-
sideration on the part of the gentlemen who have gone over it rapidly in the
Bunimer, and who have been over it but once. It is impossible to speak under-
standingly of a country unless one has had experience and opportunities of
observation in countries somewhat similar. Now the most intelligent voyagers
and best practical farmers in that country, agree in opinion that there is a large
quantity of arable land throughout this country, and very superior grazing.
This is the opinion of intelligent Indian Chiefs, who have tliemselves made
some progress in raising crops, and who are already great slock raisers.

South of the Yakima is a low divide separating its waters from the waters
flowing into the main Columbia, in that portion of the river, where, after
leaving Fort Walla- Walla, it proceeds westward. This divide has a general
parallel course in the Columbia, is nearly east and west some 30 miles from the
main river, and between it and the Columbia is a large body of arable land,
nearly every acre of it adapted to cereals.

On the several tributaries of the Yakima, particularly towards its upper
waters, the land is rich and adapted to most of the crops ; and so in the valley
of the Yakima itself. This valley has been denominated by some a desert and
sage plain ; sage does occur in spots and small quantities, but much of the
country is cultivable and productive,

(told. — Gold was found to exist, in the explorations of 1853, throughout the
whole region between the Cascades and the main Columbia, to the north of the
Ijoundary, and paying localities have since been found at several points.

Westei\n Washington or Puget Sound Country.

In Lewis and Clarke's Journal, vol. 2, page 371, is the following :

Trees of a large growth are very abundant, the whole ueighbourhood of the
Pacific Coast being well supplied with excellent timber. * * * We often
found trees +.hirty-six feet in circumference. One of our party measured one
and found i -i) be forty-two feet in circumference at a point above the reach
of an ordinary man. The trunk for the distance of two hundred feet was
destitute of limbs.

W. Milner Roberts in his report on pages 12 and 13, says:

The coast line of all tlies*; iiilaud .sons covcrH a distanco of i,SO<) niili>s, siir-
vounded on ilie east«!vn bido by inii^'niticcnt fm-cstH of pine, \\r, cediir, i*t('., sur-
])as.siu)Jt any forests elstjwhovo to bu found on the GJulm, in tlio qimntity and
([irilitv of the timber. Numerous settlements already exist at difterent j/oints,
•generally where saw mills could be conveniently located, adjacent to the valu-
able timber tracts, and with their piers so arranjied tiiat the Jarpjest ocean ships
can lie there in perfect safety, at ail times, and receive their carfjoes of lunil)er
directly from tiie mills. Tlie facilities for the greatest lumber trade the world
lias ever known are here.

There is not any wliere else on the globe to be foimd an unoccupied field for
the establishment and permanent suj»port of a new great city, such as should
form the terminus of a Continental Railroad, uniting the waters of the Pacific
jmd Atlantic by the shortest lino between tlie great I'uget Sound indentation of
the coast in the west, and the Lake Superior indentation of the coast on the
east.

Between these extreme j)oiiits the distance bj* a direct line is only about 1,-
.'J"»0 miles; being thirty degrees of longitude of forty-five miles to each degi'ee,
between the latitude of 4G'' and 48." * » ♦ It iscertain that tlie soil where
these vast forests now grow is remarkably prolifii\ And if at some period in
the future when numerous tlourisiiing cities shall have grown np with the
growth of this Pacific (Joust, the timber should be exiiausted, a bountifid Provi-
denco has stored up for the use of the coming generations an abimdant supply
of coal, an article which is tlie basis of most of the wealth of Great Britain, and
whicli, more than any single product of the mines, has enabled the United
States to take her present stand among the nations.

J. Ross Browne, in his report on 574th and following pages,

^ays:

From the cascade range to the Pacific, comprising about one half o "^'ashing-
ton Territory, the surface is densely covered with tlie finest forest ,,cowth in
tlie world; some of the trees, straight as an arrow, are 400 feet in height, and
14 feet in diameter near the ground. Varieties of the fir predominate inter-
spersed with spruce, liemlock, tamarack, white cedar, maple, asli, white oak,
and on some of the mountain slojjes white pine.

Washington Territory has a climate excelled only liy that of California. We
know not wiiere to point to such a ramification of inland navigation, save in
tli(! British possessions to the northward. For depth of wat.n-, boldness of ap-
proaches, freedom from hidilen dangers, and tlieiium(>asureable sea of gigantic
timber coming down to the very shores, these waters ai'e luisurpassed, unap-
proachable.

Ship Buii.dixu.— Tiie abundance of timlier, coal, water power, and iron ore
in the vicinity of navigable waters, together with fine liariiors, large saw mills,
temperate climate, and natural facilities for manufacturing cordage, all clearly
indicate that the Puget S(jund country will soon occupy a prominent position
in ship building.

FiaH. -With no rivalry from the east or elsewhere, with abundai.ce of fish,
unfre<iuent storms durinpr the lishiug season, the best climate to cure tlsh, safe
harbors; salt by the car go at a comparatively low price, and all the requisite
provisions for an outfit: it is scarcely possible to overrate the advantages of
this region as the centre of the great tisliery of the Northern Pacific.

Ci.iMATK. — The climate of Western Wasliington is essentially different from
that of the portion east of the (Jascade mountains. • ^^ * Properly speak-
ing, however, there are but two seasons, the dry and the rainy. * * * It is
not unusual for tlie three winter months to be mild, without snow or ice, the
grass growing meanwhile. In February, th;' weather may occur mild and
genial as May, to be succeeded in .March or April with our coldest weather.
In July or August, days in some portions of which the maximum temperature
will reach 00^ or 100" are sometimes followed by cold nights, occasionally ac-
companied by heavy frost. *f * * The summers of tliis Territory are un-
surpassed in the world. ■> * * Of the sixteen winters pass in this Terri-
tory, the writer has known but three so sc\ ere as to render it essential to house
and feed stock.

Coal.— Tlif appearance of veins and outcvuppiu^B of coal in nliuuHt i-vi'iv
section of the Territory west of the Cascade mountains, iiulieates itn \t'iy giMu-
ral distribution and inexhaustive supply, (ieo. (Jibbs, favorably known tn
the scientific world, thus alludes to the universality of coal indioatinns : "T!ic
whole of tliis formation has been considered by jijeolofiislu as tertiary, and the
coal as not belonging to the true coal. Be this as it may, its value for econo-
mical jmrpoaes is nuquestionable." * * * The formation connncncfs lit tlu-
Columbia River, where lignite or brown coal is found in thin seaius. und ex-
tends continuously northward to a great distance, the (|uality of tlu' coal im-
proving in that direction. Mr. Gibbs also says : The " I'attle Claim" lins upon
it a vein 11 feet thick."

Sto-lc-ava-mah Coal. — A specimen of this coal was sent by Connnoilort'
C. W. Skinner, United States Navy, to Professor Walter F{. Johnson, for analy-
sis. That distinguished chemist thus speaks of it :

"It seems to be one of the finest American coals which I have yet seen. It
has a specific gravity of 1,31.5, and will weigh, in the merchantable state, from
r>i to iM pounds per cubic foot, according to size of lumps, and will retpdre on
board a steamer about 42^ feet of space to stow one gross ton. it is of bril-
liant lustre, wholly free from liability to soil. It is comjwsed of :

Volatile matter, 4{)M; Fixed Carbon, .56.84; Eailny matter, :.'.«( »

Skattlk Mine. — A shaft is being sunk, which will reach the coal at the
depth of 70 feet, from the mouth of which, by a chute, the coal can be directly
laden into scows or barges.

The vein at the croppings is 23 feet thick, mostly clean, pure coal, mixed
with dirt on the sides, but to all appearances free from slate or sulphur. No
analysis has been made, but smith's who have used it prononnce it superior foi-
their puri)0se8 to any coal obtainable on this coast, though inferior to the
Cumberland.

It burns up very clean, leaving nothing but a clear white ash, with no clinkers.

Lake Washington Coal Firlds.— Rev. Geo. F. AVhitworth, a gentleman of
scientific culture, thus speaks of these mines :

The coal is remarkably clean, is a jet black, and as we advance along the
seam is becoming much harder. Some of it seems to he nearly as hard as An-
thracite. It burns with a clear flame, does not emit the black smoke so com-
mon to other coals on the coast, and so far as tried it is pronounced superior
for purposes of steam. Its heating power seems to be very great. It burns uj)
thoroughly, making no clinkers, and leaving a very small portion of ashes.

In speaking of one of these mines opened in this locality, Mr.

Whitworth says :

There are four seams, two of five feet each and two of nine feet each, makinj;-
in all '28 feet of pure coal.

J. L. A regular correspondent of the St. John '•' Evening
Globe," in a letter dated at Seattle and published in that paper
21st June, 1870, says of the Washington Coal Fields:

At the south east end of this Lake, 3 miles from the shore, are found some
of the largest beds of Coal in North America. It is said to be inexhaustible in
quantity and of superior (piality. It is generally used here and gives the best
of satisfaction.

he savs in the same

Of the lumber of Washington Territory,
letter :

I have seen lumber containing '2i)0 M. to the acre, and 100 M. to the acre is
common. Iii fact what we call good timber land will average 100 M. to the
aore.

In Xt'w Brunswick where we could get 7 or 8 M. to the acre, we called it
good land, and in Wisconsin and Michigan, I believe, the timber land averages
about 12 M. to the aor».

Mr. Brown concludes liis report on tlic Coal fields of Wasliiug-
ton Territory as follows :

That llien- is <,'oo(l roiil iiiiiversally diffiist'd, in (|iiantities inoxliaiistibU. and
^fencrally accfssible for tranHiiovtation, wmnut be doubtt^d.

The U. rf. Land Commissioner, lion. Joseph S. Wilson, in his
report for lH(jf), said :

Tlie Ndrtht'vn I'acilic! nfVcrs a pretty safe fjiiarnntee npainst those forniidahio
obstructions from snow which the more soutliern route luis already experienced.
The un<levebtl>ed resources of this Company are attracting tlio attention of
capitalists, its huuh'd subsidy is double tiial of the L'nion Pacific Road. Coni-
l)anitiv( ly a very small portion of this line runs throuf^fh an elevated region,
(joviii'uor Stevens | who repeatedly passed over the route of the Northern Pacific
Railroad, and studied it in all its asp(>cts | was of the opinion that»*«^ more than
mie-fifth of the land from Red Hirer fx I'ni/ei Sound in ununited to cultivation, and
that thin fifth inlarf/el)/ mude up of tnounta>.iK covered with hunch ijrasH and vahie-
id)le tiinfte'r and filled with preciom metaln. It is evident that an immense agri-
cultural area is here awaiting developnu'ut. The gi'eat wheat-growing regions
on the left bank of the Upper Massouri promise speedy settlement upon the
opening of iin avenue tV)r the transportation of their i)roducts to market. Hach
section of l!ie Road as it is completed, will, from local trafHc alone, find ample
returns for its investnu'ut.

The Neio Yorh World in a long article on the Northern
Pacific Railroad, refcrcd to its land grant as follows : —

Doubtless this road will be a great benetit to the region through whicli .'t
passes, opening it nj) to immigration and enterprise ; but although it is now loo
late to ^jrotest against .-uch an enormous grant, it may be (piestioned whether
it is a right policy to lavish empires on private corporations. It of course in-
sures the rei)ayment of the money invested in building this road, for while there
is not a single' case on record of the first mortgage bonds of one of our large
railroads not being met at maturity, it xeemx an if it xrere beyond the limits of
dishonesti/ or maladministration to imperil the honds secured hij this fjrant.

osT OF Road,

W. Milnor Roberts, in his special Report of Reconnoisance of
the Route of the Northern Pacific Railroad, estimated the cost at
$42,638 per mile. My limited spa ^e will not admit of giving
more than a brief extract, the report tself will bo cheerfully fur-
nished on application. He says : —

In making this estimate, T assume that the graded road-bed, bridges, culverts,
etc., are to be such as we fmd on our tirst-class roads ; and that the track is to
be thoroughly constructed, with rails of sixty pounds per lineal yard, put to-
gether with the most imin-oved joint-ties, and completely ballasted with gi'avel

or broken stone.

**♦*****♦

The highest gi-ound encountered between Lake Superior and the Missouri
river, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, is only 2.300 feet above the sea, the low
summit of the Rocky Mountains is but little over r)000 feet, and the Bozeman
pass, through the Belt range, is assumed to be about WX) feet lower. The
height of the country upon which the line ie traced, and upon which my esti-

4(1

niati! of coHl is busfd, mny Ik- npproxiinutL'ly wlalixl llnis, Id'^^iiining at Laki-
Superior, K'J'"K westward : —

Mlli^i*. Average height aboTt' tlio Hu*.

To Dakota viillcy ;«Mt l'J(H> iVit.

Vt'llowstoiii' riviT ;i(H» ]>)>(¥) ••

Aloiiu Yfllow.stoiii', -KKI '-'(MX) "

Flntlifa'.lvMll.'y .*«)() ;5.-)(Ki '•

Lowis or Himkfc river 2(M) 3(M)() "

rujjct Sound, TiOO 401.) "

Fiako Superior to Tugot Sound via Portland, . .'-'(KXl

[Direct line, 177") |

Compare tliis witli tlio proflJcs of tlio flni.^hed line of (lie I'uion find Cinir.il

I'acitlc Fioadc. i'rojMn'ly, tin- ci)nii)ai'iHon slioiildlie uiisde trom Cliicai^'o — dw

<'astorii ternunuson iiiike .AFicliigan.of the Omiilii' line. Tliere are oij that route,

approximately, as follows: —

Fr(>m Chicago Miles. A\(!i'Hfc'c liciglit iibove tlitSca.

To Omaha filH) KKMlfeot.

Near C'hevunne, :•!•'. .'i-'MMt "

Cooper's,.". 87 I'M) "

F'romontorv F'oint 48-J (;l'(JO "

lFund)oldt,'. 4(i(i 47')0 "

Fleno, I.'{!i 4m) «

Auburn 4.". 4-MK) "

Sacrame-uo, ;;•,• vm "

San FranciHCO l.T> fii* *■

Chicap) to San Franrisco •J41(>

On the Northern Pacific line there need be Imt two princi]jal sumniil>, whilst
on the other there are four : the lowe.nt of which i.s aboiil a tliousaud feet
higher than tlie highest on the northern route.

*i|i iti >|i 4< III >ti4<

In conclusion, I would state as tlie vosidi of tliesp exploratiohs and investi-
gations, after much reflection, and fully appreciating the responsiliility de-
volved up(m nil! as the I'^ngiueer selected by you for the duty, that the North-
ern Pacific Railroad route, with the land grant secured to the Company by the
Government, possesses great intrinsic value, and will be, as a whole, a renuirk-
ahly favorable line in all important respects; a line which, if judiciously
located, honestly constructed, and properly administered, will pay within a
few years a fair dividend on its cost. I had aiiprohensions thi'.t per.-onal in-
vestigations might disclose material or possi1)ly vital errors in some of the
anticipations induced by lormer Reports. Tlie result, however, has been in the
other direction"; and I am constrained by the facts to present an estimate of
cost essentially lov.'er than those jweviously submitted by t]u> able Chief
Eugineei", and I offer it confidently as reasenable and reliable.

Chapx^ef^ AND Mortgage.

SyNOPIS of the pHAF^ER.

The leading provisions of the Charter of the Northern Pacific Railroad, as
amended to the present date (February, 1871), are as follows :

1. The Northern I'acific Railroad Company is authorized to construct, oper-
ate, and own a continuous Railroad and Telegraph line, "beginning at a point
on Lake Superior, in the State of iFinnesota or AVisconsin ; thence westerlj- by
the most eligible railway route, as shall be determined by the Company, with-
in the teiTitory of the United States, on a line north of the forty-fifth degi-ee of
latitude, to some point on Piiget Sound," via the valley of the Columbia River,
with a branch " from some convenient point on its main trunk line," across the
Cascade Mountains to Puget Sound.

II. In aiil of tlic work, tlio clmiti r gniiits to tlio (Jumniiiiy 20 ftltcrniilo 8«»c-
tioiiH, or I'J.ftfX) iicivs, (if pulilic lanil, lo tMcli milt! oi ilniMu'ti truck, tlirou^'li tlin
StiitrB tnivt'ix'd, luvl m altcrii itt> ft-ctiDUs, or !.'"',()<> hicn',~i, per iiiilf, llirnii^^li
the Territories. This grant of laml applies to tlie cliarttMvd lirancli of the
NorlluTii I'ai'illi! Koiui as well aM to tlie trunk line. The ciiarter also K'ninl.s
ri^lit of way, li)(> feet in wiiltli, for hoth main line anil hranch, throuwli the
pnblic (lonuiin, and the pri\ ilej^'e of taking, free of cost, from the (ioveninietit
lands adjacent to the Koad. idl lutce-oary construction material. Iri/ii and coal
lands are cxprcsaly emhraced within tlie terms of the fjrant.

ill. As often as 'Ja <'onseciilivi' miles of the Koad are completed, "in a good,
BulKStantittl, worknumlike ninnnt r," sui h tini.slied portion is to bce.xttmiiicd atui
approved liy three I'onimission.'rs, ajipointed hy the I'resi.leat, and thereiipoti
patents are t(» he issiieij traa-^rerriui? and contirniiug to the Hail road Company
till' lands of the ^rant corresimndin;,' to, ami couterminouH with, .»tnch com-
plelod section. IJy the operation of the Charter and the (leneral Mortgage,
such (iovcrniuent patents \est a )»erfict title to the hinds of thcdruntin llie
Trustees of the .\l(irtgMge, who represent the holders of tho l)onds now hcing
negotiated. The Koad is to he in all regards llrst class; the rails are to he
made from American i.-on and American (U'e ; and the Company isprohihitod
fnun cliarging the I'liited States higher rates for lranspi)rtation than are clnvr-
goil to imiivicluals.

IV. The (io\ernment is to cause lo he sur\eyed the lands for forty niili's in
width on both sides of tin' line (»!' the J^oad, as fast as this shall he rendered
nocessary hy the coiisiructiou of the traid<. On the Company's* tiling a map of
its intended route Ihvouglnuiy State or Territory, tho lands eml)racoil in the
Grant are to ho withdrawn from market, and thereafter will not be liahlo to
sale, entry, or iiro-eniption, wlirtlwr mtrrpycd or niiMiniei/ed ; nml the altt-rnate
sections bidonging to tlie (iovernment cannot he sold at less than .S2."i0 per
ncro. The usual authi>rity is given the Company to aj)iiropriate a right of way
through private landi hy compi'Usaling owners therefor.

V. The charter provides that at lea>t 25 milesof that portion of tho Iloud
between Portland (Oregon) and I'liget Sound, shall he comi)leted hy .January
I, 1872, and at least 40 miles each year thoroafti^r until the entire Iload, from
Lake Superior to I'ugct Sound, shall he completed.

VI. The charter (as amended hy Ai-t of Congress api>roved May 31st, 1870)
expressly authorizes and empowers the Niu'thern I'acitic Kailroad Company to
issue its bonds to aid in the construction and eiiuipment of its Road, and ti>
secure siich bonds by mortgage on its property of all kinds and descriptions,
real, personal, and mixed, inc'.uiling its franchise as a corporation. It is also
provided that, as proof and notice of its legal execution and effectual delivery,
said Mortgage shall he filed and recorded in the ofHce of the Secretary of the
Interiiu". [Xotc, The Mortgag' has heeii thus tiled and recimled.] The mat-
ter of tho title to Indian lands, if any, embraced within the Grant, is to bo ad-
justed bp the Government in a mnniu^' satisfactorj- to the Indians ; and in all
stages of its progress, the policy of the Northern Pacific Ilailroad Corporation
will ho one of entire friendliiioss to tlie natives of the plains.

^YNOPia OF THE pENER\L /VlOl^TGAt'.E.

The General Mortgage authorized by the charter, and executed hy the Xorth-
ern Pacific Railroad t'ompany for the security of the holders of its First Mort-
gage Bonds, is dated July I, 1870. It is clmwn with the utmost care, and everj^
provision has been embraced in it which could add to the security of the bond-
holder.

I. It convoys to two trustee?, ilessrs. Jay Cooke and J. Edgar Thomson, all
the property "and rights of projierty of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company,
including :

1. The Road-bed and track, as fast as constructed, of the tnnik line and all
authorized branches.

2. All rolling stock and other equipments ; all engine-houses, niachiae-shoi)P,
depots, water stations, and other buildings.

M. Tlitt (<iitiru LhiuI (iratit of tli« lloati, ii,s fuHt hh it accrues to tlio t'onijmny,
'Miibriiciii^ lu'twei'ii Fifty and Sixty Million acres.

•I. All rights, fraiichiiHeH, privile^fen, and t>ther jiroperty now owned or here-
ul'tcr to l)f acijuired Ity the Northern I'acitic Kailroad Coniimny.

II. The .Mort^ajje i)rovidesthat all the jtropery named altove. and all moneys
xriHin^ from the sole ttf the t<ame, shall he heldhy the TriiHtees a^ M-curity, and
|)led^a>d to the ])aynient of the Company's First Mort^a^e Bonds, principal and
mterest, as tiiey sliall become due, and siiall he promptly ajipliuu to tiiat pur-
pose by the Trustees, in cast* of any default by the Itiiilroad t'onipany.

III. Tile Kailroad Comimny shall have the ri^ht at all times to contract for
the sale of portions of the lands of the (irant, at jn'ices to be apjn'oved by the
Ti'ustees. (but at not less than S2.r>(l per acre) ; and tiik i'H0n;i;i>8 ov all

SALKM OK LANDS, WHKTUEH IN lASH, llONDH, Oil OTIII'.R KlU tniTIi;S, SIIALLPK

iiKPOHiTKi) WITH THK Tiii'HTiiKs, and upon the payment to the Trustees of the
j)roceed8 of such sale or sales, the Trustees shall and will uiak(* a full and clear
<leod to the purchaser of tha lands thus paid for. Such deed from the Trus-
tees releases the land thus sold from the operations of the (ieneral Mortgage.
The First Mortgage Bonds of Ihe Company are nuule receivable at par and ac-
crued interest in payment for the Company's lauds at their lowest cash price.
By a subsetjuent arrangement between the Trustees and the Railroad Company,
the bonds are made ahvays receivable for lands at /ev fwr cent, pteviium, oi

I. 10.

IV. The Trustees, who <lirectly represent the bondholders, are required by
the terms of the Mortgage to see that the proceeds of all sales of First Mort-
gage Bonds are devoted to t/w? conttriuiion and equipvtent of the Road and that
X\\ei proceed* of land Mt\eA KTi}. wm&'m jmrchasinq and cancelliti;/ the bondn of the
Compani/, if tUey can be bought before maturity at not nu»re than 10 per cent,
preniiuni ; otherwise the Trustees are to invest the proceeds of land sales iu
United States Bonds or Ileal Kstate Mortgages for the further security of Nor-
thern Pacific bondholders. At all times, until the entire bonded debt of the
Kailroad Company is paid off and cancelled, the Trustees are required to see
that they have in their control, as security, at least .'JOO acres of average laud
to every SIOOO of outstanding First Mortgage Bonds, besides the Railroad it-
self and all its equipments and franchises.

During the construction of the Road, the interest on the bonds secured by
this Mortgage is to bo paid from the earnings of the finished portions of the
Road, and from the general fund of the Company. No portion of the proceeds
of land sales is to be devoted to the payment of interest, unless the general
treasury of the Company shall be first exhausted, in which case the Company
shall, from the first net earnings of the Road, make good the amount thus
taken from the land fund.

In case of the resignation or death of either of the Trnstees, the surviving
Trustee is empowered to appoint a successor ; or, upon the request of the
hond'holders, the ppointme may be made by the courts in the usual mannner.