CIHM Microfiche Series (IMonograplis) ICIMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Instituta tor Historical IMicroroproductiona / Institut Canadian da microraproductions hittoriquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibiiographiques The Inttitute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. 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D D D This Ham is flImMl at ttM raduetion ratio ehaeliMl iMlow / C« doeummt Mt film* M tmix da rMuetion indiqu* cMMMua lOx 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x / 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x MM copy tOttM thanks fWMroaity of : IMWil Lml. TiMii OftiM oofwidwInQ ^hc oondMon In quality laglMllty tiM Original oopiaa In printad bafinnin^ wntn tha front i ma nai pa^a wim a inhiwu or HMmv^ia sion. or tha haek eovar whon a pp r oprl at a othor original eopiaa ara fW ma d baginnlng wnn ■ INHIWU Of WuBtfatad Impfaaawn. Tha laat racordad frama on oach mierofflcha shaN contain tha tymbol ^^ (moaning "CON- TINUiO"). or tho symbol ▼ (moaning "END"). Mapa« plataSa charts* atc«> may ba fNmad at diffarant raduetion ratios. TItoso too larga to Im ontiraly Ineiudad in ono OKposuro sro filmed beginning in tlM uppor loft hond comor. loft to right and top to bottom, as many framos as raquirad. Tha followHng diagrams ilhistrata tiM matliod: L'OKomplatea fNmi fut raproduh griea i la g«n4rositi do: DRNNIinK|IN tBMffnmQIM, Las Imagas sulvantos ont ttt rsproduitss svoc *% plus grand soin. eompto tonu do Is condition st do la nattat* da I'axampiairo film*, st sn oonformM avae iaa conditions du contrst ds fllmaga< Laa a a am p l air as originaux dont la couvarturo on papiar aat imprimto sont fHmte sn commsn^nt por lo promior plat at an tarminam soit par Is dsmltis paga qui comporto uno smprsints dtmprsssion ou dINustration, soit psr is second plat, salon lo cos. Tous Iss sutrss oxsmplsirss orlginouK sont fHmds sn common^ont psr Is promlir a paga qui eomporto uno omprsints dimprasslon ou dHlustration ot sn ^minsnt psr la darhMra paga qui eomporto uno telle empreinto. Un dee symbolee suhrents spperettrs sur Is dsmlArs inisgs do cheque microfiche, selon le cos: Is symboie ^ signifis "A SUIVRE". Is symboio ▼ signifie "FIN". Lee certee. plencliee. tebioeux. etc.. peuvent *tre flimte i dss tauK da riduction diffirents. Loreque lo document eet trop grend pour Atre reproduit en un soul cliche, il est film* i psrtir do I'englo supMour gauche, do geuche i droits, ot do heut en bee. en prenent lo nombre d'imegor ndceesolre. Lee diegrsmmes suivenvs IHuetrent lo mOthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 3 MCMOorr mouinoN ran omit (ANSI and SO TEST CHART No. 2) lit U 12.8 I3J IM \23 12.2 I.I t?^ 1 1-^ M I, mi ^ /IPPLED IM/1GE In 1(53 EoK Main StrMt RocJjtHf. N« Yof* I4S09 US» (7t8) 482 - 0300 - PlW^ "" (716) 2(8 - 5989 - F« DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S BRANCH OTTAWA, CANADA r CREAMERY COLD STORAGE S V 3 1, BY J. A. EUDDICK, Dairy Commisiiumr. BULLETIN^ No. lO. ^1 4' Ill I DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S SERIES Publi«hed by direction of the Hon. SYDNEY A FISHFR m:-:.* / a ■ . n. oTu.NCT A. I-I5>HER, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 3rARCn, 1906. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DAIRY nOMMISSlONEH'S BRANCH OTTAWA, CANADA J. A. RumMOK Dairy OommiHioner, OttawK, Ont J. »'•'• »•>• iMKMMity of akbonto ooM ttoraffc arranM- BMnU. whib oth«n Nadinc their butter from > treat distance, have adopted euch otrema meaaurea for iu protection that they are able to place it on the market in fully as good condition as muck of that which comee from sources of supply only a short distance away. Our position is a sort of middle ground. We are much too far from tha consumer, both in the matter of ti..ie and disUnoe, to ignore the advantam of cold storage, and yet we do not require to go quiU ao far as our Australasian oom- petitors do. J .^"*'*"°»'"'« •"<* creamery managers sometimes srgue, that as thuy can dispoae of the butter to the exporters l^fore the deterioration amounts to a differarce iu prioe it doea not pay them to provide efficient cold storage at the creameries. Even if this were true, which it is not, it would be a very ahorUighted policy, and the person who holds such views, and acU acoordir.gly. is not doing his b«t in the interesU of the farmers who produce the milk. He overlooka the fact that it is the condition of tha butter when it reaehea the table of the eonaumer that determines the ultimata pria» Jivcry oroainery should have a cold .t-.r.iBP in whirh the Umperature may be maintained under 88 degrees Fahrenheit. Our records show that very /ow reach this standaVd of efficiency, iveu at a temperature of 38 digrees or under, the butter should be shipped u quickly as possible to where it will be cared for at a much lower temperature ihe cost of building a good creamery cold storage, and the lack of accurate infer- mation on the subject of insulation, have militated to some extent againat the necea- ssry improvempnt. It was with a view of providing some reliable information of this kind, that a series of experiments was recently planned by the Dairy Commissioner's Branch for the purpose of determining the relative efficiency of various materials, and combina- tions of materials, for the insulation of ice chambers and cold storage compartments. The expenmenU were not intended to be exhaustive, but siraplv to cover the use of such materials and plan, as are likely to be used in the construe; :n of oraamery cold storages m this country. It is not proposed at this time to set forth in detail, the data that have been collected as a result of this work, 'but simply to make a few recom- mendations based on the conclusions drawn from the experiments, couple 1 with tha experience gained in watching the resulto secured at numerous creamery coil storages of varied construction, and the ice chambers in connection with th. ool chc^^-se eiwini^ rooms, that were designed by the author, and which have been ope. ted by thr ')eiH»r^ ment of Agriculture for the last four seasons. Before going n farther, i- wiH '* as well to describebricfly some of the different systems of creamery cold storaire that are applicable to Canadian conditions. Mechanical refrigeration is indispensable where low torapcraturc, are roquir,-! as in a modern eold storage .varehouse, and it may bo employed with advantage !>' creameries having a large output of butter. For small or medium T-zn,: creanori however, the first cost of installation, and the annual expense of op-ration nut tv mechanical system out of the question. For that reason a great majority of the croa,, enes in Canada will continue to use ice as a refrigerant. The two systems of # storages most Rcnerally used at Canadian creameries are known as the ' Air Circu'la tion System' and the 'Cylinder System.' ^ir ' ircuia- < # !f .11 THE AIR CIRCULATION SYSTEM. Although it may be possible to secure rather lower temperatures with the cylinder system thnn can bo obtained with the air circulation system, we believe that, all thing, considered, a lower average temperature is usually found where the air circulation ZIm ""pw- J^? '^%''' "^r^'. "°'^;^^ ''^^ '*°™«^ ^O" "« thoroughly nisulatpd. Plate I shows plan and sect io n of a creamery refrigerator on the cir^ for'YsUir''"" """" " *"• "«•""»«"'• will be given In the Dairy Commls.loner's Report I L roktion ijrttoni. It will be «em that than U a cmiiMctlAii hetw«««»n the two rooma ^iohprovldM /or the oiroulaMon of air owr thr li* ami throiiirh the cold atomvo WUkbtr. Th<« working of aiioh a rvfrigorator ia automatic. and with sawdust, cut hay or other inHulating material. The oylindera must be kept full in order to secure the maximum of refrI.,-eraton. The labour of breaking the ice and fill-ng the cylinders is very considerable and constitutes one of the chief objections to the cylinder system. Where the refrigeration depend» upon the daily performance, by the butter mnkiT. of this item of labour, it is very apt to be more or less neglected. If the cylimlors an? allowed to become partially •mptj, there is a correaponding rise of temperature in the storage room, and this is what very often occurs. The cylinder system is the cheapest to install, becauae the storage room only need be inaulated, but the large amount of labour involved in keep- ing the cylindera propirly filled, and the cost of the salt, make the operation of thiR ■yatem somewhat expenaive. Where there is plenty of cheap labour and someone ti take aufficient interest in the question to see that the work is properly attended to there ia no doubt but this system will give jrood results as far aa ice goes for the Btoragn of butter. Plate II. ahows plan, section and details of a creamery refrigerator on the cylinder aystem. INSULATION. EM»TT SPACES. . Befrigerating engineers have during the last few years practiealy discarded the . npty space — the ao-called dead air space — once extensively used for insulating pur- jWBca. Theoretically, a dead air space ia a poor conductor of heat, but the ordinary air-space is not a dead air-space. As one side of the apace beoomea warmer than the other, the air iibmediately in contact with it becomes lighter on account of the increase in temperature, aiid at once ascends, while colder air from the other aide takes its place. Thus we have a circulation of air within the apace and heat is carried from one aide to the other by convection. Moreover, it is extremely difficult to get the work done properly when empty spaces are depended on for insulation. The slighteat crack or opening, even a nail hole tends to destroy the efficiency of this form of construction. lULED SPACES. In the construction of inaulated walls, the beat practice at the present time pro- ividea for an outer and inner shell, as nearly as practicable impervioua to air and damp- IMM, with • vpsM IwtWMu to b« iilk^ with •oiua uoii-coiiJuctiiig uinttiinl. The widlli of tbt apwtB will dtpcnd on tfi> tilliiiR u> Ic u*<» ore chcup; th#y ■r« elaatio and do not aettle readily; but moat important o( a" *j oaii '^o obtt tnad in • rery dry condition, which '• e««<'irtial, and furtlier, they di. not o' . . moUtur* rtadily after being plactid in poaitioii. Th«ru may be ouv^ dilBculty .. obta'ning • •ufficient aupply of ahavingt in pJHceii remote from mnnufnotiring oflutret, > ut many of the larg« aash and door factorii* now pndc thaviiig* in bal«M, weighins about 75 pounda each, for conrenienoe in chipping. The weight of ihnving* n-quired to fill a fflTen space will depend •omewhnt on tho Icind of worw] from whi>'h thoy nro miide, and also to some exient on bow tightly thr>y are paoke. They lutd bo pi\cke. .VIXCM. Btcsuse it cocts little or uotbiog and is resdily ovailable in uiust country dis- trict*, there hss been u 'tundeocy to uso sawdust for tilling spucv* in thu walU of small cold storage building*. It is, however, far from being a satisfactory material for this purpose. In the tirst place, as sawdust is cut from green timber, it is always more or lesa damp and is, therefore, not a good insulating material. The dampness not only conducts heat, but it encourages the growth of mould and rot, lirst i''. tho sawdust itself, and thou in the walls of tho building. As a result of the mould, the air in tho storage room btoomcs musty and thus injurious to the quality of butter stored therein. The settling of the sawdust, caused by the growth of mould and coitsequant heating, leavea open spaces, which 'urther weskens the insulation. In the experiments already referred to, ne found by actual test that shavings are very much superior to sawdust for insulati ig purposes, apart from the objection to the sawdust on aooouiit of the mustiness v hich nearly always appears in rooms where it is useil as a tiHing in the walls LVSLUk.lO.N MtHf BE DRY. Onr of ihc problems in cold storage construction is to provi.n. Moisture or dnuipncss may "omo from ' ' '. 'utslde air or from the goods in storage. It must be understood that daiTipuess, a£ I'lerrcd to in this connection, does not imply the presence of water in I ..' ordinary S)^nsc, but simply the presence of moisture as w» find it, say, in green lumber as compared with dry or well seasoned lumber. In a wooden wall filled with shavings it is the shaving-i which must be protected from dampness. This can be done by using domp-proof building paper be .ween tho two courses of sheathing, or boarding, both on the outside and the inside of the walls. Brick or cement concrete absorb moisture readily, and unless the arc given some special waterproofing treatment, the insulating quality of such a wall is rather low. The outside surfaces of brick walls may be painted with some efFect, but where shav- ings are to be used inside of brick or concrete, the inner surface may be coated with pitch, paraffin wax, or some of the patented coatings on tho market. Coating walls with either pitch or paraffin in cold or even oool weather with ut special apparatus is a rather difficult operation, on account of the tendency of hot' jubstances to harden Tery quick^ . In using pitch care must be taken not to get tar jr any mixture of tar, which would be ruinous on account of its odour. Pitch is odourless when it hardens. If the inside surfaces of brick or concrete walls cannot be properly waterproofed, the next best plan is to put 1-inch furring strips on the wall, then one c >urse of matche« ^al'8 being thoroughly washed and dis- s Sfp a°nd"iXT" tT""'^- ■ ^'*«'"^ » "''°*'«* " an inteSor flnl It 8 sidd to hardfn ^.rZ"^ ^'""^ *'"?%*" "'""• ^ "«*« "It '-^^l with whitewash \t ih.iJ-A I ?u- *•"". ^l^"^"^ '* ^"™ '"*'''>»« °« when touched, box f),« 1 ^^® sheathing of the ice chamber ia coated with paraffin wax, like a butter itulatn "*' "'" "^ ^'""'"^ """^ """"t"" P'--*^ f'oni Sing info th" SIZE OF IOE CHAMBER. It is impossible to day down any rule as to the total quantity of ice reauirad for creameries with a given output, as so much depends on what the ice is us3 for and •upply of cold water, no ice is used ivr cream coolimr while in othnn « Ut^ /,„.^ii*_ 18 required for that purpose. If a pasteurizer is u^d fh^'^a c"linS^uh^^^^^ creases the consumpt on of ice very considerably It is important, howivfr SSmate corr«=tly the size of ice chamber required for a cold stora^T on tL cSt on s^tem s^arL frX^ooir' *' '"^''\^ "'r ^°' """"^ °°^'"^ purposes sS Kpi separate from the cold storage supply. The ice chamber should not be opened durinir iSrXi:eZ?d t ratT'-i;w'''"*'°°- ^? ^"'"^*'*- «Hven inTfolfowS iBDi e will oe^ound to be about right for average circumstances :— Pounds of Butter made during summer season. Tons of Ice required for butter storage only. 200,000 100,000 50,000 140 80 50 Siie of Ire Chamber in cubic feet. 5,000 3,00 RECOMirENDATIONS. In the light of our experience, both experimental and practical, we recommend fruc'LrsWnTn pKeV^r''''"/^" "^"T'^^" ^^ ^"^»»- reco'mmendhe Ton struction shown m Plate I. In advising this form of construction we take into «,n sideration (1) the duty required. (2) the availability of certain material and mT: class of workmen usually employed on creamery construction There are sLS oTZ^,-:;;""*"*^."''*'"'''!"" '^' ""'^•'*' »'"""''«» of hese require th^serJi^ of specially trained men to be properly put in position. The construrtbn recomSd^ in these pages is probably the cheapest efficient plan that can be devS^T TdTt h!. to'aivonrK™^ "^ *^'?f ^'^ °^ ^'*''*'°"- The following specification will be IsefS to anyone building a cold storage on the circulation system. u < a: a H (0 a J a u >- a: y < u :l I li!! / n I I znz I I I I J ^T— • ft ^WmW' '^jjE^*^j2g>2 SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CREAMERT REFRIGERATOR— CIRCULATION SYSTEM. OBNKR&L. A rofrigerator on the circulation ajr^tem consists of : 1. An insulated '^e chamber, where the ice is kept without any coverinc. 2. A cold storage room, where the packages of butter for export only shall b« stored. 8. An ante>room, to receive retail butter, and to protect the storage room against the entrance of warm air. Both cold storage room and ante-room are cooled by the circulation of the air which passes over the ice in the ice chamber. Situation.— At the north end of the creamery, or sheltered from the direct ray* of the sun if possible. Size. — To be determined by the output of the creamery. Butter should be shipped every week wherever possible, and in this ca.o the cold storage room should not be much larger than necessary to hold i* week's make, with convenience for handling the packages. A room 7 feet high by 8 feet square inside will hold conveniently 120 boxes, piled six high' The anto-room should be large enough so that the door can be conveniently oloaed before opening the door of the cold storage room. Light, — It is not desirable to have a window in the cold storage room. Sufficient light can be had from a lamp or a candle when neoossary. A window may be put in the ante-room. Qood inautadon on all aides. — All sides of the refrigerator, around cold storage room and ante-room, whether adjoining the ice chamber or any other part of the creamery, must be equally well insulated. MAT-iXIALS. Wood. — All lumber employed must be thoroughly dry and sound, without loose knots or shakes, and must be odotirless. Spruce and hemlock are the best, in the order named. Pine is not suitable for inside sheathing on account of it odour. All boards employed shoulu be dressed as w tongued and grooved. Unseasoned lumber must be cavefuly avoiti^ When building in winter, fires must be kept going so as to have all materials as dry as possible. This is very import- ant, as dampness in insulation destroys its efficiency. Paper. — All papers used to be strictly' odourless and damp-proof. Damp-proof insulating papers can be had in rolls of 600 to 1,000 square feet, 36 inches wide. The following brands can be recommended, viz. : ' Neponset.' * Hercules.' VKo-Sat.' Tar paper, felt paper, straw paper, rosin sized paper, and all other common build- ing papers are not suitable and must not be used. Use double thicknesses of paper in all cases, each layer lapping 2 inches over pre- ceding one. The layers should extend continuously around all corners. All breaks to be carefulW oorered. PM j^Jj flfcamjW^-SluiTinfi mu«t be thorouf^ diy, free from Urk or othwr dirt SHjit- ingi from ■omo odourlet wood, tuoh m hemlock, ipruce or white wood, to have tie preference. SbaTinge in comprceeed bales, wei^inf from 60 to 100 Ibe., may be procured from the following flmu: Wm. Rutherford & Sonn Co., Montreal; J. A G. Eaplin. Box Manufacturer!, Montreal; The Capital Planing Milla, Ottawa; The Fintbrook Box Company, Limited, Toronto. Balea o^ chavingB received in a damp condition shoulrl be opened, and the shavinKa opoaed to the air and atirrcd occasionally until they are dry. The spaces in the walls should be filled gradually, as the inside sheathing is being put r J, the shavings thoroughly packed. About 8 lbs. of shavings, closely packed, will be required for each cubic foot of apace filled. For a room 8 x 8 x 7 feet, with ante-room 8x4x7 feet, built on this specification, 3,000 lbs. will be needed. Cinier*.— Coal cinders should be uswd wherever posjiible to cover the earth over area of refrigerator in preference to sand, gravel or tanbark. C0N8TBUCTION. Foundaliong.— The building to rest on stone or concrete foundatious. Floor in ice chamber.— The area of the floor should be well drained and then coverea with 6 to 8 inches of coal cinders, ashes or dry sand. Lay a light floor which will como about 2 inches below the bottom of the uiaiu joists. The joists should be heavy enough, according to the size of the building, to carry the great weight of the ice. The joists may be covered with two courses of 1-iuch matched lumber, with damp-proof paper between, or one course of 2-inoh tongued and grooved plank. The whole to be finished with galvanized iron, with soldered seama, to make it absolutely water-tight. The galvanized iron should be turned up on the wall about 8 inches. The floor should have a slope of 1 inch .n 3 feet, with a gutter at the lower edge, to provide drainage for the melting ice. The drain from the gutter should be trapped to prevent passage of air. An ice rack as shown in plan is necessary to protect the galvanized iron when filling with ice, and also to facilitate drainage. The space between the joists to be filled with shavings. Floors in the cold storage and ante-rooms.— Jo be the same as for ice chamber, except that no slop© or drainage is required, and it need not be covered with galr' vanized iron. WaUs.— Set up two rows of 2 x 4-inch studs so as to leave a space of 12 inches as shown in plan. Studs of inside row to be set alternately with the studs of outside row. (See plan.) Cover outside of frame with tongued and grooved boards, paper and siding. Provide for an air space in that part of the outside wall which will be exposed to the direct rays of the sun, as follows : — ^ Cover studs with two thicknesses of boards and paper, lay furring strips 2x2 inches, and nail the siding on the strips, leaving the spaces open at top and bottom for circulation of air. (This provision is hot shown on plan.) The inside of the frame to receive two thicknesses of boards, with paper betwc Ceiling.— Joiata 2x8 inches at 16-inch centres. Spaces between joists must be failed with shavings. Cover under side of joists with two thicknesses of boards and paper, and cover top with two-ply of boards and paper. Air-space for ice chamber.— The inside of the ice chamber should have a 1-inch air- space, as shovra in the plan, to prevent moisture Trom the ice penetrating the insula- u tion. It will lerre that purpose best if made as f allows :— After the double ply of matched lumber on the inside of studa and ceiling ia finished cover the whole with damp-pruof paper, 1-inch furring strips and one ply of matched lumber. If this last ply of lumber should rot in course of time, it can bo renewed without interfering with tlie other parts. Partition. — Partition between cold storage room nnd ante-room should have a six- inch space filled with shnrings, with 2 tliieknesses of boards and paper on each sid'J. Doora. — Opening between cold storage room and ante-room to be fitted with door consisting of two-inch skeleton frame covered on both siuea with two thickneesea of boards and paper. Edges to be bevelled, and to receive a covering of felt. This door to be fitted with a wrought iron door fastener, as shown on plan. Opening of ante-room to have two doors, each consisting of two thicknesses jf boards with paper. Window. — The window in ante- room should have two tight-fitting sashes with two panes of glass to each sash, and a shutter on the outsido, hinge 1 at the top. Before putting in window-frame, cover sides of opening in wall with two th.cknessea of paper. Shellac. — The inside of both coin storage room and ante-room to receive a coat- ing of shellac. As some creamery owners may prefer to install the cylinder system, because of the lower first cost, the specification for a creamery cold storage on that system is also given. SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A CREAMERY REFRIO- ERATOR— CYLINDER SYSTEM. GENERAL. A refrigerator on the cylinder system consists of: — 1. A coltl storage room, where only packages of butter for export are to be stored. 2. An ante-room, to receive retail butter and to protect the storage room against the entrance of warm air. (Both cold storage room and ante-room are cooled with a mixture of ice and salt cont'iined in galvanized iron cylinders. For maintaining a temperature of 36° in a room I nit on these specifications, about 6 lbs. of salt to every 100 lbs. of ice will ba requiretl. The ice should be broken into small pieces and the salt well mixed with it.) Situation. — Place the cold storage at the north end ot the creamery, or sheltered from the direct rays of the sun if possible. Size. — The size will depend on the output of the creamery. The butter should be shipped every week if possible, and when this is done the cold storage room need not be larger than necessary to hold a week's make, with convenience for handling the packages. A room 7 feet high by 8 feet square inside will easily hold 120 boxes, piled six high, space for cylinders being deducted. The ante-room should be large enough so that the door can be conveniently closed before opening the door of the cold storage room. Oood insulation on all Met. — All sides of the refrigerator, around the cold storage and the ante-room, whether adjoining the ice-house or any other part of the creamery, must be equally well insulated. I- .■ 3- & MATnuU. An boards employed ihould be dreued u well .. ♦nn^.-j .-j ♦Ko-Sat.' ** recommended, rit.: 'Nepon^t', 'Heroulee', in, ^s«^i::\S",urb;;rdZrrruS^ ^'''^'' -'^ -" «*»>- — - '>""^- P«c^S«';:;"'' ?hlt:r.SouKteSH'" T' "t '*^- J'-PP'-* »- inche. over to be carefully coveiS contmi.o„.ly .round all comers. All break. prrferenoe. "^ *"'«"• ^^^^^ «uch «• hemlock, ,ruce. or white wood, to h.ve tha the foKn^ LT-^"*^ '"''"' ""''''•'* '™'" «« *« ^«« ">-• -y be procured from 7a"^"^®'^°'"*' 4 Sons Co.. Montreal. i". * o • ?'?''™' *^* '"anufacturers, Montreal. The Capital Planinjr Mills, Ottawa. The Fiwbrook Box Company, Limited, Toronto. :ss„ ^L"c:iS J.'.:!?' ""■ "'^-^ » « * « t '».. wu .. .h» OONSTHUCTIOX. areaClthhriJe'1;TL''r*'"'''!'"f ''''°"''* '«'* °° "t*"^^ " """"^te foundation,. The ; " 8 :?4e. de^""'"*""' *^ *" ''"^^'^ "'^'^ « l''^- "^ -"^ --rtT^ ""^ damp-proof paper. Put on floor Cover outside of frame with tongued and grooved boards, paper and siding. 18 Prorid* for an lir-tpM* In that part of th« ouUida wall whioh will ba aspoaad to taa diraet rays of tha sun. aa followt:— Oover studa with two thioknaaaaa of boaida •ad papar, lay furriac atripa S x 9 inohea, and nail aiding on the atripa. laarinf apaeaa opan at top and bottoi for circulation of air. (Thia proriaion not ahown on plan.) Tha inaide of the frame to receire two thiclinaaaea of boards, with papar batwaan. Cft/mp.— Joiata 8x8 inohea at 16-inoh oentrea. Spaoea batwaan joiata moat ba flllad with ahavinga. Sheet undeiaide of joiaU with two thiclineaaea of boarda and paper, and cover top with ona ply of boarda, two papeia and li-inoh planking. (Smaah- ing ioor.) FarftMon.— Partition between cold atorage room and ante-room to haTe a 8-inoh •pace filled with ahavinga, with two thickneaaea of boarda and paper on each aide. i^oora.— Opening between cold storage room and anta-room to ba fitted with a door aonaisting of a 9-inch akeleton frame, oovered on both eidea with two thioknaaaaa of boards and papar. Edgea to be barelled and oorered with felt This door to be fitted with a wrought iron door fast4>npr, na «liown in plan. Ante-room to have two doors, each consistiiiK of two tUokaaasos of boarda with paper. Cvi*W«r«.— Cylinders to be 19 ino*-*^ in diameter and made of No. 99 gauge galvanized iron. The cylindera ahould be placed on one aide of the room. 4 inchea from tha wall, and extending from the bottom of the trough to the top of tlie amasliing floor, throu^ the ceiling. Pack carefully around the cylinders, where they go through the ceiling. The cylinders should be open at the bottom, and rest in a trough or box IS inchea wide, and 6 inchea deep, made of li-inch stuff, and lined inside with galvanized iron. The inside of the trough should be fitted with 1 x 2-inch strips to allow for drainage of water. The trough should have a slope of 2 inches towards one end, and be fitted with 1 inch drainage pipe, which paaaes through the wall, and discharges outside through a trap to prevent pasaage of air. The opening around the pipe, where it goes through the wall ahould be carefully packed with oakum, or similar material. Cut small openings (6x4 inches) in cylinders, near bottom, and fit them with fliding doore, to allow removal of dirt (sawduat, ftc.) which may accumulate. Close cylinders on top with bags filled with dry sawdust, or with tight-fitting wooden plugs. Five cylinders will be required for a room measuring 8x8x7 feet. One or two will be needed in the ante-room. Wir.dow.— The window in ante-room should be small and have two tight-fittin? sashes with two panes of glass to each sash, and a shutter on the outside hinged at the top. Before putting in window frame, cover sides of opening in wall with two thick- neaaea of paper. There should be no windows in the cold storage room. Shellac. — The inside of both cold storage room and ante-room to receive a coating ot shellac or hard oil. ■it Ifl INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ORDINARY STORAGE OF ICE. 1. Provide for drainage by filling the area of the ice-house with broken stones or cobble stones, covered with cinders or gravel. A few inches will do on the top of a gravelly and porous soil. On a heavy clay soil a greater depth will be necessary. A tile drain should be laid in the earth, under the RTavel, along the centre of the building. 2. Lay 2 x 6-inch sills, double, and binding at corners, or one sill 8x8 feet, on posts. Set up 2 X 6-inch studs at 24-inch centres, topped with 2 x 6-inch plates, double. i! 14 BiMtt tlM onUld* of the atudi with matoiMd tidiac. Lina Um iasiih with roofM bMi^ M wtU M th» nndOT tid* of the nftom. Lmt« spM* botWMii ttmb mi^. 1 i^?!* " ° •«>»ioin runiunc up fmn tho till to tho cable at om end of tha ioa-hoiiaak t. Bafora imttinc in tha ioa eorar tha atonao or gnni ia tha ioe-houaa with It inchaa of dry aawduat. ,,-*• ^?*^ **r i^^netiy on tha aawduat Laave a apww of 19 inohea batwoen tha *• " TJ. **• ^'•'" **" **'^ °' *<» •» «^<»« *<*«tJwr aa poaafbk, and fill in an iinan»dabl« apacaa with oruahed ioa or soow. wail rammad. Navw uaa anj aawduat batwean the tiara. 5. Fill the IS-inoh spaoe between the ioe and the wall with dry aawduat B« caraf ul that tha aawduat doea not oonUin anjr ioe chipo or anow. When no aawduit ia arailabla. cut hay or out atraw, or ehaff, may be uaed, but in thia oaae the apaoe be- tween the waU and the ioe ahould be twioe aa kr«e (M inohea inataad of 18) and eai* ahould be taken to hare the hay or atraw peeked aa wdl aa poMible. 6. Oorar the ioe on top with aawduat or kmc hay; IS inohea of aawduat will do. Hay ahould be put on S feet thick. Hay and aawduat make an equally good ooTerinc, if uaed in proper quantitiea. When aawduat is umxI. put on two feet thick at fcrat Thia will kare 18 ioehee to aparo to fill in the «idos in the ipring, when the sawdust alonir the aida has settled. 7. A loft floor OTor the Ice-house does more harm than good, aa it prarentt cir- culation of air and keeps the covering damp. Hare an opening at each end of the gable fitted with lourre boards, and hsTo a rentilator 18-ind) aquar« going through the middle of the roof to create a thorough circulation of air and thua prerent aoeu- mulation of heat under the roof. 8. Bank the ice-house up above the sill with earth or aawduat, in order to prevent any entrance of air around the silL NOTES. 1. It may be well to point out that in the construction altown in thoae plans, the real insulation ia the air confined between the inside and the outaide abeathing, and made dead air by being held in the small spaces among the shavings. It is important, therefore, that these inner and outer shells should be made as nearly impervious ss possible. The greatest care should be exercised in making tight joinU and leaving no cracks or openings of any kind. Even a nail hole allows a stream of air to paw which, being continuous, soon has an appreciable effect 2. It is a good plan to hang a canvas curtain over all refrigerator door openings, jn tbe side opposite to that on which the door opens It should be weightad at the bottom, w that it will fall quickly into poaition after a person passes through. This will prevent loss of cold air, which fiows out of a cold room when a door is opened. 3. Many creamery proprietors are deceived aa to the actual temperature main- tained in their cold storage rooms. A good test is to push the bulb of an ordinary float thermometer about 3 inches into a package of butter which has been in the room two or three days. This will give a fair average of the temperature maintained in tho room. 4. The use of salt, with ice, in a refrigerator, does not increase the cooling power of a given weight of ice. The effect of the salt is to cause the ioe to melt mere rapidly and thus absorb heat more quickly. A ton of ice, in melting, absorbs 284,000 lipflt units, fither with or without salt. With salt the absorption is quickened, hence a lower temperature for a shorter period. .A heat unit (B.T.U.) is tho amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water 1 degree F. One pound of ice in melting alaorbs 142 heat units. Copies of thia bulletin, in English or Freneli, may be procured, free of oliarn, by applying to the Dairy Commissioner, Ottawa, Ont.