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Lea diagrammea aulvanta illuatrent la mAthode. y errata id to ie palura, pon A 12 3 ax 1 2 3 4 6 6 •:;■.- -7* ■■£L' •'J^ $' A m ^tmltmc, S'timoji. &, ^iirhijhin. ara m$!^i o. w. cc BATUilSVKH AT- LAW. «? % -%. 3 *^*^;^#^ I Sl^teh from irature, luLd my Draft ift ime/* ^^iSSHK Ql/AM VIDIiKl.* Jfc J ?; (^ S ')• N : >^),|||gPPI^JlI «llBMIITOII, BOOK * ton rUKTBft 2S ^ J' I ^ r rll' a n wwlw»«if*P^T-w3if '■;-»y. lii«i'«A' ^ JU ''^, PRIZE ESSAY. ■»»» Jfnmtenat, ^mm ^ ^IrlimgtM* ♦>♦ AN ESSAY, To which was awarded a PrizQ of £100, BY O. "W. COOPER, BARRISTER-AT-LAW, '*I Sketoli from Hstnre, and my Draft if true." «» The object of tlie following Essay is to bring more prominently before the public than has yet been done, the features and resources of the United Counties of Frontenac, Lennox and Addington. In the popular tide of Emigra- tion westward to localities where lands are supposed to be cheaper and more fertile, the value and resources of these Counties have, in a measure been overlooked, and their real features from causes which may be suggested and briefly glanced at in the following pages, have been mis- represented and misunderstood. To remove such misunderstanding, and to present to the reader in a concise and available shape, a sketch of the capabilities of this poj/jion of the Province, together with an account of what it has already done, and an estimate of what it may fiurly be expected to do, in the general march of improvement so rapidly developing -'iS almost exhaust- loss resources of Canada at large, haj naturally been deemed an object of importance to all interested in any manner in the locality. With such an object in view, a few public spirited men took the necessary steps to procure Essays on the subject, from those whom leisure, inclination or hope of success in attaining the proffered prize, might induce to write. Some of these inducements have weighed with the writer of the following pages, and when the present under- jt^jjL '^ <;*" ' VI I'REKACK. taking was proposed, be at once determinod to dovotc such time as ho might be able tocomiiuiml, and hisbcstenf^rgies to the task. In tlie arrangcuinuit of the subject itluiH been thought bP8t to discu.s.s : lirst, — the City of Kingaton, its early history, ita present condition, ita claims and future prospects ; to the^e are added a sketch of its Public BudcUngs, Pubhc Institutions, Trade, Manufactures, Com- meree and Financial state. The Counties generally, and the Townships separately, and in detail, have next engaged attention. The Geological features and Mineral produc- tions, the roads, the new lands opened up, and the features of the surrounding country have then been dwelt upon. To place these before the reader in a concise and interesting shape and at the sanu; time to omit no important item of detail, has been the aim of the writer. Where reliable infor- mation could bo obtained it is correctly given, and where such only as was not deemed positive was arrived at, it has been thought right to omit it altogether ; it being con- gidcred preferable to make such omission, to alleging what was vague and uncertain. Whatever therefore may be the claims to the reader's consideration possessed by the following pages, they may be relied on as containing cor- rect and true jstatements. fKt- ♦ «♦ PRIZE ESS^Y. ♦ »» THE UNITED COUNTIES. The United Counties of Frontenac, Lennox and Ad- dington occupy a traet of country fronting on the Kivcr Si. Lawrence and an arm of Ltkc Ontario, extending some seventy iniles Westward from its estuary, known a« the Bay of Quintc. This tract is about 56 miles wide, and cxten(la Northward to tlie MaHawaska River, a distance of about lOt) miles; it lies between tht? parallels of 44 and 46 N. lat., and 74 and 76 W. long., and is bounded on the So\ith by the River St. Lawrence and the Bay of Quinte ; on the North by the Mada^vaska River ; on the East by the Counties of Leeds and Lanark, and on the West by the County of Hastings. This tract Ixom its situation was for- merly called the Midland District. The City of Kingston is in the County of Frontenac, and lies in lat. 44» 12* N. : long. 76o 41 W. THE CITY. At the head of the miglity St. Lawrence, where the united waters of the limpid Canadian seaa form one gigan- tic stream under that namo, stands Kingston, the capitol and chief feature of the Counties of whicn we have under- taken to write; a city once deemed the first, and long looked on as the second, in Upper Canada : and, when no local influences swayed the choice, the seat of the Govern- ment of the Province, and possessing, perhaps, the strong- est claims of any amongst the many rivals for that dis- tinction. But to postpone all such reflections for the pre- sent, let us consider what can be said of the fair city be- fore us ; its past, its present, and its future : its history, its features and its prospects. TRTZE ESSAY. Kingston strikes the visitor a«i possessing sonu'tliing peculiar in appearance even on n first view. ^Powns ana Villages of a more rapid growth, wliich have sprung up in the recently settled parts of the Province, have few distin- guishing features; where they stand, the forest has lirst amppcared, then the log house of the earlier settlers iuis been replaced by a cluster of white framed houses, with green Venetian blinds, which have grown up in many in- stances with wonderful celerity. In the more pretentious Towns and Cities, these in turn have given plact; to red- brick houses and some showey shops and stores, but King- ston presents none of these features ; its Jispect denotes it no city of a day ; its appearance tells us that it has u his- tory aud a past, and sucn is truly the ease. Very early in the history of the country, the local advantages of the spot attracted the attention of its possessors. As fur back as 1672 the French Governor of Canada built, or rather com- menced, a fort where now stand the ' Tete du Pont' Bar- racks, (1) as a barrier against the Indian tribes, aud as a depot for the supply of the more distant forts and stations in the event of war with the then neighboring provinces. A succeeding Governor completed it and gave to it his own name, that which now denotes the County in which it stood — ** Frontenac," This name the fort and settlement retained for many subseq^uent years. The lake and fort bore the same name for a time. " Ce lac a porte quel que ** temps le nom de St. Louis, aussi bien qu le fort de Cat- "aroquoui dont le comte de Frontenac fut le fondateur '* mais insensiblement le lac a repris son ancient nom, f[ui " etait Huron or Iroquois, et le tort celui du lieu ou' il est "bati." (2.) It is worthy of remark that this is the only portion of Canada West wnich bears in its name any memorial of the early rulers of the colon3^ Mr Tache, in his Essay on Canada, does not fail to notice this circumstance. "De ce " point' (the County of Glengarry,) ** le lectuer verra bien (1) '* Monsiear da OotuotUei mrigiiuUed tbe dMign of bnilding the fort at CttarcMaoj, but bcdDg reoaUed b«for» it eoald b« earned into execution, Mob* ■lew de Irontenee earned oat his plans in 1872, and gare hianame to the fort. Lake Ontario alao for a long tima afterwards bore the name of ftontenac.'*-* (Aarkftoim Tim 11, j». 846. (a) This Uke at one time bore the name of Saint Lonis. as also did Fort Cataraqni, of which Count de Frontenao was the bailder, trat gradoallj tLs Lake resumed its ancient name, which was Huron, or Iroquois, and the Fort that of the place where it was hvalt.—[0harl*9(m Ibm t.,p. 887. il' n I'HIZE ESSAY. T "qii'on a Iftisse le Canada Frangais, Iob noms cliaii|C(ciit : " le8 einigratits des Ilf sn Britanniques eiix aiishi, ont le culto " des Bouvenirs ; les nomfl dra cotntcs, den districts, sent " d<58 noms des Uwalitios de la vieillo Anglotcrro, de I'lr- "lande, ilc L'Kooaso, on bioii deh noms ti'liornmes qui ont ** illii.^trc i'Kinpire britauiii({ne on tiguru dans I'liistoire *'du Canada di-piiis la conqueto. Un scul norn de comto " reete Fran^ais, oclui de Frontoiiac." (1) Here the French well knowing the importance of the position, kept a strong garrison when the neighboring provinces (now tiie United States,) wore in the hands of the English, and when the country change*! nilcrt^ and pjipscd into the possession of Great llritaiii, the spot coutinued to be looKed upon as possessing OTcat military and naval advantages. The first fort »;rrcted wjuh •lestroyed by the Five Nations Inciians about th(; year 168G, and was rebuilt by Count Frontenac against the orders of M.del*ont<;hartrain, the French Minis- ter of the day. ^I'hc after importance of the i>ositioii fully justilied Frontenac's opposition to the French Ministers wishes. The connexion between Canada and Ix>uisiana by means of tlie chain of trading stations, or forts, built by the Fren(jh under M. DeBeauhamois, betweeu 1730 and 1740, mainly dot^>ended upon the possession of Fort Fron- tenac, as was laauifest upon its loss by the French. King- Bton now stands on the site of old Fort Frontenac. Next to Quebec and Halifax it is considered the strongest mili- tary position ill Jiritish America. Its geographical capa- bihties as a point of centralization were eai'ly acKnowledged when the Province was in the hands of the French, both by them and by its own native inhabitants. At the time of the conquest of Canada, Fort Frontenac was the general render; vous of all the Northern and Western Indian na- tions ; the centre of trade, not only with the French, but also among themselves. Thither they repaired from all directions, even from the distance of 1000 miles, bearing with them their rich peltries with innnense labour, to ex- change for European goods. These annual meetings of (1) From thii point the redder will euilj pereeiTe thkt he hM left French Canada ; the names change : Emigrants from the British Isles, as well aa oth- ers, are fond of recollections ; the names of Counties and Districts are the names of places in Old Bof^and, Ireland or Scotland, or eren the names of men who nare shed lnata« on th« British Empire, or ngored in the history of Canada sinee theoonoaest. The name of a single Cmmtj remains FMieh, timt of Frontenao. — [SsquiiM Swr Le OuiMte par J. 0. Tadie : p. 89. 8 PRIZE ESSAY. the red meu, however, had another object beside that of commerce. The events of the preceding year were related and canvassed, and council held uj;on the conduct of the future. Here feuds were reconciled by the good offices of neutral tribes ; old alliances were strengthened and new ones arranged. Thus it will be seen this spot had early been chosen as what may be deemed the seat of Government of the col- lective Indian tribes, and doubtless on account of its cen- tral position and ready access ; in their selection the brown skinned children of the forest shewed more descrimination than have some of their fairer successors. EARLY HISTORY. Here, then, at a very early day sprang up the Indian Village Cataraqui, or Cataroquoui, and here now stands the massive stone-built city. Kingston has been what our neighbors would call " a location" from time immemorial, at least from the earliest records of the country. In Indian annals it is classic ground. The shores of the surrounding beautiful bays have echoed to the war-whoop of the dark skinned warrior ; the forest shades around, now the sites of handsome vilhis, witnessed many a bloody conflict be- tween the contending tribes of the earlier denizens of their wilds. Here the Huron and the Seneca fell before the tomahawk of the more warlike Iroquois, ard here the mighty Brandt has oft mustered his warrior chiefe ere he led them in devastation through the valleys and scenes where his own boyhood had been spent. Up to within a few years past, when the policy of the Imperial Govem- menc was changed, no expense was spared to add to the strength of Kingston as a foiiification. The log fort of the French Governor has been replaced by the stone bar- racks at the Tete du Pont ; the early Enghsh fort, built of wood, and the battery at Point Frederick, by the present substantial military works of Fort Henry ana Point Fred- erick, massive Marteilo Towers now command the entrance to the harbour in the place of the square towers first built by the English, (1) and a solid stone battery mounted (1.) At the time of the oonqaest the only French fort wm that of Fronte- nao, which stood nearly on the site of the uresent stone barracks, at the Tete da Pont. This fort was of stone and wood, flanked with, stone towers. The original fort, oonuBenoed by DeCowroelles waa of logi. Fort Frontanao udsted ;;^/f"" PRIZE ESSAY. with guns of large calibre, fronts the bay and harbor. FORT BENRY. The works at Fort Henry consist of an advanced bat- tery with numerous j.nins unci mortars, case-mated barracks containing accommodation for a largo garrison, and exten- sive subterranean communications, conni.^cting with sally ports, defeni led by Martello to\\'ers, and a fort mounted with some 80 to 40, 24, 34 and 56 pound cannon, with embrasures and space iov mounting double that number, and a large number of mortars. A stock of ordnance stores, guns, shot and ammunition of all kinds is kept con- stantly stored witbin its walls. On these works vast sums have been expond. PUIZE Em AY. 16 1 death iu 39 : in Montreal, 1 in 33 ; in Kingston, 1 in 81. THE PAKK. An important addition to the eity will be its park. Kingston claims with justice to have set the example of snatching a space from the encroacliment of wIk'u-vcs, warehouses and shops, for tlie objects of bt;aut,y and taste, and the pur];)Oses of health and recreation. A'n area, not hvgo^ some fifteen acres, lias been neatly fenced, laid out in drives, walks, lawns and avenues, and planted with or- nnmontal trees. It is in contemplation to further ornament tliesc grounds with fountains ; an observatory furnished with a very expensive and excellent telescope, aids the efforts o f science, and adds another attnictioit to the spot. GAS WOliKS. The streets of the city are well lighted with gas, which is in general use in shops and public places, and in private houses. W iien a company was first attempted to be form- ed for the purpose of supplying the cit.y, many people, and among them Engineers of some eminence, believed that obstacles existed which would render the undertaking so expensive as to preclude all hope of its being remunera- tive. The nature of the soil through which the pipes were to be laid beinu' the chief of these obstacles. The attempt, ho^^^ever, was made, and happily the difficulties wore found less than were anticipated. The Company lias proved a great benefit to the city, and pro- ductive to the shareholders. Its stock being now at a premium. WATER WORKS. The inhabitants are well supplied with water from a reservoir fdled fg^nithe lake, the waters of which are very- pure. The works are fed from the bay where the stream la uncontaminated by any impurities. The Water Works Company h.'is also succeeded in the face of many difficul- ties. The expense of pipes and labor of laying them down being even greater than in the case of the Gas Company, i\s to provide against the eftect of frost they have to be laid at a much greater depth. The afffiirs of this Compa- ny have, however, prospered, and their stock is also held I '!gitimatt! lesources of the country, which have beei). consequently left the longer Undeveloped ; and a minor bnt not an unimportant consid- eration, it luus furnished employment to a very great num- ber of people in callings ot' an unpioduotive, not to say- demoralizing nature, by causing a great increase of small inns, taverns imd groggeries. In th(5 local trade and business of the city it has crea- ted a custom independent and aptirt from the agricultural community around, and the incretuse of the city and the progress of the counties have not been as much one and united, nor gone hand in hand as otherwise they would have done. It has also, when partially withdrawn, or when no longer directly and advantageously felt, left an apparent dulness and stagnation which has created a prejudice against the locality injurious to its interests, but which a retui-n to its many legitimate sources of prosperity, and the rapid and certain development of its resources will doubtlessly speed- ily remove. SOCIAL CONDITION. Its social effect has been too of a mixed character, though perhaps on the whole beneficial ; it deserves at least a passing notice. Employees of the public departments, or more fre- quently merchants, contractors, &c., grew rich in the early history of the city, when the expenditure of British money Avas greatest, and that with, on their parts, (subject to cer- tain honorable exceptions,) the exercise of no greater, and sometimes of less intelligence and ability than are now ne- cessary to secure a decent competence : these, with the growing influence which time, wealth, increasing connec- tion, &c., in the natural course of events has given them, created a limited but influential circle that constitutes the upper class of the social community. To this the officers in garrison have always formed an agreeable and valuable addition, and together, they have afforded to those mixing with them, the very many charms of good and refined so- ciety. Little social distinctions, and the consequent heart- burnings and bickerings appear to be the common lot of all small communities ; but our city lias perhaps been as * ^m< \ ': [. tilil i . J ■ ' i ' iHi |; ;ii 1 ^ '» 18 PRIZE ESSAY. . « , frco from thciii as have moHt others of its size ; and gen- erally Kpeal-cing, itn inliubitants are , and naturally nliimes him- self on what he considers his own merit or skill to have achieved. On the whole, it is deemed that here may be found as good society as in any town in the Province, with all that refinement, luxury, attainments, and physical and mental beauty can oiler to adorn and gild existence. It must be admitted, however, thatthe circumstances referred to did not create as energetic, enterprising and speculative a class as was perhaps to be found elsewhere, wnere cap- italists had settled, commanding ready lunds, with the avow- ed and determined obje(*t of embarking in business. The ideas of enterprise and modern progress entertained by some may be illustrated by the lollowiug little anecdote : — When a new road was proposed leading through some of the best portions of the Counties, opening up others, and affording many and great advantages, the benefits of which in short were apparent to all, and the only question in- volved was how to raise the money, a very wealthy land-holder, who had amassed his thousands in the city, and part of whose possessions lay on the route, replied to an application made to him to subscribe for stock, that the ej&ect of the road would be to enable peojile to steal his timber, and he declined to subscribe 1 It is presumed that railroads and electric telegraphs were not in fashion when this gentleman made his money. A very different spirit from that evinced by the hero of this little anecdote is now generally displayed. Young- er representatives of the old inhabitants, possessing all the advantages that good education, free municipal institutions, and the general intelligence diffused by the progress of knowledge have created, have taken the place of those whose opportunities for advancement were more limited. An infusion among these of the talent and enei'gy of many educated and talented inhabitants of Celtic and Saxon or- ::«<•' 'fi^wi'Uinw**'? -M." TRTZE KSSAY. » igin, liofl still farther nided in creating a more enterprising One merit the people of Kingston can fairly, though by iio means exclusively, claim, and which thoui^jh appar- ently inherent in the bn-asts of the deacendaiifa of the U. E. Jioyalists, may have been fcjstercd by the intercourse mentioned, is their undoubted and unwavering; loyalty and attachment to (Jreat Britain. During tlie disturbances which agitated tiio Provinces in the years 1837 and 1888, the disaffected in this neighborlu)od wej-e few and far be- tween, whilst all ranks vied in the display of zealous and enthusiastic patriotism and attachment to British rule. — When again under strong provocation some few Canadiaus, in a temporary ebulition of petvdence, rather than from any disloy.ality jucpense, raised a cry of Annexation, Kingston remained untainted and u neon tarn inated. That this feeling is n(»t on the wane, there is abundance of proof. Whilst these lines are being written, the bells of the city are ringing a boisterous peal, labour is suspended, shouts of joy arise from mustering crowds, (lags are waving, and colours flying, and countless liearts are beating high in joy- ous exultation, for the stronghold of the tyrant is fallen! 'V\v3 arms of ]3ritian and Iier Allies are victorious. — Sebastopol is taken 1 -> ^ * # -If * # « Since the above paragraphs were penned, peace has been proclaimed in Europe, and the distribution of troops throughout the Colonies has greatly increased the garrison of Kingston. The gallant 9tn Kegitnent has arrived from Balaklava, and a company of Artillery is expected. It is reported that this and other Ilegiments in America are to be increased to 1200 strong; thatlai-ge quantities of milita- ry and naval stores, ordnance, gun boats, &c., are to be sent here, and a large outlay of money made in the repairs and improvements of the fortifications. Whilst it must be ad- mitted that the presence amongst us of a portion of the Crimean army will be both a pleasure and a profit, and that a large expenditure of Ini[>erial coin must benefit the local community there is no reason to doubt the correct- ness of the view above expressed of the general and idti- mate effect of the causes alluded to, and it may be looked on that one thousand pounds expended in the macadamiz- ation of a road, is equal in general benefit to many thou- 1' \ 20 PHfZK KMSA^. Hands of (jasnal outlay occftKioncd hy tlic troops and offi- cers in garrison. KINGSTON AS THE SKAT OF GOVEUNMENT. "When TjOhI Sydenham KuccredtMl in his sohomo of uniting Up]>or ami Lovvor Canada, lie Tuitnrally looked a- round for a sait{d>le and central loralir v, when ho might fix tho Seat of the Government of tlio VniUHl Provinces. Kingston possessed all the n(;cessary advantages to entitle it to thiU distitietion, ami despite the opposition of those interested in the advaneement of other eilies, it was select- ed as the favoHMl spot: and the sagacity of the departed Statesman was not at fault in the eiioico. It was part of the policy to which he attached himself with an energy and zeal seldoimMJ seen equalled, and winch, wo do not exceed the truth in saying, helped to shorten his existence. The Canadian Provinces were to l>e united. King- ston, the most centrul city of the whole was to be the seat of the Legislature for the convenience ot both. Such was f)an of the plan of the Union, and a stranger unswayed by ocal influences, or setting them at naught, as did Ijord Sydenhnn\, could njake no more natural thcr Caniidian city ; and the surrounding country, though by no means rendered so avaihible oh it has sinex) been for th«' proTu The i/^/islative ibtlln. Public C)f!ieert, and the residenco of the Governor were then, in 1>^4<), estahlished at King- ston, wlnirc it wa^^ supposfid they vvoiild be permanently located, im in all probability thoy would have oeen, but for tbo untinudy death oi the groar Statesman, who was the means of their location there. Whilst in weak health, Lord Sydenham broke his leg by a fab from his horse, and the acci(l(;nt hastened, if it aid not cause his death, which took place at Kingston, in the autumn of 1842 ; his remains were buried in this city, and a plain, l)ut not inelegant marble slab in St. George's Ohurtm records his merit.fi and marks his resting j^Uice. There is no doubt that his sud- den demise had an important effect on the destinies of the city. Ix)rd Sydenham was not the first Governor who de- sireils, and by a rate settled by the Board, collected from all rate-payers ; in the case of the Separate Schools, from the pai'ents of pupils and support- ' ers of the Schools, who are exempt from all other taxation for school purposes. The rate in their case is usuallv very low. The wealthier supporters of the Schools, with a praiseworthy zeal, voluntarily contribute largely to the required fund. Among the private schools are many ex- cellent academies for both boys and girls, which afford both ornamental acquirements and substantial classical and com- mercial education. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. The Public Institutions not before mentioned, are the General Hospital, the Hotel Dieu, the House of Industry, and the Mechanics Institute. BOSPITAL. The General Hospital, which has been already inci- dentally mentioned, was built about 16 years ago from pri- vate donations, and was used for a period as a Parliament House. It is under the management of a Board of Trus- tees, appointed one-half by the Government, the other by the City Council ; it is supported by a Legislative grant and private donations. The estimated grant for this yeay is £1,000. ' *HOTEL BIEXJ. . ' The Hotel Bieu is a Hospital established and support-, ed by the Koman Catholic body, and by a grant ori200i per annuna from the Government It is a plpin atpney building, situated in an airy part of the city ; the cstabUsH- ment is managed by Nuns and Sist"^ :^. Charity, w^p^ attention to their patients is unremituiig, and who receive under their care the ailing of whatever reli^oua 4€nomi- nfttjon he may be who claima admittance. PRIZE ESSAY. HOUSE OF INDUSTRY. 29 The House of Industry is tlie City House of Eefuge for the destitute ; it is under the raanagement of a com- mittee of the City Council, and it is supported V)y a Legis- lative grant and by private and occasional public donations. The estimated grant for the present year is £760. THE MECHAISICS' INSTITUTE. The Mechanics' Institute has not yet erected a build- ing for its own use, but the example set in other cities will no doubt soon incite its managers to do so. It is a most useful institution and fairly supported. It possesses a li- brary, containing about 2,000 volumes, and the nucleus of a museum. 'Some of the first citizens have acted as its Presidents. It receives from Government the annual grant of X60. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The Public Buildings of the city consist of the City Hall aud Market Building?!, the Churches, Banks, Hospi- tals, and Colleges, and the n«^w Court House and Jail, now erecting ; a Custom House and Post Office are also alx)ut to be built by the Government, as also an Asylum for in- sane Convicts; though n* t, actually within tne limits of the city, the Provincial Penitentiary might also be classed among the Public Edifices of Kingston. CITY HALL AND MARKET HOUSE. The City Buildings consist of a handsome cut stone edifice in the sh^pe of the letter T ; the front elevation is in chaste palladian style. The centre is o: namented with a dome which overlooks the city and the bav, and from which a good view of the city is obtained. This building contains the City Hall, a large and well proportioned room used for all public purposes; the Council Chamber, City Offices, &c, portions are rented for Heading Rooms, _ of which it contains two, the Office of the Bank: of British North America, the warehouse of an extensive mercantile firm, and for other purposes. It was -erected at a cost of about £30,000 in 1843, when Kingston was the seat of the Provijicial Qpvemment, and is the finest structure of tihe HP ■ i I m PBIZI BSSAT. m kind in Canada. Dr. Lillie calla it, " the noble Market House at Kingston." The funds for the pui ^>08e of build- ing it were borrowed in England, but hav*^ since been re- paid. REOIOPOLIS COLLEGB. The College of Regiopolis, a Boman Catholic College, b a plain un-omamented, but substantial stone building, on an elevated spot in an airj part of the town ; it is a conspicuous object from the water and most parts of the city. Attached to it is the Vicar-General's garden, a very well cultivated and productive plot, which is worked and managed with more than ordinary skill and care. ROMAK CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL. The Boman Catholic Cathedral is a handsome edifice, in a commanding position, well proportioned, and ^nd in its dimensions ; the interior is very elegantly finished. The tower and spires, which, when completed, will add much to its beauty, are yet unbuilt These, with the hand- some Episcopal residence adjoining, are built on Selma Park, a very valuable tract of land devised to the Boman Catholic community by the late Bishop Macdonell, who long resided at Kingston, and whose memory is much and deservedly respected by its inhabitants. HOSPITAL. The Hospital is a plain stone building without archi- tectural pretensions. queen's college. Queen's College is a sightly pile in a conspicuous spot, and was intended at first for a private residence, being built and used for such by the Venerable Dr. Stuart, Arch- deacon of Kingston. It is in contemplation to add largely to this building; the addition will probably be commenced nextyear. Some of the Churches, which are numerous, are hand- flome. The oldest and largest, next to the Boman Catho- lic Cathedral, is ST. George's church. This is a fine old structure, erected at an expense of £14,000, raised, ob a tablet in its porch informs its readers, PBI2E XS8AY. m |)arUy by a sale of CI urch lands, by contributions from the congregation, and by a grant from Government, ob- tained through the intervention of Sir Peregrine Maitland. the Governor of the Province. It was built in 1825, and much enlarged in 1840. The Rector, the Venerable Arch- deacon, and the Assistant-Minister. Mr Herchmer, each contributing the munificent donation of £1000 towards the cost of enlargement. This Church covers the remains of many officers of the garrison of Kinestou, who have ended their da\s there; also of many old and respected inhabitants. The former English Church, built of wood, stood on the adjoining block opposite the market place : it was standing within the memory of the present generation. In that old church, in 1792, was read and proclaimed the act constituting the Province of Upper Canada. The cap- ital of the Province was then at JNewark, now Niagara, and there it is presumed the act was first read, but as there were only two Legislative Councillors and five Members of Assembly present, and as the mediums of publicity were then few and limited, it was deemed advisable, it appears, to publish the law in the church of the oldest city in the new FroTinoe. ST. Paul's chubch. St. Paul's (Episcopal,) Church stands in an ancient grave yard in Queen Street It was originally built from funds subscribed for the purpose of building a church in memory of the late Rev. JRobert Cartwright. It was de- strojred by fire about two years aeo and has recently been rebuilt. It is a becoming church-like structure with a tower, which is still incomplete. The interior is finished in simple but chaste style, and with good taste, and the de- si^ is carried out with a proper regard for church and ru- bncal proprieties. ST. jambs' chubch. St James' (Episcopal), is a well proportioned Stone Church in the Western part of the City. WESLEYAN METHODIST CHUBCH. The British Wesleyan Methodist Church is a newly built, elegant and church-like building, well situated, and 1 1 * ! t " '11 a» PRIZ£ £SSAY. of cbttsto architectural design, with thoroughly (uniishcd and decorated interior, it cost £6000. ST. Andrew's ciiurch. St. Andrew's (Presbyterian), a plain unpretending building, stands in the upper or northern part of the City. It is a ver7 suitable and appropriate structure, and has long been the place of worship of the congregation that meet there. CHALMERS' CHURCH. Chalmers', or the Free Scotch Church, is a well built, , but not inelegant building, built aliaost by the unaided ex- ertions of its own congregation. FRENCH ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. An old French Roman Catholic Church, having on its gable the date of its erection, 1808, i ;•; still in use and in good condition. Besides these there are the Irish Presbyterian, the Primitive Methodist Church, Congregational and Baptist, and other places of worship, making in all 15 Churches in the City. COURT HOUSE AND JAIL. The new Court House » id Jail, now nearly completed, will form a very handsome ornament to the City. It stands on a commanding site. The design is very chaste and elegant, and the building will present {i very fine appear- ance from the water, on approaching the City. The interior arrangements are judicious and commodious. It is greeted by the County Council at a cost of £20,000. The front elevation of this handsome building is in Grecian Ionic style, with six pillars, and surmounted by a dome. The total length is 208 feet, width 54 feet. The lower storey is designed for pul>lic offices, and spacious accommodation is afitbrded to nW officials. Above are the Court and Council Rooms, consisting of the Assizes and County Court, the Division Court and the County Council Rooms, each well adapted for the requisite purpose. The Jail and Jailor's dwelling are contained in a separate build- ing, intended as a wing of almost equal size with the Court House, being 200 feet by 54:. The centre forms the Jailer's ■■•r.tViSiJW.tA?'rFi»i'i-»Mw«5ns(iAvi*.*a' PRIZE ESSAY. 88 'i apartmont'J, on cither side is tlie.Ttiil, d'w i\cd into { st'j)Ar 'i liny rooms and 90 cells, with separate yanls, out-hous*^, . Every arrangement lias been made for the proper cla^ li- <:ation of prisoners; a subject so much ncgleeteu in Caii.,*ift jj^enerally, and the Juvenile delinquent here suffers no ( >ii- tamination from the hardened culprit. The whole is care- fully and uniformly heated b^ hot air, and thoroughly ventilated. The design coniprises a corresponding wing to the Jail now in course of erection for tiio accommodation of City oifenders, and to ensure a still further separation between male and female prisoners. To enable the pro- jectors to carry out this plan a grant of some X5000 was required from the City Council, which some unfortunate misunderstanding between the two Municipal bodies pre- vented being made. OLD COURT HOUSE. The former Court House and Jail, adjoining Saint George's Church on King Street, was built about 23 years ago. At that time it was the finest edifice of the kind in the Province: latterly it had become very much delapida- ted, and totally ina(iequate to the wants of the public. It has now pjissed, out ofthe hands of the County Cfouncil into those ofthe Provincial Government. It will bo imniediate- ly taken down, and on its site built a Custom House and Post Office ; the proposed designs for which are very hand- some. The intended buildings will form a still further important addition to our public edifices. On the site of the old Court ] House was formerly a largo three-storied massive atone building, built at an early period in the history of the city, and taken down to make room for the present building.' It served tiie purposes of Jail and Court House, the Jail yard surrounded bv a stone wall occupying tliat portion of the block wnerc St. G-eorge'a Church stands. Among the Banks, the Commercial and Montreal are substantial, massive, and elegant buildings. The Peni- tentiary is described when speaking of the Township of Kingston. HARBOUR, WHARVES, TRADE, COMMERCE, &c The Harbour of Kingston is very capacious and safe, 'i'^ i^j ' ; 04 PKIZS JCSSAV. i »■' is capable of turning out when in full oiiKTution, 2,000 lbs. per day. The amount of iron used in this mannlaclory is and would sliclter a perfect fleet of vessols. It is also easy of approach. It is lined with a row of some 20 wharves, some of them very extensive, and famished with spacious warehouses and acconuiiodationa for the fonnarding trade. On one of them is erc(;t'>d the c\t<'n.>?iv(! grain elevator, mentioned before. 'Hie building- containing it is fire-proof and about 100 feet in heiji^ht, and 62 by 0(> in size. Tho elevator is 69 feet in height, and is T^o^ked by a steam engine of 00 horso power. Tins machine will unload SOOQ bushels of grain per hour, the warehouse li;us capacity for storing at least 80,000 bushels of grain. 'J'he sanio engine that works the elevator rdso propel.-^ machinery fur tho manufacture of cut nails and spikes of all ^izcs, ol which it )i;KTa this 1 estimated at 700 tons per annum. The ilrm owning this extensive establishment, tranship annually, on their own account, or on account of consignees, but chietly on their own account, about 600,000 bushels — a great proportion of which is sent to Ent.dand. "i'liough not on so exten.sive a scale as that above described, there are other large forward- ing establishments, where a large ajuount of business and transhipment is carried on. The .schooners of large ton- nage now tlnd it most prolltable to confine in a great mea- sure their trips to the open lakes, \<.'hile the facilities for translupment induce forwarders to use barges on the St. Lawrence, which arc aided in their passage up by the Gov- ernment line of tugs; thus a descripiion of business which the St. Lawrence Canals. and improved navigation of the river was supposed to have aimobt cx,tinguished at this port, is l^t returning to its wharv«j3» SHIPPING TRADE. The Shipping Trade of Kingston has always been a chief source of its importance and prosperity. In this neighborhood, at Ernesttown, in 1817, was built the first Canadian steamer that navigated these waters ; and here are now built and owned some of the largest and finest steam and other vessels that have traversed these lakes. — The Ship Yards and Marine Kail ways at Kingston, Garden Island and Portsmouthrhave launclled on these inland seas the greatest in number and largest of tonnage of Canadian """"r~™-T--Tr-"nin ■iTf.<|iii rni2& ]£<)SAY. M vossels in Canada West; Kingston being second only to Quebec iu the cxt,cnt of its ship buihhnf,'. Hore in 18 U was built the thn'o-Uccked ship-of-war "Saint Lawrence," at a coat of £000,000. The chief cause of this enormous cost v/as th'^ expense of transportation of stons and oquipmonts from Montreal. Tlie same weight oJ material could now be, and miglit have been at any- time since the construction of the Hidcau Canal, conveyed hero at about a huridroth part of the cost. Not only was the Or«t stf\'\iaor, but the first schooner launched on these waters, b'lilt in thtfio counties. In 1678, a vessel of some ten tons burden wa*; launched here; ano- ther of similar Riz.e and tonna;»;e was launched at Oswego about th) same time, and a much larger vessel, abttut 00 tons burden, the "Oalarnqui." (1) was built on Lake Erio the following S(>riujr. In 18r)u, the aegrcgate tonnage of the vessels built at the shijvyard in Kingston alone, ^part from those built at Portsmouth and Garden Island, amount- ed to 2500 tons.: the cost oftliese vessels was £26,000, of which £14,600 was paid for labor. KINGSTON MARINE RAILWAY. At this establishment a l.'irge amount of business has always been carried on, and a ]av;:^e number of vessels built for botti lake and ocean navigation — the largest being of 750 and 850 tons burdcMi. Three vessels of this tonnage, recently built, arc now employed in ocean navigation. To give an idea of the value of an establishment of this kind to the cit}^, and the extent of its transactions, it may be trtated, that, there are consumed in it upAvards of 160,000 cubic feet of timber, and 4,000 crooks annually. The greater part of this timber and all the crooks are drawn from the country around Kingston, and the labour of getting out and transportation, affords winter employ- ment to hundreds of men and teams. Nearly 200 persons are employed in the yard, chiefly shipwriglits and carpen- ters, and the weekly wages alone amount to about £400. (1.) An interesting aceount is found in Father Hannepin's narrative of th« bnilding and fate of this yessel. She was built above the Falls of Nian^ara ia 1679, under the direelioD of M Salle, (the French Governor, ) and the enterw prising Father, and after preceding to the upper lakes, and weathering a sevei* storm on Lake Huron, sue was frei^ted with valuable furs, and commeo«t4 hiaf4oimanx^ roytn, but unfortunately was never beard of after iMving QiiNi B»7i OB SiiktXi«l>H(«B« Sh* wm «0 toas biird«o, aad curM 7 fuaii il li^ f ti: 3^ PWIZK ESSAY. Extensive stone buildings, for work sliops, are erected, 150 feet in length, witli oiFices, moulding loft, &c. A steam saw mill, with 30 horse-power engine, drives saws, lathes, saws for cutting crooked timber, and planing machines, and is also applied in hauling up vessels on the ways ; it is capa- ble of hauling up a vessel of 300 tons. GARDEN ISLAND AND PORTSMOUTH MARINE RAILWAYS. At Garden Island a large trade is carried on in ship- building, and in the timber and stave carrying trade. And the ship-yard at Portsmouth is now as much alive as in its palmiest days, with the bustle and noise of busy workmen and all the signs of enterprize and prasperity. The stave and timber carrying business conducted at Garden Island is very extensive, and a numl)er of schooners and several steamei-s are employed in it. A firm at this place contract to supply the. Government tug lino between Kingston and Montreal with the necessary steam tugs, at a cost of about £6,750. MANUFACTORIES. -^ King-ston possesses peculiar facilities for manufactur- ing purposes. Her position renders these doubly valuable. The nearest Canadian port to the great Atlantic cities ; the key to the Upper Lakes ; the outlet of a valuable and ex- tensive tract of country; these commeroial advantages gives to her manufacturing trade additional impetus and energy. The iron factories of the City are e^ctengive ; of these the ONTARIO FOUNDRY ■ I ... . Alone has, during the last two yearp, turned out ten loco- motive engines with tendei's ; these have been sold to the Grand Trunk Railroad Company, at an average cost of £8,000 each ; seven of them are already at work on the road, and nnnierous otliers are in course of construction, KINGSTON FOUNDRY. The Kingston Foundry manufactures a large number of Marine and StMionary En^nes; almost all the firbt-dass Reamers, built in our westerii' ports, have of late years bee» famished from this establishment, especially since the olos- ing of the Fou^idry Works of tjie Niaj^ara Doq^ Co. Bioil- -Wt:«»'^>Bt Miiir.,ne««fcM*^j» PRIZE ESSAY. 87 ers, mill-gearing, and heavy castings of all kinds, are mau- ufactured here, and from 50 to 100 men kept employed. GORE STREET FOUNDRY. The Gore Street Foundry supplies engines, «Scc., boil- ers, and heavy castings, gas and water pipes, &c. Cities at a distance laying down w^ater and gas pipes have had them cast here. THE EAGLE FOUNDRY. The Eagle Foundry c.'.sts stoves and ploughs chiefly ; these they make in great numbers — employing constantly some 30 men, and casting from 1,000 to 1,800 stoves, of all patterns, annually. mair's foundry. Mair's Foundry builds portable and other engines, boilers, steam pumps for vessels, &c. In all these estab- lishments an active business is carried on. EDGE TOOL FACTORY AND IRON AND AXLE FACTORY. In the iron trade are also a factory for the making of Edge Tools ; another for the manufacture of Agricul- tural iinpleraents. Forks and Cut Nails. Also, a company called the Kingston Iron Vxle Manufacturing Company, for the manufacture of Iron Axles and Screw Bolts, &c, NAIL FACTORY. Besides the Factory before mentioned for the mar '\fac- ture of N^ls, connectecl with the steam elevator. MANUFACTURES BY CONVICT LABOR. Several of these Companies avail themselves of the labour of convicts at the Penitentiary, which is let out by contract, ami have erected steam engines in that institution for the purposes of their trade. The Edge Tool Factory, the ForK and Nail Factory, adopt this system ; large sums are paid annually for labour in this way, and the prison thus rendered, to a great extent, self-sustaining. 0,ther Factories tUso foUaw t^e same course. The ; 1 n ',u i i if! 8« ./£. PRIZB SSSAr. If. Penitentiarv Cabinet Wanetouse turns out a very large quantity of furniture of all desciiptiona. The Penitentiary Shoe Warehouse supplies an im» mense quantity of the produce of their trade to all parts of the country. PRINTING OFFICES. There are six Printing Offices in the city, one using steam presses, and two publishing houses; four newspa- pers — three dailies and one semi- weekly. The first daily paper issued in Upper Canada was the British Whig^ issued at Kingston. TANNERIES, BREWERIES, &a Of Tanneries there are two in the city, and one very extensive one at Portsmouth. Breweries four, and one iat Portsmouth. Morton's distillery. Distilleries one, but that one is very extensive. At it are consumed annuallj, some 200,000 buishels of coarse grain of various qualities. The proprietor of this vast es- tablishment has for some years past, advertised to pay a certain price for rye, which has been the means of increas- ing the culture of that grain to a great extent in the various townships, as is seen by the return of their products. The Distillery, with the Brewery connected with it, is the most extensive of the kind in the Province ; it employs at least 100 men constantly. Adjoining the Distillery is a very extensive range of cattle-barns, capable of containing 1000 to 1200 head of cattle, and during the winter season tilled in every stall with fatting cattle. There is no where else in Canada, and scarcely elsewhere, a similar concern to this. A thousand fat oxen under one roof make a goodly show. These animals are mostly, perhaps all, supplied from within these counties ; they are fed from the Distille- ry wash, and with a fUll supplv of hay, and are soon in splendid condition for the shambles, MINERAL SPRING0. On the site of this Distillery, whilst boring for water, two Mineral Springs were discoyered: the waters of wUica ■i - lit PBIZB ESSAY. 39 are strongly impregnated -with iron, and possess valuable medical properties. The following anal^'ses of tliem was made by Professor Williamson : — UPPBR WILL. Specific grarity .... 1 ,043 J. In an Imperial Pint. Carbonite of Lim«. .... 8,2631 grains. Oarbon ite of Magnesia .11,2653 " Sulphate of Lime 8,4716 " Chloride of Sodium. . .261,3109 ^ Sulphate c^ Megnesia. . . 4,8092 " Chloride of Calcium.. 11 2,8025 '^ 457,2r00 Iodine and Bromine, (traceii.) Oases, Carbonic Acid Gas. Specific graTitj. . .-.-lO.lO. In an Imperial Pint. Chloride of Sodium 46,64 grains.- Sulpbate of Soda 21,36 "" Chloride of Calcium 35, D9 '• Chloride of Magnesium . . 1 5, 43 " 117,52 (Hses, Carbonic Acid Oas, and a trace of Sulphurated Hydrogen. FACTOIMES, kO.- There are two Planing Madiines, and several Cabine* Malvcr's Lathes worked by steam. When it is recollected that 2o years ago there was not a lathe for turning iron in the city, it will be admitted that in the progress of manufacturing enterprise Kingston hee not been behindhand. Numerous branches of Mechanical business and trades are carried on, such as Chair Factories, Broom Factories,- &c., which it is not deemed necessary to particularize, but they, with business generally, appear all to be prospering, and maintain a good name and credit. If as much display and apparent rapid advance is not seen as in some cities, neither is the same recklessness and consequent bankrupt* cy visible, but a sound and wholesome system of business steadily and safely increasing, guarantees future prosperity. MONIED INSTITUTIONS. The Monied Institutions are the Trust and Loan Com-- pany of Tipper Canada, established in 1851, and authorised to lend money, on the security of real estate,- for five years at an-interest of 8 per cent. It has done a verv extensive business since it» establishment, and in the absence of a sufiiciency of a circulating medium to represent the valua- ble real anrd personal assets of the community, must have been of extensive benefits. Its capital is £500,000. The Commercial Bank of the Midland District is es- tabrwhed hercy and m one of the oldest banking histitution^- i| 11 iii^ # PRtZB ESSAt. I r in the Province, being established in 1882. Its capital i» now £1,000,000. It does a very extensive business, and has agencies in all the principal Canadian cities. . , ,. The Banks ot Montreal, Upper Canada and Britffin North America, have agencies here. Of Insurance Companies, the head offices of the Ath- cneum and the Beacon are hore^ and ageucien are kept of the principal offices in the Province. There are two Building Societies, and one has been very successfully and satisfactorily wound up. CONNECTION WITH SEA POKTS AND OTHER CITIE3. Kingston, when the Grand Trunk Railroad shall be completed, will be within easy distance of every part of Canada reached by that line and its tributaries. It lies opposite the American port of Cape Vincent, at a distance direct of only 12 miles. In winter the ice affords a safe and speedy means of communication, and a line of stages run several times daily ; in summer, the communication by steam is also rapid. It has been attempted to make it still more so by the con* struction of a Canal across Wolfe Island, which is at pres- ent unfinished. Cape Vincent is united by a railroad with Rome, whence railroads diverge in every direction, to all the principal cities in the United States. Sackett's Har- bor and Oswego are also within a few hour's journey^ by steamer, and from them, particularly Oswego, communica- tion is safe and rapid to all the most important places in the Union. At the head of the River, and port of Lake navigation, Kingston is easily reached from all the cities and ports on either side of the water— between the chief of them and that city, steamers daily ply. Many of these Bteamers, some of which are the finest oa these waters, have been built and are owned in Kingston, as is a very large amount of shipping generally. FINANCIAL STATISTICS, &c. The Financial affairs of the city may be judged of from the statement given below. The assessed value of proper- ty is £75,436: taxes about Ss. in the X; population about 15,000. The city own» about £7,500 worth of real estate. The roads in which it holds stock have not yet been open- by PRIZE ESSAT. 4J ed a sufficient time to aflford a return, but tliey will ulti* mately add largely to the revenue. Kingston is divided into seven wards; two Aldermen and two Oounciimen frorated in 1838, and sends one mem- ber to Parliament; the present member, who is also Attorney-General of Canada West, has represented it for a number of years. A former member was also Attorney- General and died a Judge of the Queen's Bench ; another member, for Lennox and Addington, was Solicitor-Gener- al and died a County Court Judge, and a man of wealth and station. The County of Frontenac s^-nds one member to Parliament; the prt-sent member is Solicitor General: for Canaia West. Lennox and Addington arc joined for the purpose of representation, and send one member, who at present is also Warden of the United Counties, and pre- sides over the County Council. ,,,j The value of the exports and imports entered during the last years, is shewn by the following figures : — 1851, SXPORTS. £30,046 12 8 IMPORTS. £151,531 18 4 DCTIM COLLTCTRD. £17,249 13 1862, 96,351 16 5 169,832 10 7 21,757 8 10 1853, 96,249 4 4 212 348 15 10 27,027 19 6 1864, 96,570 6 276,397 2 4 29,032 18 2 1865, 93,802 12 10 494,342 13 6 21,884 6 \l fr-t* I; ■:;? 1 i i M if. 42 PRIZa KSSAt. I r 'i i to r-l «0 r-1 <» O C35 1- I-- (>^ O O rH O «t? en ci rH O 'A O o o 'X) CO CO CO CO o_ CO 00 CO 00 b- O b- tH Oi CO CO >0 CO Oi rH CO U-S ec kO X eg . Q o8 ^1 rr^ ^ 3 per Canadian farmer was unques- tionably "plenty;" there is no better exemplification of the truth of this statement than the features of the town- Btips we are describing. Owning the soil in fee, lightly taxed, and with limited desires, the Bay of Quinte farmer is, in most instances, as independant a man as can any- where be met with. Unlike the settler, who has to pay dash for his land, he has been born the " monarch of all' he PRI2B ESSAT. 45 ^e surveys," with ample room and opportunity to achieve a competence, where the former husbands his resources and his produce, and markets over bad roads the fruits of his labour and economy, reserving for his own use only, the least valuableor most unsaleable ; the latter drives to town or to the neighboring village, over roads fit for a carriage drive round a lawn, such surplus as he finds he cann<>t, af- ter indulging in a plenty bordering on profusion, consume at home. His wife and daughters dress in equally fine fa- brics, if not with equal elegance, as their city friends. The talented essayest, I have (luoted above, describes a scene at a quarterly meeting at a Methodist meeting house, where he counted 23 pleasure waggons ; tliis was doubtlessly in a newer townsliip than any now under consideration, for had he been present at the laying of the corner stone of the Grand Trunk -Railroad Station House in Erntsttown, or of the new Town Hall at Napanee, he would havo found some difficulty in numbering the pleasure carriages, the hand- some and spirited horses in harness, or under saddle ; the silk dresses, or superfine broadcloths, that graced the forms of the fair women and active rnen of this settlement. It is not to be imagined, however, that there are not many sad exceptions to the above picture of the prosperity of the yeomanry in these townships ; the sons of some of those men who have hewn out a home in the primitive forest, have, in some cases, through bad management or bad con- duct, suffered their possessions to pass to the stranger : the speculating merchant has grasped their all under a mort- gage, and indolence or dissipation has completed the ruin. The very taste above mentioned, for the showy productions of other lands, and finery in attire, is not likely to lessen the amount of the merchants mortgages. These evils, how- ever, aro rapidly curing themselves, or producing an equiv- alent or greater amount of good — the iale and shiftless sells out to the practical and industrious farmer, who introduces amonghis neighbors the latest improvements in agricultural skill, and new implements of husbandry, new systems of drainage, new stock or improved breeds, occnpy the atten- tion and employ the capital of the father of a fiamily, whilst his wife and daugliters, though well able to compete with the gayest and grandest, readily forego, when necessary, the imported and costly silk and velvet, sported by the &mily of a less enterprising neighbour, and set an example of neatness, taste and appropriateness, in attire. f I f 4A I I PRIZR ES3AY. TOWNSHIPS. The County of Frontenac coulaiiis the Town.sMpfl oF Kingston, Pittsburgh and .llowe Island, Wolfe Island, Storriugton, Loughborough, Portland, Uinchinbrook, Bed- ford, Ossa, Olden and Kcnneljec, J^^arrie, Clarendon and Palmerston. licnnox contains ^Vdolphustown, Fredoricksbnrgh and Richmond; and Addington, the townships of Amherst Island, Camden, Ernesttown, Sheffield, Kaladar and An- glesea. Of these, the To\vnships fronting on the River or the Bay are Pittsburgh and Kingston, in Frontenac; and Er- nesttown, Fredericksburgh, Adolphustown and Richmond, in Tjennox and Addington. To the townships alone the bay the preceding remarks more particularly refer. These townships were laid out about tlie year 1783, and were named, as the reader need scarcely be told, after various members of the Royal Family of Great Britain, and prom- inent statesmen. Some of them, with certain townships in the adjoining counties of Prince Edward and Hastings, were formerly known aa first town, second town, rjid so on to tenth town, in the following order: — 1. Kiu^jston: 2. Er- nesttown; 3. Fredericksburgh: 4. Adolphustown: 5. Ma- rysburgh : 6. Sophiasburg : 7. Ameliasburg : 8. Murray : 9. Sidney : 10. Thurlow. Some old farmers still designate them by their numbers. TOWNSHIP OF KINGSTON. Kingston contains not only the city of that name, but various villages ; one of the nearest t-o the city, is that of Waterloo, a very pretty and neat little hamlet, about three miles from town. It contains about 800 inhabitants, and has its Town Hall, Church, Stores, Inns. Sm. In the neighborhood of this village is the Cataraqui Cemetery, laid out on a rising ground, crowned by a grove of small pine trees. Much care and skill in landscape gar- dening has been displayed in rendering the grounds pic- turesque and pleasing ; a fine and extended view of the sur- rounding country, and a pretty glimpse of the bay is ob- tained fi^m the demetery grounds. This spot is not excelled in beauty and appropriateness by anything in the Province, apd is compared oy travellers, who view it, to Greenwood TRIRK E3dAT. 47 but at of ,hree and rood Hi ii,' Cemetery, in Brooklin. It covers Bonie 65 acres of land, and when ornamented by suoli aumoroiiH and elephant mon- uments, a8 the living have erected to mark their resixjct t^ the beloved dead in older places of 8ei)ult are, wiJl i >e uu- 8urpaflf»ed by the oldest and moet beautiful Cenictories known, Portsmouth is another village about ''([ui-disitaiit from Kingston with Waterloo, ^yiug Westward ou the Lako shore ; it was, at one time, a very bustling spot, and imich enterprise was evinced in ship-building. It sutteied lor a time from the withdrawal of Ibe Scat of Government, and the construction of the St. Tiawrenee Canals, but has now recovered its former prosperity, which promiscH to contin- ue. The ship-building business has revived, and is carried on with energy and success. In its neighborhood are sev- eral handsome houses and villa-residences : the sun-ound- iug country oflbrin^ \ ery inviting spots for building. It contains about 850 mhabitants, and a lai-ge amount of rate- able property, and has an exeeedinglv neat unifjue litilo Church, in old English style, with a belfry, and a parson- age ; also, a chapel, a very extensive tannery, a brewery, a marine railway and ship-yard, and several other places of business. Contigious to it is the PROVINCIAL PENITENTIARY. An immense massive pile of stone l)uildings, surrounded by a lofty stone wall, flanked with towers. Its discipline and management are looked on as satisfactory to the pub- lic ; it is managed by a Warden and Board of Inspectors, appointed by the Provincial Government. Its affairs are reported on annually, and for that reason, and that it is not an institution purely local, it is not considered necessary here to enter very fully into its details. Ii may be stated, however, that ip. connexion with it, it is contemplation to erect an Asylum for insane convicts. Parliament has granted £26,500 for this purpose, and the plan of the in- tended building is yeij spacious, and the design handsome and ornamental ; it will contain ample accommodation for the officers connected with it, and will be a valuable addi- tion to the public buildings of the City and County. A very heaJty and suitable spot outside the city limits, former- ly the property of the late John S. Cartw right, Esq., has been selected for its site. The following brief extract from i : i 4lf PRIZE CSSAT. the last report of the Inspectors of the Penitentiary, shews the prc'scut annual cost to the Province of this Institution : 1st Januarv, 1855, cash on hand X 808 9 2 Government Grant for 1864 6,000 Do. do. 1866 10,000 Less d«;bt due to the Proviocial Penitentiary, 2i 14 4 X15,883 3 6 '*» 81st December, 1855, cash on hand £402 4 11 Debts reduced during the year 8,851 5 8 Increase of Stock on hand 714 16 2^ Increase of Real Estate 3,086 6 7 Account against Lunatic As^ lum 442 15 7 Award to Messrs. Stevenson 573 5 7 £9,019 15 6i Exact cost to the Province during the year 6,863 9 11 J The total receipts and expenditure, and the value of the convict labour, is shown by the following statement : — Tke ProTincial Penitentiary Annnai Balance Slieet with the ProTiacial Government, ending 31st Ueoembert IMS* Db. Jan. 7, 1865. To balance as per last year's return... £ 869 S Reoeired from Oorernment Qraut, 1854 5000 Do. do. do. 1865 10000 StoneShed £1087 (« 1 Carpenter's Shop 86 6 7 Tailor'aShop 22 16 9 Blaoksmith'a Shop 1 18 6 Matron'a Room 2 IS Oakum 110 6 6 Lime 81 11 2 CoBTiet eoQtraot labour. 7780 18 10 9004 1 • OONTIMCUUCllS. Bantiecoant 93 6 8 Sondrj Accounts 62 1 1 11 Ardi. Oarrett 87 10 Jamea Gardiner 8 8 9 Prooeeda sale of Pork. .. 164 18 1 Stable Aeeottnt......... 61 18 4 KiUtiwjrratboritiM 17 18 11 «8<,ttt 7 i IMtl/IS kbsay 4f» Dec. ISftR, Hy Vouchera No. I to lOUH, trin«iuiU«d to Auditor's OlHce A'i4,HS\ u CMh t>n h»Dd 402 4 miMllART or IXPBKOITrHI. IlovpiUl £»1« 16 U Hnap, Cftodlm and Oil.. . . 847 IS 8 roduct of the Water... .......;£ 50 " « Forest 1,902 Animals and their products 95 Agricultural products 22,168 16 8 — ■■■!■ m.-mk ■ I I ■!» ■ Total Value J£24,216 8 Value of importations from the United States,£5,864 12 H Ihities collected £688 18 11 The amount stated as value of exports, does not in- clude the value of articles exported elsewhere than to the United States, viz. : Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, &c. ; nor does that stated as value of imports include anythmg btit imp(»t8 from the United States. The total amount of exports and imports for the mli five veare, with the amount of duties collected, is shewn in the following statement :— i &« PlllZK KSSAIT. ■zpovn. IKFORTS. DCTIM COLLICTBD. 1851, 1852, 1858, 1854, 1855, X6356 15 4229 18 4344 19 12,569 24,234 4 £2462 11 3 X421 7 3 3331 549 2 7 7 2705 8 4 410 5 6 3378 2 9 450 10 4 11 5720 10 4 637 19 5 There is a shipyard at Bath, where a number of ves- sels are animally built. The first (.^anadian steamer that plied on Lake Ontario, was built at Bath in 1817. A large number of workmen are constantly employed in the ship- yard. There is also a saw mill in the village. r^ Wilton, on the other or North side of the Townshij), is another thriving village, with about 250 inhabitants, and has its grist mills, saw mills, tanneries, &c. Two streams cross this township, one known as Big Creek, the other as Mill Creek. The latter connects with a small sheet of water with the classic cognomen of Mud Lake, and also with Gold Lake and Sloat's Lake, in the adjoining town- shipSjand falls into the Bay of Quinte. Biw Creek falls into Hay Bay, in the Townsnip of Fredericksburgh. Both these streams feed several grist mills, saw mills and manu- factories. On Mill Creek is a neat Village, formerly bear- ing the same name, but recently named " Odessa, where the Napanee Macadamized Koad crosses that stream. At Odessa are three places of worship, one grist and saw mill, one lar^ woollen factory, with carding, fulling, spinning, and weaving machines, a planing and dressing machine, a hob factory, and a sash and door factory, and a neat clus- ter of good houses : the inhabitants number alx)ut 850. There is a station of the Grand Trunk Eailroad in this township at Link's Mills, or Linksville, where a vil- lage is rapidly springing up. A handsome stone station house, passenger house and sheds, have already been built there. Emesttown contains about 68,644 acres, all of which is taken up. In 1846, the land taken up was said to be 69,447 acres, 22,507 of which were under cultivation; rateable property, £64,000 ; population 4,317. In 1852, the land under cultivation was 86,568 ; rateable property, £800,000; population, 6,111, making upwards of 13,000 acres which have been brought unaer cultivation between the years 1840 and 1861 and '62. The enterprise and in- FJUZM isaAY. 99 dutflry of the population of this township hnve not deoreai- ed since 1861; and their improvementBimve continued itt the same ratio, which would give another 13,000 acres cul- tivated ; even if it has not with the increased population been exceeded, we may fairly reckon that two-thirds of the whole township are now under cultivation. The present population, at the average increase before assumed, would be about 7,165. There are, id Ernesttown, eight places of worship, seven griat mills, nine saw mills, one large wool- len factory, one carding and fulling mill, and one plaster mill, and 21 school houses. Some of these milling estab- lishments are very extensive. The land in Ernesttown i«, as has been before incidentally mentioned, of the very best (][uality. There is also another small, but neat and thriv- ing village on the Bay of Quinte, in this township, wKere Mul Creek enters the bay, known as Mill Haven. Here are a Post Office, and Ifsgistry OlBcie for the Counties of Lennox and Addington, some good inns and neat resideii- ces, and a population of some zOO to 300. In this toVn- shijp there are 20 miles of thoroughly macadamized roajt}, besides side and concession roads, partly stoned, and in good order and well kept. The soil in Ernestr-own tliffers in sortie d^gtee ftotfi that of the other townships, in being more sandy; inmoatpiarts it consists of a fine sandy loarh, not sufficiently li^ht, how- ever, execjpt in very few places, to effect its fertility, atjd is underlaid, as the other townships, with litne stonc; The land in this township is worth from £5 to £10 per aerfe. There are no wild lands save what havfe bphustown is a ferry across the Bay. The returns of 1651 and 1852 thus state Adolphustown : Wheat, 5,780 bus-j Barley, 'ijlOSbua.; Rye, 5,280 bus.; Peas, 8,841 bus. ; Oats, 8,670 bus, ; Buckwheat, 1,904 bus. : tndian Cora, 1,021 bus. ; Potatoes, 8,175 bus. ; Turnips, 270bua.; Grass Seed, 876 bus.; Carrots, 184 bus.; Beans, 44 bus.; Hops, 51 lbs.; Hay, 1,195 tons; Wood, 4,075 cords; Map^ Sugar, 2,35t Ibs^ Cider, 4,229 gals.; Fuji Cloth, i5»9ydfe.; Linen, 22; Flannel, 1,116; Bulls, Oxeu and Steers, ltJ7 ; Miksh Cows 448 ; Calves or Heifers, 364 ; Horses 88»; Sheep, 1,680; Pigs, 902; Butter, 25,380 lbs.; Cheese, 8,7^ ; Beef, 77 bbk. ; Pork, 667 bbk, to which may be added 15 or 20 per cent., or even more, to estimate the present products. lli>av' AMHERST ISLAJfD. "in nF Amherst Is^nd belong to the County o( Addington. It is a Tcary beautiful and nchly fertile stoip of kadj at th« iMMdry 24,444; Buckwheat, 889; Indian Gbm, S,^46 ; Potatoes, 6.198 ; Turnips, 176 ; Grass Seed, 17'; Carrots, 418 ; Hay, 1,219 tons; Flax or Hemp, 70 lbs ; tji 63 PRIZB K88AT. F' ' Wool, 7,678 lbs ; Maple Sugar, 665 ; Fulled Cloth 476 ydi. ; Flannel, 2,079 ; Bulls, Oxen and Steers, 169 ; Milch Oows 668; Calves or Heifers, 613 ; Horses, 449; Sheep, 2,688 : Pigs, 1,842; Butter, 40,855; Chee&e, 9,230 lbs.; Beef; 182; Pork, 777 barrels; Fish, cured, 122 bbls. In some items 100 per cent, on these figures would not exceed the present yield. Considerable attention has been paid in this township to the importation of thorough bred stock, and the improvement of the breeds of cattle and sheep. A large amount of imported stock is owned here. One ex- hibitor, with 10 Ayrshire cattle from this township, took ten prizes at the lost Provincial Agricultural Show. Lei' cester sheep are bred in great numbers : 100 of these sheeri were sold in one drove last year, by one farmer on the island, for the sum of £210 to an American drover, to be slaughtered for the New York market. To shew the increase of productions grown here, it may be stated, that to one house in Oswego was last year shipped 8,000 bush* els of barlev, and 10,000 bushels of rye. The past spring, (1856,) 9,000 bushels of wheat were sent from nere to one large firm in Kingston. There is a ship yard on this is- land, where a very fair business is carried on. The soil in this, like that of the surrounding town- ships, is a rich black loam, on a subsoil of clay over a limestone formation, and is very suitable for all the usual agricultural productions ; the wheat grown is principally spring wheat, for which the farmersplough in the autumn, and sow early in the spring. A TownHhip Agricultural Society has, for some time, been established here, and more interest in the progress of that all- important science is shewn than in some other townships. TOWNSHIP OF RICHMOND. Eichmond, in the County of Lennox, is the last of the townships lying on the Bay within these Counties. It adjoins Tyendenaga, in the County of Hastings, a spot named after the great Indian warrior, whose tribe still partly people it Tyendenaga, however, not being within the Counties to which this notice is limited, it is not in- tended to describe it here, but the early history of the set- tlement, the Indians there settled, in connection with their chief and his family and tribe, would be found •fr PRIZE ES8AT. 68 well worth oonflidering. Mauy of Brandt's desceudanta and collateral connexioDS are well known in the Province and in these Counties, and his history, and that of his fam- ily and tribe, are interwoven witli the early anuala of the colony. Richmond contains the pros})erou8 Village of Napa- nee, on the main road from Kmgston westward, and on the river of that name. This place is rapidly increaaiutf in wealth and size. It divides with Newburgh iu Camden, and Linksville iu £rnesttown, the claims to be chosen as the County Town of Lennox and /, ddington, when they shall be separated from Front-iuac. Tt cc;:tains some very extensive mills and tactones, r.nd a vei*^ iyrge amount of lumber is annually hhipir:! iji^^.e 'oo fiij^Vvent parts in Ca- nada and the United Suites, 'i he Ni.^aaee ia navigable as far up as the village, wtcrr, tlicje is a natural full of the water of abo^it 30 leet, and *};e lacil- vies fcr pior>^Ui»ia ma- chinery are very great. ]Sii|:firii.w is an incorporated viV lage, having been ince-uciJ'ted in IS'i^ it contairjh (jjui 1,600 to 2,000 inha^nauts, aa<:i iia r ^teflble property ii val- ued at £85,000. There n,xe in r-;apaaee--tf-ie r-Sit'c of which is derived from an indiau vrorr., p'gjii^'yiug "Flour' — two grist mills, with three ran of stones in eorh, md to one of v/nich if attached an OaLnieiii mill, thtee iidv,' mills, one of which is on a very ext-jn^ive .seme. Of j.mrcb- es, there is the Episcopal church, liailt of r'.*;ne, th^- W-pr- leyan Metho'^ist, Episcopal Methodiatb, and a Bom;m Oat;i- olic church is in course of erection; a Tovn HiJl has oeeu commenced, and will be, when cor/iplotcd, a hundfome bu'ldmg. There is a Grammar School and iwo Conmon Schools here, two tannpncs, or.' very extenfj'v'f, rbundry, two cabinet maker's i^Lops, vath the nachinery driven by water-power, one card "ng a ^ \ ftdlin^ mill and cloth factory, and a planing machine : Pcrsi Oftlce r.ad Custom House, tnd a Bondlig \V'«>reloiiw mills, and one woollen factory. The most of the available land in this township is settled on, only 0omc 1,200 appearing in the returns of 1862 to be talcea up cyer what is shewn in 1846 ; the cleared land, however, appears in 1846, at only 10.801 acres : in 1S52, at 16,W«, mjdcing an increase of "neany 6,060 aeres in tlte interven- m PKIZK EbSAY. 66 ing period. The rateable property, in 1846, is stated at ;£38,029. There are in Richmond 'l8 schools. TOWNSHIP OF LOUGH BOUOITGH. The Township of Loughborough, in Froiitenao, con- tains an area of some 62,000 acres, — a l.irge part of which, however, is covered by the numerous lakes, of which the principal one is Loughborough liakc. The land in the front of this township is ver\^ S^od, consisting of a ihh black soil, on a clay bottom. It bus been settled for somo time, and the log houses of tiie inhabitants have in most instances been replaced by good stone dwellings, surround- ed by all the necessary out-houscs and well filled barns. At the back of the township, the land is not so unbroken, the lakes intervennig, with occa'^ional stom? ridges, be- tween which, however, are intervals of rich lands, well calculated for pasturage. Sydenham is a very thriving village, situated at the outlet of Sloat's lake, on the S3''denham road. It has beeni laid out some ten years, and contains about 300 inhabitants. In its immediate neighborhood are some very fine farms ; At Sydenham is a stone (Episcopal), church, one grist mill, one saw mill, two di^:;llcries, one brewery, one tan- nery, turning lathe, and fulling and carding mill, with ma* chinery propelled by water, and several asheries. A small steamboat or scow has been built purposely for the stream, Mill Creek, on which this village stands, and runs be- tween the villages of Mill Creek and Sydenham. In this township are lead, mines, and plumbago, galena, and de- Eosits of marie and peat are found as described under the ead of geological features. There are, or were, at last census taken up in Lough- borough, 21,770 acres, of which 8,801 were cultivated ; population 2,003 : assessed value of property, 1846, £19,- 252, in 1856, £75,000. The land cleared and the popula- tion would now be placed at much highei figures, the pre- sent inhabitants numbering some 8,000: cleared land some 12,000 or 13,000 acres. There are one grist mill, six saw mills, four churches and ten schools in the township, Loughborough returned at last census, as the products of the township :— Wheat, 6,845 bush. ; Rye, 10,987 bus. ; Peas, 8,763 J Oats, 21,830; Buckwheat, 1,218; Indian I I' Pi if} I tm FRIiSB JlHSAV. Corn, 4,515 ; Potatoes, 19,154; Turnips, 785; Grass Seed, 19 ; Carrots, 1,552; Hay, 1,449 tons; Wool, 4,903 lbs. ; Maple Sugar, 8,348 lbs. ; Fulled Cloth, 1,260 ^ Js.; Flannel 2,907 ; Bulls, Oxen and Steers 433 ; Milch Cows, 770 ; Calves or Heifers, 671 ; Horses, 373 ; Sheep, 1,898 ; Pigs 1,063 ; lUitter, 37,244 lbs. ; Cheese, 1,650 ; Beef, 184 bis ; Pork, 672 bbls., since which all the products have been greatly increased, and 50 per cent, miglat be added to these figures given, to shew the present yield. In the front part of this township, cleared lands are worth about £5 per acre : in the rear part from £3 to £4 : wild lands ai-e Avorth from 10s. to SOs. per acre, according to situation. TOWNSHIP OF STORRINGTOJf. Storrington, in the County of Frontenac, is a township divided off from, and containing what formerly were por- tions of Pittsburg, Kingston and Loughborough. It con- tains about 76,400 acres, having taken from Kingston 31 lots, from Loughborough 62, and from Pittsburgh 289 lots. There were under cultivation in 1852, 9,908 acres in this township, and maiiy acres have been added to that number ssince then. The present assessed value of property is £75,000 ; population about 3,000. There are in Stornng- tou one grist mill, with two run of stones, and seven saw mills, three churches, built of stone, and one in course of • erection, and eight schools. The roads through this town- ship are good, and the greater part of the land of excellent (juality. At the back of the township it is broken by nu- merous lakes, Loughborough Lake, Collins' Lake and Buck Lake, are partially in this township, and several smaller lakes, known as Mud Lake, RoulvI Lake, Cedar Lake, Dog Lake, Eock, and Horse Shoe Lake, are wholly within its limits. Some parts of the township have been long settled, and there are very excellent farLis, in good cultivation, on which 45 bushels of wheat per acre have been raised. The land generally is good. On the south side of Loughbo- rougli Lake it io chieflv a rich loam on clay and limestone bottom; on the north of Loughborough, there is still much land uncleared. The opening of the Perth Eoad, and the bridge across the lake, will be the means of settling it very rapidly. Like other broken tracts, it is interspers- ed with granite formation, the intervals between which are PRIZE ESSAY. BT ' nu- 5uck aJler Dog Hu its ttled, n, on The ^hbo- stono still ioad, tling pers- are rich and well timbered. There is a village called Batter- sea in that part of the township, formerly Pittsburgh, at the outlet of Loughborough Lake, with a grist millj saw mill, tannery, fulling and carding machine, post office, &c. Another village called Inverary, has lately been laid out in that part of thf township, formerly Loughborough. It is situated on the Perth Road, and promising to become a thriving village. The value of land in an opening settlement like that north of Loughborough Lake, varies much ; it may be aver- aged here at about 15s. to 30s. per acre. The cleared lands throughout the township at from £5 to £7 10s. an acre. The first settlement of this township took place some 60 vcara ago : the old settled portion being located by the U. E. Loyaliats and disbanded troops, soon after the close of the Revolutionary War : since that time many emigrants from Great Britain andlJ. Stateshave bought land in Storrington. The returns for 1851 and 1862, shew, for this township : — Wheat, 14,718 bush. : Barley, 1,367 : Rve, 5,815 : Peas, 8,875: Gats, 20,316: Buckwheat, 1,621:"' Indian Corn, 4,- 272 : Potatoes, 12,963 : Turnips, 1,546 : Grass Seed, 38 : Carrots, 86: Beans, 32: Hay, 2,277 tons: Wool, 6,104 lbs. : Maple Sugar, 7,639 lbs. : Cider, 2,060 gals. : Fulled Cloth, 1,624 yds.: Flannel, 8,277 : Bulls, Oxen and Steers, 428: Milch i3ows, 951: Calves or Heifers, 861: Horses, 528: Sheep, 2,171: Pigs, 1,266: Butter, 43,070 lbs.: Cheese, 2,194 : Beef, 124 bbls. : Pork, 624 bbls. The pro- ducts of this township have much increased during the last five years; from 50 to 75 per cent, added to the above figures would not exceed the present yield. TOWNSHIP OF OAMDEN. The Township of Camden, in the County, of Adding- ton, lies inland at the back or north of Ernesttown ; it con- tains about 86,000 acres of land, 75,233 of which are taken up. In 1851, 30,726 acres of this was reckoned to be un- der cultivation, and the population at that time wa« com- puted at 6,973 : in 1846, the cultivated land was reckoned at 19,248, making in the five years, between 1846 and 1861, 11,478 acres brought imder cultivation. Assuming that the same progress has been made during the last five yearn — and there is no doubt that with the increased pop- 'U 5 PRIZE ESSAT. ill \n i ulation, it has been even greater — would give 62,204 acres now under cultivation ; the population in 1846 was reck- oned at 4,788, it is now nearly 11,000 ; rateable property in 1846, £56, 195, in 1856, £276,000. In Camden there are nine grist mills, twenty-two saw mills, ten places of worship, and 81 schools. ^lud Lake and Vardy Lake are situated in the eastern part of tliis township ; Salmon River, on which are num- erous mills, i*uns through the north-west corner, and the Napance River along the iront of the township, through the lirst concession. Vardy Lake is about six miles long and three miles wide : the land in the neighborhood of this pretty sheet of water, is rich and good, and the scenery pleasing and picturescjue — the land rising gently from the shores of the lake. The water is beautifully clear, and fish are abundant. Mud Lake, as its name denotes, is less clear than Vardy Lake ; it is about the same size. Najpanee River is fed from numerous small lakes in the township of Portland, Loughborough, Hinchinbrook and Bedford. — Situated on this stream and in this township, are the vil- lage pf Colebrook, with a population of about 300, with a grist and saw mill, three stores, two inns. Simcoe Falls, within 1^ miles from Colebrook, down the same stream ; popujlation about 250 ; here are one grist mill and two saw mills, one clcth factory and tannery. The village is named from the falls at the spot, which are some 30 or 40 feet in height, and from the fact that they and the surrounding lands, to the extent of about 1,000 acres, were formerly owned by Governor Simcoe. There is a very valuable and available water power, an iron foundry, and several shops or stores, denote the progress of this village. Below and about four miles further down the stream, is the vil- lage of Clarke's Mills ; population about 600 ; one flour mill, one saw mill, one cloth factory, a brewery, six mer- chant's shops and two inns, are here, also, a post office and tannery, and the Episcopal church. In the immediate neighl)orhood is another large saw mill, and a saw mill and grist mill : a very short distance below, also, a distillery and brewery. Newburg is another thriving village on the Napanee in this township : it contains from 8^0 to 1,000 inhabitants — two grist mills and three saw mills are at work at Newburgh, also, an axe factory and machine shop, carding mill, iron foundry, and several cabinet makers I'KIZE tSSAT. shops, with machinery propelled by water power. The water privileges here, ima along the iSlapanee generally, are very great and valuable, and the amount of machinery driven by the stream, although even now very extensive, may be looked on as only an instalment of what it likely will be in the course of a lew years. At Newburgh are live places of worship, and a large academy, which is kept in a spacious and suitable building. A newspaper is puolished at tliis village, and altogether it is prospering and increasing rapidly. Centrevillo is ai Dther village in this township, situated on the Eniesttown, Camden and Sheffield Road, about ten miles from the Napanee Road. It is yet in its infancy, and contains some 300 inhabitants, and j)romises to be a ihri\dng spot Cleared lands, for farmr ing purposes in Camden, are worth about from £4 to £6 per acre; wild lands from 20s. to 60s. per acre. Return of products of Camden for the year 1852, to which may bo added about 30 per cent., to give an idea of it.s present products: — Wheat, 29,178 bus.; Barley, 3,- 836 bus. ; Rye, 19',832 bus. ; Peas^ 38,277 bus. ; Oats, 73,- 625 bus. ; Buck Wheat, 9,003 bus. ; Indian Corn, 19,267 bus.; Potatoes, 35,305 bus.; Turnips, 3,556 bus. ; Grass Seed, 397 bus. ; Carrots, 2,998 bus. ; Mangle Wurtzel, 167 bus.; Beans, 189 bus.; Hops, 342 lbs.; Hay, 6,044 tons; Flax, 64 lbs. ; Tobacco, 47 lbs. ; Wool, 22,640 lbs. ; Maple Sugar, 22,953 lbs.; Cider, 436 gals. ; Full Cloth, 5,441 yds.; Linen, 41 yds. ; Flannel, 13,624; Bulls, Oxen and Steers, 2012 ; Milch Cows, 2, 6 13; Calves or Heifers, 2,398; Horses 1,712; Sheep, 8,868; Pigs, 4,611; Butter, 161,663 lbs.; Cheese, 5,837 lbs. ; Beef, 743 bis. ; Pork, 4,091 bis. TOWNSHIP OF SHEFFIELT). The Township of Sheffield, in the County of Adding- ton, lies «t the back or north of Camden, and contains some 83,000 acres. It is of more recent settlement than those already mentioned. Many thousand acres of good land are still open for settlement in this township— about 22,266 only being taken up, by the last returns of 1861 and 1852, and 7,900 cultivated! The settlement has pro- gressed rapidly, however, since the date of the last census, and many moVe lots have been located, and many; more v.cre» cleared. Numerous lakes, the largest of which are 70 PKTZS ESSAY. Beater Lake, White Lake, and Long Lake, connected by streams, water this township. On the margin of these lakes, a portion of the land is found broken and uneven, but much valuable timber for lumbering purposes is afford- ed here, large quantities of which are annually floated down the lakes and rivers to the various saw mills in this and the neighboring townships. The greatest part, however, of the land is rich and well timbered, and of excellent quality when cleared. Population in 1861, 1,792, since which time it has greatly increased, and cannot be stated with degree of accuracy ; rateable property in 1846, £11,- 215, in 1866, £46,000. There are one grist mill, six saw mills, three places of worship, and nine schools. The Salmon River crosses this township. Situated on it, at a distance of about 36 miles from Kingston, is the flourish- ing village of Tamworth, with a population of about 250 to 300 ; at Tamworth are a grist mill and three saw mills, and one tannery — ^it is increasing rapidly. There is also another village in Sheffield, called Clareview. Cleared lands in this township may be valued lit from £3 to £5 per acre ; wild lands from 10s. to 25s. The land is gener- ally level or rolling, and the timber, except on the pine ridges, is good hardwood. The same remarks apply as to the other newly settled townships, as to the allowance to be made for increased population, &c., since the date of the last returns. Returns for 1851 and 1852 shew, for Shef- field, Wheat, 14,414 bush. ; Rve, 1,987 ; Peas, 6,512 ; Oats 15,410 ; Buckwheat, 1,420 ; Indian Corn, 1,925 ; Potatoes 9,656 ; Turnips, 240 ; Grass Seed, 21 ; Carrots, 25 ; Beans 27; Hops, 42 lbs.; Hay, 1,021 tons; Wool, 4,724 lbs. ; Maple Sugar, 4,869 lbs. { Full Cloth, 1,830 yds. ; Flannel, 8,025 ; Bulls, Oxen and Steers, 607 ; Milch Cows, 644 ; Calves or Heifers, 594; Horses, 302 ; Sheep, 1,895; Pigs, 1.800 ; Butter, 31,215 lbs. ; Cheese, 965 lbs. ; Beef, 102 bbls.; Pork 649 bbls. ; to which 50 per cent., at least, may be added, to give an idea of what are now the products of the township. TOWNSHIP OF BEDFORD. The Township of Bedford, in Frontenac, contains about 70,000 acres, of which in the year 1861, 22,445 were tak- en up, and since that year many other lots have been set- tied on. The land then under cultivation was 7,841, there FKIZK ESSAY. 71 is now probably double that quantity cultivated. The assessed property in 1856 was £15,000, ten years ago there were in this Township but 8,990 acres taken up, 1,880 cleared, and a population of 552. There are in Bedford 1 Church, one grist mill, four saw mills, two schools, — pree- ent population about 2,000. In the south east part of Bedford, the land is very good the recent settlement of the township must be borne in mind when reading the return of agricultural products, M'hich is only up to the date of last census 1851, the differ- ence between which and the present return, is of course much greater in the new than in old settled towTiships, In 1851 and '52 the wheat raised in Bedford was 11 588 bushels. Barley 146, Kye 1,134, Peas 2,167, Oats 11,146 Buckwheat, 692, Indian Com, 5,108, Potatoes, 19,600j Turnips, 3,706, Grass seed, 35, Mangle Wurtzel, 60, Beans 82, bus.: Hay, 1,735, tons, Wood, 5001, Maple Sugar, 7,338 lbs., Fulled Cloth, 1,570, Flannel, 4,447, yds.! Bulls, Oxen, and steers, 597, Milch Cows, 638, Calves, or Heifers, 565, Horses, 266, Sheep, 1,702, Pigs, 1,010, Butter, 24,000 lbs.; Cheese, 463, lbs. ; Beef, 50 barrels, Pork, 346 barrels. Many of these items of produce might now be stated at double the amount given above. Wild land in Bedford are worth from 10s to 25s per acre, cleared land about £2 10s. ^bout tak- 1 set- ;liere TOWNSHIP OF PORTLAND. The Township of Portland, in the County of Frcntenac, contains about 54,000 acres, of which 31,285 are taken up, and 11,146 were in 1851 under cultivation. In 1846 the land taken up was 28,030 acres, of which, there was culti- vated, 6,359. The population was then about 1,500, be- tween 1846 and '5 1 the population increased to 2,888, or upwards of 50 per cent, which would at the same ratio make the present population 3,582. The cleared land was nearly doubled in the same period, and may now be reckon- ed at upwards of 20,000 acres. Spikes' Corners is a pros-, perous village, a few miles from the line of the new Port- land Koad, which was originally intended to have reached the village. Its course for some reason was changed, and it now runs about two miles distant from this village, a biranoh is about being made to connect the macadamized i : m 72 PBIZK liIttSAY. la i|; I road with Spikes' Cornera. Tlie land iu tliis township is somewhat broken, but there are some portions of it very good. The returns made when the last census was taken will give but a vague idea of its present state ; fifty per cent upon the figures given, would not be too much to cover the increased products. The return for 1851 and 1852, shews, Wheat, 13,527 bus. : Barley, 2,- 653; Eye, 8,772; Peas, 12,606; Oats, 24,779; Buck- wheat, 3,436 ; Indian Corn, 4,494 ; Potatoes, 20,669 ; Turnips, 2,812; Carrots, 719: Grass Seed, 134: Mangle Wurtzel, 97 : Beans, 55 : Hops, 65 lbs. : Hay, 2067 ttms ; Flax or Hemp, 180 lbs.: Tobacco, 11 lbs. : Wool, 7,609 lbs. : Maple Sugar, 7,890 ; Fulled Cloth, 1,804 yds. jjinen, 119 ; Flannel, 3,748 yds. : Bulls, Oxen, and Steers, 690 ; Milch Cows, 927 ; Calves, or Heifers, 859 ; Horses, 604 ; Sheep, 2,757 ; Pigs, 1,466 ; Butter, 75,768 lbs. : Cheese, 3,965 ; Beef, 148 bbls. : Pork, 1005 bbls. : some of these products would even be found to be doubled, if a correct return could be made. Cleared land here is worth from £3 10s. to £6, wild land about 20s. WOLFE ISLAI^D. Wolfe Island is the name of the township, but the is- land itself is often called Long Island. It is about 25 miles in length, and is now well settled; much of the land is held under lease. It contains 28,129 acres, of which 10,813 acres are under cultivation ; the rateable property as at present assessed, is £90,000 : population about 3,000. There are on the island two churches, one grist and one saw mill, and nine schools. The soil is chiefly good. — Forming portion of the township of Wolfe Island, is the pretty and fertile spot Garden Island, containing 63 acres ; also. Horse Shoe Island and Mud Island, — the latter con- taining about 80 acres only : Horse Shoe Island is also a small isle. The vicinity of Garden Island to the city, its fertility, and the trade there at the ship yard and marine railway, render it an important spot. The other two islands are not of equal importance. Cleared lands on Wolfe Island are worth from .£4 to £7 per acre ; wild lands from 30s. to 40s. TOWNSHIP OF HINCHINBKOOKE. Hiuchinbrooke is still a new Township and some of T&IZ^ E3SAY. 78 the land is vciy broken ; about 7000 acres are settled on and 1000 cleared and cultivated. It is as yet for Munici- pal purposes united to Portland. Thero are in this Town- ship three saw mills and seven schools. The opening of the Addington Boad will, it is anticipated, much improve Hinchinbrooke. BACK TOWNSHIPS. The remaining Townsjnps of Oso, Olden, Palmerston, Kennebec, Barrie, Clarendon, and Kalador, mtc all newly surveyed and opened, some of them, indeed, are only par- tially surveyed. Settlers, however, are fast locating them- selves in the neighbourhood of the newly opened roads : their soil and character is such as is describt-id under the head of the Addington and Frontenac Roads, varying from rich heavily timbered land, to broken atoney ridges, with intervals of fertile plain between, and intersperjed with lakes and streams. Inmost of these Townships, Agricultural Societies hare been formed for some years past. The original County Agricultural Society embraced the three United Counties ; now Lennox and Addington have separate Societies, the Township Societies have mostly been established within the last ten years, and since the grant for their support by the Government. Too little zeal and interest in their object is, however, still prevalent throughout the Counties, and in some Townships they have been suffered to die out, and in otheris are in a languid state and only contributed to, just to a sufi&cient extent to secure the Government allowance. Where thev are properly kept up, it is owing to the enter- prize of a rew individuals. This accounts, in a great mea- sure, for the want of a due appreciation of the character and capabilities of these Counties by those at a distance. It is to be hoped and trusted that the present year's Exhibition at Kingston will create a renewed spirit of enterprize in such matters, and that the farmers of this neighbourhood will awake to their own interests, and support the character of llieir land by simply shewing what it is capable of, and by giving it fair play. inn ADDINGTON BOAD. To facilitate the settlement of lands in the rear of theise G(miitieiit the Government is noW opening two roads run- m' < J- ti PRIZI XSSAT. W ■ 3 : '. T« , f) • 1 iv' t ;.U i 1 ■1 '■' ■: - i • V. [ 'If i j 1 ■ f r ning almost Northerly or some few degrees West of North to the River Madawaska. One of these, the Addington Road, is already cut out, and the centre grubbed to a con- siderable distance, and men arc now employed in com- pleting it. This road commences in the Township of Anglesca, in the Northern part of the County of Adding- ton, near the village of Flint's Mill?, in Kalaaar, and runs almost due North to the River Madawaska, a distance of 85 miles — thence it is to be continued for the distance of 25 miles till it intersects the Ottawa and Opeongo Roail, a newly laid out Road, running from the Ottawa Westerly, and connecting with roads running to Ljake Huron. The outlines of five Townships of very superior land are alrea- dy surveyed and ready for settlement on the route, lying North ot Lake Massonaka and between it and the River Madawaska. These Townships are Abinger, Denbigh, Ashley, Effiingham, Anglesea, and Barrie. Settlers are already rapidly docking into these Townships ; it is said that Mr. Perry, the Agent for the Addington Road, has al- lotted on an average 300 acres a day, since he commenced his duties. These lands are granted free to actual settlers on the performance of certain conditions or settlement duties, which the advertisement issued by the Bureau of Agriculture states to be, — The grant to each individual not to exceed one hundred acres. The settlers must be 18 years of age, miist take possession of the land allotted him within one month, and put it in a state of cultivation at least 12 acres in the course of 4 years— build a house 20 feet by 18, and reside on the Lot until the conditions of settlement are fulfilled, THE FRONTENAC ROAD. The other road within these Counties, " The Fron- tenac Road," is not yet in as forward a condition as the Addington Road. It has been surveyed and marked out and axemen are now eraploved in opening and grubbing it. It commences in the rear of Ilinchiubrooke and runs a little Westerly of IS orth to the River Madawaska, opening up the Townships of Olden, Oso, Clarendon and Palmer- ston. These Townships, although somewhat broken by lakes and streams, afford some very excellent land, well suited for settlement and farm p\irposes. As the Boad ap- PRI2£ ESSAY. u proaches the Madawaska, the land improves in quality or rather in the unbroken extent of tracts of good land. In describing the features of this tract of country the Minister of Agriculture says : "The climate tUroughout these dis- " tricts is essentially good. The snow does not fall so deep " as to obstruct communication, and it affords material for "good roads during the winter, enabling the farmer to haul ♦* in his firewood for the ensuing year from the woods, to "take the produce to market, and to lay in his supplies for "the future — and this covering to the earth not only facili- " tates communication with the more settled parts of the " District, but is highly beneficial and fertilizincr to the " soil." In all the localities above named, wherever settlers have produce, there is a good market for it near to them, farm produce of all kinds being in great demand by the lumber or timber merchants, who are carrying on an ex- tensive business throughout these parts of the country. The direct thoroughfare to this settlement is by Kingston and the Macadamized Roads leading out of it. The Portland Macadamized Koad leading to the Fronteuao Road, and the Napanee Macadamized Road, and the Cam- den and Shefl&ekl Road carrying the traveller to within reach of the Addington Road. GRAND TRUNK RAILROAD. The Grand Trunk Railroad Stations and V' orks with- in these Counties, are the Station House and buildings at what is supposed to be the Kingston Station, about half wav between Kingston and Kingston Mills, and some two miles from the city, and the Stations at Collins' Bay, Links- ville and Napanee, the tubular bridge at Kingston Mills, and the iron girder arch bridge at Napanee. ITie line of road enters the township of Pittsburgh and crossing the Napa- nee road near Waterloo, runs through Kingston, Ernest- town and Richmond. The works at the Kingston station are of stone, well built, and consist of a spacious station and passenger house, wood shed and freight house, roofed with slate ; those at the other stations are of an equally ex- Snsive and substantial character. The bridge at Kingston ills is a very handsome iron tubular bridge, spaning the ohasm formed by the river, just above the lockp. It ia ' ^ ill M ritlZK tSSAT. much admired by scientific men as a good specimen of such structures. The bridge across the Napanee is of iron, sup- ported by stone picra, and is also a very handsfjme and ex- cellent work. ThcHrack in this neighDorhood appears to be well and solidly laid, and the road promises to Deasrood, and, it is to be hoped, a lasting one. It is beyond the scope of this Essay to discuss the railroad policy of the country, but it is necessary to mention, that very great dis- satis&ction has been expressed regarding the locality of the Kingston station and depot. It is now understood, how- ever, that the company will buihl a branch across the flat that intervenes between the heart of the city and the depot. When it is considered that liere is the chief 8j)ot where the extensive lines of roads of the United States unite with our Grand Tru-ik road, through the Rome and Cape Vincent Bailroad, it is somewhat unaccountable that any considera- tions should be allowed to interfere to prevent the making this depot in a central, convenient and readily accessible locality. The interest and character of the Company are both at stake in this question, and it is not probable that they will lose sight or either, but will act wisely whilst it is not too late to rectify the error into which they have fal- len. FINANCIAL AFFAIES OF THE COUNTIKS. Some idea of the Financial affairs of the Counties is to be obtained from the following statement, taken from the published minute of the Municipal Council. The sources of revenue are yearly increasing with every acre of land brought into cultivation, and every new lot settled on. — The necessary funds for the erection of the new Court House^ere raised by loan under the MunicipalLoanFund Act The apiount, Jt20,000, Is provided to oe paid off In foil tay a sinkingfund, in 25 yearg. The Council^ apart firom the Court Uoi^, own reel estat» and stopk to the amount of about £25,000. PRIZE VaSAT. n sup- ACCOUNT of the Revtnue and Kxpendilure of the United (huntiea of Frontertac^ Lennox and Addtngton, for the year 1866. SOURCES OF RKVKNUK. Township of Adolphustown £ 133 16 " Amherst Island 129 1 8 »* Bedford 110 8 9 ** Camden 590 12 6 " Ernesttown 628 15 10 *♦ Fredericksburgh 590 8 9 " Kingston 636 6 ** Loughborough 167 3 9 " Pittsburgh & Howe Island. . . 237 10 " Portland & Hinchinbrooke.. 886 13 8 " Nttpanee. . . .* 125 18 9 " Kichmond 596 17 8 " Sheffield 261 6 3 " Storriugton 167 10 " Wolfe Island 215 12 6 City of Kingston 332 10 Lunatic Asylum 283 7 10 Administration of Justice 979 8 2 Jury Fund 242 15 6 Wild lAxnd Taxos 110 17 8^ Miscellaneous Receipts 18 BojidP 2242 19 8 Legislative School Grants 1268 6 7 Pedlar's License 61 Tavern Inspector's Fund 47 5 8 Bills Keceivable 5078 6 £16,527 18 H HEADS OF EXPENDn^URE. Administration of Justice £1228 18 1^^ Jury Expenses 504 8 WolfeScalps 19 10 Wild Land Taxes 22 11 4* Miscellaneous Payments 21 17 Beads 1137 10 Schools 2861 6 6 I II Oarried forward!, £6786 6 \l u T8 PRZZB ESSAY. fci Brought forward, £ 6786 6 Bills Payable 670110 7 Bonds and Debentures 1346 19 County Council 226 14 County Officers. 601 6 Printing and Stationary. . . , 76 8 5 New Court House and Jail 1523 18 7 Sinking Fund on Assessments of j 856 .... 188 4 7 Balance 18113 2^ £15,527 13 9i Liabilities of the United Counties of Frontenac, Lennox and Addington. District Bonds, outstanding. £1986 6 Debentures for County purposes 600 " for Stock in Wolfe Island Canal, 1000 C " Loan to Richmond Road Co 4000 " Loan to Kingston & Bath Road Company 700 Bank accommodation in Bills, payable 1856, 1000 Purchase money of Kingston and Napanee Road due Provincial Government 12300 £21,486 5 The whole number of acres in the Counties is 1,386, • 640 ; population about 45,000 to 60,000 ; assessed value, £1,842,000. GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. The Geological structure of these Counties is, strictly speaking, of secondary formation, being a portion of the lower Silurian group, consisting chieily of Trenton limestone, with, in some parts, Potsdam sandstone, and calciferous sane rock. It is part of a formation extending ove^* a large portion of the region between the Ottawa and St, Lawrence, and crossing into the neighboring State between Kingston and Brockville, known to Provincial Geologists as the ''Laurentian Group." Mr. Billings, in his useful little work, the "Canadian Naturalist and Geologist," classes these rocks as being for all practical considerations, prima* tj. He says, — " Although these rocks, the Laurentinei, u (( l( (I , 9th Concession, Loughborough. Another on the South side of a small island at the East end of Buck Lake. The same mineral is found too, on the North side of Buck Lake and in Bedford, on Lot 18, 9th Concession, and on West side of Mud liake in Loughborough, GRINDSTONES. The Potsdam sand-stone formation yields gi'indstones though of a somewhat coarse description. It is found chiefly in Loughborough and Storrington, at the North ends of Knowlton Lake, and near Vanluven's Mills in Stor- rington, FLAGGING Of the best quality can be obtained ''rom the same fi)rma- tion. Near Vanluven's Mills, (Lot 12, 9th Concession Storrington,) the beds are very regular and divide into thin layers very readily, though as yet of no particular value, the time is not ^ar distant when such material will be in great demand. The perishable nature of the plank- walks of our Canadian cities is already compelling city municipalities to seek for a more lasting substitute. Tlie flagging found in this spot and elsewhere, is well calculated to supply this want, and will doubtlessly soon ipave our streets. The same niaterial also exists in the neighbour- hood of Eel ijake. The Trenton limestone has been some- times used for flagging, but is not so suitable, nor of so good a quality na the sand-stone. 1 82 PBIZB K^AT. r it, SCYTHE STONES AND WHET STONES. Material well adapted for being worked into these ar- ticles, is found in Kennebec. It has not as yet been manu- factured to any extent, but it will some day be found of advantage to substitute these native productions for those usually sold which are imported. The stone, or rather slate, in Kennebec, is of equally good, if not of better quality than that imported. LITHOGRAPHIC STONE. It is probable that this valuable description of material exist in these Counties as it is often found in the vicinity of other formations that appear there, such, for instance, as the Chazy limestone, but no specimens have actually been found nearer to this locality than Mannora, whence a very excellent quality was sent to the London Industrial Exhi- bition, but it is contended by some, that it exists in the immediate neighbourhood of or on the site of the City of Kingston, which is probably the case. BUILDING STONE. Of building stone, we have already spoken. SHELL-MARLE AND PEAT. Loughborough Lake and all the Lakes from it tO: White Lake, in Olden, contain at the bottom of them a thick deposit of shell -ma.rle, and the same substance is also found in great quantities on Lots 15 and ItJ in 2nd Con- cession of Sheffield, and on Lets 12 in 3rd and 4th Con- cession of same Township, ^riie deposit in 2nd Concession is said to <^.xtend over an area of upwards of 200 acres, with a thickness of at least 10 feet, and that in the 4oh Concession over 300 or 400 acres. These deposits of marie are covered with an accumulation of peat about 4 feet in thickness, and of excellent quality for fuel, containing only some 3 per cent of ashes. MARBLE. Marble of a very excellent quality is to be found in Loughborough, but back in Palmer&ton there is an exten- sive vein of this stone, equal in quality and similar in color to the finest carrara or Parian marble. PBIZS ESSAY. 88 WATER LIME. Good hydraulic lime has been found near Knowltott LaJte, in Loughborough, and in the vicinity of the fort at Kingston, and very probably exists in many places in the Townships. BRICK CLAY. Brick clay abounds in all parts of the Counties, SILIIX. Silex of a pure description and of excellent quality for the manufacture of glass, is found in Storrington and else- where. STEATITE. Soap-stone is found in various places throughout the Counties, but chiefly in Loughborough. OCHRES. A very valuable species of talcous ochre, suitable for paints, for polishing silver, and other uses, exists in large quantities in Storrington, and is also found in Loughbor- ough. The limestone formation throughout this part of the Country, is interspersed with Gneiss or stratified granite. — This is the case more particularly in Pittsburgh, Bedford, and in the neighbourhood of the Lakes in the back and Eastern Townships. It would be easy, if deemed necessar}'-, to give a condensed sketch of the exact geological character of the whole Counties, but limited space prevents this, even were it needful. The enquiring reader is referred to Mr. Mur- ray's Report on the Provincial Geological Survey for 1853, Cpage 81, et seq:) for a very full description of this part of Canada West. LAKES. In describing the features of the different Townships frequent mention has been made of the Lakes. Through the whole tract, of country lying North of the Township of Kingston, and in these and the neighbouring Counties, are a multitude of Lakes of various sizes, from that of a mere u 84 PKJZE fciSSAV. 1 ■ ' t V,. ^ ] .'''. i P 1 pond lip to that of a Lake of 20 miles in extent. The water of these Lakes is extremely pure and clear, and they are furnished with abundance of fish ; they are mostly con- nected by atream.-? of water, and are navigable, and the streams capable of floating canoes or small boats. Through these Lakes and streams are annually floated immense quantities of lumber and timber, and in the absence of the roads now in the course of construction, they have been the highway to the city from many a fine farm on their banks. Around them, in some places, the land is much broken, rocky and waste, but between such broken and rough tracts are lands of great richness and fertility, and of the first quality. The scenery throughout this tract of country and in the neighbourhood of these Lakes and Rivers is ex- tremely picturesque, and in many places even grand, varied with rock, valley, streamlets and wood. When as the country gets older, localities are sought not only with a re- gard to their flat unvaried lichiiess of soil, but with some consideration of their beauty of location and scenic charms ; there is liitle doubt that many a romantic glen here will have its accompanying cf)ttagc, hamlet or mansion, and that many a pretty homestead will be embowered among these woods and v^'ater falls : even now many a good farm is being brought under cultivation in these parts. If any surpass the rest in picturesque beauty, we should incline to give the palm to Buck Lake and its vicinity. The neigh- borhood of these lakes abounds in deer. To give the reader some idea of the number and ex- tent of these sheets of water, we extract from Mr Murray's Geological Report for 1852 and '53, the following table, shewing their respective heights above the surface of Lake Ontario, the townships in -which they are situated, and the waters to which they are more or less nearly or remotely tributary ; — NAHB. TOWNSHIP. BBIOBT. PAIXS INTO Loughborough Lake, Storrington A LougViorough, . ,612 ft. Rideau Canal, Sloat's Lake, Knowlton Lake, Had Lake, Desert Lake, Bireh Lake, Devil Lake, Gaaoe Lake, Battiugr'iMiUPoDd, Green B«7 A Bob's lake Crow Lake, Loughborough, Bedford, c,906 Lake Ontario. 21,758 Mud Lake. 81,758 Desert Lake. 21,758 Birch Lake. 21,758 Devil Ldu. Rideau River. 22,997 Desert Lake. 28,700 Wolfe LA Bid. r. 88,480 Joy (k Bid. river 89,888 Mud Lak«. PRIZE ESSAY. 1 hamm. TOWNiHll*. Bharbord Lake, White l^ke, Cross Lake, Ijong Lake, Beaver Lake, Osa and Olden, Oldeo, Kennebec, Sheffield, Sheffield, UIOKT. rALU IXTO 50,529 Mad'ka 4 Ot. riv 65,529 Sharbord Lake. 41,2«4 LonjrLake. 3a,569 Beaver Lake. 30,722 Sal. r. 4 Bay of Q RIVERS. The principal streams draining these Counties are the .Salmon River, the Napanee, Mill Creek, Collins' Creek, and the Cataraqui or Rideau River and Canal, to these may be added Big Creek, and the Little Cataraqui. There are also numerous smaller streams. These streams have all nearly a similar course, running South, 25° West, or there- abouts. The Salmon River rises back in one of the lakes in Kennebec, C»"ow Lake, and flows through that township into Beaver Lake in Sheffield, and thence crossing Rich- mond and Tyendenaga into the Bay of Quinte. The Na- panee is fed from the numerous lakes in Bedford and other townships ; it is difficult to state its rise. It flows through Portland, and becomes an important stream in Camden. — - In thit township it is connected with Vardy's Lake by a stream flowing into it. On it are situated Colebrook, Sim- coe Falls, Clark's Mills, Newburgh, (in Camden,) and Na panee, in Richmond; it falls into the Bay of Quinte. Mill Creek flows out of Sloat's Lake, in Loughborough, and af- ter crossing Portland, expands into Mud Lake, in Portland and Ernesttown, (this muvst not be confounded with the Mud Lake in Camden,) thence crossing Ernesttown, it falls into the Bay at Mill Haven. On it are Odessa, or Mill Creek, Linksville and Mill Haven. Big Creek flows through Ernesttown and Fredericksburgh into Hav Bay. Wilton, in Ernesttown, is on this stream. Collins Creek unites Collins' Lake in Storrington and Kingston with the waters of tb :•. Bay of Quinte. At its mouth is the village of Port Royal, or Collinsby, before mentioned. The little Cat- araqui is a small stream confined to the township of King- stoxi, which it drains in partya-^d feeds one or two saw Mills. RIDEAU CANAL. At Kingston is the outlet of that stupendous work, the Rideau Canal, an immense military high way, coimecting the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Riyers. The locks on this PRIZB S8SAT. canal are amongst the grandest structures of the same na* ture in the world. The undertaking was cornmericod and carried out by the Imperial Government at an imnienso expenditure, chiefly for military purposes, as aUbrding a safe channel for the conveyance of stores, arms, »Stc., wh^n the frontiers might be exposed, and partly with a commer- cial view of avoiding tlie rapids of the St. Lawrence, at that time considered insurmountal^le, in the transit from the sea-board. This canal cost upwards of X1,00<),0(X> sterling. Its construction was expected to have great in- fluence on the welfare of Kingston, aud lor some time such influence was doubtlessly loenelicially felt, as it was nec«t8- sary to trans-ship at that jjort as well the products of the west in their carriage to the seaboard, as the merchandize for Western Canada in its transportation westward, and to forward them by other craft thring so, and when treating of the roads to which it relatef , quotations will be freely lua.^ from the Report of the joint committees fron> the Council and the Citizens on the l:*ertli, Gananoque and Phillipsville Koads — a correct and reliable public docu- ment. THE CAMDEN ROAD. The Camden Koad runs tlirough the township of Cam- den, Ernesttown, and Sheflield, leaving the Napanee Road about two miles west of Odessa, or Mill Creek. It was built in 1850, and is about 18 miles in length. The coun- try is well settled on either side of it, and a large amount of produce is carried over it to Kingston and the surround- ing villages. This road was built by the County and Township Municipalities. THE KATH ROAD. The Bath Road leads from tliat vilioge to the city, a distance, by the road, of about 18 miles, eight of which are macadamized ; it runs along the shores of, or parallel with the Bay of Quinte, through an old, well-settlecl and fertile country, crossing the townships of Kingston and Ernest- town. It was built some six years ago, at a c^ost of £290 per mile. There are on it two toll gates, and its revenue produces some 10 per cent, on the capital invested. It must be remembered too, that during the season of naviga- tion, there is constant steam communication with Bath, which, of course, tends to reduce the annual produce of this road. The drive along this road is rendered more than ordinarily pleasant, by the pleasing scenery and coun- try along it. This road was built by ajoint stock company. THE SYDENHAM ROAD. The Sydenham Road connecta the village of Syden- PRI2I IStAT. 89 ham, in the western part of the township of Loughborough, with Kingston. It is 16 miles in length, nine miles ol which are macadamized. It was built at an expense of £310 per mile. It runs through Kingston and Loughbo- rough, over, with few exceptions, a fine tract of country, and between good farms, and pays a large per eentage over the interest on its cost. THE STORRINGTON ROAD, The Storrinpfton Road, after running eastward to with- in a mile of Kingston Mills, then turns northward to Stor- rington, a distance of nine miles from Kingston. The lands immediately adjoining the city, on this road, are not so good, and the country somewhat broken and uneven, but alter a mile or two, it traverses a remarkable fine tract, and passes some good farms. This road has paid 12 per cent, annually on its cost. THE PORTLAND ROAD. The Portland Road leads from Kingston, westward to Spikes' Corners, in Portland, and was built by a Joint Stock Company. The capital was subscribed chiefly by private indiviauals. The County Council subscribed £500. It was commenced in 1854 and will be completed the present autumn of 1856. It runs from the Napanee Road, above Waterloo, about four miles from Kingston, through the Townships ot Kingston, Portland, and Cam- den, to a small village known as Mirvale in Portland, and and thence to Simcoe Fails in Camden, a branch of about two miles leads to Spikes' Corners. The whole Road is a- bout 16 miles in length, and will cost, including gates and incidental expenses, about £350 per mile. It is cont;em- plated to connect with the road now opening up through the rear townships, to the Madawaska River, and known as the Addington Road. The Portland Hoad is expected to pay some 15 per cent, on its cost. It traverses a good level country, and some fine farms are found along its line. A large amount of travel and traffic will pass over this Road, and it will, without doubt, prove lucrative to the Stock- holders, and beneficial to the neighbourhood. THE KINGSTON, PITTSBURGH AND GAN.VNOQUE ROAD. The Company which projected this road commenced I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^Z<^ iv 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■ttlZi 121 2f 144 ■" £f 1^ 12.0 U il.6 — 6" fliotographic Sdences Corporation 23 WKS. MAIN STRItT WnSTIR,N.Y. I4SM (716)I72-4S03 ^V^^^ ^V^ ^J^^ ^nii^iii^A'' 90 rSl2l SftSAT. [PL with a capital of £i8,000; of this, the City Council of Eangston subscribed £5,000, payable in debentures at 20 years. The road passes through Pittsburgh, and unites the County of Leeds with Kingston. The distance to be macadamized by this company is about 24 miles — the road being in fact two branches, and passing by different routes through distinct parts of the township ; the whole of it there is every reason to expect, will be completed by the end of the present season ; there are four toll gates on the road — contract price per mile is £350. In reporting on the policy of the city subscribing for stock in this road, the committee remark that " they enter- "tain no doubt but that the road will pay more than sim* "pie interest on its cost of construction, and they think it " will be of advantage to the city in increasing the facilities ** of getting to market, attracting settlers, accelerating the "settlement of the Township of Pittsburgh, and approve of " the policy of subscribing to its stock." This Company has purchased, and now own the " Cataraqui Bridge." THE KINGSTON AND PHILLIPSVILLE ROAD. The Kingston and Phillipsville Road Company was formed with a view of opening a connexion between lyings- ton and the rear of Leeds, South Crosby, and Bastard, and the adjoining section of the Country, which is separated from that opened by the Perth Road by a series of Lakes, forming part of the Rideau Canal. The Capital consists of £12,500 — £7,500 of which has been subscribed for by the City Council — £4,500 by private individuals. The munici- palities of the townships through which the road passes, were expected to have aided the enterprise by taking stock ; this expectation was not fulfilled, owing, not so much to Uny doubt of the prudence of the investment, but from a too prevailing indifference, or want of public spirit exist- ing in such bodies. The whole of the road is under con- tract, and will be completed to White Fish Falls before the end of the present year. The whole extent of road to Phillipsville is about 28 miles ; to White Fish Falls about 20 miles, and the contract price £600 per mile. The town- ships through which this road runs are well settled, and the lands of a fine quality. The report before referred to, after making this statement, continues : — "The townships ** which it reaches, and whose produce and trade it will pro- I'^ mncil of •es at 20 d unites ce to be -the road it routes fit there le end of 3 road — bing for jy enter- lan sim* think it facilities ting the prove of )any has my was 1 ICings- ard, and eparated : Lakes, insists of r by the ( munici- [ passes, g stock ; uuch to ; from a •it existr ier con- 8 before road to is about tie town- ied. and rred to, wDships wrill pro- PIII2JS BSSAT, M " bably bring to Kingston, are of a superior character, and " will be very valuable to Kingston. The revenue fro^n " the road will, in the opinion ot your Committee, durii\g " the second, or at all events, the tliird year, enable the " Company to pay a dividend to stockholders, exceeding " the simple iaterest on their subscriptions ; and your Com- " mittee conceive that no doubt can exist as to the proprie- " ty and advantage to the city of subscribing, as was tfone, " to the capital stock of the company." The expense of the construction of this road has been greater than that of most others recently made, in consequence of the greater part of it being altogether a new road, newly cut, graded and turnpiked, whilst the others have been good turnpikcd roads, macadamized — the cost of macadamizing only, be- ing the principal recent outlay, and the original amount e?;- pended in making the old line of road, not being taken ip- to account. KINGSTON AND PERTH BOAD. This important enterprise has been entered on, not so much with the view of obtaining a large direct return, in the shape of interest on the outlay, as by establishing a direct communication between this city and Perth, not on- ly to encourage the improvement of the townships imme- diately behind us, but to open up a mutually beneficial in- tercourse between this city and several populous and weal- thy townships, for which it is the naWiral outlet and mar- ket, but from which it is at present entirely shut out. " The line chosen for the Perth Road," says the report for which we are indebted for so much information, " runs " from Kingston to the Narrows, at Loughborough Lake — "a distance of 12 miles: thence to Westport, 1 If miles: " and thence to Perth, 18 miles; in all 50^ miles. It pas- "ses through the townships of Kingston, Storrington, " Loughborough and Bedford, in this County, and North "Crosby and Burgess, in the County of Lanark. The "townships of Baihurat, Prummond and Lanark, in^ that " county, may also be considered as reached, and affected ** by this road. These townships embrace a population of " about S0,000. On this route, the first 12 miles, from " Kingston to Loughborough Lake are completed, two toll " houses erected, and a revenue of £200 for the first year "created; from Loughborough Lake to Buck Lake, and ' ! i I n PKIXB XStAT. '** from thence to Westport, the line has been chopped *' through, and a winter road established. The last nine ** miles to Perth, have been chopped, grubbed and graded, ** and the last six. of them macadamized. The direct ex- " penditure, exclusive of the cost of toll houses between " Kingston and the north side of Loughborough Lake, has " been £7,293, of which the bridge cost £616 : from thence " to Buck Lake, the expenditure has been about £1,000, " and for the last nine miles the expenditure has been £3,- ** 722 ; and the land damage on the whole route has been "£918. To finish that portion between Loughborough "and Buck Lake, would cost about £4,17X ; from West- "port to Perth about £6,935, so that the whole expendi- '' ture upon the route itself has been £13,732, and the " whole sum required to finish the road would be about "£16,294." Since the date of the above quoted Keport, bridges have been built across Buck Lake, Indian LaKe Creek, and another Luke on the line, and the communication between Kingston and Westport thoroughly established. A large party of experienced axemen arc employed on the road be- tween Loughborough Lake and Perth, while the three miles on the Perth section, then unfinished, have been completed. The whole capital stock of this Company consisted of £20,000, £17,500, subscribed by this city, jpayable in de- bentures at 20 yea^ date ; £2500 subscribed by private individuals. The estimated cost of the road from end to end, is £32,000, the deficiency of £12,500 the Directors of this Company hope to raise oy additional subscription of stock from the Township and County Municipalities, affect- ed by the road, and some further sums from private indi- viduals. The Town of Perth has agreed to contribute £1000, or if these contemplated forces fail, by a judicious expenditure of the £20,000 subscribed, to be able to place the road in the attitude of a payiug enterprize before the public, and to borrow upon it whatever amount they might ultimately find themselves deficient in. The policy of the city subscribing so largely for stock in the enterprize having oeen questioned, we take space to quote the following evidence given before the Committee, whose Report is above referred to : — " The evidence brought before the Committee upon the " character and value of the country opened up by thia I fKilUI llMAf. ^ shopped ist nine graded, rect ex- oetween ike, has 1 thence £1,000, sen £3,- las been through 1 West- xpendi- and the e about bridges eek, and between A large road liC- -ee miles npleted. isted of in de- private I end to tctors of ption of affect- ite indi- ntribute adicious to place fore the ly might )r stock space to omittee, iponthiB by thia « u u It ti «l u (i '4 (( (t (( (( «( it u ^1 . (( n a n H ti U it (1 u a It it n u II i( II u It u A^ it road, is of a stronger character than any of the members had expected. That the country from Kingston to Loughborough Lake would compare favourably with any similar extent of laud in this or the adjoining Counties, some of your Committee well knew, but North of Lough- borough Lake, between it and Buck Lake, a distance of 9 miles, and spreading lo a width of 16, an area of nearly 87,000 acres, find from them through Bedford, the Cros- bys and Burgesfl, it was not suppcsed by any of your Committee, until the evidence in this enquiry was lieard, that the lands were to any important extent ht for agricul- tural purposes. Your Committee, however, are gratified to be able to Beport that this section of country has been much undervalued. The construction of the Perth Road has now, for the first time, rendered it accessible, and your Committee think there is every reason to anticipate that it will be rapidly taken up by the poorer, but still valua- ble class of settlers, who will contribute in an important degree to the trade and advancement of this city. Your Committee deem this point of so much moment and so material to the fair appreciation of the policy of construct- ing these roadfi, that they give the evidence of some of the witnesses examined on it : '' Mr. James Campbell, of Storrington, a farmer who has lived there since childhood, says, with reference to this section of country: — The general character of the land is rough, but there is hardly a Lot that will not be settled upon. It is much better adapted for grazing than the land South of Loughborough Lake. There would be on an average, at all events, fifty acres of tillable land in every lot of two hundred acres. There is excellent build- ing timber and an abundance, of cordwood to be got on these lands ; there is wood now being drawn to Kingston from places which never sent wo(xi here before, and could not but for the Perth road ; thinkg every Lot capable of settlement." • "Mr. John Woolf, of the same Township, also an early settler, and who hae lived there for thirtv-five years, says : — The other side of Loughborough Lake is rocky, but a good deal of good land mixed with it ; a good deal of go<>a timber ; the land is good on granite formation, much better than on limestone ; immediately along the line of road between Loughborough Lake and Buck Lake, PRIZE B88AT. I \ll " there is good land enough to settle from two to four " hundred families ; there is a country nine miles along the " road by a width of fourteen or fifteen miles, which, but " for the Perth road, would remain a wilderness ; believes " every Lot will betaken up in three or four years; Kings- "ton will be their only market; there is a good deal of "hardwood in this localitv." "Mr. Schuyler Shibley, President of the Portland "Road Company, says: — He is acquainted with pretty " much the wliole line of country" through which the Perth " Hoad passes ; the general character of the country is " rough, out on the worst lots which could be picked out, "a person could get a better living than hundreds who are " working here ; there are two-thirds of the lots that per- " sons could make a good living on," " Dr. William Beamish, of Waterloo, says — He knows " the country along the line of the Perth Road well ; the " character of it along the lakes is rough, but passing these *' there is good land ; there is good wood land all through i " — thinks there are more than 60 acres in every lot of 200 *' acres fit to be ploughed." " Mr. Sylvester Holden, Reeve of the Township of " Loughborough, and an old resident, says- — He knows the " line of roads well ; thinks it a good line ; thinks every " lot will be settled ; the general character of the country " is rough, but well wooded ; the road will effect a settle- ** mert, it will make a considerable difference in the settle* " ment." " Mr. George Parker, a resident for five years in Lo- ** borough, says — The road has doubled the value of his " land ; there are settlers going in back of Loughborough "Lake; since the road was cut it is filling up ; there is " good land; thinks eighteen out of twenty lots will be set- "tied; no doubt there will be plenty settlers there; rear " of Loughborough and Crosby will be settled in conse- " quence of the opening of the road." " John McDonell, an axeman, and the foreman of the ♦* men who chopped out tlie road saj s — He knows the "whole line of road; he corroborates the evidence of Mr. " George Harker ; the land is broken, but in places the soil " is excellent ; is experienced in timber ; the land is well *' wooded with hard timber ; is as well timbered land as he ** ever saw." PRI2K KSSAt, 95 conse- " Mr. Robert D. Roriaon, for sixteen years a resident " and mill owner in the townsliip of ^ortli Crosby, says "That he is Avell acquainted with the Townships of lied- "ford, North Crosby, South Crosby and Burgess; all these " townships contain much land fit lor settlement, though " their general character is rough ; upon uhnost every lot " from 60 to 70 acres of good tillable land i\ill be Ibund "and the remainder good grazing land, and covered with " wood — pine, hardwood and hemlock abound ; that in " these townships the few settlers that are there, are chiefly "settled on shanty roads; that land sells from 4s to 7s. da. " per acre ; that these low prices, are obtained in consequence "of the want of roads, and the difficulty of getting at the " different parts of the townships ; that some of the people " who have gone in there have grown rich, merely from " the produce of their land ; the village of \Vest]-)ort is the "place, where most of the people do their milling and trad- "ing; it is called 60 miles from Brockville, where all the " produce is sent ; he is well acquainted with the route of "the Kingston and Perth Road, fj-om Buck Lake to "Perth, and the country through which it pjisscs; that the "road, when completed, will have the effect of opening up " and settling the townships of Bedford, North Crosby and "Burgess; cross roads will be made to it from all parts of "these townships ; it will also bring the people of South "Crosby, and the Villages of Newboro and of VVestport to " Kingston ; the bupiness of the whole of that section of "country is now principally done at Brockville; it will, " by the new road, be directed to Kingston ; it is a consid- "erable business, and will rapidly increase; the throuo;h " travel, he believes, will be considerable ; thinks it would " support a line of stages ; it would make Kingston the " natural outlet for all business and pleasure travel, and " the high road to Albany, New York, ntribute largely, to our markets, and compete successfully at ovir exhibitions — Kingston having earned off all, or nearly all, of the prizes for vegetables for several years past at the Provincial Fairs. Of Fruit, there is an abundance of good apples, of Jill descriptions, pears, plums, cherries, and all the usual garden fruits, except peaches, which are not successfully grown. The vicinity to the American market makes them always very plentiful when in season, and they are bought nearly as cheap here a» in New York — the cafe required to grow them is there- forie i^eldom bestowed. ,.* In Horticulture, a late exhibition proved that King- ston and its neighborhood could vie with other Canadian towns. A very general taste for house and hot-bouse ^«nts and fiowefs prevails, and a very great Vari^fj^ of all kinds oi talnabk speeimens are brougnl U> great beiMity and perfection. 100 . ^kiAfl ESSAr. « •ta il r V - ! ^'1 PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION uF 1856. During the present season the Provincial Agricultural Pair will bo held at Kingston, when visitors will find these Counties maintaining the character that has been claimed for them in these pages. Very extensive preparations are bfting made to ensure a creditable exhibition. For the first time in the Province, a permanent and elegant edifice is eracted for the purposes of the show ; a sort of miniature Crystal Palace ia fast verging towards completion, the siaes of which are of glass, the roof, for the present, of shingles. The design Ls neat, and exhibits miicn taste and judgment ; the form that of a cross. Towards the expense of the building, the County Municipality has liberally con- tributed £500 from the County funds, whilst the different County Agricultural Societies nave, with a very laudable spirit, given the amount of the grant intended and usually appropriated to their local fairs, £150 each, thus adding £450 to tUe £500. The City Council, evincing a corres- ponding public spirit, granted £750, and a large sum has been made up by individual subscription, raising the whole amount to upwards of £2,000. The Governor General is expected to honor the exhibition with his presence, and every effort is being made to make it worthy of his atten- tion. The accessibility of Kingston from all parts of Ca- nada and the United States, will, no doubt, bring tc^ether a large number of visitors on this occasion. Tnen, it is trusted, that the claiijis of this section of Canada wUl be recognised, and credit given to it according to its deserts. Beyond this its advocates do not desire ; they are willing to take for their motto, that with which the writer concludes bis remarks, and designates his far form faultless Essay.* PLANTS. Tamworth, in Sheffield, is said to be one of the best * NoTB.— The expectations of those interested in Kingston, were (ally realiMd hj Uie suooess of tbe Ute Exhibition. The Press, throoffhoat the Prorinoe, liM qraken highly of the spirit end enterprise exhibited in the buildings aad Mn« enU urangtments, saa the Local Committee Imtc been oomplimenud for weir exertiona. The Countiea maintained the oharaetar claimed for them, and oar- lied off a fUr proportion of prises, especiallj for roots and regetables. A large ooDOOune of visitort thronged the citj ; the Ooremor Gkneral of the ProriBee. Um Ck>Ten>or of the a4)oining State of N^w York, and other diatingoishaa ▼laitors, spoke in high terms St the display made ; and altogether, it is miMU Ud tkat KiagiloB has svflbred nothing by her eoapetitiOB witk other eitiea en ^ 1 PRIZB ISSAT. lot 3ultural 1(1 these claimed ions are ''or the edifice iniature on, the sent, of iste and expense lly con- liffercnt audable usually adding corres* ium has 6 whole neral is ice, and is atten- 8 of Ca- bc^ether sn, it is will be deserts, willing mcludes Ssaay.* the best llyrMliacd orinoe, has t Mid M0« id for w«i r I, MidOMN I. A lu(« iProTiii««L tingoisliM 1 iBAdaiit* r tilfos atk botanizing stations in the Province, except, of course, for sea and alpine plants ; that is owing, no doubt, to the varied surface of the country in the neighborhood, compris- ing, as it does, rivers, lakes, forests, an(l swampy lands, and very topical specimens of clay, loam and sandy soils. The following is a list of plants gathered during a few days stay at Tamworth, by a gentleman fond of the pursuit of' botan- ical knowledge : — Plants found in the neighborhood of, and roai to, Tarn- worthy Township of Shejjfield. TAMWORTkT. Zanthoxylon Americanum, Northern Prickly Ash. Symphytum Officinale, Common Comfrey. ROAD FROM TAMWORTH TO CLAIR RIVER, BY WHITE LAKE. Calla Palustris, Water Arum. Sarracenia Purpurea, Huntsman's Cup. Lonicera Ciliata, Fly Honeysuckle. Linnaca Boreal is. Twin Flower. Viburnum Opulus, Cranberry Tree. Cypripedium Pubescens, Larger Lady's Slipper. Cypripedium Parviflorum, Smaller do. Ledum Latifolium, Labrador Tea. Viola Cucullata, Hoodleaved Violet. Gualtheria Procumbens, Creeping Winter^jreen. Ranunculus Purshii, Yellow Water Crowfoot. Vaccinium Fuscatum, Black Blueberry. Circaea Alpina, Enchanter's Nightshade. Pyrola Secunda, One-sided Pyrola. Trientalis Americana, Chickweed Wintergreen. Mitella Diphylla, Common Mitre Wort, Naumburgia Thyrsifiora, Tufted Loosestrife, Viburnum Acerifolium, Maple-leaved Arrow-wood, or Laurestinus. Rumex Hydrolapathum, Great Water Dock. Smilacina Trifolia, Three-leaved Solomon's Seal, Smilacina Bifolia, Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. Osraorrhiza Brevistylis, Hairy Sweet Cicely. Polygonatum Pubescens, Smaller Solomon^s Seal. Aralia Nudicaulis, Wild Sarsaparilla. Ampelopsis Quinquefolia, Virginian Creeper, ro2 i'KlZK ESMAr. J 1i 1 1' 1 '« Hydrophyllum Virginicum, Virginian Waterleaf. Adiantum Pedatum, Maidenhair. Cornua Stolonifera, Red Osier Cornel, Osmunda Spectabilis, Flovrering Fern. Lonicra Oblongifolia, Swamp Fly Honeysuckle. Dryopteris Goldiana, Wood tern. Vitis Labrusca, Northern Fox-grape. Pteris Aquilina, Common Brake. Chimaphila Uiribeilata, Prince's PId j. Corylus Roatrata, Beaked Qazel Nut* Solanum Duleamarii, Bittersweet. ROAD FROM TAMWORTH TO GULL LAKE. Clinopodiuib Vulgare, i'asil. Aralia Racemosa^ Spiketiard; Pyrola Chlorantha, Small Pyrola. Medeola Virginica, Indian Cucumber Root. Silene Noctiflora, Nightflowcriug Catchfly, Clintonia Borealis, Clintonia. Arum Triphyllum, Indian Turnip. Anemone Pennsylvanica, PennsylvAnian Anemontf. Comptonia Asplenifolia, Sweietfern. Potentilla Canadensis, Cinquefbil, ot Fivefingef". Menyanthes Trifoliata, Bogbean, or Triefoil. Bubus Yillosus, Common, or High Blackberry. Uvularia Perfoliata, Bellwort. Viola Pubescens, Downy Yellow Violets Symphoricarpus Ocxjidentalis, Wolfberi'y. Diervilla Trifida, Biish Honeysuckle. Polygonum Cilinode, Friage-i< minted False Buck^s^fieiit Corydalis Glauca, Pale Corydalis. Lycopodium Dendroideum, Ground Pine. Equisetum Limosunl, tlorsetaif. Geranium Carolinianum, Carolina Crane's bill. Prinos Verticillatus, Black Alder. Cornus Canadensis, Dwaif Cornel. ROAD FROM CENTREVILLE TO TAllWOBTH. Calmia Anguatifolia, Sheep Laurel. NAPANBE RIVER. ThaUctruni Comtfti, Meadow Rue. Oxalis Stricta, Yellow "^bod Soft^l. Leonurus Cardilrtjiik, C<^rtirn(irt M6thet#oM. '»« ■t'.riumf-**^ ■- PHI '^f: ESSAY. 108 atiard. LIST OF POST OFFICES IN TBA^uUNITED COUNTIES. Township of Pittsburgh. Kingston Mills, Birmingham's, Brewers Mills. Township of Kingston. City of Kingston, Waterloo, Merrill's Corners, El^nsburg, Collins' Bay, or Collmsby. Township of Ernesttpwn. Mill Httven, Mill Creek, or Odessa, Comer's Mills, Wilton, Bath, Morvin, Switzerville. Township of Camden. Newburgh, Colebrook, Centreyille, Moscow, Enterprize, Croyden, Township of Richmond. Napanee, Mill Point, Selby, Roblin. Township of Bedford. Fermoy. Township of j&i^ffield. Clareview, Erinsville, Tamwortb. Tounship of Amherst Island. Post Office. Toivit^ip of Adolphttstotvn. Adolpiiustown, Lennox, Gosport, Gretna. Township of Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg, Hamburg, Sillsville. Township of Storrington Storrington, Battersea. Jbwmhip of Loughhorough, Lougliborough, Eailtou. Township of Portland. Spikes' Comers, Murvale. Township of KaJ^dar, Kaladar. Township of Hinchi Wooke, Bennistown. Township of Wolfe Island, Post (Mfice. PRIZA ESSAY. ^4;J*■' •rS -2 ■ »o H '^ €n 00 55 >r. 1^^ ^ JO jo K •^ '9 r^ KBK i i t i m poio|da« ^ I to 3 ^ OQ CO bo I s ^ I i i II OO >A U» s w p l-l s $ eo fe « IT M CO s lO M lO I s § :? r» rH eo i ^ 9) to 0« CQ o> <3> kn 00 >o S 3! «© rH iH § J; •MWi iM rH tH a« 04 «» § I -X. PRIZE ESSAY. 105 CONCLUSION. Thus are, somewliat rudely, perhaps, thrown together, suchfia have sprung the settlement of British Canada, will occupy undisputed, the position to which its real resources, claims, and advantages, entitle it, or that every day thai bi'iugs the relative claims of rival Cities or Towns into notice, will hasten that period. To be appreciated, Kmgsion and the Counties, need only to be known. ESSE QUAM VTDEKL V '% I ■■«?»»«*)*'