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I I ■> ■ 1* I* W iM 9 # 11 ■a OF AM) THE NORTH-EASTERN PROVINCES; A Sketch of the Life of an Indian Hunter, Ancient Traditionr, rc- hxtiiig to tlio etche:«i]¥ tribe, their modes of life, fishing, hunting, dc: WITH V«€ABUI.ARIES IN THE ^Ki© 1 (J.VING THE NAMES OF THE ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND FISH: Tlic most complete that lias been given for New-England. ii\ the Languages of the ETCHEMIN AND MIC MACS. 1 Irge are iio-.v the only Indian Tribi^s to the NonhEast, llie former irthaUitanis if Ncw-Englaiifl, that have presoived tlieir 1 mgungc entire, hoitig the oldest and purest Indian spoken in the t/istern StatCF. DERIVED FROM BY A CITIZEN OF xMIDDLETOWN, CONN. ■• •• Tliis Book is the only work of its kind to be had. It cotitaiii.s the Elements of the Indian Toiguo, and much that is uexf to the reading public ; especially the names by which the Red Men of the forcHt, designated the natural objects before them. MIDDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT CHARLES H. TELTON, PRINTER. 1851. Price 25 Cents. \^i M A\ TO THE READER. It must be .1 matter of dtop regret, to every intelligent iii'i.'tbitant of New England, and espccuilly of Connecticut, that so liitlu of tiic language, and the names ol:' tlie natural objects in use by tlie abori- gines has been preserved, and it is doubtful if a full vocabidary of the Mohegan can now be obtained. What was once an easy attainment, was then neglected — for it appears to us, to h; ve been no very diiHcult thing to have made full lists of their names and words. It has been a n. itter of regret, also, among the learned, that Presi- dent Edwards, who wrote a small Essay on tlic Mohegan Language, wliich was first printed in 17SS, sJiould have contented himself with giving so meagre an exposition, and so short a list of its words. Si;ch as it is, however, we feel verv grateful for ; thougli small, still it ia precious, and has been edited by the late learned Mr. Pickering, and published in the Massachusetts Historical Collections, in volume XX of this admirable work, which reflects so much honor on that distin- guished state, in tlie preservation of its historical papers and me- moirs. The liberal patronage and favor which has been bestowed on tho Indian Key, wliich was issued only last year, of which five hundred copies were printed, is now re-published, and some additional matter given, vdiich, it is believed, will render it more acceptable to tho general reader. The writer would here call the attention of the candid reader, to the sketch given of himself by this son of the forest. He is a full blood Indian, and knows, and speaks the languages of the North-Eastern portions of this country, with great purity. We need hardly say, that a knowledge of tl-.ese tongues, will be of especial vjilue, and of very high interest to the Antiquarian and Philologist. It ia hoped, the sale of this little unpretending book, will enable our Indian to print a more extended work from our ample manuscript mate- rials of the Etchemin language. J. B. Middletown, Conn., September 18, 1851. 1 SKETCH OF THE EIFE OF NICOLA TENESLES. 1 Nicola Tknesles, presents to the indulgent reader the following brief eut-Une of his life. He is now in the 57th year of age, and speaks Etchemin, the Language of his Tribe ; also that of the Micmacs. His Grandfather, Nicola Hahk u-mah-bis, was a Mohawk War Chief, and anciently resided on the Connecticut River. He was engaged for a limo, and fought some of the battles for the French; afterwards he assisted the English or Amer- icans. His father was born in Canada, and succeeded to tho rank of Chief; he lived ths life of a hunter ; and was married to a woman of the Etchemin tribe, by whom ho had seven children. Nicola, the subject of our Memoir, was taught to speak the Etchemin by his mother ; he also learned to speak the French in Canada. Says ho has iiow two brothers living. He has been twice married ; first to a Micmac woman, with whom he lived ten years, and with these people about eighteen years. This made him familiar with that language. His next wife was of the Penobscot tribe, and is still liv- ing ; and here he is introduced to another language, which he learns. This wnndenng life, and shifting from tribe to tribe, makes him fp.miliar with three Indian languages. The Penobscot, however, lie says, is not as familiar with him as theothers named. Tho French he s'peaks very readily, and to a familiarity with this polished langiage, we have been enabled to cnm])are his Indian languages better, in matters of doubt and difiicultv. He has had but little instruction be- sides the teaching from an Indian, and what he has picked up by his own application. The liCo of an Indian, who has been mainly devoted to the chase will bo rather tame to those sort ot' readers, who had rather peruse thrilling accounts of battles and savage yells, for such readers only, the peaceful habits of the Indi- an l?unter, cannot be expected to have particular charms. A full memoir of the scenes into which his grandfather was 1 4 hurled by tho fortunes of wjir, iniglit hotter suit the tasto of such readers ; and they will hud enough of it in the early pa- ges of tlio history of \ie United States. The bloody scalp, and deadly TunvliC-^r^ are not suited to our tasto ; our ob- ject is to preserve tlu' words and names of the Indians, that once dwelt here, and snatch tlieni from threatened oblivion. The iioaeefnl and wandering modo of life of our Indian l^icola, anil esjtocially his good kii()wle(lii;o of IncHan tdugues has made \\s desirous l<> kii(»\v moic of hishisloiy, ami hunt- iii;^ advt'nfu'-es ; also with thu Indian names given to tiie v.ild animals of the fo)est, to the bii'ds, and to the liish, all these have been derived from him, aJid other LuHans. We had made extensive vocabularies, and availed oursolf of tlie j)iinle(l sources of inftMination ; but what we give in the following pages, will be the iuunes deiived from Micola, and much of this matter, it h believed, will be new to the readirig liublic. I'ut let us now return to the Woods with our "hunter, who says his father mostly liunted in Lower Canada, and brought him up to tho chase, that, with his bow and arrow, when a small boy, he used to shoot the i)ar- tridg03 and squirrels, before he was big enough to use tho deadly riile. At the ago of 2G, he firat married ; this was to a young woman of the Micmac Tribe, and ho went to live with her in their country. He then supported his family with IJeaver trapping and hunting. He says that in his pursuit of the beaver, he traveled over 100 miles of country, that they gen- erally go with a companion. The implements needed were tho snow shoes, Ah-ku-muc (in Etchemin,) and a sort of sled they called Tah-bah-nos-kook, or more familiarly To-baugn. A blanket, a gun, and tum-hegn, and about six steel traps, this would constitute the fc.imple out-fit of an Indian hunter. In the fall of the year, ho would be absent about two, and in the spring about three months. IIo says, as a general rule, two hunters would at most take about one hundred beaver skins on one of these excursions. They cat the tlesh of bea- ver, and dry it, to carry to their families. Their general practice waf^, Avhen they arrived at the fa- vorite hunthig ground, to make a big wigwam to stay in, and to deposit the game, and other matters. Our Indian says that in old time, there was moose in the Micmac country ; that they all disappeared, and now he says, they again make their appearance. And further, he says, that all the large woods between Connecticut and Canada, abounded witli mooso \i\ former times. I I In ono excursion ho made after beaver, when about fifteen years old, i" compan); with a hunter, thoy took only two partridges and one rabbit ; they almost perished with hun- ger. This wns in the fall of the year. As an instance of the precarious life of the hunter, ho gives the fi)llowing narrative. " I had gone to hunt on an excursion for two months. I was left ahtne by the desertion of my companion. I made good collections, that is about thirty beaver skins, and some beaver meat, I had dried. Well, on the breaking u[) of Winter, I had prepared a raft ready to go down the stream near by. On my way down, n large stick, or tree crosses the stream and upset my raft, and all is lost save my tinder-box and Tum-hegn. B^or three days then ainking in the deep wet snow, I w.ade along the river with no snow shoes ; I find great dilUculty to travel, and I am destitute of food. I^t length reached the Arista- goosh River, and walk on its banks, where they are high and rocky. I then see a bear coming towards me — I prepare for him — between the rocky banks and water there is onl}' a narrow pass ; here I hide myself behind a rock, and wait till the Bear comes up, and 1 kill him with one blow of my Tum-hegn, which I sink into his head. This makes me a great feast. I then stop two days to eat and feast on him. His skin makes me a good warm covering. The remainder of the bear meat I carry with me, to my home, for my poor family, waiting for the proceeds of the beaver hunt, which had all been lost as above related. FIISHIIVC}. TIk; Indian Nicola T., has had some excellent sport, as well as profit to his family in fishing for Salmon,. in his young- er days. This was in the Merimeshee River, and Aristi- goosh.* He says that one of their large fishing canoes would con- tahi one hundred of the largest sahnon ; and two men be- sides. They take the salmon by torch-light, in the night time, when they use the spear. These salmon would weigh * The Indians of tlic Etchcmiu Tribe, called the River Lustoge- cheets. The sound of tlie r, is not in use in this language Avhon spo- ken in its purity. The same name was used in a shorter form, Lus- tukq and the St. John's River was called Wullustuk, which last name may be translated Heasant River. *i o6 iVom 30 to 40 pounds oacli, vory unlike the present puny 1 ace, now seen in our uuukcts, anil luirtlly worthy oi" the iiunio. Tlicse t»Moii times of salmon lishing, so j^lowingl^ clescri- I cil l»y the jiged men, makes onn l(jn mg him of the salmon ho liad taken. Our Indian says that the salmon was wild in the day time, i>ut they sometimes took them with the Harpoon. The spear they then used, was from two to three fathoms long, and had iui iron spike in the centre, with two spreading jaws of wood t istened win a string, that closed, and held the fish to th« .^pike ; by which contrivance, it was easily and safely taken into their canoe. The jaws of the salmon, spear or Negah- 'iuol, were made of Rock Maple. Acer Saccharinum. The Indian names for their fishing implements are as : Hows: — * Negah-quol, Salmon Spear, (or jaws.) Sequahegn, The Iron Spike, Negah-quohtuk, The pole (of spruce,*) Negah-quahap, The tying string, We have before us a drawing of the salmon spear, made y the Indian, hut for the want of a wood cut it cannot be •presented at this time. * The Indian name for the Spruce Fir,° is Kiih--wah-tuk ; tlie syl- :)le Uik being the abreviated form of Hit-tuk, tlio ancient name foi ■ ;e, anil figuratively for river or rapid stream. Tlie modern IncUan 1110 fur tree in Apu^, and Apiw seul, plural. In Micmac Kaui- )otz. In Etchemin, for Pino, is Couc or Koo, and in Micmai'. )oa-wav {jfraiul 'I'lint. p(Mli<>ii of iIm' pt'iiiiisiila, ('.\lt'iu!i;iat, ri'.sort of liitd:^, I'Spci'iaUy tlockn of jjfecin'. I'luii- brt'cuiiijjf j,'r(niiir ('onadmi^, is anxiously looked for in tlie ilcsolatu fur coiiutriL's of irutlson's I'ay, by the ubori^'incs, wlio dt;- pcuil for sub.^istciii'o uiaiiily on it, durinL:; tho suninKT. 'I'lm binis after arriving- at HmL-on's 15ay, tlisjicr-se in pairs, to l;i-ccd lootAVcen tho rjC und 07'- parallels. Tliey aro seldom seen on tlu; coust of tho Arctic mm. Mr. Audubon fouml tliciii brcodinij on tlio const of Labrador. Sec an cxcollent account of tliis bird in the Ornitliol(j"v i)i},h: Xuitall, vol. 2, p. 149. I\DIA.\ TRA1l>ITIO.\S A!TIO:V<;} TlBi: i-:TcsaE?ii:vs. The Indian relates, tliat tho aged poo|.lo of his tiibo, Irne many curious tradilions and wild fables, as may be expecteil among a [ingan peoj'ie. The beginning of these narratives, he is now unable to j^ive. Tliere is much, however, relating to KjUosk-ahp, (this name maybe translated tho lying man,) and to Chc-ku-nuks, or the Turtle. We purpose to make a few selections only, from what the Indian has related to us. This being intended to exhibit the Indian as he is. It may V 8 Horve, also, to show tho darkness of the human mind, that has never been illuminated by the word of God. This Kullos-kahp is regarded by nis people with high ad- miration. There is, al*:o, Chee-ku nuks, who is the uncle to Kulloskahp : the former it seems, lived alone, and was un- iuarrifd, though it appears the most notable of the young squaws, felt desirous to confer conjugal happiness on him. He, therefore, divoits himself at a wedding party in a singu* lar manner, as follows : Muh-gah-lcep, (tho Cariboo) has two fine daughters, that were very desirous to relieve tho lonesome swain Kullos-kahp, from his state of single bless- edness ; but Kullos-kahp had other scliemos. He therefore, desires the Turtle to marry one of these fine girls, and even lends him '-is clothes that he may personate him. and be sure of success. The Turtle tiien goes to visit the maidens and passes himself for Kullos-kai-p ! After being duly ushered to the family, tlie old squaw privately instructs one of her daughters to make ready the bridal bed for the expected hus- band. The events that follow, furnish much of tljo Indian talk and gossip of the evening among these people, such as may he expected among a people who have no literature, no histoj'ical annals, and only tho confused traditions of a few generations. The next adventure is, ^Jiey all go moose hunting : but here Chee-ku-nuks, the Turtle cannot run or ko'^o up with them, and is therefore, carried on the sled or Tabougn. On their way ho fell ofl^, and is left. He recollects, however, that his nephew, KuUos kahp is behind, and lights his long handled Indian pipe, and when he sees him coming, hands it to him to smoke ; but the wiley Kullos-kaph when he came up says, my uncle must have been troubled with this branch or stick that reaches over our path, and therefore he lops it off (the pipe,) with his Tumhegn. The Turtle thus forlorn and in distress, soon discovers a way to gain upon his hunting companions. He presently goes to the river, and glides along at the bottom, and is the first to reach the hunting ground, and kills the first moose, dresses it and has the wigwam ready before the party ar- rives, and liad even refreshed himself before the hunters came. He awakes then and says tauntingly to young Muh gah-lee|), "you run very fasti" When the hunting party is satisfi^-d and all ready, the game is put into the Ta^ SlllgU- bougn, and all return with the moose meat ; with this they make a grand feast. The Indian fashion being to make a hunt after the wedding ; and as the Turtle could not do this hinis( If, it is brought about by the invisible agency of Kul- lus-kalip, in the manner just related. The next feat of Kullos-kahp, is thus arranged. IIo ad- vises his uncle, the Turtle, to go fishing, to a place do'-ig- nated where there was a net, and whore he used to vi ■ to fish at times ; so without delay tlie Turtle starts \\\. . tlie Rock Canoe of Kullos-kahp, and hero he captures a large fish, which jiroves to be a whale, (l'ootaj)e,) which he brings to tne sliore with the stone eaiioe ; atna/.ed with the success of his fishing, he goes then to Kullos-kalip, and eiKiuires how he is to c;.;ry so huge an afi'air ^ why cany iiiin on your shoulder, to the wig- warn ot'yoin* Father-in-law ; which he attempts; but on the way bel'urc he reaches the place is overwhelmed, Mith the huge load intended as a pie.seiit to Muh-gahdeep, his wife's father. When the prize is discovered, Mah-gah-leep, iuvires all bis friends to come, and help hiui to secure and cut up the Whale, supposing that the Turtle had now jx^'i lied in his perilous undertaking. After nuich feasting and cutting up of the Whale, at length beneath it found their Cliee-ku-iiuks or the Turtle dead, and partly devoured with maggots. Kuilof kaph then goes to him, gave him a kick, and tells him ho ought not to sleep so long. The reply of the Turtle is, sure enough ; I have slept late here ! Now the scene changes a little, and we come to some of the sequences of the married life. It seems the wife of the Turtle bears him a son in due time, and the pappoos, is inc( s;| santly crying. This new kind of music, causes much trouble to the Turtle, and he goes 1 )r advice and consolation to Kullos kahp. I do not know what is the matter v.ith your little cousin, he cries so mucli. What noise does he make ^ enquires Kallosd5 appearance among the guests. Then he takes an egg and begins to strike it with his finger, with a sort of fillup. This the Turtle feels most keenly, and ''n* stantly shrinks, and exclaims, why do you do so ! why don't you eat up your egg, and done with it ? This was done twice, to annoy the Turtle and make him feel his power. These surprising feats of Kullos-kahp, cause the greatest astonishment among the Indians, then envy creeps in and they would gladly kill Kullos-kahp, to get rid of an individu- al who can work such miracles. Afterwards the Indians set their wits to work to destroy Kullos-kahp ; and Chee-ku-nuks, or the Turtle, has the bar- dihood to make the attempt, whicl' he sets about in the fol- lowing mannor: — He proposes to Kullos-kahp to make a voyage in his stone canoe, to a well known distant ledge of rocks surrounded by the sea. There they go, and while Kullos-kahp is leisurly walking about on the desolate rocks, the Turtle takes away the stone canoe, and leaves him as he supposes there to perish. On discovering this treachery, Kullos-kahp mounts on a whale which brings him ashore. When he reaches the shore he hears the sound of mirth and dancing. This was to celebrate the destruction of Kullos- kahp. When he finds this state of feeb'ng raised against him, he resolves to be revenged, which he does in this man- ner. He puts on the disguise of an old tquaw, and when about to enter the wigwam, he finds two toads placed as sentries on each side thf door, He asks the cause of this rejoicing: the first toad feels indignant at tho supposed old squaw's question, and is puffed up with pride and haughti- ness in^stead of giving a civil reply. Then Kullos-kaph in- stantly seizes the first and screws oft' the nose of this toady, then he turns to the other which he sei ves in the same un- cerimonious manner. Since that time, the Indians say, tho toad has never had a nose on his liicc. The next thing is to find Chee-ku-nuks and punish him for his baseness, ingratitude and treachery to him. Dis- guised, therefore, as an old squaw, he enters the tent, and looks round and finds Clief-ku-nuks bending forward in the dance He iteps behind him, and with his knife, lets out his entrails, by a dexterous circular cut, and immediatly hands tlie protruded bowels to a dog, which he drags away. \ 11 st, KuUos- Then he er, -,vith a and fn- why don't was done power, e greatest leps in and n individu* Immediately the rest of the dogs fall to and have a fight for this morsel. Then Chee-ku-nuks finding himself so dan- gerously wounded, cries out, it is me, it is I that am hurt. For at first, benumbed in ♦he dance, in the eagerness of his savage joy, he hud not discovered the source of the mischief, and that himself was the victim, and was at last punished for his treachery, in conspiring the death of the wonder work- ing Kul!ob-kaph. \ to destroy as the bar- in the fol- to make a it ledge of and while )late rocks, ) him as he treachery, lim ashore. mirth and of KuUoB* led against n this man- and when \ placed as use of this ipposed old id haughti- os-kaph in- this toady, same un- ns say, tha tunish him fiiin. Difl- e tent, and vard in tlie lets out his atly hands ■ay. < I NAMES FOR THE ANIMALS IN INDIAN. ENGLISH. ETCHEMIN. MICMAO. Animal, Waysis — Singular, Wisis. Animals, Way-sesuc — Plural Wisisk. Moose (Cervus Alces,) Moos, Teahm, Cervus tarandus-X.i/«n. Mah-gah-leep, Kahlepoo, or Cariboo. Bear, a he Bear, a she Bear, Deer, Wolf, r Wildcat, Rooseve, ? Fox, black. Muc-kah-leep, Mooen, Nah-besq, Noosesq, Attuck, Mai sum, I'ussough, Ape-quo-segn, Quock- sus, Moo wen, Nah-besk, Noose squ, Luntuk, Pahktussuin, Uu-koquets. Abokesegti, Woqui?. -red, -gray, Squirrel — red, black, gray, striped, flying, Rabbit, Porcupine — Hys- trix don W, Meksvva-ete-quock Mahtawke-woquiis. sus, Maquaete-quocksus, Megwake-woquis. Wenhoget-quocksus Aynugut-woquis. Me-koo, Mekasay-waycte- mekoo, Wenhoget, Ah-sah-gwahk, Sex-kahtoo, Mah-tu-gwes, Mah-tu-wes Megwake-atoo-too- wetz, Mah-tay-wauk, Ay-noo-get. Ah-mal-pahk-matz. Sahx-kahtoo. Ah-pul-lee-ku-rautz. Mah-tu-wes. \ 12 ENGLISH. ETCHEMIN. MICMAC. \ 1 Woodchuck, Moonecm-ques li m Munum-quetz, - ~ Raccoon, Espuntz, Ah-niahl-chu.wetz, Skunk, Ah.pe-ecchee-loo, Abig-cheelo. Sable, Ne-mouks-wes, Ah-bces-tah-naootz. Fisher, Pakumgk, Op-onikq, Beaver, Quah-bete, Ko-pete, 1 Otter, Kewneek, Key-o-nik. / Mink, Cheah-kes, Cheah-kaotz. • Wcasle, Suh-gwes, ■ Muskrat, Kew-us, Key-wesso. Rat, (big mouse ,) Chee-tukis, Meskilk-abigcheets. \ Mouse, Tuk-kis. Abigcheets, i White Bear, Wahpa-ete-mooen Indian Dog, Lunsuni. Lunt-sum, ; European Dog; Alamoos. Alamooch. 1 Bitch, Squessum. Squessum. a Fawn, Attooksis, Luntuck-cheetz.; a Buck, Eyahp. Eyahp. .f a Doe, El. U gwatuk. .'* 1 ^ 1 Paris of anhnalu, c£-c. Deer's horns, Sum-wuck. 0-sumook. i' Deer's hoot's. Wuck-kusse. 1 a Bear's skin. Unsquaoo, Mooeni. < I a Bear's claws, Moocn wucasse, Mooin-o-qnasse. Quah-peta-wahoo. .[ the Tail of an animalQuah-pctawhl, a Beaver skin, Mut-tah-ah, Um-ti Sinew of an animal,Tuna-an, , Dung, (animal) Meets-kun, Mechanel, (^Wysis) | Urine, Skee wun. 1 Milk, Mullax, Mullaguts. • ? Fat, Wick, Wicow. ( ; Bear's grease. Skeepum, Mooenome. | Intestines, Pekway-jelah, Belly, Wut, ,f H Rib, Peka-wegan, Pegfih-kim. f Marrow, Ween, Ween. * all kinds of Fur, Paesweek, Hair, Peaseswul, i i 13 Iwetz, liaootz. / r \ ir J 6-- \ ENGLISH. Kngle, white headed, Hawk, i'ish-IIawk, Swan, Wild-Goose, White Goose,(wild) Heron, Loon, Small Loon, Brant, Sea Duck, a Dnck, Black Duck, a Turkey, Turkeys, Water Hen, Robin, Wip-poor-will, Cat Bird, Black Bird, Blue Jay, Pigeon, . Crow, y Snipe, ^ Snow-Owl, CI re at Owl, Little Owl, Owl, Sea-Gull, ('anada Jay or ) Mods Bird, j King-Fisher, Swallow, Woodpecker, ■ " -redheaded. Humming Bird, Yellow Bird, H BIRDS. ETCIIEMIN. MICMAC> I'hcop-LabgU;, Kcct-apoO', Wo[)Sokcs, ^Vah-bat kcet-poo, Wah-liawihaw, Mah-ta-wale-keet-poo Chccp-choop-wagut, Wiskum agvvasuk, Wah-bee, See-nuniq, Tah-gulcets, Tum-quahl-hegn-nuts, Que-moo, Mah-gweis, Mah-goola-weets. Ma-ta-wall-keet-poo Mutuayseen, Cheekuh -moo-yets. Seips, Se-seip. Mut-to-seem, Ap-cheetz-qu-mutz. Nah-mh — NapmnehAp-tah-ke-keetajeet is-niay-gwcs, Wap-tukq Wah-be-geeluk, Cahsq-uh, Uc queen, Mah-gwees, Nehmeyuk Noo-kumnus, Am-que buses, Wip-o-lus, Kop-Kahmus, Chuck-alusq, Te-deus, Pu-les, Kah-kah-gose, Ah-put-tah he-cheet We-ootz-metz. Keep chow- we tz. Wip-polee. Kope-quetz. Poo-qut-lees-keets, Tedeus. Pu-lase. Kah-kah kotes. Che-che-we-gahtis, Cheets-we-gah-tetz. Wahpe-koo-koo- kahs, I Te-tugul, Kahp-kahmus, Koo-koo-kah, Ke-ah-qh, Om-kunew-sus, Kah-skumnus, Paytah-geesscs, Ah-bah-kuses, Om-quat-pat, Ah-lah-mus-seet, Wesah-weasis, 2 Koo-koo-ges. Te-tug-aleo. Kopquetz. Koo-koo-ges. Kal-lagn-de-etz. Chick-tle-geie. Pooh-gah-les, Un-tow-wesk' On-tow-esgk. Me-Ie-tow. X. 14 ENGLISH. Unio, Butcher Bird, Cedar Bird, Yellow-bellied ) woodpecker, f Hairy Woodpecker, Ali-!)uli-ques, Mottled Owl. 're-te-i?ul. Bat, Puckadah-tamus, ETCHEMIN. Tooahlosq, Ooahsis, M'l_;--qiie-mos- } in;ili-set, ( Pali-gwutqna-ah f MIOMAC, ■ Pertaining to Birds. A Bird's Nest, Wasus. if i FISH. V ( Na-match, k Namachuc, V A Fish, N'Mays, Fishes, N'Maysuc, Net, Hap, Hahpee Line, Ah-pahpusses, Ne-goqual, (spear, a Whale Pootape, Pootup, a Shark, Sahpe-demake, Sabbede-mequ. a Sturgeon, Pah-sukus, Kom-ku-tah-mok. Dog-Fsh, Segulate, Se ku-lah-te. Porpoise, Moospes, Muck-pates. Haddock, Pim-squaw-pa-ke- 1 Put-home-kunetz. ke-mus. Holbert, Sah-nah-qu, Um-sahnokq. Codfish, Nooku-maquo, Pay-joo, Pollock, Pascatum, Pestum. Salmon, Pul-ahm, Pul-lah-moo. Trout, . Scotum, Attuk-quah-suh. Shad, Umsahm, Um-sahmoo. Alewife, Segun-nu-make, Segun-nu-mokq. Herring, Pete-quok-segeke Nu-may-jeetz. Sucker, Ke-kum-quk, Kom-quetz. Eel, Kaht, Kaht. Whitefish, Wahpe-N'Mays, Pnopsques. Blackfish, Muga-say-NMays , Mak-lay-wakenun Bass, Muhgahk, Chee-gow. Perch, A htsab-qu ahlusk Ah-chokollo>wet7; White Perch, Pokakagun, i a Pickerel, Quon-noos \ { f' 15 } \ BNGLISH. ETCHEMIN. Parts pertaining to Spawn, Sah-qah-wahn, Fins, Ooah-qunusal, a Scale. Wullahk, Scales, WuUakeil, Gills, Wuskegul, Skin, Muttagii, Bones, Skun-neos, Teeth, Webeet, MICMAC. Fish. Nee-jintz. Otah-guuel. Pe-we-gos. Pcwegesk." Musutoqn. Mu-kagun. Wah-kun-dow. We-peet. V ; \ KEY TO THE II^DIAN tAI^GlIACJE OF Jfeixi-^nglaui. CONVERSATIONS IN ETCHEMIN. ETCHEMIN. Tahn klaj'een, Nolay, . Netop skoowe yute, Tahn wekean, Tahn noklaen ncesweak, Tahn klayeen kommetoukc.^, Kuppaync mum, Tahn elle aihn keel., Yuta yeen, Kusahah netop, Ozin, Appeen, WullewuQ, Oakejee nohahtu, Conus toll paaahq, Nooesakt, Mahts suhah neguk, KulluitGezook, "Wullaa-gwew, ENGLISH. How do you do. Very well. Friend come here. Where do you dwelL How is your wife. How is your Father. How is your Sister. Where go you. Stay here. Come in, Friend. Warm yo. Sit you down. I thank you. Speak Indian. Do yon understand me. I am in baste. I must go home. Good day. Good mght. *^ 16 ETOHEMIN ENGLISH. SEASONS. Segwun, Spring; Nebun, Summer. Tuwag-wu, Autumn. Poae"W, Winter. TIME. Pemkoeskok, A day. Nuktahclieeay, An hour. ^ Meunet, A minute. Nukt-suuta, One week. { N"(M3S-8UUta, Tvo weeks. Pesque Keezous, Abanseegeton, One month. \ ^ Half a year. NVjL^it cbee^ton, One year. 4 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 4 \ N'quit, One, Talipo, Two. Seest Tlirec. Naliyoo, Four. 1 Kolui. Five. Kalimacliin. Six, Elwegauuk, Seven. • Oglcmulcliiii, Eight. Esqaanalit.ike, Nine. f^^ Ten. ( Eleven. ' UuituUan, Koo daLiikoo, Ne aaliiikoo, Twe'vo. S Thirteen, ( Un sahn koo, Nay wahn koo, Fourteen, < Nah nalin koo, Fifteen, Kah mall chin ka sahn koo, Sixteen, *. EI wegunuc ka isalin koo, Seventeen, * Oge mulchin ka sahn koo, Eighteen, Esqu nah tak ka sahn koo, Nineteen^ 1 Ne siijsk, Twenty. Un sinsk. Tliirty. > Nah winsk, Forty, > V Na ninsk, Fifty, V Conaah chin ka sinsk, Sixty, El we gu nuc ka sinsk, Seventy, Ogu mul chin ka sinsk, Eighty; Es qu nah take ka sinsk, Ninety, Unkutahtquli, One Hundred , Quodaluu quahk. One Thousand. ( A 17 ETCIIEMTN'. ENGLLSir. ORDINAL NUMBERS. Omfiqnai?, Nce-sa-wa, Noo-wawa, Nay-wa-wa, Nah-na wa, Kom-a-chinka-sa-wa, Ulweganucka-sa-wa, Oogu-mul chinka-sa wa, Eaqu-nah-take-ka-sa-wa, Ku-dinak-ska-ga-wa, Nesints-keg-a-wa, Kut-tahqtu-ka-3a wa. N'metahks, Nekwoos, N'seWess, Phanemum, N'quss, N'tose, Tuahsecsum, Ne-8Weah, "We-Ncxum, Sewesul, Paun-momul, Wecke wus-sul, Neel tay, Tubeltumn, Ouskejin, Skctop, Apect, SkenosTB, Nox, Noxsqueak. Wahsees, Vrahsesiik, \ • Wahpa, Mackusayway, Maquacko> Musqueu-te-jek, Qua htugenab-kut, We- say - way -eke, Eb keepe-gwut-takci "Wenhoget, First. SccoikJ. Third. Fourth. Fifth. Sixth. Seventh. Eighth. Ninth. Tenth. Twentieth. Hundredth. RELATIONSHIP, d-c. My Father. My Mother, My Brother. My oister. My Son. My Daughter. My Child. My Husband. My Wife. H'i3 Brother. His Sister, His Mother Myself, My Own, Indian. Man. Married WomM Bor, Gi?l, Girls. Child. Cliildren. COLOURS. White. Black. Red. Blue. Purple. Yellow. Green. Grar. 18 PARTS or THE HUMAN BODY. ENGLISH. Hciid, (my,) Hair, {lay,) Face, (hirt,) tho Ear, Eyes, Scalp, Nose, Mouth and lipp, (liis,) Touf^uc, Tooth, Teeth, Beard, (ray,) Neck, (my,) Arm, (my,) ShouUler, Back, Hand, (my,) First Fiuger, "ii'lngera, > ails, iJreast, i'ody, 1 reaat, (female,) ' ipple, r avel, high, (his,) nee, ■i Koot. H Toe, 1 teel, Viikle, Bone, Heart, Liver, Windpipt\, Stomach, •ladder, Blood, /ein, .iinew, I'leeh. ilkin, Marrow, iirain, /■-orta I ungs Kidney, Kidneys, Lawnrde, cr viscera, ETOIIHMIN. Na-nenliyii, Bc-yes-ao-raul, Seeauc, Chahlugug, Sees-kul — dee kul, Wukaqu, Meton, Ootun, Mcel-ul, Ne-bit, Ne-petl, Neet wul, Dupskoke, Peh-tin, Telmahgun, Pah kahm, Petin, Un-telTTeg-niltz, Tlwegtt-cheeul, Muck-kus Resue, Me-gee-gun, Unhuck, Um-noo-eahgn, Wun-neah-gu-nesis, Weelus, Me-Tvequ, Un-knt-qu, TJm-seet, Um-qut-ka-sect, Muk wun, KuUa hegn, Ske neea, M us ban, Squ-um, Qut-ah-giin-ahp, Wcnah-sac Wopusq, Puhgah-kn, Um-chah- cheese, Tun-wah-nul, "Wey-ous, Mud-aygn, Ween, Wee-leet-pahn, Wea-geet, Wuppunuk, Po-keel-wabii, Po keel-wah-nuc, Moo-chin, MIC MAC. Wun-ojee, O sah-punal, Osees-kuk Set-wagn. Pukegwul. Sisqu ui*. Ootun. Wcelnoo, (hia.) j Ne-beot. .r We-peetl. i Nee-tool. Toel--wahgn. PetuDi Telmahgn. Pakham ^ Petn-tlgnal. T'hv.;gn. T'lv/egnul. O'quaee. < Puaqu-UQv Otenin, Mula-gechach. Mullah'gft-jam. Wel-ee. Walug-wun. '' Chegun. Okaht. Mu'gah-kuchawaj Oqu-un. \VuUu3 qu hogn. Wah gun-tou. Kumlahmn. O'squ-un. Seetun.abbtf We-nia-hi. * O'pisque. f Maldow, ^ Meechaguts. Tin-wahnul. «, We us. ^y Muk-agn. Ween. 0-tup. We-goet. Opunkqu. Pogul-wun. Pokul-wunk. Mechahn. / 19 HOMINEV, The name for hrohen and boiled Maize or Indian Corn. This word is now in general use in the northern parts ot" this country. I have seen no attempt at exDlanalioii. It id derived from Tuckun)ah, to strike, and min or muen, the berrv or maize. Min, however, is a general term for berry. Half the verb is united with the noun for berry to make ckum-mono or kurn-mine — tbe beaten berry ; corrupted into Homimcy, by aspirating the first letter, substituting Horn for the Indian chum, and supplying iney for mene. Words of pure Indian origin are surely as worthy a place in our Lexicons, as if derived from the Greek or Arabic Ian* guages. ^ TUMEHEGN, AN INDIAN HATCHET. The Indian remarks on this word, that the Americans speak it wrong, " Tom-my-Hawk." It is not so, " Indian says Tume.hegn," the e being short, and scarcely sounded, with the short sound of a, and the h lias a full aspirate, as hee The gn is sounded short. This word is compounded of the Indian verb, Tume-ta niun, to cut, and the noun Ilegun^ a sharp cutting instrument, which is also in many words synonomous witli engine or machine, is of very extensive application in the Indian of New-England, as ourvocal)ulary will siiow. In compounding' this word, half the verb is clipped oil', and joined with the noun being a very elegant mode of niiiking words; and how- ever short the original word is thus rendered in composition, it is invested with the full force of the original. In the com- position of this word, the pronouns are added, as in the following example, which is declined like a verb. The pre- sent and past time, and the plural terminations are given, al- though this is not the best word to exhibit as a model, still it will answer our purpose. PRESENT. A Hatchet Tumehegn, My Un -Tumehegn, Thy Uc-ku-Tumehegn, Hia Ou-Tumehegn, Our Ucku-Tumehagn, Your Uc-Tumchegu, Tlieir Omsu-Tumehogn, PAST. It waa, Ubpunake, Upunake, Upunake, Nou-punekul, Nuawl-Oohpimegal, Punekul, PLURAL. Hatchets, ul, ul, ul, Nuunuel, Nunauel, Nnnuuel. 20 COIVIPFADirM OF INDIAN GRAMMAR. r/"' Vcrfi to Cut — Tnmrtainun, {Aninutto Vvrh,, ix ciijugatnl an f'A. I, ,rs ;— ,(rt jiitrt on/;/ of this is i/irin.) phesent timk. Mng uli -1. Uii ti I Cut, You Cut, Jl.! CutK, Wo Cut, All Cut. I did Out, You did Cut, He did Cut, We did Cut, Ml did Cut. ar — 1. uii tuniL'-niun, U. Uc turn-ta-inun, 3. Ooc-tuin-ta-nnui, Plural — 1. Tc turn ta iiuin-nnnc, 2 it 3. Um wcnw-nturnta inun-nane, TAST TIMK, (OU TENSE.) Singular — 1 . Tin- tum-tainua-*napun, 2. Uctuin-ta-inuii nupiui, 3. Oi)tamta-niuii napiHi, Plural — 1. Uctum-ta-munnajMin, 2 «t 8. Uui seuAv-kutuia-tii-iiiunna-nojnin, * Napun if tho sif^n of tbc Prcterito, or rather upnn ; the letter n and others are thrown between, for the sake of Euphony, in Indian and Celtic, and adds much to the harmony of a language. Manner of wrilinff the Pronoun with the Xonnin the following wonh ThiK form in (jcncrnl. Singular— My Mother, I^eek-wus. ''' 'I'liy Mother, Kee-wus. His .^^otller, Weekus.sul. Plural— Our Mother, Keek-wusson. Your Mother, Keekwuss wah. Their Motlier, Uin-scuw-week-wurt wahl Singular — My Fatlior, Thv Fiitlier, llis Futlier, Plural— <'hir Fatl\or, Your Fiitlior, 'Ihoir I'iitlier, Our riiUiefM, Their Fatliers, Nu-nie-tahka. Uc-a-ince talikfl. Oo iiio-tahks 8ui. Ku inc-talhk smi. Uu ku-uie-talhk-sun. Oo-metahk.swahl. Kii-iTio-tahk-sun.-\vuk. Ku iiu' tallcs Hun-wuk. i NOUNS. » These are divided into two classeH — Animate and Inanihiatc. No distinction i.s mado for difiVrenco of hox, as with tlie Latin Greek, and inodorn European LaiiQ^uagcs. The mowt striking j)eeii liarity, which run.'* through the Indian languages of the Algonkiji Lenape Family, i.-^ the division into two great classes, animatk and fSAMMATr. 'ihi.s pervades the whole language. It will be seen, also, that the Nouns in tho Etchomin, have the Present and the Preterite forms, similar to a verb; this peculiarity, also, exists in the Micmac language. 1. 2. 3, r I, ' Cut, C^uU, Cut, Cut. (1 Out, did Cut. id ('ut, did Cut, did Cut. Hi letter n iu iDdinii dng wordi WUrt Wlllil 1. Ul. C-SUll. ahl. n-Avuk. in-M'ul<. riifiKitc. tlio Livtiii kin^ jK'i'ii ! Al<^onkiji HHATs ariil sseen, alsfi, 3 Preterite 10 Micratn.' ( SI CLAII 1. — A^riMATK ITOVNS. SINGULAR. FaniMT. Attuck, Moowen, Ahtooacs, N'Mays, Sip.ses, Fosayuuni, A Doer, A Bear, A Snake, A Fish. A little Bird, A Star, Pabt. Atlook, Moowenc. Ahtoosis -00. N'Mays. SipHt'oskuk. PLURAL. PaiaEirr. Attookuk, Many Deer. Mnoenyuk, Bears. Attoosinwuk, Snakes. N'Maysuc, Fi^^heH. Soepsuc, little Birds P'saysra'nake, Pa'ayeniuk, Stars. \ The Plural of thi.s clasa ends in oc, cuk, uc, or uck. \ CLAR8 2. — INANIMATE NOUNS. SINGULAR. PLURAL Peesk^t. Sijuttcul. Mt'kootahnosul. Skahkul. Weokwahmul. Seetul. all P.VST. I'llESENT. Squut, Fire, Sciuttc. Fire out, Mekutiilmes), A Knifo, Motahskoncl, Skaliqu, Green Wood, Skahgulioogl, Weekwuhm, A Hut, Wiiekwahin, O-scct, A Foot, OM?et, The plural ends in ul, el, eul, nil, or ooil. Vegetables belong to this class, (inanimate) all parts of tlie body 1 virtues and vires, Tools and iu.struments, Furniture Clothing Fruits, Rivers and Water. The most striking feature in tlic table above, is thf tin; singular as wvU as flic |)liiral. Furwantof space, howcvtT, tin- [)ast plural eould not \v(.?ll be I'xhil)- itcd hero; the above examples nuist suffice niitil we can give a more extended view of the subject from our Manuscript (rrauimar. !ii this, the vetbal system is exliiMted iu detail, wiiicii is rich in conju- gations — of these, we liave drawn out about tliirty model verln. which may be regarded as developing tlic structure or medianism of tlie Indian tongue relating to tlie IS'ew Enghind States, froiu tlie Lunapi of tlie Soutli, to tiie Micmacsof the iN'.East, in which we find n near acuity to the Etehemin. NOTE ON SPELLINO. Tbc sounds adopted are pure Phonetic English, and may be read ut once thus, ah as in mah, a or ai/, as in pay 1 lie letter r does not exist in the Irint'uage so far as we have examined it. Tlie letters / and il are interchanged. There is a soft hissing sound in the word for alt Beeyeu : written in full oui-seuw. PRONOUNS. r" / SINGULAR. 1. Neel, 2. Keel, 3. Lagum, 1. Kelun, PLURAL. We. I. You. 2. La-gumow, Ye or You. He or She. 3. Um-seyu, ) rj,, ^^ ^jj La-^umow J •' S2 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. SINOULAIt. 1. Wen-neel, Who (am) I 2. Wen-keel, Who you. ;^. Wen-nut, Who ho. PLVBAL. Wen-e-kuh-nek-tuk, Who we. Who thev „■ Wen-e-keel-now, < „ 3. ' ( or all. DECLENSION OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. Mushun — A Heart. SI>'(;ULAR. L'nnmuslnin, My heart. Kiiiiia^i bun, Tliy heart. Oiumi.'j bun, His heart. Fcldin- filNGUI.AR. 1. Un pehtin, My hanci. *J Koul pehtin, Thy liand. 8. Ou pehtin, His baud. PLURAL, 1 . Kiiin mus bun nuel, Our hearts. Yoiur heart.-i, or Theirs. 8. Ouinus lum wabl { \ -A Hand. rLUBAt. 1. Pehtinnel, Our hands. 2. Pehtibuel, Your hands. 3. Pehtinuel, All hands. Weehuiahm — A Wigitam or House, Tlie Pronouns are given in the pliural number ; House, singular. SINGULAR. Nook, M, house. Keck, Tiiy bouse. Week Ilia house. FLUBAL. Our house. Your house. Their house. 1. Kee-nook, 2. Keek-wak, S. Week--wak, Note, This arrangement closely resembles the declcusion given in Elliott's Indian Graunnar. In a word, this outline iyill serve to iliiwtrate the Molieagn, till something better is given. ^ In House. BINGULAB. 1. La me quamneguk, y. Aveguk, 3. weguk, TLURAL. 1 . La me quam kee nook, 2. keek wak, 8. In my house. In thy house. In his house. s In our house. ' In your bouse. In their house. ADJ.ECTIVES AND NOUNS. \ AXIUATE. INANIUATB. Wulle sketop, A good man. KuUui mcnek, A good berry„ Kullosa nam, A gcod turkey, Matchegon menek, A bad berry. Kuchee seips, A large bird. Kuch.ee apus, A large tree. Skenosees, A email boy. Pnaps squees, A small atone. Kutchee horse, Old horse. Kah neek weekwahm, Old houie. MuUe ke guh nay sketop, Strong man, Sahglao-pehtin, A strong arm. y / ../ tAL. Who we. Vho thev r all. UNS. RAL. r lieartf*. )iu' heart. i. Theirs. \ lAl. hands, r hands, hands. singular. EAL. :■ house, jr house. lir house. ision given ill serve to I B.' \ \ herrtf, bad berry, tree. II atone. , Old houae. trong arm. 23 PRONOUNi: AND ADJECTIVES. SINGULAR. 1. Ncel an Kullus, 2. Keel Kullus, 3. KuJlusu nah naffurn, I (am) good. You good. Hi good. PLIRAL. 1. M'suo Kullusol to ])un W ressly for this little essay. We had intended also to exhibit the Ciiippe\\ay and Moliegan of the verb To ival/i, winch nvc "crowded out," as the })rinters would say. The reader, there- fore must not suppose, because only the three tenses of the Indicative Mood are here given of a verb, that the Indian tongue is consequently deficient in its capacity of expression. We would at this time take occasion to disabuse the read- ing public, respecting the language of the Indian. It is com- monly believed, that because he has no books or literature, that his language is rude and without any regularity in its structure ; in other words, that it has no Grammar. The examinations made by me in several Indian languages, and a careful study of Mr. (.Gallatin's famous work on the Indian languages in Archeologia Americana, the writings of Mr. Schoolcraft, and the Grammar of Mr. Zeisberger, so learn- edly edited by Mr. Duponceau, these able writers have shown that the reverse is true. We cannot do better than lay before the reader at this time the remarks of Mr. Duponceau, respecting the Delaware In- dian language, which is as follows : "This Grammar exhibits a language entirely the work of the children of Nature, unaided by our arts and sciences, and what is most remarkable, ignorant of the art of writing. Its forms are rich, regular, and methodical, closely following the analogy of the ideas which they are intended to express. Tlie terminations of their verbs expressive of number, per- son, time, and other modifications, of action and passion, while they are richer in their extension than those of Latin and Greek, which we call emphatically the learned languages, appear to have bcon formed on a similar but enlarged model, without any aid Ihan that which was afforded by Nature, Op- erating on the intellectual faculties of man." See Zeisberger'is Grammar, p. 248. -■, \ X 2S onlyi ired ex* exhibit lich arc r, there - 3 of the Indian )ression. he read- iiscom- terature, ity in its ir. The }s, and a 3 Indian i of Mr. so learn- ^e shown this time iware In-