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Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. \ t 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 VWp A2/^ K fC a r • PRICE, 2S CENTS r^ LECTURE ON © @ AND TOK ^titit ©oai^t^ BY W. L. ADAMS. Delirend U Tnaoit T«npl«, Boitoi, October 14, 1869. BOSTON: ISAAC W. MAY, PRINTER, 39 STATE STREET. 186 9. * ^ 3 ^ /> ^ CoUectio/v L E C 1^ U li E ON ® m 1 © © M AND TUK EClfiC si ^ t ♦ BY W . L . ADAMS- Heliverfd in Tremunt Ttmple. Bostoo, (klolier U, 18til«. BOS T N : ISAAC W. MAY, I'H INTER .{'.> STATE STREET. * 1861). HVJp 97§-S A2.I3 ' i LECTURE. Ladies and Gentlemen: The territory belonging to the United States, west of the Rocky Mountains is but Httle understood by a large majority of the people on this side of the Continent. Although it has an area of 356.600 square miles more than have the tweny-live States and District of Co- lumbia east of the Mississippi river, and an area of 66.898 square miles more than all our territory be- tween the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains; and an intrinsic value in excess of all the wealth of the whole Atlantic slope, yet I find but few people who know much more about this country than they know of China. Our Pilgrim Fathers were pleased to inform their Trans-Atlantic relatives, that they had found and set- tled a " New World, " a country every way different , and possessing superior advantages over the land from which they fled. It was left for their children to ex- plore and possess a country, so remarkable in all its natural characteristics, and so different from any our fathers ever saw, it seemed to me when first I saw it, that I had indeed found a New World . To give one who has not lived in it, travelled over it, and studied it for more than twenty years, as I have, a correct idea of it, would require a volume of many hundred pages. Do not •undeistauil that / am well acquainted with thi.s country. 1 know perhaps as much about it aa most ])e()ple on our coast; yet 1 know as little of it almost, as Newton knew of the realms of science, when he declared that he was but a child, standiii'i' on the banks of an illimitabh ocean, and casting ])ebl)les into it, knowing nothing of its depth, or of the countries that skirted its farther shores. It embraces an area of 1.300.404 square miles, which nniv be divided up into ten thousand sections, every section of which, is full of interest, and jiresents to the explorer some new geological, agricultural, pastoral or climatic feature or advantage ])eculiar to itself. To <lescribe one section of Illinois, is to describe in the main, Indiana, Iowa. Missouri, and the great heart of the Mississi])pi \'alley To draw a picture of oue man's home and surroundings on the Pacific coast, might give no correct idea of the scenery, soil, climate, min- eral, agricultural or pastoral advantages enjoyed by his neighbor, living on the slope of a mountain, far a))ovo him, or in some rich cosy valley far below him. oidy a few miles away. Owing to the mountainous character of the countrv, it aflbrds an infinite varietv of scenerv. A man standing on one eminence, sees as it were a different country from him who occupies a hill top only half a mile away, or even from him who stands just over on the other side of the same hill he stands on himself How much could a man be supposed to know of this vast country, containing almost a million and a half of square miles, when / never take my rifle in hand, to hunt over ground in sight of my own house, without wandering over spots, and obtaining views I never saw before, and when in a foggy day 1 am al- most sure to be lost, unless 1 am guided in mv course bv some nunmtain stream — lost on an area of onlva 1 few miles coiiipiiss. over wliich, I have hvinted for nuiny years. 1 mention this to shcnv you how dithenlt is the task of one who attempts to ^ive a correet idea in a short lectnre of that vast and interestini*' country. 1 nj'ght make sliort work of it, hy telling" yon that the people who live over there, are the best contented of any people 1 have found in travelling through North and South America, and that [ believe every man, in Oregon especially, thinks that he has got the best farm on the coast, that his farm possesses some one advantage that no other man's farm does. I might also state, that those who have lived there the longest, like it the best. The hard shell Baptist brother, when trying to de- scribe heaven to a Kentucky audience, after using all the adjectives he could think otl, wound up by telling them it was ''A perfect Kaintuck of a place." (applause.) We have no Heaven on our coast, for it is a part of this insignificant little planet we call Earth. I should judge however from wh.tt 1 saw of Kentucky during a late journey through that and other Southern States, that our coast is rather 7nore of a good thing than a ^'A perfect Kaintuck of a place," and tiiat the induce- ments that Kentucky or any other Southern State, otters to immigration, are hardly worth mentioning in comparison with those of a country which, in a few vears is to astonish the world with its greatness and o-lory. If people wish to emigrate, as hundreds of thousands do, let them get reliable information about the South, about Kansas and Nebraska, ami about the Pacific Slope, and let them elect between these coun- tries. The popular earthquake however, that has be<>'un to shake the Continent, is rolling an iunnense tidal wave towards the setting sun — to a spot over which, hovers the Star of Empire. This is going to prove the tide in the afTairs of tens of thousands, which, '' taken at the tiood, leads on to fortune." In Washiii^'ton City I met an a*!:ent of tlie immi- gration society in Nortli Carolina. Me presented the claims of his State in glowing colors, and wished me to go to North Carolina. I told him of the sujierior in- ducements held out hy the Pacific Coast. He l)ecame a convert and said he should go to Oregon. What is true of him, will in my opinion })e true of nine-tenths of all intelligent people, who become informed as to the best place to settle in. The inducements that our Coast offers to settlers, are as diverse as are the peculiarities of its ten thousand localities, as various as are the tastes, occupations and aspirations of man. A section that would ])lease a grain grower, might not suit a wine producer, or a miner, and a locality that would suit either of these, might not be the choice of a lumberman, fisherman, stockraiser or manufacturer. The man who wishes a cosy home in some quiet valley, where vegetation is almost perpetually green, where mountains all around him afford range for his stock, and furnish streams of pure rapid water w^hich can be used in any part of his house, his barn, or his plantation, where snow seldom falls, and where the general rainfall is sufficient for farming purposes, will find plenty of places to suit him. Or, if he prefers a locality where snow never falls, and rain seldom falls, but where by using the mountain streams for the purpose of irrigation, he can produce the choicest of grain, and the finest fruits and vege- tables, he too can be suited. The manufacturer who seeks for water power to enable him to convert illimit- able forests to lumber, to grind into Hour the wheat of graujiries now })eing burdened to bursting, or to spin and weave the wool from flocks already beginning to cover our hills, will find his water power everywhere. I Till* miner uill tind an iirt'ii of more than V)()(M)(M> square miles, stretc'liin*:; IVom the Paeilic Ocean eleven hundred miles east, and reaehin»>; from the northern lines of ()re<ron and Montana, to the southern bound- aries of Arizona and New Mexico, vast j)ortions of which are vet unexplored, and the whole of which has not yet yielde<| a tithe of its precious metals. The adventurer who wishes to invest in city proi)- erty, can find places whidi are yet com[)aratively in the woods, where cities are to he built that will eclipse Chicago and Jioston. where are to he the termini ol railroads running across the continent, and coiinectinjj,' the vast interior with the seaboard — a ;-eaboard to which will How the wealth of the iidand terrilorv, and where sliips of all nations will discharge and receive their mighty cargoes. The school teacher, the printer, the common laborer, the inventoi', the !uechanic, the man of letters and of capital, will all lind on this coast, a field of operations more inviting than can be I'ound elsewhere. That portion of the Pacific Slope which is embiaced in the boundaries of Oregon, is the spot that I and many others sekM'ted for a home from twenty to twenty- five years agi). As an agricultural country, it is in my opinion the crea.muf the Pacific coast, and the best state in the union. The only objection that has ever been urged, or that can be urged against it, is the amount of its winter rainfall. This objection oidy lies however against that portion of the State west of the (Jas(^ade mountains, and bordering on the Pacific ocean. The state has an area of 05.248 square miles, is more than twice as large as New York, and out of it could be carved twelve such States as Massachusetts, with more territory U ft than is embraced in Rhode Island. Here, as (dsewhere on the Pacific coast a description s of one portion of llic Stnte. would i/wo an iniuliMiiinle idea of otlior sections. Taken as a whole, more than three fourths of the entire State is prairie — not level, but generally undulating, and covered with a wild grass as nutritious as any of the tame grasses of New En- gland. On this grass, stock raisers suhsist their cattle during the entire \c.ir with hut little other feed. 1 have kept I'rom fifty to a hundred head of cattle, and from twenty to fifty horses, without feeding to the whole, fifty tons of hay in ten years. I have sold these cattle from $12. to $j()0. a head, and the horses from $17. to $150. From these figures, some idea can be had of the profits of stock raising — and just here 1 might perha])s as well say that, the farmer can sell to buyers who will couie to his door, all the cows he can raise, at an average of $oO. or $oG. each ; beef cattle at from $25. to $G0; sheep, at fiom $1.50. to $2.50. each ; fat hogs at from $5. to $15. each ; and chickens at from $2. to $4. a dozen. Horses are plenty and not as ready sale as other kinds of stock. Indian ponies are worth from $15. to $25. and very superior American work horses, equal to the average of the best draught horses in New England, can be bought at prices varying from $100. to $200. Our money is gold and silver, and when 1 speak of dollars, 1 always mean coin dollars. Greenbacks, go for what the telegram ever}^ day from the gold gamblers in New" York, tell us they consider them worth. I said that three fourths of the State is prairie, des- titute of timber and brush. It is so, and much of the land, whether bottom land lying on banks of streams, or upland rolling prairie, with an alluvial top and clay bed, is as productive as any soil on the globe ; and the pioneer, instead of wearing himself out to clear away the timbei' and rocks, as our fathers in New England » \ .w y (li<l, had hiif to locate liis clnini. It'iicc it in, and no to plowing land whore he could run his plow hi'ani deep without striking a, root or a stone; where he could subsist his team and keep it fat on the grass that cov- ered the land he was plowing ; and where the soles of his feet were stained at nearly every step, with the juice of the most delicious sti-awherries. In some localities, timhi'r is scarce, luit as a general thing, every farmer has an abundance near at hand — the streams which are numerous, being often skirted with timber, while the adjacent mountains, furnish an exhanstless supply. When the Missouri orator, in painting the vastness of our growing country and the giant proportions that Brother Jonathan was assuming exclaimed — '' Faneuil Hall was his cradle, but «67ia/*, Oh\ ivhar shall we find timber for his coffin?" The Cascade Mountains echoed — Ilerel and the Coast Chain, answered — "Enough here for the coffin of John Bull too." [Applause.] The remarks I have made about Oregon are appli- cable in the main to that portion of the State Iviu"- between Idaho, and the Blue Mountains, called " East- ern Oregon." They ai-e also true of the Willanu'tte. Unipqua, and Bogue Biver vallies, bounded by tlie Cascade Mountains on the east, the Coast Chain on the west, the Columbia Biver on the north, and Cali- fornia on the south. This section, which is known as Western Oregon ; being on the sea board, and possess- ing superior attractions, was first settled : and it yet contains a majority of the voters, wealth and enter- prise of the State. It has for a winter, a - j-ainv sea- son," lasting irom sometime in November, till the lirst of April. The portion known as Middle Oregon, which lies west of the Blue Mountains, east of the Cascades 10 south of the Cohimbia River, and north of Cahfornia, is a vast roUing plain, covered with grass, but nearly destitute of timber. The mountains to the east and west of it, not more than seventy five miles cither way from the center of the plain, Avill furnish all the timber that is needed, when railroads abound there, as they do here. This, as well as Eastern Oregon, is exempt from the winter rains peculiar to the western section, but the climate is colder in winter, the ther- mometer having been known to go as low as twenty degrees below zero, once or twice in twenty years. The winters are generally milder than they are in the State of Tennessee, and stock raisers seldom feed their horses, sheep or cattle during the winter. Twenty years ago I knew Indians who kept many hundred horses, subsisting them on the native grasses the year round. It may astonish you, but it is nevertheless true, that vast herds of cattle and horses are subsisted in this manner, in the passes of the Rocky. Mountains through which it is proposed to run the North Pacific Railroad. They live in this way, in the northern portion of Montana, Washington Territory, and on portions of Vancouver's Island, as high as 50" north latitude. A Georgian would be surprised to hear, that a man had raised several wagon loads of sweet potatoes on the banks of Moosehead Lake, away up in Maine, for towards the place where Franklin froze to death — [Applause] so should I. But 1 know a man who lives at Walla Walla, Washington Territory, half a degree further north, who, two years ago raised thirty seven thousand pounds of sweet ])otatoes, and he didn't think it a very extra year for sweet potatoes either. Oregon as a whole, is best .adapted to the purposes of agriculture, stock rai.'-ing, and manufacturing. I I 11 lornia I though its mining resources are great. It has ex- hauslless iron ore of a superior quality, and coal mines in several localities ; while silver and gold, especially the latter are found in almost every part of the state. Mining is carried on but little, excepting in the east- ern and southern portions, where gold and silver mines exist of reputed gieat value, but which so far as discovered, are mostly held by men who have no capital to work them. It may stem incredible at this distance away, but it is nevertheless true that men have made, and still can make three dollars a day to the hand in washing the sands of the ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River — and yet they are not washed, because nobodv in that vicinitv thinks three dollars a day suflicient pay for such labor. We make no groat boast of our mineral products ; as owing to the high price of labor, the heavy cost of transporting machinery into the mountains, the scarcity of capital, tou'ether with the certain remunerations of agriculture and other pursuits, our mines have been but little worked. Yet it is nevertheless true that of the $66, 500,000 worth of precious metals supplied to the world by our western gold fields last year, Oregon contributed $5,000,000. California contributed . $20, 000,000, Nebraska $18,000,000, Montana $12,000,000, Idaho $6,000,000, Colorado $4,000,000, Washington Territory $1,000,000, while Arizona and New Mexico contributed $250,000, each. A few years hence we shall make a better report. The County of Crrant, situated in the middle of Middle Oregon, claims to have already produced over $10,000,000 in gold, notwithstanding It has a popula- tion of only about four thousand, and is infested with hostile Indians who secrete themselves in the moun- tains, and by their occasional inroads upon the settle- 12 iiients, make both iiiiiiing and fnriiiing extremely Iiaz- ardoiLs. This county contains accoiding to a report just published by the Oregon Agricultural Society, territory enough to make about two such States as Massachusetts. This is the only county in the State where the Indians are troublesome. In other jiarts of the state there is no more danger from Indians than there is in Boston. The rest of my remarks upon Orey:on will he mainlv applicable to the western part of the State. The cream of Oregon is the Willamette valley, though other por- tions of the state possess attractions, which suit a diver- sity of ta'^tes and callings, and are constantly makiufj!; draius upon the population of the Willamette. This valley, measuring froui the siuumit of the Cascades, to the sumuiit of the Coast Chain is about sixty-five miles wide and about one hundred and fiftvlouu'. or about as large as Massachusetts and Delaware. In richness ol' soil, in the beauty of its scenery, the ])urity and abundance of its water, consisting of rivers, springs and wells, all of which is as soft as rainwater; its general health, and average climate, its natural facilities tor c(;uimer- cial intercourse with the world, its water power, and its exhaustless mountain forests, it will compare with, and in my humble opinion excel any other spot of equal size in North America. The first thing that strikes a stranger Avho reaches this country, is the dissimularity he everywhere notices between things there, and those on the Atlantic Slope. He gazes with delight at mountain peaks, covered with eternal snows sixty or eighty miles away, and yet, such is the purity of the atmosphere, and the magnitude of the mountains, it seems incredible to him that they are more than ten or fifteen miles distant. He Avonders that the mountain ranges, have a far richer soil uj* lo 13 their ven' suiniiiits* than the average farming hinds of New England. Ho is astonished to see thonsands of cattle and sheep living and fattening on the wild grass in these mountains, He is surprised to see that the Cascade and Coast mountains, the land of which is un- survejed and unclaimed by the Government, have a better soil and milder climate than the best portions of Maine. If I had my choice to open a farm on top of the Coast Kano-e, near some rich and o-ras,^ covered |)ruiries 1 know of, where I could have tall timber all around me, deer, elk, bear and mountain trout for my meat, breathe a pure and invigorating atmosphere, and drink from springs as pure and cold as the fabled springs of pagan Muses, or take the best farm in Maine as a gift to live on, 1 should choose the mountain home in Oregon without a moments hesitation — yet more land of this kind than there is in the whole State of Maine can be had in Oregon without money and without price. He who visits that country sees elder stalks from eighteen to thirtv inches in circumference, and hazel l)ushes, from one to live inches in diameter. He sees them making luml)er of aider sawlogs from twenty to thirty inches in diameter, lie notices something new in the form and color of nearly all the birds and animals. He finds the quail is uncommonly large and beautiful, the male of which has a feathery tuft on the top of its head five or six inches long. He notices that many of the d.c. have black tails, and are remarkable for size and beautv. He has heard about the fir trees in Oreson which reach an altitude of three hundred feet, or over eighteen rods; trees out of which have been taken eiu-hteen rail cuts, and manv of which will make from five to ten tiiousand feet of lumber. AVhen he first looks up into one of these trees, and perhaps watches a squirrel, till in ascending it i^ lo:-*t to view, he believes 14 that the storv i« true — after he measures the tree, he knoios that it is true. He will find that, in wander- ing through these shady groves, he will not be exposed to the sting of poisonous insects and venemous reptiles, or the ferocity of wild beasts, as in many other coun- tries. He can sit on a mosj^y log or lie down on the grass — everywhere, I was going to say, but I will not, Jbr I aim to state nothing but what is strictly true. I have lived there many years, during which I have travelled through the entire state from north to south, and from east to west; scaled mountains, swam rivers, and visited nooks and corners where none but Indians ever were before. During this time 1 have seen and killed one rattlesnake, run into one swarm of mosqui- tos, stirred up one family of hornets, about a dozen families of yellow jackets, and slept in a good many beds, whc": bed ))ugs or ileas kept reminding me that I wasn't in Heaven. [Applause] 1 have seldom read a book of travels that gave the reader a correct idea of the countries described. They generally state the advantages in glowing colors, mixed in with a good deal of poetry, while they say but little about the disadvantages. Many of those books are written by adventurers, perhaps well read, and liter- jiry, but who are as incompetent to jvidge of the in- ducements a country offers as a home, as they are to decide upon the best method of making cheese or soap. They will write glibly about the carbonate of lime, oxide of iron, carbonate of magnesia, silicia alumina kc. that compose the soil, without telling us just what the soil will produce, or how much of it to the acre. I have visited some countries, with these books of travel in my hand, and found, as I found in Central America, that while the books described the gorgeous glory of its forests, they failed to tell me that every I he tree, wander- oxposed reptiles, -r coun- on the ill not, rue. I have ' south, rivers, ndians n and losqui- dozen many e that ^e the They nixed little s are liter- le in- re to 3oap. [ime, nina vhat icre. :s of tral ous ery step I took in the woods I wms in danger of being stung by a venemous reptile, and that 1 could no more sit down to rest in the shade, on Jiecount of gnats and mosquitos, than 1 eould stand still in a hornets nest. 1 had to go there to find out that the eliolera and yellow lever often carries oil' the p<'ople by liunMieds. I read of it as a great cotton country but nevei* knew till 1 talked with the people there that, while the cot- ton grows luxuriantly, the worm is sure to destroy almost every vestige of it before it matures — that the weevil destroys the corn, and that the peo[)le liave little or no market fur whjit they do raise. 1 have seen other countries, such as Chili in South America, which, although settled by a class of peo|)le that a liberal minded American would not like to live among, is in natural advantages one of the finc-^t coun- tries on the globe — more like our possessions on the Pacific Coast than any country I ever saw, and yet such a country is often turned off with a dash of the pen or two, Ijecause the disgusted tourist didn't get his boots blacked, his beard fashionably trinuned, or {I leather bed to sleep on. My object is, to correctly describe the country 1 hail from. While I speak of its advantages, 1 shall not fail to mention its disadvantages. No man shall ever go to that coast and say that 1 deceived him by exagger- ating, or nudving a single statement that was not true. If all 1 have said, and all 1 shall say is true, you can be your own judges as to whether it would suit you. If 1 was going to pick in the United States the sec- tion that man has done the most for, I shoidd select New England, but if 1 was called upon to indicate the portion that God has done the most for, 1 should point right over towards Oregon and California. If God had never done anv more for that countrv than he u; has for this, it woulihi't hnvo hciMi scttlcil to this (hiy. If our coiintrv is a reiiiiirkahlv U'ood coimtrv, it is soon to hocouK' a QTcnt comitiv. If it is ji hi'ttor countrv than this or the Mississippi N'nHey; more hoiilthy, more tonipenitc ovorhciui. iin oasiorcoinitry to make a livinE^ in, and make money in. then it will pay the farmer to go there, and where it will pay the a<i;ri('ulturist. to go, it will pay the capitahst and every hody else to go — with the exception perhaps, of the soft handed young gentlemen who sport switch Avalking canes, part their liair in the middle, smoke perfumed cigars, and twist their mustaches into horns. [Cheers] »Such insects had probably better stay where they are, and let the old folks take care of them. [Ap])lause] The soil of Ore^oJi rests on a clav bed, so hard that a nugget of gold could never work down through it, hence the surface holds all the dressing it ever had, and (iod gave it the first dressing it ever had, and the last, for nobody that 1 know of ever manures except it be perhaps some garden patch. I am asked every- where — "Doesn't vour soil wear out?" It never has worn out yet and I know of farms that were settled nearly fifty years ago, by the emphn^ees of the Hudvson Bay Company, which I believe will produce as many bushels of grain to day, as they did forty years ago. A man on this side the Rockv Mountains would think he had a fortune if he owned a large farm that never needed manure, and which had a rail fence around it that would last a hundred years. Just imagine what such a farm of 320 acres would sell for, a farm on which snow so seldom falls that its owner's stock will live in his pastures ten months out of twelve, on which with good cultivation he can raise from thirty to sixty-two bush- els of wheat to tiio acre, on which he has an abundance of stock water, plenty of oak, ash. maple, alder, white. tin's (lay. t is soon country i,v. mo 10 a living liner to t, to uo. to go 1 young rt their 1 twist 'ct8 had the old rd that >ngh it, r had, md the except every- er has ettled udson many go- think lever nd it what hich In his ood ush- Mice n"te. 17 rc'l iind yellow lir tlmher. a nerfcctlv healthy location, and l)(>!iiitiriil scenery all around him; where the ther- momet(M' never rises above 82". or sinks lower than sjx degrees helow zero, and not as low as that only once in many years — what would such a place he worth".' But suppose that on his land he can raise common white turnips and rutabagas, thai will weigh Irom live to thirty live pounds each, and measure from ten inches to three and a half i'eet round by simply plowing his ground and sowing the f^vvil broadcast, and without bestowing any labor upon them after covering the ^Qei]^ land that will produce better potatoes and more of them, than can be raised oil the Mississippi bottoms, or in the (Jen- uessee Valley, and e(|ual Illinois land in its yield of oats, and all kinds of vegetables — what would a man ask for such land? Sup[)ose that this fai-m was entirely exempt from the terrible tornados tli.it freciuently sweep over Illi- nois and other western states, and sometimes visit New England, and suppose that it had a comfortable house, and respectable out buildings, and an orchard, that produced hundreds of bushels of the finest ap])les in the world; plums, and cherries that no insect ever molests; where his wheat never rusts, or is destroj'ed by weevil ; his potatoes are not eaten up by bugs, or seized with the rot — about what would such a home be worth on the Atlantic Slope? And suppose in addition to all this, he can sitwith his coat on and he comfortable in the shade, the hottest day that ever shines; and that the nights are so cool that he generally sleeps under the same bedding sum- mer and winter; that his stock is generally remarkably healthy; his hogs never die with the cholera, but fre- quently live the year round with but little feed; and not unfre(juently get fat enough for pork on the acorns. Is iiiits 1111(1 Kiols outside ol lii> ciiclosmvs; ;iiul wlnMV liis cliildicn ciiii pick Ixislicls oi' wild strawhcnios on the |)r;nrios, (|iiaiuiti('s of inspherrics. f^oosol)oiTies, l»l!U'ki)('n'io>. rInniMclx'nie-; salm()iil)CMTii's jiiid ♦sid-nl l)!MM'i(>s in llu' woods: idioiit wluit do yoii tliink sucli ii |»Im<h' woidd lie Ihdd nt o\er lliis way? Do you hclicvc that li'old woidd hiiy if.' And yet liundi'cds of {'anus |io.vs('><in^'ali iIh'so ad\ antagcs. and more can ho hoiiglit in OrcL-'on. at IVoni SS. to ^10. an acre; hccause the scik'i' can soon stall another iiirin tliat will suit him just as \\('n. wht'i'c hind is new. and worth ])crlia])s ,*ii;J.li') an acre. Many of the I'urnis in Oregon, are too large tor tlie good of society, thi; good of their owners, or the gooil of anyl)ody. The (loverninent dcniated to every man wlio settU'd there prior to 18'j4, ^520 acres of hind, and also ;)'J1() acres to every married woman to he licdd in iier own rigid. The hushands dehts can- not touch it. The laws of the State also very j)ropcrly ])rovide lor the holding of property ])y woman. The owners of these large tracts of land will sell olf Avhen they can find hnycM's. 'I'he coiintiy will not he the great and hcautiful country it is destined to he till farms generally contain only iVom twenty to sixtvacres, as they do in New England. Men in Oregon own sonmohland that very little of it is more than half cultiyated. They are jus begin- ning to learn that deep plowing and good cultivation ]iays. When 1 first went to Oregon, such a thing as a steel ])low that would scour, was nnknown in the ])art T settled in. The people had nearly all emigrated from Missouri. They still wore hntternut breeches and used wooden mould board plows such as they used before the Hood. They thought that human skill was exhaust- ed when it gave birth to one of these plows. [Laughter.] With them we skimmed the surface of the ground, and 4 "^S Ill gut prrlKi[)-< l\\ cut V luishi'ls ol wheal t(» the acre. In 1S')0 I ])liiiitc'(l on <^r(M!n(l sfratciu'd over wilii one of these "divine arts of Missoiiii, " six Idislieis of potatoes, f'oi* wliieli 1 paid ij^ I • ■• I raised I'lom tlieiii ten luisliels. woj'tli S H>. in the fall. Since stecj plows came into nse. I liavi' raiseil 2 Hi hnshds from the same amount of m^'il worth ?5l-0. I have laised from an aci'e. in wheat. '.].!'){) pounds, or sixty two and a half hushels. I l»e- Heve that with proper <'ultivation a man will ^eneiallx raise Irom thirtv to forty hushels to the acre. We now ha\(' foi- sale and in use. all the hest a^ri- cultural implements, that are used any wheie in the IJ^nited States. You can. not only huy these. Iiut you can purchase any thinii; else in Oregon, that you ean procure in New KuLi'laiid. 'I'he prices ai'e generally ahout the same there in .irold, that they are here in currency. N(tl)odv irriixates land with us. as the\' do in Calilor- nia. the sunnner rains though rare, heing sulHcient to make the crops. The first of April the I'ainy season is considered over, yet we have o(Mnvsional showers till the middle of May, when spring sowing is generally over. Ahout the first of June we bok for a weeks rain. No more rain need be expected till the first of Sep- tember; when several days rain may he looked for, which starts the grass, and aflords the farmer an (.'xcel- lent oppoi'tunity to sow fall wheat. Wheat sown then will be from six to eight inches high by the time the cold rains of November set in, and it generally makes a better crop than wheat sown at any other time. When the >''rain fields beuin to ripen, about the first of Juh'. the t.-rass on the prairies beirins to tmii vellow, too. This o-rass o-ots dead and drv enouu'h to l)urn. but it is as nutritious, is eaten as readily by stock, and fattcMrs them as fa^^t. or t'astei' than tlie u'reen <irass. It is not "■•<Koo(J/ij|.,|„||- ... "•"lnn,„„,|,„.,iv.. ,l„,i„„ ,„,' " ' "''"'' "'•'• ""»■ 'Iry •'■;;-"-'!'". "i" .v:/t :;;;;::;:•■;;::: "'"'^■- i.ct.s-the reason., can l.o ■ , • ^ •■""'"■'■<•• to .state 0"Mo be on,b,.acocl in a .l.onJ!:^' '"" '"" """'""- ^™ ^■". t:^" ::::;:'";;;i::r^^ "^-'^ "- --"■ »'••"■■" P"rallel, wifl, north v^'' 'v°", *'"-' """'-' «"■ Oregon. wlnVl, ha,, , k-'. '".' ■?''■'" "'^' '■■•'l-it^I oC VoH...ont,.,.an;eX,.';::.i^^^^ f'^i-a-'a. i-o,, will also hn,I • '"■'"^'•. ""'' ""'■'liern .l""-;«. th.at, eo„,„are,l « i,h the "tl ";;'":;'"" ''"■''■ ''- of minor range; that Ion! "• ' ?"''" """'""'• ""'' ^■al-enheit, the' varilw^ '^r; 7">;:^' '-■ "■ ^>'r' tliose on the Paeitie. U'hil,, ,| """■ '"<' ''""''I*' t-perature at .San Fran i.!™, ■.:;::■■;',: ''""''-■ '"' '''"*''"■ " »"'J 8"S0'; at Washi„,.t,, ",'■'"""" "'■•^"'•^' "o'-e than five times a. .re^t "' " " "''' '^'>' ' "'■ ^--i.. to .«,o.get: hVeta, eharK th. „„„ ! I I iMiiiliill (jf r'alirornia, wlierc tin* clirimb? is mild, iiuil where it ^^ciu'rallv ruins in winlci- instead of snowiiiir; is only aliDUt liaii" what it is in sintcs east ol'tlie Missis- si|»i)i. 'The a\e)'a;i(' rainliill on \ anconver's Islan(] is only ahont sixty live in('lK">. at Astoria ()re;i-()n. ahont sixty inches, at liuniholdt in northern Calilornia a'«ont I'ortN' live inches, in i^an l"ianei>co ahout l\vent\' two iiiche-i. Kroiii this.it (h'creasi-s sontli. till yon reach the u'reat (,'oIoi"a(lo Desert, where it aniomits t(> almost nolhinu". 1 have tohl von that the winters are generally mild as far north as I'ortland. Oregon, and tliat onr coldest weather had not occnri'ed oftener than once in seven years. 1 lind most jx'ople u'c' a Ix'tter i(h'a of onr winters, when told that, for \ears after I went there peoj)le nes'er thoniiht of di^i^Liin;^' theii* ])otatoes, only as they nsed them, through the winter, and wo seldom had any potjitoes I'ree/e in the gronnd. I have allnded to the su|)erior character of onr frnits. "•rains and vegetahlos. My statements are corrohor- atod by almndant proofs, (lied away in the (Joyeni- ment archives. Professor Merrick of Washington city, in one of his reports on the climate of tlie Paciffic coast mys — " Tliese ^'ciieral cotitrolliiij; elements CDiiiliiiiiiiij; with the uiiiqiie choro- fjriipliic t'eatiires of tlie eoimtry, jiive ri.se t(» a niatehlcss versatility ul" lueal ollinates. These acting npon a soil of exiiiiisiie I'eitility, yield, iu an ;\ver to intelligent agriculture, a variety, Itixiirian 'e. ami delicacy of i)ro( action, esenient. cereal, lilinms, and I'ruital, nnparrelled on the face of tin earth. The sakibrity of the^e ciiinates, wilh a lew local exceidions is unsu passed. Their freedom from injnrions variation was a matter of common report long before it was verified hy scientilie observation. — *** The most active ont-door labors may be performed at all seasons of the year, and at all honi's of tlie day. even in the nmstsidtry valleys. This resnlts from the dr\ne>s of the atmosphere which prevents the few hot d<iys from being at all enervating. Snch a thing as a hard winter, as nndestood east of the Mississippi, is unknown even as I'ar north as Washington Territory. All reports, both common and (-cientitic, seem to coincide in the statement that the Pacific Coast luvsenfs the most desirable conditions of climaticin- ttnencps upon earth. " M • )'} Thut is stroiiLi' l;ini'"nai'"e. but it is neverllieless tnie. And it is also true, that tliis climato which invigorates, instead of relaxiiiu" and enei'vatinL!; the human system as does tlie ('liinat(> of the ureat Mississippi valley? sharpens a man's perception. opiMis his eves, anrl i'end- ers him evervwav more vigorous, active, and wide awake than he was Itef'oie u'oing there. You ask one of onr men on lh<' road a (piestion, and vou don'i have to wait ten or iil'teen seconds Ibi- a)i answer. Alter I crossed the Rocky Mountains, and got down into Nehraska. Illinois and Indiana, in June 1<S0S I felt as though 1 had got Into a mannnoth hake oven. The people appeared to he possessed with a sort of stu])or that was new to me. It seemed to nie that, when I met a man on the road just at the forks, and en((uired which fork 1 must take, it generally took him ten or fifteen seconds to o-et the idea into his head, and get his brain to working [Laughter] so as to be able to give me an answer. I soon swa that it was in the climate, foi' 1 hegan to get stupid too. [Laughter] Yon take a raw Missourian v>'ho honestly thinks that a Yankee is a man who always wants his daughters to marrv -'nee ire rs." who believes that the world is flat, and that Christ was born in Bethan}', Mistiouri, and who f/iV/ believe previous to 1800, that he and his kind could whip the Y'ankee nation with squirrel guns, and Arkan- sas toothpicks; and send him to Oregon, and you will find that he will shed olf his l)utternut breeches in eighteen months, [great laughter] In three years he will shed olf his old cuticle, and look as sleek as a snake after crawlinu,' out of its old skin. In ten vears it he doesn't ''get religion," and become as wideawake as a New England Yankee; 1 will agree to furnish him with a new suit of butternuts, and pay his expenses back to Pike County. Missouri. [xVpplause.] t'less true. vigorato;s, 111 system V'^ vjilloy, aurl iviifl- 111(1 wido I ;isk one oil don't u-er. ^ot down ns I felt 11. The ' stupor II 1 met t which ' fifteen « hi'.'iin iiie ;in ^ibr I vs thcat ters to is fiat, d who leouhl U^k an- il will los in I's he ^iiake if lie ke as him 'Uses I pretend not to say how iinieli our eliiuale inHuenced the eloquence of Col. Baker, or what it did for the pro^,' ss of such men as Grant. jNIcClellan. Sheridan and Jo. Hooker; for all of these men once lived in Oregon, and stmie of them I believe were about as j^ood fio-ht- ing men as you had in the Union Army. [Apphiuse.) 1 have told you that the Pacific ('oast is reinarkabl}' healthy — 1 will now say that it Is the healthiest part of the United States: and 1 am troimi; to i)rove it. I was down in Arkansas not long ago. This is one of the delightful southern states, which newspaper writ- ers and speculators, want you to go down and settle in. to-be ha])py and (i,et rich. I shall not stop to tell you of the gnats and mosipiitos that swarm there; of the stories that ])eo])ie told me about having to build fires in the Mississipf)i bottom to make smoke their cattle could stand in. to ward off "the dod rotted flies" in the day time, oi' of the charactei' of the people you are invited to settle amoiiu'. I have a word to sav about the climate, and avei'age mortality there. 1 find by examining meteorological tables kept for the (Jovernment l)v Dr. Smith, who lives be- tween the Kod and Washita Rivers, that the climate, though not intensely cold in winter, is liable to vcny sudden and disagrcnble changes. For histance — the fust of December ISV,). they had a thunder shower. The air wa. murky and wai'ui ; the thermometei' standiu"' at 74". The next da\" the thermometei' stood at '2C)'\ and the rain froze as fast as it fell. On the tenth of the same month the thermometer stood at sunrise at 24", an<l at 2 o'clock P. M. at ")4" — showing a change of oO" in a few hours. On the twenty third, it stood at 8" in the morning, and at .".4" at two P. M. These sudden changes are not exceptional ones — such are fiiMjuently occuning. 24 1 tiiid ill comparing the rates of mortality in this state with that of others for the same jieriod, that, Arkansas fnrnishes more victims to the (Irim Monster, in proportion to its population than any other state in the Union — while Massachusetts isn't very far l)ehin(l it. The deaths in Arkansas in LSGD, were at the rate of one person out of every forty eight. Massachusetts and Louisiana which tread close on the heels of Arkan- sas, lost one in 57. Illinois and Indiana, one in (S7. Kansas, one in 68. Vermont, the most favored State this side the Kockv Mountains lost one in 02. Califor- nia lost one in 101. Oregon one in 172 and Washing- ton Territory one in 22(S. You see the immense difference, in favor of our coast at a glance. The difference, is really, much greater than the figures niake it; for very many incur- ably sick people have gone there in hopes of recover- ing from old chronic complaints, your doctors over here were not al)le to cure. Infirmity on crutches, has been constantly hobbling out among us. Many of these diseased people, have been cured by the climate, many others have died. Fewer of these diseased un- fortunates have reached Washington Territory than California and Oregon : consequently it has the advan- tage of us in the figures, though no more healthy, than the states south of it. I have also stated that we have a great advantage over the Atlantic Slope, in having fewer high winds and no hurricanes. In the last twenty one years, we have only had three winds moving at the rate of 45 miles an hour, with a force of ten pounds to the square foot. In Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, the Government reports from eleven stations where obser- vations were made, show that in thirty months, there were four winds of 45 miles velocity and ten pounds I sssmmm L'-) ])<)Wt'r; and two winds of (lO miles velocity and eijj,-lit- eeii ])ounds jiowor. At eleven stations in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin, the reports show, that during twenty six months, there were twenty five winds of 45 miles velocity, two winds of 7-') miles velocity, and two hur- ricanes of a velocity of 1)0 miles an hour. The force of these frinditful winds is not u'iven, after it exceeds GO miles an hour. 1 su|)[)Ose the Government observers, were running down cellar al)out that time, holding their liiiJ!' on their heads witii both hands. [Laughter] Now if the pericds (hning which these observations were made, afford a fair average, and I judge they do, while in twenty one years, we have had in Oregon three fort} live mile winds, in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, tliey have had twenty lour, such winds, and sixteen winds of sixty miles velocity. This avera<2:e wonhl also for the same time, <>:ive llli- iioi<, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa and Michigan two hun- dred and twenty live foity live mile winds, eighteen of seventy five miles, and eighteen of ninety miles velocity. Have vou ever read of those hurricanes out there, that level brick buildings, blow a chew of tobacco ont of a man's mouth, [Laughtei'] and nearly shear the wool from the sheep? [Applause] If you haven't J have, !ind have seen them too. [Laughter] And , yet some men, in starting west to seek the pronnsed land, stop and settle in tliis country, just as the leek and onion eating Jews, fell in the wilderness, before reach- ing Caanan. They find it a pretty good corn country, and C(mclude to stop and go to raising hogs. It i.s a good count ly to raise hogs in, but rather a poor coun- trv to raise children in. A countrv where the niii'hts are hot enough to make great corn, isn't just the coun- 1 2r; tiv to make Liical nu-ii in. [Applause.] While the great iMissis,<ip])i valley is turning out large hogs we in- tend to see Avhat we can do in the wa}'' of supplying the world with great men. I have told you we generally have a great deal of rain in the winter in Oregon, and sometimes we have cold weather. We not unjreciuently have winters that are exceptions to this I'ulo. Last winter 1 was not in Ore- gon, but I learn from a pamphlet just issued ))y the " Oregon Agricidtiu-al Society" that, according to a record ke])t hy Mr. Dufur, near Portland, it was one of our mild winters. During November, December. January and February, there were onlv eioht continu- ous rainy days; ibity-two days that were variable and r;eventy-three clear sunny days. There w'ere thir- teen frosts and not snow enough to wdiiten the ground. Only Ibiu' nights made ice as thick as a pane of glass, and in February the bees were out gathering honey irom the Howers. 1 have seen some winters in Oregon periiaps with fewer fro.sts than this. I have seen green corn, lettuce and greens taken from the garden Christ- mas day, when melon vines were yet as green as they were in July, — ^but this is not common. Our common school system is good. A public school fund defrays in part the expenses of schools. A majority in every district can vote a tax to build a scho'ol house and pay the teacher. In many places the tax is voted and the schools are free. We have a great many ''Colleges" scattered over the state — most too many. We have no prohibitory liquor law, yet we had one once, long before such a law was enacted in Maine, or any where else in the United States. Now no man can procm-e a license to sell liquor till he obtains the signatures of a majority of the legal vot- ers in his precinct to his petition (or a license. Many '^hilo the g's we in- Lipplviiig il of rain ive cold that are t in Ore- by the iig to a vas one ceniber. !ontinu- ^ariahle ^re thii-- ?rounfl. f glass, honej^ Oregon i green Ohrist- s they public 'hools. iiild a places ave a -most ', .yet noted tates. ill he ! vot- fall in getting these sigiuitm-es, lienee there are many sections in which there is no liquor solil. OiU' wild game, consists of elk, bear, deer, rabbits, coon, squirrels, swan, geese, brants, ducks, grouse, par- tridges, (|uails, sage hens, and several other kinds ol' birds. Ourniountain streams abound in speckled trout, while in the Columbia l^iver, and in nearly all the riv- ers emptying into the sea, vast quantities of salmon, sturireon. smelt, and sonu' other kinds of fish are cauii'ht. At the mouth of the Columbia, the salmon are of a su- perior quality, and the supjily is unlimited. If you go to Oregon, and bake one of these large salmon, and you don't get a quartof oil in your bake pan, you just send f)r me and 1 will agree to eat it. The land around the mouth of the Columbia is much of it moun- tainous, yet the clhuate is mild, and the soil is produc- tive. I consider it the best grass land in the state. Stock here is seldom if ever fed in the winter, yet this part of the state is but little settled. The land has been surveyed, but the Pi-esident has never to my knowledge issued his proclamation throwing these lands into market. Here are exhaustless quarries of stone from which, on the right bank of the Columl)ia, they are manufacturing hydraulic ceuient, said to I)e of a superior quality. [ lately travelled much through the State of Maine. [ saw farmers everywhere toiling all summer to (ill their barns with hay. so that they could work all winter in feeding it out to a handful of stock. The nuigni- tude of the haymows, coin])ared with the haudfulls of stock, expected to eat it up before spring, lilled me with amazement. I told the farmers up there, that I thought vaisinc stock in Maine was rarher a hard way to serve the Lord. I refen-ed to my statistics again, and began to !i'.>MU'!' for them, a-: uoik' of them that I saw liadauy any # 28 the same year pro.hico.I •>6 4 , / '"'I'' "'•<^'«"» to 207.02.5 I.cai of ..to kir ■ 'r?'' "^ ''^'>-' ""'' ^'lit <""■ l.orscs, cattle, ,m,l ,hoen . '°''\""'^' •!■"«' '"^''•e tliat ;'ythe,.est.,toek„f^v^2;,,:;,ro""J^'' '"'•'-' ""■"' •'..niu.i fiiirs are „ ,Tc.,m i "' "'" ■■'•''•'■«"'■ I"M..ine,ench,.n™„leo „ ,°'^"""^ l>o<nK).s of l,av. a.-ainst 1 1'"""' "" "" '"'^''••so 2.1 n; Calling tl,is LnvC; , , "''r?,"-^''""^'' '" "'-^'O"- of wmteringan'nnim i" A °""''^' " '""' ♦'"■■ ™«t 59 ot^, Ti """ ™"io "•a.'< #fi .5!) t„,i, "•ere worth $15.437.5.5.a_or^l- '.?°"?'-'"' ""'"''■■'^ '" Oregon was worth $0.2;2.S9t_;: Iri', '^''- •""* -'Pi>o..ng tins ..toek to have b'een 1^ '^"■"^''- ^°''- '■-•<Iy for niarket. The cost o "!''^°>-^"''^ «!''- ""'I Maine worth §17..34, was §197/ '^7'^ "" ^"'-"^^ in oneni Oregon, worth ^n/r, ^''« ^o^t of rai.sh.g .-at ...re Orego.f:nt2a:;,^7^' ^.-^'r ^'^^ nem Maine was <i^2.4.S P. r. The Jo.^.s on one iHal.s in ic $243. If I .should gon $2,172, Lo Pro/it •s.s on '^n one IiuiKlrod till lousnio., f^_.e,] 'n.2r, cle; ■^'0 info noconnt th one hundred in Mi ani- uue e tniie nscd ft-'d in Maine the bal '»'"g ^tahle., etc., ami ,h i»ce would he niucl in e LTahi iii'cs to s G "Pport it who '•^ •statement, ^-itl ' gi'oater in our overninent made the fiiT reot. S the ome of the M; ^vould have believed 'Hid I believe tl 1 1 res «iit the fi( it? Tl' le y made line men w H'vareeor- t'iej' fell beh "P HI the value of h ^^'^" inclined to think J found thi her ho ind on .-took. On ref ome maniiihet '''i(-'-S what '^ '" 1^00 Maine had t\ ^i-ni^ to m V statistic "laiuifiict 0111 the '"•^>^' gardens and orchard pi'oduct >s 01 '^1.72 t o # cat'Ii niiUi, womiuiimd cliild in tin- Slate wliik- (>rcL''<in liiul from tlio saiii(> somci's s I !.'»7. Maiiu' piodiiciMl lo e.'icli pei'M)!! ill tlit'Siate I 1.7 (|i:arts()t' wlicat — Ori'uou produced l-l.V bushels. In Illinois. Indiana and Iowa, the discrepancy is not (pnte so _i;i'eat ; but 1 can lake tile figures and show that the cost of raisiuii' stock in all these states, exceeds the value ol' it when raised. From these Ii(i:ures, vou will readiiv see whv New Enuland ['urnicrs wlio work hard and hardy live, i^eneiady make ii better livimi; and Lict licli when they u'o to Oreu'on. These facts will sci've in part to show why the])rices of labor rule much higiicr on our Coast than here. The Califoi'nia Labor Kxchan^e went into o])eration the-!'.Uh of April JS-jS. The first of last June, the secietary re- ported that they had ali'eady received S'iOcS orders call- for 19.500 men. ( The exchan^^e has n(>thing to do with Chiiianum.) The society had sui)plied 14.()()2 men and 4.021 female laborers. The demand for tenuile domestic service waslargely in excessoj' the su[)piy and all kinds of labor had for months been steadily risino- in value. The demand for men was principally for coiii- moii laliorers, farmers, carpenters, nnners, blacksmiths, cooks, hoys, &c. Of the prices paid in gold lor lahor, the repot sa3'8 — " Donuistic servants, wiio only ((.ir.niaiiil alicaa s-10 < r S.'O a yrar in Great 13ritaiii and on tlu^ contini'ut n!' l-.m-diic, have Ijccn cii.ucily tMiuai;t'il licre at tin; rate (if s:i() to .S-)(i jicr iiiiinlli, as la-l as tliry ]ia\v iH'cicd. IJoy.s (12 to ](> years of age) for li,^lil wurl; or aiiin'ciitice.-liiii. are jiaiil from ^I- to i^lTj iier nioiitli, and all classes ol iii(lu>irions iieix.ns are ['aid at rales whicli wnuld iml at all lie ciiN'itaincd aiiy\\lieie (lUl.-ide the I'aeil'ir States." Now this may seem strange when we remember that an army of laborers was disbanded upon the com- pletion of the racilic liaihotid. and that there has been ji constant stream of emigrants pouring over the moun- tains, in wagons. and on the raihoad. while tens of thousands. Imve gone out bv water. Durinu- the nine months prectHling Octobor l.Si>8, tlie two liiu's of steamers riinnln<^ from Now York to 8aii Fi'Miicisco carried out over sixty tlioiisand souls. Every out going steamer was loaded with from eight to twelve hundred passengers. The ]):is,-enger list of the Pacific mail Steamship Company alone embraced as high as five thousand names a month. It is also estimated that over one hundred and seventv five thousand Mon<i:oli- ans have already reached our shores. You may ask what has become of this vast throng of people many of whom must have been laborers? You nuist remember that they are building up an empire out there. The Labor Exchange report, says that the army of laborers discharged at the completion of the Pacific Kailroad scattered off through the mines, or found work on other railroads, so that they afforded no i*elief to the clamor for laborers, as was expected. The women who go out there to teach school or do housework generally change their minds, and get married; [Applause] as in Oregon and California there are about 7T,5U0 more nudes than females. I have lately been informed that all the women taken out there in the steamer Continental, by Mercer, about two years ago, are married but one. About seventeen hundred of us married men, had nuide great calculations on getting domestic assistance when Mer- cers cargo of girls, old maids, and grass widows should arrive. But the bachelors, were too sharp for us. They said we already had our share of women, and Mercer s girls all said the bachelors were right. They voted just as the bachelors, and widowers did, and we were outvoted two to one, and had to give it up. A few years ago Ex-Ctov, Slade, sent out to Oregon, a lot of female school teacliers. from thirty to foi'tv "A years of ngr. Sladc lliouiiiil tlicv wcw ;ill incorrigi- ble vestals, and ]iol)0(ly over here snspieionerl that any of them had ever liiinkered after matrimony, — and 1 have no reason to believe they ever had. They all changed their minds a1»out the time the first qnarter of their schools Avere half out. In due course of time, one Avas married to ajndge, one to an Episcopal clergyman, and one took the then Gov^ernor of Oregon. The last one of them got mar- ried and gave up teaching other peoples children, to go to nursing their own. [Applans(>] and 1 don't blame them, for 1 do tbink some of them had as bright little cherubs as 1 have seen on onr coast. How can we expect that the demand for female help will ever be supplied, when we have neai'ly eighty thousand more males than females, and the demand for wives is so much more pressing? Besides girls only get in Ore- gon, from $15 to $30 a month for doing housework, seldom as low perhaps as $15. I have paid a woman $40 a month in gold for doing housewoi-k and was glad to get the help at that. Fellow citizens 1 am about done with my descri])- tion of the Pacific Coast. I have misstated no fact. I have neither exaggerated or given to any- thing a false color. If wdiat I have told yon is true, isn't it a pretty good country? It isn't Heaven — you can't find that in this world, every s])ot on this little anthill that we call earth, has its drawbacks and imper- fections. Sickness and sorrow, disappointments, pains, and tears, woe and death, are incident to all climes, and all countries. But there is as much dilTerence in conn- tries as there is in anything else. Man has only one life to live, then why spend his days in the bottom of a well, when he can just as well dwell on a hilltop? If he can fi)id no paradise on this earth, why not locate jiisl iis m-iir I iK'^'iitesior rienvon its ])()ssil)!t'? [ApplaiiseJ 'L\vLMit\- one years ji^jjo last March,! started IVoni lUi- iiois lor Oregon, willi a wife and two little ones — one three months old, and tiie other three years. We crossed thj L^iain>! In an ox wagon drawn by four yoke ol' cattle. I drove the team when well, when sick my wife drove it. We were six months to a dav iiom the Missouri lliver to the lii'st house in Oregon. During the whole time we weie among Indians, without seeing a white man's dwelling. We ieiiied North Platte, and lorded every other river on the route We tbrtled Snake Jiiver »■' twice whei'e it was nearly a mile wide. Atone ot these crossings the current carried a team oC lour yoke of cattle down stream, with a familv in the wagon, when hi the middle of .Snake Kiver. This team was next to my wau'on In which I carried luv own household u'ods. We lorded many ra[)Id. rocky and dangerous streams where we had to raise our wagon beds, half way up to the top of the standards. Sometimes the roaring wa- ters would run over the hacks of our small sized oxen, and come near turning the wagons over. In crossing some of these streams, children would cry and women cover up their faces and scream. Not a soul in onr compan^^ died on the way, or was killed by Indians, as many were that came after us. I passed over ground on Snake liiver in my late trip across the continent, w here a whole company of men women and children were massacred in 1857; their wagons were burnt, the w^agon tires rolled down the preci])ice, and the dead bodies thrown after them. Their bones were still bleaching on the rocks below. Our troubles were of a dilferent kind. Our cattle became almost as wild as the buflalo that thronged the road. We had many a terrible stampede. Some- times the whole train of forty wagons, would diish off • I > ) ■ )•) in an instant and our catllf vwu liki' Imtliilo willi liidi- an>'al'tt'r thoni. Durln*:: these stanipcfles wa<r()ns wore turnofl ovei*, men's legs were broken, and many oxen fiad their horns knoeked off elose to their heads, hv I'allin'i' and being (b'agged by tiie rest o(" tlie team. \Vr liad one .staiiiiMilc tliiit I sli.ill ik'Vcm' tup.'ct. It wiis on ii nai'i'ow ri(li;p ov backliDiip of Hear Kivcr .Mountain. 'I'licrc was a yawning' prcciijii't' a few steps to tlie right of us. Another as ni'ar to tlic k'f't of ns, and only lialt a mile ahead of us the road led down tlie mountain, so steep that the descent could only he inaile liy i-ough locking hoth hind wh(>els of the wayon. My wile and I were walkins; wlieii I saw the tiain hehind me coming thunder- ing over the rocky road. I barely had time to sprint; into my wagon, where lay my two little ones, both sound asleep. Away wont my team. One of my oxen broke his yoke, and ran oH' to tlie right, leaving me three yoke and a half, running like crazy bulfalo. I wa:; morally cei tain that my cn>/y team would run oH the precipice, in which (Nise there wouldn't liave been a whole spoke in a wagon wheel, a sound bone in an ox, or life in either of my inecioiis bal)i;s. I thoiiglit I might possibly save one child by Jumping out of tli(> wagon with it. Three times 1 reached back to lay hold of it, and three times the wagon sliiick a rock and hounded so that I tailed to reach it. I Ihen thouglit that Jleaven intended I should save all. I jinnpod from my wagon. iind succeeded l)y liammering my tongue cattle over tli(^ head with the but of my wliip in stopping the team just as they reached the very l)row of the mountain, where my cattle stood and gazed down the frightful declivity. I don't think that I am a coward, and 1 am not aware that I wa« over afraid of tlie face of clay, white or rod ; Itut I must acknowledge that I be- lieve I turned white then. Our cattle stampeded wlien yoked up, and they were being watched by herdsmen. ^lany ran oiriii the yoke that we never saw again. They often stampeded in tlie night, and once over four hundred head were oveitaken the next day nearly forty miles from camp, having travelled this whole dis- tance through an alkali plain without grass or water. We lost so many cattle this way, that many wagons were left in the wilderness. We cut other wagon boxes down to eight feet in length, and threw away such arti- cles as we could spare in order to lighten our loads, now too heavy for the weak and jaded cattle we had left. Some men's hearts died within them, and some of our women sat down by the roadside a thousand miles from settlements and cried — saying they had al)andoned all hopes of everircaching the promised land. I saw women with babes but a week old, toiling up mountains in the burning sun on foot because our jaded teams were not able to haul them (Sensation.) We went down mountains so steej) that we had to let our wagons down with ropes. My wife and I carried our children up muddy mountains in the Cascades half a mile high, and then carried the loading of our wagon up on our backs by piecemeal, as our cattle were so reduced that they were hanlly able to haul up the empty wagon. inwKwn.- "» 34 At Iciif^tli our six nioiitlis (il'toll and Jaiigcr were uvi-r. Wf drove up to the door of" tlif lirst hoimo," ill llic! Willaiiittte valify. We wen- liagKard and loll worn. My wife then wei^lied a inindred and ten — she now weighs two lmn(h-ed pounds. (ApplauHc.) My wa;,'(»n cover on whicli was painted the Ainerii'iin Eat^le ; under wiiich was inscrilied, " Westward the Star of Empire inal<es its way," was torn into shreds. Our faces were iiterally peeled liy the alkali of the saf;e plains. We lurgot our troubles when we had Imiit our lir(! l»y the roadside, and begun to roast potatoes. The dear little pi^s sipiealed around otu- camp tire, tlie cocivs crowed, and the hens cackled. I thought it was the sweetest music I had ever heard. The (irst winter we built a small log cabin, with a roof all sloping one way to live in. It smoked terribly, l)ut we were happy. We boiled peas for breakfast, dinner and supper; and ate them on tin plates. We browned them for tea and coffee, and drank it in tin cups, without sugar or milk. All the crockery there was for sale in Oregon was one set of cups and sau- cers in Oregon City — price ?<2..'>0. I had oidy ten cents in money, (and that was borrowed) and of course I did'iit buy that crockery. The neighbors rolled up a small log house, and put a mud chimney in it. It would have been a capital place to smoke meat in. In that house I taught school. My left boot was pretty good— it let the water out as fast as it got in. My right boot was tninus, excepting the leg and heel. I patched it out with rawhide, sown on with buckskin "whangs." The patch had to be put on every night; but beef hides were ph nty. My girl pupils dressed in common shirting, colored with tea groimds. Many of tliem went baretbot. My boy scholars dressed in buckskin pants, and one of them used to help mend my boot every night— he called it " poulticing" it. In that school liouse I taught winters, and my wife taught summei-s while I either worked in the gold mines or on the farm. Of my boy scholars, one of them afterwards turned out to be the editor of a medical journal. One became president of a col- lege. One went to Congress from Oregon, and was afterwards by Lincoln appointed Chief Justice in Idaho. Another is the present Governor of Oregon, and one of the best stump orators on the American continent. (Applause.) Then there were but two or three cabins on the bank of the river where Portland now stands. I have tied my cattle to a tree and slept on the ground by the side of my wagon in a dense forest of tal! timber, where you will now find the heart of Portland, a rapidly growin^r ci y, witli its eight thousand inhabitants. Then, no steamer had ever disturbed those western waters. The Indians had heard of them, and learned that they were commg; and I have seen them standing on the hill where .John Jacob Astor built his first fort; and gazing down the Columbia, in hopes to get a glimpse of the coming "fire ships.' Now, a line of ocean steam ships connects with San Francisco every week. Portland has direct trade by sailing vessels with New York, tlie Sandwich Islands, Australia, China, and perhaps Liverpool. About forty steamers are running on the waters of the interior, mostly owned by tlie Oregon Steam Navigation Company, and the P. T. Company. These steamers are superior in their accommodations, and in the gentlemanly conduct of their officers— from the Presidents of the Companies down, to those of any steamers I have found on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, ov the northern lakes. 35 l"''>:;i-<;s* till, cuinir,.,. i ^ '• ' ''"\<' ill>o foM v ""^'" «^- '^^ ^><3.-u ,;;'';•.. '"'r'''"'" '''"•"• which 1. 1., ,•,'', r*'^ "■"' "■•'^•'' -^ i-i...ia- "•"'i">'^; in IS , s^: " "■'" '" '•"""" "urnber« ^^o,: " '" "'""^^ '^ uni- ons; in S4, "• ""'"""^- '■» '■^-'". nino „ '""'"^•" '" ^'^"O- 'ive '-■'•ease that lias h..|,l .. > '*"''"-'^'« "*' --^-'J- J hol.l n ' , ' '^f' ^''iHed so.inr^To '^, '"-''^^""'^'•^'•s'H-eniv vears will '" this law of i„. y^^rs i-^ce/t.: jr;;; :ir2;'^ """'o-^' a^r;:';!; r^: s^f ^^ •" t'- wnlh.::;^ ^,;;:-^ --e T<.,n Moo.; : ^ :^;";^ «f y <- ".ilhon, '•'••>-.. the h.,., t ; ' P ' .'"'" ''"' ••' ^'" t'n .u. h wot I ^^'-^^ '"'S'"'- C'ily as '"-"• i" t'Hs . var o„^r" "'^ '""^'^- ^VJ>a " „ i:,,"? ' ;'"' '^^^-"l- 'o get i" the wood, n V •■""'-'" ''"^"' '^'''.'U same v ' "^''^ ''''"'^ ''^^«" hiive believed thu i. • ^'"'^ ^^""''1 'wve thPn , ' ''•^'i''o''>'ig "o'Uage, cireii '"■»■-' I'l't Indians, tl ^>'-egon," where Le«' piipers ; Ifth ;l3-5l* ;"'^" l^'^'l come back fVo,„ thei hem mil- tl>...., .. . ■' i-uej i« and '■'1 the English daily iiews- Who sent them out there, that 0" thj,tcjast, in ivh in lioii? 'f.' in Lund ,un "-•h "i3i-chants wo ■•li'd U.atagreat hi,h , ''J'>eai»,there would be ciL ■^^'•^ ^'^y n-om trudi •uld H't news e way or nations wo'nlTJ rson cities '.le o 'pened 36 up across the Continent, on which sncn woiijfl travel from Occivn to Ocean in six liiiys, Jctrcrsoii would have believed they were crazy, and that their brains had been injured by the toils and sutlerings they had endured in the snows of the mountains. I tell you to-iliiy that, tluMMtio of our in:reas(>, prosperity and glory for the next sixty years, is to be an accelerated one. What startling and benefi- cial developments science may make in that time I cannot imagine, as I have no data by which to \\<nk out the problem. Men may go round the world in six days in balloons, for anything that 1 know; taking a cold lunch on Mount Hood, boiling their coUee at the crater of Mauna-Kea, and bring- ing home ciuiosities from the highest peaks of the Alps. [Applause) 1 hnce data however for the conclusion that many of you will live to see Xew York rival liOndon ; and Boston rival Paris; wlieu Clucago will eclipse I'ekin; and when there will be cities oi; the Pacific Coast, that will have more wealth, more trade, and mcjre population than Boston has to-day. It was long after I was born, (and I am nothing but a boy yet) that Boston built a railroad out to (i)uincy, just three miles long. It cost you, exclusive 1)1' land, wharf, and cars, i?-!-!,!"))^.!)'). That was tlie first money that was ever spent on a railroad in the United JStates. When Davy ("rocket, ix-p- resented in Congress the district I once lived in in, West Tennessee, he took a trip up into tlie Yankee nation to see the factories of Lowell, and the wonders of the " l£ub," He mustered up courage while here to take a ride on your railroad. When he got back among tlie natives of Obion County, every body wanted to know about that railroad — what it was, and what it looked like. Davy told them that it looked to him "just as if tliem Yankees up in Boston, hail got hell in harness." [Applause] If he had lived te see the telegraph wire flashing news almost around the world, while ho was swallowing a glass of whisky, he woiUd have thouglit that the Yankees had got Ilcucen " in harness"' too. [Applause] Fe low citi- zens, you have actually lived to see the day, wlien the three worlds are " in harness," and liitcheil to the golden car of civilization and human progress. Our great interior; the country between tlie Kocky Mountains and the Cascade Kange, and stretching from British America to Mex' 'o, is dotted all over witli rich nnnes. Its stock raising facilities are illimital)le; as most of tiiis vast area embracing OOO.OOO s-juare miles, is covered with bttter wild grass than grows east of the Rocky Mountains. 1 hold that this great inte- rior is capable of sup|)lying the cities on both seaboards, ,,ith beef, butter and wool ; besides supplying the world with a circulating medium. Large tracts of this count; y have been by many considoied worthless, being desti- tute of water, and having an alkaline soil covered with sr-ge brusli. intelli- gent travellers, such as Diike, and Baker, tell us that, in A'geria, Al)yssinia, and Australia, just such lands becom» very productive when irrigated. They assert that these alkaline lands, when v atered, niakt; tlie best corn fields in the world — that under irrigation, the more alkali, the better tht; corn crop. The sole requisite lo devtiop this vast intra-montaue region, is water. This will be supplied by artesian wells, and by means of dan-.s and dykes, which will be made to husband the water running from the sno-.v-s of the mountains, and carry it over barren wastes, which, at its magic t(Micli will U v/ I' 37 smiJ« with corn fields an,l i. , n licit tins coiintrv iipprio • »V e Iiave got to liave t/i Vvhat we most wuif *ace of the wnvWi , . *^'''''*' the sp hit ^f mm >. , '^Todoiice ^'"ing its duty to i,s „, , ' ' '" -<>vorn:r,ent secures its .1 °" "' small oBlcf, fori «.,„ , ™''^«>» '" 'Iran- tl.orr pava.i.l ]„il,., , '"' '"«■ "•<■ Stan l,„vc :;:)•. 7t i o •" '"'"'MliiBMH. Wh„, ,,,, ^"^ ■' '^"'mtain,,, -a.i ..r bo,,,„:4,',:,!:„f "■■"«■ » - ^- ..,„„ :',::,,:;:;:,':;--■". ""'■ l"1ilil,ili.,„. I liav,. „„|,. , ■ '" '")■ '-"irnal,. ,„■ ,,„. ,.,„,. , . 'juuuvoi.ui,,,,.,,, ;;/''> ■■»'™»'«'i'!..M„,,ajii,,,,i,,; ;■'■''■■ ""■'■■■••■*•-• "!■ -%.'a«o„ „.„,„ „- „, '„ ;•« '"•■ '»' .-».■» pr..„„: : ;;■« — l.RW.aK): ajiil lb, ,1,; '-'-""""fs »-a, -,.-,2,(Kjrj. t, """- 'Mu.oii,- i,,,. 38 the rest ol the world is in motion. This grey*, beeliive of 369.000.000, for the first tiin(! in the history of the Avorld has begun to swarm. They are crowd- ing tlirough tlie Golden Gate, entering the mouth of the Columbia, and scat- tering tliemselves over all our mountains, and through all our vallies. They now threaten to swarm over the Rocky Mountains, and down tlie Atlantic Slope, till they find their way among all your cotton plantations. Koopman- shaaf. tlieir great John Baptist, or forerunner has been over here and says they are coming. It is said that more than a liundred and seventy-five thousand have already reached our shores, and that millions more are coming. In vain have stump orators In Californiii inveighed against them, and excited tlie populace against them. In vain have political conventions tried to drive back tlie swarm by platform resolves. Phreusied mobs have tried to beat back tlie combing wave with biickbats and " shilalahs" — but still they come. Every time one is knocked on the head, or shot down, a hundred mount over liis dead body, and press on towards the mines, railroads, toanytliingtliatotfers clieap labor The unfriendly legislation of the whites, the unchristian and barbarous treatment of tlie tax gatherer, and the rifle and tommahank of the Indian, have all been employed against John Chinaman hi vain. He seems in.pelled to our sliores, by a spirit that in moving over tlie world has at last scaled the Chinese wall. He appears to nave a providential mission here and it looks as tliougli it was manifest destiny tliat he should come. What that mission is, and Avhat are to be tlie influences of this new element upon our people and institutions, is a question that is now engaging tlie attention of states- men. I have been asked this question by honest onqniriers many times. I answer, ' ^cand still and see the salvation of the Lord!" If Sambo choose? to talk politics and run for ofllce, John Chinaman must take his p'ace in the cotton fields. [Applause.^ The cotton must be raised, i .1 raised as as cheap as possible. The clieapc the better for the naked poor everywhere 1 regard this wonderful moving upon the Cliinese nation as providential. It is going to inaugurate a new era between the relations of intelligent labor and capital. It was well enough to try to reconcile intelligent men to their lot, who were the servants of capitalists, when we had no other labor. But there always has been an irrepressible conflict l)etween brains as a hireling and tlie capitalist, — perhaps brainless — that it looked to for its daily bread I have always beliovi -i that intellect was capital, and that tlie day wouUl com'" vhcn intelligence would be so used. [Applause.] I have never doubted but what there were higlier mansions fitted up for intelligence, than the shanty into whicli such men as Abraham Lincoln, were thrust to eat and s'lcep while making rails for him who had more money than they had. Tiiese mansions, our books and orators have been silent about, as they have gener- ally been deemed luiaginary. They are not. They have remained pretty much locked up it is true, but they are to be closed no longer — for God has sent John Chinam,an over here with the keys to open the doors. lie seldom aspires to anything higlier thnn to work for small pay. lie has few wants, and he is industrious; hence he seems to aim at notliing higher tlian servi- tude, wliich seems to be his normal sphere. He is quiet, docile and tractable, and as he leaves his women behind him, he does not endanger society here with a disagreeable mixture of races. If our Southern planters never had any female slaves, tlie country would not have been overrun witli mulattos. sV — V \"/ .■)9 Coa.„ l,j a„,l by. «•,„„ „„,, ', J ? ;■•:' »'«l 'Viilwork for ,|,„, „Zt Note. ? -Onp»geU,f„rNeb,,;t„^;^— ~^- ys- ^O^lC^m m TME. ^EESS; .Mr A<liiin- treuttvl liis subject in a masterly manner, his twenty years e\]»eri('noe in Oregon givinj; weiyht to arguments that would 1)0 received with caution as coming from a mere adventurer. — : Boston Juitni'iL I Cominj: with the endorsement of the leading men of Jiis State as I a gentleman of the highest rejmtation. and fully qualified to give reliable and valuable information in regard to the mineral and other resources of Oregon, IMr. Adams' remarks w(!re peculiarly interesting. The lecturer was listened to with evident appreciation and was occasionally applauded. — Post. I He treated his subject in a most interesting manner, speaking with ' an experience of twenty years. — Tnirel/cr. Mr. Adams cert;unly made an excellent argument to induce agri- : culturists to emigrate to Oregon and the I'acitic Coast. The lecture is full of interest, containing much valuable information which the most modern geoi<;raphies ilo not afford. — Advertiser. i The lecture was replete with valuab'e statistical information upon the agricultural, mineral and manufacturing resources of the Pacific I Coast. His figures relating to tire products of agriculture in Oregon and the State of Maine were very significant. He spoke of the •rreat and constant! v increasing de>>;and for labor that existed alone the shores of the racific, and in tiiis connection gave to the young ladies of New Kngland a mos*^ '.ressing invitation to emigrate, by saying that such was the condition of atfairs there that it was almost impossible ft)r a young lady to pitch her tent without securing a good husband. Th" lecture was quit(i well received by all present. — Herald. ^Ir. Adams jjroved to the satisfaction of his audience that he was not drawing ui)on his imagination in describing the wealth and beauty of the country; his statements were not an exaggeration of frjts, but a truthful (lescrit)tion of a country yet unexplored and unknown save by a few. He was listened to with the most profound attention, and his remarks were frequently interrupted by bursts of applause. He introduced .•^uUicient humor into his lecture to make it anuisinir as well as instructive, and (arrii'd his audience with him over cra^jrv mountains, through rich and fertile valleys, led them up the wooded banks of sparkling streams, displayed to their gaze meadows of rich pasture, fields of golden gi'ain and orchards ripe with luscious fruit. He hit very severely the young man of the period, with the low- necked shirt and diamond ])in, and showed that the rich country was not for him,lHit foi' the hardy son of toil who woidd find comfort and / aT^ plenty in exchange for his labor. — News and Tribune. ^/