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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE PEIMITIYE HISTORY OF THE lOlS'IANS. b^ BY JOHN CAMPBELL, H.A., Professor 0/ Church History, dc, Presbyterian College, Montreal. n i! bS [From the " Canadian iToumal."} THE PRIMITIVE HISTORY OF THE lONIANS. > i BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M.A., Professorof Church History, d-c, Presbyterian College, Montreal. ■' The only people of antiquity of whom we possess a continuous authentic history is that of Israel. The history of the nations that dwelt within the areas of the Tigris and the Euphrates and along the shores of Nile 's now in process of construction on the basis of the materials afforded by the written monuments of Babylonia and Assyria, and of Egypt. The antiquity, I do not say of these monuments, but of tlie times and persons they treat of, exceeds that of the patriarch Abi'aham, with whose story the annals of Israel begin. No such antiquity has been claimed for the Greek tribes as integer among primitive nationalities, because they are supposed to have arisen into a state of civilization in Hellas, many centuries after their ancestors, as savage nomads, had taken possession of that land. The unanimous voice of tradition and history, with that of a candid reasoning from analogy, is opposed to such a gratuitous hypothesis. The Greeks, whether Javan or any other son of Japheth be their ancestor, struck out for themselves no new track of migration through the inhospitable wilds of Armenia and Asia Minor in quest of the peninsula of Eui'ope, which became the home of some of them in the accepted historical period. They simply followed in the westward course of the families of mankind from the plain of dispersion. First to move in that direction were the descendants of Ham, who peopled Arabia, Egypt and Palestine. Into these same countries other emigi-ants from Shinar found their way. There is little evidence that the children of Shem, with the exception of the family of Abraham, passed much beyond the bounds of the Tigris and : I I: i J! Euphrates until many centuries after the dispersion. But the tribes that in Abraham's time dwelt in Palestine to the east of the Jordan, including tho Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, Horiin, Avim, etc.,' were the major part of tho great Japhetic wave, that, following close upon tho footsteps of the sons of Ham, soon ongulphed, equally in Palestine, Arabia and Egypt, these heirs of the curse, and either drove them to more remote siittlements or made them, from the beginning, a race of servants. Neither in Arabia, nor in Palestine, nor in Egypt, have we any recoi'd of Hamitic supremacy, or even of local rule and authority. Menes, the first Egyptian ruler, with all the solar line of Seb and Ra with which he connects, was a Japhetic Horite.'^ To the same distinguished family, Hamor and his son Shechem in the time of Jacob', and Aholibamah, the wife of Esau, belonged.* The Philistines, who dwelt in Gerar when Abraham sojourned there, have been proved beyond all doubt by Ilitzig and myself to be a Japhetic tribe.* I hiove also shewn their affinity with the Cherethitea or Cretans of the sea-coast,' and with the so-called Hittitos, over whom Ephron, the son of Zohar, exercised authority in Hebron.'' Undisguisable traces of Aner, Eshcol and Mamre, the Amorites, may be found by any one witli sufficient knowledge who cares to look for them in the geogi*aphy and traditions of Sicily and Southern Italy.8 Palestine was the centre of a more important seat of empire if scattered and somewhat disconnected i)rincipalitios may be called an empire, tlian that of Babel, insismuch as in it fii-st the tribes of Japheth commenced to assume national names, divinities, and distin- guishing characteristics, in connection with which alone history can begin to exist. It would be vain, however, to attempt the task of reconstructing the early history of the world, scjittered as it must be over the traditions of these various nationalities, were it not that, 1 Gen. xiv. ; Dent. ii. , • The Horitcs, Canadian Journal, May, 1873. » Oen. xxxiii. 18, xxxiv. 2. Tliey are called Hlvites, but this name is synonymous with Horite ; Oen. xxxvi. 2, compare verse 25. Thn presence of the geographical name Kbal, In the region of Shechem, seems to indicate descent from the third son of Shobal. * Vide supra, Gen. xxxvi. 2, seq. * Hitzig, die Philistaer. The Shepherd Kings of Egypt, Canadian Journal, Vol. xiv. Nos. 2 and 3, April and August, 1874. • Shepherd Kings, Canadian Journal, Vol. xiv.. No. 2, p. 199. »/6. 163. » The very name Sicilia is derived from Eslicol. Ziklag and Zancle agree in Etymology. The Hamertines derive their name fi'om Hamers the Oscan god, who is Mamre. in the first eight chapters of the first book of Clironiclos, there has been discovered a ser'js of Geutilo genealogies relating to tlie period of the formation of nations, with which other facts of the liible, monumental records, and the truths embodied in national traditions may be compared, connected or identitied." Such comparison and identification I have so far been enabled to make with some measure of success in the case of the two important families of Shobal and Ashchur.'" The family to which I at present direct attention is that of Onam. Onam, the ancestor of this line, occupies a peculiar position, being counted in two genealogies relating to diverse stocks, tli(j one being that of Shobal the Horite, the other that of Jerachmeel." After going carefully over the field of monumental history and tradition, I am convinced that there were not two Onams but one only. As mentioned among the sons of Shobal, I have already referred to him in my paper on the Horites, as the eponym of On or Heliopolis in Egypt, and the brother of Ra and Month or Reaiah and Manahath.'"'' But in 1 Chron. ii. 2G, we read ; " Jerachmeel had also another wife, whose name was Atarah ; she was the mother of Onam." At the 28th verse, the descendants of Onam are given very fully, affording ample opportunities for safe comparison and identification with other genealogical records. Before proceeding, however, to the history of Onam, I must briefly introduce the family of Jerachmeel, who is called his father. In 1 Sam. xxvii. 10, xxx. 29, the Jerachmeelites, or rather a remnant of them, are represented as inhabiting the southern part of Judah, together with the Kenites, in the time of David ; and the manner in which they are mentioned leaves no doubt that they are a Gentile family." Referring to Jerachmeel's descendants other than Onam, we find (1 Chron. ii. 25) Ram, Bunah, Oren and Ozem as his sons. Ahijah may be the name of his first wife." Then, in tlie 27th verse, the three sons of Ram are given : Maaz, Jamin and Eker, Here the list seems to end ; but when we turn to the 7th chapter of the same book, at the 6th verse we read, not "the sons of Benjamin" but " the sons of Jamin," who is the second son of Ram mentioneil * This discovery was llist st.iteil by me in iny article ou the Horites. W Vide the Horites and tlio Sliejiherd Kings. " Gun. xxxvi. 23 ; 1 Cliron. i. 40, ii. 26. W Canadian Journal, Vol. xiii. Ko. 0, 026. 13 tb. 519. 1* Patrick's Cojiimentary on Chroniolea in loc. ■ II h i' ft h . •• e r !• in tho 27tli verso of tho 2n(l chapter.'* A glance at parallel passages will at onco shew that tho youngest son of Jacob had no such ilesoeiulant as Jediael." Tho men of Jemini, who doubtless named Khan Minycli" and contributed tho Minyan connections that Hitzig discovered among tho Philistines, and whoso record appeai-s, Judges iii. 15, 1 Sam, ix. 1, and elsewhere in Scripture, belonged to this Jerachmeelito line. Ram left his seal of nomenclature on many a Palestinian Kama and Rimmon ; his eldest son Maaz was the ancestor of the Maachathites, whom the Israelites could not subdue, and whoso kingdom flourished in tho days of the Kings ; and his youngest son Eker, if there is any dependence to bo placed on etymology, was commemorated in Ekron, the Philistine city, and in the Maaleh Acrabbim or Ascent of the Scoi-pions in the south of Palestine.'" The Emim, who were the ancient inhabitants of Moab, may possibly have been tho families of Jamin, a supposition which the reference to Moab in 1 Chron. viii. 8, seems to justify, as well aa the form of the name." In looking for the name of Jerachmeel in other records, we must not expect to find the final d.^ Even in Palestine, his city, which bore his name, is Jericho. This is a repetition of the Chaldean Urchoe; and Jerachmeel himself is Unikh, Ur-hammu or Orchamus, the ancestral Babylonian. As Jerach, the moon-god, he connects with Ram-sin and other lunar divinities and monarchs."* His memory is jn-eserved in the Arabian traditions as Yerakh or Jorham. He has geographical memorials in the Insnlae Jemchjeorum and l<> Although the distinction between sons of Jamin and sons of Denjaniin baa 1>een oftea perceived by commentators, it has been erroneously taken for granted that the former was a mere abbreviation of the latter. w Compare Gen. xlvi. 21, Num. xxvi, 38. " Klian Minyeh represents Caphar-Naum. So the Septuagint version of Job renders Zophar the Naamathite by Zopliar the Minyan. For Minyan remains in Palestine see Hitzig, die Philistaer. '• The fonn of Eker, Ekron, and Acrabbl is peculiar, ayin being the initial letter. Eker would thus have a sound approaching Oeker, and Acrab would give a perfect Cecrop. The scorpion and crab in many languages are derived from the latter word. w The families of 1 Chron. viii. 8, etc , unite with those of the seventh chapter by the identity of Shaharaini with Ahisholiar of vii. 10. He is the grandson of Jcdiael and greut grandson of Jamiu. "> Although the final I is preserved in certain languages, and is even found at times side by side with the same root destitute of it, as a rule, it does not appear out of the Semitic area. 8eb, Sabus, Siva represent Shobal ; Zeraheen even is the modem name of Jezreel ; so that Jerachmeel may l>e expected to stop at Jerach, or at farthest at Jerachm. •0* The root of Jcracliraeel or Jerach is Chaldean, and designates the moon. The Jerachmeelites wero a lunar family, the Indo-European moon appearing in forms of Jamin, tlie grandson of JerachnieeL The Babylonian Sin is a lunar designation. Sin-Nimi may denote Jamin. - f, many other pkces." The Minaoi and Gerrhaoi proHcrved the names of his graiideons Jauiin and Ekei*;" but, bettor still, tradition gives as his sons or descendants, Yemen and Muzaz, and informs us that Ishmael married a daughter of the latter, thus acquiring a right to the guardianship of the Caaba at Mecca, which bore his name."* Jarhibmd, the well-known moon-god, presents us with a fuller form of the name of this ancient hero." Did time permit I might proceed to the proof of a statement which I unhesitatingly make, that ho, and not Abraham, is the Indian Brachma.^ His son is the legendary Egyptian Rhampsinitus." Latin traditions are far from ignoring Jerachmcel ; for, in an abbi-eviated form, like that of the Arabic Ram-allah, he is the Romulus of Livy and other historians of Rome, while Remus and Rome itself are but forms of the word Ram, which designates his son.'" Numa, in all probability, is the Latin rendering of Jamin.'* The Greek Orchomenos, with its ancient monarch of the same name, and its Minyan line and King Eteocles, carry us n See authorities in Jcrvis* Genesis Elucidated, 191, 105, 198, 204 ; also Sale's Koran, Preliminary Discourse; Lenormant and Cbevalier'a Manual of the Ancient History of the East, vol. ii. « Strabo and Pliny, with other Qeograpliers, refer to these tribes, and the latter gives a tradition of tlieir Grecian origin. >* See Jervis' Genesis, 191, 196. Muzaz and Modad are forma of the same name. Mecca is another form. The original Maaz is really Magaz. It la worthy of note that Rahina (Ram) was a deity of Yemen. M Guigniaut, Religions de 1' Antiqult6, ii. 1035. JariboUis is a name anawerlng to the Greek Eurypylus. Eurynome connected with Orchamua is a similar form. Hierombaal of Sanchoniatho is made the same by Guigniaut. «» Brahma may rather denote Ram tho son of Jerachmeel, with the prefix of tlie Coptic article, answering to thu Egyptian Piroiuis. According to Orote, Erechthous, whom I shall yet identify witli Juraclimeel, denotes divine and primitive Attic man. See the Coptic Ele- ment in Languages of the Indo-Eurojiean Family, Canadian Journal, December. 1872. A ximilar form to Uruluua is the Grueic Phorunuus, who is Ram, his sood Car and Mysus being Eker and Maaz, *• I can luirdly doubt that Rhanipainitus io a Greek rendering of Ram-sin of the Oabylonian monuments. Although I believe that I can establish the connection of Jauiin with the Egyptian city of Memphis, I have not found any traces of Ram other than geograpliical in the land of the Pharaohs. Tlie famines of Erechtlicus, Rhampsinitus and Semempses, or of Jerachmeel, Ram and Shammai, must, I think, be legends concerning an Egyptian fact. In the parallel Greek myth of Agamedes and Trophonius, the Orchomenian Erginus replaces Rhampsinitus. Both Orchomenos and Erginus denote Jerachmeel. Ram is Raman, the Babylonian air god. *< Ram has undoubted relations with the root Ram, common to many languages, denoting "height." Eustathius, speaking of Ramathan the old name of Laodicea, recognizes it as designating "the lofty God;" Eustathius In Dlonysil Perieg, 915. The abbreviation of Jerachmeel in Romulus, and the suppression of the aspirate is similar to that which apiiears in Riha, tlie modem appellation of Jericho. « The rendering of Caper-Naura by Khan Minyeh la a reversion of the order which appears in Jamip. and Numa. Sin-Nimi, as already indicated, may be a similar case of Babyloniau inversion. till , \ II i; !■■ ! I . \i Imck to fToniclunool at Jcrifho or Urchoo, with Jamin and Ina fion Jodiiu'l, or, as wal, tho Horite. The gen'iiJo- gies of Onam an? given in tho following table down to tho fourth generation from him, aHceiiding no higher than his reputed parents. The 2nd chapter of 1st (Jhroniclos gives us twenty generations in one lino of his descendants, but on tho consideration of them beyond the fourth I forbear at present to enter. Y(jt I desiro to call attention to these twenty generation.s u.h evidenco of tho great importance of tho family of this niuiarkable man.'* Jerachmeel = Atarah = Shobal. Onam. ^ Sliaminai. Nadab. Abishur = Abihail. .hwlag. Jcthcr. Jonathan. Seled. Zaza. Appaini. Achban. Molitb Pokth. The firat point to engage our attention is tho peculiarity which appears in tho parentage of Onam. I am convinced that a passage in tho PhfBnician history of Sancho:iiatho refers to this. There it is stated that Iluf — whom, in my paper on the Horites, I have identi- fied with Alvan or lleaiah (II or Ra), the eldest son of Shobal — made war upon Ouvauos (Jerachmeel), and drove him out of his king Methodius aj^ Bryant, Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 1807, Vol. v, p. 10. «Ib. 11 ruler in On or Heliopolis, but the chief divinity of that city to have been Atmoo or Athom, the Etara of 1 Chron. iv. 3, the father of Jezreel or Osiris, the sown of God, and tho eponym of the wide tract on both sides of the Red Sea known as Etham.** I have not been able to see the papers of Miss Fanny Corbeaux on " The Rephaim," in which, according to Mr. Bonomi, " she has some ingenious specu- lations to prove that the Chaldean Oannes, the Philistine Dagon, and the Mizraimite On are identical." But from the extracts in that \7riter's valuable manual, it is evident that Miss Corbeaux has good reasons for considering the identity established." On, whether it designates Heliopolis, Tentyra or Hermonthis, or the name of a monarch, is represented with the Oannes' and Dagonian figure of a fish.^ The solar character of the word also is as apparent in Egypt as in Palestine, where Ono and Beth Shemesh go together, or in Babylonia, where Anu unites with Shamas and similar solar divinities. Of the antiquity and importance of On I need not speak, as these are facts well known even to the most superficial student of Egyptian history. We possess monumental evidence that An or Onnos was the first king of the city which bore his name.** His sway there was, however, but a temporary one, for Usecheres or Ashchur, the father of Tekoa, and the ancestor of the Shepherd line, invaded the kingdom of the Sun, and wrested Heliopolis from its monarch.*^ In this act of warfare he Avas aided by his son Nesterea or Achashtari, and one of the acts of the treaty of pacification was the mariinge of a daughter of Onnos to Othoes or Achuzam, the elder brother of Achashtari. In my former paper on the Shepherd kings, I stated ** I cannot doubt that Osiris, whom the ancients associated with primitive agriculture, and In whom many comparative philologers have found the "seed god," is the same as Jezreel. The linal el disappears, as we have already seen, even in the modern form of the name of the wide tract in Palestine called after him. That Osiris has had attributed to him much that belongs to otliers, such as Othniel or Adonis and Abishur or Absyrtus, is evident. A thorough investigation of the Egyptian monumental records will, I doubt not, prove that the father of Osiris is Athum-ra or Etam. When time permits I hope to be able to set forth the story of the line of Etam, as gathered from the monuments and universal tradition. Atmoo was considered an older god than Ra, and lia is Reaiah son of Shobal, aud thus much older than Onam. ** Bonomi, Nineveh and its Palaces, 1805, p. 380. « Osburn's Monumental History of Egypt, i. 311. In regard to Tentyra I may here state the rendering of the name given by Sir Henry Kawlinson in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1864, i. 1. According to him it is Din Tir or tho " gate of life." Gates will yet appear largely in the Onite connection. <* Osirtasen I. is the earliest monarch rt>o h ft monuments, but Ganos was his predecessor and father-in-law. « Osburo, i. 401. JljJIrtai, «MlilHiiriMriaiii 12 i IS 111 .i 'fllil, that the wife of Achuzam was a daughter of Etam, whose name is given in 1 Chron. iv. 3, as Zelelponi.^" I am not yet prepared to state that he did not marry Zeleli)oni, but there seems little doubt that one of IiLs wives, at any rate, was a daughter of Onam. The first of the Osirtasens, who took the initial part of their name from that of their father Ashchur, was Achuzam, and his obelisk stands at Heliopolis, while he is designated the son of Onnos.''' IMore correctly he should have been called his son-in-law. In the Chamber of Karnak, the name of Aches, whom I have ^he^\'n to be the same as Achuziim and Osirtasen I,, approjjriately appears next to that of Onnos. It may be well, however, to observe already that the name Onnos seems to stand at times for two ditferent monarchs, one being the Janias of the lists, and, in the Bible genealogy, Jonathan, the grandson of Onam. What was the precise effect of the invasion of Usecheres on the authority of Onnos, the scanty materials at my command will not permit me to indicate ; but from the traditional and monumental evidence I possess, I am enabled in a measure to follow the fortunes of his descendants. It appears that the dynasty of Onnos was removed to Aboo-Seir f and there in all prol^ability Semempses or Semphucrates, his eldest son, exercised sovereignty. I have no monumental evidence to show that Semempses was the son of Onnos. The lists and traditions of Manetho, Eratosthenes, and others, are what I am compelled in this case to depend upon. Aboo-Seir is the ancient Busiris, and the city of the same name in the Delta is the ancient Taphosuns. They were named, not as I erroneously stated in my last paper, by Ashchur, l"it by Abishur, the son of Shammai, and grandson of Onam. Abishur and Aboo-Seir are the same word. *8 My reason for Undiiig Zelelponi iti tlie wife of Acliuwrn is stated in the Indian coiinwtiun of that jiaper, and coulirinatory reasons whieli, however, are not very strong, are given in tliat of Greece. «Gliddon, in his Ancient Egypt, writes : "On tlie other side of tlio statun (dedicated iiy Osirtasen I, to his fatliur, ' the sun of guardiausliii) ') a legend the same in substance is repeated ; but in tliis legend tlie nouien oval is given ; and tlius we liiiow that tlie fatlior of Osirtasen I. was 'tlie sun of guardiaushiii,' Aian or Oan. One might bo tempted to eonsidir him a Johannes, a Hauna or a John, so nearly does the phonetic value approach the eastern sound of this familiar name." "The sun of guardianship" was a father-in-law and not a father, save in guardianship, to Osirtasen I. or Achuaim, son of Ashchur. lie was the earliest historic^al John of whom we are ever likely to have a record. In iwpularizing Egyptian history it would be wise to denote Una by this Knglisk word, especially as his grandson was the Brst veritable Jonathan, w The pyramids of Aboo-Seir ore attributed to the 5th dynasty of Mani'*Uo. Ill 13 He is the Shoure or Soris of Dr. Birch, and the Amchura of Lepsius, whose shield has been found at AbooSeir." Am-chura and Abi-shur are too near one another in form, especially when taken in connection with the name of the place in which the former name is found, and the fact of the Heliopolitan line exei'cising royalty there, to allow much doubt as to tlieir identity. The prefix Abi is not an essential part of the name Abishur, as we can see by reference to such designations as Abietara, Abiezer, &c. Shur, which became the name of the region north of Etam, between Egypt and Palestine,** and which afterwards followed the retiring tide of population up into Syria in the same form, or as Ge-shur,*' first appears on the page of history in this son of Shammai, and grandson of Onam, and is his true title — hence the rendering Shoure or Soris. The word Shur in Hebrew strictly represents " a wall ;" but the allied tenn Shor, with which Chaldee, Syrian and Are^^c roots agree, is the Latin taurus. This will appear plainly in the Babylonian connec- tions of the family of Ouam. In the list of Eratosthenes, Chuter Taurus, with a reign of seven years, following Semphucrates with one of eighteen, after Thyi-illus, although much out of place, is plainly Abishur after Shammai, the successor of Jezreel, the son of Etam. He is also, no doubt, Tyreis of Manetho's third dynasty, who also has a reign of seven years, and who I had supposed might be Tiria, the brother of Zipli or Suphis. He may also, with as much pro- bability, be Sisires c^' the fifth dynasty of Manetho, which is ended by the name of an Onnos, and who has a reign of the same duration. Turning now to his predecessor, Semphucrates, in the list of Era- tosthenes, and looking for him in those of Manetho, we find no diffi- culty in recognizing his identity with Semempses, of the first dynasty, who, like Semphucrates, reigned eighteen years. Semphucrates fol- lows Thyrillus, and he, as I have already stated, is Jezreel, the son of Etam, whom we have found to be intimately connected, geogra- phically and mythologically, with the family of Onam. Jezreel, the god of seed, with the customary omission of the final el, is the Egyp- tian Osiris f* but in the full form of his name, giving force to the ai/in which appears in the last syllable, he becomes Jezregel. Re- ! I il -I *i Vide authorities in Kenrick's Ancient Egypt, New York, ii. 117. M Gen. xvi. 7, xx. 1, xxv. 18; Exoil. xv. 22 ; 1 Sam. xv. 7, xxviL 8. M Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xii. 5, xiii. 2, 13 ; 1 Sam, 'rxvii. 8; 1 Chron. ii. 23. M I have no further authority than similarity oi name for the ideutiacation of Thyrillus with Jezreel. 14 .1 moving the initial yod, a common practice even in' the recurrence of Hebrew names in the Bible, Jezreel takes the form of Zergul, and leads us into the early geogimphy and history of Babylonia." Zergul, or Zirgulla, was a very old place, and, although the most famous of the kings named Kur-galzu, or Dun-igalzu, occurs late and seems to be Acharchel, the son of Harum, there was an early monarch so designated, who preceded Shamas, and who must be the Thyrillus of Eratosthenes, and the Jezreel of Chronicles.^ In strict accordance with these facts is the so-called mythological record, that Osiris made Sem-— who, in my paper on the Shephei*d Klings, I unnecessarily supposed to be Achuzam — governor of pai-t of liis dominions, leaving him to share his authority with Antaeus and Busiris." Similar hasty conclusions marked my treatment of these latter names — Antaeus being made identical with Menes and the Nechaoth of The- ophilus, and Busiris with Ashchur, his contemporary." I am now disposed to regard Antaeus and Busiris — seeing that mythologists place them in a Libyan or western region of Egypt, and give them a tragical end, making them also the subordinates of Jezreel and Sem — as the two sons of Shammai, who are given in Chronicles as Nadab (Entef ) and Abishur (Busiris of Aboo-Seii-). Nadab, I can hardly doubt, is the head of the Entef line, who, whether they named Antae- opolis or not, ruled for a time at Thebes and Hermontliis.^ Now, Hermonthis is the southern An, so that nothing could be more appro- priate than to find the senior line of the family of Onam exercising sovereignty there. I would be disposed to find in the ancient Tuphium, near Heimonthis, a reminiscence of Appaim, with the local prefix T, he being the only son of Nadab who had posterity, Seled, his elder brother, dying without children. A desire to make known as soon as possible the facts already possessed by me, is the only reason which has prevented my entering more fully into the consideration of the twenty generations which the book of Chronicles furnishes of the descendants of Onam, in the line of Nadab. Abishur, Busiris or Am-chura seems to have had a tragical fate, ^5 See App. Book 1, Essays vi. and x. of Rawlinson's Herodotus, and Mr. George Smith's Early History of Babylonia in the Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archseology, Vol. i. Parti. '' K/fie authorities in Ouigniaut, i. 433. M There is no doubt that the legendary Busiris occasionally represents Ashchur. >> Sir Oardner Wilkinson's Essay in Rawlinson's Herodotus, App. Book ii Chapter &. 15 1i in character not unlike that which is imputed to Osiris. I am still in the dark as regards his wife Abihail, an ancient Ophelia, the special mention of whose name shews her to have been a person of some importance in history. After the death of her husband Abishur, by whom she had two sons, Ahban or Achban and Molid, tradition seems to say that she became the wife of Ammon the son of Lot, and, as Semele or Amalthsea, the mother or step-mother of Coz his son, who has already been identified with the Bacchus of Classical Mythology.*" Certain geographical analogies point to Phiala, the fountain near Memphis, of which Pliny speaks, as bearing the name of this illustrious consort.*^ Her son Ahban was famous in his day. From him Daphne or Tahpanes derived its name, which was trans- ferred with the Phiala, derived from that of his mother, into the Greshurite region of Paneas in Northern Palestine, while his brother Molid left the name of Moladah to a town in the Geshurite region in the south of the same country. Of Ahban, however, we have something more definite than geographical names. He is the Uben-re or Aubn-ra, whose hieroglyphics have been found on the ivories at Nineveh; and Sir Gardner Wilkinson has indicated his connection with queen Amun-nou-het, who exercised the regency during the reigns of the second and third Thothmes, and who bears the title " Uben-t in the foreign land."*'' A son of Ahban would seem to be Harum the father of Achai'chel, and it is not improbable that his daughter was the wife of Bechen-aten or Othniel. Certain it is that Bechen-aten, whom I have identified with Othniel son of Kenaz, married a princess of the line of Onam, Ainnin or Ainia and Tula being her parents ; but I am in doubt whether Ahban or Jonathan is represented by Ainia.** Amun-nou-het, who is Athotis or Atossa, is the daughter of this Onite queen by Othniel, her Bible name being Hathath.** Harum, who is Armais, the father of Archies and, at the same time, as Har-em-heb, the late Egyptian Horns, occupies a_ important position in connection with the restoration of Egyptian supremacy to the old Solar or Horite line.** I have not been able ;!| •• In my p»i sr on the Shepherd Kings. M Pliny, viil. 46. «* Rawlinaon's Herodotus, App. Book ii. chapter 8. M/6. •♦ ) Chron. iv. 13. See Shepherd Kings. *> From liim descended the Ramessids. Plutarch Is. et Ob. 56, says that Orus waa called Kcemin (Achbiin) and in the list of Tatlaa, Dampheuopliis (Daphne) precedes Orua. • \ ii 16 il »f \ ■ 'I : i ■ ' I f. i to discover whether Molid, the brother of Ahban, appears in the Egyptian records.®" The second son of Onam is Jada or Jadag, giving to the final ayin its full force. His name is a remarkable one, being almost a root form of the Hebrew verb " to perceive, know." The root extends its ramifications into most of the Indo-European languages, appearing in the Greek eido, aida, the Latin video, the Sanscrit loid, hudh, the Zend weedem, the Gothic vitan, the English wit, and the Sclavonic widze, wedeti, as well as in the Celti^j ediiyri!" gwyddoni. The intel- ligent Dagon and the wise Budha are easily connected with this son of Onam, but I have not found any Egyptian monarch or divinity unless it be Ptah or Thoth, who represents him.** It is plain that one of the Thoths or Athothes is Achuzam the son of Ashchur. There may have been two of this name, as the list of Eratosthenes indicates, one of them being the Jada of Chronicles. Of his two sons, Jetlier and Jonathan, the latter only had descendants. He must be the later Onnos, the same as Janias of the lists, and the Tancheres of Manetho'a fifth dynasty, who precedes Onnos. It was this Jonathan, in all probability, who founded Tentyra, the city of Athor his great grandmother, and one of the places beai'ing the Onite designation On. Yet his second son Zaza, who is the same as Assa son of Tankera, and Assis or Asseth the successor of Janias, has left his memorial at Saccarah.*' The connection of Jonathan and Zaza with the Shepherd line is, I think, founded upon the fact that the former married a daughter of Achashtari, Sesortasen III. or Sesostris. Of this, however, I have only mythological, not monu- mental evidence. The brother of Zaza was Peleth. He must have named the nome called Paalit or Polls in Lower Egypt,™ but I have found no trace of him upon the lists or records of the monuments. He was probably expelled from Egypt to Palestine, where he named Beth Palet and other places ; and from thence would seem to have •• Tliere is a King called Melanerea associated with tlie Shepherds, yet connected with the line of Horus, who may be Molid. " Gesenii Lexicon Hobraicmn in lac. Pezron's Antiquities of Nations, London, 1706. *» The identity of Ptah and Agni, and the fact of his having been worshipped at Heliopolis, while Indra and Agni are constantly united, with other connections yet to be mentioned, lead me to think that Jadag is Ptah. Ptah was born from the mouth of Kneph as Indra from that of Pouroucha. It is worthy of note that Ptali Tatann was worshiped at Tentyra. •» Kenrick, ii, 121, note. With Jonathan, Janias or Tancheres, I think that the flsh Notins which saved Isis and was placed by Venus among the constcllationa, should be counecteil. Hygini Foeticon Astronomicon, xli. 494, TO Can be have named Flinthine? 17 found Ills way to Assyria. Some of his descendants, or those among whom his descendants were the prominent class, became the mer- cenary soWiers of David, being known as Pelethites." The Assyrian annals seem to give to Harnm the son of Ahban, a daughter of Peleth as his wife, but other records tend to shew that a son-in-law of Peleth 's was Achishachar or Shacharaim, the grandson of Jediael, the son of Jamin the J erachmeelite, and the father of Ahitub and Elpaal ; of the latter of whom came Eber, Misham and Shamed, the builders of Ono in Palestine." As the children of Shacharaim, the Sanscrit Sarameya, were born in Moab, their story does not necessarily connect with Egypt ; yet Echescus-karas, in the list of Syncellus, has links that seem to associate him with the son-in-law of Peleth. I have already stated my belief that Ammon married Abihail, the widow of the murdered Abishui', and that thus his son Coz or Chons was contemporary with Ahban and Molid, and therefore with their second coixsins Peleth and Zaza. This contemporaneousness at least is confirmed by the statement that in the reigu of Assis and Khons, the calf became an object of worship." The Susian connection of Armais or Har-em-heb, and later Egyptian monarchs, must be found in their relations with either Coz or Zaza.^* I am inclined to think that Zaza heads the Susian line ; that Memnon or Meonothai some- how connects with him ; and that Paltos, which was reputed to be the place of his burial, is a Phoenician reminiscence of his ancestor's brother, Peleth." One other alliance with a daughter of the Onite line is worthy of note. There is monumental evidence that a prince Cephvoaes mar- 'I 2 Sara. viii. 18 ; xv. 18 ; xx. 7, 23. f* I Chron. viii. 18. The union of Lod with Ono seems to point to tlie Horite connection of Eber, etc., ratlier tlian tlie Jcrachmcelite. Lod represents Lahad the broiher of Acliumai and Lydus of Lydia. Bilhan, the uniue of the father of Shaltaraira, and who is given as tlie only sott ol Jediael, may, as a purely Horite appellation (Gen. xxxvL 27; 1 Chron. i 42. Compare Zaavan, Akan, Henidan, Eshban, Ithran, Cheran, Dishan, Lotan, Alvan, in the same genealogies) refer to the son of Kzer, and indicate an alliance of the Horite and Jerachmeclite lines in a daughter of Jediael, from whom, a.s of superior dignity, the sons of BiUian chose to count their descent. '8 Vide Galloway, Egypt's Record, 234. '* The Susian connection appears in the Babylonian identifications of Harum and Acharcbel with Armannu ami Nergal and the Greek story of the Susian Memnon. But it is also visible in Sesou an epithet^ Rameses II. according to M. de Roug6, in an article contributed to the Atheneum Frangais, l^S^t^ part of which is appended as a note to M. de Lanoyc's little book on Rameses. Lack of mateiltd prevents uie from doing more than asking the question of Egyptologers, into whose hanoVthis paper may come, " Whether the king named Skliai, Eesa, Ai, who is given as the ancestor'^ the first Rameses, be not identical with Assia or Tankera and with Zaza, the son of Jon/tUian V n strabo, zv. 3, 4. 2 18 II I 111:' m I'} ried Hanku, a Heliopolitan princess j" and, according to Mr. Osbum, Chebron Amenoplna was one of the husbands of Taia, wha plainly belongs to the line of Onani." I am in doubt here. On the one hand, it seems that, as I stated in my paper on the Shepherd Kings, Hepher, the son of Ashchur, whom I supposed to be the father of Kenaz or Pachnas, married into this family, with which hia brother Achuzam or Athothes was already connected." But there seem to be many reasons for jjlacing Cephi-en at a nnich later period, and for insisting upon the appearance of a final n in the name of the person with whom he is to be identified. These, and more scientific and important reasons, which will appear in the course of tracing the family of Onam through the traditions of peoples other than the Egyptians, have led me to the conclusion that Hebi-on or Chebron, the son of Mareshah," became connected by mairiage with the Onites in the line either of Shammai or of Jadag. Tlie shield of one of his sons, Rekem or Rekamai, occurs at Lycopolis,*" and may serve to confirm an alliance, to which the presence of such names as Shema and Shammai among his descendants, seems to testify. Mafkat, the copper country of the Sinaitic jieninsula, would appear to have unveiled its mineral treasures fix'st to the rulers of Heliopolis ; for Athor was its great divinity, and a portion of the Anu, more than two generations after their defeat by Usecheres, made their home among its mountains, coming forth at times to harass the miners whom Suphis or Ziph, the great grandson of Usecheres, kept there in a state of painful servitude.^* Later still, when the Shepherd families were driven back to Palestine, and the Rameses ruled in Egypt; when Cretans from the coast of the Cherethites, Sicilians from Eshcol and Ziklag (an ancient Zancle), Sardinians or Dardan- ians from Zarthan, Aclia3ans from Accho, Achzib and Achshaph, Lycians from Lachish, Mysians from Maachah, and many other Japhetic families resident in Palestine, invaded the land of the Pharaohs, or fought for their homes against the aggressions of its monarchs f^ the Anu or lonians of Gaza were not absent, but with '8 Osbiirn, i. 450. The Atlienian Oiika must relate to this name. " GBburn, ii. 344. T> Canadian Journal, Vol. xiv. No. 2, 193, 194. TO 1 Chron. ii. 42, seq. •> Kenrick, i 39. Ho is supposed to have belonged to the Shepherd period. 81 Lenormant A Chevalier, i. 202, 205; ii, 369. 83 Lenormant & Chevalier, i. 249, 260. ^ m^ •11;! k 19 their kinsmen, the Milesians of Moladah, the Polethitea of Japhleti, and the Kliarn or Geshurites of the North, drew sword and bow against those who, like themselves, worshipped the names of their ancestral gods, An-ra and Athor.** Neither the Pharaohs who warred with them, nor the artists who inscribed in stone the story of their enmity and defeat, thought any more than the historians of to-day, probably, of the former glories of the Ionic race, or deemed it worth while to cast a glance at the imperishable traces of its old dominion, extending from western Aboukir to the furthermost verge of Arabia Petrffia, and from Heliopolis to Hermonthis in the south. They had learned their Egyptian lesson, which so many great peoples had to learn ; they had done their work in this old historic land ; and now, with strength unimpaired, they were to go forth in many com- panies, to carry into regions less favoured the blessings of a newer civilization. Into these new countries it has been my task, and is my intention in this paper, to follow them. But, in so doing, I shall not, at least as yet, enter upon the history of a later period than that of which I have already treated. The tracks of the lonians must be marked by the recurrence, in various mythologies and geographical areas, of the same names, facts and connections, with sligL o variations and a few additional items of information, as we have already identi- fied with their history in the land of Egypt. The following Tables exhibit the families of Onam, as given in Chronicles, with their probable connections, and the Egyptian equi- valents, historical and geographical, which have been obtained for them : — I. Jerachmeel =; Atarah = Shobal. Ram. Jamin. Jediacl, BUhan. Onam. Sliammai. Jadag. Nadab. Abisliur=Abihail=:^m»ioH. Jethcr. Jonathan Selud. Appaim. Aliban. Molid. Coz. Peleth. Zaza. Shaharaim, Ishi Harum. A nub. ZobeOah. daughter =S'/ia/«arai»j. Sheshan. Aharhel, Elpaal. Eber. Misham. Shamed, founders of Ono iu Palestine. .! '(;] ' IJ M Kenrick, ii. 221. 20 V i-J ! I I i liii !3: ' ; i n. Urulch. Uranus, Jerachneel, Erchoas = Athor = Seb, An or Onnos. Sem, Semempses or Semphucrates. Jadag, Ptah. Antjeua or Eiitef . Amchura, ShoureorBu8iri8 = Phiala = j47n«n. Jether. Janias I II orTaiikera. Molid. Khom. Paalit. Assa. Anubia. Seled, Tuphium. Aubn-ra. Armais or Har-em-heb. Archies. To these Tables may be added that of the probable connections of the line of Onam with that of the Shepherds : — Usecheres. Ounos. III. Sesoatris. II. Sephres. I. Aches = daughter. Semempses. Jadag, Ptah? ^ 1 , r-^ Fachnas or Cheneres. daughter = Janias or Tankera. I , . , Atin-re= daughter. Assis. I Athothis. Still another genealogy, of a very imperfect character, which con- nects with the line of Onam, is that of Hebron : — Laadah. I Mareshah or Moens. Hebron or Cephren=Hanku of Heliopolia. Korah. Tappuah. Hekem or Bekamai. Skema. II.— BABYLONIAN AND ASSYKIAN CONNECTION, It does not follow because a name and even a royal name is found on an Egyptian monument or occupying a place in the lists of Manetho, Erastothenes, Bar-Hebrseus, etc., that the person who bore the name exercised sovereignty in Egypt, or exercised that sovereignty there and nowhere else. This I state in order to prepare the way for the appearance of Chaldean and Assyrian names, royal and divine, which are identical with those that have met us in the history of Egypt. Bryant, in his elaborate " Analysis of Ancient Mythology," a work full of false notions, and based upon an erroneous etymological theory, yet containing much valuable information, finds in the Baby- lonians the lonim of antiquity." He points out the important fact M Analysis of Ancient Mythology, ir. 206. 21 )f IS of )re ity ay ae, of y," cal by- act that tV.t) Septuagint version of Jeremiah renders the word Jonah, wliich our transhitora of the Bible liave found to be derived from the verb Janah to oppreaa, by the Greek " Helleniko or Hellenic," so that "the oppressing sword" of Jeremiah xlvi. IC, 1. 16, becomes "the Hellenic sword." With the Seventy, therefore, tlie Jonah desif^nated the Ionian people, and, as the enemy represented by the sword was the Babylonian nation under Nebuchadnezzar, they must have recog- nized some identity between Babylonians and lonians. Bryant cites also a passage from the Chronicon Paschale, in which the lonians are spoken of as a colony from Babel, and another from Joannes Antiochenus to the same effect, which states likewise that the lonians were instructed by Joannes, one of the race of giants.^ The same author indulges in some ingenious speculations regarding the Jonah or dove of Babylonia, which he connects with the Hellenic traditions. In these s[)eculations Bryant has been followed by many writers of repute in England, France and Germany, and any one who wishes to see an authoritative reference to the emblem of the dove in its mytho- logical connections, will find it in a,\\ essay of Sir Gardner Wilkin- son's, in which Athor of Egypt, Atargatis of Syria, and Semii-amis of Babylonia are found together with this ancient symbol.* Athor, let it be remembered, is Atarah, the mother of Onara. I have already referred to Miss Fanny Corbeaux' identification of the Egyptian An, On, or Onnos with the Cannes o/ Chaldea. The figure of a fish represented the Egyjitian An, and Cannes or Anu has been universally recognized as the fish-god of Babylonia, who connects intimately with Atargatis or Athara, the fish-goddess of Syria, his mother. I need not repeat the story of Cannes as given by Berosus, which must be familiar to all who will find any interest in the researches of this paper. His coming into Babylonia from the ErythriBan sea, marks either an eastern extension of the kingdom of Onam or the period of expulsion from Egypt, when, from Arabia Petrsea, his descendants spread eastward towards the home of their ancestors. It is not diflUcult to trace the names of the families of Cnam in those of the successors of Cannes, although these are not always mentioned in their proper order. The only member of the line of Shamraai that finds a place among them is Anodaphus, or Nadab, his eldest son. Jadag, however, who is the true Dagou, is » /ft. V. 8, 16. w BawliasuQ's Herodotus, App. Book iii. Essay 1. tf ^ I i « --m I i! ! j ill I liili 99 at onco rocoj^iiizaltlo in EuodocuH or Odacon, and his Hon Jonatlian in AnneilotuH. AloruH, called in tho samo legend the firet ruler of Chaldii'a, is Alvan, son of Sliobal, tho II or Ra of Babylonia and Egyi)t." XisutliruH, who appcai-H during the same period, is Sesos- trin, whom I have supposed to Ixj tho father-in-law of Jonathan.** Urka, or Urchoe, tho city of Jerachnioel, in appi-opriately that of Onaia, or Ami, his reputed sou. Ann is continually connected with Dagon or his son Jadag, and fre((uently with his elder son, Shamas or Shammai. In the old historical n^cords of the Greeks, Guam's name appears in the form Niiuis, tho Hebrew, Ghaldeo and Syriac Nun, the fish, representing the Coi)tic An. Tho reality of this con- nection is apparent in tho names of the descondants of Ninus, his son being Zumes or Shammai, and his grandson Thuri-as, who is Taurus, Hhur, or Abishur.*** Tho valuablo researches of Sir Henry Rawlinson furnish us with a foui'th link in tho chain of evidence. He points out that Bar-Shem is a name of Thurnis, while identify- ing the latter word with tho Poi-sian Thura of the month Thura- vahar, and tho Latin Taurus. Bar-Shem simply gives Thura or Abi-Shur as the son of Shammai. Ninip, Thibbi, Givan or Kivan are, however, named by Sir Henry as forms of Bar, and he does not hesitate to associate them with Cannes. "^ They really present us with " Tho early inouarch, or rather deity, of Bftbylonin seems to |irc80iit in his name a combina- tion of tho two eijiiivaleiita, which iiiipeiir equiilly in Egypt and Biiliylonia, for the Alvan and Reaiah of GeneKis and Clirouiclcs. I have already, in my i)aiier on tlie Ilontes, xliowu his relation to tlte Illyriun stuck. From liiiii, in the Alvan or Galyan form of his name, came the Hellenes, whom Bryant erroneously identities with the lonim. M When I wrote my iiujier on tho Slicpherd Kings I was not aware of a connection which has since come to liglit. Zervan tlie son of Xisutlirus, Sarpcdon tlie son of Astcrius, Mlhral) the son of Zohalc or Aslidahalt, Corybas of Jasion or Satuni, Visvarupa or Senara son of Tvaslitar, Cerberus of Typlion, with tlie Egyptian god Hari)lirc and tlie king Cerpheres, rejiresent in tlio stories of Babylonia, Persia, Greece, India, and Egypt, Hareph or Charepli the fatlier of Bctli Gader, after whom tlio Serbonian bog, Seriphus, Corfu and many other places were named. As Harjiln-o ho is united witli Mandou and Ritlio, Mandou being his grandfather Manahath, and Kitlio tlie wife of liis fatlier Achaslitari. Rliytia, tlie inotlier of the Corybantes, is the same Rilho, and from her Rhodes received its name, she or her daughter being the original Rhodope. Hieiapytna of Crete founded by tho Rhodian Corybas ; tho presence of Phorbas, Triopas and Cercaplius in Rhodes ; and many similar facts tend to justify the connection. Drepane, the old name of Corcyra or Corfu, is allied to tlie Greel' harpe, a carved wenpon, and both relate to tho root of the Hebrew Chareph. Tho English word crop comes from the same root, as well as the word harvest. Names as widely separated geographically as tho Greek Trophonius and tlio Germanic .\urboda have the same origin. Tlie sister of Hareph bears names agrc^g in form with those of her father and brother, so that she may appear as Ishtar or as Z'. [I!- ■ it. 89 S'jc ..uthorities in Rawlinson's Herodotus, App. Book i. Essay x. Also Bryant's Analysis vi. 204. Bushiro may have taken its name from Abishur. *o Rawlinson's Herodotus, App. Book i. Essay x. Kikupan is doubtless the same. ! ' 23 the Aliban or Aclihan, wlio is given as tho oldest son of Abislmr, and who is tho same as tho E<,'yi)tian Aubn-ra found at Nineveh. Tho Irish (iol)han, witli which Sir Ilonry Rawlinson compares tho name of Ninip or Bar, is almost identical in form with tho Hebrew Achban. The Alexandrian Chronicle mentions Thutas as a descend- ant of Ninus, and ho, I can hardly doubt, is Jadag, the same r.3 Diodas or Adodus, who is connected with Astarte, as Ann is found to bo on some Babylonian monuments. The name of the wife of Ami, which is Anata, would lead ono to suppose that in Babylonia as well as in Egypt, Onam and his grandson Jonathan were some- times confounded. Sir Henry Rawlinson has suggested some rela- tionship between tho Anu or Dis of Urchoo and the Dis, Hades, Orcus, Pluto or Plutus of Classical Mythology." Urchoe I have already associated with Jerach-mecl ; Anu gives us Onam ; Hades and Dis are two forms of tho name Jadag ; and Pluto or Plutus, the Indian Pauhistya, is Peleth of tho same lino. Reminiscences of the latter are I think to be found in tho name or epithet Baladan ; in Belochus, the last of the Dercetides or family of Atargatis ; and in the mythic Polydemon a descendant of Semiramis, who was a warrior in the army of Phineus."^ I can hardly imagine that Shammai, Sem or Semcmpses ruled or lived in Babylonia, and would be disposed, therefore, to suppose that Zames and Shamas appear in the traditional and monumental I'ecords of the Chalda>ans merely as ancestors ; yet Ishmi-Dagon, with his sons Shamas-Iva and Ibil-anuduma, must relate to the god Shamas and to Iva, son of Anu, who is callel Misharu, a name not unlike Amchura or Abishur.*' As for the later Shamslui, who follows Hammurabi or Khammural^i, he is, I have little doubt, Shema, the son of Hebron or Chebron, who married into the line of Onam." Hebron we shall yet meet with, like his father Mareshah, as the eponym of many rivers, such as the Chaboras, Hebnis, Tiber and Severn, his father naming the Arish, Marsyas, and several others, and superseding the ancient Hebrus of his son by the more modem Maritza. Mareshah himself is the Merodach who fii-st appears in the reign of Hammurabi.'^ It is also worthy of note that Ham- »* Du Pin, Bibliotlieque Univcrselle dus Histoiicns, Amsterdam, 1708, p. 211. Ovidil Metamorph, v. 85. •• Rawlinson's Herodotus, App. Book i. Essay x. Anu-duma must be Jonathan. »♦ 1 Chron. ii. 43. w Mr. George Smith's Early History of Babylonia, Trans. Soc. Bib. Archaeol, VoL i. Fart 1. 1 ^ -i^SifBieasaammmm 24 !! i V murabi's great claim to the gratitude of posterity was the construction of a river or canal, to which he gave his own name.®® I do not yet know where among the descendants of Onan. to place the wife of this monarch, but, from the presence among her descendants of the names Shema and Shammai, I feel justified in supposing that she belonged to the line of Shammai, while other reasons would lead me to place her in the next generation after Appaim, Ahban and Molid — she being probably the daughter of one of them. Turning to other con- nections by marriage with the family of Onam, the first that appears is the memorable union of which the Egyptian monuments inform us, that formed an article in the treaty of peace between Onnos and Usecheres. Aches or Achuzam, the son of the latter, married a daughter of the Helio}X>litan king. This Aches or Aclmzam I have identified with Aos or Hea of Babylonia, whose wife is Dauke or Davkina,®' and the latter must represent the daughter of Onam and sister of Jadag, being in form like the Idyia whom mythologists make the wife of ./Eetes of Colchis. The reader of my essay on the Shepherd Kings will find many erroneous identifications under the head of the Assyrian and Baby- lonian connections of the Ashchurites, into which I was led by the absence of Jail information regarding the family of Onam. Sucli, I think, is the supposition that Achashtari or Xisuthrus, like Achuzam, married into the Onite line.®^ I have already indicated the proba- bility of Jonathan, a second Onnos or Ninus, forming a union witn a daughter of Achashtari, The sons of Xisuthrus or Achashtari are given in tradition as Zervan, Titan and Japetosthes. Titan, a name peculiarly solar, 1 ohall yet show to relate to Jonathan, who is the son-in-law of the father of Zervan."® A sister of Zervan was Zirpanit or Zeripho, which is an Ascalonian name for Semu-amis, and Semiramis the wife of Ninus was the daughter of Caystrus, who is Achashtari.^'" In this way the sons of Jonathan became associated with the Ashchurite line. The elder of these, Peleth, seems accord- ingly to have been an Assyrian monarch, bearing the name of Asshur- M/6. w Rawlinson's Herodotus, App. Book i. Essay x. M It is more probable, a , stated in note 88, that he married a daughter of Manahath the head of the Horite line of Shobal. The marriage of his daugliter to a grandson of Onam, bearing a very similar name, naturally led to the erroneous supposition. •9 In the Greek connection Titan will appear in intimate relation with the family of Jonathan. It is presented also in the Irish and Welsh traditions. Titan was peuuliuiiy a soliir designation. Tithonus is not to be dissociated from it. ii» Guigniaut, ii. SIS, ii. 33. i I 25 Ubalat or Upalit. As I shall yet show Peleth to be the same as Hippoly tus and Ephialtes, and the eponym of Japhleti in Palestine, the initial u, a mere rendering of an adventitious Hebrew yod, need not form an obstacle in the way of the identification. The synchronous history of Assyria and Babylonia informs us that a daughter of TJ balat, named Muballidat Serua, was married by Burna-buryas or Kurigalzu his son, kings of Babylonia, and that she had a son, Karahardas, who was killed by the Kassi.'"' Many things lead me to identify Burna-buryas and his son Kurigalzu with Harum and his sou Acharchel, although I cannot account for the second part of the name of the former Babylonian, nor find that relation to the Onam line in the person of Ahban or Aubn-ra, which would j ustify the connection. I have already stated my belief that Armannu, the tutelar god of Susa, fs Harum.^"^ Burna-buryas and his son are Susian, while the god Ncrgal, who is most closely linked with Abn-ra and the Anu line, and whose relations seem to be with the same region, is unmistakably Acharchel. It is hard, however, to under- s'and why remains of Abn or Aubn-ra should be found in Nineveh, while his son and grandson leave their traces in Babylonia, or how the two latter came to occupy so impov+ant a place in the Egyptian annals. Whatever be the value of the last-named connections, which I think the sequel will shew that I have not made without some good reasons, no one can doubt the advantages of a system, even in part erroneous, over the present chaos of ancient history. The following table presents the probable equivalents in the mythology and history of Assyria and Babylonia for the Onites of the Bible record ; — Urukh, Urliammu or Orcliamus=Ishtar?= Anu, Oanncs or Ninus. ' 1 Ao8 or //ea=Dauke. Shauias or Zames. Oclacon, Dagon or Thutas. X'lsnthrus, Anodaphus. Zira, Kura or Thurras. daugliter.—AxmQAoi\i.&ov I I Anu-duma. Givan, Kikupan or Aubn-ra. Asshur — Ubalat. Armannu or Burna-buryas = Muballidat Serua. Nergal or Kurigalzu. w I i \i t SiT !•; i:! 1 wi The Syiichrouous History of Assyria and Babylonia, by tlie Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A., Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archieology, VoL ii. Part 1. iw Canadian Journal, VoL xiv. No. 2, p. 227. m ■'■ 26 To the above must be added the unconnected genealogies of Hebron : — Merodach. Khammurabi— Heliopolitan princess. Shamshu. III.— PALESTINIAN AND SYRIAN CONNECTION. Palestine seems to have been from an early period a halting-place of various Onite families, as they passed on their way to Asia Minor and Greece iu the west, or to A ssyria, Pei*sia, and India in the eait. It contained three well-defined Onite areas. The first of these on the way from Egypt, and perhaps the most important, was that which went by the name of Shur, having received that designation from the son of Shamraai, who was the Ab or father of the house of Shur. The Geshurites were of old the inhabitants of that land,'"" and their name is simply Shur, with a national prefijc like that wliich occurs in Gee' or. This region bordered on Gaza, which boi-e the name lone,'"* the whole coast of the Cherethites lying south-west from it, being also called the coast of the lonians.''^* To the district indicated belonged Beth Palet, or " the house of flight," an earlier Pola, " the town of the fugitives," the tradition of which Stephanas of Byzantium seems to have confounded with Gaza."* Gaza itself, as named lone, and a place where Dagou was worshipped, must con- nect intimately with the Onam line, and is probably a form of Zaza. In the same region of southern Palestine, Moladah, a name derived from Molid, the brother of Ahban and son of Abishur, is found. Sliema, near Moladah, and Mareshah, not far ofi", may have relations with the family of Abishur, while Cabbon, near Beth-Dagon, has an Achban look. The old Jerachmeelite region spoken of in the first book of Samuel, must have bordered upon tliis Onite region."'' The second Onite area lay to the north of the tribe of Judah, extending through the dominions of Benjamin and Dan, from the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean. It was marked by the Jerach- »<» 1 Sam. xxvii. 8. »«« Stepli. Byziuit. l« The progress of Maritime Discovery, by J. S. Clarke, London, 1803, Vol I. p. 94. *"• Hitzig, die Pliilistaer, 5 seq. >w 1 Sam. xxvii. 10 ; xxx. 29. 27 I > V meelite region of Jericho on the east, and on the west by the similarly Jerachmeelite Rama, Jabneh or Jamnia, and Ekron. It embraced Ataroth, Ono and Beth-Aven, Beth-Shemesh, Janoah and Taanath, Japhleti, and similar geogi'aphical designations, setting forth Atarah, Onam, Shammai, Jonathan, and Peleth. The brook Cherith, and other traces of the Cherethites, still, as in the south, proclaim the geographical connection of these Cretan or Kurd warriors with the Ionian Pelethites."* These Pelethites are mentioned in ii. Samuel viii. 18, XV. 18, and xx. 7, 23, in the second quotation being united with the Gittitea or warriors of Gath. In a note to Wheeler's edition of Russell's Connection of Sacred and Profane History, the Greek form Pheleti is adduced as a probable original of the Latin Velites.^"^ I do not doubt that the Pelethites were represented among the mercenary soldiers of the Greeks by the Peltasts. It is no objection to this identification that Peltastes originally denoted a Thracian mercenary, for it will yet appear that the Tli^-^cian stock contained a lai-ge Onite element. I would even go farther, and find the same root in the Hoplites, one of the four Athenian tribes, and the heavy-armed soldiers of Greece. Their designation pi'esents the Japhleti form of Peleth's name, and theii- ancestor is appropriately the son of Ion."" The thii'd area inhabited by the descendants of Onam, in Palestine, is that in the north occupied by the Geshurites. It is near the Jerachmeelite region of Maachah, and the Maachathites are con- stantly associated in Scripture with the northern Geshurites."^ It was from these Geshurites that Syria received its Gentile name, Aram being its Bible designation. Atargatis or Athara, the Syrian goddess, is Atarah. In Samen and Adad, the names of Shammai and Jadag were no doubt preserved. Syria was also called the land of Sham or Shammai ; and Bryant shows that Sar, i-epresent- ing its eponym Abishur, entered largely into the nomenclatm-e, mythological, historical, and geographical, of the Syrians."^ As we find in Gaza an lone of the Geshurite region of the south, so in that loe The Cherethites and Pelethites are coustalitly mentioned together in Scripture, hence the German phrase, " Creti and Pleti." »«» Vol. ii. 173. "0 The wan-iors of antiquity, probably the first who adopted military discipline, were the Pelethites, and the connection of their name in after times with light and heavy-armed troops was owing to local circumstances. Hence Velites, Peltastes and Hoplites have one origin. "1 Josh. xiii. 11. "« Bryant's Analysis, i. 80, 91. m* i9 28 ' !' of the north, Antioch appears witli the same title."' Antioch indeed, as the sequel will prove, is a form of the name of Jonathan, and the many Khan lounes found throughout Palestine, and which have been erroneously sui)posed to relate to the prophet Jonah, are stages in the i)rogress northward of the family of Onam,"* Stephanus of Byzantium makes the ancient inhabitants of Antioch and other Ionian colonies to have been Argives."* These Ai-gives are the peoples of Jerach, Urukh or Jei'ach-meel. In the Geshurite region the prevailing name is that of Ahban. It is he, as the Greek Pan, who is couunemorated in Banias or Paneas,"* and in the Daphnes of Paneas and of Antioch. Phiala, or Houle, represents his mother, Abiha'' Another Beth-Shemesh, and another Beth-Dagon repro- duce the rcicords of Shammai and Jadag found in the south ; and Hannathon preserves the memory of Jonathan; while Hermon is undoubtedly a trace of Harum, the son of Ahban. Libanos itself may have taken its name from Ahban, with the Arabic article."' It is certainly i-emarkable to find an Ammonian region np about Paneas, justifying the connection already formed for Ammon as the step- father of Ahban, and tlie mythological statement that Pan was the foster-brother of Amnion."^ I need hardly say that the Greek Pan was worshipped at Paneas. Among the kings of Geshixr, Ammihur and Talmai are mentioned."' Ammihur is a form very like Am- chura or Abishur, and may easily have been a corruption of this ancestral name. As for Talmai, no student of the historical records of the Jews can fail to notice its etymological connection with the "3 Ste]>li. Byzant, lone. lie states that it was built by tlie Argives, who are the family of Jerach. According to a .stateinout in Eusebius, Casus and Belus, sons of Inachus, founded Antioch. Zaza and Puleth, sons of Jonathan, may be the individuals indicated. "* Finn, Byoways in Palestine, 1C8, 170, '290. Hitzig, die riiilistaer, 109. In the lounes, Ach.i and Dors of Palestine, the iirogrtss of the Ionian, Achaean, and Dorian lines can be tiaced. Among tlie Pliilistine tribes those inhabiting Gaza and Ashdod would seem to have been lonians of Onani in the lino of Jonathan, while the Ashkelonians were Araorite, the Gittites, AchuMins or Hittites, and the Ekrouites, Jeraohnieelite, of Eker. iiB Kids supra, Note 113. I do not know as yet whether Argob and Argos denote the same Jerachn'eelite pojiulation. •1* Paiicns and the Greek Peneus must be related, especially as Daphne is represented as the daughter of Peneus. Pan was worshipped here. Banier, La Mythologie et Les Fables Bxpliquees par I'liistoire, 1728, i. 183. Finn, Byeways in Palestine, 366. 1" Vide the Coptic Element in Languages of the Indo-European Family, Canadian Journal, Dec., 1872. In that paper I have shewn the identity of the Hebrew Laban with the Girlie and Erse Ban, and the connection in these widely-separated languages of the ideas of whiteness and of mountains with snow-cli'l summits. U8 Quigniaut, ill. 476. iw 2 Sam. xiii. 37. • >■ 29 Anakim, who were driven out of Kirjath Ai*ba, or Hebron."^" One of the sons of Anak the son of Arba was Talmai, his brothera being Sheshai and Ahiman. Sheshai is not unlike Sheslian — tlie name of a descendant of Appaim — in form, and Achiman is very like Achban."* It is jiossible, therefore, especially as Kebron is Kirjath Arba, and we have found the son of Mareshah bearing that name in connection with the family of Shammai, that the thi'ee chiefs of the Anakim were of Onite parentage, and that they were the leaders of an Ionian colony into the region of Geshuri. They may possibly have been Heraclids of the family of Acharchel, the son of Haiinn.^" Before dismissing the Palestinian connections of the tribes of Onam, I would dii'ect attention to the Hebrew word "Ideona," denoting '• a wizard," which is derived from the root " Jadag," and which Bryant, although utterly ignorant of the identifications which I have propounded, supposes to relate to the lonim.*^' The reputa- tion of the Chaldeans, of the Irish Tuatha-de-danans and other mem- bers of the family of Onam, together with the wisdom attributed to Dagon and his attendants, lead me to believe that the word Ideona may have an historical etymology, setting forth an early caste of priests and magicians. The name of one of the wise men of Egypt who withstood Moses is given in the second epistle of Paul to Timothy, as well as in other writings, as Jannes, and this, I think, may easily, while denoting an individual, point him ^out as a member of the Chaldean or Ionian line.*^^ The following Table can simply represent the geogi'aphical equivalents in Palestine of the families of Onam : — Jericho, Jerachmeel, Ram-allah = Ataroth = Sobal, I Ono, Beth-Avcn, Khan lounes. Beth Shemesh. Beth-Dagon. Netophah (?) Shur, Geshur, Syria = Phiala, Houle. -. Hannathoii, Taanath, [Antioch. , . , , . , Faneas, Daphne, Cabbon. Moladah. Beth Phelet, Japhleti. Gaza. I Hermon. i» Josh, XV. 14 ; Judges i. 10. 181 1 Chron. iL 31. 122 There is no doubt that Iho story of the return of the Heraclids must have originated in Palestine, and that in that country is to be found the region conquered by tbeni. ^fllropus, Gavancs and Cissoua, which are Heraclid names, relate to Arba, Acbban or Achiman and Sheshai. w» Analysis iii. 156. "* IL Tim. iii. 8. i i: 30 s 1 I jii r IV.— CONNECTIONS IN ASIA MINOR, THRACE, AND GREECE. Geograpliically, Asia Minor and Thrace should precede Greece in our search for ti'aces of the ancient Ionian line in their westward progress, but, as the traditions of those countries and their early historical geography are contained principally in the notices of Greek writers, it will be more satisfactory to consider the three regions as one. I have already stated that the Greek Erechtheus is Jerach- meel the father of Onam, and that Ion, who is called the son of his daughter Creusa by Xuthus, is Onam himself. After Ion, the people of Asia Minor, in whose region Samos, Icarus, Mycale, Miletus and Hermus, representing Shammai, Abi-Shur, Abi-Chail, INIolid and Harum, are found, were called lonians. The same stock peopled Attica, and formed part of the population in other parts of Pelopon- nesus. In Epirus and Thessaly the river Ion, a tributary of the Peneus on which Dipnias stood, with the -^thices, called descendants of Janus and Camise'^* near at hand, and Passaron replaced by the modern Joannina, the capital of the Molotti, present us with a few among the many traces that await recognition of Onam and Ahban, Jadag and Abishur, Jonathan apd Molid. Ejiidaurus of Argolis, which was anciently called Epicarus, and the most famous colony of which was under the leadership of Deiphontes, did not receive its name, as I once stated, from the Caphtorim, but from the Ionian Abishur, Deiphontes repi .jnting his son Ahban, the eponym of the Egyptian Daphne. Another name for Onam, in addition t6 that of Ion, is Deion, who is called a son of -^olus. Yet Deion, or Deioneus, or ffincus, at times represents Jonathan or simply a member of the Onite family. In my paper on the Shepherd Kings, I identified Ixion and Aclueus with Aches or Achuzam. The wife of Ixion was Dia, the daughter of Deioneus or Deion, just as Aches married a daughter of Onuos, and Hea, a Dauke, apparently of the Anu line. Acluvus also is associated with Ion in the Greek mythology, although he is wrongly called his brother. Samos was undoubtedly named by the descend- ants of Shammai, but his mythological record is very brief. The only personage I have found to represent him is Samos, the son of Ancseus, whose brothers were Enudus, Alithersus, and Perilas, which may possibly be corruptions of Nadab and Abishur, with an 185 Guigniaut, u. 440, 1216. 81 Egyptian form of Aliavhol, the descendant of the latter. Tlie early connections of Samos are with Ana?a in Caria, and its first colony came from Epicarus or Epidaurus, under Procles, a descendant of Ion, who must represent such a Coptic form of Acliarchel. Leogoras, called the son of Procles, is one of the links whicli seem to connect the Locrians with Abishur, although I cannot toll whore the connec- tion is to be nuide. Abdorus, the Locrian, who was toni to pieces by the mares of Diomedes, is the same person as Absyrtus, whoso body was cut to pieces by the Argonauts and thrown into the soa ; as Icarus, drowned in the ^gean ; and Icarius, killed by the shep- herds to Avhom he revealed the use of wine. Euanthes of Bacchus, another wine god, in whom I find Ahban as Ahvan, is made the founder of Locri Epizej)hyrii, although the Opuntii present a genuine foi'm of Ahban. Several ancient writers state indeed that the Opuntii colonized Locri Epizephyrii, and the latter word may be a corruption of Abishur. The British Loegiians are associated in the Welsh traditions Vith heroes of the line of Abishur. These, and other more distant connections, which it would take too long to state, lead mo to enquiio whether the Locrian name may not have coine from some such term as that out of which the Greeks made Leu- cosyrii as a designation for the Cappadocians, in whose country many Geshurite names appear. There ai-e at least two instances in which scripture geographical names are found with an L prefix. These are Sharon and Ophrah, which appear in the forms Lasharon, Leophi'ah.^^ If, instead of the initial yimel, a lamed were prefixed to Geshur, it would become Lashur or Lachur, and, leaving the initial gimel intact, the form Lageshur would be a not unlikely one from which to derive Leucosyrii. As Herodotus informs us that the Cappadocians were anciently called Syrians, there is strong probability that such is the history of the name.'''' Abishur was commemorated in a more easily recognized way in many parts of the area under consideration, and in many cases his name is associated with those of his descendants. We have already found him under the name Passaron among the Molotti. He is Patarus, son of Aiiollo (the Sun or Shamas) and Lycia, while his son Molid is Miletus, son of the same god and Deione. But Miletus 126 LoophraU is rcudcred in Greek by Leucoplu-ys, so that Geshur might equally be rendered Leucosyria. 12' Herodotus, i. 72. : il I ' \\ li 1^ I 1 ' 'I' 32 is said to havo been founded by Codrus, the son of Melanthua of Athens, Mehmthns being but another form of Molid. From an adventure of this Mehxnthus, the Apaturian festival, one strictly Ionic, and celebrated both in Attica and Asia Minor, is recorded to have taken its origin. Apaturia is a word derived from Abishur. Patera, Petra and Abadir are three terms relating to ancient idolati'y that had the same original. The Patera, a sacrificial implement out of which wine was poured, belonged peculiarly to the worship of Apollo Patareus. At Daphne, near Antioch, which has already been shewn to commemorate Ahban the son of Abishiu", there was a statue of Apollo with the patera, as well as in many other places famous for his worship. This patera relates also to Abihail, the wife of Abishur, for it is the same as Phiala, the cup that fell into Arethusa. We have already had wine associated with Abishur and his line in Ancseus, the king of Samos, who lost his life, when, leaving his cup to meet a boar that was ravaging his vineyard, he gave rise to the proverb, " There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip ;" and in Icarius, whom the shepherds, with whom he shared the gift of Bacchus, put to death. The stories of the Indian Soma and the Germanic Kvasir will yet enable us to understand how Abishur may fitly have been represented by that which no etymology of his name can afford.*^* The personality connected with the patera is given in the legend that Patarus was a son of Apollo. With Patanis there is good reason for associating Patreus, the mythical founder of Patrse in Achaia, for this city is said to have stood on the site of an Ionian Anthea, and many of the legends concerning Pan i*elate to the same place. Whether the words Petros and Petra in their mythological relations have any etymological connection with " Shur, a wall," or whether the mere similarity of the name Abishur or Patarus with an existing term denoting " rock or stone," led to the deification of Jove and Apollo under such forms, I cannot tell. Many authors of recent times have investigated these names, and they have generally concurred in viewing them as designations of solar divinities. The chapter of Bryant, in which he discusses the subject in its various elements of priestly Patres, Paterae and Petraessse ; the sacred rocks IS* I would be disposed to question the etymology of the word Ichor as denoting the etherial juice that flows in the veins of the gods, and to connect it historically with Icarius, Kvasir and the Soma. May not liquor have had the same origin, the verb being derived flroni the noun? 33 called Petiw at Olympns, Athens, and other places; Petva the god of Orchomenos, with Apollo, Bacchus and Zeus Patrons, Artemis and Vesta Patroa, is well worthy the attention of those who attempt the explanation of solar myths.'"'* Bryant takes the common word Pater in its ancient religious associations into his comparison, and hints at what other mythologies than the classical seem to render certain, that the names Zeus^jater, Dicspiter, Jupiter, have some important relations with that of the son of Shammai. Jupiter La])is is Abadir, the title givcui to the stone swallowed by Satui-n, It is not a little remarkable to find that Ahban, the son of Abishur, is represented among the deities of Assyria by Abn-il or Abn-ra, the stone god, who is associated with Nergal or his grandson Acharchel, as Abadir or Al)ishur is with Terminus or his grandson Harum, Acharchers father.'™ The fable of Daphnus being metamorphozed into a rock, may find its place among the pctrean legends of the Onites. Turning to geographical connections of Abishur, wo find one in Themiscyra, of Pontus, near (Ena;, where, according to some authors, Absyrtus met his death. Apsarus, on the borders of Colchis, with a river of the same name, and Psyra or Ipsyra, an island near Chios, have the same original. Abdera, of Thrace, has heen already alluded to under the namu of Abderus, one of the Locrians, who, like the Abderitcs, cariied the i)alm for stupidity.'™* With it Pistura may connect, as in the same region. The presence of Aptcra and Miletus in Crete is a reproduction of a geographical state of things visible in Palestine, wJiere Shur and INIoladah lay near the coast of the Chere- thites. Apteras appears in mythology as an ancient Cretan king after Cydon, wiiom 1 have supposed to be Achuzam, and, strange to say, before Lapcs. For Ahban or Achban, the son of Abishur and brother of Molid, I have already suggested as an equivalent the Greek Pan, worshipped in the Geshurite region of Paneas, the Houle of that region giving the Hyle of which Pan was lord. CEneis, and Penelope, daughter of Icarius, names of his mother according to different traditions, Epione his wife, his identity with Esmun, the Ismenus of Apollo and Melia, all tend to refer Pan to the Onam line, and point him out as Ahban. >=» Bryant's Analysis, i. Gl— 76, 354—375 ; ii. 2C5. 1*0 The similarity between the Hebrew Eben a stone, and Ahban, is wdrthy of note. Tlie stnne Abadir or Teriiiiiius, which Saturn swallowed, was tlu'owu uj) by hijn ou Jit. Petrarcbus 130* There was an Abdera also iu Siiam, iu the vicinity of Quite names. <> ' o . 3' i! I ! 34 His rolations with IJacclms agree ndiniraWy with tlioso which the Latin Faiums sustains to Picas, and with the affinity alreaily estal> lisliocl between Ahban and Coz, tho non of Amnion. Plutarch attributes Panic terrors to an Egyptian Pan, who was tho gcmoral of Osiris or Bacclius (two veiy difl'orc^nt persons), in connection with the death of tho latter. Tho Ladon, which is a link in mytliology unit- ing Pan and Daphne, is coninieinorated in Latinus, called tho son of Faunus, and in tho river Litany of northern Palestine. Euanthea, whom I have made the samo as Ahban, is the father of IMaron, and a son of Faunus is Turnns. Both of these names, Maron and Turnus, may represent Harum, who may also be the Indian Urva, son of Chyavana, and tho Scythian Uranus, son of Acmon and grandson of Manes, as Urva is the grandson of Maim. This Manu or Manes ia Amnion, who married Abihail, the wife of Abishur, and mother of Ahban. She, as Amalthaja, is said to have left her two kids to nurse the infant Jove or Bacchus, to whose line Euanthes and Faunus belong, Amalthaaa became the constellation Capella, which is a better form of the name Abiliail, and the Samian relations of which will appear in the mythology of Italy. Acmonia, in Phrygia, was appropriately situated upon the Hermus. Acmon, the Greek name for the cmvil, must have etymological relations with Gobhan, the smith of the Celtic languages. Another form in which Ave meet with AJiban, is that of Capaneus. This hero is called the father of Sthe- nelus ; but, as I have shewn in a former pajier, Sthenelus is a Greek form of Othniel, who was the son of Kenaz. Still, as Otlmiel or Atin-re or Bechen-aten married into the family of Onam, it is pos- sible that Ahban was his fathor-in-law. Latinus was tho son of Faunus, while Daphne and Ladon are closely related. As Geshuri gives Leucosyrii, and Ahban, Lebanon, Othniel, without the tinal el, may give Latinus. The fact of the present Litany being the Sjime as the Greek Leontes, taken together with the meaning of Othniel as the " lion of God," and tho proximity of the river to Kanah on the one hand, and the Adonis region of Phoenicia on the other, seem to favour this view.'^' It is worthy of note that the wife of Capaneus and the mother of Epidaurus, who, as Abishur, represents his father, bear the same name, Euadne, with which the Euhadnes of the Oannes line of Babylonia invites comparison. 181 Adonis is Atin-re or Otlinicl. See Shepherd Kings. 35 i Before cUsnussiu',' the family of Shammai, its connection with Hebron, the son of i\[arosliah, may bo briefly con.siil(>rc(l. The name of Hebron occurs under at letist four (lillercni. forms, as C'ebren, Hyperion, Tembrion, and Coidialus, to wliich may bo added the Latin Tiberin>i8. Cebi-ene, in tho Troado, was founded by a colony from Cymo of yEolis, which was itself colonized by Locrians. Cymo is a hard form of tho niuno Shammai or Shema, as will appear in the Latin connection. Htrabo, among the many points of resemblance in tho geography of the Troade and Thrace, points out tho existence of a peo})lo in tho latter country called tho Cebrenii."^ According to tho same author, tho Samians v/cro originally Thraeians. He also ]aakes Temlnion tho founder of Samo.s.*" But Cephallenia, named after Coi>halus, tho son of Deion, which latter name has already been found to relate to tho Oiute family, was an Ionian island, and was anciently called Sanios. Not only do we ilnd an u;l']nos there as in Thrace, but three of its towns, Cranii, Taphos, and Same, may fitly bear comparison with Korah, Tappuah, and Shenui, among the four sons of Hebron. Cephalleiiia is the sai'ie woi-d as Chebron, with the change of r to I, one of tho commonest in ety)uology. A daughter of Cebren is fabled to have borno the Onite name, Oenone. Cephalus is made the husband of Aurora, who is Jierself tho daughter of Hyperion and Theia. Hyperion appears to be a )iame of Hebron himself, and tho Eg}'ptologist will bo at once struck with tho simi- larity of his Avife's name to that of a famous Egyptian consort belong- ing to the family of Onuos. Aurora, liowever, according to other accounts, Avas the daughter of "J'itan, a solar iianie that w^ill yet a[)pear in relation to the same family, or of Pallas, Avho i i Peleth, the son of Jonathan, and brother of Zaza."* Finally, Ave learn that Manto, called I)ai)hne, who, according to analogy, should bo the daughter of Ahban, or at any rate his near relative, married Hhacius or Tiberinus. In Tiberinus we cannot fail to see Hebron, and his epithet llhacius is doubtless an abbreviation of the name of his father, Mareshah, Avho left such a form to the Arish. Similarly, Merodach is called in many lists and notices, .^rodach. The common IS* Btrabo, xiii. 1,21. iM Td. xiv. 1, 3. 1S4 Tlie name of the daughter of Pelet'ii is Hushim, from which tho Sanscrit Ushna may come. But tliat of lier husband is Shaharaim or the dawn. It is to be obaorvod that Uahas is Sarama, in which we tlnd a form of Shaharaim. Kos and Ushaa oud Ilushiui are doubtless tlie 3auM>. 11 i } ; * 1 - : I ! 36 goographicul name, Arotlmsa, wliioli has inudi to do with the Onite leifends, is likewise ih^rivod from tliai of tho father of llobron, wlio, like Lis son, has a kirgo water connection. lu a former jwper 1 hazarded the id(Miti(ication of tlio name Attica with the geograi»hioal term Tokoa. The Ionian nationality of the Athenians, however, woidd favonr a derivation from Jadag, and the Asty-Ashdod identity, taken along with the worship of D.igon in the latter place;, tends to coniirm it.""' Wo are but fei^iing our way yet in this wide tichl of primitive history' and, as a distinguished English scholar in the department of com])arativc philology writes me, "many things will tuni out wrong ; at the best perhap.s we may only obtain approximations, but we are opening up that great chapter 'u history, the epoch of a new and great civilization." The Putadie, iin Athenian deme of the trilje Oeneis, and the Attic tribe Antiochis, must furnish traces of Jadag in the Buddha form, and of Jonathan. The Oneatse of Sicyon may also give us tlie hitter's memorial. The son of Antiochus is Phylas, who is the grandfather of Tlepolemus and Ctcsippus ; but Tlepolenuis and Cte!sii)pus are El Paa! and Achitub, whom I have stated to bo sons of the daughter of Peloth, named Hushim, by Sh;^chaiaim, of the family of Jamiu. The memorials of Bliacharaim may be found in Moisia, Dacia, and the Sarmatian region to the north ; for Shaharaim is the cponym of the Sarmatian stock, and many such words as Sarmata) and Ulpiani mark the progress of his descendants."'" Phylas is the same person as Pylus, called a brother of Eveniis, Molus and Tliestius, and a sou of Mars and Domonassa. In Eveuus,""* Molus, Pylus and Thestius, the four contemporaries, Ahban, JNlolid, Peleth and Zaza — the two formei- being sons of Abishur, and the two latter of Jonathan — are set forth. We may also find Peleth in Polydorus, who with Onitos, who should be his father Jonathan, is made a son of Hercules. Polyides, son of Mantius, Polyilanuis of Panthous, and Polybus or Polydamus of 130 In my ]i.iinr on the Shoi)herd Kings I gave reasons for uniting Athena anil Ashtlod. Tliat then; was .an Aslr-huiite conneotion for Aslidod as V!v\\ as for TiMityni I could not fail to perceive, l)ut I was then ignorant of the .lUiauee between the two families of Ashtiiri and Jada in the jiersou of Jonathan that gives ua Castor and Pollux in one family. , li" The Sirmatian or S'lavonic tribes descend from the Jorahmeelito stock of Jediael. From him Podolia and the Vandali roi-eived their name. Volhynia rejircs, nts his son, or son-in-law, Bilhan. The Gothic uauia Ulphilas is an El P.ial out of the trnc oi-Ucr. The Sclavonic names Michael and Hezoki may be found among the des-cendants of Shaharaim. 1 Chrou, viii, IC, 17. ise* In the supersedence of the old name Evonus by the modern Fidaii I imagine that I see a ehange similar to that which replaces liebrus by Maritza, Fidari being a form of Abishur. 37 ^ Antenor, arc probably tho sanio. Another name for Pcleth is Poltys, a Tliracian licro fi-om whom yEnos was called Poltyohria,"' and who seems to havo been confounded with Polydorus, son of Priam, the tomb of this priiico being found at yEnos. With tho Tliracian Poltys, Ploatorus, a Thracian hero or divinity, and the Thracian Poltusi ■<, must bo associated. In Cisseus, of Thrace, the contemporary "^ Poltys, wo may probably discover his brother Zaza. Peleth agai may bo Phylacus, son of Deion. He certainly is Pallas, the son oi the Athenian Pandion, or of the Latin Evandor, both of whom repre- sent Jonathan ; and his mother, Astoria in name, agrees with the descent already attributed to him from a daughter of Achashtari. Among the Titans, along with Pallas, appear Ephialtes, Hippolytua jind Anytus, the two former of whom exhibit tho Japhleti form of Peleth's name, tho latter being Jonathan, his father. Otus, with Ephialtes, may be Zaza, Ossa and Pelion being named from him und his brother. Hippolyto is a name of Astydameia, and Astydameia is the mother of Tlepolemus as El Paal, the grandson of Peleth. I have already drawn attention to the Hoplites, as bearing a name similar to Hippolytus, and to their ancestor Hoples, as a son of Ion. Tho last identification in Greek mythology which I pro])oso for Peleth is the famous hero Polydeukes or Pollux. He is called the brother of Castor, who is really his grandfather, Achashtari."' His father, Tyndareiis, at once recalls Tentyra, an Onite city, founded probably by Jonathan, father of Peleth. His mother is Leda, daiightor of Thestius, Thestius being a Tvashtar-like form of the name of Achashtari, and she must bo the same person as Althaja, daughter of the same Thestius, and the wife of (Eneus, the father of Deianira, an Onite name."* Certain associations of names have led mo to give to Othniel a daughter of Jonathan in marriage. Thus, he may be Demoleon, who is called the son of Antenor ; and, as I have before supposed, Danaua, '" Apollodorus, ii. 6, 9 ; Strabo, vii. vi. 2. "8 The German I3ald.ig tho sun-god is undoiihtedly Polydoukes. Ilermodcr his brother is really the son of his second cousin Ahbau. ■ In Indian story llama or Harum, wlio is this Uermoder, is tlie great friend of Paulastyia. Let it l)e remembered tliat Caystrus is the grand father of Polydeukes or Peleth ; and that Jauias and Assis or Jonathan and Zaza are counted in the Sliepheril line. i'» (Eneus, another licro of the vine, seems to represent Jonathan, but his ;;encalogy discordant, presenting connections with the families of Zereth and Bethlehem, which I think he is not entitled to. Deianira is simjily Dia or Dioue, tho common female name among the Onites, with the solar termination ro. 1 U i KM I { I ! I I li I ,1 w "'] 38 who married Phcebe, daughter of Tyndareiis, and StheneUis whose wife is improperly called a daughter of Danaus, xinless the latter name has been made to do double duty, and to represent Jonathan in the Tan-cheres form as well as Othniel himself. I have already supposed it possible that Othniel was a son-in-law of Ahban, and it seems hardly likely that he married two princesses of the same line, one of whom was a generation later than the other. The weight of evidence seems to be on the side of Jonathan, but I find it as yet impossible to decide. In the following Tables the gods and heroes with whom the families of Onam seem to be identified, are first ^iven, and then the localities named after them. Let it be remembered that nothing could be more unreasonable iaan to expect in so full a genealogy as that of Onam, complete agrefcii.nt with the imperfect Greek records, preserved as these have beej by so many difierent hands, and intentionally cor- rupted, as must necessarily be the case in all such records, either to gratify national and individual vanity or to agree with various mythological theories : — ^a»rOrS";., =Oytl.ere.= ^*„W, Apollo, Ion, Pandion I. Deion, Andreus. Samoa. Dia = Ixion. Enudus. Icarus, Icarins, Antiphates. Epicarus or ilpidaTirus, Absyrtus, Apteras, = Amalthoea or Abderus, Patarus, Capella. Patreua. ;3ute3, chief of royal priesti. Tychon, god of fortune. (?) Anytus, Onytes, Aiitiochus, Mantius. Panthous, Paudion II. Antenor, Tyndareua. Pan, Capantus, Daphnus, Deiphontes, Evenus, Euanthes, EBmun, lamenius. Acmon. Miletus. Phylas, Pallas, Cisses, Cisseus, Molus, Pylus, Phylacus, Otus{?) Tliestiu8(?) Melanthus, Polyides, Poltys, Polydeukei, Polydamas, Polydorus, Plestorus, Epliialtcs, Hippolytus, Hoples. Asiydameia, Hippolyte, _ tt^j..^,i,. Deianira. I Ctesippua. Tlepolemus. iii 39 Arcadia, Argos, Orchomenns, Erchia. 11. : Cy thera = Sipylua (?) Ionia, Ion, ^nos, Anfea, CEnoe, (Eneia, &c. Samoa, Cyme, Samsei. Apsartis, Psyra, Passaron, Aptera, Abdera, Patara, Pat'-c'e, Themiscyra, Icarus, Epidaurus, Leucosyrii, Locri Epizepliyrii. Attica, ^thices. Antiochis, Jo&nnina, Oneatae. Poltyobria, Pelion, OsBa, Abbus. PaUantium, FalinthuB. Peneus, Dipnias, Opuntii, Acmonia, EvenuB, Ismeuus. Miietaa, Molotti. v.— ITALIAN CONNECTION. Onnos or An-ra of Egypt, Oannes or Anu of Babylonia, Ion or Deion of Gi*eece, is the same as the Latin Janus. Like Ion, he ia reported to have been the son of Creusa the daiighter of Erechtheus ; and, as bearing the name Quirinus, he should have relations with the family of Romulus, who, like Erechtheus, designates Jerachmeel. Ab representing, in his double aspect, the union of the tribes governed by Romulus and Tatius, and thus assuming the role of Mithras the mediator, we shall find that his Italian story bears out the facts presented in other legends concerning the family of Onam. The association of the fish with Janus in the person of his sister or wife Camasane, who, like Atargatis, was half woman and half fish, has led many writers on comparative mythology to identify him with Oannes and other fish-gods.**" He has also been regarded as an Apollo or god of the sun, by ancient mythologists. As tlie porter, holding tlie key and bearing the name Thurseus, he relates at once to Tentyra and Athor or Atargatis and to Abi-Shur his grandson. He has also been identified with (Enotrus, a name that suits better his grandson Jonathan.'" Panda, the goddess of the gates, and Pandosia, a colony of the CEnotri, exhibit the same form as we have found in Pandion, a Jonathan with the prefix of tho Coptic article. A similar form appears in Fontus, who is called a son of Janus, but who is really Jonathan his grandson. Qijuotria may designate the i*" Crenzcr, Guigniaut, Ac. >*i Banier's Mytliol. A Fab. explained by history, London, 1740, ii. 268. .y 40 i i \ and of the vine, and still not be discordant with the legends of the Onites, since the mythology of Greece has exhibited an important and repeated wine-connection."'^ Entoria, who is associated Avith Janus, derived her namo fi'om the same original as Tentyra, Tyndareus, Onderah, (Enotrus, etc. As we have found that a daughter of Onam, as Onnos, Oaunes and Deiou, married Achuztun as Aches, Hea and Ixion, so, Latin mythology unites a daughtei' of Janus to Picus, a Coptic form of the name of the same Ashchurite. "* , The family of Jadag seems to be the most important of the two families of Onam in the Latin or Italian traditions. Jadag himself is ^thex, the son of Janus, from whom the -^thices of Thessaly are said to have descended. Ion also had settled among the Perrhoebii of Thessaly, and thence Janus is said to have come to Italy. I have already indicated the strong Onite traces found in this Greek region. Another name for Jadag is, I am convinced, the Etruscan Tages, the son of Genius, who appeared to Tarchon, teaching him divination, and to whose oracles or books reference is made by various Avriters. The form of Evander's name would favour his being the same as Ahban or Abn-ra, but several facts concerning him combine to show that, although he brought the worship of Pan or j^uban to Italy, he is rather Jonathan, the son of Jadag, Tages or-^thex. Arcadia, his original home, simply denotes his Jerachmeelite descent ;"* but Pallan- tium, the town in which he was born, and Pullanteum, the city which he founded in Italy, lead us to the name of Pallas, who is called his son, and thus to Peleth, the son of Jonathan. The Aven- tine, on which he was worshipped as a god, sufficiently shows that the final r is a remnant of the Egyptian solar termination ra. The mother of Evander, named Carmenta, is called Tegean. I do not know who Jadag married, but Jonathan himself was united to a princess of the house of Tekoa, a daughter of Achashtari. With the Palatine hill, we find not only Palhis and his father Evander associated, but also Castor and Pollux, and Pallatia, the wife of Latinus. In the Greek connection we have found it probable that Pollux or Polydeukes .and Pallas or Peleth, are the same. Castor being Achashtari, his grand- ly Oiuos may have dei ived its name from Onam. '** I'ii'us, as I have shown in a former papor, sometimes donotcs Achuzam, as Phix and the eponym of Phacussa, soractiincs Coz the son of Aniraon, tlie true Bacdms uud father of CEnopion, wlio married the granddauglitcr of Acliuzam. >♦* Tliucyslides and otlier writers give tlie Italians an Arcadian origin. Areas, wlio is made son of Orcliomcnos, is really tlie same, botli names denoting Jeraehmeel, The Arcadian Azanes are the descendants of Ozem, son of Jcrachmeel. Tlio Pan who is nailed brother of Areas must, I think, bo Guam himself, his son. Aventinus is the name of au Italian king, J i \\ ' ■! 41 father on tlie mother's side. Latinus also, whom we have supposed to bo Othniel, as LAtin, is made the husband of Pallatia, in strict accordance with the inductive reasoning that has given to Othniel an Onite princess in marriage. She is also called Pallanto and Palatua. I have already thoiight it probable that Othniel was united to a daughter of Jonathan, who might very properly bear a name similar to that of her brother, or at least be commemorated by such a name. Pallas, the son of Evander, is said to have been killed by Turnus, and he, as the son of Faunus, Pan or Ahban, must be Harum, the father of Aharhel. The only other geographical connection of Peleth to which I direct attention is one already alluded to, Pola, the town of fugitives spoken of by Callimachus in connection with the Argonautic expedition, is undoubtedly a transplanted Beth-Palet, tlie house of flight, from the south of Palestine."^ It is worthy of note that the Absyrtidcs, inchuling Absorus, are near at hand, and that Epidaurus, liko them commeinorating Abishur, with IMeleta or Meloda, similarly commemorating his son Molid, are situated along the same coast. Turning with these memorials to the family of Shammai, we find liis own name in Cameses, whom Macrobius gives as a king of Italy and contemporaiy of Janus.^'^ Camasenus and Camasena are also made the brother, and sister or wife of Janus. I have already men- tioned their fish relations in etymology with Oannes, An, and other representatives of Onam. The initial S or Sh, of Shammai, is in their case rendered by what was, at least in the Greek kamcsenes, a hard soimd, just as ^olian Cyme represented a softer Samos. Cumse is an Italian geograpliical name, reproducing Samos and Cyme, It was a Greek colony, and its founder is called Hippoclcs, who must, I think, stand for Abichail, the wife of Abishur, she being, as Amal- thfea or Capella, the Sibyl of Cumaj. Apollo was appropriately wor- shipped at Curare, I have not found Abishur appealing with any prominence in Italy and its legends, imlcss it be as Jujutor Pater and Lapis.'" His wife, Juno, has frequently been associated with I I i I '<5 Calliinadius ciiDii fSlntl). i. 2, 40. '** Maorobii Satunialia, i. 7. >isumed the role of a water-god."'" The same author, in his ti'catment of tlio Johannisfeucr, another pagan ceremonial, shows its comiection with ancient solar worship, and appropriately directs attention to the Geljcnnaberg, on Avhich Apollo was anciently wor- shipped, as one of the scenes of its observance.'"' In Gehenna we find tlie Gallic Penninus, or in other words Achban. The Sclavonic god, Kupalo, whom Grimm associates with Johannes, may bo a form of A))ollo, or designate Abihail, the wife and mother of solar divini- ties."'" As for Baldag or Balder, the sun-god, who is found in the same company, he is Polydeukes or P(deth. This Johannes must be the head of the Scandinavian Vanir, wlio dwelt at Vanaheim. They were reputed to be esjiecially wise and intelligent. Two of their goddesses, Skado, the wife of Njox-d, and Freya, bear names peculiarly Onite, Skade being called Ondurdis, and Freya, Vanadis, Syr, Gefn.'*" Vanadis, according to Grimm,'"^* is " nympha Vanorum," and she is the Undine whom Mr. Cox identifies Avith Daphne.'" In Daphne, Ahban is not so perfectly preserved as in Gefn, the name of Freya or Vanadis, while her other epithet Syr gives us the Shur of Abi-Shur. It is interesting to note that Njortl is represented as introducing vine culture, and that his children, Frey and Freya, were worshipped in Scandinavia, at Thvera and Upsala, which seem to be reminiscences of Abi-Shur and Abiliail."^^ With Abihail also the island Abaius, or Basilea, in the same region, may coiuiect. As for Ondurdis, the wife of Njord, she reproduces in her name the Egyptian Tentyra.'*^* For whom, in particular, Njord may stand I cannot tell. i«o Qriimu's Dout3i.he Slythologie, 555. Andvari connects, 559. !•' Id. jSr. Here we must fiutl the £gypti;iu couneetion of On and Ptah, and the Indian of Indra and Agni. iM Id. 591. i«» M;illet'3 Northern Antiquities, Bohn, 426. iw Deutsche Mylhologie, 374. iM Coi's Aryan MythoKigy, i. 400. iw Grimm's DoutSL'he Mythologie, 197. 1** With Ondurdis the Indian Onderah, down to which th« Asuras Were drlveu by the Devi of Biva, has the closest verbal conuectioa. 47 Tho most important legend rogarding tlic Vanir is that wliioli con- tains tlio story of their xuiion with the ^sir, whom I Jiuve already identified with the Ashohnrites. Njord, of Noatnn, wliich rccalia •Jonathan, was given as a hostage to tlie yEsir, jnst as we have fonnd Jonathan marrying a daughter of Achashtari, tho son of Ashchur."" Bnt tho treaty of peace was concluded by tho JEniv and Vanir unitedly forniing a being called Kvasir, of great intelligence, whoso blood, after he had been nuirdered by tlio dwarfs, was mixed by them with honey, and became the mead of the gods. Whoever draidc the Kvasir acquired the gift of song.'" This Kvasir was also called Son-ar and* Hnitbiarga water.**® The Kvasir has been identified with the Vedic Soma by )nany writers on comparative mythology, and with justice.'"''' But should not some etymological connection be foinid in tho two legends'? Ivvasir is the dismembered or murdered Abishur, Absyrtus, Icarius, etc., in tlie Geshur form of his name. Song, which lias already been associated with the family of Onam, is the gift of Apollo, the sun-god. Sonar is simply the Sun with the Egyptian ra termination, for Sonne is San, Sham-as, or Shammai, the father of Abishur. Hnitbiarga may or may not relate to his brother Nadab, who is certainly the dwarf Audva-ri. In still another form Abi-Shur appears before us in these Germanic traditions. He is Tyr, the strong and wise, whose hand was bitten oflF by the wolf Loki. In his story we find tho Irish legend of Nuadh of the silver hand, md the Indian Savitar, whom I will yet prove to be Abishur. In the Irish Ingend his brother is made to do duty for him. Grimm has shown that Tyr is pre-emiiiently a sun-god."" Jadag is not unrecognized in tho Germanic pantheon. He appears as Dagr or Tag, the son of Nott and brother of Donar; one of the husbands of Nott, although not Tag's father, bearing the name of Onar.''' No solar theory can explain such an association of names, but a Bible Euhemerism can. Onar is simply An-ra or Onam ; Tag or Dagr, Jadag-i'a; and Donar, recalling the Greek Tyndareus and the Celtic Pendaran, is his son, Jonathan-ra. The following tables present the Celtic and Germanic equivalents of the families of Onam : — iM Mallet's Northern Antiquities, 418. "T Id. 401. i«' Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie, 857. i«« Cox's Aryau Mythology, 1. 369. "0 Grimm's Deatsche Mythologie, 175, uq. m Id. 097. I Jnrljhainel - 48 I. Eana. Semicia, Soiiu. Daghik, Tait, Tuatha. Kuatlli, Neid. Caur, (Jorias = Beachoil. Jondaoi, Danan. Ealathan. Cia])lmcoin. I Hereiaou. Irial. Milesius. 11. Falias. Ercli, Uricn, March -- Adiir (?) = Awcn, Owen, Don. Seou. Tydain, fJwyddion. Matabruue. ratanis, Tarw, Bcdwyr, I Idris (" * Erminsul, Harimella = Heidi- (?) = Johannes, Onar, Vanir. Sonne, Sonar. Tag, Dagr. Andvari, Hnitbiavga? Tyr, Kvasir. Donar, Ondurdis, Noatuu, Gladsheim. Geban, Gefu. Baldag, Balder. VII.— PERSIAN CONNECTION. In Persian mythology Strabo's Omanus and Anadatus,"' and Homa, Tir and Aban challenge comparison with Onam and Jonathan, Shammai, Abishnr and Ahban, the latter of whom, however, answer.s better to A^man."'^* The only deity to whom, at prosoit, I direct attention is Mithras, the sun and the mediator. Guigniaut points out the fact that Pliny gives this name to the first king of Helio- 171* The Germanic gods Erminsul and ILirimella must, I iiiia^jine, _nre"!erve the nmmory of Joiahmcel, whose «.i:i;e luay h:ivo survived iu Iii3 Murcomauui. For tlie eoiinection of the Persian Tir with tlic Sjaiidinaviaa Tyr, vide La Dalii.staa, Paris, i. 39. 1" Strabo, xi. 8, 4. »T8* Guigniaut, i. 7S4. Bchram, a deity, may be a Drahma form of Ram, who should not be orgotten in an empire thai; contained Ar.ieho.sia, named after his father. Talimyuras, a name I have sui'posed to relate to Athom-ra, may, in the form Symouras s.imetimes given, denote Shatumai-ra, 49 ;un. una, ;in, ers ■ert nts io- Tiory ■ tlie It be uote polis.*" Herodotus identifies the goddess Mitm with Venus Urania, who is the same as Athara or Atargatis, the name Urania being taken from her liusband Jeraclimeel."* But Mithras is a male divinity, and Ls represented, in the position of Kvasir or Janus, as uniting two races. Ho was worshipped by the Romans, and especially at Antium,"* a place already connected with the Onam line. There is no doubt that ho was a solar deity. The keys, which appear in sevei'al repi*escntations of this god, suggest some relation with Janus and other porters. The bull, which the young man in the Phiygian bonnet is engaged in killing, often bears the inscription "Mithras," so that Taurus may be the root of the word, and Mithras may repre- sent Abishur, m simply taking the place of b, one of the commonest of literal changes in etymology. It would thus resemble the Baby- lonian Misharu. The Persians asserted that Mithras was l)orn of a stone. His mysteries Avero called Patrica. But more important and definite is the representation of the wine of Icarius, the mead of Kvasir, and the Vedic Soma, by the blood of the bull, into the neck of which the dagger is thrust. On one of the marbles representing Mithras, at the spot where the blood flows forth, the words " Nama Sebesio" were found inscribed. These words have vexed the minds of many learned antiquarians, and, although no difliculty has been found in rendering them from the Greek into august stream or sacred Jlnid, no one has been able to explain why it should be so called. Abishur as Kvasir, uniting the yEsir and Vanir, is the explanation. The sacred fluid is the Soma that commemorates Shammai, as Mithras does Abishur, We have tlius, representing the murdered Abishur or Amchura, Absyrtus, Icarius, Abderus, Kvasir, and the bull of Mithriac worship ; and in the case of three of these, Icarius, and the two latter, the victim furnishes a beverage to his mui-derers. One source only can explain this legend with its peculiar accompaniments — the Egyptian monuments of Aboo-F')ir or elsewhere, that refer to Amchura and his family. VIII.— INDIAN CONNECTION. The Vedic and other traditions of the Hindoos furnish a more satis- factory exhibition of the line of Onam than any yet afforded, and i'» Religions de I'Antiquite, i. 367, "* Herodotus, i. 131. i» Delia Torri, Monument. Vet. AntlL Vid« Banier, Mythology and Fables of the AncientB, ii. 102 seq. 4 00 render important service in binding together names that may have seemed in certain cases to Ijo arbitrarily connected. Guam, an I have already stated, is ropresontod by the Sanskrit Indra, the son of Brachma or Brihaspati, the husband of Tara, in whom wo recognize Jerachmeel and Atarah. Indra is a form like An-ra, the name of the solar god and king of Heliopolis, and Androus, the early ruler of Grecian Orchomenos, the inserted d being a necessary expedient for the sake of euphony at fii'st, although afterwards, as itself appearing in Jonathan, an original element of an impoi-*^ ^ and closely allied word, with which the first was often necessar nfounded. Indra is the great deity of the Vedas,"" which is most i^^asonable, since they take their name from his son Jadag, Tages, Tydain, Tuatha, the bard of the world's second infancy. More truly a solar god than himself is Soma, the great son of Indra, the deity of the juice and of the verses."' He is Shammai, who takes the role of his son Icarius, Kvasir, Mithras. He is sometimes called the son of Atri the son of Brahma, instead of the son of Indra, but Indu-Soma and similar terms seem to show that in Atri Indra merely assumes the name of his mother Atarah. Another generation is given us in Indian mythology, and Savitri or Surya, the son of Soma, who is pre^ eminently the god of the Sun, brings us down to Abishur. The Suryas are his Syrian descendants and their subjects. But Savitar himself is the golden-handed divinity whom Grimm identifies beyond all chance of doubt with the Germanic Tyr,"* and whom Mr. Cox connects with the Irish Nuadh of the silver hand. Professor Max Miiller sees nothing here but the solar myths rising out of Indian and German consciousness independently into an accidental coincidence. With a modem German proverb, " Moi'genstunde hat Gol'^' im Munde," he would explain the myth of Savitar, and that of Tyr, with the trite saying that victoiy, which Tyr rejjresents, can only be found on one side."* Professor Midler's ingenuity is to be admired, but his incredulity is worthy of a different fate. I do not know whether Sammata, the first king of the race of the Sun, according to Buddhist traditions, with his successor, Upa-chara, represent Shammai and Abishur or not, but I think it is very "• Miiller, Science of Language, Scries ii. Lecture x. >" Vide Muir's Sanscrit Texts. The union of the sacred beverage and of tlie gift of divine song in Soma agrees in all respects with the connections established. i» Deutsche Mythologie, vide supra. I" Science of Language, Series ii. Lecture viii. I 51 probable.^'" Abishur, liowover, appeai-s again under the not so easily recof^nizcd fot-m of Vicrani Maharajali, Vicniniaditya or Vacradanta. As Vacradanta, bo is king of Carusha, and princo of the Yavanas or lonians.'^' As Vicrani ad itya, be follows Yoodistbeer or Acbasbtari in tbo list of early Indian monarchs."*^ His father is Gandharba- Sena, but his grandfather is Indra."*" Gandharl»a-Sena is certainly not like Soma, but his association with the Pitris and Apsaras favours the Abishur c( iiiection of his son, and in onn place, at least, he and Soma are madu husbands of the sa-no wife.'*' Gandharba-Sena must, therefore, represent Soma in this legend. Kapila, who is Abihail, was the daughter of Daksha, and the mother of " Ani1)rosia, Brahmans, Kine, Gandharvns and Apsarasas ;" but Indu Soma is mauo the husband of Daksha's daughter.^'** A better connection for Abihail, however, is founil in the stoiy of Vicram Maharajah, for there she is his wife Buccoulee, who is no doubt the same as Muchielal.*"" Fol- lowing out the line of Abishur, Ahban aproars in Chyavana, called the son of Mann, inasmuch as Ammon adopted him, when, after the death of Abishur, he married his widow Abihail. But Chyavana is also said to descend from the Pitris,'*' who, like the Paters, Pateras and Petras, have been already connected with Abishur or Dyauspitar. The son of Chyavana is Urva, a later Horus, Har-em-heb or Harum, 180 niiidj's Manuiil of HiuUUiism, cliap. vi. 181 1'ocouke's Iiuliii in Greece, 297. It is reniarliablo to find in the list of peoples connected with the Yaviinaa of Vacradanta, as nndcr tlio dominion of Jarashanda, King of Magadha, Clicdi, under Sisupula (very like Seplul, King of Chetas, on Egyptian monuments) Surasenas, Mueutas and Pulindas (rei)resenting, y'c''1'!i1's, Syrians, Maacliatliites and Peletliites), while Magadha, Matlioura and Uwaraca (answering to Megiddo, llaniath-Dor, witli its springs, and Tariclia'a), are i)lacc3 belonging to the story in wliich thoy occur. It is also to be remembered that tliis story is one of I'andoo (Pandionidu') warfare. 182 Yudisthoer, as> following Asoka, seems to be Aehashtari. As the father-iu-iaw of Jonathan ho connects witli the Pandoo line. 183 Cox's Aryan Mythology, i. 273, note. 184 Jiuir's Sanscrit Texts, i. 207, note. 186 Id. VXi, n(]to, 124. Kine, in its form Gav, may not be foreign to Giv, Givan, Acliban, and tlio Taurus of Abishur, his fatlier. I3rahmans tlie Onitcs were by descent from Jerachmeel Ajisarasaj are water nymjiiis, connecting with Daphne, Vanadis, Undine, &c. The Indian Abissares ot Arrian may liave been tlieir progeny. Witli tlie cows, Soma and tlie stones (Petra of Alnshur) are connected in the Rig-Veda. As for Indu-Soma, I would naturally bo disposed to refer Indu to Guam, the father of Shamniai, were it not for the meaning of tlio root Indu, drop, sap, which etymologically con .ects with the root nataph, to drop, with which tho name Nadab is associated. From nadui' tho Sanscrit indu may easily be derived. 188 Cox's Aryan Mythology, ii. 352. 187 He is also called a son rjf IBhrign, and this, I am convinced, is ft fonn of Jerach, with the Coptic article. It connects witli the lunar race of Pruyag. It was to avenge the Bhrigus, or ancient Phrygian stock, that Parasurama swept tho Kshottriyas from the earth. With the hymn-singing Bhrigus the Germanic god of song Dragi must be united. I shall yet unite the Jerachmcelitcs with the Muses. }' 1 ;l 62 h m i i'" ■i-u 1 and his son is Richica or Acharchel. From this Richica came, after two descents, Parasurama,^^ who swept the Kshettriyas from the earth, and he is the Greek Perseus on the one hand and the Egyptian Rameses on the other, who, at Joppa, where Perseus met the Ceto, Cheta or Hittites, and elsewhere in their Palestinian home, warred against the descendants of Achashtari, the son of Ashchur.^*' When the way is made clear by the recovery of the earlier history of the world in Egypt and neighbouring lands, I hope to enter upon the story of the later jjeriod to which Parasui*ama beh)ngs. The wife of Chyavana was Arushi, and in her I recognize Marica, the wife of Faun'is. She must have belonged to the family of Mareshah, being probably lilo daughter and the sister of Hebron.'^ The Indian form of her name ici similar to that which appears in the Arish and ^rodach, as compared with the Marsyas and Merodach. The story of Alpheus and Arethusa may present the same fact. It is worthy of note that Indra is called Upendra or Abn-ra and Magbavan, a word like Machtenah, a place in Palestine, which was named in all probability after Achban. Rama also is called Upendra and Mahendra, the latter name indicating his descent from Indra or Onam.^^i Turning to the second son of Onam, I cannot doubt, from the etymology of the word, that the Vedas took their name from him. He may be Jatavedas or Agni, and thus the early Egyptian Ptah or Ptah-hotep, a copy of Avhose book, written in the time of Assa- Tankera, or his grandson Zaza, was obtained for the Imperial libx'aiy of France."^ I do not assert that Ptah-hotep's book of morals and 188 yidc Muir's Sanscrit Ttxtij, Vol. i. Ch. Iv. Section yviii. 180 This legend is one of the most famous in Indian story, and was among the first that led me to associate the niyths of the Hindoos with tlie early period to which my :'esear('Iies have been confined. The connection is hinted at in ray paper, " The I'haroah of the Exodus identified in the myth of Aduuis," an essay entirely wrong in most of its conclusions, yet presenting the germs of develoi)ments more consistent with fact. In the paper on "The Coptic Element in the Indo-European Ijauguages," I have worked out the common origin of Parasu and Labrad, denoting the axe. The Irish Labradh or Maoin with the horse's ears, recalling the story of Midas, is really Meonothai or Seti-Menephthah, the father of Rameses, and the cars are those (if the ass which appear on his inonument.s. Juiiiter Labradeus has the same origin. iw The Arish, named from Mai-vshah, and taking the form Larissa, is the Sanscrit Rasa, connected with the Indian story of "the cows." 101 Rama, I think, must be the same person as Urva, who as Har-em-heb is made the same as Armais and Ramosea in certain lists. As the sou of Achban, Upendra is a name that he might easily bear. 103 Lenormant and Chevalier, i. 209. I have already suggested that Ptah is the Indian Agni, although I cannot account for the etymological difference. He may represent Jadag, to whose name his bears a resemblance that the Coptic article makes complete. 63 any of the Vedas are idontical, but that this old book was the first ever known by that name. The Atharva-Veda should not be foreign to Athor or Atarah, the grandmother of Jadag, and the divinity of Tankera and Assa. So far the fish of An-ra, Oannes, Dagon and Janus, has not met us in Indian story. It appears, however, in the Matsya Purana, bearing the name Janardana.^®^ The connection of Janai'dana with Vishnou, if the latter, as I have supposed, represent Achuzam, may be that which has already appeared, the marriage of Jonathan to a daughter of Achashtari. Of this, however, I am doubtful. Jadag appears in the Buddhist legends. He is a Buddha ; not the only one, for Etam or Athom was one and Achuzam was another, but a very important Buddha nevertheless."* He is the Buddha who is connected with Soma, who is called the son of Tara, wife of Brihaspati, just as Indra, his father, is found to have been. He was of the race Anu-sakya, and was named Devata Deva, recalling the Welsh Dyved and Hud. From Buddha came the Pandoos, theii' father also being called Divodasa."^ It is impossible to avoid the conclusion that the Athenian Butes, chief of the priests, is the Buddha thus designated, and that Pandoo is the second Pandion who, in Greek mythical lustory, represents the Onite Jona- than. Draupadi, the mother of the Pandoos, connects in name with Zeripho or Semiramis of Ascalon, Zirpanit, and other names denoting a daughter of Achashtaii, Xisuthrus, Asterius, the father of Charepli, Zervan, Sarpedon, etc., and we have found that Jonathan married such a wife.'** The war between the Kooroos and Pandoos, in which the family of Nadab seems to have united with the former against their kinsmen, is a struggle between the Chorethites and Pelethites, which took place, doubtless, when the descendants of Jona- 1"* Muir's Sausci'it Texts, Vol. 1. Ch. ii, Sectiou iii. Janardana must answer to the Chaldean Annedotus. iM The legends concerning the early Buddhas are so interwoven that it is difficult to males any use of the facts they contain for the elucidation of early historic notices. Etam, Achuzam and Jadag, the two latter being contemporaries, are, I think, the three principal Buddlias. In Etam wo find the original Gautama. My paper on the Shepherd Kings contains some connection! of Achuzam and Buddha, which are untenable. Even the Egyptian Thoth, as relating -jtymologically to tot, the hand, mi\y refer more properly, so far as language is concerned, to Jadag (jiui, the hand) than to Achuzam. 196 Pandoo, like Pandion, Pandrasus, Pendaran, Ac, is a Coptic form of Jonathan. Baneteron is the name of an Egyptian monarch answering in form to these. Pontus, recalling the Fontu* of Janus, a region not dcflcieut iu the trauuit of the Ouits family, may bave received its u«m« trom the descendants of Jonathan. '»• Vide supra, note 88. I ! 54 11 y than in the line of Peleth were di-iven out of Egypt, and were forced to maintain themselves in Beth Palet and other places in southern Palestine, against the encroachments and enmity of their Cherethite neighbours.**" Paulastya is probably the same person as Peleth, and as the friend of Rama, seems to identify the latter with Harum. Thus India contributes its quota to clear up the obscure page of primitive universal history. Bralima, Brihaspati, _ Kattri, Atri, _ g- Pouroucba. " Tara. " Indra, Anu. Soma, Sena, Sammata? Vedas, Jatavedas, Budha, Divodasa. ludu. Savitar, Surya, _ Kapila, Upacbara ? ~ Buccoulee. Vicram, Vacradanta. Janardana, Pandoo. Chyavana, Upen^ja, Maghavan. Urva, Kama. Pawlastya, Vala. Ushas = Sarameya. Ricnica. CONCLUSION. It must have been observed that little has been said in the fore- going pages concerning Nadab, the elder son of Shammai, although his is the line of twenty descents. This is not because I have been altogether unable to trace his family, but because it has such wide- spread connections, especially with the line of Bethlehem, which I am not yet prepared to set forth with any adequate fulness, that 1 have hesitated to encumber the present essay with identifications I*' The war between the Kooroos and the Pandoos will bo found to ngree with that which took place between the iEtolians and the Curetes, the latter, lilvC the Kooroos, representing the Cheretliites. Tlie iEtolian connection is with the house of Betliloliein, but as yet I do not see how Jouatlian and liis lino are related to Bethlehem, except in the person of Atarali, who was a daughter ol Salma, the father of Bethlehem, as Tyro was a diiugliter of Salmoneus. Tliore is great confusion in the Greek annals in this part of history, wliich lias prevented mo from obtaining so clear a view of the relations of the family of Bothleliem as its importance demands. Tyro also, as the wife of Cretheus, in tlio Greek story, mus' represent some descendant of Atarah, for the mother of Onam could not be tlie wife of Zerc i, the head of the Cherethitos, seeing that he was a generation later than her sou Onam. Tyro, however, belongs to the story of "the cows," with which Iuf m 1 !: : P 'it i- ' r 1' 56 XXIII. — Water dirinities, nymphs, etc. XXIV. — Relation to great mountain ranges. XXV.— Union of two races."^ 108 Tlie following niiiy be a rartial guide to the facts alluded to ; I.— 1. Oil, Ann, loniiiin, One, Cannes, Anu, lone. Ion, Deione, iEnoa, Janus, Eana, Jon, Owen, Don, Johannes, Onar, Anu-Sakya, Tavanas. 2. Tentyra, Tantura in Palestine, Tyndareus, Donar, OEnotrus, Onderah, Ondurdis, Antenor, Banetercn, Pendaran, Pandrasus, Pandareus of Miletus. 3. Locris, Leogoras, Leucosyrii, Luoeres of Italy, Locrin, Ltegria, Loguhr of India. II.— Urukh, Orchamus, Jericho, Uranus, Ereehtheus, Areas, Argus, Orchomenos, Jarbhainel, Merchiawn, Drachma, Brihaspati. III.— 1. Sesortascn I. and daughter of Onnos, Aos and Dauko, Ixion and Dia of Deion, Picua and duughtcr of Janus. 2. Janias and Assis, among Ashchurite Shepherds, Xisuthrus and Titan, Tyndareus and CEneus with Leda and Althasa of Thcstius, Pallas of Titan and Astoria, Castor and Pollux, Njord at Noatun, hostage to Aeslr, Yoodistheer and Pandoo. 3. Atcn-ra and Taia of Ainnln, Banaus and Phcebo of Tyndareus, Latinus and Pallatia. 4. Cephren and Hankn, Khammurabi and family of Anu, Hyperion and Thcia, Cebren and ffinone, Cephalus of Deion, Tiberinus and Daphne, Kambcr and Ignogo. IV.— Tlio story of Chronicles, of Phoenician Anobret, of Ion, of Janus, v.— Atlior, Atliara, Atargatig, Terra, Tara, Gayatri, Mitra, Phiala, Amalthiea, Capella, Beaehoil, Buccoulee, ilapila. VI.— In Babylonian, Greek and Welsh connections. VII.— Ptah-hotep, Butada;, Buddhists, Tuathas, etc. VIII.— Universal. IX.— Baal Samen, Jupiter, Indra. X.— Greek, Roman, Persian, Gallic and Irish, XL— On or An-ra, Cannes, Dagon, Janus, Janardana. XII.— Egyptian, Clialdean, Persian, Indian, Greek, Roman, Celtic. XIII.— Babylonian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Celtic. XIV.— Egyptian, Roman, Celtic. XV.— Persian, Celtic and Greek. XVI.— Icarus, Icarius, Abderus, Absyrtus, Kvasir. XVII.— Icavius, Mithras, Kvasir, Soma. XVIII.— NuaiUi, Tyr, Savitar. XIX.— Pclethites, Velitcs, Peltastcs, Hoplitcs. XX.— Cherelhites, Cretans, Kooroos. XXI.— Tuatlias, Tydain, Vedas. XXII.— Ideona, Jannos, Cannes, Tages, Tuatha-de-Danans, Sibyl of Cumie, Qwyllion of Scon, Patruius of Soini, Phiala. XXIII.— Apsaras, Daphne, Vanadis, Undine. XXIV.— Lebanon, Apennines, Pennine Alps, Cevonncs. XXV.— Janus, Mithras, Kvasir. Turning to my paper on the Shepherd Kings, it will be seen that a totally different series of particulars connected with tlie identifications made, is presented. Thus, the Ashchurites are men of tlie horse and of the son ; to them belongs the tradition of the deluge ; mythological serpents and dragons refer to one of the family ; letters to anotlicr ; lightning to a third. The whole family is Typhonian, funereal and sepulchral. Religious mysteries everywhere characterize it. Opposition to a solar Ilorite line continually marks its history. In all of these particulars the Aslichurite line differs from that under consideration, while, as we have seen, there are links to bind the two races together. A critical analysis of the statements made concerning the members of these families already identilied, as these are found on the monuments, i'-i tu'ditions and so-:illed mythology, should, with geographical, ethnological and philological aids, do much to restore the first page of early history. 57 The monuments of Egypt, Assyria and Babylonia must inform us of the early history of the great Onite, or, as we may term it, Ionian family. The other records from which I have taken my materials can only serve to confirm the conclusions drawn from the study of the monuments, and to connect the race which these commemorate with part of the populations among whom such traditional records occur. Yet by their means we may be enabled not only to build up a true ethnology, and a comparative philology worthy of the name, but also to restore universal history from before the time of Abraham to the commencement of the accepted historical periods of civilized nations, when their later annals have been subjected to well-rounded criticism. So far iu has simply appeared in tliis paper that a man, whom the Hebrew record calls Onam, left a Chaldean home to exercise sovereignty near the banks of the Nile ; that he founded a dynasty — the members of which ruled in On, Aboo-Seir, Tcntyra, Thebes, Hei'mc '"this, and other parts of Egypt ; that some of his d-oScendants remained in that land until after the exodus of the children of Israel ; that others Avere eai'ly expelled, and established themselves in Palestine, Syria, Assyria and Babylonia; and that thence they spread in different bands, carrying with them the same legends into Persia and India in the east, and in the west into Asia Minor, Thrace, Greece, Italy, Gaul and the British Islands. Side by side with them in these various countries have appeared Jerach- meelites, Horites, or Ashchurites, and within the Gerniainc area, which is peculiarly Ashchurite, tlieir legends have occurred attesting an ancient and important connection of the two families. The student of the early history of Babylonia and Assyria luay receive some assistance from the facts stated in this essay, but its chief importance is for the Egyptologist. It has added ten kings, pr''ices or divinities, to the six whom my researches among tlie Horites brought to light, and the twenty-eight specified or alluded to in my paper on " The Shepherd Kings." Forty-four Egyptian names within at most six families, independently of many doubtful connections, I have thus professed to arrange in chronological and genealogical order.*'' They do not extend, however, over more than eight genera i«9 The forty-four names occur as follows ; I.— Divinities, monarchs and princes of tho Horites, Auritn or Hor-ihcsu, including the Jeracbmeelite family of Guam. m k 58 1 V. tions.™** Within the same period I hope yet to be able to place, along with 8ome omitted members of the families whose history has been already considered, other royal and princely personages belonging 1. Shohal, Sebok, or Seb-ra. ^'. 4. Athor, Atarah. 2. Alvan or Itcaiah, II or na. 3. Manahath, Month-ra or Moues. 5. Onam, Anu-ra or Oniios. * 6. Jacmth, Ati or Xestcres, Aclitlioes. Sesostris, Sesortascn III. Achaslitari,=7 . Ritho. 8. Shammai, Sem, ylc^if-rT))i,=9. daughter. 10. Jadag, Sc'iiiempses or Aches or Ptah. Somphucrates. Sesortasen I. I 11. Achitmai, Ahom-ra, Khem or Kames. HarcpX (27), 12. Nadali, 13. Ahishur, 14. Jonatimn, Harphre oi Antaeus Uu.siris, Janias or Cerpheres. or Entef. Shoure or Amchura. Tankera. I I 15. Ahban, 16. Zaza, Aubn-ra or Damplicnophis. Assa or AbsIs, 17. Ilarum, Armals or Har-em-Heb. I 18. Acharchel, Archies, Aoherres or Rarueses I. ? II.— The same of the Mestrrei, Hyksos, Shepherds or Ashchurites. 19, Ashchiir, Sa-hor or Useoherca. 20. Achvzavi, Tlioth, Aches, Sosortaseu I. 21. Chcphcr, 22. Tcmeni, Kheper, or Timan-lior. Sephres, or Chebros, or Sesortasen II. 25. JcTudckd, Arccris or Salatis. 28. Ziph, Typhou or Suphis. 20. Zipliah or Nejihthys. 26. Kerns, Pachnas, Bakkan, or Cheneres. 30. Othiiicl, = Staan, Atin-re or Thothines I. Jonathan (M), Janias or Taukei'a. I daughter. 23. Arhafhtari, Nestercs, Seso.stris, or Sesortasen III, 27. Uareph, llurphre or Kerphcres. 24. Zereth, or Curudes. 31. Hathath, Acliarclicl (18), Athothis, = Archies, Aoherres, Teta or Hatasu. or Rameses I. ? 32. Meonofhai, Sett Menephthah. 33. Ophrah or Miphres Thotlunosis. It I.- The same of the subordinate lines of Etam, Amnion and Maresliah. 34. Etrnn, Athom-ra. 35. Jezreel, Osiris, Thyrillus. 36. Amvion, Amun or Amenemes I. 37. Cos, Ziphah or Kheusi.=Nephlhys (29). Choos or Kc-ke-oou I 41. MiiTCslmh, Mueris or Maire. I 42. Clif.hnn, or Cepliren =43. llankn. 38. Anuh, Anubis or Kneph Suphis. 39. Zohcbah, 44. Rekaniai or Biopliis or Bubastis? Rektm,. 40. Jabez or ApophLs. joo This, I think probable only, ft is tnio according to my present system. Tliere Is, at least, one weal; point, however, in that system. It is found in tlie temporal relations of tlie line of Amraon with the Shepherds of the lines of Achuzam and Hepher, and appears prominently m the oontemporaneousness of Jabez or Apophis and Mconothai or Menephthah. It is to be 69 to the lines of Jerachmeel and Salma, thus completing the scheme of early Egyptian, and with it, to a great extent, of early universal history. Meanwhile I await the verdict of those scholars, whose studies and researches qualify them to weigh and adjudicate upon the evidence which it has been my task, briefly, yet, I trust, with fairness, and a certain amount of perspicuity, to lay before them concerning the primitive history of the lonians. remembered, however, that generations vary greatly in length, so that contemporaneousness cannot always be predicted in accordance with the same number of descents from a common ancestor. Also, it is not stated in Chronicles that Meonothai was the sou of Hathath. He may have been her grandson through a daughter, and thus bo a generation later. Hero, however, aa elsewhere, I have simply given the results of my inductive process, which embraces the genealogies of Chronicles, the Egyptian records, monumental and traditionary, with the mythological and other data furnished by the scriptures of the civilized Asiatic and European peoples, and have not sought to make them square with any system whatsoever. In view of the great obscurity of early history I have merely endeavoured, "parum Claris lucem dare," «nd shall be well satisfied, though much be swept away by judicious criticism on the part of tliose who are qualified to criticise, if the residuum of truth help forward the knowledge of the iworld's ancient recoi)}. i i m