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^ 
 
TREES OF AMERICA. 
 
 ■ m 
 
THE 
 
 TREES 
 
 H^ 
 
 ■J' ' •^""•^^ II,,,, J- ^ 
 
 OF AMERICA; 
 
 
 NATIVE AND FOREIGN, 
 iJictortalij) antr ilotanicalln Dth'nratctr. 
 
 AND 
 
 SIHENTIFICALLY AND POPULARLY DESCRIBED; 
 
 BEIXO CONSIDERED 
 
 ..UINCPAM.V WITH UKrEREXC. TO THEIR «EO,mAP„V AND HI.STORV ; SOI,. AVO S.TU 1 
 
 t.on; propaoatiov and cltcre; accidents and diseases; properties .nd " 
 uses; economv in the arts; introduction into commerce- and 
 
 THEIR application IN USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTATIONS; 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 B Y D. J. B R O W N E, 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE SYLVA A.MEIilCANA. 
 
 ' Think of your ancestors; Miink of posterity." 
 
 Gai.gacus. 
 
 NE W YORK: 
 HARPER & BROTHERS, S2 CLIFF STREET. 
 
 M.DCCC.XLVI. 
 
y 
 
 i 
 
 Enleic'd, nccoiaing to Act of Cfingi-^ssr in llie year 1840, l)y 
 
 HaIIPEU & BllOTllKRS, 
 
 111 the CK'ik's Offico of the Southern District of New Vork. 
 
 f 
 
 M 
 
TO 
 
 HONOURABLE JAMES TALLMADGE, 
 
 i.ATi; pRi;«sii)i;.\T of the .\Mi:RrrA\ ixsTrnrK, 
 
 ^■ftts ^a?orU ts SctKcfltctr 
 
 W 1 T II !•; \- !■: H Y F K K J. 1 N (.i F K !■: .S V K C T 
 
 BY 
 
 T II E A r T n R. 
 
P R E F A C E. 
 
 N pr.^st•ntiIl^r fi> tlio piiMic a trrdtisc like ilio prf.sriit, it would natiiriilly 1»e 
 rxju'ctcd thiit (lie mitlior sliould Htiile tho gidiind.s upon wiiicli Ik,- losts hia 
 claiiii to attoiitioii. With thin i-xpcrttition ho most cordially complies. Soon 
 lifter till! ])ul)lic!itioii of his "Sylva Americaim," in 18;i2, nt the solicitation, 
 not only of personal friends, hut with tiio cxpresse<l wishes of nnineroiis indi- 
 vidnals to whom ho was comparatively a stran-rer, ho nndertook the pro[)ara- 
 tion of a work on tho trees of this country, more complete and extensive in its character 
 than had hitherto been published. With this view, in connection with other pursuits, 
 he extended his lesoarchos by travelling and residing for a time in various parts of North 
 and South America, tho West Indies, JCurope, and Western Africa, whoro he availed 
 himself of the advantage of not only verifying or correcting tho observations which had 
 been made by others on tho trees of these countries, but examined them under variouu 
 conditions in a state of nature, as well as in nurseries and collections of tlu! curious. 
 
 in the year 1838, ho announced to tho public, through a " Memorial jiraying Con- 
 gross to adopt measures On- procurin- and preserving a supply of timber for naval pur- 
 poses," [Doc.2n,25fk Cunirrrsx, 2d yc.s.sion, Sniafr.] that he Imd conunenced the prop- 
 nration of a treatise f>n tiiis subject, setting forth tho course ho was pursuing and the 
 chief objects of inquiry; but (.wing to tho party strife and political warfare which ex- 
 isted at that period, he regrets to say that no action was taken in the matter beyond re- 
 ferring said memorial to the Committee on Naval Affairs, and ordering it to be printed. 
 In 18i;i, at tho roijucst of his friends, detinito proj)osals were issued by the author 
 for publishhig tho work in a popular form, and a large mimber of wealthy and public- 
 spiiited citizens profHired him their aid, to whom ho can not hero omit to acknowledge 
 his lasting obligations; but; owing to various causes which have unavoidably retarded 
 tho jiublication, it could not with propriety bo issu(;d before tho present time. 
 
 While complying with this request, he has read or consulted the works of all tho most 
 judicious authors on tho subject, both ancient and modern, with the view of giving a 
 concise account of such trees and shrubs as are cultivated or growing in America.'as 
 would interest the general reader, and, at tho same time, would jirovo econoniical and 
 useful to the artisan, the i)lanter, and to those interested in arboriculture, in a more ex- 
 tended sense. 
 
 The pictorial illustrations of this work have either been mad(> directly from drawings 
 after nature, or from accurate delineations already in existence, one figure representing 
 the general api)earance of each tree, and another of the loaf, flower, fruit, &c., in order 
 that the descriptions may be better and more clearly understood, and to render their 
 identity more certain. 
 
 Tho classification he has preferred to adopt is tho Nutinal Sij.shm, chiefly for the 
 sake of aiding in generalizing on the species ami varieties contained in each family or 
 tribe, which is in accordance with tho plan a.h.ptod by Professor Don, in " Miller's 
 
 I 
 
.1 
 
 I^ " Ln.. u. .v,.nls ,ins u.nu,«o,nunt. to which ih., uuthur w. ul-l ..l l-urt.cuhu 
 Z t will l.: porcmv..l ,h,U. iu v.n..UH insta.u.o.. h. h.s .vhu..! .h. nu.nl,...- 
 
 o W- H anJ c.v..n. b ...rn., n.cs, of varioti... uhi.-h ho wish., tu b. ....UM.ly un- 
 
 „.li...,..nl. hut, with an opinion thut Huch analogi.. do ox.Ht ; yK h. ,s not hy any . 
 L i ...H to separate Lon.hh.g.s of spori.-s. o.- to alt.r ...ahhsl,..! nan.... n. any 
 
 n u u what.v.r. No .>no, h- .•..n....iv..s, .houhl .lo .his who has not attan..- an ..n- 
 r .m s a botanist, to whi.:h h.- has n., p.vt.n.ions. Hone, iu n,ost ol the .^.s 
 , ,,,. h. has assn.n...l a species us a variety, he has given the numen as a.lop.e.l by 
 Mi nx. Nuttall. Loudon, or son,c other botani..al writer, in ..r. .-r that .he n.a.h. n.ay 
 know un. er what h..a.ls sn..h vari..tios are .h-snibe.! iu the w..rks ot •--;'";■; 
 
 The author IV-ls called upon to a.Unowl.Mlge that he .s paHu-ularly n.debte.l ■ M . 
 J. C. Loudon for a large share of his w..rk, taken iron, the " Arb.ue tnn. "t-' ".urn 
 and to Dv Tha.ldeuH W. Harris for many valuable extra.ts iron, h.s Ke,...rt on the 
 t ^ M acbus.tts bOurions to Vegetati..n;" also to Mr. 1>^ J S.-lby ior extnu.s 
 1^:1 his b..autiful work on " iiritish F.u-est Trees," and to " I'lLstoue des Arbros 
 Forestiers do I'Ameri.iuo Septentrionulo," par M. F. Andre-Mich x. 
 
 is the preparation if a treatise like the present necessarily re.pnres tune t.j be con- 
 sul U<-d an.l is attended with considerable oxpensd. the au,h..r has ventured to .ssue 
 a vT irne.by wh.ch public opinion may be guided respecting its nter.ts and ajudgnu 
 Ly bo LLd of the ability or fidelity with which it has been executed Should the 
 public demand an cxtensh.n'of the work conformably to the plan he has adopted, a sup- 
 lemeruary volume will IbHow, embracing an account of n.ost of the other trees grow- 
 ln.pe and America, with statements of the sources from w uch the n.f.,rn,at,on 
 will have been derived ; copious indexes ; a glossary of tocluncal terms '-l- '.y 
 the work; and comparative tables of the ^arious kinds ol w..od n. regard to th^i 
 sm-ngth, .bu-ability, value as fuel, and a variety of other useful mtornuU.on respectmg 
 timber and trees never before published. • t „f 
 
 „ „„clu.io„, U,c „„U,o.. rc.„uc,,. that 1,« roadon, will »,■»»..««">• "I'l"™' ; - ' 
 tvhatovor correction,, ..IJitio,,,, or .uggo.tions n„y occ.r u, tl.cn, ,„ »"••"•"' ''^'• 
 work may bo rcKkrcl u. co„n.lctc .» l.os.iblo, and i«»cd w.tl.out „m,oco»,.ty delay. 
 
 1! 
 
 ]S\w York, Augiusl, 1816. 
 
I N D K X. 
 
 A(JA('IA, tlirne-tlinrnrd 
 
 " \'ir({iiiiiiii 
 A(^KIl, BiMuric cliuractt'rs ol 
 Acer ciimpculre 
 
 " enrinaliim 
 
 " dii.ii/iiiipinn 
 
 " n iiicai jiHin 
 
 " viiiniiidijiuiii . 
 
 " fiiiinsiir.iyitluiiuni 
 
 " Mdii/aiiii . 
 
 " viainiiln . 
 
 " pniiisiflrnnicum 
 
 " /iliildiioidrx . , 
 
 " jisi iiilii-iilaluHitu 
 
 " ruhnnii ... 
 
 " siur.harinum . 
 
 " s. llliriKin 
 
 " siHfiiliiin 
 " liliiiiliim . 
 " liiltinnim 
 ^•JSCri.rs, geiiciif charactora of 
 Aiaculua Jlitvu, 
 
 " hi/ipocaslanum . 
 " h. f.'liil/ra . 
 " h. oliiDcnxis 
 " /(. palliilii . 
 " h niliii-.umUi 
 " inacrostachi/a 
 " 7)«i)/a 
 AILANTCS, KPiiorii! uliaracte 
 Ailanlus filunihilu.sa 
 
 " jiitircni 
 Alinniullii'e . 
 
 AMi:i,A.\(:;iIIi;i{, soncriP characti 
 Avicliuuhicr lioln/iiiHKin 
 " canadnixiK , 
 
 _" c. liiHryapium 
 
 AMYtlDAI.I'S, geiiurii' characters 
 Amij^dulus cummiims 
 " jicrsica . 
 
 " p. laeia . 
 
 Amyris demifera 
 Aiidiiiiiitilii iirlnirca . 
 ANNONA, generic cliaracters of 
 Annona tnliiha 
 Apple, American Cral) . 
 " Astraclian . 
 " Common 
 " European Crab , 
 " .sil)erian 
 Apricotirce . 
 Armcniaca rulfraris 
 Asli, American, Wliite . 
 " lilack, Urown, Water 
 " Carolina 
 " European 
 " Flowering 
 " Manna . 
 " Mountain, Wild Service 
 
 rs of 
 
 of 
 
 297, 
 
 . 313 
 . 1U5 > 
 . 7!' 
 . 103 
 
 . o:« 
 
 . {>:> 
 
 . ur> 
 
 . 7S ' 
 
 . 101 
 
 . 71 
 
 , 1011 
 
 , 78 
 
 , 80 
 
 , 88 
 
 98 
 
 8:i 
 
 84 
 
 71 
 
 70 
 
 7:) 
 
 109 
 
 llH 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 HI 
 
 ISO 
 
 115 
 
 If).') 
 
 mo 
 
 15(i 
 3^1 
 381 
 383 
 383 I 
 388 ' 
 333 
 33 1 , 
 
 3;u) 
 
 3;)1 
 
 188 
 
 3r)() 
 
 30 j 
 
 31 
 398 ! 
 398 
 306 
 297 
 298 
 243 
 313 
 394 
 396 
 398 
 384 
 404 
 402 ' 
 335 
 
 350 
 
 Asli. Kid .... 
 
 " 'I'liorny, I'rickly . 
 Animiiiu iiiUd/a 
 Azeduracli .... 
 
 I' inian-trcc .... 
 Da.s.s-wood, American l.ime-treo 
 IJuy, American Koso 
 " l.oiilolly. 
 
 " lied, Carolina Eaurel 
 l)EI{l)i;|{|,S, trcneric characters of 
 licrhr.ria caiutdriisis 
 ' " vulunns 
 Berberry, Common 
 " Canadian 
 
 Uitintinid ciilal/ia 
 llircli. \ Mt India . 
 How-wood, Osage Orange 
 Ho.\-wo()d .... 
 Hread l'"ruit-treo . 
 Dread iNut-trce, Jamaica 
 llUOI'SSON'M'riA, generic characters 
 Hiuiixsijurlia jia/iyii/iia . 
 lluckeyc, Edible . 
 " Ftetid 
 I " i-ar^ro. Yellow Pavia 
 
 ■Small 
 Bucktiiorn, Purging 
 
 .Sua . '. 
 
 liiiflalo Dcrry, Rabbit licrry . 
 iil.'KSFKA, generic characters of 
 Hitrxmi mimmifcni . 
 UI.'XI'S, generic characters of 
 Hu.riis sniipcirirciis 
 " iikurka 
 
 Campiior-trec 
 
 Carobtree .... 
 
 Cassena, Vaupon . 
 
 CATALPA, generic characters of 
 
 Ca/iil/iii si/riiifr(tf,ilia 
 CEI/riN, generic characters of 
 Ccltis ausiKilis 
 " rr(issi/(dia 
 " occideiilalis . 
 " trnuifuUa 
 CERASl'.S, generic characters of 
 Ccrasus iiriinn 
 
 " burciilis 
 
 " capromana 
 
 " cwulimaiia 
 
 " chiiasa 
 
 " maludcb 
 
 " pnmsyh-anica , 
 
 " scroliiiii 
 
 " sylvcstris . 
 
 " virgmiana . 
 
 " vul','aris 
 
 " V. semperjlorcns . 
 
 of 
 
 431 
 
 . 30fi 
 . lAO 
 . 31 
 . I2J 
 
 . 469 
 
 . 47 
 
 . 309 
 
 . 69 
 
 . 414 
 
 . 33 
 
 . 37 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 34 
 
 . 87 
 
 . 406 
 
 . 189 
 
 465 
 
 , 433 
 
 461 
 
 464 
 
 460 
 
 461 
 
 ISO 
 
 110 
 
 118 
 
 118 
 
 175 
 
 428 
 
 439 
 
 188 
 
 189 
 
 431 
 
 432 
 
 431 
 
 . 420 
 . 211 
 
 . 169 
 . 405 
 113,406 
 . 516 
 . 516 
 . 619 
 . 517 
 . 518 
 . 251 
 . 353 
 . 365 
 . 357 
 . 372 
 . 350 
 . 386 
 . 265 
 . 268 
 . 353 
 . 268 
 . 357 
 . 360 
 
INDEX. 
 
 i I 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 CERCIS, generic chavacters of 
 Ccrcis canadensis . 
 " silKjuaslritm 
 Cherry, American Bird, (Mioke 
 " Carolinian, \Vild Orange 
 " Comiuon Garden 
 " Perfumed . 
 
 Virginian, Wild, Black 
 Wild, Gean, Merry . 
 Chicasaw I'him 
 CHIONANTHIJS, generic characters o 
 Cliwiianlkus virginica 
 CITRUS, generic characters of 
 Citrus ainanlium . 
 CLADRASTIS, generic characters 
 ^ladrus/is liiiclona . 
 Cofl'ce-tree, Arabian 
 
 " Kentucky . 
 
 CORNUS, generic characters of 
 Cornus alba . . ■ ■ 
 " Jlorida 
 
 " mas . . . • 
 Cow-tree . . . • 
 Craiiherry, Tree . 
 CRATAEGUS, generic characters 
 Cratfcgas cordata . 
 " crus-galli 
 " punctata . 
 Cucumber-tree 
 
 CVDOXIA, generic characters of 
 Ci/donia vulgaris . 
 
 Daphne mczcrcum . 
 
 Devd-wood, American Olive 
 
 DIOSPYKOS, generic cl.aractera of 
 
 Divxpijrus virgimana 
 
 Dogwood, New-England Box-wood 
 
 Elm, American, White, Rock 
 
 " Boston, on Common 
 
 " European 
 
 " Hatfield . 
 
 " Johnstown . 
 
 " Pcnn's . 
 
 " Pittsfield 
 
 " Red, Slippery 
 
 " Thomas' 
 
 " Walioo . 
 
 " Washington . 
 
 FICUS, generic characters of 
 Ficus canca . ■ ' • 
 '• sycomorus ... 
 Fig-tree, Common . 
 Franklin ia . . • • 
 FRAXINUS, generic characters o 
 Fraxtiius americana 
 " excelsior . 
 Fringe-trees . . • • 
 
 Furze 
 
 Fustic-trees . . . • 
 
 Georgia Bark, Pinckneya 
 GLEUITSCHIA, generic characters o 
 
 Gkditschia, monusperma . 
 " triacantlwi . 
 
 GORDONIA, generic characters of 
 Gorduma lasiaiUhus 
 " pubcns 
 
 . 220 
 . 221 
 . 220 
 . 265 
 . 272 
 . 257 
 . 206 
 . 268 
 . 253 
 . 250 
 . 370 
 . 371 
 . 56 
 . 57 
 . 191 
 . 192 
 . 353 
 . 218 
 . 347 
 . 348 
 . 350 
 . 348 I 
 . 464! 
 . 353 
 . 274 
 . 280 
 . 278 
 . 277 
 . 14 
 . 331 
 . 333 
 
 . 422 
 . 381 
 . 367 
 . 363 
 . 350 
 
 . 503 
 . 507 
 . 479 
 . 509 
 . 510 
 . 504 
 . 508 
 . 501 
 . 500 
 . 502 
 . 510 
 
 . 469 
 . 470 
 . 469 
 . 470 
 . 54 
 . 383 
 . 394 
 . 384 
 182, 371 
 . 191 
 . 460 
 
 . 354 
 . 21! 
 . 214 
 . 212 
 . 51 
 
 Gordonia pul'scens 
 Grape-vine, American, Wild . 
 
 " Bland's, Pale-red 
 
 " Catawba 
 
 " Elsunborough 
 
 " Isabella 
 
 Guava, Florida 
 
 GY.VINOCLADIIS, generic characters 
 Gi/mnocladus canadensis . 
 
 Hack jJerry, Hag Berry, Hog Berry 
 HALESlA, generic characters of . 
 Ifulcsia tctriiplcra . 
 Hawthorn, Euro|ican 
 Hippophac argcntca 
 Holly, American . 
 
 " Emetic, Yaupon . 
 
 " European . 
 Horse-chestnut, Common 
 
 " Scarlet- flowered 
 
 Hydrangea Iwrtensc 
 Hypericum lasianlkus 
 
 n.EX, generic characters of. 
 
 Ilex ai/ui'i'lium 
 
 " casneiM .... 
 
 " c. vera .... 
 
 " opac'jf .... 
 
 ' paraguariensis 
 
 ' vomttoria .... 
 
 52 
 54 
 
 .Tudas-trce, Red-bud 
 June Berry, Shad-blow . 
 
 KALMIA, generic characters of 
 Kalmia lalifolia 
 
 Laurel, Kalmia 
 
 " Big, Magnolia . 
 " Carolinian, Red Bay . 
 '' European, Sweet Bay 
 " Sheep, Ijamb-kill 
 LAURUS, generic characters of 
 Lauras benzoin 
 " camphora . 
 " carolinensis 
 " cassia . . ■ ■ 
 " ciniiamomum 
 " 7tolnlis 
 " sassafras 
 Lilac, Indian, Persian . 
 Lime-tree, American, Bass-wood 
 " European, Linden 
 " Ogeciiee, Tupelo . 
 
 LHUODENURON, generic characters 
 Liriodrndron iulipifcra . 
 Locust, Black 
 " Common . 
 '• (ireen, Yellow . 
 " Honey, Sweet . 
 " Red .... 
 " Rose-flowering . 
 " Water 
 " White 
 Lotus, European . 
 LY'ONIA, generic characters of 
 ! fjyunia arhoreo. 
 
 MACLURA, generic characters of 
 
 Pnge 
 
 54 
 133 
 134 
 134 
 135 
 134 
 3-12. 
 217 
 218 
 
 519 
 365 
 366 
 275 
 429 
 167 
 169 
 160 
 110 
 HI 
 349 
 , 52 
 
 . 159 
 . 100 
 . 169 
 . 169 
 . 167 
 . 171 
 . 169 
 
 . 221 
 
 . 282 
 
 . 363 
 . 363 
 
 . 363 
 . 2 
 . 414 
 . 411 
 . 362 
 409 
 . 409 
 . 420 
 . 414 
 . 409 
 . 409 
 . 411 
 . 416 
 . 123 
 . 47 
 . 39 
 . 426 
 . 23 
 . 24 
 . 195 
 . 195 
 . 195 
 . 212 
 . 195 
 . 209 
 . 214 
 195 
 . 367 
 . 356 
 . 356 
 
 . 464 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Xt 
 
 54 
 133 
 134 
 134 
 135 
 134 
 342, 
 217 
 , 218 
 
 , 519 
 , 365 
 . 306 
 . 275 
 . 129 
 . 1(57 
 . 169 
 . 160 
 . 110 
 . HI 
 . 349 
 . 52 
 
 . 159 
 . 160 
 . 169 
 . 169 
 . 167 
 . 171 
 . 169 
 
 . 221 
 
 . 282 
 
 . 362 
 . 363 
 
 . 363 
 . 2 
 . 414 
 . 411 
 . 362 
 . 409 
 . 409 
 . 420 
 . 414 
 . 409 
 . 409 
 . 411 
 . 416 
 . 123 
 . 47 
 . 39 
 . 426 
 . 23 
 . 24 
 . 195 
 . 195 
 . 195 
 . 212 
 . 195 
 . 209 
 . 214 
 195 
 , 367 
 . 355 
 . 356 
 
 . 464 
 
 Madura aurantiaea .... 
 MA(;\()rJA, generic characters of 
 
 Maiiiiolia acuminata 
 " a. curdala 
 " aiirlciila/a 
 " cunspir.ua 
 " c. aUxaiulrina . 
 " c. soulangcaiia . 
 " frascri 
 " glauca, 
 " grandiflora 
 '' maciophi/tla 
 '• purpurea . 
 " ;). gracilis 
 " pyramidala 
 " tnpctala . 
 " nmhrclla . 
 Magnolia, ( 'onspiciioiis-flo wered 
 " llar-lcavod 
 " Jyarge-tlowereJ 
 " J/irgo leaved . 
 " Tiirple-tlowered 
 Umbrella 
 Maliogany-lrec 
 Maple, .Asli-lcaved, Negundo , 
 " Field . 
 " Large-leaved 
 " Moiitpellier 
 " Moiinlain 
 " Norway 
 " lied, Swamp 
 ' lioiind-leaved 
 " Silver-leaved 
 " Striped-barked . 
 " Sugar, Roek 
 " 'Sugar, Ulaek 
 " Tartarian . 
 " Wliite, Soft, Sdver 
 Mate, Paraguay Tea 
 Medlar, Dutch 
 
 MELIA, generic characters of 
 Mclia azcdarach 
 Mcspilus arborea 
 MOllUS, generic characters of 
 Morus alba 
 
 " a. muliicaulis 
 " nigra . 
 " papijrifera . 
 " rubra . 
 " tinctoria 
 Mountain Asii, Wild Service 
 Mulberry, Black . 
 "' Brousa . 
 " Chinese 
 Italian . 
 Paper . 
 " Red, Virginian 
 " Tartarian 
 White . 
 Myrtle, Common European 
 MYRTUS, generic characters of 
 Myrtus communis . 
 
 Nectarine .... 
 NEGUNUO, generic characters of 
 Ncgu mln fraxi a i folia m . 
 Nettle-tree, American . 
 '• Kuropean . 
 
 NYSSA, generic characters of 
 
 PiBf 
 
 . 465 
 
 1 Nijssa aquatica .... 
 
 Pofa 
 
 . 423 
 
 1 
 
 " biflora 
 
 . 423 
 
 . 14 
 
 " candicans .... 
 
 . 426 
 
 . 15 
 
 " capita/a .... 
 
 . 426 
 
 . 17 
 
 " grandidcntala 
 
 . 426 
 
 . 19 
 
 " syleatica . . , , 
 
 . 423 
 
 . 20 
 
 
 
 . 19 
 
 OLEA, generic characters of 
 
 . 372 
 
 . 17 
 
 ; Olca amcncaua .... 
 
 . 381 
 
 7 
 
 j " europiia .... 
 
 . 373 
 
 2 
 
 Olive, American .... 
 
 . 381 
 
 . 12 
 
 " European .... 
 
 . 373 
 
 . 22 
 
 " Wild 
 
 . 366, 426 
 
 . 22 
 
 1 ORNUS, generic characters of 
 
 . 402 
 
 . 18 
 
 Ornus amcricana .... 
 
 . 404 
 
 . 10 
 
 " curnptta .... 
 
 . 402 
 
 . 10 
 
 Orange, Common .... 
 
 . 57 
 
 . 19 
 
 Navel .... 
 
 . 58 
 
 . 17 
 
 2 
 
 . 12 
 
 " Osage, Madura 
 
 . 465 
 
 Pauloirnia imperialis 
 
 . 405 
 
 . 22 
 
 Paviajlava 
 
 . lie 
 
 . 10 
 
 " lulca 
 
 . lis 
 
 . 127 
 
 " macrostachya 
 
 . 120 
 
 . 106 
 
 " rubra 
 
 . 115 
 
 . 102 
 
 Pawpaw 
 
 . 31 
 
 . 78 
 
 Peach, Common . , . . 
 
 . 230 
 
 101 
 
 Pear-tree, Common 
 
 . 287 
 
 74 
 
 Wild, Tuiielo 
 
 . 423 
 
 80 
 
 Persica vulgaris .... 
 
 . 230 
 
 93 
 
 Persinion, Virginian Date Plum . 
 
 . 368 
 
 93 
 
 PINOKM;ya, generic characters of 
 
 . 353 
 
 9.) 
 
 Pinckneya pubens .... 
 
 . 354 
 
 76 
 
 " pubesccns 
 
 . 354 
 
 83 
 
 Pipperidge, Tupelo 
 
 . 423 
 
 84 
 
 P1STAC(.\, generic characters of. 
 
 . 178 
 
 73 
 
 Pistacia cifftcinarum 
 
 . 179 
 
 95 
 
 " vera 
 
 . 179 
 
 171 
 
 Pistachio Nut-tree . . . . 
 
 . 179 
 
 281 
 
 PLANER.V, generic characters of 
 
 . 514 
 
 122 
 
 Planera gmelini 
 
 . 515 
 
 123 
 
 " ric/iardii 
 
 . 514 
 
 282 
 
 " ulmif'olia 
 
 . 515 
 
 438 
 
 Plane-tree, Euiopean Sycamore . 
 
 . 88 
 
 443 
 
 Plum, (;ommon Domestic 
 
 . 245 
 
 445 
 
 " ("liieasavv 
 
 . 250 
 
 439 
 
 " Washington . . . . 
 
 . 246 
 
 461 
 
 Poison Sumach, Poison Elder 
 
 . 186 
 
 457 
 
 Pomegranate-tree 
 
 . 338 
 
 460 
 
 Poplar, White, Yellow . . . . 
 
 . 27 
 
 325 
 
 Pride of ('liina, Azedarach . 
 
 . 123 
 
 439 
 
 PRIJNIJS, generic characters of . 
 
 . 242 
 
 445 
 
 Prunus armcniaca 
 
 . 243 
 
 444 
 
 " avium . . . . . 
 
 . 253 
 
 444 
 
 " cerasus 
 
 . 257 '■ 
 
 461 
 
 " chirasa 
 
 . 250 
 
 457 
 
 " domcstica . . . . . 
 
 . 245 
 
 446 
 
 " mahaleb 
 
 . 206 
 
 443 
 
 " serotiiia . . . . , 
 
 . 268 
 
 343 
 
 PTEIJA, generic characters of . 
 
 . 152 
 
 342 
 
 I'icliu trifuliala 
 
 . 153 
 
 343 
 
 PtJ.NTCA, generic characters of . 
 
 . 337 
 
 
 Punica granalum 
 
 . 338 
 
 231 
 
 PYRL'.S, generic characters of 
 
 . 284 
 
 105 
 
 Pyrus aucuparia 
 
 . 326 
 
 100 
 
 " a. amcricana .... 
 
 . 326 
 
 517 
 
 " communis . , , . . 
 
 . 287 
 
 516 
 
 " c. pyrastcr 
 
 . 287 
 
 422 
 
 " cydonia 
 
 . 333 
 
xli 
 
 Pj/rua japntuca . . . • 
 
 " mains 
 
 " m. arcrha . . ■ • 
 " m. eoronaria . . . • 
 
 Quince, Common .... 
 
 RII.AMNUS, gonoric characters of 
 KhamnuK ratkarlinm 
 HHODODIINDKON, generic characters 
 Hhuduilciidiun maximum . 
 " funlicum ■ 
 
 IIOI3INIA, Reiicric cliaracters of 
 Kobinia frIuliiKisa . 
 
 " mciiilana 
 
 " jiscudacacia 
 
 " ■jtseudu- acacia 
 
 " viscosa 
 IIHU.S, generic characters of 
 Kfiiis curiacca . . • • 
 
 " cotinus . . . • 
 
 " I ij plana . . . • 
 
 " venenata 
 
 " vcrnix . . • 
 
 Sassafras-trco 
 ,Sorvic(;-trce, Wild 
 Silill'llERUlA, generic characters of 
 Shepherdia argenlca 
 Htiow-drop-tree 
 Snow-llowcr-trce, Virginian . 
 Surhiin aiiciiparia . 
 fSorrel-lrc'C, Lyouia 
 Sour (iiim . . . • 
 " Tupelo .... 
 Slillntgia schifcra . 
 Sli/rax (tffirinate 
 Humacii, I'oiMinoiis 
 
 " Staghorn, Virginian 
 
 " Venice . 
 HWIETENI.., generic characters 
 Swiclenia mahogoni 
 •Sycamore, Maple . 
 
 Tallow-tree .... 
 
 Tamarix gallica 
 Tliorn, Cock-spur . 
 
 " Dottnd-fruitcd . 
 
 " Washington 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 :)3l 
 
 296 
 297 
 297 
 
 333 
 
 174 
 175 
 
 3.58 
 . 359 
 . 3.58 
 . 194 
 . 209 
 . 209 
 . 195 
 . 195 
 . 209 
 . 181 
 . 182 
 . 183 
 . 184 
 . 186 
 . 186 
 
 . 416 
 . 325 
 . 428 
 . 429 
 366, 371 
 . 371 
 . 325 
 . 356 
 . 423 
 . 426 
 . 431 
 . 365 
 . 186 
 . 184 
 . 182 
 . 126 
 . 127 
 . 88 
 
 . 431 
 342, 403 
 
 . 278 
 . 277 
 . 280 
 
 TILIA, generic characters of 
 Titia americana 
 " a. alba . 
 " curopica 
 " glabra . 
 '• liclerophylla . 
 Toothache-tree 
 Tree of Friendship 
 " Heaven 
 " Liberty 
 Tulip-tree, Liriodendron 
 Tupelo-tree . 
 
 " Large . 
 
 " Suur . 
 
 ULMUS, generic characters of 
 
 Ubnus americana 
 
 " a. alala 
 
 " a. fiilva 
 
 " a. opaca 
 
 " a. raccmosa . 
 
 " campeslris . 
 
 " c. monlaiia . 
 
 " c. m. glabra . 
 
 " rubra . 
 Umbrella-tree 
 Uiiaria triloba . 
 
 Virgilia lutca . 
 
 VITIS, generic characters of 
 
 Vitis labrusca 
 " /. isabclla 
 " vinifcra . 
 
 Wahoo .... 
 White-wood . 
 Wickoby 
 Witch Hazel . 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM, generic 
 
 Xanthoxylum fraxincum . 
 
 Yellow Gum, Tupelo . 
 Yellow-wood, Virgilia . 
 
 " Great Prickly 
 
 Zanthoxylum amcricanum 
 
 " clava hercuUs 
 
 Zelkoua, Zelkona . 
 
 characters of 
 
 . m 
 
 . 47 
 . 48 
 . 39 
 . 47 
 . 49 
 . 150 
 . 5t)7 
 . 156 
 . 506 
 . 24 
 . 423 
 . 426 
 . 486 
 
 . 477 
 . 499 
 . 502 
 . 501 
 . 503 
 . 500 
 . 479 
 . 485 
 . 486 
 . 501 
 . 10 
 . 31 
 
 . 192 
 . 131 
 . 133 
 . 134 
 . 131 
 
 17, 502 
 . 24 
 . 422 
 . 349 
 
 . 149 
 . 1.50 
 
 . 423 
 . 192 
 . 150 
 
 . 1.50 
 . 1!50 
 . 514 
 
 Pago 
 
 35, line 36, fnr 
 113, " 34, /or 
 307, " 44, fnr 
 435, " 7, for 
 
 •> " 9, for 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 ' spherules," read " sporules." 
 ■syringifolia," read " syringa'folia." 
 'Europe," irnrf "England." 
 'formschneiden," read " Formschneider. 
 ' briefmalen," read "Briefmaler." 
 
. m 
 
 . 47 
 . 48 
 . 39 
 . 47 
 . 49 
 . 150 
 . 5t)7 
 . 156 
 . 506 
 . 24 
 . 423 
 . 426 
 . 426 
 
 , 477 
 . 499 
 . 502 
 
 . 501 
 . 503 
 . 500 
 . 479 
 . 485 
 . 486 
 . 501 
 . 10 
 . 31 
 
 . 192 
 
 . 131 
 
 . 133 
 
 . 134 
 
 . 131 
 
 17, 502 
 . 24 
 . 422 
 . 349 
 
 . 423 
 . 192 
 . 150 
 
 . 150 
 . 150 
 . 514 
 
 THE 
 
 TREES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Genus MAGNOLIA, Linn. 
 
 Magnoliaceae. 
 
 Syst. Nat. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Polyandria Polyg-ynia. 
 
 Syat. Lin, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 MagnaJa, 
 
 Magnolier, France. 
 
 Magiiohe, Gurkenbaum, Bieberbaura, Germany. 
 
 Magnolia, ^^ *'"> Italy, Britain, and 
 
 I Anolo-America. 
 
 periraHov^ The name Magnolia v.ag pivcn to this genus by LInnreiis in honour of M. Pierre Matrnol, n distlniulshed 
 hitaiu.t of Moiupelmr, in l-nmce The German mmo Gurkmhaum, means Cucumber-tree: and iiie6er6oMm Bignifies 
 Beavertree, wlucli la auinetimca applied in America to the Magnolia glauca. •"•c"c7 uum,. Digniucs 
 
 Generic Characters. Calyx of 3 decifluous sepals, that resemble petals. Corolla of from 6—9 petals Sta- 
 mens numerous. Pistils numerous. Carpels disposed compactly in spike.s, opening by the external angle, 
 l_j.seeded, permanent. Seeds baccate, somewhat cordate, pendulous, hanging out beyond the carpels 
 by a very long umbilical thread. Trees and shrubs with large, entire leaves, and solitary, terminal, 
 large, odoriferous flowers.— Do/(, M/Zer's i)^c^ 
 
 HE genus Magnolia embraces the most admirable productions of 
 the vegetable world. All the species are highly ornamental, 
 and may generally be cultivated in most parts of Britain, the 
 middle and southern states of Europe and of North America, 
 without protection during winter. But, in Russia and the 
 northern parts of Britain, Germany, Sweden, and of the United 
 States, the less hardy kinds are green-house plants. Few of 
 the species ripen their seeds in England, but most of them do in France. The 
 American species are generally produced from seeds ; but those from Asia are 
 increased by layers, or by inarching, and in some cases from seeds. 
 
 Gcosrajj/iical Dlstrihiition. The native country of the most hardy mag- 
 nolias is North America ; but there are some hardy species found in China, 
 Japan, and probably in Hindoostan. No tree of this genus has hitherto been 
 tound indigenous to Europe, Africa, South America, nor Australia; and the 
 geograplHca! range of the order Magnoliacea; in America and Asia is compara- 
 tively hmited. ^ 
 1 
 
Magnolia grandijlora, 
 THE LARGE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Magnolia grandifiora, 
 
 { LinNjEDs, Species Plantarum. 
 Du Hamel, Arbres et Arbustes. 
 De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 MiciiAUx, North American Sylvft. 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 France. 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 Spain. 
 
 Southern Indians. 
 French Louisiana. 
 South Carolina. 
 Other parts 
 
 . OF THE 
 
 United States. 
 
 Magnolier a grandes fleurs, 
 
 Grossblumige JIagnolie, 
 
 Magnolia tulipano. 
 
 Magnolia floregranda, 
 
 Toola, 
 
 Laurier tulipier, 
 
 Large Magnolia, 
 
 Laurel-leaved Magnolia, Large-flow- 
 ered Evergreen Magnolia, Bay- 
 tree, Laurel Bav, Big Laurel, 
 Engravings. Micl .„., North American Sylva, pi. 51 ; Audubon, Birds of America, pi. v. ; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 vol v., pi. U andlliefigurea below. _ 
 
 Specific Characters. Evergreen Leaves oval;oblongconacJus upper surface shining, under surface 
 rusty. Flowers erect, 9-12 petals, expanding.-Do/i, Miller s JJict. 
 
 Dcscriptioti. 
 
 " Scest thou Iho hcavcnwanl head 
 Ofyonm,a!!nnlia, with Us ample bmiiilw 
 And its pure bUissoiiis ? Say, dosl tliou inhale 
 Its breathing fragrance?" . • ,„ 
 
 "Yes. Nor can I view 
 
 That glory of the forest, bul my heart 
 la full of pleasure." 
 
 TilAIta OP THE Abobiqines. 
 
 F all the trees of North 
 
 America, east of tlie Rocky 
 
 Mountains, the Large-flow- 
 _^^_ ered Magnoha is the most 
 remarkabiTlor the majesty of its form, the mag- 
 nificence of its fohage, and tlie hcauty ot its flowers. 
 It claims a place among the largest trees of the 
 forest, varying from sixty to one hundred feet or 
 upwards, in height, and from two to three leet in 
 diameter. Its head often forms a perfect cone, 
 placed on a clean, straight trunk, rcsemhhng a 
 beautiful column : and, from its dark-green fohage, 
 silvered over widi milk-white flowers, it is seen 
 at a great distance. The roots are branched, and 
 yet hut sparingly supplied with fibres. 1 he bark 
 of the trunk is smooth, grayish, and somewhat 
 resembles that of the beech, and is disagreeably 
 bitter when chewed to a pulp. The leaves vary 
 fVnin siv to twelve inches in length, and trom three . 
 
 lo'fotir incherin iiiadth. They are always smooth and shining on their iippev 
 sides, and perfectly entire on the edges. They vary m fo["^^^^^^;:;;;;^;^S ^^ ^^^^^^ 
 variety to which they belong, being sometimes oblong, oval, or acummate, and 
 
 !^ t 
 
LARGE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 3 
 
 1 Brilannicum, 
 ider surface 
 
 'I 
 
 heir upper 
 ling to the 
 linate, and 
 
 at others, narrow, round, or obtuse. They are usually thick and coriaceous of 
 a rusty brown on their under sides, and are borne by short petioles. In Florida 
 treorgia, and Carolina, the flowers first appear in April or May ; but in England' 
 1- ranee, and the northern parts of the United States, they seldom put forth before 
 June or July ; and they continue in some varieties until they are destroyed by 
 Irost. Ihe flowers are produced on the summits of the last year's shoots and 
 are trom six to ten inches in diameter. It is remarkable that they are produced 
 throughout the summer, whereas, those of all the other species, with the excep- 
 tion ot the Magnolia glauca, Avhen planted in moist situations, come forth 
 comparatively at once, and last only a short time. Their odour is exceedingly 
 sweet, aM overpowering to some when near, though agreeable at a dis- 
 tance. 1 hey are succeeded by fleshy, oval cones, which are about four 
 inches in length, and contain a great number of cells. At the age of maturity, 
 or about the first of October, in Carolina, they open longitudinally, exhibitiiia 
 two or three seeds of a vivid red, which soon after quit their cells, and for seve- 
 ral days, remain suspended without, by white filaments attached to the bottom 
 ol tlieir cells. 1 he red, pulpy substance of the seeds decays, m time, and leaves 
 naked a stone containing a white, milky kernel. 
 
 Varicdes. In consequence of the great demand for this species, many vari- 
 ations have been produced by cultivators, and have been considered as distinct 
 races, among which the following are deserving of notice •— 
 
 1. M. G. OBOVATA, Loudon. Obovate-leaved Laro-e-Jlotoered Mn<rnoUa. This 
 IS said to be the only variety found in the wild state. When^ cultivated it 
 deserves the preference of all others for the magnificence of its fohage ; bu it 
 
 2. M. G. ROTUNDiFOLiA, I.oudou. Rouud-leavcd Large-fioxoered Magnolia. x\ot 
 a very distinct or handsome variety, nor a free flowerer. It may be known by 
 Its roundish leaves. ^ ' 
 
 3. M. G ExoNiE.Nsis, Loudon. Exmouth Large-floivered Magnolia. This is the 
 most distinct of all the varieties of the species; Ind, on account of its flower i g 
 early and freely, it is most deserving of general culture. Its form is tall and 
 lastigiate in consequence of which, it is less liable to be injured by a heavy fall of 
 snow. It is also said to grow taster than any other variety. It may be distin. 
 fri'l ^7 ''! oblong-elliptical leaves, generally rusty underneath, Ind by hs 
 somewhat contracted flowers. , c n^^ uy us 
 
 4. M G. FEKHUGiMEA, Loudon. RusUj-lcaved Lav gc-Jlovcred Magnolia. This 
 differs from the preceding in having rather broadc>r leaves, and larger flowers 
 and in having a wider and more compact head. * ^^^wtrs, 
 T1ino3 ''■ ''"''^f ^"^TA, Loudon. Lanceolnlc-Imvcd Large-flowered Magnolia. 
 D. lei^ from the last-iu-mcd variety in not having the leaves rusty underneath 
 nor of so broad and busliy a head. <imi.iiit.ain, 
 
 6. M. G Er.LiPTicA, London. Elliptic-leaved Large-flower cd Magnolia. The 
 flowersof f us variety are contracted as in the th?ce preceding ^'adetiJs from 
 which it diflers only iu the oblong-elliptioal form of its leaves ^ ' 
 
 \ ;« ?•■ /^^"f ^'^""'•••^' LoxnXoxi. Narrow-leaved Large- flowered MaonoUa 
 at bc^-' S." '''"''^' ''"'^^'^ '™''^^' ^y ''' lanceolate; A^vy leaves, pointed 
 
 va?iotv\vhiphT'''^' ^"""^""r ^^'''•^y->«'«-'".? Large.flowered Magnolia. A 
 variety whicl deserves a preference on account of the largeness of the flowers 
 and because they appear early, and continue during the summer. The leaves 
 are oval-oblong, and the flowers fully expanded. me leases 
 
 Olograph "nd iJistory. The Magnolia grandiflora is only found indi- 
 genous to a tract of comitry extending from the? lower part of NortirCarolhia, 
 
MAGNOLIA GRANDIFI.ORA. 
 
 in about latitude thirty-five and a half degrees, along the maritime districts of the 
 more southern states and the Floridas, and as far up the Mississippi as Natchez, 
 three hundred miles above Now Orleans. It is said to grow in Texas near the 
 
 Brasos. , , i i- 
 
 The introduction of the Magnolia grandiflora mto t ranee dates back as lar 
 as 1732. A fine plant was taken that year from the banks of the Mississippi by 
 a marine officer, and planted in a poor soil in the town of Nantz. It grew there 
 in the open air until 1758, without attractuig any particular notice, when it 
 came under the observation of M. Bonami. At the meeting of the states of Bre- 
 tagne, held at Nantz, in September, 1760, he presented a branch of it in flower, 
 to the Princess of Rohan-Chabet, which became a subject of conversation and 
 interest to all there assembled. At that time the tree was thirty-five or forty 
 feet in height ; but, during the civil war of La Vendee, it was mutilated, and 
 lost most of its branches. Afterwards, the burning of a house, near where it 
 stands, having damaged its fine head, it Avas treated as an orange-tree injured by 
 frost; that is, the branches were cut off close to the trunk. It shot out vigo- 
 rously, at first, but the young shoots, not having had time to ripen, were de- 
 stroyed by the frost. Notwithstanding this check, it again recovered, and after- 
 wards became a fine tree, between twenty-five and thirty feet in height, with a 
 large well-proportioned head, and a trunk four feet in circumference, the lower 
 branches sweeping the ground. It annually produces from three hundred and 
 fifty to four hundred large, elegant, and sAwet-scented flowers. The seeds, 
 however, never arrive at perfect maturity; although the fruit attains its full 
 size, and remains upon the tree until the following spring. It may be sufficient 
 to state, that this tree, after having sustained so many injuries, and been a 
 living witness of all the political struggles of France for more than a century, 
 still exists at Maillardiere, the estate of M. le Compte de la Brctcsche, from 
 whom the foregoing account was received. . . 
 
 The precise date of the introduction of the Magnolia grandiflora into Britain, 
 is uncertain. In the " Hortus Kewensis," on the authority of Catesby, it Avas 
 cultivated prior to 1737, by Sir John CoUinton, at Exeter; and, as far as known, 
 the tree there was the first which was raised or planted in England. It was cut 
 down through mistake, about the year 1794, previous to which it seems to have 
 beenrented by different gardeners, who at first sold the layers at five guineas 
 each • but the price gradually fell to half a guinea. It is statfd in the " Linnfean 
 Transactions," vol. x., that in 1759, two fine trees about twenty feet in height 
 stood in the American grove, at Goodwood, near the coast of Sussex, that 
 flowered annually; also, that Mr. ColHnson had a plant there, raised by himself 
 from seed, which flowered for the first time in 176U, when twenty years old. 
 At White Knights, near Readina:, there exists at present, a magnolia wall, which 
 is one hundred and forty-five feet in length and twenty-four feet high, entirely 
 covered with twenty-two plants of this species, that flower every year from 
 June till November. They were planted in the year 18U0, when the price in the 
 nurseries, for good plants, was five guineas each. 
 
 The Magnolia grandiflora, soon after its introduction mto Francs and Eng- 
 land, doubtless found its way into the botanic gardens of Spain and Germany. 
 The first planted trees in Italy were in the botanic garden at Padua. ^'^ the 
 authority of the Abbe Belese, who made a tour through northern Italy in 1832, 
 these trees were planted in 1742, and at that time were sixty feet in height, with 
 trunks four feet in diameter. We are also informed that in the botanic garden at 
 Pisa, there arc trees which flower and produce perfect seeds, from which plants 
 hove been raised bv M. Marmier, on his estate at Rois, near Besnuc^on. 
 
 It is believed that this tree has been introduced into the botanic gardens of 
 South America and India; and, on the authority of Mr. Reeves, in Loudens 
 
4? 
 
 LARGE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. 5 
 
 •'Gardeners' Magazine," vol. xi., it was introdnccd at Macao by a Mr. Livingston 
 previously to 1830; and the Magnolia acuminata, gluuca, and umbrella, soon 
 afterwards. ' 
 
 Soil and Situation. The Magnolia grandiflora, in its natural habitat, grows 
 in cool and shady places, where the .soil, composed of brown mould, is deep 
 loo.se and fertile These tracts lie contiguous to the great swamps which are 
 loundon the borders of the rivers of the south, and in the midst of the pine-bar- 
 rens. In i-.urope and the northern parts of the United States, a deep sandy 
 loam, dry at the bottom, and enriched with vegetable mould, seems to suit all 
 the varieties of the species. 
 
 The situation, in the colder parts of Europe and America, may be exposed to 
 the direct influence of the mid-day sun; but in southern Europe, and its native 
 climate, it always thrives best when in the shade of other trees, and requires a 
 moister soil. In general, where the fig-tree will grow as a standard, and 
 survive the winter without protection, there the Magnolia grandiflora may be 
 planted, and treated as a standard also. Perhaps the finest situation for display- 
 ing the flowers of this tree, as a standard in a northern climate, would be a 
 sloping bank of sandy soil facing the south-east. Hero it might be mixed with 
 a few of the deciduous magnolias, and particularly with the Magnolia con- 
 spicua soulangeana, which flowers before the leaves come out, and would be set 
 oft to great advantage by its green leaves. 
 
 Propagation and Management. The Magnolia grandiflora may be raised 
 from tlie seed ; but, as plants so originated do not flower for twenty or thirty years 
 alter oenig planted out, it is preferable to have those which have been propagated 
 by layers from flowering trees of choice varieties. When propagated by layers 
 the shoots are put down in autumn, and require two years to become sufficiently 
 rooted for separation. They are then potted, and kept in pits, or under glass 
 where the climate requires it to be protected, or set in the open air, in a sliadv 
 place if the climate is too hot, till wanted for final planting. It is not recom'- 
 meiided in any case whatever to purchase any species of magnolia for planting 
 not grown in a pot ; because plants so grown maybe sent to any distance Avithout 
 injury to the roots, which aro few and succulent, and easily damaged by expos- 
 ure to air and light. In planting, the ball should be carefully broken by the hand 
 and the roots spread out in every direction, and covered with a mixture of leaf 
 mould and sandy loam. The soil ought to be made firm to the fibrous roots, not 
 by treading, but by abundant watering, and, if the plant be large, by fixing with 
 water; that i.s, while the earth is being carefully put about the roots by one man 
 another should pour water over it from a pot held six or eight feet above it 
 so that the weight of the water may wash the soil into every crevice formed by 
 the roots. Shading aviU be advisable for some weeks, or even months after 
 planting. If the plant is intended to form a handsome tree as a standard it 
 should not only have a sufiicient deptli of suitable soil, but should be pruned to 
 a single stem for at least three or four feet from the ground, to direct tlie growth 
 o the head. If the plant does not grow freely after it has been three or four years 
 planted, it ought to be bent down to the ground, and kept in that position until 
 it throws up one strong shoot from the collar. The old stem should then be cut 
 away, leaving on y the new shoot; and this shoot, which will probably extend 
 three or four feet the first season, will soon form a handsome tree. If the Exinouth 
 variety (M. g. cxonicnsis) of this species be made choice of, layers will produce 
 flowers m a year or two after being separated from the parent' plant, if k- pt in 
 pots; but when they are planted out, and grow freely, so as to make shoots two 
 or three feet each season, they will probably not flower for three or four years 
 m whatever maimer this tree be treated, ail the pruning it will require, after 'it has 
 begun to grow freely, will be to cut out the stumps from which the flowers or 
 
-,-* — • ^*^^ 
 
 l'*l 
 
 6 
 
 MAONOtIA ORANDIFLORA, 
 
 Strobiles have dropped off, or any dead or decayed wood, and branches which 
 cross and rub on each other. For a few years after benig planted as a standard, 
 it may be advisable to protect it during winter, by f«>rming a small cono ot 
 thatch or straw round the stem, after the manner ot M. IJoursault, of Pans, as 
 described in Lovidon's " Arboretiun." 
 
 CamaUies. In southern Florida, the l-lpidcndrum conopseum grows parasiti- 
 cally upon the Magnolia grandiflora and other trees. .^ , , 
 
 Properlics and Uses. Tiie medicinal virtncs of this magnificent tree were 
 familiar to the southern Indians, while they were accustomed proudly to point it 
 out as the glory of the forest. Tiie bark of its roots was used by them m t lor- 
 ida, in combination with snake-root, as a substitute for the Peruvian bark, in tlie 
 treatment of intermittents. 
 
 " If fever's forvlil rago 
 GlowM in tlio boiling veins," * * * * 
 ***** " Tlicy woo'd tliy polcnl spell, 
 M.-i?nnlii\ grandilliira ; to snpply 
 Tlie ^laco of funi'd Cinclioiui, wliosc much brow 
 Now ruddy, and anon with paleness niark'd, 
 Drinkti in its native lied, tlio yenial gaies 
 Of inouiitainoua I'eru." 
 
 Traits op the Aborioines, 
 
 The wood of this tree is but little used in the arts or for fuel. It is soft, and 
 remarkable for its whiteness, which it preserves even after it is seasoned, and 
 when dry, weighs from twenty-seven to thirty pounds to a cubic loot. U is 
 easily wrought, and is not liable to warp; but when exposed to the alternations 
 of moisture and dryness, it soon decays. For this reason the boards are used 
 only in joinery in the interior of buildings In trees from fifteen to eighteen 
 inches ill diameter there cannot be discerned any mark of distinction between 
 the sap and heart-wood, except a deep-brown space about half of an inch in 
 diameter near the centre of the trunk. In general, the utility of the Magnolia 
 grandiflora can only be considered in the light of an ornament to plantations and 
 shrubberies, or to the more refined beds of the conservatory. 
 
 1 
 
 ! r 
 
 Ih' 
 
IS which 
 tandard, 
 
 COilC of 
 Paris, as 
 
 parasiti- 
 
 rce were 
 
 point it 
 in Flor- 
 k, in the 
 
 soft, and 
 nied, and 
 ot. It is 
 crnations 
 
 are used 
 1 eighteen 
 
 between 
 m inch in 
 MagnoUa 
 .tions and 
 
 Magnolia glaiica, 
 THE GLAUCOUS-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Synonymcs, 
 
 Magnolia glauca, 
 
 Magnolier Rlauquc, Arbre de castor, 
 
 Graiier Bieburbiiuin, 
 
 Albero di castoro, 
 
 While Bay, Sweet Bay, 
 
 Magnolia, Small Magnolia, Swamp ( Other i-arts 
 Magnolia, Swamp Laurel, Swamp | of the 
 Sassafras, Beaver-wood, ( Unjted States. 
 
 'LiNN^ijs, Species Plantarum. 
 WiM.DENow, Berlinischi! Baumzucht. 
 Ue Candoli.e, Prodromus. 
 MiciiAux, North American Sylva. 
 PuRSH, Flora America; SeptenirionalLs. 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 BiuKi.ow, Medical Botany. 
 France. 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 Southern States. 
 
 Dencalions. The flpccific name glauca is derived from llie Gruelc word glaucot, seagrcen, alluding in the colour of the 
 leaves. It IS named Siramp Siissafms on accminl of its growini in Ixinsy eronnds, ajid resemtilin!? some of tlio qualities of the 
 Laurn.s sassafriw; and «rai>er7rcf, hecauso tlio root is eaten as a Kroat dainty liy lieavers, which are sometimes caught by 
 means of it. Wichaux telis us that it Is felled by them for constructing tlieir dams and houses, in preference to any other tree, 
 onaccounl of the softness of tlie wood. • "oo) 
 
 Etigrarhigs IMIchaiix, North American Sylva, pi. 52 ; Audubon, Birds of America, pi. cxvlil. ; Loudon, Aboretum Britan- 
 nicum, v., pi. 3; and tlie figures below. 
 
 Specific Characters. — Almost deciduous. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, under surface glaucous. Flowers 
 y— 12-petaled, contracted. Petals ovate, concave.— 2)o«, Milkr's Did. 
 
 Descriptio7i. 
 
 HE MagnoUa glauca, though 
 inferior in size to the preced- 
 ing species, and less regularly 
 -^— „ . —— - ^ formed, is interesting on ac- 
 count of its beautiful foliage and sweet-scented flow- 
 ers. It sometimes attains an elevation of forty feet, 
 with a diameter of ten or twelve inches ; but it does 
 not ordinarily exceed fifteen or twenty feet in height, 
 either in Britain or this country, and often fruc- 
 tifies at the height of five or six feet. The trunk is 
 usually crooked, and divided into a great number of 
 divaricating branches. The young shoots are from 
 twelve to eighteen inches in length, and the roots, like 
 all the species of the magnolia, are branched, and 
 sparingly supplied with fibres. The bark of the trunk 
 is grayish, and of a bitterish taste. The leaves are 
 five or six inches long, petiolated, alternate, oblong- 
 oval, or obtuse, and entire. They are of a shining 
 bluish-green on their upper surface, and whitish or 
 
 glaucous and often silky when young, underneath. In the southern states this 
 tree is often found with evergreen leaves, and sometimes near its northernmost 
 limits It 1 IS a part of its foliage during winter. The leaves usually fall, how- 
 
8 
 
 MAGNOLIA OLAUCA. 
 
 I i 
 
 II! 
 
 
 f 
 
 ever, in autumn, and arc renewed early in the following? spring. This tree begins 
 to flower in Florida and the southern states, th(! last of April or early in May, and 
 a month or six weeks Jater in Massachusetts. The tlowers are single, two or three 
 inches broad, and are produced at the extremity of the last year's shoots. They 
 have six white concave petals, and an agreeable perfume, which may be perceived 
 at a considerable distance. If shut up in a close apartment during the night, thriy 
 communicate to the air a heavy and almost insupportable odour. They are of 
 short duration, although the tree continues tlowering for several months. It is not 
 unfrequent to find it in bloom, in the south, in autunm. The fruit is con)posed 
 of numerous cellules, and varies in length from an inch to an inch and a half, 
 and when of full size, is an inch in diameter in the widest part. When ripe, 
 the cones are of a reddish-brown, and the seeds, which are of a scarlet colour, 
 burst their cells, and hang down several days by white, lax, slender threads, as 
 in most of its congeners. 
 
 Varieties. The only aboriginal varieties of this species are the M. ff. arborea, 
 which assumes the character of a tree; and that which retains its foliage during 
 a greater part or all the year, and is sometimes called M. g. sempervirens. Two 
 otiier varieties are noticed by Pursh, one of which has the under surface of the 
 leaves somewhat silvery, and is called M. ir. argcntea, and another with longer 
 leaves than usual, called M. g. Umgijulia. There are also two varieties, supposed 
 to be hybrids, produced between this species and the Magnolia umbrella. They 
 are usually known under the names M. g. thomi^soniaiut and M. g. longifolia. 
 
 Geography and History. The Magnolia glauca has the most extensive range, 
 especially near the sea, of any of the genus. It abounds from Massachusetts to 
 Louisiana and Missouri. Its most northern boundary may be considered a shel- 
 tered swamp in Manchester, Cape Ann, about thirty miles northerly of Boston. 
 It here attains but a small size, and is frequently killed to the ground by severe 
 winters. In the maritime parts of the Floridas and lower Louisiana, it is one of 
 the most abundant among the trees which grow in morasses or wet grounds. It 
 is not usually met with far interior, nor to the west of the Alleghauies. In the 
 Carolinas and Georgia, it grows only within the limits of the pine-barrens. 
 
 This species was introduced into England by Rev. .hihn Banister, who sent it 
 to Bishop Compton, at Fulham, in 1688. It was soon afterwards generally prop- 
 agated by American seeds, and became known throughout Europe many years 
 before any of the other species. At VVoburn Farm, Chertsey, there was formerly 
 a row of these trees twenty feet high, and nearly a century old, which frequently 
 ripened their seeds. 
 
 In France, and southern Europe generally, this species is no: very abundant, 
 from the great heat of the summers, and the general dryness of the air. At Ver- 
 sailles and the Petit Trianon, as well as in Belgium, it has attained the height of 
 fifteen feet. In the north of Germany, and in Sweden and Russia, it is a green- 
 house plant. At Monza, in Italy, it is found in all of its varieties. 
 
 In 1843, a tree of this species was cut by Dr. Torrey, on Long Island, New 
 York, nearly forty feet in height, and six or eight inches in diameter, which con- 
 tained about eighty concentric rings or annual layers. On the estate of Lemuel 
 W. Wells, in Yonkers, (formerly Philipsburgh,) New York, there is a Magnolia 
 glauca thirty feet in height, with a trunk six feet in circumference two feet above 
 the ground, and is supposed to be more than a hundred and fifty years old. 
 
 Soil and Situation. In its natural habitat the Magnolia glauca grows most 
 abundantly in deep, boggy swamps and marshes, composed of a black, miry soil ; 
 but when cultivated in Europe or in this country, the soil should be a deep sand, 
 or a sandy peat, kept moist, more especially in summer. The situation should 
 bo sheltered, and shaded by large trees, but it should not be overspread by 
 them. ^ ' 
 
! 
 
 OLAUCOrs-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 a 
 
 Propamtmi and Culture. Plants of this species arc generally produced 
 from seeds; but the Magnolia glauca tlionii)s<.niana, and o'her varieties, are pro- 
 pagated by uiarchmg, or by layers, which require two years to root properly. 
 Iho seeds should be sown in pots of bog (;arth ahmt the beginning of March 
 or later, accordujg to the climate or season, and placed in gentle heat, if neces' 
 sary, under glass They should annually be transplanted into small pots until 
 they arc wanf.ul for linal planting. A tree in ordinary circumstances will 
 a am the height oi one; loot per aimum until it is lifteeu or twenty feet high, 
 alter which it will remain stationary. " ^ ' 
 
 Insects. The Magnolia glauca is very free from the attack of insects. It is 
 noted, however, in Smith and Abbot's " Insects of (Jeorgia," that the Sphinx vitis 
 leeds upon this tree as well as upon the grape-vine. 
 
 Properties mid Uses. In geiK-ral, this tree can onlv be used for ornamental 
 purposes, and no collection should be without it. The wood, however, is some- 
 tmics employed for making joiners' tools; and the bark is also used in some 
 parts of the country, like that of tlu. cinchona, in the case of intermittent and 
 remittent levers. It is aromatic and pungent, a].paiently more so than the other 
 species. When distilled, it has a peculiar flavour, and an cmpyreumatic smell. 
 In a dry state it aflords a little resin. The aroma is volatile, and probably con- 
 tains an essential oil, or a variety of camphor. The bark, seeds, and cones arc 
 employed in tincture, in chronic rheumatism. That from the cones is very bitter 
 and IS sometimes used to cure coughs and pectoral diseases, and for preventing 
 autumnal levers. The flowers in a dried state, may be used in drawing-rooms 
 lor j)ot ponrn, as a substitute for those of the lily of the valley 
 
li 
 
 I 
 
 \l 
 
 Mag-nolia umbrella, 
 
 THE UMBRELLA MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Magnolia tripetala, 
 
 Magnolia umbrella, 
 
 JlaRnolipr piirasol, Arbre parasol, 
 DrfyhliiitriKer Bieberbaimi, Dreyblat- 
 
 ElkwiKid, 
 
 Umbiella-trcp, Uinbip||a Magnolia, 
 
 Synoni/mes. 
 
 ' LiN,v.i:rs, Sprric:j Planlamrn. 
 VVii.i.tin.NDW, Ilcrlitiischi- Hiuimziicht. 
 ftliriiAi^x, N'orlh AiniTifaii Sylva. 
 Pi'RMi, Flora Aincricii'Scjitciiiriorialis. 
 , Ld'iiioN, Arbiircttiiii Urilaiinicum. 
 Dk CANfini.i.K, I'riiilioimis. 
 UoN, Miller's Dicilonnry. 
 ToKiiKv AND Uhav, Flora of North ATuorica. 
 
 fftANCE. 
 
 Olhmany. 
 
 ViRdlNIA. 
 
 Other i'arts or the United States. 
 
 En,n..i.,,. MiCaux, N„rU. A.nerio,,., Sy.va, p.. r.r,; I,„u„o„, Arboretum nr,.un„,c„,n, v., ,„. 5; an., .ho flgure, Mow. 
 S;..,A- Cknrarun. Dc.,.„luo„s. L..a..s lancolate .sprea.lu.S, a.lult ones smooth, younger ones pubes 
 
 or ones noiK ant— /)«/;. MifLr>c m.* ' ^ ° ""^^ ^""*-^ 
 
 cent underneath. Petals 9-12, exterior ones imid^ni. -D^n.MLTvicI 
 
 Description. 
 
 V| HE dimonsions of the Magiio- 
 
 I - lia tiinbrcUa are such as to 
 form a connecting,' Mnk be- 
 — w.. . . »>- - twcoii the lai-tj;e .shriih.s and 
 
 trees ot the third order; ahhough it sometimes rises 
 to the height of thirty-five or forty feet, witli a diam- 
 eter ot hve or six inches, it rarely attains this size. 
 Ihe stem .s sehlom erect, hnt generally inclined, and 
 rises, liom the root in twos or threes. The bark on 
 the trunk is gray, smooth, and polished, and if cut 
 when green, exhales a disagreeable odour. The leaves 
 arc eighteen or twenty inches long, and seven or eight 
 inches broad. They are thin, oval, and uciiminat^ at 
 both extremities. They arc often disposed in ra v's ,iif 
 the extremity of vigorous shoots; and Mirse disi). ly 
 a surftice of two and a half feet in diameter, in the' 
 form of an umbrella. 'J'he flowers, which open in 
 May or June, arc seven or eight inches in diameter 
 with large, white, flaccid petals. They arc placed on 
 
 ^^6TZ^^'^''4^r'f' f ""^^' '^^^^ ^^1 '^"!-"'"'^' ^"^"••i-"^ appearance, 
 aia a strong odour. 1 he fruit is five or six inches long, and about two inches 
 mu'.mcter. It ripens m America about the beginning of October and about 
 th same period in England and Prance. It is conical in its form of a beautS 
 rose-colour, and usually contains from fifty to sixty pale-red seed ' ^'^"*^*"^ 
 
 vcrc raided iiom sCeds which had been lecuudaled with the pollen 6f the Mag- 
 
lfMBREt,t,A MAONOMA. 
 
 a 
 
 ■pecies, ^ ut-iwceu u and tho luuro dciicato Cluueso 
 
 loot in cirnirufnciir,. ^ ' ^""^'y-^'^^ '^'^^ "i »it-'iglit, with a fniiik three 
 
 roots; is the n.lLt dc'llahle sifc "'^'"' ^'"'" '''^''' ''''' ""' ^^ bo injured by^the 
 
 plants are kopt in pots "nit ilrm.Ud Zl/ ^ ''^'■''•'- '" ''"''^•' ^'^^^^^ 'h*' 
 
 be sown in/nu.liitd; \a ;Ty a " t Ith, rod'-^^ r't'l^'- ^^'" T^'^ ^''"'"'^ 
 rancid and losothoir/italcMnlios-H.nnS;//^^^ otborwise they bocomo 
 
 they „.ay bo prosorvod Wr !;- md mo t Z' ' i^^^'^.^'^l'^^ >" ^oist moss, or oarth, 
 seqnontly flowers yonn^ tho o is T n ,"' *'"''" '' «hort-Jived, and ron^ 
 
 from seeds, as ther^e i Tn the Sa^ol n . . Tfr^'J''^'?^ to raising plants of it 
 
 The Umbrella magnol a s 1 ardylj d '^a.f w hh tS tf '''' '^ ' '""^'"'^^^^^ •'•^- 
 when the sumnioi- has boon sSmp .V?t ^'"'^.''^"^1 he most rigorous winters. 
 
 the northern parts of olJn tod 8^^/^' " "'*'" "'" '"T'^- ^" »"»''^>" •'"hI 
 to replace thj stems vhicl n.o se don^', 1 i"^' ^- '"""' '''""^' ^"''""^ '''« '""ts, 
 
 erod of lutlo „,■ „„ uiilhy cxce,;! for tl,e puVoses of omamcm "">^ '"' "'"'"'- 
 
 R 
 
1^ 
 
 111 
 
 !'! 
 
 ' 
 
 Magnolia macrophylla, 
 THE LARGE-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Synony tea. 
 
 Magnolia macrophylla, 
 
 ( De Candoixe, Prodromus. 
 I Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 J MicHAux, North American Sylva. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 \ ToRREY \ND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 Magnolier a grandes feuilles, Magnolier j p^^pjcE. 
 
 bananier, ) 
 
 Grossblattriger Bieberbaum, Germany. 
 
 Large-leaved Umbrella-tree, Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Deri^aaon. The ^P-ific,,a,ne is . Wived .cm the G^eU^^cj;^ great a,^ j4"(™ilul J^ u'e ^S^^ t^ 
 
 nanio sigiiilies Large-leavoJ Beaver-lree. 
 
 Engravings. Miohaux, North American Sylva, pi. 57; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, v., pi. 6 ; and the figure., below. 
 Specific Character. Deciduous. Leaves very large oblo"g-obovate som^Jat pandun 
 at the base, under surface whitish, glaucous. Petals 6-9, ovate.-Z)«H, Miller s Dut. 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^\ HE Magnolia macrophylla is 
 |A the least multiplied of the 
 American species, and is rare- 
 ^__ ^ ly met with in the forests. Its , 
 eenerafappearance greatly resembles that of the Mag-' ^ 
 nolia umbrella. The terminal arrangement of the V 
 leaves is the sani(>, and it is remarkable that it is usu- 1 
 ally found growing with it. In point of size it is about 
 the same as the above-named species, not usually 
 exceeding thirty or thirty-five feet in height, and five 
 f r six inches in diameter, although individual trees 
 have been found of nearly double these dimensions. 
 The trunk is covered with a smooth and very white ^^^ --^^ — , 
 bark, by which, in winter, when stripped of its leaves, \ ^^ K^/ 
 it is 1 jadily distinguished. At this season, also, it may K^y ^-C^' 
 be known by its buds, which are compressed, and cov- 
 ered with a soft and silvery down ; whereas, in the 
 Magnolia umbrella they are prominent and rounded at 
 
 the end. The leaves in a wild state are about thirty- , . , 
 
 five inches long, and nine or ten niches broad; and in vigorous plants, when 
 cultivated, they often exceed these dimensions. They are borne on pe tio es 
 short in comparison with their size, and are of an oblong-oval shape, pointed at 
 he ex temity, and sub-cordiform at the base. Their colour is hght-green above, 
 and glaucous beneath. The flowers put forth from May to July, and are larger 
 han those of most of its congeners; for, when fully blown, they are sometimes 
 St or nine inches in diameter. They are composed of six white petals, longer 
 and broader than those of the Magnolia umbrella. Within th^.A^^^r, near the 
 bottom of lite petals, is a purple, spot, about two tlurds of an inch in diamete . 
 The flowers emit a fragrant odour, and their beauty is heightened by the luxu- 
 riant foliage which surrounds them. The fruit is about four inches long, nearly 
 
LARGE-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 13 
 
 cylindrical, and of a vivid rose-colour wlicn arrived at maturity. In the arrange- 
 ment of the carpels and of the seeds, the fruit resembles those of the Magnolia 
 imibrella and acuminata. It should be remarked, however, that it is destitute 
 of the appendages visible on that of the last-mentioned species, especially when 
 it is dry. 
 
 Geography and History. The large-leaved magnolia is found in the moun- 
 tainous regions of North Carolina, about ten miles from Lincolnton ; in Tennes- 
 see, near the river Cumberland : and in Georgia on the river Chattahouchie. It 
 is also sparingly found in Tennessee, west of tiie mountains, at intervals of forty 
 or fifty miles. 
 
 This tree was discovered by the elder Michaux, in 1789, but was not intro- 
 duced into England till imported by Messrs. Loddiges, in 1800. In France, it 
 seems to have been introduced about the same time as in England ; and it appears 
 to prosper better in the climate of Paris, as there, in the nursery of M. Godefroy, 
 it has ripened seeds, from A\hich, in 1827, young plants were raised. 
 
 The largest tree of this species in England, is at Arley Hall, the seat of the 
 Earl of Mount Norris. In 1837, it was twenty-eight and a half feet high, with 
 a trunk six inches in diameter, at a foot from the ground, with a head seventeen 
 feet in diameter. 
 
 In France, the largest Magnolia macrophylla is at Fromont, which in 1835, 
 measured twenty-four feet in height, and the branches covered a space of fifteen 
 feet in diameter. It had flowered every year since 182G, and ripened seeds in 
 October, from which many young plants had been raised. 
 
 In the Bartram botanic garden, at Kingscssing, near Philadelphia, there is a 
 tree of this species thirty feet in height and six inches in diameter. 
 
 Soil and Situation. In its natural habitat this species delights in cool situa- 
 tions, sheltered from the wind, where the soil is deep and fertile. The soil, in 
 which trees have attained the largest size in England, is a deep, dry sand, with 
 a situation perfectly sheltered on every side, and slightly shaded from the mid- 
 day sun. 
 
 Propagation and Cvltnre. Neither this species nor the Magnolia umbrella 
 can be readily ^nafted or inarched on each other, or on any other tree; probably 
 from the large proportion which the pith bears to the ligneous part of the shoots. 
 It will root by layers with great difficulty ; but plants so raised, from the want 
 of vigour, wii! probably not be of long duration. The only mode of general 
 adoption is, to raise it from seeds. In order to preserve the power of vitality in 
 the seeds, the same attention is requisite as in the preceding species. Young 
 plants grow very slowly till they are thoroughly established, which will require, 
 in general, two years. Tiie annual growth of the shoots may vary from one to 
 two feet; so that in ten years a plant may attain a height of twelve or fifteen 
 feet. This species may be considered as short-lived, and, like all trees of short 
 duration, comes into flower when young. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of this species is softer and more porous than 
 the Magnolia umbrella, and has comparatively no value except for ornament. 
 
 ill 
 
Magnolia acuminata, 
 
 Magnolia acuminata, 
 THE POINTED-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 { LiNNjECs, Species Plantarum. 
 
 ■ WiLLDE.vow, Borlinische Baumzucht. 
 
 De CANDor.LE, Prudromus. 
 
 MicuADX, North American Sylva. 
 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboreturn Britaiiiiiciini. 
 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora ol' North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Mafrnolinr acumine, Magnolier k 
 
 feuilles pointecs, 
 Zu!?espitztt'r Bieberbaum, ' Germany. 
 
 Blue Magnolia, England. 
 
 Cucumber-tree, Anglo-America. 
 
 Derivations. Thin aper.iea is called Cucumher-tree, from its fruit resoinblin? a small ciicumlwr. The other names are 
 Ir.iriHliiiiiu'S of Iho Ijolariic one, except Blue Magnolia, which has reference to tlie Ijluish colour of the (lowers. 
 
 Kngravings, Michaux, North American Sylva, pi, 53 ; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, v., pi. 7 ; and the figures below. 
 
 Sjieri/ic Chiimcters. Deciduous. Leaves oval, acuminate, under surface pubescent. Flowers 6 — 9- 
 l)eialed. — Don, Miller's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Magnolia acu- 
 minata is regarded 
 as one of tlie finest 
 trees of the Ameri- 
 can forests. Its 
 trunk is straight, 
 of a uniform size, 
 and is often destitute of branches for two thirds of 
 its length, and sometimes attains a height of sixty 
 or eighty feet, with a diameter of three or four feet. 
 The branches are numerous, and are disposed in 
 a regular manner, forming an ample and beauti- 
 ful lastigiate siunmit. The bark on old stocks is 
 grayish, and deeply furrowed. The leaves upon 
 old tr(!cs arc from six to seven inches long, and 
 from three to lour inches broad, and double diat 
 size upon young, vigorous ones. In general, on (yj 
 adult trees, they arc oval, entire, and very acu- 
 minate; but, on seedlings, they are sometimes found ovate, nearly orbiculate, and 
 cordiite-acumin ite. The flowers, which open in May, arc five or six inches in 
 diameter. Tin y are bluish, and sometimes white, Avitli a tint of yellow, and 
 emit but a fecMc oflour. They are large and numerous, and have a fine effect 
 in the midst of the superb foliage. The cones are about three inches long, and 
 nearly an inch m diameter. They are cylindrical, and often a little larger at 
 the summit than at the base. They are convex on one side, and cnncave on the 
 other; and when green, they nearly resemble small cucumbers. They are rose- 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 
POINTED-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 15 
 
 Iher names are 
 
 have beca discovered by tlie elder mI laL nml i.« fi , ^f"''"^- ^^ appears to 
 bv John Lvon in l<^m '"^j '"^'^/''licfjaux, and was first introduced into England 
 
 from Ihree to fivo „cho" to vid if ' re^omA^r !' '° '"^ ,'""'"=' '" '""S"'' ""d 
 under surfaces .ome„,„'e^L' ^r ,,ZrS sroUr°t"«' """''' ^"'',*'='' 
 
 in the c^alf] nrnf I'n '^>'^'^',^"1 ^^^»T 'I'^'fly, 't was soon extensively cultivated 
 A tree of this species more than (M^hty feet in height nnd lUmn f«^f • t 
 
 .rit;"s^S*™;;,,,,■!;!'\"•"r''T^p'="»"'''!'' -'^p'^i '» <•- grow,h „f ,m 
 
 ...e .... or l^rel^n^i^'^ - -'— "^ ----^ -^ and 
 
16 
 
 MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA. 
 
 fertile To attain a large size, when cultivated, it requires a sheltered situatioti, 
 and a'dcep, rich soil ; but it will grow in exposed sites, and in almost any soil 
 that is moderately free, and not surcharged with moisture. 
 
 Propacration and Culture. The Magnolia acuminata is generally propagated 
 in the Eliropean nurseries by layers; the plants so produced flowering much 
 sooner than seedlings ; but the latter, as they make far more durable plants, 
 should always be preferred when this species is used as a stock to graft or inarch 
 others on. It is thus treated very generally, not only for the Magnolia auricu- 
 lata and cordata, but for the Magnolia conspicua and soulangeana 1 he plants 
 are sometimes grown in the free soil, but it is preferable to rear them m pots; 
 because, in that case, they are not checked by transplanting, and at least a year 
 is gained in their growth. Plants raised from seeds do not usually produce flow- 
 ers till they arc eight or ten years old, when the tree will probably be flfteen or 
 t^Venty feet in height; but those propagated from layers produce flowers in two 
 
 or three years. . . „ ^ ^■^ j. ■ x,- 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of this species is soft and light, weighing, 
 when dry, twenty-six pounds to a cubic foot. Being comparatively rare in the 
 United States, its timber is not in general use. Where it can be obtained, it is 
 employed in ioinery for the interior of houses, and for cabinet-making ; and, trom 
 its size and lightness, large trunks are selected for scooping out into canoes. 
 Many of the inhabitants of the Alleghanies gather the cones about mid-summer, 
 when they are half ripe, and steep them in. whiskey, which thus becomes 
 extremely bitter, and habitually taken in the mornhig, is considered as a pre- 
 ventative against autumnal fevers. 
 
 J 
 
I 
 
 Magnolia aurimlata, 
 THE EAR-LEAVED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Magnolia auriculata, 
 
 Magnolia fraseri, 
 
 Magnolior a feuilles auriculees, 
 Gcohrtcr Bieberbaum, 
 Long-leaved Cucumbei--tree, Indian 
 rhytiic, Walioo, 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 WiLi.DENow, Linnaci Species Plantarum. 
 
 De Candoli.e, Prodroinus. 
 
 MicHAUx, North American Sylva. 
 
 Don, ftliller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 ToRKEy AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany, 
 
 United States. 
 
 K,.gra.in,s. Micl.aux, NurU. Americaa Sylva, pi. 50, Lo„,,o„, Arboretum Britannicum, v., p,. ,0; and the figures below 
 
 Description, 
 
 JV^ HE Magnolia auriculata is 
 
 fc - romarkable for the beauty 
 of its foliage, the size of 
 its flowers, and the fra- 
 grance ol their odour. It attains a height of 
 thirty or forty feet, with a straight trunk, twelve 
 or filtcen inches in diameter, often undivided for 
 half of its length. The branches spread widely, 
 and ramify but sparingly, with their extremities 
 turned upward.s, which circumstances give the 
 tree a peculiar air, so that it may readily be 
 known at a distance, even in winter. The baric 
 is gray, and always smooth, even on the oldest 
 trees, except on the young shoots, which arc of a 
 p '-plish-rcd, dotted with white. When the epi- 
 dermis is removed, the cellular integument, by 
 contact with the air, instantly changes Yrom white „ « 
 
 to yellow. The leaves are of a light-green colour, of a fine texture eiffht or nine 
 nches long, and from four to six inches broad. ' On youn- a d viSurtrees 
 they are often one third, or even one half larger. They arhroth ^^0 h sur ' 
 foces, acuminate at the summit, widest near the top, and nar^est towaS^^^^^^ 
 bottoin. The base ,s divided into rounded lobes, me on cac side of hf nso 
 tion of the petiole. They l,ave short footstalk . sitting nlar each other ?nd 
 radiate ,n regular order, with their margins to.iclnng or slTgh' ly ove hpnln^ 
 each other, like an umbrella. The flowL, which ojen in S Kand MafLre 
 
 ^L\T "'''''•' "/ ^^'"'^^^.^'^' "f " "^*"^^ ^^h't^' -^^d are situated at tStre! 
 mities of the young shoots^ The fruit is oval, three or four inches Ion- and like 
 the Magnola umbrella, of a beautiful rose-colour, when ripe. It differs from 
 
 « 
 
il 
 
 18 
 
 MAGNOLIA AURICULATA. 
 
 the fruit of the other species, by a Uttle inferiority of size, and by a small appen- 
 dage which terminates the carpels. Each carpel contains two seeds, which, 
 when ripe, spring from their cells, and are suspended, for a time, by a winte, 
 
 silky thread. , , t t. u 
 
 Varieties. A tree nearly allied to this species was discovered by John Uar- 
 tram, in the mari'ime parts of Georgia, particularly on the banks of the Alta, 
 maha, and was subsequently found by Mr. John Le Conte, in the western parts 
 of Carolina and Georgia. It so closely resembles the Magnolia auriculata, except 
 in size, which is much less, that it is regarded by most botanists as only a vari- 
 ety. It is usually described under the name of Mugnolia pymmiddta. Tlie 
 tree, according to Bartratn, grows straight and erect, thirty feet or more in 
 height, and of a sharp, conical form, much resembling the Magnolia acuminata 
 in figure. It was first introduced hito England in 1818, by John Lyon, and the 
 original tree still exists in the nur.sery of Messrs. Loddiges. It is extremely difli- 
 cult to propagate, whicii is done by inarching on the Magnolia auriculata. 
 
 Geography and History. The Magnolia auriculata, in its natural habitat, 
 appear! to be ciiiefly confined to a particular part of the AUeghanies. According 
 to Michaux, it is nowhere found so abundant as on the steepest parts of the 
 lofty mountains of North Carolina, known by the name of the Great Father, and 
 Black Iron Mountains. It is sometimes found, however, on the steep banks of 
 the rivers which rise in the AUeghanies, and on one side, roll their waters mto 
 the Atlantic, and on the other, to meet the Ohio, 
 
 This tree was discovered 1)y John Bartram, from whom it was first received 
 in England by Messrs. Loddiges, in 1T80, and still exists in their nursery at 
 Hackney. It was, probably, soon afterwards sent to France; because we find 
 Madame liemoimicr, the widow of Mirhaux's patron and friend, describing a tree 
 of this species, in her garden, in 18UU, which was nine feet high, and had 
 already flowered. . 
 
 There is a Magnolia auriculata in the Bartram botanic garden, at Ivingsessing, 
 on the Schuylkill, fifty feet in height, with a trunk four feet in circuinterence. 
 In the garden of Mr. D. Laudreth, of Plnladelphia, there is also another tree of this 
 species'^ twenty-five years planted, thirty feet in height, with a trunk a foot in 
 
 diameter. ,„, . ,, . , , , • , i 
 
 The largest Magnolia auriculata in England is at ^^ hite Knight s, whicli lias 
 been planted about forty years, and is more than thirty feet in height. There 
 are several in the gardens about Paris, and some at Sceaux, winch have attained 
 a height of more than twenty feet. . , , . . • 
 
 Sail and SilimtioK. The soil of the Alpine regions, of which this species is a 
 native, is brown, deep, and of an excellent quality. The atmosphere m these 
 situations, is continually charged with moisture, from the number of torrents 
 which rush down from their summits. When cultivated, the soil should he free 
 and deep, and the situation low, sheltered, and moist, rather than dry. 
 
 Propnoatiuu and Cidliirc. As seeds are rather dillicult to ])rocure, the com- 
 mon mode of propagation is by layers, or by inarching on the Magnolia acumi- 
 nata, which retiuires two years before the plant can be separated from the parent 
 shoot. From the account given by Michaux, the Magnolia auriculata is found 
 to multiply so fast from seeds, that, in its native forests, a thousand plants miglit 
 be collected in a single day. Hence, the propagation of this species lioin seeds 
 would be far preferable to any other mode, in England, annual shoots of young 
 plants are from one to two feet or more, in length; and the height which the tree 
 usualiv attains in ten years is from ten to fifteen feet. 
 
 Prdnertics and Uses. The wood of the Magnolia auriculata is soft, spongy, 
 and very light, and when dry, weighs only Iweuty-foiir p.Miuds to a cubic foot. 
 The bark has an agreeable, aromatic odour, and an miusion ot it in some spirit- 
 uous liquor, is employed as an excellent sudorific in rheumatic affections. 
 
 -i 
 
spongy, 
 
 Magnolia conspicua, 
 THE CONSPICUOUS-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Synonymct, 
 
 Magnolia conspicua, 
 
 Ma-^nolier yulans, 
 Yulans Bii-'berbaum, 
 Magnolia dai fiori grandi, 
 Yu Ian, 
 Lily-flowered Magnolia, 
 
 De Candolle, Prodromas. 
 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 China. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 ^,VeH.ations. The Chinese na,ne, Yu Ian, signifies the Li.Hree, from the resemblance of the flowers of this species to th. 
 anf uf/fis'j'rff-hefow.''"" "''"'"'=''' '''''^''^'"''- P'' '«^' ' ^'"">". ^'"-"'"m Britannicum, figure (J., vol. i., and pi. ,2, vol. v. ; 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Magnolia conspicua, as 
 its name indicates, is a 
 beautiful and showy tree, 
 „„ ZiT^^ c ., "-^ "* ^"d distinguishable from 
 all others of the genus by the expanding of the flow- 
 ers before any of the leaves. A full-grown tree, in its 
 native country, is .said to attain a height of forty or 
 ftfty feet, and it has arrived at nearly the same eleva- 
 tion in Europe and America. It assnmes a regular 
 corneal shape with numerous branches and twins' 
 which generally have a vertical, rather than a hori- 
 zonta direction ; so that a large tree of this species 
 would probably be more fostigiSte than any of it^s con^ 
 geners Ih^s tree, as well as those native of Asia 
 generally, differs from the American species in havin^ 
 two opposite spathe-like bracteas enclosing the flow- 
 er-buds, with ovaries somewhat distant, jnid in havin- 
 
 anthers bursting inwards. In 
 
 young tiM's, the leaves are from six 
 
 to eight 
 
 , . , o "•"U.1U.3. ju yuiinfj in I'S. trio p;n 
 
 wlien sown, pJi^ "Uirtive '""^ "'"' "' ^'^'^ ""^ ^'^^^ «^ *'^^«« ^««ds, 
 
 the^lSed' Stlei' "^f"" '^f «/iF "<^^l seeds in various parts of Europe, and in 
 
 1. M. c. ^o..:z::t:zi^^%-^:!:^j/;^,--^^ 
 
r 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 MAGNOLIA CONSPICUA. 
 
 A notice of this variety will be found under the head of history. The chief dif- 
 ference between this tree and the species, consists in its leaves being larger and 
 more pointed, its flowers marked with purple within, and its fruit larger and 
 
 containing more seeds. 
 
 2. M. c. ALEXANURiNA, Loudou. The Empress Alexandr'ma' s Conspicuous- 
 flowered Magnolia. Tiiis variety so closely resembles the preceding, that it 
 cannot be distinguished, except in flowering somewhat earlier. 
 
 Geography and History. The Magnolia conspicua is said to be indigenous to 
 the southern provinces of China; and to be extensively cnltivatetl there in the 
 gardens of the emperor, and in those of all eminent persons, who can afford to 
 procure it. It began to be cultivated in that country in the year 627, from Avhich 
 time it has always held the very first rank, as an ornamental tree, in their gar- 
 dens, and is regarded by the Chinese poets as the symbol of candour and beauty. 
 It is not only planted in the open grounds, and allowed to attain its full size, 
 but dAvarfs are kept in pots and boxes, and forced throughout the year, so as to 
 keep up a perpetual supply of bloom in the apartments of the imperial palace. 
 So highly is this tree valued, that a plant in flower, presented to the emperor, is 
 thought a handsome present. In very severe Avinters, the trunks of the trees in 
 the open air are sometimes wrapped round with straw ropes ; but it never 
 requires any otlier protection, even in the climate of Pekin. 
 
 The tree v/^as first introduced into England by Sir Joseph Banks, in 1789 ; but 
 it was many years before it attracted much attention, being considered merely 
 as a green-house, or conservatory plant. Witfiin the last twenty years, it has 
 been discovered to be nearly as hardy as the American magnolias, and is now 
 most extensively cultivated in the nurseries of Britain, continental Europe, and 
 the United States. It flowers freely every year, as a standard in the neighbour- 
 hood of London, New York, and Philadelphia, when the wood has been prop- 
 erly ripened during the preceding summer ; and at White Knights, in England ; at 
 Fromont, and various other places in France ; and at Monza, in Italy, and Brook- 
 lyn, in New York, it has ripened seeds from which young plants have been raised. 
 
 At Fromont, near Paris, in front of the chateau of M. Soulange-Bodin, stands 
 the largest plant of the Magnolia conspicua in Europe. It measures over forty 
 feet in height, and twenty-four inches in circumference, two feet from the ground ; 
 and the diameter of the space covered by the branches is more than twenty-five 
 feet. It fioAvers magnificently every year, at the end of March and beginning 
 of April, and the perfume of its blossoms is perceived for some distance around. 
 It was from the seeds of this tree that sprang the far-famed varietj'^. Magnolia 
 conspicua sonhmgcana, the leaves, wood, and general habits of which, are allied 
 to those of the parent tree ; but the flowers resemble in form those of tlie Magno- 
 lia purpurea, or of the Magnolia purpurea gracilis, and the petals are slightly 
 tinged with purple. This variety was accidentr!ly produced by fecundating the 
 flowers of the Magnolia conspicua with the pollen of those of the Magnolia pur- 
 purea. The original plant of the Magnolia conspicua soiilangeana, at Fromont, 
 is more than twenty feet in height, and though it flowered several years before, 
 it did not ripen seeds till 1834. The seeds have been sown, and some new and 
 interesting varieties produced from them. 
 
 The largest Magnolia conspicua in England is at Eastwell Park, in Kent, 
 which is reputed to be more than forty feet in height. An original imported 
 plant, trained against a wall at Wormleybury, in England, measured twenty- 
 seven feet in height, covered a space laterally of twenty-four feet, and had on it, 
 in April, 1835, five thousand flowers ! 
 
 In the garden of Mr. William Davison, in Brooklyn, New York, there is a 
 Mnmiolia ronspirnn, ten vears planted, twenty-four feet in height, with a head 
 eighteen feet in diameter, which, in April, 1845, contained six thousand flowers ! 
 
:hief dif- 
 irgor and 
 irgcr and 
 
 spicuous- 
 g, that it 
 
 ^cnoiis to 
 n"e in tlie 
 afford to 
 im Avliich 
 Iheir gar- 
 lI beauty, 
 full siz(3, 
 ', so as to 
 il palace, 
 nperor, is 
 e trees iu 
 it never 
 
 789; but 
 !d merely 
 irs, it has 
 id is now 
 rope, and 
 eighbour- 
 een prop- 
 gland ; at 
 id Brook- 
 en raised, 
 in, stands 
 3ver forty 
 e ground ; 
 /^enty-five 
 beginning 
 e around. 
 Magnolia 
 are allied 
 c Magno- 
 •e slightly 
 lating the 
 iiolia pur- 
 Fromont, 
 irs before, 
 i new and 
 
 in Kent, 
 imported 
 1 twenty- 
 had on it, 
 
 there is a 
 th a head 
 1 flowers ! 
 
 CONSPICUOUS-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. 21 
 
 t^vemV^H fiTt^iu'wiM' ^'^'"f ^ '"^^^P'"" soulangeana ten years planted. 
 \ZaT^ 1 '"?'?'''' ^*''''» ^ ''P'ld fourteen Icet in diameter wliicli in Mn, 
 
■ 
 
 Magnolia purpurea^ 
 THE PURPLE-FLOWERED MAGNOLIA. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Magnolia purpurea, 
 
 De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 Don, Miller's Dictionnry. 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Bnlannicum. 
 Masnoiier bicolore, Magnolier uiscolore, France. 
 Rothcr Bieberbaum, Germanv. 
 
 Obovate-leaved Magnolia, Britain and Anolo-America. 
 
 Vfrimtinns Tho French names Imply Two-coloured Magnolia, In allualon to the colour of iho flowers, 
 algniflen Kvil Ueaverlree. 
 
 Engravings. London Botanical Magazlnfl, pi. 390; and Loudon, Arboretum Britannlcum, )., figure 30. 
 
 Sperife Characters. Deciduous, Leaves obovate, acute, reticulatcly veined ; almost smooth. Flowers 
 erect, of 3 sepals, and 6 obovate petals. Styles very short.— Z>««, Miller's Diet, 
 
 The Gorman nann- 
 
 T(t\ ^? Magnolia purpureajs a shrub, from six to twenty feet 
 &* - high; native of Japan, and introduced into England in 
 1790 ; propagated by seeds and layers in the gardens 
 — --^—- - --- of China, Europe, and America; grows in open situa- 
 
 tions, in sandy peat, with loam, or in sand and clay, well-drained, with manure. 
 Leaves lai^e, of a very dark-green ; flowers large, more or less purple Avithout, 
 and always white within ; put forth in March, April or May, but do not fully 
 expand till a day or two before they drop off. The bark, when bruised, has 
 an aromatic odour. 
 
 Varieties. Althoi.gh plants of this species may exhibit slight shades of differ- 
 ence, there cannot be truly considered but one or two distinct varieties, the M. j). 
 gracilis, and the M. p. obovata-pvmila, Casoretti. The chief difference between 
 the former and the species, consists in being less hardy, rather more fastigiate in 
 its form ; leaves of a paler green, and somewhat narrower in shape ; flowers 
 longer and more slender, the points of the petals slightly turned back, and exte- 
 riorly of a dark-purple. 
 
he Gorman nnini' 
 
 >th. Flowers 
 
 Genus LIRIODENDRON, Linn. 
 
 RIagnoliacpm. 
 
 Hi/tl. Nat. 
 
 Polyandria I'olygynia. 
 
 i^yal, Lin. 
 
 off?:twriou!riiru"ur'„fi;'3^rrl^^ f-- .here«mbl.nc« 
 
 ^'^!t ^IlTv!'"'- ^"r^",'' ^T--""-'^"'' '^'"^^^^ '" ^P'''*-'^' in'lehisccnt, deciduous, drawn out into a 
 flowtT -It;,, Sr's zJfJ ^ecmuous s.puls. Corolla of G petals, connivuig iuto a bell-shaped 
 
 illllODENDRON is a genus comprising but one species, a tree 
 ol the first rank, native of Nortli America, and extensively culti- 
 vated for ornament, in FJurope, and America. 
 'rJ\i^TMm ^'"""S ^^^^ Magnoliacea3, there are probably other trees, adapted 
 (tw^^S^ ^^ ^''*^ climate of the United States, that are worthy of cultivation, 
 J^Jt^'as^X^ft among which, are the Magnolia insignis, of Dr. Wallich, growing 
 on the mountains of Nepal; also, the Michelia lanuginosa, excelsa, kisopa, and 
 d()ltsopa, al of w uch arc indigenous to the elevated regions of the Himalayas, 
 llie Micheha doltsopa is one of the finest trees of Nepal, yielding a fragrant 
 wood much used in that country in civil architecture. The Michelia excelsa, 
 according to Ur. Wallich, produces a valuable timber, of a fine texture, at first 
 greenish, but soon changing to a fine yellow. 
 
LiriotleuJron titllpl/ern, 
 THE TULIP-BEARING LIKIODENDRON. 
 
 Synoni/inea. 
 
 LiriutUndron tulipi/era, 
 
 Tulipier de VirKinie, Arhrc aux tiiliix's 
 Virf,'iriisclicr 'l"iil|M'iiliiiuiii, 
 LiiiodctKlro tiihiiui'io, 
 Virj,'iiiiari ['ophir, lulip-benring Lily- 
 
 trei', Snddlc-tri'c, 
 WluiL' Popliir, Vi'llow Poplnr, 
 Tiilip-ir<;i', While-wood, I'uphir, Old 
 
 Wile's Shirt-tree, 
 
 ' LiNN^us, Species Plantnnnn. 
 I)k C'aniiiii.i.k, Prodriiiniis. 
 MiriiAiix, North Aiiiericiui Sylva. 
 Hi(ii;i,()W, IMediciil Koiuny. 
 Do.N, Miller's Dii'tioiiiiry. 
 Loi'Ddv, Arliorutuiii Hritnnniciim. 
 'roiiuKV ANU Gkav, Flora of North America. 
 
 I'lUNrE. 
 (lEIlMANY. 
 
 Italv. 
 Britain, 
 
 Kentuckv, 
 
 Otiik.k i'arts of the Unitkd States. 
 
 Drrtralionf Tim sraridi- luimo is ilnnvod fn)m tliii Ijitin, /m/,/«i, ii tulip, nrnl fnn, to l«.ar, on nrcoiinl of Iho rcunmhlnnra 
 Mi;! (Ii>w.t» nf Hiih Irt'r li.'iir In llios,. (,f iiili|iH. Il \, cull,.,! I'n/ilar. Ir.irii iiH ucncriil ;ip|i™riiiiro to trtvn of Iho kimiih J'oduIuh ■ 
 \Uiilevoo(l mnl YHInie I'liplnr, from tlm ('oloiir of lt« tiriilwr; Canurwinnl.dwiw thu iim to which II Is iipplird liy thn imlivo 
 Imliaiis; ami Hadille-li-, from ihu form of its luiivus. Tho French anil liormari iiuiiicvj aro literal iranalalioiia of HrxiitUin 
 J uliplre'!. * 
 
 A'nffmnnj.*. Micliaiix, North Aiiiurlcaii Sylva, pi, (11 ; Ainliilioii, PinlH of America, pi. xil, ; I,iuii!,m, Arboretum Brltannl- 
 cum, v., pi. IJ; and thu tiijurea l)el(JW. 
 
 Spcci/ic Characters. Leaves smooth, Iniiirale at llie top; 'l-lobed, resembling,' a saddle in shape. Flow- 
 ers lar«;e, solitary, l.Mininal, vanej;ated wilh i;reeM, yellow, and orange colour; larnished with two 
 ileciduous bracteas under the flowers. — Dun, Miller's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 F all the docidiioiis 
 
 trees of Norili Atiior- 
 
 ica, the Ttilip-troo, 
 
 next to the sycamore, 
 (Platamis occideiitalis.) attains the amplest 
 duncnsions; while the jjerfect strai^htiiess and 
 imiform diameter of the tniiik, tlie more res^ular 
 distribution of its branches, and the greater 
 richness of its foliage and tlowers, give it a de- 
 cided superiority over that tree, and entitle it to 
 be considered one of the most magnificent pro- 
 ductions of the temperate zones. It usually at- 
 tains a height of sixty or eighty feet, with a 
 diameter varying from eighteen inches to three 
 feet; although, in favourable localities, it has 
 been known to arrive at a height of one hun- 
 dred and twenty to one hundred and forty feet, 
 with a diameter of more than seven feet. The 
 bark of the trimk, till it exceeds seven or eight inches in diameter, is smooth and 
 even ; but afterwards it begins to crack, and the depth of the furrows is in pro- 
 portion to t!<e sis'.e and age of the tree. In the development of its leaves it differs 
 from most other trees. The leaf-buds, in general, are composed of scales closely 
 
TULir-UKAKINO I.inionKNDHON. 
 
 80 
 
 U^v r .;^^ " spring .-in. d,s.n..l.Ml l.y ,1... ^.rowll.r.f tl,., n.inutr Liuullo of 
 
 slio^ t swHIs n,nsi,l,«ruhly bcloro it wivs l.irth to the Iraf It fnrn.s an oval on 
 volopo, canumuu^ th. yo.n.^^ l.-af, whirl, is ,,ro,|..nMl to tin, |,^|,t us o. , as t 
 
 Witlmi fins .nvrlop,. ,s found anoth.-r, which, after the tirst Inif s , i ' |,h" 
 
 «wHLs, bnrsts. an.l kmv.-s hnlh to a s.-con,!. ( h. 'y ^ and vi^., < f • „; 
 
 81X loavos issn,., .snm.ss,vpiy, in this n.a,nu>r, iVoni on. I,ud Till .1... Ir has 
 acqu.n.d ,.s ,Mowll, ,t n-lains ,ho two M-alos whi<.h con.pns.d the nvH p. and 
 u id ''.T;'. ""'' : ■'"-l/^'I'-I.'s. In sp^in,^ whon tho 'wrathrr is w u n' ad 
 humul th.! growth ot tho loaves is vory rapid. They ar.^ six or .Muht in( os 
 broad, bornn on lon^ po.iol.-s, alloma,,., sfanowhat lloshy, s nooth ml o ti i as 
 g KHH-n rolour. "hoy aro .l.v.do.l n.lo throo lobes, ,>rwhich I ill H 
 h ,ru,,nta lly notohod at its sninrnit, and tho two lowor onos ronndo, a the 
 bas. Ins oonlormation is poonliar to this iroo, and th.-robv rondors it dis/i 
 
 . »d May, and n, the norlhorn parts of the United Htatos, in June and lulv ) 
 detached tives, th.-y are largo, brilliant, v.-ry numerous and varig o, wffh , i 
 ferent colours, among whi.di, yellow prodominatos. IMu^ h ve an au le- le 
 odou^ and. surroundo,! by ,ho Inxuiiant foliage, they imd .^ ^ i ^' nj !^^ 
 Ihe liu t s composed ol nnm.u-ons thin, narrow s.^alos, attached to -i con no , 
 axis, and lornrmg a conical spike, two or three inches i. le g I I ;:h Se o 
 frut contains sixty or seventy carpels, of which, never mote than a , a."d 
 
 neaWv II H.n "''''^^^ '^'''' ^"'•"'f.' ten years after it begins to yi,ll fm 
 
 s^^^lt h;sl:;:t:^:ich;::;;.p[i;rb,r'*^^' ^-^ '-'' - '-^--«' ^'^ 
 
 bo rSS a'll^tinit tm^?:^:ISr=^ ^""'^'^^^ ''''' ^^"^'•^«' ^^"'^'^ "^^ 
 1. L. T. CiTUsn.OHA, l-oudon. Blimt-lenred Tulin-trcc with l)lm,<..r lon,.«c 
 
 than the original, but in no other respect ditlerent Sn it ' ''"''' 
 
 4J. L. T. AcuTiKoiiA, i.ondon. Actv-kavvd Tvlln-ln,- with leaves smaller and 
 
 more acutely cut than either the preceding variet/ or tile specieT ^ 
 
 d. L. T. n,AVA, London. Ydlow-Jloircrcd Tulip-trec, very rare 
 
 inf Kr'f^ ""'' ^^'-f^- '^'''^' ^'^'^""•'''•» ^^treniit V of I.ake Clmmplain accord- 
 mg to Michanx, may be considered in its natural -distribution astlienoZrn 
 and the river (Connecticut as the eastern limit of this tree. It i o ly wesSv o •' 
 the Hudson, and somberly of the forty-third a,.gree of latitude t^^ is fro 
 quently met with and fully developed.' It is multiplied in I middle s ates hi 
 the nppcr parts of (Carolina and Georgia, and still nlore abuiu a it y in tl le wes 
 en sta es, particularly m K'entncky, where it displays its most poN^ fn vegeta 
 non. Its comparative rareness in the maritime parts of the ('arolinas am of 
 Georgia, m the F oridas, and in lower Louisiana, is ow nrioss 1 c h o^ 
 stimmer than to the nature of the soil, which, in .smno partsf i oo dry a n t e 
 pine-barrens, and in others too wet, as in the swamps which border^the ivc s 
 It IS commonly found mingled with other trees, s.u-h is the hickoik^s e lac 
 
 ^e w! d d'^^r?^m^f '■""i^^^^'^^^^-^^*-'^ ^^'^"^""^'^^^^ 
 
 nc wiiu ctierry-tiee ; but it sometimes constitutes, alone, considerable tracts nf 
 he forest, as was observed by the elder Michaux,'on the^oa^^n Beard tone 
 to Louisville, m Kentucky. The artificial geography of this tree mav be s .i,1 
 to embrace the middle region of Europe, fron?Herlifi ami Walaw on 'he nor f 
 " f ',,^'r/f ^ "^ ^'»« Mediterranean and Naples, on the south: ireLaufrtt 
 mrf.' lei Tf? TJ^'^ '^'i- ^* '" successfully cultivated along the maritirne 
 Fn Scot a States from Newburyport, L Massachusettsf to St. Ma y^s^ 
 
 t\' 
 

 26 
 
 LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA. 
 
 B W i: 
 
 III 
 
 if 
 
 ■ 
 
 The period at which the tulip-tree was first introduced into England is uncer- 
 tain. The honour is said to have been conicrred on the Earl of Norfolk, as far 
 back as 160;^. It is certain that it was cultivated by Dr. Henry Compton, at 
 Fulham, ui 1688, at which time it was wholly unknown as ;, limbcr-tree. Ac- 
 cording to Miller, Mr. Darley, at Hoxton, and Mr. Fairchild, were the first who. 
 raised this tree from seeds ; and from their nurseries it is probable that the 
 numerous old trees which are spread all over Britain were procured. The old- 
 est tree in England, estimated at over one hundred and fifty years of age, is at 
 Fulham palace. It is about fifty feet high, and its trunk, at one foot from the 
 ground, is three feet in diameter. The largest tree in Britain is in Somersetshire, 
 at Hestercombe, which is one hundred feet in height, with a trunk three feet in 
 diameter, and ripens seeds every year. 
 
 The first notice which we have of the tulip-tree on the continent, is in tne 
 "Catalogue of the Leyden Garden," published in 1731. From the number of 
 these trees existing in France, the south of Germany, and Italy, there can be 
 httle doubt it spread as rapidly in those countries as it did in Britain. Public 
 avenues are planted of it in Italy, and us far north as Strasburg and Mentz. It 
 stands the open air at Vienna, and attains a large size there ; but it will not 
 endure the climate north of Warsaw, nor Moscow, without protection. In the 
 grounds of the palace of Liicken, near Brussels, there is a tree which has a clear 
 stem three feet in diameter, with a compact globular head. When Lacken 
 belonged to France, the palace was occupied by the Empress Josephine, who 
 brought her gardener from Paris ; and the poor man, while he was gathering 
 seeds from this tree, fell from it, and broke his neck. At Schwobber, near Han- 
 over, there is growing, in alluvial soil, near water, a tree more than one hundred 
 and twenty years old, and eighty feet in height, with a trunk two feet in diam- 
 eter, and an ambitus of thirty feet. In Italy, the tulip-tree attains a height of 
 seventy or eighty feet, flowers fn i ly, and ripens seeds every year. 
 
 The elder Michaux measured a tulip-tree, three and a half miles from Louis- 
 ville, Kentucky, which was twenty-two feet and a half in circumference five feet 
 from the ground, and from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty 
 feet in height. In 1842, there was felled from the estate of Mr. John Lewis, in 
 Llangollan, Kentucky, a tulip-tree, eight feet in diameter, near the ground, and 
 five feet in diameter seventy-five feet above. The trunk was perfectly straight 
 and sound, and was sawed into boards of common lengths. 
 
 At Green Point, Bushwick, near New York, on the estate of Mr. N. Bliss, 
 there is a tulip-tree which has a circumference of twenty-one feet at three feet 
 above the ground, and a height of seventy feet. 
 
 In 1807, there existed a tulip-tree, in Hamilton, Adams county, Pennsylvania, 
 noticed by Jolui Pearson, in a communication to Dr. James Mease, in the 
 " Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture," for that year, 
 which had a circumference of thirty-six feet, with a trunk thirty or forty feet to 
 the forks, a large head, and, to all appearances, perfectly sound. In the same 
 work, he mentions another tree as growing near the Virginia head of the river 
 Roanoke, which was thirty-nine feet in circumference four feet from the ground, 
 apparently sound, and about forty feet to the forks. 
 
 >Soil and Siittation. The liiriodendron tulipifera, in its natural habitat, delights 
 only in deep, loamy, and extremely fertile soils, such as arc found in the rich 
 bottoms, lying along the r'vers, and on the borders of the great swamps which 
 are enclosed in the forests. Like almost all other trees, however, it will grow on 
 soils of dilFerent qualities, and have its timber and other properties affected by the 
 circumstances in which it is placed. But, arcnrding to M. Du Hamel, it neither 
 thrives in France on a dry, arid, gravelly soil, nor on one with a subsoil of clay, 
 or marl. The most rapid-growing young tulip-trees in England, it is said, were 
 
I 
 
 TULIP-BEARING LIRIODENDRON. 
 
 27 
 
 in 
 
 ^ire ^^^^' ^^"^^ '°'^"^' ^" ^ ^'^^^^^ "^*^^^^ climate, in the West Riding in York- 
 
 frZ^f •^l'"''''''',' """"^^ favourable to this tree, is one which, while it is sheltered 
 irom high Avinds, is at the same time, sufficiently exposed to the light and air to 
 admit ot the maturation of its leaves on every side, and the pertect riponins of 
 Its wood, without which it can neither resist the severe frosts of winter nor Ibrm 
 blossom-buds. At Kmlet, in Worcestershire, England, there is a tulip-tree, in 
 Lnll"^* T^'vl^r P'^^V^l'y sheltered situation, the lower part of which always 
 comes into leal before the upper part has the least appearance of doing so. The 
 lower part IS sheltered by high ground, while the upper part is exposed to a 
 St long west wind. It flowers freely, and has a splendid appearance at that sea- 
 son as also in autumn before it sheds its yellow leaves. If it were desired to grow 
 he tuhp-trpc lor the purpose of forming straight, clean timber, it should be placed 
 m a close plantation, where one plant would draw upon another 
 
 r^Sj'^^Tf'!!' "'"^ ^f"'''Z ^^^^'^ Liriodendron tulipifera is seldom, if ever, 
 propagated otherwise than by seeds, which come up best in very fine mould, o; 
 rn ?I v^^; "i- ^1 shady situation, kept rather moist; but the varieties are of 
 ^rS^rin P I by ayers, budding, grafting, or inarching. When the seeds 
 are sown m autumn, they generally come up in the following spring; but, sown 
 Lrn. S"^'!*"' ^'^ begniniiig of summer, they generally reinain a'year in the 
 Sr IK f" "''"''*'•' '"''^, .occasionally in England, the obtuse-lobed variety is 
 hXr. J ^^r^l ""' '"'i^''^*""^- but, in cither case, it requires two or three years 
 bttore the plant can be separated from the parent stock. The tulip-tree; like 
 r.n,i;?,f^" f!l T"^ roots furnished with but few fibres, does not transplant 
 readily; and therefore, the plant ought cither to be kept in pots, or, if in the free 
 
 irSt ^^'S ^r' ,""^, /''.' ""''"'^^ T'y y^"^' ; «'•' ^f ""Either of these modes 
 
 be practicable, they should be removed to their final situation, when not more 
 
 1 an two, or at most, three years old. The progress of growth of young trees, 
 
 m England, in favourable situations, has been at the rate of sixteen feet in ten 
 
 W^. From the bitter qualities of its leaves, the Liriodendron tulipifera 
 does not seem to be much attacked by insects. In Smith and Abbot's " Insects 
 ot Georgia, it is stated, that the Phalana liriodendrana, or tnlip-tree butterflv 
 fhe rt?°? \*- ^ be insect went into the ground in Georgia, May 1 oth, came oui 
 the 5th of June; others, which went in the lltli of Julf, came forth on the 1st 
 ot August 1 lie moth sits on the bodies of the trees, but is not very common. 
 
 1 roijcrtws and Uses, The timber of the Liriodendron tulipifera, though classed 
 among light woods, is yet, much heavier than that of the common poplar- it^ 
 grain is equally inc, but more compact, and the wood is easily wrought, and 
 pohshes well. VVheu dry a cubic foot weighs twenty-five pounds. I? affords 
 excellent charcoal, the product of which, from dry wood, is twenty-two per cent 
 rlif.flT ''''«' '''''".■ fP^'-^^ted from the sap, and perfectly seasoned, long 
 resists the influence of the air, and is rarely attacked by insects. Its sreates^ 
 ^nhio '/''!'"' f"P*"5^«^l '" ^ide boards, and exposed to the weather, is, that it is 
 liable to shrink and warp, by the alternations of moisture and dryness ; but this 
 aeiect is, in a great measure, compensated by its other properties, and may be 
 in part, owing to its not being allowed sufficient time to be properly seasoned' 
 Iho nature of the sod on which it grows, has so striking an infiucnce upon the 
 TrS f,"^;i"'^''ty of this wood, that mechanics distinguish it by the names of 
 Whac Poplar and \ ellow Poplar. The external appearances wliich mark these 
 vaueties are so equivocal, that they can onlv ascertain to whirl. ,>f tlmni a tree 
 belongs, by cutting it. It is known, in gen'eral, that the whif poplar grows in 
 dry, gravelly and elevated places; and is recognized, too, by its branchy sum- 
 mit, and by the small proportion which the light yellow heart-wood bears to 
 
 ■ r i ; 
 
28 
 
 LIKIODENDRON TULII'IFERA. 
 
 i !■ 
 
 the sap-wood. Ihe grain, also, is coarser and harder, and the Avood decays 
 more spmhly; hence, it is neglected when the other variety can be obtained, 
 llic yellow poplar possesses every quality requisite to fit it for a great variety 
 of uses. At New York and Philadelphia, and in the adjacent country, it was 
 tormcrly employed ni the construction of houses, for rafters, and for joists of the 
 nppcr stories, lor which purposes it was esteemed, on account of its lightness and 
 strength but as the timber has become scarce, pine and spruce have taken its 
 place. In the middle, southern, and western states, where this tree abounds it 
 IS more generally used in building, and is considered as the best substitute for 
 pme, red cedar and cypress, and serves for the interior work of houses, and 
 sometunes for the exterior covering. The panels of doors and of wainscots and 
 the mouldings of chimney pieces, are made of this wood. In some states, shin- 
 g.es are made of it about fifteen inches long, which are preferred to those made 
 o pme, because they are more durable, and are not liable to crack from the 
 cflects (,f mtousc irost and sunshine. In most of the large cities and towns 
 in tlM^ United States, boards sawn from this tree, are generally used for the 
 panels of carnages. When perfectly dry, they take the paint well, and admit 
 ot a Uril liant polish. Large quantities of this wood are consumed in the manufac- 
 ture of trunks, covered with cloth, or skins; of tables, and bedsteads, which 
 are stained, in imitation of mahogany, and for the seats of chairs. It often 
 enters into the composition of bureaus, and cabinet work generally, particularly 
 when it IS inlaid with veneers. It is also used for fhe circular boards and wings 
 ot wmnowmg machines, also for the construction of sleigh and wagon bodies 
 where white pme is not abundant, and for the interior of canal and steamboats! 
 As It IS easily wrought in the lathe, it is often used for bowls, brush, and broom 
 heads and handles, and numerous other articles among turners' wares. Among 
 agriculturists trunks of these trees are often formed into eating and drinking 
 troughs for their animals, Avhich, when exposed to the weather, last as long as 
 tliose uKu e of chestnut and butternut. In some parts of the country the 
 wood of this tree is employed for the rails of rural fences. It is found useful 
 also, m the construction of bridges, as it unites lightness with strength and 
 durability. 1 he indians who formerly inhabited the middle states, made choice 
 Of tins tree to form their canoes, for which purpose it was well adapted. The 
 trunk being of great length and diameter, and the wood being light and stron- 
 It was sometimes wrought by them into canoes that would carry twenty or 
 more persons. It is still used by the Indians and others in the western country, 
 or the same purpose. Michaux remarks that, when one of these trees is felled 
 the chips of the heart-wood that are left upon the ground, particularly those 
 winch are left half buried in the leaves, suffer, at the end of three or four weeks, 
 a remarkable change; the lower part becomes of a dark-blue, and they exhale a 
 letid.ammomacal odour; though the live part of the bark of the trunk branches, 
 and still more of the roots, has an agreeable smell, and a very bitter taste, and 
 even under the same circumstances as the heart-wood, it neither acquires the 
 bliK! colour, nor the disagreeable smell. 
 
 Tiie bark of this tree is considered, by some, as scarcely inferior to the cin- 
 chona, being a powerful tonic and antiseptic. The aromatic principle appears to 
 reside in a resmous part of the substance of the bark, and, when used, stimulates 
 t ic intestinal canal, and operates as a gentle cathartic. In many instances, the 
 stomach cannot support it, unless each dose is accompanied by a few drops of 
 laudanum. Ihese properties were well known to the American Indians, who 
 employed the bark of the roots of this tree for the cure of intermittents. 
 
TULIP-BEARING LIRIODENDRON. 
 
 29 
 
 "If Fever's fervid rage 
 
 GlowM in the Iwilin? veins," ♦ * * ♦ ♦ 
 ***** " Anxiously llipy sniiglit 
 Tile I/irioilendrnn, Willi its viineil hlonni. 
 Oranijo. anil green, ami p;ol<l;" ***** 
 * * * * * "Xci siip|)ly 
 Tlie place nf fain'il Cincluina, wliose rough brow 
 Now ruddy, and anon witli paleness timrk'il, 
 I)rinl{.s in its native lied, the genial gales 
 Of inDunlainoud I'uru." 
 
 TiiAiTs 01' THE Aborigines. 
 
 And even at the present day, in parts of the country where this tree abounds, 
 some of the inhabitants steep tlie bark of the roots with an equal portion of dog- 
 wood barlf, in brandy, during eight days, and lake this tincture as a remedy for 
 the intermittent fever. The bark, reduced to powder, and given in substance 
 to horses, appears to be a pretty certain remedy for worms. 
 
 In Europe, the uses of the Liriodendron tuhpifera are limited almost entirely 
 to those of ornament ; for there are numerous trees which would produce excel- 
 lent timber, if cut down. We have never heard of any having been felled for 
 this purpose. Every possessor of a tulip-tree, in Europe, values it far higher for 
 its beauty in a living state, than for its products, or the artificial application of 
 them. On the continent, where trees ripen seeds, they may be considered as 
 affording some profit from that source. 
 
Genus ANNONA, Linn. 
 
 •ii;J 
 
 Anonaceae. 
 
 St/sl. Nat. 
 
 Polyandria Polyirynia. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Anmna, Aiwnn, Asimina, Orchidvcarpitm, 
 J'urcelia, Uvaria, 
 
 Anone, Corossol, 
 Flaschcnbaum, 
 Asimina, 
 Anona, 
 Custard Apple, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. # 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 nio Porcel, a Spai.i.l, ,,r„>„oter "f b,,ianv ^C ^wna ab"f ?, ±^^^^^ ,f '"'^''« '■■< ''''^''"o given hy Kuiz, i„ L.or of Amo- 
 
 ^.u^.a.^iieovaHe?=?--^'^£^^^^^^ 
 
 HR hardy species of the genus Annona are chiefly confined to the 
 United btates, and vary in height from two to tliirtv feet The 
 low shrubs are deciduous, with wliite or purple flowers,'and boar 
 frujt about the size of small plums. They are rath;;r tender, 
 ad d.thcult of cidtivation, although the, have been introduced 
 
 into Lurope at diflerent periods from 1736 to 1820. All the sne- 
 cies require peat soil, and are only propagated by seeds. ^ 
 
Annona triloba, 
 THE THREE-LOBED-CALYXED ANONNA. 
 
 Sijnonymcs. 
 
 Annona triloba, Linn^us, Species Plantarum. 
 
 !De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 MicHAL'x, North American Sylva. 
 Don, Miller's Diclionary. 
 Asimtna triloba, Loudon, Arboretum Britannicnm. 
 
 Uviiria trihhn, Torrey and Gray, Flora ol' North America. 
 
 Anone a trois lobes, Asiminier de Vir- j ^ 
 ginie, li- range. 
 
 Dreylnppiger Flachenbaum, Germany. 
 
 Annona, Italy. 
 
 Anona, Spain. 
 
 Asiminier, French Lou.siana. 
 
 Pawpaw, Britain and Anulo-America. 
 
 ^Engrarings. Micliaux, North American Sylvn, pi. (10; Louilon, Arlxireluni Britannicnm, i., figure 39; and tlio fijures 
 
 Sjiecific Characters. Leaves oblong-obovatn, acuminate ; petals dark-purple : the exterior orbicular. 
 3 or 4 times the length of the sepals.— Tor^y and Gray, Flora. 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Annona triloba is a 
 small tree, seldom ex- 
 ceeding thirty feet in 
 height, densely cloth- 
 ed with long leaves, lying over one another, in 
 such a manner as to give a pecidiarly imbricated 
 appearance to the entire plant. I'he trunk is 
 covered with a silver-gray bark, which is smooth 
 and finely polished. The leaves are borne on 
 short petioles, and are alternate, five or six 
 inches in length, and of an elongated form, 
 widening from the base to the snnimit. They 
 are of a fine textin-e, and the upper surface is 
 smooth and brilliant. The dowers appear in 
 South Carolina and (Jeorgia in March, and a 
 month or six weeks later farther north. They 
 are campanulate and drooping, and put forth 
 before the leaves; the ouior petals are purple, 
 and vary in colour indilferent })lants ; in .some they are very dark, and in others 
 light, inclining to yellow. The fruit ripens in August, and is about three inches 
 long, and one and a half inches thick, yellow, ovate, oblong, irregular, and 
 swelling into inequalities. It contains a yellow pulp, of a sweet, luscious taste, 
 in the middle of which lie, in two rows, twelve seeds, or triangular stones, 
 divided by as many thin membranes. 
 
 Gcorrmpluj (mil History. Micliaux did not observe this tree north of the river 
 Schuylkill; and it appears to be unknown, or extremely rare, in the low and 
 maritime parts of the southern states. It is not uncommon in the bottom- 
 lands which stretch along the rivers of the middle states, whore, at intervals, it 
 
32 
 
 ANNONA, TRILOBA. 
 
 forms thickets exclusively occupying several acres. In Kentucky and the west- 
 ern part of Tennessee, it is sometimes seen also, in the forests, where the soil is 
 luxuriantly fertile ; of which its presence is an infallihle proof. In these forests 
 it attains the height of thirty feet, with a trunk six or eight inches in diameter, 
 thotigh it usually stops short of half of this height. According to Dr. William 
 Baldwin, the pawpaw grows spontaneouslj' in the island of Bermuda ; and in 
 Smith's " History of Virginia," it is stated to have been introduced on that island 
 prior to 1623. 
 
 This species was introduced into England by Peter Collinson in 1736 ; and it 
 has since become known in the principal botanic gardens throughout Europe. 
 Miller states that the lar?: v -it he hud seen was in the Duke of Argyll's gar- 
 den, at Whitton, which f ; -. : every year. Another plant is mentioned as 
 growing at Purser's Cross, j u ripened fruit. 
 
 Soil, Situation, S^'c. This, as well as most of the other species of annona, 
 generally grows in shady places, and in a sandy soil. All the species, when cul- 
 tivated, require peat soil, and are propagated from seeds. The pawpaw seldom 
 produces shoots exceeding five or six inches in length ; hence a plant, in ten 
 years, does not reach above three or four feet in height, and will not flower till 
 of fifteen or twenty years' growth. It may be considered as a curious, slow- 
 growing, deciduous shrub, well deserving a place in gardens, but which ought 
 always to be isolated, and at some distance from rapid-growing plants. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the Annoi^i triloba is spongy, extremely 
 soft, destitute of strength, and applicable to no use in the mechanic arts. All 
 parts of the tree have a rank, if not a fetid, smell; and the fruit is relished by 
 few persons, except negroes. A spirituous liquor has been made from it, but it 
 is of little worth. 
 
Genus BERBERIS, Linn. 
 
 Bcrberaceae. 
 Hj/il. Mat. 
 
 Ilexandria Monogynia. 
 
 Syai. Lin. 
 
 as 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Berbens, 
 
 Epine vinette, 
 
 Berberitzbeerenstrauch, Sauerdorn, 
 
 Berberis, 
 
 Berbero, Crespino, 
 
 EspiiKi (te majuelas, 
 
 Berberry, Pipperidge Bush, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 portusal. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Britain and Anglo- A.meeica. 
 
 Deritationn. The word Bfrlieris ia of very doubtful origin. Rime derive It from the Arabic, herberi/s, a word used f)r this 
 plant by Averrhoe.'i and other writur.'f on medicine ; others from the fjreek word, burlieri, signifying a sliell, from the leave.H of 
 the common kiiid having a hollow snrfai;e. Bochart derive.^ it from the Phrtjniclan word, harar, whicli signifies shiny like a 
 shell. Gerard says, that it is corrupted from the word nniyrlieris, the name Kiven to this plant by Avicenna. I)u Haniel derives 
 it from an Indian word signifying Mother of pearl. The French name, H/iiiie rinclle, signifies Acid, or Sorrel Thorn, froi:i 
 the I.T-ste of the fruit and leaves. The Siianish name signifies Prickly-hawthorn Berberry ; and the German and Italian names 
 are derived from the Iwtanic one. 
 
 Generic Characters. Scpal-s 0, guarded on the outside by 3 .scales. Petals 0, with 2 glands on the inside 
 of each. Stamens toothles.s. Berries 2 — 3-secded. Seeds 2, rarely 3, laterally inserted at the base of 
 the berries, erect, oblong, with a crustaceous coat and fleshy albumen. Cotvledons leafy, elliptical. 
 Radicle long, capitellate at the tip. — Bon, Milhis Diet. 
 
 LL tlie species of Berberis are shrubs from two to twenty feet in height, 
 in u wild state, and sometimes attain an elevation of thirty feet, 
 when cultivated. They all throw up numerous side-suckers, and 
 the stronger-growing species, if these were carefully removed, might be 
 formed into very handsome small trees. In all tlie species, the llowers are yel- 
 low. The fruit is generally red, always acid, and more or less astringent. The 
 irritability of the stamens, more particularly those of the Berberis vulgaris, 
 canadensis, and sinensis, the flowers of which expand, is a very remarkable prop- 
 erty in vegetable economy. When the filament is touched on the inside with 
 the point of a pin, or any other hard instrument, the stamens bend forward 
 towards the pistil, touch the stigma with the anther, remain curved for a short 
 time, and then partially recover their erect position. This is best seen in warm, 
 dry weather. The cause of this curious action, like that of all other vital phe- 
 nomena, is unknown. All that has been ascertained concerning it is, that the 
 irritability of the filament is affected diflerently by diff'erent noxious substances. 
 It has been found by Messrs. Macaire and Marcett, tiiat, if a berberry is poisoned 
 with any corrosive agent, such as arsenic, or bicloride of mercury, the filaments 
 become rigid and brittle, and lose their irritability ; while, on the other hand, if 
 the poisoning be effected by any nnrcotic, such as prussic acid, opium, or bella- 
 donna, the irritability is destroyed by the filaments becoming so relaxed and 
 flaccid, that they can be easily bent in any direction. In the original position 
 of tiie stamens, the anthers are sheltered from rain by the concavity of the petals. 
 Thus, probably, they remain till some insect comes to extract honey from the 
 base of the flowers, and, thrusting itself between the filaments, unavoidably 
 touches them in the most irritable part, and in tliis manner, the impregnation of 
 the germs takes place.* 
 
 Geographical Distribution. Few genera of plants arc more generally dissemi- 
 nated over the globe than the berberis. At least twenty species have been dis- 
 covered, cither in Europe, northern and central Asia, or in North and South 
 America, most of which have been introduced into Britain, and treated as shrubs, 
 or small ornamental trees. 
 
 * See Penny Cyclopaedia, \\'., p. 260. 
 

 |r 
 
 Berberis vulgaris, 
 THE COMMON BERBERRY. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Berberis vulgaris, 
 
 Epine vinette, 
 
 Gemeine Berberitze, 
 
 Berber! ordinario, Spino vinetto, 
 
 Espina ile majuelas, 
 
 Berberry, Barberry, Pipperidge-Bush, 
 
 ( LinnjKus, Species Plantarum. 
 I De Ca.ndolle, Prodromus. 
 ■I Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboreluin Britannicum. 
 
 ToBREY AND Gray, FloHi of North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Britain and ANdi.o-AMERicA. 
 
 Engravings. WiUdonow, Berliaiache Baumzucht, pi. 39 ; Loudon, EncyclopoBdla of Plants, figure 4922 ; and the figures below 
 
 Specific Characters. Spines 3-parted. Leaves somewhat obovate, ciliately serrated. Racemes many-flow 
 ered, pendulous. Petals entire. — Don, Miller's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Common Berberry, in its' wild 
 ^ state, is seldom found higher than 
 six to ten feet, but when cul- 
 '^' tivated it may be grown to nearly 
 thirty feet in height. The stems are upright, and 
 much branched towards the top; smooth, slightly 
 grooved, and covered with a whitish, or ash-coloured 
 bark, which is of a bright yellow within. The main 
 stem soon becomes so surrounded by side-suckers, as 
 to be concealed by them ; so that, even when the 
 height of the plant is that of a tree, its character is 
 still that of a bush. The blossoms are yellow, and, 
 in general, are abundant, and produce a tine appear- 
 ance in April, May, and June ; their odour is offensive 
 when near, but not disagreeable at a short distance. 
 The fruit is oblong-oval, which at first is green, and. 
 
 purple, or black, 
 so acid that birds 
 
 when ripe, is red, white, yellow, 
 according to the variety; and it is 
 seldom touch it. 
 
 Varieties. These are numerous. Those recognized by Messrs. De CandoUe 
 and Don, are as follows: — 
 
 1. B. v. ALBA. Fruit white. 
 
 2. B. V. vioLACEA. Fruit violet-coloured. 
 
 3. B. v. PURPUREA. Fruit purple. 
 
 4. B. V. NIGRA. Fruit black ; leaves oblong ; ciliately serrated ; serratures few. 
 
 5. B. v. DULcis. Fruit red, less acid than the common , iriety; leaves of a 
 bright, shining green. Native of Austria. 
 
 6. B. v. ASPERMA. Fruit destitute of seeds, in old plants. It is said by Du 
 Hamel, that this variety produces the best fruit for preserving; and it is from it 
 that the delicious confitures (T epine vitiette, for whicli Rouen is so celebrated, 
 are made. 
 
 Geography and History. The berberry is found wild in most parts of Europe, 
 and in many parts of Asia and America. In the warmer parts of the two last- 
 
THE COMMON BERBEKRY. 
 
 35 
 
 named countries, it grows on mountains, and in the colder parts of Europe and 
 America, in plains, as in Norway, near (Jhristiania, and in Massachusetts, north of 
 Boston. It also grows on Mount Lebanon, and on Mount iEtna; in which last 
 situation it becomes a low shrub, in the upper zone of vegetation. In England it 
 is found indigenous m woods and hedges, more especially on calcareous soils. It 
 is also indigenous in .Scotland and Ireland, but not very common. It was doubt- 
 less introduced into the United States from Europe, and has naturalized itself in 
 waste places, and about cultivated grounds in the northern states, and in the 
 British American provinces. The plant is mentioned by Pliny ; and, among mod- 
 erns, it appears first to have been recorded by Bauhin, in his " Pinax," and subse- 
 quently by all the writers on plants, under different names, till the time of Ray, 
 in 1686 and 1688, who first called it berberis ; which name was afterwards 
 adopted by Linnasus. and by all botanists since his time. 
 
 Propagation and Culture. The original species of the Berberis vulgaris is 
 propagated in the nurseries by seeds, and the varieties by suckers. For ordinary 
 purposes, no plant requires less culture ; but, to produce large fruit, it should be 
 planted in a deep, well-manured, somewhat calcareous soil, and be constantly 
 freed from side-suckers. The racemes of the blossoms should be thinned out, in 
 order to reduce the ruimber of bunches of fruit, and to increase its size. When 
 the berberry is intended to become an ornamental tree, it should be trimmed, with 
 a straight stem, to a height of eight or ten feet, and all suckers from the roots, 
 and all side-buds from the stem, should be removed the moment they appear, 
 and then suffered to branch out into a fine, orbicular, or drooping head. So 
 treated, it forms a singularly beautiful tree, or shrub, and will sometimes endure 
 for two or three centuries, without increasing much in size, after thirty years. 
 It may also be employed for hedges, and as it patiently bears the shears, it may 
 be shorn to any desirable form. The rate of growth, when the plant is young, 
 is rapid ; for the first five or six years, it will nearly attain its maximum height, 
 unless the side-branches be removed. 
 
 Diseases, >^'c. The Berberis vulgaris is subject to a disease called mildew, 
 yEcidium bcrberidis, which, when magnified, is found to consist of a number of 
 small orange-cups, with a fine film over each, as shown in the 
 adjoining figure. When ripe, these films burst, and the tops 
 of the cups assume a ragged, uneven appearance, in which 
 state they look like Avhite fungi. The cups are filled with 
 innumerable little cases, containing seeds, or spherules, and 
 these constitute the bright-orange powder, that is seen on the 
 leaves and flowers of the berberry, and was long supposed to 
 be the blight on corn both in Europe and America. This opinion, though totally 
 unfounded, is of unknown antiquity. This error has been ably, and scientifi- 
 cally refuted by Messrs. Du Hamel, Broussonet, an . Drs. Grenville and Lindley. 
 The blight on corn is generally a species of uredo, and does not correspond in 
 botanical characters with die J^kidium. One cf the princi, d reasons why corn 
 will not thrive in the immediate vicinity of the berberry, is, on account of the 
 meagreness of the soil in which it often grows, it being impoverished by its creep- 
 ing root. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the berberry is hard and brittle, of a yel- 
 low colour, and contains a large white pith. It is of but little use in the arts 
 except for dying. The inner bark, both of the stems and roots, atfords a yellow 
 dye. The leaves are agreeably acid, and, according to Gerard, were used, in his 
 time, to season meat with, instead of a salad, like sorrel. The berries arc not 
 eaten raw, but are excellent, when preserved witli their own weight of siisar or 
 syrup, or candied. They are also inadf, into jelly and rob, both of which are 
 not only delicious to the taste, but extremely wholesome-, and ^hey are pickled in 
 
*** BEBBERIS VULGARIS. 
 
 and, wl,c„ fcJemed, ic "S.^c^V^'l Kt'^^^h^h t'7'"'"^ P""^".' 
 by evaporation. Thev are also in i^Pnnr.i ,, "^' '"^""^ ^^'i'«h tartar is procured 
 
 nally. tL berries, leSf^nd roots afo nils ^''t'"^ '^'''^'''- ^«^'^'- 
 is purgative and tonic and Te berriS '^^^^^^^^ "»« barjc 
 
 make a refreshing drink in fevers 1^?; Jr n ^/"'^"J^^. ^"^ steeped in watert 
 in tlie bark, that it is u^ in lid in Ln CT.^^^^^^^^ «« ^^nndant 
 
 low. A decoction of the bark is said o mn L '^'', '''*"'" " ^^^^ ^ «"« y^l" 
 throat and gums. When tl^ be berrv ifrnTn. .^^'''''^ ^^'^'^ *° strengthen the 
 preferable to .select the varietv or r^tho v ? '" ^ ^iVt" ^^^ "« *"'it, it is 
 asperma, in which the seSsl^c; said to be wS^'.'^i'^'' ^^^«"! ^"'^is 
 sweeter tlian the common kinds. This shrnh Z W^' n '",^^\"<^'i the fruit is 
 exists a prejudice against it among agrtuuSi*^^^^^^^^^ ^"V^^^'« 
 
 ica, from Its supposed influence in nrn,! ,r IL Kr . f Europe and in Amer- 
 
 grain growing near it. '"''"^"'^ '" pioducing blight, or mildew, on the corn or 
 
Berberis canadensis, 
 
 THE CANADIAN BERBERRY. 
 
 Synonymvs, 
 
 Berberis canadensis, 
 
 Epine vinette du Canada, 
 Canadischer Berberitzbeerenstrauch, 
 Barberry Bush, 
 
 ' De Candoli.e, Prodromus, 
 
 Don, ftlillcr's Dictionary. 
 
 NuTTAi.r,, Genera of North American Plants. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ^ToimEY AND Gray, Flora ol' North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Anolo-Amekica. 
 
 Bngravingi. Audubon, Birds of America, pi. clxxxvlll, ; Loudon, Arboretum Brlttnnicum, figure 48 ; and the figures Viclow. 
 Sperijic Characters. Spines 3-parted. Leaves obovate-oblong, remotely serrated, upper ones nearly 
 entire. Racemes many-flowered, nodding.— Z>on, Miller's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 I HE Canadian Berberry is a low shrub, not exceeding five 
 feet in heiglit, with stems, roots, and flowers yellow, as in 
 the preceding species. The leaves are much smaller and 
 
 . _- -=. narrower, aUenuatc at the base, but nearly sessile. The 
 
 flowers which put forth in May and June, arc also smaller than those of the 
 Berberis vulgaris, and the fruit is smaller and shorter, of a red colour, and less 
 sour. It grows on fertile hills, and among rocks, especially in the Alleghany 
 Mountains, and, on the authority of Pursh, it is found in Canada. Torrey and 
 Gray remark that, " This indigenous species, very distinct from the Berberis 
 vulgaris, with which it lias been in some degree confounded, is probably a native 
 of the southern states only; the barberry of the New England states, and, doubt- 
 less, of Canada, being the European species, and certainly not indigenous. Our 
 species was first noticed, apparently, by Marshall, who states that he has a dif- 
 ferent species of barberry growing near New River, Virginia. Original specimens, 
 collected and named by Pursh, exist in the herbarium of the late Professor Bar- 
 ton, now deposited in the rooms of the American Philosophical Society, Phila- 
 delphia." This shrub was cultivated in England in 1759. 
 
Genus TILIA, Linn. 
 
 Tiliacetr. 
 
 Polyundna Tolyj^ynia. 
 Si/ii. Lin. 
 
 abort,on.-W, Milkr's Diet ' -"^uled. Nut coriaceous, l-celled, l-L'-seedcnf, from 
 
 ^"w^;t}fnTJ'l'\?''']''''' "^ ^''"^'^'' ♦'••'«■''' ^^'t'' melliflnc.s flowers, 
 
 ' cymes ofXflovve r'n '"''^''l'^ V^'' ^^^*""^'" of each of the 
 the oninon of r . ^j'^ "'""ber of species varies, according to 
 the opinion of botanists, from two to leu. As there is great uncer- 
 tainty respecting the number, owing to the imperfbct^manrrTn 
 which several of them have been heretofore described we slvH 
 canf "tVZ TT' '"^ ''''^'''^' ^'^^^"^ ''^" "•"'•^r Ti ia eilp^a and ameri 
 des appJaMo be that'rf '"^'T' '^'^'^'^r'']^ characteristics of these two spe. 
 cordat^e^ltaves """■ """ ''^"'"''^ '"''^"^^' ''^"'^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ °bHqueIy 
 
 1 1 it 
 
Tiliu europdci, 
 THE EUROPEAN LIME-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Tilia europaa, 
 
 Tilleul, 
 
 Ti^lio, 
 
 Tilo, 
 
 Til, 
 
 Lind, 
 
 Linde, 
 
 Lipa, 
 
 Line-tree, Linden, Lime-tree, Teil-tree, 
 
 Lime-tree, Liu or Lindeii-lree, 
 
 Bnst, 
 
 Bast Holz, 
 
 (LiN«»;Rrs, Species Plantarum. 
 Smith, English Flora. 
 Don, ftliller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicuin. 
 Ski.hy, British Forest Trees. 
 France. 
 Itai.v. 
 Spain. 
 
 PoRTUOAL. 
 
 Sweden and Denmark. 
 Holland and Germany. 
 Russia, Poland, and Bohemia. 
 Britain. 
 Anolo-America. 
 Lincolnshire, (Eno.) 
 Ancient Germany. 
 
 Dfrirnliom. Thfi Rennric namo, Tilia, la supposed, hy nnnio, to Im derived from tlio Oreolc, ptilon, a feather, from thu fea« 
 Jtiery iip|iciiriiiicc (if the hractfiu; and by olhord, fnim thoOrmik, lilai, light iKidieH lliiutliiff In the air, like wool or fathers. 
 The French, Spaninh, Italian, and Portngueso names are derivid from the Iwlanical one. Most of the other European names 
 are derivjd from the lloman, linm, a line or cord, having reference to the Iwrk, which was formerly, as at present, made into 
 lines or roiws. The name Ilaat was applied to a variety of tilia, liy the ruslica of Lincolnshire, because ropes were made from 
 Its liark. The ancient Oernian name, Uaat Jlulz, signifies literally, bark-wood, and Is evidently derived from the use made of 
 the bark of this tree in making mats. 
 
 Engravingt. Selby, British Forest Trees, pp. 1, 2 ; Loudon, Arboretum Britannlcum, v., pi. 19; and the figures below. 
 
 Specific Characters. Petals without scales. Leaves cordate, acuminated, serrated, smooth, e.Tcept a tuft 
 
 of hair at the origin of the veins beneath, twice the length of the petioles. 
 Fruit coriaceous, downy. — Dor., Milkr's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 " And the Lime at dewy ore 
 Ditfuslng odours." 
 
 COWPBR. 
 
 Cymes many-flowered. 
 
 I HE Linden or Lime- 
 tree, in its lull and 
 luxuriant foliage, 
 where sufficient room 
 has been aflbrded it, and the soil has suited 
 its constitution, is pronoiniced as one of the 
 finest and most striking of European trees. 
 In its native country, it often attains a height 
 of eighty or one hundred feet, with a diam- 
 eter of four to six feet, and even more. From 
 the straightness of its stem, and the luxuri- 
 ant spreading of its branches, which are like- 
 wise so tough as to withstand the fury of tlie 
 winds that would disarm most other trees, it 
 is peculiarly adapted for lining avenues, and 
 screening the passenger from the scorching 
 sun. This tree, however, is not so much es- 
 teemed, on account of it.", coming into leaf 
 late in the spring, and beginning to decay 
 early in auttimn ; more especially when 
 
It, 
 
 I 'ii 
 
 f 
 
 Mi! 
 •ill 
 
 40 
 
 TILIA EUHOP^A, 
 
 |&^£S„ l\ '^^^ 'eaves a. Naples a. .he end o, March ■ ,„ 
 
 about the first of May AtFhJtJ^? f ^P^"^' "^ Sweden, and at New vArl 
 autumn while at Naples it remaiS?uh"fnr^ ^^^-^^ ^' ^"^'^^ i^s leLes laHy hi 
 
 and m different situations, with thf greaiest care Vn^ S P^''"'',^^ ^^^^^^^t ages 
 _i- J • E. MiCKopHYLLA LnnHnn c ''if , "^^ ^"" attention." ^ 
 
 T-Wo-.^ « /'^'te/«,i^i,^ ""p anc?"ltTf-1rr°"'^'" England- 
 
 m Germany. The npfnL r.f \u- ' ■ " ^leinhluttrirre Linde or ivv, . ^. 7' 
 
 roundish, -umi^it^d ta J,;^;™7 - ^^^^ -lesTteTea^rtrS 
 
 beneath on theaxilsoftheveiL as wpll^^^^'^^^ glaucous, and bearded 
 globose, hardly ribbed, yerj^ th n and h h. "' S^u'^ ^^^*^h««' the frui is rather 
 first sight, from all o hersf by irfrnn „ ^ T^'^ T^"«ty is distinguishable at 
 
 of Airty fee,, a.^hrce yard's 'aWvfj gford'' '"" "'«'"■ "'* " '="cS™,°cl 
 
 g i: t^^S^^Xlt^^S^l^^ "undTCaei! 
 hairy; cymes three-flowered fruirwoorl?^ of their veins woolly • branches 
 
 IS a tree of this variety, supposed to hnv« il. t . ^J'^"' "^ar London there 
 uearly^eighty feet high. ^^"""'"^ '^ ^^^« t)een planted about ninety years^'alfd Is 
 
 distmguishe7bnL'rSess5't;fi^^''^^^""''^^«^ Lime-tree. This varietv i. 
 sidered as a sub-variety of the .l^^""? branches, and it may be propS v c L 
 extend over the low pLtl 5 tirco^untrv'?"- ^^ ^^^'^^"' ^^ere Seif LoSs" 
 hme-tree is m.et with, in some places Lrhn^"/ "'""^ ^^^^^^er, the common 
 twigs bright red, yellow in some and FnnT' ^"^ -^ ^"« ^^g^^her, with the 
 may infer that there is also r^elwlvLpH '' •^"''' green; from which we 
 similar coincidences occur in En^lan [nmi^^ f/^'^f ^' ""^ sub-variety. Seveml 
 4. T. E. LAcimATA, Loudon. StaSXh' ^"'^ij^ted varieties.^ """'^^ 
 this variety are smaller than thosfoHhe 1^^^'"''' Lime-tree. The leaves of 
 ular.y cut and twisted, scarcely two Zf ^u TV^'"'''^'' ^"^ deeply and irrej 
 dom, if-ever, exceeds tiiirtyS.riTeight*'' '''' ""'"''^ ""'^«- Thfs^varlty sX 
 
 differs froVtrcommolriimeSSn tKtf ^""'PT ^^'^'■^^^^' This variety 
 
 jsnot^.o vigorous in its gr^iTir^stj o "'"TtheV varJ:;^^^^ and, appaZtly^ 
 
 ^ m varieties, except the T e 
 
 • T. . P.™.. AOK.A. Gotaen..,,,ea Broa,,ea.ea European Ume, 
 
 11 
 
 »^ II 
 
EUROPEAN LIME-TBEE. ^J 
 
 tree. This variety dift'ers from the common broad-leaved Hme in no other resoect 
 than in the yellow colour of its twigs. 
 
 7. T. E. DASYSTYLA. Hairy-Styled European Lime-tree. This variety is de- 
 scribed as having petals without scales; leaves smooth, somewhat hairy at the 
 base beneath ; axils of veins bearded ; style tomentose, 
 
 8. T. E. ALBA, Loudon. White-leaved European Lime-tree, in England • Til- 
 leul blanc, m France; Weisse Linde, in Germany. Each of the petals of this 
 variety has a scale at the base, inside ; the leaves are cordate, somewhat acumi- 
 nated, and rather unequal at the base, serrated, clothed with white down be- 
 neath, but smooth above, and four times longer than the petioles- the fruit is 
 ovate, with five obscure ribs. This tree is at once distinguishable from all other 
 varieties by the white appearance of its foliage, even at a considerable distance, 
 and by the strikingly snowy hue of its leaves, when ruffled by the wind. Its 
 wood and shoots resemble those of the common lime; but it does not attain the 
 ^me height. There is a good specimen of this tree at Walton, upon the 
 1 hames, sixty feet high ; and several others at High Clere, in Berkshire, some 
 
 01 which, in forty years, have attained a height of upwards of sixty feet. 
 
 J. I. E. ALBA PETioLAKis, Loudou. Long-petioled-leaved European Lime-tree 
 Ihis tree is described by De CandoUe from dried specimens, without flower or 
 Iruit, and is probably only a sub-variety of T. e. alba. 
 
 There is another variety, with varigated leaves, but it is such a ragged ill- 
 looking plant, that it is not deemed worthy of culture. 
 
 Geography and History. The Tilia europaja appears to be confined to the 
 central and northern parts of Europe. It is found wild in northern Germany 
 Denmark, Sweden, Bohemia, and, according to Pallas, throughout the whole of 
 Kussia, and a great part of Siberia. According to Watson, it is common all over 
 lintain, and in the south-western, north-eastern, and north-western counties of 
 Ireland. Ihe 1. c. platyphylla is said to inhabit Sweden, and most parts of 
 J^urope, as far south as the Alpine regions of Switzerland, and Spain. The 
 1. e. microphylla appears to be indigenous chiefly in the north of Germany, in 
 Sweden, and Russia ; also in the south-eastern and north-eastern counties of Eng- 
 land, and north-western counties of Scotland. At Shawley, eight miles north- 
 west Irom Worcester, England, there is a wood of about five hundred acres in 
 extent, the greater part of the undergrowth of which, is of this variety So 
 extensive a tract in Britain, covered Avith the linden, strongly tends to prove 
 that this tree is truly indigenous. It is said, however, that the lime seldom, if 
 ever, ripens its seeds in England, which would operate unfavourably to its repro- 
 duction. The T. e. alba is found in the woods in Hungary, where it is rare 
 and also near Constantinople, whence it was introduced into England in 176?' 
 and planted at Mile End. ' 
 
 The European lime-tree has long been cultivated for ornament and shade 
 both m the United States and in the British American provinces. 
 
 The lime-tree appears to have been known to the Greeks and Romans. Theo- 
 phrastus. Homer, Horace, Virgil, Columella, and Pliny mention it, and celebrate 
 ^^^ n j-1" ^^°^- ^^^cording to Theophrastus, it is of both sexes, which are 
 totally different as to form ; probably referring to the small-leaved and large- 
 eaved varieties. The leaves, he says, are sweet, and are used as food for most 
 Jands of cattle. Tins tree was highly esteemed by the Romans for its shade • 
 and, according to Pliny, for the numerous uses to which its wood might be applied! 
 In modern times, the lime-tree was one of the first to attract the attention of 
 dendrological writers previously to the time of Linnaeus, who describes only two 
 species, Iiha europn?a and americana. M. Vcntenat, in 1708, described three 
 iiuropean species, and three American ones ; and De Candolle has described ten 
 iivelyn, speaking of the lime-tree, says, " It is a shameful negligence that we an 
 
 6 
 
4S 
 
 I il 
 
 r 
 
 TILIA EUROPiEA. 
 
 wood. do, in so'me r^cosJsX'^Llr^ '^^'^^^l''^ ^'^^f-ni. while o'ur 
 been a favorite tree for avenues inrl nnhii^ ,,, ii • .^ "^ *'"^'^" h^s lone 
 
 of France, Holland, and Germany ^one oV^hl ' '" f "?"v!'^ ^^^ P""^^?^' ^ownf 
 Berlin, called />ie Z L«XS It 111 r™'''* ""^"^^^^^ «f ^h^^h is in 
 on the continent of Europe „ Britain tnd "'1 ^"^'"^'^ ^" country-seats, 
 saysDu Hamel, "erovvin- tired of tS v.' k" America. "The French,'' 
 
 lime for that purpSe, i„ ''the tt."e of LouTs' Xiv""' ^""I ^^'""f ^' ^^^P^^^ the 
 proaches to the residences of the French' a wdn^ .'^.f b^'?"l^^"^'>^' ^'^^ up- 
 date, arc bordered with lime trees "and Fpnolil '^^ ^^^^''^ gentry of that 
 
 soon ^CT^s:Sr:In:^%^lTr':i aslt'^iVbut a^TT?' "3 ^'"^^' ^"^^^ P^-« 
 try, in consequence of the ravSs of fnsec ^' .^/^ort-lived tree, in this coun- 
 
 of advanced age and size, whfcl renS rs t ^ f/c,m'?oT.'"' ''" 'l^ ^'^"'^^ 
 period at which it was brought from Sni T^? determine the precise 
 
 ever, a noble and venerable free of Thi. 3' '^'^'^ ''^''^^' ^' P^^«<^"t, how- 
 which is reputed to be above two hnn^S^' "' ,^,^'«^"dge, Massachusetts, 
 more than ei'ght feet in circSerere . thrf Pfr "''^' ^'^ ^ ^"^"^^ measuring 
 Pierced and grooved with m^e rs holes^ tt S"""" ?' ^'■"""^- ^^« '^""k i! 
 large branches, and a port on of hs ton Lv^p ^.u^'^P"'^^ '''''' '^'^ «^^«^^' «f its 
 of the depredations of thesHnsec 1 IZ U. I f "' aPParently in consequence 
 moulder to earth. ' """^ "' "^ ^"^'^ y<^^>"s more, it will probably 
 
 wo'rlt i^SuSt!^^ W^^LS^'S fam^^^^^^ P-^^^^^ "^ the 
 
 takes its name from it, being Sjl' ZZr ' "' ''fr^ '^^^ '^^" ^^e city itself 
 that is, Newtown by tKreat Lmd,^^?;^^^ 
 
 antiquity, is nearly one hundred feet in SSi i ^'^u ^"^^/^rosity of unknown 
 the ground. Its trunk rise fifteen/ee" befot 'it' w'^^'"'" ^"^ ^" '^'^"^'^^^^ "^^^ 
 extend to nearly one hundred feet on eth2\ f !!' ^"^ 'T'^^" ^^^^ b'''^"«'^«s 
 by one hundred and eighrpXrs of wood nnd .t ^'"rl'^'K ^'^'^ ^^e supported 
 tainment formed in the head of theTreo whit ' 7^'"''" '^ ^ P^^^« ^^ «"ter. 
 steps. In the hollows of the brlncheTeart t'^Y ^' "f *^^^'^ '^^ ^ ^^ght of 
 bushes planted, the fruit of which is sdd to visiters ' ^ '''^' '"^ §'^''^''^^^>^ 
 whicVa"e°Sonerb;p^^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^-^e li--tree, the branches of 
 
 tfiat the victorV ^vas pShned ortheNwi '''"'?' P'^^^^^^ «" ^he day 
 Charles the Bold, in 1476 and if .. nZ ' ""T ^^^ ^"'^^ ^^ Burgundy 
 
 then feebleness of the I wiss republics ZdTol"'^''''''''''^ 1^'''''^''''' ^^^'^ t'^« 
 ners, it being the custom in tlfe mTddie . Jf l ""I simplicity of their man- 
 and Flemish people to recove tl^ r S 'tn n!'"? "'f ''"""S^'^^ «^ ^^'^ ^^^^^^ 
 every battle that they gained over the' n^' ^ ''"^^ hme-tree on the field of 
 tree measured about fo.Sierfeet fn cir ' ^^F °'''- t^" ^^^^' ^'^^ trunk of this 
 Morig, near Fribourg, £ is f large^^^^^^ the village of Villars-en- 
 
 the battle of Morat, (which the tree of ?Z' ' *''''''''* *^''''' ^''"^ '^^^^^^ 
 
 now is of extraordin'arV dimei sions A^^d 'rt^n'TTn'"'^ ^^'"«^» 
 
 seventy feet high, and thirtv-six fppt in ni^^ r *" ^Jandolle, m 1831, it was 
 ground, where ft divided ^to ariani np^^^'''"'^ f ^""'^ ^^^^ ^^^^ the 
 mated as being nearly one thouS y^^s'oflge^'^ """' '™'^^^- ^^ ^ -ti- 
 
 ove^r^ S;':' ^r^efof'Tn're'T ground ^H '^"^^-^^-' ^^^^^^ ^P-^« " 
 branchesofthistree, many years Jo l.t^S /i ^^""^ '' .""."'y J-emarkable, the 
 .n.o i, and .„. up 'a ci.KTou?^ SS^^X^^:^-^^^^^ 
 
 5f I 
 
EUROPEAN LIME-TREE. 
 
 43 
 
 These young shoots, in process of time, partook the character of trees them- 
 selves, and, m turn, stretched out their branches, rested them on the ground, and 
 threw up a second circle of trees, which, in 1820, were twenty or thirty feet in 
 height. 1 his tree is said to stand in a lawn in an ancient geometrical garden, 
 and must be, at least, two hundred years old. 
 
 In the cemetery of the hospital at Annaberg, in Saxony, a man planted a linden- 
 tree, and was afterwards buried under its shade, who left a sum of money to 
 have a sermon preached every Trinity Sunday, under it. This tree is said to have 
 grown to an enormous size, and Avas planted in a reversed position, with its head 
 downwards. 
 
 Mythological and Legendary Allusions. In Prussia, near Kcinigsberg, two 
 large lindens were grown on a grassy bank, beneath which, it is said, were buried, 
 in one grave, a bride, Avho died on her wedding-day, and her husband, who did 
 not long survive her loss. The tree was ever afterwards a favourite retreat for 
 sorrowful lovers. 
 
 In the churchyard, at Seidlitz, in Bohemia, it is said there are some old lime- 
 trees the leaves of which are hooded ; and the peasants affirm that they have 
 ever been so since some monks from a neighbouring convent were hanged on their 
 boughs. 
 
 Ovid tells us in his " Metamorphoses," that Baucis, when Jupiter and Mer- 
 cury, after they had partaken of her hospitality, offered to grant any request she 
 might make, only asked to die on the same day as her husband ; that the gods 
 granting her prayer, when she and Philemon had both attained a good old age 
 she was changed into a lime-tree, and her husband into an oak. While the 
 transformation was taking place, they continued speaking affectionately to each 
 other, till the bark had closed quite round them ; and that, even when they had 
 become trees, they entwined their branches closely together. 
 
 Soil and Situation. A deep, and rather light soil is recommended by Du 
 Hamel, for the lime-tree, or an argillaceous soil, inclining somewhat to sand, and 
 rather moist ; but the largest trees are generally found in a good, loamy soil, or 
 in the alluvial deposites of low-lying meadows, along the margins of lakes, riv- 
 ers, &c. In Lithuania, where this tree abounds, the soil is rather a clayey than 
 a sandy loam. 
 
 In dry situations, it never attains a large size, and it loses its leaves, perhaps, 
 earlier than any other ree. Being an inhabitant of the plains, rather than of 
 the mountains, it does not appear suitable for exposed surfaces ; but it requires a 
 pure air, rather than otherwise ; for, it is found in abundance in many of the 
 cities of continental Europe, but sparingly so in the British cities, where more 
 mineral coal is consumed, which appears to be more injurious to the lime than to 
 the elm, the plane, or some other trees. 
 
 Propagation and Culture. This tree is seldom propagated otherwise than by 
 layers, which are made, in the nurseries, in autumn, or winter, and which be- 
 come rooted, so as to be separated from the parent stock, in a year. Du Hamel 
 says that the lime-tree may be raised from seeds, which ought to be sown imme- 
 diately after being gathered ; because, if they are preserved dry till the following 
 spring, they will not often come up till the second year. If, however, the seeds 
 are mixed with sand, or with soil, not too dry, and kept in that state during the 
 winter, they will generally spring up the first year. Owing to the slowness of 
 the growth of plants raised from seeds, the French and Belgian gardeners cut off 
 the stock of an old tree, close to the surface of the ground, which soon sends up 
 a great number of young shoots ; among these they throw a quantity of soil, 
 whicli they allow to rcMiiain one, tv,^o, or three years, after wliich, Ihcy find the 
 shoots well rooted, and of a sufficient height and strength to be planted at once 
 where they are finally to remain. The lime-tree bears transplanting when of a 
 considerable size ; but, when it is grown in the nurseries for this purpose, it ought 
 
, 
 
 44 
 
 TILIA EUROP^A. 
 
 always to be taken up and replanted every two or three yean. A tree which 
 has stood some years without being removed, sliould have the roots cut round 
 at three or four feet from the stem, a year before removal, for the purpose of 
 stuntnig the growth, both of the head and roots, and of forming smaller roots 
 and fibres. 
 
 Insects. The foliage of the Tilia europtEa affords a pabulum to the larvm of 
 many Icpidopteroiis insects, some of which feed exclusively upon it, while others 
 prey upon that of various trees. Among those which prove the most injurious 
 to It ni the United States, are several species of the fJeometrida), such as span- 
 worms, loopers, measurers, etc., some of which also feed indiscriminately upon 
 the elm, maple, horse-chesnut, sycamore, (Platanus,) poplar, apple, cherry, and 
 plum. VVithm the last five or six years, soon after the unfolding of the leaves 
 of these trees, they have been attacked by the larvae of these insects, and in some 
 mstances liavc been entirely divested of their foliage. They usually emerge from 
 the egg, at New York and vicinity, about the middle of May, and durino- the 
 month of June suspend tliemselves bv their silken lines from the trees along the 
 streets and avenues, greatly to the annoyance of the citizens. After gorging 
 themselves with the tender foliage for three or four weeks, they quit the tree 
 enter the ground, or some other place of concealment, and undergo their trans- 
 formations. The perfect insects of most of the species appear about the 20th of 
 July, and others at various periods in autumn, and in the following spring They 
 commonly consist of small, whitish, or variegated millers, and, in some species, 
 the females have no wings. Soon after their appearance, the females make pro- 
 vision for their future progeny, by laying their eggs upon the leaves, branches, 
 or trunks of trees, and then die. Various expedients have been resorted to for 
 the destruction of ihese insects, and but a few of these have proved effectual 
 except those of crushing them to death, when on the trees, or by destroying the 
 chrysalides, or the eggs 
 
 Another insect, in this country, which is more pernicious and fatal to the 
 European linden-tree than the preceding, is a long-horned beetle, (Saperda ves- 
 ttta, Say,) described and figured by Dr. T. W. Harris, in Hovey's "Magazine of 
 Horticulture," vol. x., p. 330. It was discovered about twenty years ago by Mr. 
 Thomas Say, near the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, and has been 
 known for several years in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York. The 
 insect, in the winged state, is a little more than 
 half of an inch in length, and is covered with a 
 greenish down, having two dark spots on each 
 wing cover, as indicated in the adjoining figure. 
 It makes its appearance in the montii of May, and 
 commences eating the young bark and tender 
 twigs, and often the petioles of the leaves. The 
 female deposits her eggs on the branches and 
 trunks of the trees, where they remain during the 
 autumn and winter. According to Dr. Harris, a 
 strip of the bark of the large "inden in Cauibridge, 
 mentioned in a preceding p' , two feet wide at tlie 
 bottom, and extending to the top of the trunk, has 
 been destroyed, and the exposed surface of the _, 
 
 wood is pierced and grooved with countless numbers of holes, wherein the larvae 
 of these insects have been bred, and whence swarms of beetles have issued in 
 times past. The lindens in Washington square, in Philadelphia, v/ere also 
 attacked by tliese borer.s a few years since, and in 1812, it became necessary 
 to remove them entirely. The superintendent of the square informed us, that 
 soon after the European species was cut down, they attacjced the American lin- 
 dens, which probably would have been destroyed, had not tiie insects been arrested 
 
EUROPEAN LIME-TREE. 
 
 45 
 
 by him. The two beautiful rows of European lindens, in front of the state 
 house, in Philadelphia, have likewise been perforated by them, and in a year or 
 two more, they will probably fall from their prey. The same insect also is said 
 to attack the mountain ash. Various experiments have beon tried to arrest 
 their course, but most of them have proved fruitless, except by crushing the in- 
 sects to death, or by destroying their eggs. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the lime-tree, as compared with that of 
 the oak, the ash, and other timber trees, holds but an inferior rank, and is only 
 used in such works as arc not to be exposed to the alternations of moisture and 
 dryness. It is of a pale yellow, or white, close-grained, soft, light, and smooth ; 
 and, when seasoned, it is not liable to be attacked by insects, it is used by 
 pianoforte-makers, for sounding-boards, and by cabinet-makers for a variety of 
 purposes, as it does not Avarp under atmospheric changes. It is turned into 
 domestic utensils of various kinds, carved into toys, and turned into small boxes 
 for apothecaries. The most elegant use to which it is applied, is for carving, for 
 which it is superior to every other wood. Many of the fine carvings in Windsor 
 Castle, Trinity College Library, at Cambridge, and in the Duke of Devonshire's 
 mansion, at Chatsworth, are of this Avood. It is said to make excellent charcoal 
 for gunpowder, even better than alder, and nearly as good as hazel, or willow. 
 Baskets and cradles vv^ere formerly made from the twigs ; and shoe-makers and 
 glovers are said to prefer planks of lime-tree for cutting the finer kinds of leather 
 upon. The leaves of this tree are collected in Sweden, Norway, Carniola, and 
 Switzerland, for feeding cattle ; though in Sweden, Linnaeus says, they commu- 
 nicate a bad flavour to the milk of cows. One of the most important uses of the 
 lime-tree, in the north of Europe, is that of supplying material for making ropes 
 and mats ; the latter of which enter extensively into European commerce. The 
 Russian peasants weave the bark of the young shoots for the upper parts of their 
 shoes, the bark of the trunks or large branches serving for the soles ; and they 
 also make of it, tied together with strips of the inner bark, baskets and boxes for 
 domestic purposes. The outer bark of old trees also supplies them, like that 
 of the birch, with tiles for covering their cottages. Ropes are still made of the 
 bark of this tree in Cornwall, and in some parts of Devonshire. The manufac- 
 ture of mats from the inner bark, however, is now chiefly confined to Russia, 
 and to some parts of Sweden. Trees from six to twelve inches in diameter are 
 selected at the beginning of summer, when, from the expansion produced by the 
 ascending sap, the bark parts freely from the wood. The bark is then stripped 
 from them in lengths of six to eight feet, and is afterwards steeped in water till it 
 separates freely in layers. It is then taken out, and divided into ribands or 
 stra'.ids, and hung up in the shade, generally in the forest were it grows, and, in 
 the course of the summer, is manufactured into mats, so much in use by garden- 
 ers and upholsterers, and for covering packages generally. The fishermen of 
 Sweden make nets for catchin,'. w^h, of the fibres of the inner bark, separated by 
 maceration, so as to form a kino o.' flax or hemp ; and the shepherds of Carniola 
 weave a coarse cloth of it, which serves for their ordinary clothing. The sap of 
 the lime-tree, drawn olf in spring, and evaporated, affords a considerable quan- 
 tity of sugar. The honey produced from the flowers is considered superior to 
 all other kinds for its delicacy, selling for three or four times the price of common 
 honey ; and it is used in the preparation of medicine, and for making particular 
 liqueurs, more especially, Rosoglia. This lime-dee honey is only procured at 
 the little town of Kowno, on the river Niemen, in Lithuania, which is surrounded 
 by an extensive forest of lime-trees, and where the management of the honey-bee 
 occupies the prineipa! .atJeuiion of the inhabit.nnts. The .Tows of Poland produce 
 a close imitation of this honey, by bleaching the common kind in the open air, 
 during frosty weather. The fruit of the lime-tree had long been thought of little 
 
 •y 
 
 -1. 
 
 St 
 
 J.. J«^ - \ 
 
1! 
 
 46 
 
 TILIA EUROPjEA. 
 
 le»s suitable for .I^Sl ToTp^ cu a 'w^f SVI^^^^^^^ '' 
 
 !; i ( 
 
 I 
 
 ,1 I 
 
 [ill I 
 
Tilia amcricana, 
 THE AMERICAN LIME-TREE. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Tilia americana, 
 
 Tilia glabra, 
 
 Tilleiil do rAmeiique, Tilleul du Canada, 
 Anierikanisclier Liiidenbaum, 
 Tiglio americano, 
 Tilo americano, 
 Lenikby, 
 
 AVhiie-wood, Bass-wood, 
 Lin, Linden, 
 
 Lime-tree, Black Lime-tree, Smooth-leav- 
 ed Lime-tree, Bass-wood, 
 
 ' L:\NjF.us, Species Plantarum. 
 VViLr.DENow, Berlinische Baumzucht. 
 MicHAUx, North American Sylva. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ToRREY AND Grav, Flora of North America. 
 Dk Candoi.lk, Prodromus. 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 France. 
 Ger.many. 
 Italy. 
 Spain. 
 
 Lenni Lenape Indians. 
 Canada. 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Other parts of the United States. 
 
 by ths 
 from iha 
 
 cmXpri, Sh"n«,^rtelor'"" ""'""• '"•"" S«'"y.BntishFore.t Trees, p. I,; Loudon, Artore.um Britanni- 
 
 Speafic Characters. Leaves obliquely cordate, or truncate at the base, somewhat coriaceous -labrou^ 
 abruptly acuminate : petals obtuse or truncate, crenate at the apex.— Torroj a„d Gray, Ftma." 
 
 Dcscri/j(io?i. 
 
 m^^J^ Tilia amcricana, 
 ?|'n~r'« like the European 
 ^.LJ_^ linden, is regarded as 
 
 ^ — - wSC^^M one of the finest of 
 
 forest trees, and when cultivated, proves highly 
 ornamental. In oin- native woods, it often 
 rises more than eighty feet in height, and fre- 
 quently upwards of four feet in diameter ; and 
 there is little doubt but, if cultivated, and judi-i 
 ciously treaterl, it would reach a size little 
 inferior, if not equal, to the European species. 
 Its body is straight, uniform, and surmounted 
 with an ample and tufted summit. In winter, 
 it is readily recognized by the robust appear- 
 ance of the trunk and branches, and by the 
 dark-brown colour of the bark on the shoots. 
 The leaves are from three to fotu- inches wide 
 
 mi^';Siv'n^'?'?'''1 ^* ^'\' ^^"'"i ^^^''"I'^'y' ^'^'i ^^^"t^ly P«i"ted at the sum- 
 mit, iinely and sharp y toothed, glabrous above, of a deep-green, and paler 
 
 Juno ';o"lo frVrl*^'' '^'T ^^^"i^^'='-« l«"g- The fiowe;s,%hic'h appeSTn 
 MeVlon' ^d n 1 "''Ti "^^'T^^'-' borne by peduncles from foAr to six 
 mches lorn? and are garnislied witli a long, narrow floral leaf. The cymes are 
 compounded, having from twelve to eighteen flowers, pendulous, and subdivided 
 
48 
 
 TILIA AMERICANA. 
 
 at thn cxtroinitit'S. Tlie sepals arc triangular-lancfiolatc, pubescent outside, and 
 woolly within. The petals are longer than the sepals, and are of a yellowish- 
 white. The staminodia are obovate-lanceolate, exactly like the petals, but 
 smaller. The style is sometimes longer, and at others shorter than the petals, 
 and hairy towards the base. The fruit, which ripens in September and October, 
 is about the size of a pea, nearly round, and covered with a short, gray pubes-, 
 cencc, usually perfecting but one seed. 
 
 Varieties. The other American limes we regard as nothing more than varie- 
 ties of this species, and they may be described as follows : — 
 
 1. T. A. LAXiFLORA, Loudou. Loose-cymcd-Jlnwcrcd American Lime-tree. 
 The petals of this variety have each a scale at the base, inside ; the leaves are 
 cordate, gradually acuminated, serrated, membranaceous, and smooth; the 
 cymes are loose ; the petals emarginate, and shorter than tlie styles ; and the 
 fruit is nearly round. The tree is usually forty or fifty feet in height, and pro- 
 duces yellowish-white, sweet-scented flowers, from May to July. This variety 
 greatly resembles the Tilia americana, and is essentially the same, except in size. 
 
 2. T. A. PUBEscENs, Michaux. Pubcscejit-leaKcd Atncrican Lime-tree. This 
 variety is of much less vigorous growth than 
 the preceding, and seldom exceeds forty feet in 
 lieight. The colour of the bark is dark, and 
 the branches are slender. The leaves arc 
 smaller, and differ widely in size, according to 
 the exposure in which they grow. In dry and 
 open places, they are only two inches in diam- 
 eter ; but in cool and shady situations, they 
 are twice the size. They are truncate at the V^Nf. 
 base, somewhat cordate, and obli([ue, dcnticu- ^^:'\)- 
 latcly serrated, and pubescent beneath ; they 
 are most pubescent soon after their first expan- 
 sion, but as they increase in size, a part of the 
 down falls off, and the hairs which remain 
 form little starry tut'ts. The flowers, which 
 resemble those of the Tilia americana, appear 
 in May and June, and vary in size with the 
 leaves ; they are more numerous, and form 
 larger branches ; the petals have each a scale 
 at the base, inside, as in the other varieties ; they arc emarginate, and shorter 
 than the style. The fruit is globose and downy. 
 
 3. T. A. PUBESCENS LEPTOPHYLLA, Loudo 1. Tlun-lcavcd Pubescent American 
 Lime-tree, in the United States ; Tilletd de la Louisiane, in France. This vari- 
 ety is represented as having very thin leaves, with but few scrratures. It is 
 said to closely resemble the T. a. pubcscens, and is doubtless a sub-variety of 
 that race, as it is only found associated with it. 
 
 4. T. A. ALBA, Michaux. White-leaved Lime-tree, White Lime, Warhew, in 
 the United States ; Tilleid hlanc de I' Ameriqiie, Tillcid de Virgi/iic, in France. 
 This tree u.sually grows to a height of forty or fifty feet, with a diameter of 
 twelve to eighteen inches. On the banks of the Ohio, however, it often rises to an 
 elevation of sixty or eighty feet, although, in France, according to the " Nouveau 
 Du Hamel," it attained the lieight of twenty feet in seventy years. The young 
 branches are covered with a smooth, silver-gray bark, Avith a rough surface, and 
 .nay readily be distinguished in winter by their thickness and the large size of 
 their buds. The leaves are larger than those of any other variety, cither Euro- 
 pean or American, being often six or seven inches long, and from three to five 
 inches broad. Tliey arc oblic^uely heart-shaped, and pointed like those of all 
 
 4 
 
 "hi 
 
AMERICAN LIME-TREE. 
 
 49 
 
 and 
 
 the other American varieties, are of a dark-green on the upper surface, and 
 whitish beneath, with small reddish tufts of hairs at the intersections of the prin- 
 cipal nerves. The flowers, which are also larger than those of any other lime-tree 
 in America, appear in June, having petals of a white colour, and of an agreeable 
 odour. The seeds are glol)ose, downy, with five ribs. The wood is white and 
 tender, but is not much used in the arts. 
 
 5. T. A. Ai.HA GLABRA. {T. /icteiop/iijUa, fiuVdW.) iSmoo/h-fniUcd While-leaved 
 American Lime-tree, Large-leaved Lime-tree. Tlie chief ditfereijce between this 
 tree and the preceding variety, is, that its branches, when young, are of a pur- 
 plish colour, and somewhat glaucous ; its flowers are more yellow, and its fruit is 
 always without ribs. 
 
 Geography and History. The Tilia americana is found in Canada and 
 the northern parts of the United States. It becomes less abundant toward'^ the 
 south, except on the Alleghanies, where it is found quite at their termination in 
 Georgia. It is profusely multiplied on the borders of Lake Krir, Ontario, and in 
 Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. It was cultivated in lliigland by Miller, 
 in 175y, but has not been very extensively distributed. The Tilia americana 
 laxiflora is said to abound from Maryland to Georgia, near the sea coast. It was 
 introduced into Britain in X'd'iO, and is but sparingly cultivated in that country. 
 The Tilia americana pube.scens belongs to the southern parts of the United 
 States, Florida, Kentucky, and Texas. It is said to be the only variety found 
 in the maritime parts of Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Seeds of this tree were 
 carried from this country to l-iiigland by Mark Catcsby, in 1726 ; but it does not 
 appear to have been much cultivated. The Tilia americana alba is not met with 
 east of the river Delaware, but it is found in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, 
 Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Georgia. It is said, also, to grow on the river San- 
 tee, in South Carolina, and on the Mississippi. It is remarkal)le, that, although 
 this variety was known ia France in 1755, it should not have been introduced 
 into England till 1811. % 
 
 Soil and Situation. Like the European species, the American lime-tree affects a 
 rich, loose, and deep soil ; and seems to prefer, in general, the borders of lakes and 
 rivers, and moist bottom-lands, which are but little subject to inundation. They 
 are all highly ornamental, and well deserve a place in collections, where the cli- 
 mate is adapted to other trees, which naturally grow with them. For instance, the 
 Tilia americana will grow where the sugar maple, white ash, and hemlock 
 spruce will best thrive ; the Tilia americana pubescens with the Magnolia grandi- 
 flora; and the Tilia americana alba with the tulip-tree, and the sycamore, 
 (Platanus.) 
 
 Propagation and Culture. All the varieties of this species may be propagated 
 from seeds, by cuttings, and by grafting; but, from the facility with Avhich they 
 can be multiplied by layers, the former mode should rarely be adopted. 
 
 Lisccts. The insects which prey upon the Tilia americana are but few. 
 Those which prove the most injurious are the Hybcrnia tiliaria, or lime-tree 
 moth, of Harris, and the Saperda vestita, of Say. The Chrysomela scalaris of 
 Le Conte, also inhabits this species, as well as the Papilio turnus, or swallow- 
 tailed butterfly, well known, from NewfounJIand to Mexico. There is often an 
 appearance in the foliage of this species, th -ause of which is unknown, unless it 
 is the work of some minute insects. The leaves become corroded or destroyed 
 in many trees of the same forest, so that it is difficult to find a perfect leaf, except 
 such as have just been unfolded. Whatever the cause may be, the ctTect is very 
 detrimental to the beauty of the tree. 
 
 The Tilia americana alba is devoured by the larva; of the Papilio comma 
 aureum, or American comma buttcrtly. In Smith and Abbot's " Insects of 
 Georgia,'' it is staled that the larva suspended itself by the tail, May 29th, 
 7 
 
 !>1 
 S !4 
 
 
ffO 
 
 TILIA AMERICANA, 
 
 changed on the 30tli, and appeared on the wing Juno 7th. The huttcrfly hvc8 
 through the winter in places ofsiiehcr, and comes fortli very early in the spring. 
 This insect is found as far north as Virf^'iiia. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The vvooJ ..' uie American hme-trce, when dry, weighs 
 thirty-five pounds to a cubic foot. It is very wliite, when green, but becomes 
 of a hgiit-brown hue, wiien seasoned. It is soft, easily worited, and is often ^ 
 sawed into boards, which do not warp, hke those fornied of resin^js trees. In ' 
 the northern parts of the United States, and in the Britisij provinces, where the 
 tuhp-tree docs not al)otuid, it is used foi the panels of carriage bodies, and the 
 seats of chairs. In Kentucky and the western states, the wood of the white lime 
 is often substituted for that of the wliitc pine. In various parts of the country, 
 it is turned into domestic utensils of various kinds ; and is also carved into 
 images for the heads of vessels, and other ornamental work. The young trees 
 are sometimes cut, and employed as rails for rural fences ; but they are not dura- 
 ble when tluis exposed. The wood is almost useless as fuel, when green, being 
 too full of sap, and of but little value when dry. The cellular integument of 
 the bark is separated from the epidermis ; and, after being macerated in water, 
 is formed into ropes, after the manner of making them in Europe, of the other 
 species. The bark was also employed by the Lenni licnape Indians for making 
 lines and ropes, as well as for covering their habitations. The outer bark of the 
 Tilia americana is rough and stringy, and the inner portion viscid and sweet. 
 The twigs and buds are very glutuious when chewed, and afford considerable 
 nutriment. In severe winters, when fodder is scarce, it is common for the farm- 
 ers of the British American provinces, as well as those of Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire, and Vermont, to drive their cattle into the woods in the morning, and fell 
 a bass-wood, or other tree on which they eagerly browse during the day. 
 
 1 
 
Genus GORDONIA, Ellis. 
 
 Ternstromiacem. 
 
 Hi/al. Nat. 
 
 Monadelphia Polyandrla. 
 
 Hj/at. Lin 
 
 f^nonymes. 
 
 Gordonia, Hypericum, 
 
 Gordon ia, 
 Gordonie, 
 
 Op Adthors. 
 
 France and Italy. 
 Germany. 
 
 Deriraliona. Tills pcmi.t was nnmeJ In tinnoiir of Aloxnnilnr Onrilon, a celetirateil mirsery nan, al Mllo End, nrar Ixindnn, 
 who llvcil In tlio lirni! o( Phillip iVlilliT. Tlio iiiiniu llijpfTicum Is supposnil In Iw ilcnveil from ilioOreok, huptr for, and rreiki, 
 heath, and was applied by MnuiGua, from a supposed resemblance that plants of this genus bear to the heath. 
 
 Generic Characters. Calyx of 5 rounded coriaceous sepals. Petals ."i, somewhat adnate to the tirceolus 
 of the stamens. Style crowned by a peltate 5-h)hed sliijma. Capsules 5-celled, 5-valved ; cells 2 — 4- 
 seeded. Seeds ending in a leafy wing, fixed to the central column, filiform. — Dun, Millers Diet. 
 
 [HERE are hut two hardy spec ios of Gordonia, botli sub-evcrgrcRtl. 
 AUhougli they arc natives of m low latitude, they are able to with- 
 stand a considerable northern climate. To the same nattiral fam- 
 ily belong the genera Malachodendron, Stiiartia, Camellia, and 
 Thca. The most noted species among them are the Camellia 
 _ japonica, imiversally planted in the Japanese gardens, and are 
 
 conniioii in the conservatories of Europe and America; and the Thea viridis 
 and bohea, or the Chinese Tea-plants. The two last-named species, indepen- 
 dent of being especially cnltivated in China, France, and Brazil, for their 
 leaves, which constitute the tea of onr commerce, are highly esteemed as hot- 
 house plants, for their large, shining, laurel-like leaves, and sweet-scented, 
 axillary, white flowers. 
 
 I 
 
If 
 
 i I 
 
 Cordon in lasUintli its, 
 THE WOOLLY-FLOWERED GORDONIA. 
 
 ITypt-riciiin lasiaiithus, 
 
 Corduiiia lasianthits, 
 
 Gonlonia a feuilles glabrcs, Alcec dc la 
 
 rioride, 
 Luni,'stielige Gordonie, 
 Loblolly Bay, 
 
 Synonymti. 
 
 F-iNN/iii's, Spcrips Plnntnruin. 
 ' LiNN.iii's, Miiiiiissii I'liuiiiiiuin. 
 Uk Caniiom.k, Prodromns. 
 MrciiAux, North Amcrinxn Sylva. 
 LnL'fKi.N, Arliort'tiiin Untiiniiiiniin. 
 'ruiiKKY AND Gkay, Flora ut' North America. 
 
 FllANCK. 
 
 Gkrmanv. 
 United States. 
 
 Prri'rnliona. Tim s|»(',lflc niimo, laninnthua, In ilnrlvcd fnmi llio (Jriick, liiMoa, wonlly, nriil nnl/ioi. a flower. Tho Frenrti 
 nainu .llr^n de lit Fluriih, niitiillliM Kliirlilii Altlu'ii, nr luillyliuck, uail lliu olliur iiajiiu Imx ruforuiico to lliu miKKithiioiiK iif lliu 
 leuvo8. Tho Ucnimii iiuiiil' nk'nitieH I.<ing'|i('iliiii(:liul (jiirilniiia. 
 
 En^rarinea. Mlclmux, Nortli American Sylvii, pi. W ; AuilnlHin, Birds of America, pi. clxvil. ; Calosby, Natural History of 
 Carulijia, I., pi. tl. ; Luuilun, Arljoruluiii Urllaiiiiicuiii, tigiiiv 'M; itiid llio flgiiruK luluw. 
 
 Specific Characters. Pcdirels nxdlary, usually .shorter than the leaves. Leaves oblong, coriaceous, 
 smooth, serrated. Culyx silky. Capsules conoid, acuminated. — Vun, Miller's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 "■^IIK Gordonia lasian- ^> 
 
 thus, in it.s native \vv , ,. 
 
 « H H Fi 
 
 ^ LI (S conniry, is a uoauti- 'v^yv 
 
 ,_ aift^Si/^ra ful sub-evcrgrecn tree, p^ \| // w 
 
 a lieiglit ol' lil'ty or .sixty foot, with a J^ "^"^^ /' V/\' 
 jigliteon or twenty inches. The trunk ^ \^ \]y\ 
 
 growing to 
 diameter of ei 
 
 is often straight, for the first half of its heiglit, 
 and the small divergency of its l)ranchcs gives it 
 a regularly fastigiate form ; but, as they ascend, 
 they spread more loosely, hke those of other trees 
 of the forest. The bark is very smooth while 
 the tree is less than six inches in diameter; but, 
 on old trunks, it becomes thick, and deeply fur- 
 rowed. The leaves are from three to six inches 
 in length, alternate, oval-acuminate, slightly 
 toothed, and smooth and shining on the upper 
 surface. The flowers arc more than an inch 
 broad, white, and sweet-scented ; they begin to 
 appear about the middle of July, and continue to 
 put forth, in succession, during two or three months. 
 
 agreeable singularity of bearing flowers when it is only three or four feet high. 
 The fruit is an oval capsule, divided into five compartments, each of which 
 contains small, black, winged .seeds. 
 
 Geography and History. This tree appears to be confined to the maritime 
 parts of the United States, from Virginia to lower Louisiana. According to 
 Michaux, tracts of fifty or one hundred acres are met with in the pine-barrens, 
 which, being lower than the adjacent ground, are kept constantly moist by the 
 waters collected in them after great rains. These spots are entirely covered 
 with this species and are called bay awarnps. 
 
 This tree posse.sses the 
 
WOOLLY-Fr.OWEBED OORHONIA. 
 
 63 
 
 This treo seems first to liavn been recordtfl by Catosl)y, and was soon after 
 described by Mliis. in the " IMiilosopbical Transactions." and Hgnred there, as 
 well as in t'!it<'sby's "Carohiui." It was inlroduced into l-'itj^Mand, in abont 
 17«)8, by Menjainin Hewick ; bnt it has never been very snccesstiilly cnhivated, 
 apparently iVoni ne^lectinif to imitate its nalnral habitat. The largest plants in 
 Kngland are at Pnrser's (.'ross, at Wliite Knight's, in some of the London inir.sc- 
 ries, and a lew others. No plants, as yet, have exceeded twenty feet in height. 
 In the vicinity of New York, Philadelphia, and other places, this ivce is planted 
 in gardens, and succeeds well, with some slight protection during winter. 
 
 Soil (iiid SihiiiliDit. in tilt! natural habitat of (his species, the vegetal)le moidd 
 is often not more than three or four inches deep, and reposes upon a bed of bar- 
 ren sand; yet its growth is snrprisingly Inxnriant. A swampy soil, and a low, 
 sheltered situation appear to be the most congenial to its growth. In preparing 
 an artilicial soil, either for this species or the (tordonia pnhe.scens, it sliould bo 
 composed of j)eat, or leaf-mould, and sand; and it slumld bo so circumstanced, 
 as always to be kept moist, without having tlie surface alternately moistened by 
 the watering-])ot, nnd dried by the sun. In order to do this, a considerable mass 
 of soil ought to be brought together, and placed in an excavation, on a retentive 
 snl)stratum, in a low situiition. During sumirier, water ought to be supplied 
 from below, rntlier than from the surface, in order that the; degree of moisture 
 may be maintained as uniformly as possible. This may be cllected by laying 
 the bottom of the foundation or substratmn of broken stone or coarse gravel, to 
 which water can be supplied through a shaft, or tube, communicating with the 
 surface. J^iich a preparation is well worthy of the (!xpense, in order to insure 
 the growth of these species, as well as the Magnolia glauca, and other plants, 
 reiiuiring a similar situation. 
 
 Propiii^nilitin and ('iiUiirc. In tlic British nurseries, this species is generally 
 propagated by layers; but sometimes seeds are imported for the purpose. These 
 re(juire to be sown on peat soil, kept moist rnd shaded; and, for this purpose, a 
 covering of moss (sphagnum) is thought desirable, as the seeds which drop 
 from the plants in their native habitats, only germinate successfully in this sub- 
 stance. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the Cordouia lasianthvis is extremely light, 
 a cubic foot of which, when dry, does not weigh more than twenty ])ouiids. In 
 trunks of these trees, which exceed fifteen inches in diameter, four-lifths of the 
 wood is heart. It is of a rosy, or mahogany hue, and of a tine, silky texture, 
 which render it very propi-r for the inside of furniture, though the cypress is gene- 
 rally preferred. When seasoned, it is exceedingly liritile, and rapidly decays 
 when exposed to the alternations of moisture and dryness. The bark may be 
 taken olf this tree dm'iiig three months of the year, which shows that the sap is 
 in vigorous motion a much longer period than it is in most other trees. The 
 value of the bark, in tamiing, compensates, in some measure, for the usclcssness 
 of the wood, for which purpose it has been employed in times past, throughout 
 the maritime parts of the southern states and Florida. Although this branch of 
 industry was never so extensively practised in the southern as iti the northern 
 parts of the United States, the regions where this tree abounds do not afford a 
 sufficient quantity of bark, jiroper for tanning, to supply the wants of the inhab- 
 itants. Hence, nearly all the leather, and articles manufacturcHl therefrom, con- 
 sumed in the southern states, are carried from the north. A bark, suitable for 
 the purpose of tanning, is more valuable in the United States, than at first sight 
 might bo sni)posed. 'Although there arc a great variety of oaks, and many of 
 the species profusely nuiltiplied, yet there arc but a very few of them that are 
 suUiciently rich in tannin to be worth using. 
 
 w 
 
JH ! 
 
 Gordoiiia pitbescens, 
 
 THE PUBESCENT-LEAVED GORDONIA. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Gordonia Fiibesceris, 
 
 Behaarte Gordonie, 
 Franklinia, 
 
 ( De Candoi.le, Prodromus. 
 I MicnAux, North American Sylva. 
 ■I PuRSH, Flora AmericjE Septentrionalis. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Britain, France, and Anolo-America. 
 
 Demalions. The word pubescena is derived from the Latin puhcaco, to become downy ; and the German name has the 
 same signification. The name Franklinia is ao called in honour of Dr. Franlclin. 
 
 tann 
 
 Engravings. Michanx, North American Sylva, pi. 59 ; Audubon, Birds of America, nl. clx.xxv. ; Loudon, Arboretum Brl- 
 nni.;um, figure 94 ; and the figures below. 
 
 Specific Character , Flowers almost sessile. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath, somewhat 
 serrated, membranaceous. Petals and sepals rather silky on the outside. — Don, Mille/s Did. 
 
 Description. 
 
 I HE Franklinia is a decidu- 
 al ^~[P ^ ous tree, much smaller than 
 3? y ^ -he preceding species, and 
 WB&IJ^^ rareb,/- exceeds thirty feet 
 in height, and six or eight inches in diameter. The 
 bark of the trunk is smooth, and presents a ridged 
 surface, somewhat like that of the Carpinus ameri- 
 cana. The leaves are alternate, oblong, narrowed 
 at the base, finely and sharply toothed, shining above, 
 canescent beneath, and rather thin. The flowers are 
 white, with yellow anthers, and are nearly three inches 
 in diameter. They are of an agreeable odour, and 
 appear in Carolina about the beginning of July, and 
 a month later near Pliiladelphia. They open in suc- 
 cession during two or three months, and mature 
 when the tree is only three or four feet high. In the 
 neighbourhood of London, it seldom comes into flower 
 before September ; and so continues until the flower- 
 buds are destroyed by frost. The fruit consists of 
 
 round, ligneous capsules, which, when ripe, open at the summit in four seams, 
 to release the small seeds. 
 
 Geography and History. The Gordonia pubescens is found only on the banks 
 of the river Altamaha, in Georgia, Avhere it was discovered, in 1770, by John 
 Bartram, who gave it the name of Franklinia. It was introduced into England, 
 in 1774, by Mr. William Malcolm. There are plants ton feet high in the Mile 
 End nursery, London, and of a larger size at Purser's Cross, and at Syon. It 
 is also cultivated in the Jardin Imperial des Plantes, in France ; and a few years 
 ago there was a tree of a considerable size in the garden at Trianon. The largest 
 tree of this species which we have on record, is in the IJartram botanic garden, 
 at Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. It is fifty-two feet in height, with a trunk 
 three feet and tiine inches iti circtiinreieiice. There is also another vigorous tree, 
 fifteen feet high, in the garden of Mr. D. Landreth, of Philadelphia. 
 
PUBESCENT-LEAVED GORDONIA. 
 
 66 
 
 Soil, Situation, ^c. The native soil of this species is sandy wastes, where 
 there is peat and an abundance of moisture a great part of the year. It is con- 
 sidered somewhat hardier than the Gordonia lasianthus, and has been more 
 generally cultivated. The soil, situation, and culture, may be considered, ii all 
 respects, the same as those described in the preceding species. 
 
 Uses, Src No particular application has been made of this tree, except for 
 ornament. ' ^ 
 
 ) boa the 
 slum Bri- 
 
 mewhat 
 
 earns 
 
 3anks 
 John 
 ;land, 
 Mile 
 1. It 
 years 
 irgest 
 rden, 
 trunk 
 i tree, 
 
i; 
 
 Genus CITRUS, Linn. 
 
 AurantiaceoB. 
 
 Sysl. Nat, 
 
 Polyilelphia Icosandria. 
 
 Syst. Lin, 
 
 H i :ii 
 
 ■1 ' i 
 
 .ii ' 
 
 Di'rivntinn Tlin itioanin" of Ihc word Citrus his escaptjd tlio insenuity of pliilolniers and etymoloirists ; it wag protaMy 
 rriipicd from lli(3 Laliii word calms, a name appliml liy the Kiiiiiaiia to various Itiiids of trues, wliicii tliuy igiioraiitiy con- 
 
 rorriii 
 
 founded! It ia Hupposed liy sonio to lie dorived from kilron, tlie Cfrocli name of llie lemon-tree. 
 
 Vhthirlive. Chariirtrrs, The common character of th ; citrus family, is that of low, evergreen trees, with 
 ovule or oval-hiiiccolate. entire, or serrated leaves. On trees in a wild stale, or on ungratted cultivated 
 ones, there are olten axillary spines. The llowers occur in peduncles, axillary or tcrmmating, and sm- 
 gle or niany-no\vere<l. The fruits are large berries, round, spheroidal, or oblong, and generally ol a 
 yellow colour. The species appear to be the most easily distinguished by the petiole, which, m the 
 orantrc and shaddock, is winged; while in the citroti, lemon, and lime, it is naked. The lorm of the 
 fruii, although not constant, mav serve, in a measure, for a distinction. In the orange and shaddock 
 it is spherical, or rather llattenJd at the ends, with a red.lish yellow, or golden-coloured rind ; in the 
 lime, the form is spherical, or ol>long, with a pale, yellowish rind; in the lemon, oblong, rough, with a 
 poiiiled protuberance at the end; and in the citron, the form is oblong, with a very thick greenish, or 
 yellow rind. The llowers of the citron and lemon have ten stamens, but those ol the orange more. 
 After all, it is very dillicult to determine what is a species, and what a variety in this laniily. 
 
 ^tf2;:2l^2XnFi bcautirul and tree-like forms of this genus, clothed as they are 
 r OiJ^fJiu .shilling and pcrciniial verdure, odoriferous flowers, and adorned 
 with brilliant, fragrant, and delicious fruits, must have attracted 
 the attention of aboriginal man, long before other fruits of less bril- 
 liancy, though more nutritious, and grateful to his senses. The 
 
 ^ '• golden apples" of the heathens, and the "forbidden fruit" of the 
 
 Jews, are suppo.sed to liave reference to this family, though we have no authentic 
 records of any species of citrus having been cultivated either by the ancient 
 (Jreeks or Romans. Tlie citron was introduced into Europe from Media, under 
 the name of Mi'dica, and was cultivated in Italy by Palla ho, in the Ilnd centu- 
 ry ; but (he introduction of the other species has been, comparatively, of recent 
 dale. They are all natives of the torrid zone, chiefly of India, and have been 
 disseminated throughout the warmer and more temperate regions of the habitable 
 globe, Tiie limes are classified by modern botanists under the name of Limonia, 
 a new genus, derived from tlie Arabic, li/monn, a ciiron. It is. not very well 
 known iiowever, 1)ut it is said to include nearly twenty species, one of which is 
 a native of I'last Florida, the Limonia ambigiia, of Nuttall. There are also sev- 
 eral iialf-hardy kinds, natives of the Himalayas ' 'd Nepal, which are said to 
 grow at considerable elevations, and are adapted to the climate of the temperate 
 ])arts of l-lurope, and of the Ihiited States, witbout protection in winter. ^^ 
 
 Tl)(! most si)leiidid work on this genus which has ever appeared, is the His- 
 toire Nalurelle des Uran<iers." by Uisso, of Nice, and Poiteau, of Versailles, 
 published in folio, at Paris, in 1818. There arc described m tins treatise one 
 huii.lrcd and sixty-nine sorts, one hundred and five of them figured, and their 
 Fr<!iich and Italian culture uiven at great length. They are classified as sweet 
 oraim(!s, of which they describe forty-three varieties or races; bitter and sour 
 oranges, thirty-two; bergamots, five; limes, eight; pampclucos or shaddocks, 
 six; sweet limes, twelve; lemons, forty-six; and citrons, seventeen varieties. 
 
 J)r. Sickler, who lived several years in Italy, and paid particular attention to 
 the culture of the orange, published, in 1815, a work entitled " Der Yolkommen 
 Orangerie (jiartner," in which he describes above seventy kinds of citrus. And 
 (ialcssio, ill his^Trailu du (Jenre Citrus," etc., Savonna, 1818, has given a 
 synopsis of forty principal kinds cultivated in Italy. 
 
Citrus aiirant'mm, 
 
 THE GOLDEN-FRUITED ORANGE-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 Citruf. aurantiunu Of Authors. 
 
 Granger, 
 
 Orangenbaura, 
 
 Oranjeboom, 
 
 JMelarancio, 
 
 Naranjo, 
 
 Laranjeira, 
 
 Pomeranez, 
 
 Cay Cam, 
 
 Orange-tree, 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain and Spanish America, 
 
 PoRTftJAL AND PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Cochin-China. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 DtrivatiotiS. The specific name, auranti" .i, \s derived from the Latin, nurum, gold, from the cnlourof l'"i I. 't of tliislree; 
 ami, for ihe same reiisuii, the Knslisli name, orange,, id derived from the Froncli word, or, gold. Tlie Spanib' , f .lian, and Por- 
 lu:.'ue3e appell.ations are derived from tlie Arabic, naruiij, or more remotely from the Sanscrit, nagrungan . ll.j name of lliia 
 tree. 
 
 Engratin^s. Risso el Poiteaw, Hislnire Nii'nrelle des or.an£;erfl ; Poiteau et Turpin,Traitides ArbreafruitifcradeDuHamel; 
 .\udul)oii, Birdi of America; Catesby, Natural Hialory of Carolina; and the figures below. 
 
 Specific Characters. Calyx, qiiinquefnl. Petals white, oblong, and 5 in number. Anthera;, 20-androus, 
 with their filaments grown together, so as to form various pencils. Fruit, a 9 to 1'2-celled berry, glo- 
 bose, or flattened at the ends, with a thin or rough golden-yellow, or tawny rind, and a sweet, or bitter- 
 sour pulp. Petioles, winged, sometimes nearly naked. Leaves, oval-oblong, elliptical, acute, or acute- 
 crenulate. 
 
 Description. 
 
 " Kenn-st du das Land ? wo die Citrnnen blUlm, 
 Im dunkeln laub die GoldOransen ijlulm, 
 Eiu saiifler Wind vom blauen Himmel weiu, 
 Die Myrto still uiid hoch der Lorbcr steht." 
 
 CUETIIE, 
 
 '®HE Citrus auran- 
 tium, under fa- 
 
 vourable circum- 
 i^^^^li stances, usually 
 attains a height ol' twenty-five or thirty 
 feet, and is graceful in all its jiarts. The 
 triuik is upright, and branches into a regu- 
 lar or synnnetrical head. The bark of the 
 twigs is of a soft and almost translucent 
 green, while that of the trunk and older 
 branches is of a delicate ash-gray. The 
 leaves arc moderately large, beautifully 
 shaped, of a fine healthy green, and shining 
 on the upper sides, wliile the under sides 
 have a slight appearance of down. The 
 llowcrs occur in little clusters on the sides 
 of the brtuiches, are pleasing in their form, 
 of a delicate white in the sweet oranges, 
 and in the more acid varieties slightly tinged 
 with pink. In some plants, they have a 
 more powerful odour, and are. for the mo- 
 ment, more rich ; but, in the orange-grove, 
 
 8 
 
58 
 
 CITRUS AURANTIUM. 
 
 : I. 
 
 V If! 
 
 M 
 
 
 I 
 
 I' ' 
 
 there is a fragrance in the aroma which never satiates nor offends ; and, as the 
 tree is at one and the same time in all stages of its bearing— in flower, in frnit 
 just set, and in golden fruit, inviting the "hand to pull and the palate to taste," 
 
 it is hardly possible to conceive or imagine any object more delightful. There 
 
 is something, too, peculiar in the organization of the fruit of this tree. Its rind, or 
 external covering, is of a spongy texture, containing but little juice or sap of any . 
 kind in its substance ; but the external surface is covered, or tuberculated with 
 little glands, which secrete an acrid, volatile oil, very inflammable, and of a 
 strong, pungent taste. The interior of the fruit is usually divided into from nine 
 to twelve carpels or cells, which contain the pulp, seeds, and juice, and are united 
 by a whitish pellicle or leathery skin, radiating from the centre to the rind, and 
 may easily be separated without wastmg the juice. The seeds are solitary or 
 several, and are attached to the inner angle of the carpel, and in some varieties, 
 
 are entirely wanting. , • ,• i 
 
 Varieties. The varieties or races of the orange have been greatly multiplied ; 
 but whether from the proneness to change from some original differences in the 
 species, or from difference of soil and climate, it is difficult to determine. It was 
 the opinion of Galessio, who described forty principal kinds, as cultivated in 
 Italy, that they were all derived from the common orange, although some are 
 more acid, and others more bitter in their flavour. The most important varieties 
 may be described as follows : — 
 
 1. C. A. uMBiLicATA. Nuvcl Golilcn-fniitcd Oi-ange-tree ; Oranger nombriL 
 of the French ; Nabel Orangenbaum, of the Germans ; Melarancio tmibilico, of 
 the Italians ; Naranjo ombligo, of the Spaniard^ ; Laranjeira cmbiga, of the 
 Portuguese and Brazilians. This variety is a curious lusus natural, differing 
 from the common orange by having, near the crown, and in some instances, 
 quite outside of the pulp^ at the end opposite the stem, an excrescence resembling 
 a small orange when the rind is removed, into which is drawn all the superflu- 
 ous or objectionable portion of the fruit, leaving the legitimate production free 
 from impurities, and rendering it the most delicious and agreeable of its kind. 
 The fruit is usually round, or slightly oblong, rather larger than that of the com- 
 mon orange, with a rind of about the same colour, surface, and thickness. The 
 pulp is of a yellowish colour, of a delicious flavour, and better filled with juice 
 than oranges generally in the torrid zone. It is cliiefly cultivated in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Bahia, in Brazil, where it is thought to be one of the greatest 
 prodigies of the vegetable kingdom. The author of the present work claims the 
 honour of first introducing this variety into the United States. He brought sev- 
 eral trees from Brazil, in 1835, and caused them to be planted on the estate of 
 the late Z. l^ingsley, on Drayton Island, Lake George, East Florida, where 
 they are believed still to exist. 
 
 2. 0. A. SINENSIS. Chinese G olden- fmited Orange-iret, with ovate-oblong 
 leaves : round, smooth, and rather flattened fruit, which is much esteemed, and 
 is called by the Portuguese, larfaija da xina ; by the French, orange douce, and 
 porto-gallo, or po?na de Sino, by the Italians. 
 
 3. C. A. pvRiFORMis. Pear-shaped Golden-fruited Orange-tree. This variety- 
 may be known by its elliptical, acute leaves, and large, top-shaped fniit. It is 
 one of the most hardy kinds, and is well worthy of cultivation. 
 
 4. C. A. SANGUiNEA. Blood-red-pulpcd Golden-fruited 0/-a»ge-tree, distinguished 
 by its ovate-oblong pellucid leaves, and mcdiuin-sized, round, rough, and red- 
 dish-yellow fruit, with a pulp irregularly mottled v/itli crimson. The Arancio 
 di sugo rosso of the Sicilians, is a sub-variety of it, who call the true blood-red 
 variety, Arancio di Malta sanguigno. There is another sub-variety with small 
 fruit, growing about Nice, called by the Italians, Arancio afoglio stretta. 
 
 5. C. A. coRTiDULCicuLA. Sweel-s/cinucd Golden-fruited Orange; Pomme 
 
 I 
 
GOLDEN-FRUITED ORANGE-TREE. 
 
 59 
 
 d'Adam, or forbidden fruit of the shops of Paris. This variety may be known by 
 its broad, taper-pointed leaves, roundisli, rather ovate, heavy fruit, and a deep- 
 yellow, smooth, thick, sweet, soft rind. Its pulp is srb-acid, and pleasant, of a 
 deep-yellow colour, and is soft and melting in the mouth, like the flesh of a cling- 
 stone peach. 
 
 6. C. A. NOBiLis. Far-famed Golden-fruited, or Mandarin Ora?ige-tree, with 
 flattened, rough, deep-orange-coloured fruit, and a thin rind, which separates 
 spontaneously from the pulp. It is cultivated in Chi\ a, where the fruit is 
 chiefly consumed in presents to the officers of state, whence its name. Its sin- 
 gularity consists in the rind so completely separating from the pulp, when quite 
 ripe, that the latter may be shaken about within. In quality it is inferior to no 
 other kind. 
 
 7. C. A. ASPERMA. Seedless Golden-fruited, or Saint Michaels Orange-tree, 
 known by its small, round, seedless fruit, with a thin rind, and extremely sweet 
 pulp. When in a state of perfection, it is, perhaps, the most delicious of all the 
 varieties, and by far the most productive. 
 
 8. C. A. BiGARADiA. Bigaradc or Bitter Golden-frtiited Orange-tree. The branches 
 of this variety are spiny ; leaves elliptical, acute, with a winged stalk ; flowers very 
 white ; fruit medium-sized, vmevcn, more or less globose, with an acid and bitter 
 pulp. This tree is somewhat smaller than those of the preceding varieties, having 
 broader leaves, and larger and sweeter scented flowers. It is called bigaradier 
 by the French, and melnngolo by the Italians. There arc several sub-varieties 
 of it cultivated, principally on account of their flowers, among which, the follow- 
 ing are deserving of notice: — 1st. Melnngolo a frntto cornuto of the Italians, or 
 Horned-frtiited Bigarade, with a large, pale-yellow, ribbed fruit, the sides of 
 which project into horns. It is much esteemed on account of the powerful and 
 delicious perfume of its flowers. 2nd. The Female Bigarade, with a deep- 
 yellow, large, coarse fruit, containing orange within orange, which latter circum- 
 stance is not at all uncommon in the genus citrus, but exists, in the present 
 instance, in perhaps the most striking manner. An orange, in its natural state, 
 consists of one whorl of carpels, which are consolidated into a round fruit. e?.ch 
 lobe beaig a carpel. It sometimes happens, however, that two whorls of carpels 
 combine to form the same fruit, in which case, the inner whorl is consolidated 
 into a central orange, and the outer whorl grows over it. t)r, it may happen, 
 that three whorls of carpels constitute the fruit, in which case, the innermost 
 whorl will combine into an orange in the centre ; the second whorl will form a 
 coating over it, and the most exterior one will encl'ise the whole. Finally, the 
 carpels may separate wholly, or in part, and then the .fruit consists of a numbtn 
 of lobes more or loss distinct. 3rd. Curled-leaved Bigarade, called by the French 
 gardeners, Le Bouquctier, and Bigaradier ric/ie dvpoiiillti ; and by the Italians, 
 Mclangolo riccio. The leaves of tliis sort re very compact, blunt, small, and 
 curled, and its flowers grow in thick clusters at the ends of the branches. The 
 fruit is coar.se, very light, and uneven, having a large, conspicuous scar at tlw 
 point. The tree itself is rather small, and is one of the most hardy of its rare, 
 being a common object of cultivation throughout the south of Europe. 4tl;. 
 Dnubhi-Jlou-cred. Bigarade, with rather thieli; leaves, double flowers, rouii!', 
 granulated fruit, and a thick rind. It is much esteemed on account of the pro- 
 fusion of fragrant double flowers it produces, which do not fall in pieces so 
 quickly as the single ones. If the soil in which it grows is not kept in a very 
 rich condition, it loses the property of producing double flowers. .'Stli. The 
 Seville Big",r;de, or Bitter Orange-tree ; Naranjo amargo, Narrnjo agrio, or 
 Naranjo de Scvitia of the Spaniards, distinguished by its winged petiok.^, acrito, 
 ci";nuhUe, elliptical leaves, round, dark fruit, with an uneven, rugged, and 
 extremely bitter rind, fllled with a bitter, or bitter-sour pulp. It grows sponta- 
 
 I 
 
 )■• 
 
 ^««*as:-^a»tSiJii- 
 
I 
 
 u : 
 
 I 
 
 60 
 
 CITRUS AUKANTIUM. 
 
 neously in East Florida, and on the Island of Cuba 6th. Myrtk4eaved 
 Blgarade, v^iih small, very compact, ovate, sharp-pomted l^^^^^' J^Jj^/J^j"' 
 round fruit If ^vcll cultivated, it is generally both m Rower and fruit at the 
 same time On this account, and its dwarfy habit, it is a very common object 
 n hoi cs an I gardens. It is said to be employed by the Ch.nese ^vrdeners as 
 an edging of flower-beds, in the same manner as the dwarf box m Europe and 
 
 ^"oZgrnphy and History. The orange is believed to have been originally a 
 native of the warmer parts of Asia, and has long since been accliniated to the 
 shores of the Red and Mediterranean Seas, to the temperate and tropical isles ot 
 the oceans and seas, and to the warmer portions of Africa and America. It is 
 especially cultivated with a view to proht, and abounds m Portugal, Spam 
 F ancc, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, northern Africa and many of tlie islands 
 adjacent to those countries ; also in the Azores, Brazil, the island of Cuba, and 
 
 ^ At tl!rtime of the crusades for the recovery of Syria from the doniinion of the 
 Saracens, oranges were found abundant in that country. 1 hough they were, in 
 Suy, cultivated trees, the beauty and excellence ol their fruit, by the aid of 
 omance and credulity naturally led the iniatnated adventurers to believe and 
 state that they were indigenous, and formed a part of the glories of the "Holy 
 Land ■■ The fables of the profane writers, and the ambiguity of the descriptions 
 of vegetables in holy writ, helped further to cfflifirm this opinion. As the 
 arges were in the form of apples, and the colour of gold, it was easy to make 
 then the "golden apples of the garden of the Hesperides;' and the only point 
 at remained to be settled, was to fix the locality of that enchanting and imag- 
 inarv abode. The authority of Moses was brought into requisition to coniirm the 
 ox^ tencc of the Syrian fruit, even at the time when the children of Israel were 
 wandering in the wilderness and the boughs of the "goodly trees " home in the 
 procession commanded in the twenty-third chapter of Leviticus, were ccmsidered 
 10 less than those of the orange. The mala mcdtca of the Romans, w ich 
 s meitoned by Virgil, and afterwards by Palladio and others; the kiiron 
 of the Greeks; Ind the citrns of Josephus, were all understood to mean the 
 same fruit Althounh there was much written upon the subject, there was no 
 attempt to examine^he authorities with that minuteness which the search of 
 ?ruX^lemanded This opinion prevailed until the XlXtli century, when the 
 histoiT of this fruit was carefully investigated by Galessio. He maintains that 
 the orange instead of being found in the north of Africa, m Syria, or even m 
 Media, whence the Romans must have oi^taiiicd their " mala medica, was not in 
 hat part of India, watered by the Indus, at the time ol Alexander he Great s 
 Pxpedition. as it is not mentioned by Nearclius, the commander of the fleet, 
 among the fruits and productions of that country. It is ""^ "ot,ced cither by 
 Arrian, Diodorus. or bv Pliny; and even so late as the year 1300 lietrodi 
 Cuescenga, a senator of Bologna, who wrote on agriculture and vegetable pro- 
 ductions, does not make the least mention of the orange. 
 
 The first distinct notice of this fruit on record, is by Avicenna, an Arabian phy- 
 sician, who flourished in the Xth century. He not only describes oleum dc cit- 
 ranmda. (oil of oranges,) and olemn de cltranrrulommseinuuhus, (oil of orange- 
 seeclk,) but speaks oi citric acid, (ac d of c.lrons.) According to Galessio the 
 Arabsvvhen they entered India, found the orange tribes there further mlaud 
 tlian Alexander had penetrated; and they brought them to Europe by two 
 rdutes,-tl.e sweet ones through Pcr.sia to Syria, and thence to the shores of 
 Italy and the south of France, and tlsc bitter ones, by Arabia, Egypt, and the 
 north of Africa, to Spain and Portugal 
 
 * rciiny CyclopKdia, vol. vii., p. 214. 
 
 
 gm 
 
GOLDEN-FRUITED ORANGE-TUEE. 
 
 61 
 
 It docs not appear that the orange was of Chinese origin, as it is not mentioned 
 by Marco Polo, who is so minute in describing all the other wonders of the 
 " Celestial Empire." It is said to have been found by the Portugese upon the 
 east coast of Africa; but it is not known whether it had been indigenous there, 
 or disseminated by the Arabs. When the Portuguese reached India, in the 
 early part of the XVIth century, they found the orange there, and also in China, 
 which was then visited by them for the first time by sea. 
 
 At the Azores, nothing can exceed the rich luxuriance of the orange groves, 
 from November to March, when the emerald tints of the unripe, and the golden 
 hue of the mature fruit, mingle their beauties with the thick, dark foliage of the 
 trees. Although the oranges of the Azores are among the best that are to be 
 met with, they are not indigenous productions of those islands ; but were intro- 
 duced there by the Portuguese, as the same fruit was originally sent, by the 
 Spaniards, to the West Indies, and the continent of America. In the midst of a 
 forest, on the banks of the Cedcno, Baron Humboldt, in 1800, found Avild orange- 
 trees, laden with large and sweet fruit. These were probably not indigenous, 
 however, but the remains of some old Indian plantations. 
 
 The orange plantations of the Azores are usually of large extent, always encir- 
 cled by walls fifteen or twenty feet in height, and within thick belts of other 
 trees, to protect them from the breezes of the sea. The trees are commonly pro- 
 pagated by cuttings or layers, arriving, in seven years after planting, to good 
 bearing, and in time, spread out with the majestic luxuriance of chesnut trees. 
 Each tree, a few years after, upon an average, annually produces from twelve 
 thousand to sixteen thousand oranges, and one instance is recorded of a single 
 tree producing twenty-six thousand fruits in a year ! 
 
 The amount of oranges and lemons usually exported from the Azores in a 
 year, is upwards of one hundred and twenty thousand boxes, and seventy or 
 eighty vessels are sometimes seen lying in the roads, waiting to take their car- 
 goes. Besides these, a large quantity of the sweet lemon is cultivated, for 
 home consumption, which are produced by grafting the sour lemon on the 
 orange. This fruit is tasteless and vapid, though esteemed salutary and re- 
 freshing. 
 
 In Algarve in Portugal, and in Andalusia in Spain, there are trees of great 
 size ; and extensive orchards of oranges have formed the principal revenue of 
 the monks for several centuries, la Cordova, the seat of Moorish grandeur and 
 luxury, there are orange-trees still remaining, which are supposed to have been 
 planted as early as the Xlth century ; and in the craggy mountains of that 
 province, which are covered with gardens and vineyards, and forests abounding 
 in fruit, the air is perfumed with the flowers of the orange, and carries back the 
 imagination to the days of the Moorish poets and historians, when the land they 
 conipiered was adorned with all the refinements of their taste and intelligence, 
 and the luxuries of the cast were fully realized. 
 
 The orange is said to have been introduced into Portugal bj'' Camoens. In 
 apostrophizing on a little grove that waved upon an open casement, that poet 
 was heard to say, " Yes, I have made a bower for the honey-bee, hung with 
 golden lamps." 
 
 In France, the orange country is chiefly Provence, or that part which lies to 
 the eastward of the Rhone : and plantations or groves of oranges are the most 
 abundant, and the most beautiful, on the banks of the Var, and especially in the 
 environs of Nice, where the varieties arc very numerous, and come to great perfec- 
 tion. According to Risso. there was a tree in that neighbourhood, in 1789, which 
 generally bore upwards of five thousand oranges, and was more than fifty feet 
 ill heighl, with a trunk so large that it required two men to embrace it. Here, 
 
 I 
 
1 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 1 
 i 
 
 II 
 
 
 ;: 1 III 
 ■I 1 1!.! 
 
 :4 |i-.- 
 
 it 
 
 i: 
 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 
 CITRUS AURANTIUM. 
 
 the Provence rose, the tuberose, and countless other flowers, blond tl'<';^ ^wee s 
 with that of the orange , and amidst all the richness of hose periumos, the pc st,- 
 knt airs of the tropics, and even the sirocco of southern Italy and teicily, are alto- 
 
 ^''ln''haw"t'he"oranBe groves accompany the chain of the Apennines round the 
 whole guff oGenoa%nd untU, upon the co.ifines of the plain of Tuscany they • 
 siibside in elevation and bend more toward the Adriatic; although, further to 
 he south the clima'te and vegetation of Tuscany cannot be cami-ed Jo niose 
 of the litt e valleys of Provence and Liguria, especially the latter. About 1- lor- 
 ence there are still orange-trees in the gardens; but there are none of those aro- 
 matic groves and plantations which are found furtlier to the west. Mf i^pen e 
 who pLed some winters in Florence, states that the co d is so great there t at 
 Sing is sometimes practised occasionally four months of the year and the 
 Sermometer repeatedly stands at 24= to 2G= F., at 8 A. M. l^^as wa d of 
 Tuscany, though further south, the country is even less adapted to the 
 nroduc ion of the orange; the sea-coast is barren, the interior is dreary, and 
 over thTwhole, the " pestilent malaria" creeps, forbidding man to approacli, 
 even for die cultivation of the fields. In the §^^^"1. ''\ ^^'"''l. ''T2 
 nouvit^^tanding the thermometer ranges from 2° to 4" F, lower, durmg he 
 wi iTe than at Nice, the orange-tree flourishes, and attains its usual size. 
 A the convent of Santa Sabinafin Rome, there is a tree of this species thiity- 
 one fbet high, which is reputed to be upwards of six hundred years ot age Alter 
 ?he gu f S Gaeta is passed, and the shelter of the more elevated mountains m 
 e l^gdom of iXaples is obtained, the orange gro^^s -^^-^J-P;^'^'^^^ 
 ance, and particularly abound along the western shore of Calabrui, and m the 
 vicinitv of Messina and Palermo, in the island of Sicily. 
 
 The' precise period at which the orange was introduced into Britain, is r^ot 
 with ceVtainty known; but it is supposed that it was brought from Portugal, by 
 SrWalteT Raleigh, towards the ind of the XVIth century. The trees were 
 planted near a wll in the open air, at Beddington, in Surr>, with a movab e 
 coverto protect them from tlie inclemency of winter. They t^owered and bo e 
 • friht and, at the beginning of the XVIIIth century, they had attained he 
 he gilt of e ghteen feet, with a diameter of nine inches, and the spread o e 
 branches of the largest one, was twelve feet in ..,,c direction, and nine feet in the 
 other In 1738, tl^y were surrounded by a permanent enclosure, like a green- 
 Vinn^P nnd were destroved bv a great frost in the winter following. 
 
 Tarkmso7 in Idr-'Sactise of^>lants," published in 1029, gives sorne curious 
 direc tioi s f"; the preservation of orange-trees, from which, one would be led o 
 fnfe Tat .he treL at Beddington, with their ample P-^-j!"i;°f,..;^,,7;;.:;,^l'r 
 covering in winter, had ;t been in existence at that time. 1 he oi-ange-ticc 
 savs he "hath abiden, with some extraordinary branching and budding of it, 
 vTn as neUher citron nor lemon-trees would, by any means be preserved for 
 anv long time. Some keepe them in square boxes, and lift hem to and tio by 
 iron hoScs on the sides, or cause them to be rolled on trundles or sma 1 wheels 
 mde them to place them in an house, or close gulene, for the wuvter time ; 
 hers P ant them against a bricke wall in the ground, and defend them by a 
 shed of boardes, covered with seare-eloth, in the winter ; and by the warmth of 
 a stove, or such' other thing, give them some comfort in the colder times ; but no 
 tent or mean provision will preserve them." . „f fV,« vvTTTMi ren- 
 
 Towards the end of the XVIIth and in the early part of the XVlIlth cen- 
 turies orange-tree was a very fashionable article of growth, in conserva- 
 ories' in France' as well as in Brftain. The plants ^-^ "-f '^ /-^"J^ti^H 
 Genoa with stems generally from four to six leel m height; they were plan cd 
 mkrge boxes, andlere set out during summer, to decorate the walks near the 
 
 p 
 
 ) 
 
GOLDEN-FRUITED OBANOE-TREE. 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 
 houses, in the manner still practised at Versailles, the Tuilerics, and some other 
 collections in Enrope, and in America. 
 
 The largest trees in liritain are said to be those at Smorgony, in Glamorgan- 
 shire; they arc planted in the floor of an imnimse conservatory, and prodnce 
 frnit in abundance. It is said that these plants were procured from a wreck on 
 the coast in that quarter, in the time of Henry VII. 
 
 In the south of Devonshire, and particularly at Saltcombe, one of the warmest 
 spots in England, it is said there arc gardens containing orange-trees, which 
 have withstood upwards of one hundred winters in the open air. The fruit is 
 represented as being as large and fine as any from Portugal. 
 
 In East Florida, the orange grows .spontaneously in the neighbourhood of New 
 Smyrna. Ir noticing that town, in 1791, liartram o])serves, "I was there about 
 ten years ago, when the surveyor run the lines of the colony, where there was 
 neither habitation nor cleared field. It was then a famous orange grove, the 
 upper or south promontory of a ridge nearly half a mile wide, and stretching 
 north about forty miles. * * ■* * All this was one entire orange grove, 
 with live oaks, magnolias, palms, red bays, and others." He also makes fre- 
 quent mention of extensive groves of wild oranges, in Florida, as far north as 
 latitude twenty-eight degrees. Dr. Baldwin, in 1S17, in speaking of Fish's 
 Island, says, " Here are the remains of perhaps the most celebrated Orange 
 Grove in the world. Some trees still remain that are thirty feet in height, and 
 still retain a portion of their golden fruit." In the same year, in describing the 
 beauties of the St. Jobn's he says, " You may eat oranges from morning till 
 night, at every plantation along the shores, while the trild trees, bending with 
 their golden fruit over the water, present an enchanting appearance." These 
 trees are not regarded as originally natives of the new world, but were intro- 
 duced by the Spaniards, at the time they settled Florida, or by a colony of 
 Greeks and Minorcans, who founded New Smyrna, in 17C9, while that country 
 was in the possession of the English. Audubon, as late as 1832, observes, 
 "Whatever its original country may be supposed to be, the wild orange is, lo 
 all appearances, indigenous in many parts of Florida, not only in the neigh- 
 bourhood of plantations, but in the wildest portions of that wild country, where 
 there exist groves fully a mile in extent." This wild fruit is known in Florida 
 by the name of the bitter-sweet orange, which does not difl'er materially from 
 the Seville orange, and probably originated from that variety. The occurrence of 
 these trees, wherever they grow, is a sure indication of good land. 
 
 For many years past, no small degree of attention has been paid to the culture 
 of the common edible orange, at St. Augustine, and on the river St. John's. The 
 number of trees owned by different individuals, prior to 1835, varied from ten to 
 fifteen hundred. Perhaps no person in Florida had more than the latter number 
 in full bearing condition, at the time of the great frost, which occurred on the 
 9th of February, of that year. There were many trees then to be found in St. 
 Augustine, which exceeded forty feet in height, with trunks from twenty to 
 twenty-seven inches in diameter, and which, probably, were more than a cen- 
 tury old. But there are many persons in that vicinity, at the present time, who 
 are extensively engaged in tlie business. The late Mr. Kingsley left upwarc 
 of six thousand bearing trees, in 1843, all of which are on the St. John's, In 
 addition to these, there are also on tlie same river, more than one hundred 
 orange groves, which, it is estimated, contain twenty thousand trees. At St. 
 Augustine, it is said, there are, at least, thirty thousand standard trees, four 
 thousand of which arc owned by Mr. J. Douglass, about the same number by 
 Mr. V. Sanchez; and by Mr. J. Drisdale, and the lady of the late Dr. Anderson, 
 fifteen hundred each. Notwithstanding the injuries which the trees have suffered 
 by the depredations of insects, for a few years, as well as by the discouragement 
 
 ^U^ 
 
04 
 
 CITRUS AURANTHJM. 
 
 i 
 
 caused by frost, it may ho observfil, tliat tlu-ro are more standard trees planted 
 in Florida, at tfic present time, than there ever were at any fnrtiier period. l*re- 
 vions to 1835, St. Augnstine produced annuallv from two million to two million 
 live hnndred thousand orans<'s, whieli were e(i d in bulk to about fifteen thou- 
 sand b. .( i; Tii.'/ were shipped to Charleston, Hahiniore, New Yorlc, Boston,^ 
 &c. and usually brought from one dollar to three dollars per hundred, or* 
 aboui thne dollars per barrel, producing in the aggregate, a little short of fifty 
 thousand dollars per anntun. During the orange season, the port ..f St. Augustine 
 formerly presented (piitc acommerciiil aspect, there being frecpientiy from fifte.Mi 
 to twenty vessels in it at a time, loadu.i,' with fruit. A person wlu. was the owner 
 of one hundred standard trees, could safely rely on a yearly income arising 
 therefrom of two thousand dollars, sometimes tli pc thousand, and even four 
 thousand dollars! lu IH2<J, Mr. A. Alvarez gathered from a single tree, six 
 thousand five hundred oranges ; and it is said that there was a tree on the St. 
 John's, which bore ten thousand fruits in one year ! But ordinarily each tree 
 produces about two thousand fruits. 
 
 The orange has also been an object of culture for a long time in Carolina and 
 Georgia; aiid in 17«)2, it will be seen by the T.ondon "Annual Register" for that 
 year, that there were four barrels of this fruit shipped from Charleston to Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Soil and Siliinthn. The orange is found to flourish best m a warm, lertde 
 soil, composed of sand and loam, or sand and May, not too dry, and sheltered 
 from chilly raid parching winds. But it is cultivated in varied soils, nnd will 
 thrive in any country, with a mean annual temperature of 62° to 81° F. 
 Hence the locality favourable to the" growth of this species depemls fully as 
 much upon soil and situation as upon latitude: and we are indnc< ! to infer, 
 that, if uic temperature be sufficiently high for maturing the flavour the fruit 
 is delicious in proportion to the uniform salubrity of the air; and that those 
 high temperatures which often force a very large expansion of fruit ;ire 
 against the fineness of its quality. For instance, wc will contrast the fruit 
 of St. Michaers, in the Azores, of Bahia, in Brazil, or of some of the West 
 India Islands, with that of Malta. The former is always exposed to the 
 equalizing breezes wafted across the Atlantic, while that of the latter, lying 
 near tbe^arid and sultry coast of Africa, is subject to more changes of season, 
 and a greater and higher range of temperature. There is als' some diflcrence in 
 the soil of these places. The artificial earth, which forms the soil of Malta, w as 
 originally brought from Sicily; and by the decomposition of the rock, or of the 
 saline particles" brought by the same " pestilent sirocco" that blasts the fruit of 
 the south of Italy and Sicily, a crust is formed, which, if not removed by trench- 
 ing, at the end of a certain number of years, ceases to be productive, or the 
 oranges become so bitter, that they are neither palatable nor healthful. But St. 
 Michaers, Bahia, and tb'^ other ])laces referred to, have no such disadvantage; 
 the soils in those places are native, and deimsite nothing calculated to injure 
 their fertility or impair the qualities of tb^ir fruit. The same fact may l)e corrob- 
 orated in comparing the climate of the slopes and valleys of the Estrella, near 
 the lower Tagus, and that of the maritime Alps, and the Apennines, in Provence 
 and Liguria, with that of Andalusia. At St. Augustine, in Florida, the fruit is 
 generally of a superior quality, owing to some peculiar influence of the soil and 
 climate. The mean annual temperature of that place iii 18-12, was 73° F., 
 and in 1843, 72°. The extreme heats from June to September are usually as 
 high as 92" ; but they have been known to reach 97°. The extremes of cold 
 generally range from 38 to 40° ; but sometimes the nn rcnry has fallen as low as 
 30°. Un the' 9th of February, 1835, the time that nearly all the orange- 
 trees of Florida were cut off' by frost, it is said that the thermometer indicated a 
 
 I ::! 
 
OOI.DEN-FRUITED ORANOE TREE. 
 
 65 
 
 Sr^u^'"*' \ '" *'"'°- '" F''l>riiary, 1823, as woll as in the same month in 
 1H.J«), the trees also sullbrod in their extreme hraiiches, from the efFcct of irost. 
 On the mornmg ol the Uth of January, 1705, the thermometer stood at 26°, at St. 
 Augustuie, and th.; ground was frozen to th(! depth of an inch, on the banks f the 
 bt. John s. 1 his extreme eold proved fatal to tlic orange, and many other trees. 
 
 Propagation and Management. Tlie orange may be [)rop;igated by seeds 
 cuttuigs, lay rs, and grafting, or inoculation. The object (.f raising plants from 
 seeds is either to obtain new varieties, or stoc. i for grain, .?. They do not 
 readily bear Irnit, and often arrive at an age of twenty or twenty-five years 
 without lloweriiig. Mr. Henderson, of Woodhall, m England, well skilled in 
 the culture ot the citrus tribe, considers cuttings as tlie quickest mode of obtain- 
 mg plants m that country, and gives the following directions :--•' Take the 
 strongest young shoots, si id also a quantity of the two-year old slmots ; these 
 may be cut into lengths oi from nine to eighteen inches. Take the leaves otf 
 the lower part of each cutting to the extent of about five inches, allowing the 
 leaves above, that remain, untouched ; then cut right across, under an eye, and 
 make a small incision in an angular direction on the bottom of the cuttiii". 
 When the cuttings are thus prepared, take a pot, and fill it with sand; size tlfe 
 cuttings, so tliat the short ones may be all together, and those that are taller in a 
 dilferent pot. Then, with a sma'l dibble, plant them about five inches deep 
 in the sand, and give them a good watering over head, to settle the sand 
 about them. Let them stand a day or two in a shady place, and if a frame be 
 r( ,uly with bottom-heat, i-lunge the pots to the brim. Shade them well with a 
 double mat, which may remain till they have struck root; when rooted, take 
 the .sand and cuttuiL^^s out of the pot, and plant them into single pots, in the 
 proper compost. Plunge the pots with the young plants again into a frame, and 
 shade them lor four or five weeks, or till they arc taken with the pots; when 
 they may be gradually exposed to the light. From various experiments, I found 
 that pieces ol two-year old wood struck quite well ; and in place, therefore, of 
 putting m cuttings six oi eiglit inches long, I have taken olf cuttings from ten 
 mches to two feet long, and struck them witli equal success. Although I at first 
 begun to put in cuttings only in the month of August, I now put them in at any 
 time of the year, except w hen the plants are making young wood. By giviu" 
 them a gentle bottom-heat, and covering them with a hand-glass, they will gene- 
 rally strike root in seven weeks or two months." When the wood of the orange- 
 tree IS fully ripened, ar I the sap is at rest, grafts a 1 cuttings may be kept in the 
 dark for two or three i ontlis together, i)rovi(led th ■ air be kept dry. 
 
 Within the tropics, \v ler.^ the circulation of the sap is nearly uniform through- 
 out the year, the oraiiu. may readily be propagated by the following method :— 
 Select a vigorous branch of any tree of the variety wished to ! o propagated, Avith 
 flowers and fruit up<in it, if desirable, and bind round it, at its junction Avith 
 the trunk, or limb from which it grows, a funnel-shaped mass of fine, ricli 
 mould, firmly keit in its place by pieces of tin, bark, cloth, or other substance. 
 This ma' -^ should constantly be kept moist, and new mould or earth added, if 
 necessary, until shoots protrude IVuui the branch and take root. As soon as 
 these roots are sulli iciitly developed, the bi uch surrou ided by mould may be 
 sawed off close to the trunk or limb from which it proceeds, and transplanted, 
 without disturbing the mould, into a box of light, rich, natural soil, or to some 
 other place congenial to its growth. We have obtained vigorous trees in this 
 manner in Cul)a and Brazil, in six or eight weeks' tune, that Avould bear trans- 
 portation. 
 
 If grafting or budding be adojtted in the propagation of the orange, the proper 
 period for perfnrmisig these operations is, when the ^ap is m brib motion, which 
 
V 
 
 I! 
 
 66 
 
 CITRUS AURANTIUM. 
 
 I 
 
 usually occurs in thn nortlicni lipuiisphcre in the month of Mnrch. For small 
 grat'ts, loss tlian lialf of an inch in dianirtrr, thn whip, or .s/t/ii;e method .sliould 
 
 115 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 bo adopted, and for laificr ones, the natlilfv uunlr. is prcfcrahlc, as prat^liscd in ll 
 apple and pear. Hut the most sure and expeditious nuihod is that of .vy^/iw^if 
 biiddhi^^ hy which the hark of the stock, as early in the season as it will sepa- 
 rate from tlu^ wood, is cut like the letter T inv<'rted, (thus, j^,) as shown hy yit) 
 in the adjoining figin-e ; whereas, in sumtn»T budding, 
 it forms a T iu its erect position. The horizontal 
 edges of this cut in the stock, and of the shield hark, 
 containing the hud, should he brought into the most per- 
 fect contact, as denoted by (J) ;) because the union of 
 the bark in spring takes place by means of I ho ascent of 
 the sap, whereas, in summer budding, it is supposed to 
 be caused by its descent. 'V\\g parts should then be 
 immediately bound with water-proof bass, (f ) with- 
 out apj)lying either grafting-clay or grafting-wax. 
 The buds may be inserted either in a healthful branch. 
 
 ^ 
 
 or in a stock near the yiround. 
 
 In general 
 
 two buds are sudlcient fm 
 
 (I 
 
 one stock; 
 
 and these should be of the same variety ; as two sorts seldom grow with ('([nal vig- 
 our. The bass ligature, which confines the bud, may be removed, if the season be 
 moist, in a month after budding; but if it be hot and dry, not for six weeks, at 
 least. As soon as the inserted buds show signs of vegetation, the stock or 
 branch, containing them, should be pruned down, so as to leave one or two 
 buds or shoots above. If the stock is allowed to have a leading shoot above the 
 inserted buds, and this shoot is not shortened, the buds inserted probably will 
 not show many signs of vegetation for several weeks. 
 
 Though orange-trees will grow exceedingly well in large pots and boxes, yet 
 to have them produce the finest crop of fruit, they should be planted in the 
 ground like peach-trees, and trained like them, or as stand;ird cherries in a con- 
 servatory. The latter mode has by far the best elfect, especially when the stcnas 
 of the trees are seven or eight feet high, and the head forms a handsome cone ; 
 but the largest fruit is produced when tlu' trees are planted against the back- 
 wall trellis of a narrow house, and treated like peach-trees. 
 
 At Genoa and Florence, orange-trees are grown in a strong yellow clay, which 
 is highly manured; and this soil is considered by the first Italian gardeners as 
 best suited to their natures. In France, in preparuig a compost for them, they 
 cmleavour to compensate for quantity by ([uality; because the pots or boxes, iu 
 which the plants are placed, ought always to be as small as possible, relatively 
 to the size of the tree. The following is the composition recommended : — " To a 
 fresh loam, which contains a third of clay, a third of sand, and a third of vege- 
 table matter, and which has lain a long time in a heap, add an ecpial bulk of 
 half-rotten barnyard manure. The following year turn it over twice. The 
 succeeding year mix it with nearly one half its bulk of decomposed horse 
 manure. Turn it over twice or three times, and the winter before using, add 
 one-twelfth part of sheep mniuu'c, a twentieth of pigeon dung, and a twentieth 
 of dried ordure." Mr. Henderson, already mentiortod, takes one part of light- 
 brown mould from a piece of ground that has not been cropped, or manured for 
 many years Mie part of peat earth, such as is used for growin.^ heaths; two 
 parts of river, or pit sand, if it be free from saline substances ; and one part of 
 rotted hot-bed dung, with one part of rotted leaves of trees, and mixes them all 
 well together, so as to form a compost soil of uniform quality. 
 
 The usual mode of propagating the orange in Florida, is to plant the seeds 
 and wait patiently for aboui twenty years, till the trees become of a sufficient 
 
OOt.DEN-FRUlTED ORANOE-XnEE. 
 
 er 
 
 a 
 
 height to hoar frnit, which is onlirmrily ahont fiftoon or twontv feet It is woll 
 •I" g, but this has never lu'cii rcvsortod to gnierally. It is triu' several in<lv 
 
 an!^. r;j:;:;:ti;:;s ''n "''^"*'""^ very^nccess^ny o^ ^^id'si^^ks l,:;;t!i 
 
 nJ » 1 <xc(i)ti .IIS. Ilu, propagation ot tlie oranye by enttinus, or bv iavers 
 ciimale """""' '''^^ '" '''•'^'''='' ^'^"'"^'''i^ "-'"^' "' tbL.riaity'ur the'sXnd 
 
 tLo^'r.;. ^'l"^ '''l"^^*'^fhe fructification of tl.e orange is constant, and is at one and 
 he same time, ni all stages of its bearing; but in bi.d.er latitudes it cM)mines 
 
 mZll^ ''"'".'r "•■"^'^^ "" *.'," "'""""'•' "'"^ ""^ fruit ntkes t y ^ 'r. to cCc o 
 
 mat r.ty; so tbat perpetually, at tbe e<iuator, and for a consi.lerable nor i^n of 
 
 If yenr ii, Ingb,,- bu.tudes, a healthy tree exbibits every stace of-U en 1 S^^^^ 
 
 iroui tlie llower-biid to tbe ripe fruit in perfection, at tbe s me t n e ' T e S' 
 
 oK t "'";\Tl "•'"'"1"^' '"^ "'" '"'"'■••i''^" '^"^ A"^<'r*-^'> " I- usua ; fake; 
 p ace from ()ctr>l,er to January, wbile they are green; but tbev .lo no Ik nn! 
 mre be ,>re spring has comtneiu:..,!. An.l it is a remarkable fact, I t lc>trees 
 from winch tbe Iru.t ,s gathered green, bear plentifully ev.Ty year wbo those 
 up.m which the fruit is suffered to ripen, alfori abundant er.^i^sLdy on aitemaSo 
 
 Insccfs The principal insects that infest the orange-tree, are several snecies 
 
 S s X";s"i;nov; "()^ ''''''■^•"' T'"^" "" "^'^'>^ nniform,'u;d ry b 
 oescribca as lolovs;— On exammiiig the trees ear y in tbe spring the female 
 
 insects may be found, in a lifeless state, fastened cb.se to tbe bai lla' ina been 
 
 fixed in this position ever since tbe year b,>fore. A little later he S. the 
 
 bo les become more distended, and on carefully removing then in e on 'eg^s 
 
 will be fo, nd beneath them. At this period/the intenml part of tleir bodies 
 
 appear o be dried up and dead, their outer skins only rem ui ni wl ich serv^^ 
 
 Miminci, he larva; are batched, and escape at the lower extremities of tbe 
 h.elds, which are slightly elevated or notched at these parts In Zssfa-ef 
 
 s P f« T i' •^'•'»\^'>'sl» colour, and much in the shape of their parent 
 
 s^^iekls, but hmner, more flattened, and of a paler colour. \\t fiivst thev Tre 
 
 111 of activity, d.spm-se themselves over the young shoots and leaves p net le 
 
 pe,,rf>.-T'' ''^rV^'' ^T'^ ^'y "^^^•"''' ^"^1 mcrease in s'e!^ tiev 
 pre Kue fo, change. In the early period of their growth, their heads are coni- 
 ple ely conceded beneath the shells of their bodies ; their beaks or uckerTappe'r 
 
 hon Tvl th"'" *'""■ """^r,' ''^"^ ^''^"'^- ^«SS, which are six in nlimbe ,!« so 
 
 short tut t ey are not visible from above. When they have comple ed the 
 
 arva state, they prepare for transformation by emitting from the mS sides ot' 
 
 eT^o 't'^;i;r barr'l;"!? downy threads, b/ which they securely'onrel W 
 selves to tlic lurk. After becoming thus fixed, they remain, for a time in a 
 
 Se nAce'' 'nf /"" "' '^^^'^ ^^-^^f-^^ -ales, the trafisformatiolis c!?' h" sexe^ 
 take place. 1 he on er coverings of the males serve as cocoons, from which thev 
 appear to shrink and become detached. In the course of time hc'y a h I m f 
 
 I Ii r ee ""■ I""''' ''' ^'"^ "^^'^' ^''''''' ^^ ^'^^ir extremities, a^u\ appear i 
 then peifect form having two wings, which lie flatly upon their bodies but no 
 beaks, as they had previous to their trausformatioiL In a few days aft to 
 
 ernaes fasten themselves to the baric, they contrive to burst and tf, row of u 
 flakes, their outer coats, and partake similar forms as those which thev before 
 assumed, and enter into the pupa or chrysalis state. When mature ley refun 
 
 Xu'aS theT;'^"' ""^ T ""^"'••"' ^'^"•^ ^^^^^"'^^^ "-- to cCJ ,: 
 
 arlfi ; T ^1 ",' •'"'■'' ^'^^"'"^- ^'^^■^^- ^'^ »'»'« condition, their bodies are 
 greatly enlarged, and in some species, approach more or less to a spherical 
 
 ■jmM&- 
 
68 
 
 CITRUS AUKANTIUM. 
 
 W< 
 
 I' ^ 
 I ^1 
 
 form. It IS in this condition that they receive the embraces of the males, after 
 which, they continue to increase in size for a time, eject their e^gs, and gradu- 
 ally shrink away, leaving nothing but their dry, outer skins, and perish on the 
 spot. Alter the eggs mature, they imperceptibly pass under the body of their 
 mother, where they remain, until they undergo the changes before described. 
 
 The species that commonly attacks the orange in southern Europe, the Azores, 
 and the West India Islands, is the Coccus hesperidum, which also infests the 
 myrtle. It may be known by the oblong-oval form, and brownish colour of its 
 shield, which is covered, as it were, with a coat of varnish. Another species, the 
 pest of Florida, for the last five years, is the Coccus ****1 It is about one-eighth 
 of an inch in length, and one tenth as wide as it is long, of a brownish colour, 
 pointed at the extremities, and straight, or curved, according to the nature of 
 the surface to which it adheres. The larvae make their first appearance at St. 
 Augustine as soon as a few Avarm days occ^ :, in January or February ; but 
 their general hatching period is not considered to begin before March, and is 
 never suspended from that time until the commencement of the cool weather 
 lu November or December. Myriads of these young insects, scarcely discernible 
 to the unaided eye, may be observed crawling ever the trees, puncturing the 
 tender shoots and leaves, and sucking their sap, by which they gradually increase 
 m size, and in about eight days, permanently fix themselves to the trunk, 
 branches, and leaves, to undergo their transformations. Soon afte- the com- 
 mencement of hot weather, in May, vast numbeis of the perfect male insects 
 may be seen, and, as the season advances, they become still more numerous, 
 until they are checked by cool weather, in September or October. In shaking 
 violently a tree infested with these insects, myriads and myriads of them may 
 be seen flying between the observer and the rising sun. And during the sum- 
 mer, the young leaves, branches, and other un infested parts of the trees become 
 rapidly and successively covered with the scales of these insects, which are at 
 first scarcely perceptible to the naked eye, but soon increase to their full size. 
 This circumstance tends to prove that there are many broods or generations 
 in the sai ic season. 
 
 This insect first made its appearance in Florida, in Robinson's grove, at Man- 
 darin, on the St. John's, in 1838, on some trees of the Mandarin variety, which 
 had been procured in New York. In ♦he course of three or four years they 
 spread to the neighbouring plantations, to the distance of ten miles, and './ere 
 the most rapid in their migrations in the direction of the prevailing Avinds, which 
 evidently aided them in their movements. In 1840, Mr. P. S. Smith, of St. 
 Augustine, obtained some orange-trees from Mandarin, and had them planted 
 in his front yard. From these trees the insects went to others of the same 
 enclosure, and rapidly extended themselves to the trees and plar'ations to the 
 northerly and westerly parts of that city and vicinity, obviously t,.aed in their 
 migration by the south-east trade-winds, which blow there almost daily during 
 summer; and what is remarkable, these insects Avere occupied nearly three 
 years in re.ching trees in the south-east part of the city, only about half of a 
 milo from their original point of attack. They have since, however, extended 
 themselves to all the trees in and about the city ; but have not yet travelled in 
 any direction beyond ten miles. Being aided in their dispersion by birds and 
 other natural causes, impossible to guard against, they must eventually attack 
 most, if not all the trees in Florida ; for the Avild orange groves suffer equally 
 Avith those Avhich have been cultivated, and no difTcrcnce can be perceived in 
 their ravages, between old and young trees, or between vigorous and decayed 
 ones. Various remedies have been tried to arrest their progress, such as fumi- 
 gating the trees Avith tobacco smoke, covering them Avith soap, lime, potash, 
 sulphur, shellac, glue, and viscid or tenacious substances, mixed AvJth clay, 
 
GOLDEN-FRUITED ORANGE-TREE. 
 
 69 
 
 quicklime, salt, etc., but all have failed partially or entirely, and it appears not 
 to be 111 the power of man to prevent the ravages of these insignificant and insid- 
 ious destroyers. Most of the cultivated orange-trees in Florida have already 
 been injured by them, their tops and branches having been mostly destroyed. 
 1 heir roots and stems, it is true, remain alive, and annually send forth a crop 
 ot young shoots, only to share the fate of their predecessors. The visitation of 
 these insects m Florida, probably is not destined to continue much longer, at 
 least with its present violence ; for, among the means which nature has pro- 
 vided to check their increase, arc various species of birds, that devour inconceiv- 
 able numbers of them, and the coccidaj are invariably accompanied by consider- 
 able numbers of yellow lady-birds, (coccinelke,) which, it has been conjectured, 
 have been appointed to keep them down. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the orange-tree, when dry, weighs forty- 
 four pounds to a cubic foot, is hard, compact, flexible, slightly odoriferous, and 
 is susceptible of bemg polished. When recently cut, it is of a yellowish hue but 
 in the course of time it fades. From its scarcity and small size, it is but little 
 employed in the arts, the only particular uses to which it is applied being to make 
 boxes, dressing-cases, and other articles of fancy; and in Florida, considerable 
 quantities of straight, young shoots, are cut, and shipped in bundles, to be made 
 into walking-canes. 
 
 The fruit of the orange may be obtained fresh, in anv region of the globe and 
 at almost every season of the year. The aromatic oil and the rind preserve it 
 from the eftects both of heat and of cold ; and the acridity of the former renders it 
 proof against the attacks of insects. It is true that oranges decay, like other fruit • 
 but that does not happen for a long time, if the rind remains uninjured, and they 
 are kept from humidity, and so ventilated as not to ferment. With regard to 
 the quality of this fruit in varipus places, there appears to be a diversity of opin- 
 ion. Some consider those of Malta the best ; others, those of St. Michael's • 
 while others prefer tho.se of Bahia, Havana, or St. Augustine. ' 
 
 The Maltese oranges are usually large, the rind 
 glands Avhich secrete the volatile oil, are prominent. 
 
 thick and spongy, and the 
 The pulp is red, and deli- 
 
 cious, although, sometimes, there is a trace of bitterness in their taste. ' They are 
 shipped in boxes, of an irregular siz3, and are generally packed in shavines or 
 saw-dust. ® 
 
 The St. Michael's oranges are of a small size, the rind is thin and smooth, the 
 glar : small, which secrete out little volatile oil, the pulp light-coloured, and of 
 a delicious, sugary taste. They are put up in boxes of three hundred and fifty 
 to four hundred, with each fruit enveloped in paper, or iu the husks of maize. 
 
 The celebrated Navel oranges of Bahia. are of difficult transport to Europe 
 and the United States, in consequence of the length of the voyage, and of the 
 humidity and warmth of the climate through which they have to pass. If they 
 are gathered green, however, and suspciuled in the air above deck, or at the 
 stern of the vessel, in netting, they will endure through the voya 'e. 
 
 The Havana oranges are usually of a good size, with a moderately rough 
 rind, and a pulp well filled with delicious juice. From the shortness of the 
 voyage to any of the American markets, they may be safely transported during 
 the winter months. The fruit is ripe in Cuba at the end of October, and is usu- 
 ally shipped in barrels of two hundred and fifty to four hundred fruits in each 
 put up loosely, without any envelopes. ' 
 
 The St. Augustine oranges arc superior, both in size and quality, to those of 
 Cuba, or the Mediterranean. They resemble those of Havana in flavour, but are 
 much larger, and bring from twenty to thirty per cent more, in the New-York 
 and Boston markets. Of the .suwllcr sizes, it requires nhout three hundred 
 Iruits to fill a barrel, but of the largest ones, only one hundred are necessary. 
 
70 
 
 CITRUS AURANTIUM. 
 
 h I 
 
 II 
 
 rJlv ?r noTSni 1 '""" ''""fu ^'^.^^P'^y sought after, on account of their 
 early appearance large size, and beautiful colour. They are put up in boxes of 
 
 Uiovvii ptiper. ■'■ 
 
 The -Sia/m^j oraw^e^, and those of the south of Italy, may be regarded as 
 near y oi the same quality. They are of a medium size, vvith I fine cZir and ■ 
 are rather acid ,n their flavour. Those shipped fron Messina are pu up n 
 boxes of two hundred to two hundred and ten fruits in each, and thos^e of pL" 
 
 n Trh' '? ' '''^""■' ^""T^ ^'•^.sl^.PP^d in boxes of three hundred or more fruits 
 1 each. I he oranges of Reggio ripen very early, so much so, that it is not unu- 
 sual to send them away by the 2Uth of October They are packed in boxes of 
 
 wo hundred and forty fruits in each, and like most of the oranges of the Medi- 
 terranean, are enveloped in paper. ^ 
 
 of Geno^'Tln '^'•«>"-^^: ^«"^« ^o great perfection, and may be classed with those 
 rnrlT i "^ ^ '^ 'i''^' ^^'■' ^^'^^ '^^^'^ ^wo harvcsts of the orange, the first 
 
 commencing from the 10th to the 15th of November, when the fruit begins to 
 urn, and continues till the 4th of December ; the second begins about thefoth of 
 oi- one'" h'.nl'?"' Tf '^ '"'''''■'y ^? '''' •'"'^ ""^ February. They are put up in boxes 
 
 wTt '^ ''"f ^'"^f"'^ '" ^^''^' ^^""^^■^'i ^"'i si^ty bruits in each, accord- 
 
 ing to their size and qualities. ' "^"^"^"'^ 
 
 VVith thcJSeville oranges may be classed those of Faro, St. Ubes, Oporto 
 Andalusia Malaga, and the bitter oranges of Cuba and Floida. This fridt is 
 Intte f^.tur "' t1 o""' r '^ beautiful colour, but unfit to eat, on account of i 
 
 itter flavour. Those shipped from Seville are put up in large boxes of one 
 thousand fruits in each; while those of Faro and St. Ubes are badly pack<'cl in 
 case.s of three liundred to three hundred and fifty in each. Those of Spa n and 
 
 or ngal are principally carried to England and the Baltic, and are empbyed"n 
 cookery and m the manufacture of .cordials and other aromatic liquor^ The 
 
 Th,;. f.f /"^'''^ "'''"^^ ^'"^^' '" °^ ^o»^« importance to the planters. 
 7 ey collect the fruit, extract the juice by horse-milLs, and send it ofi" lo diflt: 
 01,1 markets where it is used as an ingredient in cooling drinks. Tiie fruit is 
 (•uba it'is ^r'i" ^'^r^' their horses, which seem to^eat it with relll L 
 . nl)a It IS much used f,y the inhabitants in the cure of fluxes, intermittent and 
 o h.r fevers. In France, in the department of the Var, ai d particular v at 
 f .rasse the flowers of the Seville orange are brought into use. A vola le ml i 
 
 low o /T '^''^' '"^'^ "^"^^'' '1'' ^-^'"^'^^ «f -'"^'^ -^"- from a rel^ ilye . 
 
 ■nmlold t'U"^- ^' '^'"'^ ^f^^ ^^ ^'^ ^S'^''^^^'' «^°"^' ^^'^ '« chiefly 
 unp oyod in pharmacy and in perfumery. For the latter purpose, this variety 
 IS superior to the ordinary orange. ^ , im:^ vaiiciy 
 
Genus ACER, Linn. 
 
 t 
 
 I 
 
 
 AceracesB. 
 
 Si/sl. Nat. 
 
 Acer, 
 
 Erabk, 
 Ahorn, 
 Acero, 
 Acer, Arce, 
 Maple, 
 
 Polygamia Monoecia. 
 S>/8t. Lin. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy and Portuoal. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Britain and Anglo- America. 
 
 Derivalion. The word Acer signifies in I.atin, hard or aharp, and is derived from tlio Celtic, nc, a point. The name is sup- 
 posed to he appiied to this gcnu.i liecaijse the wood of some species is extremely hard, and was much soul-IiI after by the 
 ancients for tlie purpose of making pikes and lances. 
 
 Generic Characters. Sexes hermaphrodite, or moncBciously polygamous. Flowers with a calyx and co- 
 rolla. Calyx divided into 5 parts, or some number between 4 and 9. Petals the same in number. 
 Stamens 8, or some number between 5 and 12. Anthers 2-lobed. Carpels 2, very rarely 3, each a 
 samara ; that is, a fruit, which is called, in England, vernacularly, a key. Leaves lobed and toothed, 
 or, rarely, neither lobed nor toothed. Flowers generally yellow, with more or less green blended with 
 the yellow; red in Acer rubrum. — Loudon, Arboretum. 
 
 HE species of this genus are chiefly low and middle sized decid- 
 uous trees, highly ornamental, and valuable in some kinds, for 
 their timber, and in others, for the sugar they produce. The 
 flowers are not individually conspiruous, but interesting in 
 those species which put forth at leafing-time, frf»m their number 
 and rarity, and from the enlivening eflect of the numerous bees, 
 and other insects, that generally attend them at that season. The tips of the 
 wings of the samarae of several of the European kinds are of a light-red, at 
 the end of summer, and in autumn. It is in this genus too, thai we early 
 observe the sylvan beau, weary of his summer suit, first shifting his dress to 
 ochrey shades, then trying a deeper tint, and, lastly assuming an orauj^*^ or scarlet 
 vest. The larger-growing species are often many years before they come into 
 flower, and even then, they do not mature their seeds for several seasons, proba- 
 bly from being only of one sex. In general, it may be observed, that there is 
 great uncertainty, in the ditfcrent species of acer, with regard to sex. 
 
 Geography and History. The genus i\cer is confined to Europe, North 
 America, northern India, and to southern Russia, in Asia. 
 
 The ancients held the maple in great esteem ; and tables inlaid widi curious 
 portions of it, or formed entirely of its finely variegated wood, in some instances 
 brought their weight in gold. To such a height did the fondness of the Romans 
 for curious woods, carry them at one period of their history, that their tables 
 were even more expensive than the jewels of their ladies. Maple dishes are 
 frequently mentioned by the Latin poets, and Virgil celebrates the maple, as the 
 throne of the "good Evander," and its branches as the canopy under which 
 he received and seated ^Eneas : — 
 
 " On sods of tnrf he sat the soldiers round ; 
 A maple throne, raised hiixher from llie ground, 
 Keceivf.d the Trojan chief; and, o'er the l)ed 
 A lion's shaggy hide, for ornament they spread." 
 
 Cowper, and many modern poets, also mention bowls of maple as being used 
 by shepherds and hermits. Pliny gives an elaborate accomit of the properties 
 and uses of the maple. He oninncratcs ten different kinds that were known to 
 
 I 
 
 i ' 
 
72 
 
 ACER. 
 
 n v^in^'^f A . ' ""f t""^ *'''' 'T^ .^^'^"^^ ^P^^'^« ^^as considered next 
 
 or knnhV nn ^^^'•«""^^«°^- ,"« '^''^^ted at lengtli upon the brnsca and ^.o/».ca, 
 or knobs and excrescences of the maple, of which, furniture and cabinet-work 
 of the most costly kind were made. 
 
 General Remarks on Propagation, CxiUnre, ^t. The maple tribe, in general 
 prefer a free deep, loamy soil, rich rather than sterile, and neither Wet nor very' 
 a.y. Ihe situation that suits them best, is one that is sheltered and shndv 
 rather than exposed. They are seldom found on the north sides of lofty moun: 
 tains, or on mountains at all except among other trees; but in the plains they 
 are found by themselves. They are chiefly propagated by seeds; but some 
 kinds are increased by layers cuttings of the shoots, and roots, and by 
 budding, or grafting. The seeds of most of the species I'ipen in Sen ember or 
 October, and may be gathered by hand, or by shaking the tree, when the keys 
 besm to turn bro^vn. The maturity of the seeds may be proved by opening the 
 
 keys, and observing whether the cotyledons are green, succulent, and fresh- if 
 the green colour is wanting, they are good for nothing. The seeds of all the 
 species may be sown in autumn, or in the spring; and the latter time is preferable 
 where moles or other vermin abound, which are liable to devour them If sown 
 in spring, they come up in five or six weeks, with the exception of those of the 
 Acer campestre, which are said never to vegetate till the second or third year 
 llie seeds should not be covered with more than one-fourth or one-half of ari 
 
 with t"es,Te1.tt rs"^;''^ ^'^^"^ ^°^^" "^^ ^^ advantageously shaded 
 
 I 
 

 Ace7' taiaricum, 
 THE TARTARIAN MAPLE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Acer tataricum, 
 
 Erable de Tartarie, 
 Tartarischer Ahorn, 
 Zarza-modon, (Locust,) 
 Tartarian Maple, 
 
 f LrNN^Kus, Species Plantarum. 
 
 I De Ca.ndolle, Prodromus. 
 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 RassiA. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Engravings. Louaon, Arboretum Britannicum, i, figure 111, p. 4M, at v. pi. 25; and the flguroa below. 
 
 Speri fie Characters. Leaves cordate, undivided, serrated, with obsolete lobes. Racemes comnnnn,? 
 crowded, erect; wings of fruit parallel, young ones puberulous.-i>o«, Miller's Diet '°'"J?°"''^' 
 
 Desc7'7j)lioji. 
 
 -^ , (r7>'^^^ Tartarian Maple, in 
 
 q "] H jiif favourable situations, at- 
 
 ^,LJfe tains a height of forty 
 . - ^S^ii^i or fifty feet; but near 
 
 the river Wol-a, and its tributaries, it forms a 
 hemispherical tree, about twenty feet in height 
 
 u ^ "" nM^^?'^ ""^ ^"'"''-^ ""^^ ^^« J"gli as the tree 
 itsolt. 1 he branolico are numerous, and disposed 
 mto a compact head, densely covered with leaves ' 
 whi:h. are distinguished by a peculiarly veiny 
 appearance, and lively green. The flowers, 
 which appear in May and June, are of a pale 
 greenish yellow, .sometimes .slightly tinged with 
 red, as arc the fruit or keys, before their matu- 
 rity. 
 
 Geoi^ ly and History. The Acer tatari- 
 cum IS found in Tartary, and is common through- 
 out all the south of European Russia; but it does 
 
 
 % 
 
 mixed up with milk and butter. 
 10 
 
„■ ^fWBWsrv"-' ■ 
 
 Acer spicaium, 
 THE SPIKE-FLOWERED MAPLE. 
 
 Si/nonymes, 
 
 ' LiNNiEus, Species Plantarum, 
 , . Pe Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 Awr spicatum. J Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 ToRKEY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 
 MiciiAux, North American Sylva. 
 
 Feance, 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Acer montanvm, 
 Erable ile montagne, 
 Berg Ahorii, 
 Acero di montagna, 
 Mountain Maple, Low Blaple, 
 
 ^:&'^-s.^f^\i^^^^^^^ 
 
 lanni 
 
 Specific Characters. Leaves cordate, 3- or sligiuly 5-lobed, acuminated, pubescent beneath, unenuallv and 
 S^tg^-XlilfSr/rrJL!"""^ ' '''"• ^'"'' ''"'^'■- ^'"" ^'^looth, with the wings rather 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^HE Mountain Maple 
 
 is a low, deciduous 
 
 tree or shrub, seldom 
 -^ — , W&lf$^ exceeding a height 
 of ten or twelve feet in its native hab- 
 itat, and it often flowers at an eleva- 
 tion of less than six feet. It most fre- 
 quently grows in the form of a shrub, 
 with a single stem, and a straight stock. 
 The leaves are large, opposite, and 
 divided into three acute and indented 
 lobes. They are slightly hairy at their 
 unfolding, and when fully grown, they 
 are uneven and of a dark green on the upper surface. The flowers, which 
 appear in May and June are small, of a greenish colour, and consist of semi- 
 
 tESv of ""hTnlr !? ^'"'' "^''''^^" ^^"S*'^- ^^'^ ''"^^'^ ^^hich are smaSLr 
 itnlL Vi other American maples, are fixed upon slender, pendulous foot- 
 
 sta ks. They are reddish at maturity, have each a small cavity on one side 
 early^'^rt ofTJobS ^ ' ^'^-^^^-^^^ons wing. They are usually ripe m the 
 
 Geography and History. The Acer spicatum is most abundant in Canada 
 and along the range of the Alleghany Mountains, as far south as the forty-first 
 degree of latitude. It was introduced into England in 1750, by Archibald Duke 
 ot Argyle, and has since been cultivated in many of the gardens on the continent. 
 
 According to Loudon the largest tree of this species in England, is at Croome 
 f^.H M 'fi^'"'"^' r'"'?^'/" ^^^•^' ^^"^ b-^^'^ Pl^"^«d thirty years/and wasToTv 
 hronS' ??^" ''f^T "' diameter near the ground, with an ambitus, or extent of 
 
 Ho Hp.?Ii',^1 T^ '^^ ^'''- ^' "''"/'T' ^"^^'^•^'' ^* I^^dinburgh, in the Caledonian 
 Horticult ..al Society's garden, which, nine years after planting, was thirty feet 
 high. ^ Also, another at Florence Court, the residence of the Earl of Enniskillfn 
 m ireiana, whicii at Ihirly-eight years' growth was fifty feet high. 
 
 

 SPIKE-FLOWERED MAPLE. 
 
 7B 
 
 nfZi.J^' "^^J ^^'^ ^'^""^ "^ ^*« "=itural habitat, prefers the declivities 
 of mountains exposed to the north, and in cool, moist, and shady places or on 
 the abrupt and rocky banks of torrents and rivers. When c^ikivated ihe sS 
 ve?; drv' f^f«' f «^P' lo-nay, and rather rich than otherwise, and rlluherwet no 
 Tn tL 2;.r "'^^ ^ P'^^g^ted cither by seeds or by the modes recommended 
 n the general remarks at the commencement of this qenus. Michaux states that 
 his speces, grafted upon the European sycamore, (Acer pseudo^SanusTS 1 ke 
 the Acer striatum, augmented to twice its natural dimensions. ^ ' 
 
 i he mountain maple is ordinarily too small to be profitably applied to any 
 ornamJnr''' "' "'''' ""^ consequently can be of but little value exceptTo^ 
 
Acer striatum, 
 THE STRIPED-BARKED MAPLE. 
 
 Acer striatum, 
 
 Acer pennsylvanicum, 
 
 Erable jaspe, 
 
 Gestrcilter Ahorn, 
 
 Acero screziato, 
 
 Striped Maple, 
 
 Dogwood, False Dogwood, 
 
 Moose-wood, Snake-barked Maple, 
 
 Si/nonymcs. 
 
 Mmikvx, North American Sylva. 
 
 De Candolle, rrodroinus. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 Li.NNvKrs, Species Plantarum. 
 
 Du Hamel, Traite des Arbres et Arbuste?. 
 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flom of North America. • 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 
 
 New York. 
 
 New England and Britisu Amkrican Provinces. 
 
 Derivations. The specific name ilriatum, ia derived from the Latin, slrio, atrlped, in ailuslon to tlio colour of tlie barlt. 
 y.^"l7r^:!i\J^^SuZ\Z'^ *■"""="" '*^''»' P'- ^'' ^""''""' ^"'"''""' B'i''">"icum, i.. figure 116 ; pp. 336, 337, el 
 
 ^S r^nlf P , •^''''''i '"i^i^''""' ^'^''^':^' =1™™'"^"-'^'' finely and acutely serrated. Racemes pendu- 
 Joub, Mmple. Petals oval. Fruit smooth, with the wings rathef diverging.— J9o«, 3Iillcr's Diet. 
 
 nf 
 
 Description. 
 
 |HE Acer striatum is 
 
 a beautiful, deciduous 
 
 tree, or shrub, grow- 
 . ,....„__^ _-.., .._„«^ ing, in its natural hab- 
 itat, to a height of ten or twenty feet, and 
 to nearly thirty feet in height, in a state of 
 cultivation. The trunk and branches are 
 covered with a smooth, green bark, longitudi- 
 nally marked with light and dark stripes, by 
 which the tree is readily distinguished at all 
 seasons of the year. In tlie regions where it 
 naturally grows, it is one of the first produc- 
 tions that announces the approach of spring. 
 Its buds and leaves, when beginning to un- 
 fold, are of a roseate hue, and soon change to 
 a yellowish-green. The leaves are of a thick 
 texture, four or five inches wide, rounded at 
 the base, and finely serrated. The flowers, 
 which appear in May or June, are of a yel- 
 lowish-green, and are grouped on long peduncles. The fruit, whicli, like that 
 ot all Its congeners, consists of samarue or keys, is remarkable for a cavity on 
 one side ot the capsules. It is produced in great abundance, and ripens in Sep- 
 tember or October. ^ '■ 
 
 Geography and History. The Acer striatum is a native of North America, and 
 luakps its first appearance in about fifty-one degrees of latitude. It is particularly 
 abundant in iNuva Scotia, Canada, Mahie, New Hampshire, and Vermont. In 
 approaching the river Hudson, it b(;comes more rare : and beyond tb.is bou.i= 
 dary, it is confined to the mountainous tracts of the AUeghanies, in wiiich it is 
 
STRIPKD-BARKED MAPLE. 
 
 77 
 
 c. 
 37, el 
 
 ridu- 
 
 fbund in cold, shaded exposures, alone; the whole range, to their termination in 
 Georgia. In many of the forests of Maine and New Hampshire, this species 
 constitutes a great part of the undergrowth, seldom exceeding ten feet in height • 
 but where it is not shaded by other trees, it attains a height of twenty feet and 
 upwards. ' 
 
 This tree was introduced into England in about 1760, and was cultivated, not 
 lar trom that time, by Miller. It was probably soon after introduced on the con- 
 tmcnt, where it is still growing in many of the gardens. 
 
 The largest tree of this species in Europe, and probably on the globe, is at 
 techonbrunn, m Germany. In 1835 it was between thirty and forty feet high 
 with a trunk eighteen inches in diameter. ' 
 
 ^^rT^^ largest specimen in England, in 1835, mentioned by Loudon, was at 
 Wlute Knights, near Reading. At twenty-five years after planting it was 
 twenty-one feet high. Another tree is noticed by him at Oriel Temple, in Ire- 
 land, which, at thirty-five years planted, was twenty-seven feet high. ' 
 
 Properties, Uses, t^c. The wood of the Acer striatum is white, and fine- 
 grained and IS sometimes used by cabinet-makers as a substitute for holly or 
 other woods, for forming the lines with which they inlay mahogany. Accordiu'' 
 to Michaux, in Nova Scotia c;'de are fed with the leaves of this tree, both in the 
 green and dried state ; and in spring, when the buds begin to swell, horses and 
 cattle are turned into the woods to browse on the young shoots, which they devour 
 with avidity. The same thing is practised, at present, in regions where this tree 
 abounds, both in Canada, and in the United States. 
 
 From the great beauty of the bark and foliage of this tree, it deserves a place 
 in every collection. It is propagated by seeds, or by grafting on the Acer pseudo- 
 platanus. '■ 
 
 lat 
 on 
 
 'P- 
 
 nd 
 •ly 
 In 
 
 IS 
 
Acer mncrnpfij/llum, 
 THE LARGE-LEAVED MAPLE. 
 
 Si/noni/mes, 
 
 Acer macrophylhim, 
 
 Erablc k grandos fcuiUes, 
 Grossl)lattrif,'er Ahoin, 
 Large-leaved 3Iaple, 
 
 De Candoi,i,e, Prodromus. 
 HiioKER, Flora Borcali Americana. 
 Don, Miller's Ulctiouary. 
 LouDoK, Arborotmii Bntannicum. 
 ,NuTTAi,i,, North American Sylva. 
 
 FHANCF . 
 
 German.- 
 
 Britain and ANaLO-AMERicA. 
 
 tlof«"fTh'''boiaI'o" r""" """'" '' ''""°" '''"" ^'"' "••"'''• ™"=™'' 8™"' ""'IP'*"'''^. a le^f. Tho other name, are tmn.b- 
 
 &>OT> Characters. Leaves digitately S-lobed, with rounded recesses. Lobes somewhat S-lobed, repandl v 
 lmiry'-£rS/?S^ '"''"''' '^°'"I'"""'' •^^'^^'- S'^'^'"^'"^ '"^^ ^""^ '"^'^^ '^'^^"''-■"ts. Ovanes very 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE LargL'-loaved Ma- 
 ple is one of tho most 
 graceful of trees in tlie 
 _ ^, _ „„_ country it inhabits, va- 
 
 ryuig from forty to ninety feet in height, and 
 
 from two to five feet or more in diameter. The 
 
 trunk is covered with a rough, brown bark, ,ind 
 
 the branches arc wide and spreading. The 
 
 leaves vary much in size, and also in the manner 
 
 in which they are lobed. Some are cut nearly 
 
 to the base, so as almost to merit the appellation 
 
 of palmate, while others are not more deeply cut 
 
 than those of tli(! Acer plataiuiides. The largest- 
 sized leaves are nearly a foot broad. The flow- 
 ers are of a greenish-yellow, and very fragrant, 
 
 appearing in April and May. The fmit is hispid, 
 
 with elongated, slightly diverging, glabrous 
 
 wings. 
 
 Geography and History. Tho Acer macrophylhim is a native of the north- 
 west coast ol i\orth America. It is found exclusively in woody, rnoimtainous 
 regions along the sea-coast, between forty and fifty degrees of latitude, and on 
 the great rapids of the river Columbia. 
 
 "This noble tree," observes Dr. Hooker, "was unquestionably discovered by 
 Mr. Menzies, the Urst naturalist who visited the coast Avherc it grows " Mr 
 Uavid Douglass, who subsequently found it, prophetically adds, "It Avill at 
 some future time, constitute one of our most ornamental forest trees in England " 
 \iZ^^ jntroduced into Britain in 1812, where, however, it had not flow^'ered in 
 ,' , i/'^ Jtii-gest specimen of this tree is in the garden of the London Horti- 
 cultural bociety, where it attained a height of twenty-five feet in twenty-three 
 
by 
 Hr. 
 
 at 
 
 i." 
 
 in 
 
 rti- 
 ren 
 
 LAPOE-T.EAVED MAPLE. 
 
 79 
 
 Propertiea and Uses. The wo..a of the Acer macropl.yllum is whitish beau- 
 tifully ve.nod, and resembles the curkd maple. It ii Lu\ to exl b t a -rS 
 scarcely inferior Ml beauty ( the Hnest satin-wood. Hence, from itsTreat'Se 
 
 conffeneiS exrSnf L ^'" ^'"^ con ans, j ha}., s much sap as any of its 
 nrg sugar ' saccharmuui; but If , not used by the natives for 
 
 ol amatmirf nli^rnl ''^f''^ ''''"""^ ^"^ '"" 'T''^™'>^ recommended to the attention 
 oi amateurs and planters, as it is perfectly hardy and well su :. ^ for ecneral 
 < iilt.vation both in Europe and in America. It is propagated b^ layers itlu 
 
 ransla- 
 
 m Bri- 
 
 mdly 
 i very 
 
 th- 
 
 3US 
 
 on 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
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 (716) 87i2-4S03 
 
 

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Acer plalanoides, 
 THE PLATANUS-LIKE MAPLE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Acer plalanoides, 
 
 Erablfi de Norvege, 
 
 Spitz-Ahorn, Spitzblattriger Ahorn, 
 
 Acpro riccio, Sicomoro i'also, Platuno di 
 
 Norvegiu, 
 Norway Alaple, 
 
 ' LiNN^us, Species Plantarura. * 
 De Candoi.le, Prodromus. 
 MicHAUx, North American Sylva. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 Seluy, British Forest Trees, 
 France. 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and AKGLO-AMERici. 
 
 Derivaliona. The rfpecific name is derived from tlie Latin, plalami.<i, a plane-tree, and tlie Greek, eidos, form, from tlio 
 resemblance which the leaves of this tree bear to those of the Platanus orlentalis. 
 
 Engravings. Michaiix, North American Sylva, pi. 'M ; Selby, British Forest Trees, pp. 23 et 20; Loudon, Arboretnm Hrl- 
 lannicum, i., figurea 119, pp. 442 el 413, et v. pi. 29; and the figures below. 
 
 Sjiecific Characters. Leaves cordate, smooth, 5-lobed. Lobes acuminated, with a few coarse, acute teeth. 
 Corymbs stallied, erectish, and, as well as the fruit, smooth ; fruit with divaricated wings. — Don, Mil- 
 ler's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 I HE Acer platanoides 
 
 is a handsome tree, of 
 
 tlie first rank. Its 
 _^ _ general appearance, at 
 
 a distan-^e, is liive the Acer pseiido-platanus, hut 
 on a nearer approach, the leaves are found of a 
 smoother and finer texture. The trunk is some- 
 what shorter than that of the sycamore, and the 
 tree seldom exceeds sixty or seventy feet in 
 height. The roots extend considerably, both 
 laterally and downwards. The bark is green on 
 the young shoots, but it afterwards becomes of a 
 reddish-broAvn. dotted with white spots ; that of 
 the trunk is brown, and somewhat cracked. 
 The buds are large and red in autumn, becoming 
 of a still darker hue in the course of tlie winter ; 
 those on the points of the shoots are always the 
 largest. The leaves arc thin, green on both 
 sides, and shining. In an early or half-expanded 
 
 state, they are of a delicate yellowish-green, and in autumn, before they fall, 
 become of a clear red, or of a rich, warm yellow. They lull, in England, about 
 the end of October. When the petiole is broken, an acrid, mil'"'^' sap issues from 
 it, which coagulates on being exposed to the air. The leaves are about five 
 inches long, and nearly of the same width. The petioles are longer than the 
 leaves. The flowers appear just before the leaves, near the end of April, and 
 form a short raceme, somewhat corymbose. They are yellowish green, sweet- 
 scented, and eagerly sought after by bees, to which they afford an early, and at 
 the same time, a valuable pasture. The fruit or keys have their wings yellow. 
 
PLATANUS-LIKE MAPLE. 
 
 81 
 
 m thn 
 n Hrl- 
 
 eeth. 
 Mil- 
 
 Fall, 
 
 )OUt 
 
 rom 
 five 
 the 
 and 
 cet- 
 cl at 
 ow. 
 
 ml'f7fhJ'fr'J" ^"^'''"'^ "' September and October, and generally prove abortive 
 until the tree arrives at an age ofnearly forty years 'luoruve 
 
 be Sg'ish^i aslSl^s :!""'" ^' ^'^ ""^""^^^ "^^^^^ ^^^ ^--"' -^ -^7 
 
 vnl; .^" ^' ''°''''''"- J^oi";!""- ^«*e^'^ Platanns-Uke Maple. The leaves of this 
 variety are very shghtly heart-shaped, irregularly toothed, five-lobed wi^h the 
 lobes more or ess abruptly pointed. The bark of the yo.mrwoS is s trined 
 somewhat in the manner of that of the Acer striatum: by whirdrcumstance 
 he plant, m the young state, may readily be known. ' It^is a la ge ree native 
 of the kmgdom of Naples, and found on mountains. ^ ' ^ 
 
 rtv 'mn^^rrf '•"'''• I '"Vt'"-, ^'''"'^y-l'^^^^d Platanus-Uke Maple. This vari- 
 cty may be distuigu.shed by the pubescence of the leaves on their under sides 
 
 MavlV ThirvnTrr"",' ^"'"'^''"- ^^^'t^'y Vanegatcd-leaved Platanus-Uke 
 Maple. 1 his variety has been represented as having its foliage beautifullv -huI 
 
 syTamo" ' ""'''' '"' '' " ^'""^'^^^ '' ^^ "^^^"^^ "^ beaut/to^^ vadl'galed 
 
 o 1 ^'I- ^*^''''^^"^'' ^^ Candolle. Cut-leaved Platanus-Uke Maple. This is 
 a very distinct variety, with the leaves deeply and variously cut ^ There s a 
 
 hatk'sSmapli^ ""' ^°""'"" '^'''^ by ^nirserymen, tL eaglewtw?or 
 Geography and History. The Acer platanoidcs is a native of Europe from 
 Zvf^.^r:l^r''y to Switzerland, and from France to the easter^n boZ- 
 mJ f .^""^opea" .l^"ssia Pallas says that it does not occur beyond the Ural 
 Mountains, or in Siberia, but that it is common through all tlie woods of Russk 
 In the north, it forms a stunted bush, but in the Ukmine it is aloffy t'^o 
 bnvif Sr'^' '" recorded as having been first cultivated in Britain in the Edin- 
 ht?nr wll^ S"1';V,.bT ^^\- ^r^' «°"t''«rland. It is also stated by the 
 n 17^S ^^.^Iker, of Edinburgh, that it was first introduced at Mount Stewart 
 on the cont^iem. ' '^ ' ''"'^ generally been propagated in Britain, and 
 
 The largest tree on record, is at Schwobber, near Hanover, in Germany. It 
 
 hadatt-nedtheheightofeighty feet in 1835. 'mciny. u 
 
 At Charleville Forest, in King's county, Ireland, there was, in 1835, a tree of 
 
 tH T^t^nT'^^T P'^^^r^' ''^''f' '^^^^^ ^^"^^'^^^^ ^'^^ '^«ig»^^ of seventy-e gh 
 round " ' two-thirds feet in diameter, one foot from the 
 
 AtTaymouth, in Perthshire, Scotland, there was, in 1835, a Norway maple 
 
 b:SicC,^l/Xl;tf ''-' ''''''''' '''^''-''' ^^" ^"^^^^-'- i^^^^^^ 
 
 This species was introduced into the United States by the late Mr. Prince of 
 
 mldtoUedtnl '' P'*°' "" ^^^^' ''"^ ^' "'"^"^ ^^""^ ^" ^'^'^•"^^^^^ "'"•'^^^-i^^ 
 Soil and Situation. To attain a considerable size, this tree should be planted 
 Z "^^ ' X'^P' ['^'i f«i\' Mot^surcharged with moisture ; and the situation olight to 
 be low rather than high. It thrives remarkably well along the sea-shore on the 
 Baltic, and on the west coast of Norway. 
 
 Accidents, ^c. The leaves of the Acer platanoides, in common with those of 
 tlie Acer pseudo-p.atanus, and perhaps those of several other species of the same 
 genus, are subject to what is commonly called the /loney-dew, which, from its 
 clamminess in the neighbourhood of the smoke of mineral coal is apt to attract 
 and retain the particles of soot that are continually floating in the air. In con- 
 sequence of insects resorting to the leaves in quest of the honey-dew, thev are 
 frequently blackened with their excrement. This honey-dew, or manna, as it is 
 called in some parts of France, is thought by some, to be produced by the extra- 
 
82 
 
 ACER PLATANOIDES. 
 
 4 
 
 1- 
 
 I* 
 
 value in Kngla^d, and adapted for\' greater va„'«7of A t^^.fZ 
 
 * Selby, British Forest Trees, p. 2'1. 
 
 I, 
 
 m , 
 
■^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 Acer sacchamyum, -' 
 THE SUGAR MAPLE. 
 
 Synonymcs, 
 
 SJuP.1 K(A>>'-<- 
 
 1 
 
 Acer saccharinum, 
 
 ' LiNNJ5us, Species Plantarum. 
 De Candolle, Prodroiiius. 
 MicHAux, North American Sylva. 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Hooker, Flora Boreali Americana. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ToKREY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 France. 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 Ojibway Indians. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-A.merica. 
 
 Erable a sucre, 
 
 Zucker Ahorn, 
 
 Acero zucuheroso, Acero del Canada, 
 
 Ininawtig, 
 
 Rock Maple, Hard Maple, Bird's-eye Ma- 
 ple, Sugar Maple, Sugar-tree, Black 
 Sugar-tree, Sap-tree, 
 
 Derimtions. The specific name ia deriveil from the Latin, sacckarum, sugar, having reference to the sugar contained in tlio 
 
 Engravings. Miclmux, North American Sylva, pi. 42; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, I., figure 122 nn 4IG pt4.17 pi 
 v., pi. 31 ; and the figures below. • 1 1 . -i.v^ ov-«i., ci 
 
 Sperific Characters. Leaves cordate, smooth, glaucous beneath, palmately ,5-lobed ; lobes acuminated 
 serr.-Uely toothed. Corymbs drooping, on slioi ; ; duncles. Pedicels pilose. Fruit smooth, with the 
 wings diverging. — Don, Miller's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 I HE Acer saccliarinum 
 
 is one of the most noble 
 
 and majestic of Ameri- 
 __ _ _- „_., „„-„...^ can trees. In favoura- 
 ble situations it sometimes grows to a height 
 of seventy or eighty feet, and from two to four 
 feet in diameter ; but usually it does not ex- 
 ceed an elevation of fifty or sixty feet, and a 
 diameter of twelve or eighteen inches. The 
 trunk is generally straight, though often stud- 
 ded with projections and excrescences. In all 
 healthful and vigorous trees, the outward bark 
 is light-coloured, by which they may readily 
 be distinguished. When growing in open sit- 
 uations, with room to spread on every side, 
 where all its branches are exposed to the free 
 action of light, this tree is an object of great 
 beauty. It somewhat resembles the English 
 oak, in its outline, in the form of its trunk, and 
 disposition of its branches, and in the dense and massy character of its foliage. 
 Tlie leaves are from three to five inches broad; but they vary in length, accord- 
 mg to the age and vigour of the tree. They are opposite, attached by long 
 petioles, palmated or unequally divided into five lobes, entire at the edges of a 
 bright-green above whitish, and very pubescent at first, but later, minutely so, 
 or nearly glabrous beneath; and except in the colour of the under surface they 
 
84 
 
 ACER SACCHARINUM. 
 
 M 
 
 ■il :! 
 
 ff '"4 'I 
 
 :.M 
 
 flU 
 
 t'k 
 
 ^3: 
 
 in me2P»,raiicous Avings about an inch h SUth Tt ,, n '''•' ^"^ ermuiating 
 vania and New York bv the first of OrfnbprS ,'l,"'".''"X ^-'P^'^s in Pcnnsyl- 
 a month or six weeks car ier VvtornnM A , "^'' ^''' ^'"'^ ^^"^i»« its full size 
 one of them, Stxll^^^^^ P-^-t; but 
 
 once ni two or three years. 'iiwayt, empty, ihe iruit matures only 
 
 F^/;vV/y/. I'he Acer saccharinum has been 
 confounded by some botanists with another tree 
 so nearly allied to it, that it can only be re- 
 garded as a variety. From the dark hue of 
 Its leaves, ,t was very appropriately designated 
 by Mr Loudon, under the name of A^ s. ni- 
 
 grum {Acer nigrum, Michaux,) or Black Su- 
 gar Maple. According to Michaux, the leaves 
 
 ot this variety are pale-green beneath, the 
 
 veins of the lower surface and petioles minutclv 
 
 VI ous-pubescent, and the wings of the fruit a 
 
 little more diverging than those of the species, 
 
 as indicated in the adjoining figure. "The 
 
 leaves, ' he says, "are five or six inches long, 
 
 and exhibit, in every respect, nearly the sanie 
 
 conformation as those of the true sugar maple." 
 
 . rhey differ from it," continues he, "chieflv 
 
 in being of a darker green, and of a thicker 
 
 texture; and m being somewhat more blmilly 
 
 ^^^rXlrZ^^^Z^U^ -— sugar maple, 
 
 ticut; but is readily S^nsn from ^^L^^y"\'^ ^'™""^' «"^ ^«''"««- 
 darker colom of the lea is''" Whin ?> \^ ^ T''^'^' "'^'^ '^ ^'^"'^"^«' ""'^^ the 
 a regular and agreeable fbnn I, A n l '' f v^' ''}?''''' '' ""^''''^^^Y ^««"'"<^s 
 fifty feet in hd| rw ith a LiJl^ '"""^ '^"'^ *^"^''="'^' ^' '^'"^y «^«««ds 
 
 growth of his tree ' t is aho foun V ^,V ''^'"" '''f ^"'^ ^^ "^^ure for the 
 
 This species was introduced into Encland in 1714 wn.u- i • 
 
 that time, it has been cnltivnfpH L th ' .^'-^^ by Colhnson, and since 
 
 Count Wingerskyirsa d to InvP nio?/ ^"""P^' ^f^*'"' throughout Europe. 
 Moravia, an'd t7l a.'e dmwu 17 he^^ J^^^ T"' T'^'' 1 ''''' °" ^^'^ ^«^^^te^n 
 years, in order to make u^a He succLded !„ nT '' '^'' "^"^ '^ twenty-five 
 but in consequence of deprh^^„/ L 3'^^^^ ^ "^^^'V good article; 
 
 sickly, and somi afterwards ded" '' ''^ '''''' '^^ ^^^^^ y^^'' they became 
 
but 
 
 5> 
 
 SUGAR MAPLE. 
 
 85 
 
 fl 
 
 The largest recorded tree of this species, in Europe, is at Worlitz, in Saxony. 
 At the expiration of sixty years after being planted, it was fifty feet high. 
 
 The largest sugar maple in the neighbourhood of l-ondon, is at Purser's Cross, 
 which, in 1835, had attained the height of forty-five feet. 
 
 Several large trees of this species are found on (>oat Island, at the falls of Ni- 
 agara ; but they are far inferior in size to myriads of others, in Canada, New 
 England, and other parts of America. 
 
 i^oil, Situation, 4'c. The natural habitat of the Acer saccharinum is the steep 
 and shady banks of rivers, which rise in mountainous regions, and in all elevated 
 situations, where the soil is cold and humid, free, deep, and fertile, and not sur- 
 charged with moisture. When cultivated, the same soil is recommended as in 
 the Acer platanciides; but as it is less hardy, the situation should be more shel- 
 tered. In Europe, it is always propagated by seeds, where its rate of growth 
 varies from one to four feet per annum. In tlie United States it is either propa- 
 gated from seeds, in nurseries, or i.-i transplanted from the woods or fields, to the 
 site where it is intended to remain. The age of this tree in America does not 
 usually exceed two hundred years. 
 
 Insects. Few insects or their larvae seem to feed upon the leaves of the sugar 
 maple, with the exception of the Apatcla amer'icana, described by Dr. Harris, in 
 his " Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation," and also 
 figured and described in Smith and Abbot's " Insects of Georgia," under the 
 name of Phuhina accris. The caterpillar of this insect eats the leaves of the 
 various kinds of maple, as well as those of the elm and chcsnut. They commence 
 spinning in October or November, and come out from their webs or cocoons 
 from April to July. The moths fiy only in the night. But this fine tree suffers 
 much froii; the attaclcs of the borers or larva) of the Clijtus spcciosiis, denoted by 
 the accompanying figure. This insect is accurately "" 
 
 described and figured in Say's "American Entomol- 
 ogy;" and an account of its habits is given by Rev. 
 I J. W. Leonard, of Dublin, New Hampshire, in Har- 
 ris' " Report." He discovered the insect in the beetle 
 state, under the loosened bark of one of the trees, and 
 traced the recent track of the larva, three inches hito 
 the solid wood. Dr. Harris says, " It is the largest 
 known species of Clytus, being from nine to eleven- 
 tenths of an inch in length, and three to four-tenths 
 in breadth. It lays its eggs on the trunk of the maple 
 in .luly and August. The grubs burrow into the 
 
 bark as soon as they are hatched, and are thus protected during the Avinter. In 
 spring, they penetrate deeper, and form, in the course of the summer, long and 
 winding galleries in the wood, up and down the trunk. In order to check 
 their devastations, they should be sought for in the spring, Avhen they will rea- 
 dily be detected by the saw-dust that they cast out of their burrows ; and, by a 
 judicious use of a knife and stiff wire, they may be cut out, or destroyed before 
 they have gone deeply into tlia wood." 
 
 Properties avd Uses. Tlie wood of the Acer saccharinum, when newly cut, 
 is Avhite, but after being wrought and exposed for some time to the light, it takes 
 a rosy tinge. Its grain is fine and close, and when jwlished, its lustre is silky. 
 It is very strong and heavy, but wants the property of durability, for which the 
 English and American white oaks are so highly esteemed. The northern wood, 
 when dry, weighs forty-six pounds to a cubic foot, but that grown south, weighs 
 much less. When cut, and properly dried, it makes excellent fuel, which is 
 equally esteemed by some, for that purpose, with the oak and hickory. When 
 exposed to the alternations of moisture and dryness, it soon decays, and for this 
 
86 
 
 ACER SACCHARINUM. 
 
 be classified and described as follows - ' ^"'' ^''™' ""' ^^"^^'^^ ^'^^^ 
 
 de,ai. .he processor ns Jnu^aoU^XT^J-^lP^^^l^l^l^^l 
 
SUGAR MAPLE. 
 
 87 
 
 or 
 
 practical utility. In a country like the United States, intersected by conals, 
 railroads, and other ciiainicl.s of intercommunication, where labour is expensive, 
 and fuel is becoming more and more valuable, i\w manufacture of this article 
 cannot fail to be an unprofifal)ln occupation. IJcsides, the annual drawing of 
 the saj) renders the trees sickly, and causes a premature decay. 
 
 Ordinarily, the sap begins to flow abo>it the last of February or early in 
 March, and continues for five or six Aveeks; after which, it becomes less abun- 
 dant, less rich in saccharine matter, and, at length, is incapable of crystalliza- 
 tion. It is sometimes the case, however, in the northernmost regions where this 
 tree abounds, that there is an ascent of sap in autumn, as well as in spring. 
 This oidy occurs late in the season, when there are slight frosts at night, suc- 
 ceeded by warm, pleasant days. The sugar produced from this sap, when 
 l)roperly made, is etpud to that niaiud'actured from the cane, or the beet-root, 
 the properties of the three being essentially the same. That of the maple, as it 
 is usually made, has a peculiar taste, which is much relished by those who 
 are unaccustomed to its use. The amount of sugar produced from each 
 tree, in a year, varies from ditierent causes. A cold and dry winter renders the 
 trees more productive than a changeable and humid season. It is observed, 
 that, when a frosty night is followed by a dry and siuniy day, the sap Hows 
 abundantly; and two or three gallons are sometimes yielded by a single tree, in 
 twenty-four hours; but, in cold, frosty Aveather, or rainy weather, or Avhen the 
 nights arc mild, the sap almost ceases to flow. The yearly product of sugar 
 froni each tree varies from two to four pounds. Trees which grow in low and 
 moist places atlbrd a greater ([uantity of sap than those which occupy rising 
 grounds; but it is less rich in the saccharine principle. That of insulated trees, 
 left standing in the middle of fields, or by the sides of fences, is best. It is also 
 remarked, that, in districts which have been cleared of other trees, and of the 
 less vigorous sugar maples, the product of the remainder is proportionably 
 greater. In the United States and the British provinces of North America, 
 there is annually made, from seven million to twelve million pounds of sugar 
 from this tree. Holes arc made through the bark into the wood of the trunk, in 
 March, April, and May, into which tubes are introduced to lead the juice into 
 vessels phiced below. It is observed that the higher the holes are from the 
 ground, the more saccharine the juice, and the more injury the tree receives from 
 its abstraction. Towards the end of the season, when the sap becomes uncrys- 
 tallizable, it is either made into molasses or syrup, or is exposed for two or three 
 days to the si;n, when it is converted into vinegar, by the acetous fermentation. 
 It is also sometimes made into a kind of beer. 
 
 Wild, and domestic aninuils are inordinately fond of maple juice, and break 
 throuc,h their enclosures to sate themselves; and when taken by them in large 
 quantities, it has an exhilarating ell'ect upon their spirits. 
 
 From the great height, extended branches, regular and often pyramidal form, 
 and the rich verdure and cleanliness of the foliage in spring and summer, the 
 sugar ma])le is accounted as one of our finest shatle-trees, and is highly recom- 
 mended to be planted along streets and avenues, in pastures, ancrornamcntal 
 grounds. And it is no less l)eautiful in our forest or woodland scenery in 
 auluniii, vdien it puts on its bright-orange, and deep-crimson robes. At first, the 
 extremities of the boughs alone change their colour, leaving the internal and more 
 sheltered p;irts still in their verdure, which '-gives to the^tree the etl'ect of great 
 depth of sliade, and displays advantngeously the light, lively colourhig of the 
 sprays." liater in the season, on the contrary, when the tints become more and 
 more gorgeous, and the full beams of the sun-shine fall upon the large masses 
 ot foliage, the warm and glowing colours of the whole summit possess a great 
 deal of grandeur, and add much to the beauty and effect in the landscape. 
 
,#(■ 
 
 
 Acer jiScudo-philauHS, 
 
 THE EUROPEAN SYCAMORE-TREE. 
 
 Synonymcs. • 
 
 Acer pseuJo-j)latamis, 
 
 Emble blanc de mnntn^nn, Faiiss« pla- 
 iiuie, G 11111(1 enihle, Emhlf .sycoiiioro, 
 
 Ehrciil.aiim, Weisscr Ahoni, Gcinoiiier 
 A horn, 
 
 ActTo iico, Accro sicomoro, Platano fulso, 
 riatanosalviuico, 
 
 Great Maple, Jlock riane-tree, 
 
 Plaiic-tret', 
 
 European Sycamore, 
 
 rLi.VN^rs, Species riantariim. 
 I MiciiAi'x, North American Sylva. 
 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loino.v, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 Seluv, British Forest Trees. 
 
 France. 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 I 
 
 E.Nur.Axn. 
 Scotland. 
 United States. 
 
 ar/^ne^l™*ig,;!;i:;;r r UiZ:;.;!;""'"-^'"'""^ ^ '''''"' f^""' "■<= J^"'-- ■>-> "S-n-'^ ^^l- Pl-mcuoe. The other nam 
 TrS:";^^';:e^5 ^l''^r;"^,K i?^uSi:f "■ "■• " = ^"•"'""' ^^'T""" «"'-""=""'■ -■ "■■ ^^ ^Cby, Sriti,.. Forct 
 
 with the wings rather diverging.— 2)o«, 3Iilkr's Vict. '"'^i'", '^'Xiiy. i luit smooth, 
 
 Description. 
 
 **** + " Xor iinnnticed pn^s 
 
 Till! Hycamoro, capricious in [iitirc ; 
 
 Now trccn, ii.uv liiwny ; and cro iiiitninii vct 
 
 iias cliaiijjcil tlio wouila, in acarlel liojioura briu-lit.' 
 
 t'oWPER. 
 
 gaCnftH', 
 
 rsVi_- (f^^'^ ^^'^'^^ Maple or 
 
 r ^ if^B Sycamore, vying in 
 
 1)) .LJ (^ point of magnitiulo, 
 
 — , _=- — ieS^t^ia with the oak, the ash, -L 
 
 and other trees of the first rank, presents a ' 
 
 grand, unbroken mass of fohagc. It forms a 
 
 IwaiUihil contrast in appropriate situations, and 
 
 when judiciously grouped witli trees of a lighter 
 and more airy character, it alTords an " impene- 
 trable shade." In favourable situations, it at- 
 tan;s a height of seventy to one hundred feet 
 and from three to six feet in diameter ; but ordi- 
 narily, It grows only to one half of these dimen- 
 sions. It is a tree of quick groAvth, with a 
 smooth, ash-gray l)ark, and round, spreading 
 branches. The bark of old trees, in peeling off 
 frequently leaves patches on their trunks of vari- 
 ous hues, in a similar manner as that of the 
 
 llatanus The leaves on long foot-stalks arc four or Ave inches broad, pal- 
 mate, with five acute variously serrated lobes; the middle one largest, pale^ or 
 glaucous beneath. The flowers, which appetir in May and June ai'e green 
 about the size of a currant-blossom, and di. posed into a JiUary, pe dulous,Tom: 
 
 li. ! 1 
 
EUKOPEAN SYCAMOUE-TUEE. 
 
 89 
 
 — ^ 
 
 pound cliiatrrs. Tho fruit, or cupsulfs are smooth, witli two, and sometimes 
 throe, large diverging wings. 
 
 Vnriclics. Tlie principal cultivated varieties of this species may be described 
 as follows : — 
 
 1. A. p. Fi,AVA VAiUEOATA, Loudou. Yillow Vurkgdtcd-lmvcd Sijramorc, or 
 Cosforp/(i/ie P/dtie-t/ee. The leaves of this variety are variegated with yellow. 
 The original tr(!e stands in the grounds of Sir T. Dick Lauder, in the parish 
 of (y'ostorphine, near Edinburgh. 
 
 2. A. p. ALHO VAiUEGATA, Loudou. W/ii/c Varir{r<ited-Ie(tved Si/rntnorc-frec. 
 The leaves of this variety are l)l(»telied with white. It is more common in 
 Europe than the preceding. It has nuich to reconunend it in spring or beginning 
 of sunmier, from the beauty of its foliage ; but later in the season, thtiysoon become 
 ragged, and in autinun, in dying oil", they accpiire a dirty colour, and a diseased 
 appearance. 
 
 3. A. p. PFKPUREA, Tioudon. Pui-jde-leavcd Syaimnre-lrve. The leaves are of 
 a fine purple beneath, when matured, and have a beautiful appearance when 
 slightly rutUed by the wind. 
 
 4. A. P. SUBOBTUSA, Loudon. Iltdf-nhltisc-h-nved Sijcamnn-trce. The lobes 
 of the leaves of this variety are blunt; and the fruit aiul wings are large. 
 
 5. A. p. LAciNiATA, Loudon. Cut-leaved i^ycamore-lree. The lobes of the 
 leaves in this variety are jagged. 
 
 Geography and History. The Acer pseudo-i)latanus is fotmd in various parts 
 of Europe, particularly in Switzerland, (jiermaiiy, Austria, and Italy, in wooded 
 
 mountainous situations. In iiiigland, it is found in hedges 
 
 and 
 
 about 
 
 louses, 
 
 but not truly wild. The first record of this tree as being cultivated in Britain, 
 is in Turners " Herbal," in 15.')I ; it is mentioned by uk^.. other British authors 
 since, as of doubtfid indigeuousness. (jlerard, in l.")97, says "it is a stranger in 
 England, only foimd growing in the walks and places of pleasure of noblemen, 
 where it is planted lor the sake of its shadow."' Ray speaks of it as being very 
 connuon in courtyards, churchyards, avenues, ^c. Martyn observes, n\ his 
 edition of •' Millers I)i(!tionary," that, "if it were truly indigenous, the country 
 would have been full of it ; since the tree comes up with such wonderful facility 
 from the seed." Sir T. Dick Lauder say.s, " It is a favourite Scotch tree, having 
 been much phuitcd about old, aristocratic residences in Scotland; and, if the 
 doubt of its being a native of |}ritain be true, which, however, we cannot believe, 
 then it is probable that the long intimacy which subsisted between France and 
 Scotland, may be the cause of its being so i)revaleut in the latter country."' 
 Evelyn accuses it of "contaminating the walks, where it may be planted, with 
 its leaves, which, like those of the ash, M\ early, and putrefy, Avith the first 
 moisture of the .season." He further remarks, that it '• should be banished from 
 all ciu-ious gardens and avenues," though he acknowledges that "for more dis- 
 tant plantations it is desirable, particularly where better timber will not pros- 
 per so well, as in places near the sea; it being in no way injiu'cd by the spray, 
 which is .so prejudicial to most trees." In Switzerland, this species is found from 
 two thousand to three thousand feet above the level of the sea, reaching up the 
 moimtains to the point where the Vaccinium viti-s-idoea commences: provided, 
 however, that the soil bo dry and of a good cpuility. In such situations it suf- 
 fers much less from frost and suovv than any other tree. 
 
 The Acer pseudo-platauus , in the language of llowers, signifies curiosity, 
 because it was supposed to be the tree on which Zaccheus clind)ed to see our 
 Saviour ride in triumph to .Terusalem, when the people strewed leaves and 
 branches of palm and other trees in his way, exclaiming, 
 
 VZ 
 
 "Hosaiineilo llie Son of D;iviil," 
 
 Math. xxi. 9. 
 

 vm 
 
 (10 
 
 ACI;k rSEUDO-PLATANUS. 
 
 position tlij.r this s its wtK tin. V, . "-'^''"7"'"*'' ""•<'»'nnaiis. 'I'ln; sup. 
 
 Hmn.liy.nls, n.i.r.yanls, uvoruuvs! aniu.;...r hol'^^^'' •-""'"^'''^' ''^ «''''"^ " '" 
 
 ai>^ t ;;l;ln;, 'k;;X^:i::7v^^^^^^ ^- r' '"^ ^""' -' "^'^■ 
 
 by tl,.. name of - thvU^Z'i^Wi^r *'"'",'"' T''"'^- " ='l>I""ais that il wnit 
 tree of thi sper o ",,,i .;';;:'';'":■ '" "'•" ""'<^"'<'l''.rl- II. Anotlior 
 lia<l luvi. pla it.Ml mon t ' H 7 ' "' ''' ^"-V^^"'^' '''' 'I'^^yniniith, which 
 
 poS™i,:",:f i':"'iiavK"n™;i'"i,'i';ir "is,;"",-'"'" °f '"-' -■. --ly i.. 
 
 will, a irmik »«■,• m«V: i;. ! /I. , -■ "'" ''"■"''' '" ?»»-,.my-l„-„ |i,., 1„„|,, 
 
 old. The (Htp , M . .r 1 y ' '',">' "'■'' l""l«ilily "Wlrly llliw^ cc ri™ 
 
 of the ial^lo! L l."ri ™'" °' """' °f "'° '^""""'y^. i" llu: .ulj„i„i„j5 c'm.n 
 
 ycJ:;,';t;;;;;s,t:^,t'riSt::,';iJ-';;;:i41r'^ '^ " ^^-»-' -'-" »'-^ 
 arc m^"',T;''ESi'';i"°i wiH;";;:*',™,';"''"';'';?'™ "^ '''"■'^^"-"' »i'-i-. -i-" 
 
 ;^:«:'K; ^^;^S« f -»^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^:^'i &t:.i,;9 ''T'^" ""^^^ i'^ "■-"'■' --.^"ir;*;.;;:;^ 
 
 and li(|uid- and this r-uLl ,' V ' ^■' '' '"'^ '' '"»^«-»ree, imde, is soft 
 
 ballads ' ^'""''^ '^'^^ ^•'™^^' to 1"^ i-^J^ct^^l l^y the writers of the old 
 
 The European sycamore appears to have been iutrodiicea into the United 
 
 ■♦ J 
 
 I 
 
EUROrRAN HYCAMORE-TUKE. 
 
 91 
 
 IL.Iy Writ, 
 liKljiiiists; 
 The sup- 
 red Jiiaiiy 
 [)laiit it in 
 
 lui in iirit- 
 -cigiif I'cct 
 lilt i( went 
 Anotlior 
 itli, wliicli 
 dit of ono 
 lorty I'eet. 
 tt, in his 
 h a trunk 
 
 Rcl " donl- 
 i"t of thiit 
 ■ this rca- 
 
 stan(hng 
 cat of the 
 edys. It 
 id has a 
 
 last tiino 
 he gipsy, 
 s of Cas- 
 
 contly in 
 i'<'t hiyh, 
 id. The 
 centuries 
 ing court 
 
 )Ut sixty 
 
 ^, which 
 k to tile 
 nents of 
 
 sceiu-ed 
 3 :it Fri- 
 I'ill now 
 me caii- 
 y swore 
 'iity-six 
 ind was 
 he local 
 us. In 
 or from 
 
 tree is 
 iignihes 
 , is soft 
 the old 
 
 United 
 
 States hy Ciovernor Christopher iiorv, prior to |S|(). Tlie trees are said to bo 
 growniK on the e.state wliieh he formerly oeeupied in Wallham, Mas.suchnsetts 
 and have attained a eotisiderahle size. ' 
 
 In ih.! narlrani hotimie garden, at Kingse.ssing, near Philadelphia, there is a 
 tree one toot ni diameter and thirty feet in height. On the eslal.- of Mr. Henry 
 (.o(hnan, in Koxhury, Massaehnsetts, there is also another tree of this species 
 nearly ol llie .same dimensions. 
 
 Soil and SitimUnn. The Hiiropean sycamore wil! grow in any soil not satn- 
 rated with m..isture; hut it se.-ms to prefer one that is dry and free, rather than 
 stitt or nioist. It will grow in exposed situations, and especially on the .sea- 
 coast, and maintain its erect position again.st the sea-hreezc^ better than mo.st 
 other tree.s. It is in »ise for this purpose in Scotlati.I, and also fur j.lantiiig round 
 tarm-houses and cottages on hieak hills. In such situations, it is said an 
 instance can hardly he found of the h.'ad of the tree leaning more to one'side 
 tlian to the other. Mveii wh.Mi the wind blows strongly in one direction for nine 
 montlis in the year, this tree maintains its perixMidicular position and symmetrical 
 
 Propngation ami Culture. This species is generally i)ropagated by seeds ■ 
 and the variegated-leaved and other varieties hy layers, or hy budding and 
 grafting. It will also propagate freely by cntlings of the roots. Th> M^eds may 
 »Mther be sown immcliately after they are gathered, or they may be kept in sand 
 until the tollowmg spring. If they are kept dry and unmixed with earth or 
 sand till spring, they .seldom come up the same year, and .sometimes lo.se their 
 germinating properties altogether. This tree reaches its usual height in sixty 
 years; the wood, however, continues to improve till it is eighty or one hundred 
 years old, and it fre(iuently remains nndcjayed for another c<>ntury. 
 
 Accklciits and Dismses. The leaves of this species are often covered with a 
 sweet, clammy matter, or honey-dew, eagerly sought after, and imbibed by vari- 
 oils insects. Hy some, this substance is supposed to be exuded by the leaves 
 themselves, and it is thought by others, that it is yeiuTally produced by insects 
 or v(.i(l<>(l by the .■l/>///V/r.v which infest the tree. It is al.so subject, when planted 
 in too humid a soil, to dropsy, or an oozing out of the sap from the trunk in 
 coiLseqiiencc of a redundancy or an irregular assimilation of the juices. In such 
 cases, the roots soon grow spoiin;y and rotten, and the tree becomes a prey to 
 parasites, and hually dies. The leaves, also, towards the end of summer 
 become s])otted and unsightly, by the growth and spreading of two kinds of 
 lungiis, \yloma acerinum, and J-lrineum ac(n-iiuim. Few lepidopteroiis larva} 
 eed upon the leaves, but among those which occasionally do so, are those of the 
 \ ypaM-a buccphala, or buff-tip moth. Tic llowers arc sweetly, but not power- 
 tully scented, and are the resort of various livinenopt(>roiis insects, particularly 
 the iJomlms hortorum, and terreslris. The young shoots of this tree are eateii 
 Dy hanvs, lior.se.s. cattle, goats, and other ruminating animals. 
 
 Properties aud t'ses. When young, the wood of the Acer psendo-i)lataiius is 
 wlute; but whoii advanced in age, it becomes a little yellow, and often brown, 
 esp.rially towards the heart. It is comi)act and firm, without being very hard- 
 ol a Jme gram, sometimes veined, susceptible of a high polish, and easily worked' 
 cither on the bench, or in the turning-lathe. It does not warp, and is not sub- 
 ject to the attack ol worms. When dry, it weighs forty-eight ])ounds to a cubic 
 toot, and m .seasoning, loses about one-twelfth ])art of its'bulk. and one-fourth i)art 
 o Its weight. AcccmlmgtoM. Ilartig, an eminent (ierman dendrologist, the wood 
 of this tree is the most valuable of all woods for fuel, both for the quantity of 
 fieat winch it iini)arts, and the time that it continues burning. It surpasses the 
 biiropean beech, in these respects, in the proportion of 1757 to 15 10. Converted 
 into charcoal, it is superior to the beech in the proportion of 1017 to ItiOO. He 
 
lit 
 
 li ' f 
 
 ilS 
 
 92 
 
 ACER PSEUDO-PLATANUS. 
 
 i n 
 
 stumps where tl,e7l J tos loTg lit ,re"S^,\rr'''/"'' "'^ f"»'^ " 
 
 .mnccs, of wliich'lhlie is C™ "™' '"'' " """'"" "f ""'" "=""'■>'- 
 
 IhJ" irr'ra;*^;;" tomanf 'Irish's? " "™"='^ ""= ""* '-^"'M 
 
 ll.is tree' is made into w" H'Sl'l-'ds of Scotland, >t is said that the sap o? 
 described by Sir T D Laudor Thf "''• ^*' Picturesque be.uties are thus 
 
 1 
 
 Mi; 
 
in height, 
 
 It after by 
 rs of musi- 
 ther small 
 stools or 
 )dically as 
 r ialajang, 
 ler house- 
 structure, 
 ried, form 
 awn from 
 St, it is as 
 ome time, 
 ir, and of 
 t flowing, 
 ounce of 
 so much, 
 3Wth, the 
 r circum- 
 
 ss varied 
 -makers, 
 for gun- 
 inery, in 
 r making 
 lie sap ol" 
 
 1 age of 
 ily felled 
 
 roups of 
 to touch 
 are thus 
 ire rich, 
 rds well 
 autum- 
 le deptli 
 
 Ace?' circinatum^ 
 THE CIRCINA.L-LEAVED MAPLE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Acer circiiiatum, 
 
 Erable circinal, 
 Kreiselnder Ahorn, 
 Acero accliiocciolato, 
 Round-leaved Maple, 
 
 De Candoi.le, Prodromus. 
 
 Hooker, Flora Boreali Americana. 
 
 I.ouDON, Arboretum Britannicura. 
 j ToRREY AND Grav, Flora of North America. 
 [ NuTTALL, North American Sylva. 
 
 Frante. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Derivations. 
 I 111! rolling of the 
 
 Engravings. 
 
 The specific na.ne, circinatum, ig derived from the Latin, circinc, to roll, having reference to the manner of 
 leaves. The turopcan names are translation.-) of the botanical one. 
 
 Nuttall, North American Sylva, pi. — ; Hooker, Flora Boreali Americana, pi. 39 j Loudon, Arlxirelum Brilan- 
 uicuni, i.j.'.ij'urea 112, ot 127, in p. irjl; (.nil the figures below. 
 
 Specijic Character.'!. Leaves orbicular, rather cordate at the base, 7-lobed, smooth on both surfaces : lobe.s 
 acutely toothed ; nerves and veins hairy at their ongias,.— Don, Miller's Diet. 
 
 Description. 
 
 !HE Acer circinatum, in 
 its native country, at- 
 tains a height of twenty K 
 •j_2|ii;-w mK^'^^i^^m to forty feet. The i\ 
 
 branches are slentier, pendulous, and crooked ; ^^ N V 
 
 often taking root in the manner of those of \ 
 
 many species of ficus, and sometimes of the "v^ 
 
 linden-tree. The bark is smooth, green when "^ 
 
 young, and whitish when fully grown. The 
 
 leaves, which are about the size of those of the 
 
 Acer rubrum, are membraneous, heart-shaped, 
 
 with seven to nine lobes, and the same number 
 
 of nerves. They are smooth above, except 
 
 hairs in the axils of the nerves, when young, but 
 
 glabrous when older, and dovv^ny beneath, with 
 
 the axils of the nerves woolly. The lobes are 
 
 ovate, acute, and sharply serrated ; the sinuses 
 
 are acute, the foot-stalks rather short, from 
 
 which radiate the nerves to the tip of each 
 
 lobe. The flowers, which appear in April and May, are of a middling size, and 
 
 occur on nodding coryin])s, with long peduncles. The fruit has thin, straight 
 
 wings, wliich are so divaricate as to form right angles with the peduncle. This 
 
 species is very marked, and may readily be distinguished by the regular form of 
 
 its leaves, and their pale, reddish-green colour. 
 
 Geography and History. This tree is common along the west coast of North 
 
 America, between the forty-third and forty- ninth degrees of latitude, and is 
 
 particularly abundant on the great rapids of the river Columbia. Like the Acer 
 
 macroph.yllum, it is exdnsivoly confined to the wnndy, mojuitainous country 
 
 that skirts the shores, and there forms, among the pine forests, almost impene- 
 trable thickets. 
 
mi 
 
 94 
 
 ACER CIRCINATUM. 
 
 
 ' ' 'ill 
 
 i' Li 
 
 I 
 
te Douglass, 
 on Horticul- 
 High Clere, 
 owered, and 
 lisseminated 
 
 , Avhite, and 
 the slender 
 ops of their 
 nd the con- 
 i culture of 
 >f the Acer 
 
 Acer eriocarpum, 
 THE COTTON-FRUITED MAPLE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Acer eriocarpum, 
 
 Acer dasycarpum, 
 
 Erable a fruits cotonneux, Erable blanc, 
 
 Rauher Ahorn, 
 
 Acero cotoaoso, Acero bianco, Acero 
 
 spugnoso, Acero di Virginia, 
 Sir Charles Wagner's Maple, 
 Silver Maple, Silver-leaved Maple, 
 White Maple, Soft Maple, 
 
 MicHAux, North American Sylva. 
 
 Don, Bliller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 WiLLDENow, Linnsei Species Plantarum. 
 
 ToRREv AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Other parts of Anglo-America. 
 
 Derivations. The specific name, eriocarpum, is derived from the Greek, erion, cntton, and carpos. fruit, in allusion to llie 
 Uown which growa on the fruit. The name dasycarpum, is also from the Greek, and signifies woolly-fruiled. ''""^'°" '° ^"^ 
 
 pl.^"'^7ndX'li'MMSvv'^°"'' ^'"''"'^''" ^^''"'" P'- ^°> LouJon, Arboretum Britannicum, i,, figure 129; p. 456, et v., 
 
 Specific Characters. Leaves truncate at the base, smooth and glaucous beneath, palmately 5-lobed, with 
 blunt recesses, and unequally and deeply-toothed lobes. Flowers conglomerate, on short pedicels, 
 apetalous, pentandrous. Ovaries downy.— Do7(, Miller's Diet. ^ ' 
 
 Description. 
 
 I HE Acer eriocarpum, in 
 
 favourable situations, 
 
 attains a height of thir- 
 
 ty to fifty feet, with a 
 
 trunk from two to four feet in diameter; but 
 on the banks of some of the western rivers, 
 trees may be found of a diameter of eight 
 or nine feet. The trunk is low, and divides 
 itself into a great number of branches, so 
 divergent, that Michaux says, " they form a 
 head more spacious, in proportion to the size of , 
 the trunk, than that of any other tree with " 
 which I am acquainted." The flowers, which 
 appear in March, April or May, are of a pale- 
 pink, or pale-yellowish purple, small and ses- 
 sile, with a downy ovarium. The fruit is 
 larger than that of any other species growing 
 east of the Rocky Mountains. It consists of 
 two capsules, joined at the base, each of which 
 encloses a globular seed, and is terminated by a membraneous falciform wine, 
 from two to three mches long. In Pennsylvania, it is ripe early in May, and a 
 month earlier m Carol ma and Georgia. At this period of growth, the leaves, 
 which have attained halt their size, are very downy beneath ; a month later, wheti 
 111 ly grown, they are perfectly smooth, and are as broad as they are long, 
 ihey are opposite, and supported by long petioles, and are divided by deep 
 smusfis into U^^^r lobes. They are toothed on the edges, arc of a bright-green on 
 
 the upper surface, and c^ a, beautiful white beneath. The foliage, however, is 
 
I [ii 
 
 ■It 
 
 m 
 
 i I: 
 
 !i 1 
 
 J ! 
 
 96 
 
 ACER ERIOCARPUM. 
 
 perfect fruit, arc glabrous. ^ ' '''*' """"'y ^^^^^y; but the old leaves, and 
 
 geography and History. The ban]-, nf .i • 
 
 atitudc forty.fivc degrees; may be consfdoL?" "^ ^"'■'''' ^" Lower Canada, in 
 
 tributariesof theI\^„^bscot, inVes?2Sn '' ^^^"«rt''ern, and those of he 
 enocarpum. But, hke many other trees iM«'^ ""' ^ - ^'"^^'^^ 1^"^*^ of tlie Acer 
 
 hese u,,udos, and never ^l^^Z'^^'^llT^i^l^^^ f^<^^^-^ ^^'"^-^ °" 
 s>ouin. It 13 found on the banks nf nil fi,„ • ^*^'"'^'J ." attains a {qw decrees farthpr 
 the ocean ; though U . \^^:t:.^^Zi'Zi:^. '°" ^^T ^^^ A^lelhanfes o 
 
 than r h '' ""^ ^^^"^^'^- I» »« par of the U^^ ed S"' ^'^^ ^°"»''^"^ Parts of 
 man in the country west of the mnn.,.- ^"/^^^^ 'states is it more muhinlied 
 
 uxurj,„t than on tL banksVf^le^" b^^J "^^^^^^l '^ ''' vegetaTion S 
 nto It. I here, sometimes alone and at mhl. f ^^^'''^ ^^^^^m^ which flow 
 
 IS also found along all these wate s it In ^^ "" ' ''''''^' '''' '^^""'^' '^''^^^^ 
 benS '? ''^'^ embellishment of the scene''^ < t'LT?.,''''^' ^ **^ nK.gnificen 
 beneath, forms a striking contrast with ?i o , • ^ brilliant white of the leaves 
 reflection of the two surLeslrtUtate ^t'5\':f;sT \'^^^' ^"^ ^^e altirn!.: 
 Inl moving mirror, and aids in form.W n ^ . "' '''' ^^^"'^ «f this wonder- 
 Michaux, ''duringmylongexc iirsim J f ^"ehanting picture; which " savs 
 SI ence, I contemplated with m wear ed'^^^^^^^ 'I ^h^T, ^'^g'""^ of solitude aiS 
 continues he, "and even some n^ es aboToT ^^§1'"""? at Pittsburg,'' 
 
 Monongahela rivers, white maples viurs^nr^ ^"f ''^" ^^ "^« Alleghany a^ d 
 
 >v J«! inTvln'tyYve ™,?!it: 'nl "f ""'isl'''""*-'"'' of London i, „, k,,, 
 
 ot the same height. ' ^^ ^^ another tree mentioned by Loudon 
 
 fort; Srh^litSi^rS hSifcl^^^^^r-^P-' -^-h, at the age of 
 fs. growing in the garden of Chri! nnf i ^ ^''^- ^"^* ^^»«the; is recorded 
 Height of forty feet.^ And a.oSer of ^t n '"'' ''"'"^' ^'^"'^"d, in Sweden o the 
 Poknd which had attained he iTei^it of thir!: '''P'? ^'■"^^"^' ^* ^^^i^dzwiedz, in 
 //..sy/.. The Acer eriocarpum is chiefly? ^"•^^''^ '^' ^^^^"ty years. ' 
 
 sandy loam on tli bant^V rn;;t':;;,f ^T^^P"- ^« ^-'"^ '^ a 
 
 gravelly bed; and it is seldom ifevef Zni ^^ ^'''''' bmpid waters, with a 
 enclosed in forests, where tlu so is bhcV n /" ^"^"""^Xl ""^ "^'^e^' wet 'grounds 
 requires a deep, free soil, and more ^^'oistV"t'l''^' ^^^^^^"/"'tivated, this t ee 
 Though It will not grow in swimn<; ..Tf ^''''"' "^^^^ "^ the other species 
 alluvial banks of rivers wheTi 2 occtin^'n'"' ''' ^''^'''' dimensions Snthe 
 
 newly cut, and of a fine texuirc h.?/ i/ '7 ^^o^^^rpum is very white when 
 other maple in the United Sutes' a^ d i om f'"' '^"d bgh.er than that of ay 
 n .s httle used. When dry, it\veSrrtv^.i;r;"o^^^^^^^^^^^^ and durability! 
 
 '^ -JqIu. pouncs to a cubic loot, and 
 
COTTON-FRUITED MAPLE. 
 
 97 
 
 rding to Dr. 
 1 leaves, and 
 
 r Canada, in 
 those of the 
 t of the Acer 
 s winters of 
 frees farther 
 Hcghanies to 
 lern parts of 
 3 multiplied 
 tation more 
 which flow 
 low, which 
 magnificent 
 the leaves 
 le alternate 
 is wonder- 
 lich," says 
 )litude and 
 ^ittsbnrg," 
 ?hany and 
 3en feet in 
 
 3 Wagner, 
 , for orna- 
 
 s at Kew, 
 n of fifty 
 '' Loudon, 
 
 in seasoning, loses nearly half of its weight. It is sometimes used in cabinet- 
 making, instead of the holly or other light-coloured wood, for inlaying furniture 
 of mahogany, cherry tree, and black walnut ; though it is less suitable for this 
 purpose, as it soon changes colour by exposure to light. Wooden bowls are also 
 made of it, when that of ash, or tulip-tree cannot be obtained. The charcoal of 
 this wood is preferred by hatters and dyers to every other, as it affords a heat 
 more uniform, and of longer duration. The sap is in motion earlier in this spe- 
 cies than in the sugar maple, beginning to ascend, in the middle states, about 
 the 15 th of January ; so that, when it is employed for making sugar, the opera- 
 tions are sooner completed. Like the sap of the red-flowered maple, it yields not 
 more than one-half the product of sugar, from a given measure, as that of the 
 Acer saccharinum. Its inner bark produces a black precipitate with copperas, 
 (sulphate of iron,) and is sometimes employed in domestic dyeing. 
 
 The Acer eriocarpum is highly prized as an ornamental tree, both in Europe 
 and America, on account of the rapidity of its growth, the graceful, divergent 
 direction of its branches, the beauty of its leaves, and the profusion of its early 
 flowers. It is admirably adapted for overspreading artificial ponds, or other 
 waters, with a mirror-like surface, where the lover of nature can calmly admire 
 the brilliant white of the leaves beneath, which he may contrast, with pleasure, 
 with the bright-green above. 
 
 13 
 
 he age of 
 recorded, 
 n, of the 
 wiedz, in 
 
 i, 
 
 ae of tlie 
 
 Geome- 
 
 >us other 
 
 und in a 
 with a 
 grounds 
 this tree 
 species. 
 3 on the 
 s seeds, 
 and if 
 re eight 
 
 e when 
 of any 
 ability, 
 ot, and 
 
 If 
 
Hi i 
 
 Acer rubrum, 
 THE RED-J'LOWERED MAPLE. 
 
 Synoni/mes. 
 
 ''LiNN^us, Specie,! PJantarum. 
 i)E Candoli.e, Prodromus. 
 MicHAux, North American Sylva 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum 
 
 France. *''° ^""' ^'*'"' °*" ^""'^ America. 
 Germany. 
 
 BniTAIN. 
 
 Western States. 
 
 Other parts or the United States. 
 
 Acer rubrum, 
 
 Erable rouge, 
 Ptother A horn, 
 
 Scarlet-llowered Maple, 
 ]>Iaple, 
 
 Red Maple, Soft Maple, Swamp Maple, 
 
 iCan S\'lvii nl .11 . A...I..1 Ti. . - . 
 
 Briu.„icu„:f,.. fi,..e .iS-,^^lS,^r^-^ i^;'^;.fl.^V,;:^^fc'^''^^ -^ ^-^'-> P^. "v. et .xvu. ; LouUon, Arboreta 
 
 
 Description. 
 
 %V t^'f^ rubrum, wliether 
 
 kOFP 1-1 ^'"^^*^'' "'■ "^ foliage, 
 .^)^JJ^(@ I'ke Its congeners, is a 
 beautiful tree. Although 
 
 ir^TTTT"*^" s(Rss«.A^ia oeautitul tree. A!thouo-h 
 It neither attanis tlio size nor the hei-ht of thp 
 sugar maple, it much resembles ha^^t^ee L ts 
 genera appearance; but it may be ea ly d ti ! 
 guished from it by its trunk, which when vouni 
 
 hcirr p^it-'y ™-^-d with broad:;x^siof; 
 
 he ironn. ^ ? «it"ations, it often ramifies at 
 tne pound, and assumes the form of sevcml 
 small trees, growmg in a clump. The ba'k in 
 such situations, is usually of a darker colour ai 3 
 smoother, when young, than it is^tiees Jro v 
 
 e'Sr" th e'^^^'''''^^- . ^^'^^" '''' tree is o d,1ow: 
 
 liSamb^^^^^^^^^ "l*'^'^ ''T^'^ liJ^« that of tile 
 iiquidambai, and white oak, becomes brow., 
 
 sixty feef. hf< '^'f"' ^''f, "«* ^^^'^^'i ^^V or 
 sixty teet; but in favoiirab e situations is in tl,„ 
 
 and Pennsylvania, it often attai is a he t'ht of sev" f'^'/'^^^r^^' ''^ ^^«^^ J^^^y 
 three or four feet in diameter. Tie Lb somso? 7"^^ ^^'^h a trunk 
 
 nounce the return of spring. It flowers nSir St M '''' '"'^l''' ^'''' '^'''' ^"- 
 20th to the last of February, and five or six won : ^7^' "' ?'"''^^'^' ^'""^ the 
 iNcNv York. The flowers, 4ich ai^o^a benut? .1 ''' T^"" ^'h^^delphia and 
 more than a fortnight before tie leaves Tho " " ^"'^ h "' ^^'^P-''^^^' ""^Id 
 s. uated at the extremity of the branches ThoUu' '"'^'"' ^fS^egate, and are 
 ible peduncles, and is of the same hue of tl^^fln '' «'f P«"ded by long, flex- 
 and m tho mtensity of .s colourmg, accJ^liili^t^X^;!-?^^^ 
 
 i 
 
RED-FLOWERED MAPLE. 
 
 09 
 
 nerica. 
 
 'lour of the flow- 
 
 I one. 
 
 JUdon, Arboretum 
 
 fled, palmately 
 smooth. — Don, 
 
 '1 
 
 - '-^^ ^^ 
 
 w Jersey 
 a trunk 
 that an- 
 from the 
 'Ilia and 
 !, unfold 
 and are 
 ig, flex- 
 s in size 
 iness of 
 
 the soil. The keys and seeds are at least one-half smaller than those of the 
 Acer eriocarptim, and ripon two or three weeks earlier. The leaves are also 
 smaller than those of that species, and in some respects resemble them. They 
 are glaucous and whitish underneath ; palmated or divided into three moderately 
 acuminate lobes, irregularly toothed ; but they are longer than they are broad, 
 usually rounded at tlie base, with two small lobes, or large teeth below the lat- 
 eral lobes. The extremities of this tree, which are formed by numerous twigs 
 united at the base, and when garnished Avith flowers and fruit of a deep-red, 
 before vegetation has generally begun to revive, presents a very singular and 
 grand appearance. 
 
 Varieties. The Acer rubrum has long been confounded by British authors 
 ■with the Acer eriocarpum ; but whether they are only varieties or races of the 
 same species, or not, there is a marked difierence between them, both in the 
 habit of their growth and the colour of their flowers. The principal distinction, 
 however, consists in the fruit of the Acer eriocarpum being woolly, and that of 
 the Acer rubrum being smooth. 
 
 There are two varieties, however, among cultivators, known by the name of 
 A. r. coccineum, and A. r. intermedium, which differ so slightly from the Acer 
 rubrum, as hardly to be worthy of notice. The leaves of the former variety are 
 somewhat redder in spring, when they expand, than those of the species. 
 
 Geography atid History. The natural habitat of the red-flowered maple, 
 towards the north, according to Michaux, begins about Malebaye, in Canada, in 
 forty-eight degrees of latitude, where it is sparingly found ; but in proceeding 
 southward, it soon becomes more common, and abounds in Florida and Lower 
 Louisiana. It also grows beyond the Rocky Mountains, on the authority of Mr. 
 Douglass, at the sources of the Oregon. 
 
 This tree was first cultivated in England by Mr. John Tradescant, jun., in 
 1646, at South Lambeth, near Vauxhall ; and since that time, it has been propa- 
 gated in the principal European nurseries, but less extensively than the Acer 
 eriocarpum. 
 
 There are several recorded trees of this species, both in Britain and in Ireland, 
 which, in 1835, had arrived at nearly their maximum height. In Surrey, on an 
 eminence, in the arboretum at Milford, a tree is mentioned, as being forty feet 
 high, whichj in autumn, when its leaves assume a dark-red colour, looks like a 
 column of scarlet, and is seen from a great distance all round the country. At 
 Woodstock, in Kilkenny, Ireland, there is a tree, which, at sixty years planted, 
 was fifty feet in height. 
 
 In France, in the botanic garden at Toulon, there is a tree of this species, 
 which, in forty-five years after planting, attained the height of twenty-nine feet! 
 
 In Saxony, at Wcirlitz, an Acer rubrum attained the height of fifty-five feet 
 in sixty-five years after planting. 
 
 In Bavaria, at Municli, a tree of this species is mentioned which attained the 
 height of forty feet in twenty-four years. 
 
 Soil, Situation, Propagation, tfv. "Of all the trees which flourish in grounds 
 which are occasionally overflowed," says Michaux, " this species is mos^t multi- 
 plied in the middle and southern states. It occupies, in great part, the borders of 
 creeks, and abounds in all the swamps, which are often inundated, and always 
 miry." In these situations it is accompanied by the Nyssa biflora villosa, (black 
 gum.) Tiiquidambar styraciflua, Carya squamosa, (shell-bark hickory,) (iuercus 
 prinus discolor, (swamp white oak,) Fraxinus a. sambucifolia, (black ash,) and 
 the Fraxinus a. quadrangulata (blue ash.) To these are added, in Carolina and 
 Georgia, the Magnolia glauca, Quercus aquatica, (water oak,) Gordonia lasian- 
 thus, (loblolly bay,) Nyssa biflora, (sour gum,) uiid the Lauru,s carolinensis 
 (red bay.) " It is a remarkable fact," continues Michaux, " that, west of the 
 
; f1' 
 
 if ■ ■■' 
 
 ,1 ' 
 
 I 
 
 Ih! 
 
 100 
 
 ACER RUBRUM. 
 
 Jersey. In tl esc s ates ovis l?^ dimensions, as ,n Pennsylvania and Now 
 
 halimifolfa, i? Sly dis^^jSs ' ''' ('^^"^'^^'^''J^ '"V^''^') ^"^^ the Baccharis 
 
 rich; and for Uie tree oat^^^^ ''"^^•^^«'^' ^V^'" ^'"^"^^ t'"^^' ^^ 
 
 In Britain if k ni,i„fl a large size, the sitnation should be sheltered 
 
 ahv^; by seeds wlTieLreKfoii '^ '^^"^ '' '^"^ "' ''^'^ ^""'''-»^' ^^^--t 
 
 and lises in d yin/ncariv one h.ff nf U ^'"'?\ '' \' ''?^'' ^"" °^^ ''^^l"^""^ "^^"«'- 
 grow in wet pC tlfe s^woS b^^^^ '" ''"' ''''^ ^^ "^ °^''«^-« ^^'"^li 
 
 latter of which co,'; s s of^u h-rlnl , ^'■^' Proportion to the heart- wood, the 
 andoccupiest ecS,^;"."^'^^^^ i" 'ts transverse secdon, 
 
 wood. This wood i fs bu Htt ; Irn?'"!!'''' Vt''' P""?^^ projectiiig into the sap^ 
 
 ments, and speXy Secay v ^a cxnoSd f i'^'u '" "M"^^ ^T'" '"^^^*«' ^"^ f^'- 
 ness Yet it is sol 1 nn,i / ' exposed to the alternations of moisture and dry- 
 
 sometimes happens tlmti^vPrvn?H ''''T'' ''^''^'' f^'''^'' of domestic use. I 
 however, arc rare The sornonHn. r'*"- .^'-ces offering this disposition, 
 
 in different directio.X cLidt lil Hofr'^ 'h"''''^^ r'^^'^"'^ "^ ^^^^^"'^ ^^ 
 
 ionable in the United sSesfbpb^^t f-^ ™''^"«'''''^ ^^^^ 
 
 flowered mnnln nn J w * V best furniture in use was made of the re>i- 
 
 exSlho'etf 'th^finSSteTw^^^^^^^ f ^*' f f '^ "^ ^^^^ness of lustre, 
 
 which the curled-maplfi Tnliod Tt\i "/ T "i^ '^'-? '"^^^ "°"«^^"t uses to 
 ivhich, to eleganceS lilh?nes ii'nito. f '*"''" f '^^'^ ^"^ fowling-pieces, 
 tortuous direction of the lb es' Tit Tiff''' '^"^ ^'''.^^Sth, the result of the 
 dusky-red Bv boi in^ i Si '''' "^' '''^"^■' ''^ ^he inner bark is of a 
 
 additLrofsulp'ha^'fe^ r4?ons'?SiefaT"1 ''^^7'^^^^' -^h the 
 1 1. (^(.opporas,) acquires aii mtense dark-blue, or black, 
 
 % 
 
RED-FLOWERED MAPLE. 
 
 aple is seen 
 such situa- 
 a and New 
 nps, cxclu- 
 utlis of our 
 linishing in 
 to a shrub, 
 Baccharis 
 
 he maples, 
 le time, be 
 ! sheltered, 
 at, almost 
 lose of the 
 iTic season, 
 h; and in 
 the United 
 
 ose which 
 
 ighs forty- 
 US matter, 
 lers which 
 ■wood, the 
 se section, 
 to the sap- 
 s, and fer- 
 and dry- 
 ther kinds 
 ser grain ; 
 lossy and 
 Idle-trees, 
 c nse. It 
 ad of fol- 
 the name 
 trees, nor 
 ispicuous 
 ^position, 
 dcrs this 
 lechanic, 
 red more 
 )d plane, 
 oil. On 
 itircly to 
 ewing it 
 ,11 y fash- 
 the re>L- 
 f lustre, 
 t uses to 
 ^-pieces, 
 It of the 
 c is of a 
 i^ith the 
 r black, 
 
 101 
 
 and is sometimes employed as ink, by American youth in village schools. For 
 this purpose, however, it is very inappropriate, as it never dries properly, and 
 in damp weather, the writing becomes glutinous and blots. A fluid prepared in 
 a similar manner, by adding sulphate of alumina, (common alum,) instead of 
 copperas, is also used for dyeing black. The French Canadians make sugar 
 from the sap of this maple, which they call pbtine ; but, as in the preceding 
 species, the product of a given measure, is not more than one-half as great as 
 that of the sugar maple. 
 
 In Britain, and throughout Europe, the sole use of the Acer rubrum is as an 
 ornamental tree; and, whether it is viewed in the beauty of its flowers and 
 opening leaves in early spring ; or admired for its red fruit in the beginning of 
 summer, and its crimsoned foliage in autumn, it deserves to be ranked as one of 
 the most ornamental of hardy trees. 
 
 Acer monspessiilamim, 
 THE MONTPELLIER MAPLE. 
 
 Synonyme.s. 
 
 I Linn;eus, Species Plantarum. 
 
 J De Candollk, Prodiomus. 
 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 Erable de Montpellier, France. 
 
 Franzosischer Ahorn, GERMANy. 
 
 Acero iniriore, Accro piccolo, Albero ) x 
 
 lattajolo, ^ ' jl-f*"'- 
 
 Montpellier Maple, Britain and Anglo- America. 
 
 Engravings. Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, i., figure 131, p. 458 ; et v., pi. 41 ; ami the figure below. 
 
 Specific Characters. Leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; lobes almost entire, and equal. Corymbs few-flowered, 
 pendulous. Fruit smooth, with the wings hardly diverging. — Loudon, Arboretum. 
 
 Acer monspessulanum, 
 
 Description. 
 
 !HE Acer monspessulanum is a low tree or shrub, 
 thirty or forty feet in height; native of France, 
 Spain, and Italy ; grows chiefly on rocky, exposed 
 situations; and introduced into Britain in 1739. 
 The trunk is covered with a reddish-brown bark. The leaves are chiefly three- 
 lobed, with an entire margin, of a dark-green colour, and bear a general resem- 
 blance to those of the Acer campestre, which are about the same size, but of a 
 paler greeii, and five-lobed ; in mild seasons, they remain on the trees a great 
 part of the winter, more especially in France. The flowers are produced just 
 before the leaves, in May ; they are pendulous, and grow in corymbs, one from 
 almost every bud, and consist of from six to ten flowers ; they are of a pale-yel- 
 low colour, and form a great source of attraction to bees. The wood is hard 
 and heavy, and is used in France by turners and cabinet-makers. It is 
 much planted in that country for hedges, on account of the persistency of the 
 leaves. In England, this tree may be considered as purely one of ornament. 
 It is propagated either by seeds or layers, and well deserves a place in every 
 collection, both in Europe and in America, wherever it will grow. In France, in 
 the Jaidin des Pkuiles, at Paris, there is a tree of this species, whicli had attained 
 the height of fifty-five feet in o; indred and thirty years after planting. 
 
'f 'I 
 
 IHi't 
 
 I 
 
 Acer campestre, 
 THE FIELD MAPLE. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Acer eampestre, 
 
 Erable champetre, 
 
 Kleiner Ahorri, Fi'ld Aliorn, 
 
 Galli.zzi, (when small,) Loppo, Pi„pno, 
 
 Uiioppo, Stucchio, Festucchio, Fisluc- 
 
 chio, Albero da vite, 
 Field Maple, 
 
 LiNN^us, Species Plantarum. 
 Dk Ca.ndci.i.e, Prodroinus. 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loi'DoN, Arboreiuin Britannicum. 
 [ NcLBY, British Forest Trees. 
 
 r RANGE. 
 GliBiMANY. 
 
 IXALy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 .hf^fi|r'&.^"'y' B'"i»hFc.reatTree,, p. 27; U>u,o.. Ar>x,retun. Briiannicuin, ,., figure m, p. .„s,'e.. v. p,. 43; ,„, 
 ^S&^^::%l^r'^''-'' ^■•°''''"^'^ '°'^-- ^ «--es erect. Wi„,s of fnait much divari- 
 
 DescnjHion. 
 
 IHE Field Maple, 
 
 when cultivated 
 
 under favonra- 
 „„—-«- ms^^^^tv^^Tgm ble circumstan- 
 ces, forms a tree of the second or 
 third order, Avith a handsome outHne 
 and picturesque appearance. In its / 
 natural habitat, it seldom exceeds the \ ~ 
 height of twenty feet, ulthough in a ^ 
 mnr! M ^"/tivation, it often attains 
 more than double that elevation 
 
 Varieties. In the Acer eampestre, 
 we recognize six forms or varieties 
 which may be described as follows — 
 
 the >-m%rsSl7r;^:^Jed ^ f ^^^ ^^P^- This variety is 
 
 characterized as rather n sm^.l 1 u'^'' '"',''" ^>'P« "^ ^^is species, and is 
 
 and full of fissures; that of the branXt ^P^'^f,'^'"? !f ''^•^^'''^^ ; the bark'corkv 
 half inches broad, downy while vol, ''"''°''';, ^H '^^^^^^ '-^^out one and'a 
 lobed, irregularly notch.y Z^A . ^ r^' ^^ ^.'^ *''^'' footstalks, obtusely five- 
 clusters, winch J^Sate'^L'tmr^to's^'L';;"^" /^^^ «— g- - ^ 
 what corymbose, and of a green colour q'^li^ T ^""''^^ ^''^''^ ''^'''^^ ««"^e. 
 lobes. The capsules downy spread n^hnr .^u'*'"'' f'*" ^"^'^ ^'^f^^^^" the 
 dish wings. ^' ^P'^^'^'^'^g horizontally, with smooth, oblong, red- 
 
 va?ieU'' i*^" ^^^r''^ ^ARiEG.^Tis, Loudon. Variarafed-leavcd Fhhl MnnJ- T^i • 
 variCtj Jo Considered as the hnnd^jnmocf ^r n ."^"'^'^ r/r/^f Maplv. This 
 
 me nanasomest of all the varicgated-leaved Maples. 
 
 
 II 
 
 •4. 
 
FIELD MAPLE. 
 
 108 
 
 I to thia tree at 
 ;. V. pi. 43i and 
 much divari- 
 
 ariety is 
 !, and is 
 c corky, 
 e and a 
 \y five- 
 -row in 
 , some- 
 fen the 
 ig, red- 
 
 This 
 daples. 
 
 The leaves are blotched and striped with white, or whitish-yellow, and preserve 
 their vegetation with a healthy appearance. 
 
 3. A. c. coLLiNUM, lioudon. Hill-inhnbiting Field Maple. This variety is a 
 native of France. The fruit is smooth ; the lobes of the leaves obtuse, and the 
 flowers small. 
 
 4. A. c. AUsTRiAcuM, Loudon. Austrian Field Maple. This variety, as its 
 name imports, is a native of Austria ; also of Podolia, and Tauria. It is larger 
 in all its parts than the Acer campestre hebecarpum, and is of much freer 
 growth. Tlic trunk rises erect and straight, and sends out its branches regu- 
 larly on every side, so as to form a cone, almo.st like a lir-tree. The lobes of 
 the leaves are somewhat acuminated, and the fruit is smooth. 
 
 5. A. c. L^.vioATiJM, Loudon. Smootk-leavcd Field Maple. 
 
 6. A. c. NANUM, Loudon. Dwarf Field Maple. 
 
 Geofrraphy and History. The Acer campestre is found throughout the 
 middle states of Murope, and in the north ot Asia. According to Pallas, it 
 abounds in New Russia, and about Caucasus. It is common in hedges and 
 thickets in the middle counties and south of England ; but in the northern coun- 
 ties, and in Scotland, it is rare. It is not indigenous to Ireland, and perhaps not 
 to Scotland. 
 
 The largest tree of this species in Britain, and possibly on the globe, is at 
 Blairlogie, in Stirlingshire, which, in ISSo, was three hundred and two years 
 old, fifty-five feet high, with a trunk four feet in diameter, and an ambitus or 
 spread of branches of li>rty-five feet. Another tree at Braystock, in Essex, had 
 arrived at the height of fifty feet in eighty years. 
 
 In France, in the botanic garden at Toulon, there is a tree of this species, 
 which attained the height of forty-five feet at forty-eight years after planting. 
 
 In Saxony, at Wtirlitz, there is an Acer campestre, which attained the height 
 of forty feet, in sixty-five years after planting. 
 
 This species was introduced into the United States in 1822, by the late Mr. 
 Prince, of Flushing, New York, and may be found in the American nurseries 
 and collections. 
 
 Soil, Situation, ^'c. A dry soil suits the Acer campestre best, and an open 
 situation; but, to attain a timber-like size, it requ-res a deep, free soil, and a 
 situation sheltered by other trees. In nurseries, plants of this species are raised 
 from seeds, most of which often remain eighteen months in the ground before 
 they come np, though a few vegetate the first spring. The varieties are propa- 
 gated by layers. 
 
 Inserts, i^v. There are hut a few insects or their larva; which appear to feed 
 upon the leaves of this species, with the exception of a small, dark-green aphis; 
 and the tree is not nnich liable to accidents and diseases. Loudon observes that 
 the mislctoe is sometimes found growing upon it. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the Acer campestre, when allowed to become 
 a tree, and of a proper age, is very compact, possesses a fine grain, sometimes 
 beautifully veined, and is susceptible of a high polish. When dry, it weighs 
 fifty-two pounds to a cubic foot. It makes excellent fuel, and produces charcoal 
 of the best quality, which is sometimes employed in the manufacture of gun- 
 powder. It was celebrated among the ancient Romans for tables; and Pliny, 
 who has treated at length upon the hnisca and violln.sca, the names under which 
 the knobs and excrescences of this tree were known, informs us that cabinetr 
 Avork of the most costly description was fabricated from them. In France, and 
 other European countries, it is still extensively used by turners, carvers, and 
 cabinet-makers, and the wood of the roots, which is often knotted and curiously 
 marbled, is wrought into snutt-boxes, pipes, and various other articles of fancy. 
 
J04 
 
 ACER CAMPE8TRE. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 l! ' 
 I*- - 
 
 If 
 
 Mrihink. that to some vacant herniit«Re 
 
 My (ee w<,u|,l rather turn,-io somo dry nm.lt 
 
 Hur ed down a rnountaui-tave, from stage to mse 
 Ye temp,.nnK, Tor my .si^hi, its bns.l„»g''rago ^ ' 
 In the soli haven ol a translucent pool ^ 
 Thence creeping un.ler forest arches v.<U. * 
 iMt haunt ol shapes whose glorious e.iumkgo 
 Woul.1 elevate my dreams. A beechen'bowl. 
 A maple dish, my furniture should be ; 
 
 My inght-watch ; nor should e'er the crested fowl 
 F om thorp or vl h,s matins sound for me, 
 1 ired ol the world and all its industry. 
 
 foS a tabS:' "'"'■ <■"""* *'= ■-•»■•'» -II wi,h ,1,0 article so reauMtc 
 
 ***** Many a visitant 
 
 Had sat within his hospitable cave • 
 
 From his maple bowl, the unpolluted sprin" 
 
 Drunk tearluss, and with himVart,K,k t^e bTead 
 
 TJ at his pale lips most reverently had blessed 
 
 With words becoming such a holy man, ' 
 
 His dwelling a recess in some rude rock, 
 i3ooks, beads, and maple dish his meagre stock. 
 
 V ! * t * J' seemed a hermit's cell, 
 
 Vet void ol hour-glass, skull, and maple dish. 
 
 lor forming hedges, and for fil i,°g "p'£„3 "S VenTs ^',' '' "'f ""'"' '"^'^ 
 employed m toniurv works inrl in ,.11.. ! . '"^"^es. It is advantaseoiislv 
 shears better tlmnTnost other tree ^ The [f.^' ^"""^T' ^'"^^ ^^""'l ^« bear the 
 green, and dried, for winte provender Tor c^^^^^^^^^ and young shoots are gathered 
 proportion to the quantity t Jl^en, Smi ha of he sycS7'''^' ""''' '''^''' '" 
 
 /J, ^ 
 
thoy speak 
 
 requisite 
 
 Genus NEGUNDO, Mcench. 
 
 oachmcn, 
 luch used 
 tageously 
 bear the 
 gathered 
 sugar, in 
 
 AceraceoE. 
 Sytt. Xat. 
 
 Ntgundo, Acer, 
 
 DicBcia Fentandria. 
 Si/$t. Lin. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Erable, 
 
 Ahorn, Eschenahorn, 
 
 Negundo, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Britain, Italy, and Anulo-America. 
 
 Generic Characters. Sexes dioEcious. Flowers without a corolla. Calyx with 4 — 5 unequal teeth. 
 Male flowers upon thread-shaped pedicels, and disposed in fascicles ; anthers 1 — 5 linear, sessile. 
 Female liowers disposed in racemes. Leaves irapari-piniiately divided. — De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 |TIIS genus was constituted by Moench from the Acer nequndo of 
 liinna3us, and comprises throe species, one native of Cochin- 
 < 'hina, one of CaHfornia, and the other of Canada and the United 
 States. The Dobinea vulgaris, a hardy shrub, native of Nepal, 
 with elliptical, oblong, acutely-serrated leaves, belongs to the 
 same natural family. No other genus, has hitherto been discov- 
 ered, or recorded as belonging to the order Aceraca;, either of a hardy or tender 
 nature. 
 
 14 
 

 I' I 
 
 I ( 
 
 I 1 
 
 Ncgmido frax'mifolium, 
 THE ASH-LEAVED NEGUNDO. 
 
 Synonyi. 
 
 'lies. 
 
 Acer negundo, 
 Negundo fraxinifolium, 
 
 Negundo arernides, 
 
 Enable a feuilles de fr^ne, 
 
 ±.schenblaltriger Ahorn, 
 
 Acero a foghe di frassino, Nigundo, 
 
 i.rable a giguieres, ' 
 
 MicHADx, North American Sylva 
 NuTTAM, Genera of North American Plants 
 J De Canpolle, Prodromus "°''' 
 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 IZTcl """ ^"''' ^'''^ °^^°''^ A'^erica. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 French Illinois. 
 
 A«e.ved M.p,e, B,«k .,h, Box EMer, S"r,S™A».„.A„.,„. 
 
 tho Liiliii, acer, a inaule ajiil ihn o,-.' l- ,'• ; ^' "^'""Pin? or frisky inanle Thp ■IS.Jik ^'^^'^^ of this tree. The Illi- 
 
 Sngrav.ngs. Michaux, North American Sylva, p,. 46 • Ldon aZ ">« L^""./™-'"«, the ash, ami /„/,'„^„ TleX 
 
 Speajlc Cnaracters. Leaves of from 3 to 5 leltT """■ '^ '' '' ' ^"^ '^^ «-- ''-- 
 
 odd one onener S-lobed than simple.-Z>' SS/'^X:;;,^ ''"" "-^"^'^ ^"'^ ^P^-^'X toothed, the 
 
 I HE Negundo fraxinifoli- 
 
 ' nm, in favourable situa- 
 tions, attains a height of 
 drni^J^^Td^ftee^'^n, ^-^ 7 fifty feet, with a 
 the trunk is brown ^hl "^ '"^'''''- ^^^ ^^^^ of 
 a disagreJ:b^:L :^ Zd ZTof:^''''' '^^^ 
 branches is of a smAnth , \n ^^^ ^^""g 
 
 interrupted on^vhvoT^ ™«'»-^''^« appearance, 
 pea-green hke^ho^ '^/«^^ buds, and is of a beautifu 
 
 nale,'bron': 1™ 'S^'lt f""J"™ °«^^^- 
 a small distanc"?!:^' te grouncr^'n^W ''" '' 
 loose, and wide-spreadinJ heS THp l ™' ^ 
 
 the soil in whic i^^o ' ^ '^^^ "^^^^^"''•^ ^>f 
 
 toothecT C^S aX^'t?"""^^' ^"d ^barply \S^) _, 
 
 flowers are protLd"^^/, ;, TS Vt '"T^ °^ ^^ ^^P -^^ ^he 
 They occur in slender pend,,Ioisrtpmor ^' ^I'.^ ^^PPear with the loaves 
 which renders them difficu^ to L seer^m ^""1""? '^^ ^ S^een co?o\'r 
 flowering .season. The r-icorZJ r f f K , ^^^^y he closely watched in Vho 
 gradually .„ .„e lengul' ^f'^L"! se°v /'Se ' a'adr^r' "'" ""-/f l^^^et" 
 appear oonspicnoiis among Uie foliasc ' ""' *"">" advances, they 
 
 - -..m of .!.„ Loudo. Ho«,c„U„ral Society, ealld j^^SX^.™'™;^ '" 
 
 
ASH-LEAVED NEGUNDO. 
 
 107 
 
 'lants. 
 
 tnca. 
 
 ong the French 
 tree. The Illi- 
 IS derived from 
 alngy this spe- 
 'oliu/n, a leaf. 
 
 > figures below, 
 toothed, the 
 
 
 or Curled-leaved Ash-leaved Negnndo. It is cl u.i male sex ; the inflorescence 
 consists of pendulous panicles of flowers, that are green, with some redness from 
 the colour of the anthers ; and each is placed upon a slender peduncle of about 
 an inch in length. 
 
 ^ Geography and History. The Negundo fraxinifolium is a native of the 
 United States, and of Canada. According to Dr. Hooker, it is abundant about 
 Red River, in latitude fifty-four degrees, in the latter country, which may be 
 considered as its most northern limit. It is seldom found growing wild in the 
 northern parts of the union, or in the maritime districts of the southern states. 
 It commences on the banks of the Delaware, in tht; neighbourhood of Phila- 
 delphia, and becomes more abundant towards the Alleghany Mountains, at the 
 west of which, it is still more multipUed. 
 
 This species was first introduced into England in 1688, by Bishop Compton, 
 at Fulham ; and since that time it has been cultivated throughout Europe. The 
 original tree, planted at Fulham, is believed still to be in existence. In 1793, it 
 measured six feet and four inches in circumference three feet from the ground, 
 and was computed to be forty-five feet in height. In 1809, it measured seven 
 feet one and a half inches in girt ; and in 1835, the dimensions had scarcely 
 varied. The largest tree of this species recorded in England, is at Kenwood, 
 which had attained the height of forty-five feet in thirty-five years after planting. 
 
 The negundo was introduced into France by Admiral Gallisoniere, in the time 
 of Du Hamel. According to Baudrillart, the administration of forests at Paris, 
 received a quantity of seeds from the neighbourhood of Lyons, from which a 
 number of young plants were raised, and distributed through the national 
 forests. Hence it appears that they had both the male and female trees in 
 France, at that period. 
 
 Michaux informs us that a row of these trees was planted in the Jardin des 
 Plantes, in the Rue do Buflbn, which gave an excellent idea of their appearance 
 in their native forests. The largest of these trees which remained in 1835, esti- 
 mated at upwards of sixty years of age, was fifty-one feet in height, with a head 
 fifty-four feet in diameter. 
 
 At Briick, on the Leytha, in Austria, there is a tree of this species, which 
 attained the height of eighty feet in foity-eight years after planting, with an 
 ambitus, or spread of branches of forty-eight feet. 
 
 In the Bartram botanic garden, on the west bank of the Schuylkill, there is a 
 tree of this species, fifty feet in heigh' , with a trunk four feet in circumference. 
 And there is another fine specimen growing in Washington square, in Phila- 
 delphia, which has been planted about thirty years. 
 
 Soil, Situation, 6)'c. In the bottoms which skirt the rivers in its native coun- 
 try, where the soil is deep, fertile, constantly moist, and often inundated, the 
 Negundo fraxinifolium is most abundant, and attains its largest size. Even 
 here, however, it seldom exceeds fifty feet in height, with a trunk twenty inches 
 in diameter; and " trees of these dnnensions," Michaux observes, "are found 
 only in Tennessee, and in the back parts of Georgia, whicli lie far to the south." 
 At the west of the Alleghanies, instead of being confined to the river sides, as in 
 Virginia and the CaroUnas, it grows in the woods, with the locust, (Robinia,) 
 wild cherry, (Cerasus virginiana,) and the cofFee-tree (Gymnocladus.) But in 
 such situations, it docs not attain so ample dimensions as in Tennessee and 
 Georgia. When cultivated, the soil and situation of this tree may be the same 
 as those of the Acer eriocarpum. When raised from seeds, they should always 
 be sown, if possible, as soon as practicable after gathering, on account of the 
 dilFiculty of keeping them until spring. The plaiUs grow with amazing rapidity 
 when the soil is deep, and somewhat moist ; but as it is not a long-lived tree, it 
 shoi^ld not be placed in situations where the permanent effect of wood is of 
 
108 
 
 NEOUNDO FRAXINIFOLIUM. 
 
 importance. It arriw^ n* . 
 
 Properties and Uses Th. ^ . "^ iavoura- 
 
 •^f fuel; but in li^,?. ^' ' ^^ ^«^^«m employed for nm7 S ^'^"'^^ ^"^ rose-col- 
 
 It works well l^elaS' " i' "^^^ ^" cabinelma? nT^na m'' T'^'^ ^^an that 
 
 extracted from the sannf?.'^ '^""^*^"«- ^^ ha^bStSS^.^^f ^ ^^^ inlaying. 
 
 that, from its rapM g?owth af fA ^"^ '^' '' denied by Mfehaux'^^H' ^'^ ^^^" 
 
 valuable underwood to Hp.?,^' ^^'"^ ^"^ down to the ground ^-V '^^^"ggests 
 
 other purposes. Bm hi. L k'^^''^ "^^«« ^^ ^ur yeaXr fi," T'^^^ ^'^^ ^ 
 
 constantl/ humid t P .M ^' 5^^" ^"^'^ in France- and „nip 'u^^^'*^''^^' and 
 
 solely to be coSered nJ ' '' ^''""^ ^o decay in a few v^a" 1 '^^ '"^^ '^^ ^^^Pt 
 
 States it merfts the aSor^^^^^ ^^^« ^"d ^heTe^'as wel/^s fnT^fr' '^' 
 immediate effect i. fht -!k- . cultivators and amatPnrV ^ ^" ^^^ United 
 ance, by the fine J^L f^^'^ ^""^ " i« rapid in its So wh' ^ ^^^"ations where 
 the shgLest brTezfaTdlt" wSp^^^' 'V^^^^^ S tt^l'l!'' ^P^T 
 from us faculty of k^^^^^.^S^^^^^^^^^ It alS' ^ SiSj 
 
 4 . ! 
 
 'J 
 
 "I i 
 
I and has been 
 under favoura- 
 
 im has a fine, 
 'but is rather 
 arge, except in 
 h and rose-col- 
 ■pose than that 
 y for inlaying, 
 'ugar has been 
 He suggests 
 nught form a 
 charcoal, and 
 '6 soil be kept 
 England, it is 
 in the United 
 lations where 
 in its appear- 
 ich move by 
 ■its attention 
 
 Genus yESCULUS, Linn. 
 
 iEsculaceoe. 
 Syal. ifat. 
 
 Heptandria Monogynia 
 Syat. Lin 
 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 JEsculus, Hippocastanum, Pavia, 
 
 Of Authohs. 
 
 Marronier tl'Indie, 
 Rosskastanie. 
 Ippocastano, 
 Horse-chesnut, Buckeye, 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Derivations. The wnrd JEsculus, derived from the Latin, tsca, nourishment, was applied by Pliny to a species of oak which 
 had an edible acorn. The name Ifippocaslanuvi, derived from the Greeic, hippos, a horse, and castanon, a chesnul, is sup- 
 posed to have been given to this tree, because, in Turlcey, the nuts were uaed for curing horses of pulmonary diseases. The 
 name, Pavia, is so called, in honour of Peter Paw, a Dutch botanist. 
 
 Distinctive Character. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Ovary roundish, trigonal. Seeds large and globose : 
 albumen wanting. Embryo curved, inverted, with fleshy, thick, gibbous cotyledons, not produced 
 above ground in germination. Plumule large, 2-ieaved. — Loudon, Arboretum. 
 
 Y most modern botanists, the order iEsculacene, is supposed to 
 embrace two separate genera, jEsculus and Pavia, distinguished 
 from each other chiefly by the former having echinated capsules, 
 and the latter by having them smooth ; and also of the compar- 
 ative roughness of their leaves. To us it appears doubtful, 
 _ whether these circumstances are a sufficient generic distinction, 
 
 since they vary much in ditrerent individuals, and since, in some of the kinds, 
 which have apparently been produced between iEsculus and Pavia, the fruit is 
 as smooth, or nearly as much so as in the Paviaj proper. We shall, therefore, 
 embrace them all under four species, and regard them mostly as varieties. 
 
 All the species, except one, which is a shrub, are deciduous trees, with deeply 
 cut leaves, and showy flowers. They are mostly natives of North America, 
 and some of the varieties arc recognized, in Brazil, northern India, and Japan. 
 Their fruit is usually large and bitter, sternutatory, abounding in potash and 
 starch, and containing a febrifuge called asad'mc. Their bark is tonic and 
 astringent. 
 
§ 
 
 III I l-l 
 
 t 
 
 I?" 
 
 ;.. > f 
 
 I 
 
 -Ssctdtis h:ppocnstanum, 
 THE COMMON HORSE-CHESNUT. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 ^sculus hippocastanum, 
 
 J """'^"ENow, BerUnische Baumzucht 
 
 Loudon Arboretum Britannicum 
 (SE.B^^^Bnt.h Forest Treer™- 
 
 Gee.many. 
 
 Marronier d'Indie, 
 
 pemeine Rosskastanie, ^ 
 
 gculo.Ca.a„adecabal.o, 1 , J: 
 
 Konskoi Kastan, Portugal. 
 
 ilor&e-che&nut, Bussia. 
 
 fHE Horse-chesnm is a 
 
 '- ,''fj^ «f the largest size, 
 
 „^ ,„_^ ^^"h an erect trunk, and 
 
 times attaitiing a fSf nf-^7'''''!"'^'^' ^^""^^ ««me- 
 
 ■ feet. The leaves ar?hr/p T^ ^ ""^ '^""^red 
 
 s/ngnlarly interest^, ' ^'Thl ^.^^P-green, and 
 
 developed. When ennlncn 7 """ '^"'' ^^hen first 
 
 covered with a nnh!l "^ "' ^^e bud. they are 
 
 become expande^d wS'!;;'^^ ^^'^^ ^^^^ ^^^ they 
 according to f he rlr^rJ '^'^''"''^ sooner or later 
 
 The budV::e"cts;irf""^ ^^"^'^^ ---' 
 
 which protects thpi, ;i .^ g"mn-.- substance 
 
 The grow h bo 1 of ,7?^ ''''T' ^'^^ the we?.' 
 
 very S.pid, soSl the voL^."'/^ J'" '?^^^^ ''^ 
 
 being perfected in three JpT^.''^"^' ^"'^ ''^^'^^'^ 
 
 their first unfold ig The fll ^'""^ '^'' ^™« ^^ #/ H-m^ mm 
 
 t-me after the leases .K .?rT- ^PP''^^ ^^ ^ ^^ *^ 
 
 be^de^^ribed as follows.-- ^^ ''''''''''' ^^« ^-^^oS^^^ecl under tins spec.es, and may 
 of th.s variety are blotcS ,Wth ^Zr^^'''^-^^"''^ J^orse-r/Z, The U 
 
 -"•^'"^^ Vn-wna, Ohio, and 
 
 ,i 
 
 mi 
 
COMMON HORSE-CHESNTJT. 
 
 Ill 
 
 '; and the figures 
 m. 
 
 ./Y-^- 
 
 ; and in 
 lay, and 
 
 Lnd may 
 
 lis vari, 
 
 > leaves 
 have a 
 
 This 
 io, and 
 
 Kentucky. It is a low tree, with a rough, blackish bark, the cellular integu- 
 ment of which, emits a disagreeable, fcDtid odour. The ordinary stature is ten 
 or twelve feet, but it sometimes attains a height of thirty or thirty-five feet, 
 with a diameter of twelve or fifteen inches. The leaflets are glabrous, une- 
 qual in size, oval-acuminate, irregularly toothed, and of a fine green colour. 
 The flowers are white, about half the size of the ^sculus hippocastanum, and 
 appear in May or June. The fruit is also about half the size, of the same colour, 
 and is contained in fleshy, prickly capsules, and matures early in autumn. 
 
 4. JR. H. RUBicuNDA, Loudou. Scarlet-flmcered Horsc-chesmit ; Marronier rubi- 
 cttnd of the French ; and Scharlachrother Rosskastanienbaum of the Germans. 
 The colour of the flowers of this variety is scarlet. The leaves are of a deeper 
 green than those of any other kind. It is distinguished from the iEsculus hippo- 
 castanum by the leaves being fuller and more uneven on the surface, and of a 
 deeper green ; and from the ^sculus rubra, by its larger and rougher leaves. 
 It is doubtful whether this tree is a native of America, or originated in British 
 nurseries. It was first cultivated in England in 1820; and a tree at Endsleigh 
 Cottage, in Devonshire, attained the height of thirty feet in eighteen years aft^er 
 planting. 
 
 5. M. H. GLABRA, Loudou. Sntootk-leaved Horse-chestmt This variety is a 
 low tree, native of North America, and introduced into Britain in 1822. Its 
 leaflets are of a pale-green, very smooth, and fall in autumn sooner than those 
 of most other varieties. The flowers are of a greenish-yellow, and appear in 
 June. The whole plant is comparatively glabrous, and even the fruit partakes 
 of that quality. 
 
 6. JE. H. PALLIDA, Loudon. Pale-flowered Horse-chesnut ; Gelblicher Rosskas- 
 tanienbaum of the Germans. This variety is a native of the forests of Kentuckv 
 and was introduced into Britain in 1812. It closely resembles the preceding vari- 
 ety, but is somewhat more robust in its growth. Its flowers are paler, being of a 
 whitish, or greenish-yellow, and its leaves are not quite so smooth. 
 
 7. M. H. ASPLENiiFOLiA. Femlike-kaved Horse-chesnut. This is a French 
 variety, having leaves resembling those of ferns. 
 
 8. JE. H. FOLiis ARGENTEFs, Loudou. Silver-leaved Horse-chesnut, the leaves of 
 which are blotched, or striped with white, instead of yellow. 
 
 Geography and History. The native country of the common horse-chesnut, 
 Mr. Royle observes, "is yet unknown, though stated, in some works, to be the 
 north of India." He says that he never met with it, though often visiiing the 
 mountains of that country, where, if anywhere, it was likely to be found, and 
 where the Indian horse-chesnut was found in abundance. 
 
 According to M. Bon de Saint-Hilaire, the horse-chesnut passed from the 
 mountains of Thibet to England in 1550, and thence to Vienna, by Clusius, and 
 afterwards to Paris by Bachelier. It is also stated by Clusius, in his " Rariorum 
 Plantarum Historia," tl. t there was a plant of this species at Vienna, in 1588, 
 which had been brought there twelve years before, but which had not then 
 flowered. It has also been said that this tree was first raised in France, from 
 seeds procured from the Levant, in the year 1615, by one Bachelier. Parkinson, 
 in 1629, says, "Our Christian world had first a knowledge of it from Constanti- 
 nople." The same autlior placed it in his orchard, as a fruit-tree, between the 
 walnut and the mulberries. We afterwards find it mentioned in Johnson's edi- 
 tion of Gerard's " Herbal," in 1633, as thru growing in Mr. Tradescant's garden, 
 at South Lambeth. From this period till the time of Miller, it appears to have 
 attracted great attention, and acquired a high reputation as an ornamental tree, 
 as he represents it in 1731, as being very common in England, and extensively 
 employed in the ibrmatiou of aveiuios and public walks. 
 
 The largest horse-chesnut, supposed to exist in Britain, is at Nocton, in 
 
II! 
 
 
 I 
 
 112 
 
 JESCVLVS HIPPOCASTANUM. 
 
 t': 
 
 %h"ST, J;J: iZlZ'^s^L^^^^^^^^ tree, fifty.nine feet 
 
 fee ,n circumference. The branches fresuDnoKi?^ "''"^ ^'^"^^'^'^ ^"^ five 
 distance, the tree appears like an' m» ^KS?nn t ^P^P'i '^ ^''^^ ^^ a httle 
 m Warwickshire, there is another trTo" this snpl«""ru ^' ^'"""^^e Abbey, 
 of seventy feet in one hundred vears nfto"ili ^^■^"'^' ^^''^^ attained the heigh 
 three inches in diameter, wrL^mbitifs of sn'^rSf '0^1? ^^? " ^^""'^ ««^«" ^^^ 
 and three feet. Sir T. Dick LauZ peaJir,. , ^^^^^^^^ «f one hundred 
 says, ' The horse-chesnuts on U le lawrwhi?.? ^^."'"^f ^hesnuts in Scotland, 
 Dawick, the seat of Sir John MuraySmyth^ f""''^^ '^' S^^den of 
 
 m Tweeddale, are certainly the oldest and Ss^in'*? 7 "?''"' ^^«"^ ^'^^bles, 
 should say there are none equal to them in Sit ^'%\^"d; or, perhaps, we 
 from each other; but they support a ma^s of ? '\u ^'^'^^ '^^^^ twelve feet 
 head which takes a beautLl C anTcovers an'f' ?'r "PP''^^ ^° ^' ^ut one 
 of which, is ninety-six feet. The larger of Z f wi ""^ S"""""^' ^'^^ diameter 
 
 the root, sixteen and a half feet The srnaHer rl' ' "J ^'?' ^^^^diately above 
 circumference at the base, and ten feetTt fr.p ? V-^'IT'' ^"^ ^ half feet iu 
 trees was estimated by him to be from ot hmlfc^ ^'^V ■ 7^' ^^« ^^ ^hese 
 dred and ninety years. Mr. Loudon b.? Li 1 '^ ^'}^ ^'8^^^ ^o one hun- 
 
 existed in the garden of the Temnle ''''ml P'^'P'^gf «d m that country, formerly 
 mto that kinglom, vvas pLnteS^t^he JardlHes P? °f ^'^-^ «Pecies^ntroduceJ 
 1/67. A section of its trunk is stilUreserved n ^he M ''' VS,^^' ^"'^ ^'^^ in 
 There is a tree of this kind existing n thrga d^',' 'f^^'r-i"^.^^^"''^ ^^''^^'Y- 
 tmguished, even in summer, from all others^n th^ f ^"/^^^^S' ^^hich is dis- 
 of flowers with which it is covered and al « brthr ^'r^'"' ^Y '^' ^'^^^'^''^^ 
 forth It IS said to unfold its leave ahvavs n f/r/n v?'''^^'' ^^ ^^eir putting 
 which IS exemplified by the follovvi.L hS f^'^^^'ght earlier than any others 
 into Paris on tL 20th of Marc ^Tsil^S^^^^^ Zf'^'f °". ^^P^leon's entry 
 his tree furnished to him and lis f fends fihr^^^ 
 
 being the only tree in the leaf in the ga^dt/o/ Z T^In" '' P'^'"""^ decoration 
 
 In Germany, the horsp-rhnsnnt oft l 1 uderies. ' 
 
 found Its wa/lo Bal" Vhl"" \^^^^^ Vienna, soon 
 
 tury, and where some of the trees are snirt J^ 1 ^^"^ *. ^'^^ ^nd of the XVIth cen- 
 
 The introduction of the common hnrTv ''^ '^'" "' existence, 
 dates back to about the mfdXTt ^^7? IKm ^'^'^^ P-^^bly 
 
 the first brought to this country, is stiH stind ino- 1 .^" ^^'"^ t'''^' supposed to be 
 Wells, of Yonkers, (formerly Plii l.^sbu 'if A^ew Yorlf '^ ^^"^"«' W- 
 
 cumference at a yard above the gromid slxli fi ve fl? ' i""'^. '' ^^"^ ^^^^^ in cir- 
 tu', or spread of branches of fifty fee It is h:Vfl/'^-^ I" ^'""'^^''^ ^^"h an ambi- 
 a profusion of fruit, from which the NevvVn-t "''""§ condition, and bears 
 annually supplied. It is sn d n »?. ^t^^ ^oik nurseries and seed-stores ire 
 founderif li^hpsburgV^^fol^^^^^^^^^ by Frederick PhiL^Te t'l" 
 
 In the vicinity of this tree there are mmerou o^^^^^ 
 
 tilde, which were raised from its nuts and fmm 7 "'''''■'>' ^''^ ^^^"^^ magni- 
 I^Jts c,f Yonkers, they have not inc:^^ ^Z^^^^^^^!^ ^^^^ 
 
 hs';rSefsh%'etTi;t^ when allowed to attain 
 
 or chandelier," its long racem'^ of fl^f^ tCedL 
 
 3 like heht: a "giant's nosr-ir-.v-.'-- ™'^^ tapering up from its dmopin^ fdi. 
 . gmnt no.cgay , u gigantic liyacinth ;" a " Brobdignagkn 
 
 tre 
 
COMMON HORSE-CHESNUT. 
 
 113 
 
 ifty-nine feet 
 Ired and five 
 lat at a little 
 >mbe Abbey, 
 id the height 
 ik seven feet 
 one hundred 
 in Scotland, 
 3 garden of 
 om Peebles, 
 perhaps, we 
 
 twelve feet 
 ) be but one 
 lie diameter 
 ately above 
 half feet in 
 ge of these 
 
 one hun- 
 his species, 
 e height of 
 
 the parent 
 [, formerly 
 introduced 
 nd died in 
 vl History, 
 lich is dis- 
 
 profusion 
 ir putting 
 ny others, 
 on's entry 
 I of Elba, 
 ecoration, 
 
 fina, soon 
 Vlth cen- 
 
 probably 
 '&ed to be 
 muel W. 
 et in cir- 
 an ambi- 
 nd bears 
 ores are 
 ipse, the 
 oprietor. 
 ' magni- 
 lest resi- 
 ir recol- 
 
 o attain 
 se"lus- 
 ing foli- 
 jnagian 
 
 lupine;" and, from the manner in which it scatters its flowers on the grass, and 
 the comparative t:sclessness of its fruit and timber, it is regarded by poets as a 
 symbol of ostentation. 
 
 In Paris, the magnificent trees in the garden at the Luxembourg have been 
 celebrated by Castel. 
 
 " \A do marroninra Ina hatites nvoniio.i 
 S'arrondiascnl en voflte, et nou8 cachenl leg nucs." 
 
 (S'ojV, Situation, (S/'c. The horse-chesuut requires a deep, free, loamy soil, and 
 will neither attain an ample size, nor flower freely, except in a situation rather 
 sheltered than exposed. It is always propagated by the nut, sown in autumn or 
 spring, and covered with from two to three inches of soil. The cotyledons do 
 not rise to the surface, as in the oak, the beech, and some other trees. "Some 
 nurserymen," says Loudon, "cause the nuts to germinate before sowing them, 
 in order to have an opportunity of pinching off the extremity of the radicle ; by 
 which means the plants are prevented from forming a taproot; or, at least, if a 
 taproot is fornnd, it is of a much weaker description than it vould otherwise be, 
 and the number of lateral fibres is increased ; all of which is favourable for 
 transplanting. When the tree is intended to attain the largest size, m the 
 shortest time, the nut ought to be sown where the tree is finally to remain; 
 because the use of the taproot is mainly to descend deep into the soil, to secure 
 a supply of water, which, in dry soils and seasons, can never be obtained in 
 sufficient quantities by the lateral roots, which extend themselves near the sur- 
 face in search of nourishment and air." This is admitted, by Selby, to be the 
 case for a certain number of years, but he doubts whether a transplanted tree 
 will not ultimately attain as large a size as one reared in the maimer recom- 
 mended above. He cites an instance of a tree at Twizcll, eighteen years planted, 
 which measured, at two feet from the ground, four feet, two inches in circumfer- 
 ence, with a height of thirty-eight feet. 
 
 Insects. The foliage of the iEsculus hippocastanum is rarely eaten by the 
 larva) of insects, except by those of several species of the Geometrioe, some of 
 which indiscriminately attack every tree within their reach, and persist in their 
 devastations, unless the qualities of the leaves are disagreeable to them in the 
 extreme. Among the trees, in which the leaves are unpleasant to them, are the 
 Ailantus glandulosa, Catalpa syringifolia, and Broussonetia papyrifera (Paper 
 mulberry.) 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the horse-chesnut is white and very soft, 
 and according to Loudon, when dry, weighs from thirty-five to thirty-seven 
 pounds to a cubic foot. It is luifit for use where mvich strength and durability 
 in the open air are required ; nevertheless, there are many purposes for which it 
 is applicable, when sawn into boards; such as for flooring, lining to carts, 
 packing-cases, &c. In France, sabots, or wooden shoes are ii ide from it; and 
 it is said to be used by carvers, turners, &c. Boutcher says, liiat it is suitable 
 for water-pipes that are to be kept constantly under ground ; and it is also recom- 
 mended for this purpose by Du Hamel. The charcoal made of this species may 
 be used in the manufacture of gunpowder ; and the ashes of every part of the 
 plant, more especially of the fruit, afford potash in considerable quantity. The 
 bark, which is very bitter, is employed for tanning, and also for dyeing yellow ; 
 and it has been used medicinally as a substitute for Jesuit's bark. In Turkey, 
 the nuts are ground, and mixed with horse-food, especially when the animals are 
 broken winded ; and in tiieir crude state, they are eaten by goats, sheep, deer, 
 and hogs. They are used in Ireland to whiten linen, and for diis purpose are 
 rasped inlo water, in which they are allowed to macerate for some time. The 
 saponaceous juice, which they contain, is very useful, not only in bleaching, but in 
 15 
 
 Ma 
 
114 
 
 i I I 
 
 il h 
 
 ^SCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM. 
 
 rutjtitToTfhrirslt^^^^^^ ^P-Ied and ground, and the 
 
 woollens may be washed w^^ZXsL^Zul''''''''' ^"'^ '''^''' ^'««"« "^ 
 eradicates spots of all kinds. Tl^^ clo ^^^'0^^ S"""^ f ''^P' ^''' '^ effectually 
 in clean water. The nuts when ^rnnn!l' .^?'^7«''' «''«»'d afterwards be rinsed 
 
 tion of one-third with re'fl'o^'oVTeS^'a"^ T'' '" *^^ P^P^" 
 
 bmder's paste; and when steenorl /n hAf f . ^^ *^'^ strength of book- 
 
 portion of braA, it mikes a nutrttio^is fon^?'' ^"'^ "^'^"^ ^^^^' ^" ^O"-! Pro- 
 has proposed to change the tS ZtSned h^ fhf/"^ P""'''>^- ^- ^«rg^"d 
 wards employ it in dislillation '^°"'*^'^«^ "^ the flour, mto sugar, and after- 
 
 met^^T Tt'pforrk^s%i%tcT;r^^^^^^^ '^ -"f -^^ - - -- 
 
 nues, or on the margins of n laSnn, ri "\^'''^^'"' ^^^^er singly, in ave- 
 ''himpishinitsform;- butinsavn^^^^^^^^^^ Gilpm objects to this tree, as being 
 with reference to picturesque beaufvo.vhiT'^^ 
 
 becomes very old; VherS fn no^if nJ fl fl" ^'^' """^ ^^^^ pretensions till it 
 other trees. '< To' the paWte" the llifi ^T'^' ^* ^"^ unequalled by few 
 of its drapery, especiaL^Sn iothST hf^^^^^ f "s stature" and the richness 
 and embroidered with it^ nrofusion of \n T^ ""^ '^' ^'""""^ palrnated leaves, 
 exceeding regulariinf I form ten^^^ ^^'^"■'' "^^^^cely atone for the 
 
 the hand%f Lturel h an eS Sola '^' An f ?"^'^\'^-^^ '^«^^' ''^''' ^^^ to 
 Its massive and luxuriant summit Pon tin;. "n "' i'"'^^'^^''" ^° these beauties, 
 airy character, and thus proS '^T1 °( ''''' "^ ^ «^«re 
 
 landscape scenery. i^i^oauces tiiat breadth of light and shade so essential to 
 
 Ui^ 
 
 I 
 
 ti 
 
ound, and the 
 ither linens or 
 1 it effectually 
 ards be rinsed 
 n the propor- 
 ingth of boole- 
 an equal pro- 
 M. Vergaud 
 ar, and after- 
 
 i as an orna- 
 ngly, in ave- 
 ree, as being 
 3 tree merely 
 ensions till it 
 illed by few 
 
 the richness 
 lated leaves, 
 tone for the 
 when left to 
 Gse beauties, 
 3s of a more 
 
 essential to 
 
 JBscubis pavia, 
 THE SMALL BUCKEYE. 
 
 St/nonymes. 
 
 JEsculus pavia, 
 
 Pavia rubra, 
 
 Marronier pavie, Pavie a fleurs rouges, 
 Kothe Hosskastanie, 
 Pavia, Marrone di Paw, 
 Rcd-tlowered Pavia, Small Buckeye, 
 
 LiNNJEDS, Species Plamarum. 
 
 Elliott, Flora of South Carolina. 
 
 Torre V and Gray, Flora of North America. 
 
 De CANDOi^LE, Prodromus. 
 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Bngratinga. Audubon, Birds of America, pi. Ixxxviii. ; I.oudan, Arboretum Britannicum, v., pi. 51 ; and iho figures below. 
 
 Specific Characters. Fruit smooth. Corolla 4 petals, that are longer than the stamens. Leaflets 5, ellip- 
 tic-oblong, tapered at both ends, and smooth, as is the petiole ; axils of the nerves hairy on the under 
 surface of the leaf. — De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 Description. 
 
 [IE Small Buckeye is 
 
 a slender-growing tree 
 
 or shrub, varying in 
 
 height from two to 
 
 twenty feet, in ifs natural habitat, and some- 
 times thirty feet when in a state of cultivation. 
 The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, cuneate-ob- 
 long, or oval, slightly acuminate, unequally 
 serrulate, minutely pubescent, or nearly gla- 
 brous, except along the veins beneath. The 
 racemes are lax, and generally with ternate 
 flowers ; the corollas arc tetrapctalous, with 
 their connivent claws of the length of the 
 calyx ; the stamens arc seven, and shorter 
 than the corolla. The flowers appear in Geor- 
 gia and Carolina in March, and a month or six 
 weeks later near Philadelphia and New York ; 
 and according to Mr. Audubon, they are scent- 
 less, and much sought after by humming-birds. 
 The fruit resembles that of the common horse-chesnut, but is much smaller. 
 
 Varieties. The following are recognized under this form, which may be 
 described as follows : — 
 
 1. M. p. ARGUTA, P. r. arguta of Loudon. Sharp-toothed Small Buckeye. 
 This variety was introduced into the garden of the London Horticultural t-^oci- 
 ety from the nursery of M. Castros, of Bordeaux, under the name of JEscnhis 
 pavia parvijlora. It is said to be a handsome small tree, with dark, brownish- 
 red flowers, differing but little from the iEsculus pavia. The tree in the Soci- 
 ety's garden, attained the height of fifteen feet in ten years. 
 
 2. M. p. suBLACiNiATA, P. T. sublaci?iiata, of Loudon. 
 Small Bmkryc. The leaflets of this variety are acutely serrated ; in other 
 respects it differs but little from the species. 
 
 SUghtly-cutlcared 
 
116 
 
 iESCULUS PAVIA. 
 
 ong time expanding, and nn'mSs ough' ^^^1'^''^''''^' c^ntinuing^ ^ 
 imit This plant varies in heiditVrZ SI 7 ^'^'^ ^'"^ ^P*'^''''»g'y succeeded bv 
 
 llam™rs£i.C nnS^Tn'R''^^^!* of eight "' '™ '-•. '-^"toZ'j^Zto 
 
 the ^sculus pavia discolor, but its Vowers "re 2rp ^^^^^^ resemblance to those o7 
 
 rufons down on the veins oi^thoir nnnor S ^^"^ '"^^^^^ ^^ «,is variety have 
 Phcate The flowers are pale veliynnJ^''' ■''''■', '"^""^'^ beneath, and mthir 
 ^sembhng the preceding vSetrnd' like 1^^^ ^"^^'^ r^' ^his is a tree 
 the -^culus pavia, and M pavia discolor ' ^PP^^^"^^^ ^ hybrid between 
 
 be^nter^rr^-e^-^ variety appears to 
 
 petals less spreading nnH ,.f ? , ^'''"'"on horse-chesnut hut witi, ♦ 
 
 branches are VaSfng'and loo'se' t d1, '''T.^ "^'^'^ ^viZ^yel OM.:^ The' 
 appearance, and quite differem from ,lt^ '^'"^''^ *^'" ^^' ^'^ open, graceftil 
 branches which characterize most oThe In ^^"^P^'^'^t"^^^ of form and rigfditv "f 
 Geograp/iy and History The sn^^S h^f ''""' ?^ ^^is genus. ^ '^ °^ 
 
 on mountains, from Virgitfia to GeoTJ^l T '''^' ^' ^"""^ "^ fortile valleys and 
 
 hv^L^ '\,"^H"« of BraziTaS o?iapan"'T''"'*-^'^^"^^^^; ^"^ L s" d 
 iiv [hn,v,„„ r^an-child in 1711 „„., . *'^P^"- It was mtroduced into Britnin 
 
 m 
 
 " ' ; I 
 
 ii! 
 
 pendiHous, low tree. '^ ^oddiges, at Haekney, and produced a beauS' 
 
 N.{heJK',i';L,';"a-i'; 'we„'"yl"ref;e":"a'Sr" ,'"7^ ""' ^I»«- «'™»l' 
 Jn Hanover, at Schwohhor fh« ^ ^ ^ ^"*^r planting. 
 
 At Philadelphia, in .he'gaSe^oTMr^rf ''1'"='T>"=,''-' fety feet in heigh, 
 ^■omeimies employed to stupifv fish Wi ' «i Powdered seeds of this tree are 
 
 1, 
 
 hi 
 
^ 
 
 SMALL BUCKEYE. 
 
 117 
 
 eye. This is 
 three feet in 
 
 mcrcd f^niall 
 
 with pubes- 
 
 smooth, and 
 
 scuhis flava, 
 
 y are large, 
 
 continuing a 
 
 ucceedcd by 
 
 raised from 
 
 in free soil, 
 
 ' case in the 
 
 taken with the hand. The root, he says, is used as a substitute for soap in 
 washing woollen clothes. 
 
 It has been recommended to engraft this species into the points of the shoots 
 of the common horse-chesnut, of twenty or thirty years' growth, care being 
 taken afterwards, once or twice every year, to rub off all the buds from the stock 
 as soon as they appear, so that the entire force of the plant may be directed to 
 the nourishment of the scions. 
 
 variety are 
 the flowers 
 to those of 
 
 wd. 
 
 ariety have 
 and rather 
 
 s is a tree 
 
 id between 
 
 appears to 
 d iEsculus 
 ing. The 
 It with the 
 )w. The 
 I, graceful 
 rigidity of 
 
 illeys and 
 nd is said 
 
 Britain 
 1II7 culti- 
 
 height of 
 feet. At 
 rrived at 
 the com- 
 )eautiful, 
 
 attained 
 
 1 height, 
 'his spe- 
 iree and 
 
 t of the 
 On the 
 ree are 
 mpreg- 
 ^dily be 
 
 n 
 
 i, 
 
w 
 
 
 ki 
 
 I 
 
 jEscuIus Jlava, 
 THE LARGE BUCKEYE. 
 
 Synont/mes, 
 
 \ ;*''""'' Hortus Itewrnsis. 
 
 ' M.cHAUx* N ?,?* A- '■''"'■'' "•■ ^""'' America. 
 lUicHAUx, N(irth American Sylva. 
 
 De Candolm:, Prodroinus. 
 
 Don, Millfr's Dictionary. 
 
 LoimoN, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 CRANCE. 
 CfERMANy. 
 
 Italy. 
 Britain. 
 
 United States. 
 
 -^Kului /lava, 
 Pavia lutea, 
 
 Favia /lava, 
 
 Pavie a flenrs jaunes, 
 
 GellH; Ros,ska.stanie, 
 
 P'lyia gialla, Marrone d'India gialla, 
 
 Yellow Pavia, ' 
 
 ^ Bucke'^yef '^'' ^'^ ^""'^'y'' S^««' 
 
 B,.gra.ing. MIchaux, North American S,.va. pi. 9, ; Lou.lon, Arboretum Britannicum v o, fl- , k « 
 Sveri/ic Characters Pi.tinl»« „.,k .^ • "" """"""^"'"' "•< P'- «"i "ml iho figures iwlow. 
 
 ^a^ove upotX nefStrSS; JSl'r^'^^ "'^ "^^ ^^^^'^ ^"'^ Pu'^-nt beneath, and 
 
 Description, 
 
 i» if'^'f/s'"^ ^"'^^Se Buckeye, in fa- 
 
 •^ I r B ^''^'""^^^'c situations, soine- 
 
 »?s"vJi "r"*^*^ attains an elevation 
 n.ri . i" " ';'■" ■ "> ,'Cg^w^a of seventy or eiehtv feet 
 with a trunk throe or four fl^et in diamtter • bn t 
 
 a"s tan"?"," ''""''^ '' °^'«" dwindles I^no 
 
 oe of th. ^i'T' ^^^'""«h paler than 
 
 pohued -If fL "'"' P^'^'^' ^""^ lanceolate, 
 pomted at the summit, serrate, slightlv fur 
 rowed, and pubescent. The flowe?s TvhSi 
 appear m April and May, are of a hght', ™ '■ 
 able yellow and are disposed in npSt 
 
 se'son" %,Tr^''^ ^^^ ''^«°^« of\h7s?me 
 season. I he fruit is contained in a fleshv 
 
 whi h'ToLf "bV"^ '"'^'r "^ ^'™'-; 
 
 wnicn IS olten gibbous, and tin snrfnno ^.e 
 
 which, unlike thai of the common horse ches- 
 
 eeds^or'nT'^-f ^"^'^ '^^P^"^'^ contains two 
 
 ^^^y^ convex on the other, 
 
 and, like them, unfit to eat. ''°'''"'^'* "^^^ those of the common horse-chesnut, 
 
 var^tyl^fferfjromTe^^Teies hX^^^^^^^ fr^.- J^-okeye. This 
 
 m Its smooth, irregularly-toothed leave.TnJ ^^ ""'"^ >'^",'''^ *^"« ^^ its flowers, 
 It grows in the vicinity of Cincrnnati Shio '' ^'"'" ^^''^''''' ^^ ^he calvx! 
 
 ^^^r:i^^^lJ^^^ flava is near 
 
 mntl. degree of latitude, in VirSnJ?trttfr tefmiLtS^^^^ '""^ ?^ ^'"^^y- 
 considered as a straneer pn«f nf tv,',..^ i^rmiuation in Ueorgia. It mav be 
 
 .hi«. o, Cony „„. .4:: x^Ut"..~z;er.£;; sr "^ ^ ''- 
 
LAROB BUCKEYE. 
 
 119 
 
 This species was introduced into Britain in 1704, and has since been cuhi- 
 vatcd in many gardens on the continent. The largest trcM; in Mngland is at 
 Syon, which, in Iti'.iri, was forty fe<!t in lieight. 
 
 At I'aris, in the Jardin dcs iMantcs, there i.s a tree, which attained the hciglit 
 of I'orty-l'oui' feet in fifty-five ycuirs after planting. 
 
 In Hanover, at Schwobher, there is also a tree forty feet in height. 
 
 In the Hartram botanic garden, at Kingsessing, near I'hihidclphia, there is a 
 large buckeye, ninety feet hi height, with a trunk six feet and a half in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Soil, Sidiatian, d^'c. In its native country, the yFJsculus flava prefers the decliv- 
 ities of mountains, where the soil is loose, deep, and fertile. It is comirwinly 
 propagated by budding, because the colour of the flowers is found to vary much in 
 plants raised from seeds. It may also be grafted, like the ilJsculus pavia, on 
 the conunon horse-chesinit. This species is not quite so free a flowerer as the 
 last-named species, and it is one of the first trees of the genus to drop its leaves. 
 
 The wood of this tree, from its softness, and want of stiength and durability, 
 can subserve to but few useful purposes. 
 
 Although the ih^sculus flava is much inferior to the common horse-chesnutj 
 both in point of grandeur and floral beauty, and besides, has the disadvantage ot 
 losing its leaves late in summer or very early in autumn, it well deserves a 
 place in every collection. 
 
 
\lfl 
 !!( 
 
 I ! 
 
 v.: 
 
 I 
 
 JEsmlus macrostachya, 
 Pavia macrostachya, 
 
 ■Pavia edulis, 
 
 Pavier a longs (-pis, Pavier nain 
 Langahnge Ros.kastanie, ' 
 
 Pavia bianca, ' 
 
 Edible Buckeye, Long-raceined Pavia, 
 
 ^smlus macrostachya, 
 THE EDIBLE BUCKEYE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 MicnAux, Flora Boreali-Americana 
 
 Con, Miller's Dictionary 
 
 Po.T?"' '^'"^'"■^'"'n Briiannicum. 
 
 "^ Ha^er ^^^™' ^-'« ^^- ^^^-s fruitiers de Du 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anolo- America. 
 
 -*">'i'"-.Ci.TlEKICA. 
 
 figure 13r; and the figures below'"^'"' ^""'^ ''=« ^rbres fruitiers de Du Hamel, ,,1 88- Loudon A , 
 
 . ' "■ '^' ^""■'o"' Arboretum Britarmicum, i., 
 
 iipcctfic Characters. Stamens mi„.i, i 
 
 Desc7-iptio7i. 
 
 iHE Edible Buckeye, in its 
 
 ^ natural habitat, is a W ever- ' 
 green shrub, seldom exceeding 
 
 ^gen^ent, it partakes th? chJac er^nT" T'" 
 shrub or small tree "?^. J^'Y °^ ^ '^'"g^ 
 
 spreading, and rootiL nT th ' •''°'' ^'f «'«"der, 
 
 disposition, cSS^Kfel Sj'5,t,LP""ri ""-'■- f™™ ** gracef,,, 
 
 em parts of South CaroiiL a, d GSSa''^,":?,"' '""''y" '^ " "^i™ "f «« w«- 
 lets or streams. I, was introducodTto £?„ *^ ^'"Yi'i^ "" *" l^anks of rivu. 
 and has S1.1C0 beon cultivated in most of th. 1 l' '" "^*'' "^y «'■ •'"ta tW 
 , The largest recorded nhni If .1 "? Si'tlens on t he continent ""^^r, 
 
 globe is i| Berkshire at'whtefchTr„': i'V"^"?"""!. ""d Saps on the 
 ho.gl« of fifteen feet in U^enl^I^tjs ^Z ^'fS' ^S'=" VV""°»*- 
 
 - i.i„.!niig. ocvurui other plants 
 
EDIBLE BUCKEYE. 
 
 121 
 
 America. 
 
 in England, are mentioned by Mr. Loudon, varying from six to twelve feet in 
 height. 
 
 Propagation, ^c. This species may be propagated either by layers or from 
 seeds. When plants are to be raised from the nuts, they should be sown imme- 
 diately after gathering ; for, if kept exposed to the air, they shrink, and soon 
 lose their power of vitality. The fruit is small, and seldom ripens in Britain ; 
 but in its native country, it may be eaten, boiled or roasted, in the same manner 
 as the chesnuts in the south of France and Spain. 
 16 
 
 s fruitiers de Du 
 
 a spike or raceme, 
 10 smuU size of ilm 
 n. 
 
 n Britannicum, i., 
 It stoloniferous. 
 
 T graceful 
 vers, give 
 :es of this 
 and May, 
 States, a 
 In large 
 e months 
 ery, at a 
 
 he west- 
 
 of rivu- 
 
 Fraser, 
 
 ! •" 
 
 3 on the 
 tained a 
 [■ plants, 
 
■ 
 
 I 
 
 irs 
 
 Meliaceir. 
 
 Genus MELIA, Linn. 
 
 Decandria Monogynia. 
 
 *i/s^ Liu. 
 
 T)enration. Tho wnni /if,;- • , ^y^t' Liu. 
 
 Il ' 
 
 
 '■'"•'"■"'«!/, flora. ' — - .->»v<.a. i,eai- 
 
 pE species of the eenns Moli-, n r 
 
 ; «•-, India and jf.jC T e Inlf hT;rf T^'^^ "^^i^«« of Per- 
 ^ trees, without visible buds n, r? ^^ ^""^« ^^^' '-^H deciduon. 
 
 for.growiug in tJie sonti em s IsHfT" '" ^^ P«<^»Har]y eS 
 
 tl^ze^Si IroZXr'''- '^'^'' «P«^i<^' most Vo ,/rnf "7''^^^" P'-^^^^ 
 grow to the he 4t of Lin ;'"''''"''^' '^ "^^^^^e oT4??L L"f/"'^"'''' ^^^'^'-^^ 
 growing to the he Ul rT-^ ^""f' *'>« ^eha japonica L" ^''"^' """^ ^^^ ^^-^'d to 
 
 described by some tdtir^ ^'''' '^^"^ ^'^« ^eTa hue avrln of'V^ *'?i^^"' '-^"^ 
 and knowii in th' w ''' the name of Me/ia sem.ncrt^r,^7T ^ ^"'P^'" ^ tree 
 
 sometimeJ o a elht of / '' ^'^ "^^ ^^^nr/Tlndia^^^^^^^^ 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 .1 
 
 'If 
 1 
 
■'nia. 
 
 i'in. 
 
 for the manna ash, 
 
 (amen-tube 10- 
 '•"ed on a short 
 'ff off from the 
 'It'd. Embryo 
 leaves. Leaf- 
 
 i^es of Per- 
 (Icciduous 
 'h eligible 
 lica, or for 
 lern parts 
 I'e, besides 
 is said to 
 ^pan, and 
 '• A tree 
 en Mclia, 
 to grow 
 as only a 
 
 Melia azedarach, 
 
 THE PRIDE OF CHINA. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Melia azedarach, 
 
 Azedarach, 
 
 Zederach, Paternosterbatim, 
 
 Azadarac, Azarac, Azabrack, Zacchoo, 
 
 Sicomoro liilso, Albero ilu' i'alernostri 
 
 di San Domcnico, 
 Arbol de Paraiso, Cinan)oino, 
 Amargoseira, 
 Zcenzalacht, 
 Dek, 
 Indian Lilac, Persian Lilac, Bead-tree, 
 
 Neem-lree, Hill Margosa, 
 Pride of China, Pride ol' India, 
 
 ■ LiNN^us, Species Plantarum. 
 De CANDOM.n, Prodroinus. 
 ■ MicnAux, North American Sylva. 
 I Loudon, Arboretum TJritannicum. 
 [ ToKREv AND GiiAY, Flura of North America. 
 
 FnANCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 I Italy. 
 
 Si'AiN and Spanish America. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Northern Provinces of India. 
 
 ! Britain. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Derirnlions. The sperinc name is derivnil frcim the Persian, azadi-Jurukhl, whirh fiic;nifies iha troc of pre-eminence Tlic 
 German name signihcs Palerrinsiertree, in allusion lo the nuls of this tree Iwing used for roaarioa. The Spanish name Arbol d/^ 
 i'amiso, signihea tree of I'aradiHe. ' ' ■""•••« 
 
 Engravings. Michaux North American Sylva, pi. 102; Audubon, Rirds of America, pi. Ixiii. ; Loudon, Arboretum Britan- 
 nicum, 1. figure 1J8 1 and the figures below. ' un. ijiimn 
 
 Specific Characters. Leaves deciduous ; leaflets about 5-together, glabrous, obliquely ovate-lanceolate 
 acuminate ; petals (lilac) nearly glabrous.— Turrcy and Gray, Flora. ' 
 
 Description. 
 
 I HE Molia azedarach, in 
 
 favourable situations, 
 
 often attains a height 
 
 _- .„=_>_ ^..,-x„~^„«„ of thirty or forty feet, 
 
 with a trunk fifteen or twenty inches in diam- 
 eter ; but when standing alone, it usually 
 rests at a smaller elevation, and diffuses itself 
 into a spreading summit, with a stem six or 
 eight feet in circumference. Its leaves are of 
 a dark-green, large, doubly-pinnate, and com- 
 posed of smooth, acuminate, or obliquely-acu- 
 minate, denticulated leaflets. The leaves 
 change colour, and fall, with the slightest 
 cold, almost without frost, which usually 
 takes place in the southern states in Novem- 
 ber or December. When in bloom, it has 
 some resemblance to tlie lilac. The flowers, 
 which appear in March, April or May, form 
 beautiful axillary clusters at the extremity of 
 
 the shoots, and exhale a delicious odour. The fruit is round, or oblong, of a 
 yel owish colour when ri])c, and about the size of a common cherry. The nut 
 or kernel of the fruit ks of a brownisli colour, and is surrounded by a swcclisll 
 pulp, which IS sought after with avidity by some species of birds, particularly 
 
124 
 
 MELIA AZEDAKACH. 
 
 f'^fotn'intl^r^:!'^^^^^^ to Florida and the southern 
 
 foimd stupiftod by its narcotic power '^"'"'^ ^^^'^^' ^^^^ they are somSes 
 Geography and History, fhe MpH. ., ^ u • 
 
 habit; for it is found there iLv^TLf^'^^'X'''.^^'^^^^^^^^ 
 
 MelleSolTBlirj;^^^^^^^^ ^ in Europe, is in the garden of Count 
 
 twenty-six years after plant S"' ^J^tl' ^^ ^'^^^^^^ ^^e heighft of forty feet fn 
 species IS planted as an Smampntnl ? ^o' ""'^^ ^^'^'^^ freely every year THp ' 
 and Italy r but there are feTp£ ^^""gal, tL souKf FraS 
 
 TnnT ^' ^t Brianza. TherJare tree of t n th^'^'Tr ^'^*^^^ '' ^«'^i"« «« '"rge 
 Toulon, and the various cities of Italy " ^^' P"^^^" ^^Iks at Montpellier, ?t 
 
 the azeSh'^at^yVXntd"! 1? ^t^P^^^^^^ -^ the Mediterranean 
 nuts contained in the fmit,^ vl It a e made'tnf "^«"^«t«i;i««' for the sake of th^ 
 
 This species has been found srowZLRr^'f""' ^^^^ ^^e monks. 
 1656, where it was introduced unZ^L British green-houses since the year 
 tried in that country in the onen "h K ,?^ """^'^ ^^ -'"dian lilac. It has been 
 has stood through several wTters'ntt ^' ^ '^^"'^^^'^ '^"'^ ^g^i^^t a wall and 
 Bungay, in Suffolk, a pLT wSh I ^\^P"^'^ ^>^' ^^ ^i^I, in East LotWan Kx. 
 was, m 1834, nine and rhalT fS ^"^ ^een nine years planted agains a waH 
 and an ambitus of thir^ix le^' ^^^'^' ^^^^^ ^ ^^""^ nfne inchef in dlmrer,' 
 
 is pLid^nt^ru^S: aldt "^^^ f, -" - on Plantations, this tree 
 
 ^K^l^is^f Sr t€5S^ s^:^cir^4;£^-^ - 
 
 -ej -e nearly attained ^i- "Slle^f ^£^^~ ^S^ 
 
 shoJiTrstri?a^:;[S J^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^; P-Pa^-d from seeds, which 
 
 It prospers either in a Avarm loamv nr T ^^ T^^ "^her kinds of stone fruit 
 
 t%'^f' PH"^"^g ^-«rn -^tSr^hai^ted'VT/^ 'f^^'f' ''''''' i« P^""' a 7 
 mi lorida and the southern states It imlS .1'' ^'""^ ''^^'^' ^'''' abandoned 
 the seed, it attains a height of twl™ ^TJ '"^'^ ^"^^ rapidity there, that frorn 
 surprising vegetation is tlely oK^ed hf San^f L"^ 'T '' ^^ y^-f' S 
 Which the concentric circles arp mnl ^ * P ",^^ '^^^ ^han ten years of a^e in 
 
 Ihls country, is the ' Sow-,i"iC'/' ^j!''"'''!'''' fe^'ing upon this tree in 
 The contnton food, ho.everfof the ™1„t\!lS flT.Vf;'!:= ^1 S'^^^ 
 
 f 
 
PRIDE OF CHINA. 
 
 125 
 
 the Meha azedarach, a specimen of Epidendram magnolioe, where it had been 
 planted the spring before. What was remarkable, it had continued to flower all 
 the wmter on the azedarach, while in the woods no flowers were to be found ! 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the azedarach is of a reddish colour, and 
 is organized in the distribution of its fibres similar to those of the ash. It is suffi- 
 ciently strong and durable to be employed in civil architecture, and is adapted 
 to various uses in the mechanic arts. It has already been employed for pulleys, 
 which in Europe are usually made of elm, and in America of ash. It is said 
 to make good fuel. The fleshy part of the fruit, like that of the olive, yields a 
 fixed oil, which is bitter, and is considered as anthelmintic, and a narcotic stim- 
 ulant. The leaves are universally used in India for poultices, and both the 
 flowers and seeds are stimulant. The berries, though said by the Arabian phy- 
 sician, Avicenna, to be poisonous, and the pulp of which was mixed with grease, 
 for the purpose of killing rats and dogs, are often eaten by children in the south, 
 without injurious effects. According to Mr. Royle, however, the fruit is consid- 
 ered as poisonous when used in large doses. The bark of the root, when green, 
 has a bitter, nauseous taste, yielding its virtues to boiling water, and may be 
 employed as a cathartic or emetic, and is considered as an efficient vermifuge, 
 and also may be used with advantage in intermittents. In Persia, an ointment 
 is made, for the cure of some cutaneous eruptions, by mulling the leaves with 
 lard. It is also said that a kind of toddy is obtained by fermenting the sap of 
 young and vigorous trees. The nuts are often bored, as before stated, by monks, 
 and strung into beads. Hence the names of Bead-tree, and Patcrnostri di San 
 Domenico, 
 
'If I'' * 
 
 Genus SWIETENlA, Linn. 
 
 CedrelaceEB. 
 Sysc. Nut. 
 
 Decendria Monogynia. 
 
 Si/sl. LiH. 
 
 cliaiigotl into Kham ■ /fwf^^J.lf^lJ .'"'"^ L"""". '"s been 
 changed uito Chilcmssm Uibidari, ' "^ ''"" '"'"'•■' '™<><1. bas been 
 
 I 
 
iralist and physi- 
 
 ed into a sub- 
 tached by the 
 le base by an 
 cing from the 
 sparable from 
 >ents. Seeds 
 iherflat; the 
 y the filiform 
 Cotyledons 
 :aflets small, 
 ■iy and Gray, 
 
 Y modern 
 'he Swie- 
 Synetenia 
 lias been 
 iia satin- 
 and the 
 las been 
 
 Sioietenia mahosroni, 
 THE MAHOGANY-TREE. 
 
 Synoiiymes. 
 
 Swietenia maJwgoni, 
 
 Acajou, Mahagon, 
 
 Mahagonyholz, Mahagonybaum, 
 
 AlbtTo di acajou, 
 
 Caoba, 
 
 Pao magno, 
 
 Mahogany-tree, 
 
 LiNN^ns, Species Plantarum. 
 I WooDviixE, Medical Botany. 
 ToRREv AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 France. 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 
 Stain and Spanish America. 
 Tortugal and Brazil. 
 Britain and Anolo- America. 
 
 Derivation. Tho specific, name, mahognni, U ilerived from l-io Arrowauk Indian name of lliis tree, which is variously 
 wrilton, aainahogumj, ma/iagon, mahagony, and vtu/wny. , ' """'" " """""n'/ 
 
 befovf^""'"^'' ^'^^''^^^' ''"'"'"l History of Carolina, pi. 81 ; Woodvillo and Hooker, Medical Botany, pi. 220 1 and tlio figures 
 
 Speei/c Characters. Leaves pinnate in 4 pairs. Leaflets ovate lanceolate, equal at the base. Panicles 
 axillary. 
 
 Description, 
 
 I HE Swietenia mahog- 
 
 oni is one of the most 
 
 beautiful among inter- 
 
 ^.., »^.-=.„... tropical trees. Its trunk 
 
 IS ol'lea rorty feet in height, and six feet in diam- 
 eter ; and it divides into so many massy arms, 
 and throws the shade of its glossy foliage over so 
 great an extent of surface, that few more magnifi- 
 cent objects are to be met with in tho vegetable 
 world. Its summit is wide and spreading, sub- 
 evergreen, and adorned with abruptly-pinnate, 
 shining leaves. The flowers, which are produced 
 m handsome spikes not unlike those of the lilac, 
 are whitish, sometimes reddish or saffron colour, 
 and are succeeded by fruit or capsules of an oval 
 form, about the size of a turkey's egg. The fruit 
 ripens in early summer, bursts into five parts, 
 and discloses its winged seeds, which are soon after dir^ersed by the winds • 
 some, failmg nito the crevices of rocks, strike root, then creeping out on the sur- 
 lace, seek other chmks or crevices, re-enter, and swell to such a size and strength 
 that at length, the rocks are forced asunder, to admit the deeper penetration of 
 the roots, and ni this manner, in process of time, increase to large trees. 
 
 Geography and History. The mahogany is a native of the warmest parts of 
 America, and grows plentifully in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hayti or St. Domingo 
 Ihere tu'c also many trees found on other West India Islands, on the Bahamas, 
 and m South Florida. It was formerly very abundant in Jamaica, but the best 
 trees are mostly cut down in all accessible situations ; and the same thing holds 
 good in the other islands. The principal imnortations into Europe and th" 
 United States are made irom Brazil, Campeacliy, and Honduras. That which 
 IS brought Irom the islands is usually called Spanish mahogany, but it is not 
 
 ; '3 
 
 ! 5 
 
1 
 
 III 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 I 
 
 128 
 
 SWIETENIA MAHOQONI. 
 
 growl, from tl.em. An 1 a'cSi "U Mr n' J ""' "^ !''"''™' ""^^ ''"d b™" 
 live Resources of Indii" p,S od ta IS M^i' ? '^'■''">' °" "'" '''■'"'""- 
 
 Bengal, ihat many IhonsaSs of nremM ' "f "'"'"" "'' '""uriantly in 
 of tenilure have .riroa.Jy been made "oHho ITd'"^ """"' '""^ "™ »»'"' p'-» 
 
 splintering; nor is if so kb o'tn t ^ f ^I'^'f}"^'' ^"^1 admitting the balls without 
 and hencS'is preferable for the ro Srfl ^'y TT '''''''' ""^ '^'^' "^ "le oak, 
 tropical seas. It wTrused in lenai i " ^1 " °r l."Pf, ''J^endod to sail in inter' 
 Triiiidad, in 1597 but m^s o brn f t ^'^ ""^ *■" S^''^'^'^'" I^'-^^eigh's ships, at 
 ing to Mr. BmvolvoT uTfZ\lTf\'''\'' ?" ^" ^'^'^^'^ **" 1^24. Accord- 
 ma^ke a box for ho ding ca do ' '"Drithnn""' "PP^'^^ "^ ^"^'^^"^' ^^^« ^^^ 
 beginning of the last century 1 ad a brmh, J n Wn' ?? f ""'"' Physician in the 
 over some planks of this wood as baThst a! tT Y'l" '^l^'^"'"' '^^^" ^''^''Sht 
 house in K ng street Covent r.arrin n i i . *''^ '^"^"''' '^'"^^ ^'^^n buildin| a 
 to him; but the crrpenterfinS^^^^^ 
 
 laid aside as useless^ Soon after M 1 PU ^^'"■' ^^' '''"'' ^°°'«' ^hey were 
 
 tor called on Wollas ton hi^cal^hiU m.'lS t' '''''T'^ ^ candle-box, the doc 
 make one of some wood\ at hv n ^^^^^^^^^ ^W,'^"''"' '""^^ '"^^^^^^^^^ '""^ to 
 
 it was too hard ; the doctor said hn l^ ?' ^"l^^^^ton also complained that 
 at last was made a„d sTl i^hh^^ thi candle-box 
 
 a bureau made of the same ^LrXch wU *''«,. ^"^^/^V^^i^ted on having 
 colour, polish, etc., were srnlTS/th h 'Accordingly done ; and the fini 
 see it. Amon- them wasTbf Sl^^i ^' r*n ' !"^'^f '^ ^^^ ''^^ ^"^'''^^ to come and 
 wood of Dr G bbol Tuf em over] ''S^'^"^'^""^' '1'' ^'^ged some of the 
 From this introduction icamp^;'7„'^ ^V ollaston to make a similar bureau." 
 
 The largest log of maholnnv^^^^^ f "'''i ' "'' throughout the civilized world. 
 England, ^ts length TirS„^^^^^^^^ and shipped to 
 
 sixty-four inches ; cubic conteX fo„ i nn.i i ' /'^ ^^'^T^ '''''^^^> '^^^ih, 
 eight tons. The next lirccstlofw^^^^^^ l'""^'"'^ ""^ ^'^'^ty feet; and weight 
 by auction, at the docks^n U?e7pool It' wn''''^' 7"' ^? ^^7^"^ ^'"^^ «°ld 
 wards sold for £525 It is bo ievnd Tn I ^^'^Vl'"!"'''''''^'^ ^''' ^^'^^ '^^^ fi^er- 
 It is likewise stated lua the ctrofhbor?n'T^^ '" '*'/'""' "^""^^'^' ^^^^OO. 
 
 was £750. The well oiTnLu^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 weight. According t<rMr M'Cnl r^h o f ' '^''' '''' *°?''' ^'"'"t^^" ^""dred 
 the distinguished pfanttbre fin f^^^^^^^^^^^ ''^'^' ^^''^^^- "roadwood, 
 
 of £30()0forthroeCsoShrZ n Ml ' "\1^°"'^«"' 8^^^ the enormous sW 
 each about fifteen le lot ^h^L^'^^^^ Tliey were 
 
 together, about fo,:r hunj^ F'and Tft'y c bi St' 'l^hT' ''"^ '^'^"^'*"^'*' '^" 
 of an eighth of an inch in thickness Tho w 1 7 ''^^'? ''"^ "^to veneers 
 
 of receivmg the highest mSwbiVl, V f i '''''' P^c'i'-'-ii-'y beautiful, capable 
 varied manner, li fe t e^ .See of a' crvst".l '"' ^f'^^'K'^'' ''^^'^^ '" ^'^« "^««t 
 
 the wet season,- and the other early m August. At theSnamed pS t^ 
 
n found ill 
 
 Dr. Rox- 
 
 80G, states 
 tors of the 
 s had been 
 le Produc- 
 Liriantly in 
 nail pieces 
 
 I, has long 
 n the con- 
 ther kinds 
 Is without 
 »f the oak, 
 1 in inter- 
 • ships, at 
 Accord- 
 id, was to 
 ian in the 
 
 brought 
 Hiilding a 
 be useful 
 hey were 
 , the doc- 
 Gd him to 
 ined that 
 mdle-box 
 n having 
 
 the fine 
 ;ome and 
 ne of the 
 bureau." 
 i world, 
 lipped to 
 !; depth, 
 
 weight, 
 ince sold 
 nd after- 
 , £1000. 
 veneers, 
 hundred 
 ad wood, 
 ous smn 
 ey were 
 lied, all 
 veneers 
 capable 
 he most 
 
 1 of the 
 
 3s place 
 
 end of 
 
 riod the 
 
 MAHOGANY-TREE. IgQ 
 
 coloiu of the foliage of the mahogany is of a reddish-yellow, and is an unerring 
 guide to the woodman in distinguishing it from that of other trees. At these 
 pt!rio(ls the labouHTs are actively employed in felling the trees, conveying them 
 on wheels to the rivers, or precipitating them into tlie streams which are to for- 
 ward them to their jjjaces of shipment. The trees are usually cut about twelve 
 leet above the ground, and a stage is erected for the axeman to stand upon to 
 perform this work. The trunk of the tree, from its size, is deemed the most val- 
 liable; but for ornamental purposes, the branches or limbs arc generally pre- 
 ^rred, being of a much closer grain, and the veins are more rich and variegated. 
 Hence, to avoid injury by the fall of the whole tree at once, they are removed 
 separately. The wood felled brtucen February and September is very liable to 
 crack m seasoning ; but to avoid this it should be immersed as soon as possible 
 into deep water, and remain until it is ready to be shipped. 
 
 Tlie /jille.'i or logs of mahogany which are shipped from C^ampeachy and Hon- 
 duras ar<> usually from ten to lifteen feet in length, and three, four, or five feet 
 deep ; those trom St. Domingo are from seven to ten feet long, and fifteen to 
 twenty-five inches deep; and those from Cuba are from twelve to eighteen feet 
 long, and the same number of inches deep. 
 
 To test the soundness of mahogany, closely examine the ends of the logs by cut- 
 ting into them with an axe, or some other instrument, and if there be any signs 
 of decay, it will at once be detected. The following mode has also been resorted 
 to with success. Let one individual place his ear close to the end of the log to 
 be examined, and another person slightly touch the opposite end with the 
 point of a pin or needle. If the wood be sound, the touch of the needle will be 
 distinctly heard by the person with his car at the lo<r. while the individual at the 
 opposite end, who performs with the needle, may not hear it. If the wood be in 
 a t-late of decay, the touch of the needle will not be heard. 
 
 Prnpcrtics, Uses, i^c. The wood of the mahos>;any-trce varies in its M'ciffht 
 texture, and grain, according to the nature of the soil and situation in which it 
 grows. On rocky and mountainous places it is of a smaller size, heavy of a 
 c ose gram, uiid beautifully shaded; while the product of low and rich lands is 
 observed to be more light and porous, of a paler colour and open grain ; and that 
 ol mixed .soils holds a medium between the two. The mahogany which is 
 accessible 111 Honduras grows upon moist land, and is, cenerally speakiii'^ de- 
 cidedly inferior to that of Cuba and St. Domingo, being soft, coarse, spongy 
 and weighuig, when dry, only thirty-five to forty pounds to a cubic foot, while 
 the other is hard, close-grained, of a darker colour, sometimes strongly fio-nred 
 and weighs, when dry, from fifty-four to sixty-six pounds to a culiic ibot. ' Hon- 
 duras mahogany has, however, the advantage of holdino- glue admirably well 
 and for this reason is frequently used as a ground on winch to lay veneers of 
 finer woods. The trees which are grown on the Bahama Islands are ',ot so 
 large as those of the warmer parts of America, but are more curiously veined or 
 mottled, and are known in England by the name of Madcira-n-ond. ' 
 
 I he colour of mahogany is a reddish-brown, of different shades, and various 
 ccgrees of brightness; sometimes yellowish-brown, often much veined and mot- 
 tied with darker shades of the same colour. The texture is not uniform, and the 
 concentric layers are not always distinct. It has not much taste nor smelt 
 shrinks but a very little, and warps and twists less, perhaps, than any other kind 
 ot timber. It is durable, when kept dry, but does not last Ion? when exposed 
 to the alternations of moisture and dryness. There are several varieties of 
 mahogany, much admired, and sought after, for the beauty of their figures, and 
 the gradations of their colours, which may be described as follows 
 
 1. 1 
 
 1,A1.\ J 
 
 Mahogany. Acajou nni of the French, the wood of wiiich is of one 
 
 il 
 
 ' 
 
 '4* 
 
 J 
 
 colour, and equal throughout, 
 17 
 
I m 
 
 11 h' 
 
 jliii 
 
 130 
 
 SWIETENIA MAHOOONI. 
 
 ,J: ^i^T"" !^*"°°^,r" "^y"!' ^'''"^^ f^''^"'^*'- Tho wood of il.is varioty is 
 veined long.tud.n .ily with the grain, displaying alternately dark and L t 
 streaks, continuous, interrupted, or rc-appearuig ^ uau. auu ugnt 
 
 3. Watered MAiiooANy Acajou moin, French. This variety is knoNvn bv 
 
 4. Velvet-coud oil Caterpillak Mahogany. Acajou chenillL French This 
 variety is d.stiuguislicd by its whitish lines, accorniuxnted t.y a igured shade ot" 
 fn.g.nensof roseate sprigs, here and there disposed diagonaUy, bngitu nail v 
 interrupted, or crossing one another. ^ y^ ib"""i'i^iiiy, 
 
 5. Hikd's-eve Mahooany. Acajou motichetv, French. This variety is be- 
 
 ers, wreathes, festoons, or figures of shrubs-. ' 
 
 tn ^n/'"" r?r*^ °/. mahogany is generally hard and takes a fine polish, it is found 
 
 nose i, ' *''".'! *''']'*'' T^?'^''' *^-^« ^"'- cabinet-making, for which pur- 
 pose it is inivcrsal y admired. It is very strong, and answers well for beams 
 JOISTS, planks, boards, and shingles, for which it ' was formerly much iisc^^ S 
 hSy'lifthistTea''''''"" '" «hip-building we have already mentioned in the 
 
 I, • 
 
 •r ! 
 
Genus VITIS, Linn. 
 
 feath- 
 
 Vitaceno, 
 
 Hi/al. Mai. 
 
 Vitis, Cissus, Ampeloj^iSis, 
 
 Vigne, 
 
 Weinstock, Hebe, 
 Vite, 
 
 Vid, 
 Viiluirn, 
 Wino^'rad, 
 JE'vvh, 
 G rape- vine, 
 
 Pcntiindria IMonosyiiia. 
 
 tlyiit. Lin. 
 
 Synonymcs, 
 
 Of Ai-'Tiioas. 
 
 France. 
 
 Gkbjianv. 
 Italy. 
 Spain, 
 pohtioal. 
 
 UutiSIA. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 Britain and ANoi.o-AMEnicA. 
 
 Dtrivaliona. The Latin word Vilia, from which nro derived nearly all the Kuro| can namen, conii-s from llin Celtic gtrijtl, a 
 
 U'm cir ahriiti; Ihu letter if lieiiii; H\i|i|ireM.sed in tlie priiniiJirliilidn, iircnnling td tin iinaije of ti\i' Celtic, iiatiiMW. Ciamin, llie 
 <ireclc name of tlio Ivy, wii.h applied to tlih count) liy I.inna'iin, fmrn the »nppiised resemliialice of some (if the Mpceies to that 
 plant. Aiiiiielu/iaia is derived Iroin the Oreok umpdus, a vine, anil "/wig, appearunee, and wa.-i ap|ilied hy Michanx to uovoral 
 HpeeiB3 of Anverican prapo-vinea, from the rosemblanco of their habits, leaves, ami llnwerH to tlioae of tlio Virginian creeper 
 (.\mpulop.4la (pilnipiefoliu.) 
 
 Generic Characters. Flowers hermaphrodite, direcious or trio'cious. Caly.K commonly .'j-toothed. Fetals 
 5, coherinf,' at Ihc top, separaiiiif,' at tiie base, and decidutnis. Stamens 5. Climbiiifj shrubs, deeidu- 
 oiis, with leaves simple, lobed, or sjrrated, .sometimes connpoiind, and small greenish-yellow Uowers 
 in thyrsoid racemes. — De Camlvlle, Prodromtis. 
 
 ^S^I^^^XHE genus Vitis is found indigenous in the equinoctial regions of 
 ^>-^j^^^^r '^"^'' contineiit.s, and extends into the teni])crate zones as far soutli- 
 ward as the Cape of Good Hope and New Holland; and north- 
 ward, to Japan and North America, as well as from the plains of 
 India to the defiles of Caucasus. The Vitis vinifcra, or winc-bear- 
 
 ing vine of Europe, lias long been celebrated in the old world, 
 
 r.nd may be traced back to remote antiquity. Its cultivation was probably 
 among the earliest ellbrts of human industry; for we read that one ot the first 
 acts of Noah, after being saved from the deluge, was to plant a vineyard. 
 
 " Anil Noah began to hu an husbandman, and ho planted a vineyard |" 
 
 Genesis, ix. 20. 
 
 thus plainly indicating that the planting of a vineyard, even at that early day, 
 was deemed one of tiie primary and most important acts of him who tilled the 
 earth. The grape, among fruits, is what wheat is among the cereal grains, or 
 the potato among farinaceous roots; and like them, in every country where it 
 will grow, is cultivated with pre-eminent care. 
 
 Th'> Vitis vinifcra is generally considered to have originated in Persia; and 
 Dr. Sickier, in his " Geschichtc der Obst-Cultur," has given an interesting 
 account of its migration to I'Jgypt, (Jreece, and Sicily. From the latter country, 
 Avhich is regarded as one of the oldest seats of civilization in Europe, it is said 
 to have found its way into Italy, Spain, and France. It is supposed to have 
 been introduced into Britain by the Romans, but during Avhat reign is uncertain. 
 There were vineyards, however, in England, according to the venerable Bede, 
 towards the close of the Illd century. This species has existed for ages, in a 
 wild state, in the woods and hedges of Provence, Langucdoc, and diuienne, in 
 France, where it diflers from the cultivated vine, in having smaller and more 
 cottony leaves, and very small fruit, rather aufitere than sweet. These wild 
 vines, which were called by the ancients labnisca, are still known in the south 
 
132 
 
 VITIS. 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 It 
 
 of I ranco l)y t)i(3 namos of Inmhrvsra, ntid hnnh 
 grap.' IS siiprossfiilly mltivatcd in Fraiu 
 dosrccs; hilt in Hi'it.'iiri ft .seldom arri 
 Rrown in the oimmi :iii 
 ' at l\ 
 
 hrrnfinicro. TIio wino-bonrini; 
 
 '0 iiN far noitli as hiiitudn idrty-nine 
 vcs at niaturiiy unli'ss protected, wlion 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 Op( 
 
 rpi , , .im.iii^ imuKN proieeied, wher 
 
 mtceessAtlly c,.lt,va,ed in JIn.doo;;an \d o ^'\^* , ^ . ^ o?];.r7J;.n/' T '^'^° 
 «yr.a, Lower J-l^ypt, Al.yssi.ua, Uarlmry, tl7o A.o/^ ]^^u eir s r f'"'''''- ",' 
 'andwich Islands. In .S.ntli America i is rnit r .t.', .. ' ^ '"f "'^ "'" 
 
 •arious parts of Hrazil, Unaya,,nil S, J/tl ' ' v i """"' ^^T' "'"* 
 ia. in latitnd." forty d,..rrees son n Nn A \ ^ ''!''"••"■'*". and Vaidi- 
 
 opn. air. in Jan.a.ei^ Unha Mex o, the ^^^si^I^:^ !i7^'';i '^^ IJ"'^' ;^' »'- 
 >" latitude forty degrees and forty-two m„tcs'tui as ^'^^'' '^ 
 nord.-west roast, in^ latitude thirty-ei-dtt e e,V o tl I eon '"""'"' 1'" "° 
 mates of the above-named nlaees it wifl ho . .7. i .^i co" pamig the cli- 
 
 maturity n the latitude of I':dinhMr.rh ^^ :.^'\^"^ '"' ','"" ^^ '" ""' arrive at 
 
 ton^H-ra^nre is son^wlKU Id:;,^^^^"^^!^,^^^^^^^^ 
 
 situated more than fifteen del' eesStlu r In Hh^^^'^^^^ the latter place is 
 
 matnration of the ^rane lik-e in iMPm.^ii '^., -^''' ?' V"^ o'^^*" rt'tard the 
 
 sand foot; „„ ,1,„ A,»„„i,.c, anj siJ ;/ to , i'^dfe " '1, K^ 
 
 layns, at an elevation of ton thonsaiid lect ' "'" """'''■ 
 
 vaSio'Ti^ritll'XtVd atlo.'iJMirt'f.'-'n""- r"' ■••','.' "'"' -l"'^' to its 
 original dillhTneos, ll„ ,„,,|, ho ol "ct/rf loil hC *'?','■' ,'" ."''''"S" f™™ 
 
 fully ircalod, w,ll show hlosso.ns in its lonrlh or (i"l Varaml f J 3l'l '°" 
 
 I 
 
I'inp-bparinu: 
 r lorty-nino 
 noted, whon 
 it ciiii ripen, 
 s; iiiid even 
 It is also 
 iiplirates. in 
 iiiarics, and 
 Ayrcs. and 
 iind Valdi- 
 I'riiif, in the 
 New York, 
 isfo, on the 
 ■iiig the cli- 
 Itnrp of the 
 on the par- 
 L)t arrive at 
 ean annnal 
 tor phice is 
 1st entirely 
 )m the fact 
 r hititudcs, 
 es situated 
 retard the 
 mniers are 
 imo paral- 
 ' tfiousand 
 two thon- 
 the Hima- 
 
 latos to its 
 r. Sickler, 
 al botanic 
 
 Ired have 
 mge from 
 on, many 
 be propa- 
 >nr native 
 K'tter and 
 :ipe, care- 
 ould pro- 
 might be 
 
 Vitis labru.ira, 
 
 THE AMERICAN WILD VINE. 
 
 Si/nonymcs, 
 
 Vitia labrusca, 
 
 ■ LiNN.i;i's, Sperips riiintnnim. 
 MiriiAi'x, Florii llorcali-Amcricana. 
 I)i; Candollh;, rrdiliDimis. 
 LoLDDN, Ailidriuini ISiitanniciim. 
 ToRiiEv AND GiiAY, i'liira of North America, 
 
 UNCI!, 
 
 Vitrne cotonneuse, Vigne saiivagc de j p 
 
 l'Aineri(iiie, j 
 
 FilziKcr Woinstock, Uaiimarlige Ucbo, GERMANy. 
 Vili" laml)riiM'a, Uva laliiiisca, Italy. 
 
 Willi Viti", Urapc-viae, Fox Grape, Biutaiv and Anolo-America. 
 
 Shominawtig, Ojiuwav Indians. 
 
 Dfrirnti'mi, Tlio Nperific name lahrutcn, nccorflln? to I/iudoii, 1h ilerivnl frciin tlir nulirnw. lumen, r crape, anil wa.i applied 
 to \\\\a H|M'('ir^ l)y I.iiiiufiM, t'niiii a suitpo^jfil n'snmlilanrt* whirli it Iictrr to tho vvilil vim! nf KnrtiiM-: luMicf liit' Ilaliaii iiiinit-it. 
 Tho Freiii'h ami Oi^rinaii iippulliiliiiin liavi! ri;feri'nrn to thi' down on Iho inulrr xido of tlin li'avcw. It in r:iili'il Fm iixiiit, (or 
 rulliiT Nurllipni t'lix (j'miie, in i'oiilriiill.stiHi',lioii to tlin Kox (jnipo i>f llit! hoiiiIu'I'ii .slalcn, or llm Vilin nil|iiiia of LiniiiriiH,) 
 itt'caiiHii Iho wholo plant liud uoiiiutiiiicii u iliriagrcuulilo, foxy Biiiull. Tliu liuliaii iiaiiio i^ iluriviil from i/iumiii, a gra|H!, ami 
 uwti^, a trco. 
 
 Knitriivinfiii. Pliimlor, PoHcrlptlon dos Planter iIb PAmfriipiB, t. 259, figtiro 1 ; HolTy, Orchar(]l.<l'8 Companion, il., pi, — 
 Loudoii, ArlHinauiii nritajiulcnni, I., fii^nro 1 11 ; and tho Abjure lielow. 
 
 Sptcijk Characters. Sexes dicccious or polygamous. Leaves heart-shaped, rather 3-lobrd, acutely 
 toothed, downy beneath, with llie peduncles tomentose and rather rusty, — De Caitdulle, Prodrunwa. 
 
 Description, 
 
 " The vino too, hot curllnif tendrils shoots, 
 
 Hari^'.H out lior rlu.slors flowing to the south, 
 Anil scarcely wlahua lor a wanner sky." 
 
 ! 1 1 Fi Vitis labrusca is a tendriled climber, 
 ^hPl^ growing to about the same height as 
 ^ LI (K the winc-be;iringvinc of Murope. The 
 w?i^iS593 .'^tcrn is very long, .somotinit^s running 
 to the toj) of tho liiglu^st trees, and the branches 
 arc clotlied with a brownish ])ubescence. The 
 leaves are much larger 'ban those of the I'-nro- 
 pean species, being nsiially from four to six inches 
 in diameter, distinctly three-lobed in some varie- 
 ties, short, mncronate, and densely covered on 
 their under sides with a whitish, or rusty down, 
 particularly of the latter coloiu' on the veins. 
 Tho flowers, which appear in June, are of a yel- 
 lowish-green, and are borne on somewhat com- 
 ponnd racemes, with short, nmbelliferous branches. The berries, which nsually 
 arrive at matin-ity in October, are half an inch or more in diameter, globose or 
 oblong, and are generally of a dark purple, when ripe, and of a pleasant tlavour, 
 particidarly when cnltivated; but in some varieties, they are of an amber-col- 
 01U-, or greenish-white, of a strong, musky taste in a wild state, and are filled 
 with a tough pulp. A peculiarity exists with regard to several varieties of this 
 species, of ])rodncing a second crop of fruit on the shoots of the same year; but 
 it seldom arrives at maturity except in a warm .season, with late autimnuil iVosts. 
 Varieties. {Several attempts have been made to classify the varieties of this 
 species, but not with much success. In most cases, the form and colour of the 
 

 m 
 
 if 
 
 I 
 
 134 
 
 VITIS LABRUSCA. 
 
 little pro.cclion d, riS wi, l?*^ CWmi^^w "''"'"" "' ',''"' " ""l"i'es but 
 
 McbSi ,0 General Jo°seph"s\vift,*;7Svf, .^'eTvorff fih7V ,7 "" 
 account, avi c i we trust will Tip .m 1o„c o„ * VV ■ • '^' ^'^^ ^^^ followins 
 
 a source, than in tlT nTe est ck. S f,f ^P^^^k, in comnig from so respectabll 
 that General Smith of Silvia N^^^^^ It appears 
 
 along the southerly sidVof Cranbe rv ^^^^^^^^^ '''''^''^ 
 
 Brooklyn, New York Tn Vii Q ti.^' '^^^'^'^^^^ vVillow and Columbia streets, in 
 
 otliei- slateraents, it wonij seem that 'rvarielvirnm ft 1 '>';",'«'»"':''• i''">m 
 ill this country prior to 1800 '^ ' " ''>'''"''' ''"' '™^ l"""™ 
 
 some, as a table fruit tlnn tb-it nf tl.o Tin f^'""'- ^^ ^^ '"ore esteemed by 
 taining a p.ilp oHe ^ tnsi tercv It w . '' ^Te'^ "" '^'''''''' '^''''' '^'^-^^ ^«'i- 
 
 ;!.^^;;.;^="iSiSSr?E?i-""?'^^^^^ 
 
 01. tire easlern slio e of JHrT, f'h^^i, uF'f ^T '" '""" '" '■"•" '"='=» ''"""d 
 the lale William liar ram a rfAmLuW '„r ptff^^^ '"[""«' "' ■'' '» 
 
 .trc of a blu.h-pmple, and a ..hght musky ilavour, but when partially exposed; 
 
 ^mL 
 
AMERICAN WILD VINE. 
 
 135 
 
 ling of the 
 iderations, 
 ight under 
 
 tingiiished 
 :y flavour. 
 3r of fruit, 
 quires but 
 /■, we are 
 following 
 espectable 
 It appears 
 ired from 
 le, which, 
 tween the 
 ■ In the 
 m Smith- 
 ed, to the 
 s situated 
 streets, in 
 •al Swift, 
 lis neigh- 
 ng, Long 
 ;hout the 
 le garden 
 ?inal Isa- 
 3vered to 
 ve since 
 • f'rom 
 s known 
 
 : Grape^ 
 Mazzei 
 led clns- 
 d sweet, 
 rity, tlie 
 3med by 
 md cou- 
 isuitable 
 its fruit 
 fully be 
 Lmcrica. 
 !ei; but 
 g before 
 11 found 
 of it to 
 3 of the 
 ;nonien 
 
 occurs 
 . The 
 to their 
 !ie .sun, 
 cposed, 
 
 they are of a lilac hue; and those which grow entirely in the shade, are of a 
 translucent white, sweet, and devoid of musk m their taste. The fruit is earlier 
 in ripening than that of the preceding variety, and when allowed to remain on 
 the vine until perfectly mature, the pulp nearly disappears. It is esteemed as a 
 table grape, and has also been manufactured into an excellent wine. The origi- 
 nal vine is said to have been procured from the banks of the CataAvba, and 
 planted in the garden of the late Mr. Schell, at Clarksburg, in Maryland, and 
 has been known to bear nearly eight bushels of fruit in a single season. 
 
 4. V. L. ELsiNBURGE.Nsis, Priucc. Elsanljorousfh Grape-vine. This variety is 
 noted for its sweet, juicy fruit, which is free fiom pulp, and musky taste. The 
 clusters are of a medium size, with loose berries of a blue colour, which are said 
 to make an agreeable wine. Its foliage is of a pale-green, and resembles that of 
 the wine-bearing grape of Europe, more, perhaps, than that of any other American 
 variety. It somewhat resembles the Isabella, in its bark and wood, but its fruit 
 IS thought to at^similate more nearly to that of the Meunier, of France. The 
 original vine was found and brought under cultivation by Dr. Hulings, in Elsan- 
 borough, in New Jersey, where, undoubtedly, it was indigenous. 
 
 Geography and History. The Vitis labrusca is found in sheltered situations 
 in woods and thickets, and sometimes near the margins of waters, from Canada 
 to Florida, Louisiana and Texas. It was introduced into Britain in 1656. by 
 John Tradcscant, jun. ; but it can only be considered, in tliat country, as an 
 ornamental shrub. A plant, however, of the red-fruited variety, placed against 
 a wall with a western aspect, in the garden of the London Horticultural Society, 
 is said to ripen fruit every year, of an agreeable flavour. There are several vari- 
 eties of this species cultivated in North America, the most celebrated and exten- 
 sive of which, is the Vitis labrusca Isabella. As this variety is preferred, in the 
 middle and northern parts of the United States to all others, principally on 
 account of the quality and abundance of its fruit, its hardihood, and the facil- 
 ity with which it is propagated, we shall chiefly confine our remarks to its 
 culture, rather tlxan to those of a less hardy nature. We would not by any 
 means discourage the propagation and amelioration of the other varieties, whcre- 
 evcr the soil and climate are favourable to their growth and maturity ; but on 
 the contrary, we would recommend a successive reproduction from seeds, by 
 grafting, or inoculation, and if possible, by hybridation ; and doubtless many 
 valuable varieties would be the result. 
 
 The manufacture of wine from the American wild grape has long been a sub- 
 ject of contemplation, and many unsuccessful attempts were made by the early 
 settlers of the colonies; but the want of success was not so much owing to the 
 qualities of the fruit, as in the requisite skill and care in making the wine. It 
 appears, however, by Holmes' "Annals," that, in the year 1709, the French 
 planters on the Illinois River, made upwards of one liundrcd hogsheads of strong 
 V inc from the wild grapes of that country. Frequent mention is also made in 
 Dodsley's "London Annual Register," of wine being manufactured, in small 
 quantities, from the American grape, and in some instances, of a rich and 
 agreeable flavour. More recently, the Swiss and (ierman settlers of the west, 
 especially in the valley of the Ohio, have turned their attention to this branch 
 ot indusiry, and their labours have been crowned with considerable success. 
 Mr. Nicolas Longworth, of Cincinnati, Ohio, in a communication, jtublished in 
 tlie "American Agriculturist," in December, 1812, says, "1 have thirteen 
 vineyards, and inorc underway. The greatest yield is at the vineyard man- 
 aged by Mr. Mottier, who is well known as an intelligent, enterprising vine- 
 dresser. He made within a fraction of fifteen hundred gallons. A part of the 
 vineyard that did not sufler by rut, yielded six hundred gallons to the acre. 
 
 
 The next vineyard in its yield, is under the charge of Mr. My 
 
 ers, an intelligent 
 
136 
 
 VITIS LABRUSCA. 
 
 k> ij 
 
 Sn'n?''"^ °^ "^T^^ experience in the cultivation of the vine. There were «iom« 
 vnieyards in the country that produced a more abuiidnnt rrnn nn T. 
 
 IS dostmod to make a dry wine, equal to hock; and one o7m7GeS;^rn te,^^^^^^^^^ 
 Mr. I.ock, has made a spark ns wine from it eauil tn thp h^.t <^k ^^"'^'"^' 
 But we must not expect\o sucJeed at fim" The'^less of ferlntaZ^fnd 
 manufacture of wme requires both experience and skiH and we s'nTl not for 
 years equal the wmc-coopers of Europe in its manufacture Thl 1,. k T 
 wmes require but little experience and skill burthi.?rnnt\r ^ ^"^^ 
 
 many of the finest wn.es."' The cuulV: o"^ o the vine Tas'X"becX\n 
 object in supplying our markets and tables with fruit. Dr. R T UndeTll o? 
 New York, mlorms us that he has nearly twenty acres of vines \i rVmnn pi' .?; 
 on the udson^ chiefly of the Isabelfa and Sawba ^^ eties C 
 
 t^TT^^/ ''''T' f P.^'"^*^^'*^ ^■*^^"™- ^^^"y «ther vineyard of aTeate or 
 ^ss extent are already in progress in several states of the union and one or 
 
 Soil and Situation. The Isabella grapevine flourishes best in a soil tbnf i« 
 fnio'l T^ -^"^ ^^'^^^dingly rich, rather loose tliau compact, modemtet os 
 instead of being wet or very dry, and is free from an excess oAalTs pern^S 
 fo th';t'l?"r\'P^'"r ' "";^ "^ Soneral, land recently cleared of wood s preS e 
 to that which has been for some time under tillage. Tlie situation slionlfl Hp 
 chosen on moderately rising ground rather than^n that thTlsXxt or 
 
 tZrlA'l^r^ T ""'"^'T ''T'"^ '" "^'^^"^-l towards die south tast 
 the K fpl- hn f n^ ;i' ''r ^"'^ ^"^ ^"^""^*^ '^^^^t «f tl^« «""' particularly duS 
 the lattei half ot the day, but not so much so as to impede a free circuktin n? 
 
 Zc. ^I'd^ In.? T^ ^f/"^'"^: '''^ ^^"" "^«'^^' -''I warm h.sSoTb iiig 
 cold. A doctune advanced by various authors is, that the region of the m-Uze 
 and peach culture is also that of the wine -bearing grape of Europe Bv mr tv 
 
 InXZn JL'?''*''' "^' ^^^""' other varieties^vllicha7eo!uall/ol'm2 
 ^those mv of In?''"'"'' -^^r'^^' "^^^ybe successfully cultivated from Mexico 
 to tliose paits o America where the maize, or Indian corn is t<i be considcror In 
 s re crop; that is, they will succeed along the shores of the At antic iiaiivmr 
 alld southward ot the forty-third degree of latitude, and u c farthe "[^ 
 milt' h' ' ""T "^ ^'" l^oc'^y Mountains. The Isabella will al o S^n p os i^r 
 Hide circums ances considerably at variance with any of those above '^tX 
 but Its Iru.t will not be of so fine a quality, nor so rich in its flavour ' 
 
 JJT"^ T "'"^ ^^lanagemcnt. The Vitis labrusca Isabella, like all its con- 
 j^eners, may be propagated from seeds, by cuttings or layers, and bv ^ aftinc. or 
 m.cn latio.i ; but ihe mode almost universally adopted is bv cutt i -^s A Z the 
 branches and roots. A simi.le, detailed account of Ihe gr.)wt i o la vine 1 ■ n s 
 separation from the parent stem to the period of perfecting its frui p ' h-^ w^^^^ 
 
 Sim^l^rie;:^:- ^ ^' '^^ '^°^^^^' ^^'^ '^^ '^''^''^' the fbiiou^^gf ^'ij;^,;^;! 
 
 It was the opinion of L. .Innius Moderatus Columella, a distinguished writer 
 on husbandry, who flourished more than eighteen iumd ed years" go an ™ho 
 owned an extensive vineyard in that part "of Old Spain, nowc;kd A a^on 
 
 andslalluUv tilK>d. more especiallv when nn.nlnuprl fn^ vinevards " 
 
 employee 
 
 ' For 
 
 ii'- 
 
AMEKICAN WILD VINE. 
 
 137 
 
 fting or 
 
 vine," said he, " is a delicate, tender, and Aveak thing, and can by no means 
 bear with hard usage ; and, for the most part, it is consumed by too much 
 labour, and bearing too great a quantity of fruit ; and, if you do not restrain it 
 Avithin due bounds, it perishes by its own fruitfuhiess. But when it has, in 
 some measure, strengthened and hardened itself, and attained, as it were, to the 
 vigour of youth, it may prosper under neglect. But a young vineyard, while it 
 is growing up, unless it receives due cafe and attention, will be reduced to the 
 poorest and most starving condition, and will pine and waste away, in such a 
 manner, that it can never afterwards, by any experience whatsoever, be recovered 
 and restored. Therefore, the foundations, as it were, must be laid with the 
 greatest care, and from the first day of planting, it must be managed like infants, 
 with unceasing attention, which, unless we do, all our expenses will be laid out 
 to no purpose ; nor can the proper season of anything be recalled, when once 
 we let it pass." First, then, let us select a proper site of ground, and proceed at 
 once, and trench it to the full depth required. If it be situated on a plain, or in 
 a valley, it should be dug two feet in depth, and on rising ground three ; but on 
 a bill-side, somewhat steeper, it should be turned up at least four feet, in 
 order that the roots may penetrate beyond the reach of drought. If the cut- 
 tings are intended to be planted in drills or rows, let there be formed trenches 
 three feet in length, two feet in depth, and the width of a spade, leaving inter- 
 vals or baulks, a yard in length, between the trenches, till the row is finished. 
 Then, with good virgin soil, if it be at hand, if not, let it be procured from the 
 woods, let us fill the trenches therewith, mixing it at the same time with a due 
 proportion of leaf-mould or well-rotted manure, or what is still better, the leaves 
 and husks of vines, or grape-seeds,*= in order to quicken and strengthen the 
 growth of the plants. If a vineyard be the object which we have in view, let 
 the rows or drills be trenched from five to ten feet asunder, according to the sur- 
 face of the ground and the latitude of the place. If the situation be on a plain, 
 in a high degree of latitude, the rows should be eight or ten feet apart; but if it 
 be on the side of a very steep hill, or in a low degree of latitude, five feet will 
 be sullicient; and on moderately inclined surfaces, or in higher latitudes, six or 
 eight feet apart will be all that is required. With regard to the direction of the 
 
 * This method of manuring vines was known and practised by the Carthaginians long before they 
 were conquered by the Romans. One Blago, reputed anion;' the classical ancients for the princely 
 employment of delivering precepts concerning the tilling of th<- earth, who nourished more than two hun- 
 dred years 15. C, r.nd wrote twenty-eight books on hnsbandry, • roved that the husks of grapes and grape- 
 seeds, mixed with dung, and put into the trenches with tiie vine-plants, quickened their growth, strengtli- 
 ened the steins, and drew forth new roots. Tins idea accords precisely with the most enlightened princi- 
 ples of modern chemistry and vegetable economy. It shows that a vineyard may be made to mainlaia 
 perfect iruitfulness without the application of any manure, except the leaves and branches that are pruned 
 from the vines. Indeed, an instrincc is recorded, where a man, in Germany, had a vineyard which he 
 manured by no other means, and kejit it in a thriving condition for Ihirtv years. His mode of applying 
 tiie vine-leavjs and branches, was to hoe them into the soil aller having cut them into small pieces. 
 During this long period, no carbon was conveyed to the soil nor to the vines themselves, except that 
 contained in their pruned branches, the rains, dews, and in the atmosphere, so that the vines were placed 
 in exactly the same condition as trees in a forest, wiiich receive no manure except from their decayed 
 branches and leaves. Under ordinary circumsiances, a manure containing potash must be used, other- 
 wise the fertility of the soil will decrease. From this it follows, that in nature every vegetable produces 
 its own pabiituin or sujiport, and that the earth only serves to bear the jilant, and not to aid or nourish it 
 in vegetation. The food of plants is tlius supposed to be derived from air and water, heat and light, or 
 electricity in dilferent i)roportions, adapted to the various productions of tlie vegetable world. This doc- 
 trine may further be corroborated by an insiance which occurred in France in ISIU. Jle.ssrs. Poillard 
 and JJernani, who date their letter at Brest, assert that they succeeded in raising perfect wheat upon a 
 pane of glass covered with straw. They state that there was not the smallest particle of earth upon the 
 glass, and that the plants were lell entirely to themselves, without being watered or attended to in aijy 
 way whatever, from the time of sowing to the lime of reaping. And we can aver that we have seen 
 fielils ol Eugar-cane, in the island of Cuba, which have produced ubundani crops ircnu the same roots, for 
 nearly a quarter of a century, without any manure, except the tops and leaves of the cane that have been 
 leit on the ground, and worked into the soil by the hoe. 
 18 
 
'I 
 
 ^w^ 
 
 138 
 
 VITIS LABRUSCA, 
 
 reiM 
 
 about houses in the country single vinplmnr^ . ""T^' ^"^ ^" ^'*i««' ^nd 
 of buildings, along the sides k fencer or on ^Lf '"T^"^ "W^"' ^^^^es and ends 
 
 The most favourable season forSth. the IsSh' '"^^ ^'^""^^^'^ ''^ '''''- 
 States, is when the red-flowered Se fs in ^f ^'^"^gJ-^Pe-vine in the United 
 Georgia from the 20th to t LTast ofTehrnr. T^ ^^''^ "^"^-^'l^ ^'^^"rs in 
 Philadelphia and New York In seLeti^l So^ 
 
 should be of one variety, an akenfrtfthfrinlf"^ ^""^ a vineyard, they 
 
 us not content ourselve wi h s nl cl s ors^-^^" ^^^^ '^'^ ""''''■ ^'^' 
 Iiflc. The greatest proportion of f™ftlrnf' r^ ^^'V T^"?^' '^'"^ ^^^^ "^^^t pro- 
 l^hoots nextio the old^vU whh t exSL oTtho ^ ''"'^ "^' ^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^^'^ 
 being unfruitful and seldom beari I at J^F Snl f ^^est eye, the top buds 
 taining a considerable portion of t^old wood ZV >'*° P''""! ^"""^8« ^«"- 
 nor economical to mutilate a favourite vine ?!' , '/' '^- ''. "^' ^'''^^'^^'^ Pr"dent 
 cuttings of the last year's growZw th the wnn.1 "'n ' '' '' ^T' ^° «^I«<^t fruitful 
 of a moderate size, short-TohiTed and ronfr T" "^•'"''^- '^'^'^^ ^h^^'d be 
 in each. They should be^c^t o^ tmnsvesdv fJLTe ''^ '' '^^^'^^ ^^^^ ""^ ^"^^ 
 close to the old wood, and not less than two ,^ih rt7'"^ '''"'' ^ ^^arp knife, 
 lor the protection of 'the ternS tiSs T^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 remain above the ground sho Id be "m ^ that are to 
 
 side should be opposite die si^de cont-iininl tho ^""^ direction, and the sloping 
 should be planted in calm leather mn Lf • i "l'^'^^^^ bud. If possible, hey 
 vine, and be obtained fom a soil Tu.^^^^^^^ f-"^" the parent 
 
 which they are intended to grmrifrv\hrtt-.™'^ ^" ^'^^^^ i" 
 
 unavoidably occur, it will be beu'er to tr-msnln f ' "' ''^"'^ '''^''''' should 
 irom a dryer to moister soil Ts also fron 1 nln T "" P°°'^'* "^ '^ ^^^her, and 
 should it be necessary to convev the cuulJr ^' 'V '^''^"""^' ^"™'^tc. But 
 should be immersed in a composi tor of fi f T "" "^f""''''^ '^'''' '^^^^^ ^'^ds 
 other oil, of about the coiSence of L Z ''"'"'' '""f "^'^'^ ^^^^h linseed or 
 parent stock, at the sam^t me ,kinf t ro'nro.'"';" ^' ^''"^ ""'' ^"^ ««' ^'"O"^ the 
 till the moment they are to be used. ^ precaution not to cut oif the top ends 
 
 MANAGEMENT DURING THE FIRST YEAR. 
 
 will be even wi!h the surface a d direct 1 tl !"''. '° ^'^^^ ^''^'^'^ '«™i"^d bud 
 must be firmly pressed m md each nhnt n J\^^ '"V^''" '^'^•^" the earth 
 
 leave more than one bud a ovele Vro^ V^ 1''^°^'^^^^ subsequently settle and 
 to bury them up. §'°""''' '"°''« ^^rth or mould must be added 
 
 th^^Zngrf^t r miiTT'm °w';^ '''' 'I "'" ^« '— ^^ ^« P-tect 
 
 which sho^.ld be remold Tola ^'evJu n^^'and .1^'";','^ '' '''''' "^•'^'^''•^^'«' 
 
 ered until the next mornin- at 4om ?f?i allow them to roniain micov- 
 
 '-V. Strict attention must i^ow be ob rv d nT. " H'l ^^'^'-^Pl---"- of the 
 
 .gs continually moist and slionM nnt f? v '^^ ^''^ ^'^^ '"'o^'^d the cut- 
 
 -ist be done by%prinl in ran river J^^ "'^T'"^ ^^ ''^^^"^'^d means, it 
 
 .oap-suds, or otfie/ stim/.fei ^' ] d^:, eda ^ 3' ^7/ 'V''^' '' ^''" '"'"^''•' 
 
 -d. and tL plan. wilfV^lZ Z ^iSr^^^^l^^-^^ld 
 
 -miL 
 
AMERICAN WI^D VINE. 
 
 139 
 
 season, except an occasional hoeing, to destroy the weeds, and to loosen the soil 
 in order to admit the air and moisture about the roots. Should the season prove 
 dry, however, and tlie earth around the plants become parched, it will be neces- 
 sary to irrigate them frequently with rain or river water, or with prepared 
 liquids as suggested above. Early in autumn, rub olF all the buds from each 
 plant, except two, which are to be reserved for training the ensuing year. 
 
 The method of managing the vine from the tirst to the sixth year, as practised 
 by Mr. B. E. Valentine, of Philadelphia, and published in Hoffy's " Orchardist's 
 Companion," for 1841, is the same as that recommended by Clement Hoare, a 
 highly esteemed writer on the cultivation of the vine, and whose mode, with a 
 slight variation for climate or seasons, is believed to be best adapted for this spe- 
 cies of culture of any practised in the United States. " On the first of Decem- 
 ber, or as long as the weather remains open," says he, " the soil round the roots 
 should not be covered over ; but, as soon as frost comes, a good covering of lit- 
 ter, or well-rotted manure must be laid over the ground, as far as the roots 
 extend ; and if the weather be very severe, it will be better also to cover over 
 the stem to the depth of five or six inches above the top of it. The young plant 
 being thus Avell protected from the severity of the winter, may remain in this 
 state till the first of March. 
 
 SECOND YEAR. 
 
 March 1st. Remove the covering, and fork up the surface of the ground, to the 
 depth of two or three inches, that the sun and air may freely penetrate it. April 
 1st. Keep the soil round the roots free from weeds, and the surface of it loose, 
 either by raking or forking it up as often as necessary. May 1st. Now remem- 
 ber that only a single shoot is permanently to be trained throughout the sum- 
 mer ; the object of leaving two buds the previous autumn, being to provide 
 against the loss of a shoot in case of any accident. As soon, therefore, as the 
 strongest has grown sufficiently to be out of danger of being accidentally rubbed 
 ofi', the other is to bo cut out, as hereafter directed. If any other shoots have 
 pushed besides the two principal ones, rub them all oft'. As soon as the shoots have 
 grown about a foot in length, nail them to the wall or fence, as the case may be. 
 Do this very carefully, for they are as yet extremely tender. When they have 
 grown about six inches from the last nailing, they must again be nailed, and 
 continually kept so, never sullering the tops of the shoots to be blown about by 
 the wind. As the tendrils and lateral shoots successively appear throughout the 
 summer, piiicl^ oft" the former when they have grown about three inches in 
 length, and the latter to an inch beyond the first eye. June 1st. Throughout 
 this month, and the two following ones, whenever the ground appears parched 
 through by the heat of the weather, give the roots, once a day, about half a gal- 
 lon ol soap-suds, or dung-water. Keep the ground free from weeds, and the sur- 
 face loose and open, by raking or forking it up once a v ^;> V throughout the sum- 
 mer. July 1st. The young shoots being firmly united lu the preceding year's 
 wood, and therefore past all danger of being broken oJf by any accident', unnail 
 the weakest .shoot of the two, and cut it out close to the stem, making the sur- 
 face of the wound quite smooth and even. The remaining shoot must be kept 
 nailed to the wall as before directed. November 1st. Cut the vine to the two 
 lowermost buds, and in the winter, if the weather be frosty, cover the ground 
 over in the same manner as in the preceding winter. 
 
 THIRD YEAR. 
 
 Marcli 1st. The winter covering may now be removed, (provided there should 
 
140 
 
 VITIS LABRUSCA. 
 
 I 
 
 treatment throughout the season be precyeTv tirsame T.^i^ n.^ *''" subsequent 
 mer. If any fruit be shown, pinch'it off L' 'LrL' t^ap^ a'rr'"^;""" 
 
 mnroTh"" Z''' • ^\ '' ^'''''T'^ '^'^ '"'"^ «f ^he vine will no w be I 
 
 more than two inches m girth, and therefore two leading shoot are 
 to be permanently retamed the next year. For this purpose cut 
 
 FOURTH YEAR. 
 FIFTH YEAR. 
 
 figure. March 1st. Clean the sur- 
 face of the ground, and fork it up as 
 in the preceding year. May 1st. 
 rraui the siioots that push from the 
 buds 3 and 7, in the manner repre- 
 sented by the dotted lines 1, 2. 3, 4 
 and if more fruit shows than is eqaiv- i 
 alent to the weight before mentioned "=7 
 the excess must bo cut off when the 
 berries are set. July 1.5th. Continue 
 
 the same course of management as in — ^^ .,«.-.__.- -^ 
 
 the preceding year, and when the roots require waterin- thev ire now «nfR 
 ciently strong to have applied to them for that purpose a yVSiS.orinS 
 manure hat can be most conveniently obtained. HepteniLr Tst ^ Ch o ? 
 tops 01 the shoots, and the sap will ihen accumulate in the b ids "He" e wo 
 ^v. 11 leave our autlior .and pursue a somewlua different treatment "ilv m 
 October, or soon after the fruit is gathered, let the shoots numbSl and 4^ be 
 
 
4 
 
 WiJ' 
 
 be 
 
 AMERICAN WILD VINE. 
 
 141 
 
 cut back to as many buds as may be deemed necessary to produce the quantity 
 of fruit wliich the vine can matiu-e the next year, and kU tliose marked 2 and 3, 
 be cut back to the tliree lowermost buds. Tlie hiteral slioots, as also tlic stumps 
 of the tendrils, should be cut out as directed in the preceding year. Let the 
 loose and decayed bark ])e rubbed or scraped off, and the shoots fastened to the 
 wall or trellis, to protect them during the winter. 
 
 SIXTH YEAR. 
 
 Commence early in March, and treat the ground in every respect, during the 
 season, as in the preceding year, taking care to incorporate all the leaves or clip- 
 pings of the vines with the earth about the roots, hlarly in May, or as soon as 
 the shoots numbered 2 and 3, have grown a suincient length, fasten them care- 
 fully to the wall or trellis, and let them grow until the first of July. Then cut 
 out the weakest of the three young shoots, and treat the two remaining ones (as 
 
 indicated in the adjoining ,^|^-,-„.,^^^^-„^. . . . _ ^ _ n 
 
 figure) precisely as those i,^', 'j ,, ^>-----i-^|--^^ ---=| ^ -----~ - ^p^- - j^=^-^^.^-.^ ^p; 
 
 numbered 1 and 4 were the 
 year preceding, due care 
 being observed to deprive 
 all the shoots of any super- 
 fluous fruit or leaves which, 
 may put forth. In October, 
 soon after the fruit is gath- 
 ered from the shoots num- 
 bered 1 and 4, cut thorn 
 down to the three lower- 
 most buds, thus reserving 
 one to spare in case of ac- 
 cident, in order to produce 
 -^ouble shoots the following 
 year. No further treat- 
 ment will be required than 
 rubbing or scraping off all 
 loose and decayed bark 
 from the vines, until the 
 next spring. 
 
 SEVENTH YEAR AND SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT. 
 
 Commence early in the month of M rch, and treat the ground throughout the 
 season as directed for the preceding year. Early in May, or as soon as the 
 shoots numbered 1 and 4 have attained a sufficient length, carefully fasten them 
 to the wall or trellis, and let them grow until the first of July. Then cut out 
 the weakest of the three young shoots, and treat the two remaining ones (indi- 
 cated by 1 and 4 in the annexed ligure) in every respect as those numbered 2 
 and 3 were the year before. By the end of the seventh year, if the plant belongs 
 to a vineyard, in which the vines are grown at the distance of six feet apart, it 
 will have acquired a sullicient number of leading shoots to bear fruit in abun- 
 dance; but if it be an isolated vine, the horizontal branches may be allowed to 
 extend themselves, and a pair of new shoots added each year, as long as the 
 fertility of the soil and the nature of the situation may require it. During 
 every subsequent year, the treatment of the ground during spring and summer 
 should be the same as in the two seasons preceding. Early in September, the 
 
 I 
 
142 
 
 VITIS LABUUSCA. 
 
 ill 
 
 
 r 
 
 October, or soon after har- 
 vesting the grapes, cut back 
 the shoots of the same year 
 and leave but four eyes to 
 each; as, by leaving too 
 many, the vine becfdiies ex- 
 hausted, and yields but little 
 fruit, and is soon destroyed 
 by premature decay. The 
 shoots should be cut off in 
 an oblique direction, opposite 
 to, and about an inch and 
 a half above, the fourth eye 
 from the old Avood, in such 
 a manner as will shed tlie 
 r in and allow the buds to 
 suffer no injury from the 
 wet. In. the course of the 
 month of May, the vines 
 sho'Md be examined, and : 
 all the shoots from the oil 
 
 the sap may assim late in the Cls C are to ho SI ^ 'r '^T'' "' °''^"'" ^^""^ 
 
 mixed with well-rotted mauu eleS mould In, d^^ i re-covered with earth, 
 clippings and leaves of Xie 'if t^T e m^^ T"^' "^ ^''^P^^^' «>■ '^^ 
 
 March the earth should be restored TndmixLl^,?! "''''" '^'■''"%'"^^^ 
 stances, as named above. This mode w-rs Sd ' . ' "/"' 'T' "\ ""i"' ^"'^- 
 
 stock; a„a .,,0 spurring-,,, melhod; i,,USr;,?„'S i^^tXced",!^™ ^1°| 
 
AMERICAN WILD VINE. 
 
 143 
 
 wood grown annually from the seeds of the main shoot, or shoots of old wood. 
 The two last methods he regards as the best. 
 
 It is customary with many to cultivate flowers, or vegetables of various kinds 
 between or near their vines, without reflecting that they are doing them great 
 injury by abstracting their proper nourishment from the soil ; a practice not only 
 strictly guarded against by the most intelligent vine-dressers of the present day, 
 but condenmcd by all ancient writers on the subject; and Moses, in exhorting 
 the people of Israel, very forcibly elucidated his discourse by commanding them 
 not to defile their vineyards with the fruit of divers seeds : 
 
 "Thuii sliiilt not HOW thy vineyard with divfirs sccilu ; lost thn fniil of thy seeil 
 which thou liiial aown, ami ihu fruit of Itiy vineyurJ, bo diifllud." 
 
 Deutehonomy, xxil. 9. 
 
 thus plainly shov.ing that the wisdom and prudence of this important law was 
 well understood oven at that early day. 
 
 Insects, Casualties, i^'c. The Vitis labrusca, like most of its congeners, is sub- 
 ject to the attack of various tribes of insects or their larva), and requires the vigi- 
 lant attention of the cultivator during all the warmer months of the year. 
 Among the Coleoptera we recognize the Pelidnota punctata, Anomala varians, 
 Mclolontha subspinosa, and the Haltica chalybea. The former is a large beetle, 
 sometimes found in great abundance in the months of July and August, and is 
 described by Dr. Harris, as being of an oval shape, about an inch long, having 
 dull, brownish-yellow wing-covers, with three distinct black dots on each ; the 
 thorax darker, and slightly bronzed, with a black dot on each side; and the legs 
 and body beneath of a deep bronze-green. These beetles fly by day, and devour 
 the leaves of the vine, which constitute their only food. They may be destroyed 
 in considerable numbers, by snatching them from the vines and crushing them 
 under the foot. Their larva3 live in decayed Avood, and like those of beetles in 
 general, consist of grubs. The Anomala varians, which is said to resemble, in 
 its habits, the viue-cliafer of hlurope, is found in June and July, feeding upon 
 the leaves of the vine, as well as upon those of several species of rhus. Both 
 the males and the females are of a broad oval shape, and of varied colours, mea- 
 suring from four to five lines in length, the former being the least in size. The 
 head and thorax of the male arc greenish-black, margined with dull-ochre or 
 tile-red, and thickly pimctured; the wing-covers are clay-yellow, irregularly 
 furrowed, and punctured in the furrows ; the legs are pale-red, brown, or black ; 
 and sometimes the whole insect is entirely black. The thorax of the female is 
 clay-yellow, or tile-red, son.etimes with two oblique blackish spots on the top, 
 and at others nearly black ; the wing-covers resemble those of the male ; the legs 
 are clay-yellow, or light-red. The Alelolontha subspinosa, or common rose-bug, 
 is also a diurnal insect, and appeared for some time to be confined to its favour- 
 ite food, the blossoms of the rose; but within thirty years, according to Dr. 
 Harris, this species has prodigiously increased in number, has attacked at ran- 
 dom various kinds of plants, in swarms, and has become notorious for its exten- 
 sive and deplorable ravages. The grape-vine in particular, has annually suf- 
 fered by its depredations, as Avell as most of our fruit-trees, garden and field 
 vegetables, and even the trees of the forest. " The unexpected arri" il of these 
 insects in swarms," says Harris, "at their first coming, and their suaden disap- 
 pearance, at the close of their career, are remarkable facts in their history. They 
 come forth from the cround during the second week in June, or about the time 
 of the blossoming of the damask rose, and remain from thirty to forty days. At 
 the end of this period, the males become exhausted, fall to the ground, and per- 
 ish, while the females enter the earth, lay their eggs, return to the surface, and, 
 after lingering a few days, die also. The eggs laid by each female are about 
 
 |N 
 
 < 'i 
 
 f I 
 
144 
 
 VFTIS I,A BRUSCA. 
 
 I 
 
 tL nn^ ' ■ ' " '""'"''^ «i"\vnwarcl.s in lul.ls In.in the hen To flu. . . M 
 
 1 10 pupa iMs soincnvliat the form of the perfect beetle h iWT ! 
 
 part separate y, Dnrin-' tlie uu.uib nf r, „ i • "' ^''^- ^^'"'^PS «"'»«!» 
 
 iH-ctle withdraws fr o t i s h ^n ndh ' . '''"^ ''"" '^'^ "■''"•' »''« ""^''«f«<l 
 di,s its way to the r v 'o 1 ^ 1 ,ul ''"^ns' nf ' "f"" "'^ v"'""^" '^*^"' ^"''^ 
 ojf? to the full develonmeut r f ii e n .H rt hm o various changes, from the 
 
 lusect tribes in check. When they have iss e,1 'mm . . / '"^' '"^ ''™P *'>° 
 
 taunnff a ittio wn.-.,. r,,, , ..,,","» '^" '" ""'i^, t"e plants into tin vesse s con- 
 
 water, l^hey si 
 
 •5 i.m.-iu irom me plants into tin vessels con- 
 
 inhabits the vine mid nrevs unon its h, ?. . i i •'" f™'^"»es called, also 
 
 union. An intereTt^hii acco nf L h ^T""'' "' ^''^"^''* "'^»T part .f the 
 volume of S n an'^'' Ime 'an uni^al rVs '^ ravages is given in the xxvi.h 
 Thomas, ofCayu,nt countr n New v"?- ^'^,,^''";"^,V'^"f^. ^^^^^' ' V Mr. David 
 were observed by him r^ The snriZ oVl K'M ''"' ■'"'''' ^'* ^'>'^ '^P^^^'^'^' 
 
 ing the buds by At u- o ,* tlPo I? ' *^^'rP'»g "" the vines, and destroy- 
 
 
 to Dr. 
 
 purple, 
 
 •^teiii ,i...i». 
 
 I 
 
AMERICAN WILD VINE. 
 
 140 
 
 tlin sdrfnco 
 of lui inch 
 »img larva3 
 
 [iiartors of 
 •'111 Octo- 
 in ii torpid 
 ! forms I'oi 
 !.s, so asj to 
 Within 
 r, by cast- 
 
 the tail, 
 ^'ollowish- 
 nrc ioltlod 
 raps each 
 ! iiicliKlcd 
 
 1 cell, and 
 from tlio 
 
 tlio space 
 octs, it is 
 itato: the 
 »I only of 
 keep tlic 
 1 retreats, 
 ns, in tlie 
 seize and 
 
 deprive 
 lly fonnd 
 ing them 
 isels con- 
 
 1 of their 
 ■ water."' 
 led, also 
 irtof the 
 e xxvith 
 r. David 
 
 species, 
 destroy- 
 nrrowed 
 ler than 
 id 1.S31, 
 worms, 
 ;re fully 
 weeks 
 ose that 
 ;cordiiig 
 a dark- 
 le most 
 er sides 
 body is 
 rse fur- 
 th. In 
 o wards 
 
 the end of April, and coptinue to appear till the l.itter part of May. A .second 
 brood also make tli(>ir appearance towards the end of . I illy.* 
 
 Among the Hemi()lera, which prey upon tho vine, is the Tcttigonia vitis, or 
 vine-hopper, of Harris, which was for a long time supposed to be the vinc-frct- 
 ter of I'lnrope. In a. perfect stale, this insect mca.sures one-tenth of an inch in 
 length, is of a pale-yellow, with two small red lines on its head; the hinder part 
 of the thorax, the scnfel, the base of the wing-covers, and a band across their 
 middle, are scarlet; the lips of the wing-covers are blackish, between which 
 and the above-named band there are several small, red lines. The liead is cres- 
 cent-slui|)ed above, and the eyelets are situated just b(;low the ridge of the front. f 
 These insects, according to Dr. Harris, inhabit both the foreign aiid native grape- 
 vines, under the surfac(> of the leaves, among which they may be found during 
 the greater part of the summer, where, also, tiiey pass through all their transform- 
 ations. They make their first appearance in June, when they are wingless, and 
 of cour.se in their larva state. They remain perttctly quiet lor most of the time, 
 with their beaks thrust into the succulent parts of the leaves, from wliich they 
 derive their noi rishment. If disturbed, however, they leap with great agility 
 from one leaf Id another, from which circmnstancc they are called vinc-lioppers. 
 As they increase in size, they freciiiently cast their skins, which may often be 
 found, during summer, adhering to the leaves, and upon the ground beneath the 
 vines. They generally reach their perfect state in the month of August, when 
 they become still more active by the aid of their legs and wings, and arc enabled 
 to leap and lly from tree to tree. They do great injury to ilie vines by depriv- 
 ing their leaves of sap, which not only causes them to turn yellow and fall, even 
 at mid -summer, but by this exhaustion, their most important fuiietions are inter- 
 rupted, the fruit becomes stunted and diseased, and if the evil be sulfered to con- 
 tinue, the plant itself, in a (c\v years, is rendered barren, and con.sequently >f no 
 value. In autumn, these insects quit the vines, shelter themselves beneath the 
 Jallen leaves or decayed tufts of grass, where they remain till the .ullowins 
 spring, when they emerge from their winter retreats, and in due time depo^it'e 
 their eggs upon the leaves of the vine, and then die. The Vitis labrusca is also 
 attacked by a species of bark-louse, of a globular form, nearly half the size of a 
 pea, and of about the colour of the bark itself It sometimes occurs in great 
 numbers. Avhich imbed themselves m the furrows of the bark, abstract large 
 (luautities of its sap, and thereby impoverish the vine. The most ellicacious 
 means employed tor the destruction of the vine-hopper or bark-lice, arc fumiga- 
 tions of red-pepper seeds, tobacco, or other hot, acrid plants, which require iVe- 
 quent repetition, and nauch precaution to kill the insects and to prevent injury to 
 the vines. 
 
 Among the Lepidoptcra, which feed upon the vine, there are several species 
 of Sphinx, the Procris americana, and the bludryas grata. As it would occupy 
 too much space to enter at length into the characters and habits of all the.se 
 insects, we must refer the reader to Dr. Harris' "Report," from which much 
 valuable and practical information may be trained on this subject, that cannot 
 be found in any other work. From the sphinges he has selected a group to 
 which he has applied the name of Phllampelus, signifying literally, " llove the 
 vine," from the circumstance that their larvic live upon tlie grape-vine. When 
 young, they have a long and slender tail, recurved over tholback like that of a 
 dog, which, after one or two changes of the skin, disappears. Some of these 
 caterpillars are of a pale-green, and others arc brown, having the sides of their 
 bodies ornamented by six cream-coloured spots, of a broad, oval shape. They 
 have the power of withdrawing the head and the first three segments of the body 
 
 n i 
 
 * See Harris' Report, p. 101. 
 
 19 
 
 f Encyclopocdia Americana, viii., p. in. 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
146 
 
 VITIS LABBU8CA. 
 
 ill 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
 Within the fourth sepment, which givos them a short and hh.nt appearance wlien 
 
 tiut lablo thickness, ihey devour great quantities ofleave., which is often evinced 
 by the long, lealless branches ot the grape-vine, as well as thoM! of the Virgin- 
 mn crcetHM- (Au.peIo,.s.s quinquefoha.) They arrive at full growth in the 
 
 ZV„r"u ;.'*''" ' "/"f '•'" ''•■"'u''' ^^'""'^ they undergo their transfnr.nations, and 
 appear in the perfect or moth state, in June and July, of the following year. 
 Ihevme suffers still more severely from another speftii,; of sphinx caton.niar 
 smaller in size than the preceding, and, like them, solitary in thei; hab ts ^ Acl 
 cording to Dr. Harris they are not content with eating the leaves alone in their 
 progress from leaf to leaf down the stem, but stop at every cluster of fnu nd 
 either from stupidity or disappointment, nip oli^ the stalks of the ha f gr wri 
 grapes, and a low them t.) fall, untasted, to the ground. These caterpil arsTr 
 of o L'L" T'^«<i' g«"«'-^l'y « ^ Palo-green, but sometimes brown, with a row 
 of orange-coloured spots on the top of the hack, and six or seven oblique lines 
 of a brown or dark-green, on each side. Tlu- head and fore part of the bod v are 
 omewha retractile, but less so than those of the preceding species ; and on Z 
 under extremity of the body there is a short horn Xr spine.^ When fully grovn^ 
 hey conceal themse ves, early in autumn, under the (alien leaves, which tlev 
 draw together by a lew threads, form themselves a cocoon, or cover Them elves 
 with grams ot earth and rubbish, by a similar process, where they tTanSbrm 
 
 ThoHril W i? ''' '"^'"^^"^ '^^*'' "' ''^•^ '"""♦'• "f •'"'y "^" <•'« succeeding year! 
 iato riphv. r T «^'''"'r"« are gregarious in their habits, and congre- 
 
 Form !i ^ ^ ""V^ '^'"*' '^*^' ^"^ •'"•y '^'^P^se ^vhen they are about to 
 lorm their cocoons. They are represented as being slightly hairv of a erceiish 
 colour with black bands ; their coccx)ns of an oblong-oval^ very ^tough a id fas 
 tened by one side to the leaves or stems of the plants^n wh[cl7they fc^d ^^^^^ 
 tIIp? nrn nf'/f '''v 'If^VV^^^^rice, in Massachusetts, towards the end of July. 
 Jie ex'reuic on^otl '•"'k^'v '^ ^ «^«ron-coloured collar, and a notched tuft on 
 about In nch tL 1 ^'"^f!; ^;^'^^^y»^g« are very narrow, and expand 
 aoout an inch. I he larvae of the Eudndas ^rata, when fully crown are nn 
 
 dTen or".n ' ^''^ or more in length, of a blue^colour, transveSlfbrdeS vith 
 
 Tlu^Cl?„d7T ''" r'^'^r' °^ '^'^ ""^' ^^'^'' ^ho bands dotted with black 
 1 u- head and leet are also of an orange, the top of the eleventh ring somewhat 
 bulging, and the fore part of the body hunchid up when the insect is at rest 
 They occur in the greatest abundance in the months of July and Angus and 
 none w. I be found on the vines after September. They devour all Wts of the 
 mid rib and stf fkP'"1v"f ' '^ ''''' 'I ^'^^^ "^ '''' ^'^S^"'^" creepe^even tl he 
 
 whh each o^hpf W."^ T^ ^' ^?"u^ "" '^'\ ^T" P^«"*' ^^ey do not associate 
 with each other When they quit the vines, they bury themselves in the ground 
 
 lut coco^ons lir "'!r T'^i'^' -"d change to dark-brown chrysalidef wS 
 smaU in S. 3 '' >"otbs, which sometimes appear towards the last of June, are 
 and outvie .11 f,^P^"^'"g ^*^«^",^" ^"«h and a half to an inch and three-fou ths, 
 tZT 1 S ^o"8«"«''s in delicacy of colouring and beauty of design.* 
 
 -raoTv^^e ^L^'f "y^*"'^; •''" '•«<^«g"'f but one species which attacks the 
 grape-vine the Selandna vUis, or saw-fly, of Harris. The perfect insect is 
 described by him as being of a jet-black colour, except the upside of the 
 Uiorax, which IS red, and the fore legs and the under side of^^he other legs 
 which are whitish or pale-yellow. The wings are semi-transparent of a smokv 
 colour, with dark-brown veins. The body of the female measures one fmmh of 
 an inch m length, and that of the male somewhat less. These flies r^seflorn 
 
 * See Harris' Report, p. 310. 
 
 Hi'. .. li 
 
AMERICAN WILD TINE. |47 
 
 the ground in tlio spring, not all at one time, but at irregular intervals, and lay 
 their eugs on tlu; lower side of tlic lerniinal leaves of the viise. In tlie month oi' 
 July the false caterpillars, hutched from these eggs, may be seen on the leaves, 
 in little swarms, ot various ages, some very small, and others fully grown. 
 1 hey leed in comjniny, side, by side, beneath the leaves, each swarm or fraternity 
 consisting of a dozen r)r more individuals, and they preserve their ranks with a 
 surprising degree of regularity. Heginniiig at the edge, they oat the whole of 
 the leal to the stalk, and then go to another, which, in like manner, they devour, 
 and thus proceed from leal to leaf, down the branch, till they have grown to 
 their full size. At this period, they are about five-cighlhs of an inch in length, 
 somewhat slender anil tapering, and thickest before th(! middle, having twenty- 
 two legs. The head and the tip of the tail are black; the body, above, is light- 
 green, paler before and behind, witli two transverse rows of minute black points 
 across each ring; and the lower side of the body is yellowish. After their last 
 moulting tliey become almost entirely yellow, and then leave the vine, burrow 
 into th(! ground, and form them.selves small oval colls of earth, which they lino 
 with a slight silken film. In about two weeks after entering the ground, having 
 in the mean time passed through the chrysalis state, they come out of their 
 earthen cells, tuko wing, mir, and lay their eggs for uiiother brood. The 
 young of the second brood arc not transformed to flies before the following 
 spring, but remain at rest, in the mean time, in their cocoons.* A solution of 
 one pound of whale-oil soap in six or seven gallons of soft water has been 
 recommended to be thrown upon the vines in order to destroy these flies ; but 
 should this prove ineffectual, fumigation with tobacco, red-pepper seeds, or other 
 hot, acrid substances may be tried. 
 
 The Vitis labrusca is .sometimes attacked by several species of the Geometridae, 
 such as span-worms, loopers, measurers, etc. ; but not often to very great injury. 
 When the wounds, made by pruning the branches, the roots, or the ends of the 
 cuttings, arc not protected by a coat of fine earth, white-lead mixed with oil, or 
 some other substance, the soft pith and decayed wood are also liable to be 
 attacked by ants, centipeds, and other wood-eating insects, (Xylophagidic,) 
 which sometimes perforate an inconsiderable portion of the stem, thus secretly 
 destroying its vigour, and eventually its life, without any visible external cause. 
 
 This species of vine is not subject to any other accidents of importance, except 
 in some of its varieties, which are sometimes killed or greatly injured by the 
 rigours of winter, or by vernal northerly winds. To guard against these evils, it 
 is only necessary to bend down the vines from the trellis even with the ground, 
 late in antnmn, and cover them over with earth to the depth of eight or ten inches, 
 and let them remain until early in the following spring, when the covering must 
 be removed, and the shoots readjusted to the trellis as in the year before ; and 
 to protect them in situations exposed to the northern blast, they may be sheltered 
 by walls, buildings, or by hedges of other trees. 
 
 Propertias and Uses. The wood of the Vitis labrusca, from its diminutive 
 size, oi)en texture, and comparative scarcity, is very limited in its use in the 
 arts. When reduced to charcoal, it may be employed by painters for drawing 
 outlines, or may be used as a tooth-powder. It has been suggested that the 
 prunings of this species may be cut into small pieces, bruised, put into a vat, 
 and boiling water poured upon them, which, on being fermented like malt, 
 would make a fine beverage, cither strong or weak; and on being distilled, 
 would produce a spirit analogous to brandy. The green twigs, or fresh cuttings^ 
 liave been recommended, as a substitute for rape, in flavouring vinegar. The 
 fruit, when ripe and fresh, is considered as wholesome, nutritious, refrigerant, 
 
 f i! 
 
 '■i s 
 
 t- ■ 
 
 * Harris' Repon, p. 378. 
 
f 
 
 148 
 
 VITIS LABRUSCA. 
 
 w 
 
 K.; ' if 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 Uhfp Lf i n ^' '' ^'"''1'^ f'?^ ^^'^^^^^^^ 'T^^ husks and seeds are indi^es- 
 S 't,lnil ''^1*'' '"J""'"^' ^''^'"."Sh the latter may be substituted for cole, 
 and treated in the same manner for a beverage. If taken without the husks 
 
 A hl^'T '' '■'^^'^''^ '"f. ^'^" ^^ '^^ "^°«' «^f« ^"d nutritious of ^ir si mmerS ' 
 Although It IS apt to disagree with dispeptics and children, meic nXconsd: 
 cred It proves mva uable m febrile and inflammatory diseases, in which it Xvs 
 the thirst, and diminishes the heat. It is said, also, to have been found service! 
 able in dysentery phthisical complaints, as wdl as 'in aff-ections of te lungs 
 Our fruiterers have a considerable trade in importing preserved grapes nrinci- 
 
 ^1 L^ou^thfrP''- P"''^''^ "' '"^"-^"^^' "^ ^^^g« ^^'then jars, cffiy Sed. 
 A though he American. grapes are preserved in a similar manner to a consnier- 
 
 1^.1 Tl' 7lu'^- %^'^ '""'h "" '^^ luxury of our winter desserts, and afford 
 great rehef to the infirm and sick, there is not enough of this rare and exce ent 
 
 fhJfif .''7°^P"'f T"^ ^'""P^^ '""^^ '^•''^ '^"«^^^^ to the Romans, and was amon- 
 \^IT ?^^T ''' '^^" '^'■"- Columella recommends them to be put into Tnmll 
 S.1 •.'■''i "TT °"^^""^ ^'"'^'^ ^^ «^«1^.- '^"d that the fruit shouM be 
 
 n fhe iai- 'a^S jJ'' '""' '"^ "^'^^i'^'"^ '''''^ ^" ^^e shade, to be suspeled 
 n the jais, and the spaces around them to be filled with clean oat chaff The 
 
 ure- Id'Thp"'"'' ^' "1^ ^'^'^ '' ^"™*' ^^»d "«t «"^h as will imbibe mo.s! 
 ^r ' ThP A,1T""'^' ''"' '''" '°Pu' ^"'* ^" "l^^'^^' ^'^d Pit^lied, to exclude the 
 them Tn tnf r "r^'^P"' "'''^ .^' presc,v,ed for several monUis, by packing 
 them in tin cases, of any convenient size, in clean chaff, bran, saw-dust pow- 
 
 d r whenThr, '^'^''^^ ""^'^' ''' 'i "'"^'^ "^"^^ ^'^ -^" baked and perfLtTy 
 diy when to be used. As soon as the cases are fiLed, they must be sealed or 
 
 60 J^ ., until they are required for use. This may be done by burvine them in 
 dry earth to a depth of four or five feet; or a room or cellar^mayTe spSl v 
 prepared for their reception, by being surrounded with a layer ofYharcoal-dust^ 
 or any other materials known to be bad conductors of heat. The preservat on of 
 grapes may also be prolonged by allowing them to remain upon\he vilies but 
 Zvn^.^!^ h "' exposed, they soon lose their flavour, are liable to drop, or to be 
 devoured by vermin or birds. i , "i lu ui. 
 
 i-rJ!'"' ?'^'''''^'"'\''*"u!'''' 'P^''^^'' independent of the profits arising from its 
 fruit and wme, is highly ornamental as a climbing slmiK No person wh^os! 
 
 wmdl ZTSlVfT f "J?-^"^"'.^^"""^' sheltered from tli'e cold "o^'tli rly 
 winds, and half of the day from the intense heat of the sun, can apply it to a • 
 mo e va uablc purpose than planting it with a vine. But let'it be r?Lmbered 
 ue its n. mI""! '"^ ''^'t-^'" '^' "l^'i"''' ^" ^'^^^' '^' ^i"« "^"«t be left to pui^ 
 'racefu foTO ^^''"'' '" ""' '^ "" P''^"''^ "'"'^ ^^an is required to give it a 
 
 '■V'> 
 
Genus XANTHOXYLUM, Linn. 
 
 Xanthoxylaceae. 
 Si/at. Nat. 
 
 Xanthoxijlum, Zanthoxyhm, 
 
 Clavalier, 
 Zahnwehholz, 
 Santossilo, 
 Toothache-tree, 
 
 Dioecia Tri-Pentandria. 
 
 Si/st. Lin. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 ;ance. 
 
 Gekmanv. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 ^nfnri ?!""■"''""• ^"P''^^ ^ °' "\'"'^' P^"^'°"'' ^"1^ * '"'""'e glandular beard at the ape^ Petals none 
 
 IgANTHOXYLUM is a genus belonging to the same natural familv 
 f^ as the Ptelea and Ailantus. There are at least two species indi- 
 genous to North America, the Xanthoxylum fraxineum and tricar- 
 pum, and several varieties, some of Avhich are much valued for 
 their medicinal qualities. The Xanthoxylum clava-herculis, of 
 . - -^-.--i- ^^° "'^s* Indies, is esteemed as a good timber-tree, and an infu- 
 sion of Its leaves as well as of those of the Xanthoxylum fraxineum, is used to 
 cure the toothache. Mr. Royle, in his excellent work entitled " Illustrations of 
 theBotanyandothcr Branches of Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, 
 and ot the t lora ot Cashmere," mentions two species, the Xanthoxylum hostile 
 and alatum. Several other trees of this genus are enumerated in Loudon's 
 Hortus Britannicus," as natives of China and Japan, but they are not consid- 
 ered as^ very ornamental. All the species may be propagated by ripened cut- 
 tings ot the branches or of the roots. 
 
 ji 
 
 
1*- ! J' 
 
 Xanthoxylnm. fraxineum, 
 THE ASH-LEAVED XANTHOXYLUM. 
 
 Synonyme$. 
 
 Zanthoxylum data herculis, 
 Zanthoxylum fraxineum, 
 Zanthoxylum americanum, 
 
 Xanthoxylum fraxineum, 
 
 Clavalier a feuilles de fr^ne, 
 Eschenblattriger Zahnwehholz, 
 Frassino spinoso, 
 Prickly Ash, Thorny Ash, 
 Toothache-tree, Great Prickly Yellow-wood, 
 
 LiNN^us, Species Plantarum. 
 
 BiGELow, Medical Botany. 
 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 
 WiLLDENow, Linnasi Species Plantarum. 
 
 De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 LocDON, Arboretum Brit .nnicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 New York. 
 
 Other parts of Anolo-Amebica. 
 
 Brf."S3o..^;Se'l^!''^^^^^^^^^ ^^'"-' "'^'"^ "f Carolina, vol. i.. p,. 26. ; Loudon, Arboretum 
 
 ^^it^JJ^^""'"'^ -^'V P'"u^"^' "f 4 to 5 pairs of leaflets, and an odd one; the leaflets ovate 
 obscurely sawed, equal at the base ; the petiole round and devo d of prickles- prickles in the llSn 
 of stipules. Flowers m axillary umbels without petals, The sexes diLcioS-5)TSf J/e, pXm^ 
 
 Description. 
 
 wu- 1 1 , V " That unpiiying pain 
 Wiiicli plucks the nerves, close-sealing with a frown 
 Ev 11 beauty's lips, which the Iwhl Ayrshire bard 
 Wish'd in his patriot vengeance to entail 
 On Caledonia's foes, yielded its rage 
 To the rough genius of that lofty tree, 
 Whose yellow armour bears in countless studs 
 The horrid thorn." 
 
 Traits op thb Aborioinbs. 
 
 [HE Xanthoxylum frax- 
 ineum usually grows to a 
 height of twelve or fifteen 
 ™^ — „„,™ feet, and sometimes to more 
 
 than double that height. Its trunk ramifies 
 
 some distance above the ground, and then 
 
 branches out into a regular head. The whole 
 
 tree, when young, is armed with powerful 
 
 prickles, which are thick at the base, and| 
 
 angular and sharp at the point, but become. 
 
 less so when old. The leaves are pinnate, a 
 
 foot m length, often nearly glabrous when 
 
 mature, and sometimes tomentose beneath; 
 
 and in the place of stipules, there are straight 
 
 thorns a third of an inch in length. The 
 
 flowers, which appear in April, May or June, 
 
 are of a greenish or yellowish colour, witli 
 
 red anthers, and are succeeded by capsules 
 
 containing large black seeds. 
 
 • ^V'^'^f ^^ /'■^e is recognized by botanists as belonging to this ^emis erow- 
 
 mg m North America, which does not ditfer from the present .Z^Z^olT^,-, 
 
 being thornless, and may bear the name oi XanthoxyhL fraxlLimmite: 
 
 
nca. 
 
 ASH-LEAVED XANTHOXYLUM. 
 
 151 
 
 nblance of tiM 
 ne, Ash-leavetl 
 
 on, Arboretum 
 
 iflets orate, 
 he situation 
 Prodromus. 
 
 Geography and History. The Xanthoxyliim fraxineum is usually found on 
 the borders of rivers and other waters, from Canada to Virginia, and as far west 
 as the Mississippi. It was introduced into Britain in 1740, and is common in 
 European collections, but is never seen there of any great size. 
 
 Properties, Uses, S^c. The bark and capsules of this species are of a hot, 
 acrid taste, and when taken internally, act as a powerful stimulant. They are 
 sometimes used for relieving the pains of toothache, and for the curing of inter- 
 mittents and rheumatism. 
 
 The medicinal virtues of this tree were also well known to the American abori- 
 gines. Lawson remarks, that " they extracted from its berries the salivating 
 power of murcury, and made use of decoctions of the plant, as strong perspira- 
 tives." 
 
 No other particular use is made of this tree except for ornament. It is gene- 
 rally propagated by seeds or by cuttings of the roots, and usually attains a height 
 of six feet in ten years after planting. 
 
 , grow- 
 :ccpt in 
 
Genus PTELEA, Linn. 
 
 Xamhoxylaceae. 
 ^!/'t. Nat. 
 
 Ptelea, Belinda, 
 
 Orme de Samarie, 
 Leiierblume, 
 Ptelea, 
 Trefoil, 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Moncecia Tetra-Pentandria. 
 
 Syst. Lin. 
 
 Of AcTnoRs. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 th^rrLr"'""" ''"'"' '^ "- ^-^"^ — of the elm. It ia derived rf"om ptao, to fl, i„ allusion t t, • , 
 
 / <uu, 10 11/, in allusion to the wmged seed-vessels of 
 
 Generic Characters. Polveariioii<! 9pmic -3 <■ , . 
 
 spreading, stamens ^allernate wflh'"amlVn%7Z"Sit^f ■fi,''^'=^'r?^'','°"^ '^- "- -P^'^- 
 on the msule; m the fertile flowers very sho.t ,m S''^,' ^^'^'^^^^'s thickened beloM- and hnirj? 
 placed on a convex torus; ovules 2 in eLh carne Is , nl k^'^'I ^^'^'^ "^^ ~ ""''*='' "Carpels, 
 
 or none ; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled sama a turi'i'" " ^ - '^ "• °'^' ° '"■ ' ''^''' '''°'''' ""'«'' 
 orbicular membranaceous and reticulated S SppI ^h ""'r' "'''.'"''"-gin expanded into k broad 
 
 that has been 'cultivated with Lce^^^^^^^ species, and the only one 
 
 trifohata, and as it appears wKs^orv wpII^'"'^ much size, is the Ptelea 
 both on account of thc> sin-nilarkv o f f f o^n'J ^ f ''^^' '\P'^"^ '" collections, 
 of the tree. ^n^uiarity ol its leaves and fruit, and the general beauty 
 
Ptelea trifoliala, 
 THE THREE-LEAFLETED-LEAVED PTELEA. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Ptelea tri/oliata, 
 
 Orme de Samarie a trois feuillgs, 
 
 Dreyblattrige LedLrblume, 
 
 Ptelea, 
 
 Shrubby Trefoil, Tree Trefoil, 
 
 ■ LiNNJEus, Species Plantarum. 
 
 De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 DpN, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 , ToRREY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Engravings. Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, v., pi. 59 ; and tho figures below. 
 
 ^^hJd ^iT"""''- ^^""^ °f '^""'^ '?,^^*^'' "^'^t ^""^ °^^'e ^-^u'e, the middle one much tapered towardi the 
 base. Flowers m corymbs, usually tetrandrous.-i)e Candolle, Prodromus. ^ 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^HE Ptelea trifoliata, in its 
 
 natural habitat, usually 
 
 grows to a height of six or 
 .™.. _„-».-.„„^ eight feet; but, when cul- 
 tivated under favourable circumstances, it some- 
 times attains an elevation of forty feet and 
 upwards. When the plant is pruned up with 
 a smgle stem, it forms a handsome low tree 
 with a hemispherical head ; but it is more fre- 
 quently cultivated as a large shrub, with nume- 
 rous stems proceeding from the same basal point. 
 The leaflets are sessile, ovate, mostly acumi- 
 nate, obscurely crenulate, the terminal one cune- 
 iform, and attenuate at the base. The flowers, 
 which appear in June and July, are of a green- 
 ish-white, grow in corymbose clusters, and have a disagreeable odour. Thev 
 are succeeded by flattened winged capsules, somewhat resembling those of the 
 elm ; whence the French name orme. 
 
 as foTlows*— '^'*''' varieties which have come under the notice of botanists are 
 
 1. P. T. PENTAPHYLLA, Munch. Five-leaflet-haved Shrubby Trefoil. This vari- 
 ety can generally be distinguished in having five leaflets. 
 
 i. i . T. PUBEscENs, Pursh. Pnbescent-leajlet-leaved Shrubby Trefoil This 
 
 variety js described as having its branchlets, petioles, and lower surface of its 
 
 leaves clothed with a soft tomentose pubescence, even when old 
 
 J^^ography, History^ ^'c. This species is found in moist, shady hedges and 
 
 on the borders of woodsamong rocks, from Lake Ontario to Florida, and as far 
 
 Td nhnt^' f;''^^ ""'^•^fr-n\^ ^"^^ ^^'^'^^^^ ''''' *« England by BanTster 
 and plants of it were raised by Bishop Compton, at Fulham ; but they were lost 
 and the species was re-mtroduced from Carolina by Catesby, in 1724 Beir^ 
 tlllJii''". easy culture, in any ....Pinion soil, this tree is not uncommon in 
 
 of the r, Z? t ^^T';/""^ '' '^"'^ '^'f'''' ^ P'^-^'^ *»^«^«' ^« ^^'^IJ ^-« i» those 
 
 U. lZ,lT ' ^-^ ''" "''''""^ °^ ^^'"^ ^^-^^"^y "f its leaves and fruit, and 
 
 Its general appearance. ' 
 
 20 
 
154 
 
 PTELEA TRIFOLIATA. 
 
 of forty-five feet, Airith a trunk fiftppn^n^v. In 1835, it had attained the height 
 
 extent 'of branches of wLty!^sevefS 7^''J''J''"'''''\'''''^ ^" ambitus or 
 sheltered situation. ' " '^''' S'°^" "» ^ loamy soil and in a 
 
 with a head forty feet in diameter ""^^ ^^''''^ ^^'^'^ planting, 
 
 the variety Ptelea trifoliata pentanhJll/S.f u^J^^u "?' ^"^ ^"^^^er tree of 
 thirty-four years planS P'^'^l'^y"^' ^^at reached the height of fifteen feet at 
 
the globe, 
 the height 
 imbitns or 
 il and in a 
 
 f this spe- 
 ■ planting, 
 
 tained the 
 er tree of 
 sen feet at 
 
 Genus AILANTUS, Besf. 
 
 XanthoxyLacese 
 
 Si/ii Nat. 
 
 
 MonoBCia Polygamia. 
 Hi/iit. Lin. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Ailantus, Ailanthus, Rhus, 
 
 Aylante, Aylanthe, Verne du Japon, An- 
 
 gik, Angika, Langit, 
 Gijtterbaum, 
 Ailanto, 
 
 Tong-yen-tsao, Tchean-theum, 
 Ailanto, Ailantus, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy and Molucca Islands. 
 
 China. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 n^^, Verne. An,iU or An^i^a,' U is said, siguifle, ^LTe^'o^ i!:^Z^, '^^^T^Zn^:,^!, ^.tZtK^rhS 
 
 S^!!U'f*'!f ^^'^ ^f "' '^^' ''^''^'J" "^"^^'l ^"d its characters well 
 understood, one of its species was cultivated in the gardens of 
 
 hlirr ,f '^/"^^^'-i'^^' ^"d was thought to be a kind of sumach ; 
 but as the tree, m general, bore only male flowers, much doubt 
 HpI.^^'!^ conjectures were entertained, until it was accurately 
 
 ♦^ ■ -n d««"^^"^^ by Desfontaines, in 1786. There are several snecies in 
 
 this genus, all natives of China, India, or the adjacent islands but Sear" 
 Zl /X"''''^'!^^^'^^'''''' glandulosa, indigenous to ?h^e northern prov! 
 rhedvm'r'gbbe."''""^' ^^ ^" ornamental^tree in nearly ever?c"ouTy 
 
ft' 
 
 Ailmitus ghmltdosa, 
 THE GLANDULOUS-LEAVED AILANTUS. 
 
 Si/nonymes. 
 
 Ailantus glandulusa, 
 
 Ailmitus procera, 
 Aylame glanduleux, Ti!ou, 
 •LTiisijjer Giinerbaum, 
 ^ilanto, AlberodiPiiradiso. 
 Ailantus, Tree of Heaven 
 
 ( Desfontainhs, Actes, etc., Paris, 1786 
 
 J UK Canuolle, Prodromus. 
 
 ( Loudon, Art)oretum Britannicuin. 
 
 SALisBunv, Prodromus. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italv. 
 
 Britain and Anqi.o- America. 
 
 cum 
 
 ^- o^ ViuTSer i^liXliiXii'Z!''''''' •^"'^^^'^'^ '"""^^'^ ^^ ">« ^-e; 'he teeth glandu- 
 
 Descj-iption, 
 
 ^HE Ailantus glan- 
 dulosa is a docid- 
 iioiis tree of the 
 first rank, grow- 
 ing to a height of 
 wards lt<rTr.~ T- .-- -^^^^ sixty feet and up- 
 
 frotL two to ^^''> "''''', cohnnn-Hke trunk, 
 irom two to three feet ni diameter, its gitjantic 
 
 lea S' A'^ t"''' u'""'^ "^^'' ^^'-8^' P-^^"'^- 
 
 us ifv fl P nr .7''''' '-appearance, and seem to 
 
 ien'' tL "''' appellation, "Tree of Hea- 
 
 sTx'feetTn'le^gr mnnat" with"^' %Y'' ^^ 
 
 th; leaflets 'bgin^ fall tuhoTr''^' "' '"^•^' ^ 
 ou.y shown rlc^^l^':^!^:^^^^ 
 
 the ash, but are much sm^aller and more num roT' I '''''' ^'^^^"^^'IV''"'^ ^^ 
 said to bear only male flowers • nn,l T ' H ' v '" ''""^'^ ^^''^^'s. the tree is 
 
 years it bore both male an7fcm2 blossoms .'r tf '''' ^'^"^ ""'^ ^^^''^^ "^ ^^^ 
 his time, it had produced fru t in th„ f T I ^'i^.,«ame time, in France. In 
 botanic garden at^ Leyden but 1 both ™' "^^ ^^^'''''' "^ ^'^"«' ^"^ in the 
 however, produced perfec fru ^om which nhn^'h ''""'T'''- ^' ^'^' «^"^«' 
 also ripened seeds at White ICniiM'? I u ^ j"'^ ^^^"^ ^^^^^ '"^ised. It has 
 phia and New York the seeds of ths'tr^f' ^''?'"?' "' *'"^'''^"^- ^^ Philadel! 
 raised from them in abundance "P''' ^'"'^^ "^ ^^^^^er, and plants are 
 
 Pro^^nfeZ^'c^^^^^^^^ is a native of the northern 
 
 don states that 3eed^S J?r ^ ^^ ^ J^Lnd^^^^^ 
 
 
OLANDULOUS-LEAVED AILANTUS. 
 
 167 
 
 Ic^ tttr] f'^T'!"'^' D'I«'carville, in 1751 ; and that they were sown by Mil- 
 fc " ^1','' ^'''''''''' ^^'^^^•"'^ g^'''-<l«». '-inJ bv Philip Cartorot Webh, at Bushbridgc in 
 S ry, tho same year. As the tree produced suckers freely/it wr^^ soon Sne" 
 
 pam rfTafeoi;;.^;' '""^ ^" "'">' «"^ ^^^^''-^ ^^ ^' 8---g " "Snt 
 
 it had luS,l Tho'C ^'''f ,^1'^^i^'^ •" Britain, is at Syon, near London. In 1835, 
 diamotPr n . T * "^'*'* ^^ '"''""'y ^^«'' ^^'^'i ^ trunk three feet, ten inches iA 
 
 diameter, and an ambitus, or spread of branches, of forty feet Its trunk formrd 
 
 ispnerica 1 |„s rec is said to flower, and occasionally to produce fruit. 
 anH l.^ 1 "' gandulosa was introduced into France in 1780, by M. Ulaikio 
 and the oldest specimens are at St. Leu, and at Paris. At St Leu ihoro is . w' 
 p anted by M. Blaikie, in 1794, whicii'attained the height of oStyretiifo^^^^ 
 years, with a trunk from three to three and a half'fcct in dia Ltcr In the 
 Jarden des P antes, at Paris, there is another tree, which, in iSS had atti i ed 
 Uie leight ol sixty-cight feet, with a head forty-four feet in d a ete iflower^^ 
 most years, and occasionally ripening seeds. uicunetei, tlowermg 
 
 fron Ir^fi""''''' '" '"^^^.'f erlaiid, at the entrance of the botanic garden there is a 
 tree of this species, ifty or sixty feet in height, which, when in flowc'r emh so 
 powerful an odour that it may be perceived at a diata.ice of ncai y a nua er of 
 a mile (cinq minutes de distance.) The suckers from this tree s^ioo?Lm the 
 ground in every direction, for forty or fifty feet. 
 
 Many other i^ntcrcsting specimens are to be met with in the chief eardo.is -mrl 
 CO lections ,n Britain, Ireland, and continental Europe, "n the tree l^c^eTer;^^^^^ 
 cu livated for ornament in all the temperate countriei of the civilS w'oTl U 
 IS not destined to thrive, however, in a very rigorous chmate for it dw ndle, 
 down to a mere shrub, no farther north than Montreal, in I ower Canda 
 
 The A.lantus glandulosa found its way into the United States froni^^^^^ dis 
 met sources. It was first introduced from Europe in 1784 bv M WUlfnl 
 
 "HnaH;:? ^^;tt^ near Philadelphia, af ^^uJke^' ^LiS ^lll'I^S 
 "','»' V- ' I ^^-'^ '** ^^ present standing in the Bartrain hntnnir o-n.v1n„ 
 
 winch IS sixty feet in height, with a trunk nearly two foe n ia «""' ^ ' 
 
 On the authority of Governor Charles Collins, of Newport tssDccics wns 
 brough from South America, in about the yeai^ 1804, a id wa presented to 
 Geneml Andrew McCorrie, of Portsmouth, in Rhode Island, by a ma ter of a ves 
 scl trom his tree there were numerous others produced by ciXn^ and sk" 
 or eight of theni were planted in 1807, by (Governor Collins, at Br stol sevorS 
 of which were foiled and sawn into boards about twenty vcaV af e^ InXi 
 he year ISO, Rev. Henry Wight, of the last-named pl.ce procm^d a vom?^ 
 shmn and planted near his house, which has grown to a ina'gu ficei t ree ^iit " 
 five foet in inght, with a trunk seven feet in circumforcnco at a va d abov h,^ 
 
 fw.r '"' i" "V''*'"^ '"■ ^P'"^^^ «f ^"^^^"^'^^^ "f fifty fo'eL Import mon^ 
 Bri ol, and Providence, there are numerous other trees of this spec e? w ih 
 trunks nearly two teet in diameter ^pLcits wiin 
 
 In about the year 1820, Mr. William Prince, of Flushing, Lon- Island imnorted 
 the a.lantus rem l-lurope, and from this source, most of ^1 c plan o 1 1 snedes 
 in New \ork and vicmity, have been supplied. It may here be reina led tl S 
 both male and fomale trees grow in abindance in the la^t-nan e n aces and 
 h^ul'l":;!:."'' ^""""^ '^ d.stinguished by its more gracefu/ t^ ^ 
 
 Propagation Cllare, .^'c. The Ailantus glandulosa may readily be pron.^n.ed 
 fio n seeds, or by cuttings of the roots; but the former mode^fL mSfefof 
 able, as the tree is not so liable to thrmv iin -nrl-pr-^ o- \ '^" '"o\e pielei- 
 
 tings 
 
 rMi,„ ^ ] , , , , . ■■■■•" "f ^iiv-iYci.^ a:, wuuu nroaucea bv cut- 
 
 Ihe seeds should be sown, if possible, as soon as they ate gathered; 'md 
 
158 
 
 AILANTU8 GLANDUL08A. 
 
 largo size, wh.re.carccVaro"."rUe"wiC^^^^^^^ 
 
 ty lor the first hii or Iwclvo year, modiKini; annual .hootrfel ., * ! "V""' 
 in length, and under favourabl,- o^ilunsSn ofto ^ aiMr„ I '''■".'''.■Tr'""' 
 
 turn, and as ve before remarked th% rnm '"^^"^^ /' ^ v cry great dosidera- 
 
 »ist^rlr3l;5^s-ffl^^^^^ 
 
 worn-out soils, and the^apidky ofits iowt^ ifis S^ -'"'^ 
 
 be profitably cultivated for cabinet-wood n/tnl 1 \ .r ^'""^ ^^'^ *'^^ ^'8^* 
 every third year for fuel In Frat^ nn It l f •^^"'^ ^i ^ '?PP'"^' *« ^e cut 
 publfc walksyand is ^amed for tha'purp I afo^ wSX Vmtrc'uTul'^f "^ 
 (Liriodendron,) thehorse-chesnut, the^rient^ 
 
 s suc^^: eS^^n -i:z^~ p- Of th?\^;^^- 
 
Genus ILEX, Linn. 
 
 Aquifoliaceep. 
 Syil. Nat. 
 
 Tetrandria Tetragynia. 
 
 hyt. Lin. 
 
 Derivation. TU 
 ihoflo of the Qmn 
 
 nams Ihr was given to thi* genus by Bauhln and Loureiro, ott account of Iho rosomblanca of Us loaves to 
 ilex, or ino truo Iltx of Virgil. 
 
 Geuerir. Characters. Sexes hermaphrodite, very rarely, by defect, dioDcious or polyj^amous. Calyx 4—5- 
 looihed. Corolla I -5-cleft. Stamens 4—5, inserted into th- tube of the corolla. Fruit including 4 
 or 5 nuts. Evergreen shrubs, with, mostly, coriaci'ous leaves. Flowers many on u peduncle.— Z>e 
 Cmdolle, Prodromus. 
 
 iEX is a genus very abundantly diffused in the warm and colder 
 climatos of both continents, and in many islands in the ocean. 
 Besides the Ilex aquifoliura, which constitutes so beautiful a fea- 
 ture in the winter scenery of manjf parts of England, there are 
 also worthy of note, the Ilex opaca of the United States, and the 
 _ _ Ilex dipyrena of the Himalayas, which is nearly allied to it; the 
 
 Ilex biilearicii or broad-leaved holly of Minorca; the Ilex canariensis, with 
 black berries; the Ilex vomitoria or yaupon of the southern Indians; the Ilex 
 paraguariensis, or Paraguay tea ; the Ilex dalioon of Florida, which may be con- 
 sidered as one of the most oaiamcntul of the whole family ; and the Ilex assine, 
 (^r broad-leaved dahoon holly of Carolina an the Floridas. 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
m 
 
 Ilex aqiiifuUum, 
 
 Jlcx af/ui/olium, 
 
 THE EUROPEAN HOLLY. 
 
 Si/nunt/mcs. 
 
 LiNNjEus, Species Plaiiliirum. 
 De Candom.e, I'lodrtdiius. 
 Don, Miller's Diciiotmry. 
 Loudon, ArlKWium Drllanniciiin 
 Sbmiv, British Forest Trees. 
 France. 
 
 Ifoiix, Rraiul Ilousson, Apron grand pnnlon, 
 
 isieehpaiine, Siechpalineiibaiiin, Stocli- 1 
 baiim, Stecheiche, Slechlaiih, Stechap- 
 lei, .Stcchwimie, Hiil.se, HilLsenbaiiiii, 
 HiilsenMraufh, HiillKeiiliaiz, Myrl.ii- 
 i om, Chnstdorn, Maiisedorn, Zwicsel- 
 dorn, Kleezhiisch, Walddistel, . 
 
 As,'ril(>j,'lio, Allora spinoso, Leccio spinoso, 
 
 Acebo, Acervino, AKrifolio 
 
 Azevinho, Agril'olio, 
 
 Si'hubbi;? Hardifclk, 
 
 WiieCosclu'ld, Oslrokdf, Pailiib, 
 
 Holly, Hulver, Hullere, Holm, 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 PuilTt'OAI,. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Hi'SSIA. 
 
 Britain and Anolo-America. 
 
 
 Nan, ami Pi.riucii.™ nam..,,. Tim K„L.|i,,l> n,-,,n-T,.";.V. .'"•., ll'L' "i^ "' H'" .fl'^l'lx; wlien.-o ,■,,„„„ „f i|,„ 
 
 DfTirnliniit , 
 
 jMCi I, S|iani»li, Iiaimn, ami Piiriiicmwo iiiiiii..s Th„ r,:;;ii.i', ' "'/";;' "•"" "'• " 
 
 ...... .....B.. P..... ....... ...,.._^ 
 
 oblong seeds, rounded on one side, and cornered on thL otlfer ' '' '^"""^"""S ^ur ^-I'tary, homy, 
 
 Description. 
 
 * * * * * " f\. ilium nemo Impuna lacesslt." 
 "Toucli ni(>, I '11 i)rick." 
 
 ^S^HE European IIoI- 
 
 i^'ir'rJ '^ ^^ ^ liaudsome 
 ^)__lJ fo conical, evergreen 
 
 1 '•'"Tl — T^ )itQ^ltSifS^ tr(\e, growing to a 
 heiglit ol twenty or thirty feet, in a wild 
 state, witli a trunk from eighteen in< hes 
 to two feet 111 diameter, and to double 
 these dimensions in a state of cultivation. 
 In viewing it as a hedge-plant, or as an 
 ornamental tree or shrub, it is not sur- 
 passed by any other evergreen whatever, 
 whether we look upon it in its native 
 woods, with its .shining, deep-green leaves 
 jind coral-red berries, whieir i)ersist for 
 iiall tlie year, or in its numerous varica- 
 tion.s of silver or golden leaves, audits 
 Avhite or yellow fruit. 
 
 F"«m.//c',s<. In general, the deviation 
 irom the common form and colour observ- 
 able in wild plants, or in tho,sc in a state 
 ot cultivation, more especially in trees and 
 
 ^Wii, 
 
 -taiyL... 
 

 EUKOPEAN HOLLV. IgJ 
 
 shrubs, is accompiiniod by a ra^Kcd, or oihorwisc unhealthy appearance in the 
 leavcN ; l)ut tjio holly is one of the very few exceptions to tliis rule. Its varioKa- 
 tioiis are chielly confined to the modifications of white and yellow in the leaves- 
 l)Ut there arc some knids in whicih the deviation resi Its from the size, form, and 
 prickly state of the; leaves; and others consist of diflcrences in tlie colour of 
 the truit, whiflh is red, yellow, black, or white. The following varieties are 
 all that arc resrarded as truly distinct ; but the shades of difference under each 
 name are almost inniunerable : — 
 
 1. I. A. UKTKKOPHVI.I.UM, Loudou. Vuv lous-kavefl llolly. 
 
 2. I. A. ANOusTiFOLiuM, Loudoii. Nnirow-lmved Holly. 
 
 3. I. A. LATiFOLiuM, Loudon. liroad-teavnd Holly. 
 
 4. I. A. ALTACLEKENSE, I .oudou. ///>A ClviT Holly. Lcavcs broad, thin, flat. 
 
 6. I. A. iMAUGiNATUM, lioudou. Tluclc-margincd-lcavcd Hollii. Leaves br(jad 
 entire. 
 
 0. [. A. LATjRiFOMum, Loudon. Lnvrd-lenvcd Holly. licvaves small, entire. 
 
 7. I. A. cii.iATUM, Iioudon. '"■" ■ ■ - -- 
 along the margin like hairs. 
 
 5. I. A. cu,iATirM MINUS, Loudon. 
 than the preceding. 
 
 S). I. A. RECURVUM, Loudon. Rccurvcd-lcavcd Holly. 
 
 10. I. A. sEKRATiFoi.uiM, Loudou. Semited-lcaved Holly. 
 
 11. I. A. cuisruM, liOudon. Cnrlcd-leavcd Holly. 
 
 12. I. A. FEiiox, Loudon. Fierce-spine-loavcd, or Hedgehog Holly. Leaves 
 rolled and covered with spines. 
 
 -- .-^^-^ <-.■'... y. *,..-tfc»*^0 0111(1.11, UHllIU. 
 
 Ciliated-leaved Holly. Leaves small, with prickUis 
 Smallcr-ciliated-leavcd Holly. Leaves smaller 
 
 13. 
 14. 
 
 L A. cKAssiFOLiuM, Loudou. Thiclc-kaved Holly. 
 I. A. SENESCENS, Loudon. Aged or Spineless Holly. 
 
 15, \. A. ALBo MARGiNATU.M, Loudon. W/iHe edged-lcavcd Holly. Margins of 
 
 Golden- edgcd-leaved Holly. 
 
 Margins 
 
 leaves white, or pale-yellow. 
 
 IG. I. A. AUKEO MAHGI.\ATUM, LoudoU 
 
 of leaves light and dark yellow. 
 
 17. I. A. ALBo ricTUM, Loudou. Whitc-spottcd-leaved Holly, Milk-maid Hulbi 
 Margins of leaves green, middle white. 
 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 
 I. A. AUKEO picTUM, Loudou. Gold-spoUed-lcaved Holly. 
 
 L A. FEKOX ARGENTEUM, liOudou. SUvcr-blotched Hedgehog Holly. 
 
 I. A. FEuox AUREUM, Loudou. Gold-blotchcd Hedgehog Holly. 
 
 I. A. FRUCTU I.UTE0, Loudou. Yellow-fruited Holly. 
 
 I. A. FRUCTU ALiio, Loudou. White-friiitcd Holly. 
 
 I. A. FRUCTU MGRo, Host. Bhick-fniitcd Holly. 
 Geography and History. The Ilex aquifolium is indigenous to most parts of 
 the middle and south of Kurope, and it is said to be found in China and Japan. 
 It does not appear to be a native cither of America or of India, unless the Ilex opaea 
 of the United States, and the Hex dipyrena in the Himalayas, should prove, bv 
 cultivation, to be varieties of it. According to Pallas, it scarcely occurs within 
 the ancient limits of the Russian empire, though frequent on the southern side 
 of Caucasus, where it forms a low, branching shrub, about ten feet high. In 
 France, it is abundant, more particularly in Brittany. In Germany, it abounds 
 in many forests, especially in the southern and middle states; where, when 
 sheltered by lofty trees, it attains the height of twenty feet; but in exposed situ- 
 ations, it does not exceed a height of six or eight feet. This tree appears to 
 attain a larger size in England than in any other part of the globe. It abounds 
 in that country, more or less, in the remains of all aboriginal forests, and per- 
 haps, at present, it prevails nowhere to a greater extent than in Need wood For- 
 est, in Stafibrdshire. In Scotland it is found in most natural woods, as au 
 
 a1 
 
162 
 
 ILEX AQUIFOLIUM. 
 
 Holy Writ hive reference to it :- ^'-'''^' ''''^ ''^^^'"^l Passages in 
 
 An.l that they should puWinh au,l , foe im in ^ii 'i • " ^"™""' ™°"lh •■ 
 say.nif, Go forth unto tl„3 1 muiit a 1 f.udi '^^^^^^^ h ..f """ ?'"''"• ""'' i" Jenmalen., 
 .n.vrl e hniuchen, and ,,al„i branched and t-iicl-^nf^^^ '^T' '"'"= '"-"T^hes, and ' 
 aa u 13 wrillun.'' ' ^"^ "ranches of tliiok trees, to make booths, 
 
 , -,, Nbhbmiah, viii. 1], 15 
 
 Christmas because it was use/ n thl' Tf ^-'^ ^^'^^''ating the c' lurches at 
 occurred about that peS tta t he nK iff,"'! ,'^ '^' ^aturnaha, which 
 festivals CI the Pag.aus as neadv i nn^J 7 ^'f ^'^"^^lans to assimilate the 
 exciting unnecessa^uly ^leirproimhcL wl"V .''^ '"'^""^''^ ^''''''' '' ^^^'^ 
 Roman, to send boughs of hoC d rh^^ iZt f customary among the 
 
 and good-will," with^he gifts tfcySnS^ 'i '"^^'^f '^^ "^ "l^«^^^« 
 
 was for this reason, independe fv of nm/rtn ^'"'",.^' ^^ ^''^^^ ^^^'«o"- It 
 
 adapteu to be an e^blem^of t ifj^-hiipaffe Zl of'^''^'''"^ the Pagans, well 
 more than any other, "to proach nonrp^in /' ? f, "^ '^''«'°'' '^^"^^ professes, 
 have been the origin of the pS^^ Whatever may 
 
 usage; for Bourne^n 1 is '^n Urn i fc^s If^^^^ ^ '' '''T> ^V '-^ ^^^y ancient 
 oftheCVHmciloflJacara foiSnfr.HL-''' ^T"'"'' People," cites an odict 
 at Christmas, with givm bi Is ft t o '"' I" '"^"'," ^" ^^^'^'^^^^ ^heir houses 
 theirs at the Saturnali^wh c 1o Vlu cd'Zu "'' Y '^]' ^"'-'''' ''''^'^'''^ 
 in his - Travels in Greece "sunnosertirnft? ''''''' ''^'''''- l^^' Chandler, 
 Druids, who, he says dcco;ate Toi^rl oiV "',''^"' '''''' '^'^^'^"^ ^''O'" the 
 
 "that the sylvan Sts m S t n n. 1 tn f. ^^ '"^'/'^ evergreens during winter, 
 and cold w^Ls, uidl a mi de ?son h "'"' '"^"VT"!" """'PP*^^^ ^^^th fros 
 abodes." Tne Wrlii^SoM of ^S^cnf ^TTlt/'^l'^if-'^ *"- ^^--i'"? 
 
 in praise of the l^^^SZ^VZ thm^^ H ""^ v^^' ^"'i''^^P^' ^^ "^ ^ «^^«1 
 of the door. ^'"^"^^ ^ ^'S'^ ^'^ ^^^'iter, and hung outside 
 
 " '^'■'-V^.n^y. it shall not be I wys; 
 l.et Holy h:ifc the niaystry aa the .naner y^. 
 Holy stnnd ,n ,/„: hall,, fi.vre to lirhold 
 Ivy stond xoulwiU the don; she ys full soro a Co'.; •' 
 
 &c, ivcro ilccratcd with iiilmo IvJ ^f, 1 ,1 i^ ' '?"'"'". wniln-t-crasses, 
 
 a more glorious and refrcshiii- obiect of fl p S '~ ^'''''^ ""'^^^'' '^^'^^^^^^ 
 
 about four hundred feet i lelig nine etVi^^ mipregnable hedge, of 
 
 stances, blushil^-Sf th^i IZSCtJ^^ l^^^'turi:^^^:; L^^rli 
 
 
 
EUROPEAN HOLLY. 
 
 163 
 
 Deiker''^;^^/*''''!"^ ^T] ^'''''' ^' '^'^ "^^'^ '» Sussex, and of Sir Matthew 
 
 Decker, at R chmond. "I have seen hedges," observes Welvn "or if von 
 
 will, stont walls. of holly, twenty feet in height, kept upright ^alid th^ giE 
 
 sort bndded low, and ni two or three places one above another,' shorn andS- 
 
 oned into columns and pilasters, architecturally shaped, tind at due distance • 
 
 han winch nothing can possibly be more pleasant, the ber y adorning the he co- 
 
 nmniations with scarlet festoons, and encirpa." In Scotland the most cclebr-xTea 
 
 CoKoif Hon" '"? °f ^li^ ^f ^ of Had'dington, at Tjnh^ghr,"!^!^^^^^^ 
 Colhngton House, and at Moredun, near Edinburgh. Those at Tvninsham 
 
 ^ZsttjtT"^ ? 'P^' ''^"^ 'Y ^r tl^«"^-nd^ni"e hundred and^fiftftw^ 
 
 S w de Tt^ !; W m' V'Tlf^T' ^* ^" '^^'§'^*' ^"d ^'^^^ "'"« to thirteen 
 \1 % n ^^'^ ^''^^\ ^^"^t °f *'^^ '^^^ge*^ are regularly clipped in April anJ 
 are carefully protected, by ditches on each side, from the bite of cattle ad 
 
 i"a;:s^;:;;h;s tier' ^'"^'' "'"'^ ^'^ ^^^ ^^^"^ ^^ ^^^ ^-^^' ^^-^ -^ y--? 
 
 Pliny tells us that there was a holly-tree, in his time, growing near the Vati- 
 ean m Rome on which was fixed a plate of brass, with'aii insciTption cngra;en 
 m 1 uscan letters ; and that this was older than Rome itself, which must have 
 
 tZT" T'\ "^^ r""?''.^ ^'''''- ^^'"^ ^^^"^« ^^^tl'«^- »«tices a holly-tree' n 
 w H ^on; t . '"i ' "^ .'"^'"'l- "'"f """^'^ thirty-five feet in circumference, and 
 uh ch sent out ten branches, ol such magnitude, that each might pass for a tree 
 itsell He says, that this single tree alone, r-^senibled a small wood. 
 
 Co e informs us, m his - Paradise of Plants," that he knew a tree of this kind 
 wl icli grew m an orchard, and " the owner," he says, " cut it down, and caused 
 t to be sawn into boards and made himself thereof a coffin ; and, if I mistake 
 not Idt enough to make h,s wife one also. Hoth the parties we're corpuh- 
 and, therefore, you may imagine tlie tree could not be small." Evelvn meiil 
 tious some large holly-trees near his own place, at Wooton, in Surry, in the 
 neighbourhood ot which was once a fort called " llolmsdale Castle," from as e 
 supposes, the nnmber ot holms or hollies, which once grew there. The names 
 ?cn I ^'' f ' Holmwood," and "Holme Castle," occur in various parts ot' 
 Sc k nd, and are generally supposed to have been applied in consequence of the 
 abui dance ot holhes at these places at the times the names wore given Ihnes 
 mentions a vanepucd silver holly at nallygannon, in Ireland, twenty-five lie 
 
 r .'oT, /'' r k"i '''■'" ^"•'-•^''"''•-^'•^'"^•e ; ^uid another, on Innisfallen Island, 
 
 n the lake of K. Harney, wi i trunk fifteen feet in circumference, and of abou 
 the same height belore it be-an to braueb out 
 
 The largest holly in England, is at Ckuemont, in Surrv. It grows in a sandv 
 f^P^MfnT ' •'" r '" \^'^''' i^easiired eighty feet in height, with a trunk two 
 five iS '" ^^''^"I'^ter, and an ambitus,, or spread of branches, of twenty- 
 
 At Paris, in the .Tardin des Plantes, there is a tree of this species, win, Ii 
 attained the height ot thirty feet in fifty years after plnuting. And Raidri a 
 .peaks of holly hedges, in France, that are upwards U t^vn hundred years olil 
 
 n Irussia, he holly grows wild in a forest twenty miles from Berlin, never- 
 the e^ r '^''^'^''^'^ f ^^^1^ "t^'^'it <^it>'- it requires protection during w'i.m' 
 
 In Italy at IVIonza, there is a tree of tliis species, which attained the hei.rhi of 
 twenty teet m thirty years alter i)lanting. => 
 
 AnI'.'iJ'Kni "" ''y"^' )\?' pi;ol.:il.ly among the first trees introduced into North 
 Ame.ica by the eady settlers, but owing to the severity of our climate in winter 
 It appears not to have thrived north of the Potomac. There are severa fine 
 specnnens ot this tree m Virginia, which have long been standing tllere, a,^ 
 prolK,bly were planted soon after the settlement of Ja^mestown, in mj. ' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 Podkal and Lvgmdary AUusluits. hv the 1 
 
 anguage 
 
 of poets, this tree is 
 
164 
 
 ILEX AQUIFOLIUM, 
 
 li.t 
 
 6 !. 
 
 Ml 
 
 I 
 
 ill 
 
 that the sua never shadows he ho ly^fe- nn^lfv ^T.?'"' ""^ ^""f'^'''' b<^>*«^«d 
 who still remain in Persia and inrll \, ' \ the followers of that philosopher, 
 th3 bark of this 00^1 fthe faJe of 'a p'T'^'^ throw water impregtiatcd with 
 ' carols, and other verses ancient and n nZ ^■^°'" f'^"^' ^ """^^er of curiotis 
 found in Forster's "Ca eS"' a nn l ' "! '"^"'"'r ^° *''« '^o^' ^^^H he 
 the circumstance of the lower' leaves of U^''''\ "^""'f. ^y ^^"^''^y' ^'l"ding to 
 upper ones are entire, is printoi rioTnisto '?' {^^^''I'T" ^'P/"«"^' ^^'"'« ^^^ 
 Irom which we make thi fo^lowirVet;^^^^^^^^^^ "P«n Tweed," 
 
 O rea,lcr ! liast tlmu ever stood to sec 
 
 The lioily-irco! 
 The eye llwt ro„i,,.,npl,ite3 it well perceives 
 
 lis glo.ssy li.iivos, 
 
 Ordered by an rmelliirciice so wi«e 
 
 A3 miijlu confoui,,! the atheist's sophistries. 
 
 Below, a drclin? fence its leaves are seen, 
 
 VViiiikled and liecn ; 
 ^o srazn,:; cattle throudi ihoir prickly roimd 
 
 Lan rrarh to wound ; •''"»"<■ 
 
 Smootl, and u«a,m«/ the poimloss leaves appear. 
 
 In ancient times, Plinv tolls us thnt ««^^^, « i •■ , 
 three holly-trees; over w^nch^ had oblrle^^^ ^"''S^'^^/ty of Tibur near 
 out the spot whe/eon the gods had ixed fo Us p'' ^'^^•^^ ^f"!' '^'^' P^'"^^^^ 
 were standing in his own tin e and Is* h ''7^'«"; ^"^ that these trees 
 twelve hundred years old ' *' therelore, have been upwards of 
 
 iu fi^fs^;:;;'iZn ., l':: ir% -^z^^v: ^-;!-' ^"^^^ its largest si. 
 
 provided it is not ove charged wifmoi'stue T l^'"'"''' '■' ;'''""^^^ ^"^^ ^^il. 
 •somewha gravelly; Mdlrr tl^af h nroSnrt ' ''?'' '^^'' '^ ^'"'^^ ^est on soils 
 that it rofiTses not almo Uu y o tTf? . ? ^^'"''''^"^ and Houtcher, 
 
 found on all soils, ex^^ep n L^s o ,^- - ^'^'^^ ' "' '"''^' ''' '''^''■'' ^' '^ 
 Kent, are in loam' or cl^all ■ t fos. at Tvnh^^^ ^^" '"'^''^^ ^^'^'''^^^ ^-"^ ^^^^^Y and 
 and those in Aberdeensh re on gmniUc rhv ^^^^^^ ""'' '^'V' ^'"1*' ^^""^'^1 'and: 
 'J'« holly, in J.^ngland is said o be n hh r^" f "' T'^ f«^o"rable situation fo; 
 vals of which, it gn 'ws Vt o ce s r' T''"7'^ '^'^'^^ ^^ °^^'«' i'^ tl'o h.te - 
 thrive completely LZuV^s^^^ a S^' ^T^''^^ ^^^^<^^; Yet U wdl 
 ^^ mrpassed, as undergrowth, by n o(h ' ovenML •. [''' ', ^'' ^"^""^' ^'^''^•^"" ^t 
 Propagation and Cnllnn. The ol y ,^^ '' ' '"^ ^V^"*;' '^""P' '^'^ ^''^' 
 '<"gs, or hy budding and graf.inV As L Ss 111 T^^'^'r \y T'^'- '^>' ^"t- 
 liof come up the first year, the bn-ries i Fn. ' ^'"""'^ "* ^''^ liawthorn, do 
 
 •soil.or kept^nixed up I a hei^ of ar 'h L i}^'Toiv'"Arr"l'^ '""'^'^^ '"^'- 
 nuxmg the berries as soon as -athered in ^ L /^'- V"'"^"" '■^'•"""'it'ucls 
 turned over several times in Uie^co Jso of h '"^=^P ^^ ^^'-t''' ^v^hi-'h sliould he 
 sition of the pulp and husks Tll will ionoTnir",' ^" J^;"^'''^,^ ^^ the decouipo- 
 •succeeding that in which tiny a e ga !.f ^.n , '"''^'^ '7 ^'''^ ^^"'^"""^ 
 
 he taken, and separated from the ear with vhIj ''' ^"'^- '^V '"^^>' ^hen 
 and sown in beds of finely prepa'Jd J ,,1 '^'^^ are rmxcd, by sifting, 
 
 quarter of an inch. Tlnis p.rXd X '. '" "" ''"''''' "*' ^'^^"^"^^ 
 
 the June followinrr. A covS' o h Ti rn. '''''J '" '"""""-' ''"^^^ ^^''" ^'^'"^' "P 
 the .seed-beds, wilf protect the ^. f n m ."v t ''^'T''' °' "1 '^"''-^^^^ P'^^^'^^* over 
 patly facilitate ^^oY^ro^^^^I^^^^'l^f ^"f, ^Irongl/t, and will 
 trom transplanting, it should never bf 1 en ml 'o „f ' '''' ^/^'^^ ^^ '''^''''^ ^^ ^'^"tler 
 
 •rthey could hek^^riJl'^ft'^:!;':;;'!;^-;;/!^.;!;:;!:^ 
 
 " .' • "tti'-ti. as soon 
 
EUROPEAN HOLLY. 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 bett%.Toiu'!S'tH? tlT "/'"«^\^»^«"^ if -t ttib with water, and rub them 
 po rotf tre wat^^^^^^^ M uf: ^^«^'r«^«d of their thick, glutinous covering; 
 tl o ^m.m en 1 ' . '»''* """^^^^ ^^^^^ swim, the mucilage, &c., and spread 
 
 winter mix- thom uriti, L i ^'"f f^*^ ^I'V^*' '^"J^- " tins be done in autumn or 
 
 S^^f rip n 1%1 Ir ", <^^' ^''^'-">^5 ^'-^ are'selected in aSn, of 
 
 der and coveZ whh nn 1 ^ '''^ ^rej. anted in a .sandy soil, in a shady lor- 
 smin^ It hn. Inn f »'^"d-glasses ; ai. ^. they generally strike root the following 
 
 per orrned at the usual times and in the usual manner; but i ha^^b eJved 
 by Ischoudi, that cleft-grafting does not succeed nearly so wdl wid^hehollv 
 as wlup-grafting In England, the stocks budd.d or gmfU are gc /e ^1 Iv of 
 
 Sin^^h/Xirl'^hnt' ' "^' "? ^'^'''''^r l^^''-'-^'-'-^ - Ma-" alTt fc bVd. 
 hSil Tr ■ '^''.P'^'"^ .-cquires less care than the holly, when it is once ostab- 
 
 Sil oi hnlTr'' '^'^^rr^' F"Hing; and the vadeties which have been 
 grafted oi budded require little more than the removal of slioots from the stock 
 lo prepare them for removal, however, whether of a lar<^e or smaTl sto th.v 
 
 all; ed br 'i^'^-'::^T' ^^"-^ '''''■' y^^'- Th^ia^^rnLrus J J 
 
 auopteci lor the tuin.-plantmg of evergreens, are the spring, and in mild weith/r 
 win er, although summer and autumn ^re genera^ stated to be 111™^ 
 times lor performing that work. The principle which i.istifies he nract^c^^nf 
 removing them in winter or spring is, tllat mc!st nlauts a\TZTe a^-ly ?e i^vcl 
 when t ey are ma comparatively dormant state,^ and when the wtnthelTten, 
 
 ^hTtC^'l ''^;Tf ""^ f^^' ''''^''' '^''^' ^'T and in motion Itswd ki.rn 
 ha he greatest degree of torpidity in plants or trees exists a short time lefoi 
 hey begm to germinate or push out shoots; conseqnontly, as eve" oens bc^^^^^ 
 to grow only a week or two later than deciduous tries of t he sam^clima^^^^^ 
 ^oT:T"^ ''^^^'--^-^P'-^^'^g t'^o"! "uist be nearly the slelVeXf'di^^^ 
 feence to be observed is, the circumstance of evergreen trees bein<i at ot,W 
 
 vm Ic'xsf If W t ,'ol rT"'"' "' '^'""§1 ?'''' ^'^ ""^'^'''^ 1'^^- removing them, as 
 will least affect their fibrous roots and leaves by evaporation. When the liollv 
 
 so be planted as a hedge, if it is desirable that the gro.vth sha 1 be ra L U e 
 sod ought to be trenched to the depth of three or four feet If tL Jubsoil le 
 
 s iifare .n I t.. r ' f,""^ ''' \T'^ '^'^P' ^''"^ ^^ "^^ "P '•'« «P'-^ce with ^ood 
 
 sill face soil taken from the neighbo.u-ing gn.iind or elsewhere The soil n X 
 rench should be ra..sed at least a loot abo\^e the adjoining s irlace to a o v for 
 settling; and along the middle of this ridge, the plants should bo sot Sn.i^ 
 loot to eighteen inches apart. According^o Miller, holly he.bn's sh'u I ever 
 be clipped, because, when the leaves are cut through th(f n idilo tl ev are en 
 
 Kat. lliib mode, undoubtedly, is more appropriate lor hod-es in L-irdcn. .,! 
 
 pitut .xpcn.sc than clipping, it is unsuitable v/h<>n> tlip obiect is to wrvmt 
 I'Hds from bu-ldmg in the hedges, and to mamtam effective feuLs^utrieas! 
 
166 
 
 ILEX AQUIFOLIUM. 
 
 
 I: 
 
 S" at T;;a.;:^;T"bS:;us^u 'r;i ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ J-^ ^^^ ^^e leaves have 
 wound is repaired,^];/" m'easn'e W ife S',!" ^'" ^^"•'>' ^^^^" ^'- l-^- ^he 
 nig sap, still in circulation. Wl m [isl^o i f^ '^'""^^^'^ ^'^^ "'<^ '"'^"^''^i"- 
 
 it should be grown in the sirnp m ,nn ^o cultivate the holly for timber, 
 
 without nurse?trees a cm'd n"t "tlHt n.Von '" "^Z P^^"^^^*""'^^ ^'t'-"^- -iih o^ 
 or their side branches, ^vlmi iJy.TTX^^^^^^ 
 
 certain height, say one founh fthe en i^t 1 . ''.'^v^" '"''^ '" diameter, to a 
 
 clean trunk. ^ ' "^ "'^ "^"^"^ ^'^'S'^^ of the tree, in order to have a 
 
 very hard and compact w^U? a h^ ' "t ' 'T '' '' "^ "" brownish hue. It is 
 polish, which reude i^t' we ada tod^ r'rn!,'n ^"^^^^P^'^''^.^^^ ^ I'^gb degree of 
 tlry, it weighs fortv-seven nnd w' many purposes m the arts. When 
 
 tive of hs lap, in^oni! ,e' of wl ic^r!! i '^"n"'^'^ ^■•'"^' ""^ ''^ ^^'T reten- 
 tlried and seisoned lK>fore bein" u!^^ ' u '' ','f^' ° '^^^'P' ""^^"^'^ *' '^'^ well 
 
 almost any shade, and hencet\^nuctusen>? 1^ ^f '' /" ^^"'"'^'^'•'^ ^«'^^"^- «f 
 are technically called '^strinc.s and lorde^^^^^^ "> ^"'™i"S what 
 
 erly stained black, its co lo f m i2.' ' \»o/nfi'«e»tal works. When proj,- 
 may be applied o a g e" ^1 ^ nVT ''"'" ^^^''''"•" ^" '''"'^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ it 
 turners, engineers, mathlrna iJaH X.n ^ /'^"f ^^ J'^"^^''^'*' cabinet-makers, 
 pear-tree, it is the Sw of li'n J. ''""'"''"'''' ^"^' "^^^ ^o the box and 
 the tool well. Amo g i r rinlaT?;ri'^l"r!^' ""f '' '' ^"'"P^'^'^'' ^'^'^ ^'^^^^^ 
 back, to be substituted fo S i tL n ,^^^^^^^^ '■^' when dyed 
 
 France, the young shoots n.,,! n i handles of metallic teapots, &c. In 
 
 wiuter;' and^he stronger s1^ "'" ^'Tli ^? ^^'^^'^P '-^"^l '^^^>-, ^biriug 
 
 whip-bandies and walirmg-ca'i'' The baSf Iho I'M'""' '"'•'^■' ^"" "^^"^'^ "^^« 
 of viscid matter : and, when macerated in / r ""^ ''',"^''''^'''' "'^ abundance 
 from the fibres, it forms bllx l- ^e MeiicS 
 
 ^^gmous, emollient, and solvent and is snid n /' ""''' "^.""' ^^'^^ ^'^ "^"^i- 
 
 The berries are pu;-gative, and sK or e ^ U ofTf.C'^ "'"'''"'^ .'''"'"S'-^' Powers. 
 
 violent vomiting; though they ut co fsi l^nH n ' ''•'"'' swallowed, will cause 
 
 the food of some birds, more oJp^ciaironhe HirusfeT """ '° """' ^^'^^ ^"^^ 
 
 imp;n;tS^^t^tir!iS,;^r!;n;^^^;«!'^'^'-'f , I-baps, the most 
 
 advantage over deciduous-leaved ees that ?/!?'' """^ \' ^l""' '^''' ^^"P'^'-'"!' 
 
 will well endure the shears. Its SXcti n ? h"' '''"'''^'•^' ^'^ "'■^^'•^^•'' ^^"^ 
 
 which it makes for the first fow\ ea is aftor 1 T 'j' '^''T '"''Ulerent progress 
 
 bshed in a suitable soil, or alo u hs third or fou h'S' ^'""ll ""'''' '' ^^""^^•^ ^^^ab- 
 
 plants that will surpass it in their growth I m . JT'' '''"'" ^ '^"' ^'^^^ '""'^S^- 
 
 and, consequently, is \vell adnntorl .;?. . " } '^''y,^'*' "^'''''^^l to a great height, 
 
 required, eipeciaUy during SSw^n'mor^^^^^ '"'"''i '^'""^^^'^ ^"^'^ ^'-'^'^•- -'•« 
 leaves. ^ * ^vnnti, wlien most other iiedges are deprived of their 
 
Ilex opaca. 
 THE AMERICAN HOLLY. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Hex opaca, 
 
 Houx de I'Amerique, 
 Amcrikanischcr Stechpalmenbaum^ 
 AKritoglio a io<([\Qi di querela, 
 Agi-il'ulio arnericanu, 
 American Holly, 
 
 ' AiToN, Hortus KewensiE. 
 De Candoi.le, Prodromus. 
 MicHAUx, North American Sylva . 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 France. 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain and Portugal. 
 Britain and Anolo-Ameiiica. 
 
 Derivation. Tho ap.-jcific imme, opaca, is derived from the Latin, opaciis, iliick, liiishy, as if giving sliade. 
 Engravings. Micliaux, xNortli American Sylva, pi. 81 ; Loudon, Arborttum Brilannicum, v.,°pl. m ■ and the figures below. 
 Specific Characters Leaves ovate, flat, coriaceous, acute, tootlied in a scolloped manner, spiny, and -la- 
 bro IS, but not glossy. Flowers scattered at the base of only those branches that are a year old Teeth 
 of the calyx acute. Sexes dioecious. -i)c Candolle, Frodromus. ^ ' 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Ilex opaca is a beau- 
 t.Lul evergreen tree, some- 
 times growing to the 
 
 ^ ...,.^^„-^„.« licii^htofciglity left, with 
 
 a trunk iour feet in diame'er; but its ordinary 
 hei'^ht, in favourable situations, is not more than 
 thirty or foi'ty feet, with a diameter of twelve or 
 fitteep inches; and near its northernmost limits 
 it IS seldom found to exceed ten feet in height. 
 The bark of the trunks of old trees is smooth, and 
 of a Avhitish-gray ; but on the yovng slioots and 
 branches U is green and siiining. he leaves are 
 ovate, acute, spinous, glabrous, ana flat ; and are 
 ol a hght-green colour. Tiie flowers, which ap- 
 pear in the months of May and June, are whiti.sh. 
 but not conspicuous, and are succeeded by hand- 
 some, round, scarlet bo-rics, that remain long 
 
 attached to the branches, often during the wintei^ 
 
 Varielies The only dist'iict variety of this 'species is the Ilcv opaca laxi- 
 
 folia, which IS lound in Carolina, with loo.se, whitish flowers, and yelbwish-red 
 
 berries. lhi> .,■ .nving vanaiions, however, are mentioned by Loudon on the 
 
 authoniy oi ilaiM.osque but it may be (luestioncd whether they were not mostly 
 
 rowth --!-'''''" ""''''' °^' "^^"'^^"^"^ •''S^'' "^' "^ ^l^'^ c^^rV period of thei'r 
 
 1. I. o. iMACRODOx. Ln>\rr-font/icd-lcared variety. 
 
 2. I. o. LATiFOLFA. liroad-lmved variety. 
 
 3. I. o. ACUMINATA. Sharfi-puinfcd-leaved variety. 
 
 4. 1. 0. fiLcnosA. Round-leaved variety. 
 
 fjen a/ '^"•'•' J/ i ne hoiiiuiiiiuosi umits of tills .>i.ecies may be con- 
 sidered as Uuincy and Cohas.sct, m Massachusetts; and it is foujid more or less 
 
 I # 
 
 
168 
 
 ILEX OPACA. 
 
 abundantly along the maritime parts of tiic United St^tnc f. .v, 1:^1 -^ 
 also m lower Louisiana, and western Teimessee bm ^ ' V^"" Fondas, and 
 rare m approaching the fountains. It wTs Tntroduced ntnU^T'"''^ to become 
 IS cultivated in many of the European ^Z]Lf..,iu "^'' ^"*^'" '" ^^'^^' »'«! 
 of this kind recorded ilrETlZdavTl^T^'^T^^^^^ /n.c largest trees 
 
 above the ground, ana twenty-five feet in hei..Vr Ttfn, . ^^'^i^^f^r. '^ Y^id 
 resent dimensions for more tLi T- ftn:4iT'a^i!^d%roVriJy'^^^^^^ 
 
 anf S Sa[?l;J;:o/^i^^L^;;i- of Maryland, 
 
 grows almost exclusively on open -romd. nSVn I ^ ""^"u^^ this species 
 «outh Carolina, (^eorgia,^u d W? 1 S.nf ^''''^'"^ '^""^' ^^^''^^ '» 
 
 on the edges of swamps Xre the .riM '1 '^ f «" o'l'y m shady places, 
 Rhode Island, and (i lucctlut it n ml ' "^ ^'"^ ^'"•'•^- ^'^ Massachusetts 
 sheltered situ^Uions ma; L m.^^^^^^^^^^ " ^"^^""' ^^"^^ '-^^^' -"^ iu 
 
 rean holly, and Wd i"tAcd|^:^S?;lv:;ie?Lr or=2^^ 
 
 E^;r^:;:iiX,^l;:;i«^^ rLils t:r" i-j'^---^'- that of ti. 
 
 heavy, of a fine grain and i^■. ^o Jfh i '^''^ ■^'i' ""^ ^''', ^'''^'^- '* is compact, 
 is to/ inlaying inlhogany ft^^^^^^^^ o a ,,„„,^,,^ ^,^,^^,^_ j^^ .^^^1 ^^^, 
 
 gists, and foi^maK-ew m^ ''''? «"^'^" ^^^^' ^r drug- 
 
 .nyieldmg, which renrsT^vellXt?d1 r^,?^^^^^^^^^^ ;,\ ^^^^V 'j-^I a.ul 
 dyed of various colours, so as to resemble many foX woods ^n,n K T^ '^^ 
 be employed for maidng bird-lime in 1 similn/ vv. . "^ woods. Ihe bark may 
 
 ber of fifteen „r twenty, will excite vontiting, and TviS al^ract'a'Ti^rga'tivr 
 
 H! 
 
 ,^' (I: 
 
 ifil 
 
 ■.••fet!*i:_. 
 
Hex vornUoria, 
 THE EMETIC HOLLY. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Hex vomitoria, 
 
 Ilex cassena, 
 
 riex aisseiie vera, 
 
 Hoiix ajialachine, 
 
 The ainericano, The Pera^jua, The apa- 
 lachina, 
 
 CassHue, Cassena, True Cassena, Ever- 
 green Cassena, Cassioberry-bush, 
 
 Yaupon, Yapon, 
 
 AiTON, Hortiis Kewensis. 
 De Candoi.le, Prodromus. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 INIicHAux, Flora Boreali-Americana. 
 Walter, Flora Caroliniana. 
 France. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anolo-Amehica. 
 Southern Indians. 
 
 ^J^^gravings. Catosby, Natural HUtory of Carolina; Loudon, Arborelun. Britannicum, li., figure ISC; and iho figures 
 
 Specific Characters. Leaves oblon- or elliptic, obtuse at both ends, crenatcly sawed, and, with the branch- 
 lets, glabrous. Flowers in subsessile lateral umhek.-De Candolh, Prodromus. 
 
 Description. 
 
 "The firm Casaiue, eiiduros ilm wrecltin? atorm, 
 And cliaiigoful anasoii, hy Tradilimi slyl'd 
 I 111) hooii of HuiiviMi, and riiiind Hygnia'd fane 
 Wreathd ii (iri:,'lu garland, wlien lior prisnlesaeJ, 
 tiad 111 their imiult and iiiiprLneiidJng skill, 
 ltd aid dciiiaiid." 
 
 Tkaits op tub Abobioines. 
 
 y.-4^%\W. Ilex vcmitoria is 
 ail elegant evergreen 
 tree or shrub, u-sually 
 
 ^„,,„^„^ growing to a heitrlit 
 
 of twelve or lit'teen I'cet in its natural habitat, 
 and somewhat higher in a state of cultivation. 
 Tiie flowers, which put forth hi .hme, are 
 whitish, and are succeeded by smooth, red 
 berries, that are ripe in October, and like 
 those of the European holly, remain upon the 
 branches duriui? the winter. 
 
 Geon-niphy, History, ^v- The emetic hoi 1 y 
 is touiid in moist, shady places, Irom Virginia 
 to the Floridas, and was introduced into Hrit- 
 ahi in 1770. It was cultivated by Miller in 
 the physic garden at Chelsea, and in several 
 otiier collections in the neishbourlK d of Lon- 
 don, till the severe winter of 1789, when most 
 
 of the plants were destroyed. Other plants . ^i..^ 
 
 were afterwards raised from seeds in that country, and have ever since resisted 
 the cold ot ordinary winters witho!it protection. 
 
 \\\ France, it has been cultivated for a long time by the Chevalier Jansen, in 
 his garden at the Barrit-rc Chaillot, at Paris. 
 
 Legendary Allusions. It is said that the true cassena is regarded by many of 
 the soutiiern tribes of the American Indians, as a holv '.-laiit. iH'S'i" used bv liicm 
 during tlKMr religious rites and solemn councils, to clear the "stomach at<d"the 
 
 ••J 
 
170 
 
 ILEX VOMITORFA. 
 
 p^^Xjin^i^^r^'^^ to the i„ha,.ita„ts of 
 
 served cacli individ.iul of he comp'nT aToH ' ^"'/N -^""^ "'^^^ ^« ''"» ^v^^^e 
 ca.no to the women and children & J hul "f' "J"' 1""'^'' '"' ''^^ '''^^ they 
 lost appetite, strengthened tlie s"ton.ar7a;^ ".^ ! '"' "'r '''^"^'•'^^''' '"'^^^^r^d 
 war Lawson, in recording a trad ti m n " .in ^""" '^8'''ty "'h'- conrage in 
 
 Carolina have it in veneratk>n IbovT al d c ' t's't'l ''^' = " ^'''^ ^^^^'-^^"^'^ ^^ 
 and tell yon the discovery thereof was h .? r ''7 ''''' acquainted withal, 
 the burdeu of many rngged d ' !n^s ^.w iT '"''?"' '^''" '''^^^^^'-^d ""de 
 
 tors; so, oneday ho fellTtsleep a .Kfj,;^^^^ ^ '« ^^I'r^l I'V all the doc 
 
 that grew at his head, he would cert lil 1 '"'' ''' ^^^ocfion of tlic tree 
 
 saw the Yau],on or Cassinc-t oe wl in ^ "''}' "P"" '^''''«'' ''« '-^wolvf. and 
 foll.)wed the direction of is re%n and w ""' T T'^'^" ''« ^^"" ''^^''^n'. He 
 Among some of the tribes, twa'heTdi suH,' Tf'''^ ^^''" ■" * ■^''«rt\ime." 
 oi^;. toasted leaves, callJd '' h.acl/^i.;^^-L';;^Sen.t' ^^^/^^S 
 
 ro^rSle^af^maS^r^id-^S'lf fT '' '^ ^-^^ ^^ ^^'^o- 
 small-pox, &c, as a mild emeUc ; l^t tte L 'd W ,,''^^•'^1"''^^^ ^^^^^ diabetes, 
 decoction, and a violent, thon<d 1 3^ l-i^lv <hunlf " of the Indians is a strong 
 year they often travel a d stm ce of " „ Jm^ f ' \'''''''''' ''^'''' "^ thi 
 
 tree does not grow, to procure a sunn y f ^^1^^^% ^^"'" ^f'^' ^^'^^re this 
 ground, and puttiug a kettle of wu n i ri i ■ , /''''>' '"'^'^ ^ ^re on the 
 around it, and with a woo en veSl kZin. • l'; T'^^'*-^'^^'^^' P'^-^^*^ themselves 
 large draughts, which in a shmt thLi " ""^ '^ 1""^' commence by takina 
 coKtinne dnnking and Vomit.t fl wA o.' ll^ '^'T *" ''"T *'-"''>^- '^'h"« the^ 
 pnnfied, when they retnT^ilhl^^l^'' days, unfl they are sufficiently 
 tlien- homes. The leaves and vnn .1^1 'luant t es ol the leaves and boughs to 
 of many other shrubra;;ear to % r, uued '• "" ^^^^-"^^^^ Gaboon, and 
 for making their "black ifink.'' u Nord?r nv I '?'"'"''f '^ ^y '^'^ ^"^i^^^s 
 the sea-side swamps, having no gooVwate to ,"' r'' '""*'■ '^'' '"I'^Wtants of 
 "1 it a little cassena, or other r^mts of n . ' '^''"""' '^' ^'''^'' ''^ '^'>ding 
 
 v/arm, as the Chinese do tt r dalv tea ^tj'""'''''' ""^ '''' '' constantly 
 opinion that this species Avas the I e7, nr;^,! ! ^"-^"'"^tance gave rise to the 
 '• i'araguay Tea/' paraguaiicnsis, and was erroneously called 
 
 tered. "^ ^^^^ "P^^^^ > l^wt its situation should be more shel- 
 
 i 
 
 -i 
 
and 
 
 Ilex jmraguaricnsis, 
 THE PARAGUAY TEA. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Hex paragunijensts, 
 
 Hex paraguariensis, 
 
 Matd, 
 
 Tlie Peragua, Mate, 
 
 Verba mate, Yerba de palos, 
 
 Goni,'(iiiha, 
 
 Caa, 
 
 Paraguay Tea, Blato, 
 
 Lambert, Monograph of the Genus Pinus, 
 j St. IIii.Aiiui, HiMoire des Plantes du Bresil 
 I De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 France. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain and Spanish Amekica. 
 
 Brazil. 
 
 GuARANi Indians. 
 
 Britain and Anulo-America, 
 
 Dnirnihms. Th« woril Mali I. ,ipplio,Ih' Iho Smiili American Spanl.inls, to th,) ciii. or vessel from whicl. tho liot linul,! W 
 Iniljilii'il ; whciico tliu naiiio of tin: li.irl). Tlin SpiiiiUh imiiie, Verba Je;w^s, siifiiilius Tree-herb ^ 
 
 Kngvavin'^s Lambert, Moiio|ra|ili of the Geims Finns, pi. ii. ; Hooker, Lomlou Journal of Botany, vol i pi I • Loudon 
 Arl«ireluni Britannicum, vol. Ii., tigiira 189; and tlio tiguroa below. ""lau;^, vui. i., in. i , i^ouunn, 
 
 Spcdfic. Characters. Evergreen. Lcave.s glabrous, lanceolatelv-cuncted, oblong-oval, obtuse, remotelv 
 serrated. Drupes with persistent calyxes crowned with l-lobed siiginas. ^ > > 'y 
 
 Description. 
 
 Tl%^\\Fi Ilex paragiia- 
 
 p h r" k riensi.s, when un- 
 
 «_^LI_^ "bstnicted in its 
 . _ .- iSS^^H growth, usually at- 
 tains a height of twenty or thirty feet, with a 
 trunk sometimes a loot or more in diameter. 
 In places, however, where the leaf is regu- 
 larly gathered, it becomes stunted, from the 
 branches being cut every two or three years, 
 but not oftencr, owing to an opinion that this 
 time is requisite to .season the leaves, which 
 remain, during winter, upon the trees. The 
 hark of the trunk is smooth, shining, and 
 whitish; and the boughs, which spring up- 
 wards like those of the laurel, arc letify and 
 tufted. The leaves are elliptic, cuneiform, 
 from four to five inches long; thick, glossy, 
 crenated, of a dark-green above, and paler 
 below. The petioles arc of a dark-red, and 
 about half an inch in length. The flowers, 
 whicli appear in October and November, in its native country, are produced in 
 umbels ol thirty or forty florets each, with four whitish petals, and with the 
 same number ot stamens. The berries are red, very smooth, about the size of 
 small peas, and containing four nuts or seeds. 
 
 Varietiiis. The two following races usually considered as species, and 
 described under the name of Ilcv gongonha, may be regarded only as varieties 
 ol the same plant ; — j ^ i ^ 
 
 1. I. p. PAiivii'OLiuM. Stnall-leaved Paragumj Tea 
 
 «v?'.nu- 'T'r"'!'^''''V N<,rrnv^-}or>rrdP<tragnay Tea. Both of those varieties 
 die cultivated m the botanic garden at Rio Janeiro, and are somewhat exten- 
 
 ,*•! ■' * 
 
 f 
 
Iff 
 
 172 
 
 fLEX PARAOUARIEVsrS. 
 
 those of ,ho ^rc.sJlVr::^uJlZ\:^^^^^^ louger and narro^vcr tlmn 
 
 are^.n variably dot.od with nniuu/Lhck gul^a^^^ ""^ '''^''- "'»d«r «>"-''«ces 
 
 --i"mK;^dtth^,,J';;;;^^^- 
 
 r Ivors and streams that Ihll into tl.c I'vra a Cnjrn ''''^"' '''" ^^^"'-^ «t' t''c 
 o he Ipanc and Jc-Jni. Its prinripal m "stl m^J' fn^' ""' ^^^" ^« "'^ «<>"'oes 
 gnay and about the nioun ains of AI-i,. r-! ' .^ n ^ ''''^ «««tcrn part of I'ara- 
 which mtorvone between iho hk Vl^ '"'''" ."' '" "'^' "ui'shy valleys 
 
 < "'"'i''=^ and abont the Ortrr{^,n/tai in^ H^ abunda.,tly in Jh4n ea 
 nciro. '»'^" ^viountains, m the country adjacent to Kio jZ 
 
 In the bpffinnino' of tlm vvrrfi 
 
 ral leverage or the ud'St^u" rSi" S Z'llrT'''' ""' 'l^l^ '"^"^ ^^ ^ ^-e- 
 can be no donbt but the ^hcnJlllZ^^^^^^^^^^ '"»<! there 
 
 i.sli conquerors; for, among the c eokSa d nes - 7 r'f' ''' "'" "^ >''"-'''• '^'I'an- 
 many who charge the I'araguaya os w t ? ""^ ''''' '""^''^'^"^ '^^Y' there' are 
 
 slaves by har.l labour, in i?ath< hu t .! u VT^ exterminated their Indian 
 
 world is the Chinese tLa iSe extS, v vT' '/^ •'"' ''''■ ^'^ "« country in ho 
 thanistheye/-/^am.,/c', fhr h'oiU a ' ^^ ^^ r' I''"P«rti"" to the popnl ion 
 
 tations of it are owned by ? he ^esui of^i .!'" "^ '^""!'' ^^'"^'••^^- J-.^ge a -' 
 from its harvest, the annu^v p^od, tti.^^ s^^^^^^^^^^^^ l'^ '^"'^'f " '^'^••g^ ^^^^e'"-^ 
 thousand pounds, more than h.rty U on ! K' w^^ '''* ^''' "''"'«" «'-^ '"'"drod 
 c or, whence Lima and Quito Tro i ^n i T'""'' ''''*' '^''^'''''^fl to Ch.li, bkua- 
 
 the Argentine and C^splaUne repubhcT^'"^'""'^ '''' ''""'^'''^'^ - consumed L 
 ihis species was introduced into Hritnin in iqqo i , 
 
 virtu'eTVo'thisTreefbut moS o^rthe nuShl^T"?''^ ^'^^'^^"*« inn.urierable 
 certamly aperient and diuretic, a m iik? >„ .'f T'/ "^ '"^ '' '''' ^'^•^^^«^"'- It is 
 fary effects. It is said to give' sleep to tirrstifl''f '"'"" '"^S"'^^'' '^"^ con- 
 1 ke that drug, when a habit is once con r^erp;) f ' '''"'^ '^'"''^ *" ^''« ^''"-pid; and 
 It off; Its elfect on the constitutkm be " :^^' i t "f.'"" "' \^ ^^^ ditIicult\o eave 
 era e use of spirituous liquors. T ere ail ren /''^.- '.'™^^"'^^' ^'^ '-^'^ in^mod^ 
 state, though produced l)y one p u t nd re 1 1 V ''^V"^'"'* "'»'•« Prepared 
 
 former consists of'the hal "^x ^ ,' ,Y ' f^-'^'^^-'/S ''.'[] tree or leaf itself, ffi 
 entirely consumed in l\ara"uav T ' ''"''' "''" ""t ^cep Ion- and S 
 
 Jesuits, carefully picLed and SLped LTnXr' '^ ''\' l'""'' '' P^^P^-"-! by he 
 third is made by roastimr wit bm.? ^'"^ "^^^^^ ^<^f«re roastin-- whilp „ 
 
 Spaniards, ,er,J,:^ T mom^t^d^rf ,7' "TI '' ^^~-tJd' by he' 
 from one linndred to three hundreZo Zls L^^^ '^^ ''^^ ''■^^^°"^<^'- *« "sually 
 a bundle of long poles is const ructS n H^o A^'''^'?-'''"- *^ '^''^^^« f'^r market 
 winch a large fire is made, and i^ w iL ItbM °\ ^' ^'yhndncal vault, under 
 there il the eaves are suliicieut/y dry lVt«^ is'Tb'V"' ^^^ ^"^^ ^^"^''^hi 
 
 the hard and hot platform affe/h,.iL ^^"^' tins, the fire is removed- and on 
 
 which they give a^horo gii b atin" ^Jnl?' ''"'"' ^''7 ^'"'"^^ "'« hra heT 
 from the boughs, which, after bHnfsnffinf. '"'"'""'?' ^''^ '^^^^«« ^re separated 
 packed into larg^ bags i^ade of lidi S''"'lr^"''^'"f^^ '-^re next den silv 
 
 ration, they are lit for use ; but t lev a^e^?' "n "'1 ''^''' ^^'^'^°"^ ^"''ther p ep7 
 a foxv months old. as the aroma to W to" '°"f '^'r'-"^ ^^^^ seasoned till they a?c 
 prepared, is partially dissip^aterb^a'^f^'ET ''f they possess, when n^'ly 
 Paraguay, Uruguay, the Argentine rennbllr.o ''''' "'"^ by infusions, in 
 classes of persons, and at J,oZ ^^ da3^'''^,r:^;,::;lS'?;^^.l;r 
 
 ..„A»i,,. 
 
PARAGUAY TL.v. 
 
 173 
 
 iira- 
 
 '•' ' pot, riill..,! mnti' from the sp,.„tof whi,.], thn tea is dnnik, with or without a 
 
 lorn t^at butnre they have; taken some (.1' it. The on- ^\'.•ultilv and rp i . ,1 
 l.or„onof the pop„,a,„.n partala, of ,1... infusiou from a mate l^t^irt^^'^ 
 r . '-ll'l r^'''' I'y means of a tin or silver pipe, en; .\\o,. J^ I 
 o rued w.th hole, at one cnrl. to prevent swallowing, tU pulven.ed 1^^;^,.^ 
 
 ' •• iHHicL. It IS ,, ^,„oa society, to snpi)ly each of the nartv with 
 
 a mate and pipe, w , the mfusioii as near as possihb [o a boil t^Me txTat tre 
 
 tt,^xt;;n;rH"''''i"n' 'v'^r^^ -» swanow withonrin,!'" Si ^i 
 
 but often the whole honsehol.l and their visitors are snpplied l.v handin- the 
 
 " 1 uisu. ^f'tlle w!.T ' 7' "Ih' \\ ''' '''''' l'""' ^^'^''"- - '■-^ arlt tori 
 exL.instii,^ It the water is sullered to remam loiur on the leaves the (h-eoetinn 
 
 becomes of a.i inky l,la,-kn.>ss. The taste of the h>aves vl e w^r^^'n s ^^^^^^^^^^ 
 resembles that of the mallows, or the inferior lands o grm^teaC^''^^^^^^ 
 Mr. Stenhouse, of (ilasgow, has recently detected an alka^li it ll em Zdi i «: 
 lar to l/teme, a hitter tome snbstanee, which is found in the U-ave ofU e 'n "; 
 Uuna, and the PaMUlar^t sorbiUs of the banks of the Amazon, and wh eh is nlso 
 Identical with <Mu fained fmm the seeds of eodee, and /X;i ; ' t e 
 principle yielded by cnoco ate. On this s,d,ject Liebii.^e,rmr ' \V sInU 
 never, certainly, bo able to discover Irow mankind were k^d to the use o he ho 
 lulu.sion ot the h.nes of a certain .0 rub, (tea,) and of a decoct m of cert ah 
 roasted seeds (coflee.) Some cause there r\mst l)e which would xpainow 
 the practice has become a necessary of life to whole nations. 1 m i s iU 
 more remarkable that the benefi.Mal elfects of both plants, on the lea h ,n is 
 be ascribed to one and the same substance, the presence of which n hvo ve e 
 able.s belonging to dilferent natural families, and the product of lilWeU n nr 
 ters of the globe, could hardly have presented itself to tie boldest ima^naim''* 
 The lex paraguanensis is highly ornamental, and doubtless woukillou S in 
 any sod and situation where the Magnolia grau.hrtora would thriv' e ce i 
 
 01 me attention of all who have proper conveniences for cultivatin-' it 
 
 to be equal t„ the tea of China CluUnn n.vt^nP ^ " ^'/•^"•'•''='' ^''■^'''''''' '^'''^^^''''.v, which is sai.l 
 and Flol-,da, flc. -W/.n., !;'" sscS V , ia "^^yS^^ Can-lina, Georgia, 
 
 tea, wliich, vhen properly cmvil, is n uch e t,^e,„ \uTr.,:'i ^'"'"''"'" ;"""'"''-''S or nionniain 
 (havin,^ ncnaliy Li used in , >e r v ,io an wr a a 4 bs un'e ZTT' 7 .^rT ■'''"?' "■^' 
 Kolden-rod, the flowers <,f which, jjathere Xn f llv ev.vn i ' r' , ''"i' ■ ^^r''''''-'' '"'"'" ''^ 
 
 a^^reeable 'substitute lor tea, at^d hi" lb e t „1 ^^^3 1 1 \ 7-1^ '""",""-' '\'''"'\ '^"'"■'^ '' '""^' 
 pr.ce; a,..l >n Cat.ada, Labrador, .^c, Z./J,;}::;,>/)«;^lXa oiL^bS^^ea."" ''''' '''"''' ^ '"=" 
 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 - lis 10 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 % 
 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 ^V- 
 

 
 
^1 
 
 4 
 
 Genus RHAMNUS, Lam. 
 
 Khamnaceas. 
 Syat. Nat. 
 
 Pentandria Monogynia. 
 
 Si/at. Lin. 
 
 Generic Characters. Calyx urceolatp d—-^ ni^rf r> , i . ^ 
 less convolute. Torus thin, lining'the tKf\he cafvx fJ^n'r'!)^/^*"^'' "'• S-Iobed, usually more or 
 the orns 2-4-celled ; styles 2-4, distinct o Zrelf\eScZllTJ°Z '^' T^^^' "°' '™'""^«d i" 
 
 determined. The /owe^in 'S arfinc^^^^^^^^^^ buMet,"' ""^ 'T"«* ^^ 
 and Its varieties are most valuable everS i^^^^ 
 
 species are ornamental, both from ^heir S/p nnrl\r^ ^^^^^^ ''^h^^ 
 
 which is also useful in dveinl ThTJitu^% ^''^•' ^'"'*' ^^^ letter of 
 
 namesofF;^v^cA,oryZX"L ZSj^ ll'"^^''''?; i^"«^ ""^er the 
 Perse, grains d^Espagne ZZ'^^^^^ d^ Avignon, graine de 
 
 infectorius, oleoidei, amyfda nus and<,nv?HiU "^f^'^'^i ^^ *'^^ Rhamnus 
 
 alpinus, frangiih, saxalilis, laS,s a"d cataSmT'', »f""-™'=. hybrid,,,, 
 
 Its medicinal <i„ali,ies, a„d utility ^o^ live Seer L wo hv Jlf ' °, "t""""' •■""" 
 eration. ^ i-iitts,, is worthy ot particular consid- 
 
Rhamnus caihariiats, 
 THE PURGING BUCKTHORN. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Rhamnus catharticus, 
 
 Nerprun cathartique, 
 Abfuhrender Kreuzdorn, 
 Ramno catartico, 
 Eamno purgativo, 
 AVhite Thorn, 
 Buckthorn, 
 
 ' LiNN^Ds, Species Plantarum. 
 
 De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 , ToRREY AND Gray, Floia of North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Modern Greece. 
 
 Britain and Anglo- America. 
 
 J^iZ'ti".Jr '^'"^" '^'' «^^^«"«'' '= "'"''"'J <■""» ^he Greek, kathako, to purge, from the medicinal nature of tlie 
 figfref totow^*" ^°°''''"'«' ^"'^''=^1 B°l»"y. P'- "4; London, Arboretum Britannicum, ii., figure 198, etv., pi. 70, and the 
 
 Specific Characters Erecl. Leaves ovate, toothed. Flowers in fascicles, polygamo-dioecious Benies 
 4-seeded, rather globose.— Z)o«, Miller's Diet. untnous.. ijeri.es 
 
 
 Descriptioji, 
 
 HE Rhamnus catharti- 
 cus is a deciduous shrub 
 or low tree, growing, 
 -. — »-.™=-«w. ™.>^./^„«a whenwild, toaheightof , 
 eight or ten feet, and from twelve to fifteen feet ' 
 in a state of cultivation. It naturally partakes 
 the character of a bush, unless it is carefully- 
 trained to a single stem. Its branches are 
 numerous and irregular, the young shoots of 
 v/hich have a smooth, grayish-brown bark; 
 but the older branches are rough and armed 
 with short thorns. The leaves on old trees are 
 ribbed, smooth, about an inch in length, and 
 from half an inch to three-fourths of an inch 
 in Avidth, and of a bright-green colour ; but on 
 young plants, or in hedges, they are often found 
 from two inches to two inches and a half in 
 iv3ngth, and nearly as broad as they are long. 
 The flowers, which appear in May and June, are of a yellowish-green colour. 
 Ihey are, for the most part, hermaphrodite, clustered when grown wild, but 
 fewer and nearly solitary in a state of cultivation. The berries are of a bluish- 
 black, globular m their form, with four cells, and as many seeds, and are ripe in 
 Britain and the northern parts of the United States in October. It often remains 
 on the tree after the leaves have fallen. 
 
 Geography ajid History. 'I'he Rhamnus catharticus is indigenous to Europe 
 and the north ot Asia. In Britain it is found native in the woods, and according 
 to Pallas, it IS common in the southern parts of Siberia. It has also become 
 mdigenous in the vicinity of Boston, in Massachusetts, and near West Point 
 
Iff 
 
 i!' 
 
 (if 
 
 176 
 
 RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS. 
 
 
 EZjotk7fV:rS'';i!::ii '" ^^^^ '^' ^^^^'^^^^ - ^^^ -^-s countries of 
 
 hp^t^ctttoVir ts: &of rviat^n' ^^^ ,°^ ^^^^^^ - 
 
 Massachusetts. It bore an abun^d'uce o mit Xh wS'lo^Jrl't"' i"^''""' 
 his practice, as a cathartic. On the estate VMr V H.l ^ ^^^''^i^'^ "'^ '" 
 town, there are several buckthorn-trees from thirtf to fortvl ^^ ^ "'''^^'i '" .^'^''^^ 
 have attained a height of twelve or fifteen feet S h-f ^ yfs planted, which 
 every year. ^^'' ^"" ^^^"^ ^" abundance of berries 
 
 thrive "in any pLrwhere theTu^^^^^^^^^^^ but it will 
 
 insect. This liedae bcinn.nv ..V. • ' ^'""7'^ '^ ^° ^^ attacked by any 
 keep it down o close?v L fhto SS'T'" '^''^' '^'' buckthorn, I did no^ 
 qneiitlyitisnotquirso^mpe v^^^^^^^^^ '' ^^P^^^f * ^° ^o, and conse- 
 
 Avhich have been more 831 „rnned ^.^ r u'""''-^!"^^ y^""^^^ ^^^ges, 
 found the plant I wanted iTa^sfrp;!.^ ^""^ '^*''^"^ ^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^t las 
 
 difrerent periods, ^^'^Z^^:^ ^^^^^ ::^Z:^^:f ,1' '' 
 all, in my opinion, good hedo-es- nnd T rln r,^/V. . . ^ "^^"^ °^ ^beni, 
 
 thorn the most suitable plan^f^r\he purpSe^hat T b v' '" P^-^^^^^^l^he buck: 
 eta^es early in the spriii- 4d re ^^,H f! i V '''^'' ^''^'' ""^^ ^^^^h- ^^ veg- 
 seen it gree^. after tlSsSVladf^i^ Be Sa n.H^i" ^'I'T' ' ^^'^^^ '^''^ 
 by our most intense cold, and its vitaiity is o Slhnft^I' '' '' ""'T ^"J"*"^^ 
 be kept out of the ground for i Innl H L^, .^ that the young plants may 
 injury! It never sen^s up any sucleil ^I's d stS i f any distance without 
 be clipped into anv sh-ir^n wlnV wL ! ? ^ ^^ ^"^ ^<^'^d wood; it can 
 
 advice from others ■ but if lpn3^«„f "^y.^^^" Part, and much discouraging 
 
 is now a massTveiSuU TL'vrLralliS lo foT^ " T' \^^^^^' ' "^ 
 who have seen and admired mv bed aS.n^rf . T""^ P'''"^' ^^ P'^^'so^s 
 
 ♦ The writer believing it to be a native plant. 
 
 
PUBGI.VG BUCKTHORN. 
 
 177 
 
 
 l^nr^^if r^'J'' ^n '^u ^^ ^'^^ .^^"°"^' ^^ich I regard as a great point of excel- 
 lence; after this, all that remains to be done is to keep it from weeds and c^n t 
 
 shears aLd^ikniS''"' • '^ P^'"^ ""^^ ^' ^''"^ ''''^''' ""''^ ^^e garden- 
 
 snears, a hedge-knife, or even with a common scythe." 
 
 enclosing ornamental grounds. As 
 
 the plants will attain a considerable 
 
 height they may be trained over an 
 
 arch or trellis, and form a beautiful, 
 
 densely-shaded arbour or walk. , , 
 
 . It appears from the aouve that this species is very eligible forformina h^A^a^ 
 
 m consequence of its robust and rigid habit of grow h AlVhn ,Ji ?^i ^ i 
 
 make much f ow when in flower. %t in autLTrnd ^arty^TnlVwhrn^ro 
 
 fuse y covered with black berries, it becomes highly ornamentaT ^ 
 
 The wood of the Rhamnus catharticus is hard, cL^acrand of a reddish hue 
 The juice of the unripe berries has the colour of saff-ron inrl i« ;,«?/fl .• • 
 
 ries. 1 ne juice ol the ripe hemes, evaporated to dryness with lime or alum is 
 
 SceTfu^r'-SrSi ',"' 'V"' '^"'"' •"? S'-"'""" lateinaZmtuie 
 i, f „. Fi, T i}-,^ "" ^"■""Sly Plirgauve, if oaten to tlic number of twentv- 
 
 same effe ."''x^he— ?' '"^ ^'T'^ 1"'== "^ "^'"""^ to prod'ee Se 
 
 same enect. ihey were forr- ly much employed as a cathartic but the vinlpnt 
 
 operation, and the sickness, ,riping and Ihkst occasioned by them have ed to 
 
 their disuse. The syrup of buckthorn, (syn^pus rhamni,) is the onT; prepa adon 
 
 y CXTn'i'fike 'llt^T^' ''''^ '"IT '^^^ «^ ^^"« ^^^ aftbrdVa bSful 
 Ind eLttS tomulng."'"* '^'^' '""'"^''^ ''^''^ '' ^ ''''''^ '^'^'^'''<^' ^^hen taken, 
 
 23 
 
Genua PISTACIA, Linn. 
 
 Anacardiaccfc. 
 
 Si/at. Ifal. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Thmalions. 
 name of the true 
 
 Pistacia, Terebinthus, 
 
 Dioecia Pentandria. 
 Syat, Lin. 
 
 Of Aotuobs. 
 
 The word Pistacia, h derivpri frnm i»i» r,„»i. ■ . . . 
 P..achio. ^'e...;M..de^Hrr.\^r»er"et:",i:^^ 
 
 m the male ; the calyx is 3-4.cleft; the o "aj. b iTce„erf • •t''"'^^^^ '" "" ■"""'"?"' ^''' '^'"^^'y '^an 
 and the fruit is a dry, ovate drupe, the nut of which isTa h^l h ' ^ f"""^^, ""'^ ^^'^^' '^"d "^i^kish ; 
 times It shows two abortive cells at the sr^e Hp Lifn , •°"^' ""?'' '?'"''"y ^-'^^''^'l. though some- 
 bottom. The cotyledons of the seeds are thfck' fleshv and n ^^ Vi"^'\^^^,'»' ""^'^^ '« ^^^^^ 'o the 
 species are trees with pinnate leaves.-^^rc««i j.^"^^^^ ^""^ ^'"' ^"""^ "P°» '^^ radicle. The 
 
 Pistacia «^wCrMUm i^ tu?;^^^^^^^^^ -^ the 
 
 regarded as astringent and diuretic- aliWh fl; f ''"'^, turpentine are 
 Medica they are n?>t much n ed by'^derprlctiLnf V^f"- *" ^f ^"! 
 by the Turkish and Armenian women a^amSJ/v ^^^'^''^ '' employed 
 and for imparting an agreeLwe od^u?to rho^ h m ^^/°' '^f "'"S their teeth, 
 cavities of carious teeth "' ^'^^^''- ^^ ^^ ^^^o "s^d to fill the 
 
 k 1' 
 
bic, foustaq, the 
 
 le plants, the 
 ' a scale ; the 
 d have 4-cor- 
 5 closely than 
 md thickish; 
 hough some- 
 affixed to the 
 adicle. The 
 
 , southern 
 es are the 
 ■ Venetian 
 n turpen- 
 lentiscus, 
 ; and the 
 ntine are 
 1 Materia 
 smployed 
 eir teeth, 
 to fill the 
 
 Phtacia vera, 
 THE TRUE PISTACHIO NUT-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Pistacia vera, 
 
 Pistada officinarurn, 
 
 Pistachier, 
 
 Pistazienbaum, 
 
 Pistacchio, Pistacchio verde, 
 
 Alfocigo, Alhocigo, 
 
 Alfostigo, 
 
 Pistacia, Pistachio Nut-tree, 
 
 (LiNN^us, Species Plantarura. 
 De Candom.e, Prodromus. 
 MicHAUx, North American Sylva 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 AiTON, Hortus Kewensis. 
 France. 
 Germany, 
 Italy. 
 Spain. 
 
 PoRTirOAL. 
 
 Britain and Anolo- America. 
 
 
 Description. 
 
 Ctf r--, J^^ True Pistachio, in 
 ^11^ favourable situations, 
 ^LJ^^ attains a height of 
 -;— 'i^^j^^ fifteen or twenty feet, 
 
 and often, when a mere shrub, produces fruit 
 in five or six years after planting. The trunk 
 is clothed with a grayish bark. The branches 
 are spreading, but not very numerous, and are 
 
 garnished with winged, alternate leaves, on 
 
 long petioles. The inflorescence takes place , 
 
 in April and May. The male flowers, which 
 
 appear first, shoot out from the side of the 
 
 branches m loose panicles, and are of an herba- 
 ceous colour. The female flowers put forth in 
 
 clusters, m the same manner. The fruit is oval 
 
 and about the size of an olive. It is furrowed' 
 
 of a reddish colour, and contains an oily kernel' 
 
 mild and agreeable to the taste. 
 
 Varieties. According to some authors, the 
 loliowmg races are regarded as species: but Du Haroel sav^ ih-^t fi,o,, i 
 means entitled to be so considered Vpu" '^-Lf , ^^^^^"^^"^«'y ^'"^ ^y no 
 consistency of their leaflets ^'^ ^'^^' ''"'^ "^ '^'^ ''^'' ^^^P^' ^^d 
 
 1. P. V TRiFOLu, Loudon. Three-leafleted-leaved Pistachio-trce. 
 i. 1 . V. NARBONENSis, Loudou. Narbomie Pistnrhin /,./.« rt,,- . , , 
 
 pinnate leaves, with leaflets having promrent veins ' ^^'' ""^'"''^ ^^' 
 
 ^^ographyand History. The Pistacia vera is a native of Syria Barbarv 
 Persia, and Arabia. It was brought from Svria tn Tt«h w .i, ^ ' ^^^°^^X' 
 hiis, in the lid century, and afterv^aidsrunJ it^ waytCtL'tuthTprln: ' 
 where :t is so far naturalized, as to appear in some plaices as indSnous I?wa^ 
 
^Il: 
 
 180 
 
 introduced into Br 
 
 PISTAfA VERA. 
 
 cold of ordinary ;^Ss wit 2 coS '" l^f'''^ ^itnatiom, it will boar the 
 clostroyod. Millor observes that this r.!.' fl ' '" '"7''*^ ^'''''''' '^''V ^''^ «ften 
 England; bnt the surmners a e m tw'rm . x f"^- P'"'''^"'^'^ fruit freely in 
 tions a t'ree m Dr. SptonwCden Tt.^?u"^'' '" "^""/''^ ""^^^- "« •««»- 
 planted against a wall ^andLo£^W^^h b^ upwards of forty years old, 
 the Duke of Richmond's grounds at Good vof. ' w' P'''"^'^ '"^^ ^ ^'""'l^'^'-d. in 
 many years without the slfghtestVofeS "^ ^""^"' "^^'^'^^ '^ '^''^'^ ^^^-^ 
 
 ".oVt pigattuit;!:ffZti^^^^^^^^ r'r" ^^^^- ->' -^ 
 
 of commerce, and by cutting? It is SivT,^^ ^m^'''^'*'.''' ^^^" ^'"''m those 
 Italy for its fruit As the m;i. L ^"'^'^^^^'^ !" t'»e south of France and in 
 
 Sicilian gardene ; wtn he tret staJfaraEV ""'^r^^r' l^ '^' ^'^■'^-' ^h^ 
 ready to blow, plant tlSn in no^s of moLt r f '' ^ "''' ^""'*^'^' "^ ^'^^ former, 
 ponded on the female tree till U^ev bnv? ! '^' ^'^''^ '^"'" **^^^ *« '•'^'"^^" «"«' 
 called ^«c/./«,w., and never fa s to 7rn^ done rtowermg. This operation is 
 buds are ingrafted W^ the femal?^ fruct.ficat.o.i. Sometimes the male 
 
 This tree resists a greater de'ree7col ]T'n"f.'^''.'" ^'"^"^"^ '^'^ '^"^^ «ff^«t. 
 licnce is adapted to the elinfntn -?f " ""'^^^^ ^^^ «''^« o^ the almond, and 
 
 less could bcSivatSwIlh profit "^'"^ ^'^^ '^ ^''^ ^'"'^^^ ^^^^^««' ^'-^ ^^"bt. 
 
 th/larmg nle^t^Id quairs"""' '" '^"^^ "^ ^^'^ ^^^ ^« ^-^ under 
 ob.n^ tj.^^ thc^e ^rl^^^f^^:^^:^^^ on. wLn 
 
 ^ofT:^£r^:i::;:^oJ'^:;ir^' t'' aVhcSJrrrcoionred puip, 
 
 fectioners, who^^m Sre thTm^mo Z'lf' T^^'' l^''' ^>^ '^'' French con^ 
 sugar or with chocolate and soN thl^ sugar-plums, by covering them with 
 and ices are also comp^^^^^ them coTon"rPd '' "'' "^T Z^ diubloLs. Creams 
 ^ 3. Sicily PisiacJZs. tS Vary r^uclf Tn"the^'^ ''^^ J"T ""^ T"^^'^" 
 by their violet-coloured pulps, andS greL Lrth T.''"'^ "'"^ ^%^^""^^'^ 
 
 '^VSn:r:rtts^s^''°^^^- "" "^^' 
 
 and is^aTen'io ame i^ afe co^r IndVhets^^^ 'r^ ^ '^^^'^^ '' ^^e stomach, 
 sometimes eaten raw, but oSer in a drS ^.f-'^qf "^ly used as a dessert 
 
 As an ornamental 'shrub or bw^ree hfs neci'e ?.'l T?"^.'" • 
 vation in the middle and southern secCs Kf/''"^'''^ 
 and beautiful foliage, no cons^erSrr^XhouM^TwlUou^^^^ "^ ^"^^"'^^ 
 
Genus RHUS, Linn. 
 
 Anacardiacse. 
 Si/it. Nat. 
 
 Pentandria Trijjynia. 
 
 Hi/sl, Lin, 
 
 Bijnonyines. 
 
 Rhus, Rhamnus, Cotinus, Zizyphus, Myrica, Toxicodendron, Of Authors. 
 
 '-^^'^"f^-rJ^^r^ ^r- th. CeUic won., rUu,a,..yr.. 
 
 poaod by aome boUu.i.u to include apecica more prop^^y ZlT^lXr^^e hea.! of rA.lil!'"'"' "^ '" ^''"''"* "''''^'' "'"^ ■"•''• 
 
 Generic Characters Sexes hermaphrodite, dicreious, or poIvRamous Cnlvy smnl) -s nor, , 
 Petals ovate, and inserted into a calycine disic • all of thmn in .i!„ fl„ ^ r^ ' ''rPa""!. persistent, 
 dite sexes bearing anthers, Ovarv sin-le nerh'^n iVn.n H ^- . "^« ."""'fs "f "'e male and hennaphro- 
 or not any. . Sti.mas 3. Frtdt"a7al'S' ^^Z^Z'^^^'l^'^S:^::^' lifj: ■ Yr '' ^''"7' 
 seed I and, in some instances, 2—3 seeds ■ when nLn LthZ' u \ r '^""V ""'- ^lneh includes a single 
 thread, (the raphe,) that rises from teboto.n of t^^^ Y^J'''^ 'f '^^■'"'"'^'"■'' ^>' ^ 
 
 and the Vadicle, in contact.-i?e Candollc^Prodromus!' Cotyledons lealy, their edges, on one side, 
 
 ^^Intlfnir ^^'' chiefly consists of deciduous shrubs, generally 
 . with alternate compound leaves, and are natives of Europe Asia 
 tnrl'T^' T"^ South America. The foliage widely vaT , both 
 in orm and size; and, in autumn, before U falls, it changes to a 
 ft r'l'i'V'f^'"'^' '' scarlet on which account, at that ^season? 
 r^^'",n^ 'i '^ "^^h'y ornamental. Don, in "Miller's Gardeners' Die 
 tionary," describes nmety-seven species of this genus; but Mr LoiXn wa^of 
 le opinion that, if it were possible to bring them all together, a d cu ItivateThem 
 n the same garden he questioned much whether there would be found no"e 
 than a fourth part of them entitled to be considered snecificallv or nermanpmlv 
 distinct Most of them are poisonous, some of which aie 1 gldyL and pS V 
 they all may be used ni tanning, and dyeing yellow and bhrlc Thfcrli^ 
 most worthy of note, and which ifave been^ulti^^at:d fo'lame u o^ av?been 
 applied to useful purposes in the arts, are the Rhus typhina, ve e'natraroS 
 ica^ and copallina, for ornament; and the Rhus radicans, for medLine in No 1 1 
 i^fT'^S'^- '' ^''"' '^'^","'. ""^ "«"^"^^' f°^ t^"ni"g ^nd dydngrfthe shores 
 Japan S Ne^" ' ""'" ""'"'"'' " v4msh-p'rodSmg sumt'f 
 

 Unl 
 
 li/iiis cotinns, 
 THE VENETIAN SUMACH. 
 
 Synonyines, 
 
 Rhus cotinus, 
 
 Ciitmiis corinr.ea. 
 
 Smmu! (iistet, Arbre aux p<5rriiques. 
 PeriKkon Siiinacli, * ' 
 
 Cotitio, Srotino, Roso, Ruoso, 
 Ziiinaqiie cabelloso, 
 
 Venice Sumach, Venus Sumach, Wild 
 Olive-tree, Fringe-tree, 
 
 LiNN^os, Species Plantanim. 
 
 Dk Candom.k, Prodromus. 
 
 LniTiioN, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 J)u Hamel, Traito des Arbres el Arbustts 
 
 !• lUNCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Britain and Anolo-Amerioa. 
 
 n^::^ZT- "" "-»'■ Trait* -.. Arbre. .tArbu..e, p,. ,78; Loudon, Arboretum BrI.ann.cun,, „., fl^„ 223; and .h. 
 
 Y^-Tp- '"'•^'"-"^^^^^^^^^ ''' ^^■, r ->-"^ - '-' -^^^ ■> 
 
 Corymbs axillary. """ive, me pedicels at length elongated, and clothed with shaggy hairs! 
 
 Description. 
 
 |FiE Venetian Sumf^ch, in a wild state, is seldom 
 
 i iound higher than five or six feet; but when 
 
 I'hn/''^^ ;." ''?*'? '''"^^"^^ "i^^" ^'»«n double 
 
 G.»?;?,X Jw'S;f "''atT,!*' ""} ™'"?' "'»•-""'« - "-ng"lar nut. 
 
 western Asia and in southern P,,mnof i""' " ","'""= "' """"V Pl"'=« '" 
 to Mr Niiff-,11 if (. ; , ."™ tAimpa, from Spain to Oaucasus; and accordino- 
 
 Arkansa""Ni^th ASa"""'°"°"' °" *" "'«" "="'' "''""^ °f Grand Sr.i? 
 
 l(i36, and was cti Itivated ?,v IV^P^'";- ",'™' introduced into Britain in 
 excellent a,,dmoS£utM„'^am"wrL""'^ .s described by Gerard as an 
 of the pistachia." M^K do,™ bserv,^ .in7,h "" "fff'"' •''"'' "'° ""'"""■ 
 
 series and SlIec.iot.stvllt'^Sti'.fcoTuC '" ""' "' "^ """ 
 
 'Ij 
 
VENETIAN SUMACH. 
 
 183 
 
 Soil and Culture. Tins shrub prospers best in a dry loam thoush it will 
 grow.n any common garden soil/ It may be propagated breeds of by iT-k- 
 
 »intr , I, >,.,.. .V, 1 o"— — -^'... Ai. i.iuy uu propagaieu uy seeds, or hy nen- 
 
 ovJ? ffZ V '''"'"' "^'..V' ^'''^ 8^"'""1' »' tlic spring, and strewing earth 
 severed i"nnU:n'^ « .oots wdl rise and tai<. root at the base, which ^.ay be 
 thev at iZ, .7? '"^'^ m autumn, and planted in pots or in the site wl.ero 
 Uey are mtcndcd to remam. As an ornamental shrub, this species deserves a 
 
 AnS thernTT f i>h" l'"^ 'f '''''''' ''^''''' **'"« '« ^"«'" '^^ ^ •<> extend it 1 
 
 ^tle United St fl f- ^^7/^' ^"' '' ""^1^^ ^'" P^«"'^^''y «"ltivated in many parts 
 01 ttie United states, lor the purposes of tanning and dyeing. 
 
 tannS tZl f V''"'''''' f " . '" ^^'"^ 'P"^'' ''^" ^''«^'''^' ^''« ^liolc plant is used for 
 tanning and for dyeing leather, wool, and silk, yellow. In Italy narticularlv 
 abou Venice, it is used for dyeing black. In Syria, Palestine ftaSi^^^^^^^ 
 and Por ugal, this species, as well as the Rhus coriaria, are cultivated with caic' 
 they do not grow naturally, and the shoots are cut down every year quite to 
 the ground, winch, on being dried, arc reduced to powder by mills^nd thus or - 
 pared lor use. In the commerce of the south of France, there is a other n u,t 
 employed as sumach, called ..^o^ and known by botanirinierS^^anK 
 Cor ana myrUfoha. When reduced to a powder, it somewhat resembles the 
 Sici .an snniach in colour, but may be readily distinguished from h by an 
 
 and a'r^eab r "' °'^'"''' ^^"^° ^'^"^ ^^' ^^'^ ^^^"^^ '' ^^'^S^^"^' penetrating 
 
 it.,&| 
 
it ' 
 
 li' 
 
 r' 
 
 1 
 
 a i 
 
 ■ i' 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 H' 
 
 THE ANTIFEBRILE RHUS. 
 
 Synonytnea. 
 
 llhus tijphina, 
 
 Sumnc lie Virxinie, 
 
 VirKinisftuT Suiimcli, Farberbnum, 
 
 Soiiitimcco |H'l(»so, Sorbo s,nlvtilico, 
 
 Ziimaque de Virginia, 
 
 Slag-horn Sumach, Virginian Sumach, 
 
 ■ LtNN^iis, Species Pluntarum. 
 
 Dk C*nd(ii,i,k, Prixlromus. 
 
 Don, Miller'N Diclioimry. 
 
 r-<ii;n(iN, Arboretum Hriiannicum 
 [ ToBREY AND Urav, Flora of North America. 
 
 Franck. 
 
 GtRMANY. 
 iTAt.Y. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Britaih and Anolo-America. 
 
 fl,^"? iXr- "" """""' '^'""* ''"^ A'"^- «' Arbu-te,, j|„ pi. 47 , Lo„d„„, Arl«re,um Brl,a„„lcu,n, II., flgur. m ; .„.. ih. 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^^^^IIR Rhus typhiiia, in itsarbo- y 
 
 H I r M ""''^f^f^'it lori'i, attains a lieiglit V>. 
 
 fe Ll^^ "'" ten to tw^nty-fivo IV-ct, 
 • awWiii^Sa iiltlion^li under some circum- 
 staiico.s It (Iwiiidlo.s down to a more slirnb, from 
 ten to two loot in height. Its stem is woody, with 
 a summit composed of numerous irregular branches 
 generally crooked and deformedr The young 
 shoots are covered with a soft, velvet-like down 
 resembling that of the new liorns of the stag' 
 both 111 colour and texture. The leaves are large,' 
 slightly downy beneath, and are distinguished in 
 autumn, belore they fall, by changing to a purplish 
 or yellowish-red. The llowers aj)pcar in June 
 and arc of a greenish-yellow. They are produced 
 m close spikes at the ends of the branches, and are 
 succeeded by drupes or berries, densely clothed 
 with crim.son hairs, which soon become conspicu- 
 ous, and rcinam upon the tree during winter. 
 
 frni?"if '^''" 7''-'"''' ''''^ "^^'^^ varieties of this species in North America nnd 
 from the confusion existing in botanical works, it is often Tit ult to Lid. 
 which are species or which arc varieties in this genus ThrSwim, rn 
 however appear to be sufficiently distinct, to be cSd nnd tl ^prS S 
 racemJs "'""^^°«^- <^recn-Jlou.red Sumack, with green flowe^rin uprighi 
 
 anIfSit c:^3wi^^Jn,j^lrr ''"'''' ^'"^-^' ^''^ ^'^^^^ ^--s, 
 ish^flo^ver.s"''"''""°''''' '""^^ ^''^'^^V^^^oA.i, sexes, glabrous leaves, and green- 
 4. R. T. Dio.cA, witli dioecious sexes, glabrous leaves, and greenish flowers. 
 
VIBOINtAN SUMACH. 
 
 185 
 
 >nca. 
 
 unt oftlie roflt« 
 re 221 ; and iha 
 
 iminate, ser- 
 
 ca„,s(,s; and, when the Rrou.ul i.s aRain to Xtto fll L'o l.ln r 7 ^ 
 great impedinirnt t., the ,,|„UKh This shr h iko nl ^ F ' H T^^ ^''''''' ^ 
 easily propagated hy seeds 'or l.fc.U, g ; ' 'vi^ As tToJa/^ T''''' '' 
 
 preparations of domestic economy, andTn niedicine " ' ''"'""' '" ^^""°"^ 
 24 
 
 1(1 
 
 ''ti 
 
 ica, and 
 ) decide 
 g races, 
 lit head, 
 upright 
 
 leaves, 
 
 1 grcen- 
 
 vers. 
 
Rhus venenata, 
 THE POISONOUS RHUS. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Rhus venenata, 
 
 Ehus vernix, 
 Sumac veneneux, 
 Girtiger Su'nach, 
 Albero del veleno, 
 
 Poiso.. Siiinticli, Swamp Sumach, Poison 
 Elder, Poison-wood, 
 
 ' De Candoixe, Prodromus. 
 HooKEK, Flora Boreali Americana. 
 Don, Bliller's Diction; -y, 
 LouDON', Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ToRREy AND Gray, Flora of North America. 
 BiGELow, Medical Botany. 
 France. 
 
 GERMANy, 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anqlo-America. 
 
 of KfiH''l";;n^rio mlVifJi'i'^i"'""'' '"'"''"'"'■ '" '■""'"^ '''°'" ""= ^''"' "'"'"""'' P"'^°"! »" ="=<=<">"' °f '^e poisonous nature 
 Engmrwgs. Bigelow, Medical Botanj, i, pi. 19; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicdm, ii., figure 226; and the figures below. 
 
 Spedjic Charmers Leaf rather glabrous than pubescent, of 5-C pairs of lenflet.s and the odd one which 
 are ovate 1 ceolate, acuminate, entire, and beneath reticulately veinad.-iV Cnndolle, Prodromus. 
 
 
 !f 
 
 
 Desa'iptio7i. 
 
 HE Rhus venenata, in its 
 ; natural habitat, is a de- 
 ciduous shri;]v or low 
 
 -. ^~. - - tree, growing to a height 
 
 of ten to twenty feet; but when cultivated on 
 more elevated grounds, it does not'jttain so great 
 an elevation. The leaves are divided like those 
 of the Rhus typhnia, but differ in being smooth 
 and shining; tlie leaflets are very entire, nar- 
 row, and pointed, with purplish-red veins; and 
 m autumn they change to an intense red, or pur- 
 ple. The flowers, which appear in May, June, 
 and .luly, are mostly dioecious, small, and of a 
 greenish colour. The drupes are whitish, and 
 about the size of peas ; and the nuts are rather 
 broader than long, compressed and furrowed. 
 
 Gengrapfnj and History. Tiie Rhus venenata 
 IS indigenous to North America, and may be 
 found m swamps, and moist, shady situations, 
 
 from Canada to Louisiana. It was introduced into Britain in 1713, a'lid is culti- 
 vatc't in several ot tlic European collections. 
 
 Pruperacs Uses, cW. Every part of this si. nil: , even when reduced to charcoal , 
 IS in a high degree poisonous to most persons, eit.ier by touching or smelling an\ 
 part ot It. It operates somewhat diflerently upon difl-erent constitutions • and 
 some. It IS said, are incapable of being poisoned by it at all. Thio may be true 
 under some circumstances, but is liable to fail under others. A few years since 
 in a hot day in the month of August, while prosecuting a public survey, we 
 directed a number of men to cut a pathway through a swamp, densely filled with 
 this poisonous plant. As most of us had never suffered any inconvciiience from 
 
 B/-f 
 
POISON SUMACH. 
 
 rica. 
 
 )i3nnou3 nature 
 
 figuroa below. 
 
 1 one, which 
 dromus. 
 
 ;harcoal, 
 ling aii\ 
 •lis; and 
 ^ be true 
 rs since, 
 •vey, Ave 
 led with 
 ice from 
 
 187 
 
 t';k!rn/;L^\^feSe'^^^^^^^^^ -fearlessly went to 
 
 two days afterwards we were airmorJor W ff^l^l'l'^^^ ^''?"Sh- I" about 
 badly swollen in their facS andTmL th f .t '^'''^ ^^ '^' ^"^ ^^""^'^^ ^^^^e so 
 repeatedly moistening the parts inflkmedwUh^^.T'' Tt^'" ^« ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 soda) and water, in hve or s^x dw. f^. .7 ? ^ ""'"*'? f ^^'^'^ (sub-borate of 
 his tkvels, states tlm this plant had no o'l?"' ^ ^alm, in 
 
 day, when being in so^ pSi.hI hi^^'l^PT *'"".' "^""P* once, on a hot 
 hand for half an hour ocrasiSv ^lllL"' > ^'T^^ ^"^ ^^^"^^ " i'^ his 
 were very red, and the eyeS^'vLn "S,"",- ^^'^ ^ '^^^K his eyes 
 the parts in cold witer 'vlJz ^ ' '^"^ ^^^^ disorder went off bv washincr 
 
 are usually^7lrrSe\nd'ut^ E^^^ "^aCV^^'^ -^^/^ ^^ ^^^^ P^^-^' 
 exposed to it, inflammation appears on the sWn^rkr.P ^l'? k' ''°"'' ^^^'^ ^^'"^ 
 the face and extremities and on tbp Jionfi ' ^*^ blotches, principally on 
 
 small pustules appea ^tlS inflL d pSs ^ 1^^' V^^ ^"^^^^ '"''' ^^^er, 
 tor, atte ided with an almost in" up^rt-ffip Ihin ,T ^"-^^ '''^^'^ ^^^^^-^^7 '"^t" 
 days, the eruptions supXt^ a?fer wh oh h' ? ^"^ ^^™.'"^- I" ^wo o? three 
 short time the ulcers heal ' '^^''^' *^^ mflammation subsides, and in a 
 
 so!i:£k!sz i^''^Z!^:i:^j^^:: r • -j:^- that this poison . 
 
 of West Chester, New Yoll was laH ^^^'"^.^.^"led on a branch, in the county 
 noon, and removed to the 0^^ whet w?. I ^' three o'clock in the after- 
 next morning, the bees were fnnnr.i 1 V" '''''''^'"' ^^ ""^e. About five the 
 
 turned blaclf except few S a^ta^Id '^Tn'd '°^t S^^^ "V"^^^ «'-' -^ 
 exposure to :he air appealed torpid and feeble, and soon died, on 
 
 a 1^;:= :!S.;^^.?K'sS t^lf^tJ^^r ^^^^^- ^^^^y i«-> ^avmg 
 sonous qualities, his juice St he «r?in. °'^'"- ,^^''^ '^ not for its poi- 
 
 that of {he Rhus ver 1 dL^ the nlanrS' 'T'^ '"^P^^^'f ^^ ^ ^'^™^«h, like 
 extracted. ' ^'"^ P'^"^ from which the real Japan varniLh is 
 
 at all seasons, and of it's ^^^^imsrunnara Spr« ^ "I ^^s smooth, shining foliage, 
 time that the leaves begL tTcTa.Le ro^n ?m^h' "I' '" '^f ^"^""^"' ^'"^''^ ^he 
 first frost. He recommrids dia fho n h 'u th;^J^,ult,mately drop off with the 
 to it, indicating the ^oi ono^ n Liif^^^^^^ 
 smelled. ^ ^^^^^^^ °^ "le leaves, even when touched or 
 
 ^li 
 
 ii 
 
 
 i 
 
Genus BURSERA, Jacq. 
 
 Burseraceae. 
 Si/il. Nal. 
 
 Dicecia Polygamia. 
 
 Syat. Lin. 
 
 Derivation. This genus was named in honour of Joachim Burser, professor of botany al Sara, in Naples 
 
 "^ZwcATZeded ^ATTT^'r', ^'^'^l^.^'T^f^ ^1"^'^ ^- S'^'"^"^ 10. Style 0. Capsules 3- 
 vaivea, i-seedea.— Male. Calyx S-toothed. Petals 5. Stamens 10.— Loudon, Encyc. Plants 
 
 URSERA is a genu? embracing but one species, a native of the 
 i warmer parts of America. It abounds in a copious, Avatery bal- 
 samic fluid, resembling in its qualities, the gum-clemi of the shops, 
 the history of which is involved in great obscurity. Linneeus 
 and the London and Dublin colleges after him, describe this sub- 
 bnfnni^TTnnf-. TT^ T ^^^ '*'''" ""^ ^""7"" elcmifcra ; but that distinguished 
 
 s mihr l?nn V ' '^'^ ^"'^''' P'"""'^"' "^ "^^ ^"ti"««' ^oth of which yield 
 
 bv wav oHhP r o.^™r"l' ^' n""''' '' '^^"^^ ^PP^^^ *^* '' ^^"^« ^^om Ethiopia, 
 by way of the Levant. Possibly it may be the product of the Canarhim zevhvr- 
 mnms^oesy^^^^^^^^^ ,f Rumphius, {Her,. Amb., 1 b ih c ! , 
 
 p. 153,) which he says yields a resin so much like elemi, that it may be taken for 
 It, and he puts a query, whether this tree may not be the source of it The c'na- 
 rmm balsamiferum of Ceylon, is said to produce a resin which sf ongly re embles it 
 both in odour and in general appearance. There are at least three kinds of demi 
 met with in commerce, vxz.:~UV Elemi t,i flasr-leaves ; Bisine el/ndmpah^ 
 Guibourt; Kesma Elemi orienlalis, Martius.-" This occurs in the commence of 
 Holland in triangular masses, weighing from one to two pounds each,TveToned 
 in a palm-leaf and probably is brought from some of tlii Dutch colon'el'n K 
 La t or West Indies, or m South America. Martins ascribed it to the Amy is 
 zeyland^a, (Ba samodendron zeylandicum, Kunth,) of Cevlon. 2d Bm'Wan 
 Elemr Resrve Uh,udu^ BHsil, Guibourt. This vnricty is believed to be obt^'a^^ ed 
 rom the Icica icicariba, by making incisions in the stem, and gatherii ' ihTZl 
 EZd ' ''i"'"' ^^'-^^^^ds. It is imported in ca.ses'containingv^o or three 
 hundred pounds in each is soft and unctuous, but becomes hard and briltle by 
 cold and age It is trans ucent, of a yellowish-white, mixed with greenish specs 
 'rh?^Sl'r"^U'^'''''''^!^ analogous to that of fennel. 3d. Elemi in tkeZmp. 
 Ihis diff-eiT from the preceding variety in being of a much paler yellow.* ^ 
 
 » See Pereira'a Materia Medica, ii,, p. 609. 
 
Biirsera gummifera, 
 THE GUM-BEARING BURSERA. 
 
 I'll 
 
 m 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Bursera gummifera, 
 
 Gommart gommifere, Gommier blanc, 
 
 Giimmitragender Bursere, 
 
 Almacigo, 
 
 West -India Birch, 
 
 Gumbo-) iinbo, 
 
 Von Jacquin, Stirpium Amcricanarum. 
 
 LuNAN, Hortus Jamaicensis. 
 
 NuTTALL, North American Sylva. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germanv. 
 
 Spain and Spanish America. 
 
 British West Indies. 
 
 Southern Florida and Bahama Islands. 
 
 ^n,™^,.. N..aU, North A™Hca„ S„va, p,. - ; L„„ao„. E„cyc,op.dia of Plan., fi,u. H3S9 ; aad the fi.ure, ^,ow. 
 S^s^IXr ^^^^^ P'""^'^- ^-fl^'^-=^'«-=ute, entire, opposite, and Slightly circinate. Ka- 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^^^^HE Bursera gummifera is 
 1^ H r p an evej-green tree, attaining 
 
 --^ a 'leight of fifty or sixty feet, 
 fitVo ^"T'^'-T^ ».-^^./^ with a trunk from three to 
 five feet ni diameter. In Oj^en situations its trunk is 
 olten short and divides itself into a number of large 
 limbs, so divergent that they form a spacious head. 
 Ihe bark of the trunk and branches is of a reddish- 
 
 nf^hn' ""'{f f • \ '°,T epidermis, resembling that 
 ot the yellow birch (IJetula excelsa.) The leaves 
 are pinnate from six to twelve inches in length, and 
 somewhat drooping. The leaflets are from three to 
 lour inches long ovate-acute, opposite, and are borne 
 1 short footstalks. They are of a dark-green, and 
 shining on their upper sides, and light beneath, with 
 numerous veins connected in a singular manner. 
 Ihe flowers, which appear in November or Decem- 
 
 C^^^^X::::^^^!^^^,:^^^^ Hava.., in the island of 
 Sou, Culture, ^-c. l.i its natural habitat, the Bursera gummifera prefers a 
 
 m 
 
190 
 
 il 'li' 
 
 BURSERA GUMMIFERA. 
 
 dry, rocky soil, covered with a rich vo,t«*oT.i . i 
 
 in any .situation where thrsuji-c Jo fvin '"*'",''^ ?' P'^*5 ^ut it will grow 
 gated from seeds, or by cnttinS brnthe Lh '''''^•, ^* ^^^ ^^ ''^^dily propa- 
 large growth is soon required ^When emnloveS ?.rf ''/"' Preferable Uer? a 
 sary to cut truncheons of any size at tho ph^^ ^'''*' ^'"''f ' ^^ '« ^"•y "«ces- 
 and plant them in a continues row ten nrTf"''"'u"^ "^ '^e rainy season, 
 ends downward, buried from a foot to^ foot .n.ri;1'1r"i'^'' ^?,"^' ^^'^'^ ^^e but! 
 they may not be cut more than sk or pI^M ff t ^/^^'^ ^^«ep For ordinary fence 
 in (fiameter. When thus plarUeT the vlm^^^^^^^ 'T,*'' ''^"^^ '^''^^ ^' four inches 
 become a durable barrier^ SstrtLZS?^ take root, and in a short time 
 not live to a great age "" '^^'"^ ^'■°^^^»' ^'I'l consequently will 
 
 forming live fences L the^countries Xi-^ t abo^.d"." ^o'^'^v'/ "''' ^"^^P^ "^ 
 admirable purpose. The fruit whonnZ ',.^7""as, for which it answers an 
 
 esteemed i/i Ja^maica as a good vu nemrv\S;,T/?' ? '^''""^ ^^'^""^'« ^^i^' 
 ing the bark, a thick, milky liauor of nn<^n?^i''^ ^•''' ''°''''- ^"^ ^ound' 
 cretes into a resin, normateriX dlfferoS t r ^' ''^''"''.'' ^^^^'^'"'^d' ^^^ich con- 
 root is very bitter, and s S o^ostos, hi "" S""^-«'«'«i- The bark of the 
 inner bark of the'trunk ai d bra^icCi. vi^f same properties as quassia. The 
 island of Cuba in the maZacu re of 111 Ji ''"'^ ^'''' '^''^ employed on the 
 syrup of cane it impartsTt^iesug^r a TeSftingf"'- '''"" ^^"^'^ "' ''^^ 
 
 If 
 
 ■?! 
 
 J ii 
 
Genus CLADRASTIS, Raf. 
 
 Leguminaccnc. 
 Si/al. Nat. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Cladrastis, Virgilia, Sophora, 
 
 Decandria Monogynia. 
 
 Syit. Lin. 
 
 Of Authoks. 
 
 filiform. Pistils stipitate, oblon- Style curve comnrp.Jpf V ^'^^^ ^'^""^"' ^°' ^"'''' """lu^'' 
 flat, membranaceous, 4-O.seeci^d. I^Si^^^t ^:^^J^:^S:^'^^^ 
 
 ?™ E'stSof ""f/' '""V'"' ,^r^ ""<^ ^P^'^i'^^' ^-^ "^tive of the 
 V?rlv T 'I'^'f^ '^''^'"^^ by Michaux among the African 
 
 ^"o'orthcT,.ff"''- V^''\ "^ ^^^^'"^ ^he cafyf bifabS^ 
 onticula ^S H,. '^^""'^«™' l^l^ «»igfna obtuse, aM the seeds 
 lenticular. 1 o the same natural family belong the Spanish broom 
 
 .0 much admired in orZema pi"7„«'„^s and theTwSnTir '"""n'™') 
 
 isltttdTs -4'S it's ;rSHS?VT ? 
 
 to young trees, furze is sometimes sown where acornrbeech^m,t« V ^^'^' 
 one ano.ho'J, when .hey Uro?eZ; Z'SeXld^T^oy "!. ''""^* '° *^"« 
 
 r 
 
 
 ,'J 
 
 Si 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 !1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
fi I 
 
 li", ; 
 
 fM 
 
 Cladrastis tinctoria, 
 THE VIRGILIA, OR YELLOW-WOOD. 
 
 VirgUia lutea, 
 
 Cladrastis tinctoria, 
 Virf^ilia, 
 Yellow Locust, 
 Virgilia, Yellow-wood, 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 i MrcHAUx, North American Sylva 
 J De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 (Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 BmTA?. *F^ ^"^^■'/'"'•'^ "»■ North America. 
 Britain, France, GERMANy, and Italv 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. 
 Utiier parts of the United States. 
 
 Exgravmgs. Michaux, North American Sylva nl ?«■ i„,.,i « .. 
 
 %.:;. Caraaers. Leaves pinnate Lea t i " ''"""" " "'• "' """ ''' ''"^ '^'- 
 
 cous beneath, the odd oni large, o ate rhombi; hf '^ '"' ''''''"'•'^' °^^'''-=^^ 
 racemes, white, odorous. Pods smooth!"^'''' ^'^'^ ''•=""^- blowers in simple,' lax, nodchng 
 
 . tii. At. 
 
 Description, 
 
 IHE Cladrastis tinctoria, in 
 favourable situations, at- 
 tains a height of thirty //« 
 /.—■ '— moi«=\HA9swffl to fifty feet, <ind a dinmp mW. 
 ter of ten to twelve inches. The trui is covered '"^' 
 with a greenish bark, which is smoo nsteld of 
 benig fnrrowed, like thatof mo.t other trees The 
 branches are brittle, and like the pe.io es aid 
 nerves of the leaves, are of a yelloWish h.'e The 
 eaves on young and thrifty stocks are from a tbo^ 
 to a foot and a half in length, and on old trees fev 
 are not more than half of 'that size. Thev are 
 composed of two rows of leaflets, which are petio 
 lulate broadly oval, entire, smooth, the terminal 
 one rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, an inch and a 
 half to two inches broad, and from tree to four 
 inches long. As in the Platanus occidental s. (syca 
 more,) the lower part of the common fooisS ^ 
 
 from six to 'ten inches long reS'lin J lin^^T'^^'^i ^^ '^^^^-^^, 
 
 (locust,) but less odoriferous^' The seSs ar^conHin '^^ pseudacacia 
 
 three to four i.iches long, and about one fourth n? u ^^'' ^^^'^ P'^^^' ^^om 
 
 which are often somewhat undulate bv, hi iV. ""]■ '"^^ ''''^^' ^^'^ margins of 
 the United States the eedTmat^^^^^^ ' ^^ ^ r"r^i^ P°''^°" «f ^^e seeds. In 
 
 tree is seldom seen in flowe ^Sh i nrn)?n"h ' ''^ "^"^"'^ ' "^"^ '" ^^^^i"- the 
 trees than to the efiects of Ihe 'clTmate ^ ^ "'^'"^ """'' '" ^'^" "§« «^ ^^^ 
 
 wS'TCS;::i^:?'^rtSn Smf jr"t -^^ ^ "^'*- «^ ^-^-'^y. 
 
 is successfully cul ivated as an on al^f','"^^*'^'*'.^' '' sparingly produced. I 
 States, and isVectly hard^i^ f^^Sas Es^rsS^^'^^'^ ^' '''' ^"'^^^ 
 
YELLOW-WOOD. 
 
 193 
 
 lea. 
 
 lis Ireo imparta 
 
 I figures below. 
 
 jntire, glau- 
 IX, nodding 
 
 -^ 
 
 F 
 
 Jo! 
 
 no^v to bo met with' in dl ?ho clucf*c^,,ection'''" '''"^""'^'^ ""^ ^^ ^"^«P^^ ^^ '« 
 Reir^SS;ai;:t::;;:;S^- 1^;;^;:^ . i« - Wmtc Knight, near 
 
 whlch'ScJXlIo-Sl'yLll;:;;^^'?^ ""--7, there is another tree, 
 
 At Ca,nl,ri(l.e, in Ih lacK tt n t ,'" ''''''"•^^''^ Y'^'' ^^'"'^^ Pl'^'ifi"^'- 
 about tinrty feet^ heX wth" t n •; '""' P"^^"' "'^'"^ ''^ ^'i-'g^'ia 
 tl.e IJartram botanic -u-deu if Kin ^" "' ^''^'^'''^ ^"^"'^^^ '» diameter. In 
 
 tree of this speeie ot^t ow ■,ho amf Sin^^' "'"'" l^'';''^^l^'P''i'-. there is ai.so a 
 Mr. D. Laudreth, of 1>1 Soln ?. twent^ K^^^^ """\'''^'' '" ^'^^ S^'^^^'^ of 
 
 cireu.nn-rence, a.ld about iilfi^J:^^^!^ ''^''' ""'^ ^ ^^"'^'^ ^'"^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 rubra, r.'ymnociadus^'canaden ' itdh chia ^h^n ^''^ ^'°^"^ 
 
 dehght in a good soil. When ci itivn o t ' •'"='^."''' ""'"^ "f'^r trees which 
 order that it'may ripen t woo 'u 1 "^'"l' "1'^ '"""''°" ^^ "^''^'^'^'^ *" 
 climate, the soil kofdd ie Ty rat^ \ha Sf ' I,' ^^-•^«,P'"-P'>-^« ''^ - cold 
 seeds, in the same manner as th^ coml;^o .sT '■''^''^' propagated by 
 
 I'roperlics and Uses. The wnnd nf tl.^ ni i .• .• . . 
 
 and is remarkable for the deep yelw l^'oH^ fine-grained, 
 
 this hue to cold water. Hut Uie colour li, "'' T'"''\ 'P""^">^ ""P^^^^ 
 
 with alum. There is but verv litfi ^"8' ivc even when the wood is boiled 
 
 America, except fo\-tI?e p noses of om" T'^^^'l '^'''- '''' ^'^ber in Europe or 
 lato in coming iuto lea a^nd ts len ?'! '"^^ ^""'^."""^ '''''''''■ ^' ''' '-^^ther 
 a fine yellow. ludepen cm t ,Vit hoTn^ ''"'^ '^•■^^' Pr«^'io"«Iy becoming of 
 
 beart would appear m be n u I cinn I'' ^^Semum, the brilliant colour of its 
 the purpose of dyehig ^ niducement for cultivating the species for 
 
 25 
 
 le flow- 
 icem.es, 
 acacia, 
 s, from 
 gins of 
 is. In 
 tin, the 
 of the 
 
 tucky, 
 3d. It 
 United 
 
B/ II 
 
 nun 
 
 Genus ROBINIA, Linn. 
 
 Leguminacene. 
 
 •!>>»/. A'a/. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Robinia, ^Eschynomene, Pseudacada, 
 
 Diudelphia Decandn.i. 
 
 Hi/tt. Lin. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 co,n,.re.sse.l. nearly se.ssile, the sein^ ffc- m,s u L^ t, ,'" '"' T'"'V ^'-'"^'' ni»"y-seecled, 
 Leaves unequally pinnate leaflets pSiate s ,elh w ^ ' ' ''''^T "'^' ^'"' """• ^^^^'^ "''^t 
 s.n.ple, usually pendant ax.llaty raccLs _£v4 S g'«^/S^ ''"'^'^' "■''''^■' "'^ •^o^'^-^-'""'-, in 
 
 HE trees of tho gonns Robinia arc chiefly natives of North Amor 
 ica and are h.ghly prized for their use Ind b In y They tT'u 
 loa hly propagated from seeds, by cuttinirs of the bra ches and 
 
 IS not too wet 1 hoy are generally rapid in their growtli and of 
 
 plants of rapid\r:;:Ty;?.rc^i 'r ~r^^^ "-7;!i^'l.;i 
 
 dose nnder L snrface wS bo\'oi ''s 3|?m"^ extendn.g the principal roots 
 that produces this luxn ianco at fl^ ,1 im^ eL n' "''•'''• , ^^"' ^''^ ^^''^"^'^ ^^'"^^« 
 slowly, unless the roots arrnlln vn,l' "'•'",'•^^^''7 occasions the tree to grow more 
 
 soldo,!; penetraJe deep they soor",u^^^ "^ '^'"'^ '''^'^ f^'^ ^' ^'-^ 
 
 soil whhin their reach. For tT. s 'C^^ as o s H '" t'^''"^''' ^"'r'""^ ^'"""^ ^'^"^ 
 
 for, i.'i's remarked IKU.A en ukn„,rZT'''>' '"'"'"^ ''>"'''■ ""W'""^! 
 pseudacacia altains its la ^e't " re and „r,,H ncssee where llie Ifobinia 
 
 wlMeh undergo rap.d deeo„,p„.i„o„, and 'arc ,l.ereb;\r:;je!;"';'o"S,fble 
 
 ■J 
 
Robinia pseudacacia, 
 
 THE COMMON LOCUST-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Edbinia pseudaraciii, 
 
 R'lhinia pcitdn-arnria, 
 
 Koliiriicr l;iiix-acacla, Acacia binnc, Aca- 
 
 cia cominuii, Acacia dcs jardiniers, 
 
 Carou^'e dcs aiiicricains, 
 Geineine Acacic, Scliolcndorn, 
 Acacia falsa, Acacia, Pseudacacia, Robinia, 
 Acacia falsa, Al!,'anob(j aineiicaiio, 
 Acacia baslarda, 
 Vir^'iiiian Acacia, False Acacia, Bastard 
 
 Acacia, Locust-tree, 
 Yellow Locust, 
 Black Locust, 
 Kcd Locust, Green Locust, White Locust, 
 
 LiNNjEus, Species Plantarum. 
 
 Dk Candoi.i.e, Prodrotnns. 
 
 La.vakck, Illustration des Genres. 
 ■{ Dt; Ha.mkf., Traite dcs Aibrcs ct Arbustes. 
 I LoiMxi.v, Arboretum Briiannicum. 
 I Ski.uv, British Forest Trees. 
 [ TonREv A.vn Ghay, Flora of North America. 
 
 flIiciiAi;.x, North American Sylva. 
 
 France. 
 
 Ger.many. 
 Italy. 
 
 Si'AIN. 
 
 portcgal. 
 Britain. 
 
 Statk of Maine. 
 
 Wester.v States. 
 
 Other parts of the United States. 
 
 early ,-ull.a„r.„f Ireen. a,,,! wlu/nu.no,! thai „.',?,; ttueii t ^ rtt iTl L i ! , '" "'|f """'"«■'• «''- ^"" "'"""'' He 
 the Krend, name fnr carni, h,.,„, th,. locnst.in.e M ^Z\lu\^'\^M y^^\.!^^ .. .'' L^''''''''"''-^^- Th. >v„r,l Canwl;,, \n 
 ."eimnm,,! ,„ the N,nvTo.stanuMt. The Ci,.r,„a„ lua m .Scr/ , /„™^ ''^ ''""""'y H'- true lon.'st, 
 
 u thorn, havn.g reference to the ikmIs an.l .sphies which lhi.-i .spJcie" ij^'ri" '-'""I"'"'"''-''' "I »'•'"'"•', a IH'd or legnme, an.l don!, 
 
 J^:S:tTs^^. ^:::^. "Sr" '^""'' "■• '' ' ^'"'"•"'"- «-'^ °f '^-"-. P'. -• •• Lou^-n, Arbore,u,„ Britan. 
 
 cecpin,, and their (^i^^s:...e.;^:!z;::^[;,,^!^^:t^ z,^^^^ '"^ --^ 
 
 Descriplion. 
 
 ^^UR Robinia p.soudaoa- 
 
 ^Tfi^ *'''^' ^'"'" *''^ valuable 
 0^!J_^ properties of it.s wood, 
 
 _.-——- ift^i^ll and the beauty ot" its 
 tolmgc and flowers, ranks among the first trees 
 ot the American forests. In favourable situa- 
 tions, It attains a height of eighty or ninety 
 feet, and sometimes exceeds fota- feet in diam- 
 eter; but ordinarily, it does not surpass half of 
 these dimensions. On the trunks and larcrc 
 hnibs of old trees, the bark is vcrv thick, and 
 deeply furrowed, but on young trees, not more 
 than two or three inches in diameter, it is 
 armed with strong, hooked prickles, which dis- 
 appear altogether as they grow old; and in 
 some varieties they are wanting even when 
 yoinig. These prickles are oidy attached to 
 the bark, like those of the common rose, or the 
 
 I 
 
 «■ 
 .1'.* 
 
 fra 
 
190 
 
 1 I 
 
 M < 
 
 I 
 
 bramblo; but do not proceed fro. 
 
 cock 
 
 n"ir, jirul other tli 
 
 loriis. 
 
 ROniNIA rSKUDACACIA. 
 
 n the wood, like tl 
 K! l)riiiiclios li 
 
 'I'l 
 
 »c spines of the hawthorn. 
 
 when the tree is y„„n-, hut as it nvn^'^U ",V " ^"■",''''" t'''"l«'"<T upwards 
 
 ligit and agreeable to the cy ^ S e-vt' " - '^""tort.^d. The lol.age is 
 eiglit, ten, or tm-lve, and so.ne in u^ rio . "> ^^'7^"'°^' "' "l'l"''^ite leallets, 
 one. 7'he leatlet. arc nearly eso'o^h w H "l •'^'"•"">'"""d hy an odd 
 face so sniooth, that tl... <liW w 'i/S h 'l,' ''. "-"''"''^ '" ''"^' ""^ '^ «'"•- 
 last Circuni.sta.iee ren.lers this t, re ,lr eu Z T'V^^''^'''^^^ ^^''i^' 
 
 s.des, ,n the neighbourhood of c es ' m t w. ^ "^ ' ^''' ?'^^"'''>^" ••^'""" '•"••"'- 
 fl'Mvers, whirh open i.i March at St M' V 'in ''' =''-''' <'';"-'>"^'l'iiir,.s. The 
 m I .'nnsykania, soni.uinies am e, -a I /fi.V T'""',' '"'^ ''^" '»"""'« '=^»^'r 
 are disposed in jK.uduIous iMu^ehes rom t re o ^^''"^ '^^V^ '" '•^"""""- '^''"T 
 and snnu>li.n.«s yellowish ■, ml VlwV.V "^ '^'^ "''''''-" ''^"^'' Perfectly white 
 
 wide; each of which contains fvi'oiv m I t . ^^'' '"'^\^'T ''''"' «*" =^» "'^'i 
 n. the nnddle a.d northern st.uirin^i:;^^";:;!!',:;^^^"! '''''' '''''' "'^^' '''l- 
 Robi.naindigeno.tJ'JolCr;;^,,^,^!;^'';;- I';:;'^!^ -<; Imt t^vo A,rmsof the 
 the several varieties or races c4mm'; il t,l ''^ ^' ''^"""^"^ ""' ^^i^^^^''^^ ^""1 "'at 
 climate, or cross f.-cnndation Tor leVn. , ''''""''' ""''' ^^'^ '''-'^^"'t "l" «oil, 
 
 ent native localities and ho , .'i t'"''" ^''''"^^ ^'^^'"''-■^ "'•'*^1' in its differ 
 which has brongl^^'i^ 1 J us va^i Ues T'^T' '''"" ^'^^^'^ ^ '^-^> 
 chstnict when the plants are yrnrB^e^^^^^^^^^ ^•'''"^''"«' Y'"^'' '•'* »"I«rably 
 various authors, we rccocniize . u.' f,', Z •'J^.'''?'"1'^^'"J'»J< the descriptions of 
 classed under this speciesT- '^'''= ^"''"^''^^ '^'^ '•^'='^«> ^v^l^i^b may be 
 
 I. R. 
 
 p. iNTKioiKDiA, SouIange-IJotlin. 
 
 between theH;;bn;i;^,-X;caS;:'rviscJ^'^ ^^/^ ^'T"^'^^ '^ ^« ^ ''y'^"^ 
 Airnished with but icw glands and m • .?^ , ^ '•*' ^^'••'I'lclies, petioles, cU., are 
 
 scented, and of a pale rose' colo^'r TJ o no^,''"'"'"^' ^- '"^ ^^''^^^^''^ '^'"^ «^veet- 
 short prickles. "'^- ^^'^ P"^^ are sometimes thickly set with 
 
 obovi;a.;:rr n^;iy t.^: !^t ^^ute^R^r •• ^^^''^ '--« ^^ *•- -e are 
 
 and legumes are hispid^ The dowels are hr!e of" Tf''''^'^ ^^^^'' '^^''^"^''«« 
 roiis. uowcis aic large, ol a dark rose-colour, and iiiodo- 
 
 pilx i^^-t^h^^iig ^e bra;S"st:;ftti T"; '""Vy '^''^^^ ^°"^ the R. p. his- 
 siderablc shrub. =" ^''' ^'"'^ P'^^'"'^'' ^"^P'^. ^nd in growing to an h.con- 
 
 ,.ab.us, and without^ prickles. Thrt;;;;s 't^f!:? :t£:iz!::z 
 
 wanting, or nearly obsiilete "''"''^ ^'^"""- ^^^-^^^^ ^'^^t. Prickles 
 
 this.^net;r^S^iS"'Tl:;,eSs'iS^^-^^^^ ^'- P-kles of 
 
 S. R. p. TORTuosA, DeCand lie V'l ' /' /"""'^ P^'"'' ^^''^ ""dnlately curled 
 
 ^f.).:. vane., „. '...e,^ '^^^^^ i^ i:SS"7^:^^Z^, J^^l^ 
 
 9. R. p. UMimACULIFERA, De Oanflnllp Tf; n 7 . 
 
 this variety are mneh cromfed nS smoo^^ uT'l "^T''"; ^^^'' ^'^'^"•^''^ ^^ 
 to Dumont de Courset, its flower^are yellow^ "^ °'^'''''"'' ^"^^' ^^^'^*^'-^'"S 
 
COMMON LOCUST-TREE. 
 
 liiv\v(horn. 
 y iipwardis 
 Imrizoiifiil 
 l<>liat,'o is 
 to Icullcts, 
 l>y aii o(l(l 
 and a siir- 
 ra; wliicli 
 loiii,' road- 
 u-cs'. Tho 
 >iitlis later 
 111. Tliiy 
 ;tly wliito, 
 succeeded 
 5f' an incli 
 that ripen 
 
 ms of the 
 , and that 
 It ol" soil, 
 its dilFer- 
 i iMirope, 
 tolerably 
 ptions ol" 
 may bo 
 
 a hybrid 
 
 &c., are 
 
 ■e swcet- 
 
 sct Avith 
 
 race are 
 tranches 
 d inodo- 
 
 '■ p. his- 
 II incon- 
 
 e Ieav"s 
 cles are 
 iir, and 
 
 /*rickles 
 
 kles of 
 eurled. 
 anches 
 : abun- 
 
 :hes of 
 ording 
 
 10. R. 
 
 r. PENmtr.A, Do (^andollc. T/w Pvml„h„s Rohhnn. The .si 
 
 197 
 loot.s of ihi.s 
 
 :;e.s. This variety lius leaves somewhat like 
 Tip- variety has leaves resembling those of 
 
 variety are .some 
 
 11. R. p. SOI'HOIt.7.;FOLlA, 'i,()7i( 
 
 those of the Sophora jap()ni(;a. 
 
 Vi. R. v. AMoitpiiyEFur.iA, Link, 
 the Amorplia frnticosa. 
 
 waro no- 1" i/ "^ mdigenons m the United States east of the river Dela- 
 Z^u^: r. ^ h-'-ow spontaneously in the maritime parts of the middle and 
 
 'til ^f?' ^^'^'""/''« ^li^^t^^"^^" of '-'fty to one hundred n ile fr mn e '. 
 Is p anted, however for purposes of utility and ornan.ent, from Ma mt ;i oj: 
 fio„ n\\r\ ''^''.''''-^ ,^'y ^^'^•'='"^-. tl'^'t "'the locust form a nu.cl L le i . 
 tiou of the American forests than the oaks and walnuts, and that t is uv'Co 
 found occupyu.g tracts, even of a few acres cxelusiv<.|y." ' en ' t, ' e w o n 
 n.s met with, IS often spared by .settlers, as being ornamental ndnr'atlvc^^ 
 rare, and old specmiens, which foru.erly belouje.l to the al , il ,,• f 
 
 frequ,,, ly seen growmg in the midst of cultivated Helds ^ ' ' '° 
 
 Ul all American trees that have been cultivated in Europe there is no rmn 
 of w uch so much has been said and done, as the locust. It was non Z i si 
 
 ga ed than any other, both m Britain and in France, where it has bee,, nu- 
 nately extolled and neglected; and even at the present dytlm II • iV'; 
 of US foliage and flowers is universally admired and the valu I e nr o es o^ 
 Its wood have enthusiastically been praised and acknowleS i ifZ ! nsid 
 
 a ;t.w to pnii;? ' ''^' ""'^ ^^ ^ ^"'^"^'^-^^^^«= - - ^-'^ gc^ierkify'^iam;;^;;;!; 
 
 The .seeds of this tree, it is stated hy some, were first sent to Eurone to Te-oi 
 
 we vi!lt t^,;^' u'^/"^- V"' '^^"^r- "^ ^'^'^^ ' '^'^^ according toX^ ^ 
 we c sut to Vespasian Rohm, (son to the prccediu<,^) who was r rborist to L„Mis 
 XI [., and wa.s plant.>d by him in the .lardin des Plantes, in 1 (i:{.5 I .3 
 
 ately brought m the Virginia acacia, which exceedingly adoAis their wal s Thn 
 tree IS hardy again.st all the invasions of our sharpest seasoi^ l.l 
 
 winds whicl, by reason of its brittle nature, it S^t ^^^ v^ st "^ j' ?^ 
 
 oots, (which lusmuate and run like liquorice under gmnml.) Tre aS o emxci o 
 
 'have neglected to cultivate them on that accimt; but t^icy w 1 d weH 
 planted m wilderness among other trees, where they will be sheltered ' d n il o 
 
 no remailfs that. These trees were former y n Ln-eat reuiiest in E.Hrl.,n,l ..Z\ 
 were frequently planted in avenues, and for shady wa k b , tleif br^ i; " « 
 heing generally broken or split down by the wind! in sunimer! whai th'; aS 
 
 m 
 
 it 
 
 
' ' ' 
 
 'I 
 
 I:|ll 
 
 198 
 
 clnthod with Iravos, ll 
 Jf-avcs ('(itniii^ out lal 
 
 HOHt.NIA P8EIIDACACIA. 
 
 10 troas nro rendorod init)roi)Pr Cor tl 
 
 ii« piirposfi; niid flioir 
 
 «; 1 I ■ ■•'< ■'■"^ "IK- III u (• snriiii/ ,11, h (.,11;,,. ii- , , r"i""^''t "n'l iiKMr 
 
 I l.-vv years ,hoy wi|| |,, ,„ ,j^„,. ,,,,; „^' * / '''''/"'' "' ."'"s,. fr.Mvs ; (hn„i^|. i„ 
 luiv. ,,.,.,. atdy planted l,...n to I ^ , .jf ^.^^^^^ ^vrlu.. llu.s.. vvImcI, 
 
 In Dr. fnnti.rs .dilioM of I-lvolv,' ' ' 'sl: ''' .''7''^^ 
 
 Joseph Harrison. 'I'his ^ontloman w o I I ' ''^'' ^"'*""""i<-afd l.y Mr. 
 
 «"P^^''-'^'l't, .sont over to Wr ...l I's , ' 1 '" ^'"'':'""'''"'^'. I'y u.l in^.'ni. s 
 
 otliortimbpr-fr(vs(:,mu,ont..l,otl,,. M ri i ,/ "'•''"..'' "««- J'sIm.s, and n.ai.y 
 »•« •:"^'lnn<l; I.Mt frc.,u,.ntly sp I 1 J! l' ^^ 
 
 '"'-SOS in Now Mn-Wand, that \u Jn\^"^ ^^^^^^ 
 tl <• onui.try was (irsi .seined Dorfor Iu n , ' ' "'"•"' "' "''•^ l'-''o, wlu-n 
 
 pl.'t.-d his enuai,^.n...nt for h s , I ,Z .''""^ ■"•'""'• ■'""'- •"''<^'- I'.'.vin^l n. 
 self; when, hoini? at a , s for If' " '"^''■"' "* '"''''' ''' '^'"•■'H v.'ssri ;7r hi m 
 t|.n oxtraordinar^s, on, h a d Hn o^" ir'''!""^^ ''^' "•^"'' "'"' '-vin,' /^^r :[ 
 tiKU trenails, or tL-na.^;^ \r^ '^^^^"^ ;;;'^Vr'", '"^ '"''^ '^ '"•^' '^ ''- 
 Or iron holts in many ph.oos uduM-/t!J\l ,;.''' ':"''?;- »"'^'''^ ''<' s-'l)s<ilu.od 
 Ots ... lastonin.. tho lloor .inihors to tK /I'h'' '',''''*' ''^ "''''''''•''•''• '^^^ 
 I'oa.ns. which two arliolos talc. ... n ..I ' ""' ""' '^'"'''•'* '" ""' t'.ids of tho 
 
 Ptupnsn.. whon ho a i 4 1 I Lr„ f: ';'"'"'-^^ ''•'»> "-a in a s ,i ,? 
 
 m iron holts in th.ir stoad. I'^^lil^'CJ:^^^^^^^^^^ -"' 'inv^ 
 
 tlio captaniof hor, paid nartirnh,- • h • ^ '" ' ""' '""'-'•■i' l.i»is.!lf hoint, 
 
 '{••^''«- Aftor the stWc est' ox-u ;!vtim^^^^ "AT ""i ""'"^^ "'' ""' I'-s t ! 
 
 the purpose intended. It wa^ we ^^ .' ;;;'''; ^''"Y ^''^^ ^^'^tually answ.Mod 
 o..t,an, to put in iron holts nth^^^ir mo, ';/\^ 
 
 P.-.'01 o( their oxtraordinarv st e,, /t| ' , ' ''"' T'^'^''^" '•^"""•'•<''' ••^"•Xher 
 
 ont with what is tecl,,,iealV oa .^ ^ t , 'T' "'^ ^'^'^ '•^''"''•"'' ^" '"' '''-ive, 
 had heen made of in),,, whorens V?l/ ,' ^'''" """" 1'""^'''') i"'^t as if thev 
 
 -^^•.•' The use of tie h ^'^rt ,1 uls w' "'' ^"'"1'^ '""'"' ""^ ^^i^' "^ 
 was .•ovivcd at the instaiiee of M- . n- '/' "''- '-^t^''^ '«"• «".»« years, till i 
 
 ^W York, where, as ill iTer par so r^^ 
 
 ■'vhout'tl''"Vt"" '" '""''■''^' "-''vo"«i,'c'/ '"'''' '^'^^"^' '^'^ ^^^'" '^« "^ ^reut 
 lIvjoct^.dtotLbciLt^'lt^i,;'';;,,';:;;;^^^^^ attomio,! was poworn.Hy 
 
 ;' 'r.-ansactions-' of societies udm,'n,:il, ^^'"'^''ica, and various papers in the 
 
 I was rocominended to plant us tree o.t .^ V' '''*"'''' "' ^^"''' 
 sre.igthon then, |,y hs ru uii.V o ts Th'\*' ? ''"';'^^^^^ ""' '''^«^^' *» "■•<1'"- to 
 sticks, hop-poles, vino-props, wedCs coc^s o v ''r '''T'''''''^' '^ !«'' P-^^- 
 
 t.Uo for saint-foin, as a fo aC c 01^0^? ,nV h^ '^'•' ^'"^ ^^«" ''^'^ '"^ '^"'sti- 
 grecn. or (h-iod. as hay and slacked n, '7 ^''"''*' '^ y^^'' '^"'1 eith«'r us,.d 
 
 grownig .ocuMroes, and Amor ca.i oak k.fi''" " '" '""V'^'^^"'"" "'' '^^ P''^" ^r 
 dis anco r, : v. Inch th^ writer prop i^os u' n I ''"V^ ^'"^ '"y*'^' "^^^V^- '»'''« 
 
 tec ; 'r; ,: ■;;!- ir ii/^T r ■-- ^i"":" ^;tiir;:^ 
 
 
COMMON LOCUST. 
 
 ; nnd thfir 
 limn, ficra- 
 I'li iiiiinli ill 
 
 tllOlli^ll ill 
 
 lose wliicli 
 
 iVi' liiivo a 
 t<''l l.y Air. 
 iiiia, Miitcs 
 "•••liiij.' the 
 
 in^M'iiioiis 
 I'liild iwo 
 iiid iiiiiiiy 
 1UII1R sorts 
 ''T>nliiiiiry 
 >l<l tiiiihcr 
 100, wlicix 
 'ills,' .• :1U- 
 I (or liiin- 
 
 <>l»Norvc(l 
 'liis liciid 
 ilwtiliitod 
 
 or twist, 
 ds of the 
 I a siii]),) 
 111(1 dnv'o 
 
 tin- l,iv- 
 'li" being 
 nist t ro- 
 ll. sw(< red 
 
 of tlioin 
 
 •iiiotlior 
 
 driven 
 ! if llioy 
 Willi ail 
 rs, till it 
 Piioc, at 
 
 1 (-iioat 
 
 rorfully 
 s ill tlio 
 siilijpct. 
 wiiivli 
 nlor to 
 or ])oa- 
 siihsti- 
 ■r us(>d 
 
 Ian f(ir 
 
 The 
 
 a half 
 
 L'OS, of 
 
 ' ship- 
 white 
 
 199 
 
 otik in sixty yoars, from tho timo, of planting. IU> states that posts made of the 
 locust wood h.'ivo stood ovftosod to tl " " ' 
 
 hor, to h 
 
 /a 
 
 - .[»oso(l to tlio \v'<'atiior, to tiis 
 emhty or a huiidird years boforo fhoy bcgau to decay, lie recommends' the 
 locust-tree to be pjaiited in ii poor soil. 
 
 Ill Fobrnary, 179:{, the iialional convention of France decreed that an impref- 
 sion ol \, ' iiiiuuirc dii Ciiltivateiir" should \w struck off, and distributed in the 
 various dopariiiionts of that eonntry, the conunittoe of public instruction fhinkiiiL' 
 It worthy ol a place aiuonu the eleni<>utary books intended for the u.s(! of the 
 national .schools. In this work, each day in the year is marked by one or more 
 natural productions, or iht-ir attendant phenomena; and the <)th of May, (It"" 
 Piainal.) was coiisecraied to the Hol)inia pseiidacacia, and a notice given' of its 
 nppearanee, propaualioii, culture, and uses. 
 
 Dr. Pownal, in '• Youui>;s .Aniuils of Ai,'riciilture," remarks tliat " tfie loenst 
 wood which IS used in .\morica for ship-biiildiuir, trenails, and posts has com- 
 monly been ^rown in barren, sandy, or li-ht soils; and that in En^lan.l, where 
 It IS treiKM-ally |»lanted ill rich soils, and in sheltered situations, the tree may 
 probably, outgrow its strenmh; and thus the blanches may become so brittle as 
 to bo easily broken by the winds; while the wood will be less hard and teiiu- 
 eious, and in all probability, much N'.ss durable than in America." lie th; clbre 
 recoiiimeiids plaiitiii<r tli.i locust, in I'liit^laiid, only on poor soils, when it is 
 intended to employ the timber for useful purposes. 
 
 Tn the year ISJKi, a work was |)iiblished in Paris, eiililled "Lettre siir lo 
 Robiiiier," by M. Fran.;ois do Neiil'cliiiteaii, contaiiiiiu?, in substance, all that 
 had been i)revioiisly published on the subject in France, a translation of which 
 occupies the first one hundred and (il'ty-six pages of Wither's "Treatise on the 
 Acacia." 
 
 Ill the year 1S23, an extraordiiiarv excitement was i)roduced in FiUgland con- 
 ceriiiiig this tree, by William Cobbett, who resided in America from 1HI7 to 
 1819, and cliiedy occupied him.self in farniiiig and gardeiiintr. on Loiiy Island 
 near New York ; and during that period, as he tells us in his " Woodlands," pub- 
 lished in lS->,", to l)s:iS, that he was convinced that nolhiiig in the timber way 
 could be of so great a benefit as the general cultivation of this tree." " Thus 
 thiiiking." contimies li(>, '• I brought home a parcel of the .seeds with me in 1HI9, 
 but I bad no means of .sowing it till 1^211 I then beaan sowing it, but iip(m a 
 very small scale. I .sold the plants; and since that time I have sold altogether 
 more than a million of them ! " FIsewhere. in the same work, he more especially 
 dircM-ted attention to this subject, urging, in his clear and forcible manner, the 
 iimneiise importance of this tree in ship-building: and he was the means of 
 thousand.s of it being planted in various parts of Britain. The wamr. of hciisf, 
 as applied to this tree, befon; CoblxUt's time, was but little known in Fnglandi 
 and many persons, in consequence, thought it wms a now tree. Cobbett had a 
 large kitchen-garden behind his house at Kensington, which ho converted into a 
 nursery; and he also grew trees extensively on his farm at Hariies, in Siirry. 
 AlthouLdi hundreds of the Uobinia pseudacacia stood unasked for in the Briti.sh 
 nur.sories, the "locust plants," Avliich every one believed could only be had gen- 
 uine from Mr. (Jobbett, could not be grown by him in sullicient quantities to sup- 
 ply the demand. He imported the .seeds in tons; but when he fell short of the 
 leal Amonean ones, he jirociired others, as well as younsr plants, from the Lou- 
 don iiur.series, and passed them off as his own raisins: or importation. Had the 
 people of J'lngland known that locust seeds and locust plants were so easily to 
 bo()btained, itjs probable that the locust mania would never have attained the 
 height It did. To show the folly or the knavery of this extraordinary individual, 
 Ave quote the following from London's "Arboretum Hritannicmn," which should 
 be preserved more as a iilurary curiosity rather ihan u liislurical record. "It is 
 
 I J ill 
 
 
 
200 
 
 ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 ,1; 
 
 ltd 
 
 ■ 
 
 eon a hop-pole nrndc of locust;boldIy a lin^^^^^^^^^ uT^^'^y 7'^'^«"t '^'^ I'^ving 
 m purpose ; that trees from his . iri nfte 1 n /' " ''^'^""''ably adapted for 
 Radnor-s estate, at Coleshill, were 'fit S,' hnl 1 "^ f^"*" ^ '''^'■" P'^^^ed on Lord 
 ny for twenty o^ tlurty years\Xast ' t nt Sl'h *'"' '^''^ ''-^^^ "^ ^'''-^^ ^'-^P-^" 
 (that.s, nearly double what -vasa tlrit mo .h P°'*^^^''« ^^"''th a shilHncreach ' 
 ' five acres u o\dd tlu.s, an fivfyeL , oduee £52^'"^ 'T^ "^'! ^'°P-I'"'- ^ ^'^^^^ 
 after the pole was cut down, wouwl d mTLo n . ^"' *'l^* >''''^ ^'^'""P' '^^'^ 
 which, being cut down in their t ru a the end rf n ^'i'" ^""^ *''« next crop, 
 course, produce two or three tiii^^es the nbl . 5 ''^' ^'''"^ y^^^'"'^' ^^ould, of 
 
 Intoly iuclestructiblo by the powers of e\rUrnir'^ ^'^'^ ^T''' ^'^«°d ,s 'abso- 
 m America will pretend to sav tbnf J ' ' ''"'J '''^'^'■; ^"^^ tli^t 'no man 
 After this, it wilf not be wonda^d at thaTVS h . ^'/ '^, S' '" '' ^^'^y^^ ^^ate ' 
 tree of trees,' and that he sho% eub.j f jt "who /ir"'*^ '''^^ '^'' '"'^'"■^^ ' "»« 
 so characteristic of the mnn n, .1 V^ " f, " "^^ followmg passage, which is 
 which he dealt, that ^ve'^uot-'ft ntL^'j^S'lfr ''^ ^^^ «[ quackery m 
 'and It wdl not be very distant wl,Pn tL^ ^'^ ^"^'"^ '^*^' ^o'^c/ ^e observes, 
 England than the oak ^vhe^aSln wo u r'!f "''"T ^"^" ^'^ '"'^'"^ ^^'^nion in 
 but locust in the mnk ng of s Is ,0'^^ , ^-"--''^H "^""^ ^^ ''« "«^d anything 
 and axlerrees for whee J Lp-pofe ^ Se^ fTr Sr^'"'',' •^''^^ ^?^ ^ick-stands, Itockf 
 to rot. This time will not boSan sSin. n ""r^""^^ '"^''"' '^''''' '^ ^^^^'^^'^'Y 
 next race of children but one, tla s ,0 'av^ /bo ' , "'"';! f '°'^"' '° ^''''- T''e 
 hence, will think that the locus t^L! ^'-'^^'/''ose who will be born sixty years 
 
 n^ England; and som \ io s ."he^'^^^^^ '""" "'^ '"^^ numeroLC 
 
 readers that, M^ouderf.d as it r^ ay ee'r^ d.e In. 7 ""'' ''"' ^'"'''^ ^^''^ ^^^ ^^i^ 
 edge of it by William Cobbett " WhaThe win ''^^"«V'''^''','""'°^"'^^ ^o a knowl- 
 but I know that he will say this of ^'e Te.S^r^'"' ^T^'^^'^' ^ '^'' '^"^ '^»»^v; 
 knowing that I am writin- fo r.'. t, w , ^*'' "P"'' ^'^••'* '-account, therefore 
 
 The absurdity of the ^^^ ^:^£:;^^Z::'i ^^s?" ''^ ^T" 7^ ^^-^^«-^") 
 we may remark that, even supposimiTll thVt ColXf. '''"''''"'^'7 «/ *^«™>«ent ; but 
 of the locust were true, the uses which In V . " ^""y "! '^ "^ ^''^^ application 
 hundredth part of those to whicl * imL i ' ^"^""r^'-^'^ted do not amount to a 
 were his predictions to be verifie a d vve e f^^fr'^ ''/ '^'\' '""''"'''y- t^^»ce> 
 lent than the oak, we should ,, ' ts woo^n nV '"f '° "^'^""^^ "^«^'« P'"'^^^'^- 
 struetiou of ships and houses, fo 1 a7o(- n- r ''^'^' .substitute, in the con- 
 experienced planter or timber owner bo hnFmro'""?/'"^^^"' '''''■ ^^'''^'Y 
 and tins is the true reason Aviiy the t ee nevo '"'1^ '^'''''V' ^'^' ^'^' this ; 
 extensively planted.'- ^ ^ "^^^^ '^'^^ been, and never will bo 
 
 time. The result of all tint -^H 1 ''''; ^'"''^ '^' uitroduction up to that 
 
 is, that it is generally ompS? d ^,^rcmmtv\^r"' 'f ^'f ^'^^'"^'^ -^'^-' - 
 no mention is made of forest a t.t^o's^n^^^ ^" 
 
 racing timber f;.carpenter-swS:S^rsWp!:;S^;^^ the express purpose of 
 
 ^^por^T^ktj-^Jz !;lHp!b?!]h;!;;'^;;r/- ^r 't -^^'^^^^^ ^"^ »'- 
 
 aid before the public in 1S30 W M V wl?' "''^". y-'^'"^^^'^ purpases. was 
 land in his "Treatise on the 'Growth' Qu.n'^'"'"' I'^rr""'^' '" ^^'"'•''^"^'. '^^''S- 
 &e." He commences withrtransh on^ '' r'":^ ^ '''^ °^' ^'"^ Acacia-tree, 
 
 Francois, and some abstracts Cn 1^ P 'I"'' 'V' I^'^^'i"ier," of M 
 
 Usages de cet Arbre,- whic the h n.. i ' 'f'''''''' ^ ^'' ^'^''tHre ct aux 
 work. He then gives ox rac L ' . i "''* gent eman had appended to his 
 Michaux, as well^,s fV^^^u ^ va,'^ ''[j "S;""^f '''\ ^- <■• Med.cus and 
 
 subject; and concluded, by givh'<^ vaL s o U' I "■■' '"^'"'■^''"^ ™''^' «'» '''e 
 
 • ^ ^ ^ caucus ougmal communications from gentle- 
 
 
COMMON LOCUST. 
 
 201 
 
 The 
 
 but 
 
 Jhig- 
 
 mm m different parts of B."itaip, who liad cuUivated the locust or who hid 
 apphed It to practical purposes. I'he facts collected in this work" oiTfimi he 
 rap.d grow h of t us tree in favourable soils and situations, and of the -s iitt 
 b enoss and durability of its timber for trenails, posts, and encing and also for 
 axle rees of timber carnages;" but none of thcni atlbrd any evid'ence ci^er of 
 j;Ser:?r S^.^^^^^^ ''-' '' '' '' '-'- ^-^S apphe/to the gen^aJ pj^^ 
 Selby, in his " History of British Forest-trees,-' published in 1842 says • 
 Fiom our own observations on this tree, we are decidedly of opinion thaUt 
 cannot be grown to profit, or at least to equal profit, with many othe t eos even 
 foi those minor uses for which it is stated to be so well adapted sucl as pol^s 
 railings, hop-poles. &c., much less as a timboi tree applicable to genera pur pos' 
 Ihe durabihty ot the wood of the locust we do not deny or dispute Indeed our 
 own experience has proved that when mature, it possesses the^q lality of res^s 
 mg decay m the most trying situations, to an eminent degre..; what we intend 
 for IS that this solitary advantage of durability, (an advantage we l^ILve As- 
 sessed 1,1 nej^rly an e.inal degree by the larch, and perhaps the wild c leTryT s 
 not sufhcient to counterbalance the disadvantagcs'undcr which it labours '' 
 Among the various objections to which the cullh-ation of the locu t uno an 
 extensive scakvn I nglaud, and with a view to profit, is liable, tl e fb lo™ a'e 
 mentioned by Mr. Selby, as holding a prominent place: " 1st, it ren ircs i "'rich 
 free soil and a sheltered situation, to atlain a size fit for any ns^U Sse and 
 even w.h these advantages, it seldom attains dimensions \o make t Sra h^ 
 useful; 2d, from the succulent and exhausting nature of its root.t i rfq i e a 
 much greater space to reach maturity than niany other trees produ in? imle 
 of a larger scantling and of greater value; 3d, it is not a tree to plan ti?i rxed 
 plantations: the surrounding species, notwithstanding the rapid i'^y o tseaHv 
 
 f^^Z'^ZT'^'''' "^' ''"'^'Ti"S It befbi^ it acquires Le sifffiS 
 -cpay the pa ter for its occupancy: 4tli, trees equally, or, in some respects 
 better quahhed for the uses for which the locust has been 'ec^nmen led eTbe 
 g own upon inferior soil, in less time, and in much greater bulk, both uhv d ! 
 a ly and per acre ; such we hold to be the case with the larch, whei^ po t a . 
 
 ew Tnl":o'T^'"';f^ "''''""'' 'T\'^'' S^^""' '"^''''^ '»"P-P"1«^^ ^^-^ the object 
 ^ !ow. Indeed, with respect to the fitness of the locust for the latter purpose the 
 
 tin 'u'?/^^^^"T^ ^'y ^^I-- I'«"don is i.retty conclusive against it; IsZSZ^s 
 
 that at a hop-pole size, ,t does not last longer than other woods, that the stools do 
 
 not tiirow up shoots so freely as those of many other trees, and that e es ei tial 
 
 requisites of a hop-pole, viz., length an.l straiglUness. cannot be prod^iced W 
 
 he locus even m the most lkvourabl(> situati..ns. or when drawii up in n iirsZ 
 
 ..ws. Ihe growth of the tree precludes the possibibility of a perfecti; s ug ,^ 
 
 p. le ; for as it never ripens the whole length of its young and rampant shoots U e 
 
 olowing years growth being from a side-bud, is necessarily a\ an aiS^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 tiKit oi tlie })ieceauig year. 'vnn 
 
 The largxist tree of this species recorded in England, is at Syon, near f.ondon 
 which m 1836, had attained the height of eighty-one feet, will a r u k i^e 
 feet, four uiehes in diauioter, at one foot above the ground, and an a i no- 
 spread ol branches, of fifty-seven feet, au amuiuis, 01 
 
 In Scotland, at Airthrcy Castle, in Stirlingshire, there is a locust-tree which 
 
 n mH ^''V\"^''M'^ ''"^^'-^^"'^ ^'''' '" i^'-ty-t'^'-^- years after plan, ng,'wi I 
 
 . .1. two feet m diameter, and an ambitus of thiny feet. It grows n' I 
 loam or gravel, and m a sheltered situation. » ^s in ii„ni 
 
 h 
 
 111 Ireland, at Shclton Abbey, in Wicklow, there is a loc 
 
 20 
 
 ust which attained 
 
I< i 
 
 I 
 
 f1 ' 
 
 I 
 
 202 
 
 ROBI\rA PSEUDACACIA. 
 
 lit SeU' t^:i ''"■ " '"y ^-- »«" Pl-ing. with a ,r„„k twemy- 
 
 III trance, and i!i the south of Germnmr M n in 
 t-onnaire des Eaux et des iw^s '>Sii in ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 received with entJiusiasm as an ornaiSaUree • hm ' ' *^ '^'"'* ^^'^« ^--^^ 
 on account of the late appearance of trS'o.T^V ■. ''f afterwards rejected, 
 «p.nes and above all, because it would not bo './'T'" ^'^"i^^'^'' disag/eeable 
 tion of the modern style of gardenTnl ThJ.t f?'"' ^^"^'' ^^e introduc 
 reaction took place in its fov^ an Lm he r^Tv ^''r'""'' ^^'■^«"^"' ^^hen a 
 'l"a l.ties, it was preferred to a 1 o er t^ees Zw^ '/, "' ^'T'^' «"d '>««''"1 
 on this tree, in France, have RenerX exaLrS^/''"'''^'''' '''^'° ^'^^« ^^""en 
 <J0.s was in favour of planting t in LrShr ' i ' 'V'' ^^^"^^' ^- ^^^n- 
 recommended it to be Vlanted^ve y^Jhere td in%'" •'^'^"-tions but others 
 ceeding in unsuitable soils, . third daL of writpi '^^f ^1"^"<^e of its not suc- 
 t.vation altogether. As example o ^.t o s, cZ! ^"^ ^'f .°"^i""ing its cul- 
 there were several instances where la?<^e trnct. nf'l "\ ^"'''^^f""? this tree, 
 sown broad-cast with locust seeds, whicKamenn L'lf T'' P'^^^^ed, and 
 any magnitude, owing to the lightness and S'^' V ^^^ P'''."^' "«^*^'- ^"aincd 
 refers to a case on the heath ?fSdreviewhr^ ,''' '"''• ^^- »«"drillart 
 planted m a white sand, and proved fcomnWof, '''^ ^•"'^ '^^'^^ extensively 
 d'tches; although the P nus mar timi and^Jvh /'"''' '1^''^' "" ^^^ hanks of 
 cultivated there" with tolerable ucce"s He ml? '"' ''"^ '^^ ^^'"^'^ '^'-^^ been 
 "1 the Bois de Boulogne, where Ksts thnt wT f '""!.''°" of another instance 
 and among masses of the birch thfyew dec e'snut'.^ ""' *r' '""T ''^« ^^'^^ 
 the common sallow, grew ranidlv for W i! ^^I'^^""^' ^hc perfumed cherry, and 
 first, but gradually ^disappSaftei a c't'n^,^^^^ 
 
 become more vigorous and finallvpr.niii " ^""°' *^'^ °^her trees havin- 
 
 ;:M. Mallet had^to betle' IS Lte F^elt of M '!'• ^"'•"'^'- ^^^^^« ^hat^ 
 ^lenne, where the soil is moist and a latic i or in t^^i ' '" ^'^^/'^P^^rtment of 
 where it is dry and sandy." M iSilh ? . ^';^^ °'-^,«' "^ Chatellerault, 
 M.chaux, that "it is only in a favoura le ell f^""'"^'"r«' hy repeating, afte; 
 tree attains a great size, e'ven in iHS^comr; '' "^' " ^ ^°°^ ^^'•' ^'^^ »'- 
 plamc^^hrioS.^'y'V!!;^^:^-^- ^^-^-.-.thc remains of the parent tree 
 -.^htyfeet in heigL AtTue s tS is Z^T^ f " 'V^'^'' ^'^ -"--'7 
 att^^iued the heigh? of sixty feet h^wly'ea" after ^Lt, ^'" ^^'"^^' ^^^ich 
 111 t»ermanv nt Spliur;;KK.^„ ■ n ^ y^''"* aiter piantino-. 
 
 liti^. in Saxo,,j^ there ism,otherXroLSAffr"'', ''"'.'>'.>''='''•■'■ ^' W"" 
 loiir years alccr planting attained the liciglit of sixty feel in si.vly- 
 
 by a table and |,e„ei,e., nncle V ich yo '^" iw" " "* "'."''"'f ""'• ^'""m,ki 
 co»-, the lecist does not allain a y ^onsSbfe le T';'' '"" 'T"""- -^t Mos- 
 it tlinyos n, the Crimea in all its variS ' ' "'^^'-'ling t„ Desemet, 
 
 fiflnoC^'ty'lL;""" "" """»' '«•"'---. -I.ich Have attained a height of 
 -^^'^^^^nX;!^^:^^:::,^^-}^'^ - --.c t.ee of this species, 
 .ng, with a triniK ,„o ioe. n, diameter™. '^ HSliZ^y'SS: °"" •"""'- 
 
 At ,t 
 
COMMON LOCUST. 
 
 203 
 
 Ku,n^ . r ",^' '^".^ ^^'0"g ic'ices and avenues, for more than fiftv voars- inrl 
 
 where These r^h'nMnn fin ^ J""'^^ quantities to England and else- 
 inese plantations seldom exceed an area of thirty acres notwiihstnnrl 
 asricultura sor, eties nf «ovr.rni cf...„„ i "'''ly/cres notwimstand- 
 
 where. 
 
 ing the agriaU^iral "soci«ie;;'r;e;;rar,t''a;cs' havi XIJ^hT"' """"'I''*'""'- 
 
 purpose 
 
 
 M 
 
 «11 
 
 ill 
 
204 
 
 ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA. 
 
 m i 
 
 n. > 
 
 pint;; "n,„1";,L'.'" """"" '" °™ ^-"- *"P^. fcalhcing," as Gil- 
 
 cntetrrl^^t^^^^^ propaga,,,, in .„„ ,„„,, 
 
 as by the suckers, which simot i,n h? ^r^../ u ^ '^''S'^ tnuiclicons, as well 
 
 considerable distance aron 'die -oes bm T ""' 1"/''^*^ ^'^""^'•y' '^'"^ »« '-» 
 America, the simplest and the best Set b^JT'^^'l^ ''"^'\ ^" '^''"-'p" '^"d in 
 tlio elder, a distinguished French ^"ric, t.Hs tt' ^^^^Ji^^'g to m' Roland, 
 sowuig, is late in the year, when hc^sav p 'J f '"^'^ .^^vourable time fo 
 may either be sown as Ln^as ^^ are rin^ ?Wnl ^'''•'"'"^t^ best; but they 
 following. Whether they be sown n ZlZ ir '' ^' \" *^'" ^'^'''^b •^'^ ^P''^ 
 ••nsumg summer, and the plams bV hre Jnf t^ ^ ^""^' ^^oy will come up he 
 transplanting into nursery iL or o th^ ZtJ.T ''f ""' '^^" '^« ^' ^^'^her for 
 The seeds, if exposed to the air two vo n.r ff V'^''' ^^'""^ ^'"^ ^'"'^"y to remain, 
 of vitality: but i'f they be kep i^erpocf aniT,f- "f'" P'>-- 
 
 jlry soil, they will remain good for Te orsiv'r.i n" ^ ««»«"lerable depth iu 
 bearing trees seldom produce two abnn 1 ,n . ^ ' ' P^'^'^P" '«"S«^- ^s seed- 
 'e kept from one yeSr to aUre; it ' succession, a reserve should 
 
 locust seeds to vegetate, operates as" a di conrnt ^'^^^"'ty experienced in causing 
 . to be prepared before sewing ..oMcrroS.T'^ho' T^''\'"""7' «^ ^'^^^ ^'^^'ire 
 or hornlike envelopes in whirl n tnl ^'^ '''"«' their hard and shelly pericarps 
 ; Maine CultivatoJ^" r^coll^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^-;;^;^j^ g^'™- A 4iter in S^e 
 o tlie boiling point, and sulieriug [t g dual?[o 'oV^^ ^^^^ Previously heated 
 to decant the water from the seeds md^.L. u ^Z^""' twenty-four hours, 
 diate sowing. He also reclme ds anotbir 'T^ "' ^^" ^I^^"^^' ^"^t" imme: 
 more economical one, so far T time is co iitrn^r^^ ^ somewhat 
 
 to the action of nitric acid, mixed theronor S^ ''' '° ^"^J^^^ '^'^ «««ds 
 
 of water. The seeds are t'o be stee, o m this m x n ! r ' 1 "^^ ""'V'" ^" ^^^" ^^'arts 
 ■sowing, and the water kept tepid, m lilt l ^^n^ twenty-fo.ir hours before 
 By this process the perfect seeds will nt nL '"' ''^ "''^^'^^ «f '-^ ^tovc or oven, 
 nation, while those which remain n/^froifV'T'? ''^''' "^ ^'tality and germ^ 
 will probably be unsound a TmaVrmiwVawav "a' '' twenty'-four ?io,"s, 
 in Wither-s " Treatise," by ,l,o results ot" hi -h Y7" " ^^m-nnont is related 
 hot water accelerates germination lut ten ItA '\''^^'^'' tliat, -immersion in 
 Mr Loudon, in his '' Arboret u ^ t „S^^^ the seeds." 
 
 fal.a and Cape acacia seeds for tve tv fou l.nn ''" '^''''' ^'^^P*"- ^^"s- 
 
 Poured on them in a boilin, state one-' ''' 'I' ^^^^-^^^t- which had been 
 nearly two years. Cireat camion siiould be observed 1'''''^ *'''''' S^^^'^-^tion 
 tins kind, as even a short continuafio of ee ^ ^wa^^ !" -^-^P^^'^-nts 
 
 ^12 t ., must of course destroy the vital nri.ic ,le r |'i« temperature of 
 
 ni a good, free, warm soil, rather rich tinn t^^ ^ ^'"^ '*^'''^' •"'"^"'d ''e sown 
 
 way, and covered with hu y m Jv jz a'V • ,?'T,'T' '" "'"'' *^'" '''"^ '''P^^''^ «^'-'T 
 of an mch deep. In fine seasons to ri ' ' • "" '^ 'i"''^''t^''- to three-„uarters 
 '-ight; tiie lariest of ^Xd n^'l "£;^:;"^ f^ 1^"^-^^"^ '' '""'• '-'" 
 places where they are iiually to\-eL{hrmd ,1 VnH *'^"°^^^'"S/^titum,i, ,0 the 
 nto nursery lines In regard fo t^e mno 1 ',) ?''' '"""V '^" transplanted 
 hat -It will transplant at^dmo.'t every tciuj whh /"''' ^'"'"''^'^ '^''^•^'•^'««' 
 any other tree.-' The trees should neve^- be ^d 1 r ' ^f ''''''' ^'''''" =''"">«t 
 feet apart, m any soil, and should tl,n,. i7 sulleied to stand nearer than filieen 
 should be planted at' leL t^ 'uty f^^suS '],^"' ''''" -"' "^ht .he^ 
 
 growth, care should be taken to c ear onf nl " f' ^'^^^^ "'advance in age and 
 
 f'o.r tops, and to la^ep dow t Mr wl ers wlT^^^^^^ '' ^'^^^'^ ^^'""^ from 
 
 roots, where the soil is mois a 1,'^:^' 1 r j^ ^a '"'"n""^>'^ '^'^"'^ ^'-""^ their 
 
 iiui. Lndei lavourable circumstances, the 
 
 I 
 
COMMON LOCUST. 
 
 205 
 
 the 
 
 ?il voa . ft. I "r' P'"^".''" •'^"""^^ '^•''"ts from six to eight feet long for scve- 
 Snn I- l'^'^'''\^^'S-,^vhevoas, m wet or poor soils, they will not efeeed one- 
 
 c . ,^ I n^ I'f";- ^^^'" ^''^ ^'''' '^'^ "f twelve 'years, upon good land he 
 e of U efor S i.T """"f .''^ height of fifteen or'twenty'feet,^vith a diam- 
 ond few treo^ n? '""'"'.' '^'"^ *'!5"" i'« gi-o^vth, in general, becomes very slow; 
 
 fee in he 'hT^u d ono'.'?r'''T "^ ^^^'^' "'^ ^'^'^^ y^^''^' ^^'^^ ^c found over fifty 
 in I 111 acignt, cind one loot ni diameter. ' 
 
 tho inf //r"''''''''''"' 'K'- '^^''^ ^^"'^^'"'"^ pseudacacia, in Europe, is very free from 
 
 yateci it is preyed upon by three distinct species of borers, or wood-eaters tho 
 
 ble' tt' Trr \r h""'-'' '''T''^ .T ^•"^''•^^ ^"'"'^ deslrucrn ofTir^a ? 
 luie tret. Ur. 1. \V. Harris, in his "Report on the Insects of Massaehnsoft^ 
 
 usurious to Vegetation," ob.se, ves u.at, "One of these borers is a S tdS 
 
 caterpillar whose operations are confined to the .small branches and to very voun^ 
 
 t e ,n the pith of which it lives; and by its irritation it eausS th^twig to 
 
 swell, around the part attacked. These swellings, being spon-v ar.d Uso nor 
 
 S b e^i! "oiriTThi::' r "^"'^/ ^"^'^ ^'^^ ^^^^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^ ''I'x^ 
 
 fn« nt 1 ? ^'^^"^ f ''^''''- ^^y attempts to complete the history of this 
 
 n.sect have not been successful hitherto ; and I can only conjecture that t^e o "s 
 to the Agerians, or possibly to the tribe of IJombyces." In the satne work he 
 describes a second kind of borer, called Clytus pietus, or the pZterelytus 
 who..o V"""''' of September," he says, " these beeUes gather on the locust-t^ ' 
 .Tf 1 hnV''!"^ ^'i '' M ^''^""''"^S ''' ^^'^ sun-beams, with their gorgeo s 1 very 
 It n T ?'• ^"'^ g«lJ> ««."rsing up and down the trunks in purLit of thefr 
 mates or to drive away their rivals, and stopping every now and then to salute 
 hose they meet, with a rapid bowing of the shoulders, accompanipd by a cS- 
 
 fe,r!l; rf'"'''''"f "' ^^^«S"i»i«'^ or defiance, tlkving p^aired? the female 
 nntpli ^7" P'"''""',' "''"'P' °^"^' t'^« b^^'^' searchin.- thi crev ces with t; 
 She? 'id '^Z::^ t '<^re.n her snow-white eggs, in clusters of seven or ig 
 together, and at intervals of five or six minutes, till hei whole stock is safelv 
 stored. The eggs are soon hatched, and the grubs immediately burrow no the 
 bark, devouring the soft inner substance, that snfiices for their nonnsUent till 
 
 approach ot winter during which, they remain at rest, in a torp d tSe In 
 he spring they bore through the sap-wood, more or less deeply in o the trunk 
 tl.e general course of their winding and irregular passages, be^hfg i la up vard 
 direction from the place of their entrance. For a time, Uie'y cast their clTrout 
 of their holes as last as they are made, but after awl ile, he pa saie becomes 
 c ogged and the burrow more or less filled with the coarse'and fi^brouf fra™^^^ 
 
 Urorh'tre &r'Tl "'"^ ^^v ^"'•"^^ •"••^ ^^^^^^ ^""'^'^ ^« open newTol 
 tnrougU the bark. I he seat of their operations is known by the oozin- of the 
 
 sap and dropping of the saw-dust from the holes. The bark aroimd ?he part 
 
 attacked be uis to swell and in a few years the trunk and limbs wHl become 
 
 disfigured and weakened by large, porous tumours, caused by the effo s of the 
 
 trees to repair the injuries they have surtered." According to the observations 
 
 o a writer m the '-Massachusetts Agricultural Repository ai^d Jo rnat''vo/'v? 
 
 he larva3 of this msect attain their full size by the 2Uth of July, soon after 
 
 intern 7 K 'llln-d'H ^^^V)^^^'' "'1 '? transformed into bellies early in 
 .-^epumtjer. 1 he third class of borers which attack this tree, is the Xyleutes 
 robinip, or locust-tree carpenter moth, of Harris- or th- Cosr/rEt 
 d^enbed and figured by p/ofessor Peck in the Vth volume of t^'-Massa S 
 setts Agricultural Repository and Journal.-' According to Michaux, the ravages 
 of these insects were first observed about sixty years ago; but the, liabits were 
 
 ZJniTr ''"',7'! ^''^'I? *'"^ >"•■''■ ^■^"•^' ^^•^'^" the/fiksl attracted th a en! 
 tion ol Professor Peck, of Harvard University. He observed several loc st- ees 
 
\lr, 
 
 fi 
 
 206 
 
 ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA. 
 
 |K;L^tr^^^^ l^-d by the larvce of 
 
 J'e found that they cntaincd several of the c- tl? ^ ''"'" ^^""^« ^^^ '^'''"^ '^ces, 
 
 enr.l"t^'"''f'''' "^•"«■^'•^'"t mngiutudes, which \X ^r 
 
 enabled hirn to watch them thromri, the v-Trimil *CW^^ 
 
 s ages ot their growth. '' The furrows tl'rba ^^M.f^ 
 
 ^' "<' locust," says he, "are large and deen ex <.sl 
 
 n.uhng n. some phtces, even ,o ^.e libe; or ' nmo; ,4^.-J?«^. 
 
 bailv. Jt must be m the deenc.i of these furrnlZ 
 
 'at the c^.^ to produce the caterpil ar is depS^ 
 
 he nmer bark ,s thick and m.cc dent/affS ! o ^■WM^^^ 
 
 the young larva) a te..d.>r and prope f, Tl ■/li^^^Pm-M^-WO^ 
 
 'd T i 'k boT"'^' ""•^'''''^.'' " ^' afterwards to ^ ^ ^ '^^Ij,^ 
 
 H«u. 1 Ins It bores m various directions oblinuelv 
 upward, and downward, making them Ian erfsi; 
 
 clearly discovers how everythincr is done '" fw /''^s^«»« of its labours, 
 
 arva lives in the woo,l three years or more In (^''"'. ^''''- '"^^^^^^^ '^'^' ^he 
 
 The moths, which come for.h about t.rS'n^^^ 'V"'"' ''' ^"" growth. 
 
 bodies, broad, and thickly veined wmtwof f">' '^'-^^^ ^f'ick and robust 
 
 are lurnished on the under side i K ;;xe whf ^^"^ "P^^'"'«^' "'^^ 
 
 rather longer in the male than n the fenru' ' T.l ' '-^ ^""I'lc set of short teeth, 
 
 also to prey upon the wood of the bLk onk ro, i """^ ''^ ''''' "'"'^^ is said 
 
 insects that attack the common I. cus tree is a^.T'^'r''/'''""^") ''^^e other 
 
 he pods and devours the seeds- and I ^^1 J, . f ^^'-^/^f"' ^^'^'i^h inhabits 
 
 lol-age, as well as upon that of IhrRobinia vlZa ^^''''' '"^'"'^ ^''"^^ "?«" ^'^ 
 
 is|v;ft;x:^, t^ke^^^t:^!;: ^^.ir-^^-^td ^^'-'^-'^ «^^ ^-- 
 
 tible of a brilliant polish. It possessesTroni !m„ ^J "^^ compact, and suscep- 
 and Its most valuable propertv^T hat of^reTist ' f '' 'V"' ^''' ^'"'« elasticity; 
 other species of wood When nrwll cut f"!"'^^^- '''''^''" '^'^'' ^''"««l any 
 ounces to a cubic foot ; half rVfiirv six nd.^^'l' ^^'^''y-''"-«« Pounds, three 
 dry, only forty-eight and a q Srfe Vonm 's ^^ T''"'; ''"''"^^^'' ^"^ ^^'^^» ^">te 
 s>x pounds. According to Ar. |[ar '^ \Z r%^ according to others, only forty- 
 when compared with that of the & pa^ ''^ V'"^ '^^ l'^-^' 
 
 tor duration, he places it next below the n? ///''' ^ 'f '"'' ^'^^'^« ^^ fifteen, 
 the larch, (Larix europcea ) a i he s 1^? ' ^^''^r' ''*''''"■') «"d next above 
 m Wither's '' Troatise,^^iVi « s^i^ ^ ^' ..P'"'^ (l^nrus sylvestris.) Barlow, 
 other woods, as follows:-! ^''' "^ ^*''^"«' timber, as compared with 
 
 Teak, ( IWfotia srrmidis,) , 
 
 Ash, {Fraximis excelsior) ^462 
 
 j^ocust (Robiniapsevdacacia.) ] ?L*2G 
 
 Oak. (Q//e/-n/s;oi,/,-) 1867 
 
 Beech, (F«-^,., sylvaticaS ^^^^ 
 
 Norway spar, {Abies excclsa,) J'^''^ 
 
 ^\S^hv. (Finns sf/h-es/risrhrensi.^ If^ 
 
 ^lni,{UlmuscanL,(ris) ° ''' ^^^^^ 
 
 ^ '' 1013 
 
 
COMMON LOCUST. 
 
 207 
 
 V..^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ia 
 
 From some experiments made at Brest, in 1823, the weight of the locnst wood 
 was iound to bo ono-sixth heavier than tfiat of the English oak ; its strength as 
 one tiM)usand four hundred and. twenty-seven to eight hundred and twenty; and 
 Its elasticity as tw- ity-onc to nine. Hy experiments made in the yard of the royal 
 naval college, at VV oolwich, it appears that the hitcral strength of locust timber, in 
 resistmg Iracture, is greater than that of the British oak, in the proportion of one 
 liuiKJred to seventy-five. Froni all these experiments, however widely they may 
 ditler in their results, we may safely conclude, that sound, well-seasoned locust 
 imber is heavier, harder, stronger, more rigid, more elastic, and tougher, than 
 Uiatot the best Lnglishoak;'' and consequently is more suitable for trenails. 
 Michaux remarks that, "if the trunks of the locust-trees grown in the north of 
 1 ennsylvania, exceed tifteen inches in diameter, when they are cut down and 
 split open, they are frecptently found to be decayed at the heart ; but that this is 
 not the case with trees that have grown farther south;" which would tend to 
 show that a jjoor soil and a cold climate are not sufiicient to produce good timber. 
 1 here are at least three popular varieties of the common locust, distinguishable 
 by the colour of the heart-wood, which may be described as follows:— 
 
 1. Red Locust, with the heart red, and is esteemed as far the most beautiful 
 and durable timber. Posts of this variety, perfectly seasone(] before they are set 
 m the ground, are estimated to last furty years, or twice as lung as those of the 
 Avliite locust. 
 
 2. Green, or Yelloio Locust. This is the most common variety, being known 
 by Its greenish-yellow heart, and is held next best in (piality to the red locust. 
 
 3. While Locust, with a white heart, and is considered as the least valuable 
 of them all. 
 
 All of the above-mentioned variations are supposed to be owing entirely to the 
 soil and situations in which they grow, being caused in a similar manner as the 
 various colours ot the llowers of the hydrangea, which depend on the nature of 
 the earth m which they are planted, and even on the colour of the water with 
 which they are irrigated. 
 
 In naval architecture, the timber of the locust is much esteemed by American 
 shipwrights, and enters, with the live oak, the white oak, and the red cedar, into 
 the upper and the lower parts of the frames of vessels, though in very small pro- 
 portions. It is considered as durable as the live oak, and the red cedar, with the 
 advantage of being lighter than the former and stronger than the latter. It is 
 used for trenails in the dock-yards of l-hirope and the I'nited States, in prefer- 
 ence to any other kind of wood; and instead of decaying, it acquires, in time 
 an extraordinary degree of hardness. In civil architecture, in this country, it 
 enters but little into the composition of houses, on account of its scarcity, and 'its 
 value in ship-building, and for posts of rural fences, &.c. When employed in the 
 construction of houses, it is more particularly applied for the support of the sills, 
 which usually consist of more destructible limber, and which, if they were 
 placed immediately on the ground, would sooner ciccay. From the hardness of 
 the wood when .seasoned, the tirnmess of the grain, and its lustre when polished, 
 It has been extensively used in cabinet-making, and has been substituted by 
 turners for the box-wood, in many species of light work, such as small domestic 
 wares, toys, &c. It has also been employed by mill-wrights for cogs, but it is 
 less^ valuable for this purpose than that of the rock maple. 
 
 Tlic most important use to which the locust is applied in Britain, is that of 
 forming trenails for ship fastenings ; and large quantities arc annually imported 
 mto that country from America. As long as we can supply them for the prices 
 which they at present bear, it never would repay the grower to cultivate them 
 in hiUgland for this special purpose. 
 
 In France, the locust has been extensively cultivated in the Gironde, in copses, 
 
208 
 
 ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA. 
 
 h :!: 
 
 I 
 
 *; 
 
 o k^t Tn" I ''f ''^? '^ ^""'' y'."'"'''/*^'' ^i'^^-props ; a.ul those props arc said 
 to ast moro tlian twenty years. In the same district, old trees are pollarded 
 mid their hranches lopped every third year, for the skme purpose ^ n Pari ' 
 many smal articles are made of the wood; sucli as salt-cellurs su-ar-d 4es' 
 spoons, forks, sand-boxes, paper-knives, &,c. ' ° ' 
 
 In Lombardy, the wood of the locust is used f.)r many rural purposes Youu" 
 plants of It were formerly mucl, employed for live fences ; bu^t Eractice 1ms 
 
 on^ since been abandoned, because the tree was found to impover sh t o so 
 and, with age lost its pnck es; besides, from being continually pruned, to keen t 
 
 bottom, and eventually bocaino mere stumps. Italy, as well as the soi hern 
 departments ol France, M.chaux considers Ihe counl^Hes irilh^ch iho ™^^^^^ 
 advan ages may be derived Irom the rapid growth of this tree In -ood Sik hi 
 such climates, at the end of twenty or twe.Uy-five yeai^ he s'ivs 11^7;^ ma s of 
 wood^may be obtained from the locust, twicl as gLu as fron7any'^icrTecies 
 
 In countries where clovers and root crops arc not cultivated, the leaves of the 
 
 Vhe, t^;;'^ ""'"" '' a substitute for these articles as provender foianhiall 
 
 Tu nn '"''f ^^^..^"'fy'-^t^J lor tf'i« F-rpose, it should be mown every yea,-; 
 
 the trees may be allowed to grow to the height of eight or ten feet and treated 
 
 a po lards, the branches being cut otf every^other year, which shoi^ be done 
 
 at md-summer, when they arc succulent, and can be dried for winter's use In 
 
 erformmg this operation, one or two shoots should be left on each t ee, to keep 
 
 p vegetation, winch may be pruned off ..he following winter or spring Whc 
 
 he shoots are to be eaten green, none should be taken but those of the same ea 
 
 pasmodics, and have been distilled into an agreeable, refreshing syni/wld^ 
 IS d lunk with water to quench thirst. The flowers retain their fVat^^e wS 
 dried; and those of a single tree ar6 sufficient to perfume a wh le garZ 
 
 As an ornamental tree, the locust, with its light and elegant foliale its sweetlv 
 perfumed flowers, its beautiful pendant form, often - feathering oUirsrS - 
 will always be entitled to a place in our parks, lawns, and pie i%^.^ n^^^^ 
 
 W.St ^'In' s^mo lb T"'7 '' ^•''^'' ^'^"^ '' '' °^ ^'^ ''''^^ ^'- '<^-t '-''l« to endure the 
 
 r,u^urJ}\ T '•'"'f^^'^^ ^^Pot ;t may ornament a garden ; but it is by no means 
 
 nahfied to adorn a country. Its wood is of so brittle a texture, especially when 
 
 IS encumbered with a weight of foliage, that yon can never depend upon^itTaid 
 
 bed to mo?ro w ^XZ"" T'' ^^''^ ''--'^ V^- -^-i- to-da'y may^be demo ' 
 
 iin ,1 r ? T' v^ misfortune is, the acacia is not one of those grand objects 
 
 'the than' I ?n .'^"7 '^ often increased by ruin. It depends on its beiuty; 
 
 tat lei than on its grandeur, which is a quality more liable to injury. I may 
 
 add however, in its flivonr, that, if it be easily injured, it repai -s [he nhry 
 
 Zn.'htifitolenf'TlT'"'' ''"'•' V '''' '^'^""^ "^''^ fu'rther llisadvantagL o? 
 coming late into eaf, and being among the very first to cast its foliage in autumn 
 
 and this without undergoing any change of colour, or exhibiting those beaut f I 
 
 and mellow tints which enrich the landscape at thi season of t fe y^r " 
 
 '•■■' I 
 
 Ui 
 
 m 
 
Ill 
 
 Robinia viscosa, 
 
 THE VISCOUS-BARKED ROBINIA. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Robinia visrosa, 
 
 Robinia glutinosn, 
 
 Robinia vwntana, 
 
 Acacia visqueusc, 
 
 Klebrige Acacie, 
 
 llobinia rosa, Robinia di fior rosso, 
 
 Rose-flowering Locust, 
 
 ' MiciiAUx, North American Sylva. 
 
 De Candoli.f., Prodroinus. 
 
 Dij Hamel, Traiid des Arbres et Arbustes. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ^ToKREY AND Gkay, Flora of North America. 
 
 Curtis, London Botanical Magazine. 
 
 Bartuam, Travels. 
 
 France. 
 
 Ger.many, 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anolo- America. 
 
 
 Deriralion. The specific nnme, viscoaa, ia dorlvcd from Itie Latin, viactis, properly a species of shrub, wliich yields a BJuti- 
 
 nous substance, called bird-llnie; and liiu rulLTouco to llio viscid or claminy nature of tlic liarli of tliis tree. 
 
 Engrarinsfs. Micltaux, North American Sylva, pi, 77; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, ii., figure 3(X!, el v nl R7 ■ 
 and the riijureis below. 
 
 Specific Characters. Branches and legttmes glandular and clammy. Racemes crowded, erect. Bractea.s 
 concave, deciduous, each ending in a long bristle. The three lower teeth of the calyx acuminated. 
 Roots creeping. — De Candulle, I'rodromus. 
 
 Description. 
 
 PI^J^^HE Robinia viscosa usu- 
 
 P SIP H ally grows to a height of 
 
 ^ IJ M> tliirty or forty feet, with 
 
 ii^J^^ a diameter of six to 
 twelve inches. The hark, particularly of young 
 shoots, is of a dull red, and is covered with a 
 viscid substance, which, when touched, adheres 
 to the fingers. In every other respect, this tree 
 strongly resembles the preceding species. The 
 branclies are armed with spines, Avhich, how- 
 ever, arc smaller and less numerous. The 
 foliage is thicker, and of a dusky green. The 
 leaves are five or six inches long, and are com- 
 posed of opposite leaflets, with "a terminal odd 
 one. The leaflets are about an inch in length, /- 
 oval, nearly sessile, smooth, and of a line tex- 
 ture. The flowers usually appear in .Inne and 
 July, but in some seasons, they put forth a .sec- 
 ond time, both in J-higlaiid and in the I'nited 
 States. They occur in numerous, open bunches, four or five inches long, and 
 arc of a bcautifnl ro,se-colour. mixed with white, but are destitute of fragrance. 
 The seeds, which are small, are contained in hairy pods, two or three inches 
 long, and about half of an inch broad. 
 
 (Jcography and llistonj. In its natural habitat, this species appears to be 
 chiefly confined to the Alleghanies, in the western parts of (Jeorgia and the Car- 
 olinas, although it is found on the banks of the rivers in these states, particularly 
 on the Savannah. It was introduced into Britain in 1797. and is much culti- 
 vated for ornament in various parts of Europe. 
 27 
 
It — 
 
 JIO 
 
 ROBINIA VISCOSA. 
 
 t, fll 
 
 The largest recorded tree of this species in England, is at Croome in Worres- 
 lershire, which in thirty years after planting, attained the heiTt o fo^y five 
 tcet. In Berkshire, at White Knights, there is another tree, whicl in tl "rtv-four 
 years after planting, attained the height of thirty-three feeZ wi h u tr t f lU^ 
 inches m diameter, and a spread of branches of twenty-fonr feet 
 
 ^Soil, Situation, Culture, ^-c. Th(3 natnral habitat of this tree is near rivers- 
 but It vv.ll thrive in any ..oil where the common locust will prospe and mav be 
 propagated and treated in the same manner, as rate of grovvth, n diSent Situ- 
 ations and circumstances being nearly the same for the first fi^e or be years 
 
 InriTn/'.V, ^ ''' ^TV "^ ^'^^ ^^^'"'^ ^'^'^^^^ "^'^ particularly relished by the 
 larvae of the great silver-spotted skipper butterfly, Papilio tityrus, of Smith and 
 
 f hhn ' Z v'" ^"'^"""/f /''y^"^' «^' "'^^^ 'J^'"« caterpillar was takeiTby Mr 
 Abbot, feeding on a wild locust-tree, the latter end of August. It spun tic leaves 
 toge her, to secure itself from birds, &c, like the rest 'of the tribe, o the 5tl 
 of September and became a chrysalis in two days after. The butter v was 
 produced in Georgia the lUth of April following. According to Dr. Ilarri ^Lv 
 make their appearance from the middle of June till after the beginn ng of' Juf/ 
 I he females lay then eggs, singly, on the leaves of the common locusl as wel 
 nLb n 1 P''?.- ^'r '^^^?^Pil'^'-« '-^re hatched in July, and mostly feed in the 
 nght, and keep themselves closely concealed during the day. This tree is sorne 
 times nearly deprived of its leaves by these insects, or pr^esents only here mid 
 SX'ora^^^^^^^ "''""' ""'^'"^ '' ^^'^^g^' ^^^^^^^ '-« serverthem foTa 
 
 Properties mid Uses The wood of the Robinia viscosa resembles that of the 
 common locust, both in its appearance and in other properties ; but owinV^o its 
 unc'li/tEr?:^ being of less durability, it is but littfe e^yed in Sfuction 
 MO L hv u 1 ^'"f ^T '"°^' "'"^^^ ^^ perfection, and is rendered conspic 
 
 uous by Its large roseate flowers, it well deserves a place in every ornamental 
 plantation. At the sarne time, let it be borne in mind,' that its creeping roSs a e 
 a great nuisance in all cultivated grounds. The clammy matter wfch exudes 
 
 anTfonnH^;''' '^'^•' ^"""^ '''°°*^ ^« ^^'^ ^« have been examined by VaunueHn 
 and found to contain a new vegetable substance. ^ ' 
 
in Worces- 
 f forty-fivo 
 tliirty-four 
 :iunk nine 
 
 car nvcrs ; 
 [id may be 
 brent situ- 
 ic years, 
 led by the 
 Smith and 
 en by Mr. 
 the leaves 
 m the 5th 
 tcrliy was 
 irris, they 
 g of July. 
 3t, as well 
 bed in the 
 e is some- 
 here and 
 hem for a 
 
 lat of the 
 ring to its 
 istruction 
 i conspic- 
 namental 
 roots are 
 ;h exudes 
 auquelin, 
 
 Oenus GLEDITSCIIIA, Linn. 
 
 LeguminacetE. 
 Sf/it. Nat, 
 
 Sj/nonymcs. 
 
 Acacia, Gkditschia, 
 
 Polygamia Dia'cia. 
 Sj/tt. Lin, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 .lit»cl>, of L«,p.,c, onco u professor ,u Berlin, and .lefendV^ of Lhm„uL,™iS^^^^^^^^ "" """"' '" ''""""' "^ ""'"*«" "le- 
 
 ^Xtpti^'pSe- iJThe'il'"'''""''""'"^' ""^^ ""'^" '^""^'-■^""l '"'" ''^«"^ho,l spines. Leaves 
 alZ ^si^ Jle Flow's ^Z^"TJZT\'''^''"'r' °'' "'"'^^' ^^ '^"^ coalitioa^f the toHett 
 those of ihllnnm^rL^^Tih^^^^^ "'^''" ''"PP«"^' especially among 
 
 lose._Z>e C««J2"piL;. ^ ^"^" ''^ ""'" ^'''^^■^'^'^"ig suture, which is rather vil- 
 
 |HE genus Gleditschia, in its indigenous state, appears to bo con- 
 hned to ^orth America and China. It probably embraces not 
 more than three distmct species, two American and one Cliinese. 
 llie latter, Gleditschia sinensis, is distinguished by its trunk beinff 
 more spniy than its branches. To the same natural family be- 
 longs the Carob-treo, (Ceratonia siliqua,) which is generally con- 
 the locust-tree mentioned in the Bible. On this subject, Pn.fessor 
 Martin remarks, that, the ignorance of eastern manners and natural history 
 induced some persons to fancy that the locusts on whicli Saint John the BantiS 
 ed were he tender slioots of plants, and that the wild honey was the pidp of 
 the pod of the Carob ; whence it is sometimes called " Saint John's bread " There 
 [s little reason to suppose he adds, that the shells of the carob pod might be the 
 husks which the prodigal son desired to partake of with the swiiie. This tree is 
 very conimon m the south of Spain, where it is called Algarrobo, and its seeds or 
 beans ar^ eaten there by man as well as by animals, as was the case in 1811 and 
 1812 when they formed, at times, the principal food of the horses of the British 
 cavalry. I torn the curious, horn-like pods of this tree, and the sweet fecula con- 
 tained in Its seeds, it well deserves to be extensively cultivated in the southern 
 states of the union, by all who have means and conveniences for raisin- it 
 
 sidered as 
 
 II 
 
P ! 
 
 .It ' 
 
 Jf 
 
 I 
 
 Oledi/srhin Irlacanthus, 
 
 THE TIIREE-TIIORNED GLEDITSCIIIA. 
 
 Sijnonymci. 
 
 OMilsthia IriaraiUhos, 
 
 r LiN.v«r.s, Species Plantnniiii. 
 
 rANniii.M;, I'rodnmiiis. 
 MiciiAi'x, Niiiili Aiiicnrnn Sylvn. 
 l.dirnoN, ArliDreiiiiii nriiuiiniciiin. 
 
 rev,er a'An.eri,ue, Fovier a .roi« dp.nr., ^ IIunc;/"' '^'''^' '"'""^ "' ^"'"' A'"''"<='»- 
 Drei„..i„i.<erH,.niK,lom, Okkmany. 
 
 AciKMsi .s|)iiio!tii, Ok'tliiM'liiaspiMo.sn, Fava ) , 
 iiiiieiiciuia. Italy. 
 
 FiiENcii Canada. 
 Kkntuckv. 
 
 BhiTAIN and ANfil.O.AMEBtCA. 
 
 Fi'vicr, 
 Hoiicy-shuck Locust, 
 Honey Locust, Sweet Locust, Tlioriiy 
 Aeaein, ■' 
 
 >lmn ten ti.ues as long us broad.-Z;* tV^Ic/o/i ivXJi^ ' ' """'"-"''' ""'"y-="-''='l^''l. i^ml '"ore 
 
 Descnptmi, 
 
 JS?^HR Gloditscl.ia tria- 
 
 -M ^'le .situations, attains 
 -^ ) —1 — u^>.v,-x.«/S9a II iioiijlit of .sovontv 
 
 or eighty teot, with a truiilv throe or four feet in 
 
 diameter, clear of brandies to the height of 
 
 thirty feet. The hark of the trunk and 
 
 t)ranche.s is oi a <jray colour, and that of the 
 
 yr.iing shoots and spines, of a purphsh-brown. 
 
 When the tree becomes old, the bark of the 
 trunk detaches itself h-terally, in plates throe 
 or lour inches m Avidth. and nearly a quarter 
 ol an inch in thickness. When advanced 
 111 age, the trunk and branches are armed Avithr": 
 large prickles, which, llionuh not ligneous, bo- , 
 come hard, and romain attached to the bark for ^ 
 several years. Those prickles are not only ,.ro- V 
 duced from the young wood, but occasionally il 
 
 and at' S'tmnh^nf;" ^'"' '"•"'^'' ''''' ^^'"" ^''« ^'"'^ ■'* "^ considerable bulk 
 ceolYom It r. n I,n ^/T'"'. '' '''-'''''^ appearance, and th.- branches j.ro- 
 cceu irom it lather horizontally, than in an iipriixht direction The fohM.r. i« 
 par iciihuly elogann and is so thin that it scarcely obstructs "f.o pa sal^ of tl o 
 ays ol the sun. The leaves are pinnated, and cmnposed of small ov-d sess e 
 leatlets. sl.gh.ly cronulated at their summitL, and of L agreeaX in i„^ '\^ 
 
 [ill 
 
THREK-TIIOIINKD Ot.EDITSCHU. 
 
 UTica. 
 
 hnvlnit rcfiirrnri- 
 ' i'"rrii|)i.Ml friiiii 
 n iiaiiir Hi|iilHn4 
 lilt of iho iwuol 
 
 lx>rolimi Uritiiii- 
 
 IT purl fjiin. 
 t'd, and more 
 
 V^. 
 
 4r". 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 P 
 
 iMc bnlk 
 3lip,s j)ro- 
 olias^o is 
 ?c oi' tho 
 lI, sessile 
 ig, light- 
 
 grccn. They apix-ar rutli(>r late 
 )ir early in aut 
 
 818 
 
 II 
 
 iiicoMsiM,-. ins 1 * "■ "•'^^•''••'!' ^^"••'' "r-" '" J"n«', are small, aiul ratheV 
 
 I lu) IS,,, nous t .. male |,<.,„g „, ,h., |orm o/ catkin like rae.Mn.'s, of nearly th« 
 
 f u ■ r t '"' '"/■''•■' '" '•'"«"'- "'■ " •• '.Idisli-hrown .•..In, r. Tliov 
 
 w .;..,''''' '""'•'' '."""•^''' '"'•'^^" •^^■•'•''^ •'"Vflcpe.l in a pulpy sul.stu, 7 
 
 h//»r//Y..v. TIk,' yanefies reeognized under this speeies are as f.)|lows •_ 
 
 "his V , -tt H ^r '•'""''' ••'■ '^l"'^'"?^''/ «•>• 'l'l»ere is a tree of 
 
 I'lis van, ty at .Syou, near London, seventy-two iVet in heiuht with a triinU 
 ■ioarly two and a half feet in diameter, and an amhuus of s!'venty-cme feet 
 
 J. (.. T nuAeHYcAuros, Michaux. Short-fniUvd Huuvu LorLf with 'short 
 spmcs, and oblong pods, mueh shorter than those of the sJcu^s ' 
 
 Oeofrmf,ky and History. The (Jleditschia triacanthoi is sparin«lv found in 
 
 h. Jmted States, trom Pennsylvania to Georgia and I-onisiina It seems o 
 belong niore j.artieularly .„ ,he eountry west of the Alleghanies a ml i 
 va ten,^ 'u'm ^'^"^^'"^^^"'l ""y^-''<'r« ^'xcept in the fertile^ottom wl cl a e 
 e^nW I ^^ r '■""'■■•: ""' ""'''^5A themselv.>s into the Mississippi, and Illinois 
 
 assocKU(,l wilh the Juglans nigra, (Jarya sciuamosa, Ulmus rubra Fraxinus 
 amer.cana ,,uadrangnlata, Uobinia pscMidaeacia, Neimi.lo fraSlium and 
 Oymnocladns eanadensis. It is eultivated for o'rnanient in t la^ Atla.r'ci e 
 and towns, from Schenectady, in iNew York, to Savannah, in (Lma 
 
 Ihis species was hrst cultivated in Britain in 170(1, hy Hishop (Jomnton in 
 palace garden at Pulham; and Miller informs ns thkt it produced porthe e 
 ot 1. 11 size, m l.:^H; but the seeds did not come to maturity/ ^ 
 
 wl. i'' "i^r^ (.leditschia triacanthos in ilngland, is at Syon, near London 
 
 tree" nhn,'';i''''''"'^' /" ^'^'^f'^^"'!'.'" ^'^ Glasgow botanic garden, there is another 
 
 VP.?;..' ;. "if I'v " '^'''' ' '^'"''' '^ generally killed down to he ground every 
 
 h. ill t X.enri?r :''^r''';''''''' "' 'l>"'"g''^"^>' ^''^'^e is a tree which attained a 
 ti(,ig It ol nearly lorty leet, m twenty years after planting. 
 
 i Ills species was known in France in the time of l)u llamel, wlio recommends 
 
 t as an ornamental trc^., but liable to have its branches broken by tl^v'nd 
 
 more especially when the trunk divides into two branches of equal sizeTand 
 
 sontheu Lurope generally, from which plants are .easily raised. 
 
 Plantes .M'!rL r'','"'\*''"'?\''"'. ^'"^^^'"^ i«i France, is in tlie Jardin des 
 a t^ nh; tinl w'itl f ^"'y^^'^l/Ii^^ojgl't of eighty feet in one lumdred years 
 aittr planting, with a trunk two teet in diameter. 
 
 n Italy, at Monza, this species attained the height of thirty feet in twentv- 
 mnc years after planting. It was used also in Lombardy for hedges, bm "ike 
 the common locusj when tried for the same purpose, was soon abandoned! ' 
 
 ye!4 afler planti,^^."' ' ^''' ''"^^"''^ " ''"'S'^' °^ ^'^'^ ^'^'^^ "^ Ibrty-five 
 
 were fSSl' '" ^'''' ^'''"'''' '^ "P"""^ '^'^'' ^" ^^^^^ ^'^"^ ^^'^'^'^ y«""S P^^^ts 
 
 Joil .Situation, Propagation, ^-c. The Glcditschia triacanthos, in its natural 
 
 habitat, ,s never found except where the soil is good, and its presence, Michaux 
 
 .(i.f 
 
214 
 
 OLEDITSCHIA TRIACA TIIOS. 
 
 th'" 
 
 H' 1 
 
 * !' 
 
 Observes, is an infal ible sign of the greatest degree of fertility. When cnltivatod 
 1 requires a deep rich, free soil, and a situation not exposed to high ."inds The 
 chma e should also be somewhat favourable, otherwise the wood of the voum^ 
 brauches will not ripen, but will annually be killed off by the frost In Britain 
 the species is always propagated from seeds imported from abroad Thcv are 
 prepared for sowing, by soaking them twelve hours in warm water, as directed for 
 those of f le Robinia pseudacac.a. They should be sown in March or Api 1 ai d 
 if properly prepared, tliey will come up in two or three weeks. Thev are bS 
 ransplanted to the sjot where they are finally to remain, when quite younV as 
 they make but few hbrous roots, and these, Ibr the most 'part, take a dow ward 
 direction. The varieties can only be insured by grafting o inarchincr ", S 
 species. In general, however, an abundance of plants of the GHeditschiitrk 
 canthos inermis may be selected from beds of seedlings of the species. Th.. rate 
 of growth of this tree for the first fifteen or twenty yeavs, is gJnerallv abou nn 
 aj^mge of a foot a year; but in favourable situatioL it will g^^ at double Sh 
 
 fJ/Z'T' ^""^ "!"/'''' ^r''*?^ ''''T'''^ *^ *''^ Gleditschia triacanthos is the Can- 
 tharis cinera, or the ash-coloured cantharis, of Harris. It usually appears in 
 gardens in June and often the foliage of this species is destroyed by tlieL vora 
 cious insects. Dr. Harris remarks that they are also very fond of the lea.es of 
 on .^tnf '^ ^^^""Vf"^ that they are occasionally found in considerable numbers 
 on Po ato ymes. It is stated by Smith and Abbot, in their " Insects of Georgia " 
 tha the Phalaena concinna, or painted prominent moth, feeds upon this tree as 
 well as upon the apple, persimon, and hickory. The 'whole brood mos com- 
 monly come together They form their webs about the first of June and the 
 perfect insects make their appearance in about fifteen days after. They likewise 
 spin 111 autumn, and come out the following sprinc^ ''^^twist 
 
 Properties mid Uses The wood of the Uledftschia triacanthos, when dry 
 weiglKS fifty-two pounds to a cubic foot. It is very hard, and splits wUl great 
 difficulty, resembling in this and some otlu , respects, that of the cLnioi lof, st 
 but ts grain is coarser and its j^ores more open. This tree is neither used v 
 the builder nor the wheelwright, but is sometimes employed, in Ko uckv 
 where it is the most abundant, for rural fences, where wiod of 'a more durable 
 he fhinkft ^P^'^^f ^- /I^'^J^^nx says that the only useful purpose for which 
 he thinks the tree fit, is for making hedges, but it has not succeeded either i 
 Europe or in America. A sugar has been extracted from the pulp of the pod 
 and a beer made by fermenting it while fresh. ^ ' 
 
 In general, this species, as well as all others of the genus, can only be consid- 
 ered as ornamental trees; but in that character, they hold a high rank The 
 delicate, light-green foliage, and beautifully varied, graceful, and pic iresq e 
 forms assumed by this tree, together with the singular featu e aff^orded by ts 
 spines, will always entitle it to a place in ornamental plantations ^ 
 
 I ti 
 
 ■ 
 
 In; 
 
cultivated, 
 
 inds. The 
 
 tlie young 
 
 In Britain, 
 
 They are 
 directed for 
 April, and, 
 ey are best 
 young; as 
 downward 
 ing on the 
 tschia tria- 
 
 The rate . 
 y about an 
 iouble that 
 
 is the Can- 
 appears in 
 hese vora- 
 
 leaves of 
 e numbers 
 
 Georgia," 
 his tree as 
 most com- 
 e, and the 
 !y likewise 
 
 when dry, 
 with great 
 on locust ; 
 Rr used by 
 Kentucky, 
 re durable 
 for which 
 
 1 either in 
 tlie pods, 
 
 be consid- 
 nk. The 
 cturcsqne 
 led by its 
 
 Glcd'dschia monospertna, 
 
 THE ONE-SEEDED GLEDITSCHIA. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Gleditschia momsperma, 
 
 Fevier monosperme, 
 Einsamij^er Honigdorn, 
 Gleditschia mouospenna, 
 Water Locust, 
 
 Walter, Flora Caroliniana. 
 
 De Candom.e, Prodniinus. 
 
 MiciiAux, Noriii American Sylva. 
 
 Loudon, Arbcretiiin Britaniiicum. 
 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora ol' North America. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Derivation. Thn .specific name, tnano.ipermn, h ilorivol from the Greek monm} 
 in prowiiig 111 only one seed ill ' ' '"" '" 
 ir«;f ;• Locust, on account nf its 
 
 U;e_,n,«h,g,^ only c^esee,i:nreaclM,u,L -The French:Oer;;;;u;:i,M 
 
 inundated at the sea.on of the H:il;g rf tl^ 'j;;!^;:^ large. .van„« that border ri^V.rwiier^thr.mii: colliuuut; wet'L^';;^:' 
 
 belo 
 
 E><gravings. Michaux, North ALncrican Sylva, pi. 80; Loudon, Arboretum Uritannicum, ii,, figure 3C-1; 
 
 and tlie figures 
 
 Specific Chnrncters Spines .slender, not rarely triful, few. Leailets ovate-oblong, acute. Legumes flat- 
 tish, roundish, 1-seeded.— i^c Candolk. Frudruinus. i^to"""-!. nai 
 
 Efi 
 
 Description. 
 [HE Gleditschia mo- 
 
 5^ ?^ S Hi^ nosperma, in its nat- 
 '^■W) y[ (V ™^^ habitat, attains 
 
 . ^~ ^^ nb(Mv^m ''I height of sixty or 
 
 eighty feet, with a trunk from one to two feet in 
 diameter. In some respects it closely resem- 
 bles the preceding species. The bark, though 
 smooth when the tree is young, cracks and 
 scales off when it becomes old. The branches ' 
 are armed with thorns, and arc less numerous, 
 and somewhat smaller than those of the Gle- 
 ditschia triacanthos; and the leaves differ from 
 it in being more diminutive in all their pro- 
 portions. The flowers, which open in June and July, are inconspicuous, of n 
 greenish colour, and destitute of odour. They are succeeded by flat, roundist, 
 pods, of a reddish colour, about an inch in diameter, united in bunches of three 
 each of which contains a single, naked seed. The seeds usually come to maturitv' 
 m the United States, early in September. ^" 
 
 Geography, History, i^-r. The Gleditschia monosperma, along the sea-board 
 js found indigenous to South Carolina, Georgia, East Florida. Louisiana, and 
 lexas; and west of the Alleghanies, it is fomid in Illinois. It grows only in 
 large swamps that border the rivers, where the soil is rich and moist, or is occa- 
 sionally overflowed at the season of the rising waters. In such soils it is found 
 growing among the Taxodium distichum, Nyssa grandideutata, Acer rubrum 
 Uuercus lyrata, Planera gmelini, Juglans cathartica, and other trees, reo.iirin" 
 a deep, rich, moist soil. ' x p 
 
 This species was introduced into Britain, in 1723, by Mark Catesby, and 
 frea ed in all respeets like the Gledit.sdiia triacanthos, of which it was considered, 
 until within a tew years, only a variety. 
 
 6 
 
216 
 
 GLEDITSCHIA MONOSPERMA. 
 
 and an ambitus of forly foet ' " " ° '"'" '" diameter, 
 
 liabl'e';":;f,:;;tm tZ'&i GLSZ'r"!'""''"'! " '^ '"■"'»°'" '» t- more 
 
 p I 
 
 'I !i 
 
 §f 
 
 1 
 
tidon, which 
 in diameter, 
 
 t to be more 
 I not appear 
 fifty feet in 
 
 ies attained 
 
 this species 
 
 I resembles 
 colour; but 
 1 is applied 
 
 Genus GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. 
 
 Leguminacere. 
 
 Si/sl. A'ut. 
 
 Si/non)/7)ies. 
 Gymnocladus, Guilandina, 
 
 DicEcia Decandria. 
 
 Syst. Lin, 
 
 Of Actthors. 
 
 10 included, inserted with the petals ; those opposite the sepals a little longest. Legume obtonff 
 compressed, very large, thick, pulpy within.- r«..,y and Gray, Flora. ■^eoUmo oDlong, 
 
 ^IIE genus Gymnocladus comprises but one species, a deciduous 
 . tree, native of North America, with upright branches, and incon- 
 spicuous buds. It was constituted by M. Lamarck, from the 
 genus Guilaudma, which at present contains but one species the 
 Guilanduia bonduc, or Bonduc-tree, a native of India The 
 .'^^ — \-r'^ Gymnocladus is nearly allied to the Tamarindus indica, a large 
 beautiful, spreading tree, indigenous to tiie East and West Indies, Arabia and 
 bgypt, Irom which the tamarinds of commerce are produced. Its pods' like 
 those of the tamarind-tree, may be preserved, and are said to be wholesome, and 
 slightly aperient. ' 
 
 28 
 
0il 
 
 I' 
 
 i?h,l 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 Gymnocladus canadensis, 
 
 THE CANADIAN GYMNOCLADUS. 
 
 Guilandma dioica, 
 Gymnocladus canadensis, 
 
 Bonduc, Chiquier, 
 Canadischer Schusserbaum, 
 Gros ffivier, 
 Chicot, 
 
 Nicker-tree, Stump-tree, Kentucky Coffee 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 LiNNjRus, Species Plantarum. 
 f De C?Nn^^,f '" ^'7"'"" ^^'^^""'''ique Botanique. 
 -i MicHAux, Neriii American Sylva 
 j Loudon, Arboretum Brilannicum' 
 { ToRREY A.ND Gkay, Flora of North America. 
 
 Germany, 
 French Im.inois. 
 French Canada. 
 
 I iiRITAIN AND ANljLO-AmERICA 
 
 Dfriralinti. 
 KcrUiic 
 
 .uml^ur^i.n/^!,';!;!'^^; I^^lt.::';;;,^:;:^^^'^"^^^''' "■• '«='' "I-'--. Nor.,, A„,orica„ 8,.va, p,, 50; Loudon Arbore- 
 
 ^^;£s?Sr- tIS^IS^s l^Sin.^'^i::^^:^'^^,^?^''^ bipmna^e; lowers in race.es, with 
 rest ea^h of 6-8 pa.r. of lcafle.s.-iJ;'c„T;i,'p;ri;;'."''- '^""'"^ '^^'^'^ "^ " ^'"^"'--^ '<==^"«'> ^nd the 
 
 c^r—^JlTE Gymnocladus cana- 
 
 I l^ '({3 ^^"^'^ ^^ ^ ^''^^F tree. 
 
 i/L §?-ii-M growing to a height of 
 — -^^J*!^ £.60;;^^ fifty to eighty fccf with 
 a stratglit trunk frota twelve i.tches to two fee 
 m dmmeter, and is ofte.i destitut<-of branches 
 for more than thirty feet. The aspect of its 
 head in winter, is remarkable from being fasti! 
 giate, and possessing l,nt fi^v, branches, which 
 are large, t lick, and blunt at their tips, n com- 
 parison with those of most other trees, and from 
 being destitute of any visible buds, which latteJ 
 circnmstance, connected with the 'former, gives 
 the tree the apj^earancc of being dead- but in 
 snmmer, when clothed with leaves, its'summ 
 forms a dense, oval or roundish ikass, wh ch 
 has a fine e lect, and may be seen at a g eat 
 d.s ance. The roots of this tree arc i:e^v, thfck -^5SS^ 
 
 t1' or t ;^r;h; tnli; i^ :^^j::''^^\ ^^ ^h '^^^■^^'^^^ ^-- "p--^«- 
 
 tain age, in small Ir'rd . Ir'r i ^ '^n"]''/'"',^ '^"^''^^'^^^ itself, after a ccr- 
 jectin^sumcieSl^ to d^^i^n^^ t,^'^r^l'^^^::;^er ^^V""' ^^°- 
 
 ^^s;::7:'i:r^Z: r;'r.St?"f ^^vR ^-'- --^^^l^^^ut oi; 
 
 are oval-acuminate 7rom one lo two in..' f "^ '^T [^T "^^""^- ^he leaflets 
 
 "1 
 
CANADIAN GYiMNOCLADUS. 
 
 219 
 
 otanique. 
 
 nca. 
 
 ;arly selilers of 
 
 /oudon, Arbore- 
 
 icemes, with 
 (let, and the 
 
 pwards. 
 r a cer- 
 nd pro- 
 ves, on 
 but on 
 leaflets 
 md the 
 Ml from 
 barren 
 f large- 
 
 bowed pods from five to ten inches in length, and about two inches in breadth, 
 IS ot a reddish-brown colour, of a pulpy consistency within, and contains several 
 Jargc gray seeds, of extreme hardness, that come to maturity in September or 
 
 ^ Gcographij mid History. The (Jymnocladus canadensis is sparingly found in 
 Lpper Canada, and along the borders of Lake Erie and Ontario, in the state of 
 rsew York; but m Kentucky and Tennessee, it abounds on tracts which border 
 the Uhio and Illinois rivers, and is associated with the Juglans nigra, Ulmus 
 rubra, Linodendron tulipifera, Fraxinua americana quadrangulata, Gleditschia 
 tnacanthos, and more especially with tlie Celtis occidentalis. 
 . '}y^^^ tf^'^ Y^^ introduced into Britain in 1748, and was cultivated by Archi- 
 bald Duke of Argyll, at Whitton, where the original tree is said still to exist. 
 Soon alter its introduction into England, it found its way into most of the collec- 
 tions of France, southern Germany, and of Italy. 
 
 The largest tree of this species in Britain, is at Croomo, iii Worcestershire 
 which attained a height of sixty feet in forty years after planting, with a trunk 
 eighteen inches in diameter, and an ambitus of thirty feet. 
 
 In France, at Paris, in the Jardin des Plantcs, there is a Gymnocladus which 
 attained the height of fifty-five feet in sixty years after planting, Avitli a trunk 
 twenty inches m diameter, and an ambitus of forty feet. At Colombicr. near 
 Mentz, there is another tree sixty-five feet in height. 
 
 In Prussia, at Sans Souci, in Berlin, there is a tree of this species which 
 attained the height of thirty feet in thirty years after planting. 
 
 In Austria, at Vienna, there is also a tree which attained the height of thirty 
 feet in thirteen years after planting. 
 
 In the Bartram botanic garden, at Kingsessiiis, near IMiiladelphia, there is a 
 Gymnocladus eighty feet in height, with a trunk five feet ni circumference. 
 
 In Washington square, Philadelphia, there is a tree of this species about thirty 
 years of age, fifty feet in height, with a trunk five feet and four inches in cir- 
 ciimference, at a yard above the ground, and a head about fifty feet in diameter. 
 Ihere are also fine specimens of this tree in the garden of Mr. I). Landreth, of 
 Philadelphia, and on the estate of Mr. A. J. Downing, of Newburgh, on the Hudson. 
 ^oil, SUunilon, Piopao-atiun, tf-c. The Gymnocladus canadensis, in its natural 
 habitat, invariably grows in the very richest of soils, and thrives best in shel- 
 tered situations. The tree is generally propagated by seeds, which should be 
 sown in March or April, and treated in the same manner as recommended in 
 the common locust. It may also be propagated from cuttings of the roots, care 
 being taken in planting, to keep the ends in the position in which they naturally 
 grow. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The Avood of the Gymnocladus canadensis is of a rosy 
 hue, and is very hard, cominict, tough, and strong, Avhich render it very suitable 
 for cabinet-making, and for building. Like the common locust, it has the valua- 
 ble property of rapidly converting the alburnum into heart-wood, so that a trunk 
 six inches in diameter, has only about half of an inch of sap-wood, and may be 
 employed almost entirely for useful purposes. The live bark is extremely bitter ; 
 so that a morsel no larger than a grain of maize, chewed for some time, causes a 
 violent irritation in the throat. The pods, preserved like those of the tamarind, are 
 said to be wholesome, and slightly aperient. The seeds were employed by the early 
 settlers of Kentucky and Tennessee, as a substitute for coffee, but their use was 
 discontinued, as soon as the Arabian coflee could be obtained. In Europe, the 
 only use to which this tree is applied is for the purposes of ornament and shade. 
 Being very hardy, and remarkable for the beauty of its foliage during summer, 
 it is highly appreciated both in Europe and its native country. 
 
 fr 
 
 mi 
 
 m 
 
Genus C:.' _S^ Linn. 
 
 LcguminaceiE. 
 
 Decandria Monogynia. 
 
 Syst. Lin. 
 
 *><. Nat 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 Cerci,, sm,mu„m, Or A.t,..,. 
 
 sake. I, may be\aM in ai is^h J, lias r.'n"'' •'"' f '"'r' '■"' "" '""^"^ss' 
 wh.ch ,>,aa. hangec, M„,se,f. aa/lj^rr djc^r, 'a'-™t*„?ar!;^ S.'?" 
 
 It 
 
 ,!.'■ S 
 
Cercis canadensis, 
 THE CANADIAN JUDAS-TREE. 
 
 Cercis canadensis, 
 
 Gainier de Canaila, Boulon rouge, 
 Cariadisrher Judasbaum, 
 Siliquastro di Canada, 
 Judas-tree, Red-bud, 
 
 Si/nonymes, 
 
 fLiNN^Etrs, Species Plantarum. 
 Dii Canpolle, Prodroinus. 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 ToRREY AND Grav, Flora of North America. 
 France. 
 Geu.viany. 
 Italy. 
 Britain and Anglo- A.merica. 
 
 £n<'raviiisfi. 
 
 'gf>. Nutlall, North American S/lva, pi. — ; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, v., pi. 103; and the figures below. 
 
 Specific Characters. Leaves acuminate, villose beneath, at the a.xils of the veins. As compared with the 
 Cercis siliquastrum, its (lowers arc of a paler rose-colour, the legume is on a longer pedicel, and tipned 
 with a longer style.— Z>e Caudolle, Prodrvmits. 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Cercis canadensis, like the 
 
 j'ndas-trce of Enrope, Ibrnis a 
 
 luiiidsoine sliriib, or low tree, 
 _ M .seldom attaining a height of 
 
 twenty leet, when wild, but sometimes double this height 
 in a state of cnltivation. It is at once distingnished from 
 that tree by its leaves being lieart-sliaped, and pointed, 
 much thinner, more veined,\ind of a lighter green; and 
 the flowers are generally produced in less numbers. 
 Tlie leaves are broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, hairy 
 along the vchis on their under sides, of a light bluish- 
 green above, and of a pale sea-green imderneath. The 
 flowers, which put forth before the leaves, in March, 
 April, and May, are of a ptirplish line, acid to the taste, 
 and are succeeded by small, flat, thin, brownish pods, 
 containing nmnerons seeds. 
 
 Geography and History. The Cercis canadensis, in its indigenous state, is 
 sparingly produced along the banks of rivers from Canada to Louisiana; and it 
 is^ found cultivated for ornament in many o." the gardens and collections both in 
 Enro])e and in America. It Avas introduced into Britain m 1730 ; but it has never 
 been much cultivated there. 
 
 The largest tree of this species in Europe, and perhaps on the globe, is at Paris, 
 ill the Rue Grenelle, in the garden of house No. 1^2, which is stated to be forty 
 feet in height, and eighteen inches in diameter. In the Jardin des Plantes, in the 
 same city, there is also a tree Avhich attained the height of thirty-six feet in fifty- 
 five years after planting, with a trunk ten inches in diameter, and an ambitus 
 of twenty feet. 
 
 In the environs of London, this tree is seldom found more than ten or twelve 
 feet in height. 
 
 In the Cartram botanic garden, at Jvingsessing, near Philadelphia, there is a 
 
 I 
 
 m\ 
 
222 
 
 CERCIS CANADENSIS. 
 
 Ccrcis canadensis, ,hir.y-r,vo foot 1„ height, with a trunk three feel in cireumfer- 
 
 4itnSrrr;'a.tr rS,a7,i°j '".VbS™'"^™,! tX'zr^'^ S '"'• 
 
 able, ae,,! tasle, thoy nrigl.t be fried with butter or We?s like tho" of he^e^ 
 e.s .dKiuastrutn, and the ,lower-buds and tender pods may be pleWed h, vmeg": 
 
 ¥ 
 
 i! ■ 
 
Gemis AMYGDALUS, Tourn. 
 
 Rosacea!. 
 Sj/al. Nat. 
 
 Ami/gdahS) Persica, 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Icosandria Monogynia. 
 
 Sijat. Aat. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 ^'SSi^'trnZt. ^ pTf '"l"''''"- ^^'y'^'. '" """-^' '=''^-^'^-''' "''"' •'5 '"'"^«' 'he o<ld one posterior to the 
 ax s ot inflorescence. Petals ami stamens arising Iroin the caly.x. Stamens, for the mast part nume- 
 rous. Ovaries many several, or solitary; each of 1 cell, that includes, in most case To 'u"e ,n 
 some, 1 to many ovules. Style lateral or terminal. Leaves alternate, n nearly Jfi^'ipu late pin^ 
 nalely divided, or simple.— Z>e Crt«(Me awrf Zi„rf/,;y. ' '"'y iu siipuiaie, pin- 
 
 |HE genus Amygdaliis belongs to the same natural family as the 
 rose, and other trees which produce the most useful and 
 agreeable fruits of the temperate countries of the globe. The 
 fruit-bearing species and the rose have followed man from the 
 earliest periods of civilization, and perhaps have been more 
 1 m, st^'licd, and consequently better known, than any other ligneous 
 
 plants. The medicmal properties of several of the species arc remarkable from 
 the cn-cumstance ot their yielding prussic acid ; while others produce a sum 
 near y allied to gum Arabic, which indicates a degree of aflinity between the 
 family to winch they belong, and the order LeguminaceiE. " There are two 
 characteristics of this order," says Loudon, "with reference to its cultivation 
 which are of great importance to the gardener. The first is, the liability of 
 almost all the species to sport, and produce varieties differing, in many cases 
 more from one another, than they differ from other species : and the second is' 
 that they are remarkably subject to the attacks of insects and diseases." ' 
 
 Modern botanists have thought proper to divide this genus, on account of cer- 
 tain technical distinctions in the fruit, which will probabhr be rejected when in 
 consequence of extended experience and an improved knowledge of vec^etable 
 physiology a more enlarged view shall be taken of the subject of estabUshing 
 genera and species. The almond was included by Linnaeus in the same genus 
 with the peach, of which it is doubtless, the parent, as tre j have been found 
 with almonds in a state of transition to peaches. The nectarine he only con- 
 sidered as a variety of the peach, and numerous instances are on rec .d of both 
 fruits growing upon the same tree, even on the same branch, and one case has 
 occurred of a single fruit partaking of the nature of both. 
 
 ij im 
 
!( > 
 
 
 A mygdalus com rn un is, 
 THE COMMON ALMOND-TUEE. 
 
 ^ynonymca. 
 
 Amy glial us communis, 
 
 Amniidicr, 
 
 Maiiili'lliauni, 
 
 ]\Iati(li)i'l(i, 
 
 Alinciiilio, 
 
 Aiiu'iiildeira, 
 
 IMiiiilaliKM- (Icrevo, 
 
 Aliiioiid-irue, 
 
 Linn;ki s, Species Plnntarum. 
 Dk Canhom.k, I'l-oilroiiius. 
 LoiJtiiJN, Arborctimi liiitaiinicuiii. 
 
 TRANCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Si'ArN. 
 
 PoRTl'dAr,. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Britain and A»ai,o.AMEnicA. 
 
 Km 
 
 ^sn"^(2:::'- ''" """"•'- ^'■''"' ''- A^"'- «' Arb,Hto., iv,, pi. 21,, I.ou,lon, Arl.ore,um Britaunicum, vl., p,. 
 
 ^■^SSimm'l"- r^7"'S^ '■'""'''' '^^•nP'-'^^^'-'l nn'l rather c--.sl,npe,l ■ the nut "-ovulr,! 1 
 Sl>le tt . Munal. Caly.x dendimus, oC a l,oll-sl,ape ; flowers solitary.' L-nvcVl^^the m.'., 
 serrate, with the ow.t snrr.Tfnrp^ ,,r ti,., „.,.i. .■*.„„ _';^'\^V'^ „"^'^"^'^'^''' 
 
 103; and tliu 
 
 ^™«:.™e.„,.„ ..i„,, >,,„ ^;\—'--;^';^:''^^^ ^23, 
 
 -2-see(lec!. 
 
 , undivided, 
 
 Stipules not attached lu 
 
 Description. 
 
 t 
 
 " ^','n ''"''"' '" ilri'''""-^ "fii linppicr hour, 
 flial iilii;lits (111 iiii.Hi^rv'.i linnv, 
 S|iriiiu.H (orili liku llic .silvery iilmonrl /lower, 
 riiul bliMiniH oil a luullws l)(iiii,'li." 
 
 iMuORE. 
 
 Com- 
 
 Imoiitl, 
 
 ^ - gruf'tcd 
 
 . — , .-^.^i*.. EM?i;iys?>^ on the plum. 
 
 m tho central jiarts of I'^irope 'and 
 
 JNortli Anionca. often attains a height 
 
 ol twenty or thirty feet, with a trnnk 
 
 ciglit or ton iiiche.s in diameter; and 
 
 even in tho neighhonrhood of Paris it 
 
 js mot with of an elevation of forty 
 
 feet, and 111 Spain, Italy, and the sontli 
 
 ot b rancc, it grows still higher. It is 
 
 neither a handsome-shaped tree nor 
 
 of long duration, its head being wide 
 
 and spreading; hut from being open -»• 
 
 :om!huS n: at^!;rl^;::;i; Ts^I'z:::!t ^?--' -^ p^'^> -e.co,oured b.os- 
 
 to be wholly comrd wft 'the, t7 f ' ^^^»'^'' ^^-P^^'"!' the l,ranches appear 
 trees to display i^losoiUwbieb V '°T""'^^°"' ^^ "'" ^^'''' •■^'»«"^' ''^ ^-dv 
 at Smyrna,^i/Febr aryToa7^,^Hh^^^ ^T ^'''l\ "^ ^^''^'^'y "' •''^""^'^'•y : 
 
 tlie latJer part of Apr 1 -^knd at f'h I .'. ' v ' ' "' ^'-^•'"^'^"y '"^d Now York. 
 
 •luno. Its^ontempSy flowo ini" ■; r n' Bn^am'^e' T' f '''? ^"'^'"'^'"S "^ 
 Cerasus pseutlo-rerasus an<l t e „ x rnLl ' /T ^^'"^ ^''°''' ''"^ ^^P•■'C"^ the 
 
 lana.) The blossoms of aUhe^ ^^t^-^.te^ 
 
 the beauty of the flowers. 'Ct:ii^i;^;;fS'thei^!^l^I^ 
 
 mi. 
 
COMMON AI,MOND-TRKE. 
 
 225 
 
 03; and tliu 
 
 .n..,uh, ,1,,. ,i„w,r»",t."'';";;i'iu;,",'; : '",";':'„;;;;, :,;r;;L:'': :",""• "'z ° 
 
 fruit IS not SO iittractivo as Ihit nf rl... ,.o-.i i '-"V^ ^ul with vrnliirc. Tlio 
 
 StolK!, COV0r(!(l with -l rorilPPm.c .Ir.r I ' "''^^ "'^ .lIlMOIul hus 11 
 
 a,„l 11,0 „ll„.r will „ t i, rono T 1 r.I " '"""'V . ""V "■"'' '' '""'I *t.||, 
 
 Compressed, acuminato sl.oH 'n ^ ^r ' ^^^^ "" f''"''''''^ ^^"'^ "^^^'«- 
 
 bitter almond, or on ai v stron imwhK/":n l ^ ^"'r'""^; '''''"'*'^'''' '''«'' "" ^he 
 the sweetness of its fruit ''"'"S-giou mg seedlmg ahnonds, m order to ensure 
 
 this variety ^o h.Cd acu" „f h^^^^ ^'^ ^'^^^^ "^ 
 
 turgid ; flowers of a very pale rose c h,n In I^ "V 1 ''J'>nclcs short, and 
 
 petals broadly obcordate^ w aved fr Inio^ ' 'Tv ^"'^ ^'"'"l '"^'•"■*' ''"^ '^■''^■^"^i 
 at the tip: shell hai. and lirnel a^^^^^ "'nb.hcate at the base, acuminate' 
 
 one with'the fruit rati e mi k' com no v .T i -^v'" ^"''^ ''''' •'^"''-varieties, 
 and the other, with fru t stil s {110^0!^^ '" r'"^''""''' "'''""<f''>- -^otfow; 
 
 of botn of these are • m o^ed -e ^ Ji 1 1 [7"''''''^'''^ 'rh<"k.TneK 
 
 the purposes of oruamenJ ^ ' '^'"'^' ^' '' Prcl^'rrcd to all .)tl 
 
 ,i * .- 
 
 purpos( 
 A. 
 
 those 
 
 j^^i.uuiMi colour, .uid ihu kernel sweet-tiavoured 
 
 es, or on any free- 
 its flowers, which 
 lers for 
 
 
 IJn Hamci 
 
 ''i Is 
 
220 
 
 AMYODALUS COMMIfNIS. 
 
 I), Mr 
 
 W: 
 
 I 
 
 i - 
 
 t : 
 
 
 
 
 E/Zlir^ ''n 'V'"' ''-"■y "'""' •'"' •'''"'" '"■"•'"'•' '''••^"' "vato, ..bt.,.so, will, the 
 tuisk Mlhor (l.«sliy, to ovnto, comprosscd, anirniiialr, „ikI the husk ( rv It !■* 
 
 «( I l.ny, as suolln. ainum, . ot this vari.-ly, havir.t. nus.-.l a s.„„h.r '... hi .'df 
 
 aiic^'u' tS..:^rh,;^;j;;;;i ;^.,!i'^ """-•"" ^^'•" ""^ i-"- •"• ""' !-■". wi..... ,.: 
 
 r,. A. c. .KA.MMs, 1),. Cumlollo. lirm-slulkd Common Almomf-frrr ■ hmn,. 
 
 d,rr o ro,i„. tnulrv, \ma„d,rr a ro,/,,,: mollv, of the Frcwich. The h-avA Ith s 
 
 varu-.y arc short ; ih. potions thirk. Tho llovvrrs prot.ul.. at ih. ,: t u s 
 
 ho leaves, are o| a |.al.> rose-,M.l<.,ir, with hroad, .Uhm ly-,.,uarLM.,at.. , Is T e 
 
 irn.t .s aeu.u.nate, shell sof,. an.l ker.iel sweet-.Iavoufe.ll. ( •.Ih! vale,/ to ts IV i 
 
 0. A. .■• KLOKK iM.KNo, |{aui..ami. lh,„hl,-flo,nn4 Common Ahnond-ln, 
 
 1'he ■■d.nom'r lTT'"x '^=^"";''"."' y'f''^"ti.l.h„nd Common Mmnnd-trrf. 
 wh u h ;"'"'. /■""•7'I'''-<'.1 as a r.nt-ire,., has jriven ri«o to some other varieties, 
 which will ho to.,,1.1 treated at lei.^Mh it, the - Nonveau I)i> Ila.uel " and the 
 "rsonvcau Coi.rs d'Agriculture," jMd.lished in Kranee ' 
 
 an,ISCt^7'''^^'''7f :'''"• '^"'y«'>"""'^ eounn.uhs is in.li.renous to Syria 
 
 trie A/ores, and the Canary Islands, and is cidfivated lor ornament in HrifiMi 
 jN^onh An,er.ca, and according to Mr. Royle, in the monntainonspirts of India.' 
 
 anl'rr Ii-^,r.L'lV'r 'P'''''' ''f ,^«^^«';'"S at a period when most other trees 
 appear sc. ci ly to have escaped from the icy chains of winter, and the extraor- 
 dinary prolnsum ol .ts llowers donluless attracted the early at.ent o of ho ^ al 
 mu.. 1.0 hrst mention ol the almond is f.,nnd in '■ Holy Writ," when A o'e 
 to ascertani Ironi which o( the tw.>lve trihes to choose the hi.d. pr es , t u- Ive 
 
 lepresented the tribe of Levi, covered with leaves and blossoms. 
 
 „„1 I* * II .*f " ^l'"' ,'"■'"'!''. ">" '•'"I »f Aaron f;>r tli.i lioiis,, i.f Levi wiw IukIJu,! 
 aiiJ brought fuiU. liud., u,„l bl,K.,„„ci blc,*,,,,.., an.l yicl,lo>l ulniMmli •• ' 
 
 NlfMOERS XVll. 8. 
 
 The almond is also mentioned in that sacred book as one of the choice fruits of 
 Canaan. It was noticed by Pliny, as well as by other early Roman i I o,s 
 
 peth 'dlnoi'^M •' ^"'--' -'\''^'\^';,'^'"'^'''^ -nsidors'to be the swoli;:; 
 or peacli almond (A. c. persicides.) In \louw. in the time of Cato the fruit 
 
 M?ni ^l'^^''\^^''^} ^\^: ^li'iond was broauht from C're,-,-,. to Marseilles in the 
 Middc Age, by the Phoca^an colonists. Faulkner, in his " Konsiii-' on '' s-^vs 
 that the Irmt came from the eas;, and was intrmlnced into Hri ain in 15^ 
 According to other accounts, it was first brought into that count v > 18 
 
 1 hat thoi gh it IS a tree oi hot regions, yet we have them in oiir London 
 gardens and orchards in great plenty" flowering betimes wi e .icl a mi 
 
 ripening their fruit in August." It is at present in very genera ciliv-a ion u 
 
 teethe ('i'^'^ ''•■ ''^ f"""^' '"V* ■" ""^'^'^ '-^'^^^ '^^^^ Jmu-o ^nm- c n 
 Afiica, the ( anaries, and a part of Asia, for its fruit. 
 
 Ihis species, and several of the varieties, were introduced by the late William 
 Prince, ot Flushing, New York, previous to 1793, and they are culthat cd otTi 
 for ornament and their fruit in various states of the union ^'^'"^'^tca both 
 
 / octical nnd Mythological Allusions. The following is' the oris.Mn assimied bv 
 Grecian mythology to d.is tree, as given by Mr. Loudon, in his '' A bo e nm "_ 
 
 th?crr'o7'Th;-r/ J""T' '■^^""''"^^ ^'i^^^^'^^^^- ^^-^ ^^--^ •'/- t",!;;"st on 
 
 the coast ot Ihiace, where he was most hospitably received by the beautiful 
 
, Willi tho 
 Iry. It is 
 10 Tuherca 
 K' himself, 
 
 /llicll JJlO- 
 
 e; AvinU' 
 .(•s of this 
 w tillK' iis 
 Ills. 'I'he 
 r its iVuit. 
 Inc. 
 
 nnud-tirf'. 
 
 varieties, 
 
 " uiid the 
 
 to Syria 
 
 Miuh'ira, 
 
 1 nritaiii, 
 
 of Indiii, 
 
 her trees 
 3 cxtraor- 
 ihori^iiial 
 'W Moses, 
 It tu'eiv(! 
 1(1, whicii 
 
 COMMON ALMOND-TREE. 
 
 fruits of 
 authors. 
 '. s\voli(>ii 
 the fruit 
 in I'rov- 
 s, ill tlie 
 n," says 
 in 1")7(). 
 in |-).1S. 
 )hserves, 
 I'ondon 
 ifli. and 
 .'atiou ill 
 northern 
 
 WilHam 
 ted both 
 
 2;ned by 
 inn :" — 
 ipcst on 
 leautiful 
 
 qnocn of tho country, Phylhs. He wo,, her I 
 
 227 
 
 .- , ---/> ~..j..,.,. t,^ WWII lUT Mean, aiK 
 
 It searc..|y were they „„ited, whijn the death of hii liitl 
 
 K-art, and hecanin I,cr hnshand ; 
 
 phoon 
 
 ,„ 1.1 ' , , . •'. •■■■■"••i "M'Y'i m<; oeaii oi II s atlier reea eo lien 
 
 c. ^11 '''Kl I'X »ned, tho nnlortnnate (ineei, wandered ihiilv on tl.<. v,.n 
 
 Snie n';;;;;:.,!:?''?'^ i.-r Demophoon; ji when, nn^:; iliiz^j^^, :,kI 
 
 n..l:^!'.:;',ii:r;i;:':S'nCr=;"" ""'"'"• ""- "-^''-'^ covered wi.h 
 
 «,i'l"l,','M';'','""'''"'i' ''■'■■ ?''"' •*'"y'!'l"l"» eonnnmii,. ,l,„.» „„t „,„,,„., „„|e„ the 
 
 Piisaiiifii 
 
 obtainec' w th them -it fl.o u-Lt .,-> i ' >-own, ,i gialted tree may bo 
 
 ?ormi,.,:H,,/ " musTZ^, I- 'om"«c,rc,,msUi„ee originated Iho practiee of 
 i 't ,., ,l,e radid "Vi:e l^t a" h i eu^I'''?,: d^ ''"";"'",''' ""' ">"= 
 
 grow four o five fe^t ,o h st ve:^ Th 'r. ';' "'T! ''''' r^"''' ^'^^^'^ ^^i'' 
 
 eoii r d ," u ^", fr ;? r:;',;;' ""= """""i-"- 1» "--i, -..i or a r..ddish 
 
 liBlM„„-vil,c O , i , , -Zi^: IT^ '" ■■",";':= "T"^' '^■'•■^mU^s ,hat of 
 
 leaves are ai 
 
 should always be mixed with otl 
 
 ^- / I 3 . ~~j^ ^^ niij\.K,\j. Willi uiin;r pre 
 
 ^u employed, m common with those of the peach and 
 
 ler provender. Th* 
 nectarine, for 
 
228 
 
 AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS. 
 
 I ^l>' 
 
 gr. ing a flavour to gin whisky, and other spirits. The gum, which exudes from 
 this tree, is usca for the same purposes as that of the cherry, and the gum Ara- 
 bic, though It is not so easily dissolved in water as the last-mentioned kind. An 
 0x1 ,s obtamcd, both from bitter and sweet almonds, by maceration and expression. 
 A liquid is aiso distilled irom the bitter variety, which, from the quantity of 
 prussic acid it contains, is found to be poisonous to animals. An essential oil is 
 obtained from the expressed oil, by distillation, which is one of the most virulent 
 poisons known. It is a singular fact, that the seeds of the bitter and the sweet 
 almond should differ so essentially in their chemical compositions; the kernels of 
 the bitter variety contain the deleterious principle of prussic acid, which does 
 not exist in those of the svve,.t variety, although found in its bark, leaves, 
 and flowers On triturating almonds with water, the oil and water unite together 
 by the mediation of albuminous matter of the kernel, and form a milky liquor, 
 called an emulsioti. The sweet almonds alone should be employed for this pur- 
 pose, as the bitter ones impart their peculiar flavour. >Several unctuous and resin- 
 ous substances that of themselves will not combine with water, may, by trituration 
 with almonds, he easily mixed into the form of an emulsion; and are thus admi- 
 rably adapted to pharmaceutical purposes. The Parisian milk-dealers, a few 
 years since, resorted to the practice of adulterating their milk by means of almond 
 emulsion. Ihe method was so simple and cheap, that for one fifth of a dollar 
 the opacity and colour of milk could be imparted to nearly four gallons of water 
 and so far secret that no disagreeable taste was communicated to the milk • and 
 the only corrective required was a little sugar-candy, to remove the flat taste. 
 In domestic economy, sweet almonds, as well as the common sort, are used as 
 a dessert, m the husk, imperfectly ripe, and also in a ripe state, with or without 
 the husks. A preserve is also made of green almonds. After they are ripe, they 
 are frequently brought to table without the shell, and sometimes blanched, by 
 depriving the kernel of the thick, wrinkled skin, in which it is enveloped, by keep- 
 ing them a few minutes in scalding-hot water. The kernels are much used in 
 cookery, confectionary and perfumery, on account of their agreeable flavour. 
 The almond harvest takes place in the south of Europe towards the end of sum- 
 mer. Ihose which fall naturally from the tree are die largest and the best 
 rhey are first collected together, and spread out in a granary or some other 
 conveniont place, to dry, until their husks are opened, from which they are sep- 
 aratcd, and suffered to remain exposed to the air for several days more. Thev 
 are then put up m sacks, casks, or boxes, where they are preserved, as free as 
 possible from humidity, until they are exposed for sale 
 
 Almonds form an extensive article of commerce, and may be distinguished 
 under the following names and qualities : — 
 
 1. Amamlcsdladamc, of the French. This kind is known by their lar^e 
 thick-furrowed shells, rounded at one end and pointed at the other. Thov are 
 packed up with the external shell on, in canvass bags, with chopped straw or 
 
 2 Amamh'sa la princesse, (French,) are of a medium size, and of an excellent 
 quality. 1 heir shells are flat, thin, tender, of a yellowish colour, and are some- 
 times covered with a dust, which readily soils the fingers when slightly handled 
 Ihey are packed up with the shells on, in canvass bags. 
 
 o. Amandesde C/iinon, so called from the town of Chinon, in France, where 
 they grow Ihis sort is of a medium size, with thick, flat, elongated shells of 
 a yellowish-brown, and wrinkled appearance. The iiellicio which covers the 
 kernes is very thin, and is charged with a very adhesive powd(,>r, that cannot 
 be rubbed off with the fingers without some pain. They are deprived of their 
 shells, and pa-^Ved up in canvass bags. 
 
 4. Amandes dures, French. This kind is smalle. ..ad more convex than any 
 
COMMON ALMOND-TREE. 
 
 229 
 
 coVot ^aTe'diffirnlf .^'7 ^f ^'''T' ^^ '^''' ^'"^'^' ''^'^^ «h«"«' of a pale-yellow 
 colour, are d hen t to break, and are marked by deep furrows. The kerneh 
 
 and sweeHu heh S" '"^ 'U'" ^'^^'^^''"^' ''''' aVellowish-briwn o ou ' 
 Sie shells on ^"'''- ^^''^ ""'' "^"""^^ P'^^^'^^ "? i» «-"vass bags, witK 
 
 cover^nitV'flf" ^?i'-'', ^''r''"^^ distinguished by their long, flat kernels, 
 namo^i^' Frtrf .^'^'^ ^''"'"P ^^^ ^''''''^' «f the kind known under this 
 "Inch, Amandcs triecs a la main,) are selected with gZLTah^vit'Zn^l 
 
 7. ^/;a„,:^/i j/,„o«rf.s'. Those from Valencia arc very sweet laree and fl^t 
 pouited at one extremity, and compressed in the middle Sso from Mnln„ 
 
 ■^VMWWMMllMw 
 

 i: 
 
 M !' 
 
 :n;: 
 
 Amygdnlus pcrsica, 
 THE PEACH-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 AmygJahs persica, 
 
 Persica vulgaris, 
 
 Pecher, 
 
 Prirsichbatim, 
 
 Pesco, 
 
 Persigo, Dura&no, 
 
 Pecegueiro, 
 
 Peach-tree, 
 
 Linnaeus, Species Plantarum. 
 
 De Candom.e, Prodromus. 
 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 
 LoL'DoN, Arboretum Britaunicuin. 
 
 Fran'ce. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Stain. 
 
 PoRTruAL. 
 
 Britain, Anglo-America, &c. 
 
 ^CSu-lH^rnrrnfc ^ v'""" ?^ '^^ ?"?'. ^"^ "'^*''>' =^"'1 J^'-^y- "^ «"fface dovvny or smooth • nut with 
 
 Sl'ir:^_ZZ-; 'ZZ^' ""^^'^^- "'""-"^ ^'"^°^' ^-^"^' -^'^^^ - .wi„;p!;^;^^5 
 
 Description. 
 
 '' AnJ apples, wliicli niosl liarlMmns Persia sent, 
 W ilh nalivi. pnisnii arniiMl (as Dime relates;) 
 «iit now lliey 'v,; lost tlieir pmver to Itill, ami yield 
 An^ irnsiaii jiiice, nud have Ifirjot Id hurt; 
 And of their couiill/ still retain tlie name." 
 
 Columella. 
 
 HE Amygda- 
 liis persica, 
 when grow- 
 „.._ ^„„-^,^^.,;^ ing in ti nat- 
 ural state, IS rather a small tree, with 
 wide-spreading branches, and assumes 
 the general form and character of the 
 almond ; but when cultivated, it some- 
 times attains a height of twenty or 
 thirty feet, with a trunk fifteen to 
 eighteen inches in diameter. Like its 
 
 Fa;yj/^.9. The varieties of the peach are exceedingly numerous there hpint, 
 several hundred kinds enumerated in nurserymen's catalog.^r The ,/ectnri^^^ 
 IS considered by some botanists as a dis.i.ict species; but there can be o doX 
 on tins point as the peach itself is nothing more than an impn ved or fie hv 
 almtnid, winch bears a similar relation to ilie peach and . oc to ,'s "L c 
 
 ^ T::^;:;ct:^' ^'^'^ ^? ^'^^ ^'r- '^ ^^ Vove that ti. s z:^.^^ 
 
 nne are essentially the same, it may be mentioned that the fruits of both have 
 been found on the same branch; and even an instance is recorded where VS 
 had the smooth surface of the nectarine on one side, and the downy skin of X 
 
 f 
 
PEACH-TREE. 
 
 231 
 
 «™i ""!, ''^^'''v" ^*'^''^'''' "'^y ^« distinguished into two general classes 
 
 Its tS?. Lf K^^' ''^''''■'' )" '^'" ''"'" '^^ ^»>« «t«"«' ^^»d are called J/.W 
 Sve thaf he IVni^nn'r? T' frequently raised from seeds, it is easy to con- 
 alike Honro i w , f f '"' '"^'''' ^'''■'^^J^' ^^^'•'^^'y ^^^« »'•«''« producing 
 fo owini vnri [^ ' "'^'''' ^^'" ^° ^"'^'"P^ ^" enumeration of thlm. ThI 
 
 charSs^ n*;!;?^ T"'"^;.'!;' '^1?'>^ ^'^^'•^"^' '" ^««P^^t to some of their 
 cnaracters, and may be described as follows : 
 
 1. A. P. L^Evis. .Smoolh-sldned Peach, or Nectarino-tree. Of this variety there 
 arc tsvo sorts, one w.th the fruit parting from the stone, (/V.ie //r/ri^^encYn 
 and the other with the llesh adhering to it {Bn.^non, Frenc .) A i sta, ard 
 
 poach frdSecti?' VT' " "?'.'"■ "•"' '"^^« ^^••-^t'^' trec\han that of tl e 
 peacli In dissectu)g the tlowers ot the nectarine, the germs may readily be dis- 
 
 giushed Irom those o the peach, in being smooth and shini.rg^ while^those of 
 the latter are always villous, or covered with fine hairs 
 
 .J. A P. FLORE pi.KNo. Doublc-Jlowcrcd Pmch-tren.. This variety may readilv 
 be distinguished by its double flowers. It is al§o of less vi^o S Sth ^han 
 most ol the single-flowered varieties. vi^oious growth tnan 
 
 3. A. p. ALBA. White-flowered Peach-tree, known by its pure-white blossoms 
 
 4. A. P. FOLUs VARiEGAT.s. Varle^atcd-lea.ved Peaeh-tree ^'ossoms. 
 ''■ I l\ ''^''''f'-^'t^- I'lftt-fruiled Peach, a native of China and is chiefly 
 
 remarkable for the fornr of its fruit and for being nearly evergreen in i" lea S 
 b. A. p. SALiGNA. Wdlow-Ieavcd Peach-tree. This tree is describPfl b,r Mr 
 
 ott'Hunalay.uf M '"'i '' '''^ ^^^'^"^'■'^'^'^ «^"^' bra:Xs"of'N:;u;S nTsto y 
 rnllpl fhi; ^ Mountains' as growing in the district of Bissehur, and is 
 
 re'lyVTici v;:ry :rt""' '"''''''- ^'"'^ ''^''^ ^'-'^''^ ^'-^"' ^« -P^-^^'l ^o 
 Geography and History. It is not certain in what part of the globe the peach- 
 brou^llTtrp'n? / produced: for, although we have'early accoLts of its^be ng 
 brought o hurope from Persia, it does not follow, from thence, that it was one 
 of he natural productions of that country. Pliny relates that it had been s a^ed 
 
 he kiZi^M"'''^ 'T'"""""' ^•"^^"^''^' '-^'^^ '^'^' '''' ^'^"it ^--« '^^'^t into Eaypt l^ 
 
 try as^ 1 o"f' hi ^ "7^ «». '-^'venge to poison the natives: but he treats^hil 
 
 hnrl ,b/ / and considers it the most harmless fruit in the world; that 
 
 toe who ate of it He expressly states that it was imported i)y the Romans 
 fiom Persia ; but whether it was uuligcnous to that count y, or sent thither from 
 a reg,on still nearer to the equator, we have no information. ' ' He a^^s tlmt t w^ 
 
 n rea iL tbo.r'''r 'T^'-^T''' '" ^V'"*^' =^"'^ ^''^^^ ^'^^''^ ''^^' ^roat difhculty 
 
 o k o n- \\T \ 1 ""'"' '"'""!'f '" ""^' *'"^ ^•••'^ '''''^ brought from Egypt to 
 
 cure to I |?.'^''',r''""' •' '°"''^ "'^r ^'"^ '"•■^'^« '^ Pr«^'"^' fruit: and Lm 
 
 r nw. 1 II \- ^^V''^'' ^.•^•■^'7^^'-' tbat it was not a common fruit either in 
 
 (..eece or Natolia. ^o uiention, however, is made of it by Cato. Pownall in 
 
 hi.s "I Oman Provinces,-' makes it a Phoc=ean importatioif to Marseille and 
 
 ^c^rythi^imi;'^:^:!'" ^'-"- - - ^-^^p--^- - ^^^^^ - ^« 
 
 "Those of small size to ripen make frreat haste • 
 Such as s;reat Caul bestows, observes ilue time ' 
 Ami season, not too early, nor too late." 
 
 thTy'vC^oi^ ''*'^ to have been first cultivated in Pritain about the middle of 
 Lard)n in n 7 ^T "'"^ describes several varieties of it as growinc. in his 
 garden n lo<)7. 1 usser mentions it hi his list of fruits in ir,r,7- and in all 
 probab.hty, u was mtroduccd when the ilomaus had possession of ti.at country, 
 
H] 
 
 C *|;'| 
 
 AJIYGDALUS PERSICA. 
 
 A modom writer on "Timber-trees and Fruits " remarks ihnt " Tl.o fo •.•. 
 blessinqs of a settled life There nnUTll IT , '"^ ''^^' ^''^'"' ^^ ^""^^'^ <'i« 
 
 have ueitLr orehards^,or f utt'"^^^^^^^ rt tae.TsTlt'^^ ""T f "^ *>^^^^"^' 
 ' Shall Ave sow for stranL^ers ' wn. h '. ♦i- S^^^^^'ns, for the growth ol vegetables. 
 hardt " '' Onn nl- ;i ^ ; I, '^''^ ^If'^cting answer of one of them to Burck- 
 
 much foliage and wood- hut the fr.ii, fnulf ' I'loiui. the trees make 
 
 stringy and forced to be icv and wellfla ^f j?d''\)T;he';r '^""^^^' -^""^ '^^ ^"" 
 larly m Louisiana, whici; l,es nl tl ame latU^le S 1 • t ATt of''Tsi^"'r'" 
 th.s.speces is indigenous, u grcws spontaneo irbu ifr 4irded as o tbr ei'^^ 
 or.gm, havn.g been mtrodt.ced from ^aiti before'lhat r ver "Celplored b^^ 
 
PEACH-TBEE. 
 
 233 
 
 French, 
 populous cities 
 
 c e o'fVjru,Lp1 ^r ""'.f ^'™' ^.^" ^''^'' P''il-l«lP»na, and other 
 houses by u nero s ,Vn L f .> ' '^' P?'r'' '' 'T''"^ ^^'"^'"^^ ^^^"« ^"^ in hot- 
 is product TsonTo nartrofT a"' "' " '''^^^^^■"'^ ^"^ ^"'^ ^1^'^^"'>^ 
 grows, and in arcat abm hn?p \^ i ^"^•^!:''^^^'l co.ituient, it also readily 
 
 eaves even when npe, and is nnich later than that gro vn o Sier soils T s 
 
 mmmmmm 
 
 cJZol II ' . '"^ ^"'.'''^ ''''"^•'- '•» corroboration of these views we 
 
 shores o- Z^^i aulhor.ty that the elevated tracts, not only lyin^Tnl the 
 shores of the Atlantic and the large bays adjacent tliereto, but hose on he'l/o ^ 
 
 e.s of our western waters, are more favourable to the i)n)ductiori or^ood neaH r. 
 
 han districts more ndand. It has also been observLl t at ZrhrtJlsC, 'h 
 in hedge-rows, and in most other places where their tr, 1 s^a e slnded ic 
 c'oTr;: heat'^" '"" '" ^"'^^^^ '^^^"^^^^^ ^-"-^-- from tu'to coldlld f;om 
 
 JY'f'^''f'f. »nd Mnnnrroment The peach-tree may be propagated from 
 eeds, by gralting, or inoculation. The foAner mode is cm.s L ed mS e cer • m 
 
 notlnslll-e i',r"V?' ^-T'^''- '^'"^ '''^'' 1"'«'^^' ^-^^ ^^«11 =^« oconon^y! tlZgh It d es 
 not uisi le iden ity ot species, except iti a few cases; for it rarely occurs hat be 
 
 nne'n..: T'^^''^^^^"^, ^^"'f P-^H^otuate the same ci.aracte and u 1 t es t 
 appears, however, that the stones of the varictv of nei.^l, P..lln,l ' . • 
 Ch,.ice," which originated at Philadel phi^S tSt^ i 'f:^ a^tXe 
 fnut possessing the same properties ai th,. . • ,f the ,Ku-en t e? In"l )ehw re 
 where the peach arrives at a high degree of perle^Hr 1^ trees a r^ f, ^l 
 
 a.scHl from the stone, without either graftrg or buddir ^^ Th, moch w c 
 
 c^:^ o?"uit;;2i;ftf rmi^n '" 'r '^r^^^ ^^ ^^"'^'^ - appiSi";:^!.^ s^: 
 
 the "Memo ; oVtt^M*,'; VV'^'"<''"" ""'f'^ Sonerally, is given at lem,th in 
 bstanc, as 1 ml^^^^ T^^ ^"'' F>;^'»«ti'".^ Agriculture:" and in 
 
 siiosiaiKt IS as loiiows:— Ihe stones are usua y cracked with the kernels 
 sometimes taken out, and planted two together, in hills w h i lia co , ■ t 
 r,!r::iT!!:^;:'':!TT>'-"-' '-'^^ =>•-% in squares. TI. Z. i" cumvaled m 
 
 usual wav. and tlu 
 
 30 
 
 iHig trees grow with the crop, to a height of tl 
 
 iree or 
 
 fi 
 
 : 
 
 ♦J 
 
 , 2 
 
 :■ ' « 
 
 ' : ? 
 
 »i 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 'I '* 
 
 I It ' 
 
234 
 
 AMYODALUS PERSIC'A. 
 
 li. 
 
 ! I -t _ . !'. 
 
 * ^ • 
 
 t if", 
 
 four feet tiie first season. Laryo orchards have thus been formed of fifty to one 
 huudred acres at a couiparatively small expense. The knTfi is se ,lo n^pnh^^ 
 to standard trees, except in son.e instances where they have been e^^^^^ 
 once wlien yoini- it liavmg been found, that priUKnl treerheavi v H^^ 
 jce or fru.t are hahle to be broken down; 'but A.n sutfl eT\o gnn^in'a aUna 
 man.er, the branches become multiphed, fiexibic, and tougl, :^and often e so 
 loaded wih frmt, that .ts weight prostrates them to the ground nhurt None 
 d et. 'is j::;^;;;;7^'r ';-» --^ of them recover th^ usual ,Son whl^^ 
 lie truit IS Uotac hcd J he crops are certain, abundant, and weil-fiavoured • and 
 
 he fruit .s little inferior to that grown on grafted or pruned trees altliou4 
 varies much, in size, on the same tree. In tln^e years a ter planting M e orHw^ 
 mne to bearing: and the trees have been known to endure fifty year All afi 
 mals are excluded, except swine, which are sometimes sulferedSo feed and roo 
 at pleasure, at certain periods of the year, and doubtless, are instrumentaMn 
 de roymg insects and vermin, and in ameliorating the soil'by turn ng and loos" 
 ig the surface. The trees are so easily propagated and renewed, 1 at the 
 lis mea^iTT f ' ^''^'^'-^'^^^^''^ ^''^ a conrso of 'tillage, on ground impi'ved y 
 ■n V it 'l ""co'^mon occurrence. To insure a constant supply of this 
 
 Int in n nfit"T ''^'^'''''T. ^'j'^^^'-^ "«^^ plantation shonid be in progres;, w li ile 
 that in profit is bearing and declining, and that it should be located a^ a d stance 
 
 T. '^' "! ^'■der to be out of the reach of infection. ciistance 
 
 cesslt'i vonh'nF, "'"''' "^' P'-^.'P'^S'-^^i'.'S tl'o poach, may be relied on as the suc- 
 cess lul lesiilt ot many y'^ars experienc,-. Although it is attended with some 
 labour, and requires considerable attention. let it be remembered " thaTt he pr^Se 
 
 urn in the gaiden ot Lden : ' for, even at that early period, when the soil exi^ti J 
 in Its virgin purity, it was the condition that he should 
 
 " Dress the garden, ami keop it," 
 
 and we may venture to say, that since that time, the price has never been abated. 
 
 MANAGEMENT DURING THE FIKST YEAK. 
 
 wiH.''n P*;-;^ '^J^-^/^'i^f ' SO"" ;^f<cr they are extricated from the pulp, should be covered 
 with earth to the depth ot four inches, and remain in tha condition t I the v are 
 equired for sowing, the following spring. Towards the e , o? Ma c Tr as 
 soon as the ground is deprived of Imst, lei them be sown in good garden mo ild 
 two niches deep, and if possible, in the place where the trees ar'e e^ ded to st d' 
 A soon as the young plants have risen high enough to throw out braices 
 which will usually take place by the first of July, the ground shLTd bc^c an^j 
 ov-er with a hoe, in order to destroy the weeds, and the s de-s Ss n m be ^ 
 a tir^b?' T'" f "]' --^l>^-^-'hserved iiot'to injure the 1 re 'wis ad 
 at the base of each shoot; lor, on the preservation of these leaves dene id the 
 health and vigorous growth of the young trees. On Au^nist iS or a^soon n! 
 
 uiL irees SI oiild ne nudded or inoculated, within one inch or even below fho 
 surface of the ground. The buds may be known to be ready for i ser kn by 
 he shield, or portion of the bark to which they arc attached easly m,t 1^^ h 
 ho wood. J.et the shoots, from which the bfids are to be pro e^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 qst::^r;e!^:;Ta^t=tK^ 
 
 th^^; tl!e 9e.r^^ - =it a±^tSES 
 
 01 late hour ol a fair one. When they are to be transported at a distance. Xey 
 
PEACH-TREE. 
 
 23i 
 
 may be packed in moistened moss; or if shortly to bo used, they may be nut 
 
 b aL7«l1herir'"'/^r"'^^^/; ''\'T'''' ^''^^^ ^'-'''l ^0 used as^soonL poL! 
 
 to rereive^Jhem ^At hoT H '"]''' T "^''^''''"^^ '^' "'« ^^^"^^ be made toady 
 
 a H VS h^r on ^o ,.1,1 i P^' ^-T' ''" ^^^ >»««""^ti"". which should be smooth, 
 
 a IrUf i 1 lo -nh ""^ ''^'•'>^,'^'*i«'|' ••'« «tock, make an incision abo.U an inch and 
 
 woo:;:.:;\^'[f;;;;.:?'^:,^^i;i-|i;;,^-- '"-^'^ the bark, but not into the 
 
 hy («), m the adjoining figure. This 
 
 hemg done, proceed quickly and take off 
 
 a bud by holduig a shoot in one hand 
 
 with the thickest end from you, and with 
 
 the knife m the other hand, enter it about 
 
 three-fourths of an inch below tlie bud, 
 
 cuttuig nearly half way into the wood of 
 
 the shoot, continuing it with one clean 
 
 slanting cut, about three-fourths of an 
 
 inch above the bud, sufhcientiy deep to 
 
 take off part of the wood along Avith it, 
 
 the whole to be about an inch and a half 
 
 long, as represented by (4) ; then directly = • , --^^r^- 
 
 ^n'i'ln'l? '*1""1'' ""''? ("'^"^'■' '"■ P"'"^ «^" t'»<^ knife, slip off the woody part remain 
 ing on the bud, and observe whether the eye or germ of the bud rem?bls noSt 
 
 h^LT' ''t ^T}'''^ "' '''< ^^"d -"o"'*'^'- »n"st le prepared Thl 
 
 H?o J rTV'^'f? 'Y 'f '"^ 1""'^ "'■ ^'^« '^"^l "•• ^''i^'^l between you ips and with 
 the rta ha t of the knife, or a piece of ivory or bone formed for t he nunose Jen 
 arate the bark ol the stock (a) for the admission of the bud vl icb rnus X 
 closely inserted between the wood and bark in the aport.ne ^ Tl en c t o^ 
 
 "ss c^i/"nhe tt; 'T'' ^-'"^-"-^^t'-. b"d, even w!,h the i^p^r hoi 'oiU 1 m- 
 cioss-cut ot the letter I, m order to let it completely into its place and ex-irt Iv 
 om the upper edge of the shield with the bark of ti.e npper VmSverso cut o 
 that the descending sap may immediately enter the lik of ]he shield -xid 
 Tl r^ r""'"'"^ matter between it and the wood, so as to effect a livi^unro 
 J he parts are noxt to be immediately bound round with a water-proof b-Tssi^n 
 
 mg upwaids closely round every part, except just ovi'r the eve of the 1 nd n.ul 
 
 'Wthou?' L'^''' '? '"?•''" "•'•^'^ ^^•^'•^•^' -'^1 '^' exclude tll^.ir ad 1 ofs\,r 
 without he use of graftmg-wax or clay. In a fortnight, at farthest " ter er' 
 forming the operation, such buds as have united maf be 1 noina bv tl eir fE 
 
 u^ ui res loosened, aiut in a week or two more, entirely removed In order ^n 
 guard against the borer, (.Egeria,) let there be laid round ecli tree in Aimist 
 about a pint of coarse s...d, so as to cover the roots and tlie tcnleres; , \n of h e 
 bark and during the s.icc.eding autumn, the same care shou Te oCvei as 
 in the early part of the season, to preserve the leaves. ouserveu, as 
 
 SECOND YEAR. 
 
 March 1st. Cut off the tree in a slanting direction, about five inches above tlio 
 point of inoculation; and let about a .[uart of the aine i.To sa id b.T^^^^^ 
 round the root of the tree, as in the iuminer preceding July rt'lo^r the 
 gronnd of weeds, and treat the shoot from the inoculated 1 i d p eciselv ' e 
 
 Snf ''T'' ";"'/''' ''''' y'''"'^ ^^''^'' "'<^ ^^«"^^ ^^^^re to preserve he oaV^t I e 
 ba,se of each s,de-s!,oot, taking off from time to time, as they pu lo itV a e 
 
236 
 
 AMYGDALUS PERSICA. 
 
 to proven, il,,, ,|y, (.Kgcil;,) from del,„;hi,"g £/egp *'''°" '"^'°"'' '" ""''' 
 
 THIRD YEAR. 
 
 cousod, clu off iu a.\ obi' i ,^ ^^eZ^l^'^Z^'^VV''''r ''' ^^P^'"^' ''^^^'« 
 the lour lateral ones, reserved th7vc h L r"^ '''^''' ^''•'''' '"^"^ ^''•'^^'^ 
 
 I'oosci thP ^r,.Mnd\vitl rslr mtK- \ '■*;'".^'"/"'- P«niia.,ont branclu's. 
 
 Lo„»„ ,„„ .,.„ „,„„;';; r.;™':a zir;.: ■ ; ^£r„ ^,:is^z ,l:^f 
 
 FOURTH YEAR AND SUBSEQUENT TREATMENT. 
 
 weeJs %„,' st^if Nv's" tIle^n;nI-'"T1' ""I '^"^P '^^ '^"^'■^- ^'^^ ^«n 
 
 T"!,^ ," ^ . 
 
 lese 
 ainst 
 
 V i 
 
 J*' 
 
 t r' 
 
 fc'^ 
 
 tact as in grafting other kinds of fn.ir T . « nl^r • '' '^^ r*^*"'^^^ f"*'"" 
 
 mg hguie,) first scienlifically described by Mr. Sov in the tbird '^'^J33aT3*IE> 
 
 r , , • "^i '■«.'" the hlth volume of the " New E it-land Farmer " and ,, fK 
 "Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious- to VeLet' .7'' Z ! 
 
 afte,sv.uas, when u was tirst noticed near Philadelphia, a!;;! wL obscCd 
 
 
PEACH-TREE, 
 
 237 
 
 AugTist 
 in order 
 
 when 
 
 
 gradually to spread from thence in every direction, and ani^oared in New Hanin- 
 slnre, near the northern limit of the peach region, in ahont the year ISor,, arid 
 has snice ex ended to the southern states, and west of the Alleghany Mountains. 
 l.ic eggs, irom winch these borers are hatched," say.s Dr. Harris, "arc depos- 
 ited, ni the course ol the sunnner, upon the trunk of the tree near the root ; the 
 borers penetrate the bark, and .levour the inn.r bark and sap-wood. The seat 
 ol their operations ,s known by the castings and gum which issue from the holes 
 «— "^ 111 the tree. When these borers are nearly one y(>ar old, they 
 
 make their cocoons citlier under the bark of the trunk or 
 ol the root, or in the earth and gum contiguous to the base of 
 the trees ; .soon afterwards they are transformed to chrysalides, 
 and hnally come forth in the winged state, and lay the eggs 
 l.)r another generation of borers. The last transformation takes 
 COCOON AND PUPA. J, *^'^ ^''""* *'""'^ ^" October, most frequently, however, during 
 the montli of July, in the state of Massachusetts. Here, 
 althougli there are several broods produced by a succession of hatches, there is 
 but one rotation ot metamorphoses consummated within a year. Hence borers 
 ot all sizes, will be lound m the trees throughout the year, although it seems to 
 be necessary that all of them, wln'ther more or less advanced, should i)ass 
 through one winter l)ef()re they appear in the win-ed state. Ifuder its last fdim 
 tins uKsect is a slender, dark-blue, four-winged moth, having a slight resemblance 
 to a wasp or .■chneumon Hy, to which it is sometimes likened. ' The two se.x(>s 
 diller greatly from each other: so much .so, as to have caused them to be mistaken 
 lor two distinct species. The male, which is much smaller 
 than the female, has all the wings transparent, but bordered 
 and veined with steel-blue, which is the general colour of the 
 body 111 both sexes; the palpi or feelers, the edges of the col- 
 lar, ot the shoulder-covers, of the rings of the abdomen, and 
 of the brush on the tail, are pale-yellow, and there are two 
 rmgs ol the same yellow colour on the shins. It expands 
 about one inch. The fore-wings of the female arc blue, and 
 opacpie, the hmd-wmgs transparent, and bordered and veined 
 luce those of the male, and the middle of the abdomen is encircled by a broad 
 orange-coloured belt. It expands an inch and a half or more. This in.sect does 
 not confine its attacks to the peach-tree. I have repeatedly 
 obtained both sexes from borers inhabiting the excrescences 
 which are found on the trunks and limbs of the cherry-tree; 
 and moreover, I have frequently taken them in connection 
 on the trunks of cherry and of j)each-trees. They sometimes 
 deposit their eggs in the crotches of the Ijranchcs of tlie 
 peach-tree, where the borers will subsequently be found; 
 FKMA.tp 1^"^ ^''"^ nijury sustained by their operations in such parts,' 
 
 • '^'^- bears no comparison to that resulting from their attacks at 
 
 the base of the tree, which they too often completely girdle, and thus cau.se its 
 premature decay and death."* Hitherto, various means have been resorted to 
 lor repelling or destroying these vile otfender.s, and many of them have been more 
 or less efleclual, but none have been attended with c ipk'te success, except in 
 removing the earth from the base of the tree, and cnisliing the boreris to death 
 and destroying the eggs and cocoons. A small quantity of' leached wood-ashes' 
 or of newly-slaked lime, added to the roots and then covered with rartli, has 
 proved advantageous, not only in warding off the borers, but in promoting the 
 vigour of the trees. Un this subject, .1 udge Peters remarks, in the •' Memoirs of the 
 
 * See Hums' Reiwrt, p. 233, 
 
 IMAI.E. 
 
 m 
 
 I'm 
 
 ii 
 
 U' 
 
74 
 
 238 
 
 AMYGDAI.US PEKSICA. 
 
 It! i 
 
 Ih ladclpfiia Soc'ctjr for promoting Agriculture," that he ha.l "C.ilo,! iu manv 
 
 u.^s, m wh.d, others are said to have succeeded. .Straw and l.a s or mper^ 
 
 surro.u.du,^ the tree, frou, the root, at all (hstances, from six i u-l .rio h " .; 
 
 hlled with sa id, oil, tar, nrpeutine, sulph::-- acid, nitrous mixtures and nhnost 
 every kind ol coating, i ruined several trees, hv cntting then d >w an e 
 m.ttiiig the s uup to throw up new shoots, and'hranch at pleasure ' A e«, - 
 nents l<ep the exudation iVoni evaporating with freedom Th pores '-w 
 c osed, or too open, were alike injurious. Teguments of straw or l.ass ma 1? 
 the bark tender; and it thivw out, under the cov ring, sickly shoots The e 
 dense coating stopp.-.l tiie perspiration. The oil invited mice, and o he ve/min 
 whi.-h ate the hark thus prej.ared for their repast, and killed he .ree In a u' d 
 hedge-rowsand nearwooJs-I paved, raisell hillocks of stone-l have s^i |e 
 
 p ho eaiih 11. the spiiug, and exposed the butt in the fall-sometimes I have 
 ed the knife freely-lrcinently have left the tree to shoot in ev.-ry ect on-I 
 have scrubbed the stocks or trunks with hard brushes, soap-suds nd and 
 scraped them with pr.>per instruments; 1 have, for a sea,;.n o two, under va! 
 oi experiments, .mused myself with the persuasion, that 1 had d scoveed "n 
 in lallible ;;«/,«m,. 1 had temporary success, but final disappointment." -I 
 remove the card, a few inclu^s r.nnid the t.-ee in August o Septe d e pour 
 u;o-md the bu.t, begim.mg about one foot above the gionnd, a qua. o 'n ore 
 not being nice ab,.ut the ,,uantity,) of bo,ling-hot s,t,p-sud.; or\vater. "n.is 
 K Us he egg or worm lodged in the tender bark; and of cou,-se prevc.ts its av! 
 ai,e tl... next season. I ca.ef,illy search the trees, though [ seldom (h.d wo,- ns 
 I do not perce.ve any .iijury f,-om this opc-ation.' I have di.scove.vd womis in 
 or near the roots of the smallest.stocks taken from the nursery. 'I'hese I re 
 qnently plunge into boiling wate.-, before planting. I lose very few and do ot 
 attribute the lo.sses to the hot water." very icw, anu ao not 
 
 ners''r/%;^Z'':r' ^'^'^^.'"^"^^i"^'^^ f"^^rs severely from the attacks of leaf-hop- 
 
 ;■ ^ ^('V^''-^ f 7"^' "' ''■"'" "'«-^« "^ t'i« true plant-hce (A,,ki</rs ) Thev 
 
 m- found beneath the leav.vs, iu^^inall cavities produced by their irritai..^ Lmd 
 
 nres and are so small that they may readily escape notice. ThJs • 1,.' te 
 
 sects have very slender bodies, and narrow sv.ngs, which are fringed w. e 
 
 ha.fs, an.n.e close to their barks when they are at rest. Tb..y air excee ,Hv 
 
 active, ai.<l appear to leap, rather than fly; when they move.^ \lie pla lie/ 
 
 likewise live under the leaves of the peach causing ,li4, by thei nui c re to 
 
 become .ncreased m fliick.icss, to curl or form hollows beneath and c .™ 
 
 I. h 1 he depredali..iis of these lice is thought to be one of the causes ,f not 
 
 mn 11 ;• :r\ "'"^"' •*'"' "^>'^'' ''^ " ^^"S'^t-"* '^''« '"^st efficacious .T.eans 
 poycjl or the destruction of the thrips and aphides are fumigations of ^l- 
 i .'.M "f *''■ "'''"'■ ^'"''' «"b.stances, and throwing mto the t.ves, with co - 
 pure wlun'.' '"'■'' '"""^ '"'"*'""'' "'' ^'^^^^^'^ ^""^ '"^'^'^'^ ^o-ai>su.\s, and even 
 
 ..Ji'r ''""''. "^^'T Ffich-t.-ee is uncturcd in an early stace of its growth bv a 
 small, rough, dark-brown b.-etle, yCnrrulh mmupha; llerbsf \ for the i n-noso 
 of depositing her eg.^s, and thereby providing foi^ier 'future progeny I urn a 
 
 'st.'rt'rc;'"';^, \ ^'""^ f-«tles, a srl^aU drop of gun. .nay I sS.iLn V Vo.;^ 
 
 and e, use "if tn '. 77 '*'"'"' *'^ ''^''' ^^'''''•^'' ^'•"•'^' ^^-'^i'''' f^""' i»to the fruit, 
 and cause .t to fall befo.-c it is mature. For a further account of this insect, the 
 
 Harris' Report, pp. Is? et l'.i2. 
 
1'his 
 
 the 
 
 PEACH-THKE. 239 
 
 rc.iaor is referred to our article on the domestic cultivutcd plutn, under tlio head 
 oi " Insects, ' ' 
 
 The scv.:nteon-year hicust, (Cicada scptmdeccm,) althoMf,di most usually found 
 on Ih.^ oak, oltrn resorts to other forest trees, when actuated hy necessity, and 
 not iuitre<iuemly deposits her eggs on the hrau.-hes of the prach-lree, when no 
 other convnient shruh or tree is at hand. i>rueh-trers (.nee at(aei<ed hy this 
 most prrnieions insect, seldom, if ever, recover from the iuflirted wounds 
 
 Aniong the diseases incident to plants, thi-rc is no one involved in more mys- 
 tery lliaii that strange disorder in the peach-tree, eonununly called the " yellows " 
 It was noticed m the neighl.oiirhood of IMiilad.'Iphia, hy Ju(ls,'e Peters in 17»>0 
 or the year lollowing. From perfeet veidtir(>, he states, the leaves of his trees 
 tnrnecl yellow in a k-w days, and their hodies hiackened in spots. He attril.iiled 
 the origin ot the disease to s.mie morhid alfectioii of the air, wliieli he conceived 
 has the most to do with all vegetation, as well in its food and sustenance as 
 ui it.s decay and dissolution. From Philadelphia, the malady spread, hv de«rees 
 to other parts o( the country; and hy ISIO, in \,.w Jersey, there were left hut a 
 lew peach orchards alive, or m a nourishing state. It is said to have appeared 
 ui the vicinity ot New York, in al.ont the year ISUl; ui (Jonnecticut, in IKIS- 
 and 111 Massaduisetts, in IS^ 1. It is also prevalent in the southern states of tlie 
 union, and west ol ilie Alleghany Mountains. 
 
 The phenomena attending the development of this di.sease, are given in detail 
 m the M'coud niimher of the '-Albany (Cultivator." of 1S15, hy l\lr .\oyes l)ir- 
 Img, of New Haven, from which we make the following condensed extracts — 
 ;' There are two marks or sym[.toms, hy which the presence of the; ilisease' is 
 mdicated. One is, the shootim,' out Inmi the body or limbs of the tree of very 
 small, slender shoots, about tlu^ size of a hen's quill. The leaves upon ihes'e 
 shoots are commonly destitute of green colour, as if l.lanehed. or as if grown in 
 a dark cellar; and like the shoots which bear them, are of diminutive growth 
 rarely exceeding an inch in length. These shoots do not usually start from the 
 common, visible buds at the points where the leaves join the stem but from 
 unseen, latent buds in the bark of the trunk or large braiiclies. The other symp- 
 tom IS, the ripening of the fruit two to four weeks before its natural .season of 
 maturity. Most generally also, the fruit, whatever be its natural colour, is m<.re 
 or less spotted with purplish-red specks. Jf shoots, such as are above des.Tibed 
 appear upon a tree, or without lliem, if the fruit upon any part of it (not wormy) 
 ripens betore the proper time, it may bo ccM'tainly known that the tree has the 
 yellow.s. Ihese are not tlic only marks or symptoms of the disease' but they 
 are tho.sc which are the most readily discovered. The ordinary lea'ves of the 
 tree, (u- at le;ist those upon the diseased portion of it, commonly undergo a sli-dit 
 change ot colour. Instead of a bright glossy green, they take on a dull yellowhli 
 tnige. Ihe wood also, when the disease is considerably advanced, becomes 
 unelastic, so that its branches, when moved by the wind, instead of the graceful 
 waving ol health, have a stiff jerking motion. * * * it * The fruit the first 
 scas()n of attack, usually grows to its proper size. Tli.> second season, 'it is uni- 
 lormly small, not more than a half or a (piarter of its usual size. \V hatever be 
 the natural colour ol the Iruit, red, yellow, white, or green, it is more or less 
 when diseased, coloured with purplish-red; generally in specks, or coarse dots! 
 Ihe flesh, (inile to the stone, is often coloured, and most deeply around the stone 
 My the coloured specks, a pers(m may easily distinguish by the eye, diseased 
 from healthy fruit. * # # * * 1,1 ti,e first'summer of disease, it i,s not always 
 that the whole tree appears affected. The slender shoots may show tliemselv'es 
 oil one branch only, the rest of the tree having every appearance of health In 
 like nuumer, the IrnU upon one branch may ripen four weeks too soon imoii 
 another two weeks too soon, and upon '' ' " 
 
 : 
 
 rest of the tree at the natural l 
 
 imc. 
 
 m^ii 
 
 li 
 
 
940 
 
 B 
 
 AMY(U)ALUS PERHrCA. 
 
 Mi 
 Mi 
 
 ffj 
 
 m 
 
 J-' 
 
 
 
 :i:^i 
 
 The Bocond sooson, all tho fruit will ripen three or four weeks too soon The 
 tree sometiiues dies the next year afler the apiu-anuiee cf the (li.sei.se, aruj .soine- 
 tunes iuiKers along with a leehle life for two or three years. * * * * * s«»i| 
 whether of elay or sand, wlietlier nioi.st or dry, whether cultivutcd or in u'rass' 
 inauur.Mi or lunnanured does not appear to me, clearly, either to increase or 
 dinninsh the liuhihfy to disease. Trees staiidiiiir iu exposed and sheltered .siiii-i- 
 
 li" iT' "^T* Ti T 'Vr\ »^•"l"'^"" '""« =^'"' '" VHlleys, .seem alike and e.,ually 
 lahle. ***** When the (hsease eotiuneuces in a garden or orchard con- 
 tanung a considerable niunher of trees, it does not attack all at once. It hieaks 
 out in pn/r/tcs, which air progressively enlarged, till eventually all tlie trees 
 hocoine victims to the malady. * * * * * i took a blossom from a diseased 
 tree, and applied tin; dust (pollen) to t[i(« blossom of a young tr.u, in n»v gar- 
 den, liic tree thus exposed to mfection, showed no mark Of disea.se either 
 m tliat or the siicceding year. ***** i uwk .some buds from 'a tree 
 having symptoms ot the yellows, and inserted part into jH-ach, part into apri^ 
 cot, and part into almond stocks. Some of tho inoculations /W.- w.>ll but all 
 showed marks of disea.se the n, xt .season. Th.- p.>a.;li and alm..nd .v/ock with 
 tlieir hiKls, died tlu; second winter after inoculation. One apricot stock lived 
 five years but its peach top grew, in that time, to bo only about three feet 
 high. ***** i„ mi orchard or garden, containing both old and vounir 
 trees, the young trees will generally be di.sea.sed first. ***** Peach-trees 
 budded oil apricois, plums, and sweet almonds, are liable to the yellows. * * * * * 
 Most ol the applications for llie cure of the di.sease, have been made on (lie sup- 
 position that It was caiiscul by ihe peach-worm. .Such are a.slies, scalding water 
 charcoal, lime salt, .saltpetre, (Ish-oil, and urine. All of them have more or less 
 agency in ex" luding the borer, but are not all c/Prf„af, .■veii for that piirtuKse 
 feomeo them have .seemed to promote, for a time', the growth of the trees and to 
 give a deeper irreen to their leaves; but mmv. tliat I have ever observed, have at 
 at all checked the progress of the yellows." The most elfectual, and the; only 
 remedy lor this disease, hitherto discovered, is, on the first symptoms of decay 
 to grub up the trees by the roots, and convert them at onc(> into fuel. 
 
 1 he principal other accidents t(5 wliich the ])each-tree is liable, arc the splitting 
 of the imbs at the forks by excessive weight, or by high winds, and the bursting 
 ot the buds and l^vrk by severe frosts in open and wet winters ° 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the i)each-tree is hard, compact, of a 
 roseate hue, and is su.sceptible of a fine polish; but owing to its inferi.'r size and 
 comparative .scarcity, it is but little used in the arts, or for fuel, except in 'coun- 
 tries whore other kinds of wood are rare. Wh(<ii obtained, however, of suitable 
 dimensions, it may be employed for similar purpo.ses as that of the almond A 
 colour may also bo extracted from it called rose-pink: Its leaves yield by distil- 
 atioii. a volatile oil, of a yellow colour, containing hydrocyanic acid. Its bark 
 blossoms, and kernels of the fruit, ahso possess the same poisonous property' 
 i-rom the quantity of gum and sugar contained in the delicious pulp, the peach 
 IS nutritious, and is employed as a desert, both fresh and preserved. From the 
 malic acid contained in its juice, it is slightly irfrigerant, and if eaten in moder- 
 ate quaiitities It IS generally considered as wholesome: but if taken too freelv 
 It IS liable to dhsorder the bowels. When stewed with sugar, it may be given a.s 
 a mild laxative to convalescents. The Iccrnels may be used for the same pur- 
 l)oso as tho.se of the bitter almond. The leaves arc sometimes employed bv the 
 cook, the iquorist, and the confectioner, for liavouring, and they have al. so been 
 substituted for Chinese tea: but, as fatal conse.iuences Jiave sometimes followed 
 these uses, they should be looked upon with precaution. 
 
 The preservation of peaches, plums, cherries, apricots, and other kinds of fruit 
 m syrup, occupy a prominent rank in the industry and commerce of Franco and 
 
PEACII-TIIKE. 
 
 211 
 
 
 31 
 
 // 
 
 
 :!»; 
 
 ft 1 
 
 4 *1 
 
i:; 
 
 t i 
 
 Genus PRUNUS, Tourn. 
 
 Hosaceae. 
 
 ISyat. Nat. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 Frmius, Cerasus, Cliamacerasus, 
 
 Icosandria Monogynia, 
 
 Hi/at. Lin. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 pro 
 
 ^Ztirj^^'T- •°'""^'' r''^"" °'" "'''°""' ''•^^''y' 1»i'e smooth, covered with a nruinose powder P., 
 Vnm 1^1 "'^ compressed, acute oa both sides, somewhat furrowed at the ed^es otherwise smoJt 
 Sif-lX C.^:;r,'T;.i'r' ^-^^-^-^^^ one-nowcred, evolved Ct^^oraftrtlle 
 
 )\m species belonging to this genus are mostly deciduous, low trees 
 ■ or shrubs, bearing edible fruit, natives of Europe, Asia, and North 
 America. Many of them are spiny in the wild state, and all have 
 showy tiowers. The epidermis of the bark of the plum, as well 
 as that of the birch and cherry, is readily divisible transversely, 
 ibP trop Th/^ "'''^ frequently be seen divided, in this manner, into rings o, 
 the tree. There are upwards ot thirty species enumerated in catalogues- but it 
 IS a ques ion whether one-half of them are not mere varieties. To^Sgenu 
 formerly belonged the Apricot, {Arw.cniaca vuliraris, of Tournefort De Candol e' 
 Loudon, and others,) and for the convenience of classification vvelaveretSe^^ 
 the Linn^an name This tree is i.I general cultivation throughout he temperate 
 regions of the globe, and is distinguished, at first sight, from^he olmoi d rS 
 ThPrf.? n""'' ^r Its heart-shaped, smooth, shinin| leaves, and white iLve l 
 There aie several wild varieties, bearing flowers of different shades of pink, and 
 are chiefly cultivated for ornamept. The great beauty of both the wild and t le 
 cultivated sorts of the apricot is, that in high latitudes, they generally come i to 
 b oom before most other trees. The most noted specie's of this genus^proner, a c 
 the domestic cultivated plum (Prunus domestica) ; the sloe, or black thon of 
 Europe (Prunus spinosa) ; the engrafted, or bullice plum (Prunus insit ia) 
 he beach-plum (Prunus maritima) ; and the moose or American wild ph nV 
 0^ mus amencana. The latter is said t. be the only species indigeno^is to 
 ^olth America which has a flat stone, grovcd en both margins. The other spe- 
 cies native of this country, are somewhat intermediate in their fruit, between he 
 cieiry and the plum the stone being slightly compressed, and the glaucous bloom 
 wan ing, except m the Prunus maritima; yet they are evidently P/«.,., and 3 
 a ernes, in he opinioi;. of Torrey and Gray, and cannot witfi propriety be sepa- 
 rated from this genus. The beach-plum abounds along the sandy sea-coast of 
 the United States, from Maine to Alabama. The moose-plum o^ccurs on the 
 
 Text's 1ndT-'";rt T ^I'^-^VV^^.^^' i" hedges, and on prairies, from Canada to 
 lexas, and is often cu tivated with success. Both of these species are said to 
 escape the attacks of the curculio, as no warts or excrescences are found upon 
 them, eyen when growing m the immediate vicinity of infested foreign trees 
 Hence it has been suggested that they might be propagated to advantage from 
 the stone, for the purpose of grafting or budding other fruits upon 
 
but it 
 
 Prumis armeniaca, 
 THE COMiMON APRICOT-TREE. 
 
 Prunus arvieniaca, 
 
 Armeniaca vulgaris, 
 
 Abricotier, 
 Aprikosenhaiim, 
 Albicocco, Albcrcocco, 
 Ai-inellJni, Pesco americano, 
 Mihaco, ■ ' 
 
 Albaricoquero, Albaricocal, 
 Apricot, 
 
 Synony. 
 
 itnes. 
 
 LiNN^us, Species Planiarum. 
 JJe CAN-noLi.E, Prodromus. 
 j Don, Miller's Dictionary 
 
 Franc'"' ^''''"'''•■'"'" Britannicum. 
 Germany. 
 
 [ Italy. 
 
 Spain 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 
 to have Iwci, dcrivej from Z^rn7 i '"'''"''"■ '•■"-''•^'' "■■"'"■^ ^'j 
 
 vi:^;?-;;^:'^;., S^ ^;::-,]iC;|^^ ^es a.,.. ,. Ar.,,.., i„ p. ,,, ,„,„„„, ,,„,,,„„ ,^,,^,.,^^^_^_^^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 iMJiuu derive it from 
 
 Specific Characters. Flowers sessile. 
 
 ?3. 393, 309, et 
 
 Leaves heart-shaped or ovate.-Z>e CandoUe, Prodromus. 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Common Apricot, in 
 ^ fovonrable situations, 
 ^^^^jp usually attains a lieight 
 i,r!f). o 1 — 1 ''-'" ^~ °^ twenty or thirty (vat 
 
 Ed ' ^^/:,^r''f^''''^^"^^' «"'-'^-hator4ular 
 iieaa 1 he branches are furnished with numer- 
 als buds, and are clothed with large, ear - 
 shaped, smooth, shining leaves. Th? flowe s 
 winch are white, put forth before the leaves and 
 are very oi-namental, especially at a season^vhen 
 
 Nii;£:^mtfy:S^[\ appearance at 
 
 acme at the other, and d^.LI^^t^]:::^:^^ ^ ^the^ ^a^t^ll^ 
 
 the "li^u? s^S;™"'- ^^«^^«-^^ ^^/>Wc«^/..., the leaves of which are oval, and 
 
 le^e^- an^laJ^'f'^.t.'^"''"^"^^^-^"'^^'^^^^--^-''-. ^^^h broad, heart-shaped 
 
 3. P. A. FOL.ts VAKiEGATis Varierrafed-kaved Apricot-tree 
 l^ave^- rrnmS^f ^a^S^lStS'-^ , '^ ^^^^^ ^hat the Chinese 
 
 Catteas;,s/tli^ „....,- C.;^-^,;:;';--^^ 
 
 h.i] . 
 
 ii 
 
244 
 
 PRUNUS ARMENIACA. 
 
 Iff 
 
 'published in 1582, it is affirmed, that' the apricot was l,rough"t 
 J^ngland by Wolfe, a French priest, gardener to Henry VIII., in 
 
 iii 
 
 rally supposed to have originated in Armenia, but Regnicr and Sickler assign it 
 a parallel b.nween the Niger and Mount Atlas. Pallas^considers it to bo a nat ve 
 of the whole of the Caucasus ; and Thunberg describes it as a ve y arge spr' S 
 mg, branchy tree, ni Japan. Roth in Caucasus and China it is mLe fSquent on 
 mountains than on p ams, which affords a proof of its great hardils ^ 
 
 This ree was cultivated by the Romans, and is described by Plinv and 
 
 Dioscondes. It is said to have been brought from Greece to MarLi les by t e 
 
 locfcan CO onists, some time in the middle ages. It appears from Turne 's 
 
 . memL^:;l;ce;:'' V:S.7l!!^S 'I 't^^^^-\ 1^62 ; aiZn Haclduyt's'^'S.! 
 
 from Italy to 
 
 1524. 
 
 .l,7!!'^'"*''"'^"f '°r ?^ •*''*' 'T"'^* "'^'^ ^'^^ Unl'ed States probably dates back to 
 t Au' Kof'b I.W ^''" settlements. It is at present almLt as liversally cid' 
 tivatcd in both Europe and America for a fruit-tree, as the peach; and is more 
 
 nZrJU'i '' ^ T'. "' '^'Y^r^i'''^ ^'^'-^^ ^'^^-^^ ^'•««' «" ^^^«"»t «f «« n^ore vig! 
 beamif-ul leaves. ''^ndsomer general shape, independently of its more 
 
 n/ThP n^vflT' 'K'- . ^7^ f'"" ^'''' ^''"^'^''^ ^'^« appearance of maturity so soon 
 as the apricot. A standard ten or twelve years planted, in good loamy, rich 
 err ' n ! ^T ^°,r r'g'^t of twenty feet, with a head twenty-five feet in diam- 
 eter, piesenting al he appearance of a tree of twenty or thirty years' growth. 
 Hence the value ol tins tree m planting the grounds of a small villa, whefe unity 
 of expression and immediate effect is desired. This tree requires vJry nearly the 
 ame SOI and mode of cu ture as the nectarine and domestii plum, and is sifbject 
 to the attacks of many of the same insects, and frequently loses it.s fruit befoii it 
 arrives at maturity. The trees arc generally budded on stocks of the plum and 
 
 cnl vnto;f ^'"'T'^f '"^ '''T'.^ ^S^""^^ ^^''^"«- l^here are several varieties 
 cult vated especially for heir fruit, among which the Breda, with its brilliant 
 S P • /'' the Moorpark, and the Blotched-leaved Roman, stand pre-eminent 
 
 thl ^l.if ?'' \^'T^' 'V^^' ^^^'"S" *''""^t' supposed to be a hybrid between 
 
 the peach and apricot, which is ifiuch esteemed by some 
 
 jopcrtks and Uses. The fruit of the Apricot, Hke that of the peach and 
 plum, IS wholesonie and delicious, when taken in moderate quantities, but it 
 cannot be mdulged in to excess, with impunity. When fully ripe it may be 
 used as a dessert at table, or may be dried, or preserved in sirup, like the peach 
 nrj!T' ^>'V n."^^"'^!! ''^'''' '^ '' ^^■''^'^' '^'^d "^'■'•'•^d to E.^ypt, as an article 
 ?virrl Zn Tf ■ ", ^'''"^•' r*"^ "^''/"•' ''"P^'^y '' ^■^'^•^ons\y in the arts. From the 
 wild t ce, the pu p ,s of little value, but it has a large kernel, from which they 
 extract an oil. I hey preserve this fruit wet in all its flavour; and they make 
 lozenges of the clarihed juice, which afford an agreeable bt.erage, when diluted 
 
Prinnis domcstica, 
 THE DOMESTIC CULTIVATED PLUM-TREE. 
 
 Synonynics. 
 
 Prunus domestka, 
 
 Prunier domestique, 
 
 Gemeine Pflauine, Pflaumenbaura, 
 
 i i-utio, Susmo, Subiiio domestico. 
 
 Ciruelo, 
 
 Aincxieira, 
 
 Plum-tree, 
 
 Llnn^us, Species Plantarum. 
 JJe Candolle, Prodro.nus. 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 i' RANGE. 
 
 Germanv, 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 ante^ll^e!^''^" ^"-'■'^'-' '^^^^-'^ - «"«>. O.h.a.t. Companion ; Lo„.,„„. Ar.„retu™ Britannlcun,, vi, , . „ P 
 
 "SuSt^trflaf^^S^Sl^i:- -->y -"-,. Leaves lanceo.ate-ovate, concave on 
 
 Description. 
 
 
 sHFi Prunus domos- 
 tica usually grows 
 to a height of fif. 
 '- . r ' ■ — . -*.^.-^...=w»«3 teen or twenty feet, 
 and from six to ten niches in diameter. I 
 somewhat resembles the common sloe, (Pru- 
 nus spinosa ) but larger in all its parts and 
 IS without thorns The bark is black, and 
 the leaves are of a dark-green. The roots « 
 
 middle of April, ani nea^Ty a nl .terTt H T'' V^'' ^'"^^1 ^'^^^^«' ^^ ^^e 
 Massachuse ts. They are mo Z so'ntnrf ^ '"' "' ^ 'T^'' ^"^ ""^ ^^^^o"' i" 
 filaments, with yellowil a Xe s^ T , ^i ']"*^- ^''"'^'" ^'^"^ *^^^«"ty to thirty 
 are somet mes twa T he dr 0^1^ .Inho^^^^ 1^'' '' T''''^^^ ^'"^>^ «"« ^^^^^ there 
 fleshy, glabrous, and coverXltht iZn'^""^' '' '''' ""'''' -' «blong-ovate, 
 
 thetrtlccuiti^irpir --^- -? -^b-varieties of 
 
 are only dissimilar in name T^i tTl catalogues, many of which, perhaps, 
 
 and all'its variations as'w eil / U'buiracTnllT" ^'iTr ^'^^^^'"' ^P«^' ^ 
 sloe. On this point, however bota nisis In ir ' "'^'^'^'^ted from the common 
 to our purpose to under akef; rJfun i r '""^T' ^''"^ •''' '* ^^^'^ ^e irrelevant 
 notice hos^e wl iVJ W^^^^^^ "^f''"}. ''''^^' ^ ^'^^'^^^^> ^^e shall here only 
 
 been cultivated iuhel for oZn^ent " distinctness of character, and havl 
 
 ^'i or th^^sr^'^^ £^f ;i,, ^r';!ti^""'"r/ f^-*^^^ - ^^^^ 
 
 bear some resemblance to those of ?n\' '^ ^'''''''''^ ^'""^'^ "^ this variety 
 
 intenru^diate betweeni^.:;;;:?;!;';:;,;!^'^;;;^'^^^- '' ^^^^^^ ^'^ ^ 
 
 4^oftheE;:^Shr^;;Sl!:«.,?;^^^^^ 
 
 ' ' ^ "'^ ^ rencn, and Cr/-«//e Kunigspjlaiime, 
 
 fit 
 
 
I.* ' 
 
 h;.' ^1 
 
 i;>' 
 
 
 r I 
 
 ft 1%^ 
 
 I Sri 
 
 246 
 
 PRUNUS DOMESTICA. 
 
 wife of Francis I. hS The So ff„;,, 'T ,"'''°.''''''°'' '""> '■''•'">=° ''V 'I"-' 
 
 PJlaumenbanm, German Th , vnriM,, ' ■S^"f ''(">'"""«*'""» <" /«*»/.«■ 
 
 native of ^'orlll America utT^ilhf ?' " ""PPO^od by some to bo .i 
 
 vation. It wel dSe vcs c It, ro ,?nX 1 '" 'V '=°"""'>' "' " ^'"« "f "-I'i- 
 early ftowcrin.. Xc , tal c. I ?.„ L , "'"''"u' "™' °" ""='^'""" »f i's very 
 ge„Jra„y; co,?4'e'°!Vr!us tbrcToT'e ft^re'd tiros? '""'-^^-'"^ ™™«-. 
 
 mviX;r:oT^iL''FVe„c'Jr"'"''" '"'""'■'* " ^'""'-'""' «'"»-"■--■ ^'■"■ 
 
 Fre„d,-.%h™v™Sy"^?jttvc?'*'''",'^5'"'-?'<'' *''■"«'"■ '""/ "f •"„ 
 
 in France, tW,e„";;:;Va^rr^f the t™t'rrs'",X-e^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 na? pl^ntes""™' '^^ ^^"''°""- *''• •"*»- ^-'^Xhl-Llds'^IIf'Sflci- 
 
 variety i°s aTtr^elfolSrS of an'^fYr ''""^'"'- T'- f""' "f thi., 
 and i/disli,,gnrsl cd for itrJemnHAM ^ i*"' "'P"""* '"""'l'' ""> '«». 
 
 and ripe from the tiee ""'"k""/ «weet atid agreeable Havonr, when fresh 
 
 Thisvarre.;:rnrthe''pInSrc,dtrvato^¥ -^['""-r' " ^^"^'"- ^'»"'"■• 
 
 gronah, and pyramidal head i; kvZ i' """ excellent quality, vigorous 
 deserves cultivation • '^ ''^''^^' ^'^ ^^'"^^ ^^^'•«'-> and particularly 
 
 someflo\v;;s'°' K',^e'roo;sof?hi. ^'"'f -^^-^«"'«^ ^^'"«-^-^, with large, hand- 
 no.ish.en, th/i^^-f;^ ll^ JSint^ ^SS ^ll^.Sl^^"- «^ 
 
 diffused i. fs o Iw tcalitv L'h?"' ^"'''''^? "PP^^^^ '"^ be more widely 
 to the south of r£ Cau Isu^^ho Him^ l''"' ^' 'f '^''^'^^'^^ ^« ''^ indigenoul 
 In England, and nr some p^^^^^^^ ^^ ^.« '^^^"^ P*^"« «f i^'^^'ope. 
 
 hedges? but never trulv wi Tl i! f'""^^'' " '' s^'netimcs found in 
 
 vated for ornament or the fruh n X.hoV''^ """"^ "^ ^^^ ^'^"'"'^^'^'^ ^'•'^ -"'ti" 
 
 pe'ods onhS'serm'entt ' w!.l v'ah, "f f ^' f""''' '^'^^ '^^'^ '^ *'- -^hest 
 nated in this countrT i nonrwl . i, ' n 1""^ "iterosting varieties have origi- 
 conspicuous. iT ;Lr"rfeT s'ld fn ^"^'""f "' ^^-'^'"8^'^" P'-m stan'^ls 
 New York, about tlfe eTd of the In'^f . / "^^ 'f'" ^'''.'^'^^^^ i» ^ n-.arkct in 
 years, till, during a violent sL n ol .nn I T,' ^' '""'"'"^'^ b^''''^" f^"" ^^^^••"l 
 earth by 'ligh,„i^,„ a^id los mvo 1 'n ' '' ^"^''-^.^ruiilc was severed to the 
 »r„..i: .(...„5. . "^' """'^ ^'^istioyed. I he part remammg in the ground after- 
 
 wards threS t,p Svera, 'i^^^ sh^, Xrwr"!^ ■l^ellV^^ml^ln; 
 
 and 
 
, and is too 
 nee by the 
 ^e in Eng- 
 
 ^ian Pliim- 
 r Indischer 
 i from the 
 o\v sepals, 
 ne to be a 
 e of culti- 
 )f its very 
 ■ varieties, 
 
 ree; Pru- 
 
 tif of the 
 1 Orleans, 
 English, 
 the offici- 
 
 lit of this 
 
 the base, 
 
 hen fresh 
 
 Bonum. 
 as larger 
 ids. 
 nown. 
 s variety 
 vigorous 
 ticularly 
 
 ?e, hand- 
 dance of 
 
 e widely 
 ligenous 
 Europe, 
 bund in 
 re culti- 
 abitablo 
 sia, and 
 1 'I'opo- 
 ^ngland 
 
 earliest 
 re origi- 
 staiids 
 irket in 
 several 
 I to the 
 1, after- 
 in, and 
 
 , DOMESTIC CtJLTIVATED PLUM-TREE. 247 
 
 ^mI K:riS;::;ay,^ri?.:;;^iy^,-;7 -- .^^ sent to England in 1819, 
 don Horticultural Society i H^> L D Sf "'?' 'r v'' ^'-''^ ^^"^ ^° ^'^« ^on^ 
 , Soil, ;Sitnaeion, Propalat ln\w Tho.uf'' "f -^^'^ ^ '^'■'^• 
 loamy soiK someVha 0^1/^0,^ and a X ^'"'V'''^^ ^ ^^'^'^ 
 
 op<;'i. and exposed .0 the s^uf ut choro 'r '"^''V^M" ^'^^^^ ^''^ a situation 
 It IS almost invariably propaXa od v r L ''/'\'r''^''^'' °' ""''''^^rn winds, 
 ormod on stocks of the S >t fSe ^rofvi ^ ^ ''' ?'"^'^'"^' ""'^ '« S^"^'-''^"^ V^r- 
 jntonded for d^varfs, on the Mi Xlle Jl n 'n '^ "'■"' '''''"' ''" P''"^"'^ a"""' 
 irom seeds, or by laj^crs. Tl.e Cner sho i h ^^''\'''''^^\' T^ either be raised 
 r.pe, mixed will, saud, and tur To' ? l''^ t f "^''''^ '^''"^'^ ^'^« ^'•"'^ ^^ ^I'^-'^'l 
 winter, and being sown in J\Hrch arVZ ' ^'j'"'''' ^"^"''^ "' ^''^ course of the 
 tl.oy will come u? in the ilay o In" ^^1^;,^ 't ^^ '^ -'^'--"^ly open, 
 iyy havmg a humid climate plants of i^^" • '^'^f^^'»> "r any other coun- 
 obtaincd, hy pegging down ti,e Sots oo'ir'^V'"'^^ ^' very expeditiously 
 from tl.e stools; and covered with ^oiMoeS^^^ ^^-« --" 
 
 1 alt. The entn-e shoot bein- thus coveroc n ,1 ."i ' "!' ''" ""^'^ '^"^ ^-^ 
 
 duce a vertical shoot, a foot or morel leni ^ T"'' '^^''^ ^'""^ ^^'" P^-^" 
 soason; and each of the shoots, w "en Z^^ Z^'^l^^ /" /'"^ ^^'^'1 andShe 
 lollowmg, just before the falling of 1 cK^^^^^ '?"'' !'^ ''^« ^"t"nm 
 
 dance o roots. The branches whic wrrrfaid 1^' t T '^T ''^'^ '^^^""- 
 should be cutoff close to the stooT ThL ,t i , P'"'"^"^^ ''>^''^« "^''oots 
 
 13- ropean nurseries, where «tockTare raeri '1^' ^'"'"'"'^ "^ "^'-^"^^ «^' ^'"^ 
 the general clemand of the trade ''Numo on.;, f' ;i"'-^''t>ti«s, to supply 
 varieties of the common plum ' sav^sT, ? n 1 are the cull. vatcd fruit-bearmg 
 be increased ad i»fi>u,u,^;^A iul aho"hiXl'"' Af '^'^•' '^'^' ^'''^^ '"^SlU 
 tics, with fruits totally different fom 'tl ose of ,^ V^oh^U. that numerous vaHc- 
 cured by cultivating the ^V, U Vmo In tnn ■ ^''^,f'''-'».^l "^P^cics, might be pro- 
 "; indeed, these are any, ung m c Z^ 'r'p 'T'"' ""^^ ^'^ P"'^^«c^"s; 
 
 two forms, which every dcscPipt^on of tJon Z ""' .V' ^^"■"^•^ti^a. There are 
 
 are yet wanting in the genus^ Pnnms as f T ''*'f " "' T'''''- "^t«' ^^''i*^'' 
 branches pendent, and the otl.o w t i ', ^'"^"^"^ \mM\ox\: the one is with 
 
 be no donl. but that ^ td^ ^ZXr ff h vbriS" v.r" ' '^^''T''- , ^^^'-^ -" 
 ■soms, and fruit, might J)e produced bvf^PnlV;. V"^ '" ^''^"' '^^^^•^^^> '''^s- 
 tbe pollen of the almond tlu Sch ' . ' ^^ "^^ 
 
 some maybe disposed to\assi,n\ mtl^ valu^^t*^ ^^1 ' '' '^'''''V ^'^•"^' ^'^°"?'' 
 must not he forgotten that aIuK.staltirecdt rated n^ 1 Productions, yet^it 
 
 most kinds ^ ;t'iM?u ^ " n J^ K;'"^/';: ^'["7"'^ ''" ^^'"^"- ^^ ^^^^ - ^^- 
 ■sap IS in a .lowiu.ard motion, and w ' !^ o c ne ' Y"-"\ '''' ^■^^'""- ^^'^^^'^ ^'"^ 
 ^nll take place, than if pruned m the wintTo' CimJ '^^"'"^^^^'^'^ «^" tl>« ^v^ound 
 
 or S\r J:,tZ?;^l^,|'--;^.:^-;;r^- ^ I^-^ed upon by various msects 
 
 tnmk or roots, m a similar nianl^; s bey do ^1^ T '< "T?' '''''' '^ '"^^ ^^^ 
 worm or slmiy caterpillar, ( /^Av/;,™ Z 3 r^'^ and the slug- 
 
 upper surtace of tluwiaves of the XrC we ^ "'V^ '^'''^.^'^ '-'^^^^ "" tJ'^ 
 tlie pear, ealin- away their subst' ce V.V "f"",' ^'"'"'^ "' ""^ '^''^'''•V and 
 
 beneath untouched.* u by f ; ,S '^"^ '^^^'i"? only the veins and the skin 
 Pimn, .. the Curculio ne.nL:;^, f ^.i l-^ J'''=^! "'f'^^ -i^-'> attacks th^ 
 
 P'.n..theCurculione.r,h:.,C.i;L=;j'S;X^^^^ 
 
 ) 
 
 * Spf IIarn\' Repurt. p. n^l. 
 
248 
 
 raUNUS DOMESTICA. 
 
 to whicli allusion is made under the head of "Inspff« " in «„ r , u 
 
 w,1h„„t motion, and Lmingly 1 fc CS3 I, sl.Vri!;:, Tl'!^ remaining for „ ,imc 
 eggs, it mos it, sltort, cnrved stout wine TSi^. tt",' '"""IT '">""? ''? 
 
 oxcept tl?at i! I,„s a distiLrro.tnd d! Jl.tTrown h^ad "iS '"??'"'"'""''' 
 observations made by Dr. Harris and olliS-7 fiL, ,l.„ i , "fP"''*' ''°"l ^omo 
 
 nf M,^^ I •, ^"c.^-^geria exiliosa, or peach-tree horer VVhen the ..r.,h« 
 
 »:itrpin:'rz;,rbt^i^s!,Sv^.E^;"„TaTr^n::rH^^^^ 
 
 .steatned, to l<iil tbo enclosed grnbs, they^itlo, Id lio^iven as foSo switt" Tl^ 
 
 pa«,r^.2s, aJJ-:.re;li'rCe7,itrt,"^^ 
 .|^'nTe';t;';eT;!;t';;;Sor:'^^^ 
 
 this tree, tts wood ,s sometimes rotten at tl,e liearl. In Franee and Ge manv i 
 
 al inst'rtS;; °"?, '7l '""""' -"'-"n^'"-. -1 «- m™mfae,„rers of Z's - 
 cat nstrutnents. 1 lie leaves are sometimes given to cattle for foraee The nse 
 
 °s ve I'known T 'Kr"°"°'7 "" "=""'■ ''"» '"' -"""'"S '»'"-'* P«igs 
 IS well Itnown In trance, plums are principally used dVy or nreservod iV,d 
 
 ente extensively into commerce. The kinds nsnally en.pl Jyed iC nreservh I 
 n ! S ""f °.'''' ""; P"'™ d'Ast, the Perdrigoi. blan,-, t ,rnrme dK and 
 .he &te. Catherine, In >™rm countries, plums'or prunes are SonlSs by 
 
 * See Harris' Reiiort, pp. 06, 07, 08, jjI, 352. 
 
DOMESTIC CULTIVATED PLUM-TKEE. ^ 19 
 
 prunes are prepared from tlic k. Pnr li, r "^ ^""' °" '-alternate days. Table 
 Catherine; ^ho'se employedi. Sic- e f?o ^''Z ''\T''' ^"^'' ^"^ Ste 
 
 have a very sweet and agreeable tas" anTtti . /."• •^"'''""'- '^'''« ^^^^r 
 *;csh, rape plums, taken in moderate mmnttil" '^"'' ^''- somewhat austere, 
 wholesome; but in lar^e nnan ifipftL? ''''/^''' regaraed as nutritive and 
 
 immature, they still moro'S' "x /^ and when 
 
 employed as an agreeable mid lax.tiJo f '^'^l^-., /^he medicinal prunes are 
 
 convalescence froi^ebrileanSl^S/lSK^i.llllr ^'^^" '"^'"^ 
 
 com- 
 
Pn/nits c/iirti.t)/. 
 
 f'-' If 
 
 lA 
 
 miA 
 
 THE CHICASAW PLUM-TREE. 
 
 S'l/noni/mes, 
 
 Cerasiis chicain. 
 
 I'runus chicasa, 
 
 Priiriier dcs Chicasas, 
 riiiinsa rHiuiiiieiibniiin. 
 Clikasaw Plmn-nvc. 
 
 Dk Camiot.i.r, Prodromiis. 
 Dox, Miller's Diciionnry. 
 Lm-DDN, ArboixHiiiii iJiiinnnioiiin. 
 I'l-Rsii, Flora Aiiicricri' .Si'ptonirlonnlis 
 
 TORRKV AM) (illAY, Floni (if Ps'ulth AllllTica 
 
 Ai'nriioN, Biiil.s of Aiiieiica. 
 Fhance. 
 
 GEIiMANY. 
 
 Ijhitai.v and Anoi.o-America. 
 
 i'»ffr„r,>,.,,. Audubon, BIr.I. of America, i„ pi. liii ; „„,! u,,,. Ugurcs I,clow. 
 
 Fruu nearly globi.e. s,„.^ll, yJ^Z^t^^^^Xu^Zll^j:::''- '''^' ^'''""' "^ '""^ '^ ^^^ ^l^^'' 
 
 Description. 
 
 'runiis cliic- 
 roe 
 
 ^, It, indigenous to Arkansas, wostorn 
 Louisiana, and Texas, and naturalized 
 east ot the Mississippi as far north as Vir- 
 
 IqhT'*^ lis:!, is a thorm 
 h lJ_^ shrub, from threi 
 Efi^^ll to six (cet ii 
 
 ;iMia. Accord 
 
 11) 
 
 g to Michaux,' it was 
 
 brought to the Atlantic soutliern states 
 and cnhivated by the Chicasaw fndiaus- 
 and lience it is commonly called the Chic- 
 nsaw phim. It \vas introduced into Bri- 
 tain m ISOC, and jilants of it are growing 
 in many of the European collections. The 
 flowers, which put Ibrtli in April and IMav 
 are succeeded by a yellow, or yellowish- 
 red Iruit, nearly destitute of bloom, of a 
 roundish form, half of an inch or ir. ■ , i,, 
 
 quite astringent and sour. '^' quality, sometimes being 
 
 FwvV/y. There is at least one variety of this sneries the P . . 
 winch may read v be distinani«),o,l u.r d \ ^pecles, tlie r. c. nonorahs. 
 
 Innvn. ...i ;. „..:L:...^1 ,'"§"'''''''' ''7 ^^^ tomciitoso Or pubescout pedicels and 
 
 caves, and is conjectured bv some to hn L ' f "' P'^l^^^ceut pedicels and 
 
 ultivated tree. We peciL ami va letv ? "'''^"i"'* ''"''' ""^ *''" naturalized or 
 :rafting, or inoculation ^hf^ shlar ma me. Ts f '^?^''^'''^^ ^^^ «''^'1-S by 
 
 -n..c ten inches in ^^^J:-^-^^^^, ^nd 'malulStt^.;^;;; 
 
 ; I 
 
Genus CERASUS, Juss. 
 
 Rosacea; . 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Cerasus, Laumerasus, Prunus, 
 
 Cerisier, 
 
 Kirschbaum, 
 
 Ciliegio, Ceriegio, 
 
 Cerezo, Cerezezo, 
 
 Cercjcira, 
 
 Wisclinaija, 
 
 Cherry-tree, 
 
 Icosanilria Monogynia. 
 %«/. Lin. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 Gkr.manv. 
 Itai.v. 
 Spain. 
 
 PoRTUHAL. 
 KUSSIA. 
 
 Britain and Anulo-America. 
 
 sion amon- bolaiiists in nil fl,n ""^^'^'^«- ^ '"^re is nincl. confii- 
 ti.ose .hid. aro'll^Ve^^ NoXaI^oI-^ '^^''^ '' •'^Sards 
 clierrios, and all their varioiios r ,lVi ? i ; V'^ f."iii'Jion garden 
 , „ , to Linn.-cus, and no'trlv iV Z . '^ ^'"" ^'•''"" ''""''^ aec"'-Jing 
 
 dollo have been referred o to\^Z^^\^^^^^ '''^' "'"« of I)e Ca„! 
 
 wh.cfi in the opinion of Mr. Lo, do a,-e o u\ '^,'1 ^ '"""/ '^^'■^^^"•^' ^'^t»» of 
 former being the ,«,c'm/.v of the pinch nM^'n ""'^ f"™' ''^ ^"'^ W''^^^; «!'« 
 blade, English eherry (Cerasns svl^es,\S\ coriespondnig with the small, wild, 
 and corresponding with the common f,^ ' "'"*, ^''^ ''''''''■' ^'"^ l"^'-'^»ch rlrlsier 
 vulgaris.) ^To tl^eso two sp iToe c'nZ^ ' "7 '5 ^ ^--"''«'' (t'erasus 
 added two others, the Cerasus iil'.n, S'^'\'^7'«' ''» the "Flore Fran.;aise," has 
 niers; and the Cerasus ZnJ' i 'l '"' ^""^'^crs as including the o-J ^ 
 hard cherries. Th as tt\ ';' '"''^^ ''« ''"^^'"^1^« the b4,Tealtv 
 
 Mr. Loudon, he thought p^p^rS^Xmlnh^^ '7^^"' "f'^'^"''> ^^-^'-^ 'o 
 of the article '' Cerasu.s.'^n tl e - Si /^^ "^)rboretum," that of the author 
 and satisfactory, referring altlie .n i " ^.^^'^"icV' as much more simple 
 
 tlie sa.no specie^as Linnlu; s, ti n? "Sy,"'"^^^ "^ ^'^ g-'den cherry^to 
 and for Prunus cerasus, rw«f "f./r A " ''V'™! Cerasvs syhcstrls ; 
 geniis particularly deser;ing of cnlti S^^^^^^ '"''^ ^f'^''^^ ^^^^ of this 
 
 the Yung-To, or Chinese doiiblo c , n-v n' ' "'"'^"^^^t or for their timber, are 
 us double, white flowers, sit t ^m^^^^^^^^ distinguished for 
 
 (Cerasus pseudo-cerasus ) noted (Its ea I fl ' ''" S''"''^''' ^^'^^^ cherry-tree, 
 Puddum cherry-tree, (Celus u dum ) ? ,^Hvn?'r"1 ''''^ V'-V-E^^^^: the 
 twenty or thirty feet, and celebratrl f;l f ^'^''J''^\"rowingtoaheigh 
 and for the usef.a proportie of t w oi 7«-^°l""'-^J ""wers, edible^fruit, 
 (Cerasus capricida,)!,atL of NepaXn^^ ?' goat-killing bird cherry 
 
 would probably retain its verdure'in^na r^rt^r^f r'''^^'"'''"^'''"?" ^'•^^' ^^'^^^^ 
 
 '^'■" " ''^ 'asus nadus ) ,ho Cm H^ V '"^ '""""' ''"'' ^'^« true bird 
 
 •/ •"■^" H'unu hi several conn ' " 
 
 )r perlnmed cherry, and is muc 
 
 cherry- 
 
 as 
 
 admired lor the beauty of 
 
 II 
 
 m 
 
 'if'. 
 
 
 Its 
 
262 
 
 CERASUS. 
 
 ovcrgrecii Iroc, k^o^vn at onco f mm a n.L. "" ':l"r''=<''''asi«N,) a beautiful 
 smooth. yolIowish-«rcvn, shblng ^v ^ 1'.,?;^^" "' '^'^ ^'^'T' ^'^ "'^ '■'"•«'^'' 
 sho..t«. It is loss hardy than the Portugat nn^ cheTr^r '''''"''f' "'"^ >'"""^' 
 largo, cvor-rocn tree, growinsj to a hoi.^h? Vr t (Ccrasus hisitariica,) a 
 
 which, in EiiglarKl.'> m -nt v ki& t'"" l^raucho of 
 
 almost ovoryv^hen, tr-ated afa g L , t "' 1, l^ %' ^'"^^' ;"'!"' ^-rmany is 
 spoccs worthy ot' cnhnr.. re thf M ") ' 'nV^ Z^.'"''"^' ^''^ ^"^^'' Anu,-ri,-au 
 "Hhgenous to Canada and the Al c In, ^Zn^^^^^^^ ^^ T'''' » S"*^') <^ <^i" ••^I'rub, 
 ^ng /lowers, uith purplish a nthm "whioV o^t^^^^ ^fmgm^lml for its ploas^ 
 the leaves; the Ccrasl.s .n.,lis a tre. ron ' ^ 1''"'"' "P^"' I'^iore 
 
 native of the subalpiue hills uc a- the sm IJ '.> to. twe.ity feet in height, a 
 
 near its mouth; anil the ( Sasus e.tVX ta t/n 7"- '"'^'r^'''^' ^^« ^^«»^« 
 bose, astringent fruit -huI r;,i ^'V^'^^^'ita, known by it.s wh te flowers clo- 
 
 ns varielics, and ,he Ccrasus carolintann ""'"■ °'"'""' "'Biniana' and 
 
 BiJ- ft. 
 
 -If 
 
 Wii' 
 
Cerasus sylvcstris, 
 
 THE WILD CHERRY-TREE, OR GEAN. 
 
 Synonymcs, 
 
 Prunus avtuia. 
 
 Cerasus avium, 
 
 <^i rnsiis .ii/lvrstris, 
 
 M.irisier, Moris,, grosse noirr, Giiignier, 
 
 hiissiT Kirsclibauin, 
 
 Ciregiolo, Ciripgiolo, 
 
 Genn, Bigarrraii, Corone, C... oon, Small ) 
 Black Chcrry-lnv, Black II, l.ml.lure 
 Cherry^ree, B ack Heart Cherry-trf., \ 
 Black Mazzanl Cherry-tree ' 
 
 LiNWjtus, Spoil, 
 De Candoi.i.k, Pi, 
 Loudon, Arboruiu 
 
 France. 
 
 Okhmanv, 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Plantarum. 
 
 •iroiniis. 
 
 i' Britaankuni. 
 
 Merry-ircn, 
 Merries, (the fruit,) 
 
 Peasants of Ciiesiiiiie, (Enu ) 
 Norfolk, (Enu.) ^ '^ 
 
 
 ^^^^HE Cerasus sylves- 
 s*^ ifM fris, in favourable 
 1^ iJjtS -itiiations, olten ac- 
 sivtu^:.. - "^ 'l"''*es a lieight of 
 sixty oi sev.aty k«et, in fifty or sixty 
 years, with a trunk of proporti uate size 
 and sufficiently lar.e fo^r tile g. S pur! 
 poses of constructiou. In the p. .gress of 
 us growth to maturity, the j'.rm of its 
 head js pyramidal, the branches springing ^'//^y 
 Irom the main stem, at regular intervalst \^^ 
 or at the commencement of the annual ^ 
 
 A- 
 
 thefuryot tlie wihls. Its Ibliage 
 
 r^^'i^l^':!Zn^'^:^^^ --'-que .rr^ct; yet ^.„ 
 
 the landscape, and contrast weLT-Cse it^^^^^ '°'''"'" '^ ^ives great richness to 
 browns whirl, predominate a that eafon ' STnw ''' T'\' ^'^^ 5^^""^^« -"^ 
 pro/Msion in April or IVIay from the rTnt, ^i^^^^^^^- ^^'I'lch are produced in 
 the almond ani the scark^'t om. Th fS Z^elZT' "'"i^^ ^'" ^^'^'^ ^'^-« ^^ 
 o{_ff rn, is usually of a very deep darl m ' I i i ".'" ^'"^"^ ^^ ^^e name 
 .t IS of a bnght-red'; its pulp'and^mc^lrsmain '^,':;^;,;^^^^^ but^sometimes 
 
 "f the iruH, austere an. .f.r beJbre it comes^o'S;^;^:;^^;;-^^,;^^ 
 
 
 mi 
 
f I 
 
 254 
 
 CERASUS SYLVESTRI8. 
 
 
 with a peculiar flavour, when porfortlv rino mm , . 
 
 m Its foru., firmly a.lhJring to U.' S ' f,?;, js^ « '' I r"' ''"''' '' '^'"' "^ "^'^'*' 
 
 sizo^of tilt, fruit, which riprus iu Juuc or jX ^ '"'«" '" I""I«"-tion to the 
 
 Loudon's ''Arboretum HritannS-''! ' ^«>'vchu Du llamel," and in 
 
 ml or black, early or lat^ i.d L l/Zr/ " /"'^"•"it of this group is 
 
 four to tlie pound. '""'*'' ""^ to/jacco-lawcl guiirnicr, or Jm//, of 
 
 thf E^nch"^ t;;:^;;^;,, .Srt:^rta^./:::f ^r^-'r-/ ^ ^- ^^ 
 
 tier, but is loss lirni in its „^.;,/'^''«'y ^"'"^^^''^^t resembles that of the bigarreau- 
 
 ]::^r.^^^^!^S^U.if:'S!£^^^ ni.arr.au,.. of the 
 
 The trees of this race arc i.l i,H .1 n^. ' .\' "'"' R<'"erally heart-shaped, 
 which, is that beautifu d H lel^ ;^^^^^^ "-" ^['^ "-ir fruit, anL.g 
 
 ica, />«,,W6. frnirh W/nfc ^emincvlwr, and in Jlngland and Amer- 
 
 nrst mention of thiJ tree s crrow n ' r ''V"'"'^ ^" '"^ ^'" '" "'•''^''" 'I'lie 
 
 "llcrbal," p,d.lished n I'or i ^wlu /h^';! ' ". "';'"''^^'^' ''^ ''>^ ^'"'•^"•' '" ''*« 
 cherry, with fruit of " an I -t sh i, ^1 i i ^^-^'f "•'i'- Y mentions the black wild 
 
 champs, in the '' Nouveau H ' ' '''^^^^^^^^ • ^- '"'*«^'«"r 'l-.s 1-ong- 
 
 undoubtedly indigennnr o F ince ve'f if ''"'' ^''""S'' ^''^ wil<l cherry is 
 It^ily; and that eveiMn France mfl^^^^^^^^ "ot appear to have been so to 
 
 in the forests; while tie (V asns v L li '" 'y'^.'"'^t'-'s> «r merisicr, is found 
 
 rontly wild state in a ly 0,^'. fe^ '^^ "^^''^r found in an appa- 
 
 From this he conclude7tIm ItL i-d^ l7r^'-'^ '"""=^" ''al-'tatioi/s." 
 
 it probably had escaped te no «e;>nho on '''"'''■ ^"f ''^"^'i'^'-'^^^l i" l^'rance, 
 ered the tree, they would have scbt IhHn'v'l ""'' ''"^" '!■ ^''^^ ^''-^^ '^'^'^'^v: 
 nearly juiceless fruit. Thi species m-ow. wW . .'"i, "" ,'/' ^"""' ^^"^^^^•■^' ^"»' 
 two thousand nine hundred •iSsevernvn? ''' V'"" '"''' "" ^^^"""^ vl^l.na, at 
 
 lower, as the climate h^r^^^^^'^r^t:^'''^'::^ '' "aV"^' ^"^ "°^ 
 walden, where, it is said, no other kind! of stone fV.i n'^''' '^'?''' '^^ ^''»"^- 
 maturity, at an elevation of three thou and ni.n ^^''U'row, it arrives at 
 
 The largest specimen of the rprn«nl T T" ''^"'^"'<1 "•»! .sixty-four f.-et. 
 England, standml oT he nmirer fov '>^^^^«''-'\«n accord, is in CJIouccstershire 
 
 of ?he Earl of H..!^ vb " S is S"h^ iiv 'V V^""'!"- \""^' '•" "^^^ ^^'^'^^ 
 upwards of three feet in diameter "^'^^^J^'''^^ ^^^^^ ^^ J^'igl't, with a trunk 
 
 better than most o her trees iuTrv cl™^^ ? '*'"]'^ "''^i^- ^^ ^^i'' thrive 
 in chalk, with a thin layer of earXl oterT ' '""' ''"^'^- '""•^' '''"^'""'S- ^^cn 
 Du Hamel, that this species succeesnnn- '''7 '^T '•'*^- ^^ ^^^« ^"'"^1 by 
 altogether failed. It harbee Ser stK\?"^^ f"'^' ^^''^'''^ "^''^r ^roos had 
 water, the tree always decavs Thk tS if' '^h*^»«^«r ""^ roots extend to 
 elevations, as may rlv^i lyYe sulosed L^^^ "". "^^''^^'-^i'^^ '-^"d other 
 
 latitudes; "but it does not attainTtfmhni ' "'^'!f''*'"»S ^'^ l'i?b northern 
 
 orchards, and ^^ surLuSi^^iSl^^^J^:? l!? S^tr a^ 
 
 ' t. 
 
WILD CHERKY-TREE. 
 
 2BB 
 
 i'ropafra/ion and Culture Tlw. r\.„." i 
 
 'or grafting upon, or Unv^Jn^o^^^U^^':^^^ "'l'"^ ^^T" ^^'-^^ 
 always pr„prigat..,l from m^.'.Is ;\ „'/.,. rof J '"■'"'"'" ''"'^''' '''"''""«' 
 Slickers, stooh .uigl.t ho iWrrno.l'u ',rol iIo> . ''""T ."^ "" ^''^'""'^'"ce of 
 of tho roots might ho employ. d u si n. '' "^ tl '''"'"! "•■' ^""i"^'' 
 
 raised from seeds, Mr. f-oildo^ o, >nn .u s . ,T:?i'- ^^'"i" ^'IT' "^« '" ''« 
 whe_„ ripe, and either he sow,, i,,Hn X t ^ -' ' "'''^''"' ' '"' ^"''''"■"' 
 
 ol. "".r heing eater, hy hirds o^^nTX^wi:;.'^"'') ""' ''T'''''^ ''"'^ ^'«^ 
 v^n.ter; or what is preferahle, they ZiV K ved w m' ;'"'""'^' "'^" ^••""»" «'"» 
 sai.d, and kept i,i a\shed or celhi^ eiLrtZu^ nT r"''' ^'""■' "'^''' '"''k of 
 arnves for sowing. As soon as ,e « o L i J^^^^^^^^^^^ '"' '''« ti'ne 
 
 spring, they .nay'he sown in I ^1 a,K t d I ?^ ^."^ '" ^''^ ^^'"^'''- "^ 
 ourths of an inch, with light n.onld ir^ t "' , n. 1 ''' ' "' "T*'"'^ '" ''"•^«- 
 <lo not spr.)nt while in tire heap; I eca , e ,n ke",'.^" "^''7^^ ^''^^ the seeds 
 ;m.l the .seeds of some other frui Is theXrVv exn.n Is i Tr?^*^"''^' '''« ^^'^••"' 
 t me that it protrudes its radicle- nn.l ZZ S f f'" y'^lons at tho same 
 
 tl»c prohahility is, that the «mr L^tH s w I noJTi '^''r "^"1^* ^'^'''' «"^^i»'^. 
 
 sowing, arc nnavoidal.ly cm-red w t s i wT.pL "'''' ^"^ ^'"^ c^iy'^doths, , 
 exposed to the light. The ,slr onies 1^^^^^^ ^'Z^' '/^"^I'-j^ "!^^"d«l them to' be 
 eighteen inches oV more in lu-i?d " an,rm^^^^^^^^ '1 'J'' ^"'' «'^'^««». will be 
 
 and transplanted int., nursery liae" and f e l T ^""""^ ^""""^ the others, 
 tliey may he grafted or bndded # ' ' ' ^'''^ '^^^« «'«°J there u year, 
 
 :;r.mmg:^:;i^ri:^ll;;L;i\;^,^r^s^ n!f t^;r^";-^ ^- ^ -ry nttie 
 
 •slioor, or an over-rampant hrancl, W enovt . ''' "'^ ^^ ''^^'"' '^''^'^'"g 
 
 performed in the .nonth of Angus or Sentemhe ' . 1''"?'' "'^^^^^ary, let it be 
 leaves are fully expanded, '' a inlc wiiierho^^^ 
 
 treatise on ' IJritish' Fores Tree ' '.Tm^L'^ *' Sr"^' : ««y« Mr. S'elby, in his 
 deciduous trees," for, it has bee, VouS^r^x erienee ?I^'r'''^f '" ''^^''^ '" ^^^ 
 sunuTier season, they are not liable to ble,Vo exnr. ' '^'"" P?"^^* ''^ '*'« 
 begins to elaborate, new wood is fonned nt fhl .j^ r"',"" ^'"'"' ''^'^'^ ^« «''« ^^-^P 
 by the time of the 'fall of the 1 'i c inlur is wi?l ^^ '''r ^""""'^''^ P'^^^^^' ^"'^ 
 out 01 danger of decay, from c od" , n nf ^ '"^ ^^ '•^^'^^■'^red as to be 
 weather. ^' "'"^ ioUgment of wet, or the influences of the 
 
 According to .some experiments made bv Mr SVlh,r »^ ♦ 1 
 when ot considerable size, better flm,i the LVn il7' ^''1 ^""T transplanting 
 Iroui twenty to thirty fee in hei-^l tsom/X.n-^f. T*"''"^ '""'' '"^'^^^^ Pl^"t« 
 and others from sced.i As i,i the c4cTn]U J h ''f ^''^'-''-^ted from suckers, 
 sixe, they suffered a check by t 1 '^^^^^^^^^ '^'V-'' ^"^ ^'^'""^^d' «^^ I^^rge 
 
 in the course of two, or at riost,' Xee seL,," "" ^'"' '^''^ generally recovered 
 
 orlS^J'i^Zm sIS^:^:;[±i^^ sCdom .tacked by insects 
 cies of Geornetrida,^ and the ex^emitins^nf * ^ '"^ caterpillars of several spe- 
 ;;P'>'V'y a large, bikck loi,^ ( A^ e asV brib? /'TL' ""'' '^^'^^^ l^^^^^d 
 tbo cherry, like ,imst other cultiv ted ?riv ' '^ fmit-bcanng varieties of 
 
 insects, than those in a wild slat^ ''' '''"" '^'''' ^"^J«<^^ '^ ^^ry from 
 
 o^^7:tj::t^i^ ::f,^i:'^-'^ f^'V'^^ ^^ -^ ^ -ddish co,. 
 
 worked, and i.s suscejtibfe of a fine nol sh^ w'l.r' '"'^fi^'^^.^ ^oft to be easily 
 ^Peemc gravity of ^ater, and Z^'^, ^^L^S'^i^^^^l^J^fill^^^;^: 
 
 * See Lutulon-s Arboretum Britannicum, ii., p. 700 
 
 JWK.1^6 
 
1.* I i 
 
 
 ',[^ 
 
 (. ■ 
 
 f 
 
 
 256 
 
 CERASUS SYLVESTRIS. 
 
 pounds, and in seasonnig, it loses about one-sixteenth part of its bulk. In France 
 where mahogany is comparatively scarce, it is much sought after by cabinet- 
 makers, turners, and the manufacturers of musical instruments. In order to 
 heighten Its colour and increase the depth of its tone, it is steeped from wentv- 
 four to thirty-six hours in lime-water, and after being taken out i^imS 
 ately polished. This process, they say, prevents the colour from fad n'^ when 
 exposed to the action of the light; and the wood, when thus treated'is s.ld 
 strongly to resemble the more inferior kinds of mahogany. Its vlue however 
 accorduig to the experience of Mr. Selby, is not restricted to the u es mXo? [ 
 by those artisans, but it is equally applicable to the general purpose S" avpen- 
 try; and where exposure to the atmosphere or the Alternation of moistui^ mid 
 dryness is required, it is superior to most other timber, and is scarcely nferior to 
 the best oak, or its rival, the larch.* In France, wiue^casks are mode of th^ 
 wood, and the wine kept in them is said to be of 'an improved flavour Whore 
 O^e tree is treated as a coppice, its shoots, from their power of resisting decay 
 make excellent hop-poles, vine-props, and hoops for ca: L, and when .s ifficieSlv 
 large, they may be employed for posts and riils, for constructing rui"l Ses^ 
 
 hIo ^r^ 'T '''?' '' ^''T '^^" ^"'^^" ^''' ^"t, but if it be kept for two or 
 three j^ars, and is then employed for fuel, it will 'consume away like tinder 
 without producing either flame or heat. ^ ' 
 
 As a tree the gean is not only valuable for its timber, but for the food and 
 
 ZTuZ T'"'\"5°^,'^^ ^«. ^^"•^^'■^"^ «P««i«« of birds. This is one reason why 
 the cultivation of this tree is so generally encouraged in the forests of Britain 
 Belgmm and France ; as it not only increases the number of birds by supp yh g 
 hem with nourishment, but is the means of destroying countless insLts, ^vhich 
 these important and useful creatures devour. In alf ornamental plan'tadons 
 hedge-rows, and avenues, cherry-trees are desirable objects of cult ire, on t S 
 account, as well as for the great beauty of their floweis and fruit, which are 
 produced m the greatest profusion in their respective seasons of the year 
 
 In f ranee, too, this tree is highly prized for the food it supplies to the poor- 
 chcr^J^Z7Z^""'^'^''^ ^'"^•^^" ""' ^^^^' commanding the pi-eservation of all 
 n rr T '^^^ ^'''■''^'' '" «"»«ea"ence of whichrthey became so numer- 
 
 ous, that here V s no longer room for the underwood to grow; when as usual 
 going to the other extreme, most of them were cut down. " This measure was 
 f"fi 'i '"''f, "" ^v""* calamity to the poor, who, during several months of the 
 ,1 1 r^' '\'^'''i l-"'''^^^ ""' indirectly, on the produce of the merisier. Soup 
 made of the dried fruit, with a little bread and butter, was the common nout 
 ^^ iutf wood-cutters and charcoal-burners o'f the forest, during « 
 winter This fir.u is much used at present, to make jelly or rob and in the 
 manufacture of lupmirs, such as cherry brandy, ratafia,-^^^ Khschwaser an 
 the flni^'r "'"^\"-^ in Germany and Switzerland, 'is also made of k and 
 he famous liqueur 3Iaraschino is the product of a small acid cherry that abo ids 
 HI the north of Italy, at Trieste, and in Dalmatia. 
 
 * See Selby's British Forest Trees, p. 60. 
 
In France, 
 ay cabinet- 
 n order to 
 im twenty- 
 is jmmedi- 
 ling, when 
 ed, is said 
 , however, 
 made of it 
 of carpen- 
 isture and 
 inferior to 
 'de of this 
 r. Where 
 ing decay, 
 ufficiently 
 'al fences, 
 for two or 
 ke tinder, 
 
 food and 
 ason why 
 f Britain, 
 supplying 
 ;ts, which 
 antations, 
 e, on this 
 liiicli are 
 r. 
 
 the poor; 
 ion of all 
 o nu mor- 
 as usual, 
 re, it was 
 hs of the 
 r. Soup, 
 on nour- 
 iring the 
 id in the 
 asset-, an 
 ' it ; and 
 abo ids 
 
 Cerasus vulgaris, 
 THE COMMON CHERRY-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 LmK.SDs, Species Plantarum. 
 De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 i^ouDON, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 Prvnus cerasus, 
 Cerasus caproniana, 
 Cerasus mi/sraris, 
 
 '^^!-''",' ^.';°"'^''' Cerisier de Paris Ceri- ^ 
 f''\^o^.^rnorenci, Cerisier a'Ss 
 
 ,"■'^■1^' ^«""^h or Flemish Cherrv- ) 
 
 tree, Morello, May Duke, ^ j Britain. 
 
 Derivations. The snecifir nam. 
 
 ana .e «,i. ,.e, J'- ^-o.aBnU„„.ca, „o.,, 0.na.a.t3.Co.^^^ 
 
 Specijic Characters. Branches spreadin<r p, • ' ' 
 
 o^ate-lanceolate, smooth, iold:d'Tog&.-5S." ^"'^"""^ "™^«'^' —hat stalked. Lea.es 
 
 Description. 
 
 I HE Common 
 Cherry - tree 
 is of much 
 -J •iim.oLi- — ^ ffiS^^t/^ig less ma^ni- \ 
 
 n tint'"f '^' ^r "^^'"^ ^P«^i««' ^k r^ 
 m pont of general appearance, may be/ 
 
 ncluded under hree forms -iXgeN 
 
 trees vyith stor .ranches, and shooS 
 
 proceedmg from the main stem hor 
 
 s|!^^^?^i^vsa // 
 
 -;r fe^^sih-iss'hf ^£? -f ^^^^ "^-:^: 
 
 varieties are the smallest, a nd o le dZesrl ' 1 ''' f '^ «'«nder-brancS 
 largest on the large trees tL fr, ;^ clarkest shade ; the flowers are also tho 
 more or less flavoured and a mosfaHvr""^^f ''''"f' ^"" "^ ^ wateiyhuce 
 separates easily from the flesh al^^^^^^ f "^^'^^'^ '^^'d- The skin of the^fruk 
 commonly red, but in nimerts^^riett f ?'"' ''"^'*^ ^^°'" ^'^^ ^^one. It L 
 colour and dark-purple or black P'"'"'' ^"^° ^" ^^'^des between that 
 
 cuit;:^^;;- b:s^^^Sm^;^^;;;.!Ss^ °r ^"^'^ «^ ^-^^^ '-. ^y long 
 
 new names, ai;e constantly beip/nSlTo 4 ""^^^ r^«««. o? 
 
 ent, at .a. three^und.d. As iFi^ impo.s?fe-j ;^':;;;.;;::;;tt^s 
 
258 
 
 CERASUS VULGARIS. 
 
 
 f»Mi 
 
 ' J' . 
 
 
 'M 
 
 '1' 
 
 ill 
 
 I > 
 
 the second seres of the " Transartions" nf hJ! , i, "rst volume ol 
 
 uess or acidUy, and ll.c clVof .hJj.'Tco "1"""™°^^ °' '"' """I'. it>^ -vect- 
 
 abolnthesa,,,-. norlod ?' ''"'' "'"^'y' P^'^Pl^^'^-'-e^ «««!•, and ripens at 
 
 m^r,^?^e:iS^;St''n-H'^ t """"'r »^r^-'-P-^> amber-coloured 
 It ripens irs fr . hy iToV * Jn^ if.^^ '"^'' J'"?^' ^^^^''^^' ^^'"'^ P"'P- 
 
 the iarliest of the llgl't-coloured soJts ^ '"'"'''' '"'^ '' """Sarded as one of 
 
 darl.p„rpl,. ,„,|p, and ri,Xf 'oall^',,'7,','lV "" ""' "'"' " '""' '"'"='■ 
 
 pulp, and ripens f™ ,„e ^n'S iZ'?„rddlc"of'j;d,^: '""°' »"*--'--<l 
 
 lady as S^lvJ nUSO^'^rma;"!,' F"'"""^ ™r'>'' ""»"="«■• "^^ "- -"« 
 yellow and red frnitwl,!, , *^ "'°™' ''»' '"= ""'B" "i^'=. I"=art-shaped, pale- 
 
 J..y ata.l;lt;ieT^['.t.r[,,rr'r;;s;s;i' p-'-' "-" --- '°-."- 
 
COMMON CHEERY-TKEE. 
 
 .t'SeM"rta'Sr%<^,f™V™ "'° '»^'-"™<^'' country ,„ EnrfandT 
 
 groat excellence, bears' pie tif.flV ' n J ^' 'f ''>^ -^^f^^red. It is a cher v of 
 
 /'. Bignrreau or GraMoii -. v^,„ i ""'"M wnloly apart. 
 
 t.c„ arly for the Lond^ '7, adle, ^fan'T'' T"^ ""■■^'' ™l'i™'<=<l f".it par 
 by Its large, obtuse licarl-sliancd ,vl i ! "" "'""I''?"' ''rarer, and may bo famivn 
 
 Hublon, Es,„i,e, ir,'l^^"",VdoeVr,oU,r'"' ''!,'" •"■''""■ '">'- "»ly by r A 
 
 the ..test of all tJie pale-cokm'el ^L'^t'Jiu' "^ '''" .^^"nans. Th,. var et y « 
 
 this variety are geSly smaller'tTurnf ^"T"""'' ^^'^^'^-y-iree. The leaves of 
 
 approach the margin, almos buwS .^t ' '''"\ ^'^"^ ^''^'"^^ ^^"^^''t''' as tliey 
 » the last-named variety. 'P Ic It nVl ^"^"chyma, which is tliicker Inn 
 '•om hanging loosely and\endent^T^f,'"^'''"" '''" ''^^^^<^« «rect, or a leas 
 
 do not hang loose, bnt fonn a rec^ni.,,^';?/"^''''' f'^P^^"'^ ^^''^^'y, and the petals 
 
 -.or.,ttl,oU,,,.edsUacc^rt;;i\:\r 
 more LtpargCu'.''"- "'"^ "^ "'*- '™" "- M.t" SlKrurE^of'a' 
 
260 
 
 CERASUS VULGARIS. 
 
 near vt^LuZ^ 5L fr^M.f "^^'''''^^ Vt''''^ ^^^''^'^ «"S'"-t«d at Choisy, 
 from the beginnl/^ninae S' Jul " " "*''"^^*^ '^^"■^'•' ^"^ ^'P^^ ^'^ ^^it 
 
 tri; rSi^t/ofr mS^'Ss;^ ins':^::^- J'^ ^^'t' -^^^^^ ^^ ^^'^ 
 
 rity from the middle to the eml of Julv H mfv LT''"'' '"/^ '"'"/"' ^* "^^^'"- 
 dark-^cl fruU, w.th a rieh tende?,^;^'; reddisJ^pSj^""^^ '^ ^'^ ^^^^^' «^^'^^^' 
 
 arnve ati .irrt.^";:;;!,,: ;;;,t;r,;u,:' c"d"ofV,;i7' ""'■ """'* """•■""" 
 
 ana a iL prod, 'cu"o i'oaror ^' "' ^'"« ''"''"' "P"S'" "' ''^ g'"^"", 
 
 abmidantly on the oic-vearid wood 1,1 r^"''"' Tf';'"* "■''°' ""'' ''™''' 
 rPfl fr„if f^r •-""- "'"^ y^'ir om wooa. It is distmgiiishcd bv ts Hobosp (UrV 
 
 //. Z,«^e Duke; A?i<ylaise tardive, of the Fronnli Ti^io • * • 
 
 omamema;:-""'''"^ '"'"=•"■'' "'" P-"""-'-! by Loudon, as being purely 
 3. C. V. FLORE SEMiPLE.vo. Scmi-doMc Cmnmoit Chcmi-tm 
 
 Situations where the other cannot be hZd^froH t; ''"^'^'^ ' **" '^'^^"^'"8 '"^ 
 
 Cerasns mahalob. " The 1 owor \lf^lr}^\- , commonly grafted on the 
 
 continues Mr, Loudon ''oraecou to? iT^^ "' '? P'»>^^'*'"l«g'f=^l P^im of vieu.," 
 Goethe-sdoctru.eofv,^etalTemri^pls^^^^ ^"'^^'^ '^--' '"'-^-^i"^ 
 
 bnt at present, h .s said To'brv^^J^are m cX't'io'ns''"'"" '^"^ ^^ '^'"""^^'■"^^' 
 0. (.. V. FOMrs VAiuEGATis. Yarierrnted-leaved Common Cherrv-tnp 
 
 desirable ,„„„ .ree, to stand si,,g,;^^!■:'£d';"lr^o;lXial^ foi^gh.V.'S 
 
 Pte 
 
COMMON CHERRY-TREE. 
 
 261 
 
 a|t!SeL^^r^!J^:^;^^^^^ \- ^" ''*t, and ten or 
 
 authors as a' tree of '£/,« o/^in "^vh,;;!?;;"," "^f^.«^ ^^^ ^'^ -^--t 
 part of Europe, sovoral modern mcrsd/Trih?^^^- ■ '' ^'"il 5^ '"digonous to any 
 ot exist m Italy till after thovSythic T'T ^ ''"^ '''''''' ^''^^ ^^ did 
 nng of Pont.is, sixty-eight years before tlTertri^;""^ '^?l' ^"^'' ^ithridates, 
 twen y-six years after LiicullusnlaHtprl ?.'''" '"'"'■'• ^^"^ ^^^^ "^ that, '^ In 
 cherries, even as for as Brita bevo uUle ll'^'T^^^^ '^^ 1'^^^^' "ther landL had 
 cherries as being cultivated inluZlt^'"^ He mentions eight kinds of 
 
 which was A. D. TO. - The reddeS c iJrie '' s.v .T'^'f '"' " ^^^^^"^'^' Hi^^^^-J^/' 
 blackest, actia ; the Ca3cilian arrrouu^ ThP T^ '' "are called a;>;.o„/a; [he 
 taste, but are so tender that they mus be ea on w '" ''^'^''''' ^^'"^« ^ P'^a^ant 
 endure carriage." The Duracino Phlrri ^'^^'''" gatnered, as they will not 
 
 ardy and Por^iguese cherr,"s"were'most "dmir'ed^'r? ^''^'^^^^ * ^"t the Pic 
 grew on dwarf trees • and nno I.;,.?! admired. The Macedonian cherries 
 
 which never appear:^ n^^TiJ f a^^ '^ ''''' above-namei anther 
 
 mentions a cherry that was grafted in hi, nv ' ^T"' ^'^d' ^"^^ black. He 
 s ance gave it the name of l^ea \\Z Z ' T "" ^""^ ''^"^'^' ^^^ich circum- 
 ble bitter flavour. <^ The c e ly-tr « '- coSue A''''''^^'^ f'? '''^^''"S ^'^ '^greel 
 grow in Egypt, with all the caiVand at e inn nf' ^?;''^ ''^^'^i' be made to 
 Rosier, LucuUus brought into Itairih f ^ '"'''"' According to Abbe 
 species which were the orS of Tl t llT ^'.'P^'-'«r varieties of cherry: t le 
 time, indigenous to Italy, an o U e foiSts of 1!' ^"'^'^t^''^"' ^'''^^^ before his 
 neglected by the Roman . It is a firmed hv 1.^ T'"' ''^"",S'' *'^«'^ ^'"''^ ^^ras 
 
 Heibal, published in ir,97, firures t dnnh „ i , f^erard, m h s 
 
 cherry; ,nd, of the fn,it-be.^n„rkinl .T'"^ '' «<^m'-tlouble variety of 
 
 among which he mention the"^' -1,^0 o^V ^1-'''''^ ""™^^«"« ^''^•••'^ties 
 ish cherries." At present the common ^l'- ^""^ ^'''' " ^^^anders or Kent - 
 fruit-tree, th:-oughouUhe tern mcTeg^^^^ extensively cultivated as a 
 
 thrive m very high latitudes, nor withSZe tronTcs I 1'''* ^^'"^'' ' ^"^ ^' ^"'^^ "«t 
 elevations. It is foniid in Russi^- s fnr 1 ^ ^ ""'?' "™'^'^ at considerable 
 Its fruit in Norway and EnVt I ollnin T^ ""'. ^^^'^"^^' "^•5° ^^ ^^i" ; and ripens 
 the north of AfncI, and 01? ei i ^Cds m'tl '"T^ '''°- '' '' '^'^ ^^^ 
 attain so large -■ « jn tbo In J ,,L 1 . ^ ^'^"^ Mediterranean, but it does nor 
 The introducu. > "tl le coi ™ '''""'' "^ }" ^''^ber latitudes. "°' 
 
 the earliest periods of tliei^ e t men r'^S^r'^^'of H '''If' ^^^^'^^' "^^'^^ ^ack to 
 known to exist in this conntrv nrn 1 n ^•'^"''^^'^ t''^^^ "^ this species 
 
 Yonkers New York, aiul Tpo^nrPle: a 1' C^to, %f ■;• 'm ^^ ^^''-^ m 
 of Mr. Hobert Rogers. Those of ihTutl'. 1 ' ^''"'^'' ^^'•''*"d' "'i the estate 
 over t^vo ■uiudred years '^'"'' ^^''^'^ '''■'•« ^^i^^ to have been planted 
 
 sySjf (:S:)^'"^"^"''^"' '^•^- ^''- --« as recommended for the Cerasus 
 
 b.^::^ft/h:3r:in!;:^ nrb;rs:;^^sr? '^ "^^ ^^^''^"'-'^^ ^-^le to 
 
 fr.^Mree, ,ts branches are freqnentiv brol on Z^ '"''"' '"^''' ""' i^^^'' but, as a 
 
 :!;:t;nde^^r;r^~^ 
 
 -tdarly.nd^fp.ki.5^1rr;-tE^,^^^ 
 
 o,*Jl^ S^S'^^J-^- '»>at the Julian an,, n,.. 
 
 ■ chr.r\i 
 
 -, me-iiiioned by I'lmy, ^ere vari- 
 
Wva^. 
 
 
 ^fl ' 
 
 f 
 
 1; 
 
 
 262 
 
 CERASUS VULOARIS. 
 
 I? 
 
 k 
 
 ■ U } ■ 
 
 1^ [ 
 
 
 that 11,0 decay oiiginales w h he Voo nUl^ "'""'"' '" '",'PP°*' »^ •""")' do. 
 the hole. o,u'of slLr mischief, or loTtZ^mLm ST Tk""'''' °'' ""king 
 
 ls;rs-f-i-^-r;!fei;-E^^ 
 
 vate^l plum, is also known to be t| ;, c /nso of p ^ ^" '^^" domestic'culti- 
 
 the small branches of th., clicny from wh.Vh ^ '"'''''^ excrescences found on 
 Professor Peck, /My//./..r«, 1 cm/,; ^n cncumstance, it Avas called by 
 
 which serve a. flu. ^esklcnl of t >n' I ^'^^''''y-^^eevil. These excrescences 
 punctures made uMhe ee L-l/e Wt If ' "'', ^'""^"'V^*' ^^ P^"^"<^«^ '^7 ^ 
 diverted from its re-^,,lar course nnfJ^ ' and accordnig to Peck, " the sap is 
 
 very much increased1,hic^esstI?ec„H.^^^'^ ^'^ ^'''^ ^^'^'' ^^'^ich s 
 
 ular, and is formed into iS T.m s w I, . ""'1' '^Z' '^™"'"= ^^'^^'"^^ i^reg- 
 face. The wood, b.side^ oiU Ki, !/ ,^"acked, uneven, granulated sur- 
 passed, and the l.•.acl1"b^V^tl ^ 'J,! rtdVos '' ^ " ^"'^ "".^'^ ^«- 
 apj)Iy -n the present case as those rccom L^^^^^^ ,i "^ '''"''' '"'^^'^"^^ ^^i" 
 thp domestic cultivated plum-tree ''''=°"""' ''^^^ ^^^ t'^e excrescences found on 
 
 '■Kcport,''a. iH'ing'-of.^ls^^lhciwLfr '•''' "" I'^'^'^'^^^ '"«^«t' "^ l'i« 
 which are dirty yeflow or pf- v 7.1 i Tl ,"^'^'^1'^ ^''^^ ^wo first pairs of le-s 
 
 which .-0 ^^^i}^i:^u:^:^uX^z^X:^''^ ^^^ -^^ -'^'^ ^r'"^, 
 
 vex, and rumpled or uneven on the iZovtut li -i .. ^'' ^''^ ^"'"'^^^I'^t con- 
 generally. They arc transparent re/icthUt^ 1 the wings of the sa-.v-flies 
 bow, and have a smoky tinSr/orn h f Hon "'^^"Soable colours of the rain- 
 ot the first pair; the /ein^al-e Z f.isl^ ^ io\ ^V'^ '-^^^'"^^ '^'^ "^'^ddle 
 
 rather more than one fifth of ^an i ic i 1 n.,. \^"'X f '''" ^''^'^''^'^ measures 
 the year ]82S, I observed tl oso\ w fl ° ' '^''" "^ ^'"^ "'''^'^ '« ^'nailer. In 
 
 of May; but Ihey ^s^ a^^^^^^^^^^ 1^'""-^--^ -^ the 10th 
 
 Soon afterwards some of them bocriutTlnv ''^ ^^'''^ "'^ ^^'^^''^ ^^ June, 
 
 business and disappear, wuTun th^^' pi" ?^ t^,^^^^ "^^hem finish this 
 
 singly, within little semicircular incisions tbnn<^lwii • '•""/■ ""^^^ ''^^'^ P'^^^^d, 
 rally on the lower side of it * i i * *'"" \!'\ ''%^'^'" <^^ "'« '^af, and gene- 
 the eggs bcsin to hatch n.ul tl,n ,.. i "® lourtecnth day afterwards 
 
 the ^>th of Jime o 1 e 20th^ ^ ug-worrns continue to cornc forth f o m 
 
 !ate in the spring. AtTst the s^;, ' "r '"f ""' "l^ ^''' ''^^'« '^^PP^ared early o 
 o.|t of their 'skin^ arid covers Lfacls Tvllh '-.'^ '''"Y '''T' ^'^'^'^ '^'^^ 
 They have twenty very short Ic's or . nnl! «bve-coloured, sticky coat, 
 
 except the fourth and the hi t Thp L?^!'' ' "'^"'' ""^'^l «^S'n<"'it of the body, 
 an inch in length, whe fully .roTvn Ti o hi"? ^7 '"^Tl "i"e-twentieths of 
 small, and is entirely concealed unde the f ro "' ' "//^ da't"^''^'^'"'^ ^"'""r, is 
 est before, and taper behind and in fnn/^^""' ""^ ^''^ '^''^>'- '^'''^^ ^re larg- 
 They have the faiulty o^^ ^^^^^^^^ 'f?"''/'*^ ".inute tadpoles, 
 
 rest with the tail a liule tume fn V.o '''"' "^ *^' '^"^^5^' ""''^ generally 
 
 upper sides of the leaves of 1 e nl^in 1 "^^'S^sUng slugs live mostly on the 
 
 tl^ereof, leaving ol^ the vein 't:rttSrr''\r''* '"^ '''''y '''' «"»-^-"^' 
 twenty or thirty of Uiem may be see on si /'V'^'r ""*°"'' '«^- Sometimes 
 they were so abundant in some narts of M-t l^ '^'^' ^'1'^' '" ^''^ y^^"' 1^^'^, 
 ^overed with them, and t.. ^.i^^?!^^!-!;;;;-? l!;:i^ ^^^^ 
 
COMMON CHERRY-TEEE. 
 
 ..pon i. ; but ,hey nevH Sh °hrh".°co« w/" i' ""*"'■ "'^>' "<' -™ f-dtg 
 tlie leaf. After this is cast off ih™ f„ i ' ''^'"?'' '■™»ins stretched out upon 
 
 olive colour, but have a Cea^; yX v SfLSi '?"' ?""'>' "PP^— ■ a'™ 
 cliango also n form nnrl hnnr^J^ ' ^"^irely free from vise ditv. Thpv 
 
 marll between ^^nnT^^'^Z'y^X'iT'^nT ' ■""' *7 ''^"^ ""^ *' 
 
 they leave the trees and 1 avin.tv.rlf ?n ^ ^"^^^ 'i*'"'^^ after this change 
 the depth of from c^l^Tck^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '' the ground, they burro^to 
 
 soil. By moving their body tire-inh Z"-1 *f ' ^V^""^ '° ^''^ "^^ure of the 
 all sides, and an*oblong-ov Jl ravitri/thusTorri 7 ^T"''^ "^"^^^^ Pressed on 
 a st^.cky and glossy substance, to^ which he grainf 1 ^^'^^^^^^^^^^^^d with 
 Within these little earthen cells or cocoons tho?,n °^rT^'' ^'^'^^'y ^'^^'^'''■ 
 place ; and, in sixteen days after U c desmit ofiho ^^' "^ ''" chrysalides takes 
 transformations, break open their cells an 1 rl i f "q-^^°"»«. they finish their 
 where they appear in the ilV form Tl-n'''^ ^^'^c surface of the ground 
 
 middle of 5u/y'and the fir 7o August "ndtv t^if ^ 'T '°^^'^ ^•^^--" "'- 
 slug- worms. The latter como to their J ownf i u "-S^^'^\^ «««o'^d brood of 
 tcmber and October, and remain tliere tU Ibo Vn ?° "'^^ ''^^ g'"^""^^' "^ «cp- 
 changed to flies, and leave t ci'./; "te , nrto? T^ 'P''"^,' ''^'''' ^^ey a?e 
 however, do not finish their transfo nti nf!^^^^ I , seems that all of them, 
 remain unchanged in the -roin d tHI o S ^'' '"'''' '«™« '^^« ^""^1 to 
 
 of the last hatch in any one yea iuld IT"? f".' ^'" '^'''' ^^ ^'^ ^he slugs 
 former brood, would sfiU cnS in t 1 ear tVc'n nf ^"'m'^^^^ ^"°"S''' ^^«"^^^ 
 the natural enemies to these insectrnro m,/o ' ^ C""'""'« ^he species." Among 
 which destroy many of thl X'ir o ols a^fd iT" ^t';?"7""^"» ''^"i"^^^ ' 
 and bmls prey upon them, both in Zlarv^t'^^^^^^^^ 
 
 essor Peck has described a minute ciLmortflvn' '"'V'^'l'S"? ''^^^^^- l'^«- 
 tlie eggs of the sing-fly, and de os s in onH ^^' ■^^']"'y'^'''^) which punctures 
 nt.nute eggs, in due^i,ie, rod ,1 little n^^^^^^^ t"!?'^ T^ "^ ^^^ ''^^"- I'^ese 
 eggs of the slug-flies, devour the r contents nm^n%'^^'^' '" '^''^ shells of the 
 al.des, and then to flies, like tie A' 't'-''^^^^^^^ 
 
 myriads of the (gas of shcr flipJ l.^. , \''"'! ^'y ^^ese atoms of existence 
 
 of the order of Prov de ce whSi m ven t ^^^^^^T^" -^nirable illustration 
 aire species, by apn.Muti g a ^o £ Zltk^'T'^' ^T' ^^"^? ^^^^run with 
 hme, sifted or thrown on the trees ni>st 1 W?, "", ^''''''}- ^^^es or qu.ck- 
 m checking their depreciations ardi^ I ^ ^^^^ '^'J^s, has proved efiV. tual 
 (a solntion'of whale-oilsoa.Tnd wate \ wT'''? ' ''"'''I' ""^^'^'•«^' ^^"^«dy, 
 The common cherry, as well as fh^ neacb t2 " ^''""'^ '^ ^' ^"^"^"^^ •^'f^^^'^al 
 
 ^^^'iSs"!^ is of a reddish 
 
 =1:-^-! - - -^-^ ^r-ii-! 
 
 sufficiently tender to be caX wro.f^h? forty-five pounds to a cubic foot. It is 
 readily coloured. In those nn^-Jn??' ""^ Z'"^''' ^''e openness of its grain it is 
 times 'employed iu theTa mf^ctur 'Ti^'S' th %^''«--"i^;^ --''7- >' is -m " 
 minor works. The fruit of life mv alZ ud ? r """' '^V^V''*"'^' '-•"'' <^»her 
 sons, has ever been found n ore temn'.u i H " ^\^^Y«"''f« ^od with most per- 
 ^uit w^l loosen and hnrUh"s;^a";;f.;:!i;iT!!t"!"lZ'->^ -y«. "^is 
 t-^> cilect. xle relates that some -thors havo^lmieir thrrcheJiS^S 
 
 
264 
 
 CEUASUS VULGARIS. 
 
 $?s!3>w^^:^,^:S;^S:;^,f;^^ dew, and the stones being 
 
 their leet. Tlie Imrd^flefhed cSi^are eo ?,1 io^ ''^^''"^ ^"^^'» '^'^ g^"^ i" 
 eaten too freely; but tlie soft-fleshed kSssuch^st.r''^''' '"digestible" wl,en 
 sufficiently Avholesome to be given in fever? whL m "^"'•'^•'o«. are esteemed 
 d.ty. The soft-fleshed kinds^Je often dried bv 1 ein '' '' '' ^.''"^^"^^ ^« P"'"" 
 sun, or in an oven of moderate waiS h Rine^ch. "f '''^"''^ «» boards to the 
 brandy; and preserves, marmaladcsTzen.? ^nn?l , ""'^"'"^^ ^"' favouring 
 
 tionary are manufactnred froni them fn ' H 1'''?"' "' '"' J^i"d« ol'confec- 
 'vhich is occasionally used for e, d" ons n u? L ''■''''!'''''^ ^^om the kernels, 
 etc , to impart to thenar the ilJo^oUu^r a Inds'"'' ^^ ^^^^"^^' s^gar-phnns 
 uK!;trt^;i:;^ 'S^t^^il^^^^^^^^^^^ris .brms a very beau- 
 shades of green; and s gr.Lfu n^h^^T' '''■' ^""'^asted with the LiX 
 variety in summer. ^ ^"^ '''^^ ^"'^ variegated balls, give a pleasing 
 
 l< In. 
 
 ii 
 
Cerasus boreaVis, 
 
 THE NORTHERN CHERRY-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Cerasus boreaUs, 
 
 Cerasus pennsylvanka, 
 Cerisier du Canada, 
 Canadischer Kir.schbaum, 
 -American Bird Cherry-tree 
 wT." d''"'"^'' "'■'' Ci'crry-'tree; 
 
 MiciiAux, North American Sylva. 
 Uk Candom.e, Prddroimis. 
 Loudon, Arboretuiu Britaimiciim. 
 
 FkancI*''" """■' ^^"'"''' "'■ ^'""'' A"""^"*:'^- 
 Oku .MA NY. 
 
 BlUTAIN. ' 
 
 Nkw Engf.and. 
 
 W.ld Ked Cherry, Bml^6herry, Choke ) ^"' '""'"'■*'"'• 
 Cherry-tree, j Other parts of Anqlo-America. 
 
 Engraving,. Michaix, North American Sylva nl 90 ■ In,„l,n a , 
 Spe,f. a„ers. Leaves ovaUobhL ' t n'in 1 T " """"" " "^' '''' "' '" "^^^ -- 
 Fruh „rf'' "^'^""'-''•- ^'---^'^ -^iS" Sceiri.?rnoTi ^"''"r^^' ^^r^^-^oulaie, and almost 
 irutt nearly ovate, small; us flesh red.-Z^e c'S; ^!^rl^!"^ "'^'^''J' '" ' corymbose manner. 
 
 Description. 
 
 m^m^m Cerasus 
 
 C.1 MB ^^^'^^^^^ is 
 
 ^ IJ^^ a handsome 
 
 feii^f^^ small tree. 
 growing to a height of twenty oi' 
 thirty lect, with a trunk six or ci^lit 
 inches m diameter, and covered wltii 
 a smooth brownish bark, Avhicli de- 
 taches itself laterally. Its leaves arc 
 Irom two to six inches long, and 
 somewhat resemble those of the com- 
 !^«'V^'"^^"^- Its tlowers put forth 
 in May or June, and occur in small, 
 will c hunches, which give birth to a 
 small, red, intensely-acid fruit, that 
 arrives at maturity in .Tuly. It is 
 
 hrSii:r.i:^:^,t;;^ ss^'n^i^'^s r^- t'""^^^ ^'- --^>'^' -^^ 
 
 Geography, ^v, The norther nhn. ";^>"^'"i.'y m^^^^'^ to another tree. 
 tbundland'to-''the nort Sn , a ts "f the V^H ""m "' ^^^«•""^«" ^^"'1 I'om New- 
 Virginia. It was introd ed nto B ai^^ ^1S22'"''T'' '"^^ "^ ^''' ^°"^'^ ^' 
 m Messrs. Loddiges^ ^uboretnn and X. V ' ''"'^ n ='''''^"^= ""^ P'^^sent 
 Hke the paper birch, is lenTa abirfor .n-l ^^'^''^P''''^" collections. This tree, 
 vated fieldi, or in such parts oftLKs.fJ^u.Tl'P^''^ '" '^'^ ^"'ti' 
 
 or design. Of all trees of iCt ArHcV .. n '" ^""'^ V'' ^^ ^^^^'^^^'^ 
 Cerasus vulgaris as the piesem eci^T ,tl In .f 'o^^^^^ly allied to the 
 a suitable stock to graft t uit r or v unon ^"'l'^''"'^ it has been recommended as 
 hard, fine-grained and of i m li. f . ^ i ^ '*" ''^"'''* "' ''"« ^''^^ is exceedingly 
 grows, forbids i s ;,se1.? L'f. 1 l\'.^"':'.J^"^ ^'^« "^^^"^r size to which it usuauJ 
 
 use in the mec! 
 34 
 
 lanic arts 
 
 usually 
 

 '■'" . IS 
 
 '! ;r 
 
 ( «•- ; 
 
 li, 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 Ccrasus mahakb, 
 THE MAHALEB, OR PERFUMED CHERRY-TREE. 
 
 Prunus mahakb, 
 Cerasus ihnhakb, 
 
 rerfumed Cherry-tree, 
 
 LixxvEus, Species Plantarum. 
 ( Ue CA\noi,i,E, Prodroiiius. 
 j Do.v, Miller's Dictionary. 
 f Loi;don, Arboroluia Uritannicuni 
 
 rllANCK. 
 
 Gerbianv. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Brita::. and Angi.o-America. 
 
 «^'"-."«'-- '^^"'"^ "' ^^^"■^'-. -. P'. 2, Loudon, Ar.K,re.u. Brltannic.n, vi„ p,. „„. „„, .,, 
 
 Description . 
 
 !:Vu-J^ Cerasus malialeb is a 
 
 M ll'^ ''findNome small tree, with a 
 
 M?s-yU^ 7^'^^'' '''^'■'^' '^»J numerous 
 habifTrTris scldfuf^r^ l^ranches. In its natural 
 but iu a s aTe o t iva io,1;? ? '^'T^ .^^^^ >" '^ei^'l.t; 
 
 attains double tl"t St ^t" witrx' tnu^TT''''' 
 circumfcreiipo Ti... 1 "."' "'I" '^ iiiuik lour feet ui 
 
 11.0 ctrmou apr CO b^'^r?''"'^ T^'^'^'"^'^ '^'«- "^ 
 flowers put for in An ^, ?] t "" P^'^ ^••««»- '^^'^^ 
 by black fruit much smli^t^', '^'"^ ^^'^ succeeded 
 
 lartary; and, according to Pallas it irovv^^/n . ?' ^ "^^^f"'^"^ and in Crim 
 where it differs from the EurmS va?[etv, h "^^T ""'' ^^"""t Caucasus, 
 
 eaves at the same time, and th^ltteruTS^^ ^^^'^ .^^°-«r« ••^"ci 
 
 tree ,s very common in the mo.uitainotjs dfst?irr^ T^ ''''"'' ''^'r'"^^'«- ^^'be 
 rally cultivated in Endand for he nnrL. / ^ ^^^nco, and is very gene- 
 into the last-named co^n ry in 1714^ bTwas I-n'"''"f ' I^ ^"^« i"trod^,ced 
 remarks that, '' the cunning French perSUrfn.^r^^^^^ ^""§^ ^''^''''^ ^^ Gerard 
 bke tr. Img toys, of the fruit, whSi^tlerseM '^'"^'"'^ ^""^ «"«'i 
 
 some old sweet compound or other, and here ell l^n^"^' """^''^^ "^^^ ^^'''h 
 
 Unaed StatJ^, . uncertan!: llTCn/ ^ ^^^ SnS ^r J^^ 
 
 WI *» imWeCi *ia ' £ ^r ^ ai i H iiuta 
 
PERFI lED CHERRY-TREE. 
 
 207 
 
 ■'*pw:ios grows. ^ •I'l'imui ...,; utniusl magintudc to which this 
 
 Soil, Sit lilt f ion, ijv. 
 
 .-S'fc^,::;t"':i;!,';!''''"!:::',='-7«7".i,,iv. 
 
 Ill 
 
 :ui(l iiiikwl cliiilk.v, 
 tlic wind, it may 
 
 any poor soil, lluU^s not u>o Z'^ovo '/ul fh"'mn7'^ 
 nnd a ,t forms a low, hnshy S^,', w| e i c, ah ."'"^ '^"*' 
 be planted in an exposed sitn-it ,., VV. ' °'^ '' '■®^"*' 
 
 seels, the f-.i, ;« soCas Cas rile oJ in'.'"' '"/'"'''* ' ^" '"' •'--'» ''or;. 
 fF' m t: , .arne manner a^m rS SimeEl 7"'V" '^'"•' '"' ^'"' <<'""^^i"K 
 ti'o. iy also be propa-ated ii i moil i ." ' "^ ^"""""ii cherry. ThZ 
 
 stool, uker, ofF with I few 1 uttaZd •w"'"'.'^^ ''^y'^'"'^- ''^ "^"l^'^ <'^<"" < « 
 roots. In France, it is cxtens ve y us 'd 4 "l" '7 '^'"''"i- ''on. the 
 
 cMit kmds of cherries, for which, h ^no onlv , o V''''"'' '" H''^'' «''<■ diUbr- 
 vory poor soil, but of coming into sap a o m "^o- 1 ^^1"'''""."' ^"'"^^''"f? "'» a 
 ^vhlch memis the grafting sc^on is p oiZd h1 o^ '<■"''' ^ '"" ^''^ «^''"' by 
 upon It. Yet, as in the ca- of oth or ""frf ^n. 1 "^-'^'^'^ "'" l''^^"'« ^""'i l«d 
 .With a tall, robust-growing tree tl e n, n.' .n i^ i "' *' ^^"""''^ ^^''''^'l' ^^'H unite 
 sn.s sylvestris, attains a larger size than r.' t^^' '"'''" ^'■^^'■"-■'' "" ^''^ <^S 
 
 Proprrti.es mid Uses. The wood r l,n n ^'"''"' "" "« "^^'" roots. 
 J'-d. < .pact, and is susVept^ of"i' .^"^';;;-»t^^^^ '^^ "'- reddish-gray, 
 power. odour, bin less ,so, and more aL eo-i lo w, ^\''"' ^'""'''^ '^ possesses a 
 "on ,j weighs nearly sixty pounds to a cub.^fiot ^"'r"'' ■•>'' '" ^^'.'i^^'' last condi- 
 alter by cabinet-makers. „ account of h. A^, ' ^'■^"''■''' '^ '^ •"'"■'' nought 
 
 111 thin veneers, becan in h! !. ,•'/'''«' '"'^^' ^^"'1 '^ -^old by theni -r ee 
 chinks, are less per^ .til e.^'l t^Vi^^^" ."^ ^^-'^'.^ ^l^ le^t, tlle'^.^; 
 la-cie, It is mucl/soug'ht after by rne^^af/d b L''''''''^r''' ^'"^ '^^'^^y "'" «tc. 
 ami tobacco-pipes. It ,s also higl ly pizj^ L nM n^ "'' snulf-boxes 
 
 which It sends out when buriiin- Thn In ' " '''^''•'^"•^ ^'' "'« fragrance 
 
 partic.ilarly when dried,-a^-e gSily ea enZ^ 
 
 cooks lor giving flavour to ganie. X ol/^n^u r^ '"■?;' "'"^ "'"^ '^'^^ hy 
 caves, are powerfully sreiited the fo Ll t '^ '""^' ^'''^ ^he Avood and 
 
 insupportable in a close rJom evin w len t Zf '" '""•^'' ^"' '''^ '« ''« »l'"o 
 time. The kernels of the fruit LT en^L'7hv^^^^ ''"'^^ ''"^ « «'""-t 
 
 Britain and America, this spec es L nrmZ.1i ^ I^.^^'''^^^ to sc'iit soap, hi 
 as an ornamental shrub or low tree P""''^^"''^ cultivated as u hedge-plant, o 
 
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 Cerasus virginiana, 
 THE VIRGINIAN CHERRY-TKEE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Primus serotina, 
 Cerasus virginiana, 
 
 Cerasus serotina, 
 
 Cerisier de Virginie, 
 
 Virginisfher Kirschbaum, 
 
 Cihegio di Virginia, 
 
 Virginiaa Bird Cherry-tree, 
 
 Wild Cherry-tree, Black Cherry-tree, 
 
 Ehrhart, Beitrage znr Natiirkund 
 MiCHAur, North American Sylva 
 Loudon, Arboretum Bntannicum' 
 
 p.".r,f S,SS °' """" ^■»"»- 
 
 Franck. 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 Britain. 
 Anglo- America. 
 
 
 Description. 
 % HE Cerasus virgin 
 
 wiTr'S ^^"^' '^^^^^^ the soil 
 M-.JJ _(^ ^"d climate are the 
 
 ^, KUGTsHtt^^Si^ most coneenial to if<i 
 
 growtli sometnncs attains a height of e ^hty 
 
 ?eerrn d"'^'':^ ^''\l ^""'^ ^ trun/three or S 
 
 according to the circumstances under which 
 
 rJTr u ^" ^"§'^"d ^»d the North Amert 
 
 can British provinces, it seldom exceeds tSrl 
 
 or forty feet in height, v/ith a trunk ten or 
 
 welve inches in diameter: and in the nehrh 
 
 feet Thf Jn °^'^ '° .^ ^^^gh* «f ^bout five 
 leet ihe general surface of the bark is 
 
 ?r> ^V^"' it is blackish and rough, de ad 
 ing Itself in narrow semi-circular, hard, S 
 pates, which adhere for a time to the tree 
 previous to dropping off. The trunk is usu' 
 
 S;s'^ t:^:z^:!'^^t:'^:!^:j-^^'- ^-^ ^ spreading 
 
 richness which gives so much beauty o he ifanle a,,?'" '' ^''?'">^ ^^at massy 
 leaves are usually from two to four inches Ion .rtnntJ?? """^ ^^''^' ^''^^S' ^he 
 of a beautiful, smooth, shining eroen with w. '^' '''"'■>' "'"^'i Pointed, and 
 
 at the base. The flowers are ^vhite' nml n "" '""^''^ ''"^" reddish glands 
 
 ear,„anof.„„e. The .J ■.';r„\r r=R\": ?„"4°trl^et:V/': 
 
 !f 
 
VfRGIMAN CHERRY-TREE. 
 
 2G9 
 
 8 etvi. pi. 114, and 
 
 S^I^Srll^t^^C;^^ bitter to t.e taste, 
 
 the northern stales and Canado beforo Au^^.T\ ^^ '^'l ^''' «^ J""«' ^"^ not in 
 nonrishment to several .pede^'of bTrds ^ ^'^'P^'"'^'''' ^'^"" '^ ^^'^^^s great 
 
 serotina, of Ehrhart.) They ai^^poar to }\l^ i '^ """"^ ^'^ 'f"^' ''^''"'V (Prunus 
 others who mistook tlie litfer for the ohnlp^^'" c«»fo"ncled by Michiux and 
 't under the name of C W. Il^L and consequently described 
 
 belong to the same species, this is to ns n mntt ' f '"^^ v'"'"'^^ ^^^^^ ^bey both 
 comparing the two trees in a st^tl ofV?,h l "^•''"'"^ ''"^^ consequence By 
 anything hke a specific i^Lunc o^L ^^ M 'TonV"" '^ '•''^"'' *° ^'-«^- 
 cons itute a race. The serratures ind tbo fnft rl " '^y'' ^^*^^ sufficient to 
 the leaves, are, imdoubtedly, val^ '^nd n? ''l''' ^" 'i^" ""^^^ ^^-^^^ ^^ 
 European bird cherry, (Cerasus nad ..\ l T '"'.''^ ^''^ ^^"^''•^^ ^^ith the 
 
 paced upon its foliage, Vh'i under c;?ltivZ^n°'^''"^' dependence is to be 
 alhed to the species under con rdeAtioH?t^' ''"'^ '" '^"^^^' '' '' «« "^arly 
 dromus," seems to doubt if irie real^^^ d^ n.. Tf ^"' ^" Candolle's " Pro- 
 to be correct, the variations of the Oerasus vl • ^^"^^"'"g /he above remarks 
 
 1. C. V. PRECOX. Earlu-fZi/l^ f^ • • ""'J''^''^ are as follows :- 
 nus virginiana, of Lh^S gir^"" -''^ Cherry-tree; Choke Cherry; Pru- 
 serotlnU Pu^sh; S^^;..? rfoFKr' °^:^:«^^«>^- ^^^ Gray ; ^A-.;!. 
 species in having broadly^oval Pn;^; 7k .. ^*''' """""^^y d^fl^^'s from the 
 sub-cordate at th? base, 7ery sharX '.nd'oFten^ acuminated, being sometimes 
 hairy in the axils of the veins benSthpilTi"^^^ ,'"'"'?'"' ''^"^ generally 
 globose, of a glossy scarlet-red S^ rpe ^wi^ ^'%"^^^^^ the fruit sub- 
 
 astringent, that it dries the mouth nn^.?.' . , ? ''?'^ P'easant, but so very 
 when swalfowed. In the norX n\fnfp ^^^^f * ^'^^ ^be juice of spruce cones^ 
 several weeks earlier than t^Sc che r v'l'roP^'r'^"' ^l""'^"^ ^'^P^^^ ^'^ ^^uit 
 
 2. 0. V. CAPOLLiv, De Candollp V //^ n^ ' ,^1^"'^^ *^^ »»"ie ;;?wo.r. 
 and known by its laneeS erVatS'''^^^^^^^^^ Cherry-tree, native of Mexico, 
 nearly in size,' those of the 4 nSilfsrH't '''''?' r'"^'^^"'^ "^ ^"™' and 
 like the Cerasus virginiana That thnrp^ v^ ? /''^, '""'^'^^^ *'^^ ^^PPears so imich 
 ety of this species, b^i^^f a'larjer and mnt , ^'"'' ^°"^' °^ "^ ^^'"g ^^^^ a vari- 
 Geo^rapL Soil d-c Thp^ Pn ^ bixunant growth. 
 
 abund.?nce^ a^ng theYtla.S pSs'o? A^^pf '"''f '' f?""'' "^ ^''^^^^^ or less 
 It especially abounds in Upper Canada tml h?' '■°'? ^^'^''^ ^° ""d^«"'« l^ay. 
 and probably is nowhereTore StX 1 mini""? ^'^ '"^'^^ 
 than in Ohio, Kentucky, and Termes see ^^ t -^ V """i" ^""^ developed 
 C^'eorgia, and the Carolinas, wherTthe snmrie s n p f"' ?"l^«^^"time parti of 
 soil IS generally dry and skndy k is b t snn.fn '"*^f ^^^ ^^t' and where the 
 of rivers, where the ground irveVv wet t i?fnT^^P'''''f '"^.' ^""^ °» ^^^ banks 
 nv the upper parts of these stlS whe e the c Imnr"'"^ '" '^^ dimensions; but 
 soil IS more fcrtile it becomprmA J climate is more temperate, and the 
 
 states of Pennsylvanl,'?Sa"aTdNra^ '"^ ^^""^^^ ^han m th: 
 
 introdacrro I?n^g."id^!rngren ^^7' ''T'^'^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ -re 
 
 under the name of "'' VirgiS cL rv-bav '' M ''T ^^ ^'^'^'^^'^on, in 1629, 
 Bruish collections, and is crowin" i^ii^' i I '^' ""^ P'^''^'"' ^^''y common in 
 The largest recorded speSm^eTrinL and [^nt r'^^', ^V^^'f "^ '^' ^«"^'»«"f- 
 IS about fifty years old, and fortrfeet h hpiihf ""^ P^^T ^'''^' '" ^^'"^J^' ^^bich 
 
 ni Switzerland, there is also anoU er t ee oHh k J" •''' ^""cT' ^"''^"'^ '^^ ««»«^a> 
 sions. 'tiiouier tiee ot this species, of about the same dimen- 
 
 
270 
 
 CERASUS VIRGINIANA. 
 
 * ■,"!■' 
 u 'it ■ 
 
 Insects. It ha.s often been remar'cTfl.n vl ,^'"'' ^">^"«- 
 more subject to the attacks o? catrpmars thU^^^^ ""^ '^'^ ^^''^ cherry are 
 
 liosc which are regarded as its S en^mv . p T ^[^"y.^^her tree. Among 
 lars, Clisiocampaamencana of Ha^rk Th^' r"" American lackey-caterpil- 
 are placed around tfie ends of the b anchef fnr5'' ^'"^'^.fhich they are hatched, 
 let, consisting of three or fon undreS eis h T X """'"^r ^l*"^ °^ ""^ «■• ^race^ 
 ing close together, on their endrSSriV fu™ ''/'^*''* «y'"'ders stand- 
 water-proof varnish. The cator'ni hr« 7 ^ 7'1'' "" ^^''""^ ^"^^ of broAvnish 
 eaves. The first signs of the'r aedvi^v nn ""' ^'"5 V'^ '^'^ ""^^Wing of tl e 
 lar web or tent, some^what res:"nb inra'spEs we^./'/rlJT '^'^ '^"'^ ^^g- 
 ot he branches, a little below the ?hisLr of p.^ ' r^ , ^^. '^"^^^^^'^ the fo?ks 
 tents m making which, they all work oLethorfll y"'^?,' *''" ^^elter of these 
 at all times, when not engaged in eadL Wn , *^^f''P''^''^^.« remain concealed 
 oaf to leaf, they spin from^ their mo g^s a sSerl^f™"'./'^'^;" 'T^' ^"^ ^^om 
 to conduct them back to their tenfTand ^^IZt f'''^ ^^''^"^^ '^^ich is a clue 
 after another, their pathways in timpVo ^ ^"^ ^°''^^' ^"'^ ^^^urn in files, one 
 
 to render their footif^g s^' iurinTthrfte'ou'er '"^"^^'■ ^'J'^' ^^'^'^'^ ^^r^"' 
 various directions, to and from hpi?J ^^equent and periodical journeys in 
 
 si^eand age, they^Llarge ^^Tt r^t rr,mll"t '^^""•. ^^ ^^^^ "-reaL In 
 layers or webs, till at length i attL a dhmPt! r'/''^'", '™' ^" *'^"^' ^^^^ new 
 come out together, at certain hours to feed.nd 'fl "^/'' ""' '"" ''''^''- ^hey 
 regular meals are finished; duriW bad wettC '"'''" .^* '^"'^«' ^^^en their 
 venture from their shelter at a When fn hf ' "'"''7' "^"^ ^^«t' ^"^ do not 
 inches in length. They may be krown h/ - g'^^^rn, they measure about two 
 extending along the top 7t^ie back fmm ohp'p ^^''f l'^'"^^' ^''^ ^ ^^hi^'^h line 
 which, in a yellow ground are nnmp-nn . ! "? ]*" ^^'^ ''^^'^'' «« each side of 
 a broad, longitudinal, hiZkZrZZl^T^^^^^^^ ^'"««' that form 
 
 each ring, in the middle of each of whTch T. n .. u^m ^"^ ^^^'''^ ^P^^^, one on 
 narrow, wavy yellow line, and 'over sHIl fh f '''"^ 'P'^^'" ^^^^'"^ this, is a 
 intermingled, black and ye low l[rs xv^i ih rP In t^'"' ^^"^g^ted with 'fine, 
 colour of the under side of the bSy ' on the ton of fh ' ^T "' l!^'^ general duskj; 
 blackish, hairy wart, and the whole K is LX '^T*^ ""g' ^^ ^ «m'^l'> 
 
 short hairs, rather longer and tSer unon H^ ^/P'^?"^'^ ^^^thed with soft 
 ago of about seven weeks, they Wirto n ft H / '''" elsewhere. At the 
 other, wander about for a while a.H^fin n ^ *''^ *''^^'' separate from each 
 or other place of shelter, an^ma^uLcoif "th '"'""^7^ "^ ^^^'^ -«-'- 
 oval form, composed of thin and vPrv^nn.oT ^'''^ ^''^ °^ ^ regular, oblong- 
 which are fillek with a I^^L^fT^^^^^^ 7'^' "^^^"^' t'^« "^^shes ff 
 
 insects have spun, the chrysaSes burs thei°sk n?f ' "'T''''' ^^^^ ^^^'^ the 
 wet and moistened ends of the cocoons and annearint'^ '^'^'' T^>^ 'trough the 
 1 hese moths are of a rusty or reddish brown 7^ ^''^ '"''"^^'^ «>• filler form, 
 
 gray on the middle and ba^se ofTe fo iTnL th-V^f"?^ ^''' intermixed with 
 oblique, straight, dirty-white lines. Th^v el^^^ besides are crossed by two 
 to one inch and a half, or a littlp mnvf^ i^ ^'°™ ''"^ "^^h and a quarter 
 numbers, in July, flying abou and nfti ^"'^ .^PP'^'; "^ Massachusetts, in great 
 period they lay Vheir' e|gs °Sany ofihe catr3 ^'T' ^^ "'S'^^' '^t wS 
 finish their transformations, by reLon oAv^XT ''' ^^■'^r^'"' ^'^ ""^ble to 
 miable to leave with the rest'ofihe sTrm burSr/l'^P^'^^''^^ ^'^"^^ ^^^'^'^ '-^re 
 Most of these will be found to havTSn nre^SV^'^'l'-^",' ^^^thin the tent, 
 upon the fat within their bodies and finX^Ph P^"" ^^ ^'^'^^ '"''^ggots living 
 .hneumon wasps, which, m due tim^^ Si tl^KJ^r^ ^^i 
 
VIRGINIAN CHERRV-TREE. 
 
 271 
 
 eds, which 
 
 cherry are 
 3. Among 
 y-caterpil- 
 c hatched, 
 ? or brace- 
 lers stand- 
 brownish, 
 "g of the 
 ttic angu- 
 the forks 
 r of these 
 concealed 
 and from 
 I is a cUie 
 files, one 
 ch serves 
 iirneys in 
 crease in 
 ivith new 
 3. They 
 len their 
 id do not 
 bout two 
 itish hno 
 h side of 
 hat form 
 I, one on 
 -his, is a 
 ith fine, 
 il dusky 
 a small, 
 ith soft, 
 At the 
 m each 
 crevice 
 oblong- 
 shes of 
 fter the 
 igh the 
 r form. 
 ;d with 
 by two 
 uarter, 
 1 great 
 which 
 ible to 
 3h are 
 e tent, 
 living 
 anged 
 ir vic- 
 
 nms, and escape mto the air. The American lackey caterpillar-moth selects the 
 Virgnuan cherry ,n preference to all other trees, and next to tir tf.e apple a 
 further account of which will be found in our article on that tree *' ^^ ' 
 
 sevTreV fromlV atnTS t!'"^ '*'" l^'% ^^"'"'^^'^ '^''''y' ^""^ P'^ach-tree, suffer 
 Iw M. Q th^. attacks of borers, which are transformed to the beetles called 
 
 nln^l ;?''^' 1" ^'f ^"^r^'^^'i Entomology," Buprestls dharicala. They are 
 us a ly fo ind under the bark, and sometimes in the solid wood of the trunks 
 and branches of the trees, where tliey undergo their transformations. The bee! 
 rnyV^'lfV^'"''' ^'■^ ^^PP^r-coloured, sometimes brassy above, and hicldv 
 covered with ittle punctures. They measure from seven to nine-ten hs of anTnch 
 lu length, and may be found sunning themselves upon the limbs Stle trees dur 
 ing the months of June, July, and August. 
 
 Properties and U^ns. The wood of the Virginian cherry-tree is of a dull lic^ht 
 red tint, which deepens with age. It is corrfpact, fine-grained takes a brilian 
 pohsh, and when perfectly seasoned, is not liable to warp. n America it s 
 extensively used by cabinet-makers, for almost every species of fiun tu e Cnd 
 when chosen near the ramification of the trunk, it rivals mahoga. y n bea!uy 
 The wood ,s generally preferred to that of the black walnut, (Juglais nigra ^ 
 the dun colour of which, in time, becomes nearly black. It is also sometimes 
 employed in the parts of the country where it abounds, in ship-buildTanS 
 making the felloes of wheels. The bark of the branches and Sf the roots is coN 
 lec ed by herb-venders, and brought to market in pieces or fragmems several 
 mches long, and from half an inch to two inches in diameter. fZ dryinfi 
 becomes somewhat curved laterally. That of the root is regarded as the best is 
 destitute of epidermis, o. . reddish-brown colour, brittle, easily pidveiized and 
 presents, when broken, a grayish surface. When fresh, the odo ir 's pri'isskf 
 which IS lost, in a measure, in drying, but regained by maceratioir The ta e i^ 
 aromatic, prussic, and bitter. It is, undoubfedly, a useful tonic, and appears to 
 possess, m some degree, narcotic and antispasmodic properties. Dr Barton 
 uiform. us that the leaves of this tree are poismious to certain animals as calves 
 and even the berries intoxicate different kinds of birds. The fruit is eLXed 
 to make a cordial, by infusion in rum or brandy, with the addition of sS^ 
 .. .uPh Tt^!;iri ^'■^'"'''" ^h^'-'^y.is planted solely as an ornamental tree; and 
 ;ho IH L .r ''T? ^ Pi"'' "^ ""''ry collection. In America, its growth 
 should be encouraged along the road-sides, and in the woods, in order to attract 
 and aflx)rd nounstiment to frugivorous birds. 
 
 * See Harris' Report, pp. 266, 267, 268 et 269. 
 
 f'f 
 
i^Hsn 
 
 I i- 
 
 Cerasus caroliniatia, 
 THE CAROLINIAN CHERRY-TREE. 
 
 S]/nonyme3. 
 
 Cerasus raroliniana, 
 
 Cerisier ilii Caroline, 
 Kirschbautn von Carolina, 
 Ciliegio (li Carolina, 
 Carolinian Bird Cherry-tree, 
 Carolinian Cherry, Wild Orange, 
 
 MicHAUx, North American Sylva 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum 
 
 Franc J *"" ^'"'^' *^'"''''' "^ ^orth America. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 United States. 
 
 ^:t e^erSer^E;, ^-l^^^i;^ '^ll^J^S ' ^^l^^^^^'^ >anceo,a,e-oblo„g, mucro- 
 shortcr than the leaves. Fruh nsarlj: globose, mucronatt-il cS' P.ZS """'"' ''''' "^^ 
 
 Description. 
 
 ?TTE Cerasus 
 caroliniana, in 
 its natural hab- 
 r -— ^ ujt.-wMf/=(!73ia itat, usually at- 
 tains a height of twenty to fifty feet 
 and ramifies at a short distance from 
 tfie ground forming a tufted head. 
 Ihe bark of the trunk is of a dun col- 
 our, and IS commonly without furrows 
 or cracks. The leaves are Smooth 
 and shining on their upper surfaces, 
 and are about three inches long. The 
 flowers are white, and numerous, be- 
 ing arranged in little bunches, from 
 one inch to an inch and a half loi'g 
 which sprmg from the axils of the 
 leaves, in the month of March or April 
 
 during the greater part of1lTe^ond yea? s^thi ^^0"^'^ "ff '^'' ^^^"^^^^^ 
 time, both with flowers and fruit ^ ' ^'^^ '' ^^*^^"' ^^ ^^^ same 
 
 cont;irr;"Bat;S- :^^^rf^^^ ^^P-- ^« ^e principally 
 
 Georgia, and Florida! 0,\he ma n hnrft is e'ffn^'? ''T '^ '^' ^^'''^^^^ 
 at a distance of eight or teriS^frorn' to JJT ^""''''isrowing wild, even 
 
 Europe by Catesby^vho se.U sS to Mmor in ir.o '^ T' ?''^ "^^^^ ^"^^^'^ to 
 mahogany." The largest reSpdini ^^^?i ""'^''' ^'^^ "''^"^^ «f " bastard 
 
nenca. 
 
 I, and the figures 
 
 iblong, mucro- 
 3nies, that are 
 
 CAHOLtNUN CHERKV-TREE. 
 
 the mechanic arts. Tfio hnrt nf «j.« 
 
 from it, Michaux ob:.^^"^ ^^:,;'^V^^^ a strong prussic odot.r; and 
 leaves, according to Klliot are3v ^ ' 'r ''^"*''' '"^y ^« obtained. The 
 
 are tempted to ^oed CTy npo^Ylfe n n 'ri'„ J"''.';'"'/ ^^^^^^^^'"^ -»'« ^hat 
 after by bees than all others oVthc ol^m . t) ^\ ^ ^^T""'^ ^""^ '"^''c so"gl»t 
 be considered as one of the no t e^ i'fuTrJo, K;^"""^f ' ^"'^ *'" »^«« "'ay 
 and ,s generally there selected by le i ha Lt-uU '^^ Productions of the south, 
 not only on this account but iJr- Z ' *.",P''^"t near their dwellings 
 
 impenetrable shade. I m'ay be o.n^ to 1 fZ'' '',"'^ 'T'^''y' ^"'l ^^^'ds «• 
 that it would succeed if ^gLlXS the iCuSl l' '"1 ".!^"' ^'''' '''^^'^^'^ 
 It requires a deep, free, dry' soil, uniTXltereSirion!' ^^'^'^"^ ^"^''"^'^'^■) 
 
 •l 
 
 rrounded 
 branches 
 the same 
 
 incipally 
 'arolinas, 
 ild, even 
 nown to 
 ' bastard 
 Infield, in 
 d twelve 
 
 led, and 
 ts use in 
 
 i 
 
 ¥, 
 
r 
 
 Genus CRAT^GUS, Lindl. 
 
 Uosacea;, 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Cratagus, Mespilus, 
 
 Nodier, Aubenine, Alizier. 
 Alispel, ' 
 
 Craiego, Spino, 
 Tliorn, Hawthorn, 
 
 Icosandria Pi-Peniagynia. 
 I'yti. Lin. 
 
 Of Authobs, 
 
 France. 
 
 Gehman?. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anolo-America. 
 
 ,.f 3."'"- ^"" -- ^™-^- '^ ""i-" r- the GroC, W„, ,t.en,t,. , i„ reference to the hardne,, and strength of 
 
 ^i":?£ES iS,^rrs^d! ^si^-^^j^.i^r'^- ^'^^•-^•^ ^-f ''^'--'<= ---with 
 
 terminal corymhs—Lomlon, Arboretum ^ "^ ' '" "•"'' '=''''==*' 'deciduous. Flowers tn 
 
 ^ m mc garaens and shrubberies of Europe and America not nno 
 
 uZ?.'""f'''\?''''^'' ^"'"P'-'^^^ ^^i'h that onie Cratgus' 
 FuZn A "^ "^'".l spur/ shrubs or low trees, mostly nS of 
 I'.uiope, Asia, northern Africa, and of North America All tho 
 
 u;-.o-?a1ftsTrroLrs^eS.etn^S' "^ ^^'^^ ^^F^ ^^^^ 
 pleasure of the c.iltivatorei^her as sm ,1 ^hnn [ ^ "''""^ """r^" Z'"'"'"^^' ^^ »''« 
 trees, or as beautiful gardt^;,osn ^shrtibs Tl^elr llT'' ,'^'^^«^^\'"Sly picturesque 
 and characteristic, being neS so low -vs to con vp J't? ^T'\ " ""'"^''l^^ "«^^^' 
 nor so rapid and robust Ss to be cor^rerafc ^eTuf ratblin'/^lW^^^^^^ 
 are remarkably neat y cut, and finelv tuftpH ■ ^^;'"" "^'^"^^""g- i heir leaves 
 
 the double-flowered hawtiror \s tL Hio'^J'"^''""^; ^"'^ '" ^T"" '^'^^^«' ^« *" 
 
 soil that is not deep and freT anXie [ Vat or th^. ' »ot grow vigorously in a 
 
 form all his piaZ, fol^: Tr °b J e°tXrl'^nTfl^^^^ ■"■ 1""™"-'! ?'=">"'■•" 
 that he could not fliid a ae, us t S »„^ M .L^J i .""^'"-Kardens, ,t ,s ptohable 
 or the CratBgus.* * """' '""> ™ "any resources as that 
 
 * See Loudon's Arboretum Britanniciim, ii., p. 814, 
 
CRAT^GUS. 
 
 275 
 
 »s and strength of 
 
 don, the number of sorts Tas bee mnro f 'i""''. T!"'"^' «^''^«'-ding to Mr. Lou- 
 tions of the London Ilort c, Itura Sor.o^"" ^^'m'"^' ''V"^>^ ^'"-'^''8^ tf.e exe - 
 At least eighty woll-,„arl od sSes ud ^'.^^^^ '''":• -^'"^^^^'^o-s, of FI„ckney. 
 a^.ont the same number at So'me ford Ha7rS,'^''V,'' '*''''" ^?''^^^'""'^' '-^"^ 
 Monckton, and j.t the scat of PVnrll.; i u ' "' .?taff»rdshire, made by (Jonoral 
 
 lin.^ The'best eollect.on h Scofl^rd.l'rih'e '''!"'."' '"^1 T^"""^*'' '^^ '^•'b- 
 ni Lawson's nursery. The Veatost m.mhnr Ir ^^^'^'"^•"•g'^ botanic garden, and 
 's said to be in the IVpin^^ de Tlxen^bo „ T'^l '" n"' ^"'^^"' '" ^''^"'^^ 
 m the nurseries of MM AudXrf nf 'p«l^' ^""^* ':""'^ctions are also found 
 Holhvylier. The best collt Uo„ 1 ?elg umTVt u'' U '"''■ "^""^-"•' ^^^ 
 and the finest in Germany are those mtnpf . ' V""^'^''"^' "''''' »russols; 
 and in the (iottingen botanic garden PnlLr r"*" "I"-««"««. ^t Hamburg 
 botan.c garden at Warsaw and in te a bo em of r'' IV'T' '"^"'^^* '» '^^ 
 weidz,nearCracow, in Poland- and-^t^hTn^^^^ «t Niedz- 
 
 An^ong the American nurser^s'and col ec^.TrlfJ'^'" "^ '''^'''''^ '" «"-'«• 
 m the Bartram botanic garden and at be Wnn^ h ^''P''^"»<'ns are to be found 
 
 It is to be regretted that m;! it,' U ' prlvennys f^^^^^^ 
 of this genus at length; we therefore confinon "" d<^scr.bmg all the species 
 
 which are the mostlalluble for bed' « a ^^^ '' a brief notice of 'those 
 
 ritS;letr;o^3^?!ifH^^^ 
 
 fine specimens exist, in Kng S o^an e eln fn cT^^'^ ^'''•') ''''' »« '-^"''^i". ^^d 
 crs of some varieties a.e double i,f other bn'b? "^- '^"''^ ""■ ^^l^ ^'''- ^^^''^ «"v^- 
 •s yellow, and in others black' ''Tl e 1 aw for n '''^'""'1 '"''1^^ '''' ^'^"'' '" '^^^ 
 Jnterestmg object by itself, but produ' osTnZ int^'.''^^^^ ""^ ""'>^ '-^i 
 
 trast, as things may be, when g^oxZ^^UlZt^^^!^^^^^^^^^ "•• ^«"- 
 
 ing over rocks, with deep shadows under iri I ' . ^^"^ ''^'^'" ^^^'^ '^ hang- 
 
 in the most fantastic fonn , arif o 1 ' f nt^^^^^ o"" shooting from , heir sides 
 We have seen it contrasting fts tendS 'e' V !nT'f ""^ t"^!^ '^''°' ''«'°^-- 
 brighter and deeper masses of the iX and Z'nM ''' ^,^^ ":''''' ^^^^^^^ with the 
 nnder the shelter, thou-h not 1 . le J.ni. • ^'''- ^^ "^ ''^'^^^ S'^^" i^ growing 
 idea of beauty protecte"f bv stroL , n ' ""^ 'T"" '^'^^'^'j' "^^'^= embodying the 
 the busy niilL'heel over^v IcT^t "bbs"^^^^^ "- "^^ion o? 
 
 growing grandly on' the green of the vUaTe srbn' 1 ir""'"^" ?^^ ^'^^*^ ^^'^^ ^' 
 attraction to the youi.g urchins who nlSf in ?l ' •'''' ^'"''u^ °^^"' °^ &«"«'•«! 
 perhaps, the only thing rem imW to b^ '" "^^ ^i""^'!^''' ^^^°"t its roots; and, 
 
 as a man. We hLe seeVuTaged tm"o^^^^ ^"'^^'^ ^'f ^^^''^o'-boy r^^turns 
 
 woodland cottage; its foUa^flJZnZZ^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 'When lliR milkmaid .sinjroth Mytho. 
 AiK ihp mower whets his .-.cythe 
 AiK every slieplieril tells his l.ilo' 
 Uiiiler the hawthorn in the dale ;' 
 
 ieaves deeply e„,, a„d so oios^y':^s^r^^:!:z!^:;i:':^:!c^j^z 
 
276 
 
 CRATJEOVS. 
 
 hoary asport. Tl,.>y are Irss graceful in (heir mode of growth, some of them 
 
 L'rni;'' r/?.""^ '""'"'-'•; ^r "'/"" ''""'"'•■'^ -•' '■•^^^-^ "'"1 -'^ "-"fra- 
 grant, an.l tlu.ir larg,, (m.t r.-iKlors thnii striking ol.jccts in autumn. Tli.. snc- 
 
 c.os most worlhy ol n, turo anu.ng tins group, arc the azarol., (( . a4 ,1^) 
 
 ds ngn.shrd lor its globose, scarlet fruit, which is eaten in Ita y; tli.. sweet^ 
 
 the Ml, (( . tanacelilojia,) known l.v its g Ohose, vellowisli-irrccn frnit • n.wl fJ,n 
 aroma thorn, ((;. aro.m.,) eelel.rated for'.s nglA,l.ang;^;,Kl S' w tl h 
 s,^d m the markets ol Montpcllier, in France, under the name of iV^.i^-^'lLx 
 
 The American t/mrm arc species with leaves but little lobed, usually broad 
 sh mug, unequally toothed, often having exceedn.gly long spines, and I avh.g 
 fnnt ol an intermediate s.ze. They arc not regarded as qui o so 'handsome as 
 the species of the pvecedmg groups; but the following, nevertheless, have uflU 
 ecntly ornamental features, to be well worthy of cultivation :-The cock-sn r 
 
 C 'mm;[^\TMyo"u^ /'^^ r^ ''^r"' "[ ''' ^'^^''^^'^''^ ' "'^^ ^l«tted-frnited thorn 
 
 y^- P"»ctata); the Washmgton or heart-leaved thorn ((). cordalaV Douclas' 
 
 horn, ( . douglasn,) distinguished for its dark, handsome leaves ani fruit and 
 
 V r;s"m I be.mir.7''' ^S"- '"'"T^^'^'^^'^'^ S^^^^^'"'' P-^^»'«"« shoots ad 
 very small, beantilul vermilion-coloured fruit. 
 
 La.stly, the cverffrca, thorns, including the Mexican thorn, (CratECffus moxi- 
 
 w^tb' nnio St' '''Vt'^'T'^ ^'""\ ^'- Py--»'''^0 The forme\ is a^nal tree, 
 w h Jance-shapcd, bright-green leaves, and large, round, yellow fruit- and the 
 
 i'.su^ ^n.?? f'T'^'V^ '''\'- ""'"^ r^'^ ^^''''' '■' ^'^^ «°-^'» «f ^^»rope knd Can! 
 Zn,!\u ^ 1 ""^ ^''" cultivated for its flame-coloured berries, vvh ch remain 
 upon the plant during most of the winter. 
 
Cratrrg-us punctata, 
 
 THE DOTTED-FHUITED THORN. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Crateegits punrtnta, 
 
 Nudier a fruits pointillds, 
 
 uodfcio Mispcl, 
 
 Dolted-fruited Thorn, Thorn-bush, 
 
 Dk CANnnrr.K, Prodrotnus. 
 LouDo.v, Arboretum liritanniciim. 
 
 FR.»Nru ■'''" ""*^' ^"'''"''' "^ ^°"*' America. 
 
 f'KRMANV. 
 
 BmrAI.N AND A.VUr.O-AMERICA. 
 
 Description, 
 jnr] rrafipgiis punctata is a 
 
 \\\\& ;""■"-" ^'■*'''' Sro\vin^. to a 
 mLJ _^ '."-''gilt of twelve to twonty- 
 
 thn Tm r sSS^t/^li 'ivc foot, ill swamps, and on 
 
 the borders of woods throughout fl.o Unit.fd Stales 
 is particularly abundant in Virginia and aroij'': 
 and was introduced into Britain in 1740 wbero i^is 
 generally tonnd in collections. Its wood iL very Ir rd 
 and IS employed by the fndians of the weJt coa t of 
 
 America, to make wedges 
 
 for .splitting 
 
 Its 
 
 eaves arc light-green, n^embrauaclio^s 'i^ul;:? thie^r 
 
 lea^nttrr^;'i;:;rr;:'^^^^^ 
 
 Varieties. In the'lJriti h ,wdZ . e^^^^^^ '^^^'j'^ ^^*"' ^I'o leaves, 
 
 nated as follows :- s'^r^^^s, there aie three forms of this species, desig- 
 
 to th^SgK thirly ^t, SS^^i::f ^"'-^ 1^ ?-^'"^ ^-' ^--"g 
 
 2. O. p. RUBR^ STIUCTV I n Iflnn U I r^ ^^''^" "^''' ''^'^'^ ^^"^ '^^^ Spiucs. 
 
Cratctgiis crns-galli, 
 THE COCK-SPUR THORN. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Cratagus erus-galli, 
 
 Neflicr pied dp roc, 
 
 Gliiiizcndf MIsih-I, 
 
 LazzeriK.lo rosso, Lazzeruolo spinoso. 
 
 Cock-spur Thorn, 
 
 LiNN;RtTs, Sjwies Plantnnim. 
 
 LounoN, Arimretmii Uritannicum. 
 
 foRRKY ANu Grav, Flora or North America. 
 
 1' RAN('E. 
 OKRMA.Ny. 
 
 Itai.v. 
 
 Britain and Anolo-Amehica. 
 
 ^^y^"'^i>^s'C'''^:i^^ --y --le, „ossy. «,„hn,us, ,.nin. 
 
 8carlet.-i)« C««r/o//c, Prwr/roww. ^ lanceolate, and somewhat serrated. Styles 2. Fruit 
 
 Description, 
 
 nlE Cratcegns cnis- 
 Kiilli is a boantifiil 
 low tree, often grow- 
 ing to a height of 
 
 ^^^'-'''''^/V 
 
 ■ m 
 
 III- s^^t^A iiig 10 a Height of 
 
 fifteen or twenty feet, lonnd in woods and hedges , 
 
 from t londa to Canada, and as far west asE I 
 
 uu\u. ^^ introduced into Britain in 1691, \ 
 and has been more generally cnltivated in tha < 
 country than any other American specie Tr ^ 
 warm, sheltered situations, if is someUmes sub 
 evergreen, retanung its leaves and fruit through- 
 
 sbln 1 "'!]''"'• • ^'^ ^'■^"^''«« ^^« armed with 
 si arp slender spmes, two or three inches long 
 The leaves are usually obtuse, of a shinmf 
 deep-green above, and paler and dull benei"^.' 
 The fiowers appear in April and May, and arc 
 succeeded by small, somewhat pyriform carlet 
 frim, which ripens in September and October 
 
 lowmg Wties :- "'^"^ "^'^ ^^"'^'^" ^--^»>«. -d- this species, the five fol- 
 ovate^vS^!X:^d, S^[^^^' ^^'-^^"' ^-«' »'- ^-ves of which are 
 
 of this-^aSr^riCg, J^';^^'z^^'^-Tr ^^'r- ^'^^'--•^ 
 
 tending to wedge-shaped ^^ P"""' lanceolate, and the lower part 
 
 headed tree. ^ ^ variety, and like it, forms a beautiful low, flat- 
 
 4 C. c. LINEARIS. Parallel.sided.leaved Cock-wur Thnr., rp. . 
 be .|,„ow,. y,y „. ,i„ea.,„„ceo,ate leaves, .l.'oS l^, aL^^dZ^J 
 
 m 
 
COCK-SPUR THORN. 
 
 urea lielow. 
 
 279 
 
 to. mtoso branchlets ov:{hu,: .^^^^^^^^^ dusting,, shod by its somewhat 
 
 bea„tif„| mi„iat„r. garden fsmruoo n!,nL '"'."""'. '"^^ **'"«'" '"*'*''"' ^^ '»"»« ^ 
 
 Lo,,don Society of Arts '' cr;^^!:.^. '"'"'"" "' "'^' "Transactions of tho 
 roots, -^\n^^\l\nn^Ln;rS^^^^:^^ """'l"i "^' ■^"''"'"'^ ^''""'-^ '>""> 
 "Purchase the desired n.i.XrTJ' / ' "''? "'"* ^'"cnni with success •— 
 
 "P -Hi trim ^^^T'Z^t^':^'X':i^'1r "'-«y"--'''i. take them 
 -l^ta.ned. Plant these c,.tti^gs '^ovvs t '-/van'r '"""^r '"'"]"«^ ^^'" b*^ 
 >nches from each other in the row Thevlthrr ,""'1"'""'/"'^ "^'""' <"'''"■ 
 JVM'l |.la,ited with tho ton one thnril, «f ^ *^ ^" *'° "'"'"^ '^^*"»'' '"«'''<•« I«m,k 
 «a.sto.,ed. otherwise thVwil?noscted^ 'l'" V^ ^''.^ T"'"^- ^"^ ^^^' 
 
 tho cuttings. The thick en 1 m« ?.!. ,,. 1 "^^'r'! 's the best time to plant 
 this r.jode'are, f.rst, in case a, ^c has^lis d fn'^ri"""' ?''" advantages of 
 ably large prickles, of vigoroLTrowth - / '"''^'' *" ''"•"' ^i"' remark- 
 miuisite toiiake a 'good ^l^Z^iZ^ZTS. Tl ''^''\ 'i-ahHcation 
 roots, than any other way. Sccon(llv i.f C ! ^''"'"" """'^ ''*"°"«'-, from 
 
 hotter plant than can i.i sixTca s be ra ed f^^^^^^^^^^ may raise from roots a 
 quantity of roots." ^ ^'^'^" ^'^*^'" ''^^v«' and with double the 
 
iil:^: 
 
 if 
 
 CratcBgus cnrdata, 
 THE HEART-LEAVED OR WASHINGTON THORN. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Cratagus cordata, 
 
 ' De Candolle, Prodromus. 
 LooDON, Arboretum Britaunicum. 
 Neflier a feuilles en cceur, ^ iTJt^Z ^"^ ^"*''' ^^^°''^ "^ N°"l» America. 
 
 Herzbiattrige Mispel, rltl 
 
 Heart-leaved Thorn/Washington Thorn, BHrx^^.o A.^.o-Ameh-c. 
 
 ante^.'Xbe^v;^'"'" ^'"='""='" ««''^'"' P'' "^i ^ ^-^o.. Arboretum Bri.annicum, ii., fi,. 590 in p. R61, et vi. p.. ,37 , 
 ^^.a^r^ef ?J^ :^S^i;^S^^; SS^i,!°^-' ^^^^--- ^-'°'- -"^ -,yxes with ' 
 
 Descriptmi. 
 
 HE Cratgegus 
 
 cordata is a 
 
 handsome low 
 — ».^ c«v.«-v««^^«a tree or shrub, 
 hlteen or twenty feet in height, found 
 m greater or less abundance in rocky 
 places, and on the banks of streams 
 which issue from the Alleghanies, from 
 Canada to Georgia. Its head is close 
 and compact, with branches armed with 
 very long, slender, sharp spines. Its 
 leav^is are of a deep, shining green, and 
 v-ary, exceedingly, in size, according to 
 the age and vigour of the tree. They 
 are usually from one to two inches in 
 lengtii, and are often deeply, and near- 
 ly equally three-lobed, Uke those of the 
 red-flow ered maple, being sometimes 
 of a slightly rhombic form, and a little tapering at the base Thn fl u • , 
 
 appear by the end of June or the beginning of T.l^ .r. ^ T 1 '''*'''' '""^'^'^ 
 terminal corymbs and are succpedPfl W^.Trl^ ii 7 ' '"^ Produced in numerous 
 
 pie fruit. 11ns spe'iesTas Et UvaL^^^^ ^,^§^'~V-r 
 
 several fine specimens are growing orrhH^htnffif.V*'!^'^'".^^^^' ^^^^^^ 
 
Genus AMELANCHIER, Medic. 
 
 Rosacea; . 
 
 ^'jal. Nut. 
 
 Icosandria Di-Pentaj^ynia. 
 
 Syst. Lin. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 Amdanchier, Mespilus, Aronia, CratcBgus, Pyrus, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 Flowers in racemes.-i„i;„,^,S„"£''- '^"''' l"'""!""!- l»»vra s.^pU, irraie, Jecidu™ 
 
 the trie like „ whfte heet abouuhe nMHlJ and numerous flowers, which cover 
 even i„ IVfarch. I,s fruit is round sofe,-.l.l„''"j "■ ''■ '" ^""f "'"<' ^■'''^"h 
 whieli, it drops off, or is ealenbv birds ' ??„,w'l''"'' "P™' '?.■'"'>'■ ^'"»' ^fte^ 
 grafting on llle hawthorn or the quince ^ P'opagaied from seeds or by 
 
 Serl"a:,t!ra°tS"Xtt^, Si? ST S "^^Tb"' ^-'-P^' <«-P"- 
 Britain for an indefinite neriod A« n^ ^''^ ^"'^ ^^^ ^^^» cultivated in 
 
 place in every colIeSf?oTtt tort^^ '^'■"^' '' ^^^^ Reserves a 
 
 its large leaves, large v'Sflowerrr;!^^^^^ appearance of its branches, 
 accompany its fruit^ There are several vnr^^rf'?!?'''^'''"* "^^y^^«' ^^hich 
 what is called the '' Dutcrmedl-ir -7. LT'^T .?^ ?'' '^"'""'' «"^«"g ^^hich, 
 is not eaten till in a sSe on.Sient de.l^^^^^^^ '''" ^'''- ^^^ ^""^ '^^^«^er 
 palates; though, as Du Home Zerves it L^nrnh^K, '' '' """'^ "^^^"^'^ ^« ««^^ 
 sic," than one of real utility '"''^''^''' ^^ ^« probably more "un fruit de fantai- 
 
 36 
 
 iSl 
 
:i 
 
 'in I 
 
 ! 
 
 Amelanchier canadensis, 
 THE CANADIAN AMELANCHIER. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Mespihs canadensis, 
 Mespiltis arhorea, 
 Amelanchier c. butryapium, 
 
 Amelanchier hotryapium, 
 
 Grand Amelanchier, Amelanchier de 
 
 SSes"""" ''' ^^°''^' AluierlFKANcE. 
 Iraubenbirne, 
 Amelanchier di Canada, 
 Canadian Medlar, Snowy Mespilus, 
 
 bnowy-blossomed Amelanchier, 
 Wi^d Pear-tree Sngar Plsm, June Berry, 
 Shad-blow, Shad-flower, 
 
 LiNNjEus, Species Plantarum. 
 MicHAux, North American Sylva 
 ToRREY AND Gray, Flora of North America 
 De Candoi,i,e, Prodromus -America. 
 
 Hooker, Flora Boreali-Americana 
 I.OUD0N, Arboretum Britannicum ' 
 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 Anglo-America. 
 
 «o«,. .nd,cate. .he .ea.o„ at which the shad '^tni tt^ite?;rt^hr.irorwrc,fftt,t.^^ ^ ""ts E 
 
 Engravings Mirhnnv M^-ii, « „ ■ o, """' "I'"-" n somelimes abounds. 
 
 'lts.'-!rS;.,r;:rr^-'''"P"-'^ cuspidate, somewhat vi.lo.s when young, afterwards gla- 
 
 Description. 
 
 |HE Amelanchier cana- 
 densis, in favourable 
 situations, sometimes 
 t,7- ' ' ? ■' . ■ sswt^seWH attains a height of thir- 
 .1 ? "J: ^"'^ '^'^^ ^ ^^^'"eter of ten or 
 twelve inches. Its leaves are from two to three 
 
 Shan? i'"!' "'^T^;*^' °^ ^ lengthened o^al 
 shape, finely toothed, and, when beginning to 
 open are covered with a thick, silvfry dofvn 
 ^hich disappears with their' grovnh and 
 leaves them perfectly smooth orf bouf'sides 
 The fowers, which are white, and rather 
 arge are disposed in long panic es at the ex- 
 tremities of the branches, and expand in the 
 Carolinas and Georgia in February and March 
 
 a'nd Mav' "l'h"r ^".' "T'"^" ^^^^^ '» "p^il 
 
 e^et^eTln?n^S;rtu,;^:tat'td^ of™'dtrTl^"V'^"7^ «^/" -'^ - ^••- 
 covered with a bloom. It matLs at the so.S i?, 7 '"'"? ^""^ ''?«' «"d is 
 one to two months later in the Ire no tLrn rtil^'wr"''' ' •'""^' ^"^ ^'^^ 
 fruit, the largest tree rarely yields more han haK p^*,^;' '''"""^'- ^^ '^'' 
 
return Briian- 
 
 CANADIAN AMELANCHIEB. gS'? 
 
 Am^rSrtyp^s^rr^n,^^^^^^^ ^«'-en the European and 
 
 belong. Indeed, the two trees so closelv 1 ^.",^«'''"'"« ^o which species they 
 been regarded by some bo anTsts^s S '•'''^'"ble each other, that thev have 
 
 several races, hoVeve , which ap^'ear to f^I'lTr '^'' f^l 'P'''''' ^here are 
 described as follows:— ^^ '° ^ suificiently distinct, and may be 
 
 '^Pa f'BF''"'"'^^^^^ Canadian Amelan- 
 
 occurring e^ithe^'rubby or'SJetm^ witl^Z^^^^^^^^ ^f ^'^^'^'^ Amelanchier, 
 3. A. c. ALNiFOLiA, Torrev anH Prlfr ' 7A roundish-oval leaves. 
 
 shrubby or arborescen" Tts eL esJ;e routdish'lf ?'^f '«" ^"^^l-nchier, also 
 at^ac^i end, and only serrate near the summll'' P''""'' ^'""^ "^^"^^ ^' '^'^^^ 
 
 roundish':o;aTlelvl';'Ee'i^a .^^'--^ '^'"'^-<^-^-^ ^-^elanchier, with small, 
 
 shrubby^^^wmrn Jrr ^ov^af of^b^ong^^^^^^^^ .^"-'^- ^-^-Z"--. a 
 even when young. ooiong leaves, which are mostly glabrous, 
 
 America, from Georgia to Hudsoi ?'Baf .n^ ?. v '^r °''' ^-^^*^'" ^^ Anglo- 
 It IS most multiplied on the ferU le bank, of '" ^eYfoundlantl to Oregon, 
 although it sometimes occurs in Wri '^V'^''' ^"'^ '" swampy grounds 
 This species was in" oduced n o lin^kin b7 f 'r k' n^r, ^'^^ ^^'^ 's lis ^ d: 
 It IS common in the Europeargarde^s and colipii'''^ ^"^ ^^My^^. in 1746. 
 height of more than twenty feet^ and L mnrh i . "''/'^''■' '' ^^^« ^^q»ir«d a 
 profusion of flowers, and in autumn for hp fi 'T^ '"."^^^'i^ «P""g. ^r its 
 assume before they fkll. ^"'"^""^ ^or the fine dark-red, which its leaves 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of tl.« n a- 
 throughout, exhibiting no difference of nnn^ Canadian amelanchier is white 
 traversed by small red vesse fwSi Ler o^ ' '""^'PS'" '^^^"^ longitudinally 
 |n the red birch (Betula nigra.V W "^t^^^^^^^^ run together, a^ 
 
 in the red birch (Betula n7gVaS"From'i;rTnfi •^'''"- °^'^^^«"'l run together, as 
 It IS applied to no particulafusi in the a Th^V"?'""*^. '^^""^ of durability, 
 
 '"^ ' - i by the natives n t n^l./J !£""^_ '« ?^ ^" agreeable swel 
 
 taste, and is used bVtlie naTives Jn h" ^''% ^^^^' ^""^ '« '^ -" agreeable IwVel 
 article of food. ^ "^''''''' "' "-^^ "°"'^^^» regions where it abounds, alan 
 
 
 19 
 
 J 
 
M 1 
 
 Genus PFRUS, Lindl. 
 
 h?. 
 
 Rosacecc. 
 
 Si/il. Nat. 
 
 Iscondria Di-Peniaprynia. 
 
 Hijat. Lin. 
 
 Synoni/mes. 
 
 Pyrus, Pyraster, Malus, Sorhus, ) ^ 
 
 Ana, Aruniu, Cralagus, Mespilus, j °*" -Authors. 
 
 Generic Characters. Camels 5 or ■> T s;o<.,t„ o ,■ ■ 
 
 pinnate, aec.uous. L.^. ^^^^^^X^^;i.:^.;^:^l^%^- '^^'^ - 
 
 fHK genus Pyrus is composed of low trees and shrubs, mostly decid- 
 
 ' f hem" "eTm f r^T^^' ^"^^'- "^^ «^ ^^^^'^ Aniericr iome 
 !L u- f ,}■ 'n '^'S^' estmiation for their fruit; while others 
 are cultivated ch.efly for their flowers. Under this head modern 
 
 "c.'"" \vitrsr!.nf '" -"^'/""^^ P^^"^' ^^'•^'-' -d Sorts' 
 Crata^gtis/A^onS and oZ s T.^^ ^'"'"'''''^ "^^'"^^^d "nder Mespilus 
 
 atrrep wif h Mr 1^1 , .^ ^^''^"g ">« generic characters from the fruit we 
 
 allomliiig only to tliosc mrls of nh ?f/°lV„ fr"clif,cation. In consniuonco of 
 contains°specL, SI d as, c ann e ™1 t,f "?■ ' >""f,' "" "' P"'"" '=<'"sli"»«<l, 
 other ; a circ,,,4ta,,c„ ,1 c|t ctarlyflt^ow \S graft on each 
 
 found necessary to remodel all of the eenen ns wpII ncVl^ • '^'^ 
 
 new and characteristic names to the spedes i: ' hbom M^,?rV "' '""T\\ '''"'' 
 
 cavity.-charace,., which arc by ..^n^t.rc^staira. d t oT-'-^.X' Seed" 
 M. l„r,m,, ,n a tnemo.r to tho Freeh Academy of Science,; oil rel£e"S 
 
 * See Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum, ii., p. 879. 
 
PYRUS. 
 
 285 
 
 nan name of the 
 31K)sed 10 bear to 
 
 ves simple or 
 tm. 
 
 stlydccid- 
 ;a. Some 
 lilc others 
 J, modern 
 d Sorbus, 
 Mespilus, 
 ! fruit, we 
 ! with tlie 
 1, tliat, in 
 ' view, in 
 tcr of the 
 f to draw 
 [uence of 
 nstitiited, 
 t on each 
 
 kinds of 
 should be 
 
 on each 
 lat twin- 
 eciduous 
 obtained 
 It will be 
 ly cases, 
 ble as it 
 le, when 
 nplilica- 
 
 r, which 
 icerning 
 vn their 
 nllosity, 
 set in a 
 effaced, 
 ifference 
 
 the pear. These^coTcretions t a S "'" '"^^" "^'^ ^'^^' ^" 
 
 which by degrees beconie X^cVw f n r ^''«.?Fg'"^ga<ion of little globules, 
 
 itcd in molecules, from wl^h K J ^' .'"^^'gestible matter, confusedly depos- 
 
 . This genus, accl^^S mg f D T'. Se T'f TT'''''' ^'^''^'''''^ anlcolSnr. 
 
 eight sections all the spccL of which ,n *} ^'°"''""' "^''^^ ^" ^^^^^'^^^^ ""^er 
 
 grafting or budding on te wild vrri'^^^^ propagated from seeds, and by 
 
 most n.iportant species contTi^m^d fn t '''''' n '.^'''°"- ^^'^^ ^^^^ions a2id the 
 
 po.nemore%rless^op-shS orsub^^^^^^^^^^ P'^'"'"' ^^'^ ^'«^'"«^ styles; 
 
 pie umbelled nedireli. nnJ ' \ ^V"-g'«'^o«^> without a cavity at the base- sim- 
 
 l.ends all tt 'pt;t P^c^ rirsT^altr^^^^ "^'r'^' ^^'^ -ction compr". 
 
 Its varieties, h includes ^ the Chinese nonrn>''' '''' '^^T ««"^"^""is, and all 
 Dr. Lindlcy, differs from tlfcon^^i^^an ne^; .'./h^'""' T'''''''^ 7^^^''' ^^^ording to 
 iarger, more lucid, and ^m^^^Z^^^I^V^'^^^ '''''^ r?'"^ J''^'''^'^ 
 and very gritty fruit; and a calvx df sHtn oYr i' ^ *'. '^PPle-«l'aped, warted, 
 mental, and perfectly hardy lu 4 . t f tr/ T"'' '"^'^,"- '^^^' '''' ^' ^^na^ 
 the Bollwyllir pear, (Pyrus' bo IhvvlleH. ^ ' '' T "''^'''- ^' ^'^-^ ^"^hides 
 rough leaves, reLmwLg^ L of the .nn e ' 1^.!? f'\'^'l™^iy, with large, 
 frim, unfit to eat; the riotched Icaved^^^^^^^ 
 
 growing to an eleVation of nme or UvXe 'tb^^'"', 7'"^^^ "'"^^^^^ "^ ^^'P-'^h 
 sea and approaches to Py u bollwy e hna w JI^l ''^' ^''^'^ '^'^'^ 
 
 of bemg serrated, and its flowers ^rrmmn! leaves are crenated instead 
 
 pear, (Pyrus variolosa,) hkewTsc a nati?o^^ numerous; and the variable-leaved 
 minated, crenate, glabrous eavS in t. i i u ^ ' ^'^''^'"gi"slied by ovate, acn- 
 when young, clothed wthyelloVishroil^^ ^^'ated on long^^etiolels, but 
 
 medible until it becomes som^c^vhat decaTd^^^^^^^^^ ^Th''" ^'' ^'''V' ^^^^ ^° ^e 
 long time on the tree, sometimS eveTtiM tho J ^"^ P'^P'^^ ^^''^^ 
 sprmg. It forms a ve y hand ome tree Lr,L 7^? ""K^'^' ^" ^'^^ Allowing 
 IS well worthy of a pla^e in everTcolStion ' '^' '' '^^^^''^^'^ '""^'^ S'-"^^^^ -^^ 
 
 s^rJ^tL:!TT^t^ pi:^2ti^it'^' 'r -'y'r' -- - '- 
 
 having a concavity at its base ZvorJ ,n L^ , '' '^T""'''^^ "''^ generally 
 glands. This sectL includes aH the a .nl-^"'i' '^ '"?P'' 1^'a ves' without 
 mahis and varieties, it comSeni 1^^^ "'"'''' ""''^ ^''^^'' '^'^ ^yn.s 
 
 crab, (Pyrus specta'bilis,) dl 1,^1 hable^ C^^ «^ <^^'^i»««e 
 
 flowers, the buds of which before tlevpvnn^. 1 semi-double, pale, rose-coloured 
 a.id pistils are much more numerou iLn ^^1"'?, "^ " '^''^•'"^; ^^'^ ^^.amens 
 times exceeding forty and the h tlnr . vli,?. "^ '"'' 'P^"«' ' *'»« ^rmer some- 
 
 ularly round, -igul Jr, LI ^he L^^^^l^^^^i; " The fruit is small, irreg- 
 
 coionr, but without flavour, and is onlVtit n ^ '"'''"" "J?"' '^ ""^ ^ y«"o«^ 
 From the beauty of its flowers in nn if. '''\'" ^,«tate of incipient decay. 
 
 bloom, it IS well^wort ly oFcu ivation LiSTtf' '"^T ^V''^^ othe/tree.are In 
 should be without it. ^""'vation, and no garden, whether large or small, 
 
 hose pome;''S;;';1K!^^ from two to three styles • glo- 
 
 leaves, whi .ly TonTenTo e benenr "V'^f' ""^ ^''^"^''^'^ PcduncleL simple 
 hcnds'the .hfte beTm tTee X ^'"^'^•. ^^^' ^^^*^«" --P- 
 
 which var . -uo.h m a state nf IZL '^ a ^ '^^ varieties of Europe and Asia 
 amoug amateurs andVotli j^ts ^ a\'^^^^^^ ^"-'^ ^^nfiton 
 
 beam has some valuable properties 1 1 „ ll , """ «'-"«"^^»'al tree, the white 
 contineut for cogs to the wheels o^V.^.M^rj^ '^""•^'^rsally employed on the 
 
 ippropnr 
 
 moderate size ot the tree, and 'the definite shape of 
 
 :Cty 
 
 its 
 
286 
 
 PYBOS. 
 
 ;!l 
 
 Hll' '- 
 
 : 1 
 
 ^S 
 
 || 
 
 ^^E" -i 
 
 || 
 
 
 iiil 
 
 summit and thus bnanng the character of art, it is adapted for particular sitni 
 tions where the violent contrast exhibited by\rees of pSresnurforms ™ 
 be infiarmon.o.is. In summer, when clothed with .eaves tfo ma elm nait 
 green mass, till ,t ,s ruffled by the breeze, when, like the abe™ it s3nrv 
 assumes a mealy whiteness. From its hkrdy nature, i will wiL and tie 
 fierces and the coldest winds, and yet will never fail to grow elt ai d n od, ce 
 a regular head; and for this reason, it is well adapted for sheltedL ou^s and 
 gardens where the situations are much exposed "^'it^nug nouses and 
 
 tJn JX?'""""'"' «'^f ^^tenzed by flat, spreading petals, with short claws- from 
 two to five connected glabrous stybs ; pome top-shaped at the base anH trn^ 
 cate at the tip, with but little juice sepals deciduous ; leaves a^ngLdWTthlE^ 
 glabrous when adult ; flowers in corymbs, with the peduncles bShed In fh s 
 sec ion IS included the griping.fruited or common wild service^iee (Pyrus torn 
 nahs,) native of various parts of Europe, and of western Asia ; and in ts eene 
 
 [lie di'Si;^."'"' '' '°"^'^"'"^ "''^ *"^^^' ^^-^'y — blei Ihe trefs of 
 5. Eriolobm, characterized by flat, spreading petals, with short claws nnrl 
 
 Ta rv'.n'r ""''' T'^'^ '^' ''"^ "^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ in n umbel-, Ton g at tL bale ' very 
 of t7; .. «o«^ewhat connected; pome globose, glabrous,'crovvned with the lobes 
 of the calyx, which are tomentose upon both surfaces • leaves nalmate v iXT 
 and glabrous ; flowers upon unbranched pedicels, disposed in ™bs^ This 
 section includes the three-lobed-leaved peir-tree, Pyrus trilobataW native of 
 Mount Lebanon, which grows to the height of twent/feet. '^ 
 
 b. isorbus characterized by flat, spreading petals; from two to five stvles- 
 gobose, or top-shaped pome; impari-pinnate, or pinnately-cu raves and flow 
 ers occurring in branched corymbs. The ti-ees comprehended in this divisbT 
 are natives of northern and western Asia, Europe, he Himalayaraiid North 
 America, and like those of the section Aria, arc much coXmded and W 
 a great variety of names. Besides the mountain asi or fo vT 's serv ce-tree 
 (Pyrus aucupana,) and its varieties, this section includes the auric edservce 
 natSTJ^r "'"'^ ' "rV^tr^ ^'^SYpt; the pinnatifid-leaved service Pyrnl! 
 natihda ) indigenous to Gothland, Thuringia, and Britain; and the true sevi^e- 
 t ee, (Pyrus sorbus,) a native, of Europe, western Asia,' and nrthern Africa 
 
 d/SoteIn rodT'^^' ^"' '''''''^''' '- '^'^^ ^•^^ •-•^-^ -^ theTa^esil^f 
 7. Admorachis, characterized bv spreading notnk ptpJi „Mti. „ „i i 
 
 and perhaps will be classified with the common hlwthorn, (Crat^xycantha^ 
 as he trees in the two divisions will probably prove to graft recniorXS 
 each other. Among the trees of this section, are mcluded the Tbutus le-^v^ 
 aroma, (Pyrus arbutifolia,) and its varieties, ^Wlich consS of dec-id lo ; ^^^^ 
 natives of North America, growing to a height of four or five fcet and hs in' 
 guished for their prolific flowers, and red, dark-purple, or black fruit ' Te do wnv" 
 branched aroma, (Pyrus pubens,) and the large-leaved'aronia. (Pyn^'. amlif^a^■ 
 ovlVeo;Sou'" "''"" °' ''"'^ ^"^^^^^' ^'^'^ well Vserve a'^lac'liJ 
 
 :Wos'^S3!f'li^r^S;i^^"P:!^ — petals; two 
 
Pyrus communis, 
 THE COMMON PEAR-TREE. 
 
 ^ynonymcs . 
 
 Pyrus communis, 
 
 Poirier, 
 
 Gemeine Birne, Bimenbaum, 
 
 rero, ' 
 
 Pereira, 
 
 Gruschka, 
 
 Pear-trufi, 
 
 iLiNN«us, Species Plantarum. 
 Ue Candolle, Prodromus. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicura. 
 
 tHANCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy and Spain. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Bkitain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Ry .uiturc'H «ll r.nni„« I„.,hI pre «re,l ' 
 111 evurclmngiiig tomposiiioii mixed." 
 
 HE Common 
 
 ^TPB i^ear-trco, in 
 ^)_JJ_(^ a wild .state, 
 
 . f-j — r-^ H«,-»!lii;S)SS 'las a pyra- 
 midal shaped head, Avith tllornv 
 branches, at first erect, and after- 
 wards pendulous or curved down- 
 wards. When cultivated under fa- 
 vourable circumstances, it will some- 
 times attain a height of fifty or sixty 
 
 m^r^ousr dtSd^ptptar Sir '"1-; 7'-,-ts, which are not 
 except in shallow and n*ih soH 'nlot^^^^ ^"^ ^""'l ^^^^'^^ ramifications, 
 
 and in different parts of the g obe In E T''^^^^^ ^" '^^ff^^^"* soils 
 
 North America, they are genemHy^recn S i,f?'^ '" '''" temperate regions of 
 vary in size; but in the woo knr Lf' slightly tomentose, and do not greatlv 
 
 of the wild War-trees arrcomlr;^^;,:^!;;; do ''''' ''?'''' '' ^"^^' ' ^^osj 
 m their size and forms, as toTcl do w f T '^j^T'.^"^ """"'y '"^ exceedingly 
 " sage-leaved," and the " narroSavecPvn Hoh'''"'? ■' '" u '^^^^ow-lee^^ed," the 
 as species. The blossoms of tho poar wIHl'h n^' "^^'if' ^^ "f "i^' ^'"^ ^^^^^^ed 
 appear in the warmer parts of Bt^tai ! ^ 1 in th '''"'L'''' ^"^ «^ ^ P"re white, 
 the middle of April • in Swer L, lv!V ' m ^' "^ southern counties of Ohio, by 
 Perth Amboy, i^New Jerse;"thrimi.^7'^^ ^^^ ^'»« 2()th of May a^ 
 
 weeks earlien The fruit ?,7a w 1.1 .,n • ^7^ ^"'^ ^* ^'^^P'^^' ^" Italy,'six 
 ;l.e size of the ordinary Cultivated ^ri Is' "andlHls""' I'"" ^ ^'^^ ^'^' '' 
 For a compari.son of this fruit with ihnnlJ: .^ f ""■ ^"l*"^ ^"^ ™fit to eat. 
 t-on^of the^atter, under the lu'S oP' l^r^ns'nlriu??'' '' ''^'"'^ ^° °"^ ^^^"^"P" 
 
 F«n>//.,,, De Candolic describes two^forms 
 
 of the wild species, comparatively 
 
288 
 
 PYRUS COMMUNIS. 
 
 '<• I I 
 
 ?nr] wh?.. V 1 ^'- ^'°"'^''" ^'^^.'^"'^ ''''''''^^ •'*^'^'-«' t^»« '^«"Jt Of cultivation, 
 
 and whch he considers as more or less accidental or temporary. To these wo 
 have subjoined a group of wild pears, with hoary leaves, which may be rcL-ardld 
 as varieties or races, though commonly treated as species — rt^arueu 
 
 1. P. c. ACHRAs. 7%e Splny-leavcd Pear-tree. This variety may be known 
 by Its spuiy, ovate acuminate, entire leaves, with long petioles/ The leaves and 
 
 wUl/i^s^lTp/Lg.^^ ^^'^^"^' '-''''' '--"- ^- ^'^--'^ glabrour'^Pome 
 
 2. P. c. pvRASTEu. The Wild Acerh-fruited Pear-tree, distinguished by its 
 spiny branches, roundish, acute, sharply-serrated leaves, glabrous even when 
 young, as is the tube of the calyx. Pome rounded at the' base, gr ty, sour bi 
 ter, and harsh to the taste. ' ''"">' '*""'^' '^"• 
 
 3. P. c. FOLiis VARiEGATis. Varicgated-leoved Pear-tree. 
 
 «f i ' u- '"'*''''''" ^^•^I^^A.To- Variegated-fndted Pear-tree, the skin of the fruit 
 of which IS variegated with yellow and white 
 
 ^w,I\ ""■ ','''«^"^«^,^'^JA- P« ^onguinolc Pear-tree, the flesh of the fruit of 
 which IS red or reddish ; and, though small and gritty, is edible when ripe 
 
 FrPni" %LT' ^Ta, ^«"^^«f r^ ^^ Pear-tree; Poirier do V Arminie, of the 
 * rench, distinguished for its double flowers. 
 
 7. P. c. jAspiDA. TheJas'per-harked Pear-tree; Bon Chretien d bois iaspe of 
 the French, having the bark of the wood striped with yellow "^^ ' 
 
 n,,^/ ■ ''■ ^^V"^' ■ '^^■'''' '^^"'^^^^^ cultivated Pear-tree, from which originated the 
 numerous sub-varieties growing in gardens, with edible fruit. Their number at 
 
 K" wT"'u'^ 'f^''^* •'^""'""'^' ^"^ '' i« t« be regretted that the specia ity 
 of this work will not permit us to treat of them in ditail, after the manner of 
 describing the different varieties of the common cherry '"i»ner oi 
 
 9. P. c SALviFOLiA, (P. salvifoim, De Candolle,) Sage-leaved or Awelian Pear- 
 tree, with thick branches; tomentose buds; entire lanceolate leaves, tomento e 
 all over when young, but glabrous on the upper surface when adult. ' It fru his 
 
 ibout fei:?tnT;at:.'"^ -^^'^-^ '''''- '' °^^"^^ ^^^•^ -^'^ -^ -'^--«^- 
 
 10. P. c NIVALIS (P. nivalis, De Candolle.) Snoxvy-leaved Pear-tree with 
 leaves oval, entire, obtuse, whi^e and silky beneath; corymbs term! a?- fru 
 globose, very acid, except when ripe, and beginning to decay, when it bocomcs 
 sweet. It is a native of the Austrian Alps ^' D^^comcs 
 
 Thi"hnd.'"nr'n"'°'"- \^- ^^^'^'/«^'«' De Candolle.) Willoxvleaved Pear-tree. 
 Ihe buds of this variety are whitely tomentose; the leaves linear-lanceolate 
 acute, entire, hoary, particularly upon the under surface, with the'rSs three 
 times as long as the petioles ; the flowers occur upon short pedicels, disposed in 
 corymbs. It is a native of Siberia, Caucasus, and Persil, and is general y 
 accompanied by the Crataegus oxycantha, and Prunus spinosa. ^ ^ 
 
 Pear ^-'J' Z^r^'^'T'''^^ ^f- Z^^VS^^^'S^rmis, De Candolle,) Almond-shaped 
 P^ar-tree, the branches of which are spiny; the buds tomentose; the leaves 
 oblong, acute, entire, tomentose all over when young, but glabrous on the unner 
 surface when adult, with disks six times longer than the^tioles he flowers 
 occur in corymbs. It grows wild in rough places in Provence, Dauphiny mid 
 Languedoc, in France, and when cultivated, forms a tree with k very irregular 
 picturesque head, with many of the side-branches sweeping the ground 
 
 Geography mid History. The common pear-tree is ii ligcnous to* Euronc 
 
 rSun^d Tl "'' "r^'^r^' ^"'^.^^ ^i^'"^' '^"^ "«^ »" Af.ic! nor Amelia ^ll 
 
 s found wild in most of the counties of Britain, as far north as Forfarshire; on 
 
 the conunent of Europe, from Sweden to the Mediterranean; and in Asia, as far 
 
 on nSin?'r '"^ -^^r • ^' '' '•^"."^^ ^°""^ °" ^ dry soil, knd more fioquenUy 
 on plams than on hills or mountains; and solitary, or in small groups, rather 
 
cultivation, 
 I'o these we 
 be regarded 
 
 ' be known 
 
 leaves and 
 
 3US. Pome 
 
 shed by its 
 even when 
 (, sour, bil- 
 
 of the fruit 
 
 he fruit of 
 I ripe. 
 mie, of the 
 
 isjaspe, of 
 
 giuated the 
 number at 
 ! speciality 
 manner of 
 
 ^liati Pear- 
 tomentose 
 Its fruit is 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 -tree, with 
 inal; fruit 
 it becomes 
 
 Pear-tree. 
 lanceolate, 
 lisks three 
 isposed in 
 
 generally 
 
 iid-shaped 
 he leaves 
 the upper 
 le flowers 
 hiny, and 
 irregular, 
 
 » Europe, 
 erica. It 
 shire; on 
 sia, as far 
 rcquently 
 ps, rather 
 
 COMMON PEAR-TREE. 
 
 289 
 
 ^l^J^S^tel^fr iti^^tr t^f ^' f^' '-'^ ---^ '-'» 
 remarked that this tree, as well a" he '/ll/ i T '^ *'^^^ ^'''^^ 
 
 open air, wherever the oak will thHve ^ ^ ^''' ''''">^' '"'" 8^«^^ '» ^'>« 
 
 anJin '^^"'^^V^!:! !'" ^'-\^' g7>-i"S abundantly in Syria, Kgypt 
 about the time larSX' ,S ';:i?„'^^^^^^ ''r""S''t into Ital/from^he.se pffi 
 althougli there is but liuK do bt hn M.t '"''"'^"^ "f ^''« last-name.I country, 
 long before that time L>o g t c re wK'n''"^ -veral kinds of this fruii 
 orchard of Laertes, the father of Ulvsses Jo ' .V"'""" '^^-^^^''-''^'^s ^^ forming the 
 of the productiveness of o d Ir freoT- and V rJ'l' ''""'''■■ '1^'»'""P'' vastus s^'eaks 
 be received from (Jato. PHny described tl^o vVr 5 '"'"^"I'^^ ^""'« P^^^-^^ ^1^'"«'» 
 as being exceedingly nume ons md s iv .1.1? f ' '" cultivation, in his time, 
 the expressed juice" ^ '' Sran^re m.d no ' '^^ f fermented liquor was made o f 
 wine, on whicl account the irysfcans -xre car n,f 1^' I '"^' -^'^ ^'''^''''^'^ «'" 
 patients ; but when sodden in wine and wn tor h5 "" ^''^^ ^'^^ ^''«»^ ^o their 
 Again, he observes,-'' Alh^^^arsvhTttror^r?^'''^''^''^^^ ""^ wholesome." 
 in good health, and the sieirarrdeH rcrfmm^^^ ."' '\^"'^ "^^^^' '^^^^ ^^ those 
 well boiled or baked, they are e,ceechnd/n^^nrn;"^ them; and yet, if they are 
 when sodden or baked with houov f of n P'^^'^' t, and moderately wholesome ; 
 Pownell, the c-dtivated p ar ^^^^^^^^ the stomach." According to 
 
 rusts, sometime during the mSe Ss 1,1 wrf f '''"f .^T '^'^ ^^'^c^^^^ cdo- 
 duced into Britain by the Romans bm'nf^^ ^'""''' ^^^t it was intro- 
 
 by all the early writer^s oTtl a Zmtrv wo f^.vn P'''"''' ^'^''""^'^ '' '' "i^ntioned 
 of Mr. Loudon, that all the trSs lowing fn v"T\ ^' ''''' ^'^« «P'»i«" 
 
 a=, Jvh!?^ SSSviV^ ^- ^wI^^M^^Sr iJ- 
 of these views, Mr. Loud^ states that ' TnJ "' ''' '\'''- '" corroboration 
 there is a pear-tree, of the k nd k„o vn .. L^k "^''f "^ "'•«' ^' ^^^^^ Baseford, 
 was upwards of a century o I iJ for v ^en?il7' ^'TT' ^T'''^'^' '" ^^^f, 
 in diameter, and a trunk two feet th eo inoL r^ '' '"^''^^ ''^ ''^^'^^^ tifty-four fee 
 the produce of this tree, on an average wt fifS'v n'T'""; ^''"""^ ^^^^^ ^o 1S26, 
 year 1823, it bore one hundred and L'ven noil^of f ''' °? P'^''^ '^ y^'^*-- '" the 
 dred and twenty pears- and in^^^Ti^^!,' f'' P''^'' ^""taining four liu„- 
 
 hundred and seventy-ni^o pea s e.eh ' thZl'"f ""' J'""'^^^^ P^^'^« "f two 
 pounds each peck; making a ^itirofn Z^\ '■ 7 "r gathered, weighed twenty 
 tree grows older, the fruirblom Is arger and filfo; "^ "^^^ '" ""^ ^^^^^^ ^« thl 
 one hundred pears less to fill the pfcl Tot j^t /irJl?/' ''^"^ 
 The increase in the size of the fruit is InS ^"^ tvventy-six years ago. 
 
 tree stands being frequently t^frsse'dthh^ '' ^'" ^^'^ "^ -'"^'» tlxe 
 
 pnl;nSrlS^^^-t^^^'^ ^-^iri- '- ^--^ «^ HerCrd," 
 glebe land of the parish of HoTLace/that nw ''''' ^''"^^'"g «» the 
 
 heads with perry ii\ the same year W^le^lhe branct.o" TZ^'^^''^ ^^^^^" '>«8^- 
 nal state, became long and lieavv tho r ow ^"'"*^*\^« "f this tree, in its origi- 
 ground, and, taking fresh roonr^.o '^'"^ ""''"^^ successively fell to the 
 
 branch' became a new"trera,cf in7ts turn nS"' '"l"'''. ^'^^^ ^""^'^^^ ^t, each 
 covering at that time nearirhaJf of an acr^^f H.r^ .^^^^^^^^ ^^"^« ^'^Y^ 
 
 the present state of this celebrated tree "observe Mr T ,"" ^'l"'''^"' '"^ '^'"""^ 
 
 . 
 
 i 
 
290 
 
 rVRUS COMMUNIS. 
 
 IPT* ' 
 
 Ml M 
 
 much further, had nature been left to !,or own operations. It is now not a n.,«r 
 er tlje s.ze .t once boasted; but it looks healthy and viRorou Zuvhen ?sa^" 
 t, It was covered wuh hixuriunt blossoms. The orieiiril tr . .1/ 1\T 
 ing; and there are young shoots which are onlv vo arm .tie . Tu""' 
 
 which seem nearly ready to take roo Tn t iC VZTn^ '•"" f'",'"'^' ^"^ 
 covered the vicara^, garci;n, ifit hXin iuo.ilrU^r^nf h'"^ id 'X. n^e 
 been in its greatest perfection about 1776 or 1777 There i^ another 1 fJ 
 same kind m the neighbonrhood,-yy.v./-«;v/, 1% 18, 18^6 " ' ''"' "^ '^'^ 
 
 ui^^^* Aess x iJi^^Sd hi^u^- -:^7^^^^^^ To? 
 
 hat part o he country, is generally considered as the best varietv to t hn tfo 
 standing in the neighbourhood of Jedburgh Abbev and in fini 1« f,"'''^''''^^' 
 
 The introduction of this fruit-tree into the North American colonies nrnhnhl,r 
 dates back to the early periods of their settlements. There arrarpresenteS^ 
 ngm this country, many aged trees, celebrated for the improved Excellence of 
 their fruit among which may be mentioned a venerrHe Zree standing nfthl 
 corner of the Third avenue and Thirteenth street, in the city of Nmv Y^rk It 
 is said to have been planted in about t!ie year 1( I16, by Peter Stuvvesim the, 
 governor of New Netherlands, and has been a living wLess of JSm i^es 
 Zn r r\ ^^fr-'SSl«« through which this city has passed, for a per od of S 
 rtho 1!K ^?r- "^''^'""^'^ ''' ^'•""'^ ^-^"d larger branches are Sly n aHc'd 
 
 \L?J, (■ \ r : >^ . ' ■'^'*^') '^ ^^ covered with a profusion of flowers It is 
 
 ^oil and Situation. The common pear-tree naturally renuires a drv .nil nn.l 
 
 'remand fe;;r'??/° ^r '^ ^ ^''^-^ ^^^^^^'-'^l beVrortTv^' ^should be 
 deep and fertile. It has been remarked that a somewhat clavev soil is more 
 
 quence of the resistance it offers to the larva) of insects, which a adU s fmft 
 leave.., and wood and which usually burrow below the surface to transform 
 The same remark, it is said, holds true with regard to the apple' th Z ntahi 
 ash, (Pyrus aucupana,) and other trees of this genus. " In reL^ec to siunt kn " 
 Mr. Loudon observes, "where the pear-tree is grown for ti2r or its effec in 
 landscape scenery it may either be planted at reg'dar distances as in an orHinr 1 
 m lines in a hedge-row, or in .scattered groups. The?e aS few tiees bet e^ 
 
 toZJV ^^'"^f^^^^^ "^ hedge-rows tlilin tie fastigia e-gro^^ 'g varTetfes of 
 he pear, because their roots descend pernendicularlv -md mn f nUr^ 
 nuerfere with the plough ; and the he'ads^'^tler fas^^^ 
 known from experience, do very little injury to pasture. If therefore fas fc^i',' 
 growing trees, producing excellent sorts of fru t were nhnted in .11 ZF 
 very great benefit would result to the proprietdrs'o7to tlf m b l " ^ ' ^ 
 
 Propagation and C^dture. The wild pear may be contirfued by seed ; but the 
 
 * See Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum, ii., p. 888. 
 
not a qiiar- 
 wlicti I saw 
 Uill romain- 
 groiitid, but 
 )lof('ly havo 
 <ai(l to have 
 r tree of the 
 
 what was 
 les VI., (of 
 s probably 
 ' which, ill 
 to plant for 
 nr yards in 
 
 poar-trees, 
 known to 
 
 /^hich wcro 
 most part, 
 have been 
 
 ix hundred 
 
 3, probably 
 !sent exist- 
 cellence of 
 ling at the 
 York. It 
 isant, then 
 ic changes 
 
 1 of nearly 
 ly marked 
 iiit, and at 
 'ers. It is 
 
 at a yard 
 
 r soil, and 
 should be 
 1 is more 
 in conse- 
 c its fruit, 
 ransform. 
 mountain 
 ituation," 
 s effect in 
 I orchard, 
 :'es better 
 irieties of 
 •re, never 
 ling, it is 
 astigiate- 
 liedges, a 
 
 ; but the 
 
 COMMON PEAR-THEK. 
 
 291 
 
 other trees. For the poorer so iv "f ''•"'" ''"'"""' ''^'"^ ^''"'"'" ''<" ^^V'oral 
 
 the medlar, and soverKl^, of ;rT, L,f '^^^^^^^^^^ -stocks of the wild pear, 
 
 best, on account of their'hadil nf M ,^''''''; "'"'''>^' "'"'^ """"?'" ^^ ^e 
 good soils, or where the near isTob.'. r ul i "'"' /'"'" *''^P"'-''^"cc, that, on 
 tree and the fruit wil grow argor w L m^ "^." '"'''-'^-' »>""' ^he 
 
 orous-growing variety Such Zrl. ) "" "'"'^'^ '« '' seedhng-pcar of some vig- 
 than the wild tnies thoud t nv fon^l """7 ^'''^ '''""''^ ''"'"'' '"'« ''^•'"•'"g 
 
 If grafted on the lo'k Sf uZuni 7" '" n "'''7 ""^ '""^'^^'^y "'' »'''' ^^ees^ 
 or any species of\s„fiuJ'Trnr^^^ "''f""'.' '''^ "'"■■"' ""' mnnntain ash, 
 en ^JenLille. a , no ^ much • ZteTnrnr^ be obtamed, which u.ay be trained 
 IS Aso becoming common nthrit^SS^ ^'^"^"P^. «'»l 
 
 well on the common hawthorn but i f ?. crrlr! V''^^'" ^•""'^^ remarkably 
 
 not form a very saf "^u ^ ' b « Vll K ""' "^'ic H.uh^r ground, it does 
 
 increases faster^than tSof the stock f^^r'n' 'f !''« |^i«"^«'«r of the scion 
 When the graft, however is n ade cTo ol'f, ''^'^'« ^"/"^ ^lown otf by the wind, 
 face, the stock swells in neadvS .nn ^ F''""''' .^'' '^''"'^"^'j^ '^'^'"^^ if« s»r- 
 
 little danger of he tree bc.n7blmv ^Z I^'""^"'"":?" «« "'« «^i"", and there is but 
 erable ag^e. Whenever tl e IrafZ ;ar7of Ttrl f "?' "^[''^"'^'I'S ^« ^ '^""^i^" 
 distance below the surface ot^ the soil L ^'''' '""^' ^''^^ ^""^'^ ""^ ««mc 
 
 roots, which acquire in Zi the soil, the scion or upper part throws out new 
 
 primitive stock S;.allvbecon,e T " ^'^T "']^ ''^'^"«"'' '^'^' '^'^'^ oH the 
 {he future tree ^^'.^^h f^ '' ns h^if ^^ ""? '''T ^""^ ^''« nourishment of 
 oecupyiug a soil not wel aZted 'to tho r '™'f' ''"^^.^'''^^ advantage to trees 
 should assist in the operation Khofl '^"S'^^'^y «'' V'S«"r> i" which case, art 
 "Revue Horticole 'Xa. shfid ''^/"""T'?,^,,"^^'^""^'-' ^^'^i^^h we quote from the 
 
 New Yc>rk:_^At\le liSf nlanti^^^^ ''-''''''y^ ^' Newburgh 
 
 (o^v inches below tl e su ^ce oft soif • vl '''^^^ ^'''^' '^""'^ '^« "'^^''^^^ a 
 at the time when tl.o ,W„ r ' *^^" '^'' '^""'^^ V^-^rs afterwards **** 
 
 the oarrsV;dTbfretrS;'tl"UVo7;?h7'^ ""'^'^ '^ "•^"^"y "' J"'^. 
 ing of the graft; after wh elf ste^MnciltSf' n 'k '" '^^V '^''^^^ ^'^« ^^^^^''" 
 
 quarter of the bark shoui ue or b r moTi T, ' V"''"''T^ '. ^"^S"^*^'" ^'''-^^ ^ 
 ately covered with the richest soiPoZZn-M '''''""'^' ''^""'^^ ^'« "^"'^^i- 
 
 fresh loam, well mixed a e i,f niv onh L I '"'""'^^^^ ^« three-fourths of 
 
 one or two shovel fUoTVlsfuxt rnVJ'^ )v"' '"'^ '''" ^'^'"^I''^^' application; 
 out a large quantitv of roots Ivl^fT J ''f'^'^^'} '" cause the tree to throw 
 tl>o life of tile trSc/iiri g a'c^,^ d^r.tr ti\l^ ' "o:";r "i^^"-' -*'> --tain 
 remarks, that, "generally sneaking if .Vni" '"' '"^J'^*'^' ^'- ^^owuing 
 
 severaliuchcs lower thaHtTool? dangerous practice to plant a trel 
 
 stock and graft. M^nrt ee wo d In?. [f7^'' '? "r '" '"^^ '^'' ""'"" "^ 'he 
 unless speedily re-estab[isl[ed o.7tTe Lew ^io ' 'Buttk""^''' '"^'' ^'■"'^'"^^"^' 
 lent mode of grafting that obvinfo<rn f m., wr . this suggests a very excel- 
 oonsidered the mos %e ffct of a r^ill ^^'^^^f.^'^y- ^"^ ^''ich may iudeed be 
 rool, mstead of the wE s oek irTuS Jl^^^ of grafting on ;,/..,. of the 
 and grafting considerably teow tl\c (?ce Th'i"' ''"'^'^ ''"'^' ''. '^'' ^''«^' 
 extent by many American nurservmon [n i u^ "''''' practised to some 
 
 carried turther wi.rs TccL as rre Von7"''%"^ '^" "^^''"' ^"^^^ ^' '^^Sht be 
 haps, generally take pTce ^itrou! assS^^^ '' ^""^'^ ^^ "^^"'^^^ --"^' P- 
 
 I 
 
292 
 
 PYRUS COMMirNW. 
 
 
 By . ii 
 
 thos.. „(• a |.o„r..r soil n.ay !»• mu-\ZsVr^^^ '•'"': »'"' 
 
 aro found to succeed even at a disfmr.. ,.C « I ,• ^ r '""" '" ""' ground, 
 
 abiirulant crops. '""''' **' *'"" '*' ^'^'^ '''•'I "I-art, uiul produco 
 
 nnd';;i;;dT\.at,lii''of Ustiwlh' 'tel.'''""""^' '^ '""^" ^^"" ^''^ '"^^ 
 rroin iMKls at the extrem .y oHir ^t v r's lio.';,'"' "T '•"["'"""'/ Produced 
 
 J l.c rate of grovvlh of the cultivated near-tree in l^-if\i is rn^J . rLl . 
 average, as Iroui two to three feet per a muun for he i ;V iv V^T ' " "^^ 
 
 HiiiiiiiiiiSifpi 
 
 Iruit, and (he discolouratioti of tlie hark of one or , „,.• • r\ v I ''V,, , . 
 the immediate death of the nn,T.Xp.n?1 r ^^ '"" '""^'^' '""owed by 
 
 -^1 ^ -^z- - - '/- .1 "!^ P'\'t affected, t rom a communication in the fifth 
 
 volume of the "New llticd^nd a/, nnV i. .. cornmumcation in the fifth 
 
 in Massachttsetts, i Ippoar; t ll m',! I ''' ''"'' ' f ^'. ''?^^^"' °'' ^^^^^'^'Y' 
 named by ProfesU Vek AV A / '"^'^'^,^, '^ ^'"^"^^^^ ''7 tl'C larv:e of an insect 
 
 ..,0 an„,i„, .,p,,;,:::;,,t;'' :;;■; ,7;,:.. J^^^^:^!:,:ncr' "■™-'' 
 
 root of a 
 
 bud. 
 
 '--> consumes 
 
 ig the course 
 ,1 n ■ ' — "' " ...11V.U 11 passes, and part of 
 
 or ,»;,,.» nod, circular b,M™:r„r;a",Sf"[,„r""";i^^^ '"r" t""""" 
 
 neoole;,,, ,„„ „ear..vood.. coJ,.o,i^ .irpW^l'^ii/'jLT^.rrr:™^''';?; 
 
mil rccjiiircs 
 )ils, the (IJM- 
 ty f('<it; and 
 ■i, trniiK'd iri 
 
 111(1 prodiico 
 
 iVlio do not 
 y prodiictMl 
 ro (d'toii cut 
 and causes 
 vood. For 
 and plum, 
 rctnov" all 
 lit. 
 
 L'red, oil an 
 I yoars; in 
 lius, it will 
 n inclios in 
 Ml ruble cir- 
 irpasses it. 
 ■s Mr. Lou- 
 wind; nor 
 5 of insects, 
 lere to tlie 
 icale, there 
 uives; but 
 ntives and 
 Rosacea), 
 species of 
 id in close 
 icni to fall 
 s? the airi- 
 i thinning 
 arc some- 
 ' {Dorcus 
 ard-nioth, 
 the pear- 
 r those of 
 lit, beech, 
 
 ic W/.f'-/,/, 
 '?ivcs and 
 lowed by 
 
 the fifth 
 [ioxbnry, 
 111 insect, 
 
 through 
 )f a bud, 
 10 course 
 1 part of 
 Iburnum 
 Iviiitting- 
 nd. By 
 
 COMMO>f PKAR-TREB. 
 
 993 
 
 d;!^<~d ti:;.^::;^!:::^:!;^ o^"Thi:tr' t-' i'- r^'"^'"« «"P' «- 
 
 of the .afr»o^„hor^ ... 1 '^ '"'*''^ >''"'''' ^'*"'" "'" iiicreasiuL' hout 
 
 rg an c" ,J,e/fl±'?" "" ^'''""'"' '^""«P"-"""" '>-'" the U-ave^s, renders a 
 
 w u . • l.ll "^ T^' ii<><'o.s,sary to supply the evaporation. For tlio 
 
 h^, ; o d'panuir:!"''''"^^ '-^'r' '•'' ^^''"'" "•"- •'^''"•^'' » >• ' 
 
 s Lh, Th . nr ' """'.' 'y ^^"•r"'"'^ ""fl P<'nsh..,s, d,Min« the intense heat of the 
 Ues in tiJ ttom'";- M '"'■''. '"■" '^'""«'" "• '"'f'"^' "'"' ^"'-'-l-n.tly to lit tie bee" 
 
 .».s h, c„,,i,„ „,r ,1,0 bi„s„,i i„„irw,„;;i;,'."s',' ,'^ ■ . t :;n':,:;','^;,r; 
 
 ulKntio,, „| discnsc; otherwise Ihe mnMy will be „,,,,|i,a ,„,. ile o ov n 
 the dispersion ol the insects ainons other trees • ' ' I'leielit 
 
 wh'^ir p:oS^? ;n:;£rrzi;;,rx^;: ^x^i-^-;:; stS'^ 
 
 the tips of the fore-wiiigs is a bro,ul, ,h,rl< h„ i,l J, 1,^ v tli ^pi'^rv tmK Tl!e 
 
 .ret^?^:!:^^=i;i„^!:^rrSi:;^;:i-.tr^^^^^ 
 
 our article on the Ulmus americana ■ also a species of barl lo se (clcZs**** *\ 
 occurring in considerable numbers, in two dlderent fo ud sizes a .uU.ere tl 
 
 Ihoso of the largest size are less than a tenth of an inch in length aidTsen hip 
 n their form the common oyster-shell, being broad at the SiC o.'d ind 
 mpermg towards the other, which is surmounted by a little ova biwn.^li^cn^^^^^^^ 
 The small ones which are about half of the length of th large' ^4 are of a 
 very long oval shape, or almost four-sided, rounded at the ends wit > one ex t rem 
 ity covered by a minute, oval, dark-coloured scale. Fo a Cripion ot the 
 
 he!;7o t: If, '"^""""'"^?"' ^''^ '''"^"^ ''' '^^'^'^ '^ '»>« remark d 
 lucui ot Insects," m our article on the orange. 
 
 sm th\wMo%f ^'^'l Pf ^-.tr^^« ^^re particularly subject to the attacks of the gold- 
 smith beetle, {Areoda lamgera, Hams,) and the larvie of the slug-tlv (lilnZ- 
 c«m^« m-«.v,) the latter of which is cfescribed under the head of ''Ace ets 
 &c.,' m our article on the common cherry-tree ^vcciuents, 
 
 jyperties and Uses. The wood of the common pear-tree is heavv stron- 
 compact of a fine grain, and slightly tinged with red.^ In conino with tli U 5 
 al the Rosacea,, it is liable to have its natural colour changed ly steep nl in 
 water, which, therefore, ought to be avoided, when intend,.,! for frti X nur 
 poses in the arts. When green, it weighs nearly oighty ^ n s , a c ii Inc tW) t" 
 and from forty-nine to fifty-three pounds, when dry! A^coSg to Dn llame!; 
 
 » See Harris" Report on the Insects of Massachusetts, pp. 75, 7G. f H'iJ- p. 233. 
 
294 
 
 PYRUS COMMUNIS. 
 
 S£J 
 
 engraving, such as large plans or d Lmn s. ow hSi. l""' '^' '""'"^^'^ '^'"^« ^^ 
 purpose. When it can be obtained [nEumnP.t' ^"'i '^ '^'J'^' ^ ^^^^^ g««d 
 pattern-makers; also for ioiners' tools nnP ' I ' '""^^"sed by turners and 
 sometimes made into varois articles Vw' hi ' ''^" '"''^^'j^ '^'^ ^^'-^'^^d, it is 
 fuel, the wood of this tree"s exce lont^n .'''''' '" ""'^'-^t'on of ebony As 
 accompanied by an intenL h at AS;uPL\t"^^^ "^"^ durable 'flame, 
 
 low dye, and may be employed to imnnr f .?r^^^^^ f 
 
 the most importaJu uses V\he pea t^ree are Zf "^"f '' ^^'''. ^'"^^^^- ^^'^ 
 When ripe, it is employed at the table T; . i ! '''^''^^' '''"'*' ^'"""^ i<s fruit, 
 served in syrup, and' orcasronlny f : Sed hi'tS " I^. "T' f r'^' '^^ P^^' 
 Avhere U grows, this fruit is very Lnerillv driorl in "'°'\°^ *''^ countries 
 
 state, when stewed, it is excel enfeitho/n ^''"'' ?' ^" ^'^^ «"»' i" ^''"ch 
 
 or as forming part of tl^e dessert ' In t S ^V '''^''''}]'' f«r puddings' and pies, 
 Jished in 18lK it is st ted t a pe. s ? F^"''^'"" ^T''. ^'Agriculture," fub^ 
 family use, by putting th^m into an ovci? ^JT'l f' "^'''"^ '^ ^^^^y«>-one, for 
 withdrawn, either on bricks or on r^H 'fi "V*"^"'^ P'^'''^' ^^^^'^ ^^e bread is 
 in two, thr^e, ana eveTCr ' m s aclord S^^^ "' '^^^^^^^ '^'^^^ -« P"^ 
 
 heat contained in the oven. The oiX tl, L ' ''""' ^^'^ ^° *^"^ ^^§^^6 of 
 
 see tliat the oven is not so hot afto burn ?' "'''^'^7 /« ^^ observed, are, to 
 so long as to become hard Meltin° sZrv P'^'"'.^"^ '\^' ^^^^ ^'^ ""^ left in 
 for this purpose; and when nronpflvS "^VY^ "" '"'^^'""^ «^^«' ^^^^ ^he best 
 dry place, for seVeral veais %^olU ^""'"^i ^^'^^ '^'^^^ ^« ^^^pt in bags, in a 
 fruit sold in boxes at th^shops wl for 'tT' "'"'^'' '' '^'''' "^^^ ^"^^ P^^P^nng the 
 sidered the best. ' They nS be ll ft r^H '7.^^"'^°'"?' ''''^''' ^"^^'^ P'^^fs are con- 
 taken to preserve their's^m . Vfey ar'e the ^nn H '^ T '^"^^^ ''^'' ^"'^ ^'-^^^ 
 peeled, and placed on dishes, with tlfe steti^K,.^^^ 
 
 syrup runs from them, which must bec-irlTll-? 1 «• " "' '^''^^' ^ ^^"^ «^' 
 are next placed on raised francs nn,^ IZ l^ ^''"'''^ ""^^ '^"^ set aside. They 
 withdrawn, or heatei to a s mila dLrU"'^ T ?7'\ ""^'^^ ^^e bread has been 
 which they are taken out anHeeped if/rvnin sw/pt *''T ''r'^' '^'^"^^^ ^^'^^ 
 there have been added a little ci namo m."i ' "^^^^ened with sugar, to which 
 brandy. The pears, when take "rof'tlpf' ^"^ ^ '"'^" ^"^"^'^^ ^^ ^^^ best 
 which should not be made qu te so hot asTf 7J''^.\ "'^ "^"'" P'^^*^^ ''^ ^'^^ °^«". 
 of alternately steeping and rym^are rep US . in. r'' '™'-. ^he operations 
 putting the pears, for the fourth t imp inTf. • ^'T'' ^"^ ^''^ finished by 
 they are quite dry; when, if ^Se he" n^' ''^'"i ^"^^ ^'^^'^'S them there tiU 
 clear, pale-brown,\Vith fn e tra shiceTfle h 't7''''^ ""T''^' ^'^^^^ ^^^^^ ^e of a 
 garnished with white paper S ken in L T ^"'^ ^^""^ ^'l?» '-arranged in boxes, 
 will remain good, in this sta e fn H. ^ P'u'^'^'' ^'^ "^^^^^^ i"'' «ale. Thev 
 
 year.* AnotLr pmpose t:^:^iS 1 r;eir[s\tL'r •T^''^"'^^ 
 IS extensively cultivated for this obieet K PP '^' ''/""' '"^^^'"S perry. It 
 Germany, wLre the trees are somi'tte J^^ZTll """^f^' '^^^"^ ' ^^^ 
 yards apart, in order to admit a freeTecess 0? ifh n.T "'^ o'''" «^' ''"''''y 
 the same manner as cider. The pears shnrM ? ?. "^ ^''i /^'""y ^« "^^^e in 
 fall, and should be ground as ooHtei ^s isibfe ^'h'^ u^T '^'^ ^^'S"^ ^« 
 sufficiently clear, when racked off t mn Un l^'^T , ^^°"'** ^''<^ P^^^^y not be 
 fying cider, by isinglass, in tt^^^ ' oS'^f ^^^^^^^^ "«"^' "tanner o'f clari- 
 
 The kinds of pears used for ^^^.'^^^l^Lt^^S!^^,^:;^ ^^ ^ 
 
 * See Nouv, Cours d'A^r vii r, 1 ir. it , . 
 
 A^r., xii., p. UG ■ also Loudon's Arboretum, ii., p. 883, 
 
be employed 
 ) that of the 
 It, and when 
 ser kinds of 
 
 a very good 
 
 turners and 
 tained, it is 
 ebony. As 
 rable flame, 
 afford a yel- 
 ;loths. But 
 m its fruit, 
 ved, or pre- 
 le countries 
 n, in which 
 ?s and pies, 
 ture," pub- 
 s, — one, for 
 he bread is 
 ley are put 
 e degree of 
 7ed, are, to 
 
 not lei't in 
 re the best 
 
 bags, in a 
 paring the 
 rs are con- 
 , and care 
 ttle water, 
 
 a kind of 
 le. They 
 
 I has been 
 urs; after 
 
 to which 
 f the best 
 the oven, 
 operations 
 iiished by 
 
 there till 
 
 II be of a 
 in boxes, 
 ?. They 
 t the first 
 erry. It 
 nee, and 
 1" twenty 
 
 made in 
 
 begin to 
 y not be 
 of clari- 
 
 L barrel, 
 as have 
 
 COMMON PEAR-TREE. 
 
 295 
 
 Ps:^"'r^^e;;^l-V;U^^^ the; Barl..d," the << Huf^cap,'' 
 
 by the Romans, as an antidote to the eS of el^Z""' ^ '"''' ''T ^^^^^deSd 
 up to the present time, perry is said to hP tf?o i . ^ poisonous mushrooms; and 
 for the same purpose. ' In Britain and F^^n! '' '"'"''fe '^'^' "^'^ ^^ employed 
 mixture of crab-apples and pea s which "Miri ^.f'""^'' '^"'" '^ "^^^^^ ^^^"^ ^ 
 Pears, in general, Vroduceflatidcncv and rnn o '"?!' ^'^"^^'''V^ called p/y„.//,. 
 achs ; but when tl/ey are quhe rinc a\id c^^^^ "^'^ ""^'^ ^""^ weak stom- 
 
 noxious, unless eateii to excess "" "'""'^ J"^*^^' ^^^^^ ^^^'^om prove 
 
 ^^^^^v:.^;'^^;^''^ SouS ;;-v^^°"^•°v'- ^-- - 
 
 open, dry situation, for about ten dws thnLt 'f" ^f ^'''P^ '" '^'^^Ps, i" an 
 
 lastly packed up close from t^^e ^JarT^ZZo " iL%'T ^^-\'«"5'' ^h- --^ 
 greatest perfection, small earthen iars mav bo fo]^.; i I ^° H^^P ^''^ ^"""^^ '» its 
 wh.clj should be packed sepiratS^ HlL'n tat I'-Tff f '''"' 'i'^'' P^"^' 
 
 tied down with oiled i)aner or skin nni^^ oat chaff or wheaten bran, then 
 These jars should then^ be pacLed i ' a ctr ?l' f'^ ''^''' '''''^' ^^'^^ ^' P'tch. 
 with their bottoms upwards whore fhov «.?n I'l '^' •"' '""^'^ ^^'^^^^ ^^^'^'^ P^ace, 
 
 From their picturesque forms a weiZ.srelnT""/?^ IT^''"^ ^'' "-• 
 several varieties of the pear-t^ee are annmnr?n^ k-^ °^ '''"!' ^^"''«"'« ^»d ir"it, 
 Those particularly worthy of cultmefo^Z. f^'""'' V,^ ^^"dscape gardening 
 of first-rate excellence, ai/the ' Be rrl Di^^^^^^^^^^^ rf ''•^" .^-^, ^'^^ P^'^^'^i^g f^it 
 the " Elcho," and the " Swnn'« Fell" I- ''^ Benvie,'' the " Golden K nan " 
 
 Lady," and^'Pot Meg," rorSSlarE? ^"'•/-"^^'^' f°™« i the " Buslfed 
 "Glout Morceau," the ''Bezi de la Mono i "?a ''^ Z ^""""^ '^^ «^ns," the 
 the " Monarch," 'tho ''SeS " the <^AnH: '^^^, ^T.'«^"'" the " Dunnore." 
 considerations. ' "''' ^"^"^^^^s/' and the ''Bartlett," for other 
 
Pyriis malus, 
 THE COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Pyrns mains, 
 
 Pomier commiin, 
 
 Gemeiner ApCelbaum, 
 
 Melo, 
 
 Manzano, 
 
 Maceira, 
 
 lablon, 
 
 jipple-tree, 
 
 ( LiNN^us, Species Plaiitarum. 
 
 j Ue Candolle, Prodromus. 
 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum 
 
 rRANCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Britain and AwaLo- America, 
 
 Descriplioji. 
 
 "The fra-rant stores, the wide projected heaiia 
 Of apples, which the lusty handed yea "''"' 
 Inmirnerous ,,'or the hluahiii? orchard shakes • 
 A varinns .spirit, fre.li, delicious, keen ' 
 
 nwcils >„ their gelid |x,res; and active, points 
 The piercing cider for the thirsty tonsiie." 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 sta e, when young, is generally more 
 or less furnished with spines, wliich 
 gradually disappear, as it advances in 
 age; when growing wild, however, in 
 a very fertile soil, this tree, as well as 
 the crab, and the common hawthorn 
 sometimes occurs without thorn-s TTnri«.. r , , . 
 
 attains a height of thirty or for y fe^ t th'^trm^f circumstances, it usually 
 inches m diameter. The trunk is natuTa v Vn] a ^'°'? T ^°°^ ^'^ ^^S'^teen 
 young generally take a horizomal diSon ^bn w ' ' Ti^ /''" ^^"ch««- when 
 pendulous. The diameter of the h nd Ts oftn \ ""^'S ''^'>^ '^'""^P «'' become 
 
 tree,-its growth, in this re pect bein^ ou, e diffn'^' r '"" \'^^ '^^'S''^ «^ »'»« 
 which is lofty and upright, while^lm ff H o n, 'f ^''^'^/'''^t of the pear, 
 
 leaves of the apple are comi; Vwlr i iprStion ^ '^^'^ 
 
 ously serrated, and somewhat mcfre ha.rv nd ih "' '"" ^T^''^' '"^^^ «bvi- 
 
 tlic pear. Their vascular system to^sVe I dTffo! ""^^••"f^t'^ tl^^n those of 
 and very close in the pear. Hence the TeTvcs of hT.'.'"^ ''''''^ "^ ^''« ^-^PP'e, 
 more permanent than those of he forrne^ Th^ '"'n ^"? "^"^h stouter ind 
 the 20th of November, five weeks late^nt' N.n ^ 'f^^ ^^^"' "^ England, by 
 York. The blossoms of the apn L are tiLWlM' '"f "" "'«"tl^ earlie*^- at Nel 
 those of the pear are of a pure wliitn nff ' ''"^' ^"^ ^'^ fragrant; while 
 
 Naples by the" 2()tli of Mar I a mCl\ l^r'm F^-, V''^ "^"^''^ '-^PP^- -' 
 Perth Amboy; but not in Swed^ntfoie H flJ W ut"'w^rf^"?'r"i'^^^^ ^' 
 
 u! .lunc. liie fruit of the apple 
 
COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 297 
 
 ini. 
 
 licum, vi., pi, 173 
 s in corymbs. 
 
 t usually 
 eigliteen 
 Gs, when 
 I" become 
 lit of the 
 he pear, 
 g- The 
 sss obvi- 
 tliose of 
 le apple, 
 Iter, and 
 land, by 
 at New 
 .; while 
 )pcar at 
 later at 
 le apple 
 
 "ly Sca^^e^^t^ Jh? £s :?r '; T^r r ^^^^^^- ^^« ^pp^^ i« g-r. 
 
 texture, less astringenrii ^Lre add^ ha^tfe "' ''''/P''^ ^ ^^^'^^ 
 
 may vary ni shape, size cobnr tist i. k ^ f' ^^ereas, the latter, which 
 and lengthened oi t'at the base ' The^nni;^ ""'^'^T' ^^ 8^"^^^"^ ^'0"vex, 
 It to the peduncle, ten of wSi ./. ?^^ ''f '^^"''^^ ''^'"^^^s passing through 
 i"g towa/ds the calyx and t saW thS tho^f '^?r''^ '"'^""^ the^apsules, tend 
 The pear also has ihese read? W i /'"" "^""""^y^ ^^^en these are broken 
 
 which prevails in riany o the'^^r jes'anf esneV?'l,'""'"^^^ S"">^ -^""r 
 
 of the two fruits are likewise differentlv shanrrF n ^ "' T'l"^ P''^'^" '^'^^ ^«''« 
 and ponucd at both ends; wlXhi the ne^? fhn, ^'^°^*^"^ ^he apple are narrow, 
 and drawing to a point at\he oenliVof the fnuj^ ''' '^'^'''' ^'^""^ ^^^^^iorly, 
 
 by the British and AngloAScanr '?nIHvnf^^^^ 
 
 French, "pommiers doux/' or^' nommiors T i^^^^^^^ apple-trees," a.id by the 
 only derived from the wild appleTcmb of pT^^'k f^''^ ^^ ^''^"^ ^'e not 
 ria and Astrachan As it is m fprl,?^^ ' m ^"'^^P^' but from the crabs of Sibe- 
 sorts to the wild forrn^ ro,rwlShT:t^;eV^^^ 
 very doubtful to us whetherle wild cr-^brn^^^^ 
 
 Asia, and of North America, a fsi^^cificaHv distin;^'^'' i""''^'''" ''^"^ ''^''^'^ 
 only as varieties of the PyrusmalusAVVnlV''^ u^^'' considered them 
 to this mode of classification Ts it dpvi.lt f ""T ^^'^ objections will be made 
 authority. Those, howeTe?' who differ Snm''"' ''^'^' '' ^^"^idered as established 
 in recognizing the nan^Ifas given b^Der.H n T'T' '^''' ^""^ "« difficulty 
 be enabled to^know undeV wlKead^ty^:rfde:cr^b"^' "^' ^^'"^' ^"^ ^^"' 
 tree; Pm^a::^^^^^JZ^'-;^^^P^^ or Com.non European Crab, 
 apfdbaxnn, of the Giermans aS i/.^ !T • ^""7^^^^ ^^ ^be French; Holz- 
 a native of woods and wav'-J^Ses tn Fnfnnf ' f '^^ ^^" '^"■^- ^'^'^^ ^^n is 
 acute, crenatcd leaves, gSous e'ven w J ' '^''^- ^^ ^'"°^^^" '^^ ^^^ o^^t^. 
 
 The llowers occur in cSviZ ?nd Z v^"""^',^''' '' ^^^^ *"be of the calyx^ 
 «ub-varieties, with sour 1 u rcc^mmonlv cTlfo^ ■ ? ^' S'"^°''^' '''^^^ ^^ ma^ny 
 mcs d ridre in France ' ''^"""""'^ ^'^"cd c«/./- «;,;,/e,. m Britain, and ;.o«i 
 
 dolle, Torrey and Gray, and Loudon • Mains 
 <^^^a,oi MichauxrPomm/.. sllJgt'Z 
 
 be trench; and Amcrikanischer Holzanfd- 
 ^««//^ of the Germans. This variety is Tna. 
 nye of North America, from Canada^to Lmds- 
 
 a a, and was mtroduccd into Britain in 1724 
 where it is common in collections, and has also 
 been naturalized. It is found i i\ fertile soils 
 m cool, moist places, near the borders of wood ' 
 where it usually grows to a height of fiiteen to 
 eighteen feet, with a trunk six or seven inches 
 m diameter, and under very favourable cir 
 cumstances, it sometimes attains nearly double 
 these dimensions. In some parts of m-itain 
 as at White Knights, and at Pepper Ha row 
 
 Sirwn^nt''"'"^^ ^' /'-'^^ ^^^^^^^^^ naturalized fn 
 the woods; and plants of various ages are 
 
 found Wild, which have sprung up from seeds! 
 
 III 
 
 n 
 
^' U 'I 
 
 S98 
 
 PYRWS MALUS. 
 
 fiiitif;;" 
 
 race The leaves are broadly ovate rounrlp/lfn''^ ^"''^^"'"^ "^ ^^e species or 
 on the upper surface, and when fuf; deveSeS .rP ]■'?' ^Vbangnlatef smooth 
 young, they have a bitter, and sliXlv aromfn. . f "^'^^T^^V toothed. While 
 that, with the addition of sug^r fey Lur^ ^ '^'''^ '^*^^r" ^ichaux thinks 
 ers, which put forth in March Apri7andM.?/ an agreeable tea. The flow- 
 change to a purplish hue befor7they ?all %'hpl' '"'"'' ^' ^'''' ^"^^ Sr^<^^^ny 
 corymbs, with smooth peduncles; a Jd during tL\'f """'^ '"'^'' ""^ ''''^' ^^ 
 fume the whole air with the scent of vinIPfr^Pvr^°°"'L"^ "^'^^^'i' they per- 
 an mch to an inch and a halt'rdiamee of a £n ^'"\' '' ^^''^ orbiculate, ffom 
 occurs in September, and gradLnrbecom/s mmiZf "^ '"'P^' ^^hich 
 
 lucent, with age. It is of a firm tovt^frT T ^^"'''''' ''"^ somewhat trans- 
 been employed'in themanifLfu.^ofS'ardrth^ '1^' "^^. ^^^^^^ ««'"«^i'"- 
 he add.tton of sugar equivalent to it oZ'wotl tZ^'f^^ "^ P''^-'^''^^^' ^^^h 
 been made of uniting this tree, by grafUne ZuluL ..^"^^««f»' experiments have 
 but the time is so long in brinsinfk to nnl .^"^'^"'g' ^^'th the common apple; 
 can be derived from such a mion n T.f h "' '^''^ ""^ Particular advantage 
 and valuable varieties might be obtainer frnl " !l'§S^^t«d, however, that new 
 flowers with the pollen of he vieomu ^^^^^ '^''^' P^^^^^^d by fertilizing the 
 crabs. Setting aLe all o it coS;?Z 'Tl K^f '^T*^ «^ ^^e Siberian 
 
 acter of its leaves, the fragrance of i?.h?n.' ^ree, from the beautiful char- 
 
 their appearance, ^nd the deei .reen and deZf' '7f''' T^' '^' ^^'«"««« oi 
 
 -,-^.>//«;orLTrndollt'C^^^^^^^^ ^-^ ^^r^-^-/ Pyrns 
 
 variety ,s also a native of No th America i.fn,7'l f ""^n"' ^"'^ ^'^^^••«- ™^ 
 lana ; flowers in March and AprH m'rdtfe from H^'"" ^'^"f y'^ania to Louis- 
 narrower leaves, much smaller and 1™ ^r V P^^^^ding race, in having 
 branches, and in being sub-everereen wllh i ' ^^^^-^"'^"'ed and speckled 
 
 Bntam m 1758 ; and, according to fc KnU^somc oft",,- ' T"' '""■■"1™'=<1 ""o 
 Inm were produced from oultivlted 01,01^.; £,,,,lTi lu '".""f ™"«'cs raised by 
 He found that the nrosenv forr^eSS 1 fecundated with the blossoms of this tree 
 
 .':ey produced earLt'^rCe'l™ d^flav'^oS tr"?r?"'r "'""'''• ="'" ''"' 
 acuminate, serrated and ^hhrnnc tr "^^''"'^e,^ '""t- The leaves are ovate 
 
 calyx glabrous; the stylls^ra't tSe^P^'s/'"' W ^'"^^^^^^^ ^^e tube of Ui^ 
 The fruit is sub-globose, of a yefowish coiof; """/T"' "' '""§ ^' ^^^ ^^amens. 
 5. P. M. BACCATA. The BenTuZf v 7 /' ^"'^ ''^ ""^ ^"^'ere taste. 
 
 differs from tlL pSi g'^n in t^^ ^''^f ^ ^^.^ I^ahuria, and ^ly 
 
 ety originated tie culti^a?ed ''cherry C aV''^r'snrrV'^ ^^'■"^'" '^'^ ^-^i- 
 
 J^nc^es, bearing an abundance ofl^.^ ^^l^^^^^^J^^^ 
 
 and Lo,iro?casiSly tt^eTful^^^^^^^^ ""Vi '"''^^ ^' ^^ ^-dolle 
 oval, serrated, and tome.Lse beneath teflowf.^^^^^ ^"'"P"' ^'^ ^^^^^^ ^^e 
 the sexes dioecious by defect he rnlvv * ' "^ "l^^y ^"stanceo, solitary; 
 
 iength of the sepals; Jnd /he sVles are'gbbrou?''"' "" ^^'^^^ '"--' «f ^f^e 
 
 CandolIe'nd^LoilT^h^^fottfSto^^^^^^^^^ ^^''"^ «-^''--"--' ^^ De 
 leaves are oval-oblong, acute, JSllTdVil^f; Srd:"pireti\Xw^^^^^^ tl!: 
 
)ut thirty feet 
 the species or 
 iilate, smooth 
 Ihed. While 
 chaux thinks 
 • The flow- 
 nd gradually 
 md occur in 
 •n, they per- 
 iculate, from 
 I ripe, which 
 nvhat trans- 
 s sometimes 
 serves, with 
 i meats have 
 imon apple ; 
 c advantage 
 ■r, that new 
 rtilizing the 
 the Siberian 
 utiful char- 
 lateness of 
 t, is a most 
 
 ee; Pyrm 
 ers. This 
 a to Louis- 
 i, in having 
 d speckled 
 ether with 
 
 »*; Pynis 
 duced into 
 s raised by 
 )f this tree. 
 s, and that 
 are ovate, 
 ibe of the 
 3 stamens. 
 
 ^; Pyrns 
 and only 
 this vari- 
 drooping 
 arge 
 
 COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 )! a 
 
 Candolle 
 
 3aves are 
 
 solitary; 
 
 r, of the 
 
 a, of De 
 lan. Its 
 '^here the 
 
 f ", ;!'':,.™"„^l'™chy head, ^i^'^XJ^}/"^?^-'' _ <^'-K. a 
 
 nerves are 
 
 midrib. Fium mis race oriffimfp,! tj',„ ""V.-" "" i"""^ sugnny aownv on the 
 mednim-sized tree, with a Erhi h ^'^^^"^''^••^'ed "Red Astrach.n Crab ''a 
 a fine bloom, like Ihat of thrpiS.^!f^^^^ b^armg a bright-red fruit, covered^vith 
 rent Crab," of Moscow , tSl ' . ,"*^ ^^ite Astrachan," or " TranTna 
 branches tending rpw:;:ds^ w":n"yrng"f„cl V^^ A^^T^'^^' --'""'?«" 
 Its fruit IS of a wax colour a!mosM,nni' . ^ft^^v^ards becoming pendulous 
 
 From the preceding fo L U mav be TS"'' ^"'^ '"^i''"'^^ ^^"^ a fine bloom 
 tivated for tlie dessert or the kSn h ^v,^'"''""'^^' ^^at all the apples cul- 
 from seedlings, or from Ir^lZnllhor^'^^^^^^^^ by Sections 
 
 varieties, at present known amoumt; lo ^ ^e number of varieties and sub- 
 of whicl. have been collecKZ gard"^ S"^' ""''^'^ bundled 
 
 and distinct sorts are being added evervvonrH" Horticultural society, 
 
 Sro'' r^.'^^ ••^P""^^ becoming 2rrmultinlior'r- ^'^'^ ^^^^^'^^^ are lo 
 within oinr limits, to present an arcmmt nf T ^ "^' '^ '^ impossible for us 
 names. This branch if know'edi h "ever fn'"' °' "^'^" ^^ enumerate the'; 
 practical horticulture ; and one offhe ^S 'alua b?/ ^ """'^ ^'^P"^^'^"^ ^^^^"re in 
 and societies for the encouragemcn of ovnl ! -^ ''^'J*'^^' *« ^^bich individuals 
 attention, would be to dimS?lPonT ""'"'' "' ^'''fi^ation, can direc the r 
 themselves to the best sortTalot.''" ^^^barrassmg list of varieties, by eonfin'ng 
 
 Geography and History. The Pvrn« ,^oi 
 spontaneously in almost every mrt^orti''t!'' '""^'^ «^ '^s varieties, grows 
 torrid and frigid zones, and ^some of t " 7'^f "• b^misphere, except' m the 
 «iroughout western Asia, China 5aDan^^' .ft "^ *'^^ °^^^»- It is foimd 
 ,^rPYV^J^^^'^«^*^b'.landj i.^ the north"? 
 
 and central Russia, to 55° or 60° T o p^nLf r ""'^^^ 
 
 Siberia where its place is abiindant v simnL/ f "I^^'i,^^''^"^^^'-' ^^ ^^anting in 
 P- m. baccata. I„ Britain, Ireland nndivfi a^ ^^-^ ^- '"^ Prunifolia, and the 
 occurs wild, in hedges, and on he m.rl^V"''';^^^' ^be common apple- tree 
 frn.t both in the ter^perate and transS " np 7?''^u , ^' '' cultivated for its 
 southern parts of India, on the H^Syi'^nd ii^^?,^^ '^^'"fPberes, ^^^ ^^ the 
 
 inat the apple-tree is a mtivo ^r iu ' " China and Japan, 
 
 authority of tli^ earlies writers in ' I oil w'> " P''^^' "^ ^^e wor^d, we have the 
 ancient Greece and Rome. S prop he^Ioe! C h'' T" f ?^ '^'' naturalists of 
 of the products of the earth, by a loWdro^> ''b ' ^^''"""^ '^"^ destruction 
 bold in high estimation, and'am'ong'rem;S;:;.i"ertraV;i:.'" "^^^^^ ^^'^ 
 
 . , Joel i. 12. 
 
 Apples are also mentionrd h^r n^u i 
 
 tbe «^^lcs, accordi.lg"rPl•7,,L^rerl^":'V;"'^^ '-^"^ ^'''""^^"a; and 
 ^7Jir'"'^''' brouglit, in anSent tim buf St"; '^^"'^ '^' country whence 
 Medica," was more probably applied teihP. ^^hers conjecture that the term 
 are supposed to have been introdS f om Mo " ''"1''^*^ P^^^b, both of which 
 iica, from Epirus, were what wfcal l?!f u "'''' ^^""'f ^- '^hat the JB^/./ «- 
 are described by Pliny, as a fruit wi th-fc^^.f ■ ^"" ^^ "'^ doubt; as they 
 off; and besides, he mentions " crabs "Vndw. r '"' , ''^^ ^^" ^'-^^''y be pared 
 for their harsh sourness tliev hnlo f.', 'wddrngs," as being smaller ^ and 
 
 them." The cultivated a^ l^ow ^r' nroT ^7"^' "^^ ^'^'^^^ cuS given 
 Rome ni his time: for he slates tZ '' U.? ' ,vn J '"'' ""' ^^"^''y '-abundant ai 
 the city, winch yielded more profit than ^'Zu7. ''''''^ l'^'^' '" the villas near 
 the invention of grafting." "Vhere are ^Se^ ^-.^ ."'"'^ '''"•^^"'^^ ^^^out 
 t)lcd the countries Hum Avhich thev came aL on, 7 '' •' '''^^^ bave enno- 
 
 . ^^ime, and our best varieties will honour 
 
 n^ 
 
300 
 
 PYRUS MALUS. 
 
 ^^^^:!S::^'TJph2i^ t'^."^'^'^^ ^"- ^^^'-. Cestius, Man. 
 quince grafted upon an app c s ick wh/.h ST^ rPP'^f'" ^^^^ came from a 
 called Appianu, after Appi S of the'l on e of rhn^ 1''" ^"*"'^'^' ^"^ '^^'^ 
 
 however, that Pliny l-s^•cIkted o X paSa^^^^ '^ '''"'■^^^^'^' 
 
 apple, (such as changing the fruit to Z coin . iV 1 1 i f ^'' '^""cerning the 
 mulberry; and the tree In the Tv h, rtinP. on.T °^ u^^'^'i' ^J S^^^^'^'^S it on the 
 manner of fruits," which a e regarded wn^nT^^' r ^''^^^'^ ^"^ '^'^^n ^^ith all 
 sibilities,) it would s.em that^^^^^^^^ impos 
 
 ments of any kind nut whn f l. ^ \ confidence could be placed in his stafe- 
 -hose life /as s;'ent o\ ;:t L ^o "rnS^d If''"!' ^'-^-thority of 11% 
 Ins perseverance in search of t mtir* Tn^M ' r '!■''''' ^'^^''^ ^^^^^« ^^used by 
 ilies upon one anotherare nlso Inf f f ''^.^^^^ 
 
 Evely.r, of mor; re t S^of staTes thT he^. w"^' ""ii'r'r'^ ^^"^ ^^^^ «"r 
 upon the orange. Columella a nract rn tj \ '" "''' ''"'^' ^ '"^^^ engrafted 
 before Pliny, det.cribes tln^e metLds o^^^^^^^^^^ ^V^" ^^'"''^^ ^^'"^ V^^^s 
 
 he calls the " ancients " besidoVrfnn. h ^.I'^^l "^! '^^"t'ed down to him, by whom 
 ing, or gramnglTm^Z^^^^^^^^^^^ f^T «T' ""'"'^ ' '"ode of^inarch 
 
 all .sorts of trees.'^ ft^woud a^ea^ Lwlver tll'.t ^1^/^' T^'r ^^ f^-^^^^ "P«" 
 period m which he flourished w\scaZnrZT'! ''^^'■' ""^ S^aftrng, at the 
 no. „e„,„„e<, ,y M„ses, u^^.t to:cr„T?olrteE'X'",r;'°"' "' " '^ 
 
 " **,***, '!•"" "^nnie into the land, and shall 
 have planted all manner of trees ;■' ' 
 
 tty'wroYe ?"'°' "^^ "^"^^^•- '^^^'-"8^ forming a part of the subjects on which 
 
 Somersetshire in particula heuL gE.kL "^?"'' ^""^ ^^ »he H^dni of 
 = ' Avellonia " or ipple orchard previo^rtoZ ^^ '^'' '^'^' «^ 
 
 the Ilird century this fruit Ii'nd I. nn7 "^i ''"■'''''' °^ ^''^ Romans. Before 
 that, according t^o' Sohnu thefo ZTelZ'J.Tr^''^' ^t"^' ^"^ so wide^^^ 
 Thule." TheSnanufactue of winrfon^^Sinnln "'''"' "^ ^\^" ^'^^ " ^^'^™^ 
 Norfolk, at the beginning of thrxm h cent^.r J^ ?' ''^F'''''' *° l^^^*^ ^^^^'^''^d in 
 that, in the sixth year of KinT/ohn 120?\ 1^^). f !' \' ''^*'^ '^>^ Bloomfield, 
 hold his lordship of Redham Ld sikeslv i Nor'fo^^^ ^^"^ ^^""^ ^° 
 
 annual payment of two hundred pearmah^' ^^d fo,^ '.^ ^"\'^ sergeantry, the 
 mams, mto the exchequer, at the feast nf S M '^fS^'^^f^s of wmc of pear- 
 was introduced into Britain bv the Normnn« /'''''"'• ^''" "^'^'^'"^ "^ cider 
 from Spain, where it is no loTge pmc iTed ' Thi".' 1' ^' ''• '^' ^'^^'^'"^'^ ^''« ^" 
 been first known, however, in Aft-Lr fmm U^ i? '^""'' '' «"PPo«cd to have 
 
 can fathers, Tertullian a' d AuSino nnH ^ "^""'"'.'""^^^ 
 ginians into Biscay, a pmvincemiSc]?vt ntf '''''^^'^"'^ ^7 the Cartha- 
 became the substitute in olhS countries ^ ''' ^'"'' "" ^^'^'^'^ ^^««"»t it 
 
 ivI^^^conlS^liJXXIJ::^^:!;;^^?!^;;?;^ P-'^^^'n-roduced mto Britain 
 French. Thus the " NonpS "^^cLrdr fn^ T^'' P"""^ ^' ^^'•'•"Ptcd 
 
 France by a Jesuit, in the time of Qneon ^f "^^^erbahsts, was brought from 
 On the other hand the celel^ated ^ Go ldi!'p^' '"'/'''' P'""^^^ '" Oxfordshire, 
 origm ; and is noti.d as suc^ b^^relSl^Ij/ffi^ authoif ^li S:^£^;; 
 
 ^SlSlSi^trihT^SSl^nllS^?^^^ Theoecasion., 
 
Cestius, Man- 
 '■ came from a 
 ice, and were 
 be confessed, 
 inccrniiig the 
 fting it on the 
 aden with all 
 ogical impos 
 I in his stafe- 
 ity of a man, 
 as caused by 
 lifferent fam- 
 md even our 
 3se engrafted 
 some years 
 im, by whom 
 de of inarch- 
 graffed upon 
 fting, at the 
 tion, as it is 
 
 ts on which 
 
 ■ apple was 
 e Haedui of 
 ' the title of 
 ns. Before 
 so widely, 
 le "Ultima 
 occurred in 
 Bloomfield, 
 as found to 
 eantry, the 
 nc of pear- 
 ig of cider 
 led the art 
 cd to have 
 3 two Afri- 
 le Cartha- 
 account it 
 
 ito Britain 
 corrupted 
 light from 
 cfordshire. 
 of British 
 ?cribed by 
 
 le occasional 
 •St siigo;este(l 
 it, is said to 
 
 COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 ^r^t^Z:^::r^,r^r' ''"^'" "^--^"« a-Angleterre" a^d 
 England until towards 'tlHio of ir'x^T,?' ^^^^^^'^ ^^^^^ HtTlc known in 
 Leonard ^..a.chal, in the sixteomrvp. r nfV ''• ''"^].'''>'- f'"l'«r states that one 
 from over sea, and plant,.! the \t Ph .n'', 'T '^^ "^"'^ V'"-» broug hem 
 pippins because the rees were riiUi r lumstead, m Sussex. They weFe ca M 
 
 Cl.aW sr SaCS^K^^tli'r^ '^ ^- P'--^ in the reign of 
 sZ:inr- ''f ''^-^^ "'^ ^'"^ ^vho ;; , .,?;'".?:;; :-? -«•• discovered, auTthey 
 
 ^omersct and Devon on the couth ' .i '" "'''"' ^^ ''^^ channe L/l 
 
 dant crop oftcor than once i , c v '■•.rs ,1 ■'^""''°"', '"''''="' '-'"P"" a" ai„ m 
 
 tnat period, numerous other orchanlV..., i"^, '^'^'''''''-- ^"^ within and since 
 country, equaling, and everi s" pasS.J ho'. ''" P'""^*^^ i" ^^^^"""« pa of the 
 
 i>ew if ok, which have been planted -,1,, ,>f i ^ ^"' °^ ^'le county of Ulster 
 
 twenty thousand trees. Au.e c' u i ' ''"V^ >''^^'^' '-^"^ are said to contain 
 of apples, which enter ex en ivX ho 1^^ ^''^^° ^^^^^^'^^ ^•^^'"''^W v^^^^^^^^^^ 
 commerce and are eagerly so H f ' ' i l '■■ ^''''S" ^''^ ^^^'^ ^^« li^r domestic 
 globe. The most celebrated a d m! Ir "'''' '^'"''y ^'^'''^cd countr\/of H^^^ 
 ping and for winter use is s'^i < ' . "''''"^' ^''^ ^^^^^ variety extant for ll. 
 -od more than a cenl.iVa.^i ,a 'Z t"i ''^ ^P*^"^-'-'- produS' fro ^^a' 
 I"; [' ^^n; •« w^'l' Icnown l,y the 'anS " JNVwr^'".'. " ^^","S ^«'^"d> near ^"w 
 stood on the estate owned at present l>vM,TT'\l'PP'''- '^^''^ o iginal tree 
 a long tune its fruit was calkd '(', /sLm M '' i- ^^^^^e, of that town, and for 
 
 If 
 
 * See Library of Entertaining Know!..,!gn, article, 
 
 Apple.'' 
 
302 
 
 PVRUS MALUS. 
 
 LI ( 
 
 raanifcsl symp.oras of decline; and it i b",eved7v mtnv .h,°,'7l 7' *1", '" 
 amved, in whieh nature is l„ le^inate lheirexis™-e 'L S I'e ,1 '"'1°'^ 'T 
 are about to pass iulo dccrcpiiude and final docav ' '^""" ""^''' 
 
 fr,»^ the ^^Kfolr'oTlrrooif Z^'^ Cfi^'r' '"''^f • ^Y-'r"' 
 mated to b" fiL yea ,^^ ' ^ "= ' S'™. ^r™'a""ously from seed, and isVsti- 
 
 .re^o^r;;;;^!';^^^:^^^ 
 
 bushels. ' P " ""^ °'- ^''^''''' amounted to nearly two hundred 
 
 tbaTtptS-o'^Tsl^S^dt^lreytfiir.^ 
 
 £ po,.ds ,0 '::!; ^;s;:?,re„™eruS,r;a -^r^- -; 
 
 and a spread of brancl.es'^of CiyS, feef ' ""'' "'" '"" '" '"""'="". 
 
 wifhXtrtratl?:fstfr:rfSrkj',T,e"z'ro7^^ 
 
 supposed was eaten bv Fvp in p.' i ' , "'* ^^ ^vh^ch, as lias long been 
 
 gi/s''of,heS:ersla'„>^^rviaL aMU^'D^ut'^^T^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 rides, which it was one of tl.o inh^ .tl^r u ^^^]^^^- ^ "« golden fruits of the Hespe- 
 
 dragon wh ch guLded thm we e beL"^^^^^^ P'"^"^'^' '" ^^P'^« °f ^he sleepless 
 
 legs, as LubsiilSr as ee7':;,rlMl™''''° „!!'!= '""'' '" ','• "> "''™W<> 
 
 tfa;t^rrbrtr|;srk?S?^^^^ 
 
 spirit Loke took awav En In J T themselves growing old. The evi 
 
 Where , Hey e„„M .rbViry^ir^or'T:-;^^^^^^^^ 
 
 which"bJS rr;,f ev^?;?;,ii:,?; «7l^,\"' Fi"^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^ ^'-'"^' ^'"^^"^^ supposed to be one hundred years of age, 
 
t the trees 
 r, begin to 
 period has 
 rent stock, 
 
 is obvious 
 ndividuals 
 which WG 
 Massachu- 
 i\\ ancient 
 !, in Hart- 
 yllys, pre- 
 ired years 
 y boughs, 
 
 oth apple- 
 id is esti- 
 et, with a 
 '-five feet, 
 size. In 
 es four or 
 which, it 
 I ; so that 
 I hundred 
 
 one year, 
 1777. It 
 need sev- 
 age four- 
 tree was 
 
 Hereford, 
 liameter, 
 
 ounce ted 
 3ng been 
 iiytholo- 
 Hespe- 
 sleepless 
 
 Hercu- 
 les Avere 
 the river 
 s to ren- 
 ercules; 
 sheep in 
 esemble 
 
 consid- 
 Edda," 
 e power 
 le gods, 
 'he evil 
 
 forest, 
 alicious 
 
 iscription 
 
 COMMON APPI,E-TREE. 
 
 303 
 
 ^t'eMSS'-a^Tborit r","- '^^" 8"<" "--» "w and -..Z- 
 
 the affairs of ,ho „„r,h; „X™ , ™^ ,', "° '""^^ ''"''' "'o «me aH™,"l"^j 
 courses, and bocamo tl,c nrcv of ,1,^™?* ™° .'° '"'"' »''" "i™, fell i o ovn 
 .ers ge„i„g „,,e and wow^veryd,; Ed ,h "?«"' '"" S'"'^ ""J "g ma 
 
 ;- J..p„oset r "roC'o J'- ^J^T.^e oa^ ""f ;'™' •-••"'- '»« »>-'c.o. 
 usefulness of the friiif in / ^ "^"^ ! '"id a so on account nf ,, "'^"^'"^ 
 
 in ,!r,an, fron, ^^^^lSrTSSl:t^• ''-^S™ cS-IS 
 
 H:e''^p^''a!!,-;°:;fr?-rat» 
 
 ceremomes are therefore co.n.ected wi h r 1 ^^'' ^""^''^"^- ^^"7 old ritis'and 
 
 he orchard districts even at "ho 'p'rerent day ""a^IT '' ^'^"'^ ''' practed in 
 
 hbation of cider and toast, for a fruitf.. S ^P'^^' '^^s were sprinkled with a 
 
 am new apples were blesW b/ e^^^r ,sTSn°St V''^^'/ V"" °^ ''bristma^^ay 
 nations were a so practised with Vt. ^ • •^^' -^^mes' day, July 2'5fh n;,;' 
 
 girl was a token ol loT ^a Jinbo^of v' '"'^ '''^'''- '1''-'"^ -'Ipple t^." 
 bobbing for apples on All-Hallow K, i ^.V**' '^ '« "modern. The cKt n? 
 common over all Kn-Zd is .tHl ''"'^,"" "^'^ ''^''^'"t's day, which was Sim ? 
 
 "P imle apples, andSVg t m'S^loint"^^^^^^^ «' Ireland'^ThrZ^n ^ 
 phshments of the Troubadours "" ^^'"^^ ^^'^'^^^^^ ^vere favourite accom? 
 
 /^o«/ o«rf Situation. The annln tro« * 
 dnctiveness, requires a sii Z? "T^s ea^'i'" ''' ^^'^^^^^ P^^^^^'^^i^" and pro- 
 
 that the above-named'princip L wi ifoffS ''. • ^'}'^' ^^«" ^"""d by eTpf Hence 
 States. Within the last few ye^rs niuclH??;? ^^e various parts of theSS 
 ation of soils to particular plams ^nd h I ^ ^''' ^'.'" '^'°^^" "P«n the adap 
 hat the apple-tree requires^alka in' and ZTir^'^'^'J^ ^^ ^"^ established fac^t 
 sable condition to the perfection of ts fruk ^ I I ^ '"^'^7 ^''^^'^^' «« ^n indispen- 
 ened chemists that the acids genoratfdn nil n ^"'^V'''''^^" '^J^ «^^eraU^ 
 bne or earthy bases, and cannot £ ?> i^"/^ ""'^ ''^'^^^ys in union with alka 
 deciduous trees require a con sSnM P'^^^l^^^d without their presence tla.n^l 
 j;;ices in their leav'es "nd tr te^' Tp^o^r r'"' f"' ^^^ '^'-^bSon: the 
 the scarcity or abundance of tha7subst?nr>? ?^ °'' "-iherwise, in proportion to 
 all clays contain potash, and fat mnr « " ^-^'^ '°''- '^ '« ^el known tha° 
 carbonate of lime,' and also com n - ^'""^ P^:!nc<Pally composed of civ and 
 'me. Hence the presence of S.. ^^^^f^' ^"^'^^^ «"lphate and phosSe nf 
 .me, affords a satiLcory solution 7tI;l;'^'"'''^^ ^^^^^^/particularlf pS and 
 t.on of apples, even without tak?,?J'- *^ adaptation of marly soils to the prod^rr 
 sulnhaf*^ "<^!in,p t.1. • , taking mto account the r-rt whi^K >v , produc- 
 ^ iime play m their formation.* ' '^ ^*^" P^sphale and 
 
 * See Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc. of England, vol. iv.,, p. 380. 
 
 \- n 
 
304 
 
 PYRUS MALUS. 
 
 n 
 
 f 'I ( 
 
 ft HJ 
 
 hi 
 
 should be ^ot or OS " S.Iat L^'^'^r^ to orchards, the surface, in general, 
 extremes ofTeat and rold.d!'''''''l^^ '"'"'' '"'"^ ^I'olter^d from L 
 
 ties, which a e^'o^ eon 1\/ Uc Lv.hoTl^^^^^^^ ''''T^'.'^' ^''"^ "^^"Pt accHvi- 
 cattle, have been mo^e 'ieHa ' if the' vX^l Zt ' " T'''''^''^ ''^'-^^^ 
 elevated, exposed situations as vc if n V r' ' ^"^•"^^ '^P^"' "^ ^^'Z 
 
 aHlce .mfavourable to thrper'fertion f n J ^ mm' 'r*^ ^J^«P-«"»k valleys, are 
 
 porature and the vi,,le ce'^of the wi ,k n l f , ^ '"' ^"/'""■' '■■•"'" ^lie lo'v tern- 
 fogs and lato veri.al f osts n t In Z . "" '^^"^''i' />•"'" »•'« liability to cold 
 
 night, utterly de tro^ e in s n'^'" ,/ "'j.^^ ^'^ '" '^'"«\«'". "ft^". in one fatal 
 in a single nfght, maVpro; S^ .t^T ^'"'\ 'V''^y ^"»'»"'>' 
 
 situation, or, if not fata sn/nH, nth^in ''"'^" "o^^^r-buds, in th.. latter 
 
 them unfit to withsta d\ fcolZ , o'"'"'"''' '" ""P""' ^'"^ir vitality, and render 
 and put forth the fSvi 1 snril t o S'^^ ' ""'l' «''«"'^l they escape 
 
 in planting an orcS thc'cfo f' if i ' ^-^ ^T''^^ l''"^*^''^^' ^^""^ unfair. 
 America, L site should norbecTi '''"'"' '^ '" ''^' """^''^^"^ P'-^-^^^ "^^"g^^" 
 
 " In lowly vale, fast by a ricor side,' 
 
 the east than to tlTwe Plantinc. Z' ''''" .^"'■"''^ ?^™'^' "^'^''""'S ''^thcr to 
 tion, is thought to L advin .™? . n -? ',"\^ 1'°"''"'^ ^"'^* ■'^""^''^'-ly direc- 
 est benefit from the smi li.ft h i ' . , fi' "'^ ^^'^ '■"^^'^ ">^^y d^''-'^^ tl^« great- 
 States, more espec ally f the localit In fn ? """^ '"'''T/ '''^''""^ ^^^ »'^« ^'"i^-^^ 
 northern exposure has moved tnhn l i ? ''^'"" ^^ '^^'^'^ "^^^i^^ "^ ^^aler, a 
 than slopes inclinTng t:^vS1i'somI^^^ "^«^*^ '^^'•'-" ''^ P-ducing fruit, 
 
 be p;:Std'?;lfS'Tv:r^ ^^^^^ T^^-^'"^' -^^ •-^^ ^^^ --^i-, may 
 
 ers. li is a prevaH^^nc. oninkfn^n T^ "i' "", '»r"^^"°."' ^"^^ ^^ '^""ings and lay- 
 those which Lc7ai 3 C tL se ^^^ of" the w!l f^ V")!^^^ "^^^ ^^■^'^'°'^'- ''''^ 
 Knight recommends that thrpiS si ould bo r 't ''""f ' ^^ ' ,"'• ^'''^''^^ '-^"^ Mr. 
 pressed. The mode practised ^^.L r iT ,'''"'" ^'■''"' *'^^ ^'•"'^ before it is 
 are raised on a moreSSve ' ' ' 1 '^'"^""'''^ where fruit-tree stocks 
 the crabs when they are St rine ^n /I f '^.T'"'' '\'' "' '^'■''''^'"' '^ '^ S^^'^^r 
 pass them between'two Zc'd roller .ndt b on T '"'''' "^ ".^''':^P ^-^ ^«^' ''^ ^« 
 thus converted into an infer or IMnlnf^T i l"" P''"^"' ''"' the nice, which is 
 from the pomace by mac ent'on n wntor ' ^"^i^.^^'^'-^^f ^s to sepirato'the seeds 
 persons, both in Europe am in \]Zl ' H'^'l '5""^; .^' '' '^'' "P'^'o" «f many 
 thevare particula7in the se ec on ?rS ^' '' " "^ l'"'*^ consequence whether 
 of trees raised fro Jpips o tl ^ amr.nnfr/r"^''f'r ^''^ ^^'^^ '^'^' ^•'-l'-"'' 
 from each other. But let i be co SroFt ?n^'^'.'' ''*'^^/ ^'^'^ "^^ P'^^^^"^ ^''''^^ '^"^ 
 they may not always tend to Setertnte Z'fJnuV^T ""''';'"'" ''^'' P'^^«' 
 exchange of one good a in iK.fnr?? '"^' ^'"' may often result in an 
 
 ments i^n the ^.fht^^ Fo fnstro X' "' "''^ ^7'^''^^^ ^^'^" '^^'^''^'^ i"ipr«ve- 
 fruit from the\eed of that wh H^ ^^ i""""^' V i''''^' ''^P^'^^ '^ obtai,/ early 
 reverse; and by par tj^ of elon from' T^'f' ''"^ ^''""^ ^'?«^« ^^ ^^^'^ J'ruit the 
 may also expect to obta n SinS^hTwill'' '°"'' ^'"V'^'Y ^' ^^y fruit, we 
 pond to their origin-areTuinSi/^ f ' "u ''^ ^""^.'^^--able degree, co^res- 
 secure. Indeed,1f it be tr,^ 'tf^t • Us T^U^ ^' '" "^J*^"^ ^''^ ^''« ^"'^■^^'"r to 
 we employ, there certainly Sn be no Lri mi ' '^""^•?1'"^"'^'^ ^^'^^^^t kind of pips 
 this, we conceive, vviirbe^icie^it bi , ? tV" '°^'"^ "'''^' °^g«"d fruit; and 
 
in genorni, 
 (1 from tlio 
 npt acclivi- 
 ;e of licavy 
 en, or very 
 'alloys, are 
 le low tem- 
 lity to cold 
 n one fatal 
 ly autumn, 
 i tlu! latter 
 and render 
 liey escape 
 md unfair. 
 1 of Anglo- 
 
 itely sliel- 
 : rather to 
 'rly direc- 
 the great- 
 he United 
 ' water, a 
 :ing fruit, 
 
 ities, may 
 I and lay- 
 itocks arc 
 ) and Mr. 
 fore it is 
 ce stocks 
 to gather 
 rot, or to 
 which is 
 the seeds 
 of many 
 whether 
 the fruit 
 tree and 
 ie place, 
 It ill an 
 mprove- 
 lin early 
 Tuit the 
 Vuit, we 
 , corres- 
 vator to 
 I of pips 
 lit; and 
 observe, 
 d vigor- 
 shallow 
 ts being 
 
 COMMON Arn.E-TllKK. 
 
 nay be drawn, and plautrd tvT' '^.« ^'^'^""R'^st and the most vigorous nlanfs 
 '•"'« each oth.T, iu^a ^!l]yu^sW^'7 T^''' ''^''''' ""^ "'« ^-r^o disV^mce 
 ; ;•" produce The reniaiu nV b, s^>^^ H ,''' ' '''''7'?^' ""^ ^'""ivated for S' 
 "5,' year. Duri-ig their s.v.u.d , .f , '''' '^""''••I'-ly managed in the follow 
 kopt perfectly f,.e?3 fron w e s by e catri" '' ^"■"^'"'' ^'"^ e^'^""^ =^ " d bo" 
 geatly benefitted by a licht fn M..^. ! ^ Iioeuigs, and the plants would ho 
 "^ Wed to touch the^ m 'J-Js It^CS^^ 7^;";'- --. No 'knile Zm t 
 which may be n.akiu- too stron- a d versL rf .< "'^'"' " over-rampant shoof 
 he more than a foot from th f, o ,d n f ? '"' ''r^' ■'""' ""^ even then Tf 
 tlie stem; for every twig an eve'' Z^/'.''^^ '"" '' '' '"^''"''"' ^^ Kraft 
 and stem. When the stnns of tlu n^I- ' ^ "■''"' ''^■'' ''' *'"' growth of the Voot 
 d.ame.e, at a foot fmn. the gro nS'" "^id '3 T'J '''^''' "" '"•^•' ^^^^^^^ 
 fo oi graitiug or inoculation perfoJmed '°"''^ ^' '^"^ "«'' '-^"^ 'I'o opera- 
 
 whici;^^;::;^^"-;;".^;!:; ;^t 'dt^rT!?^ "^^-'^ «^ ^-^^^ «•. trees oom 
 
 ;n U.e autumn previous, or at tlio ^^i^'lll^'^ ;;; ^jf '^ "'pected and m^ii^" 
 nont or .six weeks before the season of ^ 'a '^'' greatest perfection. A 
 
 Jeep them buried, at length, in drt ear h ./ '"'^ '"'J'^"'' ^"^ your scions and 
 frost, until required for^.se n o^rder L M 7','"/ "^^''^ reach of moistnS a 
 orwardness of vegetation. Select vo'. ^^'" "'">^ ^^^'^^"'^e over them n 
 
 I'ealthy trees, jnst in their prim- orf,.o"' ^'T ^'"^ ""''■^ide branc les of 
 and rather on their sunny side wlcrl . ''.^•■'"R;.^l^o"t midway in their beach 
 digested by sun and air. I the^^s f /'r'/^^''" ^^"^"^^ ^'^^' heen pron? l' 
 and vigorous, let the shoots co si of t e h^^ "'' "''T ^"'^ ^o bo taken be you ^ 
 
 tons o''^^'^'^'^-' ''''' ^''^"^ *■••"-» n 1 a hZ'r' ^^^^"^'''\' ^^"^ ^<'^''« '^e "« 
 tops, or what is still better, the vo ina Si I'-'T"'''"" '" ^^'^ centre of their 
 near the ground. <-n-afting may also e n'rrn '^'"^'\ ^^Pring from their trunks 
 year, as well as with those^t' 1^'/;' f" "'V''^^ ' ^^"^ shoots of the cu rent 
 i"g, IS when the sap of the stocK fJ ^ V F'"'''^^'- ^''^ Proper time for S 
 trees a few weeks belb'e t y , u /o th tl eu'le '"'^"'1' ^^'''^'' ^^^'^^ !" cledd^ ' ," 
 may be grafted during sun nier as we '^''' ^^"' re-productive evergreens 
 
 proper season, and all thing arJ i^M-'ad .i^ss'ri'W" ^'"'^^ '"«^^'"S choice of the 
 l^rmed as quickly as possible. For 5 wa f .' 'f ''« JPf^^-^t'^" of grafting be per- 
 ; '^^^^^ '"'^ 'es of the ground, or even b^ W Z' f '^°''''' *''« «'«^ks tS within 
 t lose designed to attain the r full I ei^ h J. ^'^^^'''''^'^e- i^^or standard trees o? 
 abont midway in their summits and toll ^'■''^' T' '''""^'''"^ branches, situated 
 r-Iy, the scions may be from one'fo rof n'^^P^'^^ '" ^'"^ ^"» «»d air. ' Crdh a- 
 it necessity requir/s, they may LZ. ch 1^1'^'' '" T '"^'^ ''^ diameter; but 
 of the scon is best ; b.it where the e s a IrT'*''' f ""f""'"- '^^''e middle portion 
 may be used. Take off a little of' the 1., ''*^^' ^^"'^^ ^^e top and bottom-parts 
 't of such a length as to leave fVom ulnZ"' '""^ ^^ ^''^ «cion first, and thin du 
 new shoots, always taking cLo cut off'^thrt!;?'"' ^"V^^ ^'' the production of 
 eyes will be sutlicient fo^^a standar t " hi? '" "" '!'"'"'« direction. Two 
 vl'ich are mtended to be trainT I erllA ?'"' ""V'^'" ^''^ better for dwarfs 
 ho same thickness, in order tl at the im 1 ' h '%"V^ f''°"^' '^ P^^^i^le, b'of 
 fac.htate the flow of the sap, the mned^ f ^^'^ ^''^ ''■^^^'^Y nnite and 
 
 young wood of both, into cloie and no mane^ ^'"1"" *" bring the bark ad 
 
 els of the one, will be enabled to Sm u ie.?"'"??' \^ ^"''^^'' '"^^^»« the ves- 
 operation is effected by several diflbrenM^ V '? '''''' ^''««« "^ t^e other. This 
 ^•ates, and are adopted in vaiW co ,n iil^^^ "^^ °^ ^^'^'^b have their ad o! 
 
 of the nurserymen. The modes wl i ut'.^T'^rS to the preference or capr ce 
 >" grafting young apple stocks, Trc wha^a al eV'wf "'f-^'^''^^ '-^^^^--^ " 
 
 39 ''"- "^^^''^d n hip," or " Splice-graft- 
 
306 
 
 PYRUS MAI.US. 
 
 ;?: 
 
 lii 
 
 i! 
 
 r ■ 
 
 l':i 
 
 us . m 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 Mln 
 
 iiLE 
 
 '^ 
 
 ing" for scions less than a linlf of nn inch in dinmotcr, nnrl •'snddln-Rmfting" 
 for ihosn which arc larger. (Jraftin^,' upon old stocits nnd '"ill-growii trees is usu- 
 ully performed by what is termed f/iff-ffraffinq: 
 
 In mhip-irrnftiyjir, cut the stock («) with a 
 sharp kriifo, in an oblique direction without 
 
 starting or bruising the bark, and the scion {h) 
 
 in like maimer of a corresponding angle. And 
 
 then, witli as httle delay as possible, place the 
 
 inner barks of the stock ana scion in norfect 
 
 contact, at least on one .side, and binj them 
 
 fast together with a riband of bass or guana, 
 
 as indicat<Ml at (p.) In this part of the process, 
 
 lake particvlnr pains and see that tlie junction 
 
 of the two barks is not in the least displaced. 
 
 To protect the grafted part.s from drought, air, 
 
 and moisture, a layer of green cow-dung and 
 
 fresh loam, well mixed in equal proportions, 
 
 sliould be applied, with a* trowel or spatula, 
 
 one inch thick on every side, and a little above 
 
 and below the union of the stock and the scion. 
 
 A mixture of three parts fine clay, and one 
 
 part fresh horse-droppings, well incorporated 
 
 together, may also hn applied with success. A 
 
 bandage of moss or tow is sometimes wound 
 
 round the clay or mixture, to prevent it from 
 
 cracking by the lieat of the sun, and from washing away by rains. Tn making the 
 
 incision in the side of the stock which is to receive the scion, the knife ought, if 
 
 possible, to be entered at the base of a bud, and pass upwards. The reason of 
 
 this is, that the vital principle is more powerful there; and that the germs, both 
 
 of buds and roots, are, in most plants, confined to the joints of the stems; though 
 
 in some, as in several varieties of the elm, they appear to be distributed equally 
 
 over every part of the stem and roots. 
 
 In performing saddle- ffraf(ini>; cut, 
 with a sharp drawing-knife or other 
 instrument, the stock (rf) so as to leave 
 the top in the form of a wedge. Split 
 the lower end of the scion (e) and pare 
 each side of the cleft, so as to fit, when 
 seated, exactly on the top of the stock, 
 with the inner barks of both in perfect 
 contact. And then, with a bass riband, 
 
 bind the parts strongly together, as at ekj^m ■J:'H^ ^ 
 
 (/,) and perform the operation of clay- E'^^K iJl'.'M « 
 
 ing as in the preceding method. In 
 three months or more after grafting, re- 
 move the clay, and partially loosen the 
 bass ribands which are bound round 
 the grafts, in order that the scions may 
 have more room to expand. In a few 
 weeks more, when the parts have been 
 partially inured to the air, and when 
 there is no danger of the scion being 
 blown off by the winds, the whole of 
 
!-f»rafting " 
 rccs is usii- 
 
 COMMON APPLK-TKKE. 
 
 307 
 
 ft 
 
 
 naking the 
 e ought, if 
 I reason of 
 erms, both 
 is; though 
 ed equally 
 
 ^^^:tZ^^ bj^iS^^^^^ Which a. ha. 
 ll.«y should ulwaysV pi.; 1 '^ ; ,:!^^;;"^ ^''" "'"K"..l.us, walnuts, A:c., 
 
 rows four feet apart, with «rc n" S.w^^^.^ T "' '" .^''" ""rsery beds, in 
 renmin until Hnally en ovcd e ore I 'c I. r''''"'.' ''"'^''-.wl'^""' they are to 
 sites, no side-shoo,.^ should be cu t cS' ,■ prt ,;;e';'7^'".,''"'" "."''^ ^'^^^■""^- 
 rernoval to open rows, anv ()verLrrown Irm, .' 1 "''"'" ''"' R'"^'^'- ^» ^'C'r 
 
 of the lower'.nost nu\.rclose to X^ '"a7 '"^. «'">",'^'"^<'. a"d two or three 
 
 OMiy should be n.oderatoly shorte, ed . dor tn '" •''"' *'" -t""^''''- ^i^c-shoots 
 until a good head is for.Ld ^1 six n !, v " "^""7 K« ^»'« "P^ard growth 
 side-shoots may then bo elvel close ^o 7'"» '*^''' .^»^"^'^ l»'« ground. The 
 
 while the head' is left to itHtuir c,"l gro' h Tt^s aTr;*'"""''^ '''T^ 
 the sam.i time, a very bad nractice lo r- m -. i i .i ^ ^7^ common, and at 
 only two or three twigrat thf ton hv wl i/'^' ^'" «"'«-«»'"«'« '^^^'y- leaving 
 
 checked in its growth.^uifn e7o '^, o£„rr'L^ ^^^ " -^^^^ "»"*=' 
 becomes almost cylindrical and tortuonrS. ^ \ ""^ "'peruig stem, it 
 
 plants in this way, are iSouSlv Z ' r 1 "'"■'^''"- ^'*'"''^ ^^''" '^«^' 
 and the i.nporta.ft' omce r L « ^and th '^^^ ""'"''^ "^ ^^''^'^ ^^''^^h, 
 
 nature in promoting the growth of the iJend .»•'*''• '" .""^"^P*'"? to assist 
 operations/ If such persm ^Cl vnmi r.M- ''r "'J'"""'"-'''y interfere with her 
 roots, they would no do I ,1 in it X ir b v^ "^ witnessing the growth of the 
 view of promoting the grow ^ ' Zr^' '' ^ L '!'^ J''"!"' "' '''^^"^ ^'''''''f^ ^ith a 
 no less absurd. Kvery leaf s n f ^nler n/ f ^' ""'' ^ Pr«"'«^ling would be 
 
 and no i.^erference wiU ' the nroS of fi/o "J ^^'^ "f.r" '"^^ ^^^'^ '^^'^^^\ 
 the purpose of prevent! g a v sEtranrb toT"" '''""''^ ^ ^"''^^«^' ^^^^^P^ ^^^ 
 however, the t ee has atti Ll L becoming a rival to the head. When 
 
 pnshed /orwarrstr^gX tb veZl'hidirf/^^^r'v".'^ '^'^' '""-' ''- 
 may be finally cut away, as befSirected t^l^ 7''"'' " '''?'':" "" "'*^ '^^^"^ 
 sudicient substance and stre etrto nre~ '"'''"'^' '^ ""^ ^""« -'«'"«d 
 
 the head.* sirenf,tn, to preserve its erect position, and to support 
 
 vaSl^rSa:^ ^^ ^w "r m^lir'^" ''^?\^^ ^^^^ -'-^-" °f «- best 
 for the cider-mill, tuf table o^' d e k tchoTh't"'/''"' iTf'"^'' "^ ^''^'^ "^^''^"^ed 
 with the speciality of thi7tVeatisJ to no no ' '' '"""^/^ '"''"*'« incompatible 
 
 the apples recommeude n Scrvmeo . ' .7" '" ^ '''^''."'•■^'' ''•'™' ""« ^'^^l^ of 
 points connected wi rtt ma «nTof n^^^^ ^'''\ ''"'''■" ^^^*^ "^^"^ «ther 
 
 must necessarily be o utted bu?tS^^ 7^'''^'^ ^^' »»'« ^'"^'"^^ reason, 
 
 ject, which weLre beg lea^e to introdtfce ^'''''"'"'' '"""'^''^^ ^^''^' ^'"« ^^^^ 
 
 in1har^,^;r^Xg^;-r Sndin '•""^^' ^"^ 1'^^ '^^^'^b^" ^-ved 
 ..c/«« /. affectedly thec/faeof ffe\ufr ^>-'"''^' //• "" " ''^"'"^^^ ^^ ^'> ^'^ « 
 ne.;" thit is, when tlu, Smal n^^^^^^ 
 
 arrived, the scions taken from U wil alsn b/ f ' "^f •'"" f '!'' '^^''''' ''^^ ^^^' 
 growing upon stocks .rotfrresi^^cs v Iron^^ ^ i'"'"'"^' ^'"^«' 'ho"gh 
 
 contend, that each particular vTrfet^.^nr.nnr ^ ''*'■ 'I'^^oca'es of this theory 
 and its duration caifno be proS ^bv^^^^^^^^ P*^?"'^ "^ ^'8'^"^ ^"^ decline: 
 
 they conceive to be very rLSliX^^r^&llllrnaS £; SI^^^;- 
 
 * See Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc. of England, vol. iv., p, 384. 
 
 if 
 
 -' p 
 
 I 
 
308 
 
 PYRUS MAI US. 
 
 .•«.. 
 
 I ' 11 
 
 thcS'ordSi:r[.\"Ltv"S^ Although 
 
 in sle varieties Iha" IrVle^rTt 'gene'Srs^irsed ho'"'^"^^ !^ '^ ^"^^'^ 
 much exceeds two hundred vp-,r« ' '^.s^"^'^^"^ s"PPosed however, that it never 
 
 from the fact, that m^ t!d.Z\ho ToT ^^^^^ tins op.nion has chiefly ariseti 
 long since disanprarcd from their r.^nlT ^'''^^''^'''^ ^^uropean vnrieties have 
 while many othrn wLh we.e mn?h f "''' T'"^ ?" ""^^ ""^ ^""S^-^ ^'^ fo""d; 
 ing, are fas^t approach' g to elinc o and wiM "' ''"'' ',' P"''"^ '^'^^^^ " '^ ^-=^'-- 
 the above hypothesis mav ipm nln '. ' '' ■'°''" "" '°"^'^'' ^^'^t. Ahhongh 
 
 that the warn o d rL^bl^fof ti^e a ilHo""""'' '" ''•^''^' ^"'^ ^^'^""'^^ ^'^^ ^^"^'-^^1., 
 set of scions- for manv ^L^i If varieties in question, does not apply to every 
 
 appear to mv'e been end h^ ""^P^'i' f '^''" ''^^ ^^^^^^^^ °'her ki.ms of fruit 
 times of oiu forefX s F^n^'Pf^^ "^ ^"^^^^^^^^ «^i«"«. from the 
 
 whicli has Len dead for fortv veT^' \' ^'^^'°^"" ^'CP'"' ^'^*^ P^'^'"'^"^ ^^^^'^ of 
 one hundred years Torn befo e 1^0^! '"! «"^^^f *"''>^ cnUivated for at least 
 est perfection in the maH e s hothPn ? ' """"^ 'V'!" *°,^' "^'' ^^^^'^ '» ^he high- 
 cnce has shown that innv r f'thn Ti ^''"^ ^^'■^*'^'^- furthermore, experi- 
 
 for a time afteTgraWr'aL af^^rwan^^ of deteriorated varieties, have flourished 
 but from disease Thus Si t.^^^^^^^^^^ '''' appeared to die, not from old age. 
 
 canker in piJ^s arLe loflom n^nn "'''°'' '"l •^^''?' ^"^"'^^^ " ^^''«^»>«r ^'^^ 
 of more recent t moJ onnh n^ ^ mcongruous grafting;" and Miller and Knight 
 
 ilar cause ilvSeless\re do rt\ 'T! P;PP'"^^^^^-"^« «^-"ke-cl from a s m 1 
 is of little momem in he% ctrjf Jcion ' \" ""^f^^^^-^. that the age of a tree 
 decline, an experienced nurtrZnnfn ' ^°'' n'^'" "^ ^'"'^^ '' evidently on the 
 they should pro'4 sicldvTmWI L l'"^""'^. "^* ^"" ^^'«»« ^rom it by choice, lest 
 
 tree, before it had a fvn ^t irnri"'''''"' ^1°" '^^ ^ ^"'^'« ^^^^"^ ^'""^ ^ y«""g 
 taken from the apple an nrohnhrf P'''^^ of bearing, For every ciittin| 
 the state of the pS stocl' Yf ^ "^ "'^"^ ^''\'^* ''^''' '^'^^ ^'^ ^«^^ted bf 
 Vigour, but will KLt 'before rtlls"nfssed'if""/'"'^' '' "'"-S-- ^^^^ 
 of ripening wood • and if tL nlT i \! u -^ ^- ^''f°",Sh its successive periods 
 never make a healthy tree I? in^A. "'"r^^^'^'r ^''''^ ^"^"^ fruit, but will 
 influence the scion Ur.ftednnrfhi ^"i T'% *J^"^ ^'°^'^^^ «f^^» «« "^''^b 
 their fruit is essZialKifSl f f ' ?' ^^^ '^^^it, ,f from no other cause, that 
 stocks and scions in SeLfwon^^ ''"'■"'. °" ^he parent tree ; and both 
 
 or deteriorate in he charLtcr o^ hi r ^^'''''' or situations, often improve 
 
 and at others more tk?; and di eised" TlTt^r ^''°"^'"«" '"T '"^'^hful, 
 practical people, the Chinese hnvflT • ? "^""f mgenious and thoroughly 
 graftingscion^upoi scioi oneabo^ Zlu^"" been familiar with the practice of 
 the agreement betwer'thes^ock. ?.?.?' ^f'""^ deep; but in order to secure 
 scion^from its own re^p^eclive Kches '""'' ''''^ ''''''^' ^^^'^ ^^^^^^ ^"'^ ^^^^ 
 
 considerS\^Jtt t tS'ft .?ttnai;t'bf "^^ '\ """'^^'^T ^'^ ^'^^ P^^^^^^ ^« ^ 
 by grafting. In tL , art of 1;^ ^, , ^^ "'^"^ ^° P"''^^'^ ^^^^^^^ advantages than 
 
 evefy fruir.tre n stCe aS n ' o'rr^'-/* "V?^ '^^P^^P^'' ^« ''^'^^ ^hat 
 pie, the peach wil bear 'he third nrf h"""' '' '^^r''^ P'^°.^"^^" ^'••"^- ^^^^ ekam- 
 tree from\he seed m.S be twew' oT/a" ^''' ^m'" '''" ^^"^"^^ '^"^ ^^^^ ^PP'^" 
 tion. And it is Remarkable ?hnt ..i ' ^T' ^'^.' *° P^'^^"^« ^''"it "^ P^rfec 
 bearing tree arc esscnthUv of H?n ' "'" '''?'' ^'""^ '^'^ ^op branches of a 
 
 from the roots or Sk n ar^he enrtr' '^' ^"V/^' *'''' •^^^'^' ^^^"^^ ""^^^« growing 
 tree was when of the he Stof th^ nnr'f,' f' "' «ldcrm point of maturity, than the 
 description of the profesfof b ddin^ '1"'^' ''''^. 'P''"- For a detailed 
 
 well ti most fruit-be^arircfLest^u^^^^^^^^^^ '"'''"'' '''^^ '^^PP'^ ^''inally 
 
 and the peach under^lhS Sd' oP< S ^l^^ ^"1^° "^^ "'^^^'^^ '^'^ ^^'^ --^' 
 The apple, like the pear, may be grai^d or inoculated on the common thorn; 
 
Although 
 
 be longer 
 lat it never 
 iefly arisen 
 rieties have 
 
 be found ; 
 i " of bear- 
 Although 
 ut remark-, 
 ly to every 
 IS of fruit, 
 3, from the 
 It htock of 
 for at least 
 
 1 the high- 
 re, experi- 
 flourished 
 n old age, 
 lether the 
 id Knight, 
 om a sim- 
 e of a tree 
 tly on the 
 lioicc, lest 
 1 a young 
 
 ■ y cutting 
 fleeted by 
 row with 
 e periods 
 , but will 
 so much 
 lusc, that 
 and both 
 . improve 
 icalthful, 
 oroughly 
 actice of 
 to secure 
 md each 
 
 ised to a 
 ges than 
 ark, that 
 )r exam- 
 n apple- 
 1 perfec- 
 hes of a 
 growing 
 han the 
 detailed 
 equally 
 ! orange 
 
 I thorn; 
 
 COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 30j» 
 
 Jv^:^b:^:;^^S'^nS^^^,:^;;^, ^hen intended to be grown as a dwarf 
 ;>H of the French,) or o , paldise'^^^^^^^^^ 7'^' '^'' ," ^^^^^ Apple," (eonrf penll 
 y or grafting by approach ha is bv , i;;^ ^'«« ^^ P-'opagated by /,W 
 
 it. of ^the fru^t of tft rat"LreaTy';T^;''e"st''tl^ '' 'f ^«^-"- ^'^ ^-l- 
 they are to be cut off at the gmund Lid S, , ^ "''"'''f' '""^ *° ^^"«^^ ^^'^ether 
 order to do rhis, the following devices have lonl li "'" '" ^' '^T'"''^'^^ '''''^'^- I» 
 been attended with success. Any dme?vmH^. ,! " PJ-'-^-^t'^ed, and have usually 
 ''onzontal branch of the t ee deliS In i *''^•^°'V'; ""^ ^^'^^^ "^ J""^, select a 
 f;e part near its jnnction w th t ?"trunk a rm" of 'h V'f "'' ^"^ ^^'"'^^^ ^'<^^ 
 alf of an mch in breadth, taking precau on n ?h/ ' ^"'''' ""^ ^"""^ to one 
 he space opera^^d upon, ...,v/ L^.ro?Z ^.^r / •?""" '["''^' '"^ ^"^ «ff. ^^'thin 
 to obstruct the descending iu ceHn the s Ln ' "^""^ ^^ '^" sap-wood, in order 
 employed for the same purpose ^rmartwo^:;"''^- '^""''^^'- ^^P^^ien 
 round the bark, with a rejeti ion of theoStlo n^ r^ ^ ^'"PP" ^^^^^ closely 
 
 It to be incorporated by\he growt ofS re S'''^'^;''-'u''^''"^^^ 
 prove msuffieicnt, or should tho hpn in "f,,*"^^^- ^^^on\d either of these devices 
 the operations m'ay be r peated in bf t'" '^'•'"'^f^ P^^^^^^ ^^^^^'"^ too quicSv. 
 total removal of a ring of^ bade nmd 1 .7'' ^^ "' '!'' ^ol\o^vmg season. The 
 year, than a mere stric?ure unon Ft^UU '^?,^«^"-«d effect, sooner, by a whole 
 Anally kUls the bark nude eah' aSV'o?"" ""'"? ^'" -i-^f S 
 a so been applied to yoim- trees a. w 'n nT?' ""^/"I'^o"!'-^^'-!! preparations have 
 niating their' growth.^nd^cc^erS^ hS frilffulnr' '"' 'H' P^'^P^^^ '^ ''^^- 
 heir trunks and branches, rubbin ""?,.,„ wit '', '"'*' ,'"' ^^^ite-washing 
 
 their roots lime, gypsum c iarcoT''n«l f 7 ' soap-suds, and spreading round 
 mella, '' which Vou'^^ire Jet Aw olf for'. t'' ' ""?' ">"™-» "rine," say^s cZ- 
 of young trees. If you app v iUo vL^ . "'°'"'''' '' '^"" ^"^d for the shoots 
 that contributes moVto?nake hem bo^,': y^V^'P^'-'r^' ^here is nothing 
 only produce a greater increase bfT J abundance of fruit; nor does thif 
 
 of the wine, and of the apples '''" '^'' '""'P'''"' ^''^' ^^e taste and the flavour 
 
 st^y^S::r^:S:^:'\^^^:^ -t m the orchard at about the age of 
 they will be about an inch and n^ nir • T P'-^P'^^ly treated in the nursery 
 The particular age, howe" e . "tl^cKev^houTd £ ^' '" "^'''^'^ '^ ^'^ «^^- 
 tination, after they have formed a Joodhnil ^V'""'^'^':^ ^"^ ^''«"' ^"^1 des- 
 they dcniotnnicl. exceed the Xt-naTedize'nd'M T^ "."P^rtant, provided 
 IS the ditliculty of taking them now H?ni ' ^ *'''' objection to a larger size 
 them from re/eiving too^g eat ,'?, ^ Uuf^'P''''"'] '^ ''''''' '' ^« ^o prevent 
 sery, either as soedlings,^or read! eiafted nn^H'' '' ''" P"rchased from'a nur- 
 tliey should be inspected in ,|, J nr! ' "'"^ ^"'■^'^ ^^""^^ be relied upon 
 
 selected which give'^Sl. ,V4s nrn^mi V' '"',"'"'•■ ^^''"^ ''^ ^^^^'^ =^"d tliose 
 tl^e most likely to be goodC ers ^7Z ^f " n\'"^ ^"■'^f, ^"^^ Wealthy trees, and 
 and broad, roundish Laves, as ich genera v'^^ai'tr )"" ^"^flourishing h^ads, 
 abundant crops. I„ winter s,.X f..f! n ^ "^ ^'''^ '^''§^^' ^''i^it' and the most 
 those the leaves of wh c lai^ s.ua , and 7 ^?T' ^ '^''g^'- ^"^ ^^"^r b"d Ta 
 indications of the size of tl.^ S and .he'n n l' ^"' ^'^""^'^ ^'^^^'^ '^^^^ favourable 
 "o means so with regard to o ;r '^^ i^J'^'f ^'f ' "^'^*^ '''''' ^'^^^ ^^e by 
 bearers, and the fruit r,.,l ,^11. ^'''^''ties; as the trees may bo oarlv or lifl 
 
 they produce tl,cir firs. IrMi, Fu'^oVK nrovo ^o^' ?" ""'>' "j" ""o"'" "''^ 
 ^°. °". 8'-' " Proporho,, of one sor, S .'" , " .™? ' ,t h" tl""'; ,°[ ",'"'' 
 .^-.u.„ .„. J|,„ ,„,„, ., i, ,r„e, protraef .l,e . ^e'oV'ta i g a t^r'or u™" 
 
 ^i 
 
 I' 
 
 ^; t 
 
310 
 
 PYRUS MALUS. 
 
 nil 
 
 ^^^^K)/ 
 
 
 'm 
 
 
 '- 
 
 'i 
 
 ^^Bkiki'' 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 in 
 
 but it is much better to submit to two or even three vpar.?' rlnln^r tu^,. r«. u 
 dred years to have bad fruU. The most TrofjrJ::^^^^^^^^ 
 after the trees f.ave shed their leaves. Th'ey sliould be takeVrwith their Ht 
 e ml roots at least two feet in length, and planted as soon as po sibTe i.; ' 
 
 ng orchards, the gro.uj.l, for the space of at least six feet in Ce ter shoidd le 
 
 ime suDstance. It is of some importance that the tree when Dianterl ^hnuU 
 
 f^erv.'nn T"'' Pr'^'"" ^^'^'^ -g^^ ^° ^'^ -'"> as tirat'i'wh cK it greWl,^ e 
 uiseiy; and, in order to insure this, the soutli or north side of each tree s on Id 
 
 Sre":Sd bf taken"t""°'''' f ]' ^'^" "'§^^' ""' ^^^ ^' the thSe of sel cion 
 i^are snouia be taken to surround the roots with the finest mrt of th^ mn„i,i „. 
 
 to plant the trees at precisely the same depth as that at wl^c tl ey b "ore c^r^w 
 
 The ragged or lacerated ends of the roots should be taken off Avitli tL kn fe ami 
 
 lonisfoV^f '' ^'"'^^ 1^"'^ ^''^r"^ ^^ ^bove, opened wide enou^ ^o^^i'tX 
 longest of hem. If the ground at the time of planting be dry and water rinl^ 
 
 i;,',d "'To '"'^'"°" i^^'i^t ho r Sid't?, cT^'fiii ^a ;i^,i 
 
 yea s fn 1,fS!f,r S"'fr°""' "f "'"'' *""'" ""^ '"^""^'^ '"' 'iLc "rS 
 the tree" wilTS n»;.i^ ' ^°!"^' " " P™'"'''" "'■" ""= '"-""c^ ^""18 f™m 
 
 mechanical s,a,e, and to the i„orga„ic consU.nlion of " soi hat Tc ire to Mn 
 
 stockkept iiuhe orcl^^rd Tf.hion ?^ ''^ ^?""^ """f' '^"^ '^"'"^ ''' ^'^^ k*"'! "<' 
 surroiinT,! h ^, *. ■ ^'''',^P ""'^ ^'"'^ depastured, each tree may be closelv 
 
 y oi uirce strong lough posts, firmly fixed m the ground, and united 
 
for a hiiii- 
 iiit, is soon 
 li tlicir lat- 
 in plniit- 
 should bo 
 away, and 
 the former 
 f-mould or 
 )tliLT alka- 
 3d, should 
 rew in the 
 ree should 
 selection, 
 lould, and 
 fore grew, 
 fnife; and 
 admit the 
 tcr can be 
 trees, will 
 irily fixed 
 illed with 
 ng mould 
 ick dress- 
 that has 
 beneficial 
 ce or four 
 ling from 
 ic or ga,s- 
 ; is in the 
 re to look 
 awtli and 
 too open 
 
 contain 
 . When 
 ling only, 
 nit; and, 
 leral ma- 
 ', or peat 
 
 the best 
 : or other 
 
 hey will 
 that they 
 •■ kind of 
 e closely 
 by thick 
 bonld be 
 
 1 against 
 lould be 
 '„ which 
 be indis- 
 must be 
 i united 
 
 COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 311 
 
 UolZl ^bound,Ve^Teeste Sfuf ''''■ 'VT' ^'^-^--. -^-e suita- 
 
 In answer to the nlm'^Z nT V f^^^^ 
 ploughed'/" wev.u Id^ SLthau! T/'^^^' , ? ^hether^rchards ought to be 
 trees of every kind are imn' i 'f ""^ "'"^ ^"^ prevalent opinion that fruit 
 stirred roundM;";^ .^^o rS ri^i intcTewst ^""' Y .^-' u.g 'thTground 
 this view, orchards have often been ti led fornon'^ '"'' '' '^''' 'T'' ^"^ with 
 winch tliere are two striking obiectios fir^^t '' ^'^'"' '^"^ ""'^^'- "«P«> to 
 andwd not well flourish IdertlT hade of S 
 
 exhaustmg crops, they impovcHsI^hesoi?.h5 ''!• ^"^^ ''''"'''^' ^hat being 
 both m qnantitV and quahtr Bu ttlie or r n '' ""-^f ?"J"'"'""« '^ "•« ^PP'^ 
 ^^/^0,whiclUs extensLly ^imiva ed orf irLT.;^^ 
 
 the shade, and would, therefore d'rive we H nn ?/ "" ^'"""' ^^^^^^ P^^f^rs 
 exhausting the land, will, ItT^a d bear IZf 'n, ^' V'""'" ' ^'^"^' '"^ ^'^^ ^^om 
 snccession, without manure even nmn nn , V ^?'' ^^'^ ""^ "'^■'^ years in 
 
 that it does not require much tMHn ATer'i^.Tnr"'' J' '^^'. ^^^" further stated, 
 necessary to draw {he tops o t of tfe g ound when 'ri n.' n ^'""^^^^ '• ^''''' '' ^' °»Iy 
 sumcent to produce the next year'f cro ^v^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 contniue from year to year vnuil they d^of o d In ^JtjV"""^^' ^""^ ^h"« ^hey 
 render this plant suitable for orclwd Ip L^^?_ ^'' ^''^^^^ 
 while the avoidance of digging S once selvHp "^' ''^!" 'P'" '^''' ^'^^'^ 
 many a wound. It also nossoSo, 1 ' ^^'^ ;'P^''^ ^^"^ roots of the trees 
 
 from the atmosphere which snrnb hi .? P^^P^^ty of absorbing nitrogen largelv 
 ma.u,c, and c^nsecju^uly',^ p ^^.f j^trdr^of ^ thrivnfg so w?ll wilt 
 drills snnilar to potatoes, and like them Zrn.T *''^^"'^ }^ '« planted in 
 and animals. It has been obse ted Im o elnnk ""''i ^'"^''^y^'^ ^^' ^o^ for man 
 advance to a certain point, and the. ce-i^ n f ' "", P'o"ghed, often rapidly 
 caused by planting the trees^ooiK^ each other .'Id ' ^' 'I''' '^^'^^^^'^ 'o be 
 hurries their roots towards each othe, nnHi f '• 'yP'onghing between them, 
 
 powth. The chief objection to p"o'^^^^^^^^^^^^ checks their future 
 
 I'aying a soil easily caiied off by wale sue Ts n'ln' '^"!' '" " '''"i^ ^""'^'^y. 
 n time, become sensibly diminisLrwherrio; Ion 'n f '^^ ^^'"^ ^""^ ^""^''^ ^^^'j 
 remedy the evil. lJ„t 'this circnmslance o. fn ? ^'VT' ^'^ insufficient to 
 not only m an orchard, but for a^iv 01.10^^ i ? ^'""^i'^ *''^ ""'^ ^^ »'io Plongli, 
 ploughing an orchard, care must aL 1^0 i^'Y''' "^ '"^'^ ^ ^•^"^'^on. "l, 
 tlic roots, which would greaUy dama^f t oT'^""'/' ^o too deep amongst 
 receive. ^ ^''^ uamage the trees by the wounds they would 
 
 fo^Jy^to'^rLfaTaifaSit'l^f^ 'Y'' ^V^ ^^^^^ ^-^ be from 
 always rcuKfrnbered^ha the ?ootVext "d7^^^^^^^^^^ T'' ^'' ^' ^^'""•'l "« 
 
 mode may be adopted that wil atuS fo the r-7""f '''" branches; or another 
 ' y. Tins may be eflected by pla n'^vl^ia mlv^S fT"'-'''' '""'^ ^""^ P^^^^r- 
 distances which their full growth wiH rean r .^. f ^^"'"^ principal trees, at the 
 as standards, or as dwarfs, .^7;^ LmJ « X'' ^ r ^ '""^ ^"/T^^" ^^^"^ «i^l'«r 
 shal require them to be removed Thri^^nennil^^^^^^^ "^" P^'^^^P'-^l «"^« 
 
 peculiar value; since, if thev be dw-^rff ?n n '''''^'' 'i'*'"^' ^^^««' ^^'"1 bave a 
 n.g, and will ripen their fruk ea rin\^^^^^^ '"^'^ immediately come into bear- 
 g;-eat facility ; and if it falls to heyou.^d ^WH often''"''' '"/^ ^' F'^'''''^ ^^'^'^ 
 Dwarfs, too, may easily be pruned ^nd lr',r ! ' 'f ^P*" ^^"^ ^'''"ig bruised. 
 
 «'iou« fruit; or,\hoyLay^be roadn^^ thinned of their super- 
 
 supplied with nutritious w^L ia\h oU er ht? 7^^ '"'^^"^"^^ thing or 
 -dlmgs or grafts, they wiH be -dyt lll^^^;^ 'i/^^:^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 See Journ. Hoy. Agr. Si 
 
 DC. ofEiiglaml, 
 
 I 
 
 pp. 390, et seq. 
 
312 
 
 PYRUS MALUS. 
 
 rt^ovr"rmo;\Ttradi;r4r;!:;i^^ -cide„tord.easo, at the time of 
 may bo mentioned e llu/K^ '^V''^'' planting of orchards, 
 
 part of the trees, a.id tS y eLi l/em ^^^ "^ ^'^« ^"" ''" '^^'Y 
 
 which is larger, fiiror, and bet^crnaZro /n. '"^ ^"'■^'' "'"•■" ^'"i'^ «"^1 t"^' 
 inches in diameter, c/mtars t /e tv.sren\[m^^^ '''^'^''',' "n ^ !'°^"'''^'- ^'^™' ^'^'^^ 
 in diameter, (globes being to lad other .1 //'"'^^'"«»-« »^»"^ than one of an inch 
 apples are ni" to be vu fee Vv ?he?r n mL 'i"^f ^^v''^''' diameters. ) He.ice 
 by their weight; for mo t wei Ju m^^^ ""'^'.''f ^/ '^''''' ''''''^ «"d indeed, 
 
 and juice will follow healtl a ?d viT, * ;^xpected where there is mosi juice 
 trees planted at wide intervals tmS*otlern^^^^^ "^^""^^^o is that 
 
 out the interference of their rooNand brn pLI }"°'"' '°''"' ^" 'P''<^^^' ^^^^'i- 
 greater quantity of fruit A tieo wh . . i , ' ''•"'^, ^o^^equently will bear a 
 
 ter, Will Lave twenty- ve time « In •I'kP'''"'^^' ''f ^' ^^'y ^''^ *» ^lame- 
 formed head ten feet in diame er ^nthnr t J!""? ''''^''''' ^^ °"^ "^ ^^e same 
 would produce as much fn.it as iynur V i'' ^'"'"'''^^^^^^ 
 would occupy but httlellirtha^n ^Z^r^nJi^lZ^t '''''' ^''''''^'^ '' 
 
 them, i ..0 n.o^s^^^m:^:^^rr^:c-.xs^^^^ 
 
 )K 
 
 )K 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 :*; 
 
 >K 
 
 m 
 
 )K 
 
 5)< 
 
 )(^ 
 
 5K 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 * ^ * )K ^ JK 
 
 )K 
 
 * 
 
 )«:' 
 
 )K 
 
 )l< 
 
 )K 
 
 QUINCUNX-FORM. 
 
 ^ ^ )l^ 
 
 SQUARE-FORM. 
 
 grom;d,t;rh::\ht'd\raTof diit "" ^1"--^--' -ves one eighth of the 
 every direction.f The vacaX,^^^ ''!?kT/"' T^^ "^'^^^"^^^ '^P'-^^^ ^^ 
 
 row of standards, may be filled w^l '^t '"^''^ *"' '1' ''^^ '.'^^ ""'^^ °^' ^^^^y other 
 
 *,j!,=*P"« "f Mass. Agr. Soc, 1801, p. 85. 
 
 mine ,he points for ,he centre of ea h tree „ rll"?,,?' ""^ "'i''^'^'"'' ^^^ '^e quincunx-form :_First deter 
 say fifty feet. Take a line one hun ed l^et i^'lenLth ' withi ^T" '''''T '' '^'1"^' ''i-^'^^n-f^pan- 
 two ends at two contisuons stake.s ■ then exieml il,! ^ . V ',"" '"^'''^ '" ''^ "li'l'^e, and phce its 
 
 in two equal lengths, and the knot or S «^ 1 i, d ..t H,l°nl"'''"<^ "" '^'' ^*'""'' ''"« '^'^'^"'"es s^ etched 
 should be driven another stake. Repeat the Vnmrn. ^^^t"" '"^ '"^ ""'^^ '" ""^ "«■'«' row, where there 
 and another point will be aetcrmiS n ,e „exT oTw e°re Z^ ' '"^""1 '^'^i.'' «'' ■^'•'''^•^■'= '" '^e outer ow! 
 manner, continue with all the other snl p! Z. i ' '""^^^ "''''*' '""**' '^''^o ^e inserted a stake In like 
 cross, and longitudinal sights t il the whrl h^ ^''^'i'" '/" T""" '''"^' ^"i^'' o'" ""^ stations b. obi oue 
 feet from each of its nei4bo -rs hi. .h completed. Every tree in such ar orchard wdl be fil^v 
 
 this distance is to fiftj"fce, n a y a' evenT,:,''! ^ "'r'' '"'''''''' '^"'^ "--enSS ^pa'r aS 
 «aved, as mtimated above. In oLr .o^^Lw lU Slan^^X™ £ ^^^ ^il^qS^Sirtfi 
 
he time of 
 )f orchards, 
 111 on every 
 it, and tnat 
 form, three 
 of an inclj 
 i. ) Hence 
 nd indeed, 
 Tiosi juice, 
 age is, that 
 ead, with- 
 nll bear a 
 in diame- 
 f the same 
 g equal, it 
 Ithough it 
 
 ''orm; but 
 t tliem in 
 i^rs to four 
 J between 
 
 ¥ 
 
 )K 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 5K 
 
 th of the 
 apart in 
 ?ry other 
 lowed to 
 ones, so 
 aries for 
 lincunx- 
 
 irst, deter- 
 ss apart — 
 [1 place its 
 ■ stretched 
 here tliere 
 uuler row, 
 In like 
 y oblique, 
 ill be fil'ty 
 lart ; and 
 1(1 will be 
 ■fcrm, tha 
 
 COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 313 
 
 a'The'^i'o7 e^^ry^^^^ r'ow '^Tr ''"^?/" '" ^''« ^^^^"^ spaces which occnr 
 insi^ctton of the digram; bZ, ,";,;[' f ^^.o clearly^undor'ood^Tan 
 -ees. (n) .be permanent dwarfs, ani^tthi^ll^^Sy tfeT" ^'^ ^'^"^^'^ 
 
 <«• 
 
 distance of the trees from p h u ^■"»~^-»~~^~>.>.^^^ 
 
 >•, 37. which may be am)\[o,\lXh f ^®'"" S'^*""- 'he subioine,! tihl,. ho. ». 
 
 y apphed with advantage to other speciis oi eSture !1 ^°"«"-"<='ed from Euclid, 
 
 « ia_ 
 
 o-.i33;:i(i 
 
 0-8(i6i;i6i 
 I-732ll7 
 2-598 '18 
 3-1 (54 10 
 4330 20 
 519() 21 
 0-0()2 2'' 
 (i-'J28 2 
 
 7-7y.i:2i 
 
 8-fi()0'25 
 
 9-526 '2<) 
 
 110-392 27 
 
 11-258,28 
 
 12-121 29 
 
 112-990:30 
 
 19-919 
 -'0-785 
 21-()51i 
 22-5171 
 
 23-3831 
 1-219: 
 
 |25-1I5J 
 25-98lli 
 
 31 2(5-817 .17 
 
 32 27-71348 
 
 33 28-579; 49 
 31 29-445 49i 
 •35 30-311 50 
 3<) 3M77if51 
 
 37 32-04352 
 
 38 32-!T09 '53 
 
 39 33-775 '54 
 •10 34-541155 
 '11 35-507i5() 
 •12 3()-373ii57 
 '13 37-239 ''58 
 4'! 38-105'59 
 45 38-971 '(50 
 •If- l39-837::66 
 
 ■10-703 
 41-5f)9 
 J42 435 
 42-808 
 13-301 
 44-l(57| 
 45-033i 
 45-8991 
 ■I () -7(551 
 |47-f)31 
 ■18-497 
 19^3(53 
 50^229 
 5I^095 
 51 •9(12 
 57^158 
 
 \ ? 
 
 '^"^'--^^^^^^S^^^S^,^ 
 

 I'.l'M' 
 
 
 ^^K 
 
 ii 
 
 ^^B 1 t 
 
 i 
 
 ^^Hk^&^M 
 
 am 
 
 ^^^HHwj 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 PYKUS MALUS, 
 
 In pntninff applc-lrccs, it is alike important to regard the eencral form of 
 Uie.r heads as it ,s the management of\heir individlml branche A svLrn 
 wh eh has long been practised in Europe, and has been adopted for m^ivveiS 
 m ho United States, is to lead ont of thi upright stem, at a g^ven heiX^ S 
 
 fa rVill Mn . '"''^'1' '"''^ '''''' ^^-^Fi'^i-'S <«^'r hmbs, sittfated at pTop'er intTr 
 vals, till the tree can bear no more of them. The advantages resulting imm.hL 
 mode are, that the boughs can be made capable of v^S rtTai -InTj^^^^ 
 age; the strength of such branches, at the place of tLii n scrUo lUot e stem 
 IS much greater than of those which grow at more acute ange" and that the 
 
 rica with a hollow space lelt ; , line of its central parts • 
 
 [he esTnf^H '''. ^'"' T ''■''"^"- ''''''' ^''« ^i^^''^^ '-^"d air than 
 the lest of the tree and consequently are not adapted to the pro- 
 
 t'T^ ^f ^T- " . ^•'"^'"S ^^'^ ''«^d of a tree in the Atlantic -.-..««».^ 
 
 SalntTtvonli'l"'''' "■''"' ^^''^ ^'"'^ recommended to diminish the weight 
 ana quantity of boughs on its east or north-east side, (the side oDoositc to tho 
 prevailing winds,) as trees generally incline that way ; and to Sumc4 ' 
 venM fn'" ' ", '^^'''''' ''''^' '"^ ''''''' ^^'« «"" from the truni ^i ord r t'o p e- 
 
 bra Khe w nri, ? Kn'S^t recommends most attention to be paid'o the lateral 
 01 anclies, which, it unchecked by occasional pruning, arc apt to load the tree too 
 h"oniu n " '.fl^'"'''^'!-- ■^^'- ^'^?^^ ^'-l'«'-,'of iXew Jerse^y entertai d a simT 
 rZ7nT °"'!^ fruit-trees," said he, " should not have the side-shoots cut 
 
 cose to the stcni, which forces the growth the whole way up the top whic 
 becomes so weighty, as to bend and spoil the trees. I have found tbet^e'r 7o f 
 slernorV^ the s.de-sl..ots * * * ■* % which will encoura^ the growth o? 1^ 
 stem or trunk, till it acquires strength to support a good top.'' After the head of 
 he tree is properly formed, nothing more is necelsary than to cut out a I the 
 branches that cross each other,.or ai^ likely to be in the ^vay^ 'th^ th^ e yea 
 
 to cut off o'r Flo"?"'' !'''' ^"'^"P"" ^""-^^""^ ""^ ^P"r«' ^'-^re must be obse' ve^d noi 
 bn. 1 1 ™^ "'"'^' f ' ''^'y ^^"^"^"^ t° ^^ fruitful for several seasons. I 
 
 has also been recommended to " prune at a fork," or at least " at a bud "on ihl 
 ground that a wound is best protected when cohered by S fronf w thout and 
 
 fi^m whfch TZT^'^'r' ^.'" ^"^ °^ " ^^"^ «^""^P' b"t only over S 'place 
 of the Mr of nnnH'"\ "''"'I' ''^" T^^ f"^^"" "^"^^ ^c supplied by the extension 
 ^me Ti Itfi. Pv """r'V ^"^ such a branch, even a bud may become in 
 
 should be snWihfio T" f ^•^''' ?" "^""^"f '^"^^^^^'•' ^'^ ^^^ificid covering 
 sliould be subs ituted, by shaving the wounded surface close and smooth and 
 applying immediately a plaster composed of ^"looui, anu 
 
 White Burgundy pitch, iq' 
 
 Black pitch, 4 
 
 Resin, ! ." 4 
 
 Bees-wax, .... * * 4 
 
 Tallow, '.'.'.'.'. 8 
 
 Pounded mastic, '. '. 1 
 
 Salt-petre, ] ] j 
 
 This mixture should be warmed over a slow fire for three-fourths of an hour- 
 and when melted, but rot too hot, be put on with a brush to a denth nf nnrl 
 sixteenth to one half of an inch in ihiclcLss, according lo Ihe size of t^he'wlnd 
 
3ral form of 
 A system 
 many years 
 ght, a sories 
 ">roper intcr- 
 tig Irom tliis 
 It an earlier 
 to the stem, 
 nd that the 
 lessen the 
 rops around 
 It has been 
 
 COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 315 
 
 the weight 
 )ositc to the 
 :ourage the 
 rder to pre- 
 canker and 
 ' the lateral 
 the tree too 
 lied a simi- 
 i-shoots cut 
 lop; which 
 otter to cut 
 wth of the 
 he head of 
 out all the 
 hree years, 
 •served not 
 !asons. It 
 d;" on the 
 hout; and 
 r the place 
 
 extension 
 become in 
 I covering 
 aooth, and 
 
 an hour ; 
 th of one 
 le wound. 
 
 ~f b^SrC^tMl^f ^^ -- -- ^^ ^'^-ved not to iniure 7 
 part should by no .neaus be rloverinu^'^n ^^^^'^^r?"^ ^« "^adetLe winded 
 the composition immediately laSZ,/ i t^'l'^'d fast together/and a coat of 
 
 ± • "'^ wcc incurao V diseaspfl •" n^f „ i i ' "'"& 's, to reinovp pvnrw 
 agioiis, but because rottenness of i self occTi^ ''""''^ '^'' ^'^^^«« may be coZ 
 tl er, from insects, and oth.T causes Wt"^!'" '"^''^'^sed evils, from the wen 
 pnuied to the c^uiclc, and propu";"be,S\ol an" ba ^^0" 
 
 o U 01 a natural cover to be made ^r, hi ^ 1='"'^"' ^« ^e have pointed 
 
 Slniiliy screened from ll,e sii Tl * "' °' "t""' '>'<""= wliicli are ken? .^ 
 
 at IS, removing all the branches wUhi,; 7''^' '' ^^"^"^d " Jicading down '' 
 
 vents the production of S A "L '" ""Serous useless slmot and nrp 
 
 Accidents, Diseases, and Inscc/i n^l.^ i "" 
 
 toaccidents, theattacksof insects ;nd to li^^'"^""^"' ""' ^ standard, is more li.bln 
 
 ^™^rir*a;i?^l'„i-c,i^ ue;.:^:! \^:'itss^ KSe°; ^;;;;;;:t' 
 
 especially wh™ planted deep „r i , r St']""," '' "I'" ''"I' eotTo "ankJr ,1';: 
 depth, andcroppid will, vep^iaU ' " """:'"'='■ '? annually Vie ro,,. i, i "° e 
 
iflS 
 
 316 
 
 PVRUS MALL'S. 
 
 I'm 
 
 i-\ i»i 
 
 i n , 
 
 « ' 
 
 i .!«,. 
 
 ir 
 
 « (!i. 
 
 iN 
 
 ¥r 
 
 on y honing, or keeping t entire^ n past re Tho 1 1"^'^^'/'," '^*^ 8''«""^' b»t 
 soils, and u, moist^iumtions, a S ' ^^ be^j L^"^'"'^ and brancl.es, in some 
 wind, nu.st be scraped off; and in hers U,e mi. uf '""'" ^"'^''"' '''"'^ "^o^s, 
 must be cnt ont. The fui..ns /hvS. ' '" f '«^o« '^ apt to take root, which 
 
 leaves of the pear-tJee a ^;ro'dtes:^ ^^'^Ts' c.llltS""'^ j'"^'^ ^'^° ^^''-^ «" "'« 
 tiiosc of the apple-tree. l''^''"»««^'' ^^'^at is called 7nMciv, is not unfreqnent on 
 
 ^^^^^^^^i^^or't:^^^ -« «"bject to the attacks 
 
 One of the most common enemies to^bki^ ''' ^''^'^ ''''' ^"'^ o"" "« remedies, 
 is the cotton insect, or wooiran 1^ tr/^ll/^'^'^'f F''''"'''^^'^' '" ^''"8'^^"^. 
 m«// of Leach.) This insecfwas firsVdesSiterft ^^ ^"»"«'"«' '-^"^ J^nosoma 
 ins the orchards of (Germany -bntttarTmS "' ^^*^1'«« '"<'*^st- 
 
 17H7, and has since acquired in t nTco n - t/" ^'^?^''"^ ^^'"^ '""'^y ^' ^^e year 
 "American blight," fro n the ol ef th. T' '?'^'' l^^P^-^P^^ly. the name of 
 Although it exists in tie United States f , ^""^ l^^en imported from America, 
 not to be indigenous, but was bronXtn . ^^•^^^'^■"g'y/^"-c; but it is thought 
 
 It appears to^have 'b en Eot ^al bv the'°l!'"'''V'' ^'f -''''' ^''^"^ ^^^^e. 
 previous to either of the abrc named rMn ?"''' g'!.'''^^"«'-« f«r ^ long time 
 
 iound in the orchards in S v eiS of H vfl^^''"'^ 
 
 destructive to the trees in t le den "rtmon. of r 1 1 '" ^\«!™^^»dy, and is very 
 are so small that they can ot be dS^ i«LV m"^"'' 7'" "^gs of this insect 
 They arc enveloped in a Zton lilfe S ^ ^ without the aid of a microscope, 
 insect, and are deposited in "et 'so he"?' ^T''^'^. '^^ ^''^ '^°^^5^ «^ ^le 
 bark, at or near the surface of the -round e.no. 1."' v '/. '^"^^ "' ^''" ^^''"'^« «f th« 
 from that place. The vonn-i wI.e.Tl^ FT"","^ '^ ^^''''' ""'^ ^''^''^^'-^ springing 
 /ine down, and appeLf i tile sn /^^ of Z.""^' 'n ^""'^''"^ ^^"'^ ^ ^''Y «'^«rt^ 
 "lould. As the season advancS a.fdil e inr.'f' ^'''' '^ '"'">^ ''"'^ ^P^^'^^ «f 
 coats become more distinct, and gVwl l^Xd^il^"' T^ "/ '''''■ '^''' "^'"'^y 
 removed, adheres to the fingers when nnprn; Y^" ^ '"' '^°'''" ''^ ^^'"^ ^'-^^ilv 
 pores of the skin of the abdo hen men t'lh." ^^^'^7 '''■ '''"" ^^''"^ ^" ^he 
 brood are one tenth of an incl in ioM-^tl nn^ ^. ^'"''T"' l''"' '"'""^« ^^ ^'^^ ^rst 
 head, antenna), sucker, and si ns a e^fo' nW''"/'''if"r '^ ^"^^^^^ o^' the 
 abdomen of a honev-yellow The voun^ n f ^' ''V'' .'^'''^''^'''^ ^'''°"r, and the 
 are buried in masses Vue do vn IZlTJf!'^'''''^ ^'T" ^''""^^ ^'^e summer, 
 the bark and of the alb nmm o' vnnn /'v "«»"«hment from the sap of 
 
 adult insects it is said evor o^' young wood directly under the bark. The 
 
 tnne, they emif dro^'of radlTere^^-i'Cr,/""'^ *"'"^' ^"^ ^-^ ^-' to 
 
 Although destitute of wings Zvaro c^LloA / " '^^•"^'^'t^^s of their bodies. 
 
 their long down, which is so SuifWl n 1^ ^- ?'''"/ ^« ^''^^^ by means of 
 
 by the wmds of kutum 1, and th 1 e ev f w?I '^'''1 '^'u '^''^ ''^^^ ^^«''>^ ^-^-^"ed 
 
 extensive orchard. The numcro s n nc^n I f .f '"''^''^"^ 'P'"'"^ throughout an 
 
 der shoots a cellular ZZ^ncTS^Z^'''"''^'''^^^^ 
 
 warts or excrescences ar^L o.^ he i^lc 1^,1,1^^'"^ "^^'^^ '^ ^^tablished 
 
 the leaves turn yellow and drn off Vnrlnl?^ ^"' ^^"^^''^'''^' ^^^ 
 
 limb, the whole tree bcc^ iries ZeaL] nnd . ^^e infection spreads from limb to 
 
 the London " Entomological k^Sne^', describes" bo^'^ ff''* ^ ™'' >" 
 
 insect, and gives a metCod of df'troying t a 'fSlts '^^^^^ 
 
 . th b., „^ ,,, ^^-ou^ng^Sd^'^mrj-lo^rSS^ 
 
 ^ *^See Harn. Kepon, p. 193. A.so I>H.e.s Ma.a.ne, i., p. ,,0 ., a„a Rennie's Insect M.ee.an J 
 
itly, to neii- 
 ground, but 
 lies, ill some 
 i and moss, 
 root, which 
 rows on tlie 
 frequent on 
 
 the attacks 
 
 remedies, 
 n I'lngland, 
 i iJriosoma 
 1, as infest- 
 as the year 
 le name of 
 n America. 
 
 is thought 
 m Europe, 
 
 1 long time 
 ennie, it is 
 id is very 
 this insect 
 microscope. 
 )dy of the 
 nks of the 
 'springing 
 'ery short, 
 specks of 
 Bir downy 
 ery easily 
 im ail the 
 
 f the first 
 5d off, the 
 r, and the 
 
 summer, 
 he sap of 
 rk. The 
 n time to 
 ir bodies, 
 iieans of 
 y wafted 
 ghout an 
 
 the ten- 
 tablished 
 e sickly, 
 1 limb to 
 vriter in 
 'n of this 
 
 wander 
 rive one 
 
 a crack 
 ton soon 
 
 scellanies. 
 
 COMMO.V APPLE-TKEE. 
 
 317 
 
 appears in large buiicho>;- h...... I r . ^^^ 
 
 ongitudinal white sU-fp^ b twSn thrJr.;,!! '^ 'T^'^ ^^i^'' ^^'« ' 
 colour, while the face,\he an ennl Z T' ""■{ '^ 'igl't-brown 
 and the legs, are ^vhite. tKS'o i' '^''f''^' «'' ^''^ ^^^'-h, 
 tie more than one half to three-four l. nf "\^'"Stli from a liN 
 from the trunks of the trees ear vn Juno T^'' ■ ^' '''''''' ^rtl' 
 night, during which time only i( si "'. V"^ '■'' '''^^^ '» 'ho 
 from one tree to another iLarroflr^'''^'"Ss in passi,,g 
 In the day-time, it keeps a rest amon "^r?"'""' ^^"^* ^^' ^"«^ 
 
 trunk of the tree itf^'' ^"'"'"^^ ''^''^'^ ^' penetrres oi^.t nr t '"'' /" '''' '"''^^ 
 covers the end nfihn i •'""'^' ^^^'^en the beetle m.-iw^ti "^^^^P'^ce, which is 
 
 * See London Gardonnr's ATn.v„ • 
 
 "*-""=> ^lagazine, ix., p. 335 
 
 PPle-tree, diflering from tl 
 
 1 'P6- 
 
 !ie one above men- 
 
 t See Harris' Report, p. 89. 
 
 
31S 
 
 PYRIiS MALU8. 
 
 I* L 
 
 IP 
 
 r'll 
 if 
 
 e 
 
 I" u 
 
 ir'i 
 
 Of hP im .In ? ^PT^^"' part.culars. It is one of tf.e kind in which the body 
 
 ot the female is not hirge enongli to cover her eggs, for the protection whereof 
 
 provision is made, consisting, in this species, of a kind of menTranem Si of 
 
 he colour and consistence almost of paper. In antnmn, and di nr^lnte rtliesc 
 
 of the trees. 1 he larger ones measnrc less than a tenth of an inch in length and 
 are n the shape of a common oyster-shell, being broad at th.> hinder extremiv 
 bnt tapering towards the other, which is ^nrmonnted by a 1 tt e ova b owS 
 scale. The small ones, which are not mi.eh more than half thrieng.h of the 
 o hers, arc of an oblong-oval shape, or almost fonr-sided, with tl e3 oimde,^ 
 and one extrem.ty is covered by a dark-colonrcd, niinnte, oval scale tV a 
 description of the general habits of this family of insects, the reader is referred to 
 our article on the orange-tree, nnder the head of " Insecls "* 
 
 1 he tender bnds and young leaves of the apple-tree are sometimes attacked in 
 May and Jnne, by multitudes of small caterpillars, described by D Hards 
 under the name ot the eye-spotted penthina (/WA^.w.c.,/r,««.)^lViey a?e of 
 a pale and dull-brown colour, warty and slightlv downy, with tl e headland the 
 
 bTthe Z^Znf7 "^ " ^' V '/'"'"'S '^^'"^" 'l'''^«y "^^'^•'y «-i"ire their gow^ 
 state ev in In 1 i 't ^^^"'^\^""«,/»»ey transform, and ccnne iut in the xvinged 
 f^^e wbch OV& lliese caterpillars live singly in the buds or opening fbli- 
 age which hey fasten together and devour. The only sure mode recommended 
 destroy tliem is, to cr.ish the withered clusters of leaves coiita nin" hem or 
 their chrysalides, and thus "nip them in the bud." Hut one of lie gSes 
 pests to the American orchards, as well as to the foliage of the elm and some 
 nmes of the cherry, plum, lindon, and other trees, is the canSworm Trst 
 '^ritJV'"^'T' ^''^' '''"-^'' '^'' "^^'"« ofP/Uenavernuir A cording to 
 
 first harrf;-ot^,rfln'''"7°™ '"^"'^n ^'^''' '"^ "^=^'^« ^''^'''' -PP^arance afteiMl e 
 firs hard fiost m the autumn, usually towards the end of October, and thcv con- 
 tinue to come forth, in greater or smaller numbers, according to he niilSss or 
 seventy ol the weath-r after the frosts have begun. Their genera tiri^l of Wsin° 
 however, is in the spring, beginning about tire middle of^S/brsomS 
 before, and at others, after thrs time; and they continue to cone forth for The 
 space of about three weeks. It has been observed that there a e more females 
 Uian males among those that appear in the autumn and winter, and tha the 
 ma es are the most abundant in the spring. The sluggish and wingless females 
 nisl.nctively make their way towards the nearest trees^and ereej^^^ o^Ty ,m hek 
 mniks. In a few days afterwards they are followed by the winged a^.d'^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 males, which dutter about and accompany them in their ascent, during whih 
 the wo sexes pair. 8oon after this, the females lay their eggs up ... the bn^ ches 
 
 i "tv to'o'n? hnX' ""^ '" *'"'■ ''''''l ''r ''^''''^^ '" rows,'fl>r.ningXt 
 sixty to one hundred eggs or more, which is the number usually laid bv each 
 The eggs are glued to each other, and to the bark, by a grayish van isli which 
 IS impervious to water; and the clusters are thus' securely fLtenedTi;ofoks 
 of the small branches, or close to the young twigs and buds. The eggs a'ens! 
 ally hatched between the first and the middle ot'May, or about tJie tfme U.at 'he 
 
 The'nnr' '' \" ^''''°"^' ""'"^ '^'' ^'""^ '"^^'''^ «^ the^'apple-tree b gi to xp uid 
 The lit tie canker-wonns, upon making their escape fmrn the eggs, gather u on 
 he ender leaves, and, on the occurrence of cold and wet weaufer fS she Iter 
 m the bosom of a bud, or into the flowers, when the latter appear. The leaves 
 when first attacked, wi 1 be found pierced with small holes, which become iS 
 and more irregular as the worms increase in si.e, until nea ly all the pXy Sts 
 are consumed. A very great difl-erence of colour is observable anion/ [liese 
 
 * See also Harris' Report, pp. 201 et 203. 
 
 
 iA'' h 
 
ich the body 
 ion whereof, 
 3US shell, of 
 I'inter, these 
 on the bark 
 length, and 
 r extremity, 
 .1, brownish 
 •ngth of the 
 ds ronnded, 
 ale. For a 
 3 referred to 
 
 attacked, in 
 Dr. Harris, 
 rhey are of 
 •ad and the 
 lieir growth 
 
 the winged 
 pening foli- 
 ;onimended 
 ng them or 
 he greatest 
 
 and some- 
 worm, first 
 ccording to 
 :e after the 
 
 I they con- 
 
 nildiiess or 
 
 e of rising, 
 
 sometimes 
 
 rth for the 
 )re females 
 id that the 
 3SS females 
 ly up their 
 and active 
 ing which, 
 e branches 
 ig clusters 
 
 II by each, 
 sh, wiiich 
 I the forks 
 :s are nsu- 
 le that the 
 ;o expand, 
 ither npon 
 ek shelter 
 he leaves, 
 )me larger 
 iilpy parts 
 ong these 
 
 COMMON APPLE-! nEE. 
 
 319 
 
 -~;^::^^r 't^ s^^r 'r^^ '- ™ «- -^ «<- wh., 
 
 are then generally of a blaci i or^I,' ^ ?" "'« ^T «< t''« last rings, and t lev 
 on each side of the bodv ; tier ■ .a ' Two?; I" 7". '"'?'"■' ^^'»'' » yUmvish st ne 
 belly IS whitish. When fnllv L^ro u,. ^? '"".'' ''•"'•''^ ^''^'^^ the head • n the 
 the back, and black on I e fd^be ow w't '".'''^''''''^'^ ^.'eo.ne ash-colonred ^ 
 Some are fon.d of a dull grSsh-voZw 'm'' /'" ^'^'^' y^""^^*^'*'' ""« re mir 
 ; er uiterrnpte''. blackish lines h^ifc ^ ••"""'';•;' of a clay-colonr, wi.hX: 
 he back. The head and feet partake S ""f T'' "'' ^'"'' «^"»« enlon on 
 
 IS paler. When not eating, thev rern^in fr 5 'T' '="'•""• of the body; the leNv 
 oa the.r fore and hind legshn" Ith he eav^ ' W^'' <•/;"' '''"S"'. '^"J reli ^ 
 
 bv l.r.?' ."'^'/^^ ^^''*^'^ ^i'"^ they beg ^l^,,,^'7f=^'^«^^^^^^ 
 by the trnnks, but great numbers let t? nn el ,/ "i"'''. ^"'"« "^«P ^^v^-n 
 irom the branches, their instincts nro.nnf t ,V """ ^'^^ ^'"^"' «'e>"ler breads 
 easiest and ,nost direct course nossfb'^ A f. "'"'". '*' ^"^ '« ^'c ground by the 
 d.ately burrow into the earth, tH he enth o 'T'''''^'''^ S"-''""^!- 'Iicy irmne- 
 
 ^^r^T'' '' ^y '''« bardness'3f th oiP In".?" T''^^' ""'^«« Prevemcd 
 undergo then- transformations on tne iZf , ' '*" ''^"^'" «»««> 'bey die or 
 
 cavities or cells in the grou d L nnii I?' " *''" ^"™"' ^''''V mike JiuL 
 loose grains of earth about them wi t la S Sw"^ "j^P^'^tedly, and Ihste.ii.ig « 
 tn r'"'"^*"'"^"^'^^-^' tbeyared^ged imo , ' ;" breads; a.id, within twenty! 
 from these retreats in their perfect form z?^?'''^"'' ''"^ '" <'"« time, emerje 
 avages of the canker-worm, the o.lvt^in. f''"" '.". P"""^'"^^ ^''« trees iVom the 
 o prevent the wingless females from .eon ^' T"'^ ^"'^"^ necessary wo.dd bo 
 rhc expedients usSally resir el to ^r hh "? "'' ''''''^' ''' deposit their eggs 
 ead, tui wood, or other materials arount.'?''"^' ""''> *" ^'' ^ «'««« collar of 
 trough fill(.d with oil. The an, bStfn.r. '" ^'J'"'" «^ the trees, or a circular 
 
 other viscid substa.ices, to the' bodies of ^nV^ '""'i ''^'"^^ ^"'^'•'^» rubb r a j 
 partial success. '''''*'^' ^^ the trees liave been employed with 
 
 ;»gly wingless, have two litte scale or Jf' T ''•'" '"^^"'^ •^'^'<^' tbougl/seem- 
 large ashen-gray wings, the up^er mir of wr i''""'^'' ^"'"'« ^'^'^ "^^^'^^ bave 
 bands with a small black spotTearTe tin n n ' "'"" "'""^^^d ^y dark wavy 
 he outer hind angle. The b kIv nftL ^■' '^"'^ "^ '"'""te white crescent neir 
 
 bttle tufts along tlfe back ami to J '"'''^ ^t" '"'•'^" '^"d blender, with a row of 
 females are ofl hglS.Tv ha„ thf .'^^^^ T '"^'^ ^^'^^ three- e^ 1 s The 
 and are of an oblong-oval ^slane DiS i l"^ 'l^^'"' ^^die^ are mLl hid e 
 various times in the coii^rse of ti.o I, broods of these insects axucTll 
 
 I'^r^y -n6 lay iUoir 7,'i: il^ ^ greater number Se to 
 
 ''perceived nearly all the trees spiled wlln" ''P^''. T^''''"^ "^ February, he 
 firmly to the branches as to reSe cl^ide °frr""' ^^f^ ^'^^'''' ^"Iberiug so 
 leaf covered a small patch of fmm ^""^'^^rable force to dis odge them F^oh 
 well as the leaf, by a gu mm/TiS sill-Jn 'n" ''""^^^f ^=^-^' ""'ted together a 
 March following, he visit Tt^.e same ool 7' ^'T'''^^ '« ^^'^ '""th.'' In'the 
 tbree trees, from which he took twSmv HT^' .^"^ '"^ ^» experiment, clea ed 
 the trees he left untouched umil the %? of M^'''^"^ 'F'' '^''« remainder of 
 were hatched .om the egg, ^J-^^^^Jl;^^.^^.^^^^ 
 
 J 
 
I!" !• \l 
 
 320 
 
 PYntiN MAI.US. 
 
 
 Jostriictioii 
 
 I'm h, without excopti..,, ripnniM,' t /'■' 7f,';^'^'"' ""•^•'/^'tl> Mu^; .■ah 
 "•af, wh.-ro pn,p,.r atfution h:.« ,1 L..'"!'^',''. '^ "'"y ''.« l""|H-r here to stato, 
 
 ggcst 
 striic- 
 other 
 
 •'/ the late J„dV I.OVH and ;;;:,';' ff '' T' '" ^^* '"'"^"^^''l' «« ^^^s's u^Z, 
 tivc ^'^t-l.ill.r;.ouIcrb;;\"iy*^ ^^^ ,^I^ to.. ycar«, this c^t.... 
 
 '.nsect which n.ay ho cailo.l thoSc t S^^ ' " r'"* "' /''^'' '""^- A"«'her 
 ;'•«, Harris,) very nu.ch r.Vr.nh « ,ho : ' ' "• ^'''''l' {^^^'^'^ocanvpa sylvut- 
 leaves of the oak, th. hickory, .ZLmrK 2 11' "' •"'"'' I^^'^y^ "i-" the 
 other spocies of gregarious c it(.ri i rs Zl^l V ''"''' ''^ ""^^ "Pplc-trcc. Two 
 tru, of Harris, also swaru^ou I an o' d or t nw'rH '"":' ^^"^^ ^'y^^^''" '''"^^^ 
 of -summer, stripping whole brat. s nV r..^' ^ ^ ''"V/''^''''' towards the eu( 
 American lappcti/uoU., ( J^^t "£ :,1.'" I! 'T^!^ J^^^ -'-pillar of the 
 
 id 
 
 ic 
 
 American lappct^moU., {(J:st:;X.Z>^Z u'"" J^'' ^^'^n>illar of the 
 and makes the leaves of the ap ,1 it I 'l J^ 
 large green caterpillar, ( ithin^^rrn^, u ''', '^ """'^ ^^^ '" 'he night. A 
 
 the apple-tree in '.he nlo^ul^^Uuly S'a^^^^^^^^^^^^ i'« appearLce on 
 
 IJt'rhorry, the cherry, and the plum * ^ ' ''' ''^'''* ''' "I^'^" ^'^^ currant, the 
 
 imbers, that the leaves vanisl/nV.lV':'^"' :.;"'''«'' .^'''grcgate in such vasl 
 
 -un^bers, that thel^a^e^ v; I'SlSe dlenr^id^V'"'' r^^'^^'^ ^^^ 
 often compl.^tely defoliated by U em ' '^""^ ^^ m.d-summer. the trees are 
 
 al 
 
 on 
 
 is 
 
 v— /""nunt'ua, 01 moucrn cntomoloaists ^D n l.nt . i ""'"^'"^ ; ana f^arpt 
 I'ave been satisfactorily pointed out b7a wr or i ' ""l''^ "^^''^^'^ '^*' ^'''^ "^«t 
 MagazMie," and a good account of i s KXin h i ^.V""'.^"" " ^"tomologica 
 •I'c Insects of Massachusetts iniuri .s to vf ^n?-,.^^ ^'- ^^^^:'^ '" '"'^ " ^^^P"^' "'' 
 msect leave their chrysalides fronXmV;^^^^^^^ The larva) of this 
 
 lime the young apples become u"l et ThploH ^ '° ' '" ^'^f^ "^ -'"1^. «'' ^t the 
 of he apple, one only iu each, by h roduci,. i ts In '^ ""'"^ ''^' \'' '^S^ '» ^^e eye 
 of the calyx, which form a tent above ft EX ,^ ^'P^^'for between the leaves 
 oncy of the weather, or other casua tie ' '' As 1' ' '^.f ''''^''^' I' ^'•°'" ''^^ '"^l^m- 
 wnter above referred to, " the littlet "b'^n.ws n H "' '/' '^^ I'atches," says the 
 soon buries itself in its Lubstance a d if s wnn r" '''««r^"" °^^''« «PP'«> ^nd 
 applo, as if to afford every ^dity o ,e JZJ "'^ ''"f ''' "'''^^ ^''« '•'"^ "^ th« 
 other part, and, consequently, moeCsilv pierced i i"".'.'" ''''"' *'''^" "' ^"^ 
 
 by a.i unvarying instinct, ea s in o tTe IEkh t \ ^ '"^ S'-^'^^' controlled 
 avo.du.g the core and pips, in no way hiffir l^r '^^^^ ^"J- hy thus 
 
 ^ow progress, being little bigger tl a7a Z^^^^^ ^' ^"'^t' ^^ makes but 
 
 its operations have much inmvix It l^l'J . ' ''^'^■r ^"'■"''^''^' '^''^ «*^^« ^"^ 
 and the position of the hole at the .^\!Z a^lli^'lS^ii^^S;;- ^l^JPf^; 
 
 * See Harns' Rc-por,, pp. 2fil, 269, 273, 270,. ;^07, 3 12, 332, et 318. 
 
lies lind been 
 fruit; wliilo 
 foliai^c, each 
 loticn of tf,c 
 ' on tin; Vir- 
 lerc to stale, 
 ', it prevails 
 
 woll as tlio 
 parts of tlio 
 'Y the nanio 
 
 have been 
 f the nests, 
 •sc, iiud tho 
 spring. l( 
 s suggested 
 •is dfstruc- 
 Another 
 ipa sijlvat- 
 s upon tho 
 rce. Two 
 urn viinis- 
 ds the end 
 lar of the 
 leptember, 
 "iglit. A 
 sarauce on 
 irrant, the 
 
 1 Europe, 
 such vast 
 ! trees are 
 
 om being 
 ple-wonn 
 d Carpo- 
 this moth 
 Tiological 
 Report on 
 to of this 
 or at the 
 1 the eye 
 ic leaves 
 ! inclem- 
 says tho 
 )ple, and 
 id of tho 
 1 in any 
 >ntrolled 
 by thus 
 ikos but 
 size and 
 3 apple; 
 arly so, 
 
 COiMMON APPLK-TKKE. 
 
 is convenient for a niMnn<!e u i... ^ 
 
 tlS^^ "'■ '''' ^^'"'-'^ any laC '"^ ^^^ 'f'"' '" """•""' "'Innss m g ^n 
 
 
 
 almost luimodiatoly. Uc I. '-^ve, l n ' """"^ -^''^y' ^^''t quit he does „ M » 
 
 some incouvenioLei' you; Zdl^uTT'''^ ^" ""^^'^'' ''••^«'' I will pu vou tn 
 
 . i>e\v England Farmer" stv« t ...f Tf V ^5^' ^Massachusetts, n vol vviii nr n 
 m the crofches of the t^J. ^I'''!'^' . '^''^">' «''! '^'o'h is woun7nL!!I',":.."f .^'^^ 
 41 
 
 1^ 
 
 II ^^oln,. Will conceal themselves therein 
 
322 
 
 PYRUS MALUS. 
 
 Mil 
 
 and by this means thousands of them m-i^r hn ^k. • i 
 
 tunc whnn the, first bogi. to Iclvo Ss ,u t HiIh r?"^ ^''''7"'^' ^''"•^ »''^ 
 
 Properties and Uscs^ 'Vho wood nVfl n ' . "" f'"'' ^'^ gathered." 
 pained hard, and of a brow.n I '. L " ff th u' /? .? ""1 ''^'''^ '^ «- 
 behevod to be of a still finer and clo e ^-.in Vl "'"^ ^''''iv'ated tree is 
 
 contrary to what is usual. The weH.t of b w r '' -^ ^^^^^'^ of cultivation 
 
 aceordinc, to the locality in whirit !rols I ""^ ''"' '^'^^^''^^ ^'^''^i^^^ "'-<=»» 
 lorty-eigbt to si.ty-six pounds to a cubic foot .'? Pff ''V^' '' ^^^'-^'s''^ ''•«"» 
 one twelfth of its bulk in dryincj. andX't ol'.o i 'V'"'"' ^'■"'" '^"'^ '^'S''^'' «" 
 of the cultivated varieties weigh '^oretrau Tin nr'.'^ ^'s weight. The wood 
 tion of about sixty-six to forty-five T I r 'f ''^'''^ ^^■^'^^' "' «''^ Propor- 
 
 much used in turnery, and as cigs' for w o ls"X'^^'r"l''T ^'"^^ ^^'^^ *"'•"'' '-'^ 
 ound to be durable, when kept d?y ; b u irexootd'';n'H^ ^T' ^'"''^"^^ '^ "'^^^^ 
 turc and dryness, it did not last inm. f-^POM?d to the altcrnalions of niois- 
 
 alfords a yellow dye ; a d tt knves fre en'r"-' ^"''T'''''- '^'''^^ ^^'^' ^^ •!'*« fee 
 In France and son'o parts of Gem a,; the tbom^ n"' ''7'' '^'"'^^ ^'^"^ 8«-'«- 
 ^nto hve hedges, the b'ranches of v n h' ac ordn 7,o"w ''^f ' "^' '''^' ''' '''''-"^^^ 
 each other, m order to give them mo e stnT' 5/ Agricola Avcre inarched irjto 
 forests of France, its frui. is a Lreat resou c? ib!^ T"' 'n''' ^'^ '''"'' ^'^' ^'>« 
 Kiven m that country to swine and cows A, n In. fV't '^ '^""■' "'"^ '' ''' ^^'«" 
 domestic economy, recommend thcmsdves'to n .. ' i^'"' '"'''"'''' '^"'"Poses in 
 ties; though some few varieties - ^^1^0.! «"'' ^''0"<;f ^7 very different quali- 
 In those fo^- the table, we r^ e su^e tt f ^U ^^ T\^ '''i'^'''^ '« ^^" P'"-po.ses. 
 and a delicate, aromatic flavo r In e Htc o /' "'?^"'''' ""^ l^''^'^'^'''"' '-^^'^lity- 
 ing and considerable acidity a e the n h.cim '^^'''' ''''' '^ '1^'^-^"'^ «f '^'eep- 
 bo.hng and for making saucrLlitvsT I "^^-"'"'''^^ '"'*'''"'' ''^^^'^^ 
 -PPlos for cider, are tlfose w i'cl yieVa i ic or?h'""''V^'"P'''^^^- '^''"^ ^^«' 
 and It IS said that cider made from i -nnt ^ ^^^"^ greatest specific gravity 
 
 strength, and will kee; bo tVZn th^^^ T''^ '^'^^y ^oU, iL nlore 
 
 red and yellow colour of the rin Is ronsU i ' ^T' '*" '^ '""''^Y ^oil. The 
 and apples of the various d 'gr o lu^:^ ^^^^^^^ of cder fru it 
 
 of which the rind is green The n in si o ll Z ^^"^I'^^dly prelerable to those 
 somewhat astringent. Annies of n s^ . I Ji ■ • ^T''^'"^' ^''^ ^^^^^ '''cli, and 
 be preferred for cider to Umse of a hi"^^^^^ •' "T^ 1" ^^"^^'''J^' ^'^ ^'"'^ys to 
 
 may bear the greatest proTorln 1 1 ^'"^ip'V,;;^^'-/'^^' J-'^^rnul and kernel 
 weakest and the most wateJy juice ^ ^' '''"*'' ""^ '^''^'^^ ^«orf's the 
 
 to gaii:;; s 1^ o^.^^^^^z'i.a^^ti,!^:':, !i::r - 7'' -^^-^ ^---^ 
 
 order to let them dry, and then to pack them ncsK ^"';'"°^^^" "PPer room, in 
 away m a cellar; but experience 1ms sho vmt nt H ,^''''f ' '''"^ ^•"^'^ '''^•'" 
 
 hem to wither, and loseShei tla ^m. uTtl o t U '"^ treatment causes 
 bihty. The apples intended to l^^ZseivoT V'^ '''^'Jitional dura- 
 
 roma.n on the Irees until <n,i e rine which wilf if T^ '^''"S "se, should 
 of tlie first heavy frost, l^ley Zukr e iTe ni ',' 1 '' ^r '"'^'^ &'' ^' "'« coming 
 a fan- day, and packed up immeSe y ^cSk^^^ in nh ^ ' '" ''''' ^^ '^'-^-d. in 
 P aster, chatf, saw-dust, oUrai and coUevod o n V "'T'"'" ^^>''^'"' "^ ^'V ««"d, 
 s.bc. The sand or saw-dus Snayrdrfed ']he b^n/'^^^^ 
 baked m an oven at the time re.iuirld m be used T n "^'^'""V^''-' or may be 
 jng (rem packing apples in sand are exnhii ed -inZ P^^"''"'' advantages aris- 
 b7 the late Mr. Webster, an thm of th^'w^^^^^^ 
 
 Language;"-" 1st, tlie sand keeps he appt f om he n'i !°''?'^"^ '''^^ ^^"g"^'' 
 their preservation; 2d, the sand chocks ttn V ^"' ^''''"^'' •« essential to 
 
 apples thus preser^ing'in them thei i' f,totJ'^?t'" h''" '' r^'^'^^^^'^ou of the 
 yielded b> the apples ,s absorbed by t e .J 1 1'^^ 
 
 J' uiL, .•>anu .. tliat the apples are kept dry, 
 
?d, from tlie 
 red." 
 
 iitc, is fine- 
 ^ted tree is 
 cultivation 
 aries much 
 ■eiglis Ironi 
 f eighth to 
 The wood 
 the propor- 
 >s formerly 
 'osc it was 
 i.s of mois- 
 )f this tree 
 and goats. 
 , is formed 
 rchcd iijto 
 >nic of the 
 it is al,so 
 iirposcs ill 
 out qiiah- 
 pnrj)oses. 
 It acidity, 
 i of Iv'eep- 
 feiided for 
 The best 
 gravity; 
 lias more 
 ail. The 
 der fniit, 
 5 to those 
 'ich, and 
 I ways to 
 d kernel 
 brds the 
 
 persons, 
 room, in 
 ire them 
 t causes 
 al diira- 
 , should 
 coming 
 land, in 
 y sand, 
 as pos- 
 niay be 
 [cs aris- 
 ollows, 
 ^'nglish 
 ntial to 
 of the 
 oistnrc 
 n dry, 
 
 COMMON APPLE-TREE. 
 
 323 
 
 n.,!,'i'r ''^'^''.i t'l,*^ ^PP'<'^ fvs an eatable fruit, arc very numerous Thev nrr. 
 n onlectionary, apple-jc.Ily forms a most beautif.d med m or m^ c^^^v /S 
 
 * See Noiiv. Cours J'Agr., xiii., p. 14. 
 
 l,ui 
 
 iiii 
 
hiiudi'A 
 
 324 
 
 which 
 
 PYKUS MALUS. 
 
 app es rcquirca to make a hossl.oaci of rll, bo™ stated that tl,o quantilv of 
 
 of tlic juice, there is no surer w.v of Ho, ''"" -^'^^^y^ '^'^P^'^^s "pon the veH t 
 
 'IS, tfiat such as chiefly drink cider irp m^^ i ' f 7 ' ^°"» observation assures 
 
 r:S;^- seido. dran. ^^Ci~^--- ~J^ 
 
 l;ar JnS;S,;f,-;,«^^^^^ cannot be recommended as 
 
 't aflords an agreeable vavTetV to the h/, K '' ^^' '^ '''^^^«f<^r «f its o W and as 
 •"considerable addition to his^ Jomesf,> . r"^'"^"^ '^"1'^^ ^"^ pursuit 'Sno 
 place in every garden and in eve^v ' l "''^'"' V'^ enjoymen\s, it deserves a 
 
 •;;ally desirable, as it does ve y Ihde in in l^ t "T" ^" ^'^« '^"«r, it 'is rnoTe espe! 
 
 and, on the authority of Mr T n . i ^ ^ surrounding crops bv it' shX 
 
 market-gardens, partfcli y h^ o'lil^";;^.;^ ''''''' ^•-^' ^'^ nSiettd 
 
 And indeed, in viewing a '^,0-^1,? hn ' ^ Tf' P™**''^''^^^ 
 
 lYi '' 
 
chase apples 
 quantity of 
 ;enty-four to 
 " that liquor, 
 1 the weight 
 Y its specific 
 spies should 
 
 illent in all 
 If in fevers, 
 tion assures 
 have better 
 ^ord Bacon 
 5f age, and 
 and vigor- 
 mended as 
 'vn, and as 
 its, and no 
 deserves a 
 tnore espe- 
 it.^. shade; 
 series and 
 'ling treesi 
 overed in 
 rich and 
 i-rcely less 
 •unty and 
 
 Pi/rus mmiparia, 
 THE MOUNTAIN ASH. 
 
 Synonynies. 
 
 Sorbiis uucuparia, 
 Pyrus auciiparia, 
 
 LiNN.iius, Species PlaiUarum. 
 ""^ Candoi.i.b, riodroinus. 
 
 Box, IMiller's Dietionary. 
 
 Sorbierdesoiseleurs, Sorbierdes oiseaux ) ^'"''"''■''' ^'^"'''^'''^ Britannicum. 
 
 Aillanie, Cochesne, Timier, ' France. 
 
 Sperberbaum, Vof?elbeerbaurii, 
 sarbo lazzerola salvatica ottobrina. Sorba ' 
 
 salvatiua oltobrina, Sorbo salvalioo, 
 
 feorba della Ragnaja del Palagio di 
 
 (xiaiifisliazzi, Sorba della Romola, 
 Serbal sylvestre, Serbal de cazadores, 
 
 ur"/f I!' ^'^' ^^'''^1 ^sh' Wild Sorb, 1 
 Wild Service, Mountain Service. Fowl- 
 er s Service, Quicken-tree, Quick 
 Beam Witchen-tree, Wichen, Whitch- 
 en, Wlmten, Wi-gen-tree, 
 
 Rowan-ireo Kowne-trce, Roan-tree, Rod- 
 dan, Roddon, Rhodon, Routrv, Rantrv 
 
 Mountain A.sh, Wild Service-tree, 
 
 Ger.ma.nv. 
 *■ Italy. 
 Spain. 
 
 England. 
 
 Scotland. 
 Anulo-A.mekica. 
 
 those 01 ilie comiiKin ash iiv,„;„.. .',,,," ^™»'i"? on mountains 
 
 MO, a.s u prolecuori against wilclies and uvil spirils ' "" ''^"vatives, bear rela- 
 
 tf Anierk'a. iv. . nl rr^]^^: . c-.h... t^ ■.. . « _ 
 
 lion to the suiiposeil power of'this'trei 
 ^/Ovifrarhigs. Audubon. Birds of Ann 
 
 n,T, "■■" ="■. '■'""o'on, Jiirds of America, iv nl rei-lviii 
 
 lirtlaiuncuin, vi., pi, 1^3 et ISl; and iha figufes Jow? 
 
 ; Sell.y, British Forest Trees, pp. 7G etSO; Loudon, Arlx,retui„ 
 Spcri/c Characters. Petals spreading, flat. Styles " -> Pnn,,.- i v. 
 Leaves .mpan-pinnate, serrated, and slightly ;iabrou7pi.nrr' ^ "^'" u ,^"''' '"^''^ 'omentose, 
 Prodrumus. ' "o'^iy ^laorous. lowers in branched corymbs.— !>« Ca«rfo/;e. 
 
 Description. 
 
 "But what is liiffher beyond thoujht tlmn lliee? 
 Freslicr tlian Iwrries of a mountain-tree ?" 
 
 Keats. 
 
 I^^IIR Mountain Ash forms an 
 ^"Irp erect-stemmed tree, some- 
 ^ L|_^ times growing to a height 
 , ^ le^ji/S^ of twenty or thirty feet \v\\h 
 ^t trunk a foot or more in diameter. Wl en fu v 
 Sn"f '^'"^T' °^ ''' ^■^"g^n^rs, it assumes a sS 
 
 hat formal character, having an orbicular head but "'^ 
 n a young state its branched are disposed inTmo e ' 
 
 LZ'on tl.^'^n'"' ''Tr- :'''' '^-•'^ '^ smooth and 
 pi sn-biow . Ihe leaves arc compo.scd of eisht or 
 n nc pan- of leaflets, which are spear-shaped, no ched 
 
 'n odd'ot''' T."'^^' '' ^'" r'' ^''^ teVtninatod by 
 an odd one. They arc smooth above, and neirlv so 
 
 beneath, with channelled midribs, but no foot:;taIks 
 
 
 .J' 
 
 a*' 'H 
 
326 
 
 I'VlttJS AUCUPAUIA. 
 
 It > 
 I. I I fS 
 
 '•',' '<*■ 
 
 '' .-, 
 
 , 
 
 1 1 
 
 of a sour or bitterish taste. They SuaTlv hoc ' ''''''^''' ""' r''"-P''«'' I'^rrics, 
 
 '•emain „pou the trees until the fo^lo'^7snrH " '^ ''^'" "^ «eptcinber, and often 
 
 ^p1-..^:r ™'j-!jr "^s;^^:f :yv^ ^"--^- 
 
 continued by grafting. ' ^'^^'""-^' "'^''^ ^l/««yAA«-« vl.A, which may be 
 
 ■•w^a upr.ght brculchek ^"'- ^' «^^^'i^'«^-^'----/'-/ il/^^^.A.'.. .1./, having ri^id 
 
 ;iono L^ iZdS^^^nci'Siff^sr 4f ^ 7^ r"-xi ^' '^^ ^- 
 
 this race are acute, ahnost equally se .m 3' Jhh/' ^^^'"''f'^^- ^ ''^ leaflets of 
 
 a nat.ve of (Janada, Aowfo u i a^,d Labr\fS '"^"f'f " ''" ^^''''^''^- ^'"'""g'^ 
 
 Vmerica, u closely resembles the F, rnnonn ' * "\' '"°'^ "orthern parts of 
 
 '•obust-growing tree, with large leaves Xininc^^/''^^^' ^"'^^^ ^^PParcntly/a more 
 
 young shoots are of a dark ^u S coZ /n '"' ""f 'T""'^' ^^"^^'^»''- '^'^^^ 
 
 tiiau those of the common cultivated varietv T,'"''r" •?'^^''^*" '^^ '"^'''^ ^'^'^der 
 
 red approaching to the cofour of copnej aid b> I T '' "^ "" ^^^'"'^ P'^'-P''^^'^- 
 
 globose form. This tree may be p Jpa^aTJd Von s' l ^'""^'r """"''''^^ '' «^' ^ 
 
 1-yrus aucuparia; and, from the briHinnf^ ■ ? ^ ''.•''''' °'' ^7 grafting on the 
 
 the bunches^t well desers^a^'^^'^Tn coUe'ions'" '"''' "^^ ^'^^ ^^^'"^^ -« «f 
 
 Oandoll^amri^X;-; aS'S^rSt^r';:;;'^' VO^T^-^^^^^^ of Do 
 which is indigenous to the mm L ^ ' ^^^ " "' "^^^I'diaux. This varicfv 
 
 to the whole -use of*;^,' aK a Sr mn^lSS /'" ^:'r^?;^'-^-. parf::;;;^^ 
 by the young branches being co^SwlwS^ 
 
 small scarlet berries. The leafletrare , nenUll • '?''^" S'^'^' ^^"^^ ^y having 
 
 tipped with a bristle-like mi.a'o ""^'l"^^"y '"cisely scrratv^d, with the teeth 
 
 Europe, front Icelan.l to ^he M di teSanear^;'"'!;' V"''^' '' "^"'^^ P^^^'-^^ of 
 s.a and .Siberia, as far as the iSn Ocon / ^n"l r " ^P""^ "» ^^^^^-^ '''o"' R"s- 
 thc north, to the Alpine parts o Caucasus ^ndll'') f ' > '°'^ ^^^^^^'^^ r'-^S'on of 
 sitnations it is a low shJubby b, s a'S in 1 1 In.?'' ^'^^^'f ^" ^^"^ ^«™«r 
 tl'ird rank. It also occurs in Janin nn n . i "'''' .'' 'i^"dsome tree of the 
 Ocean ; and, as stated above iZol h vanetu^' "" " r '•' '■^'^^"^'^ «^ '''« ^''^^i'-^^ 
 <oa. In Hri.ain, it is con.mon in woU and he 1^ "ubgenous to North Amer- 
 mountamous part of the Ksland. arwel a n Irfc every cool and 
 
 ;^wjtzerland, it occu-s wild in the^rods Vu 1 ,? ,l? i • 1" ^''''r^' ^^«'™aMy, and 
 the mountains of Sicily, Italy, L Spa hi '" '''' '^'S''"'" ""^ ^^'^^^ regions of 
 
 made^f^rb/^^l:;^:;;^ -;i;:;^:,;-;;^« ^^tt!r'T,r"^^ ^"-' --- ^« 
 
 ancient mythology formed their spears of ifVwn i ^ '1'v" *''^^' ^'^'^ Amazons of 
 
 was susceptible of being grScnmon t^^^^^^^ f^ ^'^gil was aware that it 
 
 attract the thrush and the blactbi f to a nv Er' ' ""''f ^''''' ''' ^'""'^ ^^^« «'"•« to 
 
 ^red it as a species of ash and Mattb oLr^' 7T '^ ^''■'''- 1'''"^ <^«"«iJ- 
 
 =ibout the middle of the XvltlTluur? ?';*'' ^■'^'''''^". Pliysician who wrote 
 
 sylvestris. And to comei\; ^.r"' 7;eefu'! mls''^ '" ""^^'^ «^ ^^rbn^ 
 
 tree, says, that "ale and beer bn-.-cd w th t h. T ' ''^'^••' '" «P«'^'^-"ig of this 
 
 parable drink, familiar in Wale '' Tl ev fo^ . r'''' ^T'" '"'P^'' ^^^ ''^'' '"'•""'- 
 
 the thrushes; so that, "as long as they hSnvo '''"'','''' '" ^'^^"'P*'"? ^'^'^' f"^' 
 
 their company." " Besides the use of it for , T I '""T'"''' ^'"^ ^vill be sure of 
 
 the wheelwright com.nends forbefuL a l^a t'''^^ '"^^ '''^'' ^^^'^'^ *-^^-> 
 
 bows, next to the yew, winch we ou^^^^lfto^^Z^l^'J'''''^^'' ^' ^-' 
 
 glory of our o) 
 
 ice 
 
MOUNTAIN ASH. 
 
 corymbs, of 
 ilish berries, 
 r, and often 
 
 ich may be 
 
 aving rigid 
 
 'f Do Can- 
 leaflets of 
 Altiiough 
 n parts of 
 ly, a more 
 ath. The 
 lore tender 
 ^ purplish- 
 ty, is of a 
 iiig on the 
 ■ge size of 
 
 pa, of De 
 
 is variety, 
 ii'ticniarly 
 )reccding, 
 )y having 
 the teeth 
 
 387 
 
 ; parts of 
 fom Rus- 
 rcgion of 
 le former 
 ee of the 
 ic Indian 
 h Anier- 
 cool and 
 fiiiy, and 
 ■gions of 
 
 iiition is 
 izons of 
 c tljat it 
 
 sure to 
 
 consid- 
 wrote 
 
 •Sorbns 
 ? of this 
 
 incoiu- 
 bait for 
 snro of 
 Is; &c., 
 d it for 
 ur once 
 
 .s aVoid E 1? ,! I, wP"'?' "" "f"!}' '" "'""'"' "'"i P™bably on ,ho globe, 
 and an a„„.n„f'o' "^JpS XaT,'!: r/li^^.^Zr"' »"" '^ -'^ '" "---. 
 
 tree was h hig K ttm wi tho^l^i^^^^^^^^ ''^''' " It is probable that this 
 
 ried abo t Uicm ,J^ *^' *^ ^^'"""', "'•■" '""'y "™»" P"" "' ""« tree, car- 
 
 tnes of t .i>j f rn,. ^fwi ' I \'"*^"S» "• A hat a belief m the snpernatnral vir- 
 V Ha 'e of W. ton ' tT? "'f ?''^ " "' '^^^^^ "«' ^*^« ^''g'^^est donbt.-<'Se 
 
 old Sally bocu doing ,o you, j'n^e. .^:L r"\vr; ^ r^.J"!™!"'' !■ 
 
 ly, sir,' replied he, 'we all 
 
328 
 
 PVRUS AUCUPAHrA. 
 
 know too weli wliat slip rin tin, oi. i i 
 
 which was in very VooVheaftli, ll fs ck' rnlZM'"%^ ^""^«^' ^^^ n,y cow, 
 to look ,n at the door of the cov^-housf ust . n^'^;^ ^^^'^ "^^''^ ^^^^ beef, seen 
 grew worse, and so I went and cu a S TJLn^f "^"^ ""'"'"^ «»• '^''^ ««w 
 the branches all np and down the co w 1 o, s^ ^f n 1 ^'^^""^^'" •■^■^'O and I nailed 
 If you Will take the trouble to step in an 'i n .1' f f' ^''m'"^^ ^^^ ^'»«'» ^here, 
 can't do nie any more harm, soSo . as ;\vTi?n f"" ""^t ''* '^' '^«^^' ^"^ she 
 where have nailed them. My poo ^cow wUl^ f 1 1 "'"'^"' ^^'^"S "^ ^''« P'^^^e 
 tliought to myself, as the deluded man warnt' if '" '^''^ °^ '^^•••' Alas ! 
 }s yet to be done in our country by I ^school 2 T^' r'1 '''''^' ''°^^ '""^'^ »''«re 
 TJie author of " Woodland GlLnUgs '' sTs -r "^ "'" ".">oteenth century." 
 among our nortliern neighbours is -. Sn. ^ ' ^^ monntam ash, so esteemed 
 and witches, is propagatri^^y'^h: ^fsfa'^^^li^T''"' ''fr' ^-'8"^ ^^ wizards 
 are used as one of the princina rhnrn « r '' "^'"'^ tl'^lerent purpose. Thev 
 public gardens, where they ar^o' '' n ^ed t' """n"^: ^''^ ^^^^"'^'^ "^'^"^^ into ll 
 which they are mistresses; andSa ^^v tlnH "" ''" '^''^^' ^"^ witcheries of 
 ;scarlet fruit, has a most o. chantinTZear! co wf' ""TT'T^ ^^ "« brilliant 
 the months of August and SepteE "^ S. kJ f '' ^f^'^^^'^P ^^th lamps, in 
 >n alluding to this W, say,^, " In foi^er tin e. i .' "' ^''' ^^^'^^^^^ Sketches," 
 «essed o the I^'operty of d i^i.ig away witZs% r^^^^ T '"'' '"PP^^^^^ ^° ^e po's- 
 IS recorded in one of the stanzas of nvnlf ''''' 'P'"'''" ""''^ ^'^^ propirfy 
 
 ' ^Tn I^hf"'' '"''!■« vain ; the hags relurn'd 
 CrfnL ?,'';'•■'-■'■' ",' ■«"''Wful mood, 
 trying that wjichos have i„, power 
 Where tliero is roaii-tree wood ' 
 
 hastily ariswei-s, 'A rown-tree, wh7,'<\ut nU f T"^^^^^^ 
 hee, Witch!' which is nonse.ie,a,id evident L ^^^''-'^« ,,'^ave it 'Aroin 
 "^ro.;,^ ihee- had occurred but o, ce lii Sbn { ^'^''''^Pt'on-" If the phrase 
 adopt the above explanation ; ^ ut as it to btC7'7' ""^'^^ *^^ ^ispcSsed to 
 suppose that it is of Saxon origin and sj^fi.^ found twice we have reason to 
 sanes supply njne for niuning^ "nd .L old Jcln?'^ 'T ' ■ ^^' ^^^°n «'««- 
 or to move Hone, i.i his '^ Religioii Mvsterts ?.' "'"^'"/ ''^"^ to agitate, 
 drawingcalled the Descent into Hdl hj wh lb ' ' ^ "" ^^^'^'^'^^ of a'n old 
 roan-tree cross in his left hand, while with the n^Lf'^''"'"" '' '•^P'-«s«"ted with a 
 spn-it from the jaws of hell.* t i .'enra Icab ' t f ' '^' TT' '"^ ^'"^"^^ ^ ^°""ite 
 should exist also in liidia, as may b^s^e, by lei^^^^^^^^ the same superstitions 
 
 &c. And It is iio less remarkable than tn.JC h! A ? "''^''^ '^ Jouriial," 
 regarded by our native Indians as an obiPPf nf ^n^ei-ican mountain ash s 
 
 nnmemorial, they have nu.de of^Hngs ff the s Ji^tTo'/'n" '" i ""'''■ *^'-'^'" ^'^'^ 
 casting round it the boughs of other reer ^A ,? ^"'"l" '^^P^^'^d heroes, by 
 they will tell you that its^rancl^ <■ a^: ontfeS wltT^ ^'''«' «"^ 
 
 nor-sires, who will come at evenin- in tL .7 ' ^''? ^''^-''^^ °^ their war- 
 
 .0 ros,s. .„e sea-breeze, or .o be plaeei i°'SS l^^tT'^iJ^XroTS 
 
 * See Sylvan Sketches, pp. 251 et 252. 
 
MOUNTAFN ASH. 
 
 329 
 
 Winds; but, where vor it is ivnnfori t^ ., • 
 
 a free soil iu a niois cli „ ue ofu^r w^r' "" '"T''^'^' '^ °"g'^^ '^ ^e planted in 
 
 dry. Few trees sufibr mof Cn ' .So'^l "! "^ '''"^i^"'"' ''"^ '^ "''^" ^"^ 
 ash. ''^°'" ^xt'cmo heat and drought than the mountain 
 
 Propasratinn and Cidlurp 'V]u<. .r.r, ■ 
 propagated from seeds, which sho d Krf' ""'f "'^'^ ''^ ^^« ^'-^"^^ies may be 
 bomg eateu by birds.' VVh , g i- ^'^'T! ;\VT, ",' ''^'^ '"^ P^«^«"^ '''^'r 
 till the seeds are separated frorri I rmln nffo . ""'? ^' '"acerated in water 
 fown; but, as they will re n^,, intt J^l 1' '' '^'^ ^"^>^ ^« immediately 
 before eomiug up, ,ho conuZ m 1, ^do2 1 C'° ''''" ™°"''^^ ^" ^''^ g'-"""^. 
 nes wall light sindy soil, ami sren^d t efr n ,?^ ""rserymen is, to mix the berl 
 ten or f^velve inches in th c-l es? tl on nl "'? ^°""V^-8'-o""d, in a layer 
 
 a depth of two or three incht^ a, k'i a 1owuZ7" ?'' ''^''" ^?'' ^^'^'"^■^ °^ «^^»d ^o 
 They are then separated from 1 e so 1 V f nl" '"?'"" '" .^'''^^ ^^^'e for a year, 
 soil, being covered to the d '.,» nf ^ . '?' ''"'^ ^°'^» '» beds of light, rich 
 be dropped nearer ^jt^S^^^S^^^Jt^^ '' ll"-,, ''\ '"^^'^ ^' '"''^ - 
 "P with suflicient strength an.l wi?| ' 'r^' ' ^^'f b will allow the plants to come 
 •nay be sown late in au. ,n . V, ^-^ '"•'"•''^^"'■^"^^ "^ their leaves. They 
 come up in the June or jl ^ ,, ^j J.^;^]^ bv tl^o "^"'/1"?'' ''''' <^^^"«« ^'-"^ '« 
 est plants will be eighteen inche h iV.'^d'^li^^,*'!^"^''^'''^ 'T'''' '^'^ «'••«»§- 
 plant out in nursery lines TIh'v w II .^l ^.'^l '^''ate from the others, and to 
 
 years, and in five years w HI ac . ?eT eiirof''^ u^ ^''- 'H ^''' ^'^'^^ «r fou? 
 they will be ready to plant Sntlo^.^^^^^^^^ '""" ^«'^^- ^^ this period 
 
 remain, after whi4, th^ey wi 1 be' 'to S'Xi7 ''"'V'^'^ f ^'^'^-^^-^^^y to 
 will attain the height of twenty f.vt F-u b bon n ''''^''- ^"^ "^ ^^" y^^'^-'s '"oie 
 tbough the tree seldom grows 1. Ser fhan wen .7 """'T'' ^° '""^^^« ^'o^^^'y, 
 years. This tree will not bea " u n ^biTt ir^;f '" T J'^'^/y f^^t in a hundred 
 under its shade.* '"PP'ng, but grass and herbage will grow well 
 
 insects. The trmil' •md i » r i 
 species of borers, anion 'wbH^' f,/'"'^, '^^""tmn ash are perforated by several 
 tata and .V.;...^/. ....^^ bo 1 .f wl /:; e' de'se;'.'' 1 ''^''^^ ''''''''' ^"^^'^'^ '^^^ 
 mon apple, and the Fu/opean i.rtJee unde t e'h 'T^'T'^'^^ "" ^'^« ^°'«- 
 110 further notice here ' ^' ^''^ '^^^d ol " Insects," and need 
 
 onf K^r^^n,:^';: ;:;^:;^^:^--f ^" -'•; r^^'; ^^^' -'^^« ^%- 
 
 stauied any colour, and is' su. SroH (l-i ^^?T''\'''' ^\^\'^' ""P'^^ble of being 
 ni Europe in the small manufactures snc^^t-V^ It is much used 
 
 wooden spoons, &c. : and for musicannst umem. i^""^'"' °^ ^'''''''' ^"^ forks. 
 When of sulhcient diniension7i L a ' ' 'T? ' ""f ''''"''''' articles of turnery 
 wheels, carpenter and l.usba i irna I's t^o co- ^t.^l o'^'T^S'^^r' ^^"^ ^''^^^'^ ^^ 
 for a variety of other Purposes I, Vl tTin S r '^''"''' ^^ •nachinery, and 
 the shoots being well ad/infe 'for n 1. 'i r ^^"^^^^^^ excellent coppice-wood 
 bark is used intann inf C J t„ni ' i 1 ^'' "^'V^'^S excellent hoop ; and the", 
 tbis tree are eaten, ^^en ipe'a ''a'fn^r.u^^^ Kamtschatka, the' berries of 
 
 tbem; and in various other ,a'r s of lo I'.orn l ' '^ T'^ '^''''' '' ^'^t^'^d from 
 ground into flour, an<l used { s bS .? h"'T' ^''^''^ ^''''''' ^^'^ dried and 
 of great scarcity. InfusS n wn ' '^'/'''■^'" ^T '''^'^'' "'' ^^beat, in times 
 re^mbhngpc,-r^ wluSi^ln jTS nvJ^es^ the i "^ '"'t ""'''^i"- ^^^^-^-^ 
 vio/e. In the island of Juva, the nice of fhn J ^ ^ *'°'' '"^''^ ^'^'^ " diod-o-ra- 
 punch. In Germany, the fcn^le s )' k snri.io "''"' ^' "''^"^ '^^^ '^^'^ ^^'^id' for 
 of this tree, which they hang i 'the wooSsEtfc'e'r^'' f ''"'' '''''^' "'^ ^^^^''-i^^ 
 As an ornamental tree, tlle^nou Uaras . 1' ! i' l^'.^^-;^*"Ss '?."^^ fi^'J-i'^res. 
 
 42 
 
 * See Loudon's Arboretum, pp. 916 et 920. 
 
 • well adapted for small gardens'and 
 
330 
 
 PYIIUS AUCaPARIA. 
 
 lake belovv, a fevvr mouutain ashes lohn^^' in n Hn "" """'"" S'°°^" o^^^"" ^''^ 
 l.avc a fine cffoct. In s.immc U ^ "hf ,?rp^n T ?"f "^i^*"? ^vrith them, 
 .•mtumn, the glowin- bcrr eTwhiH hir^ f ""^ ''* *''*''^' ^'"'''iSo, and, j, 
 fully wilh theWr gree Sthe p^^^^^^^^ "P«" ^''«."^> contrast bca'uti- 
 
 i:i too largo a proponicM Uey add somo n ' L ^'^ ^y^.h«PP% blended, and not 
 which the sides of those mSmin/ii?, '"°'^ picturesque furniture with 
 
 of the mountain ash in al ftfmioTs Ts imtTn'r'''^- ^'"^ ^reat advantage 
 grows out of shape. ^'t^'^-itions, is, that it never requires pruning, and never 
 
Genus CYDONIA, Tourn. 
 
 RnsacecB. 
 
 Icosandria Di-Pentajjynia. 
 
 ^'i/al. Lin 
 
 Si/noni/mes, 
 
 Fi/rus, Surbus, Cij,hi,iia, 
 
 ^'^^'^^^..^a^l^'Cz:-;:;:;::^^^^ 
 
 Of AuTiians. 
 
 :rncr:!:F&.r'' "'^ "'""'^^'^ '''-^'«'"' -W""' 
 "l^tSrSl^afyri^cr" ^-P^'«^'-^'»i-luai„.manysceds. Tes.a muciiaginous. Calyx 
 
 ^\mifornf P.^'^""''' "^f '^' "'' '"^^'' deciduous trees or shrubs 
 ' P.i ^ r , ""P^ ^"'^ '^''^' '^''i^'i '-^re easily propagated bv av 
 e s and by graftuig on the common fhorn^ Tife fpcc es mosi 
 Zu\ J «^/V''">-« .are theCydonia vuli^aris, heroafteTdescriC 
 and the Cydon.a japonica, commonly la.o^n by the n me ^^^^^^ 
 
 J^u:^o^i nSn:^fiJ^jTr ^ f "'' .-tive^f'chmrand 
 
 ter, its pendent branch,^.s a d nuSu flowers^^J^^^^^^^^ 
 
 appearance, particularly in earlvr snrini j'V'^' ^'ve it a r:ch and striking 
 America, both as a bush "ncr^Ln IL I ""' ripened tru;t in Europe and 
 ripe, is unfit to eat, tiSh i ns s^fr cfr^^^^ '^'T'' ^ ''^'^"•' Y'^*^^'' «^^" ^^^en 
 to keep it among tl e Shcs MI./t!,^^ V ""-'^T ''^'r!^ '"^"'^ ^""^^ Persons 
 speaki^,g of this^shlub, t llrL fiow^rl'J'ry^fi;:^,' " " """"""^ °^ ^^^'"^^'" ^ 
 
 " TIpu (jleam and glow atniil tliti wintry scone 
 I.ii;hiiM.. their ruddy beacon, at tl,« «,„, ' 
 111 nioli away tlio snow. Sen how il fails 
 w T ','0-i"J;«'al fi-""! llin elowin? nprav ■ 
 Wieaihed in deep crimsoned iiudd-tiie lairy Hrca." 
 
 To ,1,0 same natural family belong llie folk™-ing gcnora — 
 
 They are natives of ch„',a':",':;ii::7ai,r;':t;dT!;;i;'Sa""""^' """ ■•"■"" '"■"• 
 
 *. '-^W£0?«e««e/', COnSIS(lll» of SPVPn I cnn/ii/io «^ I • ,, 
 
 low trees, natives of Murone nd India %,e r r'^'^y, '^''''^^\t ^^'^^^^ ^'^rubs or 
 from the abundance of iute se strle^coTi^^^^^^ ,rf.'if'tl'"'^K ^^'""' .'" I'^^'-'i^^^'^r, 
 on the trees a greater part of the win tor ?Jn 7 ^''^^ ^^.'''' ''''""'» '''""^'^^ 
 
 3. ie./^/,.W.^/., a ge'us ,1 e spec fs kwhier^ ' P^"'' "^ '"'^>^ '^•^"^^^•°"- 
 na...^f Chi.^, ;vit.rcren;d.ec{^Sc:oj:^r:l;e : J^Sr ''''' ^' ^^^"^^' 
 
 ^e,t;f -fcei^ o &Z,r^r!!^- .^ ^^JS fbhage, which is 
 
 ^- 
 
332 
 
 CYDONIA. 
 
 ta.oTmul'enTfcir"''' "'""■ """ •"" '»«»- "^^ V 'I- Chilian. ,o cr. 
 ont from it, in having IgraS acid ta'sr ^ "' °'^""' "'"'""■^' ^'" '""''"- 
 
 < 
 
 e 
 
 V 
 
 ti 
 
Pyrui njdonid, 
 CydoRia vulgaris, 
 
 Cydon'ui vulgaris, 
 
 THE COMMON QUINCE-TREE. 
 
 Sj/noni/mes. 
 
 LiNN^iTs, Species Plaiunrum. 
 De C*«doi.i,i;, Prodnimus. 
 Don, Milli'i's Uiclionury. 
 
 nietnbiillo, Mumbnl'lero, 
 
 Marinelciro, 
 
 Ariniul, 
 
 Quiuce-tree, Quince Bush, 
 
 Sl'AIN. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 IlussiA. 
 
 Britain and ANato-AMERicA. 
 
 
 Descrij/tion. 
 
 ME Common Uuince is a 
 low tree, seldom exceed- 
 ing fifteen or twenty feet 
 ill height, witli a crooked 
 
 stem nnrl tn-t., "^'=^»=*«'««^^, . "' "uigiu, wuM a crooked _ 
 T^L^u ? . r.^':^""^'"'« '-anclies. The bark ^^^ 
 
 s smooth and brown, approaclnng to black TJie 
 leaves are ronndish or ovate; dnsky-green ibove 
 
 forth la l,ngland by the middle of Apr! and n the 
 nj.ddle and northern parts of the l^mtd States n 
 May and June, are large, with the petals pale red ol 
 
 aro^e •;PtecJ'^ -> i^.^-ally, there 
 
 FrLJi;,Xhr^1;ecS^StiSr^;,S^^Tr^'^^^^^^^^ «^ ''- 
 
 mental purposes, tllis variety and the nnnL T ,'" ""^ ^''^ 'I^'^^'"^- ^'«r o^na- 
 ferred to the Portugal quince apple-shaped qumce, are much to be pre- 
 
 extension; because it isltmdtt seedl^S oS^^^ be co,.,„,(.j ,^ 
 variety are not quite true to their kind. ° P. f "^^ "^ both this an<l the preceding 
 shaped fruit. '' ^'"'^'- ^ '^^^^ "^o^t frequently produce pear- 
 
 3. C. V. ..s.TAN,CA. r^csUanlan or Por,...nl quince; Coignassier ' " 
 
 ^'rench. This variety h 
 
 as broader leaves, and larg'^er fruit, than the 
 
334 
 
 CVDONIA VUrOARIS, 
 
 tor'.: 
 
 h-lf 
 
 .1..- />„„ „ „„> ,„■ H„ ,1,,,, „,t .,r,u,Kc ; "i',;,', t. iVl, oa n^ri-.r;;';;;";!.;',':;' 
 
 iniicli solutr. and loss austere 
 
 III nu llwlliri.l....i.. i,. <I .1 <• 1. J' 
 
 iiat 
 inoro 
 
 Ith 
 
 S COIl- 
 
 •1 'i . •; } 111.^1, ■Mifiiuiu iiiK) in ('(• III I Kit ril 
 
 n .'r.oV.7 "■ I appears from the sniuc autiior, tliut (minces were used 
 
 mmmmmm 
 
 : '/'- P'^'"s"iS tlicm ill boilmg honey, a practice in use with this and other fVniJ^ 
 }.,«,. I,-. . uiiviM iircaui, parucuidily to those who cannot convenient I ir 
 
 Mytlwlog^ud and Legendary Allusions. Tlie quince was considered by the 
 
QUINCK-TBEE. 
 
 (I for Stocks 
 rit'tics; and 
 inariualadc', 
 nd l)ecome.s 
 
 originally a 
 
 t it '\H llllicll 
 
 It is coii- 
 irly oil the 
 
 Hy some, 
 lis •' Poina - 
 •arts of tli(! 
 ! ill fiiianti- 
 
 s held it ill 
 lit licalth." 
 ic'-()raiig(! 
 and others 
 icw, down 
 f a golden 
 lluit was 
 c upon the 
 ^" coutin- 
 ers of our 
 tliey come 
 were used 
 chambers, 
 there was 
 actions for 
 in honey; 
 her fruits, 
 1 qualities 
 c good for 
 
 of raw 
 ic dropsy, 
 veniently 
 ice, cither 
 
 1 tree was 
 
 Oerard 
 ted often- 
 tvhich we 
 ill proba- 
 
 at Macs- 
 iu diam- 
 
 iced into 
 [t is very 
 ' bushes, 
 f it have 
 s of the 
 ofit. 
 d by the 
 
 335 
 
 ancients, to be the emblem nf \nxu, u,^^^' , - 
 
 to. Venus', an.l the .om ll^of^'h: ' 'XTa^ "v^ ^' '''' ^^''^''^-♦«J 
 
 with it. The nuptial .^handws of I TvnJ^^''''f » "' '"'''"'*' ''''''^' decorated 
 the fruit; and the bri.ln a/.d /j ! ''^i.^V'T "'"' «'""ans were ndor.ied with 
 ceremony was i)erforni.-d. Ti,,. leamS ( • Jn. •* ''"' '•' '^ "' '•"'" "** ^''« nmrriage 
 " f?olden ai.plei of the Ilesper les '' "^^^^^^^ ZZT '"'"""'"•' '''"' 'l'"'>««'^ ^^^'"' '''^ 
 «up|.osed. In support of ll^s a g nne leCsTb-^; ?f '"'''' 7"'"'«n'«tors have 
 by the ancients; and he as.s.ire^s |.u nZ' ' '"''"','' '""^ '""^'' ''''''^^ 
 
 statue of Hercules, that li.-l.l n ,V nn 1 1 "'" "'''""""''"^^ ^ '^••"»^'' " 
 
 by HippouKncs to Atalanta were 
 
 r:s "!"),^"'i "■;: 'vu,r:r,i;;.. ;• z:; 
 
 den 
 
 *S«// r///f/ Sihiiti OH. The (iiiiiw.. nrn/v.. M>i<Jon, was the rpuncc, 
 
 H Situation rather open, bu Iref K '":':^ '"V ^^ ?"' '"''^^ ^^^^'^^ '-"-l 
 
 ble to fall before mature. The (iiiest supr-imnnr V "'^" '""""' ""^ "■'"' '« ''»" 
 ■ ^ '',.: N'^'-'inf^'is ol quince-trees, in IJiiiaii, ire 
 
 adioiniiis Doiwk. ;» t.«; ' "'."»'"» 'irc 
 
 said to be i;,und in o i oi-chai^s Xiu^Tm ' "' '/"'"'^-•rees, in IJritain, u 
 to plant a quince-tree in every a p^ ' ! ?,,^'"' '^j, '' '^7'^' customary, formerly, 
 artdic.al one , nay be prepare!!, II rcZmn' tied foM ^^T ^T '' '^?^''' '^' 
 a hole may br excavated for each tree to ^ don.l «/ <">'Jonia lasiai.tbus; or, 
 t>lli"S t with loose stones to w th n two o. In" f ? ZT^''' ^'''' ''"^^ "'"' 
 remainder with rich loamy earth or mm ,1 i. ^'''^ "' ^'"' """''^^'^C' '"»l the 
 of the expense in e.ery f^arden he c h ;. '"i ' '^ V'T'-''^'^'^'' '' ^^^''1 ^orthy 
 
 .seeds as the apple and pear; but iV hL^ nl f '■'•''^''-'' l>n>pagated from 
 It will also grow by cut in-s n]. u ,1 m , ^^" "* ■■'"""" l''^^'"'* '« by layers, 
 
 when planed as Lniards^' tt e i ua"d 'l^'^fV"'^^^""- '^''^ ^i^" 
 out, rcpiirc but little attention bevond h^rlf r " ^''.' ^^"'''' ''^'"^ '•''^^" ^^^ 
 
 root.s, and the side-slioots from the S st m .T'""^'"^ '''^ ^"^l<^'s from the 
 the head of the tree should b. 1 e , 'r w .n. ''"''" '''" [""'"''^^ ''-^"-^^ «i^«. 
 fri.it ought also to be thinned ou?lZiJl\''''^''''''^ T '^''' '^''"'''•' '-^"^l <»'« 
 mature. The tree is of mX2lV ;3 ". n ,7" "',' "'^^ '^''^ ''''-^'^ '^^^^'^ well 
 four or five years, a height ori^^r'ofjht To n' T''''"/"''"^' *''^'l'"'-'"- '» 
 attams an elevation of fifteen feetX, w I V '"^- '" ''"' ^'^ ^^^^'^^ years, it 
 the width of its head ' ''^'"'''' '^ '^^ntmues to increase chielly in 
 
 rates the stems, in a similar nanern.il common apple-tree. It porfo- 
 
 thorn, the June berry, aXhe runt" n Jr'/'r ^'""^'^ "^^ ^'"^ '-"Pl^'^^ ^''^ ''^^v- 
 modcs recommended for the apple-tree ' '^ ""^^ '^'^ destroyed by the same 
 
 Properties and Uses. 'J'ho wnnrl r.c .'i,„ 
 sions, is applied to the pur, o^s of ur crvT\'^^^^ 
 
 almost entirely cultivated ft .its n-ui o (s sto U n'" '?'l""" ''''^ ^'"^ '''' '« 
 tain ash, and the pear. In France ho we vp;?, . " '''■^"'^ ^" ^'^^^ ^''e moun- 
 hedges. The f^.it^•s seldom eate, by hXb^^^^^ '« sometimes grown for 
 
 or IS made into marmalade or mixe, L I. ' generally preserved in syrup, 
 
 ufactured into '' marmSes '- p^^^^^^^^ In France, it is Lifl 
 
 name ofcoiignac; and a very agreeab e lio or is^etr?' ^T'' -^^ '\'' ^'''''^^ 
 cowgs. According to Gerard ouinces arnV.nr.rf i f f '"^^ ''"?'" ''' '^''^•''^^* "'« ^^ 
 strong smell ; andf when eatei W ^hl '1 '"" ^Y^ '''*''^' ^^ "-'^^^^^n ^^ 'heir 
 
 taste." Medicinally, they are considered nf^^' r'^ ''"'" "'" '^'"^ °^ ^'^^^'^'"8 
 The expressed juice^f th^ frSt:?;^^:;^^^,^ ^ ^itjl^^i^^^,?"^ ^'--^il 
 
 luamimsj isoi service m nausea, 
 
336 
 
 CYDONIA VULOARfS. 
 
 sTom^i-lf o';J ""'"^ "■ '^"'P 'T'^'"''! '^^ J"''^ "^^y ^^ taken to strengthen the 
 stomach. Quince wine is made with sugar and water in a similnr nv,nn«rn! 
 
 other fruit wines. The fruit should first be deprived of their cores fas the seed 
 impart an unpleasant tiavour to the wine,) then mashed or gro iVd to a mDn 
 and mixed m equal proportions, by measure, with water. After standin/f oSl 
 wenty-four to thirty-six hours, separate the juice from the pulp by SninT 
 add to each gallon of the liquid three pounds and a quarter of musSovafio 
 sugar, and put it up in air-t^ght casks, and let it remain uiftil the Marrripnl 
 tollowiug. Then, rack it off; cleanse the cask of sediment; put back the Ikiuor 
 again ; and a year after bottle it up. It will be greatly improved by age a ik is 
 much esteemed by asthmatic persons. The rind of the qui ice imparts ?o' wool -x 
 yellowish-brown; and, when mixed with the salts of i^n, it gives a blacldsh- 
 geer. A mucilage prepared from the seeds of this fruit ^as Lmerly mucl in 
 use, but is now supplanted by the simple gums ^ 
 
 Independently altogether of its value as a fruit-tree, or of the young plants for 
 of fhp'.lf q^^nce richly deserves a place in ornamental plantat bus, mi accoun 
 
 all, Its splendid golden fruit which, when ripe on the tree, reminds us of the 
 orange groves of Italy and of the torrid zone, Lid may very well ii stifv the con 
 jecture that it was the true " golden apple" of the Hesperides ^ ^ 
 
Granatacese. 
 
 Syat. Nat. 
 
 Genus PUNICA, Tourn. 
 
 Punka, Mains, 
 
 Synonymcs 
 
 Icosandria Jlonogj'nia. 
 
 Stjst. Lin, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 / ■■= o: uarlhage;" near which city, Pliny 
 
 'Si?l2T^;3r ^^^^ -ivation va,vate. 
 
 forms the nnd The fm doS nm'"' "T"'^ ^'"^ '^e upp'er ^arf of the calvx ,h?, °" '*'^'"" '""" ^^^e. 
 upper portion consists o" 5-9 ce 1^^!'.''^ '''^'"''^^'' '"'° '«'" P^r^ S An4ma?dH n^h"" °'" ^'^i?^-- 
 
 There are several species Sribed hf,T,"'*^- "?'">' ""'' '■So- 
 regarded ,1,™ only as varlefc o'nhe same , ^e""' ""' ^"^ ''»™ 
 i^^.heo7derCa,?eZtelt^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 itpsu„/'iet;f;srciri:re?;„^S^^^^^^ 
 
 imperfect centres of deposition on the "t.i^ ^ ' ""'' ' " '''^^'*^^"' ^«"r ^"nr 
 structure, which may be calTed withomm fl "'^' '^^ ^^'•^^= ^ mo'st singular 
 genous and endogenous growth combTn -H in tV"''''"'^'^^' ^" ^"^^^"ce of exo' 
 cies belonging to fhese generl morwor hv of L?"^' individual."* The spe- 
 (Calycanthus Aoridus,) Arnerican alTsnire /^ T^' T ^^^ ^^"-^'ina allspice 
 fragrant-flowered chi^anthus (cSn^'ni^'^/^"*^"^ l^vigatus,) and the 
 IS a native of Japan. ' ^^*^>"^«"anthus fragrans,) the latter of which 
 
 Lindley's Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, 
 
 43 
 
 p. 160. 
 
J ;''|!»' 
 
 Punica granatnm, 
 THE POMEGRANATE-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Punica granatum, 
 
 Grenadier, Balaustier, Miougaiiier, 
 
 ureiiadier, Granalbaum, 
 
 I\Ieloe;rano, Granato, 
 
 Granado, 
 
 Romeira, 
 
 ^°'^"^«S'''inate.tree, Carthaginian Apple- 
 
 Pomegranate-tree, 
 
 LiNNJEus, Species Plantarum. 
 
 De Candolj.e, Prodromiis. 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain and Spanish America. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 United States. 
 
 fi^i^l^^ShJ^^^^Si^r' ''-^^^''"'- "■■ ''''■' ^""0". Arboretu-n BriUnnicun,, ii. «,. ,,,, E„cyc,„p..ia of Plan., 
 Specific Ckaracurs. Stem arboreous. Leaf lanceolate. -i,« CanMle, Pro.rornus. 
 
 Description. 
 
 " Let us t-et up early to the vineyards : 
 Let us see if the vii„, /lourish, ' 
 
 VV het her the tciuler eiape appear, 
 And the potriegraiiatea buil forth." 
 
 SONQ OF .SOIO.MON, Vii. 12. 
 
 HE Punica granatum is 
 
 a trc-c, in 
 
 'n^ 
 
 - magnitude and ligneous character, 
 
 ^^^^ bearing considerable resemblance to 
 
 ■?T™^. -;.-'= the common hawthorn. In a wild 
 
 state, It forms a thorny bush; but when cnl vated n 
 
 gardens and m plantations, nnder favoura le drcum 
 
 stances, it often attains a height of fifteen or twen' y IS 
 
 The leaves, which are of a beautiful sreen stand nnnn 
 
 site, and are about three inches long, and from mlf an ^fch 
 
 to an mch broad in the middle" The flowers wl c (^ 
 
 are somewhat in the shape of a bell, and of a'bn n ^^ 
 
 scarlet colour, come out a\ the ends of the bran he " 
 
 sometimes occiirr ne in rhisfnr^ nf fi.,«„ r "''*"^"^^' 
 
 are so irregular, t S le Se si sX^ J''^ ^''"^^ «f their blooming 
 
 are handsome, Very thick and flesh i nn.1 t.^ 'T'^ ^°' T" *'^^- '^^'^'^' P^^alt 
 
 our is bright. The f ui w licht v^r. 1 ^V','^°'^ 
 
 taste, is nearly round encicled at [h7pn?f ^^^'"^ *° ''f "^^ ^"^ P'^^^^'^"^ '^ the 
 
 resembling a crown, and s covered^ h f M T^?"'', ^'^^ ''''^' ^^^''^ something 
 
 When fully grown, it is aboiri bt a 'a h 'e sbS^^^ ^'^^^ ^^^^^''^ ^"•°'^«» 
 
 a pound, and wh.cn perfectly ripe varies Xoplf' sometimes weighing 
 
 li£ 
 
lumerous grains or 
 lopaedia of Plants, 
 
 I 
 
 blooming 
 leir petals 
 their col- 
 ant to tlu; 
 iomething 
 y broicen. 
 weighing 
 m bright- 
 Its. 
 
 • des bois, 
 as grow- 
 
 POMEGRANATE-TREE 
 2 P G ^^^ 
 
 »™<aW;4"dS;:S''by'l°; d"„\t"flow™ '"liffT™'" «""•'-?*« Pome. 
 
 f- P. o. FLAvmi, Loudon Yrf/Z 2i„ ^S' *'^'"'^'' "f" "ear y white 
 ^ tl' o"'„I7 "'■° '" i-^i^^^ -^ ''""'"grmuucree. L the flowers 
 
 •;>ol;ci;. yCyrt°c"y°':,hkh7t^ZZZ'T''''''' '^•■'""■'""- '"•■"', of .1,0 
 
 alayas, Mr. Royle informs us tlAt tho 1' ^ '" '^°"^'' America. In the Hi 
 "is planted near villages. It forms 'S'^''"''""''' •^'■"''' '"''^' ^"^^^o t m 
 dr.ed seeds are e.xported for mediealuse^"n^ 7""^ '" Mazandei-an, Whence the 
 grown in the rich gardens^yh' under thi ^ *''^""f •f'^'^d'^^^ Pomograna es a e 
 They are also described as i;;ricio"s about S^^^ "efr \he n^er Ca, b' 1 
 
 1 liough grown in most parts of Inrlf., '' ! i^"'^'''^' ^"^ throughout Persia 
 supenor quality, are yearly'Cugh IT^u bv'thf nn' n'^'^' "'^^^^ "uantities of' 
 bul^ Cashmere, and Boodurwar " ^ ^^"^ northern merchants from Can- 
 
 <^^'^:^ST^:^\:^^^^^ -i."i.y of ,„e vi„e, .„e ,, and 
 
 n the early stages of civilization »,. ! P'^'^-'Pal food of the eastern iiatin..<r 
 interest. It is mentionerw Theo'^i^rf ^'"''f ' "° ^"^^" degree m h toS 
 c.an« called it sida ; the Gr'eeTs "^^^^^^^^^^^ the Sn - 
 
 f;.^f"* p?m«m. The Jews appear to h-^vo ifn , ! ^«'^«»«. according to Plinv 
 sil employ he fruit in theirceremoniah t f" '''"" ^'"^^^ veneration, and 
 n^eut, as one of the fruUs discovered it . IWi::STand'"^ ^'^ ^^^ ^^^^- 
 
 a ll'n^d ^Cl^X:^^' »"" vine., and po„,e,ra„a.oa; 
 _ 1 I ., IIei'teronomv, viii 8 
 
 -ail: :^^Ki::^nhe'e;;!J:; ^%;:^t^"7^' •' -- «^'--^ as one of the 
 
 ates, with pleasant fruits '" 'and trot?r''^^ '^ '^ "' -chard oT;ofnelfr^ 
 appears to have been made from this AuhT ^'If'^'^^^ "^'^ ^^''t, a Ce 
 Negropont, there was a statue of Jo ho din^ln ' ""'u''']' '^'^"d Eub'coa, now 
 
 dvoiLTr^''^]"^'^- ''^'"J^ «P«ak of exttc?inl°^.^'"^ V^'''^ and In the 
 ayemg cloth a light-red. He mentio, ^ n .n ? '^""'""^ ^"""m the Howers for 
 sour the temperate, the austere n?/rfl'' "^'y'"^'^' '' i»c""ding the swoe t^^ 
 kmd, he says, is the best fortanners anJ'r"^"^"^''"^'^- ^^''« ''"d of ho 'so ' 
 
 thotr::^^:;^/;^t;:ilff^^^%^^ 
 ^^Th:fe-Sr"-«^^ 
 
 • 18 ; b^it ra^Zll !: • Cd^J^^'^ "^, ^-^'^^'"' ^^ ^-^ Turner'. « H^rb.' '- 
 '•d in the gardens of the VeTigSo^' Ke's!'-^ '^^^ 
 
 pi 
 
 J, 
 
 if 
 
 a fong period, it was kept 
 
>'l ;■ 
 
 ''Iff 
 
 
 . } I', 
 
 Lit. 
 
 ;tt 1 
 
 340 
 
 PUNICA GRANATUM. 
 
 Tradescant, whcu^e'was ^^t knit's t^^^^^^^ ^^^ -- °f 
 
 being Irained to a St of ix or Ih t If'''"! 'f^ ""l '^TT'''''^ *^«^' ^'^^ ^'^"^ 
 spread, and droop down on every sidf JnM '*'' ^'"'^ afterwards allowed to 
 (^enoa, yonni? trees are °rowI. Z ''? •''!'''"»'' ""^series about Nice and 
 
 parts of the wm^d In the con so u^^"'' '" '^^"'^ '^'^y ^""^ ^^P""^^ to various 
 Franco general rthe do brcrio^^n,^^ V^^ neighbourhood of Paris, and in 
 treated like the m™-?ree tr .t Pnrlf '' ,'v ^'^n^'^ ? ^"^^^ ^°^^^' ^"^ 
 exposure to the open air too^nr - in ,, ''"'^ T?'^'*'"'' ^^'^y ^^i'> "^^ bear 
 
 irom the house eiZr^da^^^^ ""^'^rf' ^'^^^ "^^^ ^^^ ^«"^«ved 
 
 there are specimens of the nWlr '■?"^'' ^^ ^''' '^^^ last-named cities, 
 
 have existed ^; two u Jd^d'^d fi'ftv v'' t ^^« '^^ 7' ^"^^'l ^^^^^^^t^' ^° 
 flowered varieties are vcrv Cmomh 1 ^''^^'Z^^'.^- ^^h the single and double- 
 France ; and t e niL SLnfo f. ? • Z"'"^- ^^^"''' 'T^"'' "^ ^^^'J^' ^« ^^^11 as in 
 with th^se of Ic her so Ts t^m t??'' |"^'^'"?l"g^ Jhe branches of one sort 
 apparently on the same tree "^^'P'^'^ ^^ '^'^^'^ ^°"^'« ^^^^^^^^ ^»d fruit, 
 
 oflouthTSa'ed To"IhrearrJi'r "'n'^' 7'?"^^ '^^ ^"^ ^^'^ ^'^^^ -^ 
 
 partsof thosrcium t, w e iris'nS cir^^^ '''' '''''''' '''" '''''''''' 
 
 along the avenues of nlant^ft-,n. n^ ! . -^"^ ^^' ""^^""ent in gardens, and 
 
 flowcn-sanditsfr.r iTt IsZl^ms^^^^^^^^ admired, both for its 
 
 to be met with in -ardens -iml nhln 1 of North America, too, it is frequently 
 
 as an ornan mil t fe 'itt .l^^.w'^"'^^^ and is much esteemed 
 
 plant, in varous parts of he .^ ?1?H T^'"^ f' "" '^^^" ''"''' ""' ^^ ^ conservatory 
 highly prized ^ '''''^'^^' ^"^ ''''''^''''' ^^^^es of the union, where it is 
 
 tio^Ttnl^^pS^^^^^^^ TJie pomegranate is men- 
 
 Pluto had stolen her d uSr" TWo ' f that when (Jeres discovered that 
 restore fier, tha he coteS iov dS"''^' "\" r^^'''"^ ^''P'''' '" ^'-^^"^^^ly to 
 dence in the infer alTe^o'l^Zfnn f !' ^!"^ '^'''^ "''^'''"S ^^^""S her resi- 
 ian Fields, Prose pinrhar^at^plr"^ '''''^'^''■' T"^'' walking the Elys- 
 
 it, which 1 ad been Tbserved^ hv A«n^ pomegranate, and eaten severe! grains of 
 had been do.ie, wa timSrbv Cere h l'^ '"^ 'I'^'r' on informing Pluto of what 
 his poem entit ed ''LerPlasiL^n rp Hlf " """'Kn' h'^/'^terference. Rapin, in 
 
 gives' the following or gin of fis t ee -A vZ^ ^St'^C ^''^^''^'"^ '^ ^^^3' 
 the diviners to know her fort nl wn«tnM T""? S"^' ^^ Sf ythia, having consulted 
 
 to wear a crown lTiirreind^',pr'n^ / '''f ^ '^''\ '^^ '^^^ ^^'''^''^^ «"« day 
 
 by Bacchus, on his 'pVoil;' rgfveTr^"^^^^^^ 
 
 a device a pom^^r^^'-K^^:-^^ ^o^S^i^Z'.^'^:^-:!^'::^ 
 
ngly, that it 
 ■ the care of 
 iind in most 
 ghbourhood 
 ill size; hut 
 The larg- 
 against t'le 
 nd fifty feet 
 
 lit; and, in 
 2e, the stem 
 ! allowed to 
 It Nice and 
 
 I to various 
 aris, and in 
 
 boxes, and 
 
 II not bear 
 be removed 
 imed cities, 
 irtainty, to 
 nd double- 
 5 well as in 
 of one sort 
 j and fruit, 
 
 Indies and 
 lie warmer 
 rdens, and 
 oth for its 
 frequently 
 1 esteemed 
 iservatory 
 vhere it is 
 
 e is men- 
 s^ered that 
 rnestly to 
 I her resi- 
 the Elys- 
 grains of 
 ' of what 
 Rapin, in 
 I in 15S3, 
 consulted 
 1 one day 
 f seduced 
 ired, and 
 losed her 
 IS tardily 
 shrub is 
 1 its fruit 
 vorthless 
 , had for 
 nj" and 
 
 POMEGRA\ATE-TKEE. 
 
 o'^!'y^^J^i:^^r;ZS:t:^^ T'^^ ^-^ >. i^ the island 
 
 qui porte son royaume (lans "o sei^ ''E "'.. I^ ti'' '''''' ^"^"" ^^^ '^ '^^'^^ 
 M.ght.ngale," says Russell, m h s acLnif nf A " ^ f s^ime properties. " Ti,e 
 ate groves in the day-time." -account of Aleppo, "snigs from the pomegran- 
 
 almost any soil; Lut the do S-i ter Jd ^a' 'e£ r"""^''"^^*^ ^^'" ^''^^^ '" 
 
 t \T'!r''^ /-^q-'i-^- a rich, free soiL The dm / ill •? '^?'''''^ ^^^^^ "^^^"ded 
 
 by the French ^ai^n^i^'^a pIS; ed n ^he^;v'°^ - b^^- 
 
 posed; and a portion of this soil is rcnovvpVi^'''''''r^'°'' that can be com- 
 agated by cu/tings of the hot'of rrootrifvC' ^''^ ^'^"^ '« '^'^^ P^'^P- 
 on another. It also rises freely from soeds \m t .^ ' ""l ^^ ^'""^''''^ «"« kind 
 diately on being removed from lie^ruit l.Vnn ' t?' ''"^^'' '^ ^' '«^^" '"^"^^^i" 
 poyrs. In pruning this tree, tl rheaTshou d b. ,, i7 ^f^ '°"'^ ^""'^ '^'''^ ^^'^^ 
 as to multiply as much as poL.bL shorfs e W . /''^ ""''. '" '""^'^ "^ ^«^»"«r 
 alone the flowers are prodEced in ra hn ^k ac.1 nf ' °" i^'^.P"'"^^ ^^ ^^^^'^^ 
 keep this constantly in view for i f t ho^n 1? it against a wall, u is necessary to 
 
 will be produced. L very ricl soi an advintfao "^'T- ""'^ I''' ««' "« ^^^v^ers 
 ing the roots. ^ ^' ^" a^lvantagc is derived bv annually prun- 
 
 th/:;K^sStL;S;?tC;^!eSTpoL^ 'r?r^^^ ^^-^'-ut 
 
 ties. In hot countries, its utility ^iCon r.tnhir r ''"' '"-^'''^ ^^'"^^le pfoper- 
 the palate, and assuages th st^in a S'' nn^^^^^^ f ''"''" V'^'' S^^^^eful to 
 acid-an acid so soft. That it may in tm hMf""^^' '? '^' ^''^'n 'ts pleasant 
 ness," as Moore expresses himS' The nuln ifnw '" ^' V'"^^ '^ melting sweet- 
 is sometimes acid,%ometimeTsweet am^ in '^ '^''' ^^^ich encloses tlfe seeds, 
 always refreshing! A syrup iSe from 1^^^^^ '^^'ringent, and 
 
 ft-om the dried flowers, whiih is S^nlovpTni . ^ ? ^ '''^ druggists, as well as 
 rnid of the fruit, on account o its3iZent nronei-H i"^"'"' '"^- '^''''^''''- ^he 
 materia medica as well as in thrvetennarvT^^^ ^ 
 
 substitute for galls, in the nianuflc ./rl n/w S'''^' ^,'"' ^-"^ "^^d as a 
 
 employed, in some' parts of Ge many jn dv in^ / '.' '"^ I' '""''"^ ^° ^' ^'i" 
 morocco. In the II malayas Mr Zvlo ^.f7 ^ ^''V'^'' ''"'^' "^ imitation of 
 ^nuyjal, - being very as riZen^ s u.o\Vl?T "'' "^' ^'"^ '^^ ^'^^ ^^uit, called 
 employment, by ikl nativis^V lidia of heTark of '..'' "IV^^ ^!^ "^y'^''^' 'l^'- 
 he tape-worm, being now well known Zonl ■'' '^°* ^*'' ^'^^ expulsion of 
 
 Drs. Hamilton and Fleming ,s a remTkn. f '"^'J'.'^ '^^'^^ communicated by 
 even a valuable niedicii e may foraslh.s ^..-0 ?'' °^ '''' "^''^''^" i"^^ ^^^^'i^'i 
 ndes. ' Lord Bacon reconSids 'the hTJn?^^^ '""' '^"'' '^"«^^" "" I>io«eo- 
 complaints; and Dr. Wood^^?llo Avs i , . r P';?^'^Sranatcs as good for liver 
 of fever. From the flowers' wtl the adSr n?t '' I^' "^ '''''S''' '» ^^^^^^^^ 
 fine red mk. The flowers, ^Iso^w:!;: fiS^ S^c/^SolK UghS^' ^ 
 
 ''?,• 
 
 !,{.: 
 ',1 
 
 If: 
 lii 
 
;• , 
 
 »: 
 
 1 t 
 
 Genus MYRTUS, Linn. 
 
 Myrtacete. 
 <Sfy»<. Mat. 
 
 Icosandria Monogynm. 
 
 Hynt'. Lin. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Myrtus, Eugenia, Carynphillm, Calyp. , ^ . 
 tra/iihes, Ptmenta, [ Of Authors. 
 
 Derivations 
 «lon to iho 
 geiiora wli 
 
 Generic C/iararters Calvi ^ clpfr P. i - -n •"■"'j/'im. 
 
 cli«tinct._Z„„,/„„, £,;,: o/p;^!';^. ^- ^"''"^ - °' ^■""'^'•' many.see.led. Radicle and cotyledons 
 
 commoa myrtle, Im vlvor ^sTnal vc^^^^^ climates. ^ The 
 
 to Nor'h of South AmSca AMcTaL T' ^"r '" l'^^ ""^^^ '^"'^« h«lo"g 
 propagated by cui^rmSnnnvo^^^^^^ -^^ ^'^'^ species may bo 
 
 Ihe beauty of their SranrrtowrsnT'v'"' "''"" ^-^'^g/v^'-green, and from 
 climate o^ for conserilforTL^^J^Z^^^^^^^^ ^^ '-clges, in a mild 
 
 and when eaten r^ also d ^Florkh In ?'' n^^^!'^ ''^^ ^^^^^^ '"^« ^^ J^l'y 
 lent flavour of thrfn/it Tw fch hn hof ' (^ «'f '""'^"'^ifolium,) the excci: 
 cream. Nearly all ed to the gem^s mv^us^^^^^^^^^^ ^" ''^'' °f strawberries and 
 
 (Caryophyllus'aromaticusO-a'nTiveoFt Mot^VaTsb^^^^ 
 
 pepper or allspice (Pimenta vulgaris ^ Thi« ..rJ i i ', ^"" *'^^ Jamaica 
 
 or Java plum-'tree, (cXp ran£ Zbo ^ hn' '''''' '"I "'^f' ''^" Jambolana 
 the forked calyptranthes cXntJn hn« .^ "^""x^ ^ ?'^'''' ^^'^"•^"t berry; 
 
 Indies and souufem Flondi d^^S^^^^^^ indigenous to the Wesl 
 
 between the tropics for its fm - bo F.fl?^^ ' ^^ 'S*'"'^ malaccensis,) cultivated 
 of southern Florida Cubf J^iaic^W^?n^l''''''°^ P'T*^^^' '^"^ ^uxifolia, 
 
 abundant, minufe folm^e and ils s^iion liH n^ stems, numerous slender branches, 
 oured flo;ers. From ifs bitter andS Iv -K ' ?^ ''^''"'''' "^ P^'*^ ''''-^"^- 
 employed as a tonic imeVltin. ^i^ S™"''V P'^'P^^ 
 forSio'ps in mikKg b V \v^'^^^^ ^is sometimes substitutoS 
 
 proportion of sulphate of sod^ By^'r^'aL ortf „ 'nei.nn nfT r "^^^'" '^ ''"^'^ 
 parius, a species of manna is Drodiirod I fo?, n P""^^"»« f the Coccus manni- 
 bian, to distinguish it frXt^^eTers ian inT\ 1 'T''T' ^'^^''^ "^^"^ "^ ^'^- 
 maurorum. The Myric^ri" JrZnL fc ^' '"'^ 'f '''" P'"^^'"^^ «f ^''^ Alhagi 
 
 ont^:i; rorSpTTSadiTiT^ 
 
 America; and ^^^.'^^H^^^^^^J:^''' ^"^ ^^^^^--' «^ ^-^^ 
 
I 
 
 fiimoilnil; in allti- 
 -r imiiies boluiijj to 
 rlus. 
 
 and cotyledons 
 
 ody plants, 
 site, entire 
 C!senco of a 
 ratofiil per- 
 part of the 
 lighly aro- 
 :ites. The 
 nds belong 
 ics may bo 
 , and from 
 I in a mild 
 
 yiiferum,) 
 ito a jelly, 
 
 the excel - 
 erries and 
 Jommercc, 
 e Jamaica 
 ambolana 
 3nt berry; 
 
 the West 
 ^nltivated 
 bnxifolia, 
 ziliensis,) 
 , sub-acid 
 
 re hardy, 
 Tlie for- 
 branchcs, 
 rose-col- 
 fvsionally 
 ibstituted 
 n a large 
 s niaimi- 
 e of Ara- 
 e Alhagi 
 ?ht habit 
 'ing may 
 a native 
 af North 
 
 Myrtus communis, 
 TPIE COMMON MYRTLE-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Myrtus commmh, 
 
 Myrte,Mcur,he,Herbcdulagui, 
 
 Myrter,' 
 
 Myrien, 
 
 Mirto, 
 
 Mi no, Array an, 
 
 Myrta, J^Iurta, 
 
 Myrtle, 
 
 I LiN,v BUS, Species Plantarum. 
 
 ^ FnlNc": '^■^""'^•^'"'n IJritannicum. 
 Okkmanv. 
 Uk.n.mark. 
 Sweden. 
 Itaf.y. 
 
 SpAtN. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 iJRITAlN AND AnoLO-AmeRICA. 
 
 . — """ ■"""''O-AMERICA. 
 
 I^cscr'iptmi. 
 
 Ami hrc„th„»,uOal,„y fragrance ^'Jr the vyiM" 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 |HE Myrtus commu- 
 fii^ is a beautiful 
 evergreen shrub, 
 growmgtoaheight 
 of five or six feet, 
 in a wild state, and 
 circumstances, it attains 
 >Vhcn trained as a tree 
 
 when cultivated under favonrabl^ 
 
 branches, ^Wuch "'n J'b 4?,^^^ .-°-ded with small 
 
 presents, when the e^yc ^ benc'l t ''' '^''■'™'^^ ""''^ ^' 
 "looking," as is observed it hoTV^' "^'^^^^^re appearance, 
 "est, or^a dead bush % i on% poTt?" ^'" P^-^""''" " ^ore lilce a magpie's 
 
 — f^rench, with ovate leaves, long pcdicels^Vrhl' f r ^ '^^'^ romain, 
 
 ' ^ IJ^uicciS, and black fruit. This kind is 
 
344 
 
 MYRTUS COMMUNIS. 
 
 I 
 
 f .' ' 
 
 
 m-^' 
 
 if '-. ?•' 
 
 a..d opening !„,„ i„ „„uu„„l iSorMcrr'Jundand Uaci;'' '"""■ ''"""""' ="'"""■ 
 .a,fceo'fa.o;ri'iheb™;rs"cS'"'S,ifKr''° ""--f ->■-" -o ova.o- 
 
 of?hojv„ciri;^.a^:^::nxi,rL?iis^;:i,S*^,^?'^ 
 
 S. M. c L,«rrA.,cA. Po,„,gul M.jrlt,, will, Waell fmi, "■ '^""' ""=''■ 
 of a da,'k-grcc„ Fnurbkck '""°™'"'°' '"'^"■■""atecl, crowded together, and 
 
 Fruit bjaclt. This variclir and nM mi ,""""'?"'• "'"' "ei'minated. 
 o^K-n-ope, a.,d co,„pri.e Z^ t^^^tS!^. ZM-S^Xi'^j-'iL^S 
 
 Island': '■^:tT^{^!tt^:'\''"T' r""" "i;""-" -^ *» ""le-- 
 
 taste and smell ' "'"" ' " ""'" '"'S''' ""<• «'ibl=, will, a grateful 
 
 groi:',„"/irgt:ts:'xf, '^^^^o'^^r^jr, "-^ »- r""^""-' 
 
 most of these :— variable. 1 l,e iollowuig are the names of 
 
 «. Gold striped Broml-lcavcd Myrtle 
 aefotn^nrKSt ^T.l'es&.'.Trfl'o^r^ frerinently in threes, on wldel, 
 
 Ndccr-stnpcd Iloljun Myrtle. 
 Striped- leaved Myrtle 
 
 Silver-striped Rosomiry or Thyme-leaved Murtle 
 Myrri!:'"'"''''"' ^""^'^S^'^yrtle, apparently .^sub-variety of the "Portugal 
 
 0. Cock's-comb or Dird\--nest Miirtlc 
 
 1. Spotted-feared Myrtle. 
 
 DtUeh^Myrtl-f """■"' '''"''"'' """"""i' » '^"''- -"y °f 'ho "Broad-leaved 
 
 that city, alon» the co,« ,n ( v,,, ' '-'"T"' "'""" "'"scillos, and from 
 
 of the s^; inf.l rongho t U,- ly'". isc^hli'," l"'"^'"'"' ""'".withi,,' the spray 
 collections and "ardent in „*,i c'lhivated as a standard or for hedges in 
 
 and in cli,', s Tm co ," ,m t) it ermvtl,' "l"' '°"T"' <=°""'™^ "' "'" Slob. : 
 tory or to grace the gardel! wall ^ ' " " """''' '° °"'"""="' «'» ""*«"»- 
 
 thai'.'!';™,!':,:;' a z* of th«=r.?nd",r',''r,'T''' "■ ""'y- ^''"^ -^"^ •■■' 
 
 3,.e, and says that the ^'^'^ti^s g™^ ^^rS ^^PH of 
 
 en's,'" foiir: y'r' m2°/'th:,r';'° '," ""'""v' •■•^■^'s""'' - ""' - "->- Kew. 
 
 his garden namelv the 1 in^^l I ' "'''"■T" '"f"™" "' 'h"' ''f' had three sorts in 
 aerlrd,h.ve-r!^l„'''?.^t;t\I^t"/.'f„-Uri:-- 
 
 J. 
 f. 
 
iigland more 
 
 Taretitc, of 
 )wcrs small, 
 
 I arc ovate- 
 
 rt'Atulalit.sic, 
 ruit black. 
 
 if/ne, of the 
 )gether, and 
 
 •tie; Myrte 
 tcnmitiated. 
 
 II the south 
 i variegated 
 
 he Belearic 
 1 a grateful 
 
 lany others 
 e names of 
 
 on which 
 emonics. 
 
 " Portugal 
 
 )ad-Ieaved 
 
 3 south of 
 and from 
 tlie spray 
 hedges in 
 he globe: 
 conserva- 
 
 y tells us 
 n Europe 
 i ; and he 
 1 sorts of 
 speaks of 
 
 tus Kcw- 
 B sorts in 
 i myrtle, 
 igland:" 
 
 COMMON MYRTLE-TREE 
 
 single varieties of . ' ''''-""^P^"''<^d with snow and sIpp R . ^"''f ,"^ ^'"' 
 '^^f^^' ^;;r"-" -yrUo cover large JjJlS, ^Z^'l^^t^ 
 
 If tie \Viilow'' . ^^evonshire, the myrtle forms 
 
 t^omy,^,,,^;?^;^; 'I^^Jjr -Swan^^^^^ ^ 
 
 sa,d,„ „„l,e CS C: fe'Z ^''''"'n Th« name "Myr„,s" is 
 branches „„d |«nics vc ° Jio '.n,,?""" ">«'' '"= favo„ral, o 7beamv -Z 
 
 y 
 
 41 
 
 "Right in thn ,ni,l,l„st of that Paradise 
 
 *- 
 
 11. laL 
 
»t ,' 
 
 CI 
 
 w i; 
 
 ^ fl 
 
 i' ^< 
 
 L« I 
 
 I 
 
 346 
 
 MYRrUS COMMUNIS. 
 
 Hut, Ilka a Kirlanil cotnpaaafld tlm heleht 
 Anil from ihoir friiliful hI(Iuh fro»l, gum ili,! drop, 
 
 J hut all the unMiiiil with |ir.< loui, dew hoiliuht, 
 Tlir«w forth i.iost diiinly odoun, and mom 8«cot delighl " 
 
 r^jy^'y. , • ''^^"/-ei ^c. All the varieties of llic common mvrtlo are mnrlilv 
 propagatca by cuu..,j.c; and those which ripen their fruit as tKL^? mT't 7 
 come up m .In.ndancr; from seeds. (Juttings inav ci eV U mmln of ..^ ' 
 
 S 'to thaw' r7';;'' '"^^^ "'»"^^^' '\ '^•^^"•^ ^-^'^^^ ^^ ^-^S aU o^^ wi h 
 
 n.r/T/"^"^'""^ ^ ■^'"- 1^h«''^^«0'l «f the common myrtle is very hard and is 
 
 slKhtlvastrZlP'"';''"' "' '"'"^'■J^- ^'^« '«^^^«« ^"d bark are^aromatu and 
 £7 ^?[ "§^"t. and are sometimes employed as a tonic or stimulant From the 
 
 Fhl Li ^' '?^''' •'''' ''''•' "«<^^ 1" the preparation of skins. In T.iscanv 
 the berries are used as a substitute for pepper and iu Germany thev r>^To 
 make a slate-coloured dye. In Provence the myrtle is employS fo ean ?hhi^ 
 a hours, hovers and hedge-rows, and is not only formed imo hod Ssb^i^s 
 sometimes tramed as a tree with a clear stem. " ' 
 
 
CornaceiB. 
 
 •Vy«. Mat, 
 
 Genus CORNUS, Linn. 
 
 ^nonymes 
 Cornus, 
 
 r ■.. O*' AuTnoiis 
 
 tornoiiillpr, 
 
 ifam,e,e,,Hor„s,ranch,Korne|.Kir.ch-|^"*''^^- 
 Conuulo, Corgnolo, j Gehmanv 
 
 dogwood, Cornelian Cherry-tree, 
 
 Tetrandria Monogynia. 
 
 Jtai.v. 
 Spain. 
 
 Bhita.n a.,d Anglo- America. 
 
 D,Hmi„„,. Tl>.w„rdr ■ '■'-- ^'"OLD-AMERICA. 
 
 '»«} .lie genera ■™|o'i"Tlnr„r'''''"'r°'''- '""' "'''toi,:^?^^ "'-"""^ 
 
 tJt^'Xi^ij::!^"^'': ^^«'p::z'L ^ri^^"""'"- rr-.^ ^»^" 
 
 ' '"'■ ^ "' "=" ^°"^' '™' ^-. s T„%u s:rwsi ™ 
 
 ii 
 
tpt 
 
 34S 
 
 COKNtrs. 
 
 differs from that ol Liirnpo, in having tlio leaves pubescent, and in bcinp of a 
 talcr stature. The (.oruus purpurea grows to a height of from four to liltecn 
 hM-t flowermg m June and July, un<l ripening its dark-p.irple fruit in August and 
 .Septcmher. It is easily known Irom all its congeners by its dark-red branches, 
 dark-purple fruit, and the intensely dark-red of its leaves before they fall in 
 autumn. I his species is called " Kcmale ("ornel," because it bears fruit when 
 very young; whereas the (.'ornus mas is barr.-n for many years after it shows 
 lowers. Ihc wood of this species, which is not .[uite .so hard as that ..f the 
 (.ornus mas, was lormerly much used in Kurope for mill-cogs, and for various 
 purpo.ses m rustic carpentry; and is still made into skewers for butchers tooth- 
 picks and other small articles. It makes excellent fuel, and the very be.st char- 
 coal for gunp..w(er The fruit, like the bark and leaves, is bitter and styptic; 
 and, when treated like that ot the olive, it yields thirty-four per cent., bv we Lht 
 of an Oil, that '« used in France, for lamps, and in the manufacture of soap. ' 
 .i. Lornus alha. VVhile-lniited Dogwood; (Jornmulkr d fruit bleu, of the 
 Jrench; Wn.^m- Ilornstmnrh^ of Ih.; (Germans, is a native of North America 
 trom Virginia to ( anada and Newfoundland, on the banks of streams and lakes' 
 and, It we take into account the (^ornus stricta, paniculata, sericea, and some 
 states of Cornus circinata, all of which aiv< considered, by Sir W. J. Hooker to 
 be too nearly al led to be made separate species, it is also a native of Siberia, 
 O egon 1 exas, Mexico, and California. The Cornus alba, when wild, grows to 
 a height ot from four to ten leet, and to double these heights in a state of c.dtiva- 
 tion. In summer, it is particularly interesting from its fine large leaves, and 
 white lowers; m autinnn, (roiu its bluish-white fruit, which is about the size 
 and colour ot that of the mistletoe; and in winter and spring, from the fine red 
 colour of Its young branches or shoots. 
 
 4. Cornus mas Male J )og wood; Cornouiller male, ConioviUer des hois. Cor- 
 nier Cucrmcr, Canmk Aourni^r, of the French; Kornel-Kirsche Hartrie^reL 
 of the Germans; Lonmo maschio, f^an^nnue nucschio, Corrrmh, of the Italians' 
 Cornel-lrce, Corudum Cherry-tree, Lon^r Cherry, of the English. This species is 
 a na ive throughout Lurope, Britain excepted, and the north and west of Asia in 
 woods and hedges. In a ^v^ild state, it is seldom found above ten or twelve feet 
 m height ; but in a state of cultivation, it often attains double these elevations 
 It has ash-coloured, pubescent shoots, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and yellow flow- 
 ers, which, in mild wmters, come out in January or February; and the greater 
 part of which, m trees not exceeding twelve or fifteen years of age, have only 
 stanriens, and drop off without producing fruit. The fruit, which ripens in Sep- 
 tember or October, is about the size of a small acorn, and of a fine, rich, transpa- 
 rent scarle^ It remains a long time on the tree after it is ripe, and is very orna- 
 mental. The wood of this tree has been celebrated in all ages, for its hardness 
 and durability n a dry state, it weighs sixty-nine and a quarter pounds to a 
 cubic foot. The heart-wood is of a brownish tint, and the sap-wood white with 
 a slight tint of red. In ancient times, it was much in repute as shafts for iave- 
 hns; and both Homer and Virgil mention its use for these weapons. Plinv also 
 informs us, that it was nearly equal to iron in hardness, and was used bv the 
 Komans for making wedges and pins, and the spokes of wheels. In France 
 when It can be procured of sufficient size, it is employed for mill-work, especially 
 as cogs to wheels The small branches are made into ladder rounds or spokes 
 forks for turninpr hay, hoops, vine-props, butchers' skewers, &c. The wood of 
 the cornel, like laat of all the species of the genus, makes excellent fuel and char- 
 coal ; and the young shoots form a good substitute for those of the willow in mak- 
 ing baskets, and tying up packages of various kinds. The leaves, small branches, 
 and Iruit, may be employed for tanning skins; or may be used for dyeing a yel- 
 lowish-brown. The fruit, when perfectly ripe, is somewhat sweet, and not disa- 
 
 1%T\ 
 
CORNUS. 
 
 gweablo to cat • nn.i r,., .1 ^^^ 
 
 treated like rir.- nl i,, . . /f substituU! (or pirkled ol vp^ w. Pi'^^^rved iti 
 
 account of ts n v fl "" «""irn(,r.(al troe, tho o rnci i ,. '^''!''""'\P'"-P"«es. 
 because it ;! „ 1 ^/''''^'''■"'!''' ""^ the fi,„. lis hu . i '"'""'y valuable or 
 
 'i'lic order (' ^'"'-"'^' "^ lor situations of 
 
 ungca liortoiisi,,,) woll krmw bvhT."''''' """'I'liK-'so giiil- 
 
 !llC I aro nC - ...V;.;. "'"">'" Oy as aillDO rnrvniK^ „l' P ,. 
 
 ■1.0 shrubby b'?urlf "IT''-™''''''. "'"1 fi""Ny /„|';^ , If "■ '"[ wl'ich 
 
 = ate -iSSSf? T ^—^ 
 
 ( ' 
 

 iimli t i 
 
 Cornus Jlorida, 
 THE FLOWERY DOGWOOD. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Cornus florida, 
 
 Cornouiller a grandes fleurs, Cornouiller 
 
 fleiiri, Bois de chien, 
 Bluhender Hartriegel, Bluhender Horn- 
 
 strauch, 
 Florida Dogwood, Virginian Dogwood, 
 Dogwood, Ne-w England Box-wood, 
 
 LiNNJiUs, Species Plantarum. 
 MicHAUx, North American Sylva. 
 LotjDON, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 France. 
 
 German?. 
 
 Britain. 
 United St 'es. 
 
 p.^nn:Si, f\^, A^l^^f K^^- ■:'iif i^^--^ J»;l^»^^-^. n-. .". ^ , Audu,K,„, Blraa or America. K. 
 
 roundish, retuse, or nearly obcordate S^'^^vn.P t .• •''^?'- ■"^^"^'^^ "'' '"volucre large, 
 
 yellow, .„„ vcr; ,„,e. L„.tSe,i°:?hTL i;»IJXi"rS *S,,,"'!S,IE»''' 
 
 The flovv'r'hf/rrlt'-' ^"'^ "''°"' ^'■"' "*'''='• y™"^ ^'^^'"S ="'0™ 
 • Traits op the Aborigines. 
 
 ^ F all the species of the 
 
 Tp genivs, the Cormis flor- 
 p ida js allowed to be the 
 ^ . — *--. . ^^^ most beautiful. In its 
 natural habitat, when grown under favourable 
 circumstances, it forms a tree, attaining' a 
 height of thirty to thirty-five feet, with a trunk 
 nine or ten inches in diameter; but, in general, 
 It does not much exceed one half of these 
 dmiensions. The trunk is covered with a 
 blacii.sh bark, chopped into many small por- 
 tions, which are often in the shape of squares 
 more or less exact. The branches, which are 
 not so numerous as on most other trees, are reg- 
 ulauydhsposed, with their young twigs inclining 
 upwards in a semi-circular direction. The leaves 
 are opposite, about three inches in length ovate 
 acuminated, of a dark-green above, and whit- 
 ish beneath, with the upper surface very dis- 
 
 posed of four while floral leaJis ^lo H^s tlta. to vTolV" ■^•In'rr"'"""' f"" 
 co„s.,.„.es .he chief beauty „f ihe flowers, S rvr^^liuu/e™ J^L^'^l^: 
 
FLOWERY DOGWOOD. 
 
 351 
 
 e profusion of 
 of America, !,, 
 
 h appressed 
 olucre large, 
 :rs greenish- 
 e/s Diet. 
 
 ed with 
 le flow- 
 all, yel- 
 *e, com- 
 ivolucre 
 which, 
 
 in their season, " robo thp f r«„ • . ■ ^^^ 
 
 
 «h,ch c„„.i„„cd „i„o or .e.TmileT„Ked'etlrf'■'""^ (Conors'") 
 
 g lagnolia graiumiora. 'I'Jie janfl m. „ i ■ i "'r^i"- "^'^ "nu mere bv a towpr' 
 
 ■ *""""°'" "'""'" ''- -» -""^ «o,.,aa ,M.. ... . „ ; 
 
352 
 
 .1! 
 
 n<.'. : 
 
 CORNCS FLORIDA. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The woorl nf \h\^ frn„ ,• u i 
 grained, and is susceptible of a tllnt noTi^^ 
 
 may be substituted fo{ numerous nrnn.o/f.V- ^^^^ '"^'''''^ circumstances, it 
 sap-^vood IS perfectly white and the Krf J-'''"? ^^'^^^od is applied. The 
 the United States, it^me s'into t le const;^^^ ^%"^ ''^" ""^'""^ ^^ ^^^coX^ie. In 
 and ornament, such as the Cdles of ]£ ' o'l""^ '"n"^ ^'"'^^'•^^ ^""'^ ^^ "tility 
 times used by farmers for har ow teeth^f r Z V "'''"''^' .'^y^^' ^"- ^^ '« ««'««■ 
 for shoeing the runners of sled Lt to Vhatevpr n,"""' ""^ horse-collars, and also 
 ble to split, it should never be wiol.f whatever purpose it is applied, being lia- 
 when three or four years old 3 fn i " •'' Pf ricctly seasoned. The shoots 
 casks; and in the mS s'aJes the co^s oft'lV' f"^'''^ ^'^'^^ ''«°P« ^^ ««^a U 
 the forked branches are converted into^thevS;!;' I'' ' ""'' "'^"^"^ ""^ *'^^^' ^^^ 
 of swine, to prevent them from bxeakh^ ntn^nl I'f]^'' P/^' "P"^" ^'»« "^'^ks 
 country where it abounds, it serves fo? exco lenf f. f''^^^". '" *'^' P'^^^« ^^^ ^he 
 tree is extremelv bitteV and has nrnS •'''^''''*'",^, ^"^1. The inner bark of this 
 
 bark * The baVk, also, may be sE U.t'ed tT^T '''Y''''' ^'' '''' ^'^"'^i^" 
 and from the bark of th^ more fibrous roof, t f "' '" ^^^^ manufacture of ink ; 
 -scarlet dye. An infusion of the flowers of 'th' fT-"""'! '"^'^^I'l °^^^*" ^ ^'^^ 
 cure of intermittents. The ft- h t is Jome^.i '' ""''^ "'"'^ ^>^ ^^em in the 
 
 spirituous impregnation • and t iVowT! ^ r'" ^' ^ '^"'°' "^ ^^e form of a 
 cies of b.rds.' fn Eug arul ^ho soiril S f • "^ ^'''"'^'" '""P^^^ ^'^^ ^'^"«"« «Pe- 
 and, from its large wlnte flovv^rs "emuTou oZT"'"^ '' f' ornamental shrub; 
 contrast with the "forest gree,^' irrthiri P''''''^,°^'"^^^''' ^^^ich finely 
 
 wherever it will thrive. ^ ' "'"'''^ '^'''''^'^' ^ P'^^^e in every collection 
 
 c:^ S;Si;:S''fi::!ir^S:^^?i:--^ - ^^-^ --Para^ve virtues of .he Cornus flor.da 
 remarks .-"A summary recapitulation .i-ttseerneHm^^^^^^^^^ '"'"""f ^ P^' number of experiments' 
 u^, I|c.sess the saL .agred.,:;:;? ttl^'"™" ^;;:!;!:,:^'^ jhS^-^ ^1-da, sJ^.e^'S 
 
 riK. tannin and gallic acid, thmu^h *1^ . fl" ^A t p^^tfr' "^^'^T^ ^ ^^'^^"^'^ -^^ -. contam 
 and extracts ; the sericea the n..xtrwhich aprmrs tX n . -^''« '"""la has most of ihc -am niuc aee 
 wh.le the latter possesses most of the e i'7 The r v ,rtue nTp''*'"''^ ^t'''"'^ "^« ""''"'a ^nd cinchoni 
 
I, though the 
 n, otherwise 
 and by cut- 
 
 ry, and fine- 
 mstances, it 
 'Plied. The 
 ocolate. In 
 h for utility- 
 It is some- 
 rs, and also 
 1, being lia- 
 The shoots, 
 ps of small 
 ' them, and 
 1 the necks 
 )arts of the 
 'ark of this 
 e Peruvian 
 Lire of ink ; 
 'din a good 
 hem in the 
 ■ form of a 
 arious spe- 
 ital shrub ; 
 lich finely 
 collection 
 
 3rnus florida, 
 experiments, 
 sericea, and 
 1 last contain 
 im mucilage 
 id cinchona; 
 -ir residence, 
 ir tonic pow- 
 tnd probably 
 in the spirit- 
 
 Genus PINCKNEYA, MicL 
 
 Riihiacece. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 Pinckne,ja,Pinc„eya, Cinchona, Mussccnda, 
 
 Pentandria Monogynia. 
 
 Si/at.'Li,i. 
 
 Op Authors. 
 
 
 number of genera ; but a W of n ''"■"'^ "'"'^^'" ^^^long a great 
 ciently hardly to withstand th ol ^Trn '"^ '' ^''''"^ ''' ''ffi 
 and northern parts of the ( 'nitod St if ^''''"\ ''""^ ^''^ '"i^dle 
 fr u , , S^'^fi^n walls. The nnlu .... i i f ^^^' ^^'^" ^^hen protected l.r 
 
 grown, but black; when p,^fectlV'";e. ' '"^ '^^ bright-red berries/when nllly" 
 
 m 
 
 45 
 

 Pinckncya jmbcsceus, 
 THE PUBESCENT PINCKNEYA. 
 
 Synonymcs, 
 
 rinckneya pubens, 
 
 Pinaieya pitbesKus, 
 
 Pincneya pubescent, 
 
 Bulmarle Piticneya, 
 
 Pinckneya, 
 
 Georgia Bark, Pinckneya, 
 
 I 
 
 Miciuux, North American Sylva. 
 
 LouooN, Arboretum Britanriicuiii. 
 
 I ERsoox, Enchyridiuin Boianicuin. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Bkitatn. 
 
 United States. 
 
 luw„ ; and /)»/,«« Miipli.M fully gnnvi, witli li„ir ur clmvii Tl,!. Pr .h , iKipmn stale of becoming covere,! will, Inir o? 
 
 ta^S:7l^'fi,^if^;-^^;:r;!l^-K;«Wva. p.. «, AuCu^o,, Bints or A,„orica, li.. p,, Cxv. , Lou.o., Arbore.i.n, ^ 
 S;^^c CW..... Brarxches and leaves tot^entose. Flowers rather large, pubescent, white, and tinged 
 
 Deso'iplioji. 
 
 ^PI|HE Pinckneya pubes- 
 
 & m^ viding itself into mi- 
 
 ,.„.-7- T S^;l^ nicroiis branches, and 
 
 larely exceeds the height of twenty-five feet 
 vvitli a stem five or six incites in diameter. Its 
 leaves are opposite, four or five inches long, of 
 a hght-grecn colour, and downy beneath. The 
 flowers, which put forth iti May and June, are 
 white, with longitudinal rose-coloured sivipes 
 and occur m panicles at the extremity of the 
 
 flnrnM^'V /'""t'^ t^^^^' *^ '-^^^o'^P^uiied by a 
 flotal leaf, bordered with rose-colour, near the 
 upper edge. T!te capsules are round, con - 
 piessed n, the middle, and contain a c,,eat 
 iiumher ol small winged seeds 
 
 (Jcaixmi^lnj, ,^r. The l>inckneya is indige-, 
 nous to the southern parts of the United .States, 
 and particularly abounds on the borders of 
 
 officinalis ; for, the inl E,iK of til ^^ 'If ^^^''^'^S^^ virtues of the Cinchona 
 employ a\n th;, c.uo'of f e'm rmit ot tTe^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ f '"''T^ ^^ ^"»'/ 
 
 .su.nmer and in autumn, prevail m tLt cortiy. ' """^ '''' '""""^ ^^^^ ^^' 
 
wn wliich ?rows 
 rral Willi li:iir or 
 iiific!alioii iw the 
 ' calleJ Georgia 
 
 irboretiim Bri- 
 
 e, and tinged 
 
 (1 where 
 
 illy kept 
 
 tlie fice 
 
 luircs a 
 
 Genus LYONIA, Mitt. 
 
 Ericacecc. 
 
 lyonia, Andromeda, 
 
 Synonyi 
 
 Decandria Monogynia. 
 Syst. Lin. 
 
 'mes. 
 
 Of Authoks. 
 
 Drri- -^LTHOKS. 
 
 •>rili ArjieriSn pliiitrwh^.^u !!",!'"','' ^!^''"'"' '>n commemoralion of Mr i .. t 
 
 ublo res«,„l,l,!r ".,;i ,vi"7 ' ' '""' ^-emimoiw serpents wrro, „,|,., i,'''" '?■ 7''"=!' 'w'lieil her fent t ih .Vr '''' '" ""' '""'st 
 
 -ne. .er .le.U (iSle S^lj^er^^r ■•"'- -ler, a., Ue.frl;;^i|;^r;;:^- - 1 S :;a^sSs^^i£S5 
 rcihric Lfiaracters. Cnlv'X .j-mrtprl c u 
 
 "^'W^^^^7l;::StZ^^t'''' ,,rub, and also one 
 
 ,-..^. 4 ^^^':«f.ti'c plains of the oSl^:H'"t^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^JS&L -^ so'l, situation, propagation an c So ^f T^P"'^ ^o bcaiUy^ 
 
 .*^>'fC>.^i4 or a so of a clnso f.oi,„ **^^'*^' '^"<^^ requ re a nent «;ml 
 
 m seeds, hv <M,fMn,-;. .... 1... ,_ ""'^"^- -l iicy all may readily be prop- 
 
 ....... „.„.„j-i--,:|-'^;i|-^t 
 
 
 together 
 ■ bark is 
 iiichona 
 essfully 
 part of 
 
wm 
 
 f "1 
 
 
 ^' 1 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 
 i. 'U 
 a 
 
 ' 'id . 
 
 I 
 
 Lyonia arborea, 
 THE TREE LYONIA. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Andromeda arborea, 
 Lyonia arborea, 
 
 Andromede en arbre, Arbre n I'oseille, 
 
 Sauerampferbaum, 
 
 Albeio dell' Andromeda, Albero dell' 
 
 aoetosa, 
 Sorrel-tree, 
 
 LiNNjt;trs, Species Plantanim. 
 MiciiAtix, North Atnerican Sylva 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 France. 
 Germanv. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anolo-America. 
 
 '"**^» 
 
 ^i^«.ran«,. Mich.,.v. N„nh American ,s,.va, p,. .5,- Ca.esby, Natural History of Carolina, i., p,. n ; a„„ .,. fi,.,„, 
 
 ^SSrnoif^?S:^S';erS^S^srr\^^""'r'^r"»if' -'"^ — "• 
 
 cal ; Aowny. -Don, Miller's Diet. ^ ^"^ racemes. Corollas white, ovoid-cylindri- 
 
 Description. 
 
 P all the species of the 
 gonus, the Lyonia arbo- " 
 • reais the only one which 
 
 -r , , ■=- risesi..,L sufficient height 
 
 to be ranlced among trees, lu favourable sit- 
 uations It usually grows to a height of from 
 lorty to sixty feet, with a'irank from twelve 
 to eighteen inches in diameter: but, in drv 
 and gravelly soils this tree is observed to be 
 so much stinted that it presents it.self only in 
 the form of a shrub. The bark of the trunk 
 19 very thick, and deeply furrowed. Tlie 
 leaves, which arc downy in the spring, and 
 become smooth and glabrous in acquiring 
 their growth, are alternate, oval-acuminate^ 
 tinely denticulated, and from four to five 
 
 mmmmmm 
 
TREE LYONIA, 
 
 sizo wliich tlira 
 iS»if>' AiiilroHi 
 
 »nJ tl» figtires 
 
 I mucroimtf' 
 ■oid-cylinilri- 
 
 357 
 
 Propagation &'r Tim T ^^' 
 
 rose-cjlour, a„<l i^ „ ,l|y Se«od in , '■>'°"'" "''°™ i^ very "oft "', „.T„ 
 
 "»" of .1.0°' *„, jr/'^rfe""" ''"'\p™i''- 'b ckdye'wiiri^'ir 
 
 in Avliitp 
 contain- 
 ers have 
 gardens 
 
 •States, 
 ^ghaiiics 
 er oast- 
 l ceases 
 ito Urit- 
 nty foot 
 its have 
 
 
I, < !-"( 
 
 Genus RHODODENDRON, L 
 
 EricacenB. 
 
 Ss/tl. Nat 
 
 Si/noni/mes. 
 
 tun. 
 
 Penta-Dccandria Blonogynin. 
 
 •Si/al. Lin, 
 
 lihndodendron, Rhododcndrnm, Rhodura 
 ChniiKcrhududtiidrus, Alalia, 
 
 Rhoiloilomlron, 
 
 Alpbalsiim, 
 
 Rouudeiulio, 
 
 Ehododfiulion, Rose Bay-tree 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Si'AiN AND Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anulo-America. 
 
 anthum are l^sonous o c-uVle w^^^ '""^V''^ Rl.ododendron chrys- 
 
 was known to tlie ancient Tab t n./rnf Pn -liennKUisin. c^c. The former 
 
 the poisonous q mlTt es of i ts W 1 i ."' T'^^ 7"^" ;^''" ^^^T'^^inted with 
 of that country Zt^Ro mm. u''^ ''"^ ^'"'''' '""."^^"^« "" »''« l'""ev 
 
 Greeks ^ pa/then/ alSl^rt::; "1 ^ m^^:/i/']t^^''a tlu^'f ^r^''^^' 
 
 Greeks, in their ode rated retreat ^u^ when the army of ten thousand 
 
 eaten the houey wl i thcv fo u?d' in C o n'n '"' "'^' '^'^ f^'^''^''^' ^^^''^^'S 
 vomiting and purc^in' followe^l ht ^ 1 .<^»v»rons were se.ml with a violent 
 least aflbcted reSled S cVn^ .f ^' '"""^' ^" ^^^•^^«- ^hat tho.se 
 
 was strewed ahou^S.tS!;^^? T ^£ ''LI ■? X'Th-utl"^ F ""' 
 
 only a s^satio. of great \;;aK-:' T^h-c^ ^^ ^^^ 
 n snecies. R mdn/ onri-^., „„i ^^uuij^ lu 
 
 iiate leaves, lerminated bv TVi K 1 „'^ n '"'f' 'V' '!"'"= ""'''^ ■""er- 
 • ■.lymbose, 'showy flowers Thcv , -.^Ml bf ,T «'""?: "'"' "'"' '«™i"^'. 
 ra.b,., ,„„.;., a,„i;„,ag:^;j bT'ra?o"s:Le<ll,'orb;''\mi:fgs!" """^ "'"'■ ""'■' 
 
■ing refurenco lit 
 
 -10. Anthers 
 s Diet. 
 
 iidiiig the 
 It, and fho 
 bbcries of 
 ill Europ(» 
 mm thoir 
 irts of tlio 
 Thus, the 
 on chrys- 
 
 thcy are 
 he former 
 iitcd with 
 lie honey 
 .)hged the 
 hododeu- 
 Vebisond 
 tliousand 
 !, having 
 a violent 
 lat those 
 e ground 
 No one 
 sr it had 
 l to Mr. 
 iablc for 
 
 and an- 
 on earn- 
 ed from 
 i bitrg-i- 
 rritories. 
 the dust 
 . similar 
 
 ?en, but 
 re alter- 
 jrminal, 
 It, kept 
 
 Rhododendron viaximnm, 
 THE AMERICAN ROSE BAY-TREE. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Rhododendron maximum, 
 
 Oriissier AlphaLsam, 
 
 AmL-ncan Hose fiiiy-troe 
 
 Rose Bay-trce, Dwarf Rose Bay-tree 
 
 L,v.v;eus, Species Plaritarnm. 
 
 , P".v, Miller's Dieli.jimrv. 
 
 ^Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 Britaix. 
 United States. 
 
 Desa-'ij)t!on. 
 
 TllAITS OP THE AdorioinES. 
 
 rfi ^^^^ RJiododendron inax- 
 
 ' uni.m generally presents 
 
 _____ _ ^ "^^''t "» the form of a 
 
 '"iM^^^nnometiniS^a.Uuns^ he^l^'.^-r" ^'^' 
 or twenty-five feet wi n V ^l "^ ^^^'^"'J' 
 
 Varieties. The vnrinti'no ,.^„ • i • ' 
 
 pr;:i,^A;'SS 'r'"L,,2';::;' «»f ^ 
 
 .1.0 col„„,„i; ;;hu™;IL,f^n;L'7r".!?f'o have bee 
 
 caved Azalea with 
 
 m 
 
 the pol- 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 . lioite wJJ 
 
360 
 
 I! !> 
 
 i 'k (: 
 
 !'.-!fi 
 
 
 XKrK'inf ' 
 
 iite 
 
 
 
 KHODODENDKON MAXIMUM. 
 
 ■•(M'V 
 
 fn 
 
 ,f 
 
 1)1(1 
 and 
 
 len of the Rliododt'iidroii maximum 'VUo fl,i.irnr= „r .1 
 
 gran, wind, ci,c,u„s,.,,e„ a,o„e"'ru,lo' H J!7Z:\^^:SZ "" " 
 
 on the borders of rivers n.ulr^^^^^^^^^^^ l ^,"'' ^V '''''"•^•^' exclusively ion 
 
 approachiug the AlS ■ nios tdl n ',1^" i.« -^bsnyed to be more multipl.ed in 
 Vk^inia, it l>ccom' so r.m l\ o , '. /i r"f. '''"'" "'""'"^i'>«. ^^pec'ally in 
 
 waters flowh 1 amoS ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '" '^ ^•''^^"•^y "^ «««! ^^"^ crystal 
 
 the most ^on^.^S'^i:^:^:^^ r,r^i''-- - ^"-^-J -^U vapour: are 
 
 did\i::t cn'fLgS^?:::'!;;;;:: iiir^'" ^^^ pcter romuson, m 1730; but it 
 
 who then succeeded inisin^i Us M^'^^ ""/•'' \'"'' ''''^l ''^^ only person 
 also been introduced iLmnnf n't L " '^^"^«^/'7;^l»". at Mile End/ It has 
 
 ference. "-" ^'^'^^ '" ^'"^'S^^^' ^^'^'^ ^ top forty-five feet in circum- 
 
 ne^;rft;^;:fgS:2rc.mtfi^rT^'^"" maximum, mce all its conge- 
 state when tl eirKr ends Ivo heal ' '"""^ '''f ^^ *'^'^'" ««'^" ^^^ S'-»^^'»S 
 
 in peat sod, or verv fine sandv In-.... ;., r.L p^"'*-'^"-. i noy should be sown 
 the^direct iliHuence o the m^ a d^ " ^^^^^^ ""^ ^" ^^'••^«'- '^'^'^^^ *>om 
 
 tected from the frost. In sowi'/c the^l "!fa,e o^^^ ''' ' f "^J^^^'-'^.^"^! P^o- 
 
 face, they should tcovered^^ ^'"? ';'l"^l'>'/i«t'il^"ted over this sur- 
 
 them from the eye TeSs Jo v n ?n 3 '°'' '''".'? '' *^^'>'''y ^^^'"^"« ^" ^°"^'^-' 
 spring, and will be fit for transnir, in \'"'" '"'" geruunate in the following 
 fallowing year A t 'r sS i f^ S^^^^ '^'^ T"' '"'•™"' ""' ^^ '^'^ ^'^P''"'? ^^ ^he 
 
 bed, they may be panteTini^n fso h ^'"! ^ y'"'* " P'^^^' '^^ '" ^''^ ««^'d- 
 second vonr nn,l ', " ," ""^ nuiscry liucs, and removed every year or everv 
 
re 'iny [rci- 
 
 liis vuii^ ■ 
 biMiig (I 
 
 tlui! 
 
 c lu 
 
 ul 
 
 lijiSi. 
 
 .,r 
 
 fslau.i (i)(| 
 Yovk, and 
 hiderrj far 
 forests. It 
 iciilaiiy ill 
 sivoly seen 
 Liltijilicd in 
 peciaiiy in 
 111 impone- 
 iid crystal 
 H])our, are 
 
 36; but it 
 Illy person 
 J. It has 
 iitinout of 
 dron pou- 
 lt Sliiploy 
 Ml feet ill 
 icter. Ill 
 is a RIio- 
 n circ lim- 
 its conge- 
 i growing 
 sand, and 
 id ail the 
 pfoinber ; 
 it is con- 
 be sown 
 ded from 
 and pro- 
 iousiy bo 
 ttied to a 
 this sur- 
 1 conceal 
 bllowing 
 ngofthe 
 ;lie seed- 
 or every 
 e size at 
 they arc 
 nursery, 
 of earth 
 ught by 
 ; rcmov- 
 
 giiMv mein in p(,„-, „„ 
 ■it other rare and valuable 
 
 ASIKRICAS LOSE BAY-TREE. 
 
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 m 
 
 fffi. 
 
 Genus KALMIA, Li 
 
 EficaceoB. 
 Si/st. Nat. 
 
 tun. 
 
 Decandriii Monogynia. 
 
 Si/^t. Lin. 
 
 in ma ""■""• ^'""'^ "y ^'""=^"^ '" '■°"°" °f P-'l" Kalm, professor at Abo, in Sweden , author of " Travels in America '■ 
 
 iHE genus Kalmia consists of low evergreen shrnbs, highly orna- 
 ' mental in their foliage and flowers; natives of North America- of 
 
 ^Jff " ^ u "'"•' """^'S*^ ^"'"^ uuwers; natives ol iNortli America; of 
 
 ^Cp easy culture in peaty soil, and propagated by layers, seeds, or by 
 v«H^ cuttings. Most, If not all the species are accounted poisonous, and 
 
 nZ7. ^^i?'i ''^ ^f\ ^'T '}'''''' '^°^^«'-« ^^ «f ^ deleterious 
 T 1 >r/ir ,"^*"^^' T''? 'c^^^es of the shrub called " Lamb-kill," or "Slieen 
 Laurel," (Kalniia angustilbha,) is highly poisonous to sheep and lambs of to 
 caiismg their death when eaten by them, particularly the latter. Hence the 
 
 ^V^^r^ ff"^« natural family belong the various species of heath (Erica Gyn- 
 socalhs, Ca luna, etc.) ; also the several kinds of strawberry-trees ( Arbutus) \v^fo?. 
 tlebernes (Vaccinium); and several genera of procumbent and trailing shrubs 
 among which are the common bearberry, (Arctostaphylos uva-nrsi,) iTplirl £ 
 berry or wmtcr-green, (Gaultheria procumbens,) the ^Labrador tea (Ledum la ti- 
 fohum,) and the common marsh cranberry (Oxycoccus palustris j 
 
l3 in America," 
 
 tlie inside, in 
 Dissepiments 
 
 ;lily orna- 
 icrica; of 
 leds, or by 
 )nous, and 
 lelcterious 
 3r "Slioep 
 libs, often 
 ience the 
 
 rica, Gyp- 
 is); whor- 
 ig shrubs, 
 partridge- 
 idum lati- 
 
 Kaltnia htifoUa, 
 
 THE BROAD-LEAVED KALMfA. 
 
 Synonytnes. 
 
 Kalmia lalifoUa, 
 
 Ivalniia h lar-rs feuJUes, 
 Biciiblaiiri^re Kal,„ia, 
 
 Broad-leavcil Kalmia, „ 
 
 Laurel, IMotiniTin r o,,,. i t „ iSKiXAiN. 
 
 rLiNNicus, SpociesPlantarum. 
 I ^/"^"Aux, North AnK'rican Syh-a 
 j ^"^"^i-'V^ Mwlical Botany. ^ 
 Do.v, Miller's Dictionary 
 
 CrKRMANY. 
 
 Bkitain. 
 
 <5);)sc?/f(; Chnrnclcrs. Lc-avps nn Irmo. 
 
 Descr!ptio7i. 
 
 W^^^W^ Kalmia latifoha ^^ 
 0~ i ^In-i.b c 
 
 I'ge evergreen 
 „-_ fstr^'^.^7==^ '"" °^ '°^^ tree, 
 
 flowers, whicli put forth from mL tM" i "^ 
 somctunes of a pure wI,T f . V ^ "'^' '^''^^ 
 pink, dehcatel? notte but itf' ''''^\ Pf'^" 
 are of a bea.uifulC-coIou'n ?/'"'?'' '^''^ 
 
 The s/eds are 'v ;^«, : ;;-!;™"^ fol.^ge. 
 in;:Tuall, globular Japsule^' '"^ "^^ '^^"^^"^^'i 
 . ^(^o<rmphy and mstoni 'Vh^ n'„i ■ , .. 
 
 ica, fro.n Canada to Carolin-i u '^^^T^ latifoHa is indigenous to North A.>. 
 ond or forty third deg.S "of n t " h^.T "' ^-^T-' -^th o? tL't-tlr: 
 Kentucky and western Ten.iesie ^„d ,i ' *"' """'^ '' ^^"^ sparingly produced hi 
 wherever the rivers enter the olv om 'P^S'' 7"*''''T ^" the's^horn stat 
 Although,! IS comparatively abiiZamnZ'n '^''"''^ ">« Pine-barrens bee n 
 cm states, u is nowhere see^ mtep^V^^^^^^^^ ^'- middle and soS 
 
 I -i-u, multiplied, nor ol a greater height. 
 
3G1 
 
 KALMIA LATIFOLIA. 
 
 summi.s%„d for a .1'. w oruio'd sta, f SM;:.:' ^r 'wSrL"""";"''] 
 
 same heigh,, and vl^y;:£^r^±^l^^l^;f^X "? T"r "' '"" 
 .he ap,,ca,a„eo of verdant n.eado^.s, sSZded bf i„ U^e^ '''' "' " '''^""'"^• 
 
 it dowered lor Ihe firi linie^n E,K d , "-^ '"="^ " K».i*ii, at Fnlliani, where 
 
 
 fii 
 
 - f 
 
est parts of 
 upon their 
 re rendered 
 and locked 
 iarly of the 
 a distance, 
 
 1, who pro- 
 lani, where 
 ito Franco, 
 lany of the 
 
 ally occurs 
 
 vhen culti- 
 
 exposure. 
 
 he llhodo- 
 
 rly that of 
 !s. When 
 ;asoned, it 
 s scinjjer- 
 
 the atten- 
 od. It is 
 or screws, 
 ed by the 
 c utensils, 
 but not to 
 II by those 
 ern enter- 
 plied, in a 
 JUtaneous 
 ! and vig- 
 ch covers 
 
 it grows, 
 I deleteri- 
 at esteem 
 
 Genus HALESIa, Ellis. 
 
 Ilalesiaceffi. 
 *'i/s<. Nat. 
 
 Dodecandria Monogynia. 
 
 6'i/s/. Liu. 
 
 """"•of" Vegetable Su 
 
 'i-icV pul.li,hed i,.77^i.'^'"-^ "■ ""-"' "fLe loar„o,I an,! von.ral.lo Stephen Hale., I), n. f. R. s. , 
 Generic Characters CnrrAU 
 
 celled putan/on, whrJh ™ ''f ^ ^"«^^' •'•nninaied by the pc raan!nt ^T"" '""P''^- ^^"P'' 
 c«lls. Testa of sec Is s'^ !""' •'"''■'^- Cells l-secded SVp^K^ n.V i^''"' '^""'=*"""S a 2-1- 
 
 'loris,andalo;JiS;;';;,:i -y^'-'V'.''"- . '^'"'^'■y" >l'e le.Stl of an .^e^u T.^''' ""^ bottom of tho 
 leaves, and latJ^kS^^^'^' ;::;;;• --•-■• ^'"'-'c. Albtimett fe v Tre s 1;^:^"""^ ^"'^'''^- 
 01 ptdKcllaio,. droop,,.-, white no«T,vs.-^o„/ii/"/;,>" 'jj'.^f '^'""'''e serrated 
 
 IHE genus Ilalosia embraces bnf t„r« 
 
 I'na and Georgia, both oT w di nro ^'n'' "'"^'^'^^ ''^ ^aro- 
 sulJiciently hardv to withst-i d , n ni '"S'''^ "'-"'-^'"ental and 
 temperate parts of the Sd States " Pi' ^^//"^^-^''^ ^^^ the 
 native of Georo-in i,n« i-..., , , ' "''^ Hales a dint^ra n 
 , ^, - - . ^ .Styrax gran fS S.^'b d h^t'''^ h °^^^'^ '"^^^'^^'^'^ thosf o^'he 
 neath, and is frequently sold fo t in m rse e/ T ''"i" "' ""^ '^^"'^ '^«^v."y be- 
 general appearance, this ^enus a, n,nn i '"'^'■^'^' '" ^^'"itF, as well L hi 
 
 close a rcsemblance\anroit"a tKS'"ee-e! 1^^ ''T'^'^' ^^ the I " 
 be only varieties of one form To i bo V / '^y''^"^' ^^'^^ ^^ley may possib v 
 
 rax of apothecaries, (.^tyrix oflicin o' ^ il^^ns'^l^^Tlf ^"^'""S'^ ^'''^ offfcCl Si^ 
 countries to burn as incense. T ^00, „non 'L"!'^ ""'r '''' P""''*^"* ^^V ^'^ Catholic 
 
1 J> * 
 
 <t^' 
 
 Vi 
 
 I I 
 
 Haleski tetrnptera, 
 THE COMMON SNOWDROP-TREE. 
 
 Synonymex. 
 
 Ilahsia tetraptcra, 
 
 Ilalesia tetrantera, 
 
 Sii()w,lr()])-troe, Silver Bell-tree,* Wild 
 Olive-tree, 
 
 Li.v\.T-;i-s, Spcpjcs Plantarmn. 
 Don, Miller's Diclionary. 
 Lmino.v, Arfioreiiiiii Britaiinicura. 
 Fra.nuc a.nu Gkiima.nv. 
 
 Britain and Anslo-A.merica. 
 
 EnsmriiiL'S. Ciiriia n,.i,..,i,.„r ivt, :.._ _i ,i.„ .."i. .^uu..i.n.i>. 
 
 Tn^/'''';""-"°'; ''',"■"■''■ ""tiiiiiral M,t!,'aziiic, nl. 1»1(); Audub 
 1012 i.ml VI., 1,1. luG ct 1U7 ; iiiiil tliu figures lielow. 
 
 Bird-) iif America; I.imi.Iimi, Arliorctiim liniamiicuni, ii., fig. 
 
 ^^Sr''Lc^-s,;;™;;i;i:'-lr;;;;.";i;:s^ 
 
 ilroopin-, resembling U.ose of the Miuwdn.p.-i;.,,, Milk/s Diet. '"""'1'"'^ '''""' '-^-^""1^ lascicle, 
 
 Description. 
 
 'I."**-"', 
 
 .,^, 1/6^^^^ Ilalesia tetraptcra is a bcanti- 
 
 i%Z M I frl '"' ''^^^ ''■'-'^ "■■ '^^''^^ shrub, l;()w- 
 
 '' fe^-U-S "'^' *"'"'^'^ ^'''•'''^'" ^" ^''''"ty <^'^'t in 
 . . - .fc-fr^^r^^sa height, witli a tniulc Croin five to 
 
 aaikish colour, with niaiiy irregular lissuros. The leaves are 
 ovate-acuinuiate, serrate, with the middle depressed. The 
 flowers, which are ot a pure white, p.it forth in April aud 
 May, and are s.icceeded by a.i acid iVuit, of a rho uboidal 
 orm, with lour w.ngs. Its flowers are produced m gc 
 abundauce; and, from their sha,)e, colour, and pendulous 
 
 ^^^^^iSzz::^^ ■'' ^-^-^"-= ^'-^ «^ ^'- 
 
 ety, though .usually co.tsiderJd as' a distinct ^ .t'd^^tm thJ'lLISa 
 
 tetraptcra, chielly m havntg the lc;;;s d;w;; at.d .Su = e3/'^^ "^'^ 
 
 ^<>^ruphy. cVc The JIalcsia tetraptcra is fnun<l in shad 'woods on 
 
 banks olstrcam.s, from Carolina to Texas. It was mtroducc m o 'rit m 
 
 J^i Ur^. ;r ^i^^l:!: L'-l,.--' «f.^'- Kuropcan con..etions'"^ '"'^^'" 
 
 y.. 
 
 the 
 in 
 
 This species may be propagated from seeds which often remain in the <.ronnd 
 
 ITlayt" ' ^'^^ ""'""' '''^'^''^- '' '-^^ ^^'- •- increa;:"b; ctutfngs or 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the Ilalesia tetraptcra is hard brittle nn,l 
 
illusion to I lift fniir 
 <■ tif tliu snowtirup, 
 
 ituiiiijcuni, ii., fig, 
 
 iiiliilar. Fruit 
 lUiua I'ascicle, 
 
 Lilcsia or 
 Tliis vari- 
 10 Halcsia 
 
 Is, on the 
 Hntaiu in 
 'lie largest 
 on PJouse, 
 t eiglitcen 
 lother tree 
 
 !ic ground 
 uttina;s or 
 
 Gmus DIOSPFROS, L 
 
 Ebenaco;!!. 
 
 Syat, Xut, 
 
 Diospym, Ebenm, Guaiacana, 
 
 Plaqupiiiinicr, 
 
 Dattcipllauiiie^ 
 
 Diospjro, 
 
 Dale Pliiin-lrce, 
 
 inn. 
 
 rolygamia Picccia. 
 *>/. Lin. 
 
 Synonymcs, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Geiimany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Ckitai.v a.nd A.VGi,n-AMnnicA. 
 
 Cfeneric Characters Fiou-.,., , ^^ '" """'2'" 
 
 ^^, 4.cleft ; .o;„,.aS3 onSr""^ralf ?'' '''l'^ '■'''''' ^"'"^'i'"- 3 or fi-cleft Cor 1, 
 
 of the corolla, twice the nn. , ,1 .■'■ ^ ""weis hav iiij the stamens inJ,.,.. i . Corolla uroeo- 
 
 •ca. Tito only J.ardy sp L a h v; ir';?',' '^"^ ^^^^'^'^ ^»^«r. 
 or America, arc the Ei\ropcan otl^ -l"'''''' ^f ""^ ^'^ ^^'"^Pe 
 
 fn^^n;. ' ^"-g'nian date pinm, or pers mon n/^^^^^^^' ^ '°^"'^--) ""^'^ the 
 
 oimer grows to twenty or thir v feet or mnT (^.^'rPy''"s virginiana.) The 
 tlie bcautiini dark, glossy green of Ihn T '■ '" '"&''''' ''^"'^ '« character zed bv 
 
 ^idof^^Xn 1 /mat o7M„;;r1,Sr? '"" '""-r-" -«--. (-^rga„,c 
 ••southern stales of ,|,e Amorica,Mulio„ "' '»''"^"^^ "^ '"""'^1'". "«ives o! "he 
 
 rittle, and 
 :)ropriated 
 ude state, 
 ckle. As 
 s trees, it 
 
 ( I 
 

 J) 
 
 losjnjros Virginia na, 
 
 THE VIRGINIAN DATE PLUM OR PERSIMON-TREE. 
 
 Synonymcs, 
 
 Dmpyros ttirghiiaiw, 
 
 Pln(nipmin;er ilc Virijinio, 
 
 Vir;;inisfhe Daticlpdauine, 
 
 Diiispiro (li Viii,'iiiin, 
 
 Virj,'iniari Diitu Pluiu-trce, rcrsimon-uvo, 
 
 LiNN.i.:i's, Species Pluntarum. 
 MiciiAi'x, Norih Aiiicricnii Sylvn. 
 L"i!D(i\, Arljoiftmii IJiiiaiiiiicuin. 
 
 FliANCK. 
 (il;i;.MA.NY. 
 
 Itai V. 
 
 BUITAIN AMI A\(ir.O-AMERlnA. 
 
 Flowers ,„adn,ui, rarely ,;.,;:,iu::li;,:"^ii;;;:;i ;;^:;' i[o:J:-^;;:S:;S;^: "^^'"'^""^ »'=^'^^""^- 
 
 Z)cSC)'i/)fioH. 
 
 " If Kmpr's fiTviil rnic 
 n nw il in llm lioiliii!; veins, willi euro tlipy .TOii"lit 
 riie liriii Diospyros." ' 
 
 Tbaits op tub Aborioinks. 
 
 I MI] Virginian Date Plum, 
 
 when grown undor /a- 
 
 vourable conditions, sonie- 
 
 S3 times attains a Iicight of 
 
 sixty or seventy feet, with a trnnk eiglitccn or 
 twenty mclies in diameter; bnt, under ordinary 
 cn-cumstances, it does not usually exceed one 
 halt ol these dnnensions. The trnnk of a full- 
 grown tree is covered with a deeply-fnrrowed 
 blackish bark, from which exudes a greenish gum 
 without taste or odour. This tree 'is readily dis- 
 tingnished from the European date phup, by its 
 leaves being nearly of the same shade of green 
 on both sm-faces; while those of the latter are 
 ol a dark purphsh-grcen above, and much palor 
 and fnrmshed with a somewhat pinkish down be'neath. Those of the Virsriniin 
 date plum are from ionr to six inches in length, oblong, entire of Tfi le^. r^en 
 above glaucous beneath, and often, in an.umn, are varn'gatod ^ . 1.1 k f no s 
 The terminal shoots are observed to be usnally accomiKuiied at t e 1 L^ iv 
 smal rounded leaves This species belongs to that class\.f vegetable tlesexel 
 ot which are condned to d.llerent trees. fJoth the barren aiulfcrSowei^re 
 of a greenish-yellow, bnt not strikingly conspicuous. They piU (brth L Tm c 
 and July and are succeeded by a round fruit, about the si JoV a bi lace plum 
 of a reddish complexion, with a tleshy pulp, containing six or eiX scmf-ovai 
 
 not Si t'l 1 ^nr°/'f' ' "i '^'' '''^''' ^^"^"^ ^^ dark-purple colour "Till fui^i 
 no pa atable till It has been softened by frost, when il becomes sweet tlo eh 
 still astringent In the southern stales of the union ,t adheres to the br3 
 
L'REE. 
 
 Miilnn, ArlHirelHm 
 
 beneath, relic- 
 buds glabrous. 
 
 Virginian 
 fit 10 green 
 lIcIv spots. 
 ! base, by 
 
 the sexes 
 owors are 
 I in June 
 ace phun. 
 scnii-oval 
 le fruit is 
 !t, thougli 
 
 branches 
 'oured by 
 
 VIROINIAN DATE PI.UM. 
 
 . -s- U V, DUf,cis, Pr nee X,„^,,f r •. i t^. P '^'^ °' "'e United States 
 abounds also in the west ^^enT;!" "\^''^""''^'« ^n^ 
 
 as| S;.-' ''»-">'. -" •.%, .he. „e specimens „r „,o„. .he .™„ Hei,h. 
 
 and found it preferable to the ash a 7n nM ^^^''^ '^ ^°' ^'^^ s'^afts of chaises 
 wood of the West Indies. The jiner biric IT T'''' "^ ^"°«d' «^^«Pt the ance- 
 have been employed with sucre.iL. '. '^^i''^'' '" ^^^««dingly bitter is siid m 
 the inhabitants^of^he regions X;,?^i^^:^^^^ ^ '\' ^"^ericaV Indians b.U by 
 
 ttaTment^ord'"' ^' '''' -«' ^^^ "l sfb 1^^:^"^'" "? of mtern^UteS 
 treatment of dropsies. A ereenisb cm, ^ <JO''siaered a tonic favourable to tbp 
 
 quantities, which never has as vet ^leo , " ■''/'"^"^ ^'^« t^««' but in ve y small 
 a medicine or in the arts ' h die mZ7tf '' "">^ "^^^"» Purpose eiUeT as 
 
 the speedy decay of its leaves arwelL/n/v,'"' .^"? ^'^^« ^^^^^ '« attributed o 
 form an excellent manure. ' '^ ^' ^'^ '^°^« ^^ ^he common locust, which 
 
 47 ^ 
 
 i ' 
 if 
 
 -14^ 
 
 
}w 
 
 !:» 
 
 t fit* :; ; 
 
 Oenus CHIONANTHUS, Linn. 
 
 Oleaceac. 
 
 Diandria Monogynia. 
 
 •Syst. Lin, 
 
 O.H.a,ion. From the Gree. cA,.„, enow, and a„,W, . flow.r, ,„ referenc, to .he «now.„h.te flow.r, ofth. .pec,.. 
 Drupe baccate, co„tain.ng\='"t';il\Xut.''^st Jra1l,L^n"„^o„sS^ 'l^s J^^'' ^'"^°^' ^"^"^• 
 
 ^"ativetof'^Jho 'h'^ g«»"« belongs embraces trees and shrubs, 
 natives of both hemispheres, and for the most part are deciduous 
 rrL'V^f" ^n ^^'"ber-trees; others medicinal, whTch, ?n ge,^: 
 ral, are bitter One genus, (Olea,) produces a vahiable oil -^and 
 mann: Thl^'i""' '"' *^-f '""«-)- obtained the swe t^^ti^ 
 nous shrubs, XuP^^:^S^Z = tS^ e^ ^r^eSs^^^ltt; 
 
the species. 
 
 4-parted limb; 
 almost sessile. 
 
 ind shrubs, 
 deciduous. 
 :h, in gene- 
 le oil; and 
 t purgative 
 tiful decid- 
 . As most 
 3 that their 
 us hybrids 
 3 oHve, the 
 
 Chiomnthus virginica, 
 THE VIRGINIAN SNOW FLOWER-TRKE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 Ckionantnus rirginica, - ( S!;:;^!;^; J^Jj-.^J>™m. 
 
 Albero di neve * Germany. 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^ ^lyonanthus virginica is a 
 
 - eautifu octree, growing to a 
 
 height of from ten to thirty feet- 
 
 trodu^^into BrU^irin^ror"/^'""^^'"*^^''^^; i"' 
 J"5y; and requ es to hp ' ^^l^^""? ^^om May to 
 sandy peat ov^Sv nam f T" '" ,"^"^^^ ««''' ^'^^er 
 It may be propagated Wlnvn '" ^ f''^''''^ «''"^tion. 
 
 ash, which,'ifJon':SndLdrgr;o'u^d'ff '"?."? ^'^^ 
 leaves, and the singular nr^^ ^ ' ;"•' """^ "« ^a^ge 
 
 flower^, form a spBid S Th? ,°^ "^ snow-white ^ ^ 
 
 foot long, and nearly half as broaS W '' T ^^^" ^ 
 
 attan. any degree of perfeedon tmfe'ss e"s'of hVt' l^'"^-^ "°^ ^^e flowers will 
 
 ,1.0. V, .Axnti,"rojor^r;EsV" 
 
 broad coriaceous leaves, a nativeTcarol^'f Z'''*^"""'^ Snow Jlozoer-tree, with 
 native of North America, growin^intg^f .tS by' tl:^^^^^^^^^ '^ 
 
 '? ; 
 
'1l 
 
 I 
 
 Genus OLE A, Linn. 
 
 Oleacea;, 
 
 mi/nl. Nat. 
 
 Diandria MonoRynia. 
 
 Si/al. n. 
 
 .h/^S";L, JH^ """' °'" '» •'"'-J rrom the Oreeke/a.a, .ho oUva-treo; anj, ,„ U, .urn, a. Do Thola conJec.ur«, from 
 Oenenc aaracters. Corolla quadrifia. wuh the segments nearly ovate. Drupe a monospermous plum. 
 
 ^HE genus Olca embraces more than twenty species either indi 
 . genous or cuhivated in the temperate partsCf Europe Tsia' 
 
 •t^Serl^cHb:?- ''">:'" ^^-^>'«-"-pa.a,an^a^ericana; 
 nerealtcr described may be noted, as worthy of cultivation th 
 Oiea cxcelsa, a native of Madeira, and suiraciently ha dv to with 
 
 Avhere it is much cult vatedf^lTn' r'*: ^'"^ ^''^S'"^"'' "^ ^^'""'^ ^"^ Japin. 
 
onJacturM, rrom 
 
 mous plum. 
 
 ither indi- 
 )pe, Asia, 
 mericana, 
 'ation, thw 
 y to with- 
 he United 
 ipensis, a • 
 lid Japan, 
 inch, it is 
 t, Messrs. 
 loticed it, 
 aore than 
 
 Oku 
 
 ii'ro/)fta, 
 
 THE EUROPEAN OLIVE-TREE. 
 
 Si/noni/mes, 
 
 Olta eunipaa, 
 
 Olivier, 
 
 Ojihlbaum, Olivenbauin, 
 
 Olivo, ' 
 
 Oiiveyra, 
 
 Olive-true, 
 
 Don, Miller's i)„,,„ "*>""»• 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 I'linxuGAr.. 
 
 BaiTAiN AND Anolo- America. 
 
 
 
 HoLv Writ. 
 
 ^^nr: Olca curopaea, 
 lllr^ '" '•''' general ap 
 l^-vUM '"'•'^'■'"^««- is a tre( 
 
 ble rescmbUinco fTTfrwrtr i^'aruig considera- 
 l'a« been lopS . 1 .T'"'"^ ^^'"'^'i 
 
 of three or for ye W ITT^ V'''' «'"»""' 
 ceeds thirty /lc7,^;i' -^ ?'^'': . ^^ «^''dom ex- 
 feet in diamete an'lo ' '"'^ ''^ '"'"'^ ^xvo 
 attain one half of H pL i'^'""''^ ^' ^"^s not 
 fies at a sma 1 .ei'l^ , ,^""^»f' «»«• It rami- 
 forms a compact 4! lii'^'^^P^^ f """^' ^'^"'i 
 trunk and branchS^^ '' ^''' '^''^'"'^ «*' ''»« 
 of an ashy h fS.) ?' ^7'"^' '^ ^»i"«"', 
 removed, the cellula inT '' "''' '^Pidermis is 
 %''t-green. On oU {TofT'l ""T''^ '' ^ 
 
 
 If. * 
 
 
 in^^ 
 
 
 I., md 
 
 trom 
 
374 
 
 OLEA EUROPJEA. 
 
 \n 
 
 half of an inch to an inch broad, narrow with hoth or.,io „^ * , . 
 
 at the edge, jo,„cd to the main stem by "ery 2" fooTl^^^^^^^ 
 after the manner of the branchlets The flower h,,l /""f-*"'"'^' "'"J opposite, 
 middle of April, but the bloom is not full bSe he td ^f SIv r^V"''''''' ""^ 
 
 sifirwn;^,iiS:roaS!So^^:a'^n^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Sir id?s 'a'nt fX™jr,L ^"^^'' ^?'" 'f -pa^orof'st^e": t": 
 
 the extrLfty, and isusuah; femTta^ o tLtt rAs^TlnlSl^^ " 
 
 t"?^ron!:-;;s^Ss"^j^r:i='ySr,iratZk^rffi3F™ 
 
 .^ .ng an oblong, pointed stone; Sividld ta?twf eelH ™?"'.PSrlX 
 
 |n.,yCi„'et.&.If^;SX|^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 v^n 'or tllv 'Jittl^'oir "'f ^!^ ^^"'''^ ^^^ ^'^« '^^ ^h^ commo^oli^e of Pro^ 
 venceor Italy, but the oil made from it is too rank in flavour for most palates 
 
 of U.e Cane o? ST'h '"'^'"•. ^^'"-"f "^-'^-^'^«-^ ^-ropean 0//.T.?L^a nat ve 
 
 .4^onh:xs:\.as:^stK;L^^^ 
 
EUROPEAN OLIVE-TREE. 
 
 PrL°h. " """■""""■ ^'^'•* ^"™/'-» OUve-^ree; Olivier en parasol, of .,,e 
 
 largest and finest trees. Its braf Xli^i „ ™°''- ^'"^ '"'"y is one of the 
 
 keeping willow. Its fru t 'is go"od^?:,\'^,"XTJ'"'' ff"'"''"'' '*" *"=-= »' he 
 ml. It should be grown in faUeys rather^Lln " ''1"'''' V"" ""<< ahandant 
 T'", '"..'"' *''"■"''' f""" drwigh Than eoM ?, if r-l""* 8'™"'!. '^ «"ero is 
 th.s kind, in Languedoo, that have three tim^A, '""'"'"'' ""' individuals of 
 of the ohve, in France, by frosi "''' "'™''"* *e general destruction 
 
 of.hePre"h.™°'""- ^"^^^fiuUei European OUve-lree; OU.ierigros/rui> 
 
 roll- o°- 0«n s»MhXfcr^¥L«'--'™'- ?"•"- '' /..'.v /™-i 
 
 It r'/r"' '"' P'¥ ^'y -d efcvatld grrd's" ^'""'"^^ ^ ™'"' '^""^ 
 
 moisture, a good soil, and an abundnn.T.f^ *° '"''= ^f^y ki^d^. "nd rcqSs 
 superior quality. ' abundance of manure. Its fruit yields an oil of 
 
 .hiprSch.""""- "''■"'^-"'-/".iXd European OU.e-,ree, OlMeragrappe of 
 
 of|e pncT"""'- '""'-S-frnitea European OU.e-,ree; Olivier i fruU oihng, 
 
 '^«lorOli:i:To,Z'';,e,J^:£-^Stt^^^ OI»^^fr^U 
 
 sliltnTcS:.^'"^'"" f" P'"^"W, a'ndlr'very^^rrtirV'^ilfcL^^^^^^ 
 
 of Jhe Prench'rrr;.yff *{™rpSr" °"-'~'- "«- ^ /"'* ->■ 
 *«-.«s:4™rFre*r"'""°"''°""'"= '""■'V«- Olive-tree; Olivier Oe 
 les »;„°; rf'thrSr"- ^-^»'™." ^-Z-™ Ofe-,„.,. Olivier ie Ions 
 the Frit'"™''- ^-'y-^-™* European OUve-iree; Olivier priroee of 
 p2L 0...s.K0T,.v.. T.Ue-Jlo.ering European Olive-tree: Olivier laraif, o( the 
 
 OrS?Zrfcn"l<(^aZ .l,riL°'^^ """P?" '^ ''"""' '"^-'B^ous in Syria 
 
 in different parts of ftC, Sp^ta'a^lte" lEe"; ^'^ J"" '^ ">""S 
 hedges and woods ; but its fruit dZTu V' V^^^^ ** '^ ^^und growing wild in 
 grows svontaneonslyinZ^:'r^Z^^^^ f'^'" "- . The^cultivaled S^'a 
 
 and It promises, also, to be a vaSl? trl r^" and Africa, by the sea-coasi 
 parts of Sy,ia. mrti^nlarl!; ^bon M ^ ^ Ajistraha. It abounds in J,^:,l 
 
 reared m all parts of the Wr s o?ffLTam1r;' '^^'''^"^' ^"^ ^ '^^Y 
 
 ui me i^evant that are not visited by frosty 
 
 H 
 
are 
 
 OLEA EUROPjEA. 
 
 I^lhi. 
 
 •'mi 
 
 .,,„ i' 
 
 oil largely, and thus it ha, obtained the ^me o7 " itnee ^ " C " '""' 
 
 bmirhnnrJ nf M ^ ! Province of Suse, m Morocco, particularly in the neigh- 
 
 bourhood of Mersa, produces a great abundance of olive oil, which is stated tn hi 
 
 Thuflt^^v in i r . ' '"?'"'' '''^" ^^'' "°^ '"'P^"' ^"d is of a very poor flavour 
 Ihus Italy, south of the Apennines, and Turkey, south of the Htemus or i l^in 
 
 SS^'^T^ T'^^"''^ ^^"^" '^' Sl^^k Sea^to the Atla dc Sa? h^^ 
 lat tude forty-four degrees, appears to be the general northern limit of the culture 
 rll! .?' f ?"'T' '^^^'" «» *he Atlantic coast of North Amer ca sea eel v 
 olTve tn 'nnT^'"' f'^7T "^ ^^^^^"^^- N'^^'' Charleston, in sS S'a ol na S ^ 
 olive IS usually rendered barren by the vernal frosts: and n the southern n^^^ls of 
 Florida and Louisiana, where it would be secure in 'winter" i languishes tCou^h 
 the su try heats of summer, for the want of those refreshing broS'Sh^^^^^^^^ 
 orate this tree on the shores of the Mediterranean. But, doubLs there at llS^ 
 in this country uniting the conditions necessary for its gro X wlSiavo fpon 
 
 relate' mn.'.^ ' P^'!, '^^P-™.-^^-""^ i" particular Te'h re bglavc to 
 relate. While the Floridas were hold by the English, in 1769 one Dr T irnhnll 
 
 Sfir^a^opi^^-Str.^-i-^s^i£53i^ 
 
 and disease, and precluded from escape by land, where they vvere SerSted bv 
 the savages of the wilderness, a part of these unhappy exiles SS others 
 ZIT^ '^a '^^'"'^^ T''^'''' «f ^"^barking for Havana in an opeA Sa and [, 
 three years their number was reduced to five hundred. The rcsri"movcd o S 
 
 aZl"'' '''^'", '^' ^^T""''^' ^^^""^^'^ possession of the com tiy aTul in 783 
 a few decaying huts, and several large olive-trees, were the onlV remains n ifn 
 seen of their wearied industry. In New California on the KvciH J hey cult vato 
 the ouve with success along the canal of Santa Barbara, in la tilde Thirtvfon 
 degrees north; and at Quito, in South America, near the e. .at r ih £ fn 
 
 The ohvc, which is called by Columella, the first amon« trees has constitnfo,! 
 
 rg u-TiTL^'ir^',;'^ p^^^ ^^' h^^ °^ ^'^^ niosVcd:i'Xe"gi fo'' 
 
 tne globe, and, aside from the commercial value of its products it is invostod 
 both in sacred and profane history, with a thousand interc thi^assoc ations ll 
 appears to have been cultivated very early for we read of niMn ti? , ♦■ 
 
 acob; and the patriarch Noah had^:n;';,ut a dove IroL J^,^'^^^ 
 returned without any token of hope. Then ' 
 
EUKOPEAN OLIVE-TREE. 
 
 (lENEBia viii. 10, 11. 
 
 377 
 
 That the ohvp - • gbnbsis viu. lo, n. 
 
 W the parab,rfToSt^<?KTrL"Str?r «'^.^^--' '« ^^-^ 
 king," &c.; and David, also seems to Sr "on 5 \°'\ -^ ^""" *" «PP«inl a 
 when he says, '' Thy children iTe t^^drv/r'''^f''''^ ''"' ^'"^^ as a blessing, 
 The indent G^r '^ ^'^-^'rhlt ^fealeth fer" '"""' ^'^"^ ^^^^ ^^^' '' 
 than' thHSS: 'r^^^^^^^^^^ olive and of i. fruit, 
 
 ory of one in the Acropolis aflthens D ntt '" u- ''PP^'"^"^ ^••°'" ^''« hid- 
 ing of the temple of Pandrosus sayr^'W thin h i' 'm'^'' "travels," in speak- 
 century, was preserved the oZ/..-'S menWd 1^1 ^'^.'^^ '^ '"'" ^« ^^^ ««<=«nd 
 be as old as the foundation of the ciSeP' a ^ ^^f °d«'-"s> ^v^hich was said 
 by all the Greeks who attended tLptL., '^''"^"hution of olives was given 
 honour of Minerva. Those X except t'^^^^ ^''''^'"' ^eld at Athens in 
 were crowned with a wreath of olive w^idiL.V'*' ^T'' ^"'"'"S ^'^'^ f<^«tival, 
 a^ce near the city, with spacious andt^d'j ^^s^Z^^^I ^::^Zi 
 
 reign :ft7;iusT.Ui;us,Te Yll ^kLTo^f t^'^ -/^^ ^^-teenth year of the 
 qtnnius Priscus, which was about thpnL. TV ""''.^ ^"""g the reign of Tar- 
 foundation of that city, here we 11 olivo'l'r'''^''^^"^ eighty-?hird year f?om the 
 a strong presumptio.f'that t^ey g ^.f oTSVonf^^ '" '?'^' '^P^^^'"' '' Africa! 
 nulZ •'^^^'. "\ the four hundred I 7fSth Ion "1^; "/. ^^"^"- Theophrasuis 
 olive-trees in Italy, except on the coas? in Jui / ^''' "'^J^' ^^ere were no 
 Wmy says in his time, they we e to be ?o fnd n th '"^ "?'''^ "^ ^^^ ^'^^'^i but 
 ^pain, and that the olives of Syria, ahhoud sm Hn "^'7 ^'T' °^ ^^'•^"^e and 
 a so informs us, that in the five h uXdA? I I '. P'^'^'^uced the best oil. He 
 dms and L. Junius were consuirtoSr a nonnd nV'T' ^"^^^ ^PP'"« ^lau- 
 asses; that m the year 680 ten nonnH« c.n ^ P ""^ "^ ^'' ^^as sold for twelve 
 years after that tiL, Italy washable to trJsU T ''' ' • '"^ '^'^' '» twenty- wo 
 It was much used bv the Romnn« ./ .i, .^'^^ provinces with oil- and thit 
 
 the property of warn^ing theTodv and defo;;?'' P""*^^^'"-"' ^''^ they'suppo cd 
 speaks of but three kind's of ol ves ("olnmoir "^ ' ""^^'"''^ ^''^ cold. ^ Virgi 
 As' thl wo^'7 rr r^"" -ornume^or "' ""^^'"" ^^'^ ^^^-^ -d safs 
 
 ;hat i :CS^ «i ^^r J^SSE -f ^-^^'«' i' i« not surprising 
 youth," says a writer in the - NorUi ArS I? ^^''So,r^y- " In compirativf 
 diameter only at the rate of an eighth of a in hr''"^' '^n' ^^^"^ ^"^r^ases in 
 at Pescio, mentioned bv I)e Cindn n \ ' ^" "^ y*'^^'*' Therefore the olivo 
 
 should be seven hundU yea s n 1 ! ''""'"^ '' ^'''"'^'^ 
 
 out, at the ordinary n^fofy ",nf t e,^^W^^ '^^'^ grown, tLTigt 
 
 near Nice, described by Risso and rerpmi '. ^ '''^"" ^""'S^' t'-^e at Beaulieu 
 oldest of the race in Europe ^l^d Te mo JtEl^tT^ '^ ^'r'''^'''' doubtless the 
 now m a state of decrep tiide it still Pnr. l\ r tbousand years old. Although 
 did so, as late as the year 182S T L . ^^""^ant crop of fruit, or at iS 
 venerable trees, whiclfy t '.tive pTt,rC^''> 1"^^'^''^ tbat'those e.^h 
 existence, as tradition asserts, alt^ie fm" of o,^^ ' • '^ P''^*^'' "^'-^^ '''"^^^ beeifin 
 mentions some plantations o( ol ve ^e h linh '/ 'rP'^^'^""'' ^'- '^o'-don 
 hrough, in 1H19, on liis way to t^'e fSis of S^' "' ^T'' '"^'''^' ''« Pa^sed 
 have existed from the time ol-pii„y °^ Marmora, tbat were snppoied to 
 
 iySS:t^i:::Ji^rS^tJ^ J''^.o>.ve has been the emb.m of 
 ^oah m .0 ark, ^s the t ^gn'S^.^ ^-ft l^a^J;^:^^^— 
 
 I 
 
378 
 
 OLEA EUROPiEA. 
 
 IM 
 
 '£4 I 
 
 lheTod"'r;^; t: t l7::^oL'rtt^'2^^^^^ ^" ^ho waters of 
 
 every kind. The oil likewise beclrthe emblem oflnv ''i ^^'^T'^V «/ 
 appears to have been of great utility to the w?onf.J.7 a"'^ S^^^'^^ss. It 
 Apollo, was regarded as a%ural de ty from havfr anX I, T'^"'/''' '"'^ °^ 
 it, as well as to make honev b ittPr -^nrlTiic 1 ^^S'"'''"'^'"^ to extract 
 ancient Greeks in Zrinrout Enn. .n f /^ 'T. ^'f° employed by the 
 the wreaths of the v" to^^^tt oEc "ame? T^^ ''" ^'"^'"'"^ ^«™^d 
 
 fable in their mythology, on the orTgin ff X ol^l^T^ ^ TT '"^^^^^^ 
 
 Sre^.;s^^^fe:^;£?r"^^ 
 
 bioSd^^ E^;;MeS5r"^ 
 
 branches ^'""^^^ ^'^ ^^'° represented as crowned with olive 
 
 mmwMsm 
 
 called uovoli, (Mi^e^gsOaS to oLHan wlS"''"^^''"'' ';''""'»< are 
 Care is observed ? at Tach uovoT^.l^ll .' r-""''^"'".', ^'^ ^'^'^ ^^"^^^ ^«^«^*- 
 
 !il| 
 
EUROPEAN OLIVE-TREE. 
 
 cases, snuff-boxes &,o 'V] at 
 
 preferred io that of the trunk'''' On .'''' '"^'^' ■^''hich *« agreeably marbled i. 
 wood of this tree was anc e„tiy ;?s"d ^or'!'."' v ''' h^^^ness and dShty Ihe 
 became common, u was Je fefby [he G^^^^^^^^ and, before £eta? 
 
 t rom jts resmous and oleaeinous natnl 1 ^I ^'^^ ™ages of their gods 
 combustible, and burns as weU before a J' oft" "^.'"^"^ '^"^ '''^ '' exceediS 
 
 &t\^rr' "'f ^ '« --'"-efS^t™- l"mf "Th There exudes S 
 iiom this tree a substance called olivi?ie Thn k T ^'^^'"'^ '^ also extracted 
 and IS regarded as tonic and febrifuS Td. ^ ''''"^^'"' ^ '^'"^^ principle 
 
 But the chief value of this troP « ?hi' f ^ 1^''''^' ^""^ astringent. ^ ^ ' 
 
 t.ll December or January, it producef frn^t hnf ' ^"'^ '^^'j^' '^^ere it is delayed 
 
 ^, It Ki^y ^^juriSSr r-- - i^^dsst 
 
 The od is obtained by simp o pSslrHn he S ' '' "' ^'^' '^'"" inches deep 
 first bruised by a mill-stone, sufficientlv hard ^n "?.'"?"'' ^"'^he olives a?e 
 are then put into sacks of coarse Inenfonfh "''^ ^° ^'""^^ ^'^^ kernels, and 
 to heavy pressure, by which means the most fi.f.vf '' T ?^ r'^' ^"^ subjected 
 out, and IS called virmn-oil Tt <= r.^ I ■ "^ '^"'^ ^'^^ best liquor is forced 
 from which it is skim^med and p t Tp Tnto tnh T^'« ^alf filled with wa at 
 Several coarser kinds of oi are afterwLfl/ 's'^f ^''' ^"^ bottles, for use 
 bruised fruit. The best olive oil s of a br I/''T'^' \ ^"^^'"^ ^ot wa er o the 
 and bland to the taste. Kcp^varm ,> h..^ ' pale-amber colour, without smell 
 ^ IS of the same nature a^^^irmiS xp ess'^d V'"^'l',""^. "^ ^^° ^'- ^' ^"43! 
 fluid are preferred, and hence the oiKi ^^S^^^ble oils; of these, the mos 
 "jed in medicine. One of tllfmost est med S.'nf'^ '^''^'f' ^^^ ^^ose chSy 
 {ffude d'ALv en Provence.) Florence Out^ J ""'l '' ^^""^ Produced at Aix 
 horn in flasks surrounded iy a kh d of net 1/^%^ ^r^^kmd imported from LeL- 
 cotyledonous plant. These are the IHnSTr' ^°""^^ ^^ ^he leaves of a mono 
 abes for sala'ds (hencrthera cS irf'^o'/'^^'V""^^ ^"^"^"^ "- 
 jars holding about nineteen gallons each vt z^-, -^^^^^^ 0.7 is imported in 
 y''_, imported in casks; and constitutes thfl ^'^'' ^ ^"^ ^^'"d- GullhJi 
 ported into England. .ScU,,Oin!nf[ t ':''"^^'' P^^'^'^'' «f the olive oil im 
 ^v^orst. The foSt deposited by olive oil iJlf'T^ ^"^''^J^- ^^^'^^^^^ Oilt the 
 name of Z>;.^^,,,.. o}^wX "Shvi oil coifsists of'"^ ^"'^'"""^' ""^^^ ^^^ 
 
 Oleine, . I'arts. 
 
 Marga 
 
 rme, 
 
 In cold 
 
 72 
 28 
 
 lo^vish glu.i es.* ' Oily substances Tn^^ '^^ ^°™ «f white or vel- 
 
 * See Pereira's Treatise 
 
 Food and Diet, 
 
 n 
 
 p. so. 
 
 5j; 
 I 
 
!i;.i 
 
 380 
 
 OLEA EUROPJEA. 
 
 chalk or in liniments and poultices. The ancients mhhori iU^- u a- • , • . 
 dropsies, and for various purposes ; but i L now httip nt,? ^''' ^""^'^^ ^'^'^ '^ '" 
 mg for coughs, burns, and a few other cases "''^ as a -nedicine, except- 
 
 Another important advantage aflbrdcd bv this trpo ic w r •. • 
 state. It is gatiiered unripe and snfforor\L H ' ^^^^'^"•t m a pickled 
 
 is afterwards put into a "y?of ^ate a^d i1h^^ ^°™« days, and 
 
 stones, or with lime. It is then nut iml .nwl.' I ?^ "^"^ '^^ ^^^es of olive- 
 and water, and in this state Ts ?"ldv for nsp'nf '"'"'' "' '" ^^"^1^' ^"h salt 
 
 corsrra';::s:'h7c.;iL^^^ote point of view, aside from other 
 
 ican agriculturist, and the tribal shridbplV™' ^^'^ '''!^'"^^°" °^^he Amer- 
 is not certain, and for t L TurDosP vnnn "^^d^.l^^^^^^-y Place where its failure 
 varieties should be ob a d fZEnlTlnfutr '"''f- '^ ^/'"^y ^""^ '^'^<^^ 
 diately begun. A portion of TexnsTA, for^^ation of nurseries imme- 
 
 chosen exposures of he ner?or of th^^^ '''""^f °f «««^gia. and 
 
 western states, Californiror of cWoi^tlu ^^..fj^^'^^ ^« 7^' °^^«"^^ ^^ ^he 
 ture, if ever attended with sue es KorTl Amed a ''"' °^ '^'' '^''''' '^^ *^"^- 
 
es with it in 
 cine, except- 
 
 n a pickled 
 le days, and 
 les of olive- 
 Is, with salt 
 'ore, as well 
 stion. The 
 Picholincs, 
 ; olives, 
 em Greeks, 
 he addition 
 
 from other 
 ' the Amer- 
 3 its failure 
 ind choice 
 ries imme- 
 orgia, and 
 ome of the 
 iies of cul- 
 
 Olea 
 
 amcricmia. 
 
 THE AMERICAN OLIVE-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Oka americana, 
 
 Olivier d'Amerique, 
 Amerilfani ,cher Oehlbaum, 
 •Jlivo americano, 
 American Olive-tree, 
 American Olive-tree, Devil-wood, 
 
 LiNN^us, Mantissa. 
 MicHAux North American Sylva. 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 Britain, 
 United States. 
 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Olea americana is a 
 
 ^ arge evergreen shrub or 
 
 ,yp fow tree, sometimes grow- 
 
 or~lhI?I^;ire feeT with'"? !? ^ ''"'^''^ °^ ^^'"'^V 
 inches l diameter'- bu'u^uXtt Z '' /^'^'"^ 
 one half of these dimen ion" The barlwH h'^'" 
 
 entjre smooth, 1^:^^^ ^ tt\ p^; SS 
 
 part 0? tlf^3 wi ,;^Z^in°g?n'S^^^^^^^^^^^^ f-^t ^--^es during a 
 
 Geography, c^ The Olea americana whlh 1. T ^ ^^^ I'glit-green leaves, 
 ern states of the American union is no?offJnfn ^^'""S^^^^^lnsively to the south- 
 and, hke the live oak and cabCe.!/'^" ^^^^ 
 sea-shore. It grows in soil« pnri.F ' <^onfined almost exclusiveiv to tjJ 
 
 parts of CaroliL,"GVo"gS ^d fflda'it Sr '^ ^"'f t ^" thrldtim" 
 most barren spots; and in other x^UoTu ^ "^' "P '''"'^ 'he live oak in the 
 flora umbrella-tree, &c in cool fertile nn'f'T'"/'^ '""'^ '^e Magnolia gran u! 
 introduced into Britain n IzS nn/ ' '^"^^^^ady situations. This trie was 
 pean olive. It is said th e ilf Wrf hanZmrff ^'^- T " ^^'•^>^ than the EiTro! 
 of the arboretum of Messrs. Loddi/e.s Tt Hfd^l^""^i'"f P'^^"' against the wall 
 whatever. It may be propagated by layer""by';;& of^l^^em^gr ^"^"^"" 
 
 If 
 
I 
 
 
 382 
 
 OLEA AMERICANA. 
 
 rosy complexion. ^ *-uuiaoi wua ine air, soon assumes a 
 
 m. 
 
 m' 
 
 !!, I'' 
 Ml' 
 
■t, of a fine- 
 It and split, 
 difficulty of 
 On laying 
 mmediately 
 I assumes a 
 
 Oleaceas. 
 *>«. /fat. 
 
 Genus FRAXINUS, Tourn. 
 
 Fraxinu), 
 
 Frenc, Fresne, 
 
 Esche, ' 
 
 Frassino, 
 
 Fresno, 
 
 Freixo, 
 
 Jas, Jasen, 
 
 Ash, 
 
 Synonymes 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 Polyganiia Dioccia. 
 
 Sytt. Lin. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Italv. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Portuoal. 
 
 RnssiA. 
 
 Britain and Anow-America. 
 
 Generic Characters. Flowers nolv-amoi,« r. *"""'■ «""'^" "-"BrnWoa that of wood-aahes. 
 
 ^''^%S^n!:^^^^^^^ trees, with opposite, 
 
 ^ (^ isi)-yellow flowers ; and natives of F" - ^^*''"^'/^^^'n«« "^ greeni 
 ^*^^ of Asia and of North ISca T^eyTre^'atpd "^^ \ ^^'' 
 
 by grafting on the Fraxinus excelsio^^ In .11 hi ^'°'" ''^^'' «^ 
 are des-^hed bj Si^ IfsTe^ ^o^ ^^^^ -^^^es ; t f nJo^VortEet^^^^^ 
 ion Indeed, iith two or threreSp'^tions theCVh f' '"^'^'^^ ^° ^^^^ ^is/ ic- 
 so close a resemblance to each othpr «?h' ^^ bclongmg to this genus bear 
 mine which are species and whicTar'e vnr.Ptr""^' f^"* '' '' ^^'^^' to dater 
 advanced by Mr. London, thi? '< no nknV.^f'V^"'^' f Pursuance of the idea 
 readily distinguished from every other Fn p " ^^ ^'J-^'^^ ^ ^P^^^^^s, that is ,m 
 season of the year," we are Sh Id ;nri '^ '^^' "^^^^ g^«^th, ^nd at every 
 species of ash hitherto di covered ehhertSo^'' '^7' "-^^ "° ^^''^ than twJ 
 excelsior, and americana We h. vp !! .f '?P^ ^"^ America, viz. .— Fj-axinus 
 convenience of classification brJS Tf'^'n^\ ^'"" '^^ «^k« of brevity and 
 considered them only as varied es^lVo^^^^^^^ ""'^'' *^^^« two heads, and^have 
 Jon, will find no difficuhy^n recoJiJil' °'''''^'''' '^^'^ ^'^^' ^^om us in opin! 
 C^"" '?""^' ^'^' LVtl^^J^Ser^a'n"d^vm h^"°"rf' th«nameras 
 what head they are described in the LL of these authorT'^ '" ^"°^" ""^^^ 
 
 n>>JI 
 
 m 
 
it' m 
 
 1.1 m 
 
 Fraxiniis excelsior, 
 
 THE EUROPEAN ASH-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Fraxinus excelsior, 
 
 Frfne eleve, Fr^ne commun, Grand 
 
 Irene, 
 Esche, Aesche, 
 Frassino, Frassine, Nocione, 
 Ash, 
 European ash, 
 
 ^ LiNN.Kus, Species Plnntarum. 
 Mriiaux, North American Sylva. 
 Ski.bv, British Forest Trees. 
 Lot/DON, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 France. 
 
 Germanv. 
 Italy. 
 
 BRITAtN. 
 
 Anulo-Amebica. 
 
 m^rs, ;^ tK^^s^er s^f^ftih^i^r;;:^^- ^:i«,^"" «• '^■". -^ "«". - m up, ana ..gume. >.,.. . 
 
 Engravinffs. 
 Briiaiiiiicum, ii 
 
 ^^^J:!'ili!^!^i-:^^!^, ^^^ i<t^';^;a^i^t 'eSt,^-' "P' ^'' ^^ «' '«' ' ^"0-. Arboretum 
 
 forests, 
 deep soil 
 
 "The iiah asks not a deptli of fniitful mould, 
 But, like fru^'ttlily, on lililo ineaiiJi 
 
 tL'I,"',"'?"' i""!' '""'! "'l' ""^-i':"'' niiris spreads 
 
 U;i ample slmdu, or in ttie naked rock, 
 
 Ihat noda ni air, with graceful li.:iljs depends." 
 
 BlOLAKB. 
 
 HE Fraxinus ex- 
 celsior is one of 
 the noblest trees 
 - .- of the European 
 In a close grove, and in a free, 
 . -1, it becomes a lofty tree, from V' 
 eighty to one hundred feet in height, with f' 
 a trunk free from branches for more than 
 half Its length. Standing singly, it throws 
 out large limbs, which divide into numer- 
 ous branches, forming a full spreading o' - 
 
KUKOPEAN ASH-TREE. 
 
 880 
 
 flei taller, or 
 n, Arboretum 
 t the base. 
 
 rly on 
 5 of old 
 anches 
 ►loured 
 a lior- 
 r forest 
 e olea- 
 lis last 
 The 
 lightly 
 iole is 
 3h put 
 des of 
 irodite 
 
 
 seeds, which are mdnded ill ZVa arT^ ^ The 
 
 samara), are generally ripe Oc ober „m r i?"'^ "'^"'^ ^''y^ «^ bolanicully 
 ailantus, frorn their wcdgc>liko si fn^^^ '\T' "^^''^ ^'=^''^««'« «"J «''c 
 
 crevices of rocks ruins w-t n ^^ ' -^ ""? ''^''''' ^» "-^ themselves in the 
 often vegetate and grow.* ' ""^ '"'" '" ''^^ '^'^^'^ «f "'^ '^ees. where they 
 
 tn.ivSt an^:d trhrviriers"";d'arrr 1"'/ ''^^' ^'^« ^'-- -»-'• -c 
 
 don; and afterwards indica^Sw tirar' Se?bv^rf ' 'f ''"" ">' ^«"- 
 
 1. F 
 
 ...„„„ .,.„.,,. atu iifuieu oy hotanists as snppip« 
 P'nidnlous-brnncicd E„roimin A J, ■ ,, .^ f^ spicies. 
 
 ; «/ W, of the French ; Traucr Eschc, of tho (Je m us Thk ' "i '. X'^"" 
 
 tihil variety was discovered about he n ,Uin r 'V /'"» s"'g"'^r and beau- 
 belonging to the vicar of Ga^gay nca wfnlll ''/<' ""T'l'^^ '" ^ ^^^'^ 
 free was standing as late as IS^i hnf n?.!^ VVimpole, ni Cambridgeshire. The 
 individuals gro Jng in Cla^vli ' w ^.7^"'^''^''^ '" '■^''"«- ^^''-^^e arc many 
 
 Scotland, Irolnd, l^lance' 'Sid ^'e^y' anS airr? ^'^'''^'"j'' ^^"^'^ "' 
 trees planted in the government ear lens ntrn /" America. In a list of 
 
 Avith pendent branchel, foui d i aS orseod linr^S ^^^^^^^i, is an ash 
 
 what different from the Knglisl variety S vino ' '"'' ."'^^ P^'^^'^'^ ^e some- 
 standard high; and, as it is verv h rdv nn P"'^- f ' " ^^'^-^oxly grafted 
 valuable tree for forming a boTs mfor^'.nv -^ '^' '"'"'^ ^reat rapidity, it is a 
 gardens. ^ ^""''' ''^ ^"''^ covernig seats more especially in public 
 
 anlr^l.^y'llSr^nd StSejI^i 7L!^^'^ ^''^IT^'^ ■ I^^^^''--. 
 men grows on the estate of Mr. Mtm' o M,™ ^ ''« «7gi»-l «Peci- 
 
 CapuUi, near Dunkeld, Perthshire. in^ScoU-lnr' ^^'"'^"""^y' >" 'he parish of 
 
 This varL;s;hS:;f uietnS^st ^t^ "^r ^'•^' ^' '•- ^--''• 
 
 leaflets sessile, lanceolate nnpm.l" . branches yellow and dotted; and the 
 
 and glabrous.' I is n rti^ cuneated at 'the base! 
 
 colour of us bark, bufCi\t curvij crn'r/^^'l"'"'^ "°^ °."'>^ ^••°'" ^he yello^; 
 somewhat resemble the h" rnfoirn aniS '"'''''' '^"' branches/which 
 
 wh^Jis^f^:— -- J^:f J^;;'^^^^^^^ European As,, 
 
 of1he le^vTs'^Turis'-vSiy^^^^^^^^^^ " ^^'^ darkness of the green 
 
 ance, combined with the liliLtmUed el n;nJr r 'V''' their crumpled appear- 
 striking object. ^ ""''''^ chaiacter of the whole plant, renders it a 
 
 Tl!^ ba^ o^r^raStd't:^:!^ IJf^r ^^^^; ^-->^>^ of the French, 
 white. '"^ oranclies of this variety, is streaked with reddish- 
 
 It Lrfom^d'in'^b'd^f se^Z^^'^vM '^f'^^'^'^ *'- "^-'^ P-pIe. 
 
 his care at Odessa. ^'«'^^''"S«; hy M. Descemet, who had plants of it under 
 
 r^^^l^T^r^^ .Tf ti ~^'T'^' - ^"^1-''. there were, in 1834, a 
 Sweetheart Abbey, in Dumlrieissh re"' Mr T n„ ,''',""'"' '"'^''^ •'^'^ont Ave feet high. " On the ruins of 
 
 side ot the wall, completely exposed to the ■, r .'.!• .1 i, ■ '' . '"^"' '•""'» a fibrous root on the out 
 hSel fn'" '^'■■'^ '""" '"---is'ae n; ^'; 3 jt or twelve feet, ttll it reaclS tl4 
 
 >lo nned, the main stem of the tree," Gilpin nZesnn in., f'' ^il'^ ""^ constitutes, as we are 
 
 tsell on, and hnally destroying a willow A sitn hr cirem^^ " '"'" ^'- ^''"' °'' '^^ ^sh establishing 
 in the botanic garden of Carlsruhe • an.l .l,P..m„?K "''""*' ^''" '°°'^ P'^ce with a wcepin- willow" 
 
 trees In the city of New Yor^'wh' l' the a lant ts'il'reh" nb'^"?'lV'^^''''''^ "'"> throirand Xr 
 not uncommon to see small plants of it fr .nun ,?,,,• --'"J''"'''' ''"■ "maint^^-aing the streets ,t is 
 houses, where they have taken root from 1^ !l '° "'''' ^^'' '"§''' S"-"^""? «" 'he roofs and gutters of 
 
 49 
 
 m 
 
 m\\ 
 
386 
 
 FHAXINUS EXCELSrOR. 
 
 nnr'T- 
 
 tea^.cA Loudo,.; Fr.ne nrgenU, of the Frn.ch, w.th Lnots variegated^Th 
 with ^^Mo^v""''' ^^'^«"'-«<^^''-'^''>''''' Europcn Ash, with tho leaflets edged 
 K. ERosA. Eroscleajleted European Ash, with the leaflets erosely 
 E. HOR,20NTAr,,.s. Honzoutal-hrnnched European Ash; Fnne horizon- 
 
 10. F. 
 toothed. 
 
 11. F. 
 
 /«/, of the H r.Mich, with th., hra.iches spreading horizontally. 
 U>. I' . E VKuut;,.csA. »F/i//6Y/./>«rXvJ Europeun Ash ; Fre 
 French, with Us hraiiches warty. ' 
 
 13. F. E. VERRUCOSA I'lOMnri A P/,iw/.,;„.,„ /. ai T»r . 
 
 nc verniqiienT, of the 
 
 Pendiilons-branchod Wartcd-lmrked European 
 
 feuiiai.' lit 
 
 13. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 14. F. E. NANA. Dwarf Eiiroprnn Ash, whicli seldom exceeds a vard in h, rht 
 
 j/j. F. E. FUNoosA. Fimgniis-liurkcd Eurmican Ash. 
 rife, of A,rK™ch"" •^'"'**""""»' iW«'« AsU : Fnne i feuitte verU- 
 
 blattni^re Esche, of tfie Germans. The leaves of his variety a?e Wifolhte den 
 
 fo n^^n'r'l'^' "'"'"^ ^'"*P'«' b"^ ^'''"^'''"^^ ^-i"^ thrL l^e leaflet Ih'rte or" 
 four inches long, ovate, s.ib-cordate, or acuminate at the base Sanex Tho 
 
 fr^-'Vh' ,°^''«"r'""^'"'^'^^*^' ""« "^«h in length, obtuse a. d emargumS at tSe 
 si£* t J t' ^5'""''' are dotted, and the buds a^ black. Some bo an sts c^n! 
 of Up ^Mi k"^ f^ 'P'''''' ^" ^''" 'T- I^ick Lauder states that Mr McNab 
 of the Edinburgh botanic garden, sowed seeds produced by the tree in thS car 
 S^'nST^I '" '^^^« been originally planted by SoutheHand, and ?ound fhaj 
 the plants had pinnated leaves; and M. Sinning, garden inspector of iCn Isdorf 
 near Bonn, sowed seeds of the common European ash, wS L gathS in a 
 
 TbrnU eiLhTir r'r'^' transplanted, and left to tecome trees; wh n Ty were 
 and 1 Jn ^^' "?''^ ^^?"^y ^^ ^h«"^ ^^«^« observed to have simple leaves 
 
 Tgrei numb""'"'' have only three leaflets; though occasionally the^ stwed 
 
 ^\^sLlj:-^'l?^^lu'^^^^^^^^ F'«m,,.-/.«.«Z European Ash, 
 
 oiscoverca in l«d(), m the grounds of Captain Mo.ur, or J^lantine near Hillsho 
 rough, m the county of Down, in Ireland. The va >...:t; rapDea ! m nm" 
 mer on the point of one of the shoots of a tr.o <,f iUe u yS growt S" 
 Captain Moore marked it, and had the portion of shoot whch showed the varL 
 gated leaves taken off, and grafted the following spring. The pTrent ree it is 
 terti^ trT '''''-'' '''' ^''^'^^^^^ ^^"^«"^' ^' vafiegationrSrtLr^rafled 
 
 out f^renTTIZn ../"^-^^ ^f f'^opean Ash ; Frene d feuilles etrolies, 
 P V Vrp seT4- ' ifnZ? . *""' f'^"' °^ ^H' ^^rmans. The leaflets of this van! 
 h ^ . 1;"' ^T f 'ff ' '■*^'"«t«'y denticulated, occurring in three or four pairs 
 h ' ' ''^ \"^ ^ ^'^^^ ^° ^'^'^ ^"^hes long. The peduncles below the leaves are 
 
 ar^nSed .nd°',? '''' '"^'^^^ ^" ^^"§^^- '^^e flofvers, which pul forth hlMay 
 art n.iked ; and the samaras are entire at the apex, and acute at the base THp 
 
 S'ofspTrn.'"'"' '°"^' "^^'^ "'"^^' ^"^ '^' ^"^' brown!' T^'^tL l': 
 
EUROPEAN A8H-TRKE. 
 
 387 
 
 and 
 
 it is 
 
 seven pairs of leaflets, which aro scs, ^. m., I ''''''"'' l''''^'"» ^'""'^ ^v« 'o 
 
 af^'>auatod, and qu.to entire at thri^^soZir ""' ".^'""!?- '^'^ey a.o 
 tl»e apex. The ||o^vers are naked and m S f ''T' ''V'^r'y '«"^'^J «t 
 
 brancU are pnrpiish. and trigonir'at ttC) '" ''"' "'"^ ^*'*^- ^"^ "'« 
 
 ^^. l-.K.AROK.VTKA. »V/7rm/-/m •"' *■ 
 I-ondon, and others; Prhiedn C, 
 
 ivod i'^'fycnn Ash ; Fraxinm argmtm, of Don 
 '>rse, ot he French. Tho leaves^of this v . Ltv 
 ' havo three r.n r« r,r r„.i • \.T"^'y 
 
 are of a .sil.er-g aV and nCl X' "'.r ^'^'■'"'''- ^''''« '«-^««^"f f'i« v ' S 
 ovate, slu.tly-el'.s^iliate b t i-t otl-d'^^ "'^ ^?"'- ^^^iacons, nUipS 
 
 »at.ve of the ishu.li of Corsica, ?!. tire'fil.lSfck" '''" P^'"'"'" ^' '^ ^ 
 
 n.n,l!.n5o.nnnu;erf %t:flj^rT tV ,!^"^^"- -^-'V>''> of 
 tns variety are of a dai' gio sy Rr/e^ nr are'^'f J''' V^^"^"''" The leave's of 
 the branches. They f.avo from ^wn fn Produced m tnfts at tho ends of 
 
 which are ianceolatVaciUred erratS^'L'jr h"^^"^^^' '^''^"^^ «-«''« 
 naked Tho «amarre lanceolate atteSd^thofh^V'"'^ , ^'^'^ ^^^''^''' ^^e 
 branchlets are green, with white dot "an f.' ^"^'l •'^"^«' ^"^ mucronate. The 
 native of Caucasus. ' ^"'^ ^''^^ ^"^^^ are brown. This ireo is a 
 
 wh.ch a. glabrous, almost sessile. o.Jti^.;^SL!::^^:Z^-^^^^^ 
 
 ban m Mritain, where it is fou.Kom the emmtv T^^^^ '' TT' P^^''^'^^'"» 
 
 also abounds in the forests of France tterminVSX m '''' '° Cornwall. It 
 The ash was known to the Greeks who^e?.'ri r "' ^''''''^y^ ^"d of Russia. 
 
 and to the Romans, who, it Tsaid named k AT *" '' '^^' T^'"' ^'^ bounielia ; 
 
 express the fragile nature of tLrwood ^f 1 1 f 7'""; 1^"^ f»cile fmngitur, to 
 
 both the Greeks and Roma^irde 'thci !n ""^ 
 
 agricultural writers it is TecomSe ., TT f f T'"'^- "^ '^'^ ^om:,n 
 of husbandry, to which pnrToscTSchfeflv .S'^""''^ ^"/"' '"^'^'^'"S implements 
 Jt ranks amongst the IJ, beauuS of^£'l;r"°lth:;Vl'""■ /" ^"^''•'"' 
 history of that country, it was verv lit lo rol;i i ' .""'v "§''' ^" the ancient 
 value set upon it may be formed from he f..?H^^^ T^T^' '°^^ ^^ea of the 
 Howel Dda, while a biamc 1. of m stletnn in^^ 
 
 was unmentioned, and Kfore mlt be r^^^^ '^'''% ^''^'^ngs, the ash 
 
 rated at fourpence. DruircaT suZstiHo, ^^''^ l'^""' ''^'''' ^'^^ 'j>«rn. and 
 
 while the mistletoe is but 1 itUe vlLd ^-n^ • T'^l'^ ^^ni^he^H, and now, 
 facture of his iJuie, the as Is Mv orrhf ^ ^l tbe bird-catcher. for the manu- 
 
 tree." on account of /tscel brity S'^tttrSio'i of":^"",'. ^'". •' '--^^-^^-an's 
 lor purposes of domestic economy ^^'^^^''^^ of agricultural implements and 
 
 ^^^^^z:::^^^^:^^^ ti ^^^^ i- Britain, 
 
 one hundred and thirty-two feet '' indfbp .1/ h }^ ^""^^ '" ^^^''''^ '" length 
 »i the churchyard of ]foimalt in TocSber The Intf ^'''^'^ ^"^"^^^^^^ ^^'^^^ 
 largest and the most remarkable tree hi ^HphLm , '^r'"' '^^' considered the 
 ons kindred and clan held 1 L gre" vene^S onf '' ^"''^'^'' ""^ '^'« »""^«'- 
 posed to have been the cause of itrdestruS /^•^'"k'''''""'' ^^'"^'^ ^« «"?" 
 the brutal soldiery in 174fi Tn nn?i / ' •" '^f'"^ ^"^"^ to the ground bv 
 
 and three inches 'and the ros diametrtrenlv'' "^T'"''- "^« ^^-^"^^•^" ^^'^ 
 the ground was fifty-eight feet ""^'^^ twenty-one feet; its circumference at 
 
 I 
 
 f— rf| 
 
388 
 
 FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR. 
 
 ^•e■^=li 
 
 <•: 
 
 ini"h^/'tl"''' f.I^'i'^e"/^"- there is an a*, which, at thirty years after plant- 
 ing, had attained the height of s xtv feet with i tmnb- nir.^ fL, ■ ^■ P'^ni- 
 an ambitus or spread of iand.es oVsSy-fi" efct '" """""""■ =""' 
 
 In Fermanagh, at Ennisliillen, Ireland, .here is an old tree with a tn.nk 
 ttirelve feet in diameter, three feet from the iromid And in I im„; Jt . a i 
 Sronh" -",-"■ "ji"-™ -f . "nder wnfch Ze famil'^ ,«Zrof''th ^s 
 
 In P aLe"^ °, „ r'?™.'''''^""'^''''"* ■'"""8 *e troubles of 1688 
 
 feet hl^h ' '" ""'''' "'"' '^ " '"^^' "'"«''• " ""= "S*^ "f f«y years, wS sixty 
 
 aftJr7ri„ta"aXi?ei';Keti"gr.Tfl^t°t! ^^ ^*' """"■ '" ^-^ ^-- 
 
 den' '?TCin ^'''''^? '" Sirth, is yet standing in the Bartram botanic gar- 
 
 by^S^'fj' HoS°';i:"f ,f ^'T'^r' ^"'"""'- The ash is mentioned both 
 AklSi^Ss^ustrr^af^-^^^^^ 
 
 "The noble ash rewards the planter's toil : 
 Nob e, since great Achilles from her side 
 look the dire spear by which brave Hector dieil " 
 
 "RnlfJ'h'; "^i™''' P"","'' ■^''' "<= Trojan threw, 
 Kough in the rind and Icnotted as it grew." 
 
 tTe'"ldl'i""o;':a°eretboro?Th'e'N' T -'» ,'"* -yMogy. It is stated in 
 
 ^i^dt'^'idH^'x^iSiifr^^^^^^^ 
 H^Sod:r.&^'tr.irhrb^lS^^^^ 
 
 "The warliice Ash, that reeks with human blood." 
 
 ™";« frihTa* "'Uny'aVs'rat'if "" "T,"' ","'"","'"^ "" ex.raordi.iary 
 ™r?ounded by ash. r^i rse^^e'm'l^^St ?:,K,^^^^^^^ 
 
EUROPEAN ASH-TREE. 
 
 to 
 
 389 
 
 
 wmpr: Iti the bt"rs;^r Tef ^'^ ^"'^^ °^ ^^^^ ^--^ --a with 
 
 t-ngland the country people belfeve ?1 '"f '^Jl^" mentions that, in some parts of 
 ruptured children pLs tLu|h th'Ssm it 3,'^'^ «nd maJe 
 
 r. Bree relates an instance with n i? ' ' T^' '^"''^ them;" and the Rev W 
 superstition having beeTpT^eS d "vUhinTr^^ l^no^vledge, of this extordlnaYv 
 superstition is that of boring a ho en .?'^ T^'' ^" Warwickshire. Another 
 mouse m it. A few strolces wi^f, a branch of ^'^''''l: ""'^ imprisoning a sh ew 
 cure lameness and cramps in cat le a I ot" Ivhlh th' '^"' P'^P"^^'^' '« ^upposed to 
 
 the ash strikes its roots deep into the eronnd H °"^-- '" "^^^^^y situations 
 
 rcc^nt"^-" ''"' ''" " ^-^^'' ^» '^ • " "o« o?s *h r r, I'-- 
 
 Soil mid Situation. The Fravinnc « .• , J' > S 
 
 somewhat calcareous, and which thouSnlTh '''^'^' ^'^^^^^ ^^^^ in a good soil 
 Its most favourite situations ar^ on tfe.l^^^'' f "''"^"^ adjoiniL water 
 sides of glens, where the soil isTenera it nf . P' ''"'^/ ^^"'^« ^^ ^^^'ers, of on he 
 for distant. The ash, howe;^er^Tg,?e Vith ?T ^.'^'^' ""^ ^ ''''^^ "ot very 
 ton, perhaps, than any other tS nrn?ln, .• u^'^'"''''" ^'^"^ty of soil and situa 
 from many other trees.'lts va ue is incieased^:?;^'?/ '"^^^ ^^'"« ' and? dIfS nl" 
 ity of Its growth. Wherever its arnwfh' '^^^'^^V^an diminished, by he raoM 
 
 Wrfbe^ ''' '''■' ^^'^ -'-SifhaTbS ^igorrVetr^^^ '^^"''' ^ "-- 
 ayeis bears a gre.uer proportion to the cXlnr ' "'^ '^^'"P^ct part of the several 
 s very tough, elastic, aild durable Mr San^' h '^""^^ ^"'>''' ""^ ^^e timber 
 modern authority in all matters respecln. th?h7i" 's considered the very best 
 he ash 'IS fount' in the highest 3ecti2on ,lvf f ''' ^"■''', '''''' observes, tha 
 aneously grows. In moist, but noTwe? soikT; ^^""^ r^'' ^'^ «»«h it spon- 
 It will grow freely on rnost kinds of soil? fth'f §^^^1 ^^st, but soon sickens, 
 on retentive clays or tills In wer .n^ 1 ' ! ^^^ ^'tuation be tolerably good excent 
 m g|rth or height,) languisherand def T^ 7' f^^^"^ ^" increase dS 
 brittle ; m sandy soils it il tough and reedv • nl i ? ''']}'\ 'H '^^^^ '« short and 
 
 where they hav^e running Ut f w/C e^^^^^^^^^^ '^vJll^al way's be found 
 
 There is no situation too high or too rolH ?. ?! '""u ''•°^'- ^"d he adds 
 but without shelter it never ii^^^keV?.?^'' u}^ '''^' provided it has shelter- 
 though standing in a good soiP' The '^f^'^^^^ ^^ee at a great height elen 
 mg to Nicol, is^he fo^rest or the Jrove ZTii '''^^'*'°" ^'' ^^e ash^ aCd^ 
 alternately with the oak- bectuse rth ,'f '^ "^^""^mends it to be planted 
 --'•^'^'^ -^"d the oak froni^he s hln\ f J!i.f '•^^^«. I'«. nourishment " ^ "''^ 
 
 b!y employed. 
 
 sub-soil, the ernnnd ""-r...!. 
 
 the 
 
 ill 
 
 A i 
 
 SI Si 
 
 I 1 
 
 thus be fully and profit 
 
390 
 
 FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR. 
 
 
 , I 
 
 1 It, 
 
 ■ propagated 
 
 Propagation and Culture. The species is alwa 
 varieties by grafting or budding on the species. The 'seeds should be" ea"th"ered 
 as soon as they are ripe, and talcen to the rotting-ground, where thev should h^ 
 mixed with hght, sandy earth, and laid in a flat heap, not 2re than ten r lies 
 thick, m order to prevent them from heating. Here\hey should be urned over 
 several imes in the course of the winter; a'nd, as early^as the grtuTvinrr 
 mit, in the spring, they may be removed, freed from the sand hv .^ f.in„ IT. i 
 sown in beds in a middling soil. The dchness o q a Uty of tlL £ '^ka,^^ 
 observes, is of little consequence; but it should be \voIl hroko,, hv VL . ' f 
 
 the situation should be op^, to p event the p^ntsV^Aeit .'^ 
 der. The seeds may be deposited at the distance of half an hich every wav and 
 
 aHhelnd of h.';''^'"^ '" '''t ?^^P 7'''' ^'^•'- ^h^ plants may be S '"P 
 at the end of the hrst season, and planted in nursery lines; and at the end of the 
 
 second year, they may be removed to where they are finally to reinl If 
 fifteen fp?/ f'"^ '"''/^'^ ^^^" S''^^^ rapidly when young, attaming a Sit of 
 fifteen feet and upwards, in ten years. When cultivated as a coppice-wood the ash 
 
 Th rsrn^oSri ;?;'"? n '"" ^^^-^'l ^^ ^^'^^^'^ ^- mo^'e'tU^imury 
 
 hundred veCTh.Sfnl^^^ '■''^''' ''^PP^^^-'^ ''' ^'^ ^'•«'« ^^S'^ty to one 
 
 nunarea years. 1 he drip of the ash is injurious to the vegetation of almost everv 
 
 renSr^d m n o IncH.^ %V surface a certain portion of the land around it is 
 objected to on f h ? . ?f ""^ l^""- '^''^ ''' plantations, therefore, has been 
 
 objected to on this account; although, it is admitted that this and ts Iovp of 
 shelter, constitute a decided reason why it should not be p a tS 'rbc 1™^ 
 
 green, under which grass will not thrive. It has been observed hat Snie and 
 hermaphrodite trees, from the quantity of seeds which they prod^/ce ov "r '^^^^ 
 such a handsome clothing of foliage as the male trees; and l.enre in some s u. 
 tioiis^ where ornament is required, it may be desirable to make si^r'f a"lle"by" 
 
 Accidents Diseases, and Insects. When standing alone the far extrndorl 
 
 nto leat, it is by no means so liable to the attacks of insects as 
 he various species of orchard fruits, which put forth early at 
 eas , his IS the case in Britain; but, in France, its leaves 'a?e A 
 .able to be destroyed by the Cantharis vesicator'ia, denoted by A 
 the adjoining figure; and also by bees, ants, and birds, in X\l / A 
 middle of summer. "If nature had produced the ash for lo 
 other purpose than lor the embellishment of forests " savs I 
 writer in the '' Nonveau Du Hamel," "we might ainiost^say * 
 tha she had failed in her end, or had opposed herself to her own views m 
 destining the leaves of that tree to be th<! food of an iiise r Shi s ^'esi- 
 
eds, and the 
 be gathered 
 y should be 
 1 ten inches 
 turned over 
 lid will per- 
 sifting, and 
 soil, Sang 
 e rake, and 
 ip too slen- 
 y way, and 
 >e taken up 
 i end of the 
 emain. If 
 I height of 
 )od, the asli 
 a century. 
 ?hty to one 
 most every 
 ous fibrous 
 round it is 
 !, has been 
 its love of 
 C(]ge-rowo', 
 shade, yet 
 is the pro- 
 y, forms a 
 growth of 
 lid not bo 
 ense ever- 
 emale and 
 '^cr exhibit 
 ame situa- 
 a male by 
 
 -extended 
 except on 
 •s. From 
 ure of an 
 al course, 
 beautiful 
 d excres- 
 
 EUROPEAN ASH-THEE. 
 
 391 
 
 i^iews, in 
 iris vcsi- 
 
 ttm'^;i!h'rv!5ity; T^rS! t'ZllT '-''' ^'-M^^^f"-' -'-h d-o»- 
 
 attacked by such a number of canthnrZ T"'^'^. ^'^^^ ''^^^•^^' ^^an they are 
 the remainder of tl rsummer havP^^^^^^^ Aies, that the trees, during 
 
 insect which devoutheTaves nnt nl '"!.'* appearance; and, though thi 
 colours of green and gokl vonf 'rp/l^ f ^ ^^'^ ^^^ ^y ''' '^'^^g^"^ ^o™> and its 
 that it causes the clfln Ll ^ KxclnS'.?,'? ' «'^«11 ^hich is so disagreeable, 
 ing ash, and some of the American Int "l ""' ^"'■''*'' '^''^•'^ ^^e flower^ 
 
 in the "Bon Jardinier" states h^ ''^ ' f '" '"/""^ introduced." M. Pirolle, 
 trees, they becom^ dried o a powder ;i;ichir'i ^'i^'^'f '^"^^^ ^^<^ ^'^^ «'^ ^^'^ 
 ing. The particles of thirnowdei hHn! n ^'/f ^"^^ to pass without inhal- 
 tering of the skin whe a b^S nl Z? ?f °r \''"'' ^''' '^'^' ^^"«« ^he blis- 
 to persons who inhale them and m^tlnVt ""PPf"^' f'""' ""^ ^°"'-«^'' dangerous 
 near villages in France." Mr M^Zw I ""'' ""'^'''r' ^"''^ ^-^'^om pbnted 
 of xNatura! History," s'ates S a^ he Sl^'< " /^ f^'' *" '^? ^«"don "Magazine 
 
 Dijon, so crowded' with the cln h" I vecatonrtr.r ?"=""«" ^^-^ ^^^^ "^^^ 
 Hisects literally blackened the erou 1 " nf. ^'''°"^' ^bat the excrement of the 
 his face as if bitten b/ gnats ZL'^h. f/",^ underneath the tree, he felt 
 "which extends," says l?r-Kventvo,h /'' disagreeable sickening odour, 
 the direction of the wmd."' tE Uct's 7. r tf • ^'""^ '''" ''''^ ^''^'^'^S to 
 of Europe about niid-sumniei more pfr icuKdv o^^ "^ !''^ ««"^h 
 
 he eaves of which they feed. ForLSw ?hil f'*'' P''"'^' '^'"^ ^''^'^' «» 
 
 land ; but in Russia, according to Pa as t fe' rl% T' T^ ""'"^'•ous in Eng- 
 tatarica, and are collected from Lt p ant f ..on ■''^'' abound on the Lonicera 
 In a living state, the young Ranches o^^ ^'' '^^ apothecaries, 
 
 small scaly insec, (Chermef Wife fn. r f"" ^''^a^^^tly attacked by a 
 
 into a decline. The decZd \vom n^'^^- '"^ ""' •' ''^' °^''" *'''"'^' ^■'•" ^^^^ 
 is devoured by the larv^of T Dor ^ 'nt'alfer" 'l ''^^'' 'f "^^"^ °^^^^^ ^^«^«' 
 
 sixty-four and a half pounds o a cub^ L 1^ ''" ^f '"= " '^'^'S'^^ ^^^bout 
 pounds when dry. The value of ^het.mhl?' ^''''"/ /orty-nine and a half 
 
 grou-th; and, as in the casrolthe Castwn vi' '"'/"'"'''^ ?^ ^^''^ ^^^Pi^^'^^ «f it« 
 tlie young trees is more esteemerthan ha of old o^^^^^^^^ '^'f ^^^'^^ «f 
 
 IS alternately compact and porous and w ..L t. / ^ ^^"'""'^ °^ ^'^^ ^^0"^ 
 
 compact part of the annuil h lic^ ' '^''' ^''^ growth has been vigorous, the 
 the fnnbe^- is comparively iXo fcl^Il/edr' ^'T^V' ^'- porous,'and 
 however, and also n rigidity ?tTsnTit\nTf' /^"^ '^'l'"^'''^- ^'^ durability, 
 that wood, in toughness and e istic tv nnVt °^ '^' ""^'^ ^"^ ^^ '^ ^"P^^^'i^r to 
 all those partsof machine ywhicr^aVe to s-';^^^^ ^'s universal employment in 
 circumference teeth, and spoLIof wi/, ,T, , ? '"''^? '"?^'" ''^°^'^^^; «"c'i as the 
 iron has become so genera in he man fart, T'f^'""?'^'' ^'* *"^^^ ^^e use of 
 value of the ash is somewhat LTi^sSm,'^, implements and machines, the 
 to the oak, and is held even to urna s t' f ' ''''^'''''' '^ '^"'^« "^"^^ i» ^'^^l^'e 
 by the coach-maker, the Sirica, dth some purposes.^ It is much in use 
 ments; and is also ZchvSeTt^^^^^^ 
 
 highly valued for kitchen Tbts as^t ma^vr''i ^'u'^' ^'' ^^'^'^ ^'- ^' ^^ 
 wood, and is not so liable to m spli te s'Lo the fi'n """'''c^ ^''^"^ ^"^ ^'^er 
 the same reason, it was l^rmerly m^^JIf^Ld In t JaK^s^ll^S^- J- 
 
 * See Tredgold's Carpentry. ' ' 
 
 w 
 
 m 
 
 w 
 
*^.:-.»-sViif*., 
 
 '>i •! 
 
 %. cj 
 
 392 
 
 many parts of that 
 
 FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR. 
 
 Wise'out of this n;o y rol hag S^m intrhSr^ '"^ ^'^'^'^ '^'^'^ '«"gth. 
 bottom to each. Fi^^r/ tlie so'no oTs Cnert is of'Sn t'''\ ""^;'''^" ^^^^'^S a 
 buied with strength and elasticitr it S nrofrrl?! / ™^.'' °^ ^''" ^«''' ««"^- 
 any other wood. The roots a.^ Imottv n^r s o; th J ^'^'f'^ri^or staves, to 
 demand by cabinet-makers, on acconnt of t p L T^ "/ '^''' ^''"' ^r^ ^ 
 their veins, which make n . nm;iVr curious dark figures formed bv 
 
 There are also certain", ^otty ex?re renSlJlX' 7'"!, 'YT'^'' ^"^ p"-'-d' 
 which, when cut and poiilTZlTmL'^^u^^^^ 
 
 l'is;'Sylva," that "son?e ash is so cuWon.ll l^ beautiful. Evelyn remarks in 
 cabinet-makers prize it eq^a llv wiUi Xnv ^ camb leted and veined, that skilful 
 makes excellent fuel buiS Ll ' h ^' T''^ ^''" '^ ^reen ebony." The ash 
 it is said to be the best o "a f C 1 1 .''^ok ^h'!"' "/'^ '''^ ^'"'' «"^«k^ -^^ 
 ber trees in England become useful .« Tn? r^ ^"]^ Iiernngs. Few othe; tim- 
 mg-canes at foiTr or fivry^rTg^.Jui 4d^f.;t"^S^" '' ^^'"-^ «' ^^^ walk- 
 implements, at nine or ten years oTa^e '" An ash ',"'^''\''' '^'''^'' ^"^ other 
 inches in diameter, is as valuable and dumhl^ f ^ '''' '''''''■^*^' ^'^"'- "three 
 be applied, as the timber of th large ttfee'-'i'tt.'n'T' ^7^?'' '^ ^^'^'^'^ ^' "^'-^y 
 poles, hoops, crates, handles to bifke s rods for ^^^''^^^^'^ ^ij'uable for hop- 
 for light hurdles, and for wattlin' feS In St , V 1 "/? ^'""^'1' ^''^'^^ ^^^^^^S' 
 of potteries, the ash is cultivated o a" Jnin/"'?' "' ^''' neighbourhood 
 . years for crate-wood. In ICent and hiln, '."'' '''"^ '"^ "^^^^ ^^^ ^^ six 
 
 London the most promawf apnlicat o^ l';^ ^^^ int,,e neighbourhood of 
 plant-rods, hoops, and hop-poles fWhp]'? ^ ""^ ""'^ '' ^"^' ^^^-^'l^mg-canes, 
 over every twelv^ or fourfee^i years aicordnif T"^"'"' coppiee-woods'are cu 
 the former purposes, every L^o seven leal TlV\T' f ?' f '^' ^"'^' ^«^ 
 shoots of this tree afford a very rood potalh Thn f ' "^^'f ^'^"^'^'^^ ^"^ 
 and calf-skins. With the sulphate of h-o^, if i ?''''' '' "'^'^ ^°'" *^"»'"^ "^ts 
 with the salts of alum, a Je w and Zh t ^^''^^ ^ ^'f " °^' greenish-black ; 
 green colour. In many parts of cmithiem^ of copper, a clear olivd 
 
 ledges, and its leaves serveTr feeding ca 1, n.,^/"''^'' '^' ^'^' '' ^^^^'^ ^"to 
 eaves and shoots, eaten by cows ",?, Sd to "iv'Th' '^'"l?'"' ^"? ^P""?" The 
 taste; but this does not appear to have boon ^^ f ""/"' ^"^ butter a rank 
 Romans, as they recommend^ .e leaves of Z trrV'f 1.^ ^'^^' ^^'^ ^V ^'^^ 
 the elm; and Mr. Sydney of Cownpn . ^t ^^°?■ ^"'^^^'^ »ext to those of 
 v.ho lives in a country whlre he aJlHs mo,^.\f ''?''V ? Northumberlandshire, 
 m a communication to M Loudon tha ' Thn'" ^^ ""^ °^'^^^ ''''' '^V' 
 writers that butter made iV.ni tKii of ^ sta ement made by sevefal 
 
 has a disagreeable taste, is certainly lotfonnl 1 -"'r ^'T ,"'"^«'^ ^'^' "eaves 
 leaves, bark, seeds, and wood of Sreo nt f f ^f '• Medicinally, the 
 the bark having acquired the ii^me nf /h 'u ■'' ^"dorihc, diuretic, and febrifugal- 
 as well as the GredcnndRnn , ^^'"''''''"^ "^ Europe.'' The Arabian 
 tues of the seed wh ch It S said SlZT' 1^*^'^ ^"^^^'^^^ ^''« medidn 1 v ! 
 diseases. M. D^ PerthuL states 'tifthe tV of fe '^""' "^^n"^^^"^ ^^^er 
 for the gangrene. For this xiurnn^^VT ? tbe ash is an excellent remedy 
 
 tion ; and fi^m the gre^i wLS by'" U n" o'e^M of";? ^'", ''^'^^ ^>^ — - 
 the hre, and gathering the san in n snn.^f one end of a branch or truncheon into 
 decoction of the bark,''o of the r.vnf. I' '' °'''^' """^ ^'"^'^ the other end. A 
 of the leaves as an aperient ai id ^7:'^^^^^^^ "¥1^,^^' ^"'^^ ' '?^ ^'^ '"^-i- 
 m England in adulterating tea. The ash kov; wT 7, ''''^' ''''° ^'^'' employed 
 rather bitter flavour, were Ibrmerhrlnf f' '^'"'''' ''^''^ ''^" aromatic, though 
 salt and vinegar, to brjen to tl e^ab eTs '" "" ^''''' ''^''^ ^"^ Pi^^ied w4 
 '' as a delicate'salading." In Siberia the kevV""''' r"'' f ■ ^^'^^^^'^ <^-^Presses it, 
 
 ^nnkiiig, to give it .^at is ^^^'s^j^i^:^::^ 1^!::^:%-^ 
 
wed length- 
 1 affixing a 
 ! ash, com- 
 r staves, to 
 tree are in 
 formed by 
 d polished, 
 d molluscu, 
 ■ emarlcs in 
 that skilful 
 The ash 
 noke; and 
 other tim- 
 ; for walk- 
 and otiier 
 ;0l, "three 
 ich it may 
 e for hop- 
 ig bowers, 
 ibourhood 
 ve or six 
 iirhood of 
 iiig-canes, 
 is are cut 
 ; and, for 
 iches and 
 ming nets 
 sh-black ; 
 ear ohve- 
 med into 
 ig. The 
 er a rank 
 il by the 
 those of 
 mdshire, 
 ■ee, says, 
 ' several 
 ih leaves 
 xlly, the 
 ^rifiigal ; 
 'Vrabian, 
 inal vir- 
 ly other 
 remedy 
 macera- 
 20 n into 
 Mid. A 
 infusion 
 iployed 
 though 
 3d with 
 3sses it, 
 ised for 
 ! leaves 
 
 EUROPEAN ASH-TREE. 
 
 393 
 
 ;^^puS;v^^^nSb/r 3;;;"^^;^;!^ ^T'^^ ^-^^ ^ — > a very 
 inary art. This manna, wlc^i esh J ^T \ '"''^'^^' ^' '^"'^ «« i» the veter- 
 ^ugar. From the ash, astfoil obL?ef aTe ' h/'"' 'tV ^"'^'^ ^"^^''^"^e for 
 ^^:^:^^::^t^7^^^^^^^ -thar^des of t.. 
 beautiful writer, l^S d S%1' iaX'"r:;r^"^ ^^^"'i^^' ^^ characterized by that 
 carnes Us pnnc/pal stem hig \ L he o^rafurvi"'""--'' ^''' ^^'^ ^^"'-"y 
 but use net beauty consists m the I g t ess of its whn ' '" ^'" '"'^' ^^"^^'"'g '>"4 
 at first, keep close to the trunk and fm m l / ^}^ appearance. Its bi-anches 
 to lengthen: they generally take „ oZ "^' ^"^'es with it; but as they bS 
 corresponding wftlf the l^L e s o? he p^:rffe\^,"^, ^'f '''^'^'^^ «f ^he'lea^ 
 ing fohage. Nothing can have a bet'er Sp M '' ^^1™' ^^" ^''^S^'i^ depend- 
 corner of a wood, and brin-ii,rn(^ TJu ' ^''r".''" "'^ ^^'^ hanging from the 
 
 pendent branches; and y^ '£11%^ XT ifav'e ''" ""''T ^^''^^^^ ^^'tl its"o e 
 beauty m the decline of aU ItTforht'. i '"'" ^''' ^''' '«^« much of its 
 
 branches, instead of hanmn.^loosHvnft^.r''''' '''''' ^"^ meagre; and ts 
 short tlxe ash often lo^^l^t °rand^etrr andlif T""^ i'' disagreeable' fo'rm n 
 Uy of trees and particularly the oak preserve ?in^ ^^- ^y\nch the general- 
 
 The ash also, on another account IhHsT^^^^^^^ P'^"^^ of their existence, 
 
 eye. Its leaf is much tenderer than u of the onk ??'"'' °^ ^'^^ picturesque 
 sion from the winds and frost Instead of ^^'l^^}'^^'^^ .^^^^^^^ receives impres- 
 wane of the year, among the ma fcoloi^^^^^^^^^ 'I' P'"' ^'"^'-^fo'^. i'' the 
 
 from the blast, drops its leaf t?u1 t, . offsprmg of the woods, it shrinks 
 
 wide blanks of desolated b^hs ai^dJt foha"e'vr/^^^^ P-dominites, leav 
 Its decay, we sometimes see fts leaf inled wS iV'"'^^ 'T,"^ ^'^''^^'^t. Before 
 with the neighbouring greens. I i.t this is onlnf n . "' ^'"'''^' ^^«'l contrasted 
 oftener, its leaf decays in a dark m iV,^ one of natures casual beauties; much 
 
 notwithstanding thislarl^ Ls o itSe wf^H^ '"^!' ^'"^ ^''^ ^^ommimes 
 ion, when the rains have been abndanf 'and Z "''"' '?;" '^''^''''^ ^^tua^ 
 when the oak and the elm in i rii j^l' , , ^^^^^''^ mild, retain its r^reen 
 attire." And the asl 1 nXs \eiuif fc '^^T/'^'^ «" their autumnai 
 
 Britannica," '' waving its slSerSJheLvoT^^^^^^ ^^ ""'"''''^ '" '"« " ^vlva 
 
 It soil sufficient for fts footing orCin4?Jtf P'""'^'*'" ^"'''^'' j^^t a^^^^ 
 emblem of the hardy spirit which n^II ifo 1.1 'T?'^ T^'""'' "^ ^"^^ ; a happy 
 It IS likewise a lovely object by the side of omn "^'^f ^^ ^"'^""<^'^ scantiness^ 
 
 "s elegant pendent foliage, bend I Narcii.riil'^'''' '''''''''^ "' ^^'^''^'' it views 
 .^ o , auing, i^arcissus-like, over its own charms." 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 E" I 
 
I i. 
 
 fcO '.4 
 
 if't ' 
 
 f ^ 
 
 
 r-M 1 
 
 
 Praxinus americana, 
 THE AMERICAN ASH-TREE. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Frazinus ammcana, 
 
 Frene d'Amerique, Frene blanc, 
 Araerikanische Esche, 
 Frassino americano, 
 American Ash, 
 White Ash, Green Ash, 
 
 WiLLDENow, Linnasi Species Plantarum. 
 
 MicHAux, North American Sylva. 
 
 LounoN, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Anglo- America. 
 
 sp^i:f"f";rge„™' "P^^'"" '^ '*"'"' ^^^'^ """^ ^ ^^'^'■"^ ^^''. f-™'" ">« ^^P^ior whUe„ess of ita wood, over every other 
 the^S'Sw.*""""^' ^""^ *'"""^''" ^^"^' '"• "^ • L^"''""' Arboretum Britannicum, ii., fig. 1055, and vi., pi, 209 ; a.d 
 
 ^^FlSer^cTlSate'lt:: 'i&^Sl^'' '^^■"'^"'^'^' '''^^^ ^''°-' ^-'« -'-, glaucous beneath. 
 
 Description. 
 
 -^^ 
 
 lellE Fraxinus ameri 
 cana, from the quali 
 
 ^y ^ tics of its Avood^ the 
 
 iit^»^^ rapidity of its growth, 
 and the beauty of its foliage, is one of the most 
 interesting among American trees. In favour- 
 able situations, it sometimes attains the height' 
 ot eighty feet, with a trunk three feet in diam- 
 eter, and often is undivided for more than half 
 of Its length. The bark is deeply furrowed, with 
 the ridges crossing each other in such a man- 
 ner, as to give the spaces between, the shape 
 ol a lozenge, or what is usually called diamond 
 lorm. When grown in an open Held or lawn 
 the branches diverge from the central stem, in 
 a double curve, like those of a chandelier, di- 
 imnish]ng in length, with great regularity as 
 they proceed upwards. The twigs are thick - ,,, 
 
 tad. " rire'sK' '? ;L''„?r"'.t'" ™ii'i™?.'l' 'VP;'"?,,wi.l. a largetermina, 
 
 distinguished'?;™ Vi;rK;r"a."yer 't^T^^^^^^^ 
 
 ered with a light down, which gradually disappears, and at the appS of sum 
 me they are perfectly smooth, of a light-green coloilr above, a^^d aXS benea h" 
 Th.s difference in the colour of the surfaces of the leaflets is pec da 'o ^M 'p- 
 
m. 
 
 over every other 
 vi.jpl. 209; and 
 
 icons beneath. 
 
 1 terminal 
 •lour, and 
 lid broad, 
 i is easily 
 c to four- 
 flets, snr- 
 36 or four 
 ited, of a 
 are cov- 
 h of sum- 
 beneath, 
 this spe- 
 
 A.MERICAN ASH-TREE. 
 
 395 
 
 St'^Ttl rwS^AuV''?,'"". ^^"^'^ b>^-'- botanists, Pra.ln.s 
 colour a d are succeededty' ^ bout"an tT"^'; '''^^f/' T ^''^ "sht-gr'n 
 near the base, and gradually Stened in^n w ^"^^ ^^^'^ '" '^"g^l'. cylindrical 
 t.es slightly notched. They are Zallv nniti ^"''.''' ^".™' T'^' ^''^'^ «^«remi- 
 loiig, and are r,pc early in aun^mn ^ '" ''""'''^'' ^''''' °^ ^^^ inches 
 
 genu'CwThav^con^deJed'Suhi^ZedTr''' 'V^'l' ^r'"^"'^^'"'^'^^ «^ 'l'i« 
 varieties, which will be found to be o^.l.?'''"' ^^ the American ash, only as 
 
 pean species; and not half so Lch o as hni"''7.?''/>'^" '^'""'^ ""^ ^''« '^^'"•«- 
 other species of oak, of which very lit lelcei^^^^^ ^"''""^ '''''''' ^'«-^' ^"^ 
 readily propagated by grafting Tp v. ?. "" "' ^''^^^'^^ ^hcy cannot be 
 
 characterized as follows? bLe^!^bodiff,^^f?' '" '''' ^•'"^'■'^^" ^^^'' '"''^y ^^ 
 fici.lty iu recognizing their lames L ^^^ve. hv M-"! "' '".'^P^'V'" ^^"1 ""^ no dif- 
 ^vll thus be enabled to kncrunder^whal ifoa^ t. '"''' ^^°i"^""' '"^"^^ «'''«''«' ^»^d 
 of these authors :— '^"''^ ^'^^^'^ ^hey are described in the works 
 
 leaves Uian thr^^edes.^'"^'" ^-^"^"^--'^ ^n^ncan Ash, having broader 
 
 of tlic French; Jied As/^, of the l^"^lol°e - ' ^''^"^^^"^^^^^"^^ ^^'-'^ rou^e, 
 cans. I his variety is a beautiful tree some- 
 .mes attaming a height of sixty f S, 'wTth a 
 trunk fifteen or eighteen inches in d ameter 
 Ihe bark of the trunk is of a deep-brow^ and 
 the wood, which is of a reddish hue Ts some 
 
 wlU Lf^Jnd'ls '"ir^^^' ^'-n thatoTThe" 
 arts It i' V ""PP'"^ ^"^ ''""l^'- "ses in the 
 arts. It ,s inferior to that tree, both in size 
 and m the rapidity of its growth; the L S 
 of the annual shoots, and the distances betwfe 
 the buds being only about one half as grea 
 The leaves are from twelve to fifteen inches 
 ]ong, and are composed of three or fou pa rs 
 odd'n^ 't;";-'^^^ 1-^flets, terminated bran 
 Odd one. ^ he lower surface of the leaflets is 
 eS wi! r.^'n ^? ^'" ''"^^ -asonlrfeov! 
 
 :!^^2^J::^t:^ SJ^S^. t^-?;;: ^'^^ r > ^ut by others ^s thouX 
 m May, are succeeded by samar^ sin i?!r n f ,?n ?'' '^°''''''' ^^''^^^'^ P"^ '<'''l' 
 white ash, but differing froT the" i„ bo „^ '° those of the 
 
 short mucro at the apex T is va e " i^ Sf T '^T '^ ^ri'^' ^"'^ "' '^^^'"g ^ 
 land, and Virginia- wherp ,:" '"^J'^^^'ysmost abundant in Pennsylvania Ma?v- 
 
 Habi; to be c^vSedl^rwrt "by":""o^'.s"; i^'^'^^^r^'^;^^ 
 accompanied by the «hell-barlfl icko^y Tc'^r'?,^^!-, ,)'A ^'^^^ ^^'^^^^^ns, it' is 
 amara,) swamp white oak, (Quercus pd lus disco nr\\^ ';'.'''^'>^' ^^^^^Ta 
 
 s^yeet gum, (Liquidamba sTyraci InaTind th! '^ . maple (Acer rubrum,) 
 This variety wa/introduced i.Kr taia in TS l ^"P^'°-t.i-ec (Nyssa biflora! 
 ered as an ornamental tree ^^' ^''^'''''' '^ ^'^'i o^'y be consid- 
 
 pei!olL:em;;':S:S-,,S!a?tS^^^^^^ ^i--^^ ^^« ^-^ets 
 
 common petioles glabrous. ^"''^^*''^' "^^^'^P'y serrated, downy beneath, with the 
 
 p ' 
 
 
 ir 
 
m 
 
 hi 
 
 m 
 I 
 
 ^£f; 'I 
 
 ■Ah 'i 
 
 1,1-! 
 
 I 
 
 'I 'l 
 'I I 
 
 
 ;i:i 
 
 396 
 
 FUAXINUS AMERICANA. 
 
 ^ryr/T^' 
 
 oflvri^l'.n; '\"''^"^'f^'^; El'l^r-leaved American Ash; Fraxinns sa,nfntcifoUa, 
 
 o^ lie trench; Blac/c Ash, II, mm Ash, Water Ash, of the AiiKlo-Americans 
 This tree, in favourahle sitnalions, frequently ° Americans, 
 
 attains a height of seventy or eighty feet, with 
 a trunk from two feet to two feet and a half in 
 diameter. It is easily distinguished from the 
 white ash by its bark, which is more inclined to 
 a yellowish cast, is smoother, with the furrows, i 
 in old trees, parallel and perpendicular, often 
 infested with bunches of moss, and may, in 
 some degree, be peeled off in small thin plates, 
 or lamiiue. It may also be distinguished by its 
 buds, which are of a deep-blue, or nearly black, 
 and by the colour of its heart-wood, which is of' 
 a fine bistre-brown. The young shoots are of a 
 bright'green, beset with black dots, which dis- 
 appear as the season advances. The leaves at 
 then- unfolding are accompanied by stipuliB 
 which foil after two or three weeks, are from 
 twelve to fifteen inches long, when fully devcl- -^ ,,7 
 
 ffiSi^'lf f'""'' composed of three or four pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. 
 1 he leaflets are sessile, oval-acuminate, denticulated, of a deep-green colour 
 00th on the upper surface and coated with a reddish do^.n upon the mai^l 
 I bs beneath. W hen bruised, they emit an odour like that of the leaves of tl e 
 o wLf If 1 J •' f •"""§. ^'^« l^^^t trees which put forth in spring, and the 
 ea hcst that lose their leaves in autumn. The very first hard frost tlu t comes 
 no 01 ly causes its eaves to fade and become yellow, as those of the other trees' 
 
 f;i t . '''T,'""r° "" '^^'"'"'"^S ^'"^"^ "P' '' ''^^^ th'ey foil in showers vvt the 
 east breath of wind. It is often completely denuded in the northern parts of 
 flje United States by the 20th of September. The flowers, which put lb th in 
 May or June, are succeeded by flat samaras or keys, disposed in bunches fo o 
 five inches long, that are nearly as broad at the base as at the summit. Th°s 
 variety ,s found chiefly in the middle and northern parts of the UniTed State 
 and also abounds in the British colonies of North America, particularly in the 
 fores s of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where it is generally found in a 
 moist soil, or one that is exposed to inundations, and is usually accomparicd by 
 he red maple, (Acer rubrnm,) yellow birch, (Betula excelsa,) black spruce 
 (Abies nigra,) and the American arbor vitce (Thuja occidentali^O I" thfr^^Hi: 
 die states of the union, this tree associates with the Fraxinus a. pubescens and 
 the Acer rnbnun. Its wood is tougher and more elastic than thit of the white 
 ash, but less durable when exposed to the vicissitudes of moisture and dryness 
 for which reason it is less extensively used. Like the European ash, the value 
 of Its timber is increased by the rapidity of its growth ; and, as in the case of that 
 speciLs, the wood of young trees is more esteemed than that of old ones The 
 sap-wood 01 this variety is very white, tough, and compact, when compared 
 with its heart- wood which, as before observed, is of a fine bistre-brown, and from 
 his circumstance the tree derives its name. In the parts of the country where 
 this variety abounds it is split into rails for rural fences, which rank next to the 
 cedar for duraoihty, but are for more heavy and diflicult to move. It has also 
 been employed with advantage in the construction of dams, wharves, canals, and 
 other works, particularly in the parts above the ordinary flow of the waters ad 
 streams, where strength and durability are required. It is not employed by 
 coach-makers nor miU-wrights, nor is it ever wrought into oars, pulleyi, or hard- 
 
 ftij 
 
 i> I 
 
mbiicifolia, 
 ^rcne noir, 
 Americans. 
 
 odd one. 
 n colour, 
 the niaiti 
 /es of tlie 
 '„ and the 
 at comes, 
 her trees, 
 with the 
 I parts of 
 t forth in 
 Es four or 
 it. This 
 id States, 
 •ly in the 
 Luid in a 
 )aricd by 
 c spruce, 
 the mid- 
 dens, and 
 he white 
 dryness, 
 he vahie 
 ie of that 
 3s. The 
 ompared 
 md from 
 ■y where 
 xt to the 
 has also 
 lals, and 
 iters and 
 oyed by 
 or hand- 
 
 AMERICAN ASH-TREE. 
 
 397 
 
 ^;iX)^ 
 
 which are much ,^sed^n he cSv in ho ^^ T^''' "^''" ^' '»»'" ^« ^ ^afer^ 
 
 and sometimes for the l.otto 7c ^ ^ Thf^f '? 1 '"'^'^'^'^ ^ 
 
 liable than any other to be disfigured w'th k.fob. Tw '^ ''!" r^'^'y '« '"^-"^ 
 
 of considerable size, and arc dcLhed from ?^ , ^Ti '^''"^'' ^'"'^ sometimes 
 
 trays or bowls. The wood of these excrXon^ ° '^\''''' ^^''^ '"^^e into 
 
 sohdity, and when carefully pol S exSs vnr, "' '''f '^^^^''^"f«8« of «"Pcrior 
 
 and might be pnifitably emlyenV cSt - 
 
 of fancy work.' ^1^'h« sort, like Lit otStk^^^^ '""'' '''^''' manufacturers 
 potash. ' '""^^^ ""^'-'^ J^'»ds of ash, is particularly prolific in 
 
 cnL' iea^r ""^^"^ ^^'"^- ^-^/'-^--^ ^^^^er-lea.e, American Ask, havin. 
 
 fVeue dim, of the French; Blue A.-/ of tl.; T,^ .""f «! .^''"^'^^ Q^'ulrcwgulcw-c, 
 favourable situations, often attainfa he .'it of^ "''''""'• '^''''' ^"^'^^'y' '» 
 sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of S, o 
 twenty mches. The bark of the trunk cracks 
 and separates into thin plates muc lin t le 
 
 rr.rrThV'r'°'^^'^"';'^^-'^ Que" 
 
 cus albd.) Ihe leaves are from twelve fn 
 cig^iteen inches long and are composed of'om 
 two to four pairs of leallets, terminated bv^n 
 
 Hn 1 ""'• , ^ ''« J^'^fl^^s ^ro almost ses ill dlin 
 tc-lanceolate, distinctly toothed, smoo h o^, 
 he upper surface, and downy beneath The 
 branches are quadrangular; and the you," 
 shoots to which the leaves 'are attached | 
 distinguished by four opposite membranes 
 nearly one third of an inch' broad.^h^aJe of 
 
 enti;ri;ttr'%r""l ^^'^"'^ througirtlfr 
 
 enure lengtf' This character disappears in ~' ^W 
 
 vv^iclri^it^^'f ^E^;,;:-:^J^ «^;;-es of its exlstencr The flowers, 
 
 ;ty to the other, and blunt at bo h ends \m . [iTrlJ''' ''' '^""f ^'""'^ ""^ ^^^^rem: 
 The blue ash is chiefly found in Te.?i esVo K J , "'^"'"r'^ '"^^^^''^^ the base. 
 Ohio, where the climate is mild, an t?rsoil fo h I. '^ '"^ ^''^ ^°^'^'^^'-'^ P'-^''^ of 
 fertility seems to serve as a subs tt, ,p fm ? 1 V '" ^'^ ^'^^''^"^^ degree. This 
 Atlantic states, appears to be^nd p 1' / rtlfe'^^wtl Tlf""', "''■^'^' "^ ^•- 
 ol this tree possesses the characteristic nmnnw ^ r '' ""^ "^^ '''^'^'^- ^^'^^ ^^^ood 
 varieties of the western states, k is t le nSei'^f,"^ T' S'?"^' '■^"^^' «f -" ^h^ 
 highly esteemed. Besides the habitua use thnT'^^'^P""^."^' ^^"^^ ''"^ "^o^t 
 carnages, and for the felloes of wheels a" ,>,?,. '"'"1" '^^ '' ^^' ^he frames of 
 ally selected for the flooring of ho se 'anTfren on l'^ *^^-' ^' '« S^"er- 
 
 and, where the tulip-tree, (Liriodemlmn 7^"*^"*'^ f'^r their exterior covering- 
 lor the shingles of t^.eir rU i't s ^^i^^ liat "7."^'""^ ' '' '''''''^^^'^ ^^^'^^ 
 from the bark of this tree ; from which ci lmsf..to ' T ","' ''''y ^'' ^^^raclcd 
 mon name. It was introduced i. o 13 itZ fT^i-f ''t^'^' '' ']'''''' ''' '^m- 
 many of the European and American colec^Ls ' '"'^ '' '° ^" "^^^ ^^'^h in 
 
 Iranchcd. American Ash ^onspmiovs-ncrved-karcd Qvadrangidar- 
 
 hA 
 
 : ;! 
 
 **' 
 
 vm 
 
398 
 
 FRAXINUS AMERICANA. 
 
 I ; 
 
 
 
 i.f; 
 
 < 
 
 H« 
 
 S.;"./;' "'/"^«"' ^"^''^'' "^"^"V attans a''^'*''^"S'°-^'"«''^^"«- '!''"« 
 
 lour or hve inches in diameter; but in a state 
 of cultivation, it has exceeded m^re than d<u b e 
 of these dimensions. It is easily recognized by 
 the bril hant green colour of its young leaves^ 
 
 our on both surfaces. From this iuuu.rmitv 
 f";h IS rarely observed in the foliage of™ees' 
 
 color, and Michaux gave this tree the nonular 
 Sronl ''" ," t'r "v ^^'^•" Th« brancEai 
 orrnvn. The leaves vary in length from six to 
 fifteen inches, with from two to four m.rs o f 
 leaflets and an odd one, according to thivi- 
 our of the tree, and to the coolness of the soHrn 
 hrefine^T '^^^ '^'-^Aots, which are ablm ^ W W 
 
 cent^o;srcott.^Strdt;;;ria^ufe tnrof'ti'^ ""'' ^^'^""i- -r^^^- --- 
 
 ]ate distinctly denticulated, Iwtl igtbrou petir'^l^ho'^'' '"''''P''^ 
 forth in May, occur in pendulous corymb aJd are sn J l i kT'' '^'"^'^ P"* 
 sumlar in form to those of the white ash Vmfnni.''''''''^^? ^^ '"'^'^'' samara;, 
 variety is a native of wet, shady wools t^i^^X ^P '"' r "' '^^S^' '^''^'^ 
 common in the western p^rts of PennsvlvS Cn \ ^^••?'!".^; ^'^^ is more 
 any other sections of the United States ir,s ^U^f^'S '"^ l^'m^^. than in 
 banks of the iWonongahela and of the Ohio t,w , "r^ •" ^^""^^"^6 «« the 
 properties as that of the otii.r Trees of f?p J*' ''^•'"'M''^''^'"^"'^'''^^^ by similar 
 Avhere it abounds, to similar purn?sestt^r?i ""^, '•' "^P ''^'^' ^" ^he' regions 
 hearted variety are more comSXre i .rl ^'' T'- ' ' ^''^ '^"^ ^^^ brmvn- 
 s>ze, the green ash is only incTdentalTv pL 1 ^ ? 'l ''''"'*' ^'"^ '^"^^^ superior in 
 in 1724, where it is only co £eTa^^ \ ''^' introduced inti Brita n 
 
 probably existing m L I it?torld ,s m.T'' ' v'i, ^^^'^^ ^'^^^^ ^P^'^i'^'^n" 
 England, which has attaiiSd rhe^Si of neTrl JT '/'r'' "' ^^^^^i^'^^nliam, in 
 feet in diameter, and an ambitus o sirf^'^'''^' ^''^*' '^'^^ ^ trunk three 
 
 fea..rf .l/«en-m;» Ash. '^''''^'^^^^- Willdenow. Slightly-toothed Walnut- 
 
 ^rtL'^^omZ!^^^^ 0^- Michaux; 
 
 French. This is a veryVemarkabt var^pl 1', ^?''' '^'^" CaroVme, of the 
 size of its leaflets, which arriearll ZZ^\ '^^^'^^ dist^guished by the large 
 glabrous and shiningrbovraid seldnT ' '!^ '\^""^mated, petiolate, serrated 
 lets, with an odd o e In sorTn^ thp l '"'r ""^ T'"" ^^an two pai s of lelt 
 
 shoots, are covered wthdov^i'\?hc, £no^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^'''' ^"^ ^'^« y°'>'4 
 
 stature of this tree seldom e4eerhirtvf?p?nf^ "<" T'^T' advances. ThI 
 half of this height. The branches nll^ ik ' ^ '\°^^^" ^^'^^^'^'^^ and fruits at 
 brownish hue. The flowersrwhlrm^^ '''' '.'' ^"^^' ^^e of a 
 
 are small, and not very cons^icuoljj ^.^^y^uSj^iJ tl^:^^:' 
 
lus viridis, of 
 Vewff d feiiilles 
 !ricans. This 
 
 itirnes canes- 
 iptic-lanceo- 
 , which put 
 ear samaroc, 
 arge. This 
 but is more 
 »ia, than in 
 lance on the 
 i by similar 
 the regions 
 the brown- 
 superior in 
 into Britain 
 t specimen, 
 Ifenham, in 
 truulf three 
 i its height. 
 , but never 
 and is cul- 
 
 l Walmct- 
 
 Michaux ; 
 "*e, of the 
 ' the large 
 i, serrated, 
 rs of leaf- 
 tho young 
 3es. The 
 tl fruits at 
 
 are of a 
 
 varieties, 
 ivhich are 
 
 unlike those of anv nf .J>„ 
 
 broad as they arc^on. a^r^-'.^'"^ 
 
 AMERICAN ASH-TREE, 
 
 aboimd 
 
 tliey are Ion?. T 
 i"g chiolly on the 
 
 
 390 
 
 often almost 
 
 as 
 
 at the base. Tl^vo .n''?'''''^ ''^'"««. '-^"J ema?;h • ^I' T-''^ "'""'' "" '^^ 
 Don, Loudon n^i^'^!u-^'y.?^-fnd(edAmenrn,, A.,. . r. . 
 
 J2. F. A. PLATYCARPA "/?,V"'^' ^" V^^-^- -^ i" v^arouna, 
 
 o hers. The leaflets of his v wV ^''''''T' Pf^fycarpa of 
 ''•"•Pt>c-lanceolato, two inr i" T ' ^^ 'Y« ^'^''""st sessile ve?i 
 s villous h„...„..' '^y^?."iches long, and onn in.i. k*; ' 7"^^^ 
 
 't IS very easilv knn«rn r ""'^"ff»t^' into Hr tain in Uoi. '"y '^" high; native 
 
 don, and o.hcr. '"^ '""« ^l»-.n», ^.„; /.U„,„,W™. of Do„ L„„ 
 
 D™. Loudoo, and „£-"«-«»/e« ^»,.nc« ^.,, ^,„,„„^ „,^^ ^^ 
 
 Dor. Lo„don%™ro,l,e^J°''A't*'''^f ^~™'°' ^»A; i^r«™„ „ 
 
 duced i„,„ Bri,ai„ i„"S. ^ '™ -* AUvous buds, naSf"SSr?„Vro' 
 
 ri '1 
 
t I 
 
 4U0 
 
 
 i' r i' 
 
 m-' 
 
 
 FHAXINU8 AMERICANA, 
 
 
 ,|f;.C< 
 
 
 li.'! 
 
 L. 
 
 south of It. In the upper part of Now Hnrnpsliiro, it is alw ya accompanied by 
 tlio white elm, (Uhnus amencuna,) yellow birch, (Hetula exeelsa,) white maple 
 (Acer eriocarpum,) iicnilock spruce, (Abies canadensis,) and tho black si)ruce 
 (Abies nigra); and in New Jersey, it is mingled with the red maple (Acer 
 riibriiin,) slieil-bark hickory, (Uarya alba,) and the sycamore-tree (I'latunus 
 occideiitalis.) ^ 
 
 'I'his species was first introduced into Mritain by Mark Oatesl)y in 1723- and 
 in about the year IS'^C, when Cobbett became a nurseryman, and strongly r'ecom- 
 lupuded various kinds of American trees, several plantations of tho wliito ash 
 were formed, in ditrerent parts of England; but a sullicient time has not yet 
 elapsed to judge ol the valiKs of the tree, as compared with the common Kur.Mjean 
 ash. In iiio neighbourhood of London, young trees arc generally more or less 
 injured by the spring frosts; nevertheless, in Surrey, at St. Ann's Hill, there is a 
 specimen, which, in thirty-six years after planting, had attained the height of 
 thirty-three feet. 
 
 In France, at Clairvault, there is a tree of this species, which had attained the 
 height ot thirty feet, lu thirty years after planting. 
 
 In Russia, the American ash, and several of its varieties, are planted in the 
 government garden, at Odessa, and it is stated by M. le (Jhevalier Descemet 
 consciller de cour, that they have the great advantage of prospering in soiLs 
 where the European ash will languish. "They are not," says he, " like Frax- 
 niiis excelsior, subject to lose their leaves by the ravages of the insect Cantharis 
 vesicatoria, in tho inidtlle of summer, and may, consequently, be planted in the 
 neighbourhood of dwelling-houses. They resist the burning heats of summer 
 much better than the Kuroiiean ash-tree, and maintain a deep-green foliage during 
 the hottest weather, when that of the cotr.mon ash becomes i>ale, and very fre- 
 quently withers and drops." "In short, the American ash-trees," he adds 
 "deserve to be extensively cultivated in forests, in lines for bordering roads, and 
 in small groiip.^< in parks and pleasure-grounds." 
 
 It is stated by Mr. John IVarson, in a communication to Dr. James Mease in 
 the " Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture," for the 
 year 1807, that, in Wayne county, I'eunsylvaiiia, there were white ash-trees five 
 leet in diameter, and from fifty to eighty feet in length. 
 
 Soil, SKiindon, Propagation, i^i'c. The most favourite situations of the Frax- 
 inus americana are the banks of rivers and streams, the edges or acclivities of 
 swamps, where the soil is deep and fertile, and intermingled with the fragments 
 of rocks. The propagation and culture of this tree is the .same as that of the 
 European species. 
 
 Insects, Accidents, i^'c. The Fraxinus americana, like its European congener 
 IS but little subject to accidents and to the attacks of insects. The only insects 
 that prove particularly injurious to this tree, are the larv;c or borers of the Tio- 
 chihnni dcnndatnm, described by Dr. Harris, in "Silliinau's Joiinial of Science " 
 and also in his " Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation!" 
 These borers perforate the bark and the sap-wood of the trunk of the ash, from 
 the roots upwards, and are also found in all the branches of any considerable 
 size. The trees thus infested soon show symptoms of disease, in the death of 
 the branches near the summit; and when these insects become numerous, the 
 trees no longer increase in size and height, and premature decay and death en'sue. 
 Ihose insects assume the chrysalis form in June and July, when they may be 
 seen projecnng half way out of their round holes in the bark of the trees, during 
 which months, their final transformation is efl'ectcd, when they burst forth, and 
 escape in the winged state. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the white ash, in young, thrifty trees, is 
 very white from the bark to the centre; but in large, old trees, the heart-wood is 
 
 I PI 
 
(ipanied by 
 fute maf)lt\ 
 ick spruce 
 ipic, (Acer 
 (I'latanus 
 
 1723; and, 
 gly rccoin- 
 wliit(! ash 
 as not yet 
 
 l'lur(>j)caii 
 ore or less 
 , tlioro is a 
 
 height of 
 
 ttained the 
 
 fed in the 
 Descemet, 
 ig in soils 
 like Frax- 
 ("antharis 
 ited in the 
 >( stnnnier 
 ige during 
 I very fre- 
 he adds, 
 roads, and 
 
 Mease, in 
 ," for the 
 -trees five 
 
 the Frax- 
 
 livities of 
 fragments 
 lat of the 
 
 congener, 
 ly insects 
 ■ the Tro- 
 Science," 
 2;etation." 
 ash, from 
 isidorable 
 death of 
 erous, tlie 
 tth ensue, 
 y may be 
 :s, during 
 brth, and 
 
 r trees, is 
 t-wood is 
 
 AMERICAN A8H-TREE. 
 
 aL'a^''e,'u Kxc'ec^dh^^^ ,^^'-! «''« a'-ual layers are thil 
 
 various purposes for wluclftl!" 'Maxims eS'? "'"' '"''7>". '^^'^^'^ '« «" 'c 
 •ca, ho wood of this tree is f.iffhiv eZ Ln^f r •' " "'"^ '" '''^r^pe. In Amer- 
 IS advantageously employe.l ,? / '!.f '"''' '^"" ? '''^••^"K''' »"J suppjeuess and 
 tion only a /bw oHho nS , nX r'''''7 ''^ .T'' "*' ^^'''^'' wo Su in . 
 for the felloes of wheels, for s ^ in,! f,!' ,?'''r'''^ ''^ '^""^'' ^^"^ wago, IXrs 
 ^o- of , ,.t wagons, 'it i^also I,"' /" l,';,',^^^^^^^ l-dtes, a'd fo 
 
 and domestic wares, particularlv for t!.?^ p"SV^' "'I" f""" agricuFtural imnlcinents 
 rakes, scythes, &c. L (Sda a 1 , '""^ '' "^ '^'^^^«' ''«t"«. shove sforkl 
 |s extensiyely'nsed for hoops and t.!^'th'''r;! »'"^'.^ "^ ^''« l^nitej S'a es ^ 
 hetwcen those of the white -in Tm.i^' ^''^ '^'«cr of which are of a nual tl 
 taming salted provisions Ld'o^' Tt'h'as'alsr? "'^T'^^ ^^^^ for cask's e'i^ 
 excT// ™«'^'' i« consider^ inf r or to ,nt n'r'\,"'^'"*;,''^^ '»'« ^''« '«^^«r 
 excelsa,) and to the heart of the red beech Vn' , , , /'"'''^ ^''^''' ("^tula 
 'arly those used in ships, and the ni, s for l?;. ^t*" ^''''='" ^o pulleys particu- 
 
 ai'P'opriate; and, on ai-coui t o its^ trotth iS^oF/r'?''^'^^ ^'''« wooJi ve y 
 nor to every other species of timber for o fri '''\^.'^'^«''c"y. '' i« esteemed as supe- 
 
 
 n 
 
 J 
 
;, i: 
 
 V % 
 
 1,'t 
 
 vu 
 
 t M 
 
 Genus ORNUS, Pers. 
 
 Oleaceoc. 
 Sysl. ifut. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 Diandria 3Ionog5-nia. 
 
 ^ijst. Lin. 
 
 Omits, Fraxinus, 
 
 Fr^ne a fleurs, Frene a la manne, Ornier, ) ^ 
 Orne, ' France. 
 
 ■niiiheiiJe Esche, r,.^ 
 
 I. mo, ' Germanv. 
 
 ' Italy. 
 
 Flowering Ash, Manna Ash, 
 
 Br.iTAi.v AND Anglo-Awerica. 
 
 celled, l-seeded, wingedri2;;)!,ll}iw,?,X"' '''"^ ^°"° hkments. Stigma eraarginate. Samara 1- 
 
 miS gonus embraces trees natives of Europe, Asia, and of North 
 
 . America; with nnpari-pinnate leaves, and ermi, ml or axilk v 
 
 panicles of flovyers, distingnished from those of the commo^ ash 
 
 by having corollas. They may all be propagated frorsce Is bv 
 
 grafting or budding, or by cuttings and layers. ' ^ 
 
 manna of commerce, -/his s>;,b°^"cot cl, cflrco'llcc ci' i S b 'i ' aSl"" l"° 
 
 in the most favourable situSon and the s^r lu ffr"^^^^^^ spontaneously grow 
 
 in tears (mannk la-rima of the S p innT i I • ^'"^ '^'"^^ '^ called «my/«« 
 hardening, entirely coats them ove^- T ..,'.. J """'"^ '!?"'' ^"'^' "^ 
 
 nil . i.„f „o * • u. ^.'"^ '*■'"") Which is called manna Lmissa, s the coarsest nf 
 
ORNUS. 
 
 403 
 
 )f the trees of this 
 authors, 
 
 nhed. Corolla 
 le. Samara 1- 
 
 id of North 
 or axillary 
 )nimon ash, 
 n seeds, by 
 
 axiniis and 
 id mucilag- 
 ., and some 
 
 forms the 
 and Sicily; 
 ns of itself 
 ?ss wounds 
 Hisly grow 
 i\vn accord 
 t mid-day, 
 
 run until 
 re scraped 
 the manna 
 led ma//iiu 
 liite as the 
 V of itself, 
 ) incisions 
 IS, and, in 
 the shops, 
 
 Sicilians, 
 or to the 
 in July or 
 , and two 
 oarsest of 
 ancc, it is 
 d leaving 
 he otiier ; 
 f the leaf 
 e manna. 
 
 and to protect it from dnst and other impurities Th. 
 of commerce is procured in the latte Tnn or" ^l"" S^'"'^^^^ Part of the manna 
 long pieces, or gra.mlated fragme of ; wh i;," " ]' '"^F,'"'"^ '" "^^''^'^ i" 
 some degree transparent. Tlfe^ ferior kinTl w "".i^'-^'^'-y^ '«^^ colour, and in 
 comes m adhesive masses am i. .nniT . ' '''"'^'' '*' °^ ^ dark-brown colour 
 the ash has a pecuU^ «£ and a sweethlfrr '' "^^ ^°"^"- ^f^""'- ^ 
 degree of bitterness. It is considerf^l ZT f ^"' f^^^^mpanied with a slight 
 ;n medicine; but it is n^w clu 1 ^m^'e^d tol'"^ ''^'f '■"","'^^'>^ ""-'' "-^ 
 ermg them to children, and iruLrasa^nnrl r ='•'''". "'''''" ^'""S^ '" '^^dminis- 
 vind of manna, however must ot ho n ''""^S^ '^ "^ tl'c veterinary art. This 
 
 Holy Wru, winch is su po'eT t^L' d nltTwulTl?' '''''' """^'"^^ ^" '1- 
 Alhagi maurorum, a low shrub two or h pp w/ • "'^""''' P^'^duced by the 
 Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia and oThe, no . '"?'*' "''^"^'^ ^^ the deserts of 
 
 tradition that, this m^Z\TL"nL^^^^^^ /^''« ^^^^^^bians have a 
 
 ;tes ui the desert. This, howeve^ contrtvTwl^^^^^ ''. ^T"^ ^'^° ^''^'^- 
 
 tures, namely, that the miraculous m-Zn nn^ , ^ I' ''^''^"'•^It'd in the Scrip, 
 the sand, and hence the stu^rtro?r IsrKs wT'^ "' u'' ''''''' '^'^ °» 
 astonished ,f they had seen small port ons of it on t' J . T"^' "°' '^^^^'^ '^^^'^ 
 It m such immense quantities on tl.pTn, f i , , shrubs; but who, fnidin- 
 could hardly believJit o be the s' L^tlnn.'nn '' '^'^^'f "^^'^^ ^^«'^ ^t befo e! 
 that ,s to say, <' What is it I "whence no fibtv^h?''"'"'"'^ Z.'^, "^^••^^^' " ^1^"«" -^ 
 by the alhagi is a natural exud^ onVmm t e^t Ves'i'n 1 /^ '^^'"^^»"^- P^od'^eed 
 P ace only m very hot weather. At first ^tl^^^^^^^ branches, which takes 
 
 ulates on exposure to the atmospheiV nto nS nf iT "^'^«"'^y; but gran- 
 larger than a coriander seed. Another sn^edes of r! ^''«^^^.°"\«'^'^s, but seldom 
 from the tamarisk-tree, (Tamarix °a UicaTbrtl '""'' " ^^'^^'"''^ '" ^^abia 
 niparus. A similar subs\ancris also oSiloT r V^^ncUne of the Coccus man- 
 m the south of France, w' ere t is kno ^1^ h"'" "'' ^''?^'^ ^^'^""^ europ^a,) 
 This substance is a kind of sap of a swpp i f . "^""' ?^ '""'"" '^' Brian^on. 
 the end of May, and durii4 fe momhs o j Ine^nri^',^ taste, which, towards 
 some, only during the night, from t f bTrlcTT ''^' ""^r'''' ''^'^^°^-^''"g to 
 according to oth,;?-s, transf ires lorn e bud nnVlp ^°""^' ''r'^' but whfch, 
 m the form of little whitJ glut nous ^ifthn ir^'''^^ '^'^''^'^ it coagulates 
 morning, young larch-trees,le ^ Lfa k uck with'tT'^ scraped off. J,, the 
 be found covered with if • hi,f ti.., • 7" ^^"'^'^ ^^'^h the rays of the sun will 
 resembles the ma^nna if' th V^f^ 'ash %Sfr"'' ^^'^^ ^^'^ clisappea;;"i' 
 less purgative. The rhododend?r t^^^Su t p L'" i"^''"/ .''"i^^'^^''^^') ^^^ >« 
 also yield an analogous substance Ts Sbli'"'- ^"'' '''" ^^^^^ 
 sap of most ligneous plants is S nrl?««^; ^''/^''"""^ other trees f for the 
 
 quently, when^ollect^'t any^'uln d rislustm^^^ "^''' '^^^"-- 
 
 evaporation. The mnnnn c^f 3' lutiniuy, is susceptible of becoming concrete bv 
 
 -aciS io,„.c„s™drr4^:?z'L;:<r.£™s^!'^.!!'!-'-,''%™ '1.0 Pis': 
 
 na 
 
 la lenti.scus; and the mnnm ^rp i V ^ " "^^^"^ obtained from the Pjs- 
 flnitans. ' "'""""'^ °^ ^ '^'^"'^ ^« composed of the seeds of the Glyce- 
 
 Hfip 
 
i 1 I, 
 
 Onms atnericana, 
 THE AMERICAN FLOWERING ASH. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Fraxinus aniericam, 
 
 Ornits amcricana, 
 
 Ornier d'Ameriqne, 
 Amerikaiiische Bliihende-Esche; 
 Onio aniehonno, 
 American Flowering Ash, 
 
 LiNN^us, S}x?cies Plantarum. 
 PuRSH, Flora America; Sertentrionalis. 
 IJoN, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 TRANCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 Engravinss. Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, ii., fig. 1070; and tbe figures l;e!ow 
 
 "^in^^tani^^^^lS "l^ Cl^,^,^ ^'^''T'^^^'' ^^""•"^. --atetl leaflets, 
 the odd one'm.her co d^ I^owm v fh no. b^ r . ''''"''" '''"''"'' -''""=""«. -in'! Paler ben 
 
 gray. Buds brown. "Siara^a;;ow;i:!;,K'ti^l:^:^^SS2^^ Branches brow 
 
 each 
 cath. 
 utsh- 
 
 i I 
 
 fk 
 
 : M 
 
 Description. 
 
 IHE Orniis americana is a beautiful 
 tree, growing to a lieight of thirty 
 or forty feet, and flowering in 
 
 -«. ^^^.^ April and May. The d-fference 
 
 between tins sort and tlic manna ash of Europe is so very 
 
 shght, that doubts are entertained by some, of there beinn- 
 
 but one species. It is a native of North America, and was 
 
 introduced mto Britain in 1820, where it is cultivated for 
 
 ornament, and is highly prized. There are plants of it 
 
 in the Horticultural Society's garden, at London, and in 
 
 the arboretum at Kew, where, in the last-named place, it is grafted on the Frax- 
 
 mus excelsior; and the point where the scion wai inse ted iif the stock is s.id ^o 
 
 have en arged nearly as much as the stock itself, a proof that the ISican flow 
 
 enng ash is a more robust-growing tree than the Ornus europa3a! wS was alJo 
 
 stock. When uo other mode can be obtained of rendering a tree sardcnesn e 
 Mr. Loudon suggests, that, in order to give the trunk an arcln'ectural base a slow! 
 growing species may be grafted on one that is more vigorous ; and that the annli 
 "i^Cf ']'% ''' "^ ^'■'^{'"S '"*S^^ ^^ ^^°^''^ adopting for certain or name tu! rees 
 
 I 
 
 ' ! 
 
ted leaflets, eacb 
 il paler beneath . 
 nches browuish- 
 
 1 the Frax- 
 k, is said to 
 !rican flow- 
 •h was also 
 io witli tlie 
 irdcnesque, 
 ase, a siow- 
 t the appli- 
 lenta! trees 
 is strongly 
 
 Genus CATALPA, Juss. 
 
 UignoniacetB. 
 
 Si/al. Nat. 
 
 Catalpa, Eigtionia, 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Pen'vatiima 
 liignonia was so 
 
 Diaiidria Jlonogynia. 
 l^ijsl. Lin. 
 
 Of AuTHons. 
 
 SS; £SS.i; :rESS,S - ;;;K3- 5; J .. jj;», ;„„; . „..,.,,., „ ,„. ^„. , „ 
 
 Generic Characters. Calyx 2-parte(l 
 lobed hmb. Stamens ,5, 2 „f wh.'ca are le 
 
 MliquR-formed, long, cylindrical '^-vtIvp,! n; -"^ 
 
 margined, and papp.se'at the ^ 1^!^^:^^^;:^^!^^' "" ^"'^^'^• 
 
 lobed .itnbrit;.m^;s^j|-^?Xh^rettS"3oPtE:;^er"r '"^^' ^"<^ ^ "-^-' ■^- 
 ylindrical, 2-valved. Dis^.^ .^n. 'i'!™.: f"^ ^'■ ^('""'•'^ b.la.nellate. Capsule 
 
 Seed: 
 
 Capsule 
 iiiembranously 
 
 shghtly ciliated, havin- the ^onornl nnr,: '""f ^ '°'''^''^^' ^^^^P'^ serrated, and 
 
 The flowers, wiueh ^fu fortl^ rApnl^oTMn? "^ '^]T ^^ ^ gig'^^'ic sun-flower 
 Ciloxinia caulescens, ind have tn ^ ireon J n^' f '" "'' '■^^^"^^^''"g t'^ose of the 
 mock orange, (Philadelpl's corona? ustLt?"'' '"'"''^ '5^^ '"^'^ ^'''-^^ ^^ 'he 
 native of Japan and was introduced mo^ R ^'^Tn'"*"\ '^''^^ ^^^^ '« a 
 
 or three years before that dah> t7 ? "'•^'^■^*^' ^"'^ '"f" France two 
 
 •^lantes £paris, wherfi^wU iooJ^hrwKlf T^'S i'"'',^ '" ^'" ^^^^^^'"^ ^- 
 and in 1812, had acquired the hcieht of f^n ?. r / f '""'^'^^"^ ''^"^ covering, 
 diameter. The plants at Trhnon I nxlT ^ ^""""h producnig leaves two feet m 
 having made shoots from u/c ve to f'urleen^ "!?'' '"^''^ ^" ^'^^'•- S^'^^^'^h, 
 
 species was introduced into the iSed Stat In Tin f Vt'"^''^ ^^'''- ^'"^ 
 Flushing, near New York wliero it -mL; i^ !, ^^^' ^^ ^^^'^''■' P^U'sons, of 
 cring. during the last two Wh te s It Z. i. / V'' 'P'" '"^•■' ^^^^'^^^^^ ^"^ ^"v- 
 series in the union, and b ds f ih' to ho n T , ''^r P^'^P^^S'^ted in several nur- 
 ornamental plantations pticuhlvi,, sin,? '"' '^^f'^'^^'V*" ""^ shrubberies and 
 object. It isV.asily prom^^^^^^ ^^'^^^'^ "^'^ediate eftbct is the 
 
 will grow in any coLiion'gardeu^o 1 Z ?f ^' '"°l'' P"' '''''' ^''^^^b-pots, and 
 somewhat loamy. ^ °'' ' ^"' '' ^''"^^^ best in one that is dry, and 
 
' f 
 
 ; a- 
 
 :!' li ; ii / 
 
 il ii; 
 
 I'i' '^ : 
 
 Catalpa syringafoUu, 
 
 THE LILAC-LEAVED CATALPA-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Bignonia catalpa, 
 
 Catalpa syringcefoUa, 
 
 Catalpa, 
 
 Buis Shavanon, 
 
 Trompeteiibaum, 
 
 Catali)a, Catawba-tree, 
 
 LiN.\^.us, Species Plantarum. 
 Miciufx, Nor.h American Sylva. 
 Don, Miller's Dictionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum 13r'itannicum. 
 Britain, Fiunof., and Italy. 
 French Louisiana. 
 Germany. 
 United States. 
 
 
 form of ii3 (lowf ra. 
 
 figfr:f'S;r "^"^•'''"^' ^'-"' Amoncan Sylva, pi. 64; Loudon, Ar.ore.u.n Eritan.lcum, vil., pi. 2,5 et 216; and the 
 
 Description, 
 
 ^ ^^:p|HE Catalpa syringaifolia, in 
 =^0 r L^ its natural habitat, fre- 
 quently exceeds fifty feet 
 - .-. e^i/J5dl 111 height, with a trunk 
 Irom eighteen to twenty-four inches in diameter. 
 It ]s easily recognized by its bark, which is of a 
 silver-gray colour, and but slightly furrowed ; and 
 by Its wide-spreading head, disproportioned in size 
 to the diameter of its trunk. It also dilfers from 
 most other trees in the fewness of its branches, and 
 the line, palc-grccn of its very large leaves, which 
 are late in coming out in spring^ and are'among 
 the first to shrink at the approach of autumn! 
 1 hey are heart-shaped, petiolated, often six or 
 seven inches in width, glabrous above, and downv 
 beneath, particularly on the principal ribs. The 
 flowers, which put forth in July or August oc- 
 cur in large bunches, at die extremity of the . m 
 branches and are white, maiked with purple and yellow soot., Tn \..rl m 
 seasons, they are succeeded bv capsules or seed nndruTT f^ favourable 
 those of the common c'ibb-.<ip W nn n ^'^''''-P'^^' ^^^'^'i somewhat resemble 
 
 long, and curveH; ^.;jff5mbl nAioriT'^'^^^^^^^^^ ""''"f ^I'-'^'^'^X ^^^" ^''' 
 of a brownish colour, when ri r^d com n thin H^ o'f "V^"?' ""'f- P^"^^"^' 
 narrow, membranous wine, en^ nated by a Ai 1 ,, ;^'' developed in a long, 
 
 wingjs about an i..h longhand on^eightl^o^'n^ ^^^'^ ^^"'^ ^^« 
 
 Geography and lltstory. The Catalpa syringa^folia is ind^enous to the soutli- 
 
■ that formerly occii- 
 111 its heiii!,' fiiiiid ill 
 iiiipettree, from llie 
 
 15 et 216; and the 
 
 5 stronfi:. Pani- 
 , ^filler's Diet. 
 
 favourable 
 It resemble 
 ly two feet 
 d pendent, 
 1 in a long, 
 d with its 
 
 the south- 
 
 LIUC-LEAVED CATALPA-TREE. 
 
 407 
 
 on tliose of the ('umberl-i..,] hu,.; Jx 'Savannah, and west of the Allc-hanior 
 latitude. Farther TotUh'T's 'reTomln"?f 'l' '"'"l ^^-^^V-^'^-^l^ de|ree Tf 
 he nvcrs which empty into the mTss'sS 1 ,'"''"1"''^' '''^' ^'^« '^"^ders of all 
 In. a cultivated stati, it is to be mot S^^r""^^ 
 
 cit.es and large towns from AW (>e'^ 'irfon -""'"'" '^.' ''''' "^ ^^^' «f the 
 sachusetts; but in ti.e latter plare i dw nr L;^ ?^' '° ^«^^h"ryport, in Mas- 
 killed back by the frost. ^ ' ' ^^^"^^'«« ^^^^n to a mere shrub, and is often 
 
 ^e,nent^tn;^-/SrtXf^;::;'il M-k "r^^' "^ ^^^«' -d is 
 on the continent of J.]uropc. "^ ''"'^ collections, both in that country, and 
 
 two £/;;;?Sg;;^-!s! ars/liirXnii'dlJ^:;^' '- 1 'y-' -^-^^ ^^ «^y- 
 
 ot branches of /ifty feet. ""^ '" diameter, and an ambitus or spread 
 
 Ihe largest catalpa in France is nt ihn <:.' 
 planting, had attained the height or/fu-l^^Pt'tV''' '^'"'.'^' '" ^^''''^Y V^ars after 
 and that of the head thirty f,>"t ^ '"'' '"'''' ''^ ^''""'^ ^wo feet in diameter 
 
 th^ Je;r heU^. "^"^^-' ^-'-^y' there is a tree of this species, exceeding 
 
 whlih^hfuventVli'^year^'lier'n^^ ^^'^'^'^ "''^^^ is a catalog 
 
 with a trunk eighteen hichesi.^ditat'r^'.nf '"''f '^ '''' '^^'S''^ of fo ty S' 
 ot twenty-four feet. diameter, and an ambitus or spread of brandS 
 
 and along the avenues to houses .n Z T ? '' P'^"^^^! «« a road-side tree 
 rach, and the tulip-tree, (LriSd^o^^^^^ where with the Melia az dal 
 
 'Jio.st, with the Magnolia ac.nS a anr n 1 ''•"'^ ^^r^'' ^^'^^''^ the soil is 
 dour and beauty, worthy of "cl m a[e o co 'en'i^I?'' '' ^"™^ "" ''''''■ «f ^plei ! 
 
 About the first tree of tl.i« «nnii ^°,*^""g*^n>al to vegetation. ^ 
 
 is said to stand n h'ont of t he hte r-T"''' was i,,troduced into New England 
 street, Hartford, in the sLt o Con JcU cuT'Vi?^'^^'' ^''''T''' "^ ^^asin^ gtoii 
 size, and when in bloom, appears ike n 1" . . ''^P^^sejited as being of a large 
 beheved to exceed fifty yeaif of ale '^^'^ '""'' ^^ "^^^S^"' A^^'^rs. Itis 
 
 Sro:rSri£-cnn!^^^^ roorSVr^f ^^'^ ""^ ^^^^^ ^"^ it -m 
 much sooner than when propagated by' 4 ds The ?"' '''^;^' '' '"'-^ ^^^^^r 
 It acquires the height of Iwenty feet whSi in n 1. V °^ "i"?*^ g'^'^^^th till 
 attain in ten years. Seedling plants UneAiv..t-f^^^^^ '°''' ^^ will usually 
 circumstances, in twelve or "fi tee yea s 1 fd nf , M' ^ tnider favourable 
 
 wood IS well ripened, they conti uif bwcr n. ^ '''"'^ '''"^^ions wlie.e the 
 appearance, not only Vron/tlielar<^^ size a'dHJ''^ ^ splendid 
 
 froin the fine pale-gi^en of its leases '^^ ^''^*'"' ""^ ^he blossoms, but 
 
 iine S;:; :;;^ S;ec;!;^,:S^^ tSnu^'r /^ T-'^^^^'^ ''^'>t, of a very 
 white; and, when properly s J. "ouedirverr,?^^ -^olo^- is of a grayish^ 
 
 of the sycamore, (Platanus,) will tliisevcen. inn fl"' . ^^ resembles the wood 
 iHie, and is less durable when ex nosed ?o 1 1 1 ' ^^'^^- ^^^'^ '^''"er is of a reddish 
 "ess. It is sometimes used fo po^'s o rura ?hnl ""'' i"-' "^' "^''i^ture and dry- 
 a portion of the bark of the cat- ht ho .1 T-^' ''"'^ "^ cabinet-making If 
 oifensive odour is exhale n a ?,' c^i^ roT-^iV' '""'r^T^^ ^ "^'^'^^^oSs and 
 P'-, the bark of this tree waJ^ iS^;';;:? ^^ t^ f^t^^'l^fi '^^^'ff 
 
 - ._iiii., ,u,..i more powerfully 
 
hi 
 
 408 
 
 CATALPA SYRING^FOLIA. 
 
 The flowers are extolled as bei/g a sov^e^gi^Inl^^^a"^"^^ """""■> 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
LauracesB. 
 Si/it. Xat. 
 
 Genus LAURUS, P/m. 
 
 Launs, Persea, Borbonia, 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Enneandria Monogynia. 
 <&>/. Lin, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 'SHS Sf 'f F^^^S-uKS'i.S.S^ ,frn« 0, 6 exterior, 3 
 
 ^''efal^grel.'^fre?^ botanists, and sev- 
 
 convenienceof classificat on\ve ' ^^^ l^ Y'^''^' ^"^ the 
 
 m all the species winch we have nntfn ,"'^nn ' ^'""^^^ "'^mes 
 perfectly hardy kinds namphT "^ticed There are only three 
 
 - . ^ zoin ; but there a e seV ra7 snec^es'!h?t "° n 'r ' '"^^"f^^«' ^"^ ben! 
 mild climates, or with littlo nrnto^,- ^P^cics that will hve n the onen air in 
 
 The Laurus benzoin (^ptbSwUI^;:^ T" ""[^^^ ^^ -''-"on" 
 Virgmia to Canada, growing S tuee to twl f '^?°"l'^.''"'^' ^ "^^^^^ ^rom 
 distinguished by its highly pungent and aromS h 'J'" t"'?^^' ^"'^ ^^ ''^^dily 
 stimulant and tonic, and is extensivnlv ,,1? u ^'''^' "^^ich is regarded as a 
 the cure of intermittent fevers TnTl'nrofj" ^^"/^S^""^ ^^here it Abounds in 
 Laurus cinnamomum, and cassii whi ' ""'"^^''^es called /et-er bush. The 
 China, Sumatra, &c and Xll a^ '^'jXv".?'^' ^^ <^eylon, klabar, CocWn! 
 Brazil and other places, prod ^e the cinniln.. i" ^"'^^^^ Mauritius, Jamaica, 
 are called cassia buds, are not obtai ed from ThP T '^'''^ °^ commerce. Wha 
 gular fleshy receptacles of t^ seeds of h^.^''"'""' '^'''^' b»t are the hexan- 
 and buds are used for the same purnos'''' " cinnamon-tree. Cassia bark 
 
 ered as inferior in value, onTccoCf of contalnirr ^'J^^' ^"^ ^'^^>^ ^'^ ^°"'i^ 
 lage. From the present genus wHl^n ?".^^'"'"g ^ greater proportion of muci- 
 
 merce, which is L product of t"£Luri'caLVorfr '^ }''' ^'"^Ph''^ ^^ -•^- 
 Laurus indica is indigenous to Made a aiTfhp p' ''^?',' considered. The 
 which IS highly esteemed in cab net-making T. ""V 'j^^^"'^^' *be wood of 
 from mahogany, except that it is somewh m'p,, " ^-^"^'^^ be distinguished 
 IS miported into England under tl e nTm J S 71^. J "'"" /" ''' '"^°"'- «^»<^« " 
 
 To the same natural order belo t tho C.nf f* ^na/ioga?ij/. 
 ciflorum,) and the CaliforniL uShibna tSe^^ (Drimophyllum pau- 
 
 gant evergreen trees, natives of Uppe cS cahfornica,) both ele- 
 
 of twenty or thirty feet, and the KTfrom for'tn ^T"""^ ^T'^'^'S to a height 
 With a trunk from two to fou £ n diaml? °"t? ^"r^'*''* ^"'^ ^^^^"^y f^«t, 
 Mutall, gives out, when bruised a mo.fnr^r , ''« foliage, according to Mr 
 from as pungency, is capable ofexcitirnSf^ .'.'Jy^'^^T^ odour,^hich 
 
 .akmganmcisionint.hetfe---Sj-Xlfe^^ 
 
410 
 
 LAURUS. 
 
 ?nc£'''*"' '" '"''' quantities, that several quarts may be obtained by a single 
 
 the latter of which embraces several species of decidiinii<i «=i,r,, « a V ' 
 natives of the south of Europe, India, Cliina,"and of SoZlm a ''^The'S 
 hardy land is the V.tex agnus-castus, indigenous to Sicily The teak-?ree 
 (Tectona grand.s,) which is justly called the ''oak of the east," abounds in the 
 vast forests of Java, Ceylon, Malabar, Coromandel, &c, more espSlv in e 
 
 .^rr-u"'^ ^T- '•"•^r^- ''^ ^*"^^«'' >« considered superior to^aloXies for 
 sh.p-building. It IS easily wrought, and at the same time ii both strong and Jura 
 ble. This tree, Mr. Royle informs us, has been planted as far nor h JT^nha 
 runpore m India, in about the same latitude as the Sern parts of Old ^n^^^' 
 ma a.)d o the Canary Islands; where, from their moSnScla^^^ 
 highly probable it might be cultivated with success. t-'i'^racter, u is 
 
 * See Nuttall's North American Sylva, p. 89. 
 
 
It is 
 
 
 Lawns iiobilis, 
 THE NOBLE LAUREL-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Laurus nohiUs, ( I;'nn^cs, Sppcics Plantarum 
 
 j MaRtvn, Mill,,r's Dictionary ' 
 Launer commun, La-.irier noble, Laurier "' ^'^"^'^'"'n Britanilicum. 
 
 (xeniciner Lorberbaum, ' ^ 
 
 Alioro, Lauro, Orbaco. Germany. 
 
 Laurel, Sweet Bay, Jj*^'^- 
 
 £n?rfli>,«,,. Blackwell, Herbal Dl 17-;. T . . 
 
 -'"' ^--- %"•« PlZlZ. "^'""^'^ '-='^"- «^^«^ d-<=.ous. Leaves lanceolate, veiny.- Tr,//rf,. 
 
 Description. 
 
 "0 vow d ihB laurel to ilio laurel's gid." 
 
 ViROIL. 
 
 HE Laurus nobilis is a beautiful 
 tree, or rather enormous shrub 
 --..-^ .w.-, «. ^^"^'^^""es growing to a height 
 al^;;;^^&K,f^^fp,,^''''^y,''^««^enty feet, but 
 
 and rarelyfif^e^er ^s 1 '^ *" ''^""^^^ "P «"«l^«rs; 
 without the a d of ar? T '"^ ^ ''"''■"'^'^ character 
 green, are of a fir na IfnTi'' T''' '".^^'^'^ ^^« ^^^^i 
 
 The male tS the m",S,' "'°/"" """ ""= '«'""=>' 
 portion of y:ilo*r °JL^'X7-;™'"'h= greater pro- 
 
 ^^y a. greodn;t:r<[ "h;r ^i'-pei;; , , 
 
 Varieties. The varieties recognized nnrl^r fi • 
 
 1. L. N iMTiroLu, Loudon CZt^Awr';'''' '"'•^ ^^ follows.- 
 udles, of the French. This variSv hn« i *^' ^'""■^'^'' ^^^^'•^er d Ian 
 .n tu... of the species. is jnd Jeno?~ T ""'f' ^'^''^'" ' 
 several other kinds '"'''""""^'^ '" ^pa"^: Italy, and 
 
 feuiVa 
 
 than 
 
 hard 
 
 gss 
 hpr 
 
 is less 
 
413 
 
 LAURUS NOBILIS. 
 
 ■i'i-" ^ 
 
 *u^'J'' ^\ ''^"V''"''"' *^'""^'-'^«"«' Noble Lnvrd; Lnurier d pctUc^ feuUho of 
 soninra.""'"'"""" ^' '" ^""'''^^ '^•"^'^^' "'•«- ''« leaves' rrLidSra. 
 
 3. li. N. SAMCIKOr.IA, FiOndon. WitlnW-Irtn^Ftl \T,J,1n T ...... ^1 1 1 • 
 
 f««* I ■ I -.11 '••^I'-'u. ''*""''' «t'M^ert i\«^y;e /v////'M, a shrub siY nr otrlit 
 
 iSScr' '""^' """" ^•^^^"' "«^ ^« ^^"'^'^ - ''-- '^f the «p"cies aJ^d^f k^ 
 
 4. L. N. UNDur.ATA, Loudoii. Undulated-hmcd Noble Laurel a low -limh .ol 
 dom growing higher than from four to six feet, with loaves wavedZ £ edit 
 and IS said to be more hardy than the species ^^''^' 
 
 cu?ied^' "■ '"'■'''' ^"'"'^''"- ^'''V^rf-fe^'^erf W«We /.«,,,./, with leaves somewhat 
 
 6. L. N. VARiEOATA, Loudon. Varierrn/ed-lenved Noble Laurel. 
 
 n.nJ' T^"" ';''^,'?' ^^^"'^°,?; ^ouble-Jlowered Noble Laurel. 
 
 Geography and History. Tlie Laurus nobihs is a native of the south of 
 
 1 he exact date of the introduction of this species into Britain is unknown hnt 
 
 h.M' nn/r? J""'" ^r '''''' '"^ ^•'^'^2, as it is ilientionod by T/micr rr"H^^^^^^^ 
 
 SnLS' f^ '" t''^U-«'^'-; ^'"l ^^^ find that, in the reign of E Laboth the 
 
 Til hi' ;'"''' f J'«''ng"i«l'od persons were strewed with its leaves ' 
 
 The largest recorded tree of this species in Britain, is at Mar-ram hi Glamor 
 
 ganshire, on the seat of C. P. Talbot, M. P, about twe ve miles fSwansea't 
 
 sLryTefinliSef' "^ ''"^'"'^ '''''' ^ '"^^'"^^^^-^ '^''-'^^^' suSt,^ abouE 
 wm! oT'^f S;«^«. n«ar Dublin, in Ireland, there is a laurel fifty feet in heishi 
 u:^niyI:fLr " ""''"' '"' "^ ^"'^^^^" ^^ «P^'^'^^'^ branches' of 
 
 Throughout Germany, the Laurus nobilis is a green-house plant In Russii 
 m the Crimea, it requires protection during winter ^ ' 
 
 In Italy and Spain, it attains a larger size than in any other nart of Enronn 
 forming immense bushes from fifty to seventy feet in height ^ ^ ' 
 
 In the northern parts of the United States, it is only cultivated as a ^rreen 
 house p ant; but ,n the southern sections of the union, where the climSe is' 
 more mild, ,t grows in great perfection in the open air. ' "" '' 
 
 Mythological and Leffendary Allusions. This tree is celebrated in rnvtholo^v 
 of a3 ""? ^''•; ^'^Phn^^. ^''^ ^I'-^^ghter of Peneus, who, flying rom thTemb a?e^s 
 
 t^f^^l ''f ^""S !''" ^^"'" °^ ^'^' ^^'^''' «t^«^"^> called on the ri^er god fo 
 protection was changed into a laurel. In the age of Roman Rreatness thk t pp 
 was considered as the emblem of victory, and also of cleaner The ^iom^^^^^^^^ 
 generals were crowned with it in their triumphal procSsio.fs- every common 
 soldier carried a sprig of it in his hand, and even the dispatched annouS" a 
 vu:tory were wrapped up in, and ornamented with, its leaves. S a oma'tic 
 odour of this tree was supposed by the ancient Romans to have the power oTd- 
 pelhng contagion; and, during a pestilence, the Emperor ClauduXmoved his 
 court to Laurentum, so called from the bay-trees which grew w h nTs waU 
 Theophrastus tells us that the superstitious Greeks would kfep a bay eaf n the ^ 
 mouths all day, to preserve themselves from misfortune. The Greeks alo ad 
 diviners who were cal ed Daphnephagi, because they chewed laurel eaves 
 which they pretended inspired them with the spiiit of prophecy "Sehurel 
 was dedicated to Apollo, and the first temple raised to tCgod at Delph va 
 formed of the branches of this tree. It was the fa-'ourite tree of ?he noets ■ 3 
 we are told that Maia. the mother of Virgil, dreamed lliat she was del?vetd of a 
 
NOBLE LAUREL-TREE. 
 
 413 
 
 
 gua lagamst l,„|„„i„|5; „„j MaXlXiL fj""" "» .""PPO'^I to be a^afo. 
 me ",',!; '"'""'' "••" " l«'y-"-«', wT, (I o ij "' 'T'? "',° i""'"" °f "«' Co.,,,, 
 
 A^^Arfor or AacmA„/mL, from the • ?. 7'"'^^' ^''^* t'"'s iudicate the title of 
 St dents, formerly, vvere not allowed to «'^^'"''•'-'^^ '^-^'"-^J herrios Ko 
 
 father sl,„„la ,„k„ ,„„„ r,„„ .-hoT; mc;ar;"p,',7s,'„',T' ^'„ I " ■'""- ""- 
 
 were called bachelors 
 aS/'r' " '" "°" »JaP ed for WKer Thi? ■"''''' "''™ "« 'rata '^^o a 
 
 Se-a." ^"■""' °^ " -" "f- -"<• '?-.^ei3;;^us;r,t'ap^ei:a 
 
 considered medicinil, being Lhl'arom... ^''^'^^^^^^ «"d berries were formerTv 
 
 and 
 
'4 
 
 i 
 
 If' i||J 
 
 V-! ''4 
 1^ 
 
 }l, . ...- 
 
 Lnurus carolinensis, 
 
 THE CAROLINA LAUREL-TREE. 
 
 Laurus earolineniis, 
 
 Laurier de la Caroline, 
 
 Carnlinischer Lorberbaum, Rolher Lot- 
 
 berbaum, 
 Alloro (li Carolina, 
 Carolina Laurol-trw, Red Bay-tree, Broad- 
 
 leavful Carolina Bay-tree, 
 Carolina Laurel-tree, lied Bay-tree, 
 
 Catesdy, Natural History of C 
 MuMUiTx, North Ameriran Sylva. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 France. 
 
 Germanv, 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 United States. 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 .an^S!'"f:fl«"r.tf ■a^il'r^^'nlfl^iTlS""''""' •"• ''■• '^"^"»-' ''""'• American Sy.v., p,. 82, Loudon, Ar.x.r..um B,|. 
 ''^^^^Il^'^.^-^,,!t;r^' '^"""'^"'' ^'^''y «'~ ^--"'- rio-» in pedun. 
 
 Descrijuion. 
 
 HE Carolina Laurel, al- 
 thougli it .sometimes at- 
 tains a lieightof sixty or 
 -,~^..- . - - seventy feet, in its natu- 
 ral habitat, with a trunk fifteen or twenty inches 
 in diameter, rarely exhibits a regular form • its 
 stem generally being crooked, and divided 'into 
 several tfuck limbs, eight, ten, or twelve feet 
 above the ground. Upon the trunks of old trees, 
 the bark is thick, and deeply furrowed ; but on 
 young stocks and branches, it is smooth, and of 
 a beautiful green colour. The leaves are about 
 SIX inches long, alternate, oval-acuminate, glau- 
 cous on the lower surface, and everijicen. The 
 male flowers come out in April or May in Ion'' 
 clusters from the axils of the leaves; and the 
 iemale flowers occur in loose bunches, on rather 
 long, red peduncles. The berries, which are of an oval form, and of a rich dark- 
 ^iZ. "^ red cnps, and occur two, and sometimes three together. ' 
 Vaneiies Michaux states that this tree differs exceedingly in its character 
 nrT^T^" '}'' ^^^V"'^." "^ ^^hich it grows. Luurus ioS^, of Lm [s 
 probably the form which it assumes in the southern states; a d £ m S S/? 
 the one m which it appears in the more northern states. ' The t^irS lb bwiS 
 liMn'lsir-^' '^ ^' '"""^'^ "^^•^^^'^' ^" °f ^^hich were in!roduced int Brh? 
 glaimis"" '''''^' ^"'''^'- ^^«*'-«''^-^^«'^^^ Carolina Laurel, with leaves slightly 
 puLcent CeT"' ''""'• ^"^--^'-^--'^ OaroUna Laurel, having slightly 
 obLa '• °''"''' ^"''^' ^^'"^^-^^«^'^^ (^^rolina Laurel, with the leaves ovate- 
 
CAROLINA LAUHEL-TnEE. 
 
 Virginia, ar.cf i/io„ncJ Ire o/loss'"j;;l!'T''''f ''\ '"d'g^no.u. to tl.c lower part of 
 of the Carolina., f^eorg a fiVS T'T^ ""'""8''o"t '!'«> n.ariti noXtr £ 
 swamps which ititorsrr tl.„ • V"'"^ "* i-otiisiatiu. It occurs in .l.n . ? 
 t'T-io. (^yssa biZ^y^ J^°„,^tA"«»^and is thoro' aSatei w th 'the 
 
 »'", oy Miller, m I7,i[)^ ],, i.'-„„„,. „/ "'.'^'»r<»iina. It was cii t vated in Urir 
 
 and of a beautiful roso-colo ,r with a Vnlf ^""''"'^ c^rolinonsis is very strong 
 a brdhant polish, having tl e a^araucc •^f'Tf^'^S^'^'^"'' ^^"^' '« ^usccpt bR 
 
 n sh.p-bu.khng, and for oth?r puroose. of n l''^" • *' '"'s''^ ^'^^ be employed 
 tes 01 strength and durabilit^j^b f • ^run 'f '"'''T' ?^ '^ ""'^^^ ''«« Proper- 
 cient dimensions to render it ivnilnhu f \ °-''' ''^'"'^'y ^ound, of late of siiffi 
 
 ,i n 
 
Laurus sassafras, 
 
 Laurier sassafras, Laurier des Iroquois, 
 
 Sassafras-Lorberbaum, 
 
 Sassofrasso, 
 
 Sassafras-tree, Saxifax-tree, 
 
 Laurus sassafras, 
 THE SASSAFRAS-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 I LiNN«tT3, Species Plantarum. 
 J MicHAux, North American Sylva. 
 ( Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anolo- America. 
 
 XA^I^, tiJeli^rj^S^I'^-KJl^'S^'jS^^^^SPX^^won^ ^^^,0. ,a.ifra., which Is ,pp„ed to a 
 V^^:^'&^t^i^^.:^^:^^:iA^^ ^'^^^^^-S!^- ^-^ ^^Ou^on, Birds of America, iii„ 
 
 \fsameTd"' B^TySeTbraShS' 21^""'^ ^°'\''''''r T' ^"""^ are produced from 
 entire or with " TlnW v '''^^"°''^''' ^"^^ ^^^ «nder surface of the leaves, pubescent. Leaves 
 
 racemes Anth;^ wSt 4 uneaual^celTs "'?n Tf "7^'^«' ''^'- ?i°*"^ ^" '°'y^^°'' conglomerate 
 Hke bodies, hke'^^e'cf tleTa^rL^lrs.-^^^^^^^^^^^ '^'^^"'^^^''^ '' "^« P'«"'' -^ ' ^^-'l- 
 
 Description. 
 
 " If Fever'3 fervid ra?e 
 If r*!"^ i" '■i? '»i'i"g veina, with care they "*♦♦** 
 ***** "Freely 11 rg'd 
 The cool aperient from the fragrant bark 
 Of Sassafraij ;"****♦ 
 ***** " To supply 
 
 The place of faiiiM Cinchona, whose rough brow 
 rtow ruddy, and anon with paleness mark'd, 
 Urinks in its native bed, the genial gales 
 Of mountainous Peru," 
 
 Thaits op the Abokioinbs, 
 
 HE Laurus sassafras, in fa- 
 vourable situations, some- 
 ^ times attains a height of fifty 
 ^ ^ ^.^^^^ or sixty feet, with a trunk 
 irom one to two leet in diameter ; but ordinarily it 
 does not much exceed one half of these dimensions, 
 1 he bark of the trunk is of a grayish colour, and is 
 deeply furrowed; and that of the young branches is 
 smooth, and of a beautiful reddish-green. On cut- 
 tmgmto the cortex or true bark, it exhibits a dark, 
 dull-red, much resembling the colour of the Peru- 
 vian bark. The trees, when old, often give birth to 
 numerous suckers, that spring up at little distances 
 trom their trunks, which rarely rise higher than six 
 or eight feet. The leaves of the sassafras are four 
 or five inches in length, alternate and petiolated. 
 At their iinfolding, in spring, they are downy, and 
 ot a tender texture; but become smoother, anrl 
 more firm by age. They are remarkable for t 
 
 ,, -- I.-.-. !-„.„ tne same loxm, with u lobe on one side; and the last, and 
 
 variety of their forms on the 
 
;h Is applied to a 
 of America, iii., 
 
 reduced from 
 
 ent. Leaves 
 
 conglomerate 
 
 are 6 gland- 
 
 s on the 
 >val and 
 lastj and 
 
 SASSAFRAS-TREE. 
 
 & Yor,^ ";"i^'; '- the last of March 'butTnt^.?^ ^."^''""''^ ^"d Geor! 
 
 Sgtg'to rsL^T"^'- ^"^ thewl?e or smooth fcind^'h'^ '^ ''^^"^■fi^« 
 
 feet m height. I.i the neigiu,m r ood oVk ^^LPP';^^'-^^"^^. "ot exceeding tweX 
 t grows to a height of forty o fifty feef^';;; \T^' ^^^ l^'^iladelphia, L 'ever^ 
 
 bark, wood, and leaves, is reX/d "^ nTr^ "'^'' ''"^ '^e properties of its 
 
 attention'rfV" '' ''' ^^^^^'^^ of^rNorth Zenf "?'*^^ ^^ ^^ "pP-- 
 uses Gprnr^ '^r'""'- i^fon^^rdez, in 1540 a d nftn. h " ^^?''' ^° '^"ract the 
 uses. Gerard caUs it the "ague-tree " nn/ ' . "^'^ ^nn Chisius, treat of its 
 
 historical raSe.i„"„'„?„a'i'';X,^nf^^ 
 
 -. fcc. ■|.*ei.i,,, ;l;';f xr,/ ^ro^irdh'*!.^^^ ■' « s^™. -hid, ,. rony. 
 
 branches of thirfw.f^.,.. <u„. rn,, '^l'^ '" ammeter, and nn ..i.Yi>.;f„„ J^, 
 
 of 
 
 thirty-four feet. Tl 
 
 lerc IS another t; 
 
 63 
 
 ' Bigelow, Medical Botany, 
 
 p. Ml 
 
 .-_ . ,, ,, ;imbitusor spread 
 ^^ ai Cobham Hall, in Kent, 
 
 ■ s 
 
 
 
 ft , 
 
418 
 
 LAURUS SASSAFRAS. 
 
 Wl 
 
 fn 
 
 -fr' 
 
 which, in thirty years after planting, had attained the heieht of fiftv feet with a 
 
 trunk eighteen inches in diameter. ^ ^ ' "" ^ 
 
 In France, in the neighbourhood of Nantes, there is a sassafras which in 
 
 ^0^/, Propagation ^c. The Laurus sassafras AviU grow in anv free soil 
 a her mo.st than dry, and is generally propagated fromleeds, whicL ouM be 
 sown or put nito a rot-heap, as soon as received, as they remain a year and 
 sometmies tvvo or three years, in the ground, befo^ they vegeUar The sassa 
 o d ZJ %^' propagated by cuttings of the roots, or by suckers thrown up bv 
 
 "efed .;^ It, '''''""T ''^'''' 'H 'r '' '^ ^^ ^^^^^y p'^"^^^, should loVl 
 
 tered, and, in the northern parts of Britain, as well as in Canada in order to 
 m^ire fine foliage, it should be planted against a wall. ' 
 
 _ Jnsecis. The Laurus sassafras is inhabited by the larvaj of various stierip^! nf 
 ZTnfTZ^ which are those of the black swaIlow-tailLt;cr7y, /4S 7,"^^ 
 nem, of Smith and Abbot, and of the {Adacm promct/iea, of Harris.) The lat- 
 ter usually come to their full size by the beginning of September when thov 
 
 KZlJ"? ZtVr T""^ '^"4^' ^"^ ^^^"^^-'f oTSnhich'indiTmeer' 
 Ihe body of this caterpillar is very plump, and but slightly contracted on the 
 
 back between the rings. It is of a clear, aid pale bluish-'green co our the held 
 
 nls L'f '^' '^'' "'" ^'"'^^^' '^'"'^ ^"-^ ^-^bout eigh? warts on ea h 5 he 
 
 rings; the two uppermost warts on the top of the second and third rhias are 
 
 almost cylindrical, much longer than the rest, and of a rich, co al-ied all ?he 
 
 rest of the warts are very small, and of a deep-blue colour. Befoi^ enter'iiit into 
 
 to sSveVol'':' "" "T^!^""' instinctively fastens to the branch, the iS tat 
 
 ho? f 1 . ^^''^' ^^ '^' ^°^"°"' '^ t^^^^it shall not fall off in autumn and 
 
 wit Lfwh i'f r' 'P'" "^"/'^ "PP*^"^ ''''^'> ^^"d^»S "^^'^ th« edges to form a hollow, 
 within which lies concealed its cocoon. These brown and curled leaves may be 
 
 fer aVSerT^'on^^TJ'" T' ^'T^ "'"^^^' ^^'^^ ^'^ theT^st of^th 
 10 la^e nas lallen. If one of these leaves be examined, it will be found to be 
 
 retained by a quantity of silken thread, which is wound round the tw .to the 
 
 dis ance of hal an inch or more on each side of the leaf-stalk and s tScl ca ! 
 
 di ofZleT ' Tr.' '" T'l'e '' r ''''' ^°'^«°"' ^'-^ ^« wrapped up byXe 
 smes 01 tlie leaf. The cocoon itself is about an inch long, of a regular oval shane 
 
 and consists of two coats. So strong is the coating of silk tlfat surrounds the 
 ttlTcZn"'''Tf '''' ''''T '''''' '^' ^^^^"'^hes^, that it canno Te eve ed 
 w u . I ?"'''''%^°.'''''' ^"^ consequently, the chrysalis swings securely 
 within Its leaf-covered hammock, through all the storms of winter." The sas 
 satras, as wel as the balsam poplar, the elm, the dogwood, ad the leaves of 
 clover and of Indian corn, are fed upon by the'lo caterpillar '(Satu ia ioT 
 
 wl^/7" /? "i"^ ^r- • ^^'^ ^^"'^'^ «f ^'^^ Laurus sassafras, in young trees is 
 wliite and tender; but m those which exceed fifteen or eighteen iLl es in dian 
 eter, 1 IS of a reddish cast, and of a more compact grain. ^ fs norhoweve i a" 
 the latter respect, to be compared with the oik, as a piece of con ido mble ^i"e 
 may be broken with a slight effort. Consequently, the sassafras is of litUe va lue 
 as a nnber-tree, where strength is the object in view. Experience lasshc^vn 
 
 ofl nV^'I'-f'^PP^i -"^^'^ ^""'^'^ ''''''''' ^°^ ^ considerable perfodteproS 
 1 t.Z\ I' '" '" ^'^'f f'^"""' employed for the posts and ails of n raffences 
 It IS also sometimes used for joists and rafters in thJ construction of houses and 
 
 * See Harris' Report, pp. 280 et 281. 
 
feet, with a 
 
 , which, in 
 feet, with a 
 
 y free soil, 
 1 should be 
 I year, and 
 The sassa- 
 own up by 
 lid be shel- 
 iu order to 
 
 species of 
 ■*ajnlio ilio- 
 The lat- 
 when they 
 1 diameter, 
 ted on the 
 
 the head, 
 ach if the 
 
 rings are 
 ;d ; all the 
 tering into 
 e leaf that 
 tnmn, and 
 , a hollow, 
 cs may be 
 rest of the 
 »und to be 
 wig to the 
 lience ear- 
 up by the 
 val shape, 
 ounds the 
 e severed 
 
 securely 
 The sas- 
 leavcs of 
 io.) 
 ? trees, is 
 
 in diam- 
 wever, in 
 rable size 
 ttle value 
 IS shown, 
 i progress 
 al fences, 
 ses; and 
 ted to its 
 c. ; but a 
 y devoid 
 
 But for these 
 
 SASSAFRAS-TEEE. 
 
 419 
 
 occasionally emp^oyfd 't I'e Zd ifn/'" ''? 'f "°^ "^ ^^^^itual use, being only 
 contams a considerable no ion of nt P ^'"'"^ ^'*"^'" ^^' ^"^1 ; and the bS 
 chesnnt. The wood imp'arts'o wooraTer^SlT ''^ '"^""^^' ^''^ ^^a^ « ' he 
 Medicnially, the wood barlr inH rl, . 7u"^^'^'^ orange-colour. 
 
 cellent stinl^Iant and s'uao ]ie and^m? be'^ ^'f^'^ '^'^ ^'^"^'^ered to be an 
 I medica. nnrl i., *i . ' '^"^ ^^ay be advantae-ennshr nn.T,i 1 :„ .. 
 
 ,„j,j lu^; wooa, Darlf ai 
 
 • ,: "'"Ill- auu suaoruic, ai 
 
 a meaica, and in the veterinarv nrf 'K^, "-s'^wnaiy umpioycu m mate- 
 
 thecureof various complaints Sir inrl^u'^^"''' formerly much celebrated in 
 wS^'r'' ^"^' by "^^'l-'" FaS^^^^ clropsy, and eutaneo 
 
 warm simulant and diaphoretic S';'r^'''pT'P^'°S"^^«^ as forming a 
 acnmomous, depending SnT resin and ZZ '' '''^''^'^ ^^^^'-^'^^ «nd somewhat 
 which are peculiar to this vegetable to r''"''^' ^'^^ ^'''' ^^e smell and tlste 
 and comparatively more so irtKri- of th^"'' ''""'^'^ ^" ^^e young branches 
 chips sold by d/uggists, is w 11 tiwf/arrt^mef 'f^^ 
 liie bark and pith of the young twi-s 7^ Zu ..^'^^ ^?' scorbutic affections, 
 a pure mucilaginous princfple res mbl l^ftl a of th 'hT'^'^ ^'"^'^^' '-^^ouud with 
 Mncilage of sassafras pith is pecul arfv m i^i '^*^'''/''"' ^^^"'entus (ochra.) 
 used with much benefit in dyseEvnnL?/ i''"'^ ubricatory, and has been 
 t<« inflammatory stages of oKSa^''^^.';'''^"" 1' "^['^ Particularly as a lo ion in 
 quantity of essential oil is ex tractod wi. • ] '''"? ^''? ^^'^' «f the roots the g ea es 
 •said deposits very beau m^^ ry ti T ^ f'' long exposure to the cold'T S 
 weak aromatic odour, when fS tl; , ^T""" "^ ^his tree, which have n 
 
 purifying the blood; 'a^^S for tit IZnT'^^r"^ "^ ^^""^^^'"c and efficaci^.L in 
 infusion of them is d;unloWtifltrsu^^^^^^^ "" fortnight in the sp^^an 
 
 the leaves are used to thicken nott-ilp ^ i' ^^e manner of tea. lu Louisfana 
 an agreeable beverage is formeCtrthe 'af^^^^^^^^^^ P^^^r^ "^^ United^ ,' 
 of the roots, usually known by the "me nf <= R ! T""? ''^«°t«' ^^^ of the bark 
 
 t-nuch 1 quest by perfumers, who conven^fpm , / ^'"' ' ''^ ^^e sassafras are 
 m small sachets; but what kro k,X„ h .^ '"'° P^^^^^'"' ^^^ich they put up 
 ^•as nuts," are the frtut of the Liir^KllS^etye';!"^^"^^ °^ ' '^^^ 
 
ii^ 
 
 r 
 
 4 
 
 !,4J 
 
 JI 
 
 Laurus camphora, 
 THE CAMPHOR-TREE. 
 
 Laurus camphora, 
 
 Camphrier, 
 Cainpherbanin, 
 Albero di canfora, 
 Camphor-tree, Camphire-tree, 
 
 WiLLDENow Linnaei Species Plantarum. 
 MICH4UX, North American Sylva 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 rRAXCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 
 Description. 
 
 k. fS) rf^f/^^^^ Laurus camphora is a lofty 
 r^ irB !:^^''g'"<^2» tree, growing to a 
 > ^_iJ (S height of fifty or sixty feet, with 
 
 eter ThrT^,:f i '^^ ''^ *^""'^ "^""^ proportionate diam- 
 smooth ThP 1 ^ '"■^"''''' ^^■'^ °^ ^ yellowish-green, and 
 bre of a briJ^r' ^'' °^"'' ^^""'^"^te, attentate at the, 
 bene'ath with fpti^r'^f '°''"''' '^'"^"^ ''^b'^^'^' ^^'^ P^'er' 
 ha^f h/lenl L ^'*^K'/'"' ''"\'"f'^ '"^ ^'^ ^"^^ and a 
 yellolK., - ^cS7 f iou^ld^^^S:^^ t 
 sohtat^^r «^- ^' ^ ^'-^^ -'--, each'ctt^Sn'g a 
 
 ^:r^a:^:z wuf caXiforT''Bth[r.!;n'^' ''f^ t^ ^^^^-^ ^^ ^'-e 
 
 state thatAiitius speak of it but Thn.P w' '^"^.^^^''^l subsequent writers, 
 
 his.writings; and Jthers have been rquallv nrr^ ' '? f "'^ ?^ "'^''^^ <^^ ^' "^ 
 Avicenna and Serapiou sneak of ithflun'^^^ '" ^^^"^ search of it. 
 cites Dioscorides. Simeon^Seth Vho UvldtL'fuu' ''"^''"'^ ''^"^ erroneously 
 his description is considered tth by Vo^.teIstd,vSn^"'^ ^"^ 
 
 record." This tree, Michaux remark. nn^lL. - -^k P/''"^^' ^"^ ^^ ^^e earliest 
 United States, and should e^pecW^S'^P^/^^^f,^ ngh degree of interest for the 
 Florida, the lower parts of S c;;o.tnaf fnd of fT'""'' "^ ?' inhabitants of 
 
 co£:Trs;:;^y^reS jr!ti^^X^^ ^^^^^ ^^ «^ ^ -'^^^^^^ 
 
 maktng trunks and bL^s, that arf iS^lrbe^l^^^^^^ 
 
CAMPHOR-TREE. 
 
 42i 
 
 at language, 
 and the figures 
 
 is. Panicles 
 
 to have 
 
 writers, 
 
 of it in 
 
 ■h of it. 
 
 neously 
 
 it; and 
 
 earliest 
 
 for the 
 
 ants of 
 
 ication, 
 
 light be 
 
 whitish 
 yod for 
 worms. 
 
 S^'LSfhlgh^i^egr'erbu^ ^he smell and taste of 
 
 so useful in medicine Ts 'obta''/ ^^^^^ 
 
 method of extracting ciUhornSh.'"''^'"^ to Kaempfer and Thunberg! th^ 
 «otha, in Japan, is m chop ^^^fhe rooNTn'!''' "^ ^.""f"'"^ ^"^ ^^e islands of 
 water in an iron vessel, with'an earthen hf T""^ ^^- '''' ''"''' ^"^ '^«i' ^''^m in 
 adapted to it, on which the camnhor .Zi '''^' contammg a quantity of straw 
 practised in China, from tt sSnt^of ^'A."^'n '^^ «"' '^'^ '"^^'^od 
 
 l^avies, appears to be somevvhl? d.Tfe^ent The .h ' ^\T'' pentrecolles, and 
 water and afterwards boiled int Ihe ^'nrJh . "P^"^ branches are steeped in 
 spatula used in stirring. Theirquid^s the^^s r 'f '"' '? ^'^^'"'^ "" "^^ ^^'^k or 
 phor concretes. Alternate laySs of drv earTh "fi ' T ^ ^J^ f '^"^ing, the cam- 
 camphor, are then placed in rcopper bLfn n w^ ^/ powdered, and of this 
 luted and by this means snblimatEs eSd ' """'^"'^ ^""^"^^^ °"« ^^ 
 
 or ^«~;A^^^^^^^^^^ namely, the B.., 
 
 former is brought from Batavia and 7, IS . t, "^["^'i" ^'"'^'^ camphor. The 
 imported in tubs covered by mating and each ^' '^' "^'f^' °^ ^^P^"- ^^ is 
 secured on the outside by ll^ o f^fs^Vcane F^^-V"^^^^^ ^"b, 
 
 hundred to one hundred and fifty pounds If .An ?^f^^/"b contains from one 
 which, by their natural adhesion LCvarion.jrf''^' ""^ Pmk-coloured grains, 
 ordmary crude camphor in having ^rgerlrSn In T"''' ^ ^' ^''^''' ^^'^ ^he 
 hming usually at a lower temperature^ Thin Hi.' '"I ''•^^"^•■' ^"^ i" ^ub- 
 
 from Singapore, Bombay, J. n souar^ chelr r'^ ^ 
 
 tam.ng from one hundred and forty to one Sr'n T^' ''"^ ^"^'' ^""^ '^^- 
 chiefly produced in the island of P^rmo " -^nd L h^"'^ u'^l'^'^ P°""ds. It is 
 J""'^.«'» very large quantities to CantoniL^^^^^ by the Chin-Chew 
 
 consists of dirty grayish grains wl rh ^rl n ^^t'^" "^^^kets are supplied. It 
 
 Its quality variLLbdng^retimettandTm^ '^T '^'''' «f Dutch camphor 
 as the Dutch kind. "»etimes wet and impure, but occasionally it is as fine 
 
 ba;^ip:zfs;ra^Sg:re^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^r ^-"^ «- ^^yo- 
 
 camp^ior or camphor oil if obtained by^a in "rnn^''"^-^""^'"- '^'^^ 1^^"*^ 
 which the liquid oozes out, and is received fnhnl.tP '"'^''u"' ^" ^'^« ^^««' ^^om 
 sils. It is occasionally imported inTnTn If ^'^'^^^^S' °' other convenient uten- 
 fectly limpid, transparenXid but LT ','.^"f sometimes consists of a per- 
 yellow or brown. ts odour is some.S 1^"^ '' '' '""''^ ""' '««« tinged with 
 combined with the odoS camZr 1 ^"^'''^'^^^ '^ t^^t of the oil of cajnputi 
 phor, called by the nZlf^XbJn'fs t^TnT fT^" '' ^"-'^ ^^ 
 of the wood, and occurs in small wht'te trnnln r '^f "^^"'•^' fi^^^res or crevices 
 camphoraceous odour, and a hot taste ' l '^"'P^'^^f fragments of crystals, of a 
 
 but^ from its exorbitant pdce^ i ra elv Ante s nt'^ ^ '^^''""'^ ^^ ''^' ^^'""^^^^ 
 
 Camphor is also found in numerof I ^^^^'y/oreign commerce.* 
 
 thyme, lavender, &c. The quuTiUtv hnvlo'' ''^T^^^V P^^Ppermint, rose-mary, 
 yield a commercial supply ^ ''^' ^'°'^'^"'' '^^' produced, is too small fo 
 
 * See Pereira's Materia Medica, ii,, pp. 343, 244 et 653, 
 
 F f 
 
Genus NYSSA, Linn. 
 
 ' I 
 
 Santalaceao. 
 
 i^i/il. Nat. 
 
 Polygamia DicEcia. 
 Si/al. Lin, 
 
 '^^:^^ n^s^ Irr fcri^'l;^^^'"--. ->- » w«.. „,.,.„ or .,. n..., w,. ....... Bacchus ; ^ca„. 
 
 Generic Characters. Flowars l.i^pvnni „« i ™ i 
 Calyx of bisexual now'^ccilnrrlm" hTo^lrl 'n hs i""'^ "P™ distinct plants, and without petals, 
 mens 0. Ovary ovate, containing 1 pern ufourovn p nn ' ^"''' ''^^'"^' '^ ''"'' ^-parted limb Sta 
 curved inwards. Stigma acute Fruit a rounnkf' . '" '"^r" '"^^ances, 2. Style simple, revolute 
 
 1 «^,'n ^.?o>''^''""''^"'' a superior rfuiicle Ca Ivv n/^f.i ^ "°"''/'^"'^ ^'"' ^^ embryo that has 
 5, 8, 10 and 12 ; surrounding a shield-shaned o-liml ^ r '"^ '^'''''"' ^-P^irteJ, spreading. Stamens 
 
 peduncled, of 1 flo.ver, or severa a Wat l^owers ^TT^'T""''.' '''''''■ Inflorescence axuTary 
 Irosty appearance.-Z««rf<,^, Arbore^ult!^ ''■ ^'"" '^"^ ""' black.sh-purple, suflused with ^a 
 
 namely, Ny sa biflo a' c^nr hnnl T' ^' v'-'^^'^' ^^ree species 
 tcr being so , ear vaHied St wp'i''"'^ grandiacutata, the tio lat- 
 „ , ing to tlfe same sp^ecles ' ''' ^'"^' '^'"^^^^^^^ ^^^"^ ^« ^elong- 
 
 genera'S;;L\ra„fD;[L°'hrfleToV"v ^"^"^^^^^ ^^^^ng the 
 
 mezerct^m, a wcll-Iaiolvn 's n.fmu h v^S ^'" r^^^^''"' (^^P^ne 
 
 for the beauty of its flowers and it'sZk I ^ ^ '•'*'"' ^"'^ shrubberies, both 
 ers in early spring, before th^ Ive^ when rfsTo'.m-f'fr''^^'^ fragrant'flow- 
 per, its branches are, ' ' ^^ '^ beautiiully expressed by Cow- 
 
 " Jvu!"}\ '"■?""''' '^<'" ""''■ed, and thick beset 
 VV ,11. blu.lmig wreath., iavesthig evoly spray." 
 
 ^^^^S'r^:: ^ri^t^:^ ^^^T'-') --times also called 
 extreme toughness of its inner baJkwht^hic ^^°''8'^'/i"d is noted for the 
 could not break, by puUin " a strii n'n^nM ■ '!', f '^"^ ^^'^^ the stoutest mati 
 The wood, whek dopr ved^o the K is rel!; '7^1'!' '"'V'" ^'""^ ^''^ '"'^^i" ^^em. 
 with the slightest effort, d:^':^:^^!;^^:^^:^^ iS ''''''''' 
 
 a 
 
 1 t 
 
both 
 
 Ni/ssa bijlora, 
 THE TWIN-FLOWERED NYSSA. 
 
 Si/noni/mes, 
 
 j Li.v.v^.us, Species Plantarum. 
 ( MicHAux, North American Svlva 
 
 XjOirnnv Arl^.^..,.> r. . y 
 
 ^ijssa aquatka, 
 
 Nyssa biflara, 
 
 '£'','"^'','..'''"'"•6, Tupelo aquatique, 
 
 ^wei )lumi<rer Tupelubaum, 
 
 Tupelo buloto, 
 
 Tupelo-tree, 
 
 Tupelo-tree' Gum-tree, Yellow Gum-tree 1 
 !^^::^^:;^ ^:^f '-«' f W-- A.a.o.AMBK:c.. 
 
 Lo.;don, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 1 RANCE. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 idge-tree. Wild Pear-tree, 
 
 
 ametcr. 
 
 Deso'iption. 
 
 W|HE Nyssa biflora, in an uncul- 
 
 n\\B r^"'^'^ '^'''-^' "«'dom rises above 
 
 E4sS fe!^^ °' ^^'^^ ^"•^^' ^^it'i a trunk 
 ^^ fifteen or twenty inches in di- 
 
 me nrs two years are commonly simple anrl 
 widely divergent from the branches^ St run 
 while It IS less than ten inches in diameter has 
 nothing remarkable in its appearance bm on 'fn 
 grown and vigorous stocks \he ba k i nek a d' 
 deeply fm-rowed, which, unlike that of most other 
 
 ^;'::^''^::r^^^^^ ^'-^ -"ret';.'': 
 
 very rcgnlai. Ihe leaves are about three inrbe^! 
 
 long ovate-oblong, entire, slightly ^Ki s e 
 
 nea h, alternate, and are ofte,i%nifted in bm ches" 
 
 at the extremities of the youno- shoots Ti.l a 
 
 May, are small, and scarc^el^ apparett- bm UieTn'f' '" ^- ' ^P"* ^^^'^ "^ April or 
 
 and attached in pairs on pedinicle. o,;, o two in "l ' '^''f '' '« "su^-^lly abundant, 
 
 of a pea, of a deep-blue colour, a^hiLror'^'^ "/ ^^S/J^' is about the size 
 
 and, remaining upon the trees af?Gr f ,V f?n^ ornamental. It is ripe in October 
 
 of the food of tiie American SbtsfTnrdu",;^ "^ ?'^- ^'^ ^' '' ^^^^«« ^^^ a par 
 
 tions to the south. The stone of the i^V^ZZ^ ""''''f'^ '" '^''''' ^^"""^^ ^igra- 
 
 vex on the other, and longitudmVli; striated "^'''''^ ''^ °"' '^'^ slightly c^on- 
 
 Michau., Tupelo a.s terrains sees; T.^el/den.ont^e;'oft^^^Sjl 
 
 6 • 
 
424 
 
 NVSSA BIFLORA, 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 
 i W 
 
 
 \'\\ 
 
 
 
 'm1 
 
 
 
 1-; 
 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 P,' '! 
 
 firr' 
 
 17 
 
 Maryland, Vjrg.ma, and of the western states 
 
 where .t grov^^s on high and level ground asso ^^^t^ 
 
 mmnrr''t'^^^"^"^'""'«; but'Luhe'lower" 
 pans of Carolina and Georgia, it is found oniv 
 m moist or wet places, with the Magnolia l^L^ 
 
 tts HohT II "r^'^ ^''i ^^y-) «o?doniat ai 
 wat'e^ oj,^' >^ t^') ^»? ">« Quercus aquatica 
 r.Sl -^ ^" ^^^ '^"e'* situations, it ex- 
 
 HHn \^'y^ r^^iarkable singularity of vege- 
 fe i heSh^'''''>" ^^''""'^ eighteen or twe.?ty 
 inplie !i ^' '''''^ '^ diameter of seven or eight 
 
 nches, a the surface of the ground and on v 
 two or three inches at a foo? above but to 
 proportions vary in different individuals This 
 tree appears to differ but a very little from the 
 species, except in its greater heigh and b he 
 ^nrin? f '''\r>otrlles of the' leaves "it 
 truit IS of about the same shape, size and col \^ 
 
 s^i^S^i^cCfln^taln^'Si^ toS'^^ ^^^^^ -od is of the 
 
 grownig u,on dry and elevated laid? i^ vcTlow n^lT "^'"^ ^^""'" °^ '^^'^ 
 ered by wheehvrights as a proof olTe si peSr mAl? I 'If '"'""^' ^^'"^ •^°"«id. 
 given rise to the name of <' yellow cL " w^^^^ ^^-^'^^^ '^«"'^' ^'^^^ probably 
 
 c.es. Throughout the greal pirf 7'vi mini \^, ^^'"'^^'"/^.^ ^PPlied to the spe- 
 naves of coach and wag?n wheefs A R Smn,'^ n T"^ ^' employed for the 
 It IS preferred for hatters' blorlV; fA .n ^^ "'''"d Baltimore, Philadelphia &c 
 In the southern sta^es'it ^ em^lojed^of f^^WMi'rf 1 'f ^'"'^ liablTto'split! 
 nee mills. It is also sometimes chosen hvih in, w 7*''^'' '^^^^'^^^ the cogs of 
 receive the topmasts. ''" ^^ shipwrights for the caps or pieces that 
 
 Geo^raphij and History. The Nvssi hiflnm \. ■ 
 part of New Hampshire, ihere the Sai^rt.^^'"'/^. ^PP'^^ i" the lower 
 progressing southward, it is fo U mos abnn Lf "^'''? ^^ ^''" '^^^^'^J «nd, in 
 York, Ne^v Jersey, and PennsylvaS biU^n V^ ^"^ '^^' ?'^^'''>^ P^^'« ^^ ^ew 
 sparingly produced, and, as ii/the nonh it .Iw '^'""' ^"'^ ^^'^^■^'>"^' '' ''' ^^ove 
 watery places. ' "°""' *' ^^'^'^ys occurs in moist ground or in 
 
 This species was introduced into Britain in 17Q0 a ■ 
 European and American collections The hrl ' ''!}'*,'' "°' unfrequent in 
 the Countess of Shaftesbury' v la in Richmond 1^7^^ 'T ^^ ^^"^e, is at 
 
 sixty yearTaftS ^hnt g S ^arnoTthe^I^iiir^f^'^^^ T^'^"' -^^^h' - 
 spreading head, and braifc'hes droop "g to the Snd T ^'1' ^''?- ^ ^^'d^" 
 moist SI nation, and the roots, which extend o . S Tr" . ^ '' P'''"'^^ '" ^ 'o^v, 
 able suckers. In autumn, the eaTes before Lnf> t^'u'"'^^ '^"^ "P '"""^erl 
 On the seat of Mr. John J. A^r ;,eaXd^^^^^^^ become as red as blood. 
 
 t? ^s^:^ ^-^ ---^ ^ ^S S":ir ti^^t^s^tis^i 
 
 4Tf ^^';tnd, To1nSrth^t;:sSX^%T'^^^^'^^ '^^ -^«' -^ ^y cut. 
 planted in moist peat, near water TsEL.n '■''"''' ^' "."^'^^ ^'^^^^ to be 
 the estate of the Duke of Welling a^Sl' t^ "J^^L a^e^rSeTt:', Z 
 
TWIN-FLOWERED NYSSA. 
 
 I mis genus exhibit a constant peculiirifu «f « '• °" ^^^ contrary, the trees 
 
 2^ZZ^^A'% '"'='«v™'1?k a Lid rc'cSiT" t', ""' *""=" "''"8 ""'•'S 
 
 to, at 
 
i!iH;| 
 
 Ni/sna candicans, 
 WHITISII-LEAVED NYSSA. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Nynsa capitata, 
 
 Nyua candicans, 
 
 Tupelo blanchatrc, Tup«lo a fruit aigre, 
 
 Weisshcher Tupelobaum, 
 
 Tupelo bianchiccio, 
 
 Ogechce Lime-tree, dkitain 
 
 ^"w , Jr'P^'""""'^*'' Ogechee Lime-tree, ) „ 1 
 
 Wild Lime-tree, j United States. 
 
 MicHAtTx, North American Sylva. 
 
 SMiciiAfx, Flora Boreali-Americana. 
 WiLLiii.Nuw, LirinuM Species Phntarum. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britaiinicum. 
 France. 
 German V. 
 Italv. 
 Britain. 
 
 =o»[p„a:^'',;;'ri;;!fi=„:;^- ^l^^r-J^;^^ ^e,I-i;; -^-,.0.^ white ; U.-.., reference .„ .he .hl.ish 
 
 ill iicciiiiiit of the mull? (Iinvers 
 nice cuntuinod in the fruit. 
 
 colour of the leaves u/ihuir u rsi.rV r, TiJ J i;< "> .me i.aun ra«,/po, to Im while; hnvi 
 
 being grouped i„ ll.tl!,' he.^:L."''u' i'c.dled .sj/ V 1 ^^^^^^^ '",", "-''l '."' 
 
 „ •"''"'"' ^""^""> *>-■' 'f"i'i tl"i agreeable acid juicucuumiMOU 111 tile Irult 
 
 ,^Engrav^ng». ,„ohaux, North A.nericaa S.lva, pi. ,,3; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicu™, 111., fig, ,,09, and the figure. 
 
 Description. 
 
 i]^"^ HE Nyssa candicans, in its natural habitat, rarely ex- 
 ; Y©1 J coeds thirty feet in height, with a trunk seven or ei^ht 
 (V^f^. inches in diameter. The branches of the male trees 
 ~,-™- /.-''" ,"- ^^^ somewliat compressed about their trunks and tonrl 
 
 owardsa perpendicular direction; wliile those of the female tree dffuse them 
 selves horizontally, and form a larger and rounder summit. The leave, arc five 
 whSsl/ Wath 'It' «7''/-^'y denticulated, of a l.ght-greeu Tabove a.^ 
 An nr M \x ^'f •'"'''" ^"'^'='''' ^^'"^ 8''0"P^^'^l '" I'"le heads, and apncar iu 
 April or May. The bracteas attending the female flowers are short the calvx 
 ^mentose, wall its lobes short. And the sexes are borne by senaran^ t eJs^ 
 
 ll^tl^of a hSft'rf '{ '""^ ^''^'''f''^ ^'"^ '^ ^^'^"^ '"• '"^'^ and a half in 
 uigth, of a hght-red colour, and of an oval shape. It is thick-skinned 
 
 imensely ocid, and contains a large, oblong stone, deeply channelled on both 
 
 Ahtr^e rnTnr ^'-^^^^^f f^"';^'- ;^«y>«/«i«^m^, of the Germans; La4e 
 .nTn f' Oh^-'^-trce, f the Anglo-Americans. This variety, for liei-ht 
 
 It attlr a hd'fhf:/""'' rema.Kable tree of the genns. In favourab^ situidofs 
 It attains a height of seventy or eighty feet, with a diameter of eight or nine fee 
 at the surface of the ground, fifteen or twenty inches at six or se'ven 1 .t above 
 
 fhZfeet C'/'' '''' '°"^'"^'^^ Tt^ "^ ^" elevation of twen.y-flve o^ 
 nS brL bnt '' ""'' commonly five or six inches long, and two or three 
 
 sbns Sv' .rP o/nr""^. ""f ^'^''^'."^ i^''^"^^ '^'^y ^'^ ^^«"ble of these dimen- 
 sions. 1 hey are of an oval shape, and garnished with two or three lar-e teeth 
 which are irregularly placed, and generally only on one side of the leaf, aslnotd 
 
m. 
 
 CB to the whitish 
 tho miiii' llnwers 
 )(1 iji tlio fruit. 
 
 ; aiiJ tho figures 
 
 I at the hasp, 
 '(know, Linncii 
 
 rarely cx- 
 n or eight 
 trtalo trees 
 , and tend 
 'use them- 
 es arc five 
 l)ove, and 
 apncar in 
 the calyx 
 ate trees. 
 a half in 
 :-skinned, 
 on both 
 
 I ; Ni/ssa 
 rand Tti- 
 i; Large 
 or height 
 itnations, 
 nine feet 
 ot above, 
 y-five or 
 » or three 
 e dimen- 
 ge teeth, 
 s denoted 
 
 WHiT/SH-LEAVED NyssA. 
 
 
 427 
 
 l^h«n dry; and as hT M ''"' ''S'" '"^"^ '''-^rtl 
 fibres, it k:sembk"the o er'^f ?"," "^ ''^ 
 §«"i's, it is employed for ml "'. ^''" '''''"i" 
 fays. The roots a^ealMf,^i""^\''°^'« ""^ 
 arc used by fishermen to r"*"" ^''"^ ''S''^' «'"' 
 •nstead of cork S "^^ "^ ^''^'r nets 
 
 f^ii'er's ''DrelarV'\;"the^n.'""'^-* '" 
 
 t'le Mississippi, whciVt hi f oi"'' "'habitants of 
 
 a.ul is theri^caliod ;L'<*0 IS','/ fr''', ^ 
 
 chiefly m the southern parts o,' for ■}\^T''^ K 
 
 Michaiu, North American Sylva. 
 
wi 
 
 lit ■ ,| 
 
 . I 
 
 If !, 
 
 I 
 
 '3 
 
 •J 
 
 Qenus SHEPHERDIA, JVutt. 
 
 E\aingneve. 
 
 Shcpherdia, Ilippophae, 
 
 Synonijmea, 
 
 DiiBcia Octandria. 
 HyU. Lin. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 campanulate calyx, and 8 slan.ts. Style 1 stiLm ,Lh, ^ k ""**-'■■ ''''"'„" ""'""' '-c'*-'''. snp.T.or 
 bose, invested with 'the fleshy calyx. -ivLi/z/S^. ^"b-capuale. Berry juicy, 1 seeded, guJ.' 
 
 pIE trees of this genus, as clmractcrised by Mr. Nuttall iro smnll 
 . sp.ncscent or unarmed, with the general aspect of E Sgnus S 
 eaves are entire, opposite, clothed with silvery a un"mi.i„os 
 
 ncti'Us^' ' nV" P"'P^' ^•^'^P'-"^-^. '^f a scarlet cXur Tnf ub! 
 ud taste. Iherc are two species indigenous to North America 
 
 caK^d^n^IslTt ^ds^SrS^^^ 
 brilliant scarlet be ries of a ^wcoti ^. ' . ''"^^' "^ '"^ ""' ''*g''^ ^'''^ ^^^^'^^^^ 
 abounding throughout the liritTsh nn ' ^'' ""Pleasant taste, and principally 
 
 west coast of America Possessions, from Newfoundland to the north- 
 
 common throughmU E.irone IT^^ rhamno.des, both ofVhich are 
 
 called in the softh of Son; the "Tree of p'' T'V,''" ^^ ^^'^- ^^^e former, 
 very whiteness of its fn Ii3 n ? ♦. r i^aradise," is remarkable for the sil- 
 
 duck in great\b„ da^ 'In' the montlf oFm '' "^ ^!-' ^^'°^^°'"^' ^^'''^'^ ^^^ P^o- 
 erable distance a ound ^Ind hence i, ° 1 'T' P^'"^"'"]"? t»'« ^ir for a coniid- 
 or shrubbery. When cultivated .f; 1^ f "^.^ '"^'' ^'^'^''^^'^ ^"-^^ ^"^ a lawn 
 tlnrty feet, .^ith a'E' iS y rvirlr; ' i T" r'Th^"" V'*^, ^^'^''^ «^ 
 Europe, as it throws up suckers freelv from tf p Lt ^ i , ''''' buckthorn, in 
 is sometimes formed into 1 05^ and won^v iL.? ' '^ '"^"'■'' ^'»*^ sea-breeze, 
 but ie^, other trees orX bs will ^row if^ I ^' '" "^""'T situations, where 
 tars, who make a je ifo prelervf onhem^ n^^^ '"'^? ^^ *f'« 'I'^^- 
 
 Botlmia, prepare a rob or ?-,m Zn ti ' ? '^, ^^"^ fishermen of the Gulf of 
 fresh fisii ; bm in some Par s of Frn^.l "' 1 1'''^' ','"^'1"^ ^ S'-^^^^^^ ^^^""r to 
 poisonous Roi sseai? irFh ! a r/""'^^ and Switzerland, they are considered as 
 ous story of irSn ' n .'^1 '''"' ^" Promeneur Solitaire," relates a curi^ 
 with a lo^ a?U anis7wL thoLrhe'sw v" "' l^' neighbourhood of Grenobl , 
 to be poisonous, ASsTpolhe of reLZl Rnn'''"^ '''' ^"'' ^'"^^ '^« '^^"^^'^d 
 he dared not presume to'w n' h m ofhtda^geT"'" ""^ " '""'^^ '''^'''' ''''' 
 
■a. 
 
 in. 
 
 J, curator of iha I,|v- 
 IlK aucccas. 
 
 ('•■male. Corolln, 
 
 •l-clelt, superior, 
 
 cy, 1 seeded, glo- 
 
 ill. 
 
 are small, 
 
 agniis. The 
 I lernigiiioiis 
 nir, and sub- 
 rth America, 
 B Shepherdia 
 feet, bearing 
 J principally 
 to the north- 
 
 , (Elajagnus 
 )f which are 
 rhn former, 
 c for the sil- 
 lich are pro- 
 for a consid- 
 G for a lawn 
 he height of 
 ickthorn, in 
 ! sea-breeze, 
 tions, where 
 by the Tar- 
 the Gulf of 
 1 flavour to 
 msidered as 
 ates a curi- 
 f Grenoble, 
 he believed 
 3spect, that 
 
 Shepherdia argentea, 
 THE SILVERV-LEAVED SHEPHERDIA. 
 
 Jtippophae argentea, 
 
 ^nonymes. 
 
 Shepherdia arffenfea, 
 
 N' le/erdia nrRente, 
 
 ^ill)';r-Sh,.ph..r,lia, 
 
 hh.'i.herdm ,ir«,.,.tinn, 
 
 (yaisse tie bullle, Oraisse de bcEuf 
 
 Melheoo-raeeva, ' 
 
 ••ytrte,l{abb,i Berry, UeeCSuet-trfc, 
 
 I Lo.00., Arboretum i3r..an,a„" 
 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 
 FRENn. Lnt;,siANA, icc. 
 «^REEK Indians. 
 
 CR'TAm AND Anolo- America. 
 
 Deriralion: Tlio UDerinr n.m * 
 
 
 ut^""""^'- ^•""'«". North America,. Sy, . , ! ° "" ^ '""'"' -"-'- '"""" "" ""^ "''--..'{[rtl.'o 
 
 ^/'^'A C/w.c/m. Leaves „b.„„„ , .. ^ '"'••««• '^i anJ the flg„re. 
 
 S/'^'A Characters. Leaves nhlnn„ ' * "^' '"'' "" "S""" 
 
 Description. 
 
 tft "/"^ Shepherdia argentea in 
 
 ^^^iP^ ^^r ■ ;^^r'"'-«"'-bitat,i^aSar 
 i^ ^i^ f!,t''',"^^'-'-«^--;oppod .shrub; 
 
 height^h the branche eTdi .1"./:,/'^^" ^^^ ^" 
 "1 a state of cultivation tbol^ ^^ '°"* 'P""^«; but 
 the branches becor n. i '"'^ 
 aspect of the tree J?e,r''''M' ^"^ "'« S^n^^ra 
 flo\vers, which confom^^ resembles the olive The 
 
 ceeded 'by bri lirt " r of'r""'^ "' ^""'^^'^ ^'^ «»«! 
 
 ^"obi^^t^ri::^^- ;~ — 
 
 -- trees in tnrongs, as long as the fruit renuSs! ''^ '^'"'^'^ ^^"""^ 
 
 WfH!! 1{K| 
 
430 
 
 
 SHEPHERDIA ARGENTEA. 
 
 a few seeds sent them f ™ flw LKf ^i, m "o^"'". ,'" Mnssaclit.sells, by 
 From this source, BtXbTy orW.mcd ml, f *'f°,';'\''J' Colonel Sneiling. 
 
 present existing, bo';h in k^ur'o^f andlnTe "UniH Sta'tc's oiTTH ""'"" ^' 
 trees is now growing in their unr^nr.r „Vv. V,^ states. Une of the ongnial 
 twenty feet, and is till viiorourandl^;Jpn ' '''' ^"^"\'rS ^ ^^^^'^^ °^ "'^^ly 
 continued to cultivate tlTifDTantVotlf.n ^ "'Z;'"" ■ ^^ese gentlemen have 
 them may be seen a tti^ t£ on ma„v oTT "^ ^?™'"f ^'^§^^' ^"^ ^''^^^ ^^ 
 
 and ll4 Tn t^irgittw^fletv '"''l"l '" ''^'' ^^ ^^- ^I'omas Nuttall, 
 ofproplmanagemen S'aft^rd^^^^ botanic garden ; but, for the want 
 
 specimens of it are to be me with n fh. T T ''"J' ^''". "-^-i^troduced, and fine 
 in the Twickenham boLScTrde' nnd^n"'^'" horticultural Society's garden, 
 and collections. ^ "' ^""^ "' numerous other European fardens 
 
 paSff teSV tmeri^'^so'S^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ardy n every 
 
 and it will Lwran^soiuX '^^^^ parallel of north latitude; 
 
 may be proplgaU fS seL I si . '^r ''''"™'" T^^'"^ ^^'"'^s ^vill thrive. I 
 small tree, it^fs mnicuK y w n^ "k' T^'"''^ ^'^"^ ^^h*^'^ drained to a 
 
 as a hedge-plaSrand 1 ept downX tlfrr "'^^ ^^'^'^'^ ^"^P'°y^d 
 
 and has thi advan age if being thnr v 1 '' '' '""'r^' ''"^« ^"^ ^""^P^^t- 
 autumn; and is not aSked by ^^^^^^^^^^ ^i'l lat'e in 
 
 cultivated for fruit, a male tree should be n nnt^i, ? any disease or blight. If 
 
 Properties and 4..r InSnde tlv nf^h ^l ''" '& °^ ^'^^ ^^^'^a''^- 
 
 poses W ornament, its ^ it^naL IVeVc lent UU^" ''"P'"'"'^'^ ^''' ^'^^ P^^" 
 small, it is juicy, but not watery s o? fpSnt^ ^4^'^''- • ^.''''°'.'§'^ 
 sweetness, which renders it hiehlvaffrP-hln\T"i' ^"'^^'^'^ ^^^te, mixed with a 
 ner of cui'rants, these bLiVe^i rthou "h to ^^^^^e into sweet jelly, in the man- 
 persons who have tasted theL ° preferable to that fruit by most 
 
 fi'" .a 
 IP 
 
 X/- 
 
cpherdia, said 
 
 itive state, is 
 imerica. Dr. 
 ude fifty-four 
 ibont latitude 
 Platte, on the 
 it. 
 
 in about the 
 achusetts, bj'' 
 lel Snelling. 
 ted plants at 
 ' the original 
 ht of nearly 
 tlemen have 
 and rows of 
 y of Boston, 
 11. 
 
 mas Nuttall, 
 for the want 
 ced, and fine 
 ity's garden, 
 ean gardens 
 
 dy 'n every 
 'th latitude; 
 
 thrive. It 
 trained to a 
 n employed 
 id compact, 
 till late in 
 ^blight. If 
 ^emale. 
 'or the pur- 
 
 Al though 
 xed with a 
 n the man- 
 it by most 
 
 Euphorbiaceae. 
 *V. Nat. 
 
 Buxus, 
 
 Buis, 
 
 Buchsbaum, 
 
 Bossolo, Bussolo, 
 
 Buxo, 
 
 Box, 
 
 Genus BUXUS, Tourn. 
 
 MonoDcia Tetrandria. 
 'i>«<. Lin. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 FfiA.NCE. 
 
 Gkkma.w. 
 
 Italv. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Bbita.x, Spain, and AmLo-AuEnxcK. 
 
 /y'Wijk 
 
 " sion. iVt'es von Eseii- 
 
 \^i^3i^ \7 "'"^'- There are two "ped'Sli°'' ^""'^ S™ """'"l^. or 
 
 "ee'Vilff ^, '"'.'^ "' Euro" f aU'l'sia ^'Ttrcfr"i'"r^""' abnndan^era i 
 tree with a straight, smooth trnnir T»o i "'^'^^y- ^t lorms a very handsomn 
 
 asthoseoftheBu^ussemp rv en\vl nfu'ir^^^ ^"'^''^'Z '-^^^ three tin^erastr^e 
 paler green than that species; but wLrthov n ^ ^"''^ '° '^^ ^''' ^''^ of a nn,?h 
 intensely deep-green. ' The wood w lich' J^TT'^^J^V" ^'^.^'^^^e, they are o a 
 
 planted by Dr. Alexander Garden ofriinrl.cV n'^''"- , ^ '^^ ^^^eds, which were 
 
 Rf I 
 
 IRI 
 
 
HK ^ ill 
 
 fi 
 
 Buxus sempervirens 
 THE EVERGREEN BOX-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Buxus sempervirens, 
 
 Buehsbaum Immergruner Buchsbaum, 
 Bussolo verde, Busso, Bosso, 
 Box-tree, ' 
 
 : LiNN^us, Species Plantarum. 
 I Smith, English Flora. 
 ^ Loudon, Arboretum Britannicutn. 
 : FnA.jcE. 
 
 Gekmany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anolo-America. 
 
 Derivation. The specific name ia derivej from tho I,, in . 
 
 .e leave, of this iree. '""^ ""= ^afn semper, continually, and Hrens, flourishing ; ,„ reference to the 
 Smith, English Flora. Dl. l.-in. T^„,,„„ ..u „. 
 
 persistency of tlie 
 
 Engravings. Smith, English Flora nl nn ■ t^, , . u 
 Specific Characters. Bik of lea'C'e 'c^ v""' 'r'"'",^""'""'-"- '''- «="■ '^'-^^ -d tho figures helow. 
 
 arrow.shaped.-S.,>/, eVs^Z'' '""''^^ ' '"°'^'^"^ ^""•^"y downy at the edge.s-. Anthers ovate 
 
 Description. 
 
 ViROIL. 
 
 ^ILv'lT sempervirens is a well-knosv-M 
 
 ^ lardy eyergreeu tree or shrub, which in its 
 
 I natural habitat, seldom exceeds a he '- of 
 
 to eight inches1u^am:;:^^^e'^nS J^;\? T^' ''^^ 
 times attains double of these dimensiciis TI o Ih^'f'"' " ^"'"^■ 
 trunk is very considenblp i „ " \ ^"^' thickness of the 
 
 bark on young wood s of a VeK i° • '" i'' ^'"'^^''' ""'^ ^''« 
 is rough and erav Th! i ^^'^'^^'^/^'^ ^»"e, but on old trees it 
 
 almost;sesX';re^fI'^:o^Ssn^x'u,r aW^^ T' ^^ ^ ^ 
 
 when they grow in a situation f ly exnosed to M,/,' w"".^^'^' y^l'^^vish-grcen, 
 glossy-green, when shaded by other trees^ThP fin '^K'- \''' «^ ^ fi"o, deep 
 or May, are of a greenish-yellov colon?' and nro T '' ^'"^'^ P"' ^orth in Apri 
 axils of the leaves The capsules Zvif f ^''P°' ^ '" ^'^'e tufts in the 
 
 burst their cells, at maturi rwitl 'an ^Stic W '''? .f^'^','' P'^"^"'''"^ «««^ ! 
 dispersion. ^' "" ^" ^^^^^^ic foice, and thereby conduce to their 
 
 ^trf »„„„?4r t^z^'tf "■ "-i T='°^ •■"- - follows :_ 
 
 of .he French; n„2^^'n„^£^:;:"''/iir'iT""' -»"-;««- «-«»m,c.„,, 
 cejit, with lanceolate leaves " ^uc/isbaum, of the Germans; arbores- 
 
 * 4*; orrFi^,^eh;.%,,stt::f frTr ^"^'- *-« A"*- 
 
 small, oblong, narrowish iWvef A „,trSi . ^"mam; dwarl/, will, 
 B. s. «„„„,cos., Loudon. «,^™,,„,„ iVcv^^.r^.,. n.us .^ru- 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 \ 
 
 t 
 s 
 a 
 ii 
 
 01 
 
 tl 
 
n reference to Die 
 
 rc3 belnw. 
 
 Lnthers ovate- 
 
 green, 
 iiie, deep, 
 \ in April 
 'ts in the 
 us seeds, 
 e to their 
 
 torcscent, 
 the most 
 
 i feuilles 
 arbores- 
 
 fciiilles 
 fy, with 
 ow, but, 
 
 svffru- 
 
 EVERGREEN BOX-TREE. 
 
 tescent, Buis na'm Pni v / • n ^^^ 
 
 va.„^a.edj.iS;i^:*SS.°f "- «"--^ '^^'^^k .S'ovTf &/ 
 
 I^orJung, in «uny, mixed with\ S • ^^S'^°^^s plentifully upon BoJ Rm ' " 
 
 aiiother part of thfi^'"" Y'^^ ^^^^'''''d with box rSl.f?'' '•"'^' ''^« ^^Jiole 
 
 -rs hox. In aore modern times, in Brftai it '"'-^^ ^''' palace, in 
 
 5u ' untam, it is mentioned by Turner, 
 
 •i 
 
 i .ill 
 
434 
 
 BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS. 
 
 h ■ I 
 
 '( f 
 
 
 i 
 
 S h xVTteitu?^^ ^"^^1 -ff--; and previously 
 
 facilitytvth which hcoudbP mnS '"^"'^ ^^' geometric gardens, from the 
 ingenuitj of he iardencT mi^ht devL T.'"""' T^ '^'P^ '^^^ ^^e caprice or 
 thft purU l^otlf afa^^ee'a^SVsrrhrub^r^^^ 
 
 linesnottoexc edTrinS inSt^^ir?'' ^T ^'^' ^'■?"^' ^"^ '^^ ^^^^ 
 in the more common rsigi.^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 the more choice parterres d\dr7Zn^^ a \ , ^'' °^ °"^ colour; but in 
 
 and other ar Lle^J^rrused T^. .°^^ '""'"^l' '^f'^^' '^'^^^'> P«^vdercd glass, 
 which the ereen of t£ w' 'o produce red, white, and black grounds, on 
 
 The beautv of thpl nnw ^PP^^'-^d to advantage, at all seasons Sf the year 
 wL le'S V^^UoTon^:\Z:: conspicuous when they were seen'as a 
 Sometimes, however TJvwerPnl.Pn' /'*°"' ? ^"rrounding terrace-walk. 
 
 The embroidered style of mrtert Ts s?m''n^7'"^ ^f"''' I" '^^ ^"^^^ ^^'^'^ '^^I^^^' 
 very old residences in FrSpn ml I occasionally to be met with adjoining 
 
 and, as afford'ng v^rretv ft is .r L f ^' ^"*^,f^«V" ^^^'' P'^^^« ^^ England; 
 style of buildingVf the ai n whlh .''' 'T''^^ of revival as the architectura 
 middle of the XVI th centurv tl7p nl f "^««^«^t«n«'vj.ly prevailed. About the 
 England; and, about ZSr^^inTof^^^ 1?^'''''^%-''/! ^''^hi in 
 
 of raillery for the wits of thl dav^cnnn !r^ i century it afforded a subject 
 
 "'?"i!^'""l''''*,'"'f'' "'°*<' ''« "««" on every side 
 The shapely box, of all its hrai.chins pridu 
 Uiigenlly shorne, and, with preposterous skill. 
 To various beasts, and birds of sundry quill ' 
 Transforni'd and human shapes of monstrous size. 
 
 Also other wonders of the sportive shears 
 fair Nature mis-adurning, there were found: 
 Globe,s, spiral columns, pyramids, and piers 
 Wih spouting urns and budding statues crown'd • 
 And horuon'al dials on the ground ' 
 
 A '■"'"',? ^^- ^y cunning artists traced ; 
 
 Hut by iheir roots there ever anchor'd fast."* 
 
 XVth century. The first obierts tn wS u P'^^ctised in the early part of the 
 
 rJl; ate LT^eSSreTaS TtM'^^^ .'e'diSr^'E 
 
 The earliest specimen oTZolouoZr^^ ^ ^"'"' '"'.'^''''"^ ^''"^ ''^•^ ^^ ^ press. 
 
 in thecollectiorofThe Ear of sZ^^^ "^'^ '^'^"<^' "^ England, is said\o be 
 
 infant Saviour^ bearLg tl daK iS 'T''"'' S'". Christopher carrying the 
 
 , armg me date ot 1423. A very curious work was published 
 
 « See Loudon's Arboretum, iii., pp. 1334 et seq. 
 
nd previously 
 ens, from the 
 he caprice or 
 3mployed for 
 n the earliest 
 des, arbours, 
 » border beds 
 :h as letters, 
 e dwarf box 
 
 was that of 
 isceptible of 
 f being kept 
 
 days, when 
 he gardener 
 •ms of ever- 
 :, in no part 
 nd the finer 
 s or figures, 
 our ; but in 
 dercd glass, 
 grounds, on 
 }f the year, 
 re seen as a 
 rrace-walk. 
 rom below, 
 h adjoining 
 1 England'; 
 rchitectural 
 
 About the 
 :s height in 
 d a subject 
 line. The 
 
 vith mov- 
 3art of the 
 ifferent in 
 e outlines 
 ion of the 
 f a press, 
 said to be 
 ■rying the 
 published 
 
 EVERGREEN BOX-TREE 
 * See Loudon's Ar.h«,«.. ■■. 
 
 Ill 
 
 i.: 
 
 I 
 
 •SeeLoudon'3Arboretun.,iii.,pp.i,335,,i33g_ 
 
436 
 
 BUXUS SEMPERVIKENS. 
 
 H 
 
 '' '•) it 
 
 )(f 
 
 i'S"! 
 
 •- Hi i| 
 
 # ^ I? 
 
 .?,?• I' 
 
 should be sown iSmedTate'v in lM,t r H, o.?m"''' '^P'""^ '"^^^^^ ^° "P«". «"d 
 mould, whicli is well drained A Umn i .h J ' ^°"«'«""g/hie«y of vege'table 
 which may be from four "six incrs^n L h ^'TJ" "^' ^^"^ P'^"^'"g ^""ings. 
 soil, and a shadedTi nation and n a vol ",f .1 ^ '^^^ fho"ld be set in a sandy 
 nursery lines. Layers ma^beieSeJt'^^ "''^^ ^' ^' ^^ transplant into 
 young and the old wood K d wSf box 'eVl/?^''"^ or antumn, both of the 
 the spring, by being taken up, dlS anrrepknted^"'"!?'^^''' propagated in 
 almost any season except in mid-win prbu?Tn.pi« / '^^^i^^y be clipped at 
 appropriate time for this opera tiori T^ wpVi nc k r /' f«"S"3ered as the most 
 when the plants havrnS comr^oted if. ^' °^ hedges or other ornaments, 
 afterwards make shooL of L^if oraffnch n' ^'''^' growth : because they will 
 put forth a few leaves, and thus in i it ,? '"'''./" ''"§'''' "'"' ^' «" ^^^^nts, 
 the use of the shears. ' Whe "hi omctiirf^ll' '""'^l '""'"'"' "" appearance of 
 the edgings or hed-es in Julv in nr,l« . / followed, it ,s necessary to go over 
 that m^a/have befn promuied 1 ?a " tlnT^^ "'^' ^"'"^ '^'' l^nife; an/shoots 
 edgings, wh.n kept low, f they are w^n Id tn^pn^ "'' '" '"' '^"^ ^^''^^'^^^ ^"^ 
 sionally to be cut in a most to T. I x "i^",''' ""^"^ ^^^^s- req»'re occa- 
 performed on one iie'of Slo in^ono"i' ''"^'^" operation should only be 
 years after. When treated in thl 1 v S'' T^ ""' ^", ''^" ^^^'^^^ «*de till 'two 
 loamy soil, endure fo Tlong tn e S^n. f^h^'T '"'^ '^"^^^^ ^^'"' «'^ g««d, 
 surface only, a network offshoots' is fbrmed fhJf ^ be continually clipped on the 
 from the stem within occasiordp^nf. l^Tfi T^' '^^'''''' by excluding the air 
 and naked below TrefoZftbp-n ^'\^ ^^ging or hedge becomes imsightly 
 always be that of a trimcated ^riai^llJ w^ «ho"ld 
 
 In the case of edgings to wallinft.fl the broadest end next to the ground, 
 may be three inch^^th^ ife g^t'fo I'r hS^^I ^ I'^.f ^ at the|round 
 mches; or one half of these dimpn«inne\!,t' ^ , ^^'^^^ at the top two 
 edgings and hedges the base ought always trl^^if^" . '" f ^^'"^ '^''' ^oth of 
 order that the rain may fallon ?hf s des S tt l w ^.^l' *''^" '^^ ^"'""^*t' i" 
 with more force. In clipping c bo'%'n nrtifi 'f f °^ '''' ^"" ^^'•"^^ «" ^hem 
 the tree in a slight frame of vie work ^ '' VT""^ '^ ^"^'««« 
 
 durability, the wire should be of Conner ,^.d. f°™' '''"^' ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ke of 
 render it less conspicuous ^^ ' P""^''^ g"""""' ^^'"«h would also 
 
 fectly dry, sixty-eight Ld thrLSmhs nmf.5 / ''",^" ^r^' ^"^ ^^^en per- 
 that will sink, fn tl?at stat i^wl^ It^s of ^ '^^^^^^^^^^^ T'^ ^r^^^^^" ^^^'^^ 
 compact grain, and is susceptible of -i fino 1^? ^' ^°'°"'"' ''^^ ^^''^ bard, 
 
 expands and contracts, by heat and cold 2? ' ' """I' V'''' ^^"^^ '''''^^^^^ < 
 other kind of wood. Hence k was formpH?P '''":? •^'"y""''' '««« ^ban any 
 making and inlaying, asTstlMs [H^nl^^^^^^ in cabinet- 
 
 Europe and America for musicaand ri.thP^^ ,"''"' "' ''^''^ ^«""^^'«« i'^ 
 various articles of turnery, muon; of ,h. nr ? T' '"^truments, combs, and 
 
 applied, is, for wood-engraving Jd for hfs^nnrS' -f/ '"^ '""^'"'^ ^''^« ^^««d is 
 cle of commerce. ^' "^ "''^ purpo.e, it forms an important arti- 
 
 of tSe^ror'Th: towriTst cTaude' -binet-makors and turners, is chiefly that 
 Sroves in Europe, is ^^li^^l^lS^^i^p:^- ^ ^^IS ^^ 
 
>sh ; and the 
 
 ieds, by cut- 
 38 an abiin- 
 at maturity, 
 o open, and 
 )f vegetable 
 ng cuttings, 
 t in a sandy 
 nsplant into 
 both of the 
 opagated in 
 e clipped at 
 s the most 
 ornaments, 
 le they will 
 
 ail events, 
 )earance of 
 
 to go over 
 any shoots 
 ives. Box 
 ^uire occa- 
 Id only be 
 ide till two 
 1, on good, 
 ped on the 
 ng the air 
 
 unsightly 
 ge, should 
 le ground, 
 he ground 
 3 top two 
 e, both of 
 ummit, in 
 3 on them 
 to enclose 
 e sake of 
 ould also 
 
 veighing, 
 ^hen per- 
 3an wood 
 ery hard, 
 isoned, it 
 than any 
 
 cabinet- 
 n tries in 
 nbs, and 
 
 wood is 
 ant arti- 
 
 efly that 
 :est box- 
 ff-boxes, 
 
 EVERGREEN BOX-TREE, 
 
 43r 
 
 rosary-beads fork 
 
 land T„„Wd^°t'j r 'oiS/T"""". "■ ap™™te ? ,'a,""' It, ^"',='- 
 moiilfJ rpi ^ "Gcompositiou, which afrnr.ic, '^^nco, but because there is 
 
 them, which is said to cure hetnn L i ^'^Pyeumatic oil is extraciP^ ff 
 
 ^vas once made from tlem wh W ''"' ''^"'^ ^°'»« «ther disorders A fhw'"" 
 intermittent fevers- bu S r '"'''" ^ celebrated specific in r/ "^^'!''^ 
 
 Jo^ph I., the med-ci^ Lfi^u^S r'^heZ^"^^''? '"-^^^ '-^^de^^.^bTc " 
 
 111 modern gard.MiinP th« n cropped 
 
 green shrub or low tree t/;'''"' s^mpervirens forms a most valunhl. 
 
 fl 
 
 if 
 
 illS" 
 
 ■ I 
 
%)H 
 
 rr !i.j 
 
 
 Genus MORUS, Tourn. 
 
 Urticaceo!. 
 
 Sj/il. Nut. 
 
 Morus, 
 
 Miirier, 
 
 Maulbeerbaum, 
 
 JMoro, 
 
 Moral, 
 
 Amoreira, 
 
 Mulberry-tree, 
 
 WoncEcia Tetrandria. 
 Sijat. Lin. 
 
 Si/nonymes. 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 PoRTUaAL. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 "^"}, oujujoseu oriijiiiijliy lolmre grown in 
 
 "^^ £r^ poS^-^ Z^lX-,:^ ^l£^ :-, in .0. species, upon .he sa.. plan. 
 sst.vat.on, expanded in flowering. S rmen74 w.^h a n,H^ \ ^-^'^'^ °^'^ ^1"=^' «''Pals, irnbrinme in 
 erect sp.kes. Calyit of 4 leaves, in oplsftf pairT the o.u.r n "' ?k V''^' female flowers in ovate 
 hecom.ng pulpy and juicy. Ovarv of 'C k onn inlif, ^'"'" '"' ''^'■^'^''' a" "Pn^ht and persistent 
 
 ttT'h '' 'T""-- ^" •'''^'»'« or,natuH y,%a h ovtvTsl'fl^^S" '"IJ^"^"''^' "''"'her devoTd of a";' 
 the fleshy and juicy calyx._.yr,« Von EsenbecXoZera. ^ '''"^^^"'y "'"'=''=' ^-^d is covered by 
 
 >"^ia''and SLST. '1"^';"^ r^' ."^^^^ ^' Europe, 
 are Mostly lobed aS whicrS a 1 ^of'"'.;''^ ^'^^^^' ^^'"^'^ 
 a groat variatioti in po^^ of mL^.iS f ""^"^'-^5"°". ^re liable to 
 are all easily propac^atrn-om seS K ' ? '"' """"^ ^i"^*"'^' ^hey 
 truncheons Alf the snedS w?M '.^ "'?'"='' ^".^ '^y^''^' '''"d by 
 but the white mulberry, (Mori s albaTand i.Tv 7' *" "°""'^^ '^^ silkworm ; 
 best. In warm climat£,sucl as Persia ?hele\vpff^ Yf ^°"^'d'^''ed much the 
 n.gra,) are sufficiently succulet't fortTe pu^^^^^ '''j^f'^ "^"'^erry, (Morus 
 
 not answer equally well. The leaves of thl,!:! ^^Ider countries they do 
 
 t[iick, rough, and hairy, even wl^le thev Ire von," 7^' ^^^?'''' "»bra,/are 
 the food of silkworms, which feed w h ^iZn^ ^' T^ "^'^ ^'^'^ improper for 
 tender, and succulent vir 0, s attrmnts h^vo ^^' °"'^,'" ^f^^^e thit ii thin, 
 stitute for the natural food o ZT'S whth^'n? ""t" '" f'^""'' ^"'"^ ^^b^ 
 seasons, and in sufficient abutl;u.;e to rendpr H.T''^l^' 'f^'^''^ ^'^^"'•^d at all 
 the chances that attend the gro vt' 5 L mulbp ' f^ ""^""'^^ independent of 
 eaves of most plants which%ortai,?a miSv i.! LT 'm v'S'' P''"^^^''^ '^^^ ^he 
 m point of textire, afford nouris Inn >n^ S p i ' '"^'"'Z '''"^ ^""^ appropriate 
 erty of their j"ice'containing cat ho, c bnf n^^^^^^^ ?"V^'' common Vrop- 
 cess so frequently proclaimed, as tt Xstitut on of th^^ '^'' ^''''^ «"«- 
 
 the maclura, the slipperv-clm ind th N-. the tender leaves of the fis, 
 
 trees; and those of fhTU^^ "ndive beet^'S '"^ ^"^^^^ rnaples, amon| 
 zonera hispanica,) &c., amo,^ herbteous pLfs nil ' "^^/.'^',^'Pf '"grass, (Scor? 
 are convinced that it would br,mprofi able to w^ 
 
 save their natural nourishment Zn/ nf ,L l"^ '"""^ '^°™s on anything 
 unless we except the maclura! the viper^Lsranrtt'Scr '' ^"^ '''' "^ ' 
 
the Greek morm, 
 remotely from the 
 ' lo hare grown ia 
 
 lie samp plant. 
 s, imbricate in 
 wers in ovate, 
 tnd persistent, 
 devoid of any. 
 is covered by 
 
 )f Europe, 
 VGs, which 
 •e liable to 
 re. They 
 !rs, and by 
 silkworm; 
 much the 
 y, (Morus 
 Bs they do 
 ibra,) are 
 proper for 
 at is thin, 
 some sub- 
 red at all 
 sndent of 
 3 that the 
 propriate 
 ion prop- 
 rtial suc- 
 f the fig, 
 s, among 
 is, (Scor- 
 rs of silk 
 anything 
 real use, 
 
 Morus nigra, 
 THE BLACK-FRUITED MULBERRY-TKEE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Morus nigra, 
 
 Mdrier noir, 
 
 Schwarzer Maulbeerbaum, 
 Moro nero, More nere, 
 Moral negro, 
 Black Mulberry-tree 
 
 LissMVfi Species Plantarum. 
 Lo'.mn'^ En.ycloped,, Methodique. 
 
 Germany, 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 n ■ .. """ •'InGLO-AMERIPA 
 
 Derivation The SDecif ' """ikioa. 
 
 Specific Characters Spv„ ' ""'' ""' •"• ^'^^ «' 2« ; and 
 
 ) "o"- tvacaemm. Linnmi Spec. Plant. 
 Description. 
 
 >a^4Bet»» 
 
 
 "?,"' cautiously the Mulberry .lid move 
 
 COWLBV. 
 
 HE Morus nigra is generally 
 I a low tree, seldom exceeding 
 twenty or thirty feet in height 
 arms nearThe""^;^^ 3 spreading into very thick 
 large head, with num^rnnl i 'T'^ ''*" extremely 
 thick and ^ugh a cMn H '''"'^''- ^^^'"^ ^^^k is 
 cies may be read'ilv . ", 'f P'^'^' ''^^^ne. this spe- 
 
 the barl^ of wfi^s "ift^'^Tf ^T '''' ^^'^^'^ -^-^ - 
 
 mulberry, which are ve'|roughtebTd f '" ,'''^^'^ 
 
 are among the last to ap^eTfn 'the sp ' L' ^^^tTi^'^'P'^' ""equally serrated, and 
 do^cious, and very frequ,!ntly part^bl v o th^ « '^''''.' '' sometimes perfectly 
 case o"f ^.''^^''r^^"^'^"^ t^ a d Ki'st 1^^^ ^^'"§ ''^ greatefperf c^ 
 
 tl^dl^ ^- ^« stl^^^rIrr;^i:|^^^-"^-PPo.sed tobeanative 
 and, although the date of .ts mtroduct.n into ^^s IZZ^l ^.^ 
 
 ' )l 
 i M if 
 
 I if 
 1,1, 
 
440 
 
 MORUS NIGRA. 
 
 S.% tsiill;s.^£!^ffis;;^,-''^^ ;^^^ ;-, ..cover, . so .. 
 
 it next to an impossil„lity to uscertah fu rnnnL f '!«.^^^"'««•s, as to nm.ler 
 oils. It has boci kno\vaLm Ear ie rp.n I r '^'"''' '^ '^ ^"''y ""ligen- 
 m " Holy Writ," in ^ha soZdhoToTs.^^^^^^^^^^ "^. ' 'T'7.' *"'"& mentioned 
 dently points cu. •... Luck i. u1b™ a tt Z 'i.u'^'" ' '' '?'"'"• ^^'^ ^^i- 
 mns and Tl,isl„ • and J>!inv soPm7fn Vi , f '""^o'^i'^'^J 'n the story of l>yra. 
 is no other „ee liuTi'as7een^^^^ 
 
 gra ting or jrivuig it names; '' an obs™ io3^' 1^^ ""^ '"""' '^^'""^^'- i» 
 
 holds good to the present darrespS^^^^^^ London remarks, 'which 
 
 one trifling variety, or rather varHtm!.. '' '""'^''^'-''y. 'i-'^ it Las only 
 
 nunierons varieties of the Xrns a ,n''p "" fy»«"y"" • whereas, there aro 
 the mnlberry is the as that b „1 ^ ^^^'', " "^ "' ^''« cultivated trees 
 
 past; and ifis tl^eS tS .^l^e ^.i^^/i/'j:^ ^''^r'""! ^'"^ ^"'^' -«^"-'^- 
 tor»:i bnds, it dispatches the bnsi ess i , 1 niS \^'! ''^''V' ^'^^'''^ '« P"^ 
 iLrvt their breaki. g forth may be evidon/ I "'^'^.'/'^"^ ^'i^]' ^^'th so mnch force, 
 mulberry is grown at an eKtion of tt ^ \r ^!' ^'•""' ^^'"•^. th« l^'^ck 
 
 of the silkworm, to the ex 1 Son^'/ h \ ^ ^"",^'^ '"'^'' ^«^ ^'»« ^-^1 
 
 tenderness of the latter tree in that elevated re'iuf' ^'"^''^^^ "" ^'^'^'^""^ ''^ ^'^° 
 but^^r^:::;';^:;!!;^;,^!;;;^;-^. -- '-^^ ^^^o Britain by .,. Romans; 
 is mentioned in 7\irner's ' '^W. nf li ^'' '!''''' ,^"y ''^''^ «" ^he subject. I 
 were some trees planted at Syorone L"e[ fo' ' '^.'^''^'^'^-i'," ^'^^' ^^'''" «»"^- 
 tree is mentioned by Tusser whr wVn L i--7^',^'' f ^^'" '" existence. The 
 both the biaek and^the X'c mulWv ^s hof. ' ""^'V'^ ''r^-^^^' ^^'"^ ^'^'^''^^^^^ 
 royal edict of James 1., about th" ve7lfi)w;'^ cultivated ,n hi. t.me. Th^- 
 worms, and odering packets of mnCrii^H^'" '^'^ '■^^""fe' °f «ilk- 
 
 doubt rendered thc'ree fasLlwe t tLrnt '"' '"^'^^ '^^'"'^^ ^''"^^ ^hem, no 
 man's seat throughout EngS ^rc^ To n-f Tf '^^" ^ '^ S'^'''^" ^^ S^'^^Ie- 
 in which a mulberry-tree is S to be fon,?,) n^ ^^"'^^ '°, ^'l^' ^"^^"^^ centmy, 
 though these trees were dot bt es ntended fo/fhnV' fT']?^^'' '^°^^«^«'-' tl'.-^t 
 all belong to the Morus nigra a "vev few i? ^'^ ^ 
 
 mulberry exist, at the pres<^,t 'time i/anv m nf^M f ''''^ ''''' "^ '^^ ^^''^^^ 
 mulberry is referable to this peS' as im^ I '^* ^rT'y- ^hakspear's 
 New Place, in Stratford ^ ' '^ '"^^^ P'^"^'^ "^ ^'^'^^^ i» his garden, at 
 
 having fourteen trunks, ave aS'rbout onn fZ ^'"^ '," ^""''^ ^'"' '" h'^'ght, 
 ground, with a head fifty fee by severUv in Hi S '" ^T' ""^ ^ ^'^'^^ above the ■ 
 three hundred years of a^ ^ "^"'^ '" diameter, and is supposed to hv over 
 
 ^^^o^o^Z:!,:!^^^:;^^ colomes, as 
 
 to the early periods of their settlements but n^';' '^'^ ''^ ^'''^?^^^' ^^^*'« ^ack 
 sized fruit, at best, and requires somonHnn.' / fodnces only a muderately 
 fallen into neglect. There a eireos Tnu,l "r ^° ^'^"^ '' *« perfection, it has 
 met with, in 111 the m.dd eTnd eSt n s IS of X'^f -^'''^ t!^^, '"'^ ^^^' »« ^« 
 as comparatively worthless, either for fJuttrorLtnt""' ''''''' '" '^^^'^^^^^^ 
 P«...c«/, Le,re,u^.ry, ana Mytkolo.ical AllusloTr'^,,, mulberry was dedt- 
 
Br, is so fre- 
 as to njfuler 
 uly indigcn- 
 g imnitioiiod 
 ■ Ovid evi- 
 >ry of l>yra- 
 ^s that there 
 ail, either in 
 ks, 'which 
 it has only 
 ', there aro 
 vatcd trees, 
 i weather is 
 igins to put 
 iiuch force, 
 
 I, the hiack 
 x)r the food 
 3unt of the 
 
 e Romans; 
 iibject. It 
 I'hen there 
 nee. Tile 
 3 describes 
 ime. Tlie 
 iig of silic- 
 ' tliem, no 
 or geiitle- 
 \i century, 
 3ver, tliat, 
 ley nearly 
 the wliiic 
 laltspear's 
 garden, at 
 
 tersea, on 
 in lieiglit, 
 ibove the 
 
 hv over 
 
 1 seventy 
 two feet 
 
 pf^oimen, 
 line feet, 
 
 onies, as 
 tes baclt 
 deratciy 
 
 II, it lias 
 ?e, to be 
 ogardcd 
 
 IS dedi- 
 
 BL.CK-FRUITED MUI.BEHRY-TREE. 
 
 cated by the Greeks tn \r.v . ^^ 
 
 y 10 .ools and irupurlcd its colour lo the fruit. 
 
 of the root, tnn.k, bouH.J^.d itnn i" '^^''''^moly tenacious of iTfe evrrv n 
 roots beuic^ rut in:ofragmens|o,vini *''"."c»>c"ons, and the trunk s ol 'n ,? 
 tree horn is slowness ..f puttincr oiif uli ' ^ Sraitmir „j buddins?. Thi. 
 
 IS In "^^"""^'^^ the refle, .1 ^ht Sd e V'™?," P'^'-^i'^^I^uly when the 
 IS thus nicreased. In n onn\ ., ^' l^V- " "'^''^ ^""O"! the bare surfnn. nf ti. i 
 
 I ; 
 I 
 
 ll I'! 
 
 'I 
 
442 
 
 MORUS NtORA. 
 
 for small vessels, nstVad of oak In iw« .. ^ ' V' '^^*'«'^' a"^ «von ribs 
 value, except forVuel. I„ some parl^ of sS InJ^'f '' '^"n^ide^od of but i.ttle 
 of t»u. «pecL are said to be prc^r ed to t^o- **''"'"' ^'^^ ''^"^"^ 
 
 of silkworms. The leaves ar^ato eaten brratfilh'^"'' '"l'"^^">' ^^^ ">« f<^d 
 have an acrid, bitter taste, and are cons S^red"!!' '^'f'' ^^^ »°^'''- '^'»'^' 'oots 
 taken ma powder, in doses of half a dmdun The troT '" ^"'"*''"g«. when 
 a^m.lknu.ce, wluch, bemg coagulated:i:tnd^^fr a'ra7s7kff ^,^11^ 
 
 r^'^''^^^^^^^^^^^^ and aromatic flavour, and is eaten 
 
 that, mixed with tlu' juL of cSef Lnnles ^^^1"^'" ^'''''''' ""^ *^^«'y» «^y« 
 wine. Dr. Clarke observes tlTat he Lwsom^r''',^ very strong and agreeable 
 m distilling brandy from mu I Kiel ZTurhT ^""^1' '" ^'"^ ^'''''"««' employed 
 able spirit.\s cloa^r as waT .'' T^ir^^ Ts at^^^^^^^ '•f-^^^.?'^' ^"^ >«'-'- 
 
 reciuires to be drunk immodiitPiv nc il , ,"^""^ ^™'" " '" France; but it 
 
 ripe, is regarded as Sng an/'laxi ive'^nr*' ^''T'' "^'^- '^''^ ^^"it ••^h«" 
 cases of fever. VVhen Zdp ntn n ' ^ '^y'"g t>i"-st, and being grateful in 
 
 throat. Like the sl^wfi; and raspb^rr'; it L' sv'if ^"'. ^^^^"^'' '^ ^ ^^e 
 mentation in the stomach and herSm Z'J . "rl ^'^ ""^'"'g^ ^''« ^««t«"s fer- 
 with the rheumatism orVut Al lands oTnn^.M^'^''^ '^''" ^^^ P«^^°"« ^^'^^^d 
 iVuU, and devour it with a^ldity.^heat^^ffi^^^^^^ ^^^ «f this 
 
 
/cd in Eng- 
 1 oven ribs 
 of but little 
 , the leaves 
 for the food 
 Tilt" roots 
 fiige, when 
 rt, contains 
 J of elastic 
 
 nd is eaten 
 ivclyn says 
 I agreeable 
 employed 
 but palat- 
 ice; but it 
 ruit, when 
 grateful in 
 for a sore 
 cctous fer- 
 is afflicted 
 nd of this 
 
 Morus alba, 
 THE WHITE-FRUITED MULBERRV-TREE. 
 
 Synonymea. 
 
 Gd^^UeLu ,„oro, Mo'ro bianco, Moro | f^"'**'"- 
 Morera,' j '^*''''' 
 
 White Mulberry-tree I''*'"" 
 
 Bb'tain AND Anolo- America. 
 ..S'"''""- ^"o 'P-cinc n.n,e a/*a ,. ,er,.ad f™. .ha ta.in a>,,. .hu„ . , 
 
 :::;zjr~:Tr-r-- rrc::::;:;"-''"- 
 
 [HE Morns alba is a deciduous tree 
 i sometimes growing to a St of'' 
 thirty or forty feet, with a trunk 
 
 even in winter, by i 3 mo e m,^ '" "'" Y""'^ mulberry, 
 
 growing, and white-barS "hoot? "if '■ '''"'^'^' "P^'g''^' 
 more rapid growth th-i fhn. ^^ '^ ^ ^ee of much 
 
 only iess^o?gh"^^'rritccrerCt'tr '"^^"'^ ^^^^^ 
 
 of the glutinous, milky substa op 1 ?r ^ '°'"^'" "^o^e ^, .^ 
 
 ;!vhich gives tenacity \o\lTsnk S'"^''"! ^«o»tchouc, ^— 
 
 Vanclies. The Morns alh i'7 P"'P't;, ana 
 
 I 
 
f\ <!,' 
 
 ^Fv 
 
 if! 'i 
 
 444 
 
 MORUS ALBA. 
 
 according to the " Nouveau Cours d^Wiculuire " i^ nnf f. a , 
 
 are so exceedingly succulent th-it thSr.l lu P' ^° produce leaves which 
 
 burst. It is a vaku'bL Stl for ^^^ "f ^^' '^°'""'' '^^^ f««d on them, to 
 situations. There fa sirSfvorthi.'r'SP"','"^ ^" calcareous, rocky 
 name of La ^rosse ^4?^^^! ver? dlpn i ' ' ?"l''^^^^d n France, under the 
 of white. The celebra ed iLj^/^iS'.^'""", ^'^^"^'' ^"^ ^laclc fruit, instead 
 States a few years Zle %^TZ .^f 7' r'"'' '"^'-odnced into the United 
 marsh, of Massachusetts' is bel eved ^ hp "! '''' ^^''' ^^ ^'^ ^^"^"^^ ^^it- 
 macrophylla. When plan ed trelevated h'nd^ " sub-var.ety of the Morns a. 
 winds, or in a light sandv soiMf nTi ' ^^'^'-/v'len exposed to cold, dry 
 
 to the worms, wS p idLe Vhen S'nn ' T^' h^'^Ithy and nutritions'fooS 
 strong silk, of the pure^st a.^finSt quality " "' ''''^^' '''' '^''S^^' ^"^"^'^7 «f 
 
 of the FrtncT'^Thi^re^ bfr fclo^"'^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 3. M. A. NERVOSA, Loi^on^ TM- t,W f '"^ w^*° '"^ ^^- ^- ^'^^rophylla 
 r«. n...o.a (" Bon Jardider," of 836 t] X ^hie-Jruited Midberry ; 'mo~ 
 marked with\hick, white ner^^es on ttlide s de The- ^^.^^-ngly 
 
 ^^^r 'eaves, called M. a. nervosa lonlifolia '' ^ sub-variety with 
 
 theF^.;^hrwS; K'lea^^l.^t^r ^f-^/ ^"-'* ^'^«^-' of 
 while attempts were maki^^eto re infrn^lt'. t ^''[ "" ^w years before and af^ter, 
 Iraland, ihis^ariety wrf;S;cip"lly p^lTod "'''" °^ "'^^ "^'« ^"§'^"'1 -^^ 
 
 ficd by M. Castelet, fn 1 ' tIS s / r leTlVT? -''^'n '""'^iV ^^''^'^ ^^^^ ^^ «l-««i" 
 eties. The fruit is smal whi te Lnd n fni,t '^k'"'?''' ^"^""^ ^'^^ ^^^'d vari- 
 of a rose-tree, bul are larJe T fs 3'^; ?^*'}^ ^'^T '"^^'^^'^ ^'^^ '^^^^ts 
 silk. '=^'- -^'"'^ ^'"^ IS said to produce remarkably stron- 
 
 delicafe Lrs:^? '^ex'lft^ancts'^tt^^^^^^^ ^'i^ f^'^"^^^' '^-in=--al^ 
 the kinds. orancnes. It is considered the most tender of all 
 
 leaves, and is considered is nnp nftilu ? Anglo-Americans, having large 
 
 producfion of silk ''^"'' ''°'' ^^'"'^''^^ "^ ^'^^ United States, foi the 
 
 th'l^^l^i'r^hi^rin/^Sdn^tfS''^^^^^^ --' of 
 
 young, are nearly as large as"th::e":f';hLra.'rac"a^^^ ''' ''''''' ^^"^" 
 
 F.^;ci?^>^s;^^e, S^b;^:1£Sf ^S«'-^-.^^^^^^^ of the 
 forth Its fruit belbre tb. leaves, whidi are trli^'e^ '" ^'^'^ ^""'^''^^- ^' ^^"^« 
 
 the English. Thi.; variety, Se fm fo^'whir i. 1?"^ i ^""'^^^^'^ ^"^*^'vy, of 
 green, shining leaves, that aVethn and iS ^'""TV '^"'"^o, flat, deep- 
 
 rank high, as" food for silkworms and t^ho J 1 I i '' °'i ^"''^ '"'^^^^^s- T'»«y 
 has a beautiful gloss, and is sTid o be of a fi. ler ntnt t'rh'"'"^^ ''^. "^ ''""'^^ 
 not so hardy as the Morus a multirinli. h, f ;. ^i ^ ^^""^ ^"^ o^''^''- it is 
 pose of raising silk. It w^ bro X into Iti "''' ?T ^"'"^'^'^ ^^' the pur- 
 Moretti, profelsor in the uLers ty of I avK w'. "' ^'"'^' '" ^^^^' ^^ ^'g^^^e 
 named in honour of Count 1)ZmI who Z L7 T^'i "' "r^' ^^ ^^''^« a'«« 
 improvement of the culture oi ^:i:^^^Sl:^tl^ to the 
 
''-!0^t'^$ 
 
 leaves which 
 d on them, to 
 areous, rocky 
 ce, under the 
 fruit, instead 
 
 the United 
 amuel Whit- 
 he Morns a. 
 
 1 to cold, dry 
 Jtritions food 
 t quantity of 
 
 )ner romain, 
 nacrophylla. 
 ilbeni/ ; Mo- 
 are strongly 
 variety with 
 
 '• d'ltalie, of 
 re and after, 
 England and 
 
 ^mall-leaved 
 'ee is classi- 
 e wild vari- 
 thc leaflets 
 ably strong 
 
 ving small, 
 iuder of all 
 
 Mulberry ; 
 
 iaves. 
 
 r dc Chine, 
 iving large 
 tes, for the 
 
 r nain, of 
 ves, when 
 
 ?'Ve, of the 
 it sends 
 
 Midbernj ; 
 dberry, of 
 flat, deep- 
 ;s. They 
 
 on them, 
 ler. It is 
 r the pur- 
 i^ Signore 
 
 Avas also 
 nie to the 
 ct. 
 
 WHITE-FRUITED MULBERRy-XREE. 
 
 • 12. M. A. CONSTA^TINOPOLITA^fl n . . 
 
 rns constantinopoUtana, of Loudon ?f 'f«^'««/^^e '^hiie-frnited Mvlberrn • M 
 
 va-d'n'th/?"? "^.^'•'^^'=«' Turl^^y^^ndXo fVp?'^'"^/^'^'^^ ^^ '^" or fif! 
 Britain'betels'l" ^'^J'^"^'^^^ -^ ^ar^bu wS Tas not M^ Y'^'r'"'- 
 
 conmnsof ,l,e " CJrtTZlolVli^'''" ^ '"','"'•= f-o„M£ \,gl " e" 
 try. He stales that, " Tlie Morn.. m„iiiT ° °" ""^ "'^o' <me in tlic com 
 low, rich soils, the growth of the n bnil= „ , * '', '"''>'' ""'' ""t over rich () 
 1 have uiijlbrmly grown them on hieh hi l?,! "'' '," ""> 8™""<i i" winter 
 
 hrL?t,;:i.^<r;^L 
 
 multicaulis, and the\o t wihte or It Imf ''^' ^^"^P^'^rative'value o ft e ilo .s 
 s.dj3r the Morus multicauirs word ci^ h .^dro?' '' ""^ '^^ '^^^^ "^^-^^ I con 
 t^han. Itsavesnine-tonthsoftio iXnr ?, P"" '"'*• '"«••« '''^'i th^ whi"e 
 
 their being at least ton times thesVoofV' ^f ^"ng the k-aves, on acconn of 
 mn Uicauhs leaves contains c^et,^l^l^,^:;^ ^v^'"'^'- One pound of Men/, 
 
 best white mulbRrrv loavos- th ^^ nutritive matter tlian i noiinH ' k 
 
 - > '<-u., the reason oi this being, there is verVSlk ^^Jd^ 
 

 
 m 
 
 446 
 
 MORUS ALBA. 
 
 contended by others, hat there is an pv^p^. f excrement." On the contrary, itis 
 mu ticaulis/which is pecufiiV ProdiS fc of T^^ !''^ leaves of the Jlo us 
 
 portionate deficiency if the gumC ma tc/sn -''''?• ^? 'h«.^^«'-'^, and a dispro- 
 yet, jt ,s conceded by both pIrtSs t^iS Sn .^ ''"''^^ ^^ "^^ formation of silk- 
 be planted on a ligL, dry^o Shjch wm 1 nf T^'^ 'J "^^^ ^^ ^^^' ^^ sho d 
 
 of Loudon and^Srs;'^r4T:.fStf ^^f r'"^'^^^^^^^^^ ^-..«.«nc., 
 growing to the height of twenty Lt if J' 1 '^^ ^r"' 'V ^ deciduous tree 
 rivers Wolga and Tanais, or ^o^ in fc. 'I'l'^T^. ^^ ^'^^ ^^'^^^^'^ ^^ ^he 
 resembhng that of the Morus nigra houehpl^fn^^ i 'J-'- '' ^^'"^'^^"7 Wack, 
 of no good flavour, though eafe^rat bftffe fcr'"'"' ^ 
 by them into a sweetmeat. A ^iine is al o rin '?.' f '^'" ''^^ ^"^'^' ^^ made 
 flavoured spirit. Its leaves are reported a he?.!^ ?^ ^'T ^'' ^"^^ ^ ^^^y >vell. 
 
 "^s^ss^r^iti:^^S= ^° "^ "^^" " 
 
 which we are'not able to Si ^^ ffh a n^th^eT ^'7^^"^^^^ ^^^ --*- 
 batarde, a wild variety, with leaves wini^ i ^ preceding, viz. :— 1. La Reine 
 and deeply toothed. Vn i prob.bli^'.fp ''^' ^' 'H'^^^ ^^ '^'^ ^orus a. r o ea! 
 tai^ans^ 2. La Reine, a grard tl^ety whTch "L^'^ '^''"''''. ''"'^'^^ «^ ^^^ 
 coloured frun. 3. /:.. /^,„!//, j, floes IlJ^^tt! '^""'"§^ '«^^^s. ^-^''d ash- 
 green leaves growing in tufts at tCxtremitlf oAl? T'^'V '^"^ '^'^'Y deep- 
 says, ,« produced in abundance, but never rrfvp. 1/ ^'^"^'»^'«• The fniit, he 
 agree with the /'V.^//« ,/„;,.,•« ^r do, le I< 3 f ''^™^^">"'r^^- This appears to 
 . OeographyandHisto^f^. The Moru a1b^l7"!f ^5;.' «f |'^« Italian gifdeners. 
 in the province of Seres, orSerica t is howeip' ^ ^'^"".^ ^'"'^ ^^*'d ^ China, 
 parts 01 Asia Minor, and of Europe It dollZ'^r^'''^^''''''''''^^^'^^ '" ^any 
 range as the Morus nigra, beinrnn^hl. ^^ »ot embrace so great a geographical 
 heat or of cold. In a c^Utivat d^tLtf i VS T'''' 'V- P^^ ext^m^s of 
 many parts of France, Spain Italv ani n r ' ""^ "^ road-side pollard tree in 
 on the Oder. In England'? is nKry commr'"^ f/'^ "°^''' ^-^^ ^^^-"'^for" 
 in Scotland, even against a wall As a si H^-- " "? '^^^^^'^^^^V to be found 
 propagated with tolerable success thVouthn Vf "^ *'''"' l-'^" ^^'''^e mulberry is 
 m all the principal countries Tf E.rop "^^^^^^^^^ f " ^^^^^'^^^ ^"d AustraUa 
 
 latitude, including most of the islands nf H,« m a. '^ forty-ninth degree of north 
 em Africa, the Azores, Madeira and cWvm''^^^^^^^ i" ^ portion of nor h- 
 American union; in California,' S^Txi^oClfilJi'^^^ 
 
 racas, Jama.ca, and other parts of Se West inrl?.«\J^"'5^'/y>""'' ^'""^^^ ^'^- 
 In the south of Europe the vhito ..^ il -^^ ^'^^ Sandwich Islands &c 
 
 like willows and fr.mi'.'/eesTa^o' , lX"oV/ aTlT ,'»,>"»'"';-"'- l^/ ii^^fi 
 the planis arc kept low, for Iho conventen™ if i .f °''8? ^ •"" i" ail eases 
 injuriiig the trees; the giWtest height ,hL„ "' B^'I'^nng Hie leaves, without 
 pollard of- six fee,', whilh i^t'ot ^'| '^^/J^ '"""'"' '° ""»"> bei"g that o?" 
 
 1 he culture and manufictnrn nf oiii, ,7't'''"- 
 difficult to trace fromTetolrgr ' A 1^ o^-ture and art, are 
 
 have flowed to us from the east in acornparS l?l ■ '^^^ '''^"^' '«' '^^' ^bey 
 mentioned m theoldest Sanscrit books as a' e^^'-- «^ P^'-f^'^^ion. The Seres are 
 kind and whose occupation was ?o atSs fc^ 
 Asia that s,lk was first known ; and it wL Lm Z Z, ^^''''"' '"^ ^'^"^^ '^ecn in 
 
 can,ng..W.,.,rr„,..the,.a.^ort,,fe™t^T,;S™e1ttVs''uy;Sh^^^ 
 
is a very large 
 ! contrary, it is 
 s of the Morns 
 , and a dispro- 
 nation of silk; 
 t all, it should 
 proportion of 
 
 tonis tatarica, 
 eciduous tree, 
 waters of the 
 lerally black, 
 ddish or pale, 
 ried, or made 
 I a very well- 
 a for the food 
 them in the 
 the Morus a. 
 
 Iirce varieties 
 ■1. La Reine 
 5rus a. rosea, 
 izola, of the 
 OS, and ash- 
 1 very deep- 
 rhe fruit, he 
 is appears to 
 n gardeners, 
 ild in China, 
 zed in many 
 geographical 
 extremes of 
 lard tree, in 
 5 Frankfort, 
 to be found 
 mulberry is 
 • Australia; 
 ee of north 
 >n of north- 
 tates of the 
 Brazil, Ca- 
 slands, &c. 
 s by itself, 
 ill all cases 
 3s, without 
 ? that of a 
 
 md art, are 
 3, that they 
 e Seres are 
 estofman- 
 ve been in 
 •btained it, 
 'G brought. 
 
 WHITE-FKUITED MULBERRY-TRKE. 
 
 The Chinese appear to hai i ^^^ 
 
 brcadTh of Asia T'if °^ ®°"=^ ««' carried XsSe' Tr" '°'""' "' 8'<=« 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 others, that it was thrproduct n ^"^ "^ ^'T ^^^"«^^^ ^ill it b ,rS whh .f^"''!,' 
 
 Abnnt thc^^ ■ ■ '"^' because it 
 
 -fvuoui tne beff nninrr nf «i,„ Trr.i 
 
 Si 
 
448 
 
 ^ 
 
 ; 
 
 l,t- 
 
 MORUS ALBA. 
 
 RoTeMS^'^fSri^^mo^r ' '''?^,r«'^ ^«»fi"<^d to Greece; but when 
 Seers of silcnnHhr^^ f'^nS'^ Peloponnesus, he compelled the principal 
 
 amncers ol silk, and breeders of silkworms, to remove with him to Palermo with 
 the determination to try the culture of this Iree in that conntrv The S al^a 
 
 saWsTMonSoit Siil,^ ■! is sa,d lliat tie o,ig„K.l iree slill exists at li.e 
 
 had followed Chnrlp^ vth 'V*-'.^' ^f \erai oi the gieat landed proprietors who 
 
 they pia„ ed m l>rovo„ce, in the vicinilv of MoiiLlimatt In ""o K™,7h f 
 
 slI'a'eTvL'afl'™,?'' *'"","■ P'™""" "" ""'"'' a"isa„s„f tl,afe'i,y™'S afc 
 
 hIL 1 ■ , S^"'"' "'"'■"' encourage tliein to remain tliere 'ic^ranNvl 
 
 Ihom special privileges and immnnilios. Henry II, and ( liarles I V 1,'^^Tm 
 
 have been the next sovereigns wlio endeavoured to proirole the e illore o'l^l n 
 
 gaZUatNism"sVr3a i'''° ""'" ■""'"'="■ 7 "''• ^>an ols T™ ' ,"a 
 
 P nf tho 'Pn 1 • ', ''"'''''^ ^ plantation of white mulberry trees in the aar- 
 tZ^l '\l S^l''"^'' 'V'''^ ^^^« erected a large building for^ ^ ' 
 
 worms. 
 
 rearing the silk- 
 
 trees throtl'ili^^^rJr "'' ^"^^' ™™f g"" •■"M.Ia.unlfZ 1"^* 
 
WH.TE-FliUITED MULBERRV-tree 
 
 Louis XIII., the sillf r»o e 449 
 
 successor, Louis XV "'f.""^^*^':"^^^ f«ll into neglect • but „n l u 
 Colbert, one of the n.yb'r^"''.'^''''^' ^"racted tife auemt "" t' *^' '"'§" ^^ his 
 from the cSuure ofP"*",' """''''''"''^ '''^^S the^'Ses m.u ^^^^--r^'"^' ^"^ 
 power. He eSt? .iS f "■>'-*'''''^'' ''^solved to Si^f, k'^'"' ''"Sht be derived 
 and even planted 'l^:'!'^^ '''X''^ nurseries; gave^Z'n I "^^-y "'"^ns in his 
 . cultivate the t ee^ ^^ ?'''' ^'^^^ '""^^ «f PrSStor.lo 'J '^> ^-^'^'^d them : 
 disgust, on Uie nar't of ""'^''""'y '"^^^''^e caused so mn^^'J^ "^' ^"'^'"t^rily 
 suffered to decav rtlh .P'^P''^'"'"^' ^hat the mulberrm "^f 'J''^'^^^*'^" ^"d 
 or t^venty.foar sous Vn " "'^' ^"^^ '^'^re genUe nlL^'^!i'^^''^"« ^^^^e soon 
 three years Th'' ?' •^^^'-^ mulberry-tree fha L^ ^ n ' i"*^""'"^ ^ premium 
 few yLrs mulbe rv 'n'l' T"' "«^^"ed\vith succe s '7'^" f Plantation for 
 have 'so c^nttedltte'r "^", ?^--" SgSt ^^i'lV'r" ^^ ^ 
 session of the Frenc'nn IS- » ^ T. ^ ^^^^ «o"'i after A Lr« ^""§^^.«"^' ^nd 
 established whirl t If •^' "" P^'^hc nursery, occunvhL^i^ ""^^^ "^'o Pos- 
 purpose of eTper m^^ '" '""'^■" ^^^^nty-fi^L tSS,.?''*^ ^^'■^^' ^^^« tl'ere 
 se/ral of us'\Sr "^ "-"-'nation, -ong'Z?/;!; ^ e"i J ^1'^ ^'d 
 In Germany, the cnlfnr« ..f n '"^^ ^"d 
 
 mulberries planted ex Sel/i^V? ^'''' ^"^^°^'"^^d by Frederick IF . . 
 P'e \vas soon after foM., ! i ^c " different parts of liis domini!. }' ^^ho had 
 
 In «avar,a, thil^Ss't^^^^""'' ^'"^'^^^' -^^ mtrXe^lf ^^^'»- 
 nient, and of the Mnnini a "'^'^ ^^^^ commenced undpr VL "'"^ .''"taller states. 
 
 ho^vever poltrd treof,;; ^^'[y considerable. In Skrof M ^"^ ^^^her, has the 
 cities, goods io m. T ^"""^ '"" '^^'^- "ordering t e b Jl ?, *'''' southern states. 
 
 Cologne. '^""^' ^' ^^-edero m the Tyrol, at tevel tt'St at'''^ 
 
 I he culture of sill- Ik "enin, and at 
 
 houghs of the tree wil. T ?-^' """^ accustomed to feed X ^: "'hecultiva- 
 »' f'^ckihys ihat were ever seen in 
 
 Pill 
 
 ^^^ii 
 
 ih 
 
 m 
 
■'— *s^-iisi-j*: 
 
 450 
 
 MORUS ALBA. 
 
 
 I 
 
 % 
 
 Englaml, sent to liim from Spain; and Edward VT., "had a pair of lone? silk 
 Hose Irom the same country, presented to him by Sir Thomas Gresham, " a present 
 
 together like the cloth hose that were worn previously to the reign of Elizabeth 
 James I, when Icmg of Scotland, was forced to beg the loan of a pair Ts 
 stoc ungs of the Mar! of Mar, to appear in before the English embassador, enfo c- 
 ing h.s request with the cogent appeal, "For ye would not, sure, that your king 
 should appear as a scrub before strangers "-a circumstance which probably led 
 h.m to promote the cultivation of silk, both in England and in America. The 
 manutacture of si k was introduced into JJritain in the X Vth century ■ but it did 
 '^hL^f ""* ^''- ""'' ' '"f '• '^?-'^^' ^*" *'^" ^™<^ °f Elizabeth, the tranquillity of 
 m t^e SSi;;;''' ' '^'' "'""^ "' ^'^f ^•'^"^'"S^' «««-«i«"od by the disturbances 
 m the Low Countn.r., gave a powerful stimubis to the manufactures of England. 
 In Ibai, James I probably m imitation of Henry IV., passed his famous edict 
 
 ZaTr^'T^ *f ', '"''"^'^ °^ ^'"^ '"^^ ^^'^^'" ' ^"^^ ^'-^"^ ''^« " Issues TtheEx 
 bimTplf ' ut\y i'"^u'r'' ^PP'^'' '^'""'^ ^'y the year 1008, he planted largely 
 
 >o?. Rnnn ? ' T '"' f^^'.^y^ ^''■' "^'''''^'^ "' l*'^^, quotes some passages 
 
 f om K?r ' rT'V^'S'^^l'^r"''"'' ''''■' '''''''^ *" l*^''-*; '^"J =^™«"g «t''«'- letters 
 ° « f % '" ''"■^' lieutenants, recommending the planting of mulberry- 
 
 ikwZ °^^p'"^, ''\'"' "' ^"° ^"'^''"'^^ ^'^^•^- 'I^ho"gIi this auempt to reir 
 s nXd I? na"^^"'^ P'"'''^ unsuccessful, the manufacture of the raw^^aterial 
 SI pp ed by other countries, was in an extremely flourishing condition. The 
 silk-throwsters of London were united into a fellowship, in 156^- and wee 
 TZrZf '" ^'■"' ,T'"."S'^ retarded by the civil wars^in the tim^. of Char es 
 I. and the commonwealth, the manufacture continued gradually to advance ; and 
 
 firSrS'V? ''""^ '' ^''"'^'i ^'^'"^t '' '^ ''^''^ ^'^ ^ Pr«^"^ble to aStatute passed n 
 
 InJ^'Ja n i\TJr '1 '''"' ■V"'^ r ^''''' t''^"^ f^'-ty thousand individuals 
 engaged in the trade. A considerable stimulus was given to the English silk 
 manufacture by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 168o ; when abo fif y 
 
 t rS'llll '"'1' "''''""' ^'^'^'^ ^^^"§^ hi Hritam. At this pedod, the consump^ 
 ion of sill goods was so great in England, that, besides the qua itity manufoc- 
 
 hnndrol t'^' ""T^^ '^''' T^^ annually imported an amount exTeed?ng six 
 ^n ^S- '°:J''''''^, P"""^; ',tf h"g- After the foUure of the attempts of Janfes 
 
 n he V S ^t'TU^r^"^ r ''^;'"",' r'''''' '''''' ^^PP^^^^ to iLe beerx made 
 n ttie year lb|9. 1 his may be inferred from a grant having been made to Wal- 
 ter As on, of the custody of the garden, mulbeny-trees, and silkworms near St 
 co,rnu'atirn nf h"'"'^ of Middlesex; although [his may possibly have b^en a 
 continuation of the project of the year 1605. In 1718. the scheme was a-ain 
 ei ewed. and a patent granted to John Appleton, Esquire, for producing raw 
 Ilk of the growth of England. To accomplish this' undertaking, he was author- 
 he canulfintl^f ^^ ^";'«"^'^''^ subscription. This he accornplished, divS ng 
 enmlled n T T ?^ ^' P^""'\'. "^'h- A deed of vrust was executed, and 
 enrolled in the court of chancery; directors for managing the concerns of the 
 
 5rr7 ""T '^'''" ^^ ''^'^ subscribers, and Chelsea Parle, being conveninty 
 situated, and possessing, as was supposed, a soil favourable for the purpose was 
 le'rf nnTf "' th^/h^^^tre of their operations. A lease of this place for^one'lui! 
 dred and twenty-two years was obtained, and two thousand mulberry-trees were 
 soon actually planted; this forming but a small part, however, of the^vast nuan- 
 1 y which the company contemplated raising. Many large edifices wire emned 
 at d great expense, upon the spot, the remains of whicli, at the present dav 'are 
 J'aid to be entirely obliterated. Mr. Henry Barham, who probably ws a mem- 
 ber of this eompaiy, published, at this time, an essay on the silkvvo m w "er^^n 
 he aboured to prove that all objections and difficulties raised against he prose" 
 cution of what he calls " tins glorious undertaking." were mere phantoms ^The 
 
of long silk 
 1, " a present 
 , and sewed 
 if Elizabeth, 
 pair of silk 
 idor, enforc- 
 it your king 
 )robably led 
 erica. The 
 ; but it did 
 nquillity of 
 jstnrbances 
 af England, 
 imous edict 
 of the Ex- 
 ited largely 
 ae passages 
 )ther letters 
 f niulberry- 
 Tipt to rear 
 \v material 
 tion. The 
 and were 
 of Charles 
 i^ance ; j» nd 
 e passed in 
 individuals 
 jnglish silk 
 about fifty 
 i consump- 
 '■ manufac- 
 eeding six 
 f James I., 
 been made 
 de to Wal- 
 ls, near St. 
 ve been a 
 was again 
 ucing raw 
 as author- 
 1, dividing 
 cuted, and 
 rns of the 
 iveniently 
 rpose, was 
 r one hun- 
 trees were 
 rast quan- 
 src erected 
 t day, are 
 IS a mem- 
 i, wherein 
 the prose- 
 ms. The 
 
 WHITE-FUUITED MULBEKUY-TKEE. 
 
 event however proved him t« i, ^'^^ 
 
 of an instnmonn'tableis wp L r';hi.r'1 ^'""^'^ ''''' ^''^-''^-s did exist 
 
 expectation was disappointed at^^le'^^n '^'^ ''"^ ^^«"'^^ "^^ Wod 
 15:"'' ^ ^P'"P,-"y was' e«tablisWd „ !^„TaT;;.^'T; '""'^ '"'« "blivzon. I„ 
 lon.al Silk Comnanv.'' JilMf.fjJ'"^'-'^. "!« "^'"« of "The British 
 
 irioi -■;:',""•'' *^'^« estao ishcd in |.'nrrln.„i ' , "",' "^ ""-o ooiivion. In 
 Insh, and Colonial Silk Companv " wiM^ ' ""'^'''" ""^ "^'"« of "The JJr tis 
 of the celebrated CYunt DTnZ^\^h^^^^^^^ '^Y^' '''^P'^^'' «»d under th^d rection 
 worm, &c, is consiaered t^ be% woHc evf^'f "^ '^^ "management of X s ,k 
 «^'pany formed extensive plaSionsn 5^,';^^^^ ? the s.bjc'ct, in Italy ThL 
 J^ngh, and m the vicinity of Coi-I^ and mfTf ^tf ^''^''''^' Particularly nea 
 vonslure, o,ie of the most influentia mp^K • •^'"'"^ Heathcoat, of Tiverton Dp 
 
 ta'on's^int' '"'^^ ^"^ ^-^'^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 lations m the county of Devon • bnf -.rlnl ^ '"^ company also formed nkn 
 
 chrnate of the British Isles was too hunrriT ''^''^'' ^''^«« fou™ haUhJ 
 the company was finally [..-oken Z aXt .7 ^^.P'-'^duction of good ilk and 
 . 1l>e first mtrodi.ction of the siK.fl li Pl'-^'yations destroyed, in 1829 * 
 
 They lost no timeTL^:;sti n'L'.lL^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^o accompHsl/tirkil^^nL t? 
 of Virgnna, together with part cuhr T.l % '"""f ''^ *''« governor and councii 
 apply.the.r labours in the p' Xcto, o siT T ^T J^'' ''^'^"i^^^ m'ght be 
 then- mstructions were acconman Ld W t ^ ^^ ^''^ furtherance of this object 
 the Art of Making Silk " etc a In ^ ""^ '"^'^^ ^^ Bonoeil's " Treat isf on 
 eggs, which had been sentt;m ^..'i^ilf;'^,! f nudberry-trees and si k wo^^ 
 a member of the Virginian Cor^^. f'"" i,'^^^^^^^^ ^^^l^'/^-. ^r. Bonoeil, who was 
 was so Ally convinced of its ZShihlf '^^^""'>^ '" ^^e undertaking- and 
 number of hands, such a quLt u' of .■ T^t? /? "^'^^7 ^f'^^' ^^^^h an ad^eqt mte 
 very short time, wo.n-d s. file en ly «nn i "''f/V',' ^'""'^T"^ '" ^^'S^ma, as in a 
 soon after this time experienced W ff^i ' ^mstendom. The misfortunes 
 the dissolution of the c4pa v Lafe dl^'r^V^V^S'"'^'^' ''^"'i ^^hich uYvoved 
 A considerable number of m Se?^; tree Ip '''f '^ ''',' ^'"'^^"^'°" "'" ^his mo let 
 s'lc was produced. In the yeai l^^S thJf ?'^'"^"'' =^"^^ flourished: biuS 
 subject of interest in Virginir Tfm 'J i"""^ °' silkworms again became a 
 tions of Mr. Edward Di^i ^ho eonfi l !f ' '^'' principally owing to the eTer 
 ;h-.ain dimculties atte^Iin^^^^ ^Sl^ asserted that l4 had ^nquS^T: H 
 V irginians that, in a short tirne , 3/- "': <^'ideavo.,red to persuade the 
 obtained. About this per oT t wS al .^"'"'f ^, V* ''[^' ^'-^'»' ^^'Y nrofitahlv be 
 every planter in Virgii/ia, who si on d 'ot h- ^ 1 ' '^'"'''* '^^'"^^'•""^^"t Ihat 
 for every hundred acres 'f land n fs nn? ' '■''"?^ '^ ''^'^^^^ ten mulberry- trees 
 tobacco. Five thousand po u cfs of oL . r''°"^ '''^^"''* "^^^ ^^^^ ten pounds of 
 produce one thousand pou'nds of lit s . ToP''^"''"^' '? '^">^ '^"^ ^^^- ^hoidi 
 a member of the legislature, stated tin I o . "^ ^'''''- *" ^^^^ij, Mr. Walker 
 
 on his estate. In 160G, all statu torvnmvi.i" '''''"'^ '^""^^^^"^ Mulberry- oes 
 he bu,„ 3,,^^^ in so thr V r^^^^^^^ 
 This branch of industry, however w?.!./^' "° '•'"-'^'" ^o require protection 
 
 # Sqo T „..J 1 . . 
 
 K 
 In 
 
 * See Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum, 
 
 "t 1350 et scq. 
 
ill 
 
 452 
 
 MOnUS ALDA, 
 
 Ml 
 
 :> ,. • 
 
 I! •: I 
 I' *■ 11 
 
 ¥l 
 
 w 
 
 m 
 
 *; 
 
 i 
 
 f. 
 
 1 
 
 them new views and habits. As they brought with thorn (heir slaves it became 
 necessary that an unmed ate return should be realized. Hence [hec dture^f 
 nee, md.go, and tobacco, Irom which an immediate profit cmS be derS^ 
 
 In the earliest infimcy of the settlement of Georgia, in the vear 17S2 a nip^r. 
 of ground belongmg to government, was allotted as a^nuerypSat on for^x^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 equal ni some cases, to the best Piedmont'silk, and worked wthVTwatc th,n 
 
 bun„ ail .1,0 „„,;, „l7Z^, e"xc:' Siaicur""' ""' °"'^ '" "^'^'^^ 
 eJyVZ7Jlf^'''T:Jf f ? ,'"=""."", "''J"" "f ""=■•«• i" Carolina as 
 
WHITE-FRUITED MULBERRY-TREE. ^,.3 
 
 invmnitted To K"S' ^.[o'tllou.I?/ !l '""'''''' °/ ^'"« '"^"^ «i'k. which were 
 fi y for the Hncoiirageme.I of Ah? . ''''"'"S «^ "^^'^c by tlie Patr o i S 
 
 the s.ik manulacture, at Charlcsto Ihinn ,i> "' ''^''^i ^^~^' ^''« commissioners of 
 five pounds of raw sillc, of more than 3. i' ''"^'''^"^' ^^^^ ''""^red andfiftv 
 
 tlicro were bought by the n in^lort /'"'' ''^"'^ ^he 15th of August 177?^ 
 
 cocoons, ajl the JroduL of C/ | J^, ^'V'^^'f "^ "'^«« hundred fSds of 
 further, of importance, appears to h^'^'''^'' '' '''^' ""'"^ ^'^^''^'^ Nothing 
 been put to an end by the A?m.r ca>r^-ov ( "'"''^ '■°''' ""'^ ""dertalcins hav nf 
 
 attempted in Philadelphia iHs' n '1 '. r ^ ''''^'^^' ^^'^terprise was ^I'' f 
 
 cocoons were brou-l,/ ;,' ' ■ ' ""'^^' "'« direction of M J D'HomZ^ ^ ? 
 
 ;-ion,andsoS;:.e',^^f;-^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 tlic urulertaking f^^i|ed. ™' ''"^^ afterwards; but, for the wa./t of capital 
 
 Dr/S^of Ei;:i7^S^^;^^'^^ ? ^"« rearingof silkworms in 1760 
 introduce this important Z^nclf of rnrnr ^'''■'"''''^' "^^'^ bis best exer oiL to 
 extensive nurseries of the mXrrJn <"' "^^^^'^^Y- He succeeded in fS. - 
 and other places, with the aid of ^/^;,^,7^"*^^«' V^''"« I'^''-"^l> I'onnsyl ™ i'? 
 Utiles, at that time president of Yale Co L 'V'l"'!r ^'-^^^J^^^'-^ the Rev. Dr' 
 seeds was sent to every parish in tho .n?' = • ?"^ ^''^'^ "^^ ^^'^ o»"co of mulber/v 
 edge of the business e^aS e ^o iZ^arT'^V?*^' 'r^/'^"^ '''^ thei"w7 
 gentlemen, the legislature of Connecticu in 17ft'^"""'l ^''' exertions of these 
 on mulberry-trees and raw silk TCm 'slV.? '""' '"1""^''^^^ '^ ^r^^'^ ^ bounty 
 bounty was withdrawn, the business^ nS f"'","!" ""'"'■' '" ^ f«w years the 
 field produced only two huuS 'ml si,^ •''•^'^' '"^ I" l'"'"^' ''>« town of Ma ! 
 
 ferc-i.i:Xhf^^^^^^^ 
 
 sta es, by offering bounti... for all rn?;?m-'/''"r ''? '^g'^'^'^res of sev ral 
 certain periods of time. But instead of •«. l"?'^"^^^ ^^itbin their limits fo 
 industry, for the last meonCTh^^^^^^^ tf"« brand o^ 
 
 subject m detail, we are compelled Votirw^' '''''' ^"^ entering into the 
 work eiititled "The Silk Q^stioV Settled '^'" ""^'V^''^^ '« refer the reader to a 
 
 hundred and fifty witnesses bei^tliSo^t orH^p'"^ '\'' ^^^''"»°"y «->ne 
 Convention of Silk-srowers -.nrl M ^^P^^^ ^^ *ho Proceed ngs of the Nit.n.,.! 
 
 '•".the city of New fork h otb^Tir '"'!"' 'l''^ ^^ ^'^ ALrican Ins^u 'e' 
 missioner of the United StaVes Patent Ofl^ According to the Report of the corn- 
 amount of silk cocoons produced ^t!/,t?^l'^T^ ^''. ^'^ y^^^ '844 t^e 
 
 ^^"'' '^' '''« several states in the union, 
 
 
 I; i! 
 
 n 
 
454 
 
 
 V 1:1 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 i'l 
 
 'i i 
 
 MORUS ALBA. 
 
 r.iro; Marylu.Kl .,,m, Aonk Jar' tatS;!^;"*^";"?' ■.,''■''"'■ ^'"^T?' 
 JoutliCnrolma,(i,0:ill; Now York. (i.;-,.1|. K^ ,'„„,.! it. .'''^li •■""rgja, , ,1,1,11; 
 
 T»«.i.. ,,. J. '.,.■' .''^V-l*"'^!''.-"^^*; Kei,t„cky,r),Sl(); Now Jersey 5 :^(H)- 
 
 an, 1 r3l>; Louisim.a, l,:Jl<); District o/ 
 
 Delaware, 4,W(); Ili^.iois, 4,250; Micl:ig; 
 
 Columbia, l,2y(); Rhode Island 1 1/l(t. v„,„ it ' , ■ '"■■"' 'i'""') I'lsinci oi 
 
 Maine, 8.^0 Florida, 5 ()M^^^^^^^^ *'i'r"' ^'"''''»"''' l'''-«J; 
 
 Wisconsin, 3().-Totai llMoVqu ^^'' ^'^' Arkansas, 270; Missouri, ydO I 
 
 heSt o?s;:;;ve;ftK mmk\f h"';- '^ r ^>^«'^' ^^''-" '- -"-"^d . 
 
 tus,%r sprcad^of branc lel^o ^ ^ fsiv v ^o ""hT^ '''"'""I"' T^ •'^" -"'"- 
 every year. ^ ^'-^'- " '^'^^""^^ ^" abuiiduiice of Iruit 
 
 or those iu which thcto?sT ^ e trilav^^^^^^ 
 
 Avorst. A gravollvor sinrlvlnn.l^ i 7^^^ '^'^'^^^^ *" ^^''i'*'"'', produce tho 
 
 f;-,-,r -^"^ ^^'S^ ::;p:^^^-^r^^™. ; ™ ^-^ -^ 
 
 (luce male calkins llic precediiic siiriii" 
 
 Ton n« (llotr 01V-, r...il.„ I 1 . . , „' 
 
 rp, , - rr-ns known to nro- 
 
 1 he berries may eulinr be gathered 
 
 or they may be put into water Ts soon i;,) '""''' ''V' ^^P^'-^^^od from them, 
 cientlv hard to disengage ^rseeds u If ^^7''', ^^"''7'^' ^''^ ^"'^bcd suili: 
 water and then rubbe.f drl o,^^]i e 1"/,;'^ be cleansed from the pulp in the 
 with sand, and kept till wanh 1 fo n e t\ho '"^^^^^^i^^ely, of mixed 
 sown as soon as the fruit is ea hero^ nn^l n 1 '°"'^' "^ * '■^"'"' •''" ^^^^^ arc 
 but in colder climates hevxrc ken H II « ^ ".'' 'T' "'' ^''« ^'^^"^^ «"""""; 
 three or four weeks and Zn^rV^ ^""^' '''''^" ^'"'y gonerallv come up i, 
 
 Germany, and'in iLr^Jtr rpr^rorre'StS ^^I'^'f ''''' "'^'"^- ^'^ 
 commonly covered during tlic first wuue %v^tll^^^ the young plants are 
 
 covering is often continu'ed on the gS fo hrtCr' ""' '''^'y, ''^^'^ this 
 are tiioroughly established to vrotoct ZVZ^ ? ^T ^'"'V^' ''" ^bc plants 
 are generally taken up and rophntod ^hcZrnnf ''''^ ''" '" '^- ^^""g P'^"ts 
 apart, or sufficiently for for tiTe co, veni^e^^^^ ? T'' ^'"'' «»' «^« ^^^t 
 
 a. multicaulis, and severa o LrTrSf Sa 'leru.g the leaves. The Morus 
 
 cuttn^gs; tbekyersbdngmadrir^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^''^^^^ ^>^ '^^^^'^ «r 
 
 the parent plan! i„ autifmu or b?rH.?lf^. '"'''''■' ''"'^ ^^^Parated from 
 wiil readily take root n d Arn.i ^ *^^"ttnigs of branches, or truncheons, vviiich 
 
 Count DanUoLr^ini^gS^ ^'^ /'^"-y"'^" >^-'- 
 
 near the ground, the third snrinJ hn^^J^^f • the large-leaved varieties, 
 
 prefer seedling p ants, o plafu faisedVZ )'"'''' °" '^'' ^'""^"™ ^^PP^^r to 
 Tt has been asse ted tl at treeT Led f om T ''^''" °'" '"'/'"8^' '^ S'-^^tcd ones, 
 greater longevity, than those pron^^af^^^^ ^''.' """' ^V'^ "^'^'"^ ''^''dy and of 
 
 of their folfage f^Ul proiuc^^a'^r ^t'ft lyVf^smc't^ ^""" "^'^"''^ 
 
 .. that the whtte s;^eSa^t^^--;^^^; ^ wl rXtll^j^fi 
 
^M); Ponn- 
 Alabama, 
 rgia, r.nnO; 
 sey, r),4m- 
 J>i.stri(;t of 
 Ilia, 1,0.50; 
 loiiri, 260; 
 
 attained 
 1 an anibi- 
 ice of fruit 
 
 lis spfcios, 
 tliirty-iwo 
 ■at. 
 
 rty feet in 
 t. 
 
 more tcn- 
 sitnation. 
 ro linmid, 
 :k]uco fli(j 
 liilly snr- 
 llf ys, and 
 
 5, and by 
 ni to pro- 
 gathered 
 )m tlicm ; 
 bed sulli- 
 ilp in the 
 or mixed 
 seeds are 
 autumn; 
 ine up in 
 
 ^lltS, III 
 
 lants are 
 and this 
 le plants 
 tg plants 
 five feet 
 e JMorus 
 lycrs or 
 led from 
 f, which 
 ig year, 
 arieties, 
 ppear to 
 3d ones. 
 
 and of 
 
 weight 
 treatise 
 lerry be 
 lis plan 
 ;k mul- 
 
 WHITE-FUUITEU MULBU TREE. 
 
 455 
 
 sap may be c'lually <Cibn . rrouL^ ,,:^ ^^ '''« '''''^J^' «» that ti.e 
 
 '1' i'""'!'^ t' pridueUon of tl , , ro M,f t^of ^^ ' ' '''" ^'^'"- ^'" ''"« 
 
 tree, which li alike important b 1^ L^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^V ^-^y P^'' of the 
 
 t! • scc-M,d ere hie 1 j^ remi r r Lr^i ^'l ^'^''" '" " ^''O'''"^. and for 
 
 Ilalde .,i, ,^'^'r''' '' .V,"! ''''\ I , '"'. "«»!''«'"»^' ^ of the tree iisdf. J)u 
 
 ■I'ld with,,.u . (r or damage to the frees Tl. ^ "'^^'^ '? '''^' '''''*"-'^t '"anncr, 
 head of the tree m a hollo .^f.^".. I out -u v mt'er"'?'"'^ '''"'^. ^^ ^""'"« "'^ 
 'llo ; so that a person goin- round t e in e m X m ','^', ^''""^'"''^ '» the m.d- 
 afterwards, byVstandn^g ^i h ,r,^;i7^,f,f ^^^^ '\" '''« "Utside leaves, and 
 d-flerent part^ may plu^:), the leases gw;,ir,rS,;''''ll\f 7""^ '" the 
 allowed to grow to anv "rej'* hoi-Mii oJ i\, '"tLUor. i he trees are not 
 
 l|.o<lgc. that may be roacL^ in everv nrrwi/l . nl f '\ "''' "'^^^^'^'•^' "'' '-^""d 
 China, and also ,n India the mlberf/.' In..i '-'""'^"'g on its branches, la 
 
 as those of .he sngai^c le auT I e ^t^ri^^^ T'^V'^'f'/ '" ""^ '"^^'>"«'- 
 
 squares oC e or six f. 't o ? ^ . ..^7 ^ ^''''"''''•. "^ ''^"'^ ''^ '^id out into 
 
 ionned in. wi:?^ ar^,;la t^^ 'a^^om/'livrr^;' nmil ^''-^ ^•-"- i^ 
 the sn.l |,,.is been stirred and . lUircd T n!. ^ . mulberry cuttings, after 
 
 mulberry, Jiowever is Tff-ipl-r.,i k,. . ^ i ^ accment. llie w iite 
 
 •nation on th^rof pa as ic f\,n^i Tl' 7''' ""^'''^\'' accompanied by the ibr- 
 
 of Count Dandolo cijtitlod "lli ' \Zn CyclopiMlia ; also lo iho work 
 
 "America,, Silk-Oro vcS Guil-" -^.w f "".f "-yV B'":';!" <Ia Se.a- Kcuick'., 
 tl.c Jay. '"'■' "'"' '° »'°" of "'« "gricullural journals of 
 
 i'roj,e,-,k. and Pscs. Tl,e wood of ,ha Morus alba, who- dry, ,voighs forly- 
 
 lil 
 

 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
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 /- 
 
 4. 
 
 ^V <^^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 i.O 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 iii2^ ll«| 
 
 Z.J 
 
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 S i:s 110 
 
 U IIIIII.6 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 m- 
 
 ■^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 6^ 
 
 '^ 
 
) 
 
 
 
456 
 
 MORUS ALBA. 
 
 rails to rural fences, and for fuel fc? ^'^ ^^'^ ^^^ ^^ne-props pits 'nd 
 iineness of silk. pJr this purpo 'e the von ' "''^.'^" convened into I n?n of the 
 the second ascent of the sSpS mnSirlil^^^?^ August' 'durn| 
 It IS then taken out, at sunset snreaH Tn tiT ^^^ '','^ ^"""^ ^^^ys in stil water 
 s"nr,se. After repeating th fprS dai'- ^-^''''' '"'^"'""^d *« ^he waler ai 
 
 dried, and prepared likl flav ^ tS K T^ ^""^ '"""^ ^^'"«' i' '^ finally taken out 
 ;me.tree fo^- rLking blf for ma's t %tTf '''V"'' '' thVEurop^eS 
 leaves of the white mulberry, abound hln Ju^ ^^'^'' ''^"^ '"ore especially the 
 more or less of the properties of cao.u.ffn"""'^ J"''^' ^^^ich is found to possess 
 the tree is grown. It^is doubtresstwfnL''tr tr'^^"^ '° '^' ^'^'"^te inChTh 
 fihr.?h"''''7^' 'h^^ the cocoons of the sHkworm h'' ^''""P^'K''' '^e leaves of 
 
 Sie s l^"V;''"'t"- ""y °t'^^r i»«ect that feedron t^^e'L' '" "'f ^ "^"^'^ t^"^^^"^ of 
 the silk, like the tobacco and wine o f ™ ni '"^^^'^^ "^ trees. Hence, also 
 
 always superior to that produced in rnm'J' r '"^'''' ^"^ ^^ P^o^, dry soils S 
 soils. To verify this opinion we auotefhnf n ™-^'''' ^"^ ^^^^^ "ch and moist 
 from the -.Jo.irnal d'AWc^^ki^^rdes P.v/r'^'^'"^^"'^ J'^^icious observ^ 
 impracticability or profitably raisins siliT;?''?'^^ 'J^'''^ ^^'" "«t only show ?he 
 an infallable guide L the ch^iSTf soil a^?d dimS? ^^'V/'"'^^^' ''"^ ^^^» -^'e a 
 The mulberry-tree is found in Spn .? ^^'l' ^^^'^ sP^cies of culture :- 
 grown in the north is much ?ess sukable for tlT^ ^ ' ^"' '^' ^''^'' ^^ ^he leaves 
 of the leaves of the south In f L ^^ production of good silk than thnf " 
 
 much as wines, according' to ^heLar^;' T"'?'"^ '^^^^' ^"^ XZe^Ts 
 In general, every climate'and soH thaT wHl '°'' "] ^^^^^^ they are produced 
 succulent mulberry leaves h, 7 h. , ' ^'''''' 8^°^ ^''eat will produce laSp 
 jrve; that is, they wm ^iVtoo m^h '^''' T"' '" "^^"7 cases,^be tTo S 
 ency. The wild mulberry .vithsSll^;;"'^ ''° ™"^'^ ^"bstance and su i-" 
 than the grafted mulberry, with lame leav ''' ""f '^''' '"'""'■' ^"^^ «"^'h ^ ^o 
 depended on, is, that the mulberry to nroT .."^ l'"'*"^* ^"'«' ^"d one to be 
 soil and exposure that the vine does to ml f<? t" ^''' ''^^' ^^q»"-^« the sanie 
 much bin'' "'^r'-"^« "«"rislLd by ?eres '^the're/'r^'"" Experience has 
 
f the trunk, 
 ng of wine- 
 able, violet- 
 !, posts and 
 inen, of the 
 fust, during 
 still water, 
 ^e water at 
 
 taken out, 
 ! European 
 ecially the 
 
 to possess 
 e in which 
 
 leaves of 
 enacity of 
 ence, also, 
 ry soils, is 
 and moist 
 servations 
 
 show the 
 II serve as 
 iulture : — 
 the leaves 
 than that 
 : differ as 
 produced, 
 ice large, 
 00 nutri- 
 id succn- 
 h a soil, 
 ne to be 
 the same 
 ence has 
 
 succeed 
 3s which 
 id by an 
 
 that of 
 Horus a. 
 arkably 
 
 Morns rubra, 
 THE RED-FRUITED MULBERRY-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 MoTus rubra, 
 
 Murier rouge, 
 Rother Mauibeerbaum 
 Moro rosso ' 
 
 LiNNiEus, Species Plantar.im. 
 M.c«Aux North American Sylva. 
 
 Germany. 
 Italy. 
 
 Red Mulberry-tree, Virginian Mulberry. | ^^''''■ 
 
 r^"^'^-* AND Anglo-America. 
 
 below^ '^"'^*- ""='""'^' North American Sj-lva, pi. U6- Lo,„Inn i k., 
 
 ■ Pi. Ub, Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, vii nl »?. „ , . . 
 
 Specific Characters. Sexes Dolv<.,r. ,• '^'■" 
 
 Description. 
 
 i^^HE Morns rubra, when 
 ^ I rill F«'^>"g "1 its native 
 
 LI [@ fnrpsfo o.v^ .. 
 
 
 ,i^\ 
 
 -^^'.s^ forests,' among other 
 
 in'peltlCZta S:';, form SSloC-.vl'^'i'' ™';'" "<»"=-. -h'* put forth 
 
 form new varictS "races t^ts'ST' '" '"""' '"" ^•™'' "='"icncy ,„ spor, ,„H 
 species. The follo,W ^v'aVa io^rirrTlrr- '^^ '"'''"'' ""^ 1^^ ;,h"1 
 
 ^^ we insert priue,,,aily uu the authority of Raf^ 
 
458 
 
 MORUS RUBRA. 
 
 '1.1 
 
 the species in having longCT petioles ^vnfeT ^',"' '?'■"">' '•"T'^-^' f'™ 
 
 seldom laterally lobel, quite sm<Sh and thn' ^"P'f '°'''''"<' '<^''™. "I"":!' »'» 
 acnminale nor oblique at thetose ' 1, forZ •. i '°™"'' '"^""'' """ ""'"'"' 
 
 banks of the Snsnuehannal in il,„ am f. ^Jmidsome treo, growing on the 
 
 three to five i^ci:Sl^:^-t^i:^l^t^7^^:i^^- '''^ '^^''^ '^ ^-- 
 when gro\in"rro" k.'S^et"^^ -1'^^ Rock Mulben;, 
 
 rounded at the base ku tot^corda e ieTr.f '^ ''"' ^^''^^>^ ""'^ «^^^»«' ^^lique 
 native of Canada, tlie riortl^^rn nar? of m1' ''^^."""'Jf^^' '-^"^ smootl^' It is a 
 York, and the Alleghany MountSinl ' ^"''^ "^'"P^^ire, Vermont, New 
 
 ^4'Vti^=Lt^tKS:!^^-"^fj^ called 7)...«. Mul. 
 
 one to two inches lon^, are sraool nvnt; \ I ""^ ^^''' variety are from 
 
 ■sub-cronate, truncate at the btse oftV^l/' "'' °[ ^^'"''^' "°^ ^^^^d, equally 
 petioles. The fruit is Ve T sSl obTon. i'3T' ""f '"^P"^^*^^ ^y ^""g ^'^"de? 
 sweet taste. It is a native ofTh. AN JT^'^''*^ "/ ^ 7''y P^''^-r«d colour, and 
 said to have been cult^^ail^by Ihe llldSnT^ '"^ Apalachian Mountains, and is - 
 
 it/S's?gh;^S'?nd ^'^'^'iz^v^sr "^^^ ^^^ "-'^- -^-- 
 
 assumed as the noAheri limits of his tree A. ^ Wmnipisiogce, which may be 
 to its increase, as we progress ^outhwnS'u t ^"'"P^'^te climate is favourable 
 the Atlantic, it is propoSably1ess7ommon trn""'' ^"^^^'""Itiplied; but along 
 form tho mass of he forests In the iZo^rfn \'''^" "^^"y «ther trees which do not 
 less frequetitly seen, than at a distanrS^ f ^^'^' '°"?"^" ''^'''> i^ is ^«"ch 
 table productims wear a di^Srent Xvn T ^'^1°^^^"' ^^here the soil and vege- 
 Pe.ms^lvania, Virginia Shb Lntuokva d T. n'' "^''^ ^^'^"^"^'>^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 
 on the banks of the VV^ba h KS inrl^h m^^^^^ 
 to the superior fertility of the soil ' Missouri, which is attributable 
 
 x^ln =rr^t;^t i;is^lisr^!!^ ^? p-^^--' -^^ ^" ^^^ 
 
 large tree," and that " the fruit is ]nt^r.^' a . ^'°'? ^""^^^^''^ ^^^th us to a 
 tions a tree of this spec.es iiTeg^^^^^^^^^^^^ at Full^aE^Tr''^ """^K -^'"^^ '"^"- 
 been tiiere many years without pr?Sin/anv ft utt It""! "\^'''^' '" ^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 bore a great number of catkins,S\ Eose of 'tl- 'f'' "' 'T' '^^^^«"^' 
 Ray to give it the name of ConZ A mo^t ?h! 1. hazel-nu ; which caused 
 of much magnitude, in the envfrons of T nnnln J P'^"^' ""^ ^^'^ M°r"« ^"bra, 
 don, as growin- in he eird^n nf f ''^^•^l'^""' »r<3 those mentioned by Mr. I.ou- 
 
 of ilessfs. Loddiges "t'JjS neV In S'",^''^ ^r'^' ^"'^ "^ the^arboretum 
 teen feet high. "acKney. m I83b, these trees were from eight to six- 
 
 whJcinrTdjiy t 'at^tntin^a '\F''''^ ^^^. ^^ ^ *-« «^ this species, 
 Avith a trunk a foot and a hafeZ^l^ h"'^ the height of forty-five feet 
 of thirty-eight feet. diameter, and an ambitus or spread of branches 
 
 ingrhlS'^UaLJ^T^'hSt^f^Sr^xt'."'"?^ ^" '^^'y ^-'-^ ^^- P'-t- 
 ter, and an ambitus of thiSy feet. ^ ' ^''''^' ^ ^'""'^ ^wo feet in diame- 
 
iervations of 
 irietics : — 
 jf a pale-red 
 
 ivith all the 
 
 Water Mid- 
 differs from 
 , which are 
 but neither 
 iving on the 
 es are from 
 
 ': Mtilberry, 
 te, oblique, 
 h. It is a 
 mont, New 
 
 idian Mul- 
 ty are from 
 ?d, equally 
 II g, slender 
 :olour, and 
 ins, and is - 
 
 rn extrem- 
 3h may be 
 favourable 
 but along 
 ich do not 
 it is much 
 and vege- 
 et with in 
 y abounds 
 tiibutable 
 
 ly in the 
 h us to a 
 Her men- 
 731, had 
 I seasons, 
 h caused 
 LIS rubra, 
 Mr. I.OU- 
 'boretum 
 It to six- 
 
 1 species, 
 ive feet, 
 jranches 
 
 5r plant- 
 i diame- 
 
 RED-FRUITED MULBERRY-TREE. 
 
 redJ;mSber'!;-;"e"fony"ttrfe,u ^^'"r^''^^^ -- Plnladelphia, there is^a 
 
 Propagation, .^c. l\e Mo .^ f/ 'a H le the"" \^""^ 'T' ^" crrcumfo re. c 
 may be propagated from seeds bv rm'tin ^''^^^'"te, and black-fruited species 
 general, will thrivn with simU^r fLnt ^' ^r"^ ^^y*^''^"*' ««• by graftiu- St 
 
 leaves 
 ^I'opcrties and Use'i Tim nn.r * , >; i'-t-u 
 
 elected for the ribs of large boats It fs . fsn "' ^T^ ^^'^^^^^, it is sometimes 
 
 ™h i^""^1' ^'' '''' P-f« ofr^ra /enc %"hii"V''" Pf"-^' '^ the^onnTry 
 as much esteemed as those of the I..r -s xTA i ''' ^'"''"^ ^^^•^''" durability are 
 n)"gh, and hairy, while young't^^^ev Lf,^ ' ^'^?' '^^ ^'"« «P^^ies nreTliicr 
 which feed with advantage in a Si i ^"^P^'^P^i' ^r the food of silk wo m. 
 
 .;L«I 
 
" 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 
 [I 
 
 if 
 
 ■ 
 
 if' 
 
 13 '* 
 
 l; 
 
 , If 
 
 ff ^ 
 
 i ], 
 
 Ifipi' 
 
 Genus BROUSSONETIA, L'Herit. 
 
 UrticaccfB. 
 
 Si/sl. Aat. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Broussonetia, Morus, Papyrus, 
 
 Dioccia Tetrandria. 
 
 Sijat. Lin, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 ^^:l::^ZJ^^Zx hi™"'"" ""^ ™ "'"""^ '" ^°"""' "f '^'^ P- '^^ V- Brou,,onet, a French naturalist, who wrote 
 
 Generk Characters Flowers unisexual ; those of the two sexes upon distinct plants. Male flowers in 
 
 S^ .'i , "'^.'^'■'"'^"f ' f^"''"' 'J'"''^ "°^^''-''- '" ""-' 'I''-" "'■ 'h'' >"-««t'^a. Calyx short y ti b,^ar Ten 4- 
 
 n Imhr ifs t!n wf,h''.''T';'-.K^"n"'' '*""?" '" ^"^""'^''^''' ^^'"->> "P"-"'"'- f^'"''"lar L3 Calyx 
 9 . 1 ', ' ""■ ' ''";',^- ^''"y '^'""" "" intesumL-iit that arises from the bottom of the calvx 
 S h Evon/its",'i'o'"^n 1 ^ '"" f'"b-l-ped,, proceeding from the bottom of the calyx and exteScd 
 teeomes ve V ,1.7 'nn ^i^^'f ""," "" ,'"'«"."l"'^'" '^ ^^hich the ovary was enclosed, and now 
 
 I HE genus Broussonetia was constituted by L'Heritior from the 
 Morns papyrif era, and is said to comprise but one species, native 
 of Japan, and tlie Islands of the Pacific Ocean. It consists of a 
 vigorous-growuig shrub or low tree, Avith large-lobed, hairy leaves 
 variously shaped, and differing so much from each other on the 
 tinpf "^ ^^^^^"^ P'^"^^' ^^^^^ ''^^y "I'S'it be easily taken for dis- 
 
 llilCl spec IGS. 
 
 ,>^nr]?/^'' i''''1r T/T. '""^'' ^.'^''"S the fustic-trees of the tropics, which are 
 more nearly allied to this genus than to morus. They differ from the true mulber- 
 
 4 nnr^^l tV"^ . ^'"'^'^ 'f/''"'' ^lobular, the flowers distinct, calyx scariose, 
 4-parted; the sepals unequally obovate, obtuse, the ovary obovite-compressed 
 
 he style single terminal, smooth, filiform, and flexuose; and the fruit i globu- 
 lar compound berry or syncarpc; whereas the true mori have double stylls and 
 s^gmas, and oblong fruits There are several kinds of ^ tic-treesf which 
 
 5 f 2! ('m 'T '\ P'^'l''^' ^'■?"P' ^'''"^ ^*'"''' ^'^^^^^^ seeds. The true fustic 
 ot dyers, (Morus tinctoria,) is a laige tree, sixty feet in height, bearing sweet 
 edible fruit, about the size of a nutmeg, and is a native of Centml America^ Yuca- 
 tan, Cuba Jamaica, &c. TMie whole plant abounds in a slightly glutinous milk 
 of a sulphureous colour. The wood is yellow, and is much used in dyeinrfo 
 thn nnTTf r '' chiefly imported into E.irope and the United States, mider 
 the name oifushc-wood. There is a variety of this species, called Bastard Fustic, 
 a tree smaller in stature, and less valuable as a dye and s found from Yucatan 
 to the southern parts of Florida and the Bahama Is ands 
 
 *. i 
 
 WMHkiS 
 
iliat, who wroto 
 
 Brousson cfia papijriferay 
 
 THE PAPER MULBERRY-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Murus papyrifera, 
 Broussonetia papyrifera, 
 
 LiNN^us, Species Plantarum. 
 Don, Miller's Dioiionary. 
 Loudon, Arboretum Jirilannicuin. 
 
 Broussonetia a papier, Milrier a papier, ) -r, 
 
 Jlilrier de la Chine, Papyrier, France. 
 
 Papier-lMaulbeerbauui, Germany 
 
 Moro papirifero, Moio della China, Italy. ' 
 
 Paper Mulberry-tree, BnirAiN and Anolo-Ameiiica. 
 
 Bngraun... Nouveau Pu Hamcl, ii., pi. 7 ; Lou.lon, Artare.un, Britannicum, vii„ pi. 228 ; a„J ,l,e figure, below. 
 
 Specific Characters. Female calyx tubular, 3-4 dentate; style lateral; seed clavate LeavPs 'i-'-, 
 lobed, acummate, serrated, scabrous. ' ciavaie. L,eaves i—o- 
 
 iii 
 
 n ij 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^^^^i^HE Broussonetia papyrifera 
 
 '^'^'ir'l^ is a deciduous low tree, or 
 
 ^L^M ^^•■ge shrub, usually grow- 
 
 -—.-- — ~ ES^tM ing to a height of twenty 
 
 or thirty feet, with a trunk from ten to twelve 
 inches in diameter; but in favourable situations, it 
 sometimes attains nearly double of these dimensions - 
 Its trunk ramifies at a small height above the ground ^ 
 into numerous branches, which form a wide, though 
 regular summit. The bark of the trunk, when young 
 IS rather smooth, and of a grayish colour. Its leaves 
 are large, hairy, and canescent; and are either heart- 
 shaped, ovate, acuminate, or cut into deep, irregular 
 lobes. 1 he flowers, which appear at New York early in May before the lenve. 
 
 rnsi,^;;^::^''^ ^? '" °'^^""^"' ^^'•'^' «<^-^'«t-coloured frifit, of a s weetS , but rathe; 
 insn„d taste, w^ien ripe, which occurs at New York, in July or Aug.ist 
 Varieties. The varieties recognized under this species are as follows :- 
 1. 11 p. cucuLLATA, Loudou. Cowlcd-lcaved Paper Midberrv • a snorf fnnnrl 
 
 of a boat ""'"^ "P^'"''^'' ^^'^ ^'^^ *^°«^ «f ^ Capuchin, or the sides 
 
 2 B. P. FRucTu Ai Bo, Loudon. White-fniited Paper Midherry. 
 J"D?n'^anH r^ ««rf ^^.^^.y. The Broussonetia papyrifera, is a native of Chma 
 fhe^chief count fZ'fV"^ '' now cultivated, as an ornamental tree throughou 
 tlie cliiet countries of Europe, and in most of the states of the American union 
 in mi 'nnr' ""^°d"««d into Britain, from Japan, by Mr. Peter Col nson 
 in \lo\ and specimens varying from ten to thirty feet in height are o be 
 Ihe mal"a.rtf f" T^'f and collections in En'gland and Scotland.' Both 
 the male and lemale plant have long been cultivated in the London Horti- 
 
 III \i 
 
 ■ h\ 
 
 i 
 
 iSTl 
 
^^ 
 
 BROUSSONETU PAPVRIFERA. 
 
 Ltdlgis'^^ftKcl.?:;'"^' '' '''"^'^^- «^-"' -^'i - «- -borotum of Messrs. 
 
 forty feet, ^ith a t mile two feetLd a m^^^^^^ I'ad attained the height of 
 
 of branches of thirty feet diameter, and an ambitus or "prcad 
 
 a^p^li^ng! SaUaS^,;^ heg^^f'J^ifl^S ^Uh'' V^ T^'^"^- y^^ 
 eter, with an ambitus of twenty feet ^ ' "" ''""'' ^ ^''^^ '" ^'^"i- 
 
 sta^" ss.^ g;;;::^' llaJ^rr Mr Tr^'^r? ^^^ "'^^^^^-^ •»'« »'- United 
 
 Philadelphia, who^ ha^at onc^n? iod ! o'"^ \''"'''"",' "^^'^^ Woodlands, near 
 trees of any one in Amer ca Tho nn. ^?? '^'^'"P'«'« collection of foreign 
 from seeds or importS W the htJ^'vf'.V"" n'-''^' '^']^ ^'«° cultivated, eilhlr 
 
 «oJi:f No^ i^^^^^ 
 
 ..|f S^rt i?-l^KS^ JI-,^ -^^^^^^ " S^^^ 
 
 Rroo yrSddphrind'othr^ TTI °^ ---tll'^^^s in'Sew York 
 frequenti; to be nS wid^ v^^, ^""T "^ '^^' ""'•^"' ^^'^^''^ ''^«'-« '-^^e specimens 
 trucks fro'm ton inXs^^'tr f^e't'i.^ cffZeter"^^ '' ''''' ^^^^ "^ ^^^S^^' -"^ 
 by ^nZl^':o:^4'-J^^^^^ l-y be propagated either from seeds, 
 
 tings of tlie' branches, wrcth^ usually adopted, as the cut- 
 
 soil, consisting of a mSateiv rS. ? ^ /'^^''^ ^^''' '''''*' '"^"^^ thrive, in any 
 cliarged with mois ur ' Th U 'is n"i^^ l'"- 'p""^*°^ "^'^^ "^^ ^"-"^ • 
 
 statid the climate, without i I v of -iKnn.^^ ^Y'^^tt'" ^i"^'''"' ^"^ ^^^^ ^^ith- 
 necticut; but eas wa d of t at sfate ,f { ? ^^^'^^Uuited States south of Con- 
 far north as Montreal in ranldTt\vilhrr3r^ '""f^ ^"^'^ ^^ ^'^'''' ^"d as 
 Properties and ut\ '"i,^"aaa, t will barely live without protection. 
 
 and brlttferi^TfitUrvalur rj^lffj r I-Cf^'berry, wfich is soft, spongy, 
 in their texture, for the food oi si k j-^ \he 'eaves are too rough and coarse 
 fodder for cattb; and as the reo win ' '' '-^7 "•■" ^"^""^ ^^ be excellen 
 throw out numei^rfut of leaves I Lrj ^'^P'^'y "^/ "'o^t every soil, and 
 able to cultivate, iu some situa^^ns ^n 1 -l f s^'ggf ted that it might be ;alu- 
 
 tliis tree is suff/cien ?; tena aor'o be „ '^^^ ^'^'^ "^'T'''- u^^'^^ J"*^« '^ 
 
 leather or paper. The finest and whi,"^^^^ f '\S'"^' ^'^her in gilding 
 
 heite, and of he Sal.dwicl Isia d7i^^ i r'^'^T }^ "^'^ inhabitants of Ota- 
 liowever, to which ts'eap '"^^^^ Y'\ ^^"^ ^''^ P^^ipal use, 
 
 The following is an ab S'ment of K^inn?.ft ' " V'V' 7^'^»"f^<^ture of paper! 
 • this article in Japan, as cmoTed rom t?/ fim .'"'' °^ ^''^ P*"^""'^ "^ «'^'^'"g 
 Cyclopa3dia".— "The branches of Zp n, volume of the Loudon "Penny 
 
 a yard long, are boiled uiiu the Irfr !h? , "r ^'^i:' ^^'''" ^'"' '"'« P'^^^s ^bout 
 and thrown away ; and el arl^beinilHd ""^ '*^' ^-"O'^,, which is taken out, 
 to make paper, it 'is soa led for thieo" If' '^P'"^^^^.^^^^ ^ill wanted. In orde; 
 external skin, enidtn4i^ rnn 1 thi four hours in water; after which, the 
 
 strongest and'fiS^cSlr lie ef 'The'nl"^ 'T^ '''''P'^ '^' ^"^ ^^e 
 of an inferior quality iVanVver! 1'' ^^ F ''^- °^ ^''f ^^""ger shoots being 
 the other hand reiected asZ rnn^r.J ^x T' ^''^'^"^ themselves, they are on 
 might impair th^Suy of 'he n'Sr' /" '"'"^ P"'^^' ^""'^ everything which 
 boiled in a lixivium tiU its downv fihL ' ^'\^''° ''"'"^^'^- ^^be chosen bark is 
 The pulp, so pXced s the np^^^^^^^^ ^ ''P^'^m'^ ^^ ''^ touch of the finger. 
 If not%irfficiently boiled the pa;^^^^^ '""^"'^ ^\'' '^ T^-^^bles tufts of tow. 
 
 ^t will be white, Leed, i^s^s.:^s^^:nt^rsi^r:'rz;i 
 
1 of Messrs. 
 
 ; garden, at 
 ic height of 
 IS or spread 
 
 -four years 
 ot in diani- 
 
 the United 
 lands, near 
 of foreign 
 ted, either 
 mg Island, 
 ees, stand- 
 l of which 
 
 y'ew York, 
 specimens 
 ight, with 
 
 "om seeds, 
 s the cut- 
 ve, in any 
 , nor sur- 
 ivill with- 
 h of Con- 
 ts, and as 
 
 :,spongy, 
 d coarse, 
 excellent 
 
 soil, and 
 
 be valu- 
 
 juicc of 
 1 gilding 
 i of Ota- 
 ipal use, 
 of paper. 
 
 making 
 " Penny 
 es about 
 ken out. 
 In order 
 lich, the 
 and the 
 ts being 
 r are oa 
 J which 
 
 bark is 
 ! finger, 
 of tow. 
 I much, 
 various 
 
 PAPER MULBERRY-TREE. 
 
 463 
 
 beTty rth" pa%r' VSJ^7:'^' T^'^ t^.^^P^'"^^ ^ ^" ^he quality and 
 oreni, one o tl',^'^^^^,,0^ ' 'b? i. -^ ?""^ ^^'^ T'' "« ''''' °^ ^^^^ ^ ^oot calle 
 finished niuci after rironon^T ""'^'Y ^" '''« I^"'P- ^^''^ P'-^Per i 
 
 instead of brass w re '' rKtcrfh .',;'?'''; ''"' ''^'^^'' "'' ^"^'"^^ "'^ "^^d- 
 
 iA -"l^mt hSS^'an/Sti^ori^r^^'^T^^ as romamental 
 ful, light,' open foliage, XchsXlorL^r''^""'^-'^ singularly beauti- 
 desirablc ob/ect for shading streets and avtmel '"''"'' '' '' '''''^''"^ ^ "^°«^ 
 
 I ;i 
 
!;•■ 
 
 : 
 
 'h' 
 
 t 
 
 I iP 
 
 Genus MACLURA, Mitt. 
 
 UrticncciB. 
 Ayr Aut. 
 
 Madura, Toxi/ion, 
 
 Synonijmes. 
 
 DioDcia Teiraiulrm. 
 Hyl. Lin, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 ..»?^:;. J^;r --' ^^ --- '- -- -r ... u. u. wnna. M..U.. or P,.naao>ph.. „ ce,„.™.. .... 
 
 CMenr Characters. Flowrrs r1l<ppln„c at i n 
 l^'7'='''''''nvcTsi„.|.,H.lnrn, omr heSlx^X^^ the calyx 4.cleft. Slamcns A, evscr.ed 
 
 ro la n.,ne. .Style 1, ,i|„„,,„, v.llnus Oe^^,'^: J,' "f ■•';,•<'; ";"'■ "■« bases insraCed toReth/r Co-" 
 globular berry o( n.any cell, the cell. l-^^^^^'^r^^^^Jl^Zi, ^l^'"^' '"'" ^ "^""P"""^ 
 
 f'^SafaS^connl^nntcil^ -^'^-o- to North 
 
 latter is' t itatlvc of the Son, V i ,^^';^°<^«'-P"« incisa.) The 
 "t- tl'ir.y roetrand ,1 'duiTrnf ''.'?''''' S''"^""'S ^« ^he height 
 
 - - - ^ juice. Its l-mTt whc A ? H^ • ' '." '^ "^"^^ '""''»'^*""« """^y 
 
 twenty inches in girth, wit a ro ,1 e Lw^^^ "?''^ '""i"^' ^''""^ ^^^'^'^^ ^o 
 thin skin. The eatable PartAvH 'is of :, ' ^''''' '''"'^ ^' '"^'^''''^ ^^"h a 
 
 skm and a core, and has some^S^ .e e'Ll Z/nr'"^'!''''' '^ ^^'^^^^'^ ^he 
 the name. ^^ "'^ consistency of newly-made bread ; hence 
 
 one hundred feet, with a trunH x f<^t h rh'n r?'''"^',' .^''"^^''^S «« ^he lieight of 
 those of the hvur'el. It yielc^^^ a profn e Ltrl'/' ^"'l'^- ''^^'"^ leaves resembhng 
 
 jnc.s.on in the bark, which ta 'tersSmewl^ 'l^ke tha 'o/"'"' '"'^' ""^ .'"'-^'^'"^ ^" 
 tensh to the taste, and nrodncina n i o. i . ^^ ^ ^''^^' hut s ghtly bit- 
 
 To the same nattiraf o.^ r bdo.frfl H^ clamminess on the hps^' ^ 
 trum,) a native of the woods of Sa and ?'''^- ^'"'fT'' (^^osium ahcas- 
 branches of which are full of^um an nffonl •^^^"^'^';^,'^' ^he leaves and yonnger 
 nuts or fruit wlien ro-m o,I n''. ' '^'^ '^'^ excellent fodder for cattle Tbo 
 
 not unlike ti J^^^e^n c'hcl'm "S^^^^^^^^^^^^ Tr' 1. "^^'^ -^ ^ ^-ve a tl 
 as food in times of scarcity by the Door and nn '"' ".' "''''' *''^J^ "<^ ^'^^ '^^'^t^" 
 taste. ^' "J^ "16 poor, and prove nutritious and pleasant to the 
 
Deriealions 
 
 Madura ai/ranliaca, 
 
 THE OSAGE ORANGE-TREE. 
 
 Si/noni/rnrs. 
 
 Madura aurantiaca, Nf TTAtr., North American Svlva 
 
 LAMm:,ir, SupplciuMit I.. I'lnis 
 
 Mnclura orange, MarierdesOsaws Bois '"'"'' ^f'^"""^''"'" 13rUannicum. 
 
 „ '1 arc, « ' ' " '=• France. 
 
 Pomnranzon-jclhe Madura n 
 
 Madura, Bra.Uetto g.allo /sandalo giallo 1 Sm^ '"• 
 
 Madura, Osape Oranee-trce u'*"''' '""""S- 
 
 Madura, OsaJ. OranSS, Osa«e An. , "'"'"'" 
 pie-trec, ydluw-woud, Bow-wood, J Anulo-America. 
 
 •'""^tf!!^:r=r--— ^ 
 
 sessile, drooping, yellow, and about the size of an orange ^'"" "" °*'"'"-y ^"V, sub- 
 
 Descripiio}i. 
 
 lllE Madura au- 
 liintiaca, in its 
 natural habitat, 
 
 vent h^e or tl.irty feet, with a tru, f frorn 
 twciv^e to eighteen inches in diameter- hnf 
 
 hrS do»be of these dimensions. The 
 
 ^ravisfh''''''^ "•■" ^°^^^«^ ^^i^'> ^ «'"oott 
 grayish baric, are somewhat inclined to 
 spread, when old, though, at firs tie tree 
 presents an elegant, roundish summit << But 
 at all times It strikes the beholder as some- 
 hmg remarkable, in the northern fore^" by 
 
 hininT"7.,"^^ ^1^'^"^°"^ «f ''« d",^' and 
 s ronX J'^^'^'^f', ^'"^''' ^^ appearance, 
 strongly resembles that of the orange and 
 
 ptenrs:rt:^""r^'"f'^ ^'^^"^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^ \ 
 
 i'lLisent, seem to confirm the comnarisnn "* th , \\ 
 
 from (,„ ,0 f„,„ i„c|,„, |„„gf aTeaUe na"e ovaT. V"""'' '"'l''' "» '"""d. ""d 
 
 -'...Oh a. p„,„„e, ,. .„„ up^^rkSi?o'??Httr/ate'tL';5^aIt?r„1' 
 
 39 
 
 * Nuttall, North American Sylva, p. 127. 
 
 i:l 
 
 I 
 
406 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 - ,1 
 
 m 
 
 ill 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 11 1 
 
 ri.i' 
 
 
 MACLURA AURANTIACA. 
 
 congorios of flowers unit..,l i.L a globular form al o t.f"^'"""!-" '?'"^'^'-'' "'' ^ 
 consist also in .i ,.;ilvv of fonr .liuili^. I . .' '" "'" ^'^'' "' f* cherry; Jliov 
 
 stylos and «t.Kn.as;o,;;rt;;'o I^^rr-t tturdif 'r """/';•' """' '^''- 
 till! anient the appearanro of -it.' 'JfV . "'' "'^ '"' ""='' '""g> Riving to 
 
 whieh niaf..r."saf Phi :L..;V''''i"' '""J,'. P"l«'sccnt threads."* The frnit 
 
 oral appeanu ,^;;/ a So 'of'^K" t'' If '*^'"'^'^'-' *^ "'' ''"^ «i^o "^.1 ie - 
 OU.S, n^iiating, somcw InU Sf fll/r^f ern.7 '' '^''"^''''^ «^' "•"»^'^- 
 
 s..rlaco, resembling that of a trn^ or IhoZ d f !!^ " verrncose, reticdated 
 feet, n.nnerons, obovato, <lepress e se'e s r mus . ' «»d «»"tanKs, when por- 
 abo.U the size of th()se of V. nr; ,t„ ^ ' •''.' tl'^T are botanically termed ) 
 
 lacteous thud, wh w| en'expS 'to tho'""?''^''^^;^^* 1^"^"'''^ ^^ a sweetish 
 milk. ' ^'^ exposed to tho action ot the air, coagidutcs like 
 
 TS?^ft.;'f S:;?; .:!:^;S:^^i7--- ^^ '-^i^^-ns to Arkansas, 
 collections and gardens b t In V^ nln i "^ "'■"''^'"^"t «•• "«o, in most of the 
 i'l the clinKUe of^.oS,, I of N 7yoW; .nd l'"'"''- V '' ^f'^'^'^'y '^'^'^Y 
 at Clairvanx, near (!hafelleranlf .nd nV m' . •''' '■^''T^ '^^ ^"''^ ^^^ ^'/o''^, 
 Italy; and in the llnitTsuC as f^r ,1,^T K^'^^^ ■;. Frar.ce; at Monza, in 
 eastward or northward of t at citv altho, .']? ^' '''^J'-'Pl"^-^; \nt. as we pr --ecd 
 vicinity of Hoston, withon „„ Kt "^^ fh'"' survives the winters in the 
 treal, in Canada, i[ will barely live ^' "^^'"^ ^'^ dwmdlc, and at Mon- 
 
 banks o;S^;;;;^'iSd'!n'?^ ^ '"? ''rf^'^' """*- ""'1 r^""bar. on the . 
 was also observed alo 1^ I e rivers'^A ^T''"" ^""''T' "^ '^'' ^^i^^'^^' ^^''^y t 
 Major Long's oxpedhio f t^^ banks of .1.0''?'' ""i^^"^'^'^'-". '>/ «r. James, in 
 ernmost Iin.it, as an indigelns Vce^ It .tTr' .^-^'-f. <^°»«i'i«'-ed as its nor'th- 
 settlers of the west, in abon U^ voar"lSnn T ..'''' "j""'"/';'^ ^'^'"'^"^ '''« ^^''it^ 
 Lonis, on the Mississippi, wl e e k w's ^i^fe 17""''"' "^ ^' I^^''""'*^'-^"- ^-^t St. 
 a village ofOsa^e Inc i^ns wl.o.. ! ^['^^ ^"^ ^'"°'" some seeds procured from 
 
 seeds collected by LewisTd cLiL on I ni ^^«f'«'\«f Pbiladelphia, from 
 and shortly after, in tl e ^^^^^rden o^^ T T?""" *;-7?di'i«». i" 1«<»^ to 1805 ; 
 
 city, where' one of the ofiS tts sti Uxist ^n^^^ ''''f' '^ '^'' ^^•"^ 
 thirty feet, with a lareo ro . , 1 hn 1 ^'"' ^'^'^^s. and bas attamcd the height of 
 
 tree annnilly produ f^^ w^^ ^ ^^""'^, '''? ^^^l in diameter. ^'tIus 
 
 branches, when in bloom slameniL^r^ fl" ''"'^r^ f^f'*^*^^' '^^ ^^'"3 on the 
 The trees propagated by'ArT'Mron.ver'',' ""^T'"^ ^'T '-^ ^'^'^^"^ ^^««- 
 being about four^uuKlredTet ana? In tl ^ P'''"\'li'^.'' ''^"'^ ^^^"' ^^^<^'» Pair 
 one of these trees produced larJ^rf„i/L U was discovered that 
 
 tained perfect seeds.^ Two of "K,f^ "f J^^^^^ others, and that this fruit con- 
 
 . Na„all, N„„h American S„„, p. ,20. ( American Gardena,., Haga.l.,, ,i., p. „. 
 
in April or 
 
 lid occur ill 
 
 iisists of a 
 
 it-rry; they 
 
 Miile. The 
 
 ?, Riving to 
 
 Tlio fruit, 
 
 :c and ^en- 
 
 of niinier- 
 
 reticulatcd 
 
 wliou por- 
 
 y termed,) 
 
 I sw(!etish, 
 
 iilatcs like 
 
 Arkansas, 
 lost of the 
 ;tly hardy 
 at Lyons, 
 Motiza, in 
 '(.'■ pr ?ced 
 ;crs in the 
 d at Mon- 
 
 ar, on the - 
 alley. It 
 .fames, in 
 its north- 
 the white 
 fi", at St. 
 I rod from 
 as subsc- 
 liia, from 
 to 1805 ; 
 the same 
 leight of 
 r. This 
 g on the 
 ant tree, 
 ach pair 
 srod that 
 ruit con- 
 he seeds 
 11. The 
 nt; and 
 
 globular 
 iveighed 
 
 rden, at 
 ink ten 
 
 1.77. 
 
 OSAOE OHANOE-TREE. 
 
 467 
 
 rea do Serru jZ^^^tt^^^^'T^r """^ '" ^-g'-'^ by Senhor Cor- 
 01 both .sexes; were irnport^dbyTiri;;^ ?,'""''''' ""•^' r'^'^'^''""""'^' P'»»t8 
 With u, vari„u.s parts of the kmXnt vZini T'^'"'''' ""'* ''""' '""^ '^' ''« '»«» 
 iH^.ght wmuru,.V-sofpropor.io2od!amS^ ^'^"'" '^'" '"^ »^-«'"y-fivc feet n, 
 
 Which, irs ';;e^: ^rXu.!^z^iztn 'r r ^ ^^^^ ^^ ''^ «p--«. 
 
 I'yon,s, m the nursery of M Sidv thoro ^1 ''"^ ''*"«*'^ °' eighteen feet. At 
 
 exceeding twenty-live feet in height " specimen, which has fruited, 
 
 seeds^^u;;; J'^if the'oms'by'ayels'S'br^ T^'' '" ''^'^P'^8^'^'^ ^""^ 
 wdl grow in any connnon soil n wlS the Mnnr. *=' f '""S, r. '»«<^"l^iio" I and it 
 plant appears to be c.,nstitutiruiallv we ikor IZ I'v'' '^^'^ ""''^'^- ^^ ^'"^ "'a'^' 
 Hs opposite se.v, and as its pnSce 'f absSn ^l"^''''^"''' ""^ «J'«rter-lived than 
 seeds, it has bee.i suggosted^l at Tt b' nfi o/" "'''f '^^ '' P^"^^"*^« P'-'rCoct 
 the lema e tree, in order to add o he sEe and n "J^''^''!* ^" ""^ ^--^''^''^^ «f 
 itate m the dissemination of the species VVbon nr '^ "^ /''•' ''■'"^' ^"^ '» ''^'^i'- 
 crs, and if cut down to the ground after two or tl r?^'^"" ""'" ^"^'"'g-^ ^^ '^'V" 
 up shoots or suckers six or eight fee t i n 1 Id^ - . n T'" ^'r'\'^ '' ^^'" ^''^-^^ 
 i» diameter, with Hnc, broad%h n hi j , 'S '"''' 
 
 where the surface of the grou id s ex7)ose? o o ^ T \'^' ^''''^'^^ ^t'^'es. 
 maclura, like the vine, the mulberrv .ud mn ? '.V'""'' ^^ ''^'''»' '''"J ^^'d' the 
 deep m the earth, othenvise i s oo ^ViT" tS b^e ?. '"* ST',"''""'^ ^^ P'^^-'t^J 
 
 P/v>/>e/-/,V5 ««r/ ^Tlvey. The wood of t he m.nl '"""^ ^y '^""""g'^t or frost, 
 somewhat resembling that of t iTe fusUc Mo^n lliw'' "^" '^'•i8''Vy«""^^ <^«J«"r, 
 that tree, it is said, affords a yeW dJe t i^ f r?',^ ""^' 'i'^'' ^'^^ ^^""^^ «f 
 mon y fine-grained, and elastic,^ on^accoun of Ho'l h"''^' ^"'^"'^'^' ""^"'"- 
 for bows by all the tribes of Ind a s of fhnli ^ ^"^"'' property, it is used 
 
 wrought, it receives a beantift.l o fsh of Z ^"""^ '''^'''" '' '^^ounds. When 
 wood, and might be employed KflaVhfi^^^^ "'."J ^^""'-^"^y ^^ «^ti»- 
 
 of the young wood and leaves is o f a m ui I 7 '""^' ^^ f.imiture. The sap 
 sure to the'air. It is insoluble '1^1^^?'/"'^'"'^' "".'^ ^°«" ^'^''' «'^ ^^'Po- 
 elastic gum. The bark Tike that of the ^ '"" u'"' ''^ '^'"S^ Foporlion of an 
 a fine, white fibre, which mi. ti°V'f P^P^''. "»"lberry, (l^roussonetia,) yields 
 
 wheti ripe, abounds irasSsh he Zs fluid'' ' ''","''"' ''"'^"- ^^''"^ f-lft 
 he taste, which renders it nnpa atable bo?h tt' '"'^'T'^^^' ^'''"^ ^"'^ *"«ipid to 
 IS also advantageously cmpS ^'^ ^"'";^'«- The maclura 
 
 appears to be admirably idS.s tfe 
 
 strung, sharp-pointed spiLs, will endu 1 tb d ' ^'"T ^'"^"' ''^'"^ ^^^^ ^^ith 
 their foliage, which is free' ft^ The Sta l^VT' '?^ for a long time retain 
 maclura has likewise been n3 nl ^'^'^r ^ ^"sects, and the blight. The 
 and its leaves hav^beerim loyed hi t'r'.L'" ^'^'' to engraft the Inulbe;;;;; 
 silkworms. M. Bonafous v^s tiZ tl\p hoM ' '''"' P^'''^' '"^^^^«' ^^ ^od fo 
 and observing the luxu iance w th vbic^? 1 ^'t ^'"''^'"' ^' Montpellier, in 1835, 
 be substituted for the mulberry tec\t re TsT^'Tr^ '^'l^ '' "^^^'^^ 
 eaves gathered, on which he fed eighteen Si In.n!' ^"^ ^ """^^er of the 
 
 is sa.d they produced very beautifi?coco" s A™'' ? '^'''' °"'>^ ^''^ ^"^ it 
 by M. Raffeneau De Lile, direc em of tfT^^"^ second expernnent was made 
 sdkworms the leaves of thift^S, duWngt vXTut?;/" '^'''f^ ^^'^^^g «% 
 They were not fed on the maclura f M,o i f eZ ^^''^''^ ""^ ^^eir existence, 
 second skins. It is said ?hey nev^r s em d to ttlho'r^' ^'''•^" '\''J '^'' ^'^^'^ 
 
 lost; and durmg the time of ^ililS^ t^^^Z^^^t S ^^ 
 
 D 
 
'. 
 
 468 
 
 MACLURA AURANTIACA. 
 
 dlTs'ar^r :VtS wtms V^^ cocoons were not formed till some 
 
 being quite perfect, and se^Tral of hem tleraSv s^"from^.il°^ ^'t ^{ *^™ 
 reeled freely, and was of an excellent nuantv * o/h " °^ '^^'^^' ^^^ ^ilk 
 
 been made In Italy and other pbces burwitKill ?.tf "^P«",r"^' ^'^^« ^^"^6 
 
 The maclnra, from its gereral form T^t i. I If favourable results, 
 retains longer than almost^ an7Lftec^^,t'rS^ '^T^ ^-^^^S^' ^hich it 
 golden fruit, well deserves a plJce tl^^ytX:.^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^^^ 
 
 * Otto, Garten Zeitung, iii., p. 292. 
 
 t 
 t 
 C 
 n 
 
 ei 
 
 :^^,,^ 
 
Oenus FICUS, Tourn. 
 
 Urticaceas. 
 
 Ficus, 
 
 Figuier, 
 
 Feigenbaum, 
 
 Fico, 
 
 Figuera, Higuera, 
 
 I igueirt 
 
 Fig-tree, 
 
 SynonyTnes, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 Polygamia Dioecia. 
 
 Si/sl. Lin. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Pop.TuaAL, 
 
 Britain and Anglo-America. 
 
 receptace; those in the upper part male the es't frm.t '''.^'"S" '"'^''' "inu'e, many vi?hTa 
 receptacles upon distinct plLts^ Calyx of male Vmrti' "i^" ^°'^"' °^ '^^ch ^ex occupy cs,nc^ 
 cleit, having a tube that inves!s a tSshapTd stalif^hnJ s ^""^'"' ^- ^^'y* "f female'^Lwer 5 
 on one side, and extending to the base ofThe stvlp ll . ^''^'"' '^'^ P"'"' ^'''^"^ ^dnate to the ovarv 
 
 common fl? Ffc" car L Th.t A'' '""""h bear edible fruit, ihc 
 
 of Its growth. This tree islscriSbTpi v wifh "'' ^"^ ^™'" ^'^^ singt,larity 
 confirmed by more recent observations and wZh h" ^^^"'•^^y'^Wch has been 
 eral by the poet Milton, in the XvlnVbeauS lines :~" ''"^'""'^ "''"''^^ ^^'■ 
 
 Abou the ,„„ihe, tree ; ,, pillared S'"" «™"' 
 High overarclsed, will, echoing walks between." 
 
 brShi^^l^;^^- ;^^,-\-^^a Ijazel-nnt in size; bat the lateral 
 tree extends itself to a considerablj^we. F^omSl^'^^^^ '^ ''""'' ^ ^^"^'^ 
 
 cies of ficus may be extracted an clastic gum resenSirAl '' Tf ""'H' 'P'" 
 merce, which is principally obtained from Hp ^semblmg the caoutchouc of com- 
 equatorial regions of AmerLr ^'^'^^ gmanensis, a native of the 
 
 i 
 
 

 td: 
 
 iiULi 
 
 Ficus carica, 
 THE COMMON FIG-TREE. 
 
 Synonymes, 
 
 Ficus carica, 
 
 Figuier cultive, Figuier comraun, Bou, ^ France 
 Geineiner Fei-'Ruhnnm ' ' £RANct 
 
 treineiner teigenbaum, 
 
 Fico, 
 
 Fig-tree, Cwnmon Fig-tree, 
 
 LiNNiEus, Species Plantarum. 
 
 DiJ Hamel, Traite ties Arbres et Arbustes 
 
 Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 Germanv. 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain and Anslo-America. 
 
 Description. 
 
 HE Ficus carica is a large 
 shrub or low tree, sometimes 
 growmg, under favourable 
 
 trunk IS of an ash-colour, or ffreenish-anv %i 
 leaves, \vh ch are annml in tu^ b^^^^^^sn gray. Ihe 
 
 nate berry, hollow within, and is p Xced diieflv nn M ^•'^^»'«^"y> " ^^ a turbi- 
 of the former year, in the axils of the leaifnn ^ n"''' "P'.'"'" P'-^''^ «f the shoots 
 protrudes from the branches, witlut anrvTsihlP fl '' ''""? Pj?^*">^^>««- It first 
 with a perforatiuti at the end, biU not onL^n^i. r^'' "' '^' ^°'''" "^ li«le buds, 
 any of the common organs'o f uc^tEi^r Trfl^'"^^'^'"^^'^ 
 m conceahnent, in what is considered as the fnJ n 7''' "'''''^ *^ "^^'urity 
 or receptacle, which is usually, but not alwnv/p. ' ^'^S'"' '"" "'^'"^'^••y ^^'^x 
 are some few sorts, in which the fruit constlnt^t' '' ''!'^ connivent; for, there 
 nty, commonly dividing into four pa tsT/ntp/nPTM^^'^'" '' approaches matu- 
 to such an extent, thaf each d viSnn L ^^^""^ ''''^ *'^« petals of a flower 
 male flowers, whidi are comnar{ velv f '""'' P^.^P-^^dicular to its stem.* The 
 the extremity of the receptac^o^S but ^e {ZT""^ '""• ^'" P-foration at 
 
 * The varieties wHi. ..." ' ' '" '^"^'^ "^^^^^^ ^'^ ^^^ — 
 
 anotiir"'' "'•'^'^ ^'^'^'^'^ '''^^ »i"g»'arity, are called, in the 
 
 'Nouveau Du Ilamel," BamissoHs 
 
COMMON FIG-TREE. 
 
 471 
 
 same year, each crop being 'geiiLTirpX^orr^ '™Pf ^^ ^^"^^ '" the 
 
 Varielies. The varieties of thiV.Ifio " ^ "^'^^'^^^ ^^^ of shoots, 
 
 mon wild fig, (C^r Ss) there SIh^^^ Besides the com- 
 
 thirty-six choice kinds selearof which are i" '. " ^«»^«-" »« Hamel," 
 logues there are ennme ated upvvardrorone hnnf "'J'^- ^" ""rserymen's cat^- 
 
 French, "l^.e^raves oTt/;Sy ^e't rf^ ^'^^^ ^'^-- ^^«-> of the 
 It produces an excellent friit knol-'rom? '^l! ^'\' "«' ^^''J^ ^^^Ply lobed. 
 seillaises. It forms a ve ^des abTe op w. "'f ^^ *^ '^^"^« ^^ A^"'^ "Har- 
 well adapted for the climaL of L7ndon aLd of ?h 'S^'th "' '^ ^^""'^'^^d' ^"^ is 
 States. ^ouuon, ana ot the southern parts of the United 
 
 iv4 ^ ^i^virLy ?S;:^rS'p^ ^er"''^' ;^v'^« ^--^^- ^he 
 
 /ignes grasses. '^"^^' ''J' *'-e names of Ji.gues a?igtUques, or 
 
 produd^i^hl^^^rrf. JoXtr^^ ^'-^^* ^^^''^''' P!/riforme, of the French, 
 
 |4-«;;r«^'^^^^^^^ --^^ of the French, 
 
 and the shores of the MediterranLnTXn Fnrnn. °T'"\V".''^^ ^^^^^ «f Asia, 
 try ,s it found at a great distance Torn the en T ''"'^ "' ^^^"'^- ^» "« coun^ 
 tions. Hence its abundance in ?he Llmids of the V.?'''^. 'VT '^^^^^^'^'^ ^i^"^' 
 
 back to the' remmest t tiqu t; 'u waf S^babrjf" '^^ ^'" ^«" "^^^ ^e traced 
 east before the cerealia, and stood in ^L^nl^ /'""'''" ^° ^'^'^ P^opIe of the 
 Uants of society, as the banana does to soL Jtl '''^'''" '° ^^ P'-''^'^'^^ i"hab- 
 Ind.ans of South America. With little trouble ofP^'u"' '''^'' "^ ^^''''^' or the 
 prmcipal necessities; and affordeVno 0,1^.^ a?t H " n^^^^^ T^P^''^ ^^eir 
 
 of constant food, either in a fresh or in a ^ied state 'LT'''"^^^ '^^"••>^ but 
 advanced stage of civilization, ^ve stil find fhp fi u^' '""^ P'^'^^^'^ ^o a more 
 
 It IS often mentioned both in hlo d and in nl ^^ ''" ',?•'''' °^ ^'"'''^' ^^"«"tion. 
 induce us to conclude that i formed ^nn^ '>''' ^^stament, in a manner to 
 
 nation. The want of a blossom o the fie?- r Tv'. /.m' % ''''. ^''"^ °^ ^'^« «>^"'^'^ 
 grevious calamities of the Jews It is "^ifo V r .<^o"f'dered as one of the most 
 highly esteemed by the IsrSes who br'n f/'"^' that appears to have been 
 when they were sent by S to' aTce^ai^r ft ^^f ""' ?^*'^^ '^^"^ ^^ Canaan, 
 of figs were included in the ^resenrof n L ' P''',''"'^°^^ '^"""'•'J^- ^^^^^ 
 Nabal, appeased the wrath ^of David ffi I r' ^J-^V?''^; ?'«^^'' '^'^ ^^'^^ «f 
 lump or poultice of figs, applied SdinltSl,?''''' ^^' '''''' ^"^<^d by a 
 a leartied doctor obseiwes, is the first no uUice v. ..'T' r " f • ^'"*^"'^' ^^"'^ ^^hich, 
 Among the Greeks we find ]»r t^ P?"'"ce we read of in history. ' 
 
 of the ordinary food of Uie1?,?ai^n t^on d'^^'^'^l*^' ^^^ ^^^ f^™'^^ a part 
 choice of their figs, that iLvffnoMHm^T '^T ^^'""^ ^'^^ Athenians were so 
 Solon, no production of 1 e Atttan hn^^^^ tZ T ^'f '"P""^^ ' ^'''' ^^ ^ ^'^^^ of 
 strangers; and therefore Us S imnmhnK? P,^ "''' '^'''' ^"^^^'^d to be sold to 
 tation of figs was forbiddJi a,^ tlm^ het foVm^'"' '"'"" ^^^^'^ '^'''' the cxpor- 
 called sukophanial (from the Seef.^ -o, n ?'"■' ^f ^"]st the delinquents were 
 proof CO ; and as tlLy sometimesl^r^^^^^.^^Sl/;^^^^^^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
472 
 
 FICUS CARICA. 
 
 I 
 
 11 
 
 tl 
 
 ^r^r 
 
 The lig was a fn.it much admired by tlie Romans, who brought it from mo^t 
 1 i' ''""'"'' tiiey conquered, and had so increased the varieUeV n Cly by 
 the commencement of the Christian era, that Phny has ftu-nished us wft'h a 
 description of t^vcnty-nlne sorts. He says, "figs a?e restorative and the bes^ 
 
 o" th " coverv '' ^'He\l?'^f?,"hr"-'""^'' '°^^ ^>^ '«"§ sickness, and are 
 on tnc recovery He adds, "that figs increase the strength of voune neoole 
 preserve the elderly in better health, and make them look younger and S 
 fewer wrinkles. They are so nutritive as to cause corpulency ad strength o^^ 
 which account, pro essed wrestlers and champions we?e in tfn'erpast "fS with 
 hgs. This naturalist mentions the African figs, as bein- admired- but sws 
 
 bel"oraVeari;kmd ^'f'^ ''^\" '^ !"^^ ^F ^" ^^^'^'^•" ^h- appearTo E 
 .ffro / ? f^ "'^' ^°'' ^""^ ^""^ that, when Cato wished to stimu ate the sen- 
 ators to declare war against Carthage, he took an early African fig in h "hand 
 
 s since this fig was plucked from the tree?" and when they all agreed than 
 was freshly gathered, " Yes," answered Cato, " it is not yet th^erdaf shice this 
 fig was gathered at Carthage; and by it, see how near to the waHs^of our c itv 
 we have a mortal enemy." With this argument, he prevailed pon Sem to 
 begin the third Pun.c war, in which Carthage, thJt had so long been a val to 
 Rome was utterly destroyed "The Lydian figs," continues Pliny "a e of a 
 reddish-purple colour; the .Ihodian, of a blackish hue; as is tl e Tiburti le 
 which ripens before the others. The white figs were from Here faneum he 
 Chehdonian figs are the latest, and ripen against the winter; some bear twice a 
 year, and some of the Chalcidian kinds bear three times a year." The Roman's 
 had figs froui Chalcis and Chios, and many of their varieties, it appeafs vvere 
 
 amed after those who fii ,t introduced or cultivated them in Italy. For instance 
 the Livian Fig" was so called after Livia, wife of the Emperor Augustus who' 
 It IS said, made the unnatural use of it to poison her husband. "" ' ' 
 
 hvc\^^STvl'''^^ '"^ ^r^ been first brought from Italy into Britain, in 1525. 
 by Cardinal Pole; though probably it was introduced long before bv the Ro 
 mans and the monks. The specimens, which were of the Mar He's Wnd were 
 
 eteUe'tXut I^ tl'' ' '' '"f archiepiscopal palace, at Lambeth and b 
 excellent Ir ut. In the course of their long existence, they attained a size far 
 exceeding the standard fig-tree in its natufal habitat, 'being fi% feet tnTeUt 
 with trunks from twenty-one to twenty-eight inches in circumference a, da 
 
 S? of ISlTlT tT ''''■ 7'"", ''''' ^^^^^ "--'^ injur^Ty ?he Sver^ 
 winter ot 1813-14; but the main stems, being cut down, they recovered so as to 
 be in tolerable vigour, in 1817; but some yea?s since, while the Schwas under 
 repair they were destroyed. The " Pocock Fig-tree*' was o ceC^pos^d to have 
 been the first of the white Marseilles figs, introduced into E gla r Thft adi! 
 tion IS, that it was brought from Aleppo by Dr. Pocock the celebrated trnvpIW 
 
 Oxford in the year UA8. .Some of the figs of this tree were exhibited at a meet 
 ing of the London Horticultural Society, in August, 1819; and others gained a 
 premium as the best white figs, at a meeting of the Oxford 'and Oxfordshi e Hor^ 
 ticul ural Society, in August, 1833. In the'year 180G, this tree wasTen'v one 
 feet ugh, with a trunk three feet and a half in circumference ah ippe m^^^ 
 
 L 3d o7 MaTh S' f'^'f ^"'" '''' ^'' '^'''' '^^^PP™^^ ^' Christ-cCciron 
 the dd ot March, 1809, some time previous to which, its trunk had been covered 
 
 with lead to preserve it from the injuries of the weather; but at the time of he 
 fire the lead was stolen, and, soon after, the trunk itself decayed and was prin- 
 cipally removed. In 1833, at the time Mr. Loudon visited tSree, there w ?e 
 
COMMON FIG-TREE. 
 
 hence 
 
 473 
 
 but slight remains of the old trunk to be seen, which had thrown out a number 
 five fc irieSlT^^^h^T'? ""' ^'-ty years' growth, and upwards ol tv^e'tj- 
 time nit to fv : hi' ?"'''"' ^'''''t- introduced so early, appears for a long 
 iSs Bu nTfn l^ extensively cultivated in England, whiih is thought by 
 tree fs once "vin^ H-n°'''"^ '" ^ popuar prejudice that existed agai.fst this 
 tTe'idearevDcJsof fr^H 1^ poison,-a singular contrast to 
 
 heaven being^yp^^^^^^^^ ""''' ""''' "^P^^^^'S ^'"^ ''^'^''^ ^'^ best blessing of 
 
 "Every man sitting under his own fig-tree." 
 
 ..rJI^^ 5^ .^ '" S^^^^^^ cultivation in first rate British gardens usuallv laain.t 
 walls; but in some parts of the southern counties, as aloirt^e co.Tt of S^^ 
 
 grown as a s andard; but, in some parts of East Lothian, and in WietonshirP if 
 ripens ,s fru.t against a south wall, without the aid of a tificial hea ^ ' 
 
 The largest fig-tree, as a wall fruit, in England, is at Farnham Castle where 
 m twen y.five years aft^^r planting, it had att'ained the height of7o.tytet' 
 
 The larges standard tree of this species in England, is at Arundel Castle 
 m Sussex, and exceeds twenty-five feet in height,lith a tril a foot !n diam! 
 
 fiiwiuT"?^ ^''' fl'ir'"" ^1 ''^^ ^--^""^ ^^^^ »«t carried to any degree of perfec- 
 tion III the time of Olivier de Serres ; but it is now general throuRhout Ue whole 
 country. In the southern departments, its fruit isirown for d f iiT as an art 
 cle of commerce, but in the northern districts, it is'only used for tfc table n 
 
 n h^f.;f ?'^*'°?'\°^ ^^'''''' ^''^ ''''' "^ ^ «t^"dard, seldom exceed eX^^^^^ fee 
 ni he.gh ; but at Avignon, it attains an elevation of twenty or twenty!five foe' 
 
 In Italy at Monza, there is a fig-tree, which, in sixty years after plantL had 
 T^^^^J^SS; ?el;.'^'^'^ ''-' '-'' ^ ''-'' eighteeVmches in d^a^;:^,' S 
 In the east, as well as in Italy and Spain, the fig forms a considerable nrhVlo 
 of commerce as well as a considerable pLt of the si^stenTnce of t e pop^ 
 
 n the southern states of the American union, the fig-tree is plan ted as a stand- 
 itl; ""n^nr^lT ^■""'^ "^ "'^ '•"'^^"^'"^ ^"^'**y- I" t'^« 'Middle and northern states 
 ;Ln d^uiKg^^^lr ' ^°"^^-^^-T or wall tree, and necessarily requires prote" 
 
 Mytliologkal and Legendary Allusions. The Egyptians and Greeks held the 
 fru. of t iis tree in great estimation ; it being the custom to carry a basket of figs 
 next to the vessel of wine used in the Dionysia, or fostival in honour of Bacchus 
 The Romans, also, carried the fig next to the wine, in their processions in hon 
 our of the same god, as a patron of joy and plenty and BacS war^ipposed 
 by them to have derived his corpulency and vigour from this fr.ii and not ?he 
 grape, fcaturn, one of the Roman deities, was "represented crowned with new 
 figs; he being supposed to have first taught the use of agriculture in Italv 
 
 ffi'?r'e/%r T^'' "^, ^T^' l^'^'^"^^^ *« "^'^ g«^' b^f°re which ^e A E 
 flf; o , '' ^'? ? r'^^'"'^ '" ''^^"^ b^^" t'»« ^^^^"'•ite fruit of Cleopatra aiS 
 
 the asp with which she terminated her lifo, was conveyed to her ^a basket of 
 figs. 1 he story of Romulus and Remus being suckled by a wolf under a fil tree 
 ^'}l^\ every r',e conversant in ancient history. Timon ofAtlens ^vho 
 was called il/..««//,;., ,. from his aversion to mankind and all odety on e\ ^m 
 into a public place, where his appearance, as an orator, soon collected a hree 
 assembly, when he addressed his countrymen, by inform i'ng them that he ha?a 
 nl iT '" '\'^ g^^^^"' °" ^^'^^^'^ '^-ny of the citizens had endedXir lives with 
 a halter ; and that, as he was going to cut it down, he advised all those that were 
 inc iiied to leave the word (n Jncten i~. u\ i a ■, "" ""-'^'^ i"'^"-"- wtre 
 
 "^ 60 b^irtlcn and hang themselves. It 
 
 :n\ 
 
 i 
 
474 
 
 FICUS CARICA. 
 
 Ml 
 
 was an object of contemtr"VSVo'^ ?r ^f^'^'^'^^^on of ideas, the fig 
 
 tioned by many of the old Bridsh poetH 1 J^^^^^ the "fig of Spain," men- 
 
 figs lo those 4o were the obiecS'sS '%'h'"''°'" "^^^^'"g P"'««"ed 
 probably, a vulgar prejudice aS this St ' ^'''''" ''"''"^^'" ^"'^ '^«"^«> 
 
 ^Propagation, Management, &c The rnn.mo« «„ * • 
 cuttings of the shoots or roots (not one of wMnT %?rVl ^^'l'^ Propagated by 
 layers, and seeds. In France mnL^!.?- ^ f' Y'" ^'^''O ^"d also by suckers 
 is extensively grown L an S'^rn7r'"'^''^ ^^''"^ Marseilles, where the S 
 of, for a planLfion'ne" tl^ sea and exPosT/^^'th" '^^^^^^-fon is made choicf 
 IS trenched two or hree feet deeo nm^ H^li " ^T^ ^"^ ^^^'- ^'he ground 
 
 in squares, or in the quincunx fSm at S TT'"^' "iV^ ^'^^ ^^^^« ^"-^ P'^^ted 
 plants are watered frequeXdur^^hpfi! ^''''''''' '^ ^^^""" ^^^^ "P^" The 
 itig whatever; but inTe wkteJ "^^ L' ^''^ 'T''^''"' ^"'^ ^^^' ^^"hou! any prun! 
 ground. The third year tirev thro I un vtT^ ^T'' '^7 ^'' ^"' ^°^^" ^o ^'^e 
 retained to form a bush ; an7in the foiL3. "' f ^1'' ^^" ^-^ ^^^ "^ ^^h^^^ are 
 to ripen fruit. In some case ? ^.e Sees a e^'trained';''' ^''[' *''' ^^^^ ^^ ^"^^''^^ 
 also generally the case in Italv inrl rllf u , '° ^'"^''^ ^^^'"s; a"'! this is 
 tree attains I larger size LaJ t^'^F^aTce Tn thVJV^""'^' '^ '^•'^^'•' ^"^ ^^e 
 trees require but little pruning exceof when iJi '"^'^^"«"t management, the 
 branches. In the south of FranS ?hev . l^^^^^ T"^ '"° "^"^'^ ^^«^^ded with 
 hot summers, for the want of water' whlh v ^ '"^'' ""^''^ ^'^ ^^««' ^""ng very 
 of the excessive tranrpi atta tlS^Ikes n cTf^^^T "' ^*^""^ °" '^^««""t 
 
 porous, thinly-covered bark Hencrfn^ f '" ?'''" ^^'^^ '^'^^««' '^"d very 
 
 branches are 'sometimes completely corchedZlill^^^^ "^T^"''' ^''^ 
 
 the sun. Severe frost has a similnr off . and kil ed by the powerful ravs of 
 
 Marseilles, as extreme drouglu £ nfn'rim'er '^T ^''if''' "^^"^"^^^' ^^'^" ^' 
 properly be called fig climates two Jrom^r i" ^l'. countries, which may 
 from the old wood, and c^So^ds with thn P™'^"^^^!" ? Y^^r. The first is 
 of the United States; and t e s^econd ft-om h! ^^f ""l F"^^''^"'^ ^"^^ ««me parts 
 produced by which, n the ast n?Zrl n '"'''^'^ °^^^^^ ^"^'^^^nt year, the figs 
 
 houses. In Greece Syri^ and E.vn? TZT' ^'' '"'''' ''P''''^ '^''^' >" ho? 
 first crop is ripened in the s^th of FrVl^ ^''""P/' sometimes produced. The 
 cropinSeptem'ber. Those ,td. are to be S^ "^f^' '"'^ '^' ^^^^^^ 
 
 dead npe, which is known by a dioD of swl r i ^f °" ^''^ ^'"^ ^'^^ ^hey are 
 the eye. The figs, being gathered ^an Zol\ '^"''^- ^at appears hanging from 
 shed; and, when the dew^S off thev .?i °" 7'"''"' ^'''"^^^'' ^^ ^ ^ry, airy 
 during the hottest part of the da^. 7o ^cil SX 'n^^ "'^''JT '' '''' «""' 
 are occasionally flattened with the hanr n S Progress of drymg, the figs 
 
 placed in rooms warmed iTy oves Wh'pn h '" ""T' ^"" ^^-^^'her, they are 
 packed in rush baskets, or in boxes in avers'^nlf' thoroughly dried, they are 
 laurel leaves, and in this state theral-esoK^^^ alternately with long straw and 
 south of France, figs are nrenarel W f merchants. In some parts of the 
 
 ashes of the fig-'tref ^IS S"i TrL'^tTsfof'tlTe Iv 'b' >%-tSe from the 
 skins. ''''^' '"^ "Scot the lye being to harden their 
 
 generally tTaM 'ag^lh^sHv^Ks I ZS'^^'V' ^"^^^^^^^' ^^ere the fig is 
 States, there are o^Iy tvvo or ^h'L nkcTs "boTo iJ" '""' "^'T '^ ^^e United 
 standard; and the pLcipal of tlTesP if.f i. V'/'- S'^'"^'' ^''' '^^ fruit as a 
 Paris. The trees a?e kenras low bu ho. tfT''!' "' ''^' neighbourhood of 
 acquire more than three^or four yea^^?^ "^'t ^''"^^^^^.« ^^^^dom allowed to 
 
 them down to the ground, and retaKeirS/h^mrnV^^^S^^^^^^^ 
 
COMMON FIO-TREE. 
 
 475 
 
 ''^o:i:L'SL^^^^^^^^ of the frost. It is observed in the 
 
 such a degree of perfcS" a to n a e the J^^^'f ^ "''' ^'^ "«^«^ ^rou^u to 
 omed to the figs of Marseilles Cf P^'^^'^f ""^ ^^""^^ ^^o have been accus- 
 insipid or haIf%otteurand even to^^^ ^T"^'""^ '" '^^ ^'^'''> always ether 
 pinch off the points of Ihe slX, in the le w^.^^ ^^'j ^'^'«' " '« ^-cL^i'X 
 early grapes are wanted; or with the neaTn J T ^' " ^"^ '^"^ the vine when 
 An additional process is reqiS in cold'.P.ff ''''^!^' *^^ "^^*""ty of Ihe pods 
 season ; and that is, the insertion of a smardron'nrl I' '^'' ^""^^ «"d of every 
 the eye of tlie fruit; which has the eS of Zt ''' b>^/««^"sof a straw, into 
 causing the fig to part readily from the s'.ot tS -^'"f '^' ^'^^^ P""'^*?'^ and 
 begins to decay. ^ ''""^ ^"^ ^''^o^' 'ike ripe fruit; after which it soon 
 
 tho.'Jghthet d\" no^l w;?nThei"ro^r;he'fi 'f '^ ^^"^^^"^ P^P^^^ted by layers- 
 the fig is to be plantS asTs3 J-H . '^'''"' "^ '^^" ^^ ^ 
 
 remove all the sucVs from the oUar and'^il^'f ^"!?' ''^"^"*'°" "^"^^ be pS to 
 trained against a wall in a cold cLate Z't" "^i""'' ^"^ ^^e stem. Vhen 
 ^ngle stem, and not from the collar Tsfs'.eneraliru'' '^""'? P^^-^^^d from a 
 when so treated, produces shoots whinh^.^ ^'"' "^''^'^ '" because the plant 
 more likely to ripen their wood ' '"^ ^'' ^''' "'S«'^«"«' ^"d. consequently,' 
 
 the L:vSn:^^Sf^(5^i;4};j^;^^ ^^^^^^^o. time immemorial, in 
 antiquity, and more recently bTKrefo^nnH^ ^'"^ °''^«^ authors of 
 
 many of the French physiolocriS of thrnll' ^a^ *^°"^^' " is laughed at by 
 It must be of some iml)oi;tant t4e We tlfinl 7t too ^' '' '' ''^""^'^^ ^^ "^^"7 ^ha^ 
 ever, in a notice of this species o hi nm ?V ^ ^.""''"^ ^ circumstance, how- 
 of the reality of the sexes Ef £ s ThTotr'.r' '' ^"^^'^^-^ " convincing'pro^f 
 species of insect of the enat k nri fr °P^f "?." ?o"S'sts in inducing a certain 
 
 Caprificus,)toentertheCofthecte:'];;'r?^ '^Ti' «" ^he' wild fig 
 tiiring us pericarp, in order to dVnosi^l il ^^'^'fties, for the purpose of punc- 
 
 By this means, th^ fert le Vovvtffn .h •'^^'' '"^ ''^"'"^by hasten its macS i"v 
 by the farina of the ba rea on nea tVe oHfi"" '^ l""' ^^u it become fecundated 
 hough the fruit may ripen IT fZ Jill ^''i ^''^' '^^'bout this operation 
 by Bosc, that there is nSmhe obtct in th!''' ""i' ^T P'*^^"^*^^- ^' i^^Heged 
 maturity of the crop; but otheis arrnV ' ^T ^"^ ^^^" ^hat of hastening Ihe 
 of the stigma, it te^nds \o ne ^/e %tT^^^^^ 
 
 mature seeds, to render it mo e i our^hin J i ^ ^'''''' "'l^' ^^ ^^'^"g '' ^^'i'h 
 Osage orange. Olivier, the bota ical avd ?^''T '? ^' '*!•" '^'^ ^^'^b the 
 iclence m the islands ohhe Arc^pel.irref J'/ '''''^^''^, ^^^"'' ^ ^«"g ^es- 
 practice; and Bosc, thou-h hrallow, i h ,', f '^""^"^^^d of the inutility of the 
 as the larva of the IVral is pomonn J.n . " T^ '''^'''^" 'he maturity of U,e Js 
 yet, he believes thatYtms^.To effort 'f ''""''' '^^ ^"^'""^y of the apple, in France' 
 the fruit. M. Bernard, he author of a Xmo"^ ''^'^7 S' ^'^^ «^ ^'^"^ ^^^^^our of 
 cleof that tree in the ''NouvearDu nl^r '"V' f ^^^^^^^^ 
 hgs, which haveundergone t rproces 5,-^^^ farther and asserts that the 
 
 size, flavour, and the ?ropertv KePninf^ ^^ '''"' ^'^'"^^^^^^ 
 rns is the prevailing specTes an oSSh^" • ' ^«/P^' '^^'^''^ 'he Ficus sycomo- 
 said to aniwer the ^ifj^'of calStio.raf f™'^ '"^ ^^^ ^'•"'^' ^^hich is 
 When the fruit has icquired a thifd nS of 'if. « ''' /"'P''^' "^'"'j^ "P^"'"?- 
 It, of a sufficient depth to remove alF't hi /. ''' ^. '''."" '^ ^"^ off the end of 
 
 matured the fertilizing dust tL L !, '""'"'' '^''^'^b have not by this time 
 which thickens, an^ffrms a mnrhnr""? J' immediately covered with sS, 
 fruit ; and the consequence IthZ k nnnn "^k '^' ""'' ^"""^ ^^e interior of tlf^ 
 
 the time usually takin by n^'ur^wit oC osL'^rV"'^'^ '' ^^^P ^ff' ^" half 
 
 J' -., wuMout losing Liny of us size or of its flavour. 
 
 In 
 
r 
 
 476 
 
 FICUS CARICA. 
 
 M • 
 
 ;fe; 
 
 Insects, Accidents, and Diseases. The fig-tree in hof no.,„» • j ■ , 
 
 seasons, especially when at a distance from the sea ?s nn f°V"'"^^ '^"'^ '" dry 
 frmt scorched and shrivelled up bv the sun IH, L^r. f ^ ?-''^'''' '^'' '*^^^^« '^"^ 
 but is liable to the attacks of sLeral species o/t^^^^^^^^ 
 
 the kermes, &c. In British gardens t.Wrv 1. ^"^^'^c^ as the cochineal, 
 open air; but it is very liableTo the at tacL o r^h. 1^7 '"^'"1 ^>^ ^"^^'^^«' ^^ ^'^« 
 honey dew, undei glass. An abundanrP of wn^ ^ spider, the coccus, and the 
 that of its indigenous habitat the sea shorP .T ^""""^ ""^T' ^f^^^Phere, like 
 
 Properties aid Uses Thk tp!woo5 of'the^rtref '^,' ^'^-^ '^'^''^^-^-■ 
 and tender, and of a white coloSr^^Ts used in pf "a n^' ?^ "''' '«. extremely light 
 from its facility of receiving and rotSJ ♦. ^^' ^"' '"^'''"S whetstones, 
 employed in sha%enirg 3s tol Tl ?1 ? '"""[^ t"'^ '^e oil that are 
 great deal of its weight m dry n J bu^bvharnrn'^' '"^'f^ '' >^.^"'^^^' ^'''' ^ 
 strength and elasticity, that tl e sci^ws of lini ^ '"''' '^ ''''^^"'^^^ «» "^"^'» 
 used as fuel, it does n^o't afford a ve ^I. tensrhe^- tu i^'h'"'^' ?V'- u^'^«" 
 uable property of consuming verv slmvlv Th? V "^ charcoal has the val- 
 
 milky, ac/id j(nce, which may be^^ppS as a r reffor"'! -'' f^'^ ^" '-^ 
 for destroy ng warts From th,« rv-iiT,, ■ • .^^""^^j lor raising blisters, and 
 
 rubber might\eTade VTes r' b" 'L'd^T'aTctl'f^^f^ ^^""^^"^^' '"'^- 
 
 very tenderost of the young leaves mkhi he IZl f ^.f '''"'^ Property, the 
 
 silk-moth. The fruit of thi See ^s^has alfi^H f ^'"f '^ '^^ '^^'^'^ ^^ ^^e 
 
 article of food for a great part Ke inhabUan nf^ been observed, serves as on 
 
 In the northern parts of Eu ope and of A^"' ""^ ^'f ''S'""^ ^^^ere it abounds. 
 
 either fresh or dried MedicinaH v^f if. '^"'7''=^' '* ^'so enters into the desert, 
 
 has long been used for emolS'Sap^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ laxative, and 
 
 by fevers, &c. In Portugal, the SmiTr'rhili "^^"^"""S P^rscns debilitated 
 
 kind of brandy is distille^d fror^ fermented fiS|ll T/ '^'" ^^'"'7 '^'^'^^^' ^ 
 
 ficus, and also of the allied genus car1rrnr»^-pfu^*'^ ^P*'^'''" "^ ^'^e genus 
 
 of rendering raw meat tender,^ vl^nS beneaTh thefrT T ''T^^'I P^^P^^'^ 
 
 ica principle this depends, we are igno ant bm t f.i. ^^^ ^" '^''^^ ^^^"^ 
 
 As a fruit tree, the fig s valuablf for^ m ' . ? '*'^"'' ""doubted, 
 unfavourable in regard to 1 ght aif and smi ^^ 1° ''"'* ''P'"'"^ ^"""^^ "^ situations 
 the walls of house! in crowffi S ies"on e b k-walTir'':' '" -"^^T^^^^ 
 uig-houses, comparatively in the shudeX^P o^c't-walJs of green-houses and fore 
 fruit tree whatever, in pols; n^7d, wYtik^abuidato'e nfT ^T' *^^" ^"^^ ''^'^ 
 this tree wUl produce uSder'gl.s; thtr^nd^lti^^^^^^^^^ -d heat, 
 
UimaceoB, 
 
 S!/$t. Nat. 
 
 Ulmus, 
 
 Orme, 
 
 Ulme, Ruster, 
 Olmo, 
 
 Olmo, Ulmo, Ulm^yro, 
 Elm, •* ' 
 
 Genua ULMUS, Linn. 
 
 Synonymes. 
 
 Pentandria Digynia. 
 Syl. Lin, 
 
 Derivaliont. 
 "Il.ght alteiatini 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Spain and Italy. 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 Britain and Anqlo- America. 
 
 eral clusteVrof 2 ?o 1 mi-^' '"°'''' ' ^"'^ ^"'"•^times therare a mt'^i '^ " ^''^ '"^ether upon short 
 though perec leaves Lefo e'^'..'*'""''"'^ '" °- ''^'^'^'^'^^^^^ie^^^^^^^^ 
 
 male; both kinrrnm, nnfni . °^^"',"^ "' '^'e 'errainalbuds FlowL h ''''•''^,'^''^ 1 or 2 small, 
 of o„; piece, but havine 4 K' ^"'^^ T^'^''^'' ^i^tinct from th! ovarv in^'T^' °<' '^ ^'^ "'" "'«™ 
 
 sS'^^^^r r€?^^'' ^-''-^ 
 
 by albumen, s'traigh,,TTadicTe" JnT ^ ' '" '"''^"y i-t-ceV t L S%r ft fe?" f''!!'^"' °'' ''"^ ^'S 
 veined ; in ^ost, SnpQual at h! "PP'^^os*- Flowers small. Leaves nlprno' -^"i^'^'" ""attended 
 uous. 'Leaves within^ the bud fSl^H ?"""^' ''"'''"'' ^"'J harsh toThe touch Stinnf ""'k^' ^■^^"'"■ 
 
 toughness, very slronr orconTilrVn P''^^'' ^'" ^ 
 t'h^l^.T"^ ?^':' "^"'■^ <^«"inion, and pe rhans .IfM ^ ^-^T^' ^"^ suppleness^ 
 tho number and the size of their roots nniuf """ ^'^^ ^'"^s increase rapidly in 
 growmg trunks; but these vary inTvern J^nT''-''V ^" ^ave strong, tVpr Jh 
 The disposition of the branched' relatrveTv ^nfu' ? '^f"" ^^"""^'^^^ ^'^ ^engt . 
 they constitute, also varies exceeding Vni ^'^^ V""'' ^"^ ^o the head which 
 
 Tan'uJ'V'l ^?^>^- A't?-5'ThfchamcteT7r?V^^^^^^^ 
 m all the kmds, it varies in time of leafing .Lr ^"''^^^ '^ "^^''Jy the same 
 and form. The flowers, in most of tho 1? ^ ^^"'"^^^ ^'i'^' '" i'^ size, colour 
 and are disposed m small groups wh ch Jv^Ti ""? T ^'""^^^ before the leaves' 
 branches, before they are fully dUebned^h.u T'T^ aPP^arance to the leafless 
 our and their being supported^^pe£ieslo^'?^^ f'^^l^^' ^''^^ their co ! 
 trees are generally of easy culture ran^dtl?^ I'ke little tufts of fringe. The 
 
 .n"ch .of ,ha. it istSefv^";;Scn,r.:;''jt'' ■ °f"r? '<■ ™'^ <■-» -•)- » 
 
 ~ *"'=""■"<! which are species and which 
 
 ! li 
 
478 
 
 VLMUS. 
 
 are varieties; or even to what species the varieties hplnnir ivr. f ^., i c 
 
 an opinion that there are only two kinds^rXd sti"ct "'^'"-^^^^ ^'^ ''"' 
 
 tns, and montana. The UlL.s amerlc^ a L wS' conT.do^r' i alhodToTl" 
 campestris, from an assertion made by Mr. Masters of Ca Zh„rv ?, r i a 
 
 mmli,? TTi ' ^'^^^'^'""S' 'Sec, we have brought the elms all under two hpifls- 
 
 of thS aiuhors ""'^"' '^^^' '^'^^^ '^"i^ ^^« described in the works 
 
Ulmiui unrnpestrit, 
 THE EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
 
 Si/noni/mea, 
 
 Ulmus campestrii, 
 
 Orme champeire, Orme ,1es champs, J 
 
 ( Linn;k,j.,, Species Plantarum. 
 
 I M.cHAux, North American Sylva 
 Lot/DON Arboretum Britann.cunK 
 SBF.By, British Forest Trees 
 
 a pauvre homme, 
 Enghsh Elm, European Elm, 
 
 
 CtKr.MANY. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Anolo-America. 
 
 ^et.,'^cr8...;ir!is;':j5a;;r- -.ow.. .,„„ ,„.,„ ,.,,„. 3__^,^„^^ 
 
 Description. 
 
 "Fruitful in leaves iho Elm." 
 
 VinoiL. 
 
 HE Ulmus campestris 
 
 ' is of a tall, upright 
 
 _ habitof growth, with 
 
 ri'T^ '/. "!•»,. ^=^*'^^'" a straiglit trunk, four 
 
 o five feet in diameter, wheu fully gro^v7;, anJ 
 attammg a height of from sixty to sevemv 
 fee , or upwards. The branches, wh eh ar^ 
 rather slender, are densely clothed with small 
 deep-green leaves, somewhat shining on Ue 
 upper surface, though rough to thl ^ouch' 
 tT!o'r.r/'' "!i' l!""""^ '" the middle, and cot 
 most other kinds of elm, unequal at the base '•"^'"" ^>!vvV^ 
 
 Naples in Italy, by the fi st of Febru.rv • nf P — ' '^^'- . ^'^^>^ ""^^'^ at 
 the middle of April • and at New York Slytn Mav ' ^Th^''?'!,' '"England by 
 JNevv York, m the beginning of November and th± f^"'^ ^^'' .^^ ^'''^'' ^"^ at 
 ^nd; but in Naples fhey often renia n „nn?l "^^ ""' ^°"'' '^^^^^^ '^t^r in Eng- 
 The flowers, which put^fo h ji s^befo e^ t e leV''"' ""^^' ^'^^ ^"^ ^^ ^^e yea°r. 
 purple to a dark-red; and are succeederhv nhi ''I' ""^.'^ "^ 'dolour from ad nll- 
 tainingeach a seed, hat ri^eL rrmomM '!F' ^^'P^Y-^^oven samara, con- 
 Fan./.-... The ;arietie?o th s Se are'v^ ^PP^''^^^'^"^^ «f ^he leaves, 
 and on the continent; and most of them have beln^ /'Tfu"'' ^""'^ '" ^^^ain 
 the. seed-beds. As 'remarked at tliri^e^mS^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ii Ij 
 
 
II ■; ■' 
 
 480 
 
 ULMU8 CAMPESTHtS. 
 
 
 Mis^ 
 
 cal and again a horizontal iror^ on f. 1 / . " ^''"^.•'»^« ^''<" now a verti- 
 
 doligl.t in souing^at fa . a ike . c^^^^^^^^^ '^'''\ ^fT'' ""^ ^''^'"•^ ^« 
 
 This is always the casrwah plants Z? I i *"'^""'' '''? ''"f"''' "^' ^''^ «'»•««•• 
 
 vation of man. Tl'e cLos hi^^ m ho ? T '•'"^' '''"" ^"^""^"e'^ to the cnlti- 
 in which thoyaropLTand'L^S "pon them, the different situations 
 
 appear to change tl mr imt^ve hahif 5' i "'*' ?-^ »'-«^«tmnU which they receive, 
 several varieTie^s diS is m^L „ ' ,, . • ^ ''^^I'l^''^ «"J «iz« of the tin.bor of the 
 
 growth. Fo ?nsm,co tr n bcr o tl^ '"'' ^""^ "" '"'"' "*" ^''"'^ 
 
 fron. the slendernS of 1 e tt n ^wl it in H '' ^'"""''" '^ "'^ ^^'^ ^'"'"^ ^'^'"^. 
 to decay at the joints of e Lmnche heir b./^XTnn ''" ';>"'' '^^. ^"''J^^^ 
 
 .nds most near^ '(l Atn^ ^ S I'lC^lV t=? h;tSCt: 
 
 th s J^:Xh^ia;;^-r,/!-t;^t-^^^ ^-^ -.Alo^^leavesthan 
 
 va?iely-is"n;n"i;t''Tho"oid ba^^lf c t*["'''"' , "^''"'^ ^^^'t '^'^^ S^-^'^ «f this 
 very pale vvit ace The Irk , T ^ '" '""'^ "■'■'""'^"'" P'^'^^^^' «'"! becomes 
 is tmS w rid T ho l ^''"l '''.''"''' ^' ^■"^ ^he foot-stalks of the leaves 
 
 v.r;' f V ' l^^"*^*^"- 'V«A-Pi;crovee« Field Elm or KifOj^- V/m Tl ■ ^ 
 
 This liU-P tho ulVr.^ ! 1 / , ^ '^ '^^"' '^"^ the tree is of a spreading habit 
 
 be'ie td s up"ra:?rrr;iT'' "^^^ "p^" ^'"'^^ ^^^^'^ - ^^^ ^^ '' '-'to 
 
 killed by ^rosL^ ^'''' ^'^'-^"'^' '" '°"^« autnmns, the shoots are 
 
 Willi lni'"'~"'r'ir'"' • ^T^'": ^"'''''^ ^'^^^ ^^"'' ^''^ "Prigl.t-branched tree 
 
 ^ootrn''. r":;. ^Xer;=r 'TSt ''" ^--'^ -e brighti;;^; 
 
 somewhat - w v ad a, X in t Ki... iT' f ^"■^- S""'^' '''*g''t, with a 
 in rrmina ,,,f . ' , r m ' .f '^ climate of I.ondon, it is a week or two later 
 
 Ml comuig ,uu .oaf than the species. Dr. Lindley mentions a sub-variely" with 
 
Kt/ROPEAN OR FIEI.t) ELM. 
 
 nth. no cer- 
 VI. Miitidril- 
 lit! who has 
 h;iv»! Iiir^'(» 
 nvt! sinooih 
 very rough 
 o\v u verti- 
 e, and ciil- 
 i sceiu.s to 
 t th() other. 
 [) tlio ciiUi- 
 
 sifiiafioiis 
 oy receive, 
 iibor of tho 
 it of tlieir 
 ittlc vahip, 
 wo subjcict 
 strips, aijil 
 arioties of 
 
 next, the 
 tanists, as 
 
 I grown in 
 ines of an 
 very sub- • 
 img, spHts 
 
 iaves tJmn 
 
 h of this 
 becomes 
 10 leaves, 
 d deeply 
 ia. Tliis 
 
 this tree, 
 riety, but 
 branches 
 
 led Elm. 
 le timber 
 hout. 
 '». Thi^ 
 >st orna- 
 ig habit, 
 is not to 
 oots are 
 
 led tree, 
 1-brown, 
 with a 
 wo later 
 ty, with 
 
 481 
 
 , 8. U.c.sAKN.ENsis, London. A J.7/&^^^^^^ 
 
 but very little from Ihe sJL ^ ^'"' ^ '^«^«-«'-"«^'»K variety, diifering 
 
 Fnt.^: '• Sl^n^fr wh^h rt:;'dS 'r' ''T '■ '"■"" '"'"'"'^ «^ '•- 
 
 Its leaves are ot a ve y dem,-grmi Vid ^ lo^ '"'"'' '^"" ^'•"•» '''^'■ 
 
 marke<l with alternate L.ots^nd o hut " n, "'fi^'^ '"^"l '^'''^ '^""k i« 
 twisted and interlaced together. This m.; 11 "^''' "' '''° '^""^ ""-e all 
 when it becomes old, as a^i mber o knots Oo-^^^^ '^ ^"'^ ""^'"'''' »«'l'^'^''"«'c«' 
 It produces but f.w 'seeds, and . o me y ^s „^ot w T^ '" 'T'T^ ''' •"'"'^• 
 as the best of all the var etics of eini 1 r t , ..'^ ^V '^'^""^"'"^d, in France, 
 larly for the hubs of wheels.'" ^Z. ' oad lom /^ds rt "''' '"^^"^"- 
 
 scen a great number of these trees. " Meaux, there are to be 
 
 JJ*' }^ '•• ^'"l-"' VA'"^:oATi.s, London. Varicmttcd-kavcd FiM Plm • ^'v / , 
 ii/w, having leaves striped with white and i.. J.T "<« ^</n; Sdccr-lcaved 
 
 II. II. c. HETUL^KOMA Loudo . ^ Vtw ^cry ornamental, 
 
 resembling those of the Hetnla alba '''"*' '^'"' '"'^^^'^ somewhat 
 
 an!unnn^;;;Sn:;i/;w;Ske SSC''' I^i^l^''^^ Z^^'"' '-^'^--ll leaves, 
 and is easily recognized folll'u sn, J and il w .^ter''h; "''^'^'f "' ^^"^^'y- 
 growth, Its foliage is fre.inently niistaken Ibr a Iho I nf , f"'"^ "''^S''^ °' »'« 
 less for timber, but fornJ an o'naminLV ee wit Tt c'lii'^ 'of i V\'^^^ "^^- 
 
 13. U. c. i-AuviFOLiA, London. Small-kaved Fiehl hvl Ji, °'^"- 
 
 Jacquin, W.lldenow, and others; a reV alord / 1^ ^^> 
 several varieties ofit, very common in all M,. w^^^i J ''''' '^'"^ '"cutions 
 and varying in height Vron/that'Ta > idd - tcrut t^M a t Tl' V ''""'^' 
 shrub, according to the soil and climate in wl in Tt , ' *" d""nuitive 
 
 about Caucasus ; and, in pass,, g SiH, Siberia i ^ ^u '/ '' ^"^^ P'^"'*'"' 
 tipiied; but occurs agai,i abo ,? I ike^Vnl "i ' ' 8'^^\"^'^"7,^^c<^"'»cs less nnil- 
 leaves'as a substitufe^r, tea TJ^^'^ood '" ■' ,11 '"' "" "'':^^'"''»^« "«« the 
 tree-like form, is said to be very lad Td to.mh aiuf if ^' '"',"" \' '^^"'"^'« ^ 
 lines. The root is also beantiLlv v-frioc,,?'? ' , " '"'^.'".^^ '^'''' transverse 
 cabinet-maker. One of tli^ b vL^el ^^^^^^^^^^ /\"'7 ."^^^ ^''^ '""^-^^ ^"^ 
 
 tree cosoly resembling ,1,0 lasl-„a,„ca varX ' '''""''"""<'. ™»l' 
 
 cnmstuiico of its boins itont i,i ™„n I !!„. ^ *' "'^^ **'; Loml.,ii, " il,o cir- 
 thmc ibrousl, ,1,0 wi ucr Ic ca>S ™ lit ,'°'''° 'T' ""? """'"'"8 "" '«'>cs 
 
 London Horticultural Society The manner i," which tboV." "'' ^"^'^'"^ ''^. ^'^^ 
 miniature trees is. bv ringinj the c'tSS Zhe Laneb''""^' ?"""" ^'"^^ 
 
 01 
 
 3f old trees, and 
 
 k^^ 
 
482 
 
 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. 
 
 hi :i 
 
 
 I 
 
 Js>. 
 
 it;. . 
 
 PR? ^i- i 
 
 1,? '^ :s 
 
 A, ' 
 
 '.i 
 
 111 
 
 11 f 
 
 Ik 
 
 ID 
 
 then applying a ball of loam, kept moist by water and moss, till roots are thrown 
 out Ironi the callosity formed at the ring, when the small branch is cut off, and 
 planted m a porcelam pot, 'either,' says Mr. Main, 'round, or. most commonly 
 ot an elongated square, twelve or fourteen inches long, eight inches wide, and about 
 hve mches m depth. Along with the tree they place pieces of stone, to represent 
 rocks, among which moss and lichens are introduced. The tree, thus planted 
 IS not allowed to rise higher than about a foot or fifteen inches; no greater sup- 
 ply of Avater is given than just sufficient to keep it ali' e; and, as the pot soon 
 acts as a prison, its growth is necessarily impeded; at the same time every 
 means are used to check its enlargement. The points of the shoots, and the 
 half of every new leaf, are constantly and carefully cut off; the stem and 
 blanches, which are allowed to extend only a certain length, are bound and fan- 
 tastically distorted, by means of wire; the bark is lacerated to produce protuber- 
 ances, asperities and cracks ; one branch is partly broken through, and allowed 
 to hang down, as if by accident ; another is mutilated to represent a dead stump • 
 in short, every exertion of the plant is checked by some studied violence or other' 
 1 us treatinetit produces, in course of time, a perfect forest tree in miniature. 
 Stunted and deformed, by the above means, it certainly bocomes a curious object, 
 ;.fl t^- , , '"^J' oi extreme old age. Its writhed and knotty stem, wea- 
 t er-stamed and scabrous bark ; its distorted and partly dead branches, its dimiu- 
 IZ 'i?, ;^";?, ?'^'^'/ ' Sive it the aspect of antiquity.'" The French 
 name, The de PMbc Gallois, was so called from M. Gallois, who, under the 
 reign of Louis XV., imported this variety into France, supposing it to be the real 
 Chinese tea-tree. Grafted standard high on the common English elm, the 
 LJimus c. clunensis would form a very handsome small tree, 
 in L 1 ""■ f-'^'i,Loudon. Dwarf Field Elm, a very distinct variety, growing 
 m the London Horticultural Society's garden, which, in ten or twelvl y.ars 
 attained only a height of about two feet. When taken up to be removed, i^ was 
 
 in lep th "^ "" '"''^ '"""'"^ "" "^ ^^^ '"'^'''^ °^ ^^"^ S'"'''"'^ '^^^" °^ ^'§'1' f«et 
 
 le^H:^::^:^^^^^ dot'-'-'-''' ^'''' ^^^^' ^ '^^^ -^^^ -^-- 
 
 bhlig t^e ;:Sg kind! '^°"'"- ^^'^^«-^--^ ^-^'^ ^^-' --what resem- 
 
 l'.>. U. c. FOLiis AUREis, Loudou. 
 leaves variegated with yellow. 
 
 20. U. c. suEERosA. Cork-barked Elm; Ulmus snberosa, of Willdenow, Lind- 
 m^'rkodfilid'nfl "Tr^ Ormejongeu., Orme-m^e, of'the French; k very 
 maiked k nd of elm but evidently a variety of the Ulmus campestris. It varies 
 exceedingly in the character of its bark; being sometimes deeply furrowed ind 
 hZlZT."" ''''f' ^'V '^- ^\ ^'^« ^^^"^^ "^"^h in the character of its 1 ead 
 llTlT Ton ""'' ^°^' /""'"' ""^ spreading, and at others tall and narrow. The 
 Zrola tJT' '''^' '" '''''' u^ with very fine, dense cork; hence the name 
 thi« f , ^^""^^ ^'"^ .'^"§^ °" '^'^'h sides, are more rounded, and twice or 
 
 Iree times as large as in the common English elm. They are v^ry uneq ^1 It 
 
 ' 1 Tf. '''?"! '^' ''^'""P'^- ^^"^ ^^«"b'y ^^••••^ted, hairy beneath, wih dense 
 broad tufts at the origin of the transverse ribs. The flowers are much eai^ier 
 than the foliage, stalked, reddish, with four or five roundersegmS^i ts and as 
 many stamens, with dull-purple anthers. The samara, are Sy orbicular 
 with deep sinuses reaching to the place of the seed. It is propagated brsiclcrs 
 and ayers, or by grafting on the Ulmus c. montanu. Tl.e\ree is of Se a iid 
 rapid growth, and is highly valued on account of its thriving wel u 00^011 alkv 
 soils, and lu keeping in leaf till late in autumn. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Golden Variegated-leaved Field Elm. havinc 
 
I are thrown 
 cut off, and 
 
 commonly, 
 e, and about 
 to represent 
 lus planted, 
 greater sup- 
 he pot soon 
 
 time every 
 »ts, and the 
 ! stem and 
 id and fan- 
 !e protuber- 
 nd allowed 
 ead stump ; 
 ce or other. 
 
 miniature, 
 ions object, 
 stem, wea- 
 5, its dimin- 
 'he French 
 
 under the 
 be the real 
 1 elm, the 
 
 y, growing 
 3lve years, 
 ved, it was 
 r eight feet 
 
 th curious 
 
 hat resem- 
 
 Im. having 
 
 low, Lind- 
 i; a very 
 It varies 
 owed, and 
 ' its head, 
 ow. The 
 the name 
 I twice or 
 meqnal at 
 ilh dense, 
 ich earlier 
 s, and as 
 orbicular, 
 y suckers, 
 large and 
 •n chalky 
 
 EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
 
 483 
 
 'ii- IJ. C. SUBEKOSA ERECTA, liOudoU. Er"rf Cnrl' hn,hn,l X?- 11 TM 
 
 with.a tall, narrow head, res;mbli„g thattf iL Conrth dm hi^.^^?"' %"''"' 
 .ha. varicly i.. Laving ,m,cl. broadj leaves! !.„d a e" iky l!"k " ""« ^""^ 
 
 a^nTSU-^r^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 mrmber; and the samane obnvate, with very sma I Zndedr, "',"0.^0;." 
 
 s^,n^^iJt^i,::?.X^;Xu::f.r!:fdri-£H°^S 
 
 wood was found to be very inferior to' that of most otho^kinds of Hm ' TI . 
 variety may be propagated in the same manner as the Ulmus c sXi^ a' 
 
 2. U. 0. EEFtrsA. ^preadlng-branched Field Elm; utwseTsco^mMo 
 now, Loudon and others; Orme jndonade, of the F-enclf The colour of fl^" 
 young wood, the buds, and the size, colour and serrature of the leaves of thh 
 variety, are remarkab y like those of the "Huntingdon Elm^ (Ulmusc montana 
 
 TheTn,:?''"-^ ^'' '''''' 'Yf ''"S^' ^^""i «f ^ beautiful light In ing^^'en 
 The trunk more near y resembles that of .the Ulmus c. monta^ia than I ft of fl o 
 
 isTooth " rr^ 'rf '^ 'T' ''^'r'^r- ^""^ ''' »^-'^' instead of be ngnrotd 
 as smooth. 1 he buds are lonjr sharply pointed, and greenish, while \n the com' 
 mon elm, they are short, obtu.c, and covered 'with Irayish 'hai ' The reel" 
 usually more rapid in its growth, and comes fifteen or twenty days earher hito 
 leaf It IS a native of Eurrpe, chiefly in the south of France, and in t le c'u 
 casus ; flowers in April and May, and is propagated in IJritJ^in series bv 
 grafting on the Ulmus c montana. According So l>allas, the wood verv hard 
 and durable, and is used in Russia for all the" purposes for which the common 
 elm IS employed in other parts of Europe. It is Laid that this vadetyrvJ^v 
 common by the road-side, between ViUars-Cotterets and Paris, in F ance and 
 also between that city and Cressy. ' ' "" 
 
 T ^\ ^^' "'■ 'J°-^''f ^•^- ^^''f'tain Field Elm • Ulmus montana, of Smith Lindlev 
 
 Loudon, and others ; >SVo/.A Elm, Wych 'Elm, Wych Hazel, o? the B Uish' 
 
 1 he trunk of this variety is not so upright as that of the English elm and soon 
 
 divides into ong, widely-extended, and somewhat drooping bra iches 'fo min'a 
 
 large, spreading summit. Its wood is of quicker growth than thatTf'tie Ulmus 
 
 campestns and consequently, is far inferior in hardness and compLtness and 
 
 s more liable to split. The branches, in some individuals, are qdfe penduloi^ 
 
 vouni 'Th " ^^^^Pl"g -i'l«^^. the bark of whicli is even aiS doLy wlS 
 
 LS 1 leaves, which are quite large, are broadly elliptical, having a long 
 
 copiously serrated point; rough on the upper surface, with minute callou! bds Iv 
 
 tubercles, but less harsh than those of many other varieties, and pde n^'d.w 1^ 
 
 beneath, with straight, parallel, transverse ribs, that are copious y hairy atSheir 
 
 origins and subdivisions. From their resemblance to those of the hazeVGerard 
 
484 
 
 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. 
 
 btl^^ UU I 
 
 
 ^1 iO 
 
 tells us that, in Hampshire, "it is commonly called the witch hazell" The 
 
 flowers are paler rather larger, and occur in looser tufts, than those of most 
 
 other varieties They have each from five to seven oblong^acute segments Tnd 
 
 as many broad, and rather heart-shaped, dark anthers. The samara^l^e broad"y 
 
 obova te or el iptical, and almost orbicular, with shallow notches at the ends not 
 
 extending half way to the seeds. This variety, although the most common e"m 
 
 ^'^"''^"d and Ireland, and grows spontaneously in numerous places in En- 
 
 and and otho^r temperate parts of northern Europe, appears to be almost 
 
 unknown m France and Germany, as it is not mentioned by any of the 
 
 dendrological writers of the two last-named countries. It is only within e 
 
 present century, however, that this tree has been much planted in England 
 
 vn!nf to"., r f '!^ ''"' ^'''^'V*^ 'L' '•"'^"'^ '•''^^ ^""S been considered as nixt iti 
 
 hito nrt?f.n nl.Y ^^ '' T^ '' ^^'' ^T'^^i^gly. ^een extensively introduced 
 
 into artific al plantations. Its wood weighs less than ihat of the Ulmus cam- 
 
 pestris, and IS of a coarser grain. Nevertheless, it is used by the ship-builder 
 
 ind tho .n^M '■' >'' P""^^ '"^ block-maker, the cartwright, the cabinet-make .' 
 and the coach-maker. The timber, according to Matthews, has great longitu! 
 
 fri '^ ."''f' ^"*' ^T'^u '" S"""^' ^"^"'^'5^ "f sap-wood, mid want of laVeral 
 adhesion, it splits considerably when dry. The summit of this variety, which 
 has a peculiar fan-like spread of branches, often tends, probably from the effects 
 of the prevailing winds, to one side, which is most perceptible in voung trees 
 Hence, when fully grown, the stem is generally slightly bent, which renders it 
 very appropriate for the Hoor-timbers of vessels, being the onlTpa t of a ship 
 
 'S / f. ''"°T P'^'" m' V''''' '' "^ ^^PP'^'^'^'^l^'' '^^ ^^^^««" decly^ above wate?: 
 
 Ihe tiee, continues Matthews, " when it comes to some size, and the primary 
 
 branches being lopped off, like the common elm, and the oak often throwTmU 
 
 ?he bm,h \T^' '? '!'"' ' ^"'^ l^'T *^^^S' impeding the transit of the sap, 
 
 the brush increases, and the stem thickens considerably, in consequence of a 
 wart-hke deposit of wood forming at the base of the twigs. This excrescence 
 when of size, after being seasoned in some cool, moist place, such as the north 
 re-entering angle of a building exposed to the dripping from the roof forr^ a 
 richer veneer for cabinet-work than any other timberf" But, even without this 
 process, the wood has often a curious laced appearance, which renders it fit for 
 dressing cases and other fancy works. The wood of tl.iJ tree is said to be suita- 
 ble for the naves, poles, and shafts of gigs and other carriages; and from its not 
 splintering, as is the case with the oak and ash, in time of battle, it is used for ?he 
 swingle-trces of the carriages of cannon. It is also employed for the rollers of 
 printers and dyers ; for making wheel-barrows; and for the handles of spades 
 forks, and other implements of husbandry. And, according to Gerard it was 
 fffhll T^'T'" '"'■' "' f "",''"' '"""'• *^ '^'^^ ""^ o"'y "^«d« i»to bows, but 
 end of a bough to the other, without breaking, was made into ropes. Gilpin in 
 
 iC^H'J ."■''' ''^^'' ^^'""^ '"■ " ^'' P'^^'^^P^' g-^'icrally more picturesque than 
 
 the common sort, as it hangs more negligently, though, at the same time with 
 
 !nnL^r!rf"w' 'J 'r''' ^'\^§««'i degree, that happy surface for catching 
 masses of hght. which we admire in the common elm. We observe, also when 
 whnfL V' T'^ "' ^""^P^."y ^^itl» tl'e common elm, that its bark is of a some- 
 wha lighter hue. ' On this passage, Sir Thomas Dick Lauder observes, "We 
 are disposed to think that Mr. Gilpin hardly does justice to this elm. For our 
 own parts, we consider the wych, or Scottish elm, is one of the most bcautifu 
 trees in our British sylva. The trunk is so bold and picturesque in fo™, cov^^ 
 free^ndi "Tl"^ ^./''- '''''^' 'V'^o excrescences; the limbs and branches ire so 
 
 or clnmnf T "/ "'" ^"TV'' '. '^"? "'" ^^'^^^^ ^^ ^« ''''^'' ^^it»^«"t being leafy 
 or clumpy^, as a whole; and thn head is generally so finely massed, and yet so 
 
EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
 
 485 
 
 ell." The 
 se of most 
 ments, and 
 ire broadly 
 e ends, not 
 mmon elm 
 es in Eng- 
 be almost 
 ny of the 
 .vithin the 
 
 England, 
 as next in 
 introduced 
 nius cam- 
 ip-builder, 
 let-maker, 
 It longitu- 
 
 of lateral 
 !ty, which 
 the effects 
 ing trees, 
 renders it 
 of a ship, 
 )ve water. 
 e primary 
 brows out 
 if the sap, 
 ence of a 
 3rescence, 
 the north 
 f. forms a 
 hout this 
 s it fit for 
 
 be suita- 
 •m its not 
 ed for the 
 rollers of 
 f spades, 
 d it was 
 )ows, but 
 from one 
 jiilpin, in 
 que than 
 ime with 
 catching 
 so, Avhen 
 f a some- 
 2s, "We 
 
 For our 
 beautiful 
 rm, cov- 
 es are so 
 ng leafy 
 d yet so 
 
 wel. broken as to render it one of the noblest of park trees; and, when it grows 
 wildly am.d the rocky scenery of its native Scmland, the're is no tree vvS 
 assumes so great or so pleasing a variety of character."* " The Scotch elm " 
 Sang observes, "accommodates itself, both in a natural state and when planted 
 . dppn ^ri . f '"^ 'f' V'"^ situations. The soil, in which it most luxuriates, is 
 
 ISpf nf • r""' ''' ""V "^7 ''"'^'- ^^ '' frequently found flourishing by the 
 
 sides of rivers or streams, winch sometimes wash part of its roots; yet it will not 
 
 bent" on' vlfr'r '"""'"T- T I'l "" -V^'^^"^^ ^^ '"^"^ ^"^ ^^'^^ «^'"«t"«. >"<^" n 
 w 1 ,n ^^''i"f«"«„^«?k as at Alva," continues he, "it arrives at a large size 
 
 witliiu a century." The most ready mode of propagating this tree is from 
 
 seeds, which are produced in great abundance, and are ripe in Britain about 
 
 heiritl tn: '"'"l ^ '"^^i ^'^'"''^ ^ ^^'''r'' ""y ''^"^ '^^^^'•^ ''^^y drop as from 
 their hghtness and winged appendages, they are very apt to be blown away by 
 
 the wind They may either be sown as soon as gathered, in which case, many 
 
 plants will come up the same season; or they may be thinly spread out to dry in 
 
 the shade and atierwards put up into bags or boxes, and kept in a cool, dry 
 
 t't / n ?"''•' r ^^''^ ^"I'T^''?- ^""S ^'''^'^ t'»« «^^ds to be chosen 
 liom the tallest, most erect, and healthy trees; on the sound principle, that 
 plants, like animals, convey to their progeny their general appearance, whether 
 good or bad Trees, therefore, though having an abundance of seeds, if they be 
 either visibly diseased, or ill-formed, should be passed over by the collector 
 When sown, the seeds of this tree, and those of all its sub-varieties, ought to be 
 deposited m light or triable rich soil, and very thinly covered, in order that the 
 plants, that rise from them, may be strong and vigorous. The best form in which 
 the seeds can be sown is in beds ; and the covering of soil should not exceed half of 
 an incli in depth. 1 he plants may be removed into nursery lines, at the age of 
 one or two years ; or they may be grafted in the following spring. If not intended 
 to be grafted they may go through a regular course of nursery culture, till thev 
 have acquired the desired heiglit for final transplanting, which should not exceed 
 twenty or twenty-five feet. This variety, like the Ulmus campestris, may also 
 be increased by layers, by cuttings from the roots, and by inoculation. 
 
 ^7. U. c. MONTANA KUGosA. Crumpkd-burked Mountain Field Elm ; Ulmus 
 m.ru^Qsa, of Loudon ; a tree of spreading growth, and moderate size, with red- 
 dish-brown bark, which cracks into short, regular pieces, similar to that of the 
 Acer campestre. 
 
 28. U. c. MONTANA MAJOR. Larger Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. major of 
 Loudon; a tree of upright, rapid growth, with but (aw branches; and, in some 
 stages, approaching the habit of the common Scotch elm, but of a more tapering 
 lorni. Its leaves fall almost a month earlier than those of most of the allied 
 races. 
 
 29. U. c. MONTANA MINOR. Smaller Mountain Field Elm ; Ulmus m. minor of 
 Loudon. This tree, as compared with the preceding, is of a more branching and 
 spreading liaoit, and ot lower growth, with more twiggy shoots, which are more 
 densely clothed with leaves. 
 
 T *^^J ^' ''• ."Oj'^i'A^^ CKBENNicNsis. Cevcnnes Elm ; Ulmus m,. cebemiensis, of 
 Loudon. 1 he habit of this tree is somewhat like that of the Ulmus c. montana • 
 but it appears to be of much less rapid growth. ' 
 
 3L U. c. MONTANA NiGUA. /Vac/c-barkcd Mountain Field Elm ; Ulmus m 
 nigra, of Loudon ; Irish Black Elm, of the English ; a spreading tree, with the 
 habit of the Ulmus c. montana, but with much smaller leaves. 
 
 33. U. c. MONTANA AUSTRALis. Sout/ieni Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. aus- 
 
 * Lauder's Gilpin, 1., p. 91. 
 
4S6 
 
 IJLMUS CAMPESTBIS. 
 
 If 
 
 iff 
 
 different in any other respect montana , but it does not appear to be 
 
 -.^;«^.vrs^^rXh ^[nittat^^^^^ ^'^^^ ^^-^- ^^-- 
 
 erally spreading its branclies i a Sike S^^^^^ SlJtT"'T'' ''''' S^"" 
 times horiiiontally, and at other timeVnlmn^finr ' «\'^etch\»g t'lem out some- 
 its summit exhibits great varietvSsh-^no P'^P'^'^'^'^^^rly downwards, so that 
 belonging to an Amii^anTpecL of Hm , "> r"^*^'. ^'"f ^^ee is considered as 
 vigorous young wood and hr'e bnL n 'l k ^'"'"n"'. '^""S^' '"''S^ leaves, its 
 same time as the Uirnus c nSan. . Icf lt'7 '"' ^'''^ f ^'^"^""g ^^ '^^« 
 whic^h no American elm whreve do^r n 3ritai, '^^ '';""1^"f 'f ^^*^^«' 
 
 a sub-variety of the Uhiius c monMnn v. ' 7 V'"'''.""' "^ "^""^^ ''^^^ it is 
 scenery, it is admirably adant^dT.?" 7 j?^rticular situations in artificial 
 
 it, in o^der to draw 7al'; f,i;./:UroZ c^^ ^ -?«-"§ 
 
 which is not desirable to be seen ^ ''''""°' ''^ concealed, but 
 
 ble tree, with peculiarly twitled' loavo/ nn ' ^^^^nghsh ; a very remarka- 
 The leaves, which are veryT4h f^nX'r , /^ry fastigiate habit of growth. 
 
 they fall off, enfold one siX ^tc 'oorTtrfoii:"^ •''?'", '^''Z "^''^-^''''^ ^''^ 
 other variety, save that of the U mus r vir.. j^^f •« darker than that of any 
 
 of Its sum4 eanno;rLi'stS^rtiroT.;;7'ottV;r'"lt11^^^^^^^ '^™ 
 
 T;isn^^^r'''''''^ ''''' ^eingof ai^ScScti^^ tJrszs 
 
 This variety forms an elegant?Jl trPP wm ' ^'f'''''^ ^^^^ of tbe English. 
 
 ¥he'it^^is r£f SHF - -- ~ ^^^^ -;i;: 
 
 out hairs beneath eLep the ^xiUa v nub;! ^'''^ "r?^*^ '"/'^^ ^«'''^'^' ^"^ ^^'thi 
 a narrow, downy inealLg the miXirS'L ''^' ''^'^ ^"'''^'' "^'^" ^«r'"« 
 fine, short bluntish, fringed^s^me™ts andls mtTf «'•^»«^''ly sessile, with 
 of which are roundish heart-sKd Tbo . '^^"7 Jong stamens, the anthers 
 
 of most othu varieiLs a?e Ob .ato" cl Jven r;TtoT/"''' '^ ^'"'^"'^f '^^^" ^''"^-^ 
 of a reddish .me. This tree is a native of lir^ be seeds, smooth, and often 
 
 and hedge, and forms ^^ ino^tToIl^rn^tt'somf a'rt/of'S 'V^^' 
 seeds in near y as great abund-i.ipo -,>. th« fti ^ ' i^^&^&y^. It bears 
 
 variety, may be promgatedTm^^^^^ '^ "^^"f^"'^; '^"d, like that 
 
 grafting and inocukuion ' ^^ '"y''^' ^"'^ ^""^"g« «f '^^^ root, or by 
 
 Loudon; Huntinqdnn Elm CAW.^to V' v^' ^^f "* ^J- <^'^«^'« ^^,^t'^«, of 
 This is by far the^nost v «^.^^^^^^ ^^^'^' «f the English, 
 
 series, often making shoors f?om s x TL. rl . f " Fopagated in British nur- 
 tree attaining a helh of "mvards o? I h-ff "! ^'"^"' '" ''"' ^^^^^^"^'^ ^ ^^"^ »he 
 
 "Having written to flundnX'ciiches ^/Vorl Newi^ ^f'^' 'r'" •''" S^^^^" 
 places," observes Mr. LoudSn '^esr^Ptinf/' .v / '^^'^^^^;''"«' a»d various other 
 lowing information from Mr 'loln^S^'^^^^^^^^ '^' have received the fol- 
 
ElJROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
 
 487 
 
 e pendulous 
 appear to be 
 
 •"Im; Ulmiis 
 ic tree, gen- 
 n out some- 
 irds, so that 
 •usidered as 
 \ leaves, its 
 ering at the 
 ce of seeds, 
 bt that it is 
 in artificial 
 and fixing 
 cealed, but 
 
 nnsm.fas- 
 Y remarka- 
 of growth, 
 p-green till 
 hat of any 
 laped form 
 less vigor- 
 11 deserves 
 
 Ulmus m. 
 B English. 
 g, smooth, 
 ir growth, 
 very une- 
 ther rigid, 
 and with- 
 ften forms 
 3sile, with 
 le anthers 
 han those 
 and often 
 in woods 
 It bears 
 like that 
 oot, or by 
 
 Movntahi 
 ^egeta, of 
 
 English, 
 itish nur- 
 
 and the 
 he graft. 
 3us other 
 
 the fol- 
 )n, dated 
 re about 
 is neigh- 
 lias been 
 
 given out from Norwich, Bristol, and other places, under the name of the Chi- 
 Chester elm ; but you may rely on my word that the Chicliester elm and the 
 Huntingdon elm arc one and the same thing. The tree is the fastest grower 
 and prodi.K;es the best timber of all the elms. I have lately cut down some trees' 
 planted about forty years ago, and have used the planks in various ways in 
 house-building.'"* ^ 
 
 'il. U. c. Mo.VTANA GLABRA MAJOR. Larger ^imolh-leaved Mountain Field Elm ; 
 Ulmus m glabra major, of Loudon; a Canterbury seedling, of more vigorous 
 growth than the Ulmus c. montana glabra, and, indeed, is a rival of the Hunt- 
 mgdon elm, in quickness of growth. It resembles the latter in its bark- but is 
 more spreading in its branches; and preserves its foliage long after that of the 
 Ulmus c. montana glabra. 
 
 , ^^t}^i 'i-^^^^'^'^'^A ^^'^^^^-^ OLANDULosA. GhtmMous-leavcd Smooth-leaved Moun- 
 tain lueld him ; Ulmus m. glabra glandulosa, of Loudon, with leaves very glan- 
 dular beneath. ^ ^ 
 
 39 U c. MONTANA GLABRA LATiFot.iA. Broad-lcaved Smooth-leaved Mountain 
 ludd him; Ulmus m. glabra laiifolia, of Loudon, with leaves oblon^ acute 
 and very broad. °' ' 
 
 o-'^?7 H; ^' "°^'^*'^^'^ ^^-^^^-^ MiCROPHVLLA. Small-leuved Smooth-leaved Mountain 
 tietd him ; Ulmus m. glabra inicrophi/lla, of Loudon. 
 
 •^^" Ei^',?" "^'"^^■^'''■'^ <^^^'"^^ PENDULA. 'Pendulous branched Smooth-leaved Momi- 
 tam l^ield Elm; Ulmus m. glabra pendula, of T>oudoii; Downlon Elm of the 
 English ; a tree raised in 1810, in Smith's nursery, at Worcester, frorn seeds 
 obtained from a tree in Nottinghamshire. Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle pur- 
 chased some trees from this nursery; and one of them turned out to be that weep- 
 ing variety, which has since obtained the name of the "Downton Llm." "On 
 writing to Mr. Smith," observes Loudon, "to endeavour to get some information 
 respecting the trees that produced the seed, he informs us in answer, that after 
 making every inquiry in Nottinghamshire, respecting these trees, he finds '' they 
 were a mixture of wych and English ; probably they were all planted as English • 
 but being grafted trees, and being planted by the side of a public road, they mic^ht 
 have been broken ofi: at the graft, when young. At any rate, the plants produced 
 from the seeds were a complete mi.xture of the English and wych elms, both by 
 their leaves and their manner of growth. The original trees in Nottinghamshire 
 have been long since cut down, and the ground built upon. The plants which I 
 raised not meeting with a ready sale, I grafted them with the common English 
 elm, which is more in demand in this neighbourhood.' Mr. Knight observes°that 
 the ' Downton elm is more remarkable for the singularity of its form and growth 
 than for its value as a timber tree.' " ' 
 
 42. U. c. MONTANA GLABRA VARiEGATA. Variegated -leaved Smooth-leaved Mountain 
 Field Elm; Ulmus m. glabra variegata, of Loudon, with variegated leaves. 
 
 Geography r nd History. The Ulmus campestris is a native of the middle and 
 south of Europe, the west of Asia, and of Barbary. In France and Spain, it is 
 found in great abundance; and many botanists consider it as a native of En^^- 
 land; but as this tree seldom ripens its seeds in Britain, though it docs so freely. 
 in the neighbourhood of Paris, it can hardly be considered as truly indigenous to 
 that island. According to Sir J. E. Smith, it is found wild in woods and hedges 
 in the southern parts of England, particularly in the New Forest, in Hampshire 
 and in Sussex and Norfolk. ' 
 
 T'lis tree was known to the ancient Greeks, as it appears evident from Pliny 
 mentioning that they had two distinct kinds of elm, one inhabiting the mountains 
 and the other the plains. The Romans, he adds, had four kinds; the " moun- 
 
 * Arboretum Bntannicum, iii., p. 1101. 
 
488 
 
 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. 
 
 ■J 
 
 pi ' 
 
 ?li, 
 
 " wild elm." ' " °'^ ""'>'■ "'"'^'' •'■"l 'ts leaves in tufts; and the 
 
 higl., fourteen Lt iu d cum Sencraru c^^ '' seventy-nine feot 
 
 sixty-five feet in diameter Thorn nro , '*'^,f ^^ '^'^"^^ t'»e ground, with a head 
 
 for L elm, l^ein.T^IZu ie's 'natiral t^'c^^tT^cJT l/t h^o "rfn's ''"^''^"' ' 
 sessed the same attractions for nniinnnrlnw n '^'^' "'^^ "^^^'"^ ?"»" 
 
 a " prodigious gro vTh iiTTe s thin n^^^^ ' '^"' ^'^^^ ''"'''' *'^' ^''^ ^"^''"^ 
 
 soon "planted bvThe Ud nf ^ i ^? 'r '^S^' ^"^""""s a tro<., which he had 
 
 tvvelveS comn^ss V, d of n . \T''' ''^'"^ '"^^ ^«"S «''»'^«' ^^'^i^'i ^vas near 
 hands " 1,0 nr^,?.^t' """"^ ° , "^ ''?'plit proportionable." ***** « Mine own 
 
 incommnl.lp w^ii-/ . ^, ^' s oiaei, was made a pastry board. ****** The 
 plan e^^WtI tils m.ie^\icTre"^''' tf "%"^ ^'" ne/ghboLhood of Madrid, were 
 were plant d sS^ U n^^nn 1 if 'l"n '"'' ?''' ^^ ''^"^'« ^een the first that 
 the end of the hst^Uurr tlfev wV^n Ji^^^^ "V''"'' ''^'''' '^« ^^^^ '''^'"' ^^out 
 
 Several of these ees\vero^t7i.7n -^ ^ ' hi diameter, and in a health^ state, 
 
 taken from Britam bv Phi n I ^^1^^;''', "' ''''''^ \^ ^^^^^- ^^'^"^ P'^^"'« ^^'^^^ 
 Henry Vlil., ai d m\een of Enc. u;d T^ T'T'^^ ^^^^^^ 'l'^^^'' danghter of 
 know'n before the ?.n "n of tte^Iwotinidomr d?' ,^„^"8'-'^ «''" -- '-^'dly 
 as being nowhere found in tha^co ftru nf 1 ''"' '?^»^'«"« '^ m 1780, 
 
 afford a much greater quality of ZdY.'Ln^^^^^^ ^".^' ^^^f Promising to 
 
 ^t 'high "i.rt^;!d%:^i.^;^^ ;' i^rs .^'^oi^ ;j^^r^;!^: 
 
 ■'Flora^Hib/nn^c;:!^ o^'b^^^bl;.^^^^^^^^ -'^^ - MacLy's 
 
 his " Sylva Britannica, a wel aJ by' Lo^oi n his " i'h" ^F't '^ ^^"^"' "^ 
 and stands on the hi-h road from InnL..; iV . ^'boretum Bntanniciun," 
 
 named gentlema.ifs seventy ?e7thT^^^^ ^'f '^^'"^ '"^ ''^^ ^^^'- 
 
 one feet in circumfei.nce o.nhi'exterio f a't tZ'g;; S'l^J ti:;\v fivt^n ^"'^i 
 the inside, at two feet from tho hn<.o T^i s"^""""' ^"^ tnirty-hve feet round 
 
 this tree, the key of wh ch i^ ont h . th.T !'' '/ "^ ''S"''^' ''°"'' '« ^^>« ^^^^^''^7 ^f 
 
 F-1- sfe £ EtE3^ JESS? - 
 
 ambitus or spread of b?n c™ of soZ v f^n. t , if '^'" '" '''""""'^i-. and an 
 hundred years of age scve.ity-four feet. It is estimated to be over two 
 
 : ctZSlf;tf"L=""-;f ^l-' J" >5?i'-'l •?- ^" ?• J--' Pa'k, and 
 
 nl^i I 
 
 gentlemen's seats, especiaU^ a W to FCn .l,t '° '"""i^ ""V ^'"^ °""'' °" P'-'^^'e 
 and at Strathfieldsaye ' ^''''' ''^''' ^"^^'"S' '^^^ I^'ttlecote Hall, 
 
 One of the largest trees of this species in Scotland, is at Wemyss Castle, in 
 
EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
 
 489 
 
 sampcstris; 
 s ; and the 
 
 •, at least, 
 )Iy, having 
 ides. Tlie 
 in Oxford- 
 lecn Eliza- 
 y-nine feet 
 ith a head 
 England ; 
 never pos- 
 (Im attains 
 ich he had 
 I was near 
 Mine own 
 1 breadth, 
 This, cnt 
 ** The 
 h-id, were 
 ! first that 
 em, about 
 Ithy state, 
 ants were 
 nghter of 
 as hardly 
 , in 1780, 
 mising to 
 me space 
 hirty-five 
 Mackay's 
 
 are none 
 Striitt, in 
 niicLun," 
 
 the last- 
 w, sixty- 
 !et roimd 
 avity of 
 lened on 
 
 its inte- 
 jpacious 
 ?, a poor 
 erwards 
 
 ne him- 
 
 and an 
 
 ver two 
 
 irk, and 
 private 
 te Hall, 
 
 istle, hi 
 
 m 
 
 Fifeshire, which is ninety feet high, witli a trunk nine feet and three inches 
 
 diameter, and an ambitus of fifty-one feet. 
 
 ^2!!J'T'"^l *''^ dimensions of several elms are recorded by Hayes, though the 
 
 pe tHs Near' A HIn ' 1 G^u"''^ ''f 'r? ^^ '^'"''^ ^^'""^ ^° ^'>« Ulmuf cam! 
 ShmPf'pr.M? V ' 'JS^''^''""' f" "rlt" had a trunk five feet and four inches in 
 whrch t M f oTf I'rr^^ ""' ^'■°"'l^- ^" the county of Kildare, there stood an elm, 
 w ich till the year 17b2, was, perhaps, the finest tree of the species in the world 
 The diameter of the head, taken from the extremities of the lower branches 
 exceeded thirty-lour yards; but in the end of that year hrtwoTrh'cim arms 
 fell from the trunk one night, apparently from their own weight .1^ th?wLatl^ 
 
 cT P;f mI r '>'";■ '^'r 'r'''' ^"^'"r '^ ■" ^'^^^« bi.nches?soirfor Le § " 
 
 stonn tore n H o' l""! ' " T' ''"''""'? ''" ^'^" ''"''''' "^ l^^^' ^^^^en a violent 
 storm toie up tlie whole by the roots, with a great mass of soil and rock adhering 
 to them. Some time previous to this, the trunk had been carefully measured ad 
 was found to be tlnrty-eight and a half feet in circumference, ft had been ho^ 
 low for many years; and the value of its timber by no means answered what 
 might have been expected, from the sale of the two branches 17G2 Th re i 
 said to be no certain record as to the age of this tree; but popular tradit on un- 
 poses 1 to have been planted by the monks of St. Wolstan, son/ ime before he 
 
 with n mn f' 7V' 'T ^''""' f^'^P^^t'^'s o»e hundred and two feet in height 
 with at link four feet and two inches in diameter, and an ambitus of thirty-two 
 fee . An elm, at Carton, the seat of the Duke of Leinster, is fourteen feet and 
 eight inches in circumference near the base, diminishing like the shaft of a Doric 
 column, and being thirteen feet in girth, at sixteen feet from the ground 
 
 1 he most remarkable Ulmus c. montana on record, as growing in England 
 
 S - w" •;'" « ^'^ ^ u '^', "^ ''*' ^""^^^'^^^ °" " ^'^^'•^^t ^^"d Fruit Trees.'' It stood iti 
 Sir Walter Bagot s Park, in Staffordshire, and attained the height of one hundred 
 and twenty feet, with a trunk seventeen feet in diameter at the surface of the 
 giound It required two men five days to fell it, and it contained forty-eight loads 
 dlT^n T' f 'r?i ^"'^ yielded eight pairs of naves; eight thousand six hun- 
 d ed and sixty feet of boards and planks; and the whole tree was estimated to 
 weign ninety-seven tons. 
 
 One of the largest and most beautiful specimens of the Ulmus c. montana, in 
 ocotland, IS growing at Kinfauns Castle, in Perthshire, and is figured by Mr. 
 Loudon, 111 his "Arboretum Britannicum." He represents it to be seventy feet 
 high, wi h a trunk SIX feet and a half in diameter, and an ambitus of sixty feet. 
 voi" I Ki'rl,'"' '''''"' "''''''■ Mansfieldtown, in the county of Louth, there is a 
 remarkable Ulmus c montana, which is considered to be upwards of one hundred 
 f!^f 'JJ^'^yy^^'Y^^-. » 1S39, it was seventy feet in hei'ght, with a trunk nine 
 tea and eight inches in diameter at the base, five feet and four inches, at six feet 
 above Uie ground, and with a head ninety feet in di;i icter. 
 
 In France, the elm was scarcely known, as an ornain.Mital tree, till the time of 
 panels I. ; and It appears to have been first planted there to adorn public walks 
 about the year lo4() It was afterwards planted largely, particularly in church- 
 yards by Sully, in the reign of Henry IV. ; and, by the desire of that king, who, 
 according to Evelyn, expressed a wish to have it planted in all the highways in 
 1- ranee. It became the tree most generally adopted for promenades and hedge- 
 rows. Maiiyod trees existed at the period of the first French revolution, which 
 were called "Sully, ' or " Rosni," and "Henri Quatre;" names that had been 
 given tliem apparently to commemorate their illustrious planters. Bosc states that 
 he him.self had seen some of these elms in Burgundy, with trunks from four to five 
 leet in diameter, which, though hollow, yet supported heads capable of sheltering 
 some tiiousands of men. It is said that Henry IV. planted an elm in the garden 
 62 
 
 III 
 
490 
 
 TLMUS CAMPESTRIS. 
 
 i'"i 
 
 mi 
 
 Tinted Sates is unoPf.l'T '^ '"'"' campestris was introduced into the 
 thlZ t\^Y'' fl ?''''' ^'''^' "^^'' '^^^ north-westerly corner of the City Hall ' 
 
 iiiii^iiiPI 
 
 mo„„,„e„. ,0 .he fa.l,e; of A.Kh-omtt'S uletds.",;?'!' gr've' ouC:,l'"'^ " 
 
 "Jove's sylvan (laiishters bade their eliiw lieslow 
 A uarrcii shade, and in hia lioiiour grow." 
 
 "In this once-favmirod walk, beneath these elms, 
 Wliere thickeneil folia.;e, to the sniiir ray 
 Inipervr.uis. sheds a venerable ■.'loom 
 Oft in iiialfiictivo converse we he?uilcd 
 Ihe fervid time, which each reiiirnin" year 
 in friond.s lip's call devoted. Such lliings were: 
 But are, alas ! no more." 
 
 .he earth opened, and .he elm and o.her .rees sprJ„r„r.o givrlllS'si.ar 
 
EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
 
 491 
 
 the revolu- 
 France, at 
 ■sailles. 
 e, is one at 
 r planting, 
 ter. 
 
 nine years 
 ik one foot 
 same place 
 ons. 
 
 /^hich was 
 i^on inches 
 irs old. 
 I into the 
 nd of the 
 achnsetts, 
 rs of age. 
 ;at of Mr. 
 idred feet, 
 3 ground. 
 I, opposite 
 mference, 
 1 Welles, 
 I the year 
 
 :!ity Hall, ' 
 ttained a 
 
 •oets fre- 
 ring ines- 
 
 Romans 
 • of man. 
 
 raised a 
 
 3a," that 
 grove of 
 Y of two 
 
 ?, in his 
 inch, in 
 een and 
 
 into the 
 tic, that 
 I shade. 
 
 Virgil, in his "Georgics," mentions that the Roman iiusbandmcn bent the youna 
 elms, while growmg, mto the proper .sliape for the durys, or plough-tail,— 
 
 " X"""? ^^"" wlih early force in copses txiw, 
 rit fur the figure of ilie cruuked plough." 
 
 The elm was planted by the Romans for supporting tlie vine; and it is still so 
 employed, along with the I.ombardy poplar, in the south of Italy. Columella 
 lutorms us that vineyards, with elm-trees as props were named " arbusta," the 
 vines themselves being called "arbiistivue vilis," to distinguish them from others 
 raised m more conhiied situations. fJnce in two year3, the elms were carefully 
 primed, to prevent their leaves from overshadowing the grapes; and this opera- 
 tion being deemed of great importance, Corydon is reproached by Virgil, for the 
 double neglect of suffering both his elms and vines to remain unpruned,— 
 
 " Simipulala tihi frondosa vitis in ulino oat." 
 Your vine half-pruned upon the leafy elm. 
 
 The use, however, which the Romans made of the elm, as a prop to the vine has 
 given rise to the most numorous allusions to tliis tree by the poets not oulv 
 ancient, but modern. Ovid makes Vertumuus allude to it, when he is rccommend- 
 mg matrimony to Pomona,— 
 
 " ' If that fair elm,' he cried, 'alone should stand, 
 
 No ;'ra|re9 would giiiw witli uold, anil tempt tlie hand ; 
 Or if that vine without hor elm should grow, 
 'T would creep, a poor neglected shrub, below.' " 
 
 Milton, in describing the occupations of Adam and Eve, in Paradise, says,— 
 
 " They led the vine 
 To wed her elm ; sliu, sjmu.sod, almut him twines 
 Her marriaiieable arms; ami with her l)ringa 
 Her dow.ir, tlio adopted cluatera, to adorn 
 Hia barren leaves." 
 
 Tasso alludes to the same custom, in the passage, — 
 
 " The married elm fell with his fruitful vino." 
 
 And Beaumont, when he says, — 
 
 "Tlie amorous vine 
 Did with tlie fair a.id slraiglit-limbed Elm entwine." 
 
 Wordsworth, also, speaks of it, in that beautiful reflection, the "Pillar of Trajan,"— 
 
 "So, pleased with purple clusters to entwine 
 Some lofty Kim-tree, mounts the daring vine." 
 
 Cowpor very accurately sketches the variety of form in the elm, and alludes to 
 t he ditferent sites where it is to be found. In the " Task," he first introduces 
 this tree rearing its lofty head by the river's brink,— 
 
 "There, fist rooted in his hank. 
 Stand, never overlookeil, our fivouriie elms, 
 That screen the herdsman's solitary hut." 
 
 Then he gives an enchanting scene, where a lowly cot is surrounded by these 
 trees, — ' 
 
 " 'T is perched upon the srcen liill-top, but close 
 Kiivironinl with a rnii; of branching elms, 
 That overhang the thatch," 
 
 And he then introduces us to a grove of elms, — 
 
 "The ernvp receives ns next ; 
 Doiweon the nprl^ilil aliafis of wiuise tall elms 
 We may discern the thresher at his task," 
 
 
490 
 
 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. 
 
 some ot the niidlaiul counties, even at the nresent rlnv if if d i .1 r . 
 
 lomcd .„ l,a„g ,h„ ski,;, „? ,1,0 wo vosmcv ha d Id E't',!' M "' """, •■"7''- 
 in 11,0 ch„rcl,yard,, as a ki„d „f ironh/* '^ ° "'"""' °" "'" *=''"» 
 
 ■■ Tho proprio,', of ,51aS ^ho'olt ''savV.- ""■>' ■' '"•""■ "' ™""" ^'"'•■""»- 
 
 vys Marshall, in his work on "Plantinc 
 
 propriety ot p 
 
 iiimiiiiii^ 
 
 iKf"""'' "'™'' '" 'l'^"-'"-"". P"l« or pla,„alio„s. TE , n,o nroso, t 
 
 S^r a^/'Cro l„Z°,lHr'ro„"rd "oto 'I'air '";?'„r '" ''a? TAV' ""= 
 geiiorally performed by ihe "whip" or "snhoo" mod?, Ij .i*^ (;,af,i„g ,s 
 
 a,.d .1,0 plan,, ,„ake Ioo,s of ,l,r?o or fo„?fe i,," , gl . o s°ar';e'ar"'Fel; 
 plants succeed more readilv bv eraftincr tl,in tho olm cV i ^ f , 
 the graft . made close to thl^ iS^.^Zl^^^^l:^ ic^r. d ^n whl m^^ 
 ing, the mere eartlnng of the plants from the soil, in the intervals let we^^^^^^^^ 
 rows will serve as a substitute for claying. It has been recommended t''"t le 
 graft be made six or eight inches above fhe collar, in order tHess^n the S-f 
 the scon, when It becomes a tree throwing out roots, wSi as the case with 
 many of tiie varieties, would become troublesome by their cles iSi^ 
 sometimes performed, but less frequently. On the'cont ne.it of Europe ^ an 
 
 s, p. 30 ct scq. 
 
 * See Loudon s Arboretum Bntannicuin, lii. p. m2 ; also Woodland Gleanin 
 
 t Ihe procujss of producin- Icnjers consists in bendinR the 
 youii- branches of trees and shrubs into the soil to a certain 
 deptli, and elevatins; their tops above the surface of the around 
 in an upward direction, as denoted in the adjoinin" figure In 
 time, the buried parts of these branches take root, and finallv 
 become perfect plants. The ground should be kept quite clear 
 ot weeds, and the layers should be watered in dry weather • 
 and, when sufficiently rooted, they should be carefully sepa- - — .-■ y - ■ - - . =::;.5^ ^ 
 
i^itch hazel, 
 ive against 
 
 witch. In 
 liat a little 
 cl, wiiliout 
 
 the butter 
 '■ere accus- 
 •n the elms 
 
 sweet, and 
 3 pen situa- 
 3r streams. 
 " Planting 
 ;ht of folly 
 I good elm 
 of a man's 
 tical time, 
 I soils. It 
 ^ever, that 
 c rich, its 
 compared 
 re, and at 
 s of iron. 
 inal trees, 
 'ill bear a ■ 
 
 bundance 
 tlie stem ; 
 ition, and 
 ihment of 
 
 the roots 
 le present 
 Jotch dm 
 se of the 
 rafting is 
 1 spring; 
 ir. Few 
 iat when 
 Mth mat- 
 veen the 
 
 that the 
 e risk of 
 ase with 
 idding is 
 e, plants 
 
 EUKOPEAN OK FIELD EI.M. 
 
 498 
 
 n nursery 
 
 are very often procured from stools, simply by heaping np earth about the shoots 
 ■which proceed I'rom them. These shoots throw out roots into the earth ; and, 
 after growing three or four years, during which time they acquire the height of 
 ten or fifteen feet, they are clipped olf, when they are cither jilantcd in the sites 
 where they are finally to remain, or in nursery lines. When they are trans- 
 planted to their final situations, the side shoots are cut ofi", and the main stem is 
 headed down to the height of eight or ten feet; so that nowly-planted trees ap- 
 pear to be nothing more than naked truncheons. The first year, a great many 
 shoots are produced from the upper extremity of each plant; and in the autumn 
 of that year, or in the second spring, their shoots are all cut off bu' one, which 
 soon forms an erect stem, and a tree with as regular a head as if no decapitation 
 had taken place. This mode corresponds with the recommendation of Evelyn, 
 to plant trees about the "scantling of your leg, and to trim off their iieads at five 
 or six feet in height;" and also with Cato's mode of having the stoms five 
 or six fingers thick, who says that " you can hardly plant an elm too big, pro- 
 vided yoii trim the roots and cut oflf the head." All the avenues and rows of 
 elm-trees, in Europe, it is said, were planted in this manner, previously to about 
 the middle of the last century; and, according to M. Poitcau, the same practice 
 is still the most general in France. In Britain, young elms having been two or 
 three times transplanted in the nurseries, are removed to their final situations, with- 
 out heading down ; and, in the moist climate of that country, they grow vigorously 
 the first year without much pruning. Hut, in the south of Europe, where the cli- 
 mate of summer is hotter and more arid, and is attended with a consequent increased 
 evaporation from the leaves of plants, th^. trees are liable to be killed when trans- 
 planted with all their branches on ; and hence the mode of depriving them of their 
 branches as described above. For similar reasons, the same practice is recpiisite 
 in the United States to ensure success. In France and Belgium, the Ulmus cam- 
 pestris is the most common tree planted by road sides, and along the boulevards 
 and streets of cities and towns; and, in such cases, a large pit is previously dug, 
 four or five feet in diameter, and from two to three feet in depth; and a con- 
 siderable portion of fine, rich mould is placed in immediate contact with the roots 
 of the trees, and the pit filled with the best part of the soil, which had been i)re- 
 viously dug out of it. During the first summer, water is regularly supplied, and 
 the trees, or rather stumps, grow freely; very little attention being required after- 
 wards, except to encourage the leading shoots, and to shorten in, the lateral 
 branches, so as to encourage the plants to assume a tree-like form. In the 
 neighbourhood of Paris, and in the south of France, the Ulmus carapestris occa- 
 sionally bears seeds, which are sometimes sown by nurserymen, in order to pro- 
 cure new varieties, and by the managers of the national forests, in order to obtain 
 a supply of plants, at a cheap rate; but in Britain, this tree very rarely ripens 
 seeds, or produces them at all ; nevertheless, it has done so, in a few places, as 
 in Lea Park, near Littlebourne, about four miles from Canterbury. It is observed 
 by Bosc, that some of the more remarkable varieties, such as the twisted elm, 
 (Ulmus c. tortuosa.) &-c., come tolerably true from seeds, speaking of the mass 
 of young plants; but that among these are constantly to be found numerous sub- 
 varieties. The seeds, which fall from the trees as soon as they are ripe, are 
 swept up and immediately sown in beds of light, rich soil; being placed about 
 an inch apart every way, they are covered to the depth of about an eighth of an 
 inch, The plants come up the same season, and arc fit for transplanting into 
 nursery lines in the autumn following. 
 
 "Of all the European timber trees," observes Loudon, "not belonging to the 
 coniferous family, except the Lombardy poplars, the narrow-leaved elm, (Ulmus 
 campestris,) requires the least care or pruning after it is planted; and, at the 
 same time, no tree will bear better than it does, the knife or the shears. All 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 t 1 
 
494 
 
 ULMUS CAMrKSTRIS. 
 
 ■f- 
 
 
 ill 
 
 J|'« hranrhns mny ho cut from the stem, pxcopt a smal 
 
 years. When grown oxcln«iv.-ly^f,, ,h M rl. 1 Hts Im^ *''"'"' ""'"^'^'" "^ 
 
 to ho allowed a con.si<l,<rahlo a.m.l f,,, o nM,. 1,1 1 ''' ''"^^'vor, u roq„ir...s 
 of its whole height. The tiS ,h? i!c '• '"!•'■''''?' "?' ^7' '''"" °"« "'i'-d 
 
 ot the elm, not ho iig remarkai)le for its .Inr .hii;,.; '^W 1 he timher 
 
 inonly fo„„d decayed at the he rt • n .t /^^^^^^^ "^1" "J'^ "■"""' very com- 
 tlic eiterior oircutifforence o tie ^r is %' ■;!::,':r;;''r f" '^""' ^^^" ^^'"^" 
 prolific of hranches. The most nr i n .1. 7*'' f'^.""'^ vigorous state, and 
 
 seventy and eighty year a 3 f To fr,/ 'f"."^ ^''' ^'"^ '^' ^'"'"^'^^^ 
 
 down.W, woo3 w^il'bo"n;orr;|.oLuSd7sonsrne^d '-r'^' '' '''' ^'^'-« ^' ^ -'^ 
 
 ne^:';^'gf::;o^f :::r;;;;i^:f :;, j^'^ ^:""- ^^^-p-^^-. O"'" the straight. 
 
 to he inj.rred by h gh w df oKcont a ^,' '^rl ' ^'"^r"'" '" ''^^ ''^•'"'' '« ""' ''"^''^ 
 -an aciident whid. m .'ino' 7r ,m^ y;«'di"g at the roots, 
 
 -s^-- ^ it i-:s,'-- - . 
 
 L.'ight of three i four ibet from the L, n . T ' f'T^'.'"S to M.chanx, "at a 
 titv of san " " qn,« riio giound, and which discharges a yreat ruian- 
 
 uiy ui ^ap. 1 lie d sease nenetrafp*! arndiinn.r " i, , ii ?• " fe/^^i iiuan- 
 
 of the tree, and corrupts its s.Enoo Mn? f l^' f'^'^'', '"'" "'« ''"t'^rior 
 
 it in the be-inr.ino- 3 to 4rnc/'l ^^any attempts have been made to cure 
 
 best treatS "t^'pforce tl n^^^^^ toTTon^'^ r''^"""'" ^1'''^"' «"'^'^^««- '!'''« 
 anger, in the very hear of lo m.hdv wK\s '"''T '''/T "'^^^«' ^^'^'^ ^"^ 
 the sap." The riatter dischar^eT by thir leer hn h''^'''''^ ^J the flowing of 
 
 It shows iLself by the ex ravnsa^^j o.mhh^f ^ f "^ ?"'^'^ ^^'^"^'^ r«m««,;,r.. 
 
 the bark, and by it^sween^Is ? frl.f. '" ^"'"""^ '"""' ^'^'^^'^ ^'reaks down 
 i.pon it. ' Mr. Spence Uii nf^^^^^^^ numerous msects, of several tribes, to feed 
 
 scolyti. "I have seen "h! 1 '^"'''''' """^ Pi-obably, is caused by the 
 
 ehns%ierceJ by these Lets wro'ro'll.o '^T"^""''^«\i"" to Mr. Loudon, 'ZTy 
 in white massed, I fg m t 'manna ' nd' naTt^ff'*'^ 5^^'","? ^^''^'^ ^'«^^^ "»^ 
 the bark, and numerc^.s ins" " wer^' ;";2t"d ^'fLTnt^' ''"' ^^"^'" ^«^^" 
 ^"S-i:t0S:^f^;:;^^:^-^ . vu,gar,y called 
 
 appear almost round.* Th^^arr^ ?e i ,n tf "^- ? '""f" ''«" '" '"''B"' «>< l<> 
 
 .:»„,„ a branch „ay »rpearc^rer:l[,;;i;i,:rto':;:i;r.rrr.tvt^ii 
 
 * Arboretum Britannicum, iii,, p. 1384. 
 
KUROrEAr; OK HELD KIM. 
 
 "at a 
 
 
 all havo vaiiisliod. The larvtc 
 
 aro siiKill and slonder, and d 
 Soniotitiu's small 
 
 495 
 
 tho loaves 
 iladders or galls are 
 
 wit!) (Kjiial avidity as tlio perfect insect 
 
 produced on the leaves of the rhn, hy the mmcttire of some kind of insect, (pro^ 
 hably a cyiiips,) which arc at Hrst green, hut afliirwards tnrn black. Mach of 
 these galls conlani a fluid, which, according to Dii llajuel, is called dm halm, 
 and was lornierly employed for the cnre of recent wounds. 
 
 In the " Nouveau ('ours d'Agriculturc," there are metilioned four other insects 
 that prey upon the elm. Tho first is the larva of the Bombyv c/injsorr/iwa, of 
 l-ahricins, which destroys tho leaf-huds and leaves entirely, .so as to give tho 
 tree, in spring, the appearance of winter. The second is the Oalcnica nlmarkn- 
 si.i, of Fabricius, a coleopterous in.scct, the larvie of which, in some seasons 
 entirely destroy the parenchyma of the leaves of tho elms, in the public prome- 
 nades both in Mritaiti and in continental Muropc. These larvsn are of a blackish 
 colour, and exhale, when crushed, a most disagreeable odour. The moment 
 they are touched, they coil up, and sudor themselves to fall to the ground. The 
 perfect insect is extremely sluggish in its movements, feigning death, in cases 
 of danger, rather than unfolding its wings to (ly away. It conceals itself in the 
 crevices of the bark, also under stones, and between the bricks of walls- and 
 sometimes will produce three generations in the course of one summer. ' The 
 third is a sp<!cies of goat-moth, {Cossus ligniperdu, of Fabricius,) the larva of 
 which is about three inches long, with its body sprinkled with slender hairs- 
 being of a reddish-brown on the back, becoming yellow beneath, with eight 
 breathing-holes on the sides, and a black head. It exhales a most disagreeable 
 goat-like odour, which is produced by an oily and very acrid liquor, that it dis- 
 charges at its mouth, and tho use of which is supposed to soften the wood before 
 it devours it. The pupa is brown, the abdominal segments bearing two rows 
 of spines, directed backwards. Before entering into its chrysalis staie, which 
 sometimes takes place under ground, the larva spins a strong web, intermixed 
 with particles of wood, that constitutes its cocoon. The perfect insect has dark- 
 gray wings, clouded with, dark-brown, and streaked with black. It belongs to 
 that class- of insects which fly by night, and appears, in Europe, in the month of 
 June. The female lays but one set of eggs, but these generally amount lo one 
 thousand in number, and are always deposited at the base of the trees, whence 
 the larviE penetrate the bark, wherever they can find the easiest entrance. The 
 eggs are .small, in proportion to the size of the imago; and the caterpillar, which 
 grows to a large size, is said to remain in the larva state three years. This 
 insect, in Europe, not only feeds upon the elm, but also preys upon the alder, the 
 oak, the ash, the walnut, the beech, the lime, and on some kinds of the willow, 
 and of the poplar. The larvop devour the liber or inner bark, making long gal- 
 leries in the wood, somewhat after the maimer of those of the wood leopard 
 moth, (/euzera a^sculi,) in the common pear-tree, and finally destroying the 
 tree. Many remedies have been proposed, but that of Latreille appears to be 
 most approved of in France. This consists in surrounding the base of the tree, 
 where it has been observed that the females always deposit their eggs, with a 
 thick coaling of a mixture of clay and cow-dung, which the insect cannot pene- 
 trate. The green woodpecker preys upon these caterpillars, and its stomach, on 
 dissection, emits an intolerable stench. The fourth enemy to the elm, and the 
 one which is considered by far the most injurious, is the larva of the ^rohjliis 
 destructor ; but it is sometimes assisted in its ravages by that of the Sco/ytits 
 armatiis. In about the month of June or July, the female insect bores through 
 the bark, until slie has reached the point between the soft wood and the inner 
 bark ; she then forms in the latter a vertical channel, usually upwards, of about 
 two inches in length, on each side of which she deposits her eggs, as she 
 advances, to the number of from twenty to fifty in all. It appears probable that. 
 
496 
 
 ULMUS CAMPESTRIS. 
 
 P > 'I 
 
 (.11 
 
 V K^ 
 
 I' . ^ 
 
 after doing this, she dies, without making her way out again, as she may often 
 be found dead at the end of the channel. About September, the iTrvV are 
 hatched, which commence feeding upon the matter of the inner bark at the 
 edge the channel ; and in a very shght degree, on that of the soft wood onpo- 
 sue, advancing as they feed, in a course at about right angles from the nnuarv 
 channel, on each side of it. The true food of the insect is the inner bafla?d 
 the erosion of the soft wood is so slight, as to be, perhaps, nearly accidentah 
 1 he course of each individual larva, on each side of the primary channel is 
 about paral el to that of the larva next to it ; and each forms a channel by is 
 feeding that is enlarged as the larva increases in size. When each larva has 
 
 ¥ho« I h' '"l ^''"^ '^"''' '*''"^' g"^^^' ^ ^'^^ig'>t ''«'^ thringh the bark 
 These beetles begin o come out m about the end of May, or the beginning of 
 June, of the year following that in which the eggs were deposited. The sLes 
 trZ"^ " ^7' ""^ '^r ^"^"'''' ^'"^"^S eggs, pferce through the bark, as above 
 1.,^ r'tif "^ °"' /'7"Vg^"f ^tion to generation, and year to year. The 
 result of he erosions of the female parent, and of the larvae, in the inner bark and 
 sof wood, ,s that of cutting off the vital connection between these two pai ts 
 
 fl^ !r\ '"■''"°"' ^f""^""^ '" "^ ^'""^ '^'^^« be^"'«e numerous, of occasioning 
 ts death, by preventing the ascent and descent of the sap. It has been asse -ted 
 that the female scoly us never attacks a tree in a perfectly healthy state for the 
 purpose of depositing her eggs; and, also, that trees suffering under cachioma 
 are particularly liable to her ravages. It has also been remarked S E 
 msects seldom destroy the trees they attack the first year; and that they piefer 
 a tree tha they have already begun to devour, to one' tha't is young and vigor- 
 ous ; but they never attack a tree that is entirely dead. Yet it is true that both 
 he males and females pierce young and healthy trees for the purpose of eating 
 he inner bark, w uch constitutes their principal food; and that Uie numerou! 
 holes which they thus cause, partly from the lu ' of sap 'which exudes from them 
 and partly from the effect of the rain that lodges in them, in a few years S 
 the trees, in w uch they occur, into an incipient state of decay. These trees are 
 mdiscriminately selected by the female insects for the deposition of their eggs itist 
 
 Se.'llT, f)""'"^v '^T'y"'"'^"'^"^! ''^"^ *h"^ healthy trees are efllctiiuy 
 destroyed by the combined operations, first and last, of the scolyti of both sexes 
 though not in consequence of the sole deposition of the eggs of the female The 
 most effectual mode recommended to prevent the future'depredat ons of the e 
 insects, IS, first, to pare away, with a spoke-shave, or other tool, the louSh exte' 
 nor bark of the trees bearing the marks of their ravages ; and if here be no trace 
 
 which 'Z' ^7)'- ''!'r ^^ '"^^'^ """^r H' «'^ ^••^^^' «' «^ 'h«^^ -'P^rficial fur ow 
 which the scolyti of both sexes make for food in young trees, they may be pro- 
 nounced as being in a sound and healthy state. But if^he i, ner barl7exhib ts 
 small holes which communicate with channels as described above the nex 
 thing to be done is to determine whether the female has already deposited her 
 eggs withinit, or whether it contains the young scolyti either in a larva or 
 chrysalis s ate. In order to know this, it will be necessary to cut away herland 
 here, portions of the bark, quite into the wood ; and if Uie existence of either 
 he eggs or of the insects be proved, the trees should be cut down, and the bark be 
 al en off and burnt. Those trees pierced with exterior superficial holes or fur- 
 rows, which have no larva3 in them, are such as have been attacked for food 
 only ; and, if they be care nlly brushed over with coal-tar, the fumes of wlicUs 
 highly off-ensive to the perfect scolyti, there is every probability that tlie^ will be 
 secure from the future attacks of the females; and that the repetition of fhlsame 
 process m he spring for one or two years, would enable them-to resume the r 
 vigour, and become healthy trees.* •^•^umv men 
 
 * See Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum, iii., p. 1387, et ,seq. 
 
EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 497 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the Ulmus campestris is of a brownish 
 colour, and is hard and fine-grained. When green, it weighs nearly seventy 
 pounds to a cubic foot, and when dry, not more than forty-eight and a half 
 pounds. It possesses greater lateral adhesion, but less longitudinal toughness 
 than that of the Scotch eim, (Ulmus c. montana,) and, consequently, does not 
 crack so much as that variety in drying. In ship-building, it is valuable for 
 forming the blocks and de^d-eyes, and other wooden fixtures of rigging, being 
 particularly suitable for these purposes, from its hard and adhesive nature, and 
 indisposition to crack or split, when exposed to the vicissitudes of moisture and 
 dryness. One of the principal uses of the English elm, however, in ship-build- 
 ing, IS for keels. In Norfolk, the timber of this tree is generally used for naves 
 to wheels; and in many parts of England, and particularly about London, it is 
 also employed for coffins. Elm timber is also remarkably durable in water, and 
 IS particularly adapted fc; piles, pumps, water-pipes, and for any other similar 
 purpose. It has been used in Europe, from time immemorial, for water-pipes, or 
 gutters, for conveying the water of salt springs to the large boxes or pans, where 
 the watery particles are evaporated by the heat of the sun, or by fire ; and it is 
 well known that the Anglo-Saxons called all the places where there were salt 
 springs, ''wich" or " wych " (as Droitwich, Nantwich, &c.); hence, probably, 
 originated the name " wych elm," which was formerly applied to all British elms 
 including the Ulmus c. montana. The knobs, which grow upon old elms, are 
 sawn into thin plates by cabinet-makers, particularly in France and Germany 
 and, when polished, they exhibit very curious and beautiful arrangements of 
 fibre, which render their wood exceedingly ornamental, for articles of fancy. As 
 fuel, the wood of the elm, according to Hartig, is to that of beech as twelve hun- 
 dred and fifty-nine is to fifteen hundred and forty ; and, as charcoal, as fourteen 
 hundred and seven is to sixteen hundred. The ashes of this tree are rich in 
 alkaline salts; and among seventy-three kinds of trees. M. Werneck found that 
 It occupied the tenth place in productiveness of potash. The inner bark, like 
 that of the European lime-tree, is sometimes employed for making bast-mats and 
 ropes. Young deer are very fond of this bark; and in Norway the inhabitants 
 kiln-dry it, and grind it with corn to make flour for bread. The leaves and 
 young shoots of the elm were used by the Romans to feed cattle, and they ace 
 still employed, in may parts of France, for the same purpose ; and both in France 
 and Norway, they are boiled to serve as food for pigs. In Russia, the leaves of 
 the Ulmus c. parvifolia are used for tea. The bark is highly astringent, and both 
 the leaves and bark, it is said, contain a considerable proportion of glue. From 
 the bark there has been extracted a principle called ulmlne, which is regarded by 
 some as a constituent of every vegetable. A decoction of the bark Imparts a 
 yellow colour to wool. In Norway, the bark is employed in tanning skins. The 
 fruit, in a green state, is sometimes eaten as a salad. 
 
 As a picturesque tree, " the elm," observes Gilpin, " has not so distinct a char- 
 acter as either the oak or the ash. It partakes so much of the oak, that, when it 
 IS rough and old, it may easily, at a little distance, be mistaken for one; though 
 the oak, (I mean such an oak as is strongly marked with its peculiar character ) 
 can never be mistaken for the elm. This is certainly a defect in the elm • for 
 strong characters are a great source of picturesque beauty. This defect, how- 
 ever, appears chiefly in the skeleton of the elm; in full foliage, its character is 
 more marked. No tree is better adapted to receive grand masses of light. In 
 this respect, it is superior both to the oak and the ash. Nor is its foliat^e, shad- 
 owing as It is, of the heavy kind. Its leaves are small, and this gives it a natural 
 lightness; it commonly hangs loosely, and is, in general, very picturesque. The 
 elm naturally grows upright, and, when it meets with, a soil it \ovps risos higher 
 than the generality of trees ; and, after it has assumed the dignity and lioa7y 
 03 
 
 m 
 
498 
 
 ULMUS CAMPESTKIS. 
 
 IK', 
 
 }'' 
 
 !l\<\ 
 
 i 
 
 roughness of age, few of its forest brethren, (though, properly sneaking, it is not 
 a forester,) excel it in grandeur and beauty. The elm is the first' tree that salutes 
 the early spring, with its light and cheerful green; a tint which contrasts agreea- 
 bly with the oak, whose early leaf has generally more of the olive cast. We see 
 them sometimes in fine harmony together, about the end of April and the begin- 
 nmg of May. VVe often, also, see the elm planted with the Scotch pine. In the 
 spring. Its light-green is very discordant with the gloomy hue of its companion- 
 but, as the year advances, the elm leaf takes a darker tint, and unites in har- 
 mony with the pine. In autumn, also, the yellow leaf of the elm mixes as 
 kindly with the orange of the beech, the ochre of the oak, and many of the other 
 fading hues of the wood. ***** The elm throws out a beautiful 
 bloom, in the form of a spicated ball, about the bigness of a nutmeg, of a dark- 
 crimson colour. This bloom sometimes appears in such profusion as to thicken 
 and enrich the spray exceedingly, even to the fulness almost of foliage. * * * 
 * * The branch of the elm has neither the strength nor the various abrupt 
 twistings of the oak ; nor does it shoot so much in horizontal directions. Such, 
 also, is the spray. It has a more regular appearance, not starting off at right- 
 angles, but forming its shoots more acutely with the parent branch; neither does 
 the spray of the elm shoot, like the ash, in regular pairs from the same knot, but 
 \n a kind of allernacy. It has, generally, at first, a flat appearance ; but, as one 
 year s shoot is added to another, it has not strength to support itself; and as the 
 tree grows old, it often becomes pendent also, like the ash ; whereas the 'tough- 
 ness and strength of the oak enable it to stretch oul. its branches horizontally to 
 the very last twig."* 
 
 As an ornamental tree, the Ulmus campestris is employed both in Britain - 
 and on the continent, more especially in France and Holland, for lining avenues 
 and particular for public walks. For this purpose it is well adapted froni 
 the comparative rapidity of its growth, the straightness of its trunk, the facility 
 with which It bears lopping, the deuseness of its foliage, its hardiness, and it3 
 great longevity. . ° ' 
 
 * Forest Scenery. 
 
 i(if 11' a- 
 
 ''N 
 
Ulmus americana, 
 THE AMERICAN ELM. 
 
 Spionymes. 
 
 Ulmus americana, 
 
 Orme d'Amerique, Orme parasol, 
 
 Amerikanische Ulme, 
 
 Ulmo americano, 
 
 American White Elm, Canadian Elm, 
 
 White Elm, Rock Elm, 
 
 LiNN^us, Species Plantarum. 
 
 MicHAux, North American Sylva. 
 
 LotrDoN, Arboretum Britannicum. 
 
 France. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 Anolo-America. 
 
 .ifnfa'dXefiglre^^^vJ!""' ^'"''"'=''" ^^""'' P'" '''' ^"''°"' *"»"""■" Britannicum, iii., fig. ,aiG, and ,ii. p.. m 
 
 Specific Characters. Leaves with their disks unequal at the base, 4—5 inches long, inclusive of a lono- 
 acummate point, from 2-24 inches broad, serrate, and mostly doubly so ; the axUs of the veh^ under- 
 neath joined by a membrane ; petioles from 1-1^ inches in length, and clothed wiiii short hai?s 
 Flowers effuse, with the peduncles short and glabrous. Stamens 5-8. Samara; fringed at the eXes 
 
 WmmZ's^mm'^Znt ^""^ ^"'"''"' ^"''"' ^""^ '"^''''^ ^''^ ^^'' "'°" ^^^^^ -Adapted, ff<m 
 
 Description. 
 
 IHE Ulmus 
 americana, 
 whenstand- 
 
 _„„^-^„ ing in the 
 
 forest, is a lofty tree, with a remarka- 
 bly clean, straight, round trunk, with 
 a small, much contorted head; but, in 
 a clearing, where it grows in an insu- 
 lated manner, receiving a full supply of 
 lipht and air, it appears in all its ma- 
 jesi", towering to an elevation of eighty 
 or one himdred feet, with a stem from 
 four to six feet in diameter, which, at 
 ten or twenty feet above its ba,se, usually ramifies into three or more primary 
 hmbs, that contniue gradually spreading outward and upwards to a great length 
 dividmg and sub-dividmg into many smaller ramifications, and diffusing, on all 
 sides, numerous long, flexible, and pendulous branchlets, bending into regular fes- 
 toons, and giving to the tree a broad and somewhat flat-topped summit, of regu- 
 lar proportions and admirable beauty. When growing in the last-named situa- 
 tion, this tree is often marked by two or more small branches, four or five feet 
 m length, proceeding from near the first ramification, and descending along the 
 trunk ; and the larger branches or limbs are sometimes covered with little ragged 
 twigs, as if clothed with tufts of hair. The bark of the trunk is tender, deeply- 
 furrowed, and almost white. The leaves, which are four or five inches long, are 
 alternate, unequal at the base, oval-acuminate, generally doubly denticulated 
 with regular and prominent ribs, rough, and of an almost glossy deep-green above' 
 and pale and downy beneath. The flowers, which appear in Marrh. April or Ma,J 
 belore the leaves, are very small, of a purplish colour, supported by short, sleii- 
 
 i 
 
500 
 
 ULMUS AMERICANA. 
 
 i'.l 
 
 fi;'r: 
 
 ! m 
 
 ?i £ 
 
 1^;' 
 
 Riii 
 
 liv H 
 
 '■m 
 
 k^^i 
 
 Si 
 
 
 '3 1 
 
 a*! 'il 
 
 tier foot-stallcs, and are united in bunches at the extremity of the branches. The 
 seeds, which are contained in flat oval, fringed capsules, notched at the base, 
 arrive at maturity, in the northern parts of the United States, from the middle of 
 May to the first of June. 
 
 Varieties. The Ulmus americana, like its European congener, has compara- 
 tively, the same aptitude to vary from seeds, and has already given rise to seve- 
 ral varieties; but, as such a state of confusion exists in botanical works, not only 
 as relates to the American elms, but to all others o' the genus, and as the obser- 
 vations and experiments as regards their culture and growth, have been some- 
 what Iiniited, It IS difficult to determine whether they all belong to one race or 
 consist ot several distinct species,— a problem which can never be satisfactorily 
 solved before they are studied and cultivated under the most varied circum- 
 stances, during a period of several years. As with the European elms, we have 
 classified them all under one head, giving, as usual, among our synonymes, the 
 names under which they are described as species, by one or more authors. 
 
 1. U. A. suBSEssiLiFOLiA. Suhsessile-leaved American Elm ; Ulmus americana, 
 u ^""'iy^ ; ^ ^^'■g^ tree, with divergent branches, indigenous chiefly to the Alle- 
 ghany Mountains, sometimes attaining a height of seventy or eighty feet The 
 leaves, whicii are three or four inches long, are subsessile, ovate-acuminate 
 doubly serrate, oblique, and sub-cordate at the base, rough above, and slightlv 
 pubescent beneath. ' o j & */ 
 
 2. U. A. ALBA, Loudon. Whitish-branched American Elm ; a tree native of 
 Louisiana and other states, growing to a height of fifty or sixty feet, having long 
 flexible, hanging branches, witli whitish bark. The leaves are oblong, obliquely- 
 acute at the base, doubly-denticulate, rougn and lucid above, and villous beneath. • 
 
 6. U. A. PENDULA, Loudon. Pendulous-branched American Elm. 
 
 4. U. A RUBRA, Loudon. Reddish-branched American Elm, with the branches 
 red, and the leaves ovate, rugose, and rough. 
 
 5. U. A. FOLiis VARiEGATis, Loudou. Variegatp.d-kaved American Elm. 
 
 6. U. A. RACEMosA. Racemosc-fiowered American Elm ; Ulmus racemosa, of 
 Aiittall, Gray and lorrey, and others; Orme a grappe, of the French; Trauben- 
 Ulme, of the Germans; Thomas' Elm, Norhern Cork-barked Elm, of the Anglo- 
 Americans. This variety Avas first described 
 and figured by Mr. David Thomas, of Cayuga 
 county, in the state of New York, in the nine- 
 teenth volume of Silliman's "American Journal 
 of Science and Art." It abounds throughout 
 western New York, and is also found in Can- 
 ada and Vermont. The large primary branches 
 produce corky excrescences, somewhat like 
 those of the wahoo elm (Ulmus a. alata.) 
 The leaves are broadly-ovate, acuminate, doubly- 
 serrated, glabrous, and somewhat shining above, 
 with the under surface and ribs slightly pubes- 
 cent. The flowers, which are yell w, and appear 
 in April or May, are small, distinctly pedicellate, 
 and, unlike those of any other elm, are dis- 
 posed in racemes, composed of several clusters 
 of two to four together, and extending from the 
 length of from one inch to two inches and a 
 half, often furnished with one or two small, but 
 perfect leaves, before the opening of the termi- 
 nal buds. The samara) are large, of an elliptic form, very pubescent, thickly 
 innged on the margin, with their membranes more extuudcd on one side, as mdi- 
 
ches. The 
 t the base, 
 e middle of 
 
 IS compara- 
 "ise to seve- 
 ns, not only 
 s the obser- 
 been some- 
 )ne race, or 
 itisfactorily 
 ed circn ni- 
 ls, we have 
 nymes, the 
 hors. 
 
 americana, 
 .0 the Alle- 
 feet. The 
 acuminate, 
 tid slightly 
 
 native of 
 iving long, 
 
 obliquely- 
 is beneath. ' 
 
 e branches 
 
 m. 
 
 cemosa, of 
 ; Tranben- 
 the Anglo- 
 
 
 It, thickly 
 e, as iiidi- 
 
 AMERICAN ELM. SQl 
 
 cative of a second, though abortive cell. The seeds ripen in May or June, at 
 which tmie they may be collected and sown; and, if properly treated, they will 
 immediately come up, and make strong shoots the first season. 
 rn' /■/^^''^^r, ^'«'^'«y-*"t^erf American Elm; Ulmus rubra, oi Michanx- 
 Cy^m?<s/i</m of Pursh, Loudon, and others; Orme rou<re, Orme gras, of the 
 trench; Gelbhche Ulmc, of the Germans; Slippery Elm, Red Elm, Red-rvooded 
 lulm, Moose Elm, of the British and Anglo-Americans. This tree bears a strong 
 resemblance to the Dutch cork-barked elm, (Ul- 
 mus campestris major,) of Europe. It ofttn at- 
 tains a height of fifty or sixty feet, with a trunk 
 fifteen or twenty inches in diameter. The bark 
 of its trunk is brown, and deeplv-furrowed ; and 
 that of the branches rough, and "lighter coloured. 
 The leaves are ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly 
 equal, and more or less cordate at the base, ser- 
 rated, with unequal teeth, rugose, very rough, 
 and hairy on both surfaces; being larger, thicker,' 
 and rougher than those of the Ulmus americana. 
 The leaf-buds, which are also larger and rounder 
 than those of thai fee, are covered, a fortnight 
 before their developement, with a tawny, or rus- 
 setty down, by which this tree can readily be dis- 
 tinguished from any other variety. The flowers, 
 which appear in April and May, are produced in 
 tufts at the extremity of the young shoots; and 
 the scales which surround the branches, like the buds, are covered with down • 
 the calyx is downy and sessile; the stamens short, and of a pale-rose colour' 
 1 lie seeds, which usually ripen from the middle to the last of May, are large 
 destitute of fringe, orbicular or obovate in shape, and strongly resemble those of 
 the English elm. With the exception of the maritime districts of Carolina, 
 Georgia, and Florida, this tree is found in almost every part of the United States 
 and of Canada; but, in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, it is more multiplied 
 than east of the Alleghanies, where it grows on the richest lands of an uneven 
 surface. It is less abundant, however, than the Ulmus americana, with which it 
 rarely associates, as it requires a more substantial soil, somewhat free from mois- 
 ture, and even delights in elevated and open situations, such as the steep banks 
 of the Hudson and of the Susquehannah. The heart-wood is coarse-grained and 
 less compact than that of the Ulmus americana, and is of a dull-red tinge ; whence 
 the name " Red Elm." Even in the branches of one or two inches in diameter 
 the perfect wood forms the principal part. From its durability, the timber of 
 this tree is employed with advantage in the regions where it abounds, in the con- 
 struction of houses, and sometimes of ships. It is said to be the best of the Amer- 
 ican woods for making blocks employed in the rigging of vessels, and its scarcity 
 in the Atlantic states is the only ca'ise of its limited consumption for that pur- 
 pose. It also makes excellent rails, which are of long duration, and are formed 
 with little labour, as the trunk may be easily and regularly split. The bark, which 
 is very mucilaginous, contains certain proportions of sugar, galic acid, and super- 
 tartrate of potash. Medicinally, it is said to be alternative, tonic, and diuretic, 
 and is employed for the cure of herpetic, and leprous eruptions. The leaves' 
 which emit an agreeable smell, have been employed as food for the larva) of the 
 silk-moth. The bark and small branches, with the leaves, macerated in water, 
 yield a thick and abundant mucilage, which is used in forming a refreshing and 
 soothing drink, in coughs and rheums. This mucilage is nlso substituted for t!\p. 
 roots of the marsh mallow, (Althaja officinalis,) in making emollient suppurative 
 cataplasms. 
 
503 
 
 ULMUS AMERICANA. 
 
 [:;5, §' 
 
 ditfers"from"'thp*At^''"'*°"\ ^''P^V-fooihed-lcaved American Elm. This variety 
 
 acuminate at the apex ° '''' ^"''-cordate at the base, doubly serrated, and 
 
 es^e .!". t;;; thtrt; or^'itr/t tf ^"^^f? f'^ '' ?T" '"^^^^ f ^^^«"- 
 The branchlets are terete smooth ' ' ■ ' ti^L'^^'i °^ Kentucky and Illinois, 
 to six inches long, and three or four '"' r'l ^^' k^'^''' ^^I'^'^ ^'^ ^'•«""* ^''"^ 
 
 obovate, acumina e obi n Sv ohn L' ,C ^V^^^ V'"" Jf"^ °" "^'^''^ P^^'^'es, are 
 on the upperXand vHlottne'h" ^'' '"'' '"'''^ '''''''^' nearly smooth 
 
 /J'ij^^;yS:e:q"e"\trirf^^^^^^^^^^ ^Wrf...«.., Y./. 
 
 lets. Its' leaves wlTh a e six or I «f Alabama, with terete, smooth branch- 
 broad, are boriL o^^ netioles ntVJJ "" l""^^^' ^""^' ^"^ ^^''^^ "^ ^0"^ inches 
 
 are acute a^ en re at S ''^ .'^f' '^'^" '" ^"^ ^''^'^ ^'^ '^ ^^^^ 
 
 the upper half, sub-acum nate at the p,'?'' ''f' '"T ' ^"b-^q"^'. «harp teeth in 
 ers occur in fosc cles wi?h Ihp np ] f ' ^"fi«"^"o''^ «» l>oth sides. The flow- 
 stamens exseS, and' t^ pi t 1 !"t\t nU^"''V^^ .''^X"" campanulate, the 
 samara are fasciculate pedtufcled oblo.; h fi^?' ^'^^ V ^'^" '^^" ''y^^'' ^he 
 12. U A ALATA rv,./. • J 7'o"g. bifid, and fimbriate on the sides. 
 
 Loudon and others- Sir «S n'^^'T ^^"'' P'""^ «^«^''' ^^ ^ichaux, 
 t'^m.,ohheGerSis- li^Lrfe,.^^^^ °^, ?" ^'•^"^h; Gofluffdle 
 
 variety forms aTe^ kT^^ddllt^g' l^e^^'^Ji^-'^ ^"^'^ '^^is 
 
 mon ly not exceeding thirty feet, wi^h a trunk n'ne 
 
 or ten nches in diameter. The branches are gar- 
 nished throughout their entire length, on two onpo- 
 
 site side., with fungous appendag^, 'about a qS^ar- 
 
 ter of an inch in width, which have given rise to 
 
 the name of alata, or winged. The kaves which 
 
 form ;"' "" .'^"" P^'*°''^' ^^^ «^ ^" oblong-S a 
 form, narrowed to an acute point, denticulated and 
 almost equal at the base. The flowers put for'tUn 
 Apnl JUS before the unfolding of the leaves, and 
 do not differ materially from those of the other dms 
 
 Jf fl,P nr"'' '''''"''• ^'■' "'"'^'^ ^'^^J'^r tl'an those 
 oi the Ulmus americana, are downy, and bear a 
 dense fringe at the edge. This trS is indTgen- 
 
 r?rn!!^. """'^T'/*'"'"*^' '^'^ ^^nuxn^ districts of 
 Carolina and Georgia, to Avestern Tennessee and 
 
 th7r ^T f •^'"^"^'^^- ^' '« generally fou^id on -- 
 
 that of the Ulmus aUiJ^.L' The'hrnVooT"^^^ '"1 ^'^^T^ '""^^ 
 
 always bears a great proportion to the tnl?> i "" chocolate-colour, and 
 
 states, it is used for tlfeTavesTo coach Xp^, , " '^'"" "^^''^ "^ '^'^ ««"thern 
 pose to the tupelo. (Nyssa ) LTnrboth hS \T 'V" P?^"'"'""^ ^«^ ^^is pur- 
 it is not partic'ularly^pVoVriS'to any o^^^^^^^^^ ThfslS? '"'^^ "^^'/^"^ 
 mo Britain in 1820, wllere^here are sr/l speSen« '"bp'^" n^.T,^^->"^ 
 collections. It IS perfectly hardy in New yl^rlV; as'Las bee'ntll'tesreZon tt 
 
is effusa, of 
 
 irrated, and 
 
 AMERICAN ELM. ggj 
 
 seat of Mr. A. J Downing, on the Hudson, where there is a fine tree which 
 annually flowers in April or May. ' ^^" 
 
 13. U. A. DiMiDiATA. Dimidiuie-kaved American Elm; Ulmus dimidintn nf 
 
 pSn^^'i " '^'''^ 7''^ ^"'''"'*'' ^"S"'^^- branchlets, naufe of SrlTa knd 
 Florida, and growing from eight to twelve feet in height. The leaves whirh 
 
 alTofTU" 'Y' P«^i?^«^-««f two forms, from one^o two ties „^^ngS^ 
 all of a pale colour sub-coriaceous texture, equally serrate, with the base verv 
 obi que often one side decurrent, and the otherVeduced in si'ze or dimidiate S 
 IS, n the narrow leaves the base of one side is removed upwards of the net oIp 
 and IS much reduced in its dimensions. "pwaras oi tne petiole, 
 
 14. U. A. OPACA. Densely-shaded American Elm.; Ulmus opaca of Nuttqll • 
 Orme opaque, of the French; Undurchsichtige Ulme, of L 4rmans Th s 
 curious elm was discovered in 1818, by ' Germans, ihis 
 Mr. Nuttall, near the confluence of Kiam- 
 esha and Red Rivers, in the territory of 
 Arkansas. He describes it as forming a 
 majestic, spreading tree, with smooth and 
 brownish branchlets, of the dimensions 
 of the ordinary oak, and remarkable for 
 the smallness and thickness of its oblique ^ 
 and unusually blunt leaves, which, with /S>-? 
 their siiort stalks, are only about an inch ^^- 
 in length, and half as broad as they are 
 long; they are very numerous, close 
 together, scabrous, with minute papilla, 
 are of a somewhat shining and deep- 
 green above, and paler beneath; they are oblong-ovate; mostly obtuse doiiblv 
 denticulated, oblique at the base, as well as the^vhole'o,uline^vi ^oC af 
 niuch narrower than the other; and the nerves on the under ide Ire piXscent 
 
 iTtT"""'"' '•'"'?'" '' ^?'^'^- '^h^ fl°^^*^^« ^r« fasciculated in small uml 
 bers, and occur on short peduncles. The samarte are of an elliptic form ra h^r 
 
 nZl '^'^ '' the summit, and covered with a dense, some vvh at trTuginous 
 Mr S^n "C '"''"i 7'- , The density of shade produced by this tree^ Ss 
 Mr ]\u tall, "so crowded with rigid leaves, and the peculiarity of its appea ance 
 entitle It to a place in the nurseries of the curious, and it is probably quite hard v 
 enough for all temperate climates. To this species Virgil's epithet, ^ ^ 
 
 'Fojcundffl frondibus ulmi.' 
 
 might more justly be applied than to any other."* 
 
 ica fSTtrt^P'r-T ^^'' ^'"""t ^'"^"^^"^ i« indigenous to North Amer- 
 ica tiom^ova Scotia to Louisiana. It appears to be the most multiplied and 
 attains the greatest dimensions, within the territory situated between Cfortv- 
 first and forty-sixth degrees of north latitude, which comprises the pr nc pal 2s 
 of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick 
 and of the states of New England and New York. In he middTe s a es S 
 farther southward it becomes less multiplied; but west of the Alleghan es' it"s 
 partjcularly abundant in^all the fertile bottoms' watered by the streams that swe 
 the Mississippi and the Ohio, which are inundated by the floods of spring 
 
 1 his species was introduced into Germany in the early part of the XVIIIth ceri- 
 
 moni "i^ wTorn ''l' ^'"'1/^''^ ''''' '' ^^"' ^^^^^^"g af Schwdbbache near [>/ . 
 mont, in Westphalia. It does not appear to have been propagated n Britain 
 however, before the year 1752, when it vas planted at Mile End London, by 
 
 * North American Sylva, p, 36. 
 
604 
 
 ULMUS AMBRICANA. 
 
 Mr. James Gordon ; though, as Martyn observes, no notice was taken of it or of 
 any other American ehn in the edition of Miller's " Dictionary/' which was 
 published sixteen years afterwards. It has doubtless existed in the arbo e wn at 
 Kew, and probably, in the grounds at Syoii, but it i« not to be fo.n d of mud 
 magnitude at present, m either of these collections. There are trees however 
 m the garden of the London Horticultural Society, and in the Edinbug botanic 
 garden which exceed thirty feet in height. TlieAmerican elm seldmn flo we s 
 m England, and never ripens its seeds. ""wur^ 
 
 Seeds of the Uimus amcricana were sent to France by M. Michaux in 1807 
 ^om vvhich several thousand plants were raised; and, of which, a carding to 
 the "JNouveau Du Hamel," there arc very fine specimens at Trianon where 
 they are distinguished from all other elms by' the superior beauty of S'leaves 
 In America the ' favourite elm," and several othlr native trees, ar7 nseplra: 
 S.in"?''''ST/''' ^'^^'^'«^«^y «f tf^« «o""try. They forcibly 'appeaTthe 
 3 hoT ''•' ^r?'"'- ""' ?'l'y ?^ ^'^''^ associated with the sports of chil ! 
 hood, the coming and singing of birds, and with the haunts of yoing men and 
 maidens fondly and joyously traced in by-gone days ; but they [each lessons of 
 wisdom to aged and hoary-headed men-bespeak ihe'ir country's wo. gr-their 
 country's gory, and tell them much concerning the mutability of things below 
 Had these trees the gifts of reason and speech, Sr could their "leaves fo?m word^ 
 when shaken by the wind," how many tales of loves and woes-of human suf- 
 fering and human joys would they unfold. But, as these ancient tenants of t le 
 TiZ "', '"'^"''''* ''''^' ^"''^•^ ^"'^ '^^'^^'•y' ^'' "« be ourselves the oracles and 
 
 fhP d m . °" r r"\''"'', 'V' ^'"^' °^ '^'' '''''^' ^^'^i«»' h^ve transpired w tl in 
 the dim vista of two hundred years. ^ 
 
 ij 
 
 i J' 
 
 PF.NxN S TREATY ELM. 
 
 " Willi kind, nssiirini; words, 
 And answnrjii? d.-eils, lie bindd the de.iililcss cluiin 
 Of friendsliip; ,iiiil though o'er his sileiu griive 
 rime Ion? hath ivander'd, still at the blest nain'j 
 Of the beloved Miciiion, starts the tear 
 Of Indian gratitude." 
 
 Tkaits of the Aborioines. 
 
 Towards the close of the year 1G82, the commissioners, who accompanied the 
 first detachment of colonists to Pennsylvania, had, iu compliance wT te pro- 
 prictary s instructions, negotiated a treaty with the neighbouring tribes of Indi'ms 
 for the purchase of the lands which thev worn tn n..." „ '^^:_ .ul"^';" '*'''" ^'• 
 
 , - ..„ ,, , ,,,^ uiL-giuiJiifi, Avnicn lea mm to the pract ce of 
 
 the most scrupulous morality, did not permit him to look upon the king's patent 
 
 right to the coun ry, without purchasing it by fair and open bargain of the na- 
 tives, to whom It properly belonged. He had instructed cominis oners who 
 arrived in America before him to buy it of the latter, and to make with he^^ a 
 ^eay of eternal friendship. This, those commissioners had done, and now by 
 mutual agreemen between him and the Indian chiefs, it was to be solemnly kl 
 fied. He proceeded, therefore, accompanied by his friends, consisting of n^n 
 woinen and young persons of both sexes, to Coaquannoc, ihe IndiahiaU f"; 
 the place where Philadelphia now stands. On his arrival, he found the sa nems 
 and their tribes assembling. They were seen through the woods as far as the 
 eye could reach, and looked frightfully, both on acc'ount of trir n imlerand 
 their arms. The Quakers are reported to have been but a handful in co inarison 
 and without any weapon; so that dismay and terror must have seized t em had 
 they not confided in the righteousness of their cause. It is much to be ree^^ttoH 
 
AMERFCAN ELM. 
 
 505 
 
 ^^^<iM concur in coZS^^^^^ °^ '''r' '''""^'! '" '"^"^ •"«"»*«» it 
 
 There are, ho^veve e a m, i l ^'"""f "*^ ^'^^ '" ^''« '^""«'« «f "'e world! 
 
 his usual dress He had npithnr 7.^ .^ branches. Wilham I'cnii appeared in 
 insigna of eS nonce He w^. dLti '. 'T''''?' T"^^ ''^''"^' h^l'^^^d, or any 
 
 roundhiswai nadeofsiirfet 3 ^^ ^"^-"'"S ^ «'^y-h'"« «"«'' 
 
 cer's mihrary sasrwhich excrnUn rl'llr^^ ^'\T'. ^'^T'"'''^' ^^'^'^ ^"' «^R- 
 
 Colonel Markh?, his secretarv Zd lo 1 '^'^"'\^''\ O" •"« right hand was 
 followed by the rai of tt, ikp?/ R ff °" '"' ''^'' ^^''^ ^'i^"'! I'^^rson, 
 
 merchandi^\ vh c^whe^ thevcanfe^^^^^^^^ '"'? '^'"'^^ ^'^^'""'^ '^"''^'«« ^^ 
 ground. He hold a rol of DS.mnm in t ^^^^'^^^s, were spread upon tlie 
 
 of purchase and Lity in his S broftr^ "\' ^^^^T^^^'^" of the treaty 
 the^n, t^n put npon L o.J^Sa i^^nd c^f ^^^f^^^^^ -:i^-;;o|, 
 
 iiSiiSiiiii 
 
 h.vP fhp r.''' '^'"T" ^^ ^'^'"^ ^'^ ^^«" =^« to the English. Thev we e to 
 
 ave the same liberty to do all things therein, relating to the imnro? TonT of 
 
 the.r grounds and providing sustenat.ce for tlioir fomUies, wh c h^the Sisi 
 
 persons h7^nf'^\"''''r^Vy■i''^^^'"^^" '^'' ^^^"' ^' ^'''^'^IJ be tt ed by tn^ ve 
 for Z i A ^ )''''"'? ''?^"'^ ^« ^^^"g''«h' ^»d half Indians. He then p Jid heni 
 for the land and made them many presents beside, from the merchaXe w ,ch 
 
 ^nnn^^'^ ^"^'^''- '^''"'- """'"^ ^°"« "^'«' ''« l^i^ the roll o?rarchment ^ he 
 t1 on d>pH''.r';? ''^"'"i !^'^ '\' ^'■"""'^ ^•''^"'d be common toCh peon e ill 
 en adaed, thfit he would not do like the inhabitants of Maryland tint is nil 
 them only children or brothers ; for parents were sometimes nnliid 'to their Vh 
 dren, and brothers would often differ; neither would he compa e il e f e^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 be ween them to a chain, which the 'rain might rust, or a .^-o .U ;^ f^S 
 break; but he should consider them as the same fiesh and blood wi the Chm 
 
 
506 
 
 ULMUS AMERICANA. 
 
 ■I| 
 
 > I, 
 
 
 tians, — tno same as if a man's body was to he divided into two parts. Taking 
 up the parciunent, he then presented it to the sachem who wore the horn in his 
 cliaplet, and desired him and the other sachems to preserve it carefully for three 
 generations, that liieir chiidreti miglit know what had passed between them, 
 when they were no longer living to repeat it. It is to be regretted that the 
 speeches of the Indians on this memorable day, have not come down to us. It 
 is only known that they solemnly pledged themselves, according to the manner 
 of their country, to live in love with William Penn and his children as long as 
 the sun and moon should endure. Thus ended this famous treaty of which 
 more has been said in the way of praise, than of any other ever transmitted to 
 posterity." To this may be added the concise eulogium of Voltaire, who pro- 
 nounced it to be " the only treaty which was ratified without an oath, and the 
 only one which was never broken." 
 
 The tree, under which the foregoing transaction took place, was long regarded 
 by the Pennsylvanians with universal veneration. During the war of indepen- 
 dence. General Simcoe, who commanded a British force at Kensington, when his 
 soldiers were cutting down all the trees around them for fuel, placed a centinel 
 under Penn's elm, to guard it from injury. In 1810, this tree was blown down 
 in a gale of wind, when, on counting the annular rings, it proved to be tv/o hun- 
 dred and eighty-tliree years of age, having been one hundred and fifty-five years 
 old at the time the treaty was signed. Shortly after this accident occurred, a 
 large portion of the tree was conveyed to the seat of the representative of the Penn 
 family, at Stoke, near Windsor, in England, where, it is said, it still remains in 
 a state of complete preservation. 
 
 '. ! 
 
 
 LIBERTY TREES. 
 
 " When people first thought of making Liberty a goddess," says Dr. Smith, 
 " and consecrating trees to her, we cannot say ; but, about the time when the 
 troubles between the American colonies and the mother country commenced, there 
 appears to have been laid, in England, an unpopular excise upon cider, and the 
 sufferers under the act assembled near Honiton, in Devonshire, and appropriated 
 an apple-tree as an altar at which they might sacrifice the image of the minister 
 with whom the act originated. It was in imitation of this exhibition, that, we 
 suppose, our revolutionary Liberty Trees took their rise. The most famous 
 were the ones at Boston, Providence, Newport and New York. It fell to the 
 native elm to be selected for this purpose in America. That which was set apart 
 in Boston, was a wide-spreading and beautiful tree, which stood in front of the 
 house that now makes the corner of Essex and Washington streets,* opposite 
 Boylston market. ***** Several other large elms grew in the vicinity, 
 and our aged inhabitants remember the place by the name of the neighbourhood 
 of the elm-trees. It was on the 14th of August, 1765, that this tree was devoted 
 to the ' Sons of Liberty,' to expose on it the effigies of the men who had rendered 
 themselves odious by their agency in procuring or favouring the passage of the 
 Stamp Act ; and, on the 11th of September following, they fixed a copper plate, 
 two feet and a half, by three feet and a half in dimensions upon it, bearing the 
 inscription, in gold letters, the tree of liberty, Aug. 14, 1765. Ever after, most 
 of the popular meetings of the 'Sons of Liberty' were held in the square round 
 this tree. ***** The British made it an object of ridicule. The soldiers 
 made poor Ditson, whom they tarred and feathered, paiade in front of this tree, 
 before they would let him go, and one of the greatest exploits during the siege 
 was the felling of this famous eye-sore. This was oTected about the last week 
 
 * It was remarked by La Fayette, at the time he visited Boston, in 1824, that " The world should never 
 forget the spot where once stood the Liberty Tree, so famous in your annals." 
 
AMERtCAN ELM. 
 
 507 
 
 not touch. O, o7 . fe^r r m4^^^^^ ground-M. ,-.„, jhcy conld 
 
 This tree had been nlantedoMThntL. ''^^ by accident on the occasion. 
 
 Pembertou MSS ' ^^.^ ^46 and So^^^^^ (according to the 
 
 are informed by an o d anrroprbirin hi?'" ' V''^'^''^ "' ^"''^"^«' ^e 
 that the tree w^fen cut, „i SESu'cSoru"; J'^ ""^ P"^'^"' '' '"^^ ^''"^' 
 
 havre been rer;kabirfor i s s r anJ serviX °''"P"^ "^'' .^ '?^^"^- ^' '« «^*d '« 
 when they arrived inThenaLlC.IrnT ? f ^"'".^ °^ '"«^'"'«"*=« ^^ strangers 
 on Monday, July 2Sth 1768 whe^-^^^^^^ "t^ons of Liberty" 
 
 and an animated Surse was dHi3?f ^«"f«"'-se of people had assembled, 
 Mr. Silas Downer, rr^mlrof the bar TUo tl'rr'-^''T- "I '^' ''''' ^V 
 
 tree, he pronounced aloud t." followingUrT'ift: S^^^^ 
 of all the true sons of liberty in AiSa fi.o.t n ^ '• t ."''T ^"'^ ^^''^'^ 
 wheresoever thev mav be di^Lr^P-f S '. '^"'^'"' ^'■^'»"^' Corsica, or 
 
 liberty. May alo^rLiLes^n fd n/.r"^/' ^"' the world, dedicate this tree of 
 
 house of Saul, shall grow weaker aXweatr!^A;Eli'' '^"'' ''''''"''' ^'^' '^'' 
 
 TREES OF FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 meeting ^o.^^Se forme ly%t'^|'L'SJvTlms%:t.hV'" °Y '"I"" 
 a state of decay. The Sh^f thesP^rJ" '^f ''"r' ^"^ subsequently fell into 
 
 THE GREAT ELM IN BOSTON. 
 
 grounds, ,s much revered by the ci.Uens, andLual^rracLTe ^i^^Zi^ti 
 
 • Boston N.«:».Lel.et and Cily R.cori, Edilcd by Dr. Jeromg V. C. Smiib, i. p. 19. ' 
 
 I' 
 
608 
 
 VLMUa AMEniCAN4. 
 
 
 particular attention of strangers. According to a statement in the " Boston 
 Traveller," of the 20tli of April, 1844, it did not, as many supjwsc, spring from 
 the soil on which it now stands, hut was set out there by L'aplain Daniel Hench- 
 man — at what time, we are uiuible precisely to say, but believe it was some- 
 where about the year l<)70, and therefore it is about one hundred and seventy- 
 five years old. It was stated by Madam Scott, the widow of John Hancock, 
 that Captain Henchman brought thi.s tree from the North End, and planted it in 
 the place where it now stands, on the moist lands of the Common — a proper 
 place for an elm. In Whitman's history of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery 
 Company, we find it stated that Captain Henchman was a school-master in Hos- 
 ton, irom ItVJG to 1671. He joined the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company 
 in 1075. " He was a distinguished captain in King l*hilip's war, of a company 
 of foot, June 26, 1675, in company with Captain Prentice, with a troop of horse, 
 and was the person who set out the great dm tree on Boston Common, for a 
 shade to the military companies which might exercise there in after time." About 
 forty-five years ago, this tree had a large liollow in it, and was apparently rapidly 
 decaying; but by proper modes of treatment, which modern times have discov- 
 ered, and particularly that recommended by Forsyth, its decay was arrested, its 
 vigour restored, and it is now apparently as flourishing as ever, and without any 
 appearance of the hollow, which was once large enough for a boy to hide him- 
 self in. 
 
 The present lieight of this tree, (April, 181G,) is about sixty-five feet; the 
 girth of its trunk, at a yard above the ground, eighteen foot, and the diameter 
 of its head, ninety feet. 
 
 
 '■'If;' 
 
 THE GREAT ELM IN PITTSFIELD. 
 
 ' Wise with the lore of ceiilurlen, 
 What tales, Ifthcru wero toiiguea in trees, 
 That giant elm could tell." 
 
 In the centre of the public square, in the beautiful town of Pittsfield, in Mas- 
 sachusetts, there stands alone, in all its majesty, encircled by a new generation 
 of lesser trees, a venerable old elm, which measures one hundred and twenty- 
 eight feet in height, with a trunk thirteen feet and nine inches in circumference, 
 at a yard from the ground, and ninety feet to the lowermost limbs. At the time 
 the town was first settled, nearly one hundred years ago, it was a beautiful tall 
 tree, at least a century and a half olJ, which, from the symmetry of its trunk, 
 and its palm-like summit, was spared by the woodman's axe, while the rest of 
 its forest brethren were felled to the ground. With this much revered and ancient 
 tenant of the soil, there are associated numerous incidents, which, in themselves, 
 would fill a volume ; and it is to be regretted that the immediate object and 
 limited length of this treatise, prevents us from entering into them in detail. It 
 was beneath the shade of this tree that the American troops, of that part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, at present known as the county of Berkshire, and the valley of the 
 Housatunnuk, were marshalled, previous to their march to Bunker Hill. And 
 the first agricultural fair in America was held, in October, 1814, under its 
 boughs. 
 
 At the request of a highly valued friend, we insert the following spirited 
 and graphic lines, by Mr. N. S. Dodge, of Pittsfield, which appeared, a few 
 years since, in the " Berkshire Whig." Their intrinsic merit, more especially 
 from the relation which they bear to this " primeval aboriginal of the soil," which 
 has been rocked by the storms of centuries, and scathed by the thunder's bolt. 
 
AMERICAN ELM. 
 
 509 
 
 TaL'tndZi!^!u!nn nr n^''"*^ '"'^ r^' P''^'''»"'«"'^«. ">^y common.! itself to the 
 taste and attention of iho many adtnircrs of this old and venerable friend. 
 
 €it IScabt Olo ISIm. 
 
 Hall to th« Elm ! ih« limva old Elm I 
 
 Our lam lone forMi iruB, 
 Wli,.M limlM imlxand tlm llifhlnlnn'i brim! 
 
 for a brav« did Klin in ha I 
 For ariemi icnre iif full lol.l yean 
 
 H« haa hiirne lila Imify prime, 
 Yet ho hiilil.4 them wnll, ami Uvea to tell 
 
 Hin tale nf tlm nlilen time I 
 
 Then Imll to the Klin ! the Kreoi.loiip'd Elm I 
 And liiiin may hia brancheH wave, 
 
 For a relic la hii, the ({nari'd old tree. 
 Of the tlinei of lh« good and bfav*. 
 
 The weary hunter from the chaae 
 
 Keilml lln^o,'llh hl^ shade ; 
 In the twiliKhl pale the Icivcr'a tala 
 
 Was told the darkliair'd maldl 
 Anil gHth'ring from the mountain aldea 
 
 When rouflsd the hraveH to war, 
 Like a banner ho, the oUI Elm tree, 
 
 Waved un the el^ht afar. 
 
 When echo from the eastern height* 
 
 Told of oldUiinker'a hill. 
 And musterini? thick, while hearu beat quick, 
 
 Weno men nf n«rve and will. 
 The old tree reared hia crnHted top, 
 
 Li':e a warrior txild and free. 
 An emblem true to each yeoman's view 
 
 Of death or victory. 
 
 The t»m\ aid Hays of winter drear, 
 
 The slei?hrido and the liall, 
 The ?ood old time.i, when New Vear'a chlmea 
 
 Sent cheer to cot and hall ; 
 When music lishl, and glances bright 
 
 Made Chrlntmaa evenings pay, 
 Ho welcom'd them, the halo old Kim, 
 
 With hia brunchea aera and gray. 
 
 But they are gone, those good old time*. 
 
 No Chiijtmaa daya remain ; 
 Gone too each man of the stalwart van— 
 
 In the churchyard all aro lain i 
 Each hoary head in his narrow bed 
 
 Hath pather'il him to rest, 
 Vet still v/aveth he, the old Elm tree, 
 
 A canopy over the bleat. 
 
 Then hail to the Elm ! the brave old Elm ! 
 Our last lone forest tree I 
 
 And long may he wear, thai hia kindly cars 
 O'er our cbildrsn's children be I 
 
 To the extrenie regret of the citizens of Pittsfield, especially of those who were 
 
 hv wh ,Vh''. ' h 'f"l '*"' I'u r ' ''''''^' ^y ''S'^"""S °" ^he 30th of June, 1841 , 
 by which a broad strip of bark was rent from the entire length of the trunk 
 Measures were immediately taken to repair the injury, by thi application of a 
 plastic compound, but some of the branches begin to'exhibit ma?ks of decay 
 solutlom '^'' '^'' ""^'' ■*'''' '^ ""^'1"'^^ '' ^^^^ approaching its LTZl 
 
 THE HATFIELD ELM. 
 
 The largest Ulmus americana we have on record, stood, until a few years 
 since, in the town o Hatfield, in Massachusetts, near the' river ConnTcSu 
 
 Ihe girth of Its trunk, at a yard above the ground, was thirty-four feet and 
 .twenty-four and a half feet at five feet above.^ Ther'e was a cut h" the trimk 
 tholi^'u ^T ^,^«^%^he ground, which popular tradition says was made by 
 
 he tomahawk of an Indian, for the greatest rise of the water ever known in 
 the above-named river. «Mi"wu m 
 
 
510 
 
 ULMCS AMERICANA. 
 
 THE GREAT ELM AT JOHNSTOWN. 
 
 At Johnstown, near Providence, in Rhode Island, there is an American elm, 
 with a trunk twenty-four feet and three inches in circumference at two feet above 
 ♦he ground, twenty-one feet and eight inches at a yard above, and holds nearly 
 the same size for twelve feet. The trunk divides into eight main branches, 
 which extend themselves into a broad, spreading summit. 
 
 !£iiJL3L 
 
 THE VTASHINGTON ELM. 
 
 In the city of Cambridge, in Massachusetts, there stands, in the vicinity of 
 Harvard University, a beautiful elm, named after General Washington, which 
 has a trunk thirteen feet and three inches in circumference, and is estimated to 
 be one hundred and thirty years of age. It is said that the "celebrated Whit- 
 field, when excluded from the pulpits of the town and college, preached under the 
 shade of this tree in the summer of 1744.* 
 
 Soil, Propagation, i^c. The Ulmus americana delights in low and humid 
 situations, such as the rich bottoms or interval lands along the banks of rivers 
 and streams, or on the borders of swamps, where the soil is deep and fertile. It 
 will grow, however, on any soil that is not too dry and barren, and in any situ- 
 tion within its natural limits, how much soever exposed. The propagation and 
 management of this species, and those of the European elm, are nearly the same, 
 and consequently need not be repeated here. 
 
 Accidetits, Insects, Sfc. The American elm is subject to but few diseases, and 
 is not very liable to accidents, except in being sometimes prostrated by violent 
 winds. But, unfortunately, the foliage of this noble tree serves as food for sev- 
 eral kinds of insects, or their larvae, while its bark and wood are pierced by 
 others for the purpose of making provision for their young. Among the latter 
 class may be mentioned the pigeon tremex, (Tremex columba,) which pierces 
 the tree half an inch or more in depth, wherein she deposits her eggs. The 
 body of the female is described, by Dr. Harris, as "cylindrical, about as thick as 
 a common lead-pencil, and an inch and a half, or more, in length, exclusive of 
 the borer, which is an inch long, and projects three-eighths of an inch beyond 
 the end of the body. The latter rounds upwards, like the stem of a boat, and is 
 armed with a point, or short horn. The head and the thorax, are rust-coloured, 
 varied v/ith black. The abdomen, or hinder and longest part of the body, is 
 black, with seven ochre-yellow bands across the back, all of them but the first 
 two interrupted in the middle. The horned tail, and a round spot before it, im- 
 pressed as if with a seal, are ochre-yellow. The antennae are rather short and 
 blunt, rust-coloured, with a broad, black ring in the middle. The wings expand 
 t\/o inches and a quarter, or more ; they are smoky-brown, and semi-transparent. 
 The legs are ochre-yellow, with blackish thighs. The borer, awl, or needle, is 
 as thick a« a bristle, spear-pointed at the end, and of a black colour ; it is con- 
 cealed, when not in use, between two narrow, rust-colored side-pieces, forming a 
 kind of scabbard to it." Ths male, continues the same author, "is extremely 
 unlike the female, in colour, form and size, and is not furnished with the remarka- 
 ble borer of the other sex. He is rust-coloured variegated with black. His 
 antennae are rust-yellow, or blackish. His wings are smoky, but clearer than 
 those of the female. His hind-body is somewhat flattened, rather widest behind, 
 and ends witn a conical horn. His hind-legs are flattened, much wider than 
 those of the female, and of a blackish colour; the c' ?r legs are rust-coloured, 
 
 * North American Review. 
 
AaiERICAN ELM. 
 
 511 
 
 inrh TnH 1 . ''"^ '"^^' ^"^ ^ quarter; and his wings expand from one 
 
 rLn J/ ? '' ?' "^^'•«' ^"'i IS .sometimes driven in so tightly, that the insect 
 cannot draw It out again, but remains fastened to the tree till she dies Tbl^^al 
 
 fnditXT'' Ktr'^ ''''' end, and rather ies^^han ^ne^nvemieTh^o ?n 
 Jou ded beh nd vvhh . T °'* Fu^' '' Y^ '«^^i«h-white, of a cylindrical shape, 
 
 £S'of VVbr^rr^^H^' ^7. '^"^^^ «!: -hneumon-flies iPimpL i'a ^ M 
 j<«a^o/, ot l-abricius.) These flies may frequently be seen thrustine their slen- 
 u ^o/ers, measuring from three to four inches in length, into the tunksTf?reP^ 
 inhabited by the grubs of the tremex, and by other wood-eainVin^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 wirhnnr h ""''K^'^'^.'^^^y^''^^^'^'^^^ ^'^'^^ f^^tened to the^ Ls and d" e 
 without being able to draw their borers out again."^ Amon- the leDidoDterons 
 
 rtcornis, 01 Harris,) and those of several spec es of GeometridsG <!uch as smn 
 7S;J"7r'-'^''Tr''- T-' i'^^l^ding^those of the S-tfeV whue -nS^ 
 if&T The'Tekv s nr7r'\"'^ ''" ?"^"^^" c-iker-worn. (PhalJl^Zal: 
 and ks inrv-t /r^/ / '"' ^'""^ .^'^ :^[^^ Preyed upon by a coleopterous beetle 
 
 and us larvae, {Chrysomela scalaris, of Le Conte,) and likewise bv the larva? of 
 
 .nitT "^"T^^ ^S'"t''' "^""'^ «f P^^"^' «^ dLericana, of llih) These 
 insects, according to Dr. Harris, appear from the latter part of May to the middle 
 of June, during which period the female lays her eggs upon the trees The krvi 
 which come to their growth in August, measure Irom^n inch to an inch arid a 
 
 tolVsZfa u'airTo'r ''"' ''^ '''"''r^' ^" ^'^^"^ ^rm, VndTa'eTw'J^y! 
 two legs, or a pair to every ring, except the fourth. They have a firm rough 
 
 £' with Tll^k'T^'^'^''''' '''^'''''r^ ''''''''^ ^^"h numerous transS vS 
 fhpLll f ? u"''^' ^«"^'sting of two narrow black lines, along the top of 
 
 lAl '/'^w."'" ^'^^ '•' '•'" ''''^' ^'"^ their spiracles, or breathing-holes ^are 
 also black. When at rest, they lie on their sides, curled up in a spiral form and 
 m this position, look not much unlike some kiudL of cockle ir sna? sh Jl?s ' £?ke 
 
 'urbed £M.L?f ?'"''' '^ '^l ^'r' ^''"bex, this insect, when hand! d or dis^ 
 turbed betrays its fears or its displeasure by spirting out a watery fluid from cer- 
 
 TllT P';T' '^'""'^'^ "" ^'^^ '''^'' «f i'« bodv, just above itTs^pSe After 
 t feeding state is over, ,t crawls down from the tree to the ground, and Conceals 
 
 rnrlT ^^ ''" "'^'' ""' '''^'' ^"^^'^h, and there makes an oblong oval, brown 
 5n this' ZltTf^. ''T'' '' ''''^^' as parchment, and about an i?ch n lengTh 
 in this, the false caterpillar remains unchanged throughout the winter and is not 
 
 ts'clKyTahs s'ldn ^nZ h '" "l '''' ^'^""""1 ^P""»^- ^^ ^^g"^ the h'lsecrbnr"^ 
 rirr, nr n 1. 1 ' f 'i^^ ^,'"1""^ ^^aiHst the end of its cocoon, forces off a little 
 
 wmgld fS t '' ' ' ' ' '"^'^ '^'" '^''""^ '^"' "^'^'' ''''""'' ^'''^' ^" ^ 
 
 Properties and Uses The wood of the Ulmus americana, like that of the 
 
 European elm, is of a dark-brown colour, and is liable to decay\vhen exposed to 
 
 o tjt lT^'T"f'^"'.T'"''^""'^'^^y"^^^^! ^"d, when cut transvLselyor obUquelv 
 to the longitudinal fibres, it exhibits the same numerous and fine imdnlatlon ^ 
 
 ' Report on the Insects of Massachusetts, pp. 389, 390, ct 391. 
 
 t Ibidem, p. 375. 
 
512 
 
 ULMUS AMERICANA. 
 
 Stij 
 
 but it splits more easily, and has less compactness, hardness, and strength, 
 weighing, when perfectly dry, only thirty-three pounds to a cubic foot. The 
 principal uses to which this timber is applied, are for making naves or hubs to 
 wheels, for piles and foundation pieces to mills, canal locks, and for many other 
 purposes where strength is required, and the work is constantly buried in water 
 or mud. In the state of Maine, it is occasionally employed for the keels to 
 vessels, for which purpose it is well adapted on account of its size. It is also 
 employed for the swingle-trees of the carriages of great guns; and in some parts 
 of the country, where more appropriate wood is not to be found, it is used for 
 making ox-yokes, sleds, and other implements of husbandry. The bark, which 
 is easily detached from the tree during eight months of the year, is sometimes 
 used for making bast-mats, ropes, or withes, and for the bottoms of chairs. The 
 wood, when dry, makes excellent fuel, and when burned, yields a large propor- 
 tion of ashes, which abound in alkaline salts. In Canada, and in the northern 
 parts of the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, a profit- 
 able business is followed, especially in connection with clearing the forests, in pre- 
 paring the saltsof ley, for the manufacture of potash. The method generally adopted 
 for procuring these salts, is detailed by Gosse, in his " Canadian Naturalist," as fol- 
 lows : — " One man, or more commonly two, go into the woods with holders, and a 
 kettle or large caldron, and make a kind of camp, very much like a sugar camp. 
 As winter is the usual season of operation, they often make a rude hut, or somo 
 little protection from the cold. They commence their business by felling such trees 
 in the neighbourhood as suit their purpose; unless they have another object in 
 view, the clearing of the land for cultivation, in which case, they cut, and burn 
 indiscriminately, all the timber, except such as is saved for some peculiar pur-' 
 pose, such as cedar for fencing, &c. Having cut enough to begin, and divided it 
 into logs, they pile them on one another by rolling them up an inclined plane, 
 made by stakes from the lower logs to the ground. They then fill the interstices 
 with dry brush, seasoned wood, &c., and set fire to the whole, taking care to 
 have sufficient wood that will burn to consume that which would not burn with- 
 out assistance. The ashes are collected from time to time, and put into a holder, 
 shaped like an inverted cone, with the bottom open ; a little straw is placed over 
 the hole at the bottom, a receiver placed beneath, and water poured on the ashes, 
 the water filters through, and runs into the receiver, having extracted the alkali 
 contained in the ashes, which stains it of a dark colour, like that of brandy. 
 This is called lye, or ley, and is boiled down till the water is evaporated, and the 
 alkali is left, which is the potash in a very impure state ; it is of a black colour, 
 and is called salts of ley. This is sold to those who keep a potashery where it 
 is cleansed from its impurities, I believe, by burning in a furnace, and becomes 
 the potash of commerce." 
 
 As a picturesque tree, the American elm, in woodland scenes, is rarely sur- 
 passed by its forest brethren, in point of beauty, or of size. When standing in a 
 wood, in a soil it loves, it naturally grows upright, and rises higher than a gen- 
 erality of other trees; and, when standing insulated and alone, in a newly-cleared 
 field, with its top decayed and dead, save here and there a small tuft of leaves, 
 stretching forth its naked and withered arms, it forms a striking emblem of the 
 aged patriarch, who has outlived all his fellows, and is a stranger in the land 
 which gave him birth, in whom death is already struggling with life, and will 
 soon gain the ascendency. But when cultivated or grown in a pasture or in the 
 lawn standing in lonely majesty, towering to the height of a hundred feet, with 
 its lowermost limbs diverging outward and upwards, at a few yards above the 
 ground, and afterwards dividing, and sub-dividing into numerous smaller ramifi- 
 cations, and diffusing on all sides its pendulous branchlets, floating lightly in the 
 air, it forms an object of dignity and grandeur. This tree, too, is among the first 
 
 ^ri 
 
AMERICAN ELM. 
 
 613 
 
 „„i ""ii'"«-si oiange, a tint that contrasts aereeablv. at this spT;r.n wiii, .1.^ 
 pale-yellow, sober foliage of the hirch and the beech, wUh the diffSeiu 'sh, 1 Jr 
 brom, ,„ the bass-wood and the ash, or with the buSlot „ the larcif t1 
 
 g gei. s mt'am" Thi'^s'!' ""'T''^ "? "?■ '" g»-'l ^k°mnd 'Martin U 
 
 mg and tlirowing forward the gayer tints, is not without effect " 
 
 65 
 
Genus PLANER A, Gmel. 
 
 CM 
 
 M'i^i^ 
 
 ?J.'K 
 
 Ulmaee.T. 
 
 Sy^l. Xiit. 
 
 Polygamia Jloncccia ; or Tetr-Pent-andria Digynia. 
 
 (SV/iV. Lin. 
 
 Synonymcs. 
 
 Flanera, U/miis, Rlmm/iiis, 
 
 Of Authors. 
 
 Dcriynlinn. The wnm Planera wa^ so named in honour of 'ohann Jakob Planer, pmfoaior of bolany at Erfiirtli, who puh- 
 lnhod, in 17»i, a work OMliileil " Plautaruni Agri Erfnrdiensis," in one volume, 8vo. 
 
 Generk Characters. Sexes polygamous, or each in a distinct flower; in each case upon the same plant. 
 Calyx of female ami bisexual (lowers bell-shaiied, distinct from thi; ovary, membnuioiis, green, of one 
 piece, but haviii;,' 5 ciliate lobes. Stamens, in the bisexual llower, 1—'), less developed ilian those in 
 the male (lower. Ovary top-shnped, villous. Sii?:mas 2, sessile, divergim;. white, pimpled. Frnit 
 roundisli. uibbous, pouUed, dry, 2-celled, each cell coiUaining 1-seed. Calvx of male (lower as in the 
 female and bi.sexual llowers. Stamens 4—5, inserted near the centre of tlie bottom of the calyx, and 
 opposite to Its lobes. Anthers reachin.s; a little beyond the lobes of the calyx, borne outwardly to the 
 lilameiu, of 2 lobes that seem as -1, and 2 cells that open sidewise and lens^t'hwisc. In P. gmebni, (P. 
 ulmuolia,) the fruits are m heads; and in P. richardii, nearly solitary. ^Leaves alternate, and more 
 or less ovate and toothed ; feather-veined and annual ; and the" llowers, small, and not showy. P. rich- 
 ardii has stipules, which are straight, pointed, villous, and soon i-dii oa'.—Adapled, from Tarmn, Mi- 
 chaux, and Lundun. 
 
 TIE genus Planera embraces deciduous trees and shrubs, natives of 
 western Asia, and of North America; quite hardy in Britain, and 
 in tlic middle states of the American uiiio.f, and arc readily propa- 
 gated by grafting on the elm, by layers, and cuttings of the roots, 
 or from seeds, in any common soil. There are at least two spe- 
 
 cies in this genus, the zclkoua-tree, (Planera richardii,) and 
 lera (IManera ulmifolia.) The former is a beautiful lofty tree, 
 growing to a height of seventy or eighty feet, native of the country bel 
 iJlack and Caspian Seas, particularly of fmiretta and Miiigreha ; also of 
 
 nmelin's plane 
 
 ;tween the 
 ^ ; the north 
 
 of Persia, and of Georgia. It is distinguished by its shining-green, broadly 
 crcnnlated leaves, its smooth, greenish trunk, and somewhat resembles the 
 beech, except that its branches arc more numerous, and grow more erect. Both 
 the sap-wood and the heart-wood of the :?;olkoua are employed as timber for the 
 same purposes as the oak. The heart-wood, when cut obliquely, resembles that 
 of the robinia, and like that wood, presents numerous interlacements of fibre. 
 It is very heavy, and when dry, becomes so extremely hard, that it is difficult 
 to penetrate it with nails. It has, also, the great advantage of never becoming 
 worm-eaten, however old it may be. It is remarkably durable as posts, to stand 
 either in water or in the earth. The largest recorded tree of this species, in Eu- 
 rope, is on the estate of M. Ic Compte de Dijon, at Podenas, near Nerac, in 
 I'^rancc, in the department of the Lot ct (iaronne. It Avas planted in 17S9; and 
 on the 29th of .hmuary, 1S:]1, it measured nearly eighty feet in height, with a 
 trunk three feet in diameter, at a yard above the ground. The Planera richardii 
 was first introduced into Britain in ,- jut the year 17(5t), and planted in the gar- 
 dons at Syon and at Kew, in wh.^.i there arc specimens exceeding fifty feet in 
 licight. The zelkoua or zelkona, was introduced into the I'nited St'atcs in 1784, 
 liy the late William Hamilton, at the AVoodlands, near Philadelphia, where there 
 arc five beautiful fastigiate-growing trees, from forty-five to fifty or more feet in 
 height, with trunks from eighteen inches to two Icct in diameter. 
 
Planera nlmifnlla, 
 THr: ELM-LEAVED PLAiNERA. 
 
 Sijnonymes, 
 
 Plmicra uhaifoUa, 
 
 Vlancra gmdini, 
 
 i'laiR'i-a a feuillos d'orme, 
 Ulinenbiiitirif,'o I'laueni, 
 Plaiicra a Ibiilii! iH olmo, 
 (iinuliu's riauLTu, riancr-tree, 
 
 BIicHAux, North American Sylva, 
 j i^IiciiAux, Flora Boreali-Americana. 
 
 Pur.sii, Flora Ainnrica- Septcntrionalis. 
 , LouDox, Arboretum Eritaimiciim. 
 
 FllA.NTl;. 
 Gl;i!.MA.NY. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 Britai:; and A\glo-Amurica. 
 
 l-elowf ' -■^""-ti^'ii' >>l^a, pl. li), Luiulon, Arboretum CriUuuicmn, iii., fig. 1251; an,J die fi^up-H 
 
 Specif cCharnrtfra. Flowers in heads, openi.i- before the leaves, and borne on bmn.i,.- „ i 
 
 '■ijii. 
 
 Descriplion, 
 
 IE Planera ulmifolia is a large shrub 
 or low Iree. growing to a height of 
 twenty to forty feet, with a'trnuk 
 PtPr~"Tr. 1 ^— ^'-^'^ /''""^ t^^clve to fifteen inciie.s in diaiu- W, 
 
 eter. I lie eaves arc about an inch and a half Ion- oval- ^^^l 
 acum.na te, denticulated, of a lively green on the np,?er sm- ^"^^ '"' 
 lace, and gray beneath, much resembling those of the Ulmus 
 oampcstns except in being serrated wiUi equal teeth. T le 
 Hovers, which appear early, and before the leaves, occur at . e 
 
 ZtfJl' The''"' " ^"1?'T '"'^^'^' ^^"^^ "P-^ -" ''^- ^' ^ 
 
 lo^ ; T?; f ?^ T'" f "''"' °^^^ greenish-brown colour, aud are not all consnic 
 
 Yc«ovrv;//y, ^5'c. This species is a native of North America where it is found 
 in the arts. = ' '^ '' ^""^ qn>»-opnated to any particular use 
 
Genus CELTIS, Tourn. 
 
 UlmaceoB. 
 
 Si/at. Nat. 
 
 Polygamia MonoEcia j or Pentandria Digynia. 
 
 Sijst. Lin. 
 
 U^^l^^^^l^n^^lX^^it Zll\:^:,^.Z^::'^'S:^. ''""" '° '"^ '°'"^' -^ - -><' '^ re^r to a. European ne.tle- 
 
 Br.tam, the- fl,„vers are pl-otruded us . rvim slv to U^p In Jf?"' J"" ^''T^'' '" "^^^ '^'"'''^ ^anly „ 
 wards axillary; bisexual or less common 75 he VncrfSro, IT*'"'' "?'^' ^ '^^ '''■""^' =^r« "^'^r- 
 kmds upon one plant, and when they occur it e same rSm , 1° f""'' '"' >' ""^'° *" ''«"«^' ^ ''"'h 
 shaped, distinct Irom the ovarv S—fi mr n,l .1 1 raceme, the latter are the lower. Calyx bell- 
 
 .nserted imo the base of the^^lyx, opE I'v to tTlobcTnM'.r"'^ '" ,^siivation. Stamen^ 5-( , 
 ments at first incurved. Anthers coXe nnLin It ,,''' " V^ '^''y ''"' shorter than the lobes. Fila' 
 1-celled. Stii^mas 2, sess.racumiZe lo^ T 1' "" ''"' -' "''''"'"" "' "'« ^'Jcs- Ovary ovate 
 parted. Fru.t . drupe, subfgirbre 'o;;iclXeJ?^^^^^^ .''^^'^ °^ "'=^"''"1' ^imp^e or 2: 
 
 Its radicle uppermost ; iraces of sub-RelatboL ilbuml^^^^ "'' pendulous. Embryo siclde^shaped, 
 
 m 2 ranks, ovate and pointed, imequal at he £ " seix.fP T™/''' "">''"'°"«- -leaves alternate 
 from the callous bases and re.nains of biTstl,^- annual in hi. h ' f ,"" '^^ m^'^ surface, apparently 
 the primary veins forming but a sinall a H^ J £ nil n. ,^ ""'''i'" ^'■"""'' ^"^^ the.se have 
 portion 01 the lengthof the disk. Stipules hnceo a e soonT n'/'lv '"'V^'"'''"^ ""-""S'' ^ considerable 
 plaited, with scales present between leaf nnd In d' t7i v, '""'"S <'' • -Leaves in the bud not folded, but 
 t.ty.-Z:...«„, ArioLan, from Mel 'S S^IS, S^^^fl^as'""'' ""'''''' "^"^ ^"^^" '^ '^^^ 
 
 deciduous tree, native of both shoms nV tl 1 m 1 . ^^ , ^ ^°^"^^^ 's a 
 
 abundant throughout the whole of he somh .f P "'"^ ^"^ ^^ particularly 
 is distinguished by itsTonl sLlr flS ' ""^^'f'^'' ^Pain, and Italy, and 
 spotted with white and sht^tlv rnJorf^ '^'?, ^'^''^^'^'' ^^^th a grayish bark, 
 leaves are of a Sf^rlM^n arU7.Trm,' I '" T'"'"'''''' with down. The 
 and, when young arf covered WMi Tv.!^ \ the nerves on the lower side, 
 lanceolate, termin^thi" hi a nil. ,^.7^"°^^'^^ pubescence. They are ovaU 
 prolonged down to Ihenctir Til fl ^""^^S^^.^d at the base, with one side 
 inconspicuous, are pi^duc^ed at ihe s^L Z"'"' T^'t'^ ^'" ^"^""' g^^^"'^'^ '-^"d 
 blackisli, when ripe anTresem les n ?mn V^"" ''^.';'- ^^''^ ^''''''' ^^'^'ch is 
 become edible till' the apreami « «? Te first 'fn?^' '!j'^ ''^'"^^y' ^^ ^^''^ "«' ^^ 
 until the following spring^^ I is rem.r .hit t ? ' "^"^ '"•"^'"^ "P«" ^he tree 
 the lotus of the ancie its' the Ld of , p / TT'' ^"^'' '''^P^''^ ^^ ^^^^^'^ ^een 
 ides, and Theophras us de cribe as sUp? ^r^^'^^Sh which Herodotus, Dioscor- 
 Homer says, was so Ific o/s as o S ^^''^"V^"^ wholesome; and which, 
 try. This' t'ree is much use tn the no th o^Vw" ""1 °^ ^ ^"^^et their coun! 
 for planting squares and nnblipMnU.. I ? ^' ."^ '" ^'^^ ^'^"^'^ «f I'rance, 
 fort! to fift?, aVd even evSty felt uhelir Tlf. ^''^T"^'^ '' ^' ^^""'^ ^^^"^ 
 ranking between that of Te liVoal a df f" hnT ? T^" ^""''^T^Y c«'«Pact, 
 
 crs^aJrii^mr cI^^lCTee^dsr''^^^ '''''' '''' ^'' ^^^ ^^ P-"=--d V lay- 
 
Celtis occidcntalis, 
 THE AMERICAN NETTLE-TREE. 
 
 Sijnonymes. 
 
 Celtis occidentalis, 
 
 Micocoulier d'occident, Micncoulipr de 
 Virginie, Micocoulier dcs Antilles, Tro- 
 phus d'Aineri(]ue, Bois-ranion, 
 
 Abendlandischer Ziir^el 
 
 Cello occidentale, 
 
 Bois inconnu, 
 
 North American Nettln-tree, 
 
 American Nettle-tree, Sugar Berry-tree, 
 
 LiNN^us, Species Plantarum. 
 Miciuux, North American Sylvn 
 ^Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum'. 
 
 FjiA.NCIi. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 French Illinois. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 United States. 
 
 ^K/!=^ o„^^Sr^-- part, and at the base, entire • 
 
 pubescent beneath, and marked ^vith 'conspictious\^em^' fS T ""^ upper surface 
 
 blanch, 3 ,n an axil; in the upper part, 1 onK in tlf^vll r ,'■'''''>' ' '" "'*= lower part of the 
 equal or shorter than the petiolei? ^^,^X, obsalrCy p'Se ol rer""^' """'''■^' "" P^'^"^'^'^ '^^■ 
 
 Description. 
 
 ^^I^^^^HE CeltLs occidentalis 
 
 ^ I^MrB'^ '^ ^^^^^ ^^^'^' varying 
 |LJ4-S"^ lieigiit from tliirty 
 
 , , .1 Ee©\ili/S^to seventy feet, Avitli a 
 
 trunk Irom eighteen inclics to four feet or more 
 m diameter Its branches are numerous and 
 Slender and the limbs originate at small dis- 
 tances from the ground, and seek a horizontal 
 or an mclmed direction. The bark of the trunk 
 IS rough, and that of the secondary branches 
 smooth and even. Th-^ branchlets are angu! 
 lar, pubescent, bnt not dotted. The leaves 
 when young, are ovate-lanceolate, and some- 
 what downy. When adult, they are broadly 
 ovate-acuminate, about three inches long, oval- 
 oblique or acute at the base, very acuminate at 
 he summit, and distinctly toothed in their cen- 
 tral margins. Their colour is a beautiful dark / 
 
 bTe•i\h:rtS^rumSl'^pS^^^^^^ -"-^-^^ -d hairy or pubescent 
 
 from those of the Europears^e ief by bein Ja^^^^^ r'f/'^ '^, distinguished 
 
618 
 
 CELTIS OCCinENTALIS. 
 
 
 il 
 
 chcny Whoii ripe, it is ratlicr fleshy, very swoet, and, like that of the Celtis 
 austrahs, of Liiirope, becomes shrivelled, and of a brownish or blackish cast 
 
 Vnrtciws' 'J^ho trees belonging to the genus celtis, like those of pyrus, fraxintis, 
 ulimis, and others, from the similarity of tiieir habits, and their apparent apti- 
 tude to sport by the nilluences of soil, climate, &c., it seems to us, are subject to 
 sninlar variations, and consequently should be reduced in the number of their 
 species. We have accordingly, for the sake of brevity, and the convenience of 
 classification, brought all the North American kinds, including those usually 
 regarded as species by botanists, under one head, and have considered them only 
 as varieties ot the Celtis occidentalis. Those, however, who differ from us in 
 opinion, will find no difficulty in recognizing among our syiionymes, the names, 
 as given by Michaux, Nuttall, Loudon, and others, whereby they will be enabled 
 to know under what head they are described in the works of these authors. 
 V M o- V°*'"^"''°''''^- Lonrr.lcnved American Net tic-tree ; Ce/tis lon^ifoUa, of 
 iVittall; Micocoulier a longues fenilles, of the French; Lan'^hliittrlger Ziirrrel, 
 ot the (jqrmans; a fine shady tree, sometimes attaining the height'' of sixty or 
 seventy feet, native of Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. The branches, 
 when young, are tomentose, but become dotted and smooth with ago. The 
 leaves are broadly ovate-lanceolate, entire, gradually acute, oblique and une- 
 qual at the base, from two inches to three inches and a half in length, and 
 from one mch to an inch and a half wide, and smooth on both surfaces. The 
 ffowers, which come out in March or April, with the unfolding of the leaves, are 
 small of a greenish colour, and are succeeded by small brownish-yellow l)erries. 
 rr ^- "• ^'••■'•''■'I'O'^iA, Lamarck. Thin-lenred American Nettk-trec ; Celtis tenni- 
 Jofia,ol Anttall; Micocuttlier d feidllcs dcliecs, of the French; Ddnnbhittrirre'r 
 j^urffel,o[ the (Germans; a small shrub, with erect divaricate branches, growTii'' 
 to a height ol from two to five feet, a nalivo of Maryland and Virginia; flowci" 
 mg in May, and bearing small, solitary berries, which are glaucous and brown. 
 Ihebranchlets arc angular and smooth. The leaves, which are from one to 
 two niches long, m the adult state, are cordate-ovate, slightly acuminated, serru- 
 late in the middle, but occasionally without teeth, smooth, and rather thin. 
 
 3. C. o. MAiUTDiA. S'ca-side-inhaljitiiirr American Nettlo-tree ; Celtis viaritimn, 
 ot l{ahnesque; a small crooked shrub, three or four feet in height, growinc^ on 
 the sea-shore from Long Island, in New York, to Chesapeake Bay. Its branches 
 arc cmcrous, and slightly dotted; the leaves small, ovate-acuminate, with lar<^o 
 serraturcs, rough on both sides, with the petioles and nerves pubescent; and 
 flowers in May. ' 
 
 4 C. 0. coRiiATA, lioudon. Hcnrt-lcavcd Amerh-an Nttlle-trce ; a 'tree with 
 reddish branchlets, attaining a height of twenty to forty feet, and native of Ken- 
 tucky Illinois, &c., where it is sometimes called hac/c-hcrry, which more pro- 
 perly belongs to the Celtis o. crassifolia. The leaves, which are from three to 
 five inches m length, and from an inch to two inches wide, are ovate-oblong, or 
 acuminate sub-cordate, or truncate, and slightly oblique at the base, rough 
 above, ^and smooth beneath, with regular reticulate nerves. 
 
 5. 0. o. RETICULATA. Hcticulate-ncrved-leaved American Nettle-tree; Celtis 
 reticulata, of 1 orrey and Nuttall ; Micocoulier a feuiUes rcticulces, of the French • 
 Netzbluttriger Zdrn-el, of the Germans; a tall shrub, with numerous smooth! 
 slender branches, discovered by Dr. E. P. James, near the base of the Rocky 
 Mountains, m 1819. It has since been met with by Thomas Nuttall, in the 
 same mountain range, along the borders of the Oregon, towards the Blue Moun- 
 tains, particularly on the banks of the Brulee, a small stream falling into thai 
 river. I'he leaves, according to Mr. Nuttall, become thick and rigid, and are 
 about an mch and a half long, by less than an inch wide, acute, but scarcely 
 acuminate, with a few irregular serratures toward tiie point, though a mimber 
 
AMERICAN NKTTLK-TREE. 
 
 of the loavos 
 
 may bo observed to 
 
 519 
 
 " luu, auu sMLmiivr Sinuate.! at tl.o^h?!?"" "''.^.'^"'^'"••es at all; they arc very 
 
 Icn^tl, ncar/y or quite sniootS T "d.^, T- ^1''''^''^ ^ ^''«"Sl'^^ 
 
 ped.mcles,aud arc ofabrowuish-yellmv colour ^ ' '^^'■^' ""'' '^''''' 
 
 //«5- /i.vvy, i/«. Bn-,-;^:i}^^AtS^^ l^ '^''' ^'^^'•"^ans; Hack Berry, 
 
 has hithcrti bocTu troa/ d as^a s o'cicV n^'^'"'-^'"'^^^^ '^'''^^ t^^^' whici; 
 
 
 
 has hitherto been treated as a species, some- 
 tunes grows to a height of uiore than eighty 
 
 ect, but w.th a trunk of tlie very dispronor- 
 
 onate diameter of only eighteen' or twJutv 
 mchcs. It IS distmguished by the form of its 
 tunic, which IS straight and undivided to a creat 
 iKMght; and by its bark, which is of a grayish 
 <'->lonr, nubrokeu, and covered with asperiUes 
 iincq-ially distributed over its surface Its 
 leaves are larger than those of any other tree 
 of the genus being six inches long, and from 
 tliree to four inches broad; they a.^ oval-acu- 
 minate, broad, heart-shaped, auricled and uu- 
 cquai at the base, serrated with uneciual teeth 
 ot a thick and rather leathery texture, and 
 rough on both surlaces. The petioles are from 
 o.ie lourth to one half of an inch in lougth, and 
 I'-c sligluly hany. The flowers, winch' put m 
 
 '^^fnllli^uS^i'l^Znn^i:^^ -.1-- - ^ -™-on peduncle, 
 
 l.rown, or nearly bckco''i^^^^^^^ ^^>ghty pointed at the apex, is if a dark- 
 
 borne ou slendcn^Xicles h'nt vn ' ' T ^'l' '"' ^'^ "" bird-dierry, and is 
 hanks of the hiSe aboVe I'Lbde h/f ^ "'"\''" "^'"'t' ^'" "'° '^'=^^^- ^'he 
 limit, as an indigen s n^o - [ o 'l.T'T ^'^^«"^^"1^^'-^^^1 '-•« its nothernmost 
 row boinularies,'hoin^a stVanie; to lb LV ^^ ^^'1''"';- V '''''•'^^''^'^ ^vithin nar- 
 son'thern states' bii west of fe n ^^'"^ ''}'''' i'}''^^ " ^"-S'liia, and of the more 
 valleys that It^etc al^ 1" , ' ^t^^ llji l^llj^'^J P^^^ '"•"til''i-l in all the 
 
 It was introduced into Ih-il ,/ r\V-!>' wf ? ^ js' o'l,^ "i'^^ '^^^""•^^^^^■ 
 
 mental tree. ft is well ad'inied fn.''^ n . . ""'7 considered as an orna- 
 
 '•'''inire.1, fmiu the rinid tv u d I vm ' P''^'"''V'.^"'' ^^'"^'''^ '^ ^-^r^on or shade is 
 thick texture OS E^ 'li^^^Tf^'l f 7^''' ^"^^ ''- '^^ge size and 
 and liability to decay, when ex os to t '^ nhen ""' ^'''''"'-.^'•'^'" ^'^ ^^'^^^l^ness 
 it is compact and f ne- 4 m7 o Lp" tl '^ 
 
 expose(l it is quite w ite S w'n r. r ' '^^'' '": ''"=^^'>'-' "i"'^ when freshly 
 
 dulal fibres, i^eSi,^^ ho fi^ Tind htur ha; Tl''' " f'^T \' ''^ ''-"'^- 
 the elm. The san-wood ' . ^'"^ ob.served m the locust and in 
 
 iVn.n pure w he t ™.' Tu I e'r^^nf';','''' ^"" "'''"^"S'^ '" ' ^^^ "'""'t^-«. 
 south, and Missoui 
 
 inois on the west. In its natural habitat, it prefers 
 
620 
 
 CELTIS OCCIDiiNTALIS. 
 
 cool, shady situation, and a deep, fertile soil, as along the borders of rivers 
 among other trees. It was introduced into Britain, by Mr.. John Tradescant, iti 
 1050, where it has proved to be a very hardv .id ornamental tree, and has since 
 been cultivated in many of the European gardens. 
 
 The largest recorded tree of this species, in Britain, is at Svon, which has 
 attauied the height of fifty-four feet, with a trunk nearly two leet and a half in 
 diameter, and an ambitus or spread of branches of thirty feet. 
 
 The largest Celtis occidentalis, in France, is in the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, 
 which has been planted about one hundred and forty years, and has attained a 
 height of nearly seventy feet, with a trunk about two feet iu diameter, and an 
 ambitus of forty feet. 
 
 At Bnick, on the Leytha, in Austria, there is a tree of this species, which, in 
 forty-five years after planting, had attained the height of sixty feet, with a trunk 
 two feet and a half in diameter, and an ambitus of forty feet. 
 
 In Germany, in the botanic garden at Gottingcn, there is an American nettle- 
 tree, which, in thirty years after planting, had attained the height of thirty feet 
 with a trunk a foot in diameter. ' 
 
 In the Uniter'. Slates, at Springfield, in Massachusetts, there is a Celtis occiden- 
 talis fourteen feet in circumference. 
 
 Propoiratioi, iS/'c. The Celtis occidentalis is readily propagated by layers or 
 from seeds, r.nd will best succeed in a rich, fertile soil, which is rather cool and 
 moist. The only insect of note that is found upon this tree, in the United States, 
 Js the larva of the hack-berry moth, {Sphinx drupifemnim, of Abbott,) which is 
 nearly three inches long, half of an inch thick, of a green colour, beautifully 
 marked and shaded with pink, and a brilliant white. 
 
 Properties and Uses. The wood of the Celtis occidentalis, when perfectly 
 seasoned, is of a dark-brown colour, hard, compact, su].ple and tenacious, Avhich 
 renders it appropriate for many purposes; but, from its comparative scarcity, and 
 growing among an abundance of more valuable trees, it never has been applied 
 to many uses in the arts. It has sometimes been employed by the wheelwright 
 lor shafts, by coopers for hoops, and it has been wrought into whip-stocks, axe- 
 helves, and various other articles of use. 
 
 In Europe, it is cultivated solely as an ornamental tree; and as it possesses 
 the proiierty of keeping on its leaves very late, which die olf of a bright yellow, 
 it well deserves a place in every collection. 
 
 ■\ 
 
 r 
 
 
Ill