o '^''-%.^- s^ /: % j^ > ^ J^ V ^:^ •."> > M IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) Photographic Sciences Corporation // A*% ^^= ^ 1^ 12.2 ^^~"~^ It] HliMTr lli ^ IMJL 1.1 l.-^ la — i^ 1.25 III 1.4 1 1.6 -^ 6" — ► 33 WEST mtsVA STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 1 4560 (716) S72-4i«}3 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurte et/ou peiliculAe Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gtographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ ^' ' Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ ReliA avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6tA fiimdes. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleui exem*^laire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographiquo, qui peuvc^nt modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommag6es I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurAes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxe< Pages dteolor6es, tacheties ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthroughy Transparence Quality of prir Quality inigaie de I'impression Includes supplementary materit Comprend du mat6riel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seuie Mition disponible I I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ I I Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ D Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont Ati filmies A nouveau de lagon it obtenir la meilieur^ image possible. [~T| Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires: Because of the large size of the original copy (51 X 38 cm.) I pages have been filmed one at a time, blank pages have been omitted, and margins on pages have been cropped when necessary. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiqu* ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 2ex 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Univeriity of British Columbia Library The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol Y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: 1 2 3 L'exemplaire filmA fut reproduit grice A la gAntrosit* de: University of British Columbia Library Les images suivantes ont tti reproduites avec le plus grand doin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet* de l'exemplaire filmA, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les cxemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimie sont filmte en commen^ant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmAs en commandant par la premidre p/jge qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols Y signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmAs A des taux de rMuction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, 11 est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent le mAthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AMERICA BEING RESULTS OF RECEiNT ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCHES FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF THE ROYAL MUSEUMS AT BERLIN PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOT^S OF THE ETHNOLOGICAL DEPAHTMENT TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN NEW YORK TDODD, MEAD & COMPANY. ttBHMHM* THE explanations of the followina; plates have heen prepared liy the asHistants in the Ethnological Department, partly hy Herr E. Kiwise, and partly hy Dr. Griinwedel. The technical excellence of the workmanship is in a great degree owing to Dr. Reiss, who kindly placed his practised eye and the experience acquired in the pub- lication of the splendid illustrated work by himself and Herr Stiibel, at the service of the present undertaking. The articles illustrated here belong to the first collection forwarded by our agents, whicli reached Berlin at the beginning of the year (January ;?, 1882), and brought with them all the surprise of new discoveries in these unique productions of the northwest coast, which, it is true, had alrea8en, who had the advantage of special preparation in his long association with HeiT Carl Ilagcnbeek, Ilanihurg, for whom he had made many collections for purposes connected with business. The importance of the results thus far obtained, in an cxceed-ngly brief time, may l)e inferred from the fact that the collections already received have enriched the Museum by over a thousand specimens from a field entirely new ; and still larger acquisitions ai-e in prospect. The present publication may therefore be regarded as the foreninner of a series to be systematically continued. To repeat here words used on a former occasion : " The furtherance given to ethnology by such col- lections, is in itself the best thanks to those who thus enlarge tlie domain of knowledge; and when— as we trust they soon will be — they are placed on exhibition in the new Museum in such a manner as to display their full importance, the names of those to whom their acquisition is due will forever be remembered in the history of ethnology." And this is but simple justice. When need is greatest, help is often nighest, the proverb says; and for this one at least of the many ethnolof"cal problems pressing for solution, the needed help was found. In the course of various conferenccr ^mong persons having a common interest in the subject, by means of the intervention of Herr Le Coq, foimer Treasurer of the African Society, the friendly services of Herr Htcker were secured; and shortly thereafter, Herr V. Richter, banker, assisted in the formation of a committee, which, with himself as chairman, has now taken in hand the conduct of the undeitaking in the direction proposed, and in conformity with the views expressed. Work while it is day! should be preached in all the streets and at all the doors of the Ethnological City in the Republic of Learning ; for night is drawing near for the study of primitive races ; is shrouding them in y darkness, with all the treasures that would shed any light upon their hi.tory, and will soon Vmry them in the blackness of oblivion. Let there then be no delay in the fulfilment of a duty which we cannot, if we would, leave to our successors, as it must be perfonued now or not at all. Just now, when there has been a sudden day-break in the region of Ethnology, the awakened eye sees, beside the brilliant promise of a future Science of Mankind, the yawning of an abyss that engulfs the just germi- nating seeds and drags them down amid the loud and increased tumult of international intercourse, and ei'adicates fi'om the face of Mother Earth those races in the stage of infancy which can offer no resistance. Years ago, in the quicker pulsation of the current of the time, there was a fore-feeling that the natural sciences were about to receive an accession of strength that would enable them to pass from the region of A.I.I wl...... in fli.' f««lii"^^ of »"""■ H'" "'"^'"'"'^ ^""^ "''*""•"' "'"' psvfhopliysic I into the iloniiiin of inteliitrcni-e. unf..iae,I itself to «,.U-n.li.l ti.w.r. in tl.« Int.- investigation, nf ,u,.ln.o,...lo.v an.! -thnology. the technieal l.elpn t.. meet tJ.e praetieal neoessitieH i.ad not mlvance.l /.,./ /».*... and neith- -vere ti.e n.u.eu.uH reu.ly. nor were then- at haml the nieuns to prociin- from nil (luartern the mwHsary collection.'. We n.ay here re,,eat wonl. u.e.l in an mhlrens .ldivere.l at Herlin, in April. 1882, hefore the Anthro- pologicnl Society : * "In a work publishey correspt>ndence with the m.wt trustworthy authorities on the spot. Here, therefore, in the next few years, will be decided tlie .piestion of being or not being for the scientific existence of a j)ortion of the human family whose area of territory embraces about nine thousand square | GermanJ miles, or, in a more extended application, about thirty thousand. "Such catastrophes may nuike no impression upon those who dwell at a distance and are unfamiliar with ethnological studies; but at a later time, when the irremediable loss is realized in all its magnitude, it will be seen to have a tragic character that cannot be exaggerated. In truth, for one wh.» tlmroughly conceives what such a loss i.s, words are too weak to express the feelings aroused by the perception of this imminent peril with the consciousness of absolute impotence to avert it." • V. ZaUehrift fOr Elhnclogit, vol. xiv., page ■■■i ^m ^ryO fxpwM tlio utiiiiiciil rolationH of tlio riif-os on tlio nopth-went poiwt of Ainorina— tliono who iimy bo (liHtinxiiiHliod iw l)clon>{iiif5 to -*- a stock of |)(!ciiliiir cliiiriictLTiHtk'H, ilwclliiif? bctwocii tlii' i'oiiHt-rim>{(' anil tli(^ hch, fnuii Iriiniit in (lio north to Orej^on, ami rcacli- iiijj; down to California — fow woriln will nulHi'c, for (hin roimoii, if for no otiior, tiiat nmn.v vvonlrt iMiniiot \tv. iihcmI, if wu keep ntrictly to our slondor supply of factn, and rofuso to waTidor into tho ro>{ion.-( of spucniation. Huforo any ono (!an vunturo to indulno in conjucturo* horo, a guro funndatiun sliould lintt liu laid, in conformity witii indiK^tivu prinuipliM, and upon projicr inaturialn, such im aro olfurtid in tlio prcBont collection, tho first of its kind in the Museum, and uidiappily, us seems hut too prohalile, the I i-it — secured, indeed, at the very last moment before a {guaranty of its fjenuine orij^in was no lonjjer possible. From an ethnological point of view, tiie re^^iim illustrated is ono cif the most important on the )flo))o ; lyinfi; where two con- tinents approach each other, at Ruhrinj^'s Strait, while a third, reprusuntuil l>y a ((roup of islanisca.,s personify bin. as a gigantic bird whoso eyos fl.wh light- ning, and tho nish of whoso wings is the roar of tlie thunder. On Shetland tho tempest is exorcised as an oigle, because the storm- giant Thiassi appeared in the form of that bird." On the coaat, to tho impressive sight of the sea is added that of tho monsters which disport in it ; and if, .» iu tho Frithiofi.. Saga, tho wlmlo appears iw u deity that aronses the tempest, naturally" an opposite" arises to liim ; and, as with the Pliava Nak and other dragon-serpents, tho bird fights with tho sea-monster, and this monster, associated with the perils which threaten mariners, easily assnmes a hostile character," compared with the messenger of tho gods who comes sweeping down from celestial heights (as at the sacrifice to the Atua in Tahiti); while the rainbow" formed in tho air and standing on the water leads to otlier imaginations. In tho rivers the beaver" eonld not fail to attract attention, among the tribes of the West, l)y tho Rocky Mountains, while he figures moro extensively in tho creation-myths of these to the East. Tho Indians of Hritish Columbia usually give to their conception of tho Creator the accompaniment of wings (v. llazlitt), and with the iiersonification of the deity as a bird " the combat with the monsters of tlie deep is beheld in the storm." When the mountain-giant, seeking food, Hi.i. about in )tis dress of feathers, darkening the sky (tho cloud) and making the thunder by the Happing of his pinions, he receives from the sea-fish the thunderbolt with which to smite the whale, according to the Ilaidah. When tho creation, raised (or, aa in Hawaii, hatched out") from the abyss, lias received its finishing-touches from the hand of an architect-demiurge, such as Visvacarma, or the oldest Fire-gods, like Vulcan or Pthah, then man is formed, in Mexico by QuetzalcoatI, elsewhere by Prometheus, etc. Man waa created by the superior deity, as a mere mass of flesh (in British Columbia in an imperfect state)," bnt a second divinity finishes him (v. Dunn), as the Maui and Tiki in Polynesia, or aa among the Qniches and others. The reign of tho beaata " now soon comes to an end, though not without the preservation of certain memorials in strange figures of the former world." This animal rule is supposed, oa in liinnah and I'eni, to have pi-eceded that of man ; and so runs the tradition of tho Aht, that when two strange mariners came to the coast, the beasts fled to tlieir houses, leaving the souls of the men behind. With the creation of man, and the distinction of the sexes," commandments and prohibitions came into existence, as well as many ordinances tending to the establishment of social order. When (in Konjag tradition) by the forbidden " grass-eating" of the sister, light had come into being, and she had separated herself from her brother on account of tlieir nakedness, they met again, on the stairway of heaven, and propagated children of which only the youngest lived by virtue of a song learned from Shljam Selioa. The earliest Indians, on account of their badness, were changed, in the legend of the Mackah, into beasts and plants, by the two Hoho Eap Bess, "men who change things," or the brothers of the sun and moon. While darkness still prevailed, tlie jealous brother, who kept his wife in a chest, received information from the Kun-Bird and cast into the sea tii? nephew whom his sister had just brought forth. Upon which the dolphin showed to the weeping mother a stone, which she swallowed and gave birth to Jeshl," who, armed with his mother's bow and arrow, killed the crane or Kutz- ghatusl (who flies in a dress of feathers, and strikes tho clouds 'r'ith liis beak) and the duck, so as to be a /ie to swim and fly for his mother, after which he was cast into the sea by his uncle, in whose house the chest was opened, sank to the bottom, but, coming up with the tide in his crane-skin, flew up to the sky and hung there by his beak until his mother iiad escaped. As the chief, who kept the sun, moon, and stars in his chest, watched his daughter closely, oven to scnitinizing everything she ate and drank, Jeshl changed himself to a bit of g.iiss and stuck to her drinking-vessel until she had swallowed him ; whereupon he made his appearance as a grandson, and received from his grandfather the chest out of which, when opened, the stare flew up to the sky, then one to keep the moon in, while the third, which he was forbidden to open, he carried off in the shape of a raven, in order to fasten the sun to the sky. As Jeshl waa flying in the dark, he heard voices below him, and asked if they wanted light. The anljelievers thought tluit he was deceiving them with his promise, when suddenly the sun burst out in its splendor, whereupon they ran to mountains, forests, and water, and were changed from men to animals. Such is tho Thlinkith myth {v. Ilolmberg). When Jeshl was born, the earth was standing in its place ; but Kamikli, the Thlinkiths say, existed "from the tinje the Uv6v came out below," and as by taking off his hat he could spread a mist abroad, he was recognized as the mightier power. When Jeshl brought flre from the island in tt;e sea, burning his beak in doing so, the sparks fell, the Thlinkitlis say, on the stone and wood which they use for flro-makiiig. From the island of Kauukh he brought fresh water in his beak (letting drops fall by the way), taken from tlio stone-fountain Khauukh-hin. Jeshl, by stirring up strife between the gull and the gannet, got possession of the fish Ssakh. According to the Atiiaaus, the worid was created by the raven," who stole the elements, one after the other (v. Wrangell). Yale, or the raven, the creator, was l)lackenod by the smoke in the house of Can-nook, according to the CMingat legend. When Kitkh-oughin-si (the flrst man) had slain the children of his sister, she received from a youth who appeared to her at the sea-side, certuin stones, which she swallowed and brought forth a son, Ktkh, who raised a flood to destroy his uncle, and in the process flow around until he waa weary, and fell upon a stone and hurt himself. At the invitation of a beaver " which apj)earcd on the beach, he seated Iiimseli on the back of the latter, and was borne to a shore where he found his mother united with her brother, and received the power to create the Kolosches (v. Lixtke), thus becoming tho ancestor of the Sitka-Khun (or those who are under the protection of the raven). The survivor of the flood," by tho counstil of Yale, the raven, produced men by throwing stones behind his back (British Columbia and (iniana), like the progenitoi-s of tlie Kno;. When (Jliethl, at the flood, departed from his sister Ah-gish-an-akliou, "woman under the world," on tlieir ascent of Mount Edgecumbe, aa ho flew off toward the south-west in the foathor-dress of a gigantic bird, ho cried to her, " You will see me no more, but as long as I live you shall hear my voice" (v. Dall). So Ayarcachi in Peru, where Con (like Can-nuk) appears aa tho oldest of gods. At the beginning of the flood, according to tho Thlinkiths, *lien sister and brother jre forced to part, CliethI flew off amid thunder and lightning, never more to be seen, but to be heard so long as he was auve. lie flew in a bird's skin (like Khunnakhateth in his combat with the whale, thundering with the beat of his pinioiiK and flashing lightning from his eyes), toward the south-west ; while his sister Aghisclianiikhu descended the crater of Mount EdgecumlH;, as a subterranean woman, who henceforth holds fast to the pillar which sustains the flat earth, that she may not fall into the water when shaken with earthiiuako by the combats of deities inimical to men. In the expiatory flood of rabbinical tradition, the guilt of the old world is washed away, if it has not risen to such enormity aa to require the baptism of flre. 8 ^ Among the ceremonies of purificution we find, among the Appalachian tril.u«, v«n>iting, m a cleansing of the m».de" {m .n the case of Sankara Acharya in hi« dispute with the (inuul I .a,,. For thi« purpo.. the Ilaidah drini< sea-water, .'washing themselvcH inside out" (V. Poole). According to Wilkes, the ceren.ony of overcoming the Wawi«l, or spirit of fatigue, among the Nez-PeroC-B, which lasta several days, begins with vomiting artificially jiroduccd. The Thlinkiths hold that in a child reapj-ears the spirit of son.e kinsn.an ; and at its birth it is named by its mother from some ancestor. Afterward, if the father is rich, he gives it at the " n.on.ory-feast" the na.ne of son.e deceased ki«sn,an, and thus U begins to pass out of the po-.r of the mother. Among the Kutschin, when the child receives his nan,e, the father lays as.de lua own" and adopts this, so that in future he is named after his son, as in Tahiti on the birth of a son the king abdicates. Among the AUe.pias at Trinity, the mauhen.i or chief gives the per.nissiou to marry. At Nootka tlie Mitchimis get their wives from the Tahi," who live in polygamy. After the origin of things by a natural process a new creation followed, .« a further improvement, out of Ealpe or Toniuh destroyed by the flood;" and thus, as with other Proselonians, the later appearance of the sun and .noon, i.. the Mexican and Quiche cosniogony, is associated with local ...yths of a more pacific character, while the vast and terrible salt-sea was dreaded as the abode of n.alignant powers," esi)ecially amo..g races given to fishing and seafaring, wlu had i.i8ta..ces e.iough of its balef.il .night. As in Oceanica, so also on the adjace.it coast of A...erica, departing souls follow the course of the setting sun and travel to the west, to Elysia.. islands, to live i.. pleasure in the palace of the prince" (lis the Milu or Wakca of Hawaii) or to wade in the oo^y swamp of a Cocytus," a fate especially reserved i.i the warlike north for those who had fallen to Uel because they lacked the glory of ar.ns, which, among the conquering race of the A/.tees, sho.ie around all who entci-ed the pakce of the su... According to the Kaigans, the souls of those who have fallen in battle (Tahit) apijear to the survivo.-s in the northern light, while those who have died a nat.u'al death (Zike-Ka..a) re.nain upon the earth (v. Radloff). The ..orther.i light is called Sa battel or "slain .lien," by the Kaiga.is. A.nong the Tchiglit, when one dies, a star falls fro.n heaven. The various" modes of disposing of the dead" i.i use among p.-imitive races, va.7i..g .lot only accordi.ig to their ideas about the soul, but also fro... other theories,"" and .specially the ditre.-ence between bur.iii.g and burying, seem on the whole to admit a cer- tain co..tinui.ig prope.-ty of the deceased in his possessio.is, among which his wives may be included, whe.ice the cere.nonies of the Suttee still observed i.i Bali, though sometimes comi.nited into allegorical interpretations," as we find other human sacrifices gradually changed into vicarious offerings. Special observances are demanded in disposing of holy bodies," sometimes by the bearers themselves, as among the Shamans, and enforced not alone by threats of vengeance fi'om the world of spirits, but also from the desire to keep intact the tradition" in the spiritual brotherhood. Opposed to the world of glad daylight is a night-side "—the world of shades— which indeed is sometimes conceived as beneficent and near," as tlie Oro.natua in Tahiti keeping watch over the harmony of the family, or recognized as reappearing in the newly born child," in Guinea: '.'.it for the most part malevolent, envious, scnetimes justly angered and embittered; for which cause at burials they often seek to ilrive away the spectres," after the manner of the Pruzu with their brandishe.l swords, or tear down the old dwelling" lest some goblin should take np his abode in it (as the fierce Bhut a.nong the Siamese), who, despite his occasional help- fulness in household matters, is an inmate not to be trusted, and likely to hurt the health of the indwellers." The bi.iding power of the creative woixl prevents Siberians, Australians, a.id others fro.n pronouncing the name of the departed," lest he should appear " at a wish." In Silesia this still survives in a milder form ; the widow alone must avoid pronou.icing the na.ne. Here, however, two parties come into quest' 'i. Whatever precautio.is the survivoi-s .nay accumulate to keep away those who have passed the " flood of oblivion," however sligtit co.isidei-atioii they niay feel bound to show to the poor souls, who after the silent funeral feast" of the Prussians (v. Klingsporn) were swejit out by the priests before the merriment bcga.i— so lo.ig as only poor common souls were in question ; the whole scene changes when the souls of the great and powerful come jpon the stage. There they are, beyond all doubt, and the practical question now arises how best to get along with them. If the Shamans attribute their super- natural powers to the spirits of their ancestors, that is explained by the intimate association they keep u() with them. But when, con- fiding upo.i this, they ve.ituro to suin.no.i them by incantations, this, as in the old conjurations for raising the devil, always involves the risk that at the slightest mistake the conjuror may have his neck broken. Even the noblest spirits must . : jiroached with pre- caution ; yet these may be .iioilified by appro]>riatc offerings, a.id i.uluced to descenci and insjtire the i.ivocator, as the Chiio of the Tliai. The honors of apotheosis," by the erection of .iie.uo.'ial8 " (which like the ller.nie, are Ciisily modified into statu*;'*), are all the more willingly accorded if they also give help in battle," moving in front of the advancing force, like the hero-souls of the Bantur, or the heroes of the I.,ocrian8. A succession of ge.icrations, as far back as the third progenitor, .night be retained in the memory, like those on the Chinese ancestral tablets; but all beyond the gi-eat-gra.idfather «a8 uncertain and tending to vanish in wind, as the TpiTonaio,)ei." But in this uncortai.i and windy condition lay pi-ecisely the ready transition to the elemental powers and to the influence so acquired over meteorological ])henomena,*' as practically available i.i life, when employed by one skilled in the cultus, in a legitimate and intelligent way, by i-cading the niy8terio..s sig.is or symbols. It was the easier to conceive a connection with the i.ivisilile world wlir- , in the foggy and murky air, spirits and spectres thronged so thickly as to become visible, and even in some cases tangible,"* to those gifted with the second sight ; and as in the east- ern hemisphere, so so was it in the wester.., in corresponding latitudes, as i.i British Coliinibia, where, among the Tsiiiaili-Selisb, by means of the ceremony called Sumash, the coiiju.'oi-R restore the lost spirit of a man as sonietliiiig distinct fi-om the living principle (v. (iallatiii). Chayher, personified among the Alit as an old .nan with a gray lusu-d, prowls aliout at .light to steal souls; and on the islands as well as on the mai.iland the priests understand the art of nianagiiig souls, and are even able to plug them np in little boxes," as is practiced among the Ilaidah. Knowledge of this sort is ..sefi.l i.i attacks of sickness," in calling back wa.xlcred souls (among the Khasya) or souls hovering arou.id (as the Birmans explain drea.ns) ; or if not tlw; ^.;lll proper, a sort of accessory soul. It is .isefiil in conjurations of all sorts," and of much service in matters co..nected with inheritance. At the incincation of the body of the dead, the priest-magician, or Takali, eatehes the departed soul in his hand and throws it to a kinsman, or if it be that of a chief, to his successor (v. Wilkes). Among tlio Spokan or Fltttlioaila nt Kottlo Fdlk, iiuar Fort Colvillu, tlio miigiuimi, iimtriietod liy ii (Iroiiiii, given UmU, in ii curomoii.v calleil Huvviwli, tlio lont soiila to tlioir propriutorH. Tlio houIs full liko Hpllntorn of bono through a liolo in tliu hut upon » niiit Hproiul to rucuive thuin, and tlie owncrn ru|ilii(!u tlioni by sticking thoni into tliuir hiiir. Tho trihfs of tho South, and other lioad-hnntorH, curry ol! lioads inntoad -tf tho Hciilp« nought hy tho Kanturn trihuH ; and in Nootka the heads of ouuniiuti are stuck up boforo t!iu villagos. Tho por, ,rinur of a horoic a<'t cominonioratus it by a hole jtiercod in his ear; wliile the women boro tlieir li|M on attaining jmberty. Among ho ThlinkitliH, as with the Konjags, tho lawful lover is usu- ally the brother or near kinsman of the husbaiul. As a slave is burned with tho body of tho dead chief, so (in Sitka, a slave is buried" at the building of his house, to make tho posts secure (as in I'egu and elsewhere), being thus jtrotoeted by supernatural guards. In trade, which is facilitated by tho slave-jargon which has spread from the contluence of tho TH.nmah or Yukon," shells aro used as a circulating medium ; the ludintin and i/in/n/iuiii iiUuHh (Tacho or Ileikwa) l)oing most prized by tho Kolosches. The dcntalium shells of the Kuskokwinzon, on tho Coppermine, como from the Quoon Cliarlotto Islands, in exchange fur the Kalga, or prisoners taken in war. .Vmong tho Ilaidah, in addition to the dontalia" (Kwo-tsing), ooppor plates from tho Chilkat .ire used as moiU'y. The ('hinooks weave belts from the wool of the mountain goat {Cajira AmiTicniia). Tho Ilaidah, who wear garments of Icjitlier, obtain from tho Tscliimsian a fabric called Xaehin. Tho art of working in copper, which is found in a pure state on the Coppermine, was invented, the Ivolosches say, by certain old men, who ai-e venorate's held an exceptional j)08ition " among their neighboi's of the conti- nent, so long iw it is not checked " or changed " by foreign influences. The peculiar stylo of ornament which gives a special character to all the implements and utensils of the tribes of the north-west coast, which was long ago remarked as characteristic, and is now plainly shown to be such by the present collection — the style of the Ilaidah, above all, cndiodies one of those primitive ideas in tho grammar of ornament, which in the mythologies grow and ramify into thonght-synibols of various kinds. Tho widely-spread belief in the evil-ej'c and its nudignaiit oiK'rntion, by one natural association leads to the protective power in the eye of the divinity ; while in another direction it leads to nntgie, black or white, and to various means of averting it (the apotropaeic powers, or Averninci) of which, of coui'se, the one nearest at hand for tho purpose was to divert the look." In the eye lies the soul of the man ; and for each inilividnal the soul of a stranger, whether he be only personally unknown or one foreign to the tribe, is something to be feared — a belief stretching fro;n Australia to Fitdand. In a time of more enlightomnent it was still feared when envious,'" or when a sidelong scpn'nting look was cast.'"' The malignant look brings harm to the one upon whom the gazer thus casts his own personality.'" This look not only brings harm to men,"" and naturally above all to helpless children,'" or to one lying helploKs and nnguartlod in sleep,'" but all nature is believed to be subject to its evil effects, and especially living creatures, \mless it were diverted to some lifeless thing.'" This may happen without the knowledge,"" or even contrary to the will '" of the looker; but it is chiefly tho doing of intentional malevolence,'" and wrought by those who, by leaguing themselves with the powers of darkness, "" have acquired maleficent powers. Such •ersons usually show their character in their faces, in piercing, deeply sunken eyes,'" or in joined eyebrows ; or at critical periods of life'" the baleful influence streams from them. These injurious influences are exerted on such objects as are the special property '"of the injured persons, or in which they take special interest, or, still more strongly, in producing disease in their own bodies.'" Against dangers thus threatening on all sides'" from hostile beings male and female, witches with all their devilish crew, the fiery eyes'" of the devil, his dogs, hogs, etc., protection was liojMjfuUy sought in the ruling and guarding eye '"of that deity who among the Egyptians (v. Plutarch) was represented as many-eyed (Iri or "eye"), and, again, in the familiar play of white or black magic, as the many-eyed Argus whose head is struck off by Hermes. From the monuments of the hierophants the eye everywhere looks out ; it shines in the sun as Odhin's eye ; Mata-ari in tho sun of tho Malays : iivpayini oqiOnXfini (Macrobius) or TtayToc t'Sajv Jioi oqtBaXniU, "tho all-seeiu'^ eve of Zeus" (Ilesiod). So among tho Ilaidah, garments and utensils covered with eyes are everywhere seen, chiefly of a conventional stereotyped form, as on Chinese junks and elsewhere. "Tho nmiatural form of the eye which has become typical, as a protection against the evil eye, is partly duo to a certain dislike to come too near reality" (v. Jahn). As in the dual conception of the deity, a beneficent eye is interpiwed as a protective shield '" against the influence of the evil eye, so, in more advanced stages of religious thought, the human eye comes to bo looked upon as friendly,"* and its gaze '" as benefi- cial ; but in primitive conditions of thought every look of a strange eye is harmful (El Ain of the Arabs).'" As even an affectionate look can become an evil one '" by the change from love to anger, as in the Vengeance-goddesses of the Huddhists, so devices of various kinds '" were needed to divert it {aroniit), among which were included such as were indecent, as tho Iliga and other obscenities,'" and such afl were ridiculous : " Here comes forth Fran Hulde with her snub nose" (Luther). I'or somewhat similar purposes terrifying figures {(fji'i/in:) were placed on shields ; the Jledusa or (Jorgon head or the severed of IJahu ; the i^wp^ioXvKtitt, or heads of wild beasts, in anndets, to tame or confuse the beholder; and then car'catnre-masks of the wildest extravagjincc on which the eye is a prominent feature, as may be conspicuously seen in some of those from the Ilaidah. Limiia, the daughter of iNoptune, upon whom Zeus begot the Sibyl Ilerophile, being deprived of her own offspring by Juno, betook herself to carrying off children, and was changed from a beautiful (lueen of Libva to a hidous and appalling monster, her features being all dis- torted by tho i)lncking out of her eyes. In this form she has passed into nursery-legend. Hut from tho time that Gernnm science no longer disdained to examine old wives' stories and tho traditions of the nui-sery, many an unexpected ray of light has been cast from legends and sayings of popular supei-stition upon the background of ancient mythology, affording jirofitable studies of the laws of growth of tho human intellect. And now ajipcars Kthnology, planting itself upon the broad basis of comparison among all these changes lus they flicker and transform themselves in a closed circle over thu whole surface of the earth. Ill flio (MUlc of tliu rfiiiiliili, 119 will I'liMily liu sucii wo iiii'iit with ii morn ('oiiiiiltix iiroliluiii tliiiti in tlic Ptw of iiioHt of tlio otiicr priiiiitivi! puopies of tlic Aiiu'ricau continent, bcciiusu iioru tlic otiinieul pi'iMiiiiirity, iindnr Uwh Hiiiiplu ('oiKiitioiiH, liiw wrouglit itHt-if out to a typieiil form miiid a imiltitiulc of oo-openiting fiu'tors, iw if in trnnsition to a hiHtoricnl (luviilopmoiit. Tiiat wliich is just now eHHuntial for Ktlinology in tlio type its cr.cli, wliutJHT iiijflicr or lower in tliu kciiIc which includes all races; tlio type iin orij^inal in itself; and next, tliis ori};inality itself for the practical ends of investij^atlon, in its proper relation to the peculiar historical developmoiit. When we pursue any purpose scieiitilieidly, we must al)o\c all thiiijj^ avoid the tend icy to he led oft from the relative to the ahsolute, with the descent to orij^inal creations and other more forms of mist which, like the Butliybius, soon melt and vanish. An oiifrinal ethiiie typo may, under frivon cirenmstaucos, crystallize now as well iis a hundred, a thousand, or a hundred thousand veal's a{;o ; and again, under given circiinistaiices, it will have fully the same value, if treated according to the genetic iiietliooi: the earth— will soon have swept away all the materials for comparison, never more to be recovered while the world endures, unless at the last iiioment they shall be secured for preservation in miiseunis, for the study of suceoeding generations engaged in founding the science of Man. REMARKS. ' E. Stella says of the Prusslana : "In ancient times they knew neither InwD nor rulers" (Dimckelmann) ; and so the Gernmnii, according to Tacitus Every father of a family in Chili was the master in his own house. Tlicir whole idea of governing wiis to connniind in war iind to ndininiater justice (Krezier). * .-io the Belooches, and others. The rank of chief or KlHhka (Tojon) among the Kcnaisiis wn» ohlaincd hy rlche.". In Troy, the wealthy Dares offlciated as prioat of Ilephaistos. Purasp-Asliadak obtained the rule over his people, under the dominion of Nel>ruth, mil so much by his valor as liy liis wealth and adroitness (Mos. Clior). Among the Ethiopians the kingly power is given to the liandsomcst, dominion and lieiiuty being both looked on us the gifts of fortune ; or to him who tends his herds most carefully. Among other tribes the richest mon is chosen, beciinse he alone has the means in abuudunce to support the pcriple (Wurin) ; as also the man most <«Mtiilii)n< win ii IlKiirc nf tlii^ nun. 'I'lii' llrii/illiin IimIiiiiih, wIiiihk iiriii .turn ii Miiir ("tri(n)(iT» hiiil ileilrnycd \iy n Hooil. with till' i'«i'i'|iliiiii i(f II >Im)(Iii piilr, Krwt tlii! mm iiinl in^iim willi " Till lull 1" (" iiiliiilriililf I") fiMiriiiK tlm I'vil jHiwur Akimiiii. TIi« Iniliiin« of Ciiriiim iirviT murili witliimt llii'ir liliil« (Cnri'iil). At tlm i'hciiIiuIi' nf VViIikImtk, llir liliiik wmmiiui nf IlilrkliiKi'ii ri'iiliMJ liiiuiitiillniii) over tlm nrmy of |ii'iiaiinla to iiiiikn Hum pronf iiKiilrnt upour or Imlli't. Thii I'ilii«((i)t» Iri lliiiiiiiii, in Uiili'ixli » liiiii', kwiiIIiiwimI liiiril wliltii mIhihii, iiiiiI with tlii'ii iMiii«ii|iTiMl invuliii'i-iilili'. "At llio iimiiKurii- tlon of iiiiy iinilertitltinK it wim timiil to nay «".., il/'li, i.e., '/<■««, ./.in" iHli'plmiiiim. J..i(, liiviiii), U in MiiiiuT iiii I'pitlu't of K"'l"'»»e» ; l>»t llfBioil «a)n il..,r ^oiirnm. "O tliim ilivliiu .Ktliiir, iinil yn iiwlfl-wingi'il Wiiiilii !" I.Kiinliylun. i " Acnirillni/ tii Hiwpinfiiill thii rliiffn on Viiiiciiiiviir'n laliinil nni ri')(iirilfil iih klnrnncn of lliu min. Tlm I'iiIdiiimm, who lii'lonij to tlm Hpokoln, di'nom- . ^ta themiclvcii cliildriMi of tho mm (I'ntker). " Only till) TbIiI, an kiniininn of llii' Miin, when ho pro(i.«(l« to invokii thiit liimlniiry, niiiy i-iilcr tlm Twhi'-hu, or Hlifil whiili wirvt'H mt ii ci'inctiTy for thu great chiufH only of Nootk*. At the enlniniu tliiTi' iirc Hvc rowa of wm.iliMi «tiitui'ii, rii'li'ly nitviil, wliiih alri'lih tii Ihi' iillier cnil, whiTii them ia n kiml of tiirriit Hilornuil with hiinmn akiilla. Hoinu nf tlii'ai' aluliii'a hiivi' llm iniilc i(«ni'riilivn orgiiiia. nnil iiri* fiirniahcil with hiiiniin liiiir. A Kiillrry of human Imnea aiirroiimla tlm ahi'd. KniiitiiiK tliu iiitrnncu are I'ixlit larKO whiiloa of woiiil, iirrniigcil in ii line, iiiiil on tlm liiirk of I'liili are human akiilla aymmctrinilly phirail, On a lakii mar tlii' ahcil tlHTB la a lanoi', uaiially alri'wn with fa^lca' fi'alhiTa. Thi' lioni'a of the I'hii'f, whi'ii ilii^ up, aru plai'fil in onlcr on the linck of a whale, to alftiiify hia akill with thu harpoon ; am) finally a alatuv of tlii' ili-ci'aai'il ia en rti'il, aa a nii'morinl of hi mil In iniliralv that no onr I'laii can hi' hiiricd under that •taluf (lloi|iii'f<'uil|. Amonx thi! Taihi){lit, ni'Xt to Am-rnir-alilk, Hill (Imit Spirit, the Sun (Tachlk rcynork) ia ri'Vi'ri'ii, and timii tlm moon aa Till krem innok. " llm man of thi'moon." I'aiiumunju, " iM'imfartor of tlm nation," having piiaaiil hia life, in iloin^ KOod, win raiacil to licavun" (I'utitiit). In Cahira (l)io-piilia or Si'liaati') wiia till' ti'inplii of llm Monlh, railed that of I'liarnaira. aiiorilin); to HIralio. I'liarnaeea or I'hariiax waa a moat anclunt king of t'appadocia. who traced hia origin from tliu aun or moon ; or elau Im waa himaclf the aun, wlileh ia an cHlli'd in llm Cappailiii'ian tongue (lliai'lcy). " Among lilt' Thiinkiiha, the magieiun, whoae liair ia uneiil, miial, in mlililion to the "Jeck," whinh hit inherita from Ilia father or grandfullier, ai'iplire uthera liy faaling in the wililermaa, eating only the riHita of the /'.in.u horrultim, imlil llm apirila aend him the aiiered oiler with the aeiret in hia tongue. At Ilia rail tlio animal fiiila dead, with ila tongue lianging out, wliirh he preierreii in n liiiakel after akinning th,i lieaat. lie who eannot attain lliia hy faating, paauen thu niglit l>y the grave of a dead wi/.ard, pulling Hie lee' or the lillie linger of the dead man in hia mouth, and upon Ida return the apirita of hia anecatora, with appropriate namea and ehania, enter Ilia aerviee. At Hie puriKealinn of a fimily liy meiiiia of emetira. Hie wi/!tird. in ii niiiak and healing a drum, rirrlea round thu flru until the apirita appear, and at earh a|iptiriliun he dona th" eorreapondiiig niiiak, Thia ia done aa a prolertion againat aickneaa, which ia carried olT by the apirila to the aliodoa of their eneiniea ; or to heal diacaae, for whirli lliey ala.i have recourae to tlm nakii/athi (from naku or medicine), wlio have power to do liarm a« well aa good. Thu lleahkwi-et at Itarcliiy Hound olitained the myateriea of tlm Duckwaliy, or placation of Hie Ihunderliird, liy one who waa dragged over the rooks into the lair nf the chief of wolvea ; and in them Hiey lacerate timmaelvea to draw lilood. In New Britain there ia a liugliear called Uu 'k-I)uck, which prnwia about. In Cook's time the Tahitlana employed fantaalic maaka, grote«<|Uely ornamented, to drive away the apirila of the dead. I'atolio, ni. ong the I'ruaaiana, wai II god of the dead ; and when any one died, and they deaired lo carry the oITi ring to the goddeaa, I'atullo came into the courtyard of the lead man and prowled about at night (Orunau). The Hrn/iiinna placed veaaela containing foiHl around u grave, that Hie dead miglit not be robbed by the demon Agnlan (C'oreal). '" Among the Norwegiana every man recognizea hia " Fdlgie" in timt animal whoae diapoaition moat rracmlilea hia own. The tribea of I he Wolvea, Ilulla, Mice, Ilawka ( Wilka, Wola, iMya/., Sokol), |R'riahed in Hie ciimbala of Hie Hermana and I'oiea (.Mickie". icz). " Ever« Chineae ia believed to ' belong' to some animal, i.e., he ia born in a year wliich ia aaid to belong lo aome animal. For example, if ijorn in a certain year, he will ' belong' to the Hat, the rat being the horary chariuter whicli in .he (.'hineae cycle repreaenta Ihat particular year. If bom in a certain year, Im will 'belong' lo the liufTalo, for a aimilar reaaon. If hum in a certain year, he will ' lielong ' to llm Italiliit. In aome way the animal lo which he ' belonga,' unlcaa ho bringa a cheat of money to propitiate it, ia believed to get poaaeaaion or control of Ihe dead miin on hia arrival In Tarlariia, making him carry it. To avoid auch a fate for tlieir lamented parent or rolatire, tho membera of hia family (end along a trunk full of leady caah, for the apeciui benefit of the animnla" (l)oolitlli'). So the Atua and othera. The beaat Ovan taught men all the induatiiea neccaaary for life (llroKacI). Note iilao the wiae a|ieechea in Hie fabii'a of |,oknian, the .fatakiia, etc. The lirutea were men witiiout reaaon (Grunau). Papal bulla had to be iaaiied to decree Ihat the American Indiana ahoiild be conaiderod human lieiuga : u/ywtc hoiniiiei ((.'iilT). " According to the llaidah, the wolvea deacend from Wiiako ; but according to tlm Mai^kah, from ('huchuhimxt (Swan). " Among the "jiirl," or 'eative maaka of the cliildren of the Schrunaer, one ia ea|>ecially diatingiiiahed aa " Hic bear." Among the llaidah, no marriagca can take place between {leraona bearing the aaine anceatral cngiii/.ance, which ia engraved U|>on platea of copper. I'he Kutchin are divided into three claaaea, termed Chilaa, Nateaa, and Tungea-ataa, repreacnting the uriatocracy, the middle claasea, and the poorer ordera (Kirby). Each creat ia ruled over by war- chlefa, one of whom takea precedence (marked by llm height of the pniei among Ihe Taimalieean (llalcomlie). Among tho triOea of the Koloaches, thoae of tho Wolf (or Khanuk), the Eagle (Chethl), Itaven ( Yehl), Whale, and olliera, form thu aoldier-clasa. .\mong the Thiinkiiha, thu tribea of the Prog, Uooae, Sea-lion, Owl, and Salmon belong to tho Haven tribe, or Ihat of .lealil ; and the Hear, Eagle, lloltle-noaed Whale, Shark, and Auk, to the Wolf tribe, when intermarriagea between Wo'if and Raven are in ipioatlon. Of the tribea which Intermarry, one haa aix brunclma : Kachgija (raven's scream), Kali (flailing), Tlaehtana (grass mats), Hoiiochtana (hind-end of tho hut), Tsclilchgi (colored), and .Vuchachi (fallen from heaven); while the olher has Ave branchea : Tultschina (who bathe lale in the fall), Kalluchtna (lovers' urnamenta), Schlachlachtana (deceilfiil as a raven), Nutscliichgi (from a mountain on Lake Skilfiih), Zallana (mountains). The Sitkaoa, when question of right to intermarry la broarhed, say that they descend from that, who having with his sister eaten the prickly sea-pumpkins, fell into wrelchednesi, and was made a slave by men coming over from Staliin (Lisiansky). Among tlm Mnhlemut in Norton Sound, each boy, when arrived at the ag<) of puberty, selects an animal, tlsh, or bird, which he adopts as n patron. The apirila of the deer, seal, salmon, and beluga are regarded by all with a|iccial veneration, as to these animals they owe their support. While hunting, each spirit demands excluaive uttonlion. The homes of these apirita are supposed to be in the north. The auroras are the reflections from the lights used during the dances of Ihe spirits. The constellation of Ursa Major (Ukll-Okpuk, or Uroat Bear) is ever on the watch while the other spirits carry on their festivllies (Dnll). The Ahl go into the mountains to seek their "medicine" (/.<., to choose a guardian spirit), on attaining manhood; and the animal, as an eagle or a wolf, which ap|)ears to them in a dream, is henceforth sacred. The Angekok announces to Iho mourners into wliat animal the soul of the departed has passed ; and henceforth, until tlie spirit lias shifted its ipiarters, they are not to partake of the flesh of that animal (Hayes). Some fix on a wolf, some on a bear, some a deer, a buflalo, an otter ; olliera on dilTerent kinds of blrda, or difTerent parts of animals ; some will not eat the tail, or rum|>-picce ; others tho head, tho liver, and so on. Some will not int the right wing, aome tho left, of a bird. Tiie women also (among the Uakotas) are prohibited from eating many parts of the animal that arc forbidden, on account of the totem (Schoolcraft). Abundant, and indeed excessivu material is at hand to illustrate the analogies in other parts of America, in Africa, Australia, etc. " No one who ia initialed in the litoa of Jupiter Cassiua at IVIusium, eals onions, and thu priestess of the Libyan Venus never tiiatea giirlic ; in fome temples Hiey abalain 'mm -uint, in otiiers from wild mint, in others from fiom parsley. There are some who say they would rather eat tluir father's head than beans ; while to othera all Jieae things are indifferent. But wo think it unlawful to eat the flesh of dogs, as some of the Thtacians •rs said to do" (Sexlus Empiricus). " Sliould au Indian, among the Tahimsian, be cajitiired as a slave by some warlike expedition, and brought into the village of his captors, it behooves any one of his totem, either man or woman, to appear before Ihe captors, and, singing u certain sacroil aong, offer to redeem the captive. Among the Ouaycurus a slave-caste has arisen from the young children of slain prisoners of war, and tlmse are reckoned as belonging to tho house, and are forbiddeu to intermarry with the free (Martius). With thu Ablpones, entrance into the class of IlUcheri or nobles, who speak a peculiat dialect, is altaiued by distinction, and on reception into it tho name is changed. " Among the Sioux, all those .tho use the same roots for medicines constitute a clan. It is through Ihe great medicine-dance that a man or woman is initiated into these clans (Prescott). In Brazil, the natives dancing at the Maraca, have strength against their enemies blown into tliem with tobacco-smoke by the priest. " " Exhausted by cold liatlilngs and friclions of tho body, by fusliiig and loss of sleep, he lies down in a sort of trance, during which, in his dis- ordered fancy, he sees visions and receives revelations. Wliat he sees, he makes known to no one, but over after addresses himself in secret to that being that baa presented itself to him, whether in form of bird, beast, or fish ; though tlm animal represeiiliiig Ibis giiardiaii spirit la sometimes indicated by carvings or painHngs made by the Indian. Such animals as would be most likely to come mound him while thus alone are owla, wolves, minka, and mice, during the night, or eagles, crows, ravens, blue-jays, cranes, elk, deer, or seala, during the day. Among Hie Makah they are all coiiaidured Tamliiawttsanlmals." Note further Hie initiation into tliu mysteries (Swan). The Kulmng is not oaten by those who h ivu it for a totem. In tho Anchorite Islands, so long as the children wear their hair "upa-upa," or hanging loose, they can eat no taro hi fmir rcliHli rrlittliiii tii the lolriu^. Iiiit dlvlili' llii' Iril i illltirinf I1im«, ii« Mllilii in lillli' liluch liim«i' with ImiK liiilr. kniiwri iw " tliu (inly dill' hIiiivi'"), Nnnlili'in (ilii)( riiliTa), Hnil lli>|i'|i»|i (iiiniillmla). " Til iilitnln It fiivonililit wiml, tliii llnltluli pliin'a n aliiln MviMi an tliiU lla lioily iiiuy lii' In tin' ilialwl illri'illiiii ll)«waim). Ily the rurcmony c»ll«it piirllliHlliin, tlii< city-wiilla nrii cmirclnl liy H thri'iiil. " Whin thr H|inkiini', nt tlii' wnICa ri'i|iii'al, kkv" lili" " Kif' "' ''"' •'"'''. 'i'' 'OinlnirtiMl fur llii'ni thi' triiji In IIkIiIi'M tlir lull • ii( lUliinK (Wllkca). "' Thii iihyaliliina nf tho Miiksli urc invialiMl wllli nmnir piiwiTa In Ihi' ciTiiiiiiiiy iidhil Kh liiiip, »iiil ' ma ciiiimiwiti'iI to mat nut thi' Mkniiki. irii or ilumiin iif illai'iiai', who nimi'a away in tliii fiirin l waa coniieutod with tho plelieian ({anien in the Clrcua, I.ivy tulla ua ; and Dlo ('iwaiua tella ua that ganiea at which there waa feaatuiK were called aacrud, aa the iiKapai at aacrainental nieala. In China, nt the blrthduya uf the divinitiea worahlppcd in the neifreliand(Dawson), as at the great fetish of Bamba and other similar ceremoniea. In the feativo mysteriea tho resurrection ia symbolized by seed-corn. After Jason had sacrificed tho bulls of ..tctes he waa wreathed with garlands of groaa by bis companiona (Pindur), as ut agricultural feativala In Africa and Kiirope. " The Mexicans curry In the dunce a rattle of pebbles, called Ayacojtii. In the initiution at the feast of the mcdicinc-men among the Mandans the Bhee-sheo-qiioi, or doctor's rattle, Is used. •• Nekilstas, of tho Ilaidah, or Uataa, of the Tinncli, iu tho form of a dead raven floating on tho water, allowed himself to be swallowed L the vhale, from whose body ho emerged when the animal was stranded. " In Uldenhurg, an otter's tongue waa carried in u waistcnat-biitton, to bring good luck and drive away bad (Wutike). According to it bull of Gregory IX. against the heretical Stedinger, the can'lidatea for initiation kissed a toad upon the mouth, and then aucked its tongue. After tne Empong Lcmliej bus entered into the high-priest, at tho wuwalian, or sacrificial feaat, his tongue in cut, and the ainall piecea clipped off are fumigated with benzoin to preserve them from putrefaction (Dederich). The power and wisdom of the Em|wng Lamliej are manifested in the resuscitation of tho high-priest and tho «iieedy healing nf his tongue. Ptodietions are drawn from the hearts of tho animals aiicrificed. " Among the Nez Percys, Ilemakis Tota is the good; and Koonnpa Kapseish the bad spirit. The former Is colled Meyoli by the Klictat Ntaompatu by the Calapoo, Cunnum on Vancouver'a Island, where the evil apirit ia called Bkoukoom (Parker). " Tho Colloshea believe that there is a creator of all things in heaven, who, when angry, sends down diseases among them. They also oslieve in a wicked spirit, or devil, whom ihey suppose to be cruel, and to afflict them with evils through hin shumuns (Lisiunsky). In Oregon, Cinim keneki meohot-ciurao-cimo, "the black cliiof below," ia the author of all evils which befall them undeserved aa a punishment from the Great Spirit Lbovo (Parker) Ill-luck in hunting ia ascribed to the apirit of the bow or of tho arrow, in latero, and the Indians then strive to propitiate him (Corcul). All tSat ha-)pcns happens in accordance with laws and rules founded on eternal necessity and truth (Spinoza). "He should not have ridiculed tho sacred rites and customs '• says Herodotus of Cnmbyscs. ' >■ Tho Kaajat, or wise men, of the Konjaga have |Kiwer over the demons. Among the Koloshca, in cases of sickness, Icht (death) is driven out in a fantastic animal form. With the Chinook, the pipe ia consecrated to the wooden Ugurea in the houae of thu chief (Robs;. According to the Iiiniiit, a p;l({»ntic »nuke, Kripan, lives under the ice of the piilar »vn (Petitot). At the Tiinmnoex, iir feiwt of the Hotifjlii. niin in |iriiypil fi r in pi n !• of miow ((Inirelt). The Ojibwiiyi miiku ottiTini^H to Wisiikiitelmsk, the old mini tliiit livm in I,iike Winnipi'g. to prociiri' ii fiivoriililu wind. Tlio son of the prince of hiavcn lirought the liah to Olwerviitory Inlet (Dunean). The THeliuktsithi BiicriHoe to the Itjiik Kiimiik, the deity of the sen, to obtain :i good haul of Hah (Nordenskjilld), KrHelioj, chief of the Oiikilon, fled over the aca, after uliiying Krrin, the tribal head of the lleiiidccr-Tsclniktiiclii (Wrangell). "The yohi, or iipirits of the Thlinkith«, are divide 1 into Khiycikh, "the uppiT onen," Takhi-yekh, "land-spirits," and Tckhi-yelili, "sea- spirita." The male divinity whom the Creea recognize in the moon, and call Mimtate-awasin, or Infant-Bison, is called by the Hlackfeet, Kokoye, while the Dcn6 call him Sakke-denc, Ebae-ekon, fia-ye-wctag, Sa-ekfwi-tene, and Hjic-zjit-dhidie (I'etitot). The itakali believe in a su|H'rnatural being, who is represented to bo an Indian of a dwarfish size, with l.ing hair of a yellowish color flowing down his back and covering his shoulders. From his head grow four pcr|iendicular horns, two at the temples, and two behind his cars. When people are sick o( any chronic complaint and much ilebilitatcil, they imagine they see this being in the niglit, wlio promises relief if the ceremonies he prcsiribos are well piirformef' The principal [lerformcr is a doctor, whose duties are to manipulate the jiatient, who is tirst initiated ir; secret rites into the myster'es of the ceremony (Swam. The Karalit revere the ancient woman Arnakuagsak. The Alieuts, in addition to the magic girdle, use as a talisman the stone called Tschimkih. The Makali say that the aurora borealis is the light caused by the fires of a manikin tribe of Indians, who live near the north pole and boil blubber on the ice (Swan). " The wind is caused by the wings of the giant llrasvalge, who sits at the end of the earth in the form of an eagle. On Vancouver's Island it is said that the whale is killed by the thunder-bird Footosh. " Swan siw among the Miikah, in the dwelling of a chief in Nceah Bay, by the side of the private totems or tamanoiis of individuals, a picture (clui-tai-uk) with the representation of the thunder-bird (Thluknla), the whale (Chet-up-uk), and the fabulous animal eupjiosed to cause lightnings (ha-hck-tn-ak). This was executed by a Cly(piot Indian, named Cha-tik, a word signifying painter or artist (1809J. Next to the first, the griz/.ly bear, the followin)^ d'.ilies or symbols, as helpers of the bear, may be seen upon the poles of their huts t the finback whale, a peculiar variety ol the wliiile 8|)eciea, wiiich is here seen in great numbers; the turkey; the sanders (a kind of fish); the aun ; the rainbow, and the owl. It is an interesting fact that thr, principal chiefs of the Bear-order, formerly regarded the sun as their great-grandmother; and in any disputes with other chiefs they bragged of their high lineage. They also demanded great gifts from the |)eople because they were so much their superiors. The second god is the eagle, with the fallowing companions; the beaver, the halibut, the great whale, and the dogfish, thousands of which are killed here for their livers, out of wliich an oil is eitraeteii in Hkidegate. The third god is the raven, whose friends are as follows: the allk (or so-called black-fish), the sea-lion, and the frog. Then comes the ,v<-.|f as fourth god, with the black bcnr— but only partially, as this animal has to serve the grizzly bear— and the sand-crane (.Jacobson). " Out of the four giant birds overcome by Qiiawtuach in the form of a whale, Toolooch alone survived, the flapping of who-si^ wings makes the thunder (to to whom the beaver gave birth upon an island in the western sea, were separated by birds, and became, re8|)ectively, progenitors of men (Innuit or Eskimos — Tchi^iit on the Mackenzie) and of the " blowers" or whales, from whom Kuropeans are desccniled (Petitot). According to ,he Tchinisian, a giant beaver lives near I'';ndas in Iceliuid, who makes fogs rise and spread. " Oolala, according to the Haidah, is a being half-man, half-bird, which lives on the mountain-peaks and makes the thunder and the lightning. The Brazilians, terrifled by the roar of the thunde.' (tiipang or toupnn), called this a god who was putting forth his might ( Keryi, " But they remarked that a god who frightened them was a bad fellow" (1553). The Banito, like the Aztecs and Chibcha, consider the frog sacred to the rain, whence his name of Monga-pula, " rain- master." " The giant called by the Makah, Ka-Kaitch or Thiu-Kluts (in Xootka, Tututsh), lives on '.iie highest mountains, and his food consists of whales. When he is in want of food he puts on a garment consisting of n bird's head, a pair of immense wings, and a feather covering for his body ; around his waist ^ ties the Ha-hrk-to-ak or lightning-fish, which liears some faint resemblance to the sea-horse (hippoc:ampus). This aninin! has a head as sharp as a knife, and a red tongue which makes the fire. The Thiukiuls having arrayed himself, spreads his wings and sails over the ocean until he sees a whale. This he kills by darting the Ila-hek- to-ak down into his body, which he then seizes in liia powerful claws and carries away into the mountains to eat at his leisure. When a tree wns struck by lightning, talismans were searched (or. The Songhie say that the giant bird Snoehwass produi^es thunder by Happing his wings, and flashes lightning from his eyes. On Pugct Sound *hunder is said to be produced by the wings of a monstrous bird that darkens the whole sky. The Haidah name the thunder-bird Shamsom. Tlie Konjugs say that when Shljam Schoa (lord of the world) is wroth with men, Ijak (god of evil), who lives u|H>n earth, sends out two dwarfs who make the thunder and the light- ning. In addition to the Tsiark, or medicine tamanawas, and Du-t'hhib, the Dukwally, or black tamanawas, is held to propitiate the Thhikloni or thunder-bird. Bc- aides the totems, the Makah have in their Cha tai-iik, or pictures, representations of the ThIukI oiii ...il of beautiful youths, and when they called to her, a moisture flowed into her nose and made her sneeze, some drn|is falling upon the sand. Koiiautzl told her to look in that direction, and shi' perceived a newly funned infant. The god commamled her to put it into a shell pro|iortioncd to ita size, and as it grew larger to put it into larger and larger shells. The creator then gave the ilogs their tails, the stags their horns, and the birds their wings, anu sailed away. The child grew, and was siK'i'essively removed to larger and larger shells, until he was able to walk. When he reached manhood, he liegat children with the woman ; and fioin his eldest son descend the tahis, and the rest of the people fitim the others iKoipiefeuil). The Cali- fornia Indians say that the wolf stuck up two sticks in the earth and shut at one, which, liecimiing a man, shot in turn at the other stick, which became a woman. After the creation, the other spirits were deprived of 'heir power (Kostromitonow). Accor,iing to the Kenayans, the lavm tonk materials of two sorts, and made two women, each of whom bei^ame the ancestress of a tribe (Wri.ngell). " Metis, when pregnant of a daughter, was .4urallowed by Zeus, in whose belly she brought forth Athene, uho was then liorn from his head, as Trito- geneia (Chrysippus). The Celts relate that Owiiin, fleeing from the cauldron, was changed into a grain -if wheat, and picked up by Ceridwen, who afterward bore the chil'' *.hat was set adrift in a boat. In the medicinal books of India it is said that at the tenth month the fietiis acipiiris knowledge ami prays to Ood, and sees the seven heavens, the earth, and the inferior regions (Wise). When the chief on the Anchoiite Islands has flxcd the lime for the entrance of the Tabun. he builds a house in a retired place, and reipicsts all hh friends and dependants to place their children with his own in it lo bo educated. Here llu chililrin, out of the sight of the women, under (he supervision of an old man called I'la, learn the manners ai'd customs of their jieople. When their hair hiLs grown to a certain length, after the banana-plnnting, a feakt is celebriiled, and the chief and the other fathers go to the temple to see again their children, after the n-, ...ition of a year. Then the youths are seipicslereil agnie until their hair is long enough to make the "cubun" or peculiar coiffure of the men, which is done at a ceremony called Patakome, in which a fantastic figure of a bird's tail is carried around, and they are now looked upon as men. All these youlhs, who were a.saemblcd as friends in the temple, becomo retainers of thu cliief, and are called his men, beeiuHu he has dresseil their hair for them. Analogies are found everywhere in the I'cremuiiies praetiicd at puberty among the nK){roea, Alfuris, aud others. MBfil " The riivon liroiiglit the light from heiivtn, while ii l)lii(lilpr ili'«ceii<1i'y lilowing, unci iifcerwiird l)y stretcliin'j their hiinds iinrt feet, iind it win thus timt mountuins were formed. The man, by scattering the hair of his head on the mountains, created trees and forests, in which wild beasts sprang up and increased, wliile the woman, by making water, produced seas, and by spitting into ditches and holes, formed rivers and lakes. Tlic woman, p\illing out one of her teelh, gave it to the man, who made a knife of it, and cutting trees witli the knife, threw the cliips into the river, which were changed into flsh of different kinds. At last this human pair had children, and while their flrst-born, a son, was playing with a stone, the stone, all of a sudden, was converted into an island, On this island, which w»g the island of Oadiach, a man and a bitch were placed, and it was set afloat on the ocean, and arrived at its present situation. The man and the bitch multiplied, and the present generation are their descendants (Lisiansky). Jeshl, say the Thlinkiths, existed before he won born, does not grow older, and will never die. He lives in Nosschakijeshl, at the source of the river Nans, from which the east wind (Ssanachetli) blows ; and the spirit entering this spot was changed half into stone, as his statue represents. Pyrodes, son of (,'ilix, first drew tire from the flint (Pliny). " The Ilaidnh relate that after the Iwavcr (Tsching) had eaten the moon, their ancestress Itl-tads-dah sent the crow to hunt fur a new moon (Kuong). According to llesiod, the crow lives thrice as long ns man, the stag thrice ns long as the crow, and the raven thrice as loni; (he slag. Jeshl, say the Thlinkiths, escaping from the flood in his dress of crane's feathers, fell on the Queen Charlotte Islands, where he took pieces of the Pinus Douglosii, or Schlacb, in his beak, and scattered over oil the other islands pieces fashioned for canoes. The Kolosches sey that he was born of a virgin. When during the flood the enchanter threw into the water flrst his bow .jnil then his earrings, the wind ceased and the earth grew dry. The Aht relate that when Quawteaht, the flrst man, had killed himself and given origin to worms, he Wi»s resuscitated liy Tootah (thunder), who inclosed the worms in boxes. Numeii is the nod (iiiUui) and power of the deity (Festus). They say that the shrew-mouse received divine honors among the Egyptians because of its blind- ness, they holding darkness to be more ancient than light ; and they think that it is born from mice during the new mo8ed to be the work of a shookoom or demon, who enters the mouth when drinking at a brook, or pierces the skin while bathing in salt water. It assumes the form of a little white worm, which the iloirtor extracts by means of manipulation. When the doctor, consecrated by the tamllnawas, or formerly by the Ciiremony called Ka-haip, has worked enough, he will then try to catch the shookoom and'Si|Uee7.e it out. If he succeeds, he blows through his hand toward the roof of the lodge. The meiliciiuvmitn of the llaidah sometimes profess to catch the soul of one about to die. Among the Tacullis, the priest-wi/.ard looks through his lingers toward the breast of the dead man, and blows the soul toward heaven, or hamniors it into the head of a kinsinan. " When, after an incantation at the proper time, the heail is stricken olT, the soul of a man changes into a Plii Kahang, and that of a woman into Phi Kasu, according to the Siamese ; and these souls can bo caught, like the souls tliittering about among the Chimsyas. " Slaves (elaidi) among tho llaidah are sometimes killed and buried under the corner post of a new house (Dawson). On Kadiak slaves are sacri- flced. The Prussians buried with the Supan his horse and his hounds, that he might be provided for riding and hunting in the other world (Urunau). In the Suttee the widow is burned with hor husband's body. "' The llaidah hold interconrso with the tribes akin to the Massett, by means of the language of the Quacotts. Words caught from Euroi>ean traders have been introduced into the Chinook jargon. " The dentalium shells, used as money, came from the Kailjak and .\leuts on the Columbia Uiver. The amber cast up on the island Ukamok was bartered at Bristol liay and on the river Niischagak. The dentalium shells are used in trade by the Kutehin or l.oucheiix ; and the Ilaiqua shells, also so used, come from Nootka Sound. In Nootka the shells obtained from the Aiti/.zart, and called !fe-waw, pass as money (.lewitt). " The Kellabella or llcllaeimla on the Salmon liiver promised to construct a steamship on the model of ours, black, with painted ports, decked over, and paddles painted red, and had Indians under cover to turn them round, while the steersman was not seen. But the machinery bafHed them; though this they thought they could imitate in time (l)uun). Among the lliiiilah. many of the ligiires employed by the priests are dolls with jointed limbs. I'pon the table was placed a larva, or movable skeleton, which was jointed so as to take various postures (I'etronius). The s|H!aking doll at Skidegale was composed of two pieces of wood, the Iront one carved to represent a grotcsijue face, with a large open mouth with projecting lips. The two pieces had been neatly joined, a narrow slit only remaining within the neck, and serving for the pa.ssage of air, which thus impinging on a sharp edge at the back of the cavity representing the mouth, makes a hollow whistling sound. To the neck is tied the orilice of a bladder, which is lilled with some loose elastic substance, such as coarse grass or bark. On sipiee/.ing the bladder i-harply in the hand, n note is proiluced, and on relaxing the pressure the air runs back silently, enabling the sound to be made as freiiuently as desired (Uawsoii). Compare the Peruvian nijliulore: "The bowl or trough is of different shaj-s (among the Clatsops) : sometimes round, semicircular, in the form of a c'anoe, or cubic, and generally dug out of a single piece of wood ; tlie larger vessels having holes in the sides by way of handle, and all executed with great neatness. These arc used for boiling by putting hot stimcs into the \v.aer (Lewis and Clarke). The Cathlainah, opposite to the Seal Ivlaiids, seem more fond of carving on wood than their neighlmrs." In Oregon the pillars sup|H)rting the roofs are ornamented with curious Hguies. At each end of the boats used by the Clatsops, are iwdestals formed of the same solid piece, on which are phicecl strange giotesque figures of men or animals, rising sometimes to the height of live feet, and composed of small pieces of wood, Hrmly united with great ingenuity by inlaying and mortis- ing, without A spike of any kind. Besides rattles and clappers, they have flutes of various kinds. "' With respect to carving, and a faculty for imitation, the tjueen Charlotte Islanders are eipiul to the most ingenious among the Polynesian tribes (Schoulerl. There is not an Indian of the Dene or Dindjie capable of executing such designs as those of the Tehiglit, on the .Mackenzie (Petitotl. Some stone saucers obtained by the expedition, although not free from the suspicion of borvowed ideas, serve to remind us that genius is not the exclu.sive off- spring of civilization dickering). The Indians in Washington Territory were not wanting in skill, although they were far b"liind tho northern races, whose ingenuity is. in (act, extraordinary among savages (dibbs). What was most surprising (at C'ox's Strait, Queen Charlotte Islands) was to see paintings and carvings everywhere among a |ieople of hunters (.Marchand). " "The Ilydahs excel all other tribes of the red men in aiti.'lic skill, especially in carving. Physically they are a liiitr race than is anywhere to be seen on the North-.Vmeriean continent" (Urowii). "' Among the Tchimsian at Port Simpson most of the carved posts have been cut down as missionary influence spread among the people (Dawson.) •• (lold bracelets of elegant design, busts of slate and ivor\. and designs for iron railings to public buildings in Vancouver's Island, have Iwen executed by the llydalis. Kngravings of Assyrian sculptures in the I Ihittnitnl lAii.duii Xiwh have served them for copies cf these objects in slate (Brown). According to Marchand (17th century), the picluies called Caniak on Ihe Queen Chailotte Islands, reiiresenteil vaiious parts nf the body. "" According to Plutarch, Hgures hung up to avert witchcraft weie efficacious, bv drawing the hurtful magic glance upon themselves through the singularity and ludicrousiiess of their appearance. The oteilln, or suspended images, must liuve been masks wi'.li a proliuigation representing the trunk, to which an ilhyphallus was appended, either as the symbol of (ruitfulness or as a potent cnnnlercharm against magic of all kinds (llottiger). The puppet of the Mania was hung to tho doors to prevent defllemenl. '"■ In Ileliodorus, the daughter of Kulasiris falls sick in consci|ueiice of an enviu.i8 glance. Alcibiades avoided theatrical performances, lest his beauty should draw upon him the evil glance of envy. Plutarch says that envy envenoms the hiok. ' Kvil eyes" are envious or malevolent ejes ((iriinm), and in Bavaria, "envy" (verneiden) is the evil eye. "'■' Witches bewitch cattle by casting an evil eye upon them while muttering a spell. According to Democritus, the evil eye docs harm by ;he inW.i or " images" that proceed from the eye of the envier. '"" Ethnological comparisons must take the widest scope for their basis, but must not be followed out too far, as the similarity resulting from a psycho- 11 1 1 IciKiiiil liiw soiin l(w('» itH K'-'niTftl im|)! :!.«:ili,l ?■.'.• wev, KBllli-fiv, '!,:■!:, PLATE 1. Fin. 1. Umk called " IlainHchuin," used by the "ll.imetze" of the Fort Rupert Iii.liaMs at their dances, etc. The face is carved from wood, imii.ted Mack, red, and white, and iidaid with thin plates of copper and flakes of mica. The luiHtling crown is made of splints of whalol.one. The three perf..rate, reaching nearly t<. the earth, and on this are fastenei. Il -UV-I >■ W ''•"" Ks li^Url). h" . li Mr'j'i l>" 71 . PLATE 2. Fig. 1. Hollow carved mask of wood, painted with black and red stripes, and inlaid with plates of mica. The eyea and teeth are painted white, and the eyebrows and mustache made of hare-skin. By means of a string passing down through the chin, the eyes can be made to open and shut. This mask came from the Haidat Indians, who call it "Ned-sango." Fig. 2. Wooden maak, hollow behind ; painted black, red, and white, and adorned with goose feathers. The nose and eyes are of peculiar shape. The eyes have holes for looking through. This mask is worn at the mystery dances of the so-cfllied "madmen," whose approach is avoidad on account of their proclivity to throw stones and batter around promiscuously. The mask is called " Nutleraitlekull," and comes from Nouette, at the northern extremity of Vancouver's Inland. Fig. 3. Carved wooden mask, with a bird's beak and four small human heads. It is painted green, red, and black, and richly ornamented with iris shells. The two lower heads, to the right and left, are placed against a kind of screen, somewhat resembling in shape the foot of a goose ; and the projecting wings on each side are held from behind by two small hands painted red. This mask is wni at the dances of the Bellabella Indians, at Banks' Sound, and is called "Jecoma" Fig. 4. Whale mask, or rather head-dress, as it is borne upon the head. It is hollow. Fig. 4 sho\V!« the arrangement when closed, and 4a when open. The outside of the head is painted black and red, and the inside green, red, black, and white. Two strings, fastened to the ends of a "lick about half a metre iu length, open the two flaps, and two others, i>a8sing in through a hole iu the r ^.te, close them. The lower jaw h movable, and so are the four long rays of the dorsal fin, and the tail, by means of two strings The name of this maak is "Negetze." Clii 1,11 • . - '» fvi ♦ - ■f l..,r,l..'.»-'-v. ^.• 11.11 •!, l: )(;»if. .fi'M I'" PLATE 3. Fig. 1. Convex mask of carved wood, painted green, red, and black. On the forehead, just above the nose, is a horn bending upward. The profile resembles the crescent moon. The lower jaw moves on a brass hinge, and the mouth is lined within with sheet copper. The iris of the eyes is represented by rings of thin copper, and the pupil by a piece of glass set on a dark ground. The mask is held by two pegs on the inside, which are seized by the teeth of the wearer, who sees out of two round holes under the eyes. This mask is from the KosUmo Indians on Vancouver's Island, and is called " Heilicurale." Fig. 2. Double mask of aearly spherical form, with a cover fitting it like a shell. It is carved of wood and painted red, green, and black. Fig. 2a shows the entire hollow upper mask, or cover, representing a human face with closed eyes, which by means of two strings can be so closed rrcr Fig. 2 that the bird's face now exposed is quite covtvd over. The mask is worn thus closed, while the wearer advances with slow strides — partly because it has no openings allowing him to see — until he stands before the principal chief, when he lets the outer face fall, and keeps on only Fig. 2. Stripf^s of bast fasten the mask to the wearer's head. The lower jaw of the bii-d-mask is movable by means of a string fastened to a wooden spring on the inside, by plucking which the jaw is made to open and snap. On the lower jaw is a hu^uiin face looking downward. This double mask is used by the Nouette Indians, and called " Kles-lukkom." Fig. 3. Head-dress for festivities, or chiefs crovm, consisting of a strip of beaver-skin, having a rayed coronet of upright bits of wood and carved ornaments, painted red. A wooden projection stands in front, with a carved face, painted black and red, and inlaid with iris-shells. On the side of this are two small faces in profile, carved of wood, painted black and red and inlaid with iris-shells, which are sewed on beaver-skin. A band of whalebone extending to the crown of the head serves to support it on the head of the wearer, while two flaps of cotton stuff fasten the cap to the ears. Fig. 4. A head carved of wood, painted white, red, and black, and furnished with human hair. The black streaks under the eyes, representing tears, are inlaid with mica. The head belongs to a wooden figure about eighty-five centimetres in height altogether, with movable fore-arms, which serves as the symbol of conquered enemies, and is carried around and mocked on festive occasions. Wooden dolls of this sort are found among all the Fort Rupert Indians. That of which the head is here represented is from Nouette, where it is known under the name " Nietlumkeles." Fig. 5. Wooden mask in the form of an owl's head, painted brown, red, and black. The lower jaw is movable, and so are the eyes, which are attiched by means of small rods of whalebone. This mask comes from the Quatsino Indians, on Queen Charlotte Sound, south of Cape Scott; it is called "Nakhakjok." mmiH jBunrwrT™ ■ninugir- (,,i ,.,t,v V :.. ^t•"I4.^' PLATE 4. Fig. 1. Mask of a cannibal Indian, in the form of a heron's or crane's head. It is carved of wood, and painted black, red, green, and white. The brown tuft and ruff are of cedar bast, and on it is a crest of black feathers fastened to small rods of whalebone. The lower Jhw is movable, and can be drawn up against the upper with a string. Four small skulls hanging from the mask are "aid to signify that tlie wearer has already devoured four men. A bent slip of wood and a cord serve to support the mask in place. Fig. 2. Wooden mask with human hair, painted red, green, and gray. The mask is hollow, and two holes beside the eyes allow the wearer to see. The nostrils are perforated. This mask comes from Nouette, and is called Jhiomt, " strange face." Fig. 3. Bird of wood, painted brown, red, and white, and partly covered with flakes of mica. This bird is carried by the chiefs in their dances, fastened to the hand by a double elastic cord. The head and wings are movable, and by pressing down the tail the head is raised, and the wings bent down by means of cords. Among the Ghimsian Indians this bird is called "La&" Fig. 4. Rattle of the Hametze, painted red, black, and brown. Small stones (sometimes snail-shells) in the hollow body of the bird, which is made of two pieces, make a rattling noise against the sides when it is shaken. Beside the bird's head at the end, there is represented on the belly of it a fanciful human head, with a bird's beak, and on the back a human body with a wolfs head, holding in its mouth a frog, which is biting the tongue of a bird's head. The native name of this instrument is "Sesftft." Fig. 5. Carved wooden staflF, in the centre a human face, apparently of a corpse, with human hair, and attached to the centre-piece cwo Jointed arms, fashioned into snake figures, with protruded tongues and crests of human hair. This instrument is held by the self-torturers (Hametze) in their hands, when they are hung from a tree by stiips of bast put through the flesh of their shoulders and loins. It is called "Kantian," and is used by the Fort Rupert Indians, sometimes without the hinged appendages. \f>fl I 11 - '.ilj Lilh IniuiulvWGiw,. m lliill.U. hi'rijn PLATE 5. Via. 1. FefiKh ..f a nie.licine-mai., .-.irve.l -ut of hone, nn.l inl.ii.l witl. iriH-RhellM. In the inid.lle Ih represented a hunmn Hgu.e m.uh foreshortened. The name given it by the Chimsian., whose mediciue-nen use it, is " Habniailck." Fi-. ± A niedicine-inan-H rattle, carved in wood, and painted blue, red, blaek, white, and green. It is .nade <.f two pieces, fastened together with .-ords, and has pebbles inside. On each side a face is represented; one with a hooked beak bending into the mouth, while the other holds a frog in its mouth. The head has a kind of coronet of horns. Fig. 3. Carved wo. - clapper, painted black and red, and consisting of two pieces, both furnished with springs of whalebone at the . The sound is produced by the two pieces clapping together. On the lower piece is a face, and under this are two eyes and the tail of an animal. On the upper piece is a fantastic carved figure of some animal, with the lower jaw resting upon a face. Fig. 4. Rattle or hand-^ '< H ■ ktl > ^ -^.^a / k. IMV > • ■ > ( I iK I ■' ' I i(! 1 "I ''i* ^ '•• ) PLATE 7. Pio. 1. Model of a woodeu house- po8t. A wolf-headed figure, with claws for hands, sits iipoii a broad grinning human face. Upon this a human figure, with the head downward, forms the support for the next principal figure, which has a face part human and part animal, with l)r(iad dog's nose, and a formidal)le display of teeth. This ^gure has the arms upon the breast, and extends the open ])alnis. It has small animal ears, between which sits an eagle with similar ears, and a red breast, over which sits a man with a red ball upon his head, holding the eagle's head between his legs. The bodies of all are reddish brown, mouth and nostrils red, eyebrows, iris, and the eagle's plumage black; eyes and teeth in the lower head and the second principal figure are painted white. Fig. '2. Wooden model of a house-post, of singular and complex design. In all there are three principal figures crouching above each other, but of the middle figure only the legs are visible. The lowermost i)rincipal figure is a sitting eagle, before wiiose breast are a duck and a fish. Above is a singular figure witl. human face, to whose chin is attached a long protruding beak, on which the creature holds its hands. In its arms appeur human heads with something like iiats, and two frogs crawling downward. The third figure has a bird's body and a beak-like nose, and holds between its feet a small grinning creature, which is lifting its arms. Upon the head is a kind of hat, and on it two frogs back to back (not shown in the plate) ; and hatted heads are on the sides. The eyebrows of ihe middle figure are painted black. Fig. 3. Painted wooden model of a house-post. Three crouching human figures, with heads part human and part animal, form the principal design. The lower one has a broad nose, projecting front teeth, and animal cars, and between its legs is a human face l)ordered with blue. A blue toad crawls up the figure. The principal figure has upon its head one of those cylindrical objects of a blue color which are placed on the dance-huts, and against this the next figure, whose feet cannot be seen, leans. It has a hooked nose turning into the mouth, and the ears of an animal. The third principal figure is squatting, with its hands on its knees, and has a wolf's head. Arms, legs, mouth, jaws, nostrils, and ear-holes of all are scarlet ; eyebrows, irises, and edges of the ears black. Fig. 4. Large wooden eagle, sitting. (This l)elongs to the human figure, Plate (!, Fig. !.) The head is painted white, the beak red, the feathers black. The mode of ti-eatment reminds one of mediioval designs. Fig. 5. Wooden club, the long shaft of which is entirely covered with fantastic reliefs. The whole has the form of a large crocodile-like reptile with three-toed feet; the head, which has long beaklike jaws, forms the outer extremity of the club. The eyes of the animal are protruding, and from the jaws a wavy stripe run-; along the bii".k of the club. On the back of the ci-eature lies a man with a giotesque face and great hooked nose, his hands lying upon his breast ^^ ^^1 ( Fife 14.-* Kiil 5 8.V» ) PLATE 8. Pio. 1. Large spoon or drinkitig-ladle. The ImiuUe is fonned of an animal head with a beak and conven- tional wolf's ears, upon which is a cylindrical projection, like those of straw which are placed on the dance-huts. The inside of the heak, the ))row, and nostrils are painted red. Fig. 2. Large water-dipper of wood, in fonn of a ladle, the handle carved with a fantastic figure. A grinning face, part human and part animal, sits upon a neck, from beneath the chin of which grows a long beak, which the figure clut'-hes in its hands. On the back is a design in low relief, showing two conventional hands and eyes, and a sort of crown above. This implement is called " LAson." Fig. 3. Large drinking ladle. The handle is u whale, with its tail-fin continued into the bowl, and upright dorsal fin. Fig. 4. Large drinking-ladle. The handle is a whale, which holds the bowl in its jaws, and has a high dorsal fin. Fig. 6. Wooden club ; the body of the club carved to a grotesque animal head, which grins and shows its teeth. Fig. 6. Small wooden bowl, with simple ornamentation. Front and back are alike, and show the well-known eye pattern. :^^!2t>*' PLATE 9. a Via. 1. Large vvoodeti troutjli. Tlie eiidw arc ornaniented in relief, witli faces part liuiiian and part animal, srrinniiig, with protruded tunjines, re^^tillf.' upfni the hands. Fie. 2. Large wooden vessel or grease-pot in tlie form of aii animal. The body of t)ie creature is roundetl, and hollowed out with nn opening on the o.-tck ; wlnie the feet and tail, rudely fashiuneti, serve for the *u]>- portt". The ontstretched head hol PLATE 10. Fio. 1. Quadrangular vessel for catitif^ from, or for lioliliiisj fat. Ft is of wood; the huliriiif^ sides show carvinp in relief with a design of eyes, etc., on front and hack. I'nder this is a grinning human face. Both sides are ornamented alike; and the middle of the ornament is an eagle's head. Fig. '?. Hoat-shaped vessel of wood. The margin is ornamented with inlaid teeth, and the front and back with the pattern so frequeutly met, of grinning heads of men and animals. The sides are oi'namented with simple stripes. Fig. ;i. Quadrangular bowl of wood. Front, back, and Hanks decorateparently of animals, in proHle. Fig. 4. Large (|nadrangular bowl of wood. The margin 'i decorated with teeth, and in front and l>ack is the usual ornament, with a grinni.ig human face. The sides have a feather of stripes at the ends. Fig. i"). Hoat-shaped liowl of wood. 'I'lie front iirotrudes and shows an animal's head ; the back, the claws of some animal. 'I'lie whole vessel is richly decorated, and has a design of wings at the flanks. Fig. ti. Small boat-shaped bowl of wood. Rather coai-se workmanship. The front shows an animal's head, and the back the legs with projecting claws. Figs. 7, 8. Boat-shaped bowl of animal design, richly carved of wood. The front is an aiiimars head, the back shows two feet with claws, and the fore-feet are carved on th(! sides of the bowl. Fig. !». Wooden drinking-bowl of grotewpie form. This vessel is designed to represent a man lying on his back, whose open iibdomen forms the hollow of the vessel, while the gaj)ing mouth, and the hands holding cup.s, show plaiiils the w: of the bowl. 'i'he deeply Minken eyes .-iccoiil well with the design. The vessel is called " (Sk(dolech," and serves at great feasts, when liowls of this kind are u-*ed for drinking melted fat. It comes from Fort Rupert. ( y'lt 1 «-'■» I ig », 10 •.*.( PLATE 11. Finn. 1, -'. Boat-shapeil eatin^-liKwl of wimmI. The Nides of the Ixnvl show ii design in relief. In front and reiir, under tlie projecting ends of the Kowl, whieli arc lulorned with conventional faces, of which two long eye.s and a wide mouth are tolerably distinguishable, are liroad human faces with lieak-like noses, curving into the mouth, while at the sides they pass int. Woo a eating-bowl, composed of two animal heads. The front is the head of a sea-lion, the back a hawk, out of whose beak comes the tail fin of the sea-lion. Figs. 7, H. Wooden eating-bowl, ornamented on the sides. On front and back are human figures in low relief, who.se heads, in full relief, partly animal, part human, reach over the margin of the vessel, and grin and show their teeth at each other. Figs. », UK Wooden drinkingbowl, used at great feasts. The liody of the bowl is the figure of an animal, whose o|)en back is the mouth. The eyes are formed of inlaid white and red [learls; and the sides and tail of the animal, which seems to Itc a whale, are ornamented with large glass beads. The tail-Hii has a grotesque face in relief, with a pearl for the nose. Under the fish an? two men, which serve as feet to the bowl. In this design, the whale represents the chief, and the men that support him aie his tribe. It is cjdled "Slokolech," and comes from Fort Rupert. i : (•Ml PLATE 12. Bear-ftkiu, worn at festive dances ; tie head fashioned into a mask. i;i PLATE 13. Hiindsoiiir lilankt't, from tin- hiiir of tin; momit.aiii goat, with long fringex. The Chileat ImliiiiiM nvc celeln-ated for tliis nmimfnctiin!. The I'tntrf of the lihiiiket sliows a rioli piittern of sarinus (•oK)rs, stiiToiiiultMl with a stripe of letnoii yellow, and one of liliick. Tlie siilc designs correspond well with tlie centre. The centre has broad, grinning, eonvi?ntionul liunian faces, and aliove is a large animal face over white ilnw- The ci-ntre of all is a white huniun face, with a dark one over '; , 'ind to the right and left of the white face are heads in pi'olile, with owls' lieads in their jaws. Black, ieiuuii _, ■ dow, and light Mue are j)ieasingly co!nl>ined in the whide. The eiden show ornaments of similar character in tiie same colors, and on each an animal's head in ]>rotile looking toward the centre ia very cuUHpicuuua. The local notices and statements in lii>-se descriptions of tie' |iliite> liave lieen taken as tlie\ occiirred in rlie l**t«i"H of the travellers It is possildc that. <>*i more con;plete investigation, some of th^at- may need to lie ( Fifi. 1 .Vb!